gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Railway Track Circuit Fault Diagnosis Using Recurrent Neural Networks (2016)

Timely detection and identification of faults in railway track circuits are crucial for the safety and availability of railway networks. In this paper, the use of the long-short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network is proposed to accomplish these tasks based on the commonly available measurement signals. By considering the signals from multiple track circuits in a geographic area, faults are diagnosed from their spatial and temporal dependences. A generative model is used to show that the LSTM network can learn these dependences directly from the data. The network correctly classifies 99.7% of the test input sequences, with no false positive fault detections. In addition, the t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) method is used to examine the resulting network, further showing that it has learned the relevant dependences in the data. Finally, we compare our LSTM network with a convolutional network trained on the same task. From this comparison, we conclude that the LSTM network architecture is better suited for the railway track circuit fault detection and identification tasks than the convolutional network.
An algorithm for computing the capacity of arbitrary discrete memoryless channels (1972)

A systematic and iterative method of computing the capacity of arbitrary discrete memoryless channels is presented. The algorithm is very simple and involves only logarithms and exponentials in addition to elementary arithmetical operations. It has also the property of monotonic convergence to the capacity. In general, the approximation error is at least inversely proportional to the number of iterations; in certain circumstances, it is exponentially decreasing. Finally, a few inequalities that give upper and lower bounds on the capacity are derived.
The Role of Antimatter in Big-Bang Cosmology (1974)

“The study of nuclear physics led us to an understanding of the stars, their energy generation and life history. It now appears that our more recent knowledge of particle physics may be leading us to a deeper understanding of the large- scale structure of the universe in which we live.” Floyd W. Stecker, an astrophysicist, is at the Theoretical Studies Branch of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbeit, Md.
Randomized Phase III Study Comparing Irradiation and Hyperthermia with Irradiation Alone in Superficial Measurable Tumors (1991)

A total of 307 patients with superficial measurable tumors were registered on a Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) protocol involving fractionated radiation therapy, either alone or followed immediately by hyperthermia (42.5 degrees C, 45-60 min). Overall complete response (CR) was observed in 30% of the lesions treated with radiotherapy (RT) and 32% of those receiving RT and heat. Response was found to be significantly related to both maximum tumor diameter (less than 3 or greater than or equal to 3 cm) and site/histology (breast/adenocarcinoma, head and neck/squamous, or other site/histologies). In tumors less than 3 cm in diameter in the breast, trunk, and extremities, a better CR rate was noted with irradiation and heat (62 and 67%) than with irradiation alone (40 and 0%). However, in the head and neck there was only minimal difference in CR with irradiation alone or combined with hyperthermia (50 vs 38%). In lesions less than 3 cm treated with irradiation and heat, there was improved local control. In lesions greater than 3 cm, there was no difference in local control between the two treatment arms. The higher response rate in patients with smaller lesions (less than 3 cm) may be explained by the fact that these tumors are easier to heat. Problems in correlating tumor response with quality of heating include less than optimal heating in larger lesions and the limited ability of current thermometry to map the temperature distribution in a tumor. Acute and late toxicities in both treatment arms were comparable, except for an overall 30% incidence of thermal blisters in the heated tumors.
A polymeric piezoelectric micropump based on lamination technology (2004)

This paper presents the first micropumps assembled using polymeric lamination technology. Each pump consists of two 100 ?m thick, 10 mm diameter SU-8 discs; two 1.5 mm thick, 15 mm diameter polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) discs; and one piezo disc. The SU-8 parts were fabricated by a two-mask polymeric surface micromachining process with silicon as the sacrificial material. Each SU-8 disc has one micro check valve. The valve is a 1 mm plate suspended on a compliant orthoplanar spring. The cross section of the spring beam has a dimension of 100 ?m × 100 ?m. The PMMA parts were machined from an extrusion PMMA sheet by CO2 laser. An off-the-shelf piezo bimorph disc worked as both actuator and pump membrane. The pump was assembled using adhesive bonding. The adhesive tapes were cut by the same laser system. Alignment pins were used in the assembly process. With a drive voltage of ?150 V the fabricated micropumps have been able to provide flow rates up to 2.9 ml min?1 and back pressures up to 1.6 m of water. The pump design and the polymeric technologies prove the feasibility of making more complex microfluidic systems based on the presented lamination approach.
Thin Films and Their Uses for the Extreme Ultraviolet (1965)

The transmittance characteristics in the extreme ultraviolet of unbacked films are discussed; data are presented for films of Al, In, Bi, Ge, Si, and certain organic materials. Generally, the metals begin to transmit shortward of their critical wavelengths, determined by the electron eigenloss, and reach maximum transparency at the nearest x-ray edge; to shorter wavelengths regions of transparency exist between the other x-ray edges. Their use in order-sorting, and for eliminating long-wavelength stray light, is illustrated with laboratory spectra and solar spectra obtained from rockets.
Stress increases MHC-I expression in dopaminergic neurons and induces autoimmune activation in Parkinson's disease (2021)

The expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I), a key antigen-presenting protein, can be induced in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, thus indicating its possible involvement in the occurrence and development of Parkinson's disease. However, it remains unclear whether oxidative stress induces Parkinson's disease through the MHC-I pathway. In the present study, polymerase chain reaction and western blot assays were used to determine the expression of MHC-I in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP<sup>+</sup>)-treated SH-SY5Y cells and a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease mouse model. The findings revealed that MHC-I was expressed in both models. To detect whether the expression of MHC-I was able to trigger the infiltration of cytotoxic T cells, immunofluorescence staining was used to detect cytotoxic cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8)<sup>+</sup> T cell infiltration in the substantia nigra of MPTP-treated mice. The results indicated that the presentation of MHC-I in dopaminergic neurons was indeed accompanied by an increase in the number of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells. Moreover, in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease model mice, the genetic knockdown of endogenous MHC-I, which was caused by injecting specific adenovirus into the substantia nigra, led to a significant reduction in CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell infiltration and alleviated dopaminergic neuronal death. To further investigate the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress-induced MHC-I presentation, the expression of PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) was silenced in MPP<sup>+</sup>-treated SH-SY5Y cells using specific small interfering RNA (siRNA), and there was more presentation of MHC-I in these cells compared with control siRNA-treated cells. Taken together, MPP<sup>+</sup>-/MPTP-induced oxidative stress can trigger MHC-I presentation and autoimmune activation, thus rendering dopaminergic neurons susceptible to immune cells and degeneration. This may be one of the mechanisms of oxidative stress-induced Parkinson's disease, and implies the potential neuroprotective role of PINK1 in oxidative stress-induced MHC-I presentation. All animal experiments were approved by the Southern Medical University Ethics Committee (No. 81802040, approved on February 25, 2018).
Mature B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia With Associated Translocations (14;18)(q32;q21) and (8;9)(q24;p13) (2003)

Abstract The translocation t(14;18)(q32;q21) is most commonly associated with follicular lymphoma but has also been described in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) of B-cell origin. Although these ALL cases have had a pre-pre-B, pre-B, or mature B-cell immunophenotype and L2 or L3 morphology, all have been associated with an abnormality of 8q24. In fact, 91% (10 of 11) have been associated with t(8;22) or t(8;14), marker chromosomes for Burkitt-type ALL. The other case was associated with del(8)(q24). Thus, Burkitt-type ALL may have various immunophenotypes and morphology when associated with t(14;18). We describe a case of mature B-cell ALL associated with t(14;18) and t(8;9)(q24;p13). The morphology was suggestive but not entirely characteristic of the L3 subtype. However, on the basis of the cytogenetic findings and the review of the literature, perhaps this case represents a variant of Burkitt-type ALL, which would be important to recognize for prognostic and therapeutic purposes. We describe our findings and review the literature to heighten awareness of this group of ALLs associated with t(14;18). Additional cases need to be accrued and documented to determine the significance of an associated abnormality of 8q24 in this setting.
Introduction (1994)

The international human rights scene of 1993 was very much dominated by the second United Nations World Conference on Human Rights, which took place in Vienna from 14 to 25 June. Was that Conference a failure or a success? The answer to this depends on one's prior expectations. One point is certain: the Conference produced more than some had feared and less than others had hoped for. The four preparatory meetings that preceded the Conference were not very productive and failed to reach an agreement on a draft final statement. The regional meetings in Tunis, San Jose and Bangkok
Antimicrobial Properties of Hydrated Cellulose Membranes With Silver Nanoparticles (2009)

Microbial cellulose membranes have attracted a great deal of attention as novel wound-dressing materials, especially for the healing of skin burns and chronic wounds, because of their high water holding capacity and biocompatibility. However, the high humidity around the wound sometimes allows the growth of bacteria, as well as the regeneration of the tissue. In this study, silver nanoparticles were incorporated into the cellulose membranes via a chemical reduction method using a silver salt, silver nitrate (AgNO(3)) and a reducing agent, sodium borohydride (NaBH(4)). The silver nanoparticles were evenly adsorbed on the overall surface of the cellulose nanofibrils without any local aggregation and had a spherical shape with uniform size (8+/-2 nm) which allowed them to show antimicrobial properties. The interaction between the oxygen in cellulose and silver nanoparticles resulted in the stable adsorption of the silver nanoparticles on cellulose nanofibrils. The cellulose membrane with silver nanoparticles exhibited an antimicrobial activity of more than 99.99% against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, so that it could be used as an antimicrobial wound-dressing material for chronic wounds and burns.
Fischer indole synthesis of 3-acyl- and 3-alkoxy-carbonylindoles (1981)

N-Benzyl-N-phenylhydrazine derivatives of 1,3-diketones and 1,3-ketoesters undergo normal Fischer cyclisations to indoles, but no method could be found for the subsequent removal of the N-protecting group. No method could be found for the indolisation of N-aroyl-N-phenylhydrazine derivatives of dimedone with retention of the N-protecting group, though heating in tetralin did effect the electrocyclic step of the Fischer sequence and the formation of a carbon–carbon bond.
Description Logic Based Conflict Detection Methods for RB-RBAC Model (2006)

Summary RB-RBAC (Rule-Based RBAC) provides the mechanism to dynamically assign users to roles based on a finite set of authorization rules defined by the enterprise's security policy. The RB-RBAC family introduces negative authorization, represented by negative roles, which may bring conflict, and conflict detection and resolution become an import work in RB-RBAC policy management. We proposed a formalization of RB-RBAC model by description logic and developed conflict detection methods based on description logic reasoning service. Conflicts can be detected when all authorization rules have been defined, and a revised detection method is also given to improve the system efficiency when dynamically adding new authorization rule to system. Conflicts among related rules and among unrelated rules can be distinguished by these methods. We also demonstrate a simple method to resolve conflict.
Utricle, Saccule, and Cochlear Duct in Relation to Stapedotomy (1991)

This study was performed to determine the area in which and the circumstances under which stapedotomy can be relatively safely performed. Measurements were made from central areas of the medial surface of the stapedial footplate to the utricle, the saccule, and the cochlear duct in 10 normal and 11 otosclerotic temporal bones. The mean distances to the utricle ranged from 1.9 to 2.4 mm, and those to the saccule from 1.7 to 2.1 mm. The minimal distance to the utricle was measured from the posterior (0.58 mm) and superior (0.62 mm) borders of the stapedial footplate. The minimal distances to the saccule were from the anterior (0.76, 0.86, and 1.00 mm) border of the stapedial footplate. All other measurements were of more than 1 mm. The shortest distance between the cochlear duct and the inferior border of the footplate was 0.2 mm. Statistical analysis has shown no significant differences for the mean values obtained in normal and otosclerotic temporal bones. Fathoming of the vestibule below the central and inferior thirds of the footplate surface has shown that there is no likely danger to the vestibular end organs or cochlear duct if manipulations are carried out no deeper than 1 mm below the surface. The safest place for a stapedotomy opening is in the central and inferior-central thirds of the footplate. A stapedotomy piston of 0.4 mm in diameter can be introduced relatively safely to a depth of 0.5 mm in the vestibule over the entire surface of the stapedial footplate.
A Bayesian Approach to the Linear Combination of Forecasts (1975)

Bayesian methodology is suggested as a valid approach to the combination of forecasts and a simple subjectivist procedure is presented. It is shown how subjective probabilities can be meaningfully assigned over a set of forecasting models and updated, according to a Bayesian process, when the forecast realizations become known.
Efficacy of polycationic peptides in preventing vascular graft infection due to Staphylococcus epidermidis (2000)

A rat model was used to investigate the efficacy of two polycationic peptides, ranalexin and buforin II, in the prevention of vascular prosthetic graft infection due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis with intermediate resistance to glycopeptides. The in vitro activity of the peptides was compared with those of vancomycin and teicoplanin by MIC determination and time-kill study. Moreover, the efficacy of collagen-sealed peptide-soaked Dacron was evaluated in a rat model of graft infection. Graft infections were established in the dorsal subcutaneous tissue of 120 adult male Wistar rats. The in vivo study included a control group, one contaminated group that did not receive any antibiotic prophylaxis and four contaminated groups that received an antibiotic-soaked graft. Experiments demonstrated that the activities of buforin II and ranalexin were greater than those of vancomycin and teicoplanin. Particularly, rats with buforin II-coated Dacron grafts showed no evidence of staphylococcal infection while, for the rats with ranalexin-, vancomycin- and teicoplanin-coated Dacron grafts, the quantitative graft cultures demonstrated bacterial growth (1.9 x 10(2) +/- 0.6 x 10(2) cfu/mL, 6. 2 x 103 +/- 1.9 x 10(3) cfu/mL and 5.1 x 10(4) +/- 4.8 x 10(3) cfu/mL, respectively). The study demonstrated that the use of peptide-soaked Dacron graft can result in significant bacterial growth inhibition and indicates that these compounds may be potentially useful in prosthetic surgery.
Superconductivity Transition in High-T<sub>c</sub> Y-Ba-Cu-O Mixed-Phase System (1987)

We report the results of temperature dependence of the resistivity in Y-Ba-Cu-O mixed-phase system for several samples with different composition and sintered at different temperatures. Two types of compounds were investigated, which have the nominal composition (Y 1- x Ba x ) 2 CuO 4-δ (Type I) or Y 1- y Ba y CuO 3-δ (Type II) with x =0.45 or 0.40, y =0.6 and δ undetermined. Superconductivity transition was observed in all the samples around 90 K, although it was incomplete at 78 K in some Type I-samples. In a Type II-sample with nominal composition Y 0.4 Ba 0.6 CuO 3-δ , in addition to this transition which is completed at 87 K, sharp reduction of resistivity was observed around 150 K, suggesting a possible existence of a new phase with higher T c in this system.
[Protective effect of purariae isoflavone on apoptosis cells of nasal mocosas in ovariectomized rats]. (2005)

Nylestriol and purariae isoflavone might have effects on protecting cells of mucosas from lacking of estrogen by decreasing apoptosis cells in ovariectomized rats.
A practical introduction to computer vision with OpenCV (2014)

Explains the theory behind basic computer vision and provides a bridge from the theory to practical implementation using the industry standard OpenCV libraries Computer Vision is a rapidly expanding area and it is becoming progressively easier for developers to make use of this field due to the ready availability of high quality libraries (such as OpenCV 2). This text is intended to facilitate the practical use of computer vision with the goal being to bridge the gap between the theory and the practical implementation of computer vision. The book will explain how to use the relevant OpenCV
Using population data for assessing next-generation sequencing performance (2014)

An implementation using Perl and R can be found at busso.ncl.ac.uk (Username: igm101; Password: Z1z1nts).
Kolmogorov complexity of finite sequences and recognition of different preictal EEG patterns (2002)

The problem of an adequate quantitative interpretation of epileptic EEG recordings is of great importance in the understanding, recognition and treatment of epilepsy. In recent years, much effort has been made to develop computerized methods which can characterize different interictal, ictal and postictal stages. The main issue of whether there exist a preictal phenomenon is unresolved. In this paper, we address this issue making use of the most basic representation of data complexity, namely the algorithmic information content. In general this measure, also known as Kolmogorov complexity, represents the compressibility of the data strings. It can also be used to describe properties (linear and nonlinear) of the underlying dynamical system. We analyze Kolmogorov complexity and related characteristics of intracranial EEG recordings containing preictal, ictal and postictal segments.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Microwave Plasma-Activated Chemical Vapor Deposition of Nitrogen-Doped Diamond. II: CH<sub>4</sub>/N<sub>2</sub>/H<sub>2</sub> Plasmas (2016)

We report a combined experimental and modeling study of microwave-activated dilute CH<sub>4</sub>/N<sub>2</sub>/H<sub>2</sub> plasmas, as used for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of diamond, under very similar conditions to previous studies of CH<sub>4</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>/Ar, and N<sub>2</sub>/H<sub>2</sub> gas mixtures. Using cavity ring-down spectroscopy, absolute column densities of CH(X, v = 0), CN(X, v = 0), and NH(X, v = 0) radicals in the hot plasma have been determined as functions of height, z, source gas mixing ratio, total gas pressure, p, and input power, P. Optical emission spectroscopy has been used to investigate, with respect to the same variables, the relative number densities of electronically excited species, namely, H atoms, CH, C<sub>2</sub>, CN, and NH radicals and triplet N<sub>2</sub> molecules. The measurements have been reproduced and rationalized from first-principles by 2-D (r, z) coupled kinetic and transport modeling, and comparison between experiment and simulation has afforded a detailed understanding of C/N/H plasma-chemical reactivity and variations with process conditions and with location within the reactor. The experimentally validated simulations have been extended to much lower N<sub>2</sub> input fractions and higher microwave powers than were probed experimentally, providing predictions for the gas-phase chemistry adjacent to the diamond surface and its variation across a wide range of conditions employed in practical diamond-growing CVD processes. The strongly bound N<sub>2</sub> molecule is very resistant to dissociation at the input MW powers and pressures prevailing in typical diamond CVD reactors, but its chemical reactivity is boosted through energy pooling in its lowest-lying (metastable) triplet state and subsequent reactions with H atoms. For a CH<sub>4</sub> input mole fraction of 4%, with N<sub>2</sub> present at 1-6000 ppm, at pressure p = 150 Torr, and with applied microwave power P = 1.5 kW, the near-substrate gas-phase N atom concentration, [N]<sub>ns</sub>, scales linearly with the N<sub>2</sub> input mole fraction and exceeds the concentrations [NH]<sub>ns</sub>, [NH<sub>2</sub>]<sub>ns</sub>, and [CN]<sub>ns</sub> of other reactive nitrogen-containing species by up to an order of magnitude. The ratio [N]<sub>ns</sub>/[CH<sub>3</sub>]<sub>ns</sub> scales proportionally with (but is 10<sup>2</sup>-10<sup>3</sup> times smaller than) the ratio of the N<sub>2</sub> to CH<sub>4</sub> input mole fractions for the given values of p and P, but [N]<sub>ns</sub>/[CN]<sub>ns</sub> decreases (and thus the potential importance of CN in contributing to N-doped diamond growth increases) as p and P increase. Possible insights regarding the well-documented effects of trace N<sub>2</sub> additions on the growth rates and morphologies of diamond films formed by CVD using MW-activated CH<sub>4</sub>/H<sub>2</sub> gas mixtures are briefly considered.