gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of <i>Salmonella</i> Associated with Pig Ear Dog Treats in Canada (2001)

In the summer of 1999, the incidence of Salmonella enterica serotype Infantis infections in Alberta rose dramatically. Subsequent laboratory and epidemiological investigations established that an outbreak of human disease caused by this organism was occurring across Canada and was associated with pet treats for dogs produced from processed pig ears. Laboratory investigations using phage typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) established that isolates of Salmonella serotype Infantis from pig ear pet treats and humans exposed to pig ear pet treats comprised a well-defined subset of all isolates analyzed. Of the 53 subtypes of Salmonella serotype Infantis obtained around the time of the outbreak as defined by PFGE and phage typing, only 6 subtypes were associated with both human infection and isolation from pig ears. Together with information from epidemiological studies, these investigations established pig ear pet treats as the cause of the Salmonella serotype Infantis outbreak. The results are consistent with a model in which contaminated pig ear pet treats constitute a long-term, continuing vehicle for infection of the human population rather than causing temporally delimited point-source outbreaks. During the course of this outbreak, several other Salmonella serotypes were also isolated from pet treats, suggesting these products may be an important source of enteric infection in both humans and dogs. Though isolates of Salmonella serotypes other than Salmonella serotype Infantis from pet treats were also subjected to PFGE and phage typing, no link with human disease could be definitively established, and the contribution of pig ear pet treats to human disease remains unclear. Elimination of bacterial contamination from pet treats is required to reduce the risk of infection from these products.
Balancing Innate Immunity and Inflammatory State via Modulation of Neutrophil Function: A Novel Strategy to Fight Sepsis (2015)

Sepsis and SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) belong to a severe disease complex characterized by infection and/or a whole-body inflammatory state. There is a growing body of evidence that neutrophils are actively involved in sepsis and are responsible for both release of cytokines and phagocytosis of pathogens. The neutrophil level is mainly regulated by G-CSF, a cytokine and drug, which is widely used in the septic patient with neutropenia. This review will briefly summarize the role of neutrophils and the therapeutic effect of G-CSF in sepsis. We further suggest that targeting neutrophil function to modulate the balance between innate immunity and inflammatory injury could be a worthwhile therapeutic strategy for sepsis.
No Association between <i>EGF</i> +61 A/G Polymorphism and Increased Risk of Glioma (2009)

A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the epidermal growth factor ( EGF) gene +61 A/G in the 5′-untranslated region has been reported to be associated with susceptibility to glioma. A case-control study (168 glioma patients and 194 normal controls) was conducted to elucidate its possible association with the risk of glioma in the Chinese population. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay was used to analyze the EGF genotypes. The genotyping results were further confirmed by direct sequencing. The EGF +61A and +61G allele frequencies in the glioma group were 32.1% and 67.9%, respectively, while they were 30.4% and 69.6% in the healthy controls. Furthermore, the frequency of the A/A, A/G and G/G genotypes in glioma patients was 8.9%, 46.4%, and 44.7%, respectively, and 8.3%, 44.3%, and 47.4% in controls. There was no significant difference between patients and healthy controls. The EGF +61 A/G and +61 G/G genotypes were not significantly associated with risk of glioma compared with the A/A genotype. In addition, no significant association was observed between EGF polymorphism and different histological grades of glioma. These results indicate that the EGF +61 A/G polymorphism is not associated with susceptibility to glioma in the Chinese population. In addition, a literature review revealed a significantly higher rate of the A/A genotype in Caucasian compared with East Asian subjects. Such differences in genotype distribution between Caucasian and Asian people should be taken into account in future studies.
Mechanisms of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. (1991)

The use of new beta-lactam antibiotics has led to selection of novel forms of resistance. Newer-generation cephalosporins, ureidopenicillins and monobactams, but not carbapenems (e.g. imipenem), are labile to Class I chromosomal beta-lactamases and tend to select mutants of E. cloacae and P. aeruginosa that constitutively synthesize high levels of these enzymes. Selection occurs more rarely with Serratia, Citrobacter and indole positive protease. Third-generation cephalosporins and monobactams, but not carbapenems and cephamycins, are inactivated by a range of new variants of the well-known TEM and SHV-1 plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases. These variants have arisen by spontaneous mutation and differ only marginally in amino-acid sequence from their parent enzymes. Already prevalent in France, their potential for spread is a major concern. Outer membrane impermeability is another source of resistance to beta-lactams in Gram-negative bacteria. Rare in enterobacteria, it is more important in P. aeruginosa, where broad and narrow spectrum forms can arise via mutation. The narrow spectrum form involves loss of the D2 outer membrane protein and gives resistance to carbapenems but not other beta-lactams. The broad spectrum form, of unknown mechanism, simultaneously affects many beta-lactam and unrelated (e.g. quinolone) drugs, but not imipenem. Target (penicillin-binding protein) insensitivity also can mediate resistance, most notably in MRSA. Unlike the mechanisms described above, this affects all beta-lactams, including carbapenems as well as penicillins and cephalosporins.
Acute Renal Failure due to Copper Sulfate Poisoning; a Case Report (2009)

Background: Copper sulfate is a blue and odorless salt with various industrial, chemical, agricultural and medicinal applications. Copper sulfate poisoning is rare in children. Case Presentation: A 23-month old boy accidentally ingested a solution of copper sulfate, used as a disinfectant agent in animal husbandry. He was referred to Children's Hospital of Tabriz because of frequent vomiting and lethargy. The major systemic complications were intravascular hemolysis, anemia and acute renal failure. The patient was successfully treated with multiple packed cell transfusions, dimercaprol, penicillamine and peritoneal dialysis. Plasma copper level 15 days after ingestion was 216 μg/dl. Conclusion: Copper sulfate is a highly toxic agent that, when ingested, can cause local and systemic damage including coma, shock, severe intravascular hemolysis, hepatotoxicity and acute renal failure with high mortality.
Novel Organic SMD Package for High-PowerMillimeter Wave MMICs (2004)

In this paper a novel low-cost SMD package for high-power MMICs is presented. Due to the special design this package has a very low thermal resistance and low parasitic ground inductance. 3D EM simulations of a packaged through-line correspond well with measurements. Measurement results of a 1 Watt 40 GHz HPA before and after packaging are presented. The gain reduction at 40 GHz caused by the package is only 1 dB. Experimental results are given for different package options: with or without compensation circuit on the package and with or without bondwire compensation on the MMIC.
Random domain name and address mutation (RDAM) for thwarting reconnaissance attacks (2017)

Network address shuffling is a novel moving target defense (MTD) that invalidates the address information collected by the attacker by dynamically changing or remapping the host's network addresses. However, most network address shuffling methods are limited by the limited address space and rely on the host's static domain name to map to its dynamic address; therefore these methods cannot effectively defend against random scanning attacks, and cannot defend against an attacker who knows the target's domain name. In this paper, we propose a network defense method based on random domain name and address mutation (RDAM), which increases the scanning space of the attacker through a dynamic domain name method and reduces the probability that a host will be hit by an attacker scanning IP addresses using the domain name system (DNS) query list and the time window methods. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that RDAM can defend against scanning attacks and worm propagation more effectively than general network address shuffling methods, while introducing an acceptable operational overhead.
Improving Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis with Machine Learning Techniques (2011)

There is not a specific test to diagnose Alzheimer's disease (AD). Its diagnosis should be based upon clinical history, neuropsychological and laboratory tests, neuroimaging and electroencephalography (EEG). Therefore, new approaches are necessary to enable earlier and more accurate diagnosis and to follow treatment results. In this study we used a Machine Learning (ML) technique, named Support Vector Machine (SVM), to search patterns in EEG epochs to differentiate AD patients from controls. As a result, we developed a quantitative EEG (qEEG) processing method for automatic differentiation of patients with AD from normal individuals, as a complement to the diagnosis of probable dementia. We studied EEGs from 19 normal subjects (14 females/5 males, mean age 71.6 years) and 16 probable mild to moderate symptoms AD patients (14 females/2 males, mean age 73.4 years. The results obtained from analysis of EEG epochs were accuracy 79.9% and sensitivity 83.2%. The analysis considering the diagnosis of each individual patient reached 87.0% accuracy and 91.7% sensitivity.
Outcome of confirmed symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection. (1991)

Sixty five neonates with confirmed symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection were followed up prospectively until they were 3 to 4 year of age. Twenty nine children (45%) had neurological impairment of whom 22 had gross motor or psychomotor abnormalities; in the remaining seven sensorineural deafness was the main abnormality. Infants who had had neurological signs during the neonatal period had a worse prognosis than those who had not, with 16/22 (73%) and 13/43 (30%) having neurological deficit at follow up, respectively. Our results indicate that the prognosis for infants with symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection is better than previously reported.
Spin transfer and current-induced switching in antiferromagnets (2010)

Recent experiments show that spin-polarized current may influence the state of generally accessory element of spin valves, an antiferromagnetic (AFM) layer, which is used for ``pinning.'' Here we study the dynamics of AFM component of the ``pinned'' ferromagnetic (FM) layer induced by simultaneous application of the spin-polarized current and external magnetic field. We find stability range of such a configuration of FM/AFM system in which orientation of FM magnetization is parallel to AFM vector. We calculate the field dependence of the critical current for different orientations of the external magnetic field with respect to the crystal axes of FM/AFM bilayer. We show the possibility of stable current-induced precession of AFM vector around FM magnetization with the frequency that linearly depends on the bias current. Furthermore, we estimate an optimal duration of the current pulse required for switching between different states of FM/AFM system and calculate the current and field dependencies of switching time. The results obtained reveal the difference between dynamics of ferromagnets and antiferromagnets subjected to spin transfer torques.
Controversies in thromboembolic disease during pregnancy: a critical review (1995)

Although women with a history of thromboembolic disease are at appreciable risk of recurrence during pregnancy, the exact incidence is unknown and there are no adequate efficacy trials demonstrating that prophylactic regimens are effective. Heparin is the anticoagulant of choice in pregnancy; however, changes in metabolism and clearance make adequate dosing problematic. Expert consensus panels disagree over the optimal management of pregnant women at risk for thromboembolism. Randomized controlled trials during pregnancy are needed if any progress is to be made in combating this lethal disorder.
Single perioperative subconjunctival steroid depot versus postoperative steroid eyedrops to prevent intraocular inflammation and macular edema after cataract surgery (2011)

A single subconjunctival betamethasone acetate injection appears to be a useful alternative to prolonged postoperative administration of dexamethasone eyedrops in controlling intraocular inflammation and development of macular edema after phacoemulsification.
The Rules of Beeping: Exchanging Messages Via Intentional “Missed Calls” on Mobile Phones (2007)

This article explores the practice of “beeping” or “missed calling” between mobile phone users, or calling a number and hanging up before the mobile’s owner can pick up the call. Most beeps are requests to call back immediately, but they can also send a pre-negotiated instrumental message such as “pick me up now” or a relational sign, such as “I’m thinking of you.” The practice itself is old, with roots in landline behaviors, but it has grown tremendously, particularly in the developing world. Based on interviews with small business owners and university students in Rwanda, the article identifies three kinds of beeps (callback, pre-negotiated instrumental, and relational) and the norms governing their use. It then assesses the significance of the practice using adaptive structuration theory. In concluding, the article contrasts beeping with SMS/text messaging, discusses its implications for increasing access to telecommunications services, and suggests paths for future research.
Living systems: Basic concepts (1965)

The first issue of this journal began with an editorial which said in part: “Our present thinking—which may alter with time—is that a general theory will deal with structural and behavioral properties of systems. The diversity of systems is great. The molecule, the cell, the organ, the individual, the group, the society are all examples of systems. Besides differing in the level of organization, systems differ in many other crucial respects. They may be living, nonliving, or mixed; material or conceptual; and so forth.” A decade later, the thinking has not altered greatly. Every year the structure and process of many sorts of systems have been analyzed in these pages. The following article and its companions in the next issue epitomize general systems behavior theory as presented in the author's Living Systems, to be published in a few months.
Transcription of Satellite III non-coding RNAs is a general stress response in human cells (2007)

In heat-shocked human cells, heat shock factor 1 activates transcription of tandem arrays of repetitive Satellite III (SatIII) DNA in pericentromeric heterochromatin. Satellite III RNAs remain associated with sites of transcription in nuclear stress bodies (nSBs). Here we use real-time RT-PCR to study the expression of these genomic regions. Transcription is highly asymmetrical and most of the transcripts contain the G-rich strand of the repeat. A low level of G-rich RNAs is detectable in unstressed cells and a 10(4)-fold induction occurs after heat shock. G-rich RNAs are induced by a wide range of stress treatments including heavy metals, UV-C, oxidative and hyper-osmotic stress. Differences exist among stressing agents both for the kinetics and the extent of induction (>100- to 80.000-fold). In all cases, G-rich transcripts are associated with nSBs. On the contrary, C-rich transcripts are almost undetectable in unstressed cells and modestly increase after stress. Production of SatIII RNAs after hyper-osmotic stress depends on the Tonicity Element Binding Protein indicating that activation of the arrays is triggered by different transcription factors. This is the first example of a non-coding RNA whose transcription is controlled by different transcription factors under different growth conditions.
Insights into the Structure of the Vip3Aa Insecticidal Protein by Protease Digestion Analysis (2017)

Vip3 proteins are secretable proteins from <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> whose mode of action is still poorly understood. In this study, the activation process for Vip3 proteins was closely examined in order to better understand the Vip3Aa protein stability and to shed light on its structure. The Vip3Aa protoxin (of 89 kDa) was treated with trypsin at concentrations from 1:100 to 120:100 (trypsin:Vip3A, <i>w</i>:<i>w</i>). If the action of trypsin was not properly neutralized, the results of SDS-PAGE analysis (as well as those with <i>Agrotis ipsilon</i> midgut juice) equivocally indicated that the protoxin could be completely processed. However, when the proteolytic reaction was efficiently stopped, it was revealed that the protoxin was only cleaved at a primary cleavage site, regardless of the amount of trypsin used. The 66 kDa and the 19 kDa peptides generated by the proteases co-eluted after gel filtration chromatography, indicating that they remain together after cleavage. The 66 kDa fragment was found to be extremely resistant to proteases. The trypsin treatment of the protoxin in the presence of SDS revealed the presence of secondary cleavage sites at S-509, and presumably at T-466 and V-372, rendering C-terminal fragments of approximately 29, 32, and 42 kDa, respectively. The fact that the predicted secondary structure of the Vip3Aa protein shows a cluster of beta sheets in the C-terminal region of the protein might be the reason behind the higher stability to proteases compared to the rest of the protein, which is mainly composed of alpha helices.
Two-Vial, LC−MS Identification of Ephedrine Receptors from a Solution-Phase Dynamic Combinatorial Library of over 9000 Components (2008)

Reports on dynamic combinatorial chemistry have almost exclusively involved small libraries of 10-100 compounds. We now show how more than 9000 compounds can be screened in a single LC-MS analysis to reveal a series of new receptors that bind ephedrine in water. These results demonstrate the feasibility of screening DCLs that are substantially larger than the solution-phase libraries reported thus far.
Texture Features and KNN in Classification of Flower Images (2010)

In this paper, we propose an algorithmic model for automatic classification of flowers using KNN classifier. The proposed algorithmic model is based on textural features such as Gray level co-occurrence matrix and Gabor responses. A flower image is segmented using a threshold based method. The data set has different flower species with similar appearance (small inter class variations) across different classes and varying appearance (large intra class variations) within a class. Also, the images of flowers are of different pose with cluttered background under varying lighting conditions and climatic conditions. The flower images were collected from World Wide Web in addition to the photographs taken up in a natural scene. Experimental Results are presented on a dataset of 1250 images consisting of 25 flower species. It is shown that relatively a good performance can be achieved, using KNN classifier algorithm. A qualitative comparative analysis of the proposed method with other well known existing flower classification methods is also presented. General Terms Pattern Recognition, Image Processing, Algorithms
Changes in the Local Structure of LiMg<i><sub>y</sub></i>Ni<sub>0.5</sub><sub>-</sub><i><sub>y</sub></i>Mn<sub>1.5</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Electrode Materials during Lithium Extraction (2004)

The effects of composition and preparation temperature on the structure of LiMgyNi0.5-yMn1.5O4 (y = 0, 0.25, 0.5) compounds are studied by EPR, FTIR, X-ray, and neutron diffraction. For y ≥ 0.25, cation ordering in a P4332 superstructure takes place on increasing the annealing temperature from 450 to 750 °C. In contrast, a loss of octahedral cation ordering and partial reduction of transition metals are found for LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 when preparation temperature increases from 700 to 800 °C. The EPR behavior of LiMg0.5Mn1.5O4 is determined from localized Mn4+ ions, whereas residual antiferromagnetic correlations between Ni2+ and Mn4+ ions give rise to strong resonance absorption for LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. The magnetic dilution of the Ni2+ sublattice by Mg2+ or Mg2+/Ni2+ causes strong changes in an apparent g-factor, whereas the line width undergoes little changes. When LiMgyNi0.5-yMn1.5O4 oxides are used as positive electrode materials in test lithium anode cells, the capacity in the 5-V region decreases with decreasing Ni content. Nevertheless, cycling in the 3-V region showed a net improvement on increasing Mg content. Lithium extraction from LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (up to 70%) leads to a loss of intensity in the EPR signal as a consequence of the oxidation of paramagnetic Ni2+ to diamagnetic Ni4+ without significant changes in local environment of Mn4+. For fully delithiated Li1-xNi0.5Mn1.5O4 oxide, the EPR spectrum from localized Mn4+ ions is observed, indicating an exhaustion of paramagnetic Ni2+ ions in the vicinity of Mn4+ ions.
Automated Acid and Base Number Determination of Mineral-Based Lubricants by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy: Commercial Laboratory Evaluation (2014)

The Fluid Life Corporation assessed and implemented Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)-based methods using American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)-like stoichiometric reactions for determination of acid and base number for in-service mineral-based oils. The basic protocols, quality control procedures, calibration, validation, and performance of these new quantitative methods are assessed. ASTM correspondence is attained using a mixed-mode calibration, using primary reference standards to anchor the calibration, supplemented by representative sample lubricants analyzed by ASTM procedures. A partial least squares calibration is devised by combining primary acid/base reference standards and representative samples, focusing on the main spectral stoichiometric response with chemometrics assisting in accounting for matrix variability. FTIR(AN/BN) methodology is precise, accurate, and free of most interference that affects ASTM D664 and D4739 results. Extensive side-by-side operational runs produced normally distributed differences with mean differences close to zero and standard deviations of 0.18 and 0.26 mg KOH/g, respectively. Statistically, the FTIR methods are a direct match to the ASTM methods, with superior performance in terms of analytical throughput, preparation time, and solvent use. FTIR(AN/BN) analysis is a viable, significant advance for in-service lubricant analysis, providing an economic means of trending samples instead of tedious and expensive conventional ASTM(AN/BN) procedures.