gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The endless race between<i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>and host immunity: lessons for and beyond Chagas disease (2010)

Infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, is characterised by a variable clinical course - from symptomless cases to severe chronic disease with cardiac and/or gastrointestinal involvement. The variability in disease outcome has been attributed to host responses as well as parasite heterogeneity. In this article, we review studies indicating the importance of immune responses as key determinants of host resistance to T. cruzi infection and the pathogenesis of Chagas disease. Particular attention is given to recent studies defining the role of cognate innate immune receptors and immunodominant CD8+ T cells that recognise parasite components - both crucial for host-parasite interaction and disease outcome. In light of these studies we speculate about parasite strategies that induce a strong and long-lasting T-cell-mediated immunity but at the same time allow persistence of the parasite in the vertebrate host. We also discuss what we have learned from these studies for increasing our understanding of Chagas pathogenesis and for the design of new strategies to prevent the development of Chagas disease. Finally, we highlight recent studies employing a genetically engineered attenuated T. cruzi strain as a vaccine shuttle that elicits potent T cell responses specific to a tumour antigen and protective immunity against a syngeneic melanoma cell line.
Cross-Allele Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Responses against 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza A Virus among HLA-A24 and HLA-A3 Supertype-Positive Individuals (2012)

Lack of a universal vaccine against all serotypes of influenza A viruses and recent progress on T cell-related vaccines against influenza A virus illuminate the important role of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in anti-influenza virus immunity. However, the diverse HLA alleles among humans complicate virus-specific cellular immunity research, and elucidation of cross-HLA allele T cell responses to influenza virus specificity requires further detailed work. An ideal CTL epitope-based vaccine would cover a broad spectrum of epitope antigens presented by most, if not all, of the HLAs. Here, we evaluated the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus-specific T cell responses among the HLA-A24(+) population using a rationally designed peptide pool during the 2009 pandemic. Unexpectedly, cross-HLA allele T cell responses against the influenza A virus peptides were detected among both HLA-A11(+) and HLA-A24(+) donors. Furthermore, we found cross-responses in the entire HLA-A3 supertype population (including HLA-A11, -A31, -A33, and -A30). The cross-allele antigenic peptides within the peptide pool were identified and characterized, and the crystal structures of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide complexes were determined. The subsequent HLA-A24-defined cross-allele peptides recognized by the HLA-A11(+) population were shown to mildly bind to the HLA-A*1101 molecule. Together with the structural models, these results partially explain the cross-allele responses. Our findings elucidate the promiscuity of the cross-allele T cell responses against influenza A viruses and are beneficial for the development of a T cell epitope-based vaccine applied in a broader population.
Nanotubes effectively deliver siRNA to intact plant cells and protect siRNA against nuclease degradation (2019)

Abstract Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) is a powerful tool to understand and control plant metabolic pathways, which is central to plant biotechnology. PTGS is commonly accomplished through delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) into cells. While siRNA delivery has been optimized for mammalian systems, it remains a significant challenge for plants due to the plant cell wall. Standard plant siRNA delivery methods ( Agrobacterium and viruses) involve coding siRNA into DNA vectors, and are only tractable for certain plant species. Herein, we develop a nanotube-based platform for direct delivery of siRNA, and show high silencing efficiency in intact plant cells. We demonstrate that nanotubes successfully deliver siRNA and silence endogenous genes owing to effective intracellular delivery and nanotube-induced protection of siRNA from nuclease degradation. This study establishes that nanotubes, which are below the size exclusion limit of the plant cell wall, could enable a myriad of plant biotechnology applications that rely on RNA delivery.
Gender: A Possible Determinant in Dosing of Dermatologic Drugs—an overview (2006)

The role of gender in pharmacokinetics could play a significant role in tailoring HIV and other drug regimens. Here we investigate sex as a factor in saquinavir pharmacokinetics. The HIV-positive women who use saquinavir in combination with other protease inhibitors frequently demonstrate higher saquinavir concentrations than their male counterparts. The majority of the data indicates that the root of women's higher saquinavir concentrations is not inherent to their gender. Rather, extenuating factors associated with HIV play a prominent role in the observed difference between men and women's pharmacokinetic parameters. The source of observed differences in saquinavir pharmacokinetics could not be definitively traced to CYP3A, the enzyme responsible for saquinavir's metabolism or drug transporters. Hormonal changes associated with HIV infection together with concurrent use of other protease inhibitors could help explain development of sex differences. These findings can be used to further investigate when and why gender-based differences in saquinavir pharmacokinetics exist and possible future dosage and therapy considerations. Our knowledge of gender-related pharmacokinetics should be extended for other systemic drugs in dermatology.
HUMAN RESPONSE TO SEVERAL IMPACT ACCELERATION ORIENTATIONS AND PATTERNS. (1963)

Abstract : The results of the testing indicate a set of impact conditions which are tolerable. The tests have been performed in such a way as to have a maximum of generality. The influence of the restraint system and the helmet are quantitatively unknown factors.
The First Compact 4-Wheel Anti-Skid System with Integral Hydraulic Booster (1983)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The major step in promoting vehicle safety in the past decade is undoubtedly the advances made in developing automatic anti-skid systems. The authors’ company, Alfred Teves GmbH, has made a significant contribution with an intensive 12 year anti-skid program. After successful presentation of the Mk I System in the late 70's, further progress led to the Mk II Anti-Skid System, which has attracted wide attention. It will see production in 1984 in advanced European vehicles.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The main feature of this new system is its integral and highly compact design, using a single hydraulic medium, namely brake fluid. A hydraulic booster, master cylinder, energy supply with electro-pump and accumulator, and a solenoid valve block form the assembly.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Another key element is the first passenger car use of microprocessors which double processing of all information and mutually check every step. These microprocessors are also highly adaptable to program changes, without affecting the hardware.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This new Anti-Skid design has unique features which will set a standard for all future systems, especially as the demand for anti-skid spreads from today's upperclass vehicles to small and medium size vehicles, and the very significant safety advances are made available to the broadest range of the motoring public.</div>
Infrared Spectroscopy of Protonated Phenylsilane in the Gas Phase (2005)

Gaseous ions: A variant of IR spectroscopy, developed to solve the structure of gaseous ions, was applied to the prototypical silyl-substituted arenium ion, [H3SiC6H6]+. The experimental IR multiphoton-induced dissociation (IRMPD) spectrum is found to match the IR absorption features calculated for the ipso-protonated species (see figure).
Single-Copy and Amplified CAD Genes in Syrian Hamster Chromosomes Localized by a Highly Sensitive Method for In Situ Hybridization (1982)

Syrian hamster cells resistant to N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA), a specific inhibitor of the aspartate transcarbamylase activity of the multifunctional protein CAD, overproduce this protein as a result of amplification of the CAD gene. We have used a sensitive in situ hybridization technique to localize CAD genomes in spreads of metaphase chromosomes from several independent PALA-resistant lines and from wild-type PALA-sensitive cells. The amplified genes were always found within chromosomes, usually in an expanded region of the short arm of chromosome B9. In wild-type cells, the CAD gene was also on the short arm of chromosome B9. In one mutant line, 90 to 100 CAD genes were found within an expanded B9 chromosome and 10 to 15 more were near the distal end of one arm of several different chromosomes. Another line contained most the genes in a telomeric chromosome or large chromosome fragment. The amplified genes were in chromosomal regions that were stained in a banded pattern by trypsin-Giemsa. A few double minute chromosomes were observed in a very small fraction of the total spreads examined. The it situ hybridizations were performed in the presence of 10% dextral sulfate 500, which increases the signal by as much as 100-fold. Using recombinant DNA plasmids nick-translated with [125I]dCTP to high specific radioactivity, 10 CAD genes in a single chromosomal region were revealed after 1 week of autoradiographic exposure, and the position of the unique gene could be seen after 1 month.
Neuartige Sandwich-Fahrzeugstruktur – von der Konzeptidee zum Forschungsdemonstrator (2013)

Neuartige Sandwich-Fahrzeugstruktur – von der Konzeptidee zum Forschungsdemonstrator\nRessourcenschonende und emissionsverringernde Maßnahmen und Konzepte sind in Zeiten des Klimawandels und der damit verbundenen Klimaerwärmung wichtige Stellhebel, um den globalen technologischen Fortschritt nicht einzuschränken. Forschung und Fahrzeugindustrie können mit Hilfe von Leichtbaukonzepten einen entscheidenden Teil dazu beitragen, dass auch in Zukunft sichere, sparsame und fortschrittliche Automobile hergestellt werden.\nDas Institut für Fahrzeugkonzepte des Deutschen Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) arbeitet und forscht an unterschiedlichen Leichtbaukonzepten und Strukturen, um Anforderungen wie Energieeffizienz, Umweltfreundlichkeit und der gesellschaftlichen Akzeptanz gerecht zu werden.\nAm DLR-Institut für Fahrzeugkonzepte wurde eine leichte Karosseriestruktur in Sandwichbauweise entwickelt, deren Struktur und Aufbau die konsequente Nutzung des Potentials von hybriden Bauteilen in festigkeits-, steifigkeits- und sicherheitsrelevanten Fahrzeugbereichen beinhaltet. Konzeptionelle Ideen und Innovationen sollten dabei aufgezeigt und in Form von Demonstratoren umgesetzt werden. Die leichte Karosseriestruktur weist eine hohe Schadenstoleranz im Crashfall auf. Erreicht werden diese Eigenschaften, insbesondere die Toleranzfähigkeit durch die gezielte Nutzung der werkstofflichen Gegebenheiten der strukturellen Sandwich-Komponenten. Hierdurch wird ein hohes Leichtbaupotential erreicht. Die Sandwichkarosseriestruktur wurde durch numerische Crashberechnung (FEM) auf fünf verschiedene Crashlastfälle hin untersucht. Außerdem wurden in weiterführenden Untersuchungen die Torsions- und Biegesteifigkeit sowie die Eigenfrequenz des Fahrzeugrohbaus ermittelt und bewertet. \nIn Komponentenversuchen auf den statischen Prüffeldern und auf der dynamischen Komponenten-prüfanlage des Instituts wurde das Versagensverhalten der Fahrzeugstrukturen untersucht, welche in einem Crashlastfall hohen Verformungen unterliegen. Hierzu wurden sowohl generische Versuche an Schaum- und Sandwichelementen, als auch Baugruppenversuche durchgeführt. Die Versuchsreihen bestätigen die simulativ bestimmten Kennwerte dieser hybriden Werkstoffe, bzw. Bauteile. Crashtests an Fahrzeugkomponenten, wie der Frontstruktur, zeigen eine Übertragbarkeit der aus generischen Versuchen gewonnenen Erkenntnisse auf reale Bauteile mit höherer geometrischer Komplexität.\nDas Ziel der virtuellen und praktischen Entwicklung ist eine umfassende Aussage hinsichtlich des Potentials dieser innovativen hybriden Bauteile, der Leichtbaugüte und der Umsetzbarkeit einer Sandwichgesamtfahrzeugstruktur treffen zu können, um einen Beitrag zur Entwicklung zukünftiger Fahrzeugkonzepte zu leisten. Erste Schritte hin zu einem fahrfähigen Demonstratorfahrzeug wurden erfolgreich beschritten, so dass eine Fahrzeugrohbaustruktur aufgebaut werden konnte. Weiterführend werden Gesamtfahrzeugversuche in Frontal- und Seitencrashlastfällen den Mehrwert dieser innovativen Bauweise unter Beweis stellen.
Microfabricated polymer filter device for bio-applications (2004)

The need for disposable diagnostic sensors in the health care industry has been a major driver in the development of low-cost polymer microfluidic devices. Of crucial importance to many of these devices is the incorporation of sieves and filters for the pretreatment of biological samples. Much of the previous work on integrating filtration systems in microdevices has focused on silicon and glass technologies. Of more difficulty, due to the different manufacturing methodology and lower mechanical strength, is the integration of filtration systems in polymer microfluidic chips. This paper presents a design and construction methodology to fabricate such integrated devices in polyethylene terepthalate (PET) and describes their characterization for particle filtration. To demonstrate the application of these systems, DNA extraction from whole blood was investigated. This currently represents a major stumbling block for point-of-care diagnostics. To this end two approaches were taken; the isolation of leucocytes for subsequent DNA extraction, and the trapping of silica microspheres for DNA adsorption. The polymer surfaces of the fluidic chips were modified by UV exposure and chemical etching to increase their surface energy for improved non-specific binding and electroosmotic flow characteristics. Integrated filtration devices were successfully fabricated with excimer laser machined membranes having pore dimensions down to 1μm, and contact angles from 75° down to less than 25° were achieved using UV modification, and from 75° down to 16° by chemical modification of PET. White blood cells were filtered from whole blood and silica particle retention was demonstrated successfully.
Quantum Corrections in Nanoplasmonics: Shape, Scale, and Material (2017)

The classical treatment of plasmonics is insufficient at the nanometer-scale due to quantum mechanical surface phenomena. Here, an extension of the classical paradigm is reported which rigorously remedies this deficiency through the incorporation of first-principles surface response functions-the Feibelman d parameters-in general geometries. Several analytical results for the leading-order plasmonic quantum corrections are obtained in a first-principles setting; particularly, a clear separation of the roles of shape, scale, and material is established. The utility of the formalism is illustrated by the derivation of a modified sum rule for complementary structures, a rigorous reformulation of Kreibig's phenomenological damping prescription, and an account of the small-scale resonance shifting of simple and noble metal nanostructures.
Smelting Reduction of Sintered Manganese Ore in Stirred Bath (1988)

上底吹き転炉を用いた溶融還元法をフェロマンガン製造に応用することを目的として,70kg規模基礎実験と600kg規模上底吹き実験により,マンガン焼結鉱の溶融還元反応を調べた.(1)(T.Mn)の挙動は,1次反応式で整理できる.反応速度定数:k1と十分な時間経過後の到達マンガン濃度:(T.Mn)fに影響をおよぼす主要な要因は,CaO/SiO2比,温度,[%Mn],コークス量,および底吹き攪拌条件である.(2)[Mn]が25%以上では,k1と(T.Mn)fは[%Mn]に関係なくほぼ一定となる.k1が一定になるのは,還元反応がおこる場所がコークス-スラグ界面に限定されるためであることを,X線透過による直接観察で確認した.(3)クロム合金の場合とは異なりマンガン合金では,底吹きO2が再酸化とダスト生成に悪影響をおよぼしていることが認められた.(4)酸素の上吹き条件としては,クロム合金の場合と同様,酸素ジェットがメタル浴にあたらないように多量スラグ共存状態でソフトブローすることが重要である.フェロクロム溶融還元製錬の原理は,操業条件の一部を変えることにより,フェロマンガン製造にも応用できる可能性があることを明らかにした.本法は,将来,各種フェロアロイの製造を集約することが必要となつた場合などに特長を発揮できると考えられる.本研究の取りまとめにあたり,九州大学名誉教授・新日本製鉄株式会社顧問川合保治博士の御指導をいただきました.また,X線透過実験については,東京大学工学部金属工学科反応設計教室の装置を使わせていただき,相馬胤和教授,天辰正義博士の御指導を受けました.
SELECTION, ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF ROADSIDE VEGETATION (1981)

Three years after seeding mixtures or pure stands of grasses for erosion control on fill slopes in northern Oklahoma, one of the best mixtures was 2.3 lb weeping lovegrass, 8 lb little bluestem, 15 lb sideoats grama, 10 lb switchgrass, and 9.6 lb Plains bluestem bulk seed/acre. Planting unhulled seed of the bermudagrass cross Guymon X9959, provides equally good ground cover by mid-July when seeded anytime January through March with either a Nesbit drill, Brillion seeder, or a Bowie hydroseeder. The preemergence application of Aatrex 80W (2 lb ai/acre) provided the best cost/benefit ratio for roadside broadleaf weed control. The broadcast sprayer was more effective than the compensating feed rope-applicator in the application of post-emergence herbicides for the control of alfalfa on roadsides. Based on herbicide cost/acre only, the least expensive was 2,4-D, followed by Weedmaster, and Aatrex 4L. The least expensive, equally effective postemergence control of rhizomatous johnsongrass in 1981, based on chemical cost/benefit only, would be from DSMA (3 lb ai/gal.) at 1 gpa, applied three times; next would be an initial application of MSMA (8 lb ai/gal.) at 0.38 gpa, followed by two applications of DSMA. Lexon 50W applied to 0.5 lb ai/acre in mid- to late December, January, or February provided the least expensive, effective preemergence control of seedling johnsongrass. Foliar application of Tordon 101 Mixture (0.5 lb ai/gal.) at 1 gpa, effectively controlled winged elm, and Eastern red cedar along roadsides. When applied at 2 gpa, it effectively controlled silver maple. For the non-selective control of weeds on highway shoulders, with a minimum migration of herbicides, the best cost/benefit was obtained from a mixture of Hyvar X 80 WP plus Velpar 90 SP at 8 + 2 lb/acre. (FHWA)
Decolouring bloodmeal: Consumption and potential recycling of peracetic acid (2012)

A method of deodorizing and decolouring bloodmeal using an equilibrium mixture of peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid and water has been developed to improve its marketability as a source of protein for bioplastics.\nThe objective of this study was to determine what quantity of peracetic acid is required to give reasonable bleaching of the bloodmeal and determine whether there is potential for the wastewater to be recycled. This was carried out by measuring the quantity of chemical species in the initial equilibrium mixture and the resulting wastewater upon bleaching using volumetric analysis. Bleaching efficacy was determined after exposing 100 g bloodmeal to 1.1, 2.5, 3.6, 4.5 and 5.6 wt% peracetic acid solutions as either 300 g total solution or a constant molar equivalent of 2.2 mmol peracetic acid/g bloodmeal and using a chromameter to measure colour change.\nAddition of 300 g 5.6 wt% peracetic acid solution resulted in effective bleaching. This represented a ratio of 2.20 mmol peracetic acid/g bloodmeal of which 1.4 mmol peracetic acid/g bloodmeal was consumed (63%). If 300 g <2.5 wt% peracetic acid solution was used, there was insufficient bleaching. If >300 g of <2.5 wt% solution is added such that there is still 2.2 mmol peracetic acid/g bloodmeal, bleaching is still insufficient.\nThese results suggest that an excess of peracetic is required for bleaching to occur, and that its concentration is paramount to bleaching efficacy. Due to the excess of peracetic acid used in the bleaching process, there is potential for wastewater recycling to be carried out provided that the wastewater is not diluted.
The Compact Discontinuous Galerkin (CDG) Method for Elliptic Problems (2008)

We present a compact discontinuous Galerkin (CDG) method for an elliptic model problem. The problem is first cast as a system of first order equations by introducing the gradient of the primal unknown, or flux, as an additional variable. A standard discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method is then applied to the resulting system of equations. The numerical interelement fluxes are such that the equations for the additional variable can be eliminated at the element level, thus resulting in a global system that involves only the original unknown variable. The proposed method is closely related to the local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) method [B. Cockburn and C.-W. Shu, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 35 (1998), pp. 2440–2463], but, unlike the LDG method, the sparsity pattern of the CDG method involves only nearest neighbors. Also, unlike the LDG method, the CDG method works without stabilization for an arbitrary orientation of the element interfaces. The computation of the numerical interface fluxes for the CDG method is slightly more involved than for the LDG method, but this additional complication is clearly offset by increased compactness and flexibility. Compared to the BR2 [F. Bassi and S. Rebay, J. Comput. Phys., 131 (1997), pp. 267–279] and IP [J. Douglas, Jr., and T. Dupont, in Computing Methods in Applied Sciences (Second Internat. Sympos., Versailles, 1975), Lecture Notes in Phys. 58, Springer, Berlin, 1976, pp. 207–216] methods, which are known to be compact, the present method produces fewer nonzero elements in the matrix and is computationally more efficient.
EDDY CURRENTS AROUND CRACKS IN THIN PLATES DUE TO A CURRENT FILAMENT (1982)

ABSTRACT The flow of eddy currents around cracks in thin conducting plates has "been studied using the boundary element method. In particular the induced currents due to a straight wire filament, parallel to the plate, with harmonic current, has been investigated. The use of the boundary element method permits one to retain the singular nature of the flow around the crack tins. The analysis shows that concentrations of induced current density exist near the crack tins. The effect of wire position on the intensity of these eddy current hot spots at the crack tins is presented. This effect may be exploited using nondestructive testing methods to detect the presence of cracks.
Role of a tRNA Base Modification and Its Precursors in Frameshifting in Eukaryotes (2007)

Little is known about the role of specific base modifications of transfer RNAs. Wyosine bases are tRNA(Phe)-specific modifications that are distinguished by differentiated, lateral side chains and base methylations appended to the core ring structure of a universally conserved G37, adjacent to the anticodon of Phe tRNAs. Based on previous data, we hypothesized that this modification was needed for -1 frameshifting. Using a reporter system incorporating a SCV-LA yeast virus slippery site for detecting -1 frameshifts in vivo, yeast strains were created that enabled chemical-genetic dissection of the role of different functional groups of wyebutosine that are added in a three-step post-transcriptional set of reactions. With this system, hypomodification increased Phe-specific frameshifting, with incremental changes in frameshift efficiency after specific intermediates in the progression of wyebutosine synthesis. These data combined with investigations of wild-type and hypomodified tRNA binding to ribosomes suggest that frameshift efficiency is kinetically and not thermodynamically controlled. The progressive nature of frameshift efficiency with the stage of modification is consistent with a stepwise evolution and tuning of frameshift potential. The stepwise tuning of frameshift efficiency could explain why tRNA(Phe) in some eukaryotes is not fully modified but, rather, hypomodified to capture a specific frameshift potential.