gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement of effective atomic numbers using energy-resolved computed tomography (2014)

For ion radiation therapy, the measurement of effective atomic numbers, Zeff, is necessary to know the material distribution in a human body; the range of ions entering the human body is influenced by the material distribution along their paths. Zeff, however, cannot be measured at hospitals because monochromatic X-rays with different energies are necessary and are used only at synchrotron facilities. To make Zeff measurements at hand, we propose energy-resolved computed tomography (CT) using a "transXend detector". By assigning two narrow energy ranges in the unfolding process of the data obtained by the transXend detector, Zeff for acrylic and aluminum can be estimated by energy-resolved CT. The estimated Zeff are compared with those obtained by dual-energy and monochromatic X-ray CT.
ESTABLISHMENT OF CROWN VETCH AND BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL ON HIGHWAY SLOPES WITH VARIOUS COMPANION GRASSES AND RATES OF SEEDING (1955)

BETWEEN 1947 AND 1954 PENNSYLVANIA EXPERIMENTED WITH VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF GRASSES AND LEGUMES TO PREVENT SOIL EROSION UNTIL THE SLOWLY GROWING, PERMANENT VEGETATION COULD ESTABLISH ITSELF. THE SEEDING AND CULTIVATING TECHNIQUES ARE DESCRIBED. THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS WERE REACHED: (1) PENNGIFT CROWN VETCH WITH RED FESCUE, KENTUCKY 31 FESCUE, AND DOMESTIC RYEGRASS WILL PROVIDE EXCELLENT COVER, WITH CROWN VETCH TAKING OVER AS THE PERMANENT COVER AFTER THE SECOND GROWING SEASON. (2) UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE EXPERIMENT, THE DOMESTIC RYEGRASS AND CROWN VETCH COMBINATION SHOWED THE BEST INDICATION OF A PERMANENT CROWN VETCH COVER. (3) THE VALUE OF CROWN VETCH AS A PERMANENT COVER IS DEMONSTRATED BY ITS ABILITY TO PRODUCE A DENSE COVER AND A DEEP ROOT SYSTEM ON POOR DROUGHTY RAW HIGHWAY SLOPES AND SIMILAR AREAS. THIS IS FURTHER SUBSTANTIATED BY OVER 100 SUCCESSFUL PLANTINGS MADE BY THE PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS IN THE SPRING OF 1948. THEY ARE STILL SATISFACTORY AFTER A SIX-YEAR PERIOD WITH NO ADDITIONAL MANAGEMENT SINCE ESTABLISHMENT. (4) NO EVIDENCE WAS FOUND WHICH INDICATED THAT MORE THAN THE MINIMUM RATE OF GRASSES (25 LB.) AND CROWN VETCH (20 LB.) ARE NEEDED FOR SUCCESSFUL STRANDS. (5) IT IS APPARENT THAT BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL CANNOT BE RELIED ON AS A PERMANENT PROTECTIVE COVER AND HAS LITTLE VALUE FOR THIS USE ON UNFERTILE DROUGHTY SUBSOILS.
Nitrogen excretion from beef cattle fed a wide range of diets compiled in an intercontinental dataset: a meta-analysis (2022)

Manure N from cattle contributes to nitrate leaching, nitrous oxide, and ammonia emissions. Measurement of manure N outputs on commercial beef cattle operations is laborious, expensive, and impractical; therefore, models are needed to predict N excreted in urine and feces. Building robust prediction models requires extensive data from animals under different management systems worldwide. Thus, the study objectives were to 1) collate an international dataset of N excretion in feces and urine based on individual observations from beef cattle; 2) determine the suitability of key variables for predicting fecal, urinary, and total manure N excretion; and 3) develop robust and reliable N excretion prediction models based on individual observation from beef cattle consuming various diets. A meta-analysis based on individual beef data from different experiments was carried out from a raw dataset including 1,004 observations from 33 experiments collected from 5 research institutes in Europe (n = 3), North America (n = 1), and South America (n = 1). A sequential approach was taken in developing models of increasing complexity by incrementally adding significant variables that affected fecal, urinary, or total manure N excretion. Nitrogen excretion was predicted by fitting linear mixed models with experiment as a random effect. Simple models including dry matter intake (DMI) were better at predicting fecal N excretion than those using only dietary nutrient composition or body weight (BW). Simple models based on N intake performed better for urinary and total manure N excretion than those based on DMI. A model including DMI and dietary component concentrations led to the most robust prediction of fecal and urinary N excretion, generating root mean square prediction errors as a percentage of the observed mean values of 25.0% for feces and 25.6% for urine. Complex total manure N excretion models based on BW and dietary component concentrations led to the lowest prediction errors of about 14.6%. In conclusion, several models to predict N excretion already exist, but the ones developed in this study are based on individual observations encompassing larger variability than the previous developed models. In addition, models that include information on DMI or N intake are required for accurate prediction of fecal, urinary, and total manure N excretion. In the absence of intake data, equations have poor performance as compared with equations based on intake and dietary component concentrations.
Effect of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Treatment upon Angiogenesis in Uterine Leiomyoma (2001)

<i>Objective:</i> To assess the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist treatment upon angiogenesis in uterine leiomyomata. <i>Methods:</i> Uterine leiomyomata specimens of 49 consecutive patients who underwent myomectomy or hysterectomy following presurgical treatment with (n = 23) and without (n = 26) GnRH agonist were stained immunohistochemically with antibody to factor VIII-related antigen. For each subject, age, parity, number of Lupron treatments, leiomyoma size (cm), and mean microvessel counts calculated from three fields (×400) were recorded. Differences in patient age, parity, microvessel counts and leiomyoma size between GnRH agonist treated and untreated patients were tested by unpaired Student’s t test. Differences among the various number of doses were tested by one-way ANOVA, with Bonferonni and Neuman-Keuls post hoc tests between specific dose-number groups. The relationship between microvessel counts and leiomyoma size was tested by Pearson correlation test. Multivariate stepwise regression tested the relationship between the number of Lupron doses and microvessel counts, correcting for age, parity, and leiomyoma size. p < 0.05 was considered significant. <i>Results:</i> Patient age and parity were similar in GnRH treated and untreated patients (mean 43.3 ± 6.6 versus 43.9 ± 7.5 years and median 2 (range 0–7) versus 1 (range 0–5), p = 0.78 and p = 0.45, respectively). Microvessel counts of leiomyomata specimens treated presurgically with GnRH agonist therapy (median 22.7, range 6.7–65.7) were not significantly different from microvessel counts of specimens without presurgical GnRH agonist treatment (median 19.8, range 6–53; p = 0.77). No correlation between leiomyoma size and microvessel counts was noted (r = 0.06, P = 0.7). <i>Conclusion:</i> Angiogenesis as assessed by microvessel counts in surgically removed leiomyomata is not affected by presurgical medical management with GnRH agonist therapy.
Optical Multiplication And Division Using Modified-Signed-Digit Symbolic Substitution (1989)

The modified-signed-digit (MSD) number system offers parallel addition and subtraction of any two numbers, with carry propagation constrained only between two adjacent digits. Based on MSD addition, parallel algorithms for multiplication and division are developed in this paper. The optical implementations of these MSD arithmetic algorithms are developed on the basis of symbolic substitution (SS). The space-invariant nature of SS matches well with the parallel nature of the MSD arithmetic algorithms presented. The potential advantages of using these algorithms for optical computing include the significant increase in speed, full exploitation of parallelism, and higher system throughput compared with existing electronic arithmetic processors. The performance of the proposed optical arithmetic system is analyzed and compared with that of state-of-the-art electronic counterparts.
Microchimerism in Transfused Trauma Patients Is Associated With Diminished Donor-specific Lymphocyte Response (2005)

Transfusion-associated microchimerism is correlated with diminished response to mitogen challenge as well as to specific alloantigenic challenges. This microchimerism is predated by diminished lymphocyte response to a specific blood donor in many instances. The blood donor associated with this diminished alloantigenic lymphocyte response may be the source of microchimeric cells present in the recipient.
Hearing Technology and Cognition (2012)

Although interactions have been observed between cognition and use of hearing aids for measures obtained following immediate or short-term usage of hearing technology, limited evidence is available following long-term usage, and that evidence that is available does not support an effect of hearing aids on cognitive function. More research is needed, however, including rigorous studies of older adults following longer periods of hearing aid usage.
Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(vinylcaprolactam)-Based Microgels Exhibiting Temperature and pH-Sensitive Properties (2006)

Novel temperature- and pH-responsive microgels based on poly(vinylcaprolactam-co-acetoacetoxy methacrylate) (VCL/AAEM) functionalized with vinylimidazole (VIm) has been prepared in aqueous medium using simple batch dispersion polymerization procedure. Obtained microgel particles are characterized by narrow particle size distribution and their hydrodynamic radius can be varied from 200 to 500 nm (pH = 6, T = 20 °C). The T- and pH-sensitivity of obtained particles can be easily tuned by the variation of the Vim content in the copolymer structure. Increase of VIm content in the microgel structure led to increased swelling of the microgels in acidic medium and strong shift of the volume phase transition temperature to higher temperatures. It has been found that sedimentation behavior of obtained microgels is strongly pH-dependent, and this effect can be used for controlled particle separation.
Nonlinear Dynamic Polarization Force on a Relativistic Test Particle in a Nonequilibrium Beam-Plasma System. (1983)

Abstract : The effective charge of a test particle in a nonequilibrium beam-plasma system is the sum of the actual charge and the dynamic polarization charge surrounding it. The contribution of its polarization charge to the total force on a relativistic test particle, namely the dynamic polarization force, is calculated to fourth order in the total electromagnetic field for a slowly varying, nearly spatially independent background distribution with no external fields. This relation is needed in calculations of collective radiation processes and the conditions for the occurrence of radiative instability in relativistic beam-plasma systems. (Author)
Developing Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Using Genetically Engineered Mouse Models and Human Circulating Tumor Cells (2015)

Abstract : We have successfully developed mouse models in which to perform in vivo experiments, as well as developed expertise in live animal imaging to enable monitoring to tumors over time in these models. We have initiated treatment studies with chemotherapy and with targeted therapies in our models. Our preliminary data indicate that tumor response to chemotherapy in our models is modest. However, we find that tumor response to combination targeted therapy is significantly superior to either targeted therapy alone or to no treatment. Correlative biomarker studies are underway, including the isolation and enumeration of circulating tumor cells from SCLC patients. These findings support further development of this combination therapy approach and we anticipate ongoing experiments to assess correlative biomarkers.
Labeling of Organic Compounds by Recoil Methods (1960)

Following a major shortage of 99Mo in the 2009–2010 period, concern grew that the aging reactor production facilities needed to be replaced. Most producers were using highly enriched 235U (HEU) as the target material. The Organisation for Economic Co-...Read More
Deck-based prisoner's dilemma (2012)

A deck-based game is a modification of a game that normally permits the players to use any number of moves of any type. This freedom of choice of moves is limited by handing each player a deck of cards, each of which with a single move printed on it. The player must then play from their deck rather than simply choosing the moves. This study documents that deck-based iterated prisoner's dilemma is radically different from standard prisoner's dilemma when the entire deck must be expended during play. The restrictions imposed by the deck change the game into a coordination game or an anti-coordination game. The game is shown to transform smoothly into standard prisoner's dilemma as the fraction of the deck used in play is reduced, assuming that a constant ratio of the two types of moves are used in the deck. The size of the deck, ratio of defects to cooperates, and evolutionary algorithm parameters are all studied using a string based representation. An adaptive agent representation is also developed, based on augmented finite state machines called deck automata. Deck automata evolve to play the game more effectively than the string based agents for three different situations; experiments in which agents expend all, three-quarters, or half the available cards.
The role of capping layer, wetting layer and via etching scheme on electromigration failure mechanisms in Al-reflow and W-plug vias (1998)

Electromigration (EM) characteristics have been investigated with respect to the thickness of the wetting layer in Al-reflow process, the via etching schemes, and the types of glue layers in the W-plug vias. In Al-reflow vias, the thickness of the Ti wetting layer has a critical impact on EM performance. Thinner Ti wetting layers provided higher EM resistance due to less TiAl3 formation, resulting in lower local joule heating at the via interface. As a result, EM voiding for the thicker (∼300 Å) Ti wetting layers occurred at the TiAl3 compound, while EM voiding for thinner (∼100 Å) Ti wetting layers occurred inside the vias. In W-plug vias, improvement of the electromigration resistance was achieved when via etching was stopped within the Ti/TiN bi-capping layers of the lower metal lines. On the other hand, when via interfaces were formed within the aluminum lines by etching through the TiN single capping layer, a novel electromigration failure mechanism was observed, resulting in inferior electromigration performance. This novel electromigration failure mechanism, being reported for the first time, is believed to be associated with atomic transport of aluminum through seams of W-plug vias. As a W-glue layer, a TiN glue layer led to improved via EM resistance compared to a Ti/TiN glue layer, presumably due to the lack of formation of titanium-fluoride during CVD-W deposition.
Witnessing Continuous Variable Entanglement with Discrete Measurements (2012)

In this Letter, we derive an entropic Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering inequality for continuous variable (CV) systems using only experimentally measured discrete probability distributions and details of the measurement apparatus. We use this inequality to witness EPR steering between the positions and momenta of photon pairs generated in spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC). We examine the asymmetry between parties in this inequality, and show that this asymmetry can be used to reduce the technical requirements of experimental setups intended to demonstrate the EPR paradox. Furthermore, we develop a more stringent steering inequality that is symmetric between parties, and use it to show that the downconverted photon pairs also exhibit symmetric EPR steering.
Prolonged exposure to hyaluronidase decreases the fertilization and development rates of fresh and cryopreserved mouse oocytes (2014)

Hyaluronidase is generally used to remove cumulus cells from mouse oocytes before oocyte cryopreservation, intracytoplasmic sperm injection or DNA injection. In general, use of cumulus-free mouse oocytes decreases in vitro fertilizing ability compared with cumulus-surrounded oocytes. The effect of hyaluronidase exposure on the quality of mouse oocytes is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the effect of hyaluronidase exposure time on the fertilization rate of fresh and vitrified mouse oocytes and their subsequent developmental ability in vitro. We found that the fertilization rate decreased with hyaluronidase treatments. This reduction in the fertilization rate following treatment with hyaluronidase was fully reversed by removal of the zona pellucida. In addition, oocytes treated with hyaluronidase for 5 min or longer had a reduced capacity to develop to the morula and blastocyst stage. The survival, fertilization, and developmental rates of vitrified-warmed oocytes were also reduced by longer exposure to hyaluronidase. In conclusion, these results suggest that prolonged exposure to hyaluronidase decreases the quality of mouse oocytes and shorter hyaluronidase treatment times may help achieve a stable and high fertilization rate in fresh and cryopreserved oocytes.
Abetting Planned Obsolescence by Aging 3D Networks-on-Chip (2018)

We set up a security analysis framework by aging the Network-on-Chip (NoC) to study planned obsolescence by the original equipment manufacturer (OEM). An NoC is the communication backbone in a manycore System-on-Chip (SoC). Planned obsolescence may adopt any vulnerability in the NoC to cause the SoC to fail. We show how an OEM can craft workloads to generate electromigration-induced stress and crosstalk noise in TSV-based vertical links in the NoC to hasten failure. We analyzed three malicious workloads and confirm that a crafted workload that injects 3-10% more traffic on to a few selected critical vertical links can shorten the lifetime of the NoC by 11%-25% averaged over the benchmarks considered in this work.
Image processing LSI "ISP-IV" based on local parallel architecture and its applications (2002)

We have developed an image processing LSI "ISP-IV" for real-time imaging systems such as a security surveillance system, an advanced inspection system, and a traffic control system. The main characteristics of the ISP-IV are as follows: (1) the video interface, PCI controller, memory controller, and image processor are unified on one chip. (2) Basic image processing (Laplacian, smoothing, median filter, etc.) is processed in 73.5 MHz (512/spl times/512 pixels image with 8 bits/pixel is done in 3.6 ms). (3) Tracking/search processing is high speed due to the nine-parallel Gray Search Engine Units (GSEUs). (4) Color extraction of YUV color images is processed in real-time by functions supporting color transform. In this paper, we report the performance of the ISP-IV by evaluating several practical applications using the IP5000 Series equipped with the ISP-IV.
Accelerated life testing of a traction inverter (1998)

An IGBT based traction inverter drive system has been developed for the new generation of Northern Line trains for London Underground. New inverter designs may experience reliability problems associated with new manufacturing build as well as design integrity. In this case the use of IGBTs introduces a major change from the switching components used previously in this type of application and the cost implications to the equipment supplier of unreliable operation would be extremely large. Assurance that a number of known areas of concern with reliability of the equipment has been adequately covered in the design process is therefore essential. A particular concern is with the IGBT wire bonded construction with the wires becoming detached under conditions of severe thermal cycling. The particular concern was the station to station running where the substrate temperature might rise and fall through more than 20°C, due to load current variation, whilst the heat-sink temperature would stay constant. To ensure that the whole inverter circuit will be sufficiently reliable in service a test system was built which would allow an accelerated life test programme to be carried out on the new inverter design prior to its delivery. An innovative test circuit was used in which the electrical operating conditions are matched to those which would be experienced in service but at an accelerated rate. This is achieved by operating the test circuit continuously under an automatic and unmanned test regime. (4 pages)
The “Hub Disruption Index,” a Reliable Index Sensitive to the Brain Networks Reorganization. A Study of the Contralesional Hemisphere in Stroke (2016)

Stroke, resulting in focal structural damage, induces changes in brain function at both local and global levels. Following stroke, cerebral networks present structural, and functional reorganization to compensate for the dysfunctioning provoked by the lesion itself and its remote effects. As some recent studies underlined the role of the contralesional hemisphere during recovery, we studied its role in the reorganization of brain function of stroke patients using resting state fMRI and graph theory. We explored this reorganization using the "hub disruption index" (κ), a global index sensitive to the reorganization of nodes within the graph. For a given graph metric, κ of a subject corresponds to the slope of the linear regression model between the mean local network measures of a reference group, and the difference between that reference and the subject under study. In order to translate the use of κ in clinical context, a prerequisite to achieve meaningful results is to investigate the reliability of this index. In a preliminary part, we studied the reliability of κ by computing the intraclass correlation coefficient in a cohort of 100 subjects from the Human Connectome Project. Then, we measured intra-hemispheric κ index in the contralesional hemisphere of 20 subacute stroke patients compared to 20 age-matched healthy controls. Finally, due to the small number of patients, we tested the robustness of our results repeating the experiment 1000 times by bootstrapping on the Human Connectome Project database. Statistical analysis showed a significant reduction of κ for the contralesional hemisphere of right stroke patients compared to healthy controls. Similar results were observed for the right contralesional hemisphere of left stroke patients. We showed that κ, is more reliable than global graph metrics and more sensitive to detect differences between groups of patients as compared to healthy controls. Using new graph metrics as κ allows us to show that stroke induces a network-wide pattern of reorganization in the contralesional hemisphere whatever the side of the lesion. Graph modeling combined with measure of reorganization at the level of large-scale networks can become a useful tool in clinic.
Exploration of a standard treatment for Buruli ulcer through a comprehensive analysis of all cases diagnosed in <scp>J</scp>apan (2015)

Buruli ulcer (BU) is a refractory skin ulcer caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans or M. ulcerans ssp. shinshuense, a subspecies thought to have originated in Japan or elsewhere in Asia. Although BU occurs most frequently in tropical and subtropical areas such as Africa and Australia, the occurrence in Japan has gradually increased in recent years. The World Health Organization recommends multidrug therapy consisting of a combination of oral rifampicin (RFP) and i.m. streptomycin (SM) for the treatment of BU. However, surgical interventions are often required when chemotherapy alone is ineffective. As a first step in developing a standardized regimen for BU treatment in Japan, we analyzed detailed records of treatments and prognoses in 40 of the 44 BU cases that have been diagnosed in Japan. We found that a combination of RFP (450 mg/day), levofloxacin (LVFX; 500 mg/day) and clarithromycin (CAM; at a dose of 800 mg/day instead of 400 mg/day) was superior to other chemotherapies performed in Japan. This simple treatment with oral medication increases the probability of patient adherence, and may often eliminate the need for surgery.