gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of LDPC Decoders for Improved Low Error Rate Performance (2009)

In the past several decades, tremendous progress has been made in both communication theory and practical implementation of communication systems. However, practice often lags the most recent developments in theory possibly for two reasons: the cost of implementation is high, and the practical implementation incurs a non-negligible loss compared to the theoretical bounds. The two objectives of what is theoretically possible and what is achievable by implementation can be better aligned, so theory can be made more relevant and practice can be more powerful and efficient. <p> A novel emulation-simulation framework is presented on studying the low error rate performance of capacity-approaching low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes decoded using a message-passing algorithm. High-throughput hardware emulation uncovers combinatorial error structures that underpin the error floors. The captured errors are analyzed in functionally equivalent software simulation to illuminate the effects of wordlength, quantization, and algorithm design, thereby extending the theoretical discovery for practical usage. <p> The emulation-simulation framework further allows the algorithm and implementation to be iteratively refined to improve the error-floor performance of message-passing decoders. A dual quantization scheme is first introduced to reduce the degradation of soft decoding. Then, a reweighted message-passing algorithm is proposed to eliminate local minima caused by the remaining dominant errors. This improved algorithm is realized in a simple post-processor that compensates the message-passing decoding algorithm to achieve the near maximum-likelihood decoding performance. Results are demonstrated by the design of a 5.35 mm^2, 65nm CMOS chip that realizes a grouped parallel architecture to optimize the area and power efficiencies by aggressively scaling down the interconnection overhead. The 47.7 Gb/s LDPC decoder operates without error floor down to the bit error rate level of 10^-14. <p> The iterative emulation-simulation framework and systematic architectural exploration can be extended to other complex systems, thereby enabling the joint optimizations of algorithm, architecture, and implementation.
Periodicity dependence of exchange bias in [Co∕Pt]N∕Co∕CoO multilayers with perpendicular anisotropy (2006)

Perpendicular exchange bias has been realized in [Co(0.4nm)∕Pt(1nm)]N∕Co(1nm)∕CoO(1.5nm) multilayers with N from 3 to 36. The characteristics of exchange bias and the switching behavior of the multilayers strongly depend on the periodicity N. The exchange bias field and coercivity depend linearly on the inverse of the total thickness of the Co layers in the multilayer, while the surface anisotropy energy at the Co∕Pt interface is essentially independent of N.
Reproducibility of DNA ploidy and S-phase values from paraffin-embedded tissue. (1996)

It is feasible to standardize variables of flow cytometric instruments to obtain reproducible results.
Closed-form Green's functions for general sources and stratified media (1995)

The closed-form Green's functions of the vector and scalar potentials in the spatial domain are presented for the sources of horizontal electric, magnetic, and vertical electric, magnetic dipoles embedded in general, multilayer, planar media. First, the spectral domain Green's functions in an arbitrary layer are derived analytically from the Green's functions in the source layer by using a recursive algorithm. Then, the spatial domain Green's functions are obtained by adding the contributions of the direct terms, surface waves, and complex images approximated by the Generalized Pencil of Functions Method (GPOF). In the derivations, the main emphasis is to put these closed-form representations in a suitable form for the solution of the mixed potential integral equation (MPIE) by the method of moments in a general three-dimensional geometry. The contributions of this paper are: 1) providing the complete set of closed-form Green's functions in spectral and spatial domains for general stratified media; 2) using the GPOF method, which is more robust and less noise sensitive, in the derivation of the closed-form spatial domain Green's functions; and 3) casting the closed-form Green's functions in a form to provide efficient applications of the method of moments.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Apoptosis and the FLIP and NF-kappa B proteins as pharmacodynamic criteria for biosimilar TNF-alpha antagonists (2014)

Abstract: Various criteria are necessary to assess the efficacy and safety of biological medications in order to grant companies the right to register these medications with the appropriate bodies that regulate their sale. The imminent expiration of the patents on reference biological products which block the cytokine TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) raises the possibility of bringing so-called biosimilars to the market (similar to the biologicals of reference products). This occurrence is inevitable, but criteria to adequately evaluate these medications are now needed. Even among controversy, there is a demand from publications correlating the pro-apoptotic mechanism of the original TNF-α antagonists (etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, and certolizumab pegol) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases. In this article, the authors discuss the possibility of utilizing the pro-apoptotic effect correlated with the regulation of the anti-apoptotic proteins FLIP and NF-κB as new criteria for analyzing the pharmacodynamics of possible biosimilar TNF-α antagonists which should be submitted to regulatory agencies for evaluation. Keywords: anti-TNF drugs, rheumatoid arthritis, apoptosis, NF-κB, FLIP
Plant Physiology (5th Edition) (1974)

Book Review| April 01 1974 Plant Physiology (5th Edition) Plant Physiology (5th Edition). M. THOMAS, S. L. RANSON, J. A. RICHARDSON. LongmanLondon, pp. 1062, £7.95 H. SMITH H. SMITH Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem Soc Trans (1974) 2 (2): 351–352. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0020351 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation H. SMITH; Plant Physiology (5th Edition). Biochem Soc Trans 1 April 1974; 2 (2): 351–352. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0020351 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Society Transactions Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1974 Biochemical Society1974 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
ESSENTIAL HYPERHIDROSIS (1971)

Twenty-one cases of idiopathic hyperhidrosis are described. The excellent results obtained by sympathectomy are outlined, together with a programme for the treatment of troublesome axillary hyperhidrosis.
Comparison of Long‐Term Safety of Ketorolac Tromethamine and Aspirin in the Treatment of Chronic Pain (1990)

A double-blind, randomized trail was conducted in 823 patients who required long-term analgesic therapy for chronic pain such as that caused by osteoarthritis, fibromyopathies or fibromyalgias, other nonarticular chronic soft tissue pain syndromes, or headaches. The safety and analgesic efficacy of ketorolac tromethamine 10 mg 4 times a day as needed was compared with that of aspirin 650 mg 4 times a day as needed. The primary emphasis of this 52-week study was on evaluating the safety of the drugs. Patients returned to the clinics at 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 28, 36, 44, and 52 weeks for assessments of safety and efficacy. Both patients' and investigators' evaluations of overall efficacy and safety favored ketorolac over aspirin. The probability of early withdrawal from the study was significantly higher with aspirin than with ketorolac, primarily because of lack of efficacy. Early withdrawal for safety-related reasons alone was similar for those taking aspirin and ketorolac.
New switchable columnar liquid crystals (1994)

Abstract Penta- and hexa-substituted phenanthrenes and penta-substituted benzo[c]-phenanthrenes have been synthesized; these exhibit columnar phases and are electrically switchable when bearing chiral side chains. The liquid crystalline and electro-optical properties are described. A strong tri-state switching behaviour is observed with the phenanthrene derivatives. A helical phase structure, responsible for this switching behaviour, is proposed and the possible mechanism of the columnar phase switching process is discussed.
Artificial Egging Receptacles for Three Species of Tephritid Flies1 (1965)

To obtain eggs in large numbers by economical methods is a prerequisite for efficient large-scale production of such tropical fruit flies as the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel; the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann); and the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett.
Effect of mutagenesis at serine 653 of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> acetohydroxyacid synthase on the sensitivity to imidazolinone and sulfonylurea herbicides (1999)

Resistance to sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides can occur by mutations in acetohydroxyacid synthase (EC 4.1.3.18). Changing serine 653 to asparagine is known to cause insensitivity to imidazolinones but not to sulfonylureas. Here, S-653 of the Arabidopsis thaliana enzyme was mutated to alanine, threonine and phenylalanine. The purified mutated enzymes resemble wild-type in their enzymatic properties. The threonine and phenylalanine mutants are imidazolinone-resistant and the latter is also slightly sulfonylurea-resistant. The alanine mutant remains sensitive to both herbicides. The results suggest that the beta-hydroxyl group is not required for imidazolinone binding and that the size of the side-chain determines resistance.
Post-coital oestrogen in large doses. (1972)

To study the contraceptive effective in human beings, large doses of estrogen were administered to 2000 women between 14 and 52 years of age. In 1418 cases (71%) ethinyloestradiol (EO) was used, in 524 cases (26%) diethylstilbestrol (DS), and in 58 cases (3%) the estrogen administered was not recorded. Initially 2-5 mg of EO or 25-50 mg DS were given for 5 consecutive days. Later 5 mg EO or 50 mg DS were given for 5 days. Administration was to start within 48 hours of coitus, preferably within 24 hours. In 47.5% the unprotected coitus occurred between 12 and 16 days before the next expected menstruation, in 60.9% it occurred between 10 and 17 days, and in 9.6% (193 cases) the day of the cycle was not mentioned. There were 14 pregnancies among the 2000 women. In only 3 cases did the pregnancy occur after 3 mg doses of EO or 30 mg DS started within 36 hours. No pregnancies occurred after 5 mg EO or 50 mg DS. In 3 cases the pregnancy could have been the result of a later unprotected coitus. In another 3 cases medication was started after more than 48 hours. In cases of vomiting occurring within 1 hour after ingestion of a tablet, another tablet was given 30 minutes after an anti-emetic. If all tablets were vomited estradiol benzoate, 30 mg per day for 5 days, was injected. Other side effects were tender breasts, menorrhagia, headache, dizziness, abdominal pain, and amenorrhea. Changes in their cycle were reported by 662 women. Most stabalized after 1 cycle. Side effects prohibit this method for routine contraception but it could be valuable in special cases. There is as yet no statistical proof of its degree of effectiveness. The method of action of these drugs is not certainly known.
Comparison of Iron and Aluminum Hydroxy Interlayers in Montmorillonite and Vermiculite: I. Formation (1970)

Abstract Hydroxy‐Al and ‐Fe interlayers were formed in montmorillonite and vermiculite by adding AlCl 3 or FeCl 3 and NaOH in amounts to give a wide range of pH. The resulting chloritic intergrades were examined aften 10 days, 6 months, and 1 year. Aluminum‐interlayered montmorillonite formed at pH 4.6 after 10 days showed the essential X‐ray characteristics of chlorite. The best iron interlayers in montmorillonite prevented collapse upon K‐saturation and heating but did not prevent expansion upon solvation. Aluminum‐interlayered vermiculite showed partial collapse on K‐saturation and heating. Acid conditions favored interlayer formation with aluminum and iron in montmorillonite and with aluminum in vermiculite. Iron interlayers in vermiculite were favored by alkaline conditions. Iron interlayers decreased with time. Aluminum interlayers formed in montmorillonite with acid conditions decreased sharply with time. Aluminum interlayers in vermiculite and those formed under alkaline conditions in montmorillonite, showed some tendency to increase with time.
The bisphosphonate pamidronate is a potent inhibitor of human osteosarcoma cell growth in vitro (2001)

Bisphosphonates (BPs), such as pamidronate and clodronate, are an important class of drugs for the treatment of bone diseases. It is widely recognized that they inhibit bone resorption by suppressing the action of osteoclasts through antagonizing the mevalonate pathway, thereby reducing osteolytic bone metastases derived from different cancers, i.e. breast carcinoma and multiple myeloma. In contrast, the effects of BPs on primary bone tumors is an issue still to be resolved. Therefore, a systematic approach was set up to test the hypothesis that BPs could act directly on osteosarcoma cells. The effects of pamidronate and clodronate on seven osteosarcoma cell lines (HOS, MG-63, OST, SaOS-2, SJSA-1, U(2)OS and ZK-58) were studied. Pamidronate inhibited cell growth in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and decreased proliferation for up to 73% at 50 microM after 72 h, whereas its monophosphonate analog 3-aminopropyl phosphonate did not reduce cell viability at concentrations up to 2 mM. Clodronate showed less inhibitory effects (maximally 38% reduction at 1 mM after 72 h). Importantly, cell growth of fibroblasts was only very weakly affected by treatment with pamidronate. These results suggest that pamidronate may be a useful agent for the treatment of patients with osteosarcoma.
Leadership and the Profession of Counseling: Beliefs and Practices (2006)

Thirty‐one individuals who have provided leadership to the counseling profession completed 3 Q‐sorts. These individuals sorted 39 statements about leadership according to 3 phases: when a leadership effort is getting started, when work is progressing, and when a leadership effort is coming to a close. The authors present perspectives on leadership that emerged from the study, during each of the 3 phases, and attempt to present their findings in a way that honors multiple voices about leadership.
DFT studies on structure, mechanics and phase behavior of magnetic shape memory alloys: Ni<sub>2</sub>MnGa (2008)

Abstract Magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs) are the smart materials which can undergo a reversible structural phase transition when a magnetic field is applied. The experimentally most studied MSMA, Ni 2 MnGa, undergoes a martensitic phase transition from a high temperature cubic phase to a low temperature tetragonal phase. In this work, a detailed study of structure, magnetic and mechanical properties of Ni 2 MnGa in these phases were performed using density functional theory (DFT). The predicted lattice constant, bulk modulus, magnetic moments and elastic constants of the initial L2 1 structure are in good agreement with experimental results and previous calculations. We report the martensitic phase at c / a = 1.26 for non‐modulated and c / a = 0.93 for 5M modulated structures which are consistent with the experiments. Analysis of electronic density of states showed that the double minority spin peak appeared at the Fermi level is due to the hybridization of Ga 4p and Ni 3d states. The peaks in the minority spin in the cubic structure reverse their order during martensitic transformation. The elastic constants of martensitic phases were also calculated to encourage measurements of these quantities. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bitcoin: a rival to fiat money or a speculative financial asset? (2014)

Money in the virtual world. Bitcoin: a case study. Why do Bitocoin exchanges quote different prices?
Paraoxonase Activity in High-Density Lipoproteins: A Comparison between Healthy and Obese Females (2005)

Paraoxonase, an enzyme associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL-PON), exerts a protective effect against oxidative damage of circulating cells and lipoproteins, modulates the susceptibility of HDL to atherogenic modifications such as glycation and homocysteinylation, and even exerts an antiinflammatory role. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between lipoprotein oxidative stress and the activity of HDL-PON in healthy and obese subjects. Therefore, the activity of HDL-PON and the levels of lipid hydroperoxides in HDL and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) isolated from plasma of obese females (n = 12) and age-sex-matched controls (n = 31) were compared. Our results demonstrated for the first time that the activity of HDL-PON in obese subjects was significantly lower compared with that in controls (P < 0.001). Moreover, our results showed a significant increase in the levels of lipid hydroperoxides in HDL and LDL isolated from obese subjects (P < 0.001). The negative correlations established between HDL-PON activity and the levels of lipid hydroperoxides associated with HDL and LDL confirm the relationship between paraoxonase activity and lipid peroxidation of lipoproteins. Plasma levels of leptin correlated negatively with HDL-PON activity and positively with levels of lipid hydroperoxides in HDL and LDL of obese subjects, suggesting a relationship between leptin and oxidative damage of lipoproteins. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the increase in oxidative stress in LDL and HDL of obese subjects is associated with a decrease in HDL-PON activity. The lower paraoxonase activity and the compositional changes in HDL and LDL could contribute to the greater risk of cardiovascular disease associated with obesity.
A measure of loss: prehispanic llama and alpaca breeds (1992)

El descubrimiento de llamas y alpacas naturalmente momificadas hace 900 a 1000 anos en el sitio arqueologico de El Yaral, Moquegua, Peru, ha permitido por primera vez la descripcion de sus razas autoctonas prehispanicas. Mediante analisis de muestras de piel y fibra, se han obtenido evidencias de la preexistencia de dos razas de llamas y dos de alpacas. Existia una raza de llamas, aparentemente ya extinta, de fibra fina sin pelos (promedio del vellon 22,4 ± 2,3 m; y otra de fibra gruesa (promedio del vellon 34,8 ± 7,3 m) semejante a los animales de hoy pero mas uniforme. Habia alpacas con fibra extrafina (promedio del vellon 18,0 ± 1,1 m) y otras de fibra fina (promedio del vellon 2,6. ± 1,6 m). Las llamas y alpacas antiguas fueron seleccionadas intensivamente, pues se caracterizan por uniformidad de finura, conformacion del vellon y color, mientras que las actuales se caracterizan por su gran variacion en el grosor, pilosidad y color de su fibra, producto del cruzamiento no controlado. En las llamas peruanas actuales el diametro promedio del vellon varia desde 27,0 ± 15,6 m para las ccaras lanudas hasta 35,3 ± 17,8 m para los chakus pelados (Vidal 1967); mientras que en las alpacas las cifras van de 26,8 ± 6,0 m para la suri (Von Bergen 1963) y 32,3 ± 2,5 m para la huacaya (Carpio 1991). Sin embargo, es probable que la variacion a traves de los Andes sea aun mayor que lo reportado. El deterioro de la calidad de fibra de las actuales llamas y alpacas andinas se puede explicar como producto de la hibridacion entre ambas, hecho probablemente ocurrido durante el caos y la destruccion que acompano la conquista espanola. Documentos de los siglos XVI y XVII registran la virtual desaparicion de la llamas y alpacas, junto con 80 p.c. de la poblacion humana, en menos de un siglo despues de la conquista de Cuzco en 1532. El analisis del ADN de animales prehispanicos permitira medir los cambios geneticos producidos por la conquista y la incidencia de hibridacion en las llamas y alpacas de hoy.
Collaborative design and analysis of electro-optical sensors (2009)

Complex products are best developed in a collaborative design environment where engineering data and CAD/CAE results can be shared across engineering discipline boundaries within a common software interface. A new software tool that allows Electro-Optical (EO) sensors to be developed in this manner has been used to conduct an integrated Structural/Thermal/Optical (STOP) analysis of a critical lens subassembly in a flight payload. This paper provides a description of the software environment and a summary of the technical results that were produced with it.
Fuzzy temporal reasoning model for event correlation in network management (2003)

Fault management is used to detect, isolate, and repair problems in communication networks. Alarms are considered an external manifestation of faults occurring inside the managed network. These faults may affect the network's hardware and software components. Alarm correlation identifies the relationships between reported alarms to produce a new, smaller list of alarms. This allows operators to quickly and more accurately to identify the root cause of problems and resolve them faster. Temporal reasoning, reasoning about time, plays a critical role in monitoring network alarms. In this paper, a fuzzy-logic model is proposed for finding the temporal relation between events for correlation purposes. A fuzzy-inference rule base is used to integrate fuzzy membership functions to determine the "best" temporal relation between events. The proposed model is compared to the traditional crisp temporal reasoning.
[Effects of tea polyphenols and tea pigments on telomerase activity of HepG2 cells]. (2004)

Tea polyphenols and tea pigments could significantly inhibit telomerase activity of HepG2 cells, and telomerase activity may be a useful biomarker for cancer chemoprevention.
Purification and characterization of hyaluronic acid from chicken combs (2012)

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an important macromolecule in medical and pharmaceutical fields. The umbilical cord and the chicken comb are some of the tissues richest in this polysaccharide. The profit from obtaining HA from the combs of slaughtered animals is particularly attractive. This work aimed to extract, purify, and characterize HA. The glycosaminoglycan concentration in the chicken comb was found to be about 15µg of hexuronic acid mg-1 of dry tissue. Fractionation using ion exchange chromatography and subsequent identification of the fractions by agarose gel electrophoresis showed that HA corresponded to 90% of the total amount of extracted glycosaminoglycans.