gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Apolipoprotein E*3-Leiden transgenic mice mode for hypolipidaemic drugs (1998)

Apolipoprotein (APO) E*3-Leiden mice with impaired chylomicron and VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) remnant metabolism display hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis. In the present study, these mice were used for testing the hypolipidaemic effect of two marketed agents, lovastatin (CAS 75330-75-5) and gemfibrozil (CAS 25812-30-0) as well as a novel compound, SB 204990 (the 5- ring lactone of ±(3R*,5S*) 3-carboxy-11-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3,5- dihydroxyundecanoic acid, CAS 154566-12-8), a potent inhibitor of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis at the level of ATP-Citrate lyase. APOE*3-Leiden mice were fed a saturated fat and cholesterol-rich diet supplemented with either 0.05 or 0.1% w/w of lovastatin, 0.1 or 0.2% w/w of gemfibrozil or 0.1 or 0.2% w/w of SB 204990. Lovastatin showed a dose-related decrease in plasma cholesterol levels (up to -20%) due to a lowering of LDL and HDL (low density resp. high density lipoprotein)-cholesterol (-20 and -18%, respectively), while plasma triglyceride levels were unaffected. Gemfibrozil had no effect on plasma total cholesterol levels but gave significant dose-dependent decreases in plasma (VLDL) triglyceride levels (tip to -53%). SB 204990 resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of plasma cholesterol (up to -29%) by lowering VLDL, LDL and HDL-cholesterol (-50, -20 and -20%, respectively). In addition, a strong dose dependent reduction of plasma (VLDL) triglycerides up to -43% was observed with this compound. Although the effects of gemfibrozil and SB 204990 were not simply explained by changes in a single determinant of VLDL metabolism - no effects of these drugs were seen on post-heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activity, in vivo rate of VLDL synthesis or hepatic apoC- III mRNA levels - APOE*3-Leiden mice were found to give robust hypolipidaemic responses to these test compounds. The responsiveness to hypolipidaemic therapy combined with a clear relationship between aortic lesion size and plasma cholesterol exposure, as demonstrated previously, makes this mouse an attractive model for the testing of anti-atherosclerotic properties of hypolipidaemic drugs.
Solitons in coupled waveguides with quadratic nonlinearity (1997)

We consider a model of two linearly coupled second-harmonic-generating waveguides. The analysis is focused on the case of no walkoff and full matching. We demonstrate existence of a bifurcation that transforms obvious symmetric soliton states into nontrivial asymmetric ones. The bifurcation point is found exactly, while a full analytical description of the asymmetric solutions is obtained by means of the variational approximation. Comparing this with numerical results generated by the shooting method, we conclude that, in a part of the range where the asymmetric states are predicted, the analytical approximation provides very good accuracy, while in another part, the asymmetric solitons disappear. Whenever they exist, however, direct partial differential equation simulations demonstrate that they are stable, while the symmetric ones are not. We also demonstrate that the asymmetric solitons remain stable if walkoff is added. The soliton states found here can be used for optical switching.
A hyper-redundant continuous robot (2006)

This paper presents a novel design and analysis of a hyper-redundant continuous robot (biological continuum style manipulator), actuation system, and control strategy. The robot includes 8 flexible segments, though it can be extended to more segments as necessary. In this study the gravity of the springs is neglected due to the manipulation force is much larger than these gravity forces. This mechanism exhibits a wide range of maneuverability and has a large number of degrees of freedom. Each segment is designed using a novel flexible mechanism based on the loading of a compression spring in both transverse and axial directions and using cable-conduit systems. The forward kinematics of the mechanism is also presented and lends itself well to computer control. It is shown that the solution of the transverse deflection of each segment is obtained in a general form, while the stiffness coefficients are obtained in closed form. A prototype robot segment is experimentally tested, the results are verified. A bench-top actuation system has been developed and a control scheme used in prosthetic hand control has been implemented to control the mechanism
Nucleation and the transition state of the SH3 domain (2005)

We present a verified computational model of the SH3 domain transition state (TS) ensemble. This model was built for three separate SH3 domains using experimental s in all-atom protein folding simulations. While averaging over all conformations incorrectly considers non-TS conformations as transition states, quantifying structures as pre-TS, TS, and post-TS by measurement of their transmission coefficient (pfold, or probability to fold) allows for rigorous conclusions regarding the structure of the folding nucleus and a full mechanistic analysis of the folding process. Through analysis of the TS, we observe a highly polarized nucleus in which many residues are solvent-exposed. Mechanistic analysis suggests the hydrophobic core forms largely after an early nucleation step. SH3 presents an ideal system for studying the nucleation-condensation mechanism and highlights the synergistic relationship between experiment and simulation in the study of protein folding.
Development of the Generic APSIM Cereal Template to Enhance Functionality of Whole-Plant Modelling (2008)

A combined use of pure-tone screening and the Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly (HHIE) has been proposed by Ventry and Weinstein (Asha 1983;25:37-42) to meet an increasing need to identify the elderly with possible hearing problems. The purpose of this study was to discern what follow-up action was taken by the individuals who failed the protocol and received a referral. One hundred and seventy-seven elderly people were screened. Thirty-eight (22%) out of 177 people received either Priority 1, 2, or 3 and were referred for further audiological or medical evaluations. Out of these 38, 25 were contacted for a follow-up telephone interview approximately 4 months after the screening. Thirteen (52%) out of 25 individuals followed our recommendation and received further evaluation. Audiological or medical treatment was recommended for all these individuals, 11 (85%) of whom actually accepted recommended treatment. The remaining 12 out of 25 individuals did not seek further evaluation for various reasons. This study presented several scenarios of what happened to those elderly people who failed the Ventry and Weinstein screening protocol.
Rare Copy Number Variation Discovery and Cross-Disorder Comparisons Identify Risk Genes for ADHD (2011)

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and persistent condition characterized by developmentally atypical and impairing inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness. We identified de novo and rare copy number variations (CNVs) in 248 unrelated ADHD patients using million-feature genotyping arrays. We found de novo CNVs in 3 of 173 (1.7%) ADHD patients for whom we had DNA from both parents. These CNVs affected brain-expressed genes: DCLK2, SORCS1, SORCS3, and MACROD2. We also detected rare inherited CNVs in 19 of 248 (7.7%) ADHD probands, which were absent in 2357 controls and which either overlapped previously implicated ADHD loci (for example, DRD5 and 15q13 microduplication) or identified new candidate susceptibility genes (ASTN2, CPLX2, ZBBX, and PTPRN2). Among these de novo and rare inherited CNVs, there were also examples of genes (ASTN2, GABRG1, and CNTN5) previously implicated by rare CNVs in other neurodevelopmental conditions including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To further explore the overlap of risks in ADHD and ASD, we used the same microarrays to test for rare CNVs in an independent, newly collected cohort of 349 unrelated individuals with a primary diagnosis of ASD. Deletions of the neuronal ASTN2 and the ASTN2-intronic TRIM32 genes yielded the strongest association with ADHD and ASD, but numerous other shared candidate genes (such as CHCHD3, MACROD2, and the 16p11.2 region) were also revealed. Our results provide support for a role for rare CNVs in ADHD risk and reinforce evidence for the existence of common underlying susceptibility genes for ADHD, ASD, and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
Peri-Saccadic Visual Sensitivity while Freely-Viewing Natural Movies (2011)

We now have a relatively good understanding of contrast sensitivity for narrowband gratings in observers who maintain stable fixation. However, in everyday vision, humans make several eye movements per second, and the time-varying input to the visual system comprises a very broad distribution of spatio-temporal frequencies, orientations, and intensities. We used a real-time gaze-contingent display to locally change contrast in high-resolution naturalistic (blu-ray) videos during free viewing. Every video frame was decomposed into its spatial frequency bands on a Laplacian pyramid in less than 1 ms; eye movements were recorded at 1000 Hz and local spatially narrowband contrast modifications in retinal coordinates were applied at the screen refresh rate (120 Hz) and a typical latency of 14–22 ms. In video watching sessions lasting about 10 minutes and aproximately every 2 s, energy in the 1.5–3 cyc/deg band was increased for 600 ms in a 2 × 2 deg spatio-temporal raised Gaussian windowed patch at one out of four locations, 2 deg away from the point of regard. The spatio-temporal structure at test locations and the latency between stimulus and saccade onsets were analyzed offline. Localization performance overall was low compared with gratings; was best for stationary eyes and worst when a saccade was initialized c. 500 ms after target onset (“late”). This effect could only be partially explained by differences in stimulus contrast and motion that modulated sensitivity and were correlated with eye movement activity. A second experiment replicated the retinal input of the first experiment by shifting the movie on screen according to the previously recorded gaze, while subjects maintained central fixation. Even though the retinal input was the same, simulated “late” saccades had a less detrimental effect. Contrast sensitivity is profoundly changed by eye movements and natural contexts and is thus poorly characterized by measurements obtained with traditional methods.
Caged-fluorescent-dye-based studies of turbulent scalar mixing (1995)

The initialization of a flow field with distinct and spatially segregated scalar components represents a significant experimental difficulty. Many theoretical modeling efforts in turbulent mixing, however, seek to describe the temporal evolution of a scalar concentration field that begins with this type of idealized initial conditions experimentally. This technique uses photoactivatable (caged) fluorescence dyes dissolved in the flow medium. Caged fluorescent dyes differ from tradition dyes in that excitation and subsequent emission will not occur until a bond within the caged dye molecule is broken with an ultraviolet photon. The flow field is then tagged by activating or 'uncaging' the appropriate regions with an excimer laser. Mixing between the tagged and untagged regions is quantified by illuminating the points to be studied with an argon ion laser, and measuring the subsequent emission intensity using standard laser induced fluorescence techniques. The intensity of the emission is proportional to the concentration of the uncaged dye. High sensitivity photodetectors allow very low intensity fluctuation measurements to be made. This method is currently being used to study mixing in a turbulent pipe flow, and shows potential to be used in a large number of other flow situations.
Extraction of semiconductor optical amplifier parameters for wavelength conversion modeling (2011)

We describe a simple characterization technique to experimentally extract the parameters necessary to accurately model four-wave mixing efficiency in semiconductor optical amplifier. Such characterization is important in the modeling and design of wavelength converters.
PhiNet of Things: Things Connected by Physical Space From the Natural View (2020)

Physical space appeared with the birth of the earth. With the emergence of social space, thinking space, and cyberspace (STCs), things in physical space are continuously enriched. Consequently, the PhiNet, an abstracted network concept such as relationships between things, is becoming more complex. Physical space plays a fundamental role in promoting the connection and development with the other three spaces. We think that PhiNet of Things (PoT) is a unified description of pure physical space and the evolving physical space affected by STCs. While the Internet of Things (IoT) is described from a cyber view, in this article, the definition of PoT is put forward from a natural view. Besides, the evolution of PoT is identified by the time sequence in which the four spaces appeared. At each stage, research is carried out from two perspectives of things and PhiNet, and two specific examples are presented to illustrate the change process of things and the related PhiNet. In addition, two applications are listed to explain the usability of PoT in the current development stage. Finally, the article gives the possible future development direction of PoT. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the fundamental role of physical space in the continuous development through time sequence.
Preparation and Polymerization of Styrene, Acrylate and Methacrylate Substituted Cyclophosphazenes (1992)

Abstract Radical polymerization and copolymerization reactions involving olefin substituted cyclophosphazenes lead to hybrid inorganic-organic polymers and copolymers, which are characterized by a carbon-carbon backbone and pendant phosphazenic groups. The stability of the polymers prepared is related to their structures. The thermal behaviour of poly(cyclophosphazenemethacrylate) (PCPhMA), which appears to possess flame-retardant properties, is compared with that of poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA).
Hemopoietic development in human embryos. (1984)

We report studies on hemopoietic progenitors and precursors in human embryos and fetuses at 4 to 5 through to 9 to 10 weeks from conception, as well as the corresponding in vivo Hb synthesis pattern. Particular attention is paid to the morphology of 5- to 8-week liver cells, as evaluated by both conventional and electron microscopy. On the basis of these observations, a unifying monoclonal model is proposed for human embryonic hemopoiesis.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalyzed Formal [4 + 2] Cycloaddition of in situ Generated Azoalkenes with Arylacetic Acids: An Efficient Approach to the Synthesis of 4,5‐Dihydropyridazin‐3(2H)‐ones. (2016)

Abstract The reaction is suitable for the preparation of various target compounds, inter alia scaffolds of a broad spectrum of pharmaceutical agents.
Role of Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products on Endotoxin-induced Lung Injury (2008)

RAGE plays an important role in the pathogenesis of LPS-induced lung injury in mice. It was suggested that sRAGE should be tested as a treatment modality in other models of acute lung injury.
Oxocyclohexadienylidene‐Substituted Subporphyrins (2011)

Quinonoidal subporphyrin analogue 2 was synthesized by oxidation of meso-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)subporphyrin 1 (see scheme). Compound 2 was readily deprotonated to generate anionic species 3. These three macrocycles were structurally characterized, including the full delocalization of the anionic charge in 3. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
The viscoelastic behaviour of elastin in aqueous ethylene glycol (1993)

Abstract The viscoelastic behaviour of arterial elastin in aqueous ethylene glycol has been studied to compare the effects of two solvents of differing polarity. The behaviour of elastin in low concentrations of ethylene glycol was similar to that of elastin that had been indirectly dehydrated using polyethylene glycol as an osmotic agent. That is, at low concentrations the dominant effect of ethylene glycol was to reduce the activity of the water molecules. However, at high concentrations, ethylene glycol appeared to interact directly with the elastin, altering both the swelling and the viscoelastic behaviour of the network.
Stannous Chloride Mediated Reductive Cyclization—Rearrangement of Nitroarenyl Ketones. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Production of Thermonuclear Power by Non-Maxwellian Ions in a Closed Magnetic Field Configuration (1971)

A toroidal plasma heated by an energetic neutral beam (thus consisting of an energetic ion component and a lower-energy bulk plasma) can produce net thermonuclear power under conditions far less restrictive than Lawson's criterion.
Point Analysis of Foods by Sheath-Flow Probe Electrospray Ionization/Mass Spectrometry (sfPESI/MS) Coupled with a Touch Sensor (2019)

For quick, noninvasive, and high-sensitivity surface analysis of foods and agricultural products, a touch sensor was developed and applied to sheath-flow probe electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (sfPESI/MS). Upon making contact with the sample, the probe stopped by detecting the current flowing through the circuit and analytes on the sample surface were extracted in the solvent preloaded in the plastic capillary. By lifting up the probe to the default position, an electrospray ionization mass spectrum of the sample was obtained. By scanning the sample stage using a programming tool, a point analysis of targeted positions of biological samples with a spot diameter of ≤0.3 mm was achieved. It took less than 10 s for one sample spot. This method was applied to various plants and animal tissues.
Amine Oxidases of Microorganisms (1965)

A procedure for obtaining crystalline preparations of the amine oxidase of Aspergillus niger has been developed. The method involved fractionations with ammonium sulfate and separation on successive columns of DEAE-cellulose, DEAE-sephadex and hydroxyl-apatite. Crystals were formed when solid ammonium sulfate was added to solutions of the purified enzyme (of about 300- to 350-times the specific activity of the crude mycelium extract). The crystals appeared as fine rods, with a faint pink color. The crystals had a specific activity around 10, 000 which was about 20 times as active as that of crystalline preparations of the animal monoamine oxidase.
Analysis of Incomplete Data from Highly Fractionated Experiments (1991)

An iterative method is proposed that provides a simple and flexible way to consider many models simultaneously. The method can be implemented with existing software, results in computational savings and promotes experimenter involvement.
Multi-user Linear Precoding for Multi-polarized Massive MIMO System\n under Imperfect CSIT (2014)

The space limitation and the channel acquisition prevent Massive MIMO from\nbeing easily deployed in a practical setup. Motivated by current deployments of\nLTE-Advanced, the use of multi-polarized antennas can be an efficient solution\nto address the space constraint. Furthermore, the dual-structured precoding, in\nwhich a preprocessing based on the spatial correlation and a subsequent linear\nprecoding based on the short-term channel state information at the transmitter\n(CSIT) are concatenated, can reduce the feedback overhead efficiently. By\ngrouping and preprocessing spatially correlated mobile stations (MSs), the\ndimension of the precoding signal space is reduced and the corresponding\nshort-term CSIT dimension is reduced. In this paper, to reduce the feedback\noverhead further, we propose a dual-structured multi-user linear precoding, in\nwhich the subgrouping method based on co-polarization is additionally applied\nto the spatially grouped MSs in the preprocessing stage. Furthermore, under\nimperfect CSIT, the proposed scheme is asymptotically analyzed based on random\nmatrix theory. By investigating the behavior of the asymptotic performance, we\nalso propose a new dual-structured precoding in which the precoding mode is\nswitched between two dual-structured precoding strategies with 1) the\npreprocessing based only on the spatial correlation and 2) the preprocessing\nbased on both the spatial correlation and polarization. Finally, we extend it\nto 3D dual-structured precoding.\n
Independent review of E2100 progression-free survival (PFS) with the addition of bevacizumab (B) to paclitaxel (P) as initial chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer (MBC) (2008)

1036 Background: E2100 was an open-label, multi-center, randomized, Phase III trial comparing P to P+B as initial chemotherapy for MBC. The original analysis based on investigator-assessed progression found a significant improvement in PFS (HR 0.498, p <0.001) (K. Miller, PASCO '05). A retrospective independent review of blinded radiological and clinical data was conducted to confirm the results. Methods: Radiographic images and physical exam findings were provided to the independent review facility (IRF; RadPharm Inc.) who reviewed these data in a blinded fashion, in accordance with a prespecified IRF charter following the RECIST criteria. PFS was reanalyzed as an intent-to-treat analysis of all 722 randomized subjects, and included on-study deaths and progression events assessed by the IRF that occurred on or before Feb 9, 2005 (consistent with the data cut-off for the original interim analysis). PFS was also reanalyzed using investigator assessments but otherwise following the same analysis methods. Results: Images were submitted for review for 89.9% of patients. Missing data were balanced between the two treatment arms. Eight planned sensitivity analyses that tested the impact of non-protocol therapy, missing data, and informative censoring in the assessment of progression for individual patients were conducted; all retained statistical significance for the addition of bevacizumab. Conclusions: The PFS risk was reduced by more than half and the ORR more than doubled with the addition of bevacizumab to weekly paclitaxel in both analyses, confirming the substantial and robust bevacizumab treatment effect. The strong consistency of the IRF and Investigator based PFS and ORR results validate original data reported by ECOG in this open-label trial. IRF Assessed Investigator Assessed P N=354 P+B N=368 P N=354 P+B N=368 Progression-free survival (HR) 0.483 0.421 p value (log-rank) <0.0001 <0.0001 Median (months) 5.8 11.3 5.8 11.4 Objective response in patients with measurable disease at baseline (%) 22.2 49.8 23.4 48.0 p value <0.0001 <0.0001 HR=hazard ratio Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Genentech, Inc. Genentech, Inc., Roche Amgen, Genentech, Inc., Gilead Sciences Genentech, Inc. Genentech, Inc.