gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Combining Employment and Caregiving: An Intricate Juggling Act (1999)

ABSTRACT This article examines the process which allows caregivers to combine employment and eldercare. Using an interactionist approach, the authors present the factors which determine this process, based on a qualitative study with 25 caregivers. The article proposes that the effects of eldercare on employment are the result of the degree to which caregivers manage to maintain balance between different life spheres: personal and social life, family life, caregiving and employment. This balance is achieved by a complex process of co-ordination, negotiation, and mediation which the authors call “juggling work” and which itself is determined by a series of factors, conditions and contextual elements.
Gas exchange during separate diaphragm and intercostal muscle breathing (2004)

In patients with diaphragm paralysis, ventilation to the basal lung zones is reduced, whereas in patients with paralysis of the rib cage muscles, ventilation to the upper lung zones in reduced. Inspiration produced by either rib cage muscle or diaphragm contraction alone, therefore, may result in mismatching of ventilation and perfusion and in gas-exchange impairment. To test this hypothesis, we assessed gas exchange in 11 anesthetized dogs during ventilation produced by either diaphragm or intercostal muscle contraction alone. Diaphragm activation was achieved by phrenic nerve stimulation. Intercostal muscle activation was accomplished by electrical stimulation by using electrodes positioned epidurally at the T(2) spinal cord level. Stimulation parameters were adjusted to provide a constant tidal volume and inspiratory flow rate. During diaphragm (D) and intercostal muscle breathing (IC), mean arterial Po(2) was 97.1 +/- 2.1 and 88.1 +/- 2.7 Torr, respectively (P < 0.01). Arterial Pco(2) was lower during D than during IC (32.6 +/- 1.4 and 36.6 +/- 1.8 Torr, respectively; P < 0.05). During IC, oxygen consumption was also higher than that during D (0.13 +/- 0.01 and 0.09 +/- 0.01 l/min, respectively; P < 0.05). The alveolar-arterial oxygen difference was 11.3 +/- 1.9 and 7.7 +/- 1.0 Torr (P < 0.01) during IC and D, respectively. These results indicate that diaphragm breathing is significantly more efficient than intercostal muscle breathing. However, despite marked differences in the pattern of inspiratory muscle contraction, the distribution of ventilation remains well matched to pulmonary perfusion resulting in preservation of normal gas exchange.
Moire methods using computer-generated gratings (1993)

Computer-generated gratings have the ability to be quickly and rapidly changed. In moiré methods, this versatility enables the election of the right grating pitch for a particular problem. Also, the ability to shift these computer gratings allows phase shifting to be applicable with no moving parts. The use of computer-generated gratings for qualitative visualization and quantitative analysis of virtually all moiré methods is described.
Increased susceptibility to airway responses in CD40-deficient mice (2003)

The interaction between CD40 and its ligand (CD154) is crucial for IL-12 production and effective humoral immunity such as IgE production. Although the interaction seems to play a crucial role in asthmatic inflammation, previous studies investigating the role of the CD40 and CD154 interaction in experimental animal models of asthma are complicated due to multistep reactions in developing asthma. Here, in order to investigate the role of CD40 in the effector phase in the development of airway responses, we used CD40-deficient mice backcrossed with mice transgenic for an ovalbumin (OVA)-specific TCR (TCRtg). Using intranasal OVA administration followed by aerosol inhalation of OVA, greater airway hyperreactivity and eosinophilia in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were observed in CD40-deficient mice backcrossed with TCRtg mice (CD40-/-/ TCRtg mice), compared with control littermates (CD40+/+/ TCRtg mice). CD4+ helper T cell subset analysis of lung draining lymph nodes revealed that the Th1 component was significantly decreased in CD40-/-/ TCRtg mice. Airway hyperreactivity and airway eosinophilia significantly correlated with the predomination of Th2 cells. Cytokine measurements in BALF also showed decreased IL-12 and the predominance of Th2 cells in CD40-/-/ TCRtg mice. These results suggest that CD40 may play a protective role in developing asthma in the phase after establishing specific memory T cells through the regulation of the balance between Th1 and Th2 cells presumably via induction of IL-12.
Hypothesis Concerning the U-shaped Relation between Body Mass Index and Mortality (1997)

Numerous studies have documented a U- or J-shaped association between body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) and mortality, such that increased mortality rate is associated with relatively low and high BMI values. It has been argued elsewhere that the elevated mortality rate observed at lower BMI values actually results from the effects of unmeasured confounding variables, in particular smoking status and preexisting disease. In this paper, the authors present an additional explanation for the phenomenon, i.e., nonspecific measurement. They propose that differential health consequences of fat mass and fat-free mass can be masked by the use of BMI when studied in relation to mortality. To illustrate this point, they use body composition data from 1,137 healthy adults and specify a hypothetical underlying BMI-mortality model in which the logit of death increased linearly with fat mass and decreased linearly with fat-free mass, and % fat increased monotonically with BMI. The results indicate that, even under these specifications, the authors can recover a U-shaped association between BMI and mortality. Consistent with previous suggestions in the literature, future epidemiologic studies that examine the association between adiposity and mortality should prioritize the use of body composition measures.
Spin-orbit torques in Co/Pt(111) and Mn/W(001) magnetic bilayers from first principles (2014)

An applied electric current through a space-inversion asymmetric magnet induces spin-orbit torques (SOTs) on the magnetic moments, which holds much promise for future memory devices. We discuss general Green's function expressions suitable to compute the linear-response SOT in disordered ferromagnets. The SOT can be decomposed into an even and an odd component with respect to magnetization reversal, where in the limit of vanishing disorder the even SOT is given by the constant Berry curvature of the occupied states, while the odd part exhibits a divergence with respect to disorder strength. Within this formalism, we perform first-principles density-functional theory calculations of the SOT in Co/Pt(111) and Mn/W(001) magnetic bilayers. We find the even and odd torque components to be of comparable magnitude. Moreover, the odd torque depends strongly on an additional capping layer, while the even torque is less sensitive. We show that the even torque is nearly entirely mediated by spin currents in contrast to the odd torque, which can contain an important contribution not due to spin transfer. Our results are in agreement with experiments, showing that our linear-response theory is well-suited for the description of SOTs in complex ferromagnets.
Highly efficient ultra-compact isolated DC-DC converter with fully integrated active clamping H-bridge and synchronous rectifier (2016)

An isolated forward DC-DC converter with monolithically integrated electronics at both sides of the pulse transformer is presented. It converts a 48V DC input voltage into a 12V DC output voltage at 7A load current with a 90.8% overall power efficiency, employing an 800kHz switching frequency, and it occupies a physical volume of 55mm x 35mm x 10mm only. The primary winding of the planar pulse transformer is driven by a new 4-transistor active clamping H-bridge circuit topology that significantly reduces the voltage requirements for the DMOS power devices, thereby enabling monolithic integration of the primary-side electronics in an 80V 0.35m junction-isolated smart-power IC technology. The switching signal at the secondary winding of the planar pulse transformer is converted into a stable DC output voltage by means of a new synchronous rectifier circuit topology that employs an additional DC-DC buck converter and drastically reduces the dynamic switching losses in the DMOS power devices, thereby boosting the power efficiency and enabling monolithic integration of the secondary-side electronics in an 80V 0.35m junction-isolated smart-power IC technology.
Comparison of fluid types for resuscitation after acute blood loss in mallard ducks (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>) (2009)

The LD(50) for acute blood loss in mallard ducks was 60% of their total blood volume. Although no statistical difference in mortality rate was appreciated among the 3 fluid resuscitation groups, a trend of decreased mortality rate was observed in the HBOCS group. An early regenerative response was apparent following acute blood loss.
Effect of the load of drive axles and high of the curtain on stress-strain properties of the tractor (2014)

CĂ­lem mÄĹenĂ­ traktoru bylo zjistit vliv zmÄny zatĂ­ĹženĂ­ jednotlivĂ˝ch nĂĄprav a vĂ˝ĹĄky zĂĄvÄsu na tahovĂŠ vlastnosti. MÄĹenĂ­ bylo realizovĂĄno ve zkuĹĄebnÄ MZLU v BrnÄ na vĂĄlcovĂ˝ch dynamometrech. Nejprve byla namÄĹena jmenovitĂĄ otĂĄÄkovĂĄ charakteristika pĹes vĂ˝vodovĂ˝ hĹĂ­del dle metodiky OECD. MÄĹenĂ­ tahovĂŠ charakteristiky bylo provedeno na dva pĹevodovĂŠ stupnÄ s rĹŻznĂ˝m zatĂ­ĹženĂ­m nĂĄprav a s rĹŻznou vĂ˝ĹĄkou zĂĄvÄsu. DotĂ­ĹženĂ­ traktoru o 980 kg (14,5 % z celkovĂŠ hmotnosti) se projevilo posunutĂ­m maximĂĄlnĂ­ho tahovĂŠho vĂ˝konu do oblasti vyĹĄĹĄĂ­ tahovĂŠ sĂ­ly a poklesem prokluzu. NejvÄtĹĄĂ­ zmÄny tahovĂ˝ch vlastnostĂ­ byly namÄĹeny na 5. pĹevodovĂ˝ stupeĹ. TahovĂĄ sĂ­la se zvĂ˝ĹĄila pĹi nejvyĹĄĹĄĂ­m tahovĂŠm vĂ˝konu o 18,9 % a nejvyĹĄĹĄĂ­ tahovĂ˝ vĂ˝kon se zvĂ˝ĹĄil o 15,2 % ve srovnĂĄnĂ­ s nejvÄtĹĄĂ­m tahovĂ˝m vĂ˝konem bez pĹĂ­davnĂŠho zĂĄvaĹžĂ­. Na 9. pĹevodovĂ˝ stupeĹ byl namÄĹen nejvyĹĄĹĄĂ­ tahovĂ˝ vĂ˝kon 62,8 kW. VĂ˝ĹĄka zĂĄvÄsu se byla nastavena na 0,54, 0,64 a 0,74 m. ZmÄnou vĂ˝ĹĄky zĂĄvÄsu z 0,54 na 0,74 m doĹĄlo u pĹednĂ­ nĂĄpravy ke snĂ­ĹženĂ­ tahovĂŠ sĂ­ly a tahovĂŠho vĂ˝konu v dĹŻsledku poklesu zatĂ­ĹženĂ­. Z vĂ˝slednĂŠ tahovĂŠ charakteristiky pak vyplĂ˝vĂĄ, Ĺže do hranice nejvyĹĄĹĄĂ­ho tahovĂŠ vĂ˝konu se oba prĹŻbÄhy pĹekrĂ˝vajĂ­. V oblasti nejvyĹĄĹĄĂ­ch prokluzĹŻ byly namÄĹeny malĂŠ rozdĂ­ly tahovĂŠ sĂ­ly, kterĂŠ lze pĹisuzovat ztrĂĄtĂĄm valenĂ­.
Control of Arabidopsis Flower and Seed Development by the Homeotic Gene APETALA2 (1994)

K. Diane Jofuku, Bart G. W. den Boer, Marc Van Montagu, Jack K. Okamuro, Control of Arabidopsis Flower and Seed Development by the Homeotic Gene APETALA2, The Plant Cell, Vol. 6, No. 9 (Sep., 1994), pp. 1211-1225
Study on Evaluation of Fatigue Damage of MIM Materials with AE Method : 2nd Report, Evaluation by Moving Average of Largest Lyapunov Exponent (2009)

Metal injection molding (MIM) is a suitable production technique for the mass production of the products of the complicated shape. However, the studies on the dynamic properties such as the fatigue strength of the materials produced by the technique are not enough. Our aim is to evaluate the fatigue damage of the materials with AE method. In the previous study, the detected AE signals during the fatigue testing of the material were analyzed, and the possibility of the damage evaluation by the analysis method that was proposed was shown. In this study, it was examined to evaluate the damage by the moving average of the largest lyapunov exponents of the signals. As the result, it became clear that the damage is quantitatively evaluated by observing the difference in the average of the exponents of the high and low frequency components of the detected signals, and the damage is evaluated in the real-time.
Experimental WDM Packet Networks for Metro Applications: the RingO and Wonder Projects (2004)

This paper presents the activities carried out at Politecnico di Torino, Italy, on an advanced ring-based WDM optical packet network suitable for a high-capacity metro environment. We present two alternative architectural designs, and elaborate on the effectiveness of optical with respect to electronic technologies, trying to identify an optimal mix of the two technologies [1]. The first presented architecture refers to a research project called RingO, which ended in 2002, while the second one refers to the current ongoing project Wonder. Both projects are funded by the Italian Ministry for Education and Research (MIUR). We present the design and prototyping of a simple but efficient access control protocol, based upon the equivalence of the proposed network architecture with input-buffering packet switches. We discuss the problem of node allocation to WDM channels, which can be viewed as a particular optical network design problem. The main contribution of the paper is the identification and experimental validation of an innovative optical network architecture, which is feasible and cost effective with technologies available today, and can be a valid alternative to more consolidated solutions in metro applications. I.
The organization of the dihydrofolate reductase gene of baby hamster kidney fibroblasts (1981)

Using cloned DNA complementary to mouse dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) mRNA, the organization of the hamster DHFR gene has been determined in two baby hamster kidney (BHK) cell lines, A5 and B1. A5 cells are highly methotrexate-resistant, containing 200-fold more copies of the DHFR gene than do the parental B1 cells. The DHFR gene has the same organization in A5 and B1 cells, suggesting that it has not been altered by the amplification process. The BHK DHFR gene spans a maximum of 10.7 kb and contains at least three introns. Thus the BHK DHFR gene is much smaller than the mouse DHFR gene, which has a minimum size of 42 kb and at least five introns. This striking size difference is probably due to much smaller introns in the BHK DHFR gene.
Are itch and scratching the nausea and vomiting of skin? (2016)

The physiologic similarities between itch and nausea may not be evident initially, but they share the role of repelling irritants and toxins from the body by inducting scratching and vomiting, respectively. In addition, itch and nausea frequently occur together in certain conditions such as uraemia. Here we show that the mechanisms underlying itch and nausea overlap and that advances in either field may influence the identification of novel drug targets, particularly for itch.
Cognitive routing with the ETX metric (2014)

The emergence of cognitive radio network technology provides network nodes with abundant licensed and unlicensed channels to select for routing. Traditional routing methods that minimize hop count often do not leverage the full capabilities of cognitive radio users. They may select high lossy links or choose arbitrarily among the different paths of the same minimum length, regardless of the often large differences in throughput among those paths. In this paper, we propose a routing algorithm that incorporates the expected transmission count metric (ETX) to select high-quality channels for routing on a hop-by-hop basis. The ETX metric incorporates the effects of link loss ratios, and interference among the successive links of a path, as well as interference caused by licensed users' activity. Our routing algorithm utilizes all the available channels and selects channels with the best ETX value, allowing us to find paths with higher stability and higher throughput. Simulation in the NS-3 environment shows that our routing protocol has high packet delivery ratio, low end-to-end delay and low hop count in the presence of interference caused by licensed users.
Effect of particles in bubbles on fluidized bed mass and heat transfer kinetics. (1991)

Experiments in bubbling fluidized beds show that gases which adsorb on solids experience up to ten times more rapid bubble-emulsion interchange than do nonadsorbing gases. We propose that the very small fraction of solids dispersed in and passing through the bubbles are the vehicle for this behavior.A theory is developed which shows that the enhancement in the overall bubble-emulsion interchange coefficient is strongly dependent on the value of the gas–solid adsorption equilibrium constant. The enhancement predictions from theory are then compared with values reported in the literature.This mass transfer phenomenon is then extended to gas–solid heat transfer in fluidized beds. The results indicate that the particles dispersed in bubbles usually play the dominant role in the heat interchange between bubble gas and emulsion gas.
Mechanism of nucleation and growth of cubic boron nitride thin films (2000)

The mechanism and the crystallography of the nucleation and growth of cubic boron nitride (c-BN) films deposited on 〈100〉-oriented silicon substrate by RF bias sputtering have been studied by means of cross-sectional high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Both methods provide experimental information showing no sp2-bonded BN layer formation in the subsurface region of c-BN phase. This is clear evidence for layer-by-layer homoepitaxial growth of cubic boron nitride without graphitic monolayers in the near-surface region of the film. The turbostratic boron nitride (t-BN) consists of thin sub-layers, 0.5–2 nm thick, growing in such a way that a sub-layer normal is almost parallel to the growth direction. t-BN also comprises a large volume fraction of the grain boundaries with high interface energies. The present result and the finding by Shtansky et al. [Acta Mater. 48, 3745 (2000)], who showed that an individual sub-layer consists of parallel lamellae in both the hexagonal +h-BN) and rhombohedral (r-BN) configurations, demonstrate that high intrinsic stress in the films is due to the complex structure of sp2-bonded BN. The crystallography of c-BN films indicates heteroepitaxial nucleation of cubic phase on the graphitic BN structural precursor. The present results are consistent with stress-induced c-BN formation.
[Revised insights and therapeutic goals in the treatment of chronic heart failure]. (1999)

Heart failure is a major and still growing medical and epidemiological problem, but in the last 10-20 years great progress has been made in its treatment. Alleviating symptoms is not (any longer) the only aim of the treatment; improving the life expectation or reducing the mortality has become a different, at least as important aim. Left ventricular dysfunction, even if asymptomatic, should be regarded, just as hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia, as a risk factor for which efficacious treatment is available and which consequently should be treated. A problem in this respect is that the effect of treatment of asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction and of mild forms of heart failure is difficult to measure. Beta-blocking agents have proved to be the greatest gain in the treatment of heart failure in recent years, in addition to ACE inhibitors, diuretics and digoxin. These preparations should be prescribed with caution and due consideration. However, their favourable influence is such that use on a much larger scale than currently appears to be justified.
A Method for Establishing Information System Design Practice (2014)

Abstract—Information system design and development practice did not evolve much in the last decade. Methodologies for design and development of information systems are still separating activities for design and development. Design is always done prior to the development, resulting in deliverables that cannot be reused in the development process. The deliverables of the design process are used by developers only as a blueprint of the information system. The Model Driven Architecture promised to change that by introducing model transformations. The whole idea introduced in the Model Driven Architecture raised the question of model quality. It is not possible to have a correct and complete transformation if models of the information system are not of high quality. It is very hard to achieve a sufficient level of model quality on a big project. The size of a project team makes it hard to control all contributions from designers, ensuring that these contributions comply with the project design practice. In this article, we deal with these issues by providing a method that allows control of the information system design process. This method provides guidance to designers in the project team by offering selection of patterns and transformations that are applicable to the current state of the information system design. The library of patterns and transformations represents previous design and development practice, containing knowledge developed during previous projects. The method proposed in this article allows selection of patterns and transformations that are suitable for the project, constraining and guiding the contributions of designers. Keywords-modeling; guidance; design; pattern; transformation. I.
ALS superbend magnet performance (2002)

The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has been engaged in the design, construction and testing of four superconducting dipoles (Superbends) that are installed in three arcs of the Advanced Light Source (ALS), with the fourth magnet as a spare. This represents a major upgrade to the ALS providing an enhanced flux and brightness at photon energies above 10 keV. In preparation for installation, an extensive set of tests and measurements have been conducted to characterize the magnetic and cryogenic performance of the Superbends and to fiducialize them for accurate placement in the ALS storage ring. The magnets are currently installed, and the storage ring is undergoing final commissioning. This paper will present the results of magnetic and cryogenic testing.
Endothelin-induced changes in intracellular pH and Ca2+ in coronary smooth muscle: role of Na+-H+ exchange (1995)

The relationship between endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced stimulation of Na(+)-H+ exchange and intracellular free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) was examined in primary cultures of porcine coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Intracellular pH (pHi) and [Ca2+]i were measured using 2,7-bis-carboxyethyl-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein and the acetoxymethyl ester of fura-2 respectively. In HCO3(-)-free buffer (pH = 7.4), ET-1 (0.1-50 nM) induced a sustained, dose-dependent increase in pHi. ET-1 (10 nM) increased pHi from 6.83 +/- 0.01 to 6.93 +/- 0.02 (P < 0.01). The alkalinization was blocked by the Na(+)-H+ exchange inhibitor, 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride (EIPA, 3 microM) or by substitution of Na+ with N-methylglucamine or choline chloride (P < 0.05). Recovery of pHi in response to acidification, induced by washout of a 20 mM NH4Cl prepulse, was > 90% inhibited by EIPA (3 microM), confirming the presence of an ET-1-responsive Na(+)-H+ exchanger. Coronary smooth muscle cells responded to ET-1 with a dose-dependent, biphasic increase in [Ca2+]i which was not inhibited by manipulations (EIPA pretreatment or Na(+)-free media) shown to block the Na(+)-H+ exchanger. The ET-1-mediated alkalinization was not inhibited by removal of extracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]o). However, complete blockade of the ET-1-mediated [Ca2+]i response using the intracellular Ca(2+)-chelator, [bis-(2-amino-5-methylphenoxy)ethane-NNN'N'-tetraacetic acid tetraacetoxymethyl ester] (MAPTAM), in [Ca2+]o-free media, demonstrated that an increment in [Ca2+]i is required for activation of the Na(+)-H+ exchanger by ET-1. The ET-1-induced rise in [Ca2+]i was not associated with a rise in pHi in the presence of CO2/HCO3-. We conclude that: (1) activation of Na(+)-H+ exchange by ET-1 requires an increment in [Ca2+]i; and (2) ET-1 stimulates EIPA-sensitive Na(+)-H+ exchange, but this stimulation does not modulate ET-1-induced changes in [Ca2+]i.