gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Road Grid Extraction and Verification (1998)

While maps exist for most urban areas, there are many locations where the information is not accurate, it may be out of date, or it may be incomplete or of insufficient resolution for the applications. Many difficult problems remain in automated cartography. One of them is the extraction of a street grid in an urban environment. Much of the work on road detection has concentrated on either low resolution, primarily rural roads (usually producing &quot;spaghetti&quot; roads with no notion of intersections) or high resolution roads without the topological information of the intersections. This paper address the problem of extracting a grid with the topological information intact. Given an initial seed intersection, which gives the size and orientation of the regular grid, this system uses a feature-based hypothesis and verify paradigm to find the street grid. Verification uses local context, provided by an intersection model and by an extended street model, and any available sensors. 1 Introduct...
An introduction to parallel algorithms (1992)

Written by an authority in the field, this book provides an introduction to the design and analysis of parallel algorithms. The emphasis is on the application of the PRAM (parallel random access machine) model of parallel computation, with all its variants, to algorithm analysis. Special attention is given to the selection of relevant data structures and to algorithm design principles that have proved to be useful. Features *Uses PRAM (parallel random access machine) as the model for parallel computation. *Covers all essential classes of parallel algorithms. *Rich exercise sets. *Written by a highly respected author within the field. 0201548569B04062001
Europium and Terbium<i>tris</i>(Dipicolinates) as Secondary Standards for Quantum Yield Determination (2004)

Abstract Aqueous solutions of europium(III) and terbium(III) tris(dipicolinates), around physiological pH are shown to be convenient secondary standards in the determination of quantum yields of lanthanide complexes containing these ions. Conditions for which a strict linearity is observed between the concentration of the solutions and the emission intensity are established. The speciation in these solutions, which contain a non‐negligible amount of bis species is presented and discussed on the basis of both stability constants and lifetime determinations of the Eu(5D0) level. The quantum yield Q L Eu displays a strong pH‐dependence: for a solution with an absorbance of 0.30, it increases sharply from about 2% at pH 2.5 to reach 11.5–12.5% in the pH range of 6–9. The proposed standard for EuIII is a solution of Cs3[Eu(dpa)3] 7.5 × 10−5 M in tris buffer 0.1 M (absorbance = 0.20) with a quantum yield of 13.5% ± 1.5% under excitation at 279 nm. For TbIII, we propose a standard solution of Cs3[Tb(dpa)3] 6.5 × 10−5 M in tris buffer 0.1 M (absorbance = 0.18) with a quantum yield of 26.5% ± 2% under excitation at 279 nm. Despite the speciation between bis and tris complexes, these two standard buffered solutions present a constant quantum yield within a reasonably large range of concentration and they are easy to handle, which makes them adequate for laboratory use.
An efficient speaker adaptation method for TTS duration model (1999)

In this paper we present a novel language-independent probabilistic model for automatic grapheme-to-phoneme and phoneme-to-grapheme conversion of words. In a fully unsupervised training procedure, two processes are applied; the transformation rules, which usually fail to provide the correct symbols, are eliminated, and new variable-length string transformation rules are defined improving the string transformation accuracy in the training data. In an iterative process the probabilistic transformation rules are updated in the direction of reducing the error rate of the transformed symbols. Long-term dependencies are defined automatically. Training and testing of the model was carried out on lexicon and natural language corpora of six European Languages. Accurate generalisations have been achieved in all experiments for both transformation directions using a relative small number of defined rules in the training procedure. It is demonstrated that the variable-length probabilistic rules are sufficiently effective for describing bi-directional transcription.
Treatment of Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer (2013)

Estrogen receptor (ER) expression is the main indicator of potential responses to endocrine therapy (ET), and approximately 70% of human breast cancers (BCs) are hormone-dependent and ER-positive. The introduction of adjuvant systemic therapy led to a significant improvement in post-surgical survival and a reduction in disease relapse, especially in women with early BC and those with ER+ tumors, who may receive ET alone or in combination with cytotoxic therapy. Adjuvant ET currently consists of (i) ovarian suppression, (ii) selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and down-regulators, and (iii) aromatase inhibitors (AIs). In patients with ER+ tumors pharmacologic ovary suppression with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists in combination with standard adjuvant therapy is generally more effective than adjuvant chemotherapy alone. Tamoxifen is the best established SERM, has favorable effects on BC control and bone metabolism, but also has adverse effects due to its estrogenic activity in other tissues. For these reasons, other SERMs have been developed. Fulvestrant is an ER down-regulator with several potential advantages over SERMs, including a 100-fold increase in its affinity for ER compared with tamoxifen and no estrogen-like activity in the uterus. The inhibition of the aromatase system with third-generation AIs is associated with improved survival in patients with advanced BC compared with SERMs. In postmenopausal patients with ER+ BC adjuvant treatment with AIs should be performed, either as sequential treatment after tamoxifen or as upfront therapy. Studies evaluating the role of AIs as first-line therapy are ongoing and the results are encouraging.
The Role of Leukocyte-Endothelial Interactions in the Accumulation of Leukocytes in Allergic Inflammation (1992)

"The Role of Leukocyte-Endothelial Interactions in the Accumulation of Leukocytes in Allergic Inflammation." American Review of Respiratory Disease, 145(2_pt_2), pp. S10–S13
Cloze, Transformational Theory and Redundancy (1971)

Recent linguistic theory raises some important issues of relevance to reading researchers, particularly to those concerned with measuring reading skill or with calculating the relative readability of texts. In particular, the generative transformational theory of language initiated by Chomsky (1957, 1965) makes one reappraise some of the assumptions which lie behind the construction of experiments using cloze procedures. Of course, since Taylor's original proposals were made in 1953, several researchers, in particular Rankin, Weaver, Coleman and Treisman, have modified the raw cloze procedure to allow for the difference between the structural and referential morphemes of a language, but even they have not met the considerable counters to the theoretic basis of the cloze procedure which generative theory presents. On the other hand, there are some strategies indicated by generative theory which researchers would find useful, but which seem not to have been adopted. In section 2—redundancy and information theory— we present, the reasons for which we think one must doubt the validity of the simple cloze procedure, and in section 3—linguistic redundancy—we present the linguistic motivation for regarding certain items of discourse as redundant on syntactic or semantic grounds. A tentative algorithm for the deletion of redundant words from written English prose is presented finally, based on the linguistic evidence that recent and current linguistic theory has illuminated. The practical reason for our exploring linguistic theory was to find a means of arriving at a straightforward deletion procedure for an experiment to test the hypothesis that fast reading was dependent on the reader's ability to reject words and strings of words of no information (Nacke, 1970). A cloze procedure of the n word deletion kind would clearly have been quite unhelpful in establishing whether or not a selective deletion strategy was being used by a fast reader; what we needed was a deletion process, (1) which reflected linguistic behavior, and (2) whereby successive scans from surface structures to deep structure could be made so that different qualities of restoration might be revealed. The results of the experiment, which will be published separately, encouraged us to offer the linguistic motivation and resulting algorithm for other researchers to test, in the spirit of Bor-
Molecular Therapeutics of HBV (2003)

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a public health problem worldwide, particularly in East Asia. The current therapy of HBV infection is mostly based on chemical agents and cytokines that have been shown to provide limited efficacy and are also toxic to the human body. Gene therapy is a new therapeutic strategy against HBV infection, involving the transmission of gene drugs into liver cells by specific delivery systems and methods. Although this new anti-HBV infection technique is under active investigation, various promising anti-HBV viral gene drugs have been developed for gene therapy, including antisense RNA and DNA, hammerhead ribozymes, dominant negative HBV core mutants, single chain antibody, co-nuclease fusion protein, and antigen. In order to optimize their antiviral effects and/or enhance anti-HBV immunity, various novel gene delivery systems have also been developed to (specifically) deliver such DNA constructs into liver cells; some of them are viral vectors, such as adenoviral vectors, retroviral vectors and poxviral vectors, and even hepatitis B viral for its hepatocellular specificity. Others are non-viral vectors, in which naked DNA and liposomes are frequently used for DNA vaccine or nucleotide analogs for inhibiting HBV DNA polymerase. This review addresses various aspects of gene therapy for HBV infection, including gene drugs, delivery methods, animal model, and liver transplantation with combination therapy. It also discusses the problems that remain to be solved.
Bile acids in the diarrhoea of ileal resection (1973)

Twenty individual diarrhoeal stools from three patients with ileal resection were centrifuged at 14 000 g for one hour at 10 degrees C to separate the stool into pellet and supernatant. Bile acids and electrolytes were measured in each phase. Relationships were examined between chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid in each phase and in toto to electrolyte and water loss. Chenodeoxycholic acid was associated with electrolyte and water loss whether present in solid or liquid phase. The association varied between individuals. The cholic acid content of the stool showed no association with electrolyte and water loss. It would appear that it is the total amount of chenodeoxycholic acid entering the colon, irrespective of its physical state, that is important in the diarrhoea of ileal dysfunction.
High frequency resonant DC link PWM inverter (2002)

PWM inverters have been used in industry to control voltage, frequency and harmonics. However the switching devices used in PWM inverters have high switching losses due to the hard switching configuration. Therefore, high frequency resonant DC link inverters have been proposed to reduce the switching losses of power devices. This paper reports a simulation developed for the use of PWM with the high frequency resonant DC link inverter to increase the operational advantages of PWM. A shifting strategy has been proposed to produce new switching signals synchronised with the zero resonant voltage by keeping the high frequency resonant cycles constant and shifting the PWM signals slightly from their original place to the points where the resonant voltage is zero. The results obtained from the normal PWM inverter were compared with the results obtained from the proposed strategy. The comparisons between these results have proved the validity of the new scheme.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Conduction-Induced Alignment of Nematic Liquid Crystals: Basic Model and Stability Considerations (1969)

It is shown by way of model orientation patterns how conduction in nematic liquid crystals may cause a torque per unit volume that more than offsets the dielectric torque felt in the insulating state. This conduction-induced torque arises from an anisotropy of the conductivity or of the dielectric constant. It is partly dielectric but its more important part is shear-induced, the shear flow being a consequence of space charge which is generated by and interacts with the applied electric field. The stability of a uniform orientation pattern in electric fields parallel or perpendicular to the preferred axis is investigated, with respect to a complete set of sinusoidal perturbations and including distortional and (stabilizing) magnetic torques. The analysis shows that the shear-induced torque cannot be treated like its dielectric counterpart. It depends in a peculiar way on the direction of the perturbational wave vector and may contain a nonconservative contribution. Formulas for the instability threshold, i.e., the electric field strength at which the orientation pattern becomes unstable, are derived. Friction is taken into account, in particular the strong coupling between rotational and translational motion in liquid crystals. The formulas are applied to p-azoxyanisole. The threshold field of anomalous alignment (as opposed to dielectric alignment in the insulating state) in voluminous samples and the threshold voltage of domain formation in sandwich cells are calculated. Good agreement with experiment is found.
Highly regioselective meta arylation of oxalyl amide-protected β-arylethylamine via the Catellani reaction (2016)

The first bidentate directing group assisted highly selective meta arylation of β-arylethylamine derivatives via palladium/norbornene catalysis is reported, and the range of aryl iodides for the oxalyl amide assisted meta-selective arylation reactions is broadest yet reported. This meta arylation also proceeds well with thiophene derivatives, giving the corresponding products in satisfactory yields. And three-step functionalization of arylethyloxalamide with three different functional groups is successfully performed.
It's Time to Revise the Definition of Status Epilepticus (1999)

Peer Reviewed
A New Species of Tyrannulet (Phylloscartes) from the Andean Foothills of Peru and Bolivia (1997)

John W. Fitzpatrick, Douglas F. Stotz, A New Species of Tyrannulet (Phylloscartes) from the Andean Foothills of Peru and Bolivia, Ornithological Monographs, No. 48, Studies in Neotropical Ornithology Honoring Ted Parker (1997), pp. 36-44
Vismodegib (2013)

The approval of vismodegib represents the only targeted, prospectively studied treatment option for patients with advanced BCC. Further research assessing the utility of vismodegib in the treatment of other malignancies and the development of resistance patterns will more clearly define the role of Hedgehog inhibition in the broader scheme of oncological disorders.
The concept of effective stress for soil, concrete and rock (1997)

Many different expressions have been proposed for the effective stress principle for porous media, but none has clearly been acknowledged as being the correct one. It should be possible to determine the correct expression, because this is fundamental principle of mechanics. Following review of the candidate expressions proposed for soil, concrete and rock, a comprehensive expression is derived involving the factors observed in experiments on 'artificial rock'. In this new expression a distinction is made between the compressibilities of grains and skeleton due to total stresses and pore pressures. This general and more comprehensive expression is then tested against the experimental evidence. The expression may be specialized for (a) granular materials with separate grains with contact points and (b) solid rock with interconnected pores. The new expression for the effective stress contains most of the previously proposed expressions as special cases. Based on results of compression tests on quartz (with hard grains) and on gypsum (with soft grains) it is shown that Terzaghi's effective stress principle works well for most geotechnical applications, but significant deviations occur at very high stresses. Un grand nombre d'expressions différentes du principe de la tension efficace ont été proposées pour les matériaux poreux, mais aucune n'a vraiment été acceptée comme parfaite. II devrait Être possible de déterminer la bonne expression, vu qu'il s'agit là d'un principe fondamental de mécanique. Après avoir examiné les expressions proposées pour le sol, le béton et la roche, les auteurs ont dérivé une expression globale qui met en jeu les facteurs observés lors d'essais sur de la « roche artificielle» Cette nouvelle expression fait la distinction entre les compressibilités des grains et du squelette dues aux contraintes totales et aux pressions interstitielles. Les ré sultats d'études expérimentales servent ensuite à véerifier la validité de cette expression générale et plus étendue. L'expression pent Être modifiée pour (1) les matériaux granulaires à grains séparés avec points de contact et (2) la roche en place à interstices interconnectés. Cette nouvelle expression de la tension efficace contient comme cas particuliers la plupart des expressions proposées antérieurement. À partir des résultats d'essais sur du quartz (à grains durs) et du gypse (à grains tendres), on montre que le principe de la tension efficace de Terzaghi s'applique à la plupart des cas géotechniques, mais qu'il se produit des écarts importants quand les contraintes sont très élevées.
Performance and Applications of an Ultrasonic Detector for Gas Chromatography (1969)

The ultrasonic detector system measures changes in speed of sound through the cell cavity, due to changing gas composition, by comparing the phase angle of the received signal with that of a reference signal. One millivolt output is equivalent to 0.36° phase, and a linear signal of sixty-four cycles can be obtained. It is a catholic, mass sensitive detector constructed of corrosion resistant materials, and any gas compatible with sound propagation may be used as a carrier. Data are presented comparing theoretical response to that obtained experimentally using various carrier gases. The linear dynamic range spanse seven orders of magnitude, and practical limits of detection for hydrogen, using helium and argon as carriers, were found to be 2 × 10−9 grams and 3 × 10−10 grams, respectively (2 × 10−10 and 3 × 10−11 grams per second). When using helium as carrier, the detector is less sensitive to hydrogen than to any other material. Chromatograms are presented to demonstrate the wide range of application for gases and liquids. Other factors that affect performance, such as carrier gas purity, system cleanliness, flow and pressure, are presented.
Consumer Household Materials and Logistics Management: Inventory Ownership Cycle (1996)

This paper examines the various stages and activities of consumers' management of owned possessions including acquisition, ownership, and disposition. Using a materials management perspective, more frequently found in industrial marketing, the authors develop a consumer model of management of household goods. Stages of the model are illustrated using consumer anecdotes collected as exploratory research. Implications for researchers, practitioners, educators, and policy makers are discussed in terms of how the materials management perspective can be used to help deliver better value in products and services to consumers by understanding the activities in each stage of ownership.
Daytona and the fourth-generation language Cymbal (1999)

The Daytona™ data management system is used by AT&T to solve a wide spectrum of data management problems. For example, Daytona is managing a 4 terabyte data warehouse whose largest table contains over 10 billion rows. Daytona's architecture is based on translating its high-level query language Cymbal (which includes SQL as a subset) completely into C and then compiling that C into object code. The system resulting from this architecture is fast, powerful, easy to use and administer, reliable and open to UNIX™ tools. In particular, two forms of data compression plus robust horizontal partitioning enable Daytona to handle terabytes with ease.
Design and implementation of a control system reflecting the level of analgesia during general anesthesia (2013)

The control system, reflecting the level of analgesia during general anesthesia designed and evaluated in this study, allows for a clinically practical, nearly fully automated infusion of an opioid during medium-length surgical procedures with acceptable technical requirements and an adequate precision.
Jamming of frictional spheres and random loose packing (2010)

The role of the friction coefficient, μ, on the jamming properties of disordered, particle packings is studied using computer simulations. Compressed, soft-sphere packings are brought towards the jamming transition—the point where a packing loses mechanical stability—by decreasing the packing fraction. The values of the packing fraction at the jamming transition, ϕμc, gradually decrease from the random close packing point for zero friction, to a value coincident with random loose packing as the friction coefficient is increased over several orders of magnitude. This is accompanied by a decrease in the coordination number at the jamming transition, zμc, which varies from approximately six to four with increasing friction. Universal power law scaling is observed in the pressure and coordination number as a function of distance from the generalised, friction-dependent jamming point. Various power laws are also reported between the ϕμc, zμc, and μ. Dependence on preparation history of the packings is also investigated.
Multiscale structural gradients enhance the biomechanical functionality of the spider fang (2014)

The spider fang is a natural injection needle, hierarchically built from a complex composite material comprising multiscale architectural gradients. Considering its biomechanical function, the spider fang has to sustain significant mechanical loads. Here we apply experiment-based structural modelling of the fang, followed by analytical mechanical description and Finite-Element simulations, the results of which indicate that the naturally evolved fang architecture results in highly adapted effective structural stiffness and damage resilience. The analysis methods and physical insights of this work are potentially important for investigating and understanding the architecture and structural motifs of sharp-edge biological elements such as stingers, teeth, claws and more.
Synthesis and chemical reactivity of 2-chlorohexafluorocyclopentenylcopper reagent (1988)

2-Chlorohexaflurocyclopentenylcopper reagent is readily produced in situ from 1-chloro-2-iodohexafluorocyclopentene under mild conditions and can be directly utilised in the synthesis of previously inaccessible substituted polyfluorocyclopentenes.