gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A synthesis of the impact of Russian forests on the global carbon budget for 1961–1998 (2003)

An attempt is made to synthesize the current understanding of the impact of Russian forests on the global carbon (C) budget for the period 1961–1998 (37 years), based on a detailed inventory of pools and fluxes in 1988–1992, and a historical reconstruction of a full forest carbon budget for 1961–1998. All major intermediate indicators of the budget (phytomass, net primary production, impact of disturbances, soil respiration, etc.) were independently estimated and compared with earlier reported results. During the entire period, the C pools of Russian forest land (FL, 882.0 × 106 ha in 1998) increased by 433 Tg C yr−1, of which 153 Tg C yr−1 are accumulated in live biomass, 57 Tg C yr−1 in above- and below-ground dead wood, and 223 Tg C yr−1 are sequestered in soil. A significant part of this increase deals with land-cover changes. The annual average C uptake by the FL from the atmosphere, defined by a flux-based method, is estimated to be −322 Tg C yr−1 for 1961–1998. The lateral transport to the lithosphere and hydrosphere comprised 47 Tg C yr−1 (including charcoal), which is considered part of the “missing C sink.” The uncertainties (excluding unrecognized biases) of averages for the entire period are estimated to be in the range of ±5–8% and ±24% for major fluxes out/into the atmosphere and for net ecosystem exchange, respectively (a priori confidential probability of 0.9). If the impact of land-cover change is excluded, the average annual sink in 1961–1998, estimated by both pool- and flux-based methods, was 268 ± 94 and 272 ± 68 Tg C yr−1, respectively. The reported results are in line with recent estimates for Northern Eurasia made by inverse modeling at the continental scale, if land classes other than forests contribute to the total sink of terrestrial vegetation.
Blueberry and cranberry fruit composition during development (2012)

Compositional changes that occur during fruit development affect both the organoleptic and nutritional quality of small fruit. Compositional changes in blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L) and cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) fruit were determined at 3 maturities (white, turning and fully colored) during 2 seasons by analyzing sugar, acid, total phenolic, and total anthocyanin composition, ORAC antioxidant capacity, and fruit firmness. In blueberry fruit, the primary sugars were glucose and fructose, which increased as fruit ripened. Citric acid comprised 77 to 87% of the organic acids in blueberry fruit. In addition, quinic and malic acids comprised 4 to 11% of total acids and small amounts of succinic, tartaric, and shikimic acids were present. Total acids declined 68% during fruit ripening. Total phenolics were greatest in white fruit and anthocyanins were greatest in blue fruit. Antioxidant capacity declined as fruit ripened from white to turning. Fruit firmness decreased about 80% as fruit ripened. In cranberry fruit, sugar concentration increased slightly as fruit ripened with glucose comprising about 80% of the total sugars. Acid content decreased 22% during ripening primarily due to a decline in citric acid. Quinic and malic acids increased slightly during ripening. Total anthocyanins increased as color developed, while total phenolics and antioxidant capacity remained relatively constant. In contrast to blueberries, red cranberry fruit were firmer than white or turning fruit.
Breath Hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) and Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) Excretion Patterns in Normal Man and in Clinical Practice (1980)

Breath H 2 and CH 4 daily excretion patterns were studied in 20 healthy individuals whilst on their regular diets and fasting. The average H 2 excretion level was found to be 85 ml day ‐1 on habitual meals and less than 35 ml day ‐1 whilst fasting. The mean excretion in breath at any one time was less than 0·5 µmol.l –1 and individual breath sample excretion rarely exceeded 0·90 µmol.l –1 . H 2 excretion followed a regular pattern, being high in the morning, falling until about mid‐day and rising during the early afternoon. The pattern of excretion remained essentially similar from day to day. Fasting decreased the overall excretion level and abolished the afternoon rise. CH 4 excretion did not follow any regular pattern over the day and was individual with a third of the participants excreting above 0·1 , µmol.l –1 and the rest nothing or below 0·10 µmol.l –1 . In 15 of the subjects mouth‐to‐caecum transit time was measured employing the breath H 2 test and using three different oligosaccharides of different molecular weight and varying osmolalities. The mouth‐to‐caecum transit time (MCTT) for lactulose was found to be 90±7 min, for raffnose 168±35 min, and for stachyose 290±0 min. Fasting and different osmolalities of the same oligosaccharides did not alter the MCTT. Administering the three oligosaccharides to a patient with colostomy did not show a difference in the H 2 evolution time. Using the breath H 2 test as a method of detection of lactose intolerance showed that the test is relatively more reliable, non‐invasive and simple when compared to blood glucose measurement of mucosal lactase activity.
Influence of Several Variables Encountered in Photochemical Work upon the Intensity of Light of λ 254 mμ Produced by a Quartz Mercury Vapor Lamp of the Low Pressure Type Operating in Water at 0 to 95°<sup>1</sup> (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInfluence of Several Variables Encountered in Photochemical Work upon the Intensity of Light of λ 254 mμ Produced by a Quartz Mercury Vapor Lamp of the Low Pressure Type Operating in Water at 0 to 95°1Lawrence J. Heidt and Henry B. BoylesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 12, 5728–5731Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01156a070https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01156a070research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views33Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
In vivo renal arginine release is impaired throughout development of chronic kidney disease (2009)

The kidney is a major site of arginine synthesis where citrulline is converted to arginine via argininosuccinate synthase (ASS) and lyase (ASL). The rate-limiting step in arginine synthesis by the normal kidney is the rate of citrulline delivery and uptake to the renal cortex. We tested whether with chronic kidney disease (CKD) renal arginine synthesis may be compromised. Using the 5/6 renal ablation/infarction (A/I) injury model, we measured renal citrulline delivery and uptake as well as arginine release at early, moderate, and severe stages of CKD vs. healthy controls. The renal plasma flow (RPF) and arterial-renal venous difference was measured at baseline and during citrulline infusion. Citrulline delivery was reduced at all stages of disease due to marked reductions in RPF and despite moderately increased plasma citrulline. Early after 5/6 A/I, the kidney demonstrated a compensatory increase in citrulline uptake while at moderate and severe injury baseline citrulline uptake fell. At all stages of CKD, renal arginine release was markedly reduced. Citrulline infusion increased plasma citrulline in all groups, resulting in increased renal delivery vs. baseline. In healthy kidneys and early injury, citrulline uptake increased with the infusion, but only in the normal kidney did arginine production increase in parallel with the increased citrulline uptake. At moderate and severe injury, there was no increase in citrulline uptake or arginine production. The fall in arginine production in 5/6 A/I was due to an early loss of ASS and ASL conversion of citrulline, which combined with a later reduction in citrulline uptake.
Digital Borehole Logging Instrumentation And Software, A Systems Approach To Design And Implementation (1990)

With the advent of small and powerful computers, new borehole geophysical logging<br>systems are being designed and manufactured. Many of these systems lack an<br>integrated approach of combining digital downhole probes, uphole instrumentation,<br>and acquisition and analysis software in an interactive, simple to use, and flexible system.<br>This case study describes the “systems approach” during the design of logging<br>hardware and software which allows for the equipment and support programs to be<br>altered and updated for a changing market demand without requiring massive engineering<br>or conceptual changes. This “systems approach” allows for a fully interactive<br>logging acquisition, presentation, and analysis system capable of supporting a variety<br>of geophysical downhole probes, and analysis routines.<br>The “systems approach” to the design of a fully-digital borehole logging system<br>incorporates a three-phase plan. The first phase consists of the design of fully digital<br>downhole instrumentation requiring no additional uphole electronics, other than a<br>universal probe interface board located in the surface instrumentation. The second<br>phase consists of a standard computer system used as a surface recording, analysis,<br>and output device for the log data. The third phase is an integrated software package<br>that monitors, controls, and allows input from the digital probes and the logging operator.<br>This case study describes the advantages to this “systems approach” of design in log<br>accuracy, ease-of-use, and integration of data for post-analysis using log data derived<br>from an actual field-proven system.
EFFECT OF COUMARIN ON SOME PATHOGENS OF SWEETCLOVER (1971)

The effects of coumarin, in high and low coumarin isosynthetics of Melilotus alba and Melilotus officinalis, on pathogens of sweetclover were examined. No significant effect was found on susceptibility of sweetclover to infection by bean yellow mosaic virus or Asocochyta imperfecta in this study. In sweetclover, coumarin occurred mainly as a glucoside which was not inhibitory to fungi. However, in media incorporating freshly ground sweetclover, the inherent glucosidase released the aglycone which inhibited fungal growth, as did media incorporating pure coumarin.
Cell uptake and tissue distribution of radioiodine labelled D-luciferin: implications for luciferase based gene imaging (2003)

Optical luciferase gene imaging is emerging as a method to monitor gene expression in small animals. However, there is concern over how regional availability of exogenously administered substrate may affect photon emission. We thus synthesized [125I]iodo-D-luciferin, which demonstrated substrate characteristics for firefly luciferase, and investigated its cell uptake kinetics and in vivo biodistribution. Luminescence assays of luc gene transduced cells confirmed a linear decline in emitted light units with decreasing luciferin concentration. Both luc gene transduced and control cells demonstrated a low level of cellular uptake and rapid washout of [125I]iodo-D-luciferin, although early uptake was slightly higher for transduced cells (P < 0.005). Biodistribution in ICR mice demonstrated that early uptakes in liver, lung, myocardium and muscle were lower with intraperitoneal compared to intravenous administration. In view of the poor cell uptake, uptake levels (< 3%ID/g) suggest that substrate concentration may limit light emission rates in organs such as bone, muscle, myocardium, and particularly the brain. Thus, substrate availability should be considered as a potential limiting factor for photon emission efficiency in certain organs when attempting quantitative interpretation of optical luc gene imaging.
Tool Development for Low-Noise Aircraft Design (2010)

In order to include aircraft noise as an additional constraint in aircraft design, the German Aerospace Center (DLR) is currently developing a prediction tool named PANAM (Parametric Aircraft Noise Analysis Module) to analyse aircraft noise radiation in the preliminary design stage. This necessitates a detailed noise analysis for each iteration in\nthe design process. As a result, minimal demand in computational time becomes a major requirement and rules out CPU intense Computational Aeroacoustic methods. Instead,\naircraft noise is estimated through semi-empirical source models. The implemented noise source models are parametric, meaning that the effects on noise of individual sources\ncan be monitored throughout a simulated flight operation. In addition to common noise evaluation methods, new approaches are implemented in PANAM. The variation of noise levels versus time can be captured and animated. This allows for real-time evaluation of the influence of aircraft operating conditions on noise radiation. Thereby, noise related effects can be identfied and analysed. The level time histories for selected locations as well as animated noise footprints can be generated.
Green life: Control of chloroplast gene transcription (1996)

Abstract Chloroplasts and other plastids are plant cell organelles that account for major biochemical functions. They contain their own gene expression system but are integrated into the signaling network of the entire cell. Both nuclear and plastid genes are involved in chloroplast biogenesis, and the gene expression pathways both inside and outside the organelle are subject to developmental and environmental control. The plastid transcription apparatus reflects this general scheme, with a basic organelle‐encoded enzymatic machinery surrounded by factors that may be encoded by nuclear genes. Among the transcription regulatory mechanisms thought to play a role during plastid development are: (1) differential usage of promoter elements; (2) phosphorylation of transcription factors by a protein kinase, which is itself subject to phosphorylation and redox control; (3) dynamic changes in the composition of the transcription apparatus. In etioplasts, the dominating polymerase ‘B’ is a bacterial‐type enzyme, whereas the major chloroplast polymerase ‘A’ is a much larger enzyme reminiscent of those in the nucleus. These two enzyme forms may share common components and recruit others during development.
Cell surface markers of regulatory T cells are not associated with increased forkhead box <i>p3</i> expression in blood CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells from HIV‐infected patients responding to antiretroviral therapy (2006)

Regulatory T (Treg) cells may attenuate host immune responses to pathogens, including HIV and opportunistic pathogens in HIV-infected patients. Treated and untreated progressive HIV disease represent a range of immunological scenarios with potentially different roles for Treg cells. A cell surface marker to determine Treg cell numbers would assist in identifying situations where Treg cells are important. Here we show that levels of Foxp3 mRNA are increased in CD4+ T cells from HIV-infected patients responding to antiretroviral therapy. However, the proportion of peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing CD25, neuropilin-1, glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor and lymphocyte activation gene-3 did not differ as a result of treated or untreated HIV infection when compared with HIV-seronegative controls. Hence, none of the putative Treg cell surface markers identified T-cell populations in peripheral blood that mirrored the effects of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy on Foxp3 expression.
The estimation of oxidized glutathione (1953)

acid, and it seems legitimate to conclude that this property is inherent in a-hydroxy-n-fatty acids of very long chain length. SUMMARY 1. The o-hydroxy-n-fatty acid component of yeast cerebrin has been investigated in detail.
Adaptive channel estimation in WCDMA STTD systems (2004)

The receiver performance with the use of space time transmit diversity (STTD) scheme is more susceptible to the accuracy of channel estimate than that without the use of the STTD scheme since the despreading signals suffer from the effect of crosstalk and the transmit power is equally divided into multiple transmit antennas. As a result, the efficiency of channel estimation in the WCDMA STTD system becomes an important issue more than that in the non-STTD system. In this paper, an adaptive channel estimator (ACE) is designed to mitigate the performance degradation due to inaccurate channel estimation. Numerical results show that the performance improvement significantly increases with the use of the proposed ACE, particularly when the channel condition becomes worse.
Role of protein kinase C in the phosphorylation of CD33 (Siglec-3) and its effect on lectin activity (2002)

CD33 (Siglec-3) is a marker of myeloid progenitor cells, mature myeloid cells, and most myeloid leukemias. Although its biologic role remains unknown, it has been demonstrated to function as a sialic acid-specific lectin and a cell adhesion molecule. Many of the Siglecs (including CD33) have been reported to be tyrosine phosphorylated in the cytosolic tails under specific stimulation conditions. Here we report that CD33 is also a serine/threonine phosphoprotein, containing at least 2 sites of serine phosphorylation in its cytoplasmic domain, catalyzed by protein kinase C (PKC). Phosphorylation could be augmented by exposure to the protein kinase-activating cytokines interleukin 3, erythropoietin, or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, in a cytokine-dependent cell line, TF-1. The CD33 cytoplasmic tail was phosphorylated by PKC in vitro, in a Ca(++)/lipid-dependent manner. CHOK1 cells stably expressing CD33 with cytoplasmic tails of various length also showed phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-dependent phosphorylation of CD33. Inhibition of CD33 phosphorylation with pharmacologic agents resulted in an increase of sialic acid-dependent rosette formation. Furthermore, the occupancy of the lectin site affected its basal level of phosphorylation. Rosette formation by COS cells expressing a form of CD33 lacking its cytoplasmic domain was not affected by these same agents. These data indicate that CD33 is a phosphoprotein, that its phosphorylation may be controlled by PKC downstream of cytokine stimulation, and that its phosphorylation is cross-regulated with its lectin activity. Notably, although this is the first example of serine/threonine phosphorylation in the subfamily of CD33-like Siglecs, some of the other members also have putative target sites in their cytoplasmic tails.
CFRP strengthening of bent RC beams using stiff and flexible adhesives (2013)

W artykule przedstawiono badania belek zelbetowych wzmocnionych taśmami CFRP aplikowanymi na podatnych zlączach. Metoda zlączy podatnych, opracowana na Politechnice Krakowskiej, polega na stosowaniu polimerowych warstw adhezyjnych przy lączeniu materialow CFRP z podlozem betonowym. W badaniach belki zelbetowe wzmocniono taśmami CFRP klejonymi na warstwie epoksydowej i pieciu warstwach polimerowych o roznych sztywnościach. W belce wzmocnionej taśmą CFRP na warstwie polimerowej o średniej sztywności wykazano najbardziej rownomierny rozklad odksztalcen taśmy na jej dlugości i rownocześnie najmniejsze jej ugiecie spośrod wszystkich badanych belek. Stosowanie omawianej technologii we wzmacnianiu konstrukcji z betonu moze przynieśc dodatkowe korzyści, ale obecnie konieczne są dalsze badania nad tym zagadnieniem.
A Trust-Region Approach to the Regularization of Large-Scale Discrete Forms of Ill-Posed Problems (2002)

We consider large-scale least squares problems where the coefficient matrix comes from the discretization of an operator in an ill-posed problem, and the right-hand side contains noise. Special techniques known as regularization methods are needed to treat these problems in order to control the effect of the noise on the solution. We pose the regularization problem as a quadratically constrained least squares problem. This formulation is equivalent to Tikhonov regularization, and we note that it is also a special case of the trust-region subproblem from optimization. We analyze the trust-region subproblem in the regularization case and we consider the nontrivial extensions of a recently developed method for general large-scale subproblems that will allow us to handle this case. The method relies on matrix-vector products only, has low and fixed storage requirements, and can handle the singularities arising in ill-posed problems. We present numerical results on test problems, on an inverse interpolation problem with field data, and on a model seismic inversion problem with field data.
A Robust 8-Bit Non-Volatile Computing-in-Memory Core for Low-Power Parallel MAC Operations (2020)

The Artificial Intelligence (AI) in edge computing is requesting new processing units with a much higher computing-power ratio. The emerging resistive Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) with the in-memory computing capability may greatly advance the AI hardware technologies. In this paper, we propose the use of binary resistive memory to form an 8-bit fixed-point data/weight for AI computing. A robust Computing-In-Memory (CIM) core with digital input and analog output Multiplication-and-Accumulation (MAC) circuit is proposed. The corresponding integration scheme and Successive Approximation Register Analog-to-Digital Converter (SAR ADC) based data conversion scheme are also presented. The simulation results show that the proposed CIM core achieves 7.26 bit of Effective Number of Bits (ENOB) with 0.78mW (256*1) power consumption and 1.85M/s computing speed. Compared with previously reported CIM implementations and Deep Learning Accelerators (DLAs) (without CIM ability), our design achieves 2.23-7.26× better energy efficiency in 8-bit input 8-bit weight pattern, and achieves relatively high accuracy with LeNet and AlexNet.
Electrochemically active, crystalline, mesoporous covalent organic frameworks on carbon nanotubes for synergistic lithium-ion battery energy storage (2015)

Organic batteries free of toxic metal species could lead to a new generation of consumer energy storage devices that are safe and environmentally benign. However, the conventional organic electrodes remain problematic because of their structural instability, slow ion-diffusion dynamics, and poor electrical conductivity. Here, we report on the development of a redox-active, crystalline, mesoporous covalent organic framework (COF) on carbon nanotubes for use as electrodes; the electrode stability is enhanced by the covalent network, the ion transport is facilitated by the open meso-channels, and the electron conductivity is boosted by the carbon nanotube wires. These effects work synergistically for the storage of energy and provide lithium-ion batteries with high efficiency, robust cycle stability, and high rate capability. Our results suggest that redox-active COFs on conducting carbons could serve as a unique platform for energy storage and may facilitate the design of new organic electrodes for high-performance and environmentally benign battery devices.