gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ISWEC control tuning: Lessons learned (2016)

ISWEC (Inertial Sea Wave Energy Converter) is a floating device that exploits the gyroscopic reactions provided by a spinning flywheel to extract power from sea waves. The first sea demonstrator has been deployed in August 2015 at the Island of Pantelleria, Italy. Starting from experience gained working in the real sea environment, some observations about the control are presented. The control of the device aims to exploit all the available control parameters in order to maximize power generation. At first the tuning of PTO control law is analysed and then the additional control degree provided by the gyro speed is considered too. A new developed control technique is briefly introduced. It consists of an application of a standard linear quadratic regulator coupled with a properly designed nonlinear static term. A comparison of previous and new control techniques is presented, proving that the new control is able to insure almost the same power absorption performances while reducing the number of control parameters to be tuned
Microgravimetric Study of Electrochemically Controlled Nucleophilic Addition of Sulfite to Polyaniline (2004)

The sulfonation of polyaniline (PANI) films by nucleophilic addition of sulfite ion has been controlled through the polymer oxidation state under electrochemical control. The process was monitored by in situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), and the polymer oxidation was accomplished by electrode potential steps in sulfite aqueous solutions. The nucleophilic addition of sulfite to PANI only takes place on the oxidized polymer. From the ratio of added mass to the injected charge, the degree of sulfonation has been obtained with a yield as high as 50%. It has been observed that the ion-exchange mechanism during the oxidation-reduction process in the resulting sulfonated polymer is analogous to the polymer produced by electrophilic sulfonation of polyaniline or by copolymerization of aniline with aminosulfonic acids, unlike the ionic exchange observed for unmodified PANI.
Laparoscopy‐assisted distal gastrectomy in a case of gastric cancer with situs inversus totalis: a case report (2016)

Situs inversus totalis (SIT) is a rare congenital condition in which abdominal and thoracic organs are transposed from normal positions. Laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy for situs inversus totalis is technically difficult and has rarely been reported. Here, we report the case of man in his 40s with situs inversus totalis and a preoperative diagnosis of stage IA gastric cancer (cT1b, cN0, cM0). We successfully performed laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy with D1+ lymph node dissection and Billroth I reconstruction. To ensure a safe procedure, we evaluated the vessels preoperatively with 3-D CT angiography. Furthermore, we performed the surgery by reversing our surgical positions, using a two-monitor method, and then reconstructing under direct vision through the incision. The surgery was performed with minimal blood loss, and no severe postoperative complications were observed. Histopathological examination revealed poorly to moderately differentiated stage IA (pT1b, pN0, pM0) adenocarcinoma. No recurrence has been observed as of 2 years postoperatively.
The Effect of Blockages in a PEM Electrolyzers Flow-Field on Performance and Temperature Distribution (2015)

The ever growing demand for renewable energies is currently focused primarily on wind and solar energy. The technologies that capture these renewable energies have developed greatly in the past few decades with an ever increasing installed capacity all around the world. This capacity is however limited by grid demand and intermittency of the source 1 . In order to fully utilize the installed capacity of sustainable and renewable energy harnessed in wind and solar farms the energy collected at off-peak hours needs to be stored. By coupling a water electrolyzer to the wind and solar power farms the normally unutilized wind and solar energy can then be stored as hydrogen 2 . Hydrogen has a distinct advantage over other storage methods such as batteries, compressed air or pumped water as it can be stored and then employed into a variety of applications. The stored hydrogen could be used to fuel transportation, process chemicals, produce fertilizers and regenerate electricity 1 . Hydrogen also shares the ability to be produced, stored and distributed locally or centralized making it a versatile solution that can be brought very quickly into real, already existing commercial markets 1 . The major hurdles facing PEM electrolysis before it can truly and competitively enter commercial markets, is the cost of production and the operational cost of the system. The production costs have been a major focus of research since 2010, and a 41% reduction in cost has been shown at the stack level alone in the past 5 years 3 . The reduction of operational costs and increase in life expectancy and performance of the stacks also plays a critical role in the overall cost of hydrogen production. Some external factors such as poor water supply quality, hot spots from areas of high contact resistance or uneven loading of the catalyst layer, or even blockages in the flow-fields may limit a PEM electrolysis systems lifetime as well as its performance. In this article the effect of a blockage, as well as multiple blockages in a parallel flow channel were investigated using a segmented cell capable of reading temperature and current distribution over the entire active area of the test cell. A blockage in the flow-field could arise in an electrolysis cell through a large variety of sources, broken pieces of sealing material, poor water quality, large particles from corroded supply tubing and errors made during assembly. This could cause increases in mass transport losses and increased degradation rates on the rest of the cell. The cells operating parameters were also varied to explore and determine how to mitigate the effects a flow blockage has on cell performance. Figure 1
Xylose‐lysine model systems: The effect of pH on the volatile reaction products (1993)

Abstract Aqueous molal solutions of xylose and lysine (initial pH 4–9) were refluxed either with control of the pH at 5–0 or without pH control (final pH 2–6). Analysis by gas chromatography (GC) and GC‐mass spectrometry resulted in the identification of 58 and 28 compounds, respectively, from the two systems. Furans were the main reaction products in both systems and 2‐furfural alone comprised 522 and 999 g kg −1 of the volatiles, respectively, from the systems with final pH values of 5–0 and 2–6. Maintaining the pH at 5–0 resulted in a higher yield and greater numbers of nitrogen‐containing compounds, and monocyclic pyrroles, pyridines and 2,3‐dihydro‐l H ‐pyrrolizines were identified only in that system. Aliphatic compounds, alicyclic compounds, benzene derivatives. l‐(2–furfuryl)pyrroles and pyrazines were also identified. This investigation is the first report of the formation of 2.3‐dihydro‐l H ‐pyrrolizines in a model system containing lysine as the amino compound; a possible mechanism is proposed.
Identification of an electric-arc furnace electrode-control system (1975)

The dynamic performance of a 135 tonne 35MVA 3-phase electric-arc furnace with a Ward—Leonard drive is investigated. The design of experiments and collection of data from a production furnace are discussed, and the arc-discharge coefficient and a nonlinear representation of the arc impedance are identified. A difference equation representation of the arc-furnace electrode-position controller is also identified using a generalised least-squares estimation technique with operating data from a production furnace. The identified model is compared with a model derived from the electromechanical properties of the furnace, and interaction of the regulator operating under impedance control is investigated. Adaptive control and the design of an improved control system using the identified models are briefly discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: A Safe and Scalable Synthesis of 2‐Hydroxy‐3‐alkoxypropionates by Epoxide Ring Opening. (2015)

Abstract Primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohol nucleophiles are employed in the magnesium triflate catalyzed ring‐opening of epoxide (I) to form the title products in moderate yields.
Multifunctionalized Ferri‐liposomes for Hyperthermia Induced Glioma Targeting and Brain Drug Delivery (2019)

A highly regulated extracellular environment and healthy neuronal cell functions are essential for maintaining the viability of the central nervous system (CNS). One way this is achieved is via the blood–brain barrier (BBB), a cellular interface that is responsible for ion and nutrition transportation, separates somatic circulating blood from the cerebrospinal fluid in the CNS, and is important for maintaining the homeostatic balance of the CNS environment. Consisting of tight junctions between endothelial cells of the microvasculature of the CNS, the BBB keeps large microorganisms or hydrophilic molecules in the circulating blood from penetrating into the cerebrospinal fluid. However, limited by current technologies, delivery of therapeutic agents or imaging molecules into the brain is also blocked by these highly selective tight junctions. Currently, targeting of malignant brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and the delivery of therapeutic agents into the brain remains a big obstacle because of the existence of the BBB, but numerous researches have been devoted in discovering the suitable candidates for specific tumor targeting inside the brain.
Arsenic Speciation Analysis in Human Saliva (2007)

Speciation of As(V), As(III), MMA(V), and DMA(V) in human saliva is a useful method for monitoring arsenic exposure.
Electromechanical performance and other characteristics of IPMCs fabricated with various commercially available ion exchange membranes (2014)

Ionic polymer–metal composites (IPMCs) are considered as some of the favorable candidates to be used as biomimetic actuators and sensors in an aqueous environment. Amongst all components that compose an IPMC, the ion exchange membrane is where hydrated cations migrate when an electric field is applied across the membrane and it eventually produces the deformation of the IPMC. Nafion® is the most commonly used ion exchange membrane. Many studies have been conducted on IPMCs made with Nafion®. In this study, three other commercially available ion exchange membranes were used to fabricate IPMCs and their performance as actuators was compared with IPMCs made with Nafion® membrane. Their potential for use in IPMC actuators was investigated by conducting various characterizations such as water uptake, ion exchange capacity, morphology, thermal property, blocking force and bending displacement.
Spinal Cord Injury from Civilian Gunshot Wounds (1991)

We performed a retrospective review of the medical records of 316 patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) secondary to gunshot wounds (GSW) admitted to Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center for rehabilitation between 1980 and 1988. There were 289 male and 27 female patients whose mean age was 25.9 years (range, 11-56 years). Of these, 238 were paraplegic (103 incomplete, 135 complete), and 78 were quadriplegic (45 incomplete, 33 complete). Forty were shot by handguns of known caliber and four by shotguns; in 272 cases, the type of weapon was unknown. A total of 230 cases sustained a single bullet wound, and 86 had multiple bullet wounds. The length of acute hospitalization, but not rehabilitation hospital stay, increased with the number of associated injuries. Rehabilitation and, hence, total length of stay was significantly less (mean, 100 and 130 days, respectively) for SCI/GSW victims than for SCI victims of motor vehicle accidents, falls, or diving accidents. The methods of calculating costs for admission were based upon Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center financial statistics. This hospital has charged for a daily occupancy fee. The fee is based upon an average of all charges for all patients. No additional fees are charged for special tests or procedures. In 1980, the average daily admission hospitalization charge was $785. In 1990, the last quoted hospital charge was $1,125. This is for the basic spinal cord injury rehabilitative stay. In general, at Rancho Los Amigos, patients are admitted for rehabilitation when all acute medical and surgical problems have been cleared and the patient is ready to participate in rehabilitation evaluation and therapy programs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The characteristic carrier–Er interaction distance in Er-doped a-Si/SiO2 superlattices formed by ion sputtering (2003)

The characteristic interaction distance between Er3+ ions and carriers that excite them in Er-doped a-Si/SiO2 superlattices is investigated. Superlattice thin films consisting of 12 periods of a-Si/SiO2:Er/SiO2/SiO2:Er layers were deposited by ion sputtering and subsequent annealing at 950 °C. The dependence of the Er3+ photoluminescence intensity on the thickness of the Er-doped SiO2 layers is well-described by an exponentially decreasing Er-carrier interaction with a characteristic interaction distance of 0.5±0.1 nm.
Mickey: a macro cell global router (1991)

The authors present a new graph-based macro cell global router. The placement of the macro cells need not have the slicing structure and the macro cells may have any rectilinear shape. A key contribution is a new algorithm which efficiently generates M shortest routes for every net. The global router then selects one route for each net while seeking to avoid the net routing-order dependence problem. Mickey has two different objective functions, making it applicable to different design styles. It can be used to either minimize the chip area or to minimize the total wire length under channel capacity constraints. Test results on industrial circuits show that Mickey outperforms existing approaches. >
Self-Assembly of Bile Steroid Analogues: Molecules, Fibers, and Networks (2009)

Structural and rheological features of a series of molecular hydrogels formed by synthetic bile salt analogues have been scrutinized. Among seven gelators, two are neutral compounds, while the others are cationic systems among which one is a tripodal steroid derivative. Despite the fact that the chemical structures are closely related, the variety of physical characteristics is extremely large in the structures of the connected fibers (either plain cylinders or ribbons), in the dynamical modes for stress relaxation of the associated SAFINs, in the scaling laws of the shear elasticity (typical of either cellular solids or fractal floc-like assemblies), in the micron-scale texture and the distribution of ordered domains (spherulites, crystallites) embedded in a random mesh, in the type of nodal zones (either crystalline-like, fiber entanglements, or bundles), in the evolution of the distribution and morphology of fibers and nodes, and in the sensitivity to added salt. SANS appears to be a suitable technique to infer all geometrical parameters defining the fibers, their interaction modes, and the volume fraction of nodes in a SAFIN. The tripodal system is particularly singular in the series and exhibits viscosity overshoots at the startup of shear flows, an "umbrella-like" molecular packing mode involving three molecules per cross section of fiber, and scattering correlation peaks revealing the ordering and overlap of 1d self-assembled polyelectrolyte species.
Computational and Experimental Evaluation of Integral Catalytic Ignitor/Injector for Gas Turbine Applications (1997)

The provision of an ignition source in the central region of a liquid-fired combustor reduces the requirement for wide spray angles, rich primary zones, and their associated performance drawbacks such as high levels of soot and NOx formation and high liner wall temperatures. Various ignition devices have been considered for providing centrally located ignition sources. The current paper presents a study of one alternative concept — the integral catalytic torch ignitor/injector — as a means for providing both combustor light-off and enhanced flame stability in the combustor primary zone. An integral catalytic torch in a fuel injector offers the potential to significantly improve ignition arid flame stability and thus the opportunity to operate combustor primary zones at leaner conditions, which may improve emissions, pattern factor, and combustor liner durability. This paper presents computational and experimental results for a conventional liquid-fired combustor with the addition of a catalytic torch (replacing the pilot pressure atomizer) down the centerline of an air-blast fuel injector. The benefits of a lean primary zone with an integral catalytic torch/injector were investigated both computationally and experimentally by comparing combustor performance with standard and successively leaner primary zones. Pattern factor and emissions are compared with different primary zone jet configurations to observe if the central torch can enhance the operability of leaner primary zones in conventional combustor geometries. The experimental and computational results suggest that the integral catalytic torch can provide more than adequate ignition capabilities with improved combustor emissions when it is combined with a relatively lean operating primary zone.
Combined measures toward restoration of temporal information from offline handwritten text (2007)

The research described in this paper intends to restore temporal information out of offline handwritten words. Such a system can be a backbone to a number of other more complicated systems such as signature verification, and handwriting analysis. We combined energetic measure with vision rules to estimate the original handwriting. Experimental results indicate a 28% improvement in the estimation accuracy of the combined measure over that of the energetic measure alone.
Porcine embryos produced after intracytoplasmic sperm injection using xenogeneic pig sperm from neonatal testis tissue grafted in mice (2008)

Embryo development after homologous intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with sperm from testis tissue xenografts from pigs or any other farm animal species has not been evaluated critically. Here, we report development of porcine embryos in vitro following ICSI with sperm retrieved from xenografted neonatal pig testis. Small pieces of testis tissue from newborn piglets were grafted under the back skin of castrated immunodeficient mice (n = 4) and the xenografts were collected 8 months after grafting. Spermatozoa were recovered by mincing of the grafted tissue. For comparison, testicular, epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa were also collected from mature boars. Oocytes injected with xenogeneic spermatozoa were either fixed to determine fertilisation processes (n = 89 in five replicates) or allowed to develop in vitro (n = 143 in four replicates). Xenogeneic porcine spermatozoa were fertilisation competent (24% v. 58%, 68%, 62% or 0% for xenogeneic v. control testicular, epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa or no spermatozoa, respectively) and embryos developed to the blastocyst stage (8% v. 22%, 27%, 25% or 0%, respectively). These results demonstrate that porcine spermatozoa derived from immature testis tissue xenografted into mice are fertilisation competent, albeit at a lower rate than testicular, epididymal or ejaculated spermatozoa from control boars, and support embryo development after ICSI.
Optimal experimental design of field trials using Differential Evolution (2017)

When setting up field experiments, to test and compare a range of genotypes (e.g. maize hybrids), it is important to account for any possible field effect that may otherwise bias performance estimates of genotypes. To do so, we propose a model-based method aimed at optimizing the allocation of the tested genotypes and checks between fields and placement within field, according to their kinship. This task can be formulated as a combinatorial permutation-based problem. We used Differential Evolution concept to solve this problem. We then present results of optimal strategies for between-field and within-field placements of genotypes and compare them to existing optimization strategies, both in terms of convergence time and result quality. The new algorithm gives promising results in terms of convergence and search space exploration.
On the Dynamics of Bundled Conductors in Overhead Transmission Lines (2004)

Abstract The Energy Balance Principle (EBP) is well established for estimating the vibration levels of wind induced oscillations of single overhead transmission lines. The mathematical model, wherein a conductor is treated as a continuous system, results in a transcendental eigenvalue problem (EVP), which gives numerical difficulties in the case of bundled conductors. In this paper, different approaches for solving transcendental EVP and their relative merits are discussed. A new method named continuous spectrum approach provides a good engineering solution. Results from different approaches are compared. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Vertical muon intensity measured with MACRO at the Gran Sasso laboratory (1995)

The vertical underground muon intensity has been measured in the slant depth range 3200--7000 hg ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ (standard rock) with the completed lower part of the MACRO detector at the Gran Sasso laboratory, using a large sample of data. These observations are used to compute the surface muon flux and the primary ``all-nucleon'' spectrum. An analysis of systematic uncertainties introduced by the interaction models in the atmosphere and the underground propagation of muons is presented. A comparison of our results with published data is also presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphoinositide‐Regulated Kinases and Phosphoinositide Phosphatases (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
International indoor and outdoor evaluation of Bacillus sphaericus products: complexity of standardizing outdoor protocols. (1997)

Only one Bacillus sphaericus strain, strain 2362, is currently used commercially to control Culex larval populations. A reliable methodology, easily used, was developed to identify new strains for field application. Larvicidal activities of 3 highly mosquitocidal strains, strains C3-41, Mal, and LB24, previously selected in the laboratory, were compared with that of strain 2362 in tropical and European countries. The following steps were performed: production and titration of acetonic powders from these 4 strains on local Culex species, survey of initial and residual activity under standardized indoor and outdoor conditions, and evaluation of the efficacy of liquid formulations of the 4 strains in natural breeding sites of Culex. In indoor conditions, strain C3-41 showed the highest activity on both Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefasciatus; strain Mal was the least active. The residual activity causing 80% mortality differed from 20 to 90 days according to the strains and the country. Outdoor experiments with powders (0.02-1.6 mg/liter) were performed and the initial toxicities were similar in all cases. Residual activities were very different, from 6 to 95 days posttreatment. Liquid formulations were applied to larval habitats (from 0.1 to 10 g/m2). In tropical countries, larval recolonization in cesspits or ponds occurred after 10-35 days. In Europe, higher doses were needed in polluted water than in clear water (from 3 to 10 liter/ha) for the same control, and the time before 80% residual activity was reached was less than 9-12 days. However, in cesspits, residual activity could be observed for 12 days to 5 mo. A strain 3-5 times more active than the others in bioassays is not significantly detectable from those strains in field trials.