gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Charge Distribution within a Particle Beam on the Sub-Cerenkov Radiation. (1987)

The charge distribution of periodic electron beam pulses generates patterns of sub-Cerenkov radiation distinctive of the distribution of charge with in a bunch. Mapping the radiation pattern from different charge shapes may provide insight into whether charge pulse shapes can be determined from observed radiation patterns. The radiation patterns of Gaussian, Level, and Trapezoidal function were mapped by computer simulation. Near 90 degree to the beam, the radiation patterns of all three charge distributions developed an envelope proportional to the fourier transform of the charge bunch distribution when the wavelength of the emitted radiation was comparable to the size of the bunch. For the Gaussian function, the envelope is Gaussian, for the level function it is a sinc function. Since the envelope for the trapezoidal function in the product of two sinc functions it is more difficult to analyze. This work may provide a basis for determining the charge shape of electron beam pulses from the sub-Cerenkov radiation based on the radiation intensity pattern.
New peak-to-average power ratio reduction schemes for OFDM systems (2004)

These results suggest that South Asians have a greater level of chronic subclinical inflammation than do whites, independent of a family history of stroke. In addition, C3 is more likely to cluster with features of the IR syndrome compared with CRP in South Asians.
Novel cholinergic peptides<scp>SLURP</scp>‐1 and ‐2 regulate epithelialization of cutaneous and oral wounds (2011)

It is well established that auto/paracrine acetylcholine (ACh) is essential for wound epithelialization, and that the mechanisms include regulation of keratinocyte motility and adhesion via nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs). Keratinocyte nAChRs can be also activated by non-canonical ligands, such as secreted mammalian Ly-6/urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor-related protein (SLURP)-1 and -2. In this study, we determined effects of recombinant (r)SLURP-1 and-2 on migration of human epidermal and oral keratinocytes under agarose and epithelialization of cutaneous and oral mucosal excisional wounds in mice, and also identified nAChRs mediating SLURP signals. Both in vitro and in vivo, rSLURP-1 decreased and SLURP-2 increased epithelialization rate. The mixture of both peptides accelerated epithelialization even further, indicating that their simultaneous signaling renders an additive physiologic response. The specificity of rSLURP actions was illustrated by similar effects on cutaneous and oral wounds, which feature distinct responses to injury, and also by abrogation of rSLURP effects with neutralizing antibodies. rSLURP-1 acted predominantly via the α7 nAChR-coupled up-regulation of the sedentary integrins α2 and α3 , whereas SLURP-2--through α3, and α9 nAChRs up-regulating migratory integrins α5 and αV . The biologic effects of rSLURPs required the presence of endogenous ACh, indicating that auto/paracrine SLURPs provide for a fine tuning of the physiologic regulation of crawling locomotion via the keratinocyte ACh axis. Since nAChRs have been shown to regulate SLURP production, cholinergic regulation of keratinocyte migration appears to be mediated by a reciprocally arranged network. The cholinergic peptides, therefore, may become prototype drugs for the treatment of wounds that fail to heal.
Detection of clinical depression in adolescents' using acoustic speech analysis (2012)

Clinical depression is a major risk factor in suicides and is associated with high mortality rates, therefore making it one of the leading causes of death worldwide every year. Symptoms of depression often first appear during adolescence at a time when the voice is changing, in both males and females, suggesting that specific studies of these phenomena in adolescent populations are warranted. The properties of acoustic speech have previously been investigated as possible cues for depression in adults. However, these studies were restricted to small populations of patients and the speech recordings were made during patient’s clinical interviews or fixed-text reading sessions.<br><br>A collaborative effort with the Oregon research institute (ORI), USA allowed the development of a new speech corpus consisting of a large sample size of 139 adolescents (46 males and 93 females) that were divided into two groups (68 clinically depressed and 71 controls). The speech recordings were made during naturalistic interactions between adolescents and parents.<br><br>Instead of covering a plethora of acoustic features in the investigation, this study takes the knowledge based from speech science and groups the acoustic features into five categories that relate to the physiological and perceptual areas of the speech production mechanism. These five acoustic feature categories consisted of the prosodic, cepstral, spectral, glottal and Teager energy operator (TEO) based features. The effectiveness in applying these acoustic feature categories in detecting adolescent’s depression was measured. The salient feature categories were determined by testing the feature categories and their combinations within a binary classification framework.<br><br>In consistency with previous studies, it was observed that:<br><br>- there are strong gender related differences in classification accuracy;<br><br>- the glottal features provide an important enhancement of the classification accuracy when combined with other types of features; <br><br>An important new contribution provided by this thesis was to observe that the TEO based features significantly outperformed prosodic, cepstral, spectral, glottal features and their combinations. <br><br>An investigation into the possible reasons of such strong performance of the TEO features pointed into the importance of nonlinear mechanisms associated with the glottal flow formation as possible cues for depression.<br>
Terahertz generation by means of optical lasers (2008)

Generation of high-power radiation in terahertz frequency range 0.3 – 10 THz is a fast developing research area attracting considerable interest over the past years due to its important applications in spectroscopy, communication, biomedical imaging and tomography. A brief review of laser-based generation methods is presented, starting from the schemes of resonance laser excitation of photoconductive materials, organic molecules and ionized gases, and proceeding with more detailed description of non-resonance schemes of optical rectification and difference frequency generation in materials with high optical nonlinearity. Recent progress achieved in both groups of methods is compared.
Rapid methods and automation in microbiology: 25 years of trends and predictions to the future (2013)

Rapid methods and automation in microbiology is a dynamic area in applied microbiology dealing with the study of improved methods in the isolation, early detection, characterization, and enumeration of microorganisms and their products in clinical, food, industrial, and environmental samples. Many national and international meetings on the subject were held regularly. A “handson” workshop was developed by the author in 1980. About 4,000 scientists from 60 countries participated in the workshop in that past 29 years (1981-2009).
Interactions of the Antizyme AtoC with Regulatory Elements of the <i>Escherichia coli atoDAEB</i> Operon (2007)

AtoC has a dual function as both an antizyme, the posttranslational inhibitor of polyamine biosynthetic enzymes, and the transcriptional regulator of genes involved in short-chain fatty acid catabolism (the atoDAEB operon). We have previously shown that AtoC is the response regulator of the AtoS-AtoC two-component signal transduction system that activates atoDAEB when Escherichia coli is exposed to acetoacetate. Here, we show that the same cis elements control both promoter inducibility and AtoC binding. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed the acetoacetate-inducible binding of AtoC to the predicted DNA region in vivo. DNase I protection footprinting analysis revealed that AtoC binds two 20-bp stretches, constituting an inverted palindrome, that are located at -146 to -107 relative to the transcription initiation site. Analyses of promoter mutants obtained by in vitro chemical mutagenesis of the atoDAEB promoter verified both the importance of AtoC binding for the inducibility of the promoter by acetoacetate and the sigma54 dependence of atoDAEB expression. The integration host factor was also identified as a critical component of the AtoC-mediated induction of atoDAEB.
Comparison of Select Analytes in Exhaled Aerosol from E-Cigarettes with Exhaled Smoke from a Conventional Cigarette and Exhaled Breaths (2014)

Exhaled aerosols were collected following the use of two leading U.S. commercial electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and a conventional cigarette by human subjects and analyzed for phenolics, carbonyls, water, glycerin and nicotine using a vacuum-assisted filter pad capture system. Exhaled breath blanks were determined for each subject prior to each product use and aerosol collection session. Distribution and mass balance of exhaled e-cigarette aerosol composition was greater than 99.9% water and glycerin, and a small amount (<0.06%) of nicotine. Total phenolic content in exhaled e-cigarette aerosol was not distinguishable from exhaled breath blanks, while total phenolics in exhaled cigarette smoke were significantly greater than in exhaled e-cigarette aerosol and exhaled breaths, averaging 66 µg/session (range 36 to 117 µg/session). The total carbonyls in exhaled e-cigarette aerosols were also not distinguishable from exhaled breaths or room air blanks. Total carbonyls in exhaled cigarette smoke was significantly greater than in exhaled e-cigarette aerosols, exhaled breath and room air blanks, averaging 242 µg/session (range 136 to 352 µg/session). These results indicate that exhaled e-cigarette aerosol does not increase bystander exposure for phenolics and carbonyls above the levels observed in exhaled breaths of air.
Fractionation of sugar beet pulp into pectin, cellulose, and arabinose by arabinases combined with ultrafiltration (1999)

Incubation of beet pulp with two arabinases (alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase and endo-arabinase), used singularly or in combination at different units of activity per gram of beet pulp, caused the hydrolysis of arabinan, which produced a hydrolyzate consisting mainly of arabinose. Pectin and a residue enriched with cellulose were subsequently separated from the incubation mixture. The best enzymatic hydrolysis results were obtained when 100 U/g of beet pulp of each enzyme worked synergistically with yields of 100% arabinose and 91.7% pectin. These yields were higher than those obtained with traditional chemical hydrolysis. The pectin fraction showed a low content of neutral sugar content and the cellulose residue contained only a small amount of pentoses. Semicontinuous hydrolysis with enzyme recycling in an ultrafiltration unit was also carried out to separate arabinose, pectin, and cellulose from beet pulp in 7 cycles of hydrolysis followed by ultrafiltration. The yields of separation were similar to those obtained in batch experiments, with an enzyme consumption reduced by 3.5 times and some significant advantages over batch processes.
Use of the Mini-mental State Examination in a Probability Sample of a Hispanic Population (1987)

The Spanish DIS was applied to a community probability sample in an island-wide survey of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Puerto Rico. The prevalence of "severe cognitive impairment" as measured by the DIS Mini-mental State Examination (DIS/MMSE) is significantly higher than that reported in similar studies in US communities. The total sample (N = 1532) was used to study the impact of demographic variables and other psychiatric diagnoses on DIS/MMSE scores. Educational level was by far the strongest predictor of total scores as well as of scores on individual items. Issues are discussed and recommendations are made related to the use of this test in Hispanic populations of low educational level.
Scale to Predict Survival After Surgery for Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme (2010)

We devised and validated a preoperative scale that identifies patients likely to have poor, intermediate, and good relative outcomes after surgical resection of a recurrent GBM tumor. Application of this simple scale may be useful in counseling patients regarding their treatment options and in designing clinical trials.
New component development for multi-100 kW low-cost solar array applications (1982)

Studies of the cost and performance of flexible arrays have shown that the most dramatic reductions in the $/Watt figure of merit are achieved by increasing performance. An examination of those properties that contribute to array performance indicated areas where radical changes in current design practice and philosophy would result in significant cost and performance impacts. To take advantage of the predicted cost reductions, modules were fabricated and tested that had ultra-thin superstrates as a load carrying member and large area dielectric wraparound (DWA), gridded back surface and copper contacted solar cells.
Directional ordering as a source of coercive force and asymmetry of the loop (1970)

The effect of directional order, formed by annealing in the demagnetized state, on the coercive force of ferromagnetic materials susceptible to magnetic anneal, is examined quantitatively. It is shown that in many magnetic materials, especially Fe-Ni alloys, this is the major source of coercivity. Experimental results are reported on the following alloys: Fe-6.4 percent Si with zero magnetostriction λ and large magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">K</tex> ; 60 percent Ni-40 percent Fe with fairly large λ. and low <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">K</tex> ; Mumetal (77.5 percent Ni-13.5 percent Fe-5 percent Cu-4 percent Mo) with nearly zero values of both λ and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">K</tex> . The coercive force increase resulting from the formation of a local induced anisotropy K <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">u</inf> , with the easy axis along the magnetization direction within each domain and domain wall, is found to vary linearly with the induced anisotropy field <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">K_{u}/J_{s}</tex> , through a proportionality factor of the order of 0.1. This figure is shown to be in good agreement with the value predicted by the known theories which relate the coercive force to the fluctuation of the Bloch wall energy, when the contribution of an induced uniaxial term due to the formation of a random directional order is taken into account. Furthermore, in agreement with the fact that the viscosity field is also proportional to the anisotropy energy associated with directional orders a close proportionality is experimentally found to exist between the frozen-in viscosity field measured on a constricted loop and the increase of coercive force which is observed when the wasp-waisted shape of the loop is destroyed by demagnetizing the specimen. It is finally shown that materials characterized by directional anisotropy formation can show asymmetrical hysteresis loops, when properly annealed in a magnetic state corresponding to the vertex of a nonsaturated loop.
Trends in Gas Chromatographic Science: 1997 (1997)

By combining the results of a review of the 1996 literature with that from a review of the 1994-1995 literature, it is possible to establish trends in the science of gas chromatography (GC). GC is found to embrace a diverse array of chemical interests from thermodynamic property calculations to the speciation of metal ion complexes in marine environments. Advances in speed, sensitivity, automation, computer modeling, detector design, and sample preparation are presented, indicating clearly that GC is a well-established, very healthy, expanding science finding influence in an ever-growing pattern of scientific endeavors.
Effects of low-intensity ultrasound on the central nervous system of primates. (1976)

The brains of anesthesized squirrel monkeys were exposed to 2.25 to 5 MHz ultrasound at low intensities (average power from 3 mW/cm2 to 0.9 W/cm2). The exposure produced evoked potentials recorded by EEG electrodes chronically implanted in the midline parietal region. Computer analysis of the waveforms showed that ultrasound produced a transient upward shift in both the peak frequency and in its amplitude. Complete adaptation occurred with 3 min of continuous exposure to either CW or pulsed irradiation.
Process monitoring for continuous process with periodic characteristics (2004)

Abstract Application of conventional statistical monitoring methods to periodic processes can result in frequent false alarms and/or missed faults due to the non‐stationary behavior seen over a period. To address this problem, we propose to identify and use a stochastic state space model that describes the statistical behavior of changes occurring from period to period. This model, when retooled as a periodically time‐varying model, can be used for on‐line monitoring and estimation with the aid of a Kalman filter. The same model can also be used for inferential estimation of the variables that are difficult or slow to measure on‐line. The proposed approach is applied to a simulation benchmark of a waste water treatment process, which exhibits strong diurnal changes in the feed stream, and is compared against the principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) methods. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A State-Cluster Based Q-Learning (2009)

When apply Q-learning to complex real-world problems, the learning process is long enough to make this method unpractical. The major cause is Q-learning requires the agent to visit every state-action transition infinitely often for making Q value convergent. We propose a state-cluster based Q-learning method to accelerate convergence and shorten learning process. This method creates the state-cluster for each state the agent reached according to the state trajectory that the agent wandered. By our algorithm, the state-cluster of a state would hold these acyclic shortest state paths from other states to this state. When a state's Q value is refined in one step of the agent, the refined Q value can be propagated immediately back to all these states in its State-Cluster along the state paths between them, instead of requiring the agent to visit these states again. With the State-Cluster, more Q value can be refined in one step of the agent, which speeds up the convergence of Q value. The experiments compared with Q-learning demonstrate this method is extraordinarily more effective. This method is aimed Q-learning, but it is also applicable for most other reinforcement learning methods based value function iteration.
Persistent Ocular Hypertension Following Intravitreal Bevacizumab and Ranibizumab Injections (2010)

Persistent OHT may occur after intravitreal anti-VEGF injection in patients with no previous diagnosis of glaucoma or OHT. OHT may persist across several visits and patients may require IOP-lowering therapy. Sustained elevation in IOP usually occurs after multiple injections.
Third Harmonic Transmit Phasing for Tissue Harmonic Generation (2007)

Generation of tissue harmonic signals during acoustic propagation is based on the combined effect of two different spectral interactions of the transmit signal. One produces harmonic whose frequency is the sum of transmit frequencies. The other results in harmonic at difference frequency of the transmit signals. Both the frequency-sum component and the frequency-difference component are sensitive to the phase of their constitutive spectral signals. In this study, a novel approach for modifying the amplitude of tissue harmonic signal is proposed based on phasing these two components to achieve either harmonic enhancement or suppression. Both experiments and simulations were performed to investigate the effects of 3f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sub> transmit phasing on tissue harmonic generation. Results indicate that the relative phasing between the frequency-sum component and the frequency-difference component markedly changes the amplitude of the second harmonic signal. For harmonic enhancement, approximate 6 dB increase of second harmonic amplitude can be achieved while the lateral harmonic beam pattern also is improved as compared to conventional situations in which only the frequency-sum component is considered. For harmonic suppression, the second harmonic signal also could be significantly reduced by about 11 dB when the frequency-difference component is out of phase with the frequency-sum component. Hence, the method of 3f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sub> transmit phasing has potentials for both improving signal-to-noise ratio in tissue harmonic imaging and enhancing image contrast in contrast-agent imaging by suppression of tissue harmonic background.
High-Quality Brookite TiO<sub>2</sub> Flowers: Synthesis, Characterization, and Dielectric Performance (2009)

High-quality brookite flowers were fabricated via a facile solution chemistry technique. The synthetic conditions to the flower-like brookite were monitored by a series of time-resolved experiments and further optimized by adjusting the concentrations of the Na+ and OH− species involved in the reaction system. Careful sample characterizations by the combined techniques of X-ray diffraction, Raman, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra indicate the formation of highly phase-pure and well-crystallized brookite with an extremely low defect concentration. Different from the natural brookite mineral with an indirect transition (Zallen, R.; Moret, M. P. Solid State Commun. 2006, 137, 154), the present high-quality brookite flowers showed a direct transition with a bandgap energy of 3.4 ± 0.1 eV, which is larger than those of its two other polymorphs, that is, a direct band gap of 3.0 ± 0.1 eV for rutile and indirect band gap of 3.2 ± 0.1 eV for anatase. Room-temperature alternative current impedance measurements indicate that the permittivity for the brookite flowers is 93 at 40 Hz, which is much higher than that for anatase but slightly lower than rutile as opposed to what is theoretically predicted in the literature. Strikingly, the flower shape also enables high quality brookite TiO2 with a high structural stability up to 900 °C in air, impossibly accessible when using other preparation methods. These observations pave the way for high-quality brookite flowers to find a broad class of technological uses.
Lifetime of Helium-Neon Lasers (1964)

Experiments have been performed in order to ascertain the factors affecting the lifetime of an rf excited, internal reflector, helium-neon laser oscillating at λ6328 Å. Using the results of the experiment it has been found possible to make practical lasers of simple design having lifetimes of over 1000 h operation. This performance has been achieved by improving the reflectors and by adjusting discharge conditions and gas filling to optimum.