gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of Amide Formation through Carbodiimide/<i>N-</i>Hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) Couplings (2007)

The kinetics of formation of amide, 4, from the corresponding carboxylic acid by reaction with the isopropyl ester of methionine (MIPE), mediated by carbodiimide EDCI, 1, and HOBt, 2, have been studied in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) using reaction calorimetry. The reaction rates have been found to be independent of the concentration of HOBt, showing that the rate-determining step is the reaction between the carboxylic acid and EDCI to give the corresponding O-acylisourea. The pH dependence of the observed rate constants for O-acylisourea formation is consistent with a second-order reaction between doubly protonated EDCI (EDCIH2(2+), 6) and the carboxylate group. The observed rate constants fall sharply at high pH, as the fraction of EDCI as EDCIH2(2+) continues to fall strongly, whereas the carboxylic acid group is already fully ionized. The rate constant, kP, for reaction between the carboxylate group of acid, 3, and EDCIH2(2+) has a value of kP = 4.1 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) at 20 degrees C, some 10(5) times higher than similar rate constants measured in water. The subsequent catalytic cycle, involving reaction of O-acylisourea with HOBt to give HOBt ester, which then reacts with the amine to give the amide with regeneration of HOBt, determines the product distribution. In the case of the amino acid, 3, reaction of the O-acylisourea with MIPE to give amide, 4, is increasingly favored at higher pH values over that with the less basic internal aromatic amine of 3 to give the diamide 5.
Soft Chemistry Routes to YPO<sub>4</sub>-Based Phosphors:  Dependence of Textural and Optical Properties on Synthesis Pathways (2002)

Different liquid routes have been used to prepare Eu3+-activated YPO4 phosphors. These materials have been compared with conventionally obtained YPO4. For the first time (to our knowledge), a specific sol−gel approach has been developed to produce this material. All phases have been checked with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. Evaluation of the textural properties of the materials with XRD and scanning electron microscopy have demonstrated that the synthesis pathway can greatly influence the morphology of the materials and that in particular, the sol−gel route yields the smallest particles with the narrowest distribution. The optical study of the obtained phosphors shows that even if all materials exhibit comparable fluorescence in term of energetic scheme, some discrepancies can be noted according to the preparation route. In particular, liquid derived materials show shorter emission lifetimes; this observation has been correlated with residual OH groups in these materials. We have also observed that the emission yield, which is a fundamental parameter for applications purposes, depends on the preparation and that the coprecipitation technique leads to the best efficiency.
Exposing WPA2 security protocol vulnerabilities (2014)

Wi-Fi protected access 2 (WPA2) is considered one of the most secure protocols employed in wireless local area networks (WLANs). This is despite of having significant security vulnerabilities. The aim of this paper is two-fold. Firstly it analyses the WPA2 security protocol and presents its weaknesses in detail. Secondly it presents a methodology that demonstrates how the WPA2 security protocol can be fully exposed by malicious attacks. Importantly, proposals on how to enhance its security are offered.
TimedTextRank (2007)

Graph-ranking based algorithms (e.g. TextRank) have been proposed for multi-document summarization in recent years. However, these algorithms miss an important dimension, the temporal dimension, for summarizing evolving topics. For an evolving topic, recent documents are usually more important than earlier documents because recent documents contain much more novel information than earlier documents and a novelty-oriented summary should be more appropriate to reflect the changing topic. We propose the TimedTextRank algorithm to make use of the temporal information of documents based on the graph-ranking based algorithm. A preliminary study is performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed TimedTextRank algorithm for dynamic multi-document summarization.
Comparison of a kanamycin versus hygromycin resistance gene in transgenic plant selection of Arabidopsis thaliana L. (2018)

The neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) and hygromycin phosphotransferase II (hptII) genes, originally isolated from E. coli The recovery of transgenic plants in the presence of respective selection agent has been greatly facilitated by these genes. The nptII gene confers transgenic plants resistance to the antibiotic, kanamycin, kan, and the hptII gene provides transgenic plants resistance to the antibiotic, hygromycin, hyg These antibiotics normally inhibit protein synthesis in plants by binding to ribosomes However, in the transgenic plants, the encoded enzymes, NPTII and HPTII catalyze the phosphorylation of kan and hyg respectively, once they enter into plant cells The phosphorylated kan and hyg are inactive and therefore, unable to shutdown the protein synthesis machinery in plants. This enables transgenic plants to grow in the presence of these antibiotics. Because there is no endogenous NPTII or HPTII activity in plants, these antibiotics can normally inhibit the growth of non-transgenic plants
An EBS L-band amplifier (1976)

An Electron Bombarded Semiconductor (EBS) amplifier has been developed which has a combination of characteristics which make it an attractive alternative to metal-ceramic triodes and transistors for generation of high peak powers at lower microwave frequencies. These characteristics include small size, high gain, high reliability and high peak output power. This EBS amplifier has operated at up to 700 W peak output power at 1 GHz with a maximum gain of 27 dB, a bandwidth of 40 MHz, and a target efficiency of 35%. The EBS uses a 10-12 kV electron beam to illuminate a reverse-biased semiconductor diode, producing current gain in excess of 1000 by impact ionization of the silicon. Output matching is performed by a quarter-wave cavity mounted externally to the tube, making it possible to interchange cavities for operation at up to 1.5 GHz. Modifications to the existing design are expected to result in peak output powers in excess of 1-2 kW peak at 1 GHz.
Extra output biased learning (1990)

A method for improving back-propagation-based training by augmenting the output patterns with additional relevant information is presented. It is suggested that the augmented output provides additional constraints that more precisely specify the allowable function. This results in faster training and better generalization. Improvement depends on the size of the intersection of the two classes of possible mapping functions. In so far as the intersection is not empty, performance may improve. An empirical advantage of the extra-output technique is that after a network has been trained to realize a desired function, the extra output units may be detached. The resulting network computes more rapidly in that it has fewer connections to manipulate
Al‐Doped Black Phosphorus p–n Homojunction Diode for High Performance Photovoltaic (2017)

2D layered materials based p–n junctions are fundamental building block for enabling new functional device applications with high efficiency. However, due to the lack of controllable doping technique, state‐of‐the‐art 2D p–n junctions are predominantly made of van der Waals heterostructures or electrostatic gated junctions. Here, the authors report the demonstration of a spatially controlled aluminum doping technique that enables a p–n homojunction diode to be realized within a single 2D black phosphorus nanosheet for high performance photovoltaic application. The diode achieves a near‐unity ideality factor of 1.001 along with an on/off ratio of ≈5.6 × 10 3 at a low bias of 2 V, allowing for low‐power dynamic current rectification without signal decay or overshoot. When operated under a photovoltaic regime, the diode's dark current can be significantly suppressed. The presence of a built‐in electric field additionally gives rise to temporal short‐circuit current and open‐circuit voltage under zero external bias, indicative of its enriched functionalities for self‐powered photovoltaic and high signal‐to‐noise photodetection applications.
Influence of Ionic Strength, pH, and Cation Valence on Aggregation Kinetics of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (2009)

The extensive use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) in many consumer products has raised concerns about possible risks to the environment The magnitude of the threat may depend on whether nano-TiO2 remains dispersed in the environment, or forms much larger-sized aggregates or clusters. Currently, limited information is available on the issue. In this context, the purpose of the present article is to report initial measurements of the morphology and rate of formation of nano-TiO2 aggregates in aqueous suspensions as a function of ionic strength and of the nature of the electrolyte in a moderately acid to circumneutral pH range typical of soil and surface water conditions. Dynamic light scattering results show that 4-5 nm titanium dioxide particles readily form stable aggregates with an average diameter of 50-60 nm at pH approximately 4.5 in a NaCl suspension adjusted to an ionic strength of 0.0045 M. Holding the pH constant but increasing the ionic strength to 0.0165 M, leads to the formation of micron-sized aggregates within 15 min. At all other pH values tested (5.8-8.2), micron-sized aggregates form in less than 5 min (minimum detection time), even at low ionic strength (0.0084-0.0099 M with NaCl). In contrast, micron-sized aggregates form within 5 min in an aqueous suspension of CaCl2 at an ionic strength of 0.0128 M and pH of 4.8, which is significantly faster than observed for NaCI suspensions with similar ionic strength and pH. This result indicates that divalent cations may enhance aggregation of nano-TiO2 in soils and surface waters. Optical micrographs show branching aggregates of sizes ranging from the 1 microm optical limit of the microscope to tens of micrometers in diameter.
Effect of diet manipulation on metabolic changes and performance in competitive cyclists (1991)

Thirteen highly trained subjects were studied for the effect of consuming a normal carbohydrate‐rich diet (N) on energy exchanged, substrate metabolism and performance. Six of these subjects performed the same protocol receiving N supplemented with a high maltodextrin‐low fructose beverage (Mf). The studies were performed in random order. The subjects performed two days of sustained exhausting cycling, proceeded and followed by a standardized resting day, in a respiration chamber allowing for continuous gas analysis, weighed food and fluid intake, collection of excreta and drawing of blood samples at 07.00 hours, 12.00 hours (halfway exercise) and 15.00 hours at exhaustion. Muscle biopsies were taken prior to, 45 min after and 24 h after exercise (energy expenditure 25.2–26.6 MJ/day). The results showed that while consuming a normal diet, the cyclists develop a negative energy balance (‐9 MJ/day) and regulate their hormone levels in such a way that fat oxidation and protein breakdown are increased and CHO oxidation becomes depressed. When supplemented with Mf the subjects showed increased blood glucose, insulin and decreased glucagon levels. Fat metabolism was significantly depressed as indicated by the levels of blood fatty acids, glycerol and ketones. A significant glycogen sparing, as well as supercompensation within 24 h of recovery, was observed after Mf supplementation. The normal ad libitum available CHO‐rich diet was insufficient fully to restore glycogen within 24 h. The changes in substrate availability and glycogen depletion were accompanied by a significant performance improvement, 126% when cycling a final 90% Wmax bout, when supplemented with Mf compared to N.
Manual of Ornithology: Avian Structure and Function (1993)

This book - a visual guide to the structure and anatomy of birds - is one of the most heavily illustrated ornithology references ever written. A concise atlas of anatomy, it contains more than 200 specially prepared accurate and clear drawings that include material never illustrated before. The text is as informative as the drawings; written at a level appropriate to undergraduate students and to bird lovers in general, it discusses why birds look and act the way they do. Designed to supplement a basic ornithology textbook, Manual of Ornithology covers systematics and evolution, topography feathers and flight, the skeleton and musculature, and the digestive, circulatory, respiratory, excretory reproductive, sensory, and nervous systems of birds, as well as field techniques for watching and studying birds. Each chapter concludes with a list of key references for the topic covered, with a comprehensive bibliography at the end of the volume. The book will be a guide and reference for every level of bird study - a basic tool for investigation for anyone curious about the fascinating world of birds.
Control of Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations (1974)

This chapter contains section titled: Daily Flux Of Amino Acids In The Body The Liver and Regulation of Free Amino Acid Concentrations' Response of Protein Metabolism to Different Intakes of Tryptophan Acknowledgement References Discussion References
Research Needs for Integrated Weed Management Systems (1982)

Producers of food have always been troubled with weeds. Hand labor was the primary source of weed control for centuries, and selective weed control was not achieved until copper sulphate was used to control mustard ( Brassica spp.) in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) in 1896 (4, 42). Adequate crop selectivity was usually difficult to obtain with herbicides during the first 40 yr of the 20th century and the cost of the early herbicides was high.
CRONUS Virtual Local Network (1982)

Virtual Local Network RFC 824 permits the Cronus design to assimilate existing software components providing electronic mail, remote terminal access, and file transfer in a straightforward manner. In addition to the roles of such services in the Cronus system, they are needed as support for the design and development process. The prototype Cronus cluster, called the Advanced Development Model (ADM), will be connected to the ARPANET, and it is important that the ADM conform to the standards and conventions of the DARPA internet community. The substitutability goal reflects the belief that different instances of the Cronus cluster will utilize different physical local networks. Substitution may be desirable for reasons of cost, performance, or other properties of the physical local network such as mechanical and electrical ruggedness. The existence of the VLN interface definition suggests a procedure for physical local network substitution, namely, reimplementation of the VLN interface on each Cronus host. The implementations will be functionally equivalent but can be expected to differ along dimensions not specified by the VLN interface definition. Since different physical local networks DOS-26 Rev A Virtual Local Network RFC 824 programming details of the interface are host-dependent and unspecified. The precise representation of the VLN data structures and operations can be expected to vary from machine to machine, but the functional capabilities of the interface are the same regardless of the host. . .
Synthesis and spectral properties of cobalt(II) and cobalt(III) tetraarylporphyrinates (2013)

Reactions of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphin, 5,10,15,20-tetra(4′-methoxyphenyl)porphyrin, and 5,10,15,20-tetra(4′-chlorophenyl)porphyrin with cobalt(II) acetate in dimethylformamide were studied by spectrophotometry. The corresponding cobalt(II) porphyrinates were synthesized and identified. The corresponding cobalt porphyrinates in +3 oxidation state were obtained by reaction of cobalt(II) 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinate and cobalt(II) 5,10,15,20-tetra(4′-methoxyphenyl)porphyrinate with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone in chloroform. The oxidation of cobalt(II) 5,10,15,20-tetra(4′-chlorophenyl)porphyrinate with hydrochloric acid in dimethylformamide leads to cobalt(III) porphyrinate.
En face optical coherence tomography: a new method to analyse structural changes of the optic nerve head in rat glaucoma (2005)

eOCT appears to be effective in assessing rat ONH, allowing detailed structural analysis of the multilayered ONH structure. As far as the authors are aware, this is the first report of scleral canal expansion in a rat model. They suggest eOCT as a novel method for the detection of early changes in the ONH in glaucoma.
Phase Change Material Based ThermalStorage for Energy Conservation inBuilding Architecture (2006)

Efficient and economical technology that can be used to store large amounts of heat or cold in adefinite volume is the subject of research for a long time. Thermal storage plays an important role inbuilding energy conservation, which is greatly assisted by the incorporation of latent heat storage inbuilding products. Latent heat storage in a phase change material (PCM) is very attractive becauseof its high storage density with small temperature swing. It has been demonstrated that for thedevelopment of a latent heat storage system (LHTS) in a building fabric, the choice of the PCM playsan important role in addition to heat transfer mechanism in the PCM. Thermal energy storage in thewalls, ceiling and floor of buildings may be enhanced by encapsulating or embedding suitable phasechange materials (PCMs) within these surfaces. They can either capture solar energy directly orthermal energy through natural convection. Increasing the thermal storage capacity of a buildingcan increase human comfort by decreasing the frequency of internal air temperature swings so thatthe indoor air temperature is closer to the desired temperature for a longer period of time. This paperaims to submit the information on the developments of PCM incorporation in buildings for energysaving, the problems associated with the selection of phase change material and the various methodsused to contain them for space heating and cooling applications.
The influence of concentrate amount on locomotion and clinical lameness in dairy cattle (1988)

ABSTRACT An experiment with two groups of 24 cows during weeks 3 to 22 of lactation examined the influence of 7 (L) or 11 (H) kg concentrates per day on the prevalence of lameness. Grass silage was offered ad libitum . The cows were scored on a 1 to 5 scale for their locomotion on a weekly basis (1 = normal locomotion; 5 = severely lame). Cows scoring 3 or more were considered to be clinically lame. This allowed the prevalence of lameness, its severity and duration to be measured and statistically analysed. There were significantly more observations of lameness in the H cows than the L cows (0·077 and 0·021 observations per cow week) and the severity and duration of lameness incidents were significantly greater. The major causes of lameness were solar problems in the hind feet. The prevalence declined in both treatments as lactation progressed. The predisposing causes of the higher incidence in treatment H could have been the higher concentrate: forage ratio, the greater daily metabolizable energy intake or the greater daily crude protein intake. For treatments L and H, mean milk yields were 20·5, 23·7 kg/day; milk fat 41·7, 39·0 g/kg; milk protein 31·4, 32·0 g/kg; live-weight change -0·12, +0·11 kg/day; and condition score 2·04, 2·18.
Anforderungen der Automobilindustrie an die Glashersteller — von der Projektdefinition bis zur Serie (1990)

Das Glas gewinnt im modernen Automobilbau zunehmend an Bedeutung.
Patient Perceptions Associated With Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (2010)

Peripheral neuropathies are a common side effect of certain types of chemotherapy drugs, including taxanes, platinum-based drugs, vinca alkaloids, and thalidomide. Neuropathies may last for months or years following treatment and can impact functional performance and quality of life. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) and neuropathic pain on the lives of patients with cancer. Participants were recruited from an urban outpatient medical oncology clinic in West Central Florida. Semistructured, private interviews with 14 participants were conducted and transcripts were reviewed for symptoms and effects. Participants often had difficulty describing neuropathic symptoms but reported simultaneous pain or discomfort and loss of sensation in the upper and lower extremities. Injuries secondary to numbness, muscle weakness, and loss of balance were reported. Neuropathic symptoms interfered with many aspects of daily life and participants voiced feelings of frustration, depression, and loss of purpose as a result of having to give up enjoyable activities. The results of this study emphasize the importance of ongoing assessment and communication with patients about their experiences with peripheral neuropathies. Knowledge of what patients with CIPN experience will guide nurses in suggesting interventions to promote safety and help alleviate symptoms.
Towards Effective Low-bitwidth Convolutional Neural Networks (2017)

This paper tackles the problem of training a deep convolutional neural network with both low-precision weights and low-bitwidth activations. Optimizing a low-precision network is very challenging since the training process can easily get trapped in a poor local minima, which results in substantial accuracy loss. To mitigate this problem, we propose three simple-yet-effective approaches to improve the network training. First, we propose to use a two-stage optimization strategy to progressively find good local minima. Specifically, we propose to first optimize a net with quantized weights and then quantized activations. This is in contrast to the traditional methods which optimize them simultaneously. Second, following a similar spirit of the first method, we propose another progressive optimization approach which progressively decreases the bit-width from high-precision to low-precision during the course of training. Third, we adopt a novel learning scheme to jointly train a full-precision model alongside the low-precision one. By doing so, the full-precision model provides hints to guide the low-precision model training. Extensive experiments on various datasets ( i.e., CIFAR-100 and ImageNet) show the effectiveness of the proposed methods. To highlight, using our methods to train a 4-bit precision network leads to no performance decrease in comparison with its full-precision counterpart with standard network architectures ( i.e., AlexNet and ResNet-50).
Robotic UV Curing for Automotive Exterior Applications: A cost-effective and technically viable alternative for UV curing. (2005)

As car makers continue to look at UV curable coatings as a future exterior paint finish there has been a significant effort to develop coatings that meet the cosmetic and performance requirements of the customer. At the same time, many car makers have lamented that not enough effort has been put forth to develop a cost-effective and technically viable means of curing parts as large and complex as a car body. This paper describes recent developments in using robotically actuated UV lamps to cure automotive exteriors. The technical and economic benefits of this approach are described and compared to the approach of using large fixed-lamp arrays.