gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Turbulence Characteristics of Tumbling Air Motion in Four-Valve S.I. Engines and their Correlation with Combustion Parameters (1991)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">An experimental investigation has been carried out of the turbulence characteristics of tumble air motion in four-valve pent roof combustion chambers. This was conducted on an optically accessed single cylinder research engine under motored conditions at an engine speed of 1500 rev/min. Four cylinder heads with varying tumble magnitude were evaluated using conventional and scanning Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) measurements. Analysis algorithms developed to account for the effects of mean flow cyclic variations and system noise were used to obtain unbiased estimates of turbulence intensity and integral length scales. The cylinder heads were also evaluated for combustion performance on a Ricardo single cylinder Hydra engine. Mixture and EGR loops at 1500 rev/min and 1.5 bar BMEP were carried out and cylinder pressure data was analysed to derive combustion characteristics.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Tumble air motion in a four-valve pent roof chamber resulted in a bi-modal turbulence generation, the first peak occurring at 110° BTDC and the maximum turbulence at 20° BTDC compression. This bi-modal turbulence generation occurs with moderate or high tumble builds and limits the turbulence generation close to TDC. Chamber shrouding to increase tumble does not increase turbulence near TDC due to early mean motion breakdown.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Turbulence at the spark plug at ignition correlates well with early combustion delay angle suggesting a linear relationship. Mean flow cyclic variations do not show any correlation with combustion variability from these measurements. The use of a combustion model for further correlations is suggested.</div>
Electrical field control magnetic phase transition in nanostructured MnxGe1−x (2007)

The authors have investigated the magnetic, electrical, and structural properties of MnxGe1−x (on Ge substrate) nanostructured films produced by a nanopattern assisted Mn implantation followed by annealing. The semiconducting property and hole-mediated ferromagnetism mechanism enabled them to control the magnetic phase transition in the diluted magnetic semiconductor channel by a gate bias.
The pupillary system of noctuid moth eyes: Dynamic changes in relation to control of pupil size (1992)

Abstract Eye pupil‐size changes, in response to repetitive ON‐OFF light stimulation, of 3 species of noctuid moths have been observed by infrared reflection photometry. For moderate ON stimulus intensities (2.5·10 9 quanta·cm −2 ·s −1 ), eye reflectance changed exponentially with time, in both the ON and OFF phases. For low ON stimuli (2.5·10 8 quanta·cm −2 ·s −1 ), however, the dark adaptation response in the OFF phase was composed of an initial exponential and a subsequent linear term. For repetitive low‐intensity ON‐OFF stimuli, the response amplitude changed in a diurnal way. The shape of the response to each ON‐OFF stimulus was, however, independent of diurnal time. Finally, in eyes that were spontaneously entering a light‐adapted state, pure exponential dark adaptation was elicited by intense light pulses. It is suggested that the substances controlling light and dark adaptation are interrelated. The substances constitute a chemical cycle running at constant speed, in the absence of light, and the substance causing pigment dispersion (light adaptation) is a photoproduct of the other substance. The concentration of the substance causing pigment contraction (dark adaptation) is controlled by the rate of the back reaction, which is composed of an exponential term, related to accumulation of the photoproduct during light stimulation, and a constant term, due to the speed of the cycle. The cycle speed is subject to diurnal changes. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Wittig Reaction of Indole-2-methyltriphenylphosphonium Iodide with 4-Piperidone Derivatives and Aromatic Aldehydes (1973)

2-(4-Piperidylidene)methylindole (8a–e, 21) and 2-(2-aryl)vinyl indole (25a–e, 27, 32) derivatives have been obtained from the Wittig reaction of indole-2-methyltriphenylphosphonium iodides (6, 20, 26) with 4-piperidones (7a–e) and aromatic aldehydes (24a–e), respectively. Yields have been optimized by studying a variety of base-solvent combinations. The reaction failed in the case of 6 with 3-ethyl-4-piperidones (10); instead of compound 11, 2-methylindole (12) was produced. The utility of phosphonium salts 9a–c and phosphonate ester 33a has been tested: compounds 9a and 33a showed some advantage in the preparation of Wittig adducts 8e and 25c respectively but the steric problems associated with hindered ketones (10) were not overcome even with the reactive phosphonium salts 9b and c. A mechanism is advanced for the formation of 2-methylindole analogous to that proposed for the base-promoted decomposition of benzylphosphonium salts (Scheme 2). Aromatic aldehydes yield mainly trans-Wittig adducts (25) with the exception of pyridine-2-aldehyde which produces exclusively cis-25c in nonpolar solvent due to preferred formation of the hydrogen-bonded betaine 29. Interconversion of [Formula: see text] and their photochemical reaction to pyridocarbazole 28 are reported (Scheme 5). The chemistry of some 2-(4-piperidylidene)methylindoles has been briefly studied (Scheme 3).
Loss of TLR2 Worsens Spontaneous Colitis in MDR1A Deficiency through Commensally Induced Pyroptosis (2013)

Variants of the multidrug resistance gene (MDR1/ABCB1) have been associated with increased susceptibility to severe ulcerative colitis (UC). In this study, we investigated the role of TLR/IL-1R signaling pathways including the common adaptor MyD88 in the pathogenesis of chronic colonic inflammation in MDR1A deficiency. Double- or triple-null mice lacking TLR2, MD-2, MyD88, and MDR1A were generated in the FVB/N background. Deletion of TLR2 in MDR1A deficiency resulted in fulminant pancolitis with early expansion of CD11b(+) myeloid cells and rapid shift toward TH1-dominant immune responses in the lamina propria. Colitis exacerbation in TLR2/MDR1A double-knockout mice required the unaltered commensal microbiota and the LPS coreceptor MD-2. Blockade of IL-1β activity by treatment with IL-1R antagonist (IL-1Ra; Anakinra) inhibited colitis acceleration in TLR2/MDR1A double deficiency; intestinal CD11b(+)Ly6C(+)-derived IL-1β production and inflammation entirely depended on MyD88. TLR2/MDR1A double-knockout CD11b(+) myeloid cells expressed MD-2/TLR4 and hyperresponded to nonpathogenic Escherichia coli or LPS with reactive oxygen species production and caspase-1 activation, leading to excessive cell death and release of proinflammatory IL-1β, consistent with pyroptosis. Inhibition of reactive oxygen species-mediated lysosome degradation suppressed LPS hyperresponsiveness. Finally, active UC in patients carrying the TLR2-R753Q and MDR1-C3435T polymorphisms was associated with increased nuclear expression of caspase-1 protein and cell death in areas of acute inflammation, compared with active UC patients without these variants. In conclusion, we show that the combined defect of two UC susceptibility genes, MDR1A and TLR2, sets the stage for spontaneous and uncontrolled colitis progression through MD-2 and IL-1R signaling via MyD88, and we identify commensally induced pyroptosis as a potential innate immune effector in severe UC pathogenesis.
Proteomics applied to the analysis of bovine muscle hypertrophy (2005)

Muscle hypertrophy is of particular interest in beef meat production as it has a strong economic importance. High muscle development is accompanied by particular characteristics in favour of improvement of meat tenderness but not of its flavour. This study was therefore conducted to identify some markers of muscle hypertrophy. We have studied two models of cattle with different origins of muscle hypertrophy: monogenic (Belgium Blue bulls double-muscled: DM) or polygenic (divergent lineages of Charolais bulls: with high (H) or low (L) muscle growth rate). Differential proteomic analysis of Semitendinosus muscle (ST, mixed fast glycolytic) was performed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (4-7 pH gradient in the first dimension and 11% SDS-PAGE in the second) followed by mass spectrometric analysis of interesting spots. Among the proteins differentially expressed between high and low muscled cattle, results revealed 17 proteins common of the two models DM and H. Eight proteins were over-expressed in highmuscled cattle. They corresponded mainly to Myosin Binding Protein H, isoforms of fast Troponin T, Myosin Regulatory light chain 2 and 3, Phosphoglucomutase, etc. Nine other proteins such as slow Troponin T isoforms, slow isoforms of Myosin light chain 1, p20 were under-expressed in high muscled cattle. These proteins variably expressed in the different models could be good markers for muscle hypertrophy. Our results provide further evidence for a reinforced fast glycolytic phenotype in Semitendinosus muscle of high-muscled bulls. These properties have been confirmed by biochemical studies and a transcriptomic analysis of ST and Rectus abdominis (RA, slow oxidative) muscles of the same animals belonging to the divergent lineage of Charolais bulls.
The influence of time on error-detection (1998)

Secretaries are needed to type out the reports dictated by medical specialists. Even with a large transcription department it takes more than a day before a dictated report is ready to be sent to the people concerned. The use of automatic speech recognition (ASR) can shorten this time interval. A disadvantage is that ASR systems still make errors. As reports must be error-free a lot depends on the pathologists' correction capabilities. The correction procedure that pathologists currently use may not be adequate for correcting ASR errors. To be able to correct the reports pathologists must be able to recollect the structure and contents of their dictation. Their recollection is likely to be better with less time between dictation and correction. In this paper correction performance on the same day as dictation is compared with correction the day after. To be able to make this comparison, errors were artificially introduced into the pathologists' reports. No difference between the conditions was observed, but it was found that pathologists had great difficulty correcting the reports. It is concluded that their current correction procedure is inadequate to correct ASR errors and may be inadequate altogether.
Lack of Change in Basal Ganglia Neuropeptide Content Following Subacute 1‐Methyl‐4‐Phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐Tetrahydropyridine Treatment of the Common Marmoset (1986)

Treatment of common marmosets with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP; 1-4 mg/kg for up to 4 days) caused a profound parkinsonian state. Ten days from the start of MPTP treatment, all animals showed marked motor impairment, consisting of bradykinesia and akinesia, limb rigidity, postural abnormalities, loss of vocalisation and blink reflex, and, on occasions, postural tremor. Measurement of caudate-putamen monoamine content at this time showed a profound loss in 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine, homovanillic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations. Measurement of neuropeptide concentrations in the caudate-putamen, internal and external segments of the globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens, substantia nigra, frontal cortex, and hippocampus showed met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin, and cholecystokinin (CCK-8) concentrations to be unaffected by MPTP treatment. There was a small decrease in the substance P content of frontal cortex, but otherwise the content of this neuropeptide was unaltered. Parkinsonism in the marmoset, induced by MPTP treatment 10 days earlier, does not alter neuropeptide concentrations in the manner observed in Parkinson's disease.
Printed-circuit magnets for the University of Maryland Electron Ring (UMER) - new developments (2002)

The short printed-circuit quadrupoles for UMER produce fields with small gradients that meet our needs for the focusing and bending of a 10 keV, 100 mA electron beam over a circumference of 11.5 m. The field quality of the magnets has been established [see W.W. Zhang et al., Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 3, 122401 (2000)], but correcting elements are needed to compensate for quadrupole rotation errors that lead to undesirable beam rotations in the injector line as well as in the main lattice. The correcting elements consist of printed-circuit quadrupoles; that are mounted over the main quadrupoles, with a relative angle of 45 degrees. In this way, a skew quadrupole component can be easily, independently and electronically adjusted to rotate the quadrupole field. Results are presented of field measurements of the modified quadrupoles, as well as preliminary observations in the UMER injector, and corresponding computer simulations.
[Anti-obesity activity of 3-hydroxymethyl N-methyl piperidine 4-chlorophenoxyacetate hydrochloride in mice treated with gold thioglucose]. (1986)

The 3-hydroxyméthyl N-méthyl piperidine 4-chlorophenoxyacetate, hydrochloride, A, a potent anorectic, reduces weight gain of gold thioglucose obese mice through a reduced body fat and a decrease in metabolic efficiency. Compound A has much less effect in the lean mice than in the obese models. In contrast with pair-fed obese or lean mice, the decreased food consumption cannot account for all the reduced weight gain of the obese controls. Basal lipolytic activity in parametrial adipose tissue is greater in obese mice treated with A then in controls. It seems that the stimulating effect of A on lipolysis could contribute to the weight reduction.
Manual and computer-based stereology: the tradeoffs and automatic target recognition using feature-level fusion (2006)

Stereology contains a set of tools and procedures that guide the researcher in estimating a quantity of interest that lies in three-dimensional space, from a set of its two-dimensional sections. Typical quantities of interest are: volume, surface area, area, and ratio among these. The precision of these estimators is measured by the variance. Stereology generally is performed manually by counting the number of intersections between regions or features in the image and a low-resolution test system probe superimposed on the image. It is known that those manual methods are tedious, laborious, and often yield high variance due to coarse resolution of the probe. On the other hand, image processing tools can be used to extract features and to quickly estimate the quantity of interest from an image. Note that image processing often suffers due to imperfection of segmentation, but it has the benefit of using a very high-resolution test system---the pixel. In this work, the derivation of the tradeoff between computer-based and manual stereology is explicitly made for the estimate of a volume, and a ratio between two measured volumes. The factors affecting the variance using sampling design are: the spacing interval between slices, the slice thickness, and whether the sampling follows a uniform, a nonuniform, or an adaptive scheme. The inequality of the tradeoff formula is expressed in terms of those factors. From this inequality, the conditions under which one method is preferable to the other become clear. Illustrations are presented as well; stereological principles are applied to clinical data to determine which CT protocol to use in detecting small changes in lung volume. Furthermore, the inequality formula provides a lower bound on the performance that an image processing algorithm must have for it to compete with the existing gold standard: manual stereology methods. 
An automatic target recognition (ATR) algorithm developed to recognize seven vehicle types, using two types of sensors (uncooled infrared and visible CCD-Intensity) is presented. The targets are seen in several orientations and at various ranges/sizes. Features that are scale- and orientation-independent, and independent of lighting and meteorological conditions, were extracted from the segmented images. The features describe intensity, shape, and thermal characteristics of the vehicle. Fusion at the feature level was used to determine whether the additional information provided by each sensor can yield better overall performance in classification of these vehicles. The confusion matrix and correct classification rate were indicators used in evaluating the classifiers. The significance of this work lies in the method's ability to use fusion information to classify vehicles accurately even as variations occur in background, range/size, and orientation. In addition, principles of stereology were used to define an adaptive k nearest-neighbor classification method.
High‐Nuclearity, High‐Symmetry, High‐Spin Molecules: A Mixed‐Valence Mn<sub>10</sub> Cage Possessing Rare <i>T</i> symmetry and an <i>S</i>=22 Ground State (2006)

Hoch, höher, am höchsten: Die Kombination von Azid- und hmp−-Liganden (hmpH=2-(Hydroxymethyl)pyridin) ermöglichte die Synthese zweier Salze eines neuen Mn10-Kations mit hoch symmetrischer Struktur (siehe Strukturausschnitt; MnII gelb, MnIII blau, O rot, N grün, C grau). Das Kation ist vollständig ferromagnetisch gekoppelt und hat einen S=22-Grundzustand – einer der höchsten je beschriebenen Werte.
Crystal Structure of the Tumor-promoter Okadaic Acid Bound to Protein Phosphatase-1 (2001)

Protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) plays a key role in dephosphorylation in numerous biological processes such as glycogen metabolism, cell cycle regulation, smooth muscle contraction, and protein synthesis. Microorganisms produce a variety of inhibitors of PP1, which include the microcystin class of inhibitors and okadaic acid, the latter being the major cause of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning and a powerful tumor promoter. We have determined the crystal structure of the molecular complex of okadaic acid bound to PP1 to a resolution of 1.9 A. This structure reveals that the acid binds in a hydrophobic groove adjacent to the active site of the protein and interacts with basic residues within the active site. Okadaic acid exhibits a cyclic structure, which is maintained via an intramolecular hydrogen bond. This is reminiscent of other macrocyclic protein phosphatase inhibitors. The inhibitor-bound enzyme shows very little conformational change when compared with two other PP1 structures, except in the inhibitor-sensitive beta12-beta13 loop region. The selectivity of okadaic acid for protein phosphatases-1 and -2A but not PP-2B (calcineurin) may be reassessed in light of this study.
Primary Cutaneous Small/Medium CD4<sup>+</sup> T-Cell Lymphomas: A Heterogeneous Group of Tumors With Different Clinicopathologic Features and Outcome (2008)

PCSM-TCL is a heterogeneous group of tumors with differentiated clinical and pathological characteristics with impact in the outcome of the patients.
Distinct cardioprotective effects of adenosine mediated by differential coupling of receptor subtypes to phospholipases C and D (2000)

Adenosine released during cardiac ischemia exerts a marked protective effect in the heart that is mediated by the A 1 and A 3 subtypes of adenosine receptors. The signaling pathways activated by these adenosine receptors have now been characterized in a chick embryo ventricular myocyte culture model of cardioprotection against ischemia. Selective A 1 and A 3 receptor agonists were shown to activate phospholipases C and D, respectively, to achieve their distinct cardioprotective effects. The specificity of the A 3 receptor‐phospholipase D interaction was also demonstrated in chick embryo atrial myocytes (which do not express endogenous A 3 receptors) that had been transfected with a vector encoding the human A 3 receptor. Activation of both endogenous A 1 and A 3 receptors in ventricular myocytes resulted in a protective response greater than that induced by stimulation of either receptor alone. Agonists that activate both adenosine A 1 and A 3 receptors may thus prove beneficial for the treatment of myocardial ischemia.—Parsons, M., Young, L., Lee, J. E., Jacobson, K. A., Liang, B. T. Distinct cardioprotective effects of adenosine mediated by differential coupling of receptor subtypes to phospholipases C and D. FASEB J. 14, 1423–1431 (2000)
Untersuchungen an oxidischen Katalysatoren. XXXIX. Der Einfluß acider Träger auf die katalytische Wirksamkeit von Metallen (1984)

Abstract Das katalytische Verhalten modifizierter Metall/Zeolith‐Katalysatoren in der n‐Hexanisomerisierung, der Cyclohexandehydrierung und der Ethanhydrogenolyse zeigt, daß die katalytische Wirkung des Metalls durch eine Veränderung der Acidität des Trägers stufenlos und reversibel steuerbar ist. Ausgehend von dem Konzept einer elektronischen Wechselwirkung zwischen Metall und (acidem) Träger können Möglichkeiten für eine gezielte Beeinflussung der katalytischen Eigenschaften von Metall/Träger‐Katalysatoren abgeleitet werden.
PHOTOPHYSICAL BEHAVIOUR OF NEW PYRROLOCOUMARIN DERIVATIVES (1986)

Abstract— The photophysical behaviour of new pyrrolocoumarins with different substituents on the nitrogen are reported. The photophysical properties of these pyrrolocoumarins are generally in agreement with those of the psoralens: a strong absorption (240–400 nm), a weak fluorescence (400–680 nm) characterized by a short singlet lifetime, and a rather strong phosphorescence at 77 K (480–600 nm). The absorption and fluorescence properties were investigated in several solvents. The shift of the fluorescence maximum is interpreted on the basis of the solvatochromic parameters π*, α and β. The triplet‐triplet absorption spectra also depend on the nature of the solvent, while the triplet excited state has a lifetime of a few microseconds at room temperature (concentration 2.5 × 10 −4 M ). Some absorption and fluorescence characteristics of the 4′,5′‐dihydropyrrolocoumarins, which are suitable models for the 4′,5′‐monoadducts to pyrrolocoumarins are reported.
comment démontrer que certains aliments ont un effet sur le cancer ? (2011)

National audience
Ultrafast Structural Dynamics of Photochromic Indolylfulgimides Studied by Vibrational Spectroscopy and DFT Calculations (2006)

The structural dynamics of the ring-opening reaction in a photochromic indolylfulgimide, a reversible, ultrafast photoswitch, is investigated by ultra-broadband time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy. The experimentally observed vibrational modes of the indolylfulgimide photoisomers C and E are assigned to normal modes with the help of DFT calculations. A complete evaluation of the observed vibrational dynamics including excited-state vibrational modes is used to characterize the reaction path and the cooling behavior of the photoswitch.
A Micromachined Silicon Condenser Microphone with On-Chip Amplifier (1996)

Monolithic silicon microphones have been fabricated which include on-chip JFET buffer amplifiers, providing a complete microphone plus electronics on a single silicon chip. Test data is presented showing sensitivities as high as 40 mV/Pa (-48 dB ref. lV/Bar), with routine sensitivity of 15 mV/Pa (-57 dB ref. lV/Bar) and bandwidth of 70 Hz to 20 kHz. Noise measurements show that electronics noise from the gate bias resistor is dominant, leading to ltf 2 noise spectral density.