gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced rates of electron transport in conjugated-redox polymer hybrids (2000)

A series of benzimidazole-based conjugated polymers have been synthesized and their Ru²⁺ and Os²⁺ complexes reported. These novel compounds feature coordination of redox-active metal centres into the quasi-infinite π network of a conjugated polymer to give "conjugated-redox polymer hybrids''. These advanced materials offer technologically useful applications in, for example, electrochromic devices, molecular electronics, and electrocatalysis. -- The focus of this work has been to examine whether the interaction of metal sites through the polymer backbone can lead to enhancement of electron transport rates, measured as De, the electron diffusion coefficient. This parameter was measured by three different methods: rotating disc current mediation, dual electrode voltammetry, and impedance spectroscopy. Good agreement between the three was found, with impedance being the most reliable and versatile approach. -- Conservative estimates of De range up to 1x10⁻⁸ and 2x10⁻⁸ cms⁻¹ respectively for polymers containing ruthenium and osmium. This represents a tenfold to a one-hundredfold increase in the rate of electron transport over conventional redox polymers. Furthermore it was shown that De can be manipulated by controlling the protonation of the polymer, and that backbone degradation also has an influence. -- The special arrangement of the hybrid polymers permits strong electronic communication between metal sites. This in turn leads to the higher rates of electron transport. Intervalence transfer bands in the near infrared spectrum confirmed that the electronic coupling of neighbouring metal sites through the polymer is comparable to that in similar dinuclear model compounds. This coupling is so strong in the pyrazine polymers that it leads to splitting of the redox electrochemistry into a pair of distinct waves, with vanishing conductivity in the 50% oxidized state. This unusual condition provides some insight into the orbital energy relationships in these systems. -- The experimental evidence indicates that charge propagation and the corresponding enhancement of De in the hybrid polymers occurs via two exclusive superexchange mechanisms, extending the model previously invoked in simpler dinuclear systems.
The Effects of Coenzyme A on Serum Lipids in Patients With Hyperlipidemia: Results of a Multicenter Clinical Trial (2013)

CoA can effectively reduce plasma TG levels in subjects with moderate dyslipidemia and has no obvious adverse effect.
p21ras and calcineurin synergize to regulate the nuclear factor of activated T cells. (1993)

In T lymphocytes, triggering of the T cell receptor (TCR) induces several signaling cascades which ultimately synergize to induce the activity of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), a DNA binding complex critical to the inducibility and T cell specificity of the T cell growth factor interleukin 2. One immediate consequence of T cell activation via the TCR is an increase in cytosolic calcium. Calcium signals are important for NFAT induction, and recent studies have identified calcineurin, a calcium-calmodulin dependent serine-threonine phosphatase, as a prominent component of the calcium signaling pathway in T cells. A second important molecule in TCR signal transduction is the guanine nucleotide binding protein, p21ras, which is coupled to the TCR by a protein tyrosine kinase dependent mechanism. The experiments presented here show that expression by transfection of mutationally activated calcineurin or activated p21ras alone is insufficient for NFAT transactivation. However, coexpression of the activated calcineurin with activated p21ras could mimic TCR signals in NFAT induction. These data identify calcineurin and p21ras as cooperative partners in T cell activation.
Low cost, radial flow, solid oxide fuel cell (1993)

The Interscience Radial Flow (IRF) SOFC is designed to minimize problems in high-temperature operation, and for low-cost fabrication. The cell has planar, non-sintered construction, uses particulate materials to form porous electrodes, and has internal radial flow. This phase was to demonstrate feasibility of multi-cell stack operation. Performance milestone was 15% DC HHV efficiency with hydrogen at > 50 mW/cm{sup 2} over 100 h.
Synthesis of graphene/polyaniline composite nanosheets mediated by polymerized ionic liquid (2010)

Graphene/polyaniline composite nanosheets can be prepared with the aid of polymerized ionic liquid, and both individual nanosheets and stable aqueous dispersions of the nanosheets can be obtained.
The interface between the Leishmania-infected macrophage and the host's immune system. (1991)

The protozoan parasite Leishmania exploits the lysosomal compartment of the macrophages of its vertebrate host. Given that the macrophage is capable of killing the parasite if supplied with the correct stimulus from the host's immune system, the successful continuation of the infection is in the balance. This paper examines certain aspects of the Leishmania/macrophage interplay, with particular emphasis on the nature of defined protective antigens, and of the interface between the infected macrophage and the host's immune system.
A Tumor‐Acidity‐Activated Charge‐Conversional Nanogel as an Intelligent Vehicle for Promoted Tumoral‐Cell Uptake and Drug Delivery (2010)

A positive (or negative) chameleon: A nanogel that is negatively charged at physiological pH values and activated to be positively charged at tumor extracellular pH values was internalized efficiently by tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo (see illustration). Intracellular drug release was also enhanced, probably as a result of a decrease in the interaction between the drug and the nanogel in its protonated state.
Highly Enantioselective Amination of α-Substituted α-Cyanoacetates with Chiral Catalysts Accessible from Both Quinine and Quinidine (2004)

[Reaction: see text] The catalytic construction of nitrogen-substituted quaternary stereocenters is an important and challenging task in asymmetric synthesis. In this paper, we describe the use of 6'-OH-modified cinchona alkaloids that are accessible from either quinine or quinidine for the development of a highly enantioselective amination of alpha,alpha-disubstituted carbonyl compounds that is suitable for the creation of nitrogen-substituted quaternary stereocenters in either the R or S configuration.
Apodization‐Assisted Subdiffraction Near‐Field Localization in 2D Phase Diffraction Grating (2019)

Abstract Conventional phase diffraction gratings can be used to localize the incoming optical radiation in the near‐field region. A new design of the binary phase diffraction grating is proposed with embedded pupil opaque mask inside each stripe. By means of numerical simulations, it is shown that with this masked phase grating the spatial resolution of the near‐field localization can be substantially improved and brought even beyond the solid immersion limit ( λ /2 n ). Moreover, due to anomalous apodization effect, the subdiffraction field localization is accompanied by intensity enhancement as compared to the non‐masked design. The pupil mask rearranges the optical fluxes within the stripes and promotes the Fano resonances excitation in the periodic step lattice. This can be important for advancing the phase grating‐based super‐resolution technologies, including subdiffraction imaging, interferometry, and surface fabrication.
《依法办事》的出版与法律教育——一项预防青少年犯罪的新计划 (2004)

一书帮助青少年培养一种对待法律和他们的社区更为有利的态度.如这篇文章中所展示的,亚拉巴马州法律和公民教育中心通过二十多年的法律法规教育服务,已经帮助亚拉巴马的青少年建立和发展了对法律的理解和尊敬.他们教育学生,所有的公民都必须尊敬并服从亚拉巴马的法律,这可是个永远第一的模范州.作为法律教育的一部分,制定一项新计划--即运用社区所关注的诸如以一书这样的工具来使成年人懂得青少年法律知识的策略--的需求就显而易见了.
Aerosol therapy in young children (2001)

Inhalation of aerosolized drugs has become an established means for treatment\\nof pulmonary diseases in the last fifiy years. The majoriry of aerosol therapy in\\nchildhood concerns inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators in the management\\nof asthma. Administration of drugs via the inhaled route has major advantages\\nover the oral route. The drug is targeted directly to its site of action, which results in\\na more rapid effect and a lower dose needed with less systemic side effects.\\nHowever, to deliver the drug into the lungs reliably and reproducibly is difficult,\\nespecially in children. It requires understanding of the mechanisms of aerosol\\ndeposition in the lungs and knowledge about the factors affecting delivery and\\ndeposition of aerosols. There are several ways to deliver therapeutic aerosols to the lungs.\\nThe current methods can be classified in three categoties: nebulizers, pressurized metered\\ndose inhales (pMDI\\'s) with or without spacer, and dry powder inhalers (DPT\\'s). Not all systems are suirable for use in young children. Application\\nof aerosol therapy in young children requires a different approach compared vvith adults\\nand older children. Factors such as age, co-operation, breathing pattern, nose breathing\\nand size of the airways should be raken into account as they can have substantial effect\\non the dose delivered to the lungs. Nebulizers have long been the mainstay of aerosol\\ntherapy in children. Currently, the pMDI combined with spacer is\\nrecommended as the first choice for asthma therapy in young children.\\nHowever, the pMDIIspacer and most other aerosol delivery systems were primarily\\ndesigned for use in adults, and subsequently adapted for use in children.\\nFurthermore, studying efficiency of aerosol delivery systems in young children is difficult\\nand has ethical limitations. This explains why there is extended information available\\non the performance of aerosol delivery systems in adults, but only limited data in\\nchildren. The use of drugs with potential side effects, such as corticosteroids,\\nrequires precise dosing with the administration of the lowest effective dose. Therefore,\\nknowledge about the dose inhaled and factors affecting this dose for each particular\\ndrug, device and patient is necessary for optimal application of aerosol therapy. Better\\nunderstanding of aerosol therapy in children is urgently needed.
[Prediction of clinical remission using the C-peptide level in type 1 diabetes in children]. (2007)

Concluding, higher C-peptide level is associated with the appearance of clinical partial remission during the first six months of T1D. C-peptide level may be a good predictor of the clinical partial remission during the first year of T1D.
Photochemistry of the Airglow Continuum (1972)

Recent observations of the airglow continuum and related phenomena are discussed in an effort to identify the photochemical processes responsible for the emission. After an exhaustive examination it is suggested that most of the continuum is due to collision-induced transitions of the O2 molecule from bound states close to the dissociation limit, |$\text{O}_{2}\,^{*}(^{1}{\Sigma }_{g}+)\rightarrow \text{O}_{2}\,^{*}(^{3}{\Sigma }_{g}-)+hv$| (5000–9000 Å) |$\text{O}_{2}\,^{*}(^{1}{\Delta }_{g}+)\rightarrow \text{O}_{2}\,^{*}(^{3}{\Sigma }_{g}-)+hv$| (7000 Å–2·2 µ) with estimated emission rates of I and 150 kR respectively. Present ideas about the mechanism of recombination of atoms cannot explain the existence of this emission and need revising. There is also a continuum from the reaction |$\text{NO}+\text{O}\,\rightarrow\,\text{NO}_{2}+hv$| (4000–5500 Å) with an emission rate of about 200 R which can vary independently from that of the O2 continuum.
Recent Progress on Bile Acid Receptor Modulators for Treatment of Metabolic Diseases (2016)

Bile acids are steroid-derived molecules synthesized in the liver, secreted from hepatocytes into the bile canaliculi, and subsequently stored in the gall bladder. During the feeding, bile flows into the duodenum, where it contributes to the solubilization and digestion of lipid-soluble nutrients. After a meal, bile-acid levels increase in the intestine, liver, and also in the systemic circulation. Therefore, serum bile-acid levels serve as an important sensing mechanism for nutrient and energy. Recent studies have described bile acids as versatile signaling molecules endowed with systemic endocrine functions. Bile acids are ligands for G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) such as TGR5 (also known as GPBAR1, M-BAR, and BG37) and nuclear hormone receptors including farnesoid X receptor (FXR; also known as NR1H4). Acting through these diverse signaling pathways, bile acids regulate triglyceride, cholesterol, glucose homeostasis, and energy expenditure. These bile-acid-controlled signaling pathways have become the source of promising novel drug targets to treat common metabolic and hepatic diseases.
Case Series Report of 66 Refractory Maintenance Patients Evaluating the Effectiveness of Topical Oxidizing Agents. (2015)

Prescription tray application of peroxide gel, as an adjunct to frequent periodontal maintenance appointments for refractory patients, demonstrated significant reductions in BOP'for smokers and non-smokers who used tray delivery once or twice a day.
Prediction-Based Directional Fractional Pixel Motion Estimation for H.264 Video Coding (2006)

In an H.264 video encoder, motion estimation (ME) is the most time-consuming component. The ME process consists of two stages, integer pixel search and fractional pixel search. Since the complexity of integer pixel search has been greatly reduced by numerous fast ME algorithms, the computation overhead required by fractional pixel ME has become relatively significant. To reduce the complexity of fractional pixel ME, we propose a prediction-based directional fractional pixel ME algorithm. We utilize more accurate motion vector predictions and directional search to achieve better computation reduction. We further propose an early termination method to decrease the amount of search. Experimental results show that, compared to the full search sub-pel ME and the fast sub-pel ME proposed in H.264, the proposed method can reduce up to 84% and 74% of fractional pixel search points respectively, with a negligible degradation in quality.
Comparison of the Abilities of Hydroxamic, Synthetic, and Other Natural Organic Acids to Chelate Iron and Other Ions in Nutrient Solution (1982)

Abstract Chelation modeling was used to predict the abilities of hydroxamate siderophores (HS) and other natural organic acids to chelate Fe and other ions in a modified Hoagland nutrient solution as a function of pH (4.0–10.0). Experimentally determined levels of chelated Fe (pH 5.0–10.0) agreed with our predicted results and with values previously predicted for EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid), and EDDHA [ethylenediamine di(o‐hydroxyphenylacetic) acid]. The natural HS, Desferrioxamine B (DFOB), and an unknown mixture of HS isolated from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Boletus edulis , remained fully chelated with Fe at all values of pH. Modeling predicted DFOB to be 99.9% chelated with Fe even in nutrient solution of pH 10.0. No significant chelation of Fe was measured or predicted above pH 6.0 for malate, malonate, oxalate, succinate, α‐ketoglutarate, or pyruvate. Only 4% of citrate was chelated with Fe at pHs 6.0 and 6.4 as determined by direct measurement and computer modeling, respectively. Solubility constants, derived for Fe(OH) 3 (amorphous) (amorph.) and FePO 4 (amorph.), indicated that FePO 4 (amorph.) can control Fe solubility in nutrient solutions of low pH and reduce the ability of ligands to chelate Fe, relative to conditions in which Fe solubility is governed by Fe(OH) 3 (amorph.). Since our results indicate that microbially produced hydroxamate siderophores have a significant influence on Fe solubility, we discuss how such ligands could be of importance in the Fe nutrition of plants under natural soil conditions.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (1986)

Journal Article EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE Get access BEVERLY M. CALKINS, BEVERLY M. CALKINS 1Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 Reprint requests to Dr. Beverly M. Calkins Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar ALBERT I. MENDELOFF ALBERT I. MENDELOFF 12Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimore, MD Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Epidemiologic Reviews, Volume 8, Issue 1, 1986, Pages 60–91, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036296 Published: 01 March 1986
The New Intramedullary Cable Bone Transport Technique (2009)

Traditional segment transport methods pose major soft tissue and bone problems related to the pin or K wire that fixes the transported bone segment through the soft tissue, especially excursion of the K wire. We designed the cable bone transport technique to prevent these problems and to increase patient comfort. Thirteen patients with bone defects (11 in the tibia and 2 in the femur) were treated successfully with the new method. Because the transported segment is not fixed externally in the cable bone transport method, docking site troubles, such as soft tissue invagination and malalignment, and skin problems due to excursion of the K wire are prevented, which in turn reduces other difficulties that might arise from alternative procedures.
Strain and stress fields of the Ignalina NPP area from GPS data and thin-shell finite element modelling, NE Lithuania (2006)

Horizontal movements of the Earth’s surface were measured in a GPS network in the Ignalina NPP area. The network consists of ten GPS sites established in 1998. It was designed according to the known tectonic framework. Two cycles were carried out in September 1998 and September 1999. The modelling of crustal deformations and stresses was performed using a thin-shell finite element modelling (FEM) technique (ANSYS). A significant tectonic strain was recognised in the Ignalina NPP area. The stress field shows variations in the network controlled by the large-scale Drūkšiai fault trending west–east. Three major blocks are defined in the area, showing differential movements as high as 10 mm/a. The defined tectonic stress level reasonably explains the earthquake activity in the Baltic region. The principal maximum stress in northeast Lithuania is suggested to be oriented NNE–SSW. The modelling results reasonably explain the earthquake activity potential of the Baltic area.
Use of the holmium:YAG laser in urology (1992)

The tissue effects of a holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) laser operating at a wavelength of 2.1 mu with a maximum power of 15 watts (W) and 10 different energy-pulse settings was systematically evaluated on kidney, bladder, prostate, ureteral, and vasal tissue in the dog. In addition, various urologic surgical procedures (partial nephrectomy, transurethral laser incision of the prostate, and laser-assisted vasovasostomy) were performed in the dog, and a laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection was carried out in a pig. Although the Ho:YAG laser has a strong affinity for water, precise tissue ablation was achieved in both the contact and non-contact mode when used endoscopically in a fluid medium to ablate prostatic and vesical tissue. Using the usual parameters for tissue destruction (blanching without charring), the depth of thermal injury in the bladder and ureter was kept superficial. In performing partial nephrectomies, a 2-fold reduction in the zone of coagulative necrosis was demonstrated compared to the use of the continuous wave Neodymium:YAG laser (Nd:YAG). When used through the laparoscope, the Ho:YAG laser provided precise cutting and, combined with electrocautery, allowed the dissection to proceed quickly and smoothly. Hemostatic control was adequate in all surgical procedures. Although the results of these investigations are preliminary, our initial experience with the Ho:YAG laser has been favorable and warrants further investigations.
Relationship of Fiber Content and Fabric Properties to Comfort of Socks (1984)

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship of fiber content and fabric properties to the subjective evaluation of comfort of socks and to determine the subjective evaluations and laboratory measurements that best predict comfort. Socks made from all synthetic or predominantly cotton fibers were worn during exercise. Laboratory measurements were made on samples of sock fabrics which had been washed but not worn. Subjective evaluations obtained from the participants during the wear study indicated that the socks made from synthetic fibers were slightly more comfortable than the predominantly cotton socks. Prior to the wear study the majority of participants had indicated that they would select cotton socks for maximum comfort. The subjective evaluations of sock softness and foot dryness were found to be the significant determinants of comfort. Neither fiber content nor any of the laboratory measurements (weight, thickness, moisture absorption, air permeability, compressibility, and compressional resiliency) were found to be good predictors of comfort.
Diamond Synthesis from Graphite in the Presence of Water and SiO<sub>2</sub>: Implications for Diamond Formation in Quartzites from Kazakhstan (2007)

Abstract Recent studies of microdiamonds from orogenic belts related to continental collisions induced experimentalists to explore new crystallization media possible for diamond synthesis. This has led to considerable progress in diamond-synthesis experiments under high pressures and high temperatures. Diamond was found to grow in a wide variety of systems, which drastically differ from the metal-solvent-catalyst media that have been known since the 1950s in industrial diamond syntheses. The newer systems include a variety of melts consisting of silicate, carbonate, sulfur-carbon, as well as carbon-oxygen-hydrogen (C-O-H) supercritical fluid systems in the presence of different oxides. Our experimental program has focused on systems compositionally approximating natural sites of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks, where abundant microdiamonds occur. Yet to be explored are SiO2-rich systems that constitute an important diamond-bearing lithology in the world-famous Kokchetav ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic (UHPM) terrane. The purpose of this study is to determine what effect the presence of SiO2 has on the synthesis of diamond from C-O-H supercritical fluid. Experiments performed in a Walker-style multianvil apparatus at T = 1450-1500°C and P = 8-8.5 GPa on the Si-C-O-H system at different levels of oxygen fugacity (fO2) have led us to the conclusion that diamond crystallization requires more reduced media than its counterpart synthesized in Mg-C-O-H and Ca-Mg-C-O-H systems at similar pressures, temperatures, and times.
First successful implantation of a biodegradable metal stent into the left pulmonary artery of a preterm baby (2005)

Stent implantation in the youngest patients with a congenital heart disease implicates limitations concerning further vessel growth, the need of staged redilation, and later surgical removal. The search to overcome these restrictions led to open stent designs, with a wide adaptability to the vessel growth and recently to the development of bioabsorbable stent materials. A preterm baby born at 26 weeks of gestation was referred to our clinic following inadvertent ligation of the left pulmonary artery. Despite efficient debanding, the left lung perfusion was absent. Implantation of a biodegradable 3 mm magnesium stent was performed in a hybrid procedure when the baby weighed 1.7 kg. Reperfusion of the left lung was established and persisted throughout the 4-month follow-up period during which the gradual degradation process of the stent completed. Additional interventions, should they become necessary, seem not to be limited. Despite the small size of the baby, the degradation process was clinically well tolerated. The mechanical and degradation characteristics of the magnesium stent proved to be adequate to secure reperfusion of the previously occluded left pulmonary artery. Bioabsorbable stents with different diameters may help develop new strategies in the therapy of vessel stenosis in pediatric patients.