gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gene Therapy for Chronic Granulomatous Disease (2003)

Identification of gene mutations responsible for leukocyte dysfunction along with the application of gene transfer technology has made genetic correction of such disorders possible. Much of the research into molecular therapy for inherited disorders of phagocytes has been focused on chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). CGD results from mutations in any one of the four genes encoding essential subunits of respiratory burst NADPH oxidase, the enzyme complex required for the production of reactive oxygen intermediates in phagocytes. The absence of phagocyte oxidants results in a predisposition to recurrent bacterial and fungal infections and inflammatory granulomas in CGD patients, associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation can cure CGD, but transplant-related toxicity and the limited availability of matched donors have restricted its wider application. Because the gene defects causing CGD are known, and CGD is a stem cell disorder treatable by marrow transplantation, CGD has emerged as a promising disease for somatic gene therapy targeted at the hematopoietic system. Multiple reports have demonstrated the reconstitution of NADPH oxidase activity by gene transfer to human CGD marrow and cell lines cultured in vitro. CGD mouse models have been developed by gene disruption, and preclinical studies on these animals using recombinant retroviral vectors have demonstrated reconstitution of functionally normal neutrophils and increased resistance to pathogens such as Aspergillus fumigatus, Burkholderia cepacia and Staphylococcus aureus. Although the results of these murine studies are encouraging, human phase-I clinical studies in CGD patients have yet to produce clinically beneficial numbers of corrected neutrophils for extended periods. Efforts to improve gene transfer efficiency into human hematopoietic stem cells and to increase engraftment of transduced stem cells are ongoing.
Cycling excitation process: An ultra efficient and quiet signal amplification mechanism in semiconductor (2015)

Signal amplification, performed by transistor amplifiers with its merit rated by the efficiency and noise characteristics, is ubiquitous in all electronic systems. Because of transistor thermal noise, an intrinsic signal amplification mechanism, impact ionization was sought after to complement the limits of transistor amplifiers. However, due to the high operation voltage (30-200 V typically), low power efficiency, limited scalability, and, above all, rapidly increasing excess noise with amplification factor, impact ionization has been out of favor for most electronic systems except for a few applications such as avalanche photodetectors and single-photon Geiger detectors. Here, we report an internal signal amplification mechanism based on the principle of the phonon-assisted cycling excitation process (CEP). Si devices using this concept show ultrahigh gain, low operation voltage, CMOS compatibility, and, above all, quantum limit noise performance that is 30 times lower than devices using impact ionization. Established on a unique physical effect of attractive properties, CEP-based devices can potentially revolutionize the fields of semiconductor electronics.
A new system for automatic measurement of the three-dimensional form of turbine blades (1994)

An automatic system for measuring the three-dimensional form of turbine blades and relevant data processing principles are described. Automatic tracking between the measured blade and the measuring wheel, as well as the measuring procedure, are performed by means of rotation of the connecting arm, the measuring rod and the blade itself. The systematic errors created by installing the measured blade can be eliminated by using data processing. All parameters required by the designer can be assessed.
Membrane currents evoked by afferent fiber stimulation in rat piriform cortex. I. Current source-density analysis (1993)

1. The membrane currents evoked by afferent fiber stimulation in the piriform cortex were derived by the use of current source-density (CSD) analysis in the rat under urethan anesthesia. The primary goals were to test hypotheses concerning the sequence of synaptic events evoked by afferent fiber stimulation and to derive data required for development and testing of the model presented in the companion paper. 2. In confirmation of previous studies, it was found that afferent fiber stimulation evokes a monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) in distal segments of pyramidal cell apical dendrites (layer Ia) followed by a strong disynaptic EPSC in adjacent middle segments (superficial layer Ib). 3. Given the central importance of the strong disynaptic EPSC in models for operation of the piriform cortex, the hypothesis that it is mediated by long association fibers from the anterior piriform cortex was tested by comparing its latency in response to stimulation at anterior and posterior locations. The results confirmed the hypothesis and ruled out a significant contribution from local connections in the posterior piriform cortex. 4. Intensification of pyramidal cell activity by spatially restricted disinhibition with picrotoxin confirmed the hypothesis that associational projections from the posterior piriform cortex can mediate a long-latency disynaptic EPSC in proximal dendritic segments (mid to deep layer Ib) in the anterior piriform cortex. 5. Analysis of the time course of the monosynaptic EPSC in different areas revealed that activation of the anterior piriform cortex from afferent fiber stimulation is fast and nearly synchronous throughout its extent as a result of the relatively high conduction velocities of afferent fibers in the lateral olfactory tract (LOT). By contrast, the posterior piriform cortex is sequentially activated by this EPSC as a consequence of the slow propagation velocity of afferent fiber collaterals that course across its surface. This activation is sufficiently slow that a large phase lag is present between rostral and caudal regions. 6. The time courses of the monosynaptic and principal disynaptic EPSCs changed in characteristically different ways with increasing distance from the LOT within the posterior piriform cortex. Simulations in the companion paper indicate that initiation and propagation patterns for activity in fiber systems rather than differences in synaptic conductance waveforms are responsible for these differences. 7. Although the laminar distribution of the active inward current component of the monosynaptic EPSC remained constant over time, the peak outward current associated with this EPSC shifted from the depth of proximal apical dendrites (layer Ib) to the depth of superficial pyramidal cell somata (layer II).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A practical guide to designing a poster for presentation (2009)

Poster presentations are frequently used to disseminate research findings and clinical initiatives at conferences, and present module material for educational courses. However, many nurses lack confidence when it comes to designing posters. This article considers the skills required to design a poster. Aspects of good poster design are also discussed.
Different behavioural profiles of the R(+)- and S(-)-enantiomers of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin in the murine elevated plus-maze. (1996)

(=) 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) has been the most widely used pharmacological tool in research on 5-HT(1A) receptor function. In the present study, the behavioural effects of 8-OH-DPAT entantiomers were compared using an ethological version of the murine elevated plus-maze test. Subcutaneous pretreatment (-20min) with R(+)-8-OH-DPAT (0.03-1.0mg/kg) produced a pronounced; and dose-dependent behavioural suppression (decreased open/closed/total arm entries and increased nonexploratory behaviours). In contrast, over the same dose range, S(-)-8-OH-DPAT reduced several ethological indices of anxiety without altering the majority of conventional parameters or general activity levels, e.g. arm entries and per cent time measures, as well as head dipping. Findings are discussed in relation to differences in the intrinsic activity of 8-OH-DPAT isomers at 5-HT(1A) sites and the putative role of these receptors in anxiety-related processes. The differential behavioural profiles of 8-OH-DPAT enantiomers suggest that racemic 8-OH-DPAT may not be an ideal tool for research on the behavioural pharmacology of 5-HT(1A) receptors.
Kinetics and metabolism of paracetamol and phenacetin. (1980)

1 The rate of absorption of oral paracetamol depends on the rate of gastric emptying and is usually rapid and complete. The mean systemic availability is about 75%. 2 Paracetamol is extensively metabolized and the plasma half-life is 1.5-2.5 hours. About 55% and 30% of a therapeutic dose is excreted in the urine as glucuronide and sulphate conjugates, respectively, whereas mercapturic acid and cysteine conjugates (representing conversion to a potentially toxic intermediate metabolite) each account for some 4% of the dose. Paracetamol metabolism is age- and dose-dependent. 3 With hepatotoxic doses, paracetamol metabolism is impaired and the half-life prolonged. Sulphate conjugation is saturated and the proportion excreted as mercapturic acid and cysteine conjugates is increased. 4 The renal clearance of paracetamol depends on urine flow rate by not pH. The renal clearances of the glucuronide and sulphate conjugates often exceed the glomerular filtration rate and are independent of urine flow and pH. 5 Phenacetin absorption depends on formulation. It is extensively metabolized to paracetamol and minor metabolites are probably responsible for toxicity.
Peptide transport in antigen presentation (1996)

The TAP1/2 complex translocates peptides from the cytosol into the endoplasmic reticulum. In the rat, TAP polymorphism affects the pool of peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex class I molecules, whereas in mouse and humans the functional consequences of observed structural polymorphism have not yet been determined. Peptide binding to TAP precedes ATP binding, and ATP hydrolysis is required to release and translocate peptides. Cytosolic peptides entering the class I pathway via the TAP complex may differ significantly in size and sequence. Not all peptides that are able to bind to TAP can be translocated into the endoplasmic reticulum, and TAP-binding affinity does not directly correlate with antigenicity of the peptide. Most translocated peptides are released from the endoplasmic reticulum by an incompletely defined ATP-dependent mechanism. TAP interaction with class I molecules stimulates peptide binding and transport by TAP and may also facilitate efficient loading of class I with peptides. Pathogenic microorganisms, such as herpes simplex virus, may encode inhibitors of TAP-mediated peptide transport in order to evade immune surveillance.
GeoCAPTCHA &#x2014; A novel personalized CAPTCHA using geographic concept to defend against 3<sup>rd</sup> Party Human Attack (2012)

A CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) is a scheme that can be used to distinguish human and robot such as malicious program. It has become the most widely used standard security technology to prevent automated computer program attacks, DoS attacks and Botnet. Thus, both Google and Microsoft use the text-based CAPTCHA for authenticated process. However, all text-based CAPTCHA has been broken due to the fact that it can't prevent Optical Character Recognition (OCR) attack which can automatically identify the CAPTCHA's words. Consequently, new kinds of CAPTCHAs have been proposed to solve this security hole. For example, image-based and audio-based CAPTCHA are new emerging schemes used to replace text-based CAPTCHA. However, a state-of-the-art attack called Human Attack could still defeat these CAPTCHA schemes. Human Attack means malicious industries hire the third party's humans to collude with the attackers in order to pass the CAPTCHA tests. In this paper, we propose a novel CAPTCHA scheme (GeoCAPTCHA) which utilizes the personalized contents such as geographic information to prevent the 3 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rd</sup> Party Human Attack. Then, we conduct a security analysis of the usability and security of GeoCAPTCHA. Our simulation demonstrate that GeoCAPTCHA can enhance the performance and security of the Google and Microsoft's CATPCHA system with rotated 3D street-view image.
Evaluation of the shelf-life of virgin olive oils. (1998)

The aim of this work was to examine the changes that occur in extra virgin olive oil stored under different conditions for a period of 18 months. 12 extra virgin olive oils, produced with different extraction systems, were analysed. Each oil was then put into 2 clear glass bottles and closed well. Half of the bottles were stored in the cool and dark the other half at room temperature with changing light conditions. The storage period consisted of 18 months. The following analyses were carried out on the oils: acidity, peroxide number (P.N.), U.V. spectrophotometric indexes, phenolic substances, chlorophylls, carotenoids, fatty acid composition, diglycerides, squalene, iron, and copper. After 18 months, total chlorophyll, P.N., diglycerides and squalene showed the greatest changes. The oils stored in the dark kept well while the oxidative process was well advanced in the oil stored in the light. In conclusion this study has shown that extra virgin olive oil kept in clear glass bottles can be stored for 18 months or more while over the same period the oil kept in the light loses some of its sensory and organoleptic characteristics.
Pyrolysis Kinetics of Acid-Leached Rice Husk (1997)

A highly pure mixture of carbon and silica was obtained on pyrolysis rice husk leached with acid at high temperature in a nonoxidizing atmosphere. The product was suitable for use as a starting material in the the manufacture of silicon nitride powder. The effect of treatment including the kind and concentration of acid and the pyrolysis temperature on the constituents of the specimen was presented. Kinetic tests on pyrolysis of rice husk in a nitrogen atmosphere were carried out with a thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) technique at heating rates 2, 3, and 5 K/min. The results indicated that thermal degradation of rice husk consisted of two distinct pyrolysis stages. The corresponding kinetic parameters including the activation energy were determined. A reasonable pyrolysis mechanism was proposed, which agreed satisfactorily with the experimental results.
Asymmetric Synthesis of β-Amino Esters by Aza-Michael Reaction of α,β-Unsaturated Amides Using (<i>S</i>,<i>S</i>)-(<i>+</i>)-Pseudoephedrine as Chiral Auxiliary (2004)

Chiral nonracemic beta-amino esters were prepared in good yields and enantioselectivities using the diastereoselective conjugate addition of nitrogen nucleophiles to alpha,beta-unsaturated amides derived from (S,S)-(+)-pseudoephedrine as the key step. In this way, several beta-amino amide adducts were prepared using different conjugate acceptors and two different lithium benzylamides as nucleophiles. These adducts were easily converted in only one step, into the final, highly enantioenriched beta-amino esters
Homogeneous distribution of frequencies in a regular hexagonal cell system (1982)

A theory of optimal adjacent channel distance in homogeneous hexagonal cell systems is developed. Algorithms generating frequency distributions with best adjacent channel distance, valid for arbitrary co-channel reuse ratios, are presented. The theory may be applied to mobile radio telephone systems or broadcast services.
Origin of Opuntia curvospina (Cactaceae) (1980)

Opuntia curvospina (n = 22) is intermediate in morphology and in ploidy level between 0. chlorotica (n = 11) and 0. phaeacantha (n = 33) and exhibits frequent meiotic aberrations and reduced pollen stainability. These data support the interpretation of 0. curvospina as a species of hybrid origin between 0. chlorotica and 0. phaeacantha. Opuntia martiniana (L. Benson) Parfitt is superficially similar to 0. curvospina, is also tetraploid (n = 22), but is distinguished by its style shape and other characters. Opuntia curvospina was described by Griffiths (1916) based on speci- mens from the hilly desert region between Searchlight, Nevada, and Nipton, California. It was subsequently reduced to synonymy, first with 0. chlorotica Engelm. & Bigel. (Britton and Rose 1919) and more recently with 0. phaeacantha Engelm. var. major Engelm. (Benson 1969a, b). Re- cent chromosome studies have directed attention to reevaluating the re-
MRAM Technology Status (2013)

Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory (MRAM) is much different from conventional types of memory like SRAM, DRAM, and Flash, where electric charge is used to store information. Instead of exploiting the charge of an electron, MRAM uses its spin to store data. This new type of electronics is known as spintronics. The primary focus of this report is the current generation of MRAM technology, and its reliability, vendors, and space-readiness.
Reduction of sulfates by hydrogen (1976)

The initial stage of reduction of anhydrous sulfates by H 2 may lead to the formation of any of the following: (1) sulfates at lower valency, e.g., reduction of CuSO 4 , HgSO 4 , Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ; (2) metals, e.g., Cu 2 SO 4 , Ag 2 SO 4 ; (3) sulfides, e.g., NiSO 4 , CoSO 4 , CdSO 4 , CaSO 4 , SrSO 4 , BaSO 4 , and alkaline metal sulfates; (4) oxides, e.g., Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , MgSO 4 , BeSO 4 ; (5) a mixture of oxide and sulfide, e.g., FeSO 4 , MnSO 4 , ZnSO 4 , PbSO 4 . While CuSO 4 , Ag 2 SO 4 , and PbSO 4 are the only sulfates that yield metals on reduction, CuSO 4 is the most interesting because it yields the metal at 350 °C. PbSO 4 is reduced to metal at about 800 °C, and Ag 2 SO 4 already yields the metal by thermal decomposition above 800 °C.
Study on the Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer Performance for Multi-channel Tubes Based on Fluid-Solid Coupled (2011)

The author used the FLUENT software, established fluid-solid coupled finite element models of the multi-channel flat tubes in the parallel flow air-air intercooler, adopted three-dimensional numerical analysis for heat transfer process of hot side based on the SIMPLE algorithm, And selected the different channel numbers, hydraulic diameter, respectively, and compared the heat transfer rate, surface heat transfer coefficient and the friction factor. the Calculation results showed that the heat transfer performance and the resistance performance of multi-channel flat tubes, By comparing the heat transfer coefficient with the theoretical calculation value, the friction coefficient and the correlation equation results, respectively, the errors are uniformly in six percentage and six-thirteen percentage, respectively, these data were well correlated. Consequently, this method be able to provide important reference for improving the heat transfer performance of the cooling tubes, and optimizing its structural design.
Cattle poisoning by a mixture of endosulfan, dieldrin, DDT and DDE. (1995)

In late July of 1994 two 11-mo-old Holstein heifers were found dead inside a barn after a break-and-entry into it by several animals. The other animals showed no signs of sickness. The predominant postmortem findings were pulmonary edema and muscular hemorrhage. Chemical analysis found endosulfan, dieldrin, DDT and DDE in the rumen contents of both animals. The owner admitted that a very old bottle of pesticide had been knocked over and consumed by these animals; the lid consisted of plastic tape. The sale of DDT to the public was discontinued in the US on January 1, 1973, and the sale of dieldrin was halted in the US in 1987. This case demonstrates that poisoning by long obsolete farm chemicals still must be considered in differential diagnoses of acute deaths.
Similar pattern of thymic-dependent T-cell reconstitution in infants with severe combined immunodeficiency after human leukocyte antigen (HLA)–identical and HLA-nonidentical stem cell transplantation (2000)

Donor T cells after stem cell transplantation reconstitute by 2 different pathways: by expansion from grafted, mature T cells and by intrathymic maturation from progenitor cells. This study characterized thymic-dependent reconstitution of CD4+ T cells following different transplant modalities in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Three groups of patients were studied: one group after transplantation from human leukocyte antigen (HLA)–identical siblings with unmanipulated grafts without conditioning, a second group after transplantation from HLA-nonidentical parents with T-cell–depleted grafts without preconditioning, and a third group with prior conditioning. Reconstitution of the T-cell compartment was monitored by determining the expression of CD45 isoforms by developing CD4+ cells in the peripheral blood and in discriminating expanded (CD45RO+) and newly generated (CD45RA+) T cells. Concomitantly, changes in the size of the thymus were evaluated sequentially by ultrasonography. Reconstitution of CD4+CD45RA+ cells was delayed in all patients for several months, including patients after HLA-identical transplantation, and was always paralleled by normalization of the size of the thymus. No engraftment of donor progenitor cells was observed, as studied in one patient transplanted without conditioning. CD4+CD45RO+ cells were detected early after transplantation only in patients given unmanipulated grafts. The study showed that thymic-dependent T-cell maturation in these patients with SCID runs an autonomous course, independent of graft manipulation, of major HLA disparities, and of whether conditioning is used or not. In addition, thymic maturation may not require engraftment of donor-derived CD34+ cells in the marrow.
Aggregate nearest neighbor queries in spatial databases (2005)

Given two spatial datasets P (e.g., facilities) and Q (queries), an aggregate nearest neighbor (ANN) query retrieves the point(s) of P with the smallest aggregate distance(s) to points in Q . Assuming, for example, n users at locations q 1 ,… q n , an ANN query outputs the facility p ∈ P that minimizes the sum of distances | pq i | for 1 ≤ i ≤ n that the users have to travel in order to meet there. Similarly, another ANN query may report the point p ∈ P that minimizes the maximum distance that any user has to travel, or the minimum distance from some user to his/her closest facility. If Q fits in memory and P is indexed by an R-tree, we develop algorithms for aggregate nearest neighbors that capture several versions of the problem, including weighted queries and incremental reporting of results. Then, we analyze their performance and propose cost models for query optimization. Finally, we extend our techniques for disk-resident queries and approximate ANN retrieval. The efficiency of the algorithms and the accuracy of the cost models are evaluated through extensive experiments with real and synthetic datasets.