gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Two-Stage Process Based on Data Mining and Optimization to Identify False Positives and False Negatives Generated by Intrusion Detection Systems (2015)

To ensure the protection of computer networks, an intrusion detection system (IDS) should be integrated in the security infrastructure. However, IDSs generate a high amount of false alerts exceeding the administrator ability for analysis and omit several attacks which can threaten the network security. In this paper, a two-stage process based on data mining and optimization is proposed having as input the outcome of multiple IDSs. In the first stage, for each IDS the set of elementary alerts is clustered to create a set of meta-alerts. Then, we remove false positives from the sets of meta-alerts using a binary optimization problem. In the second stage, we discard the meta-alerts generated by all IDSs and only those missed by one, two or most of them are left. This set is called the set of potential false negatives. In fact, at this level a meta-alerts fusion is performed to avoid the redundancy between meta-alerts collected from multiple IDSs. Finally, a binary classification algorithm is proposed to classify the potential false negatives either as real attacks or not. Experimental results show that our proposed process outperforms concurrent methods by significantly reducing the rate of false positives and false negatives.
Robust background model for pixel based people counting using a single uncalibrated camera (2009)

Several pixel-based people counting methods have been developed over the years. Among these the product of scale-weighted pixel sums and a linear correlation coefficient is a popular people counting approach. However most approaches have paid little attention to resolving the true background and instead take all foreground pixels into account. With large crowds moving at varying speeds and with the presence of other moving objects such as vehicles this approach is prone to problems. In this paper we present a method which concentrates on determining the true-foreground, i.e. human-image pixels only. To do this we have proposed, implemented and comparatively evaluated a human detection layer to make people counting more robust in the presence of noise and lack of empty background sequences. We show the effect of combining human detection with a pixel-map based algorithm to i) count only human-classified pixels and ii) prevent foreground pixels belonging to humans from being absorbed into the background model. We evaluate the performance of this approach on the PETS 2009 dataset using various configurations of the proposed methods. Our evaluation demonstrates that the basic benchmark method we implemented can achieve an accuracy of up to 87% on sequence ¿S1.L1 13-57 View 001¿ and our proposed approach can achieve up to 82% on sequence ¿S1.L3 14-33 View 001¿ where the crowd stops and the benchmark accuracy falls to 64%.
Progress with palbociclib in breast cancer: latest evidence and clinical considerations (2016)

Deregulation of the cell cycle is a hallmark of cancer, and research on cell cycle control has allowed identification of potential targets for anticancer treatment. Palbociclib is a selective inhibitor of the cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6), which are involved, with their coregulatory partners cyclin D, in the G1-S transition. Inhibition of this step halts cell cycle progression in cells in which the involved pathway, including the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) and the E2F family of transcription factors, is functioning, although having been deregulated. Among breast cancers, those with functioning cyclin D-CDK4/6-Rb-E2F are mainly hormone-receptor (HR) positive, with some HER2-positive and rare triple-negative cases. Deregulation results from genetic or otherwise occurring hyperactivation of molecules subtending cell cycle progression, or inactivation of cell cycle inhibitors. Based on results of randomized clinical trials, palbociclib was granted accelerated approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in combination with letrozole as initial endocrine-based therapy for metastatic disease in postmenopausal women with HR-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer, and was approved for use in combination with fulvestrant in women with HR-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer with disease progression following endocrine therapy. This review provides an update of the available knowledge on the cell cycle and its regulation, on the alterations in cyclin D-CDK4/6-Rb-E2F axis in breast cancer and their roles in endocrine resistance, on the preclinical activity of CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer, both as monotherapy and as partners of combinatorial synergic treatments, and on the clinical development of palbociclib in breast cancer.
Impact of Melatonin on Driving Performance (1998)

Background: Because millions of people are self-prescribing melatonin for various indications, the safety aspects of this substance have become very important.The aim of our study was to determine whether or not melatonin impairs driving-related performance.
The Dunce gene of Drosophila: roles of Ca2+ and calmodulin in adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate-specific phosphodiesterase activity (1984)

Two genetically distinct forms of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases are present in adult Drosophila melanogaster. Form II, which specifically hydrolyzes adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), is controlled by the dunce+ gene. Mutants of this gene either eliminate this enzyme form entirely or alter its kinetic and thermal properties, suggesting that dunce+ is the structural gene for this enzyme. These mutants are defective in memory formation, habituation, and sensitization and exhibit elevated cAMP levels, implicating cAMP in these neurological processes. The other phosphodiesterase, Form I, which hydrolyzes both cAMP and guanosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP), is not affected by dunce mutations. Because both cAMP and Ca2+ serve as intracellular second messengers in mediating the effects of neurotransmitters, the effects of Ca2+ on each form of phosphodiesterase have been investigated. Previous work has suggested that Form I is activated by calmodulin in a Ca2+-dependent manner. We confirm this activation and demonstrate that the activation involves the Ca2+-dependent association of two molecules of calmodulin with one Form I molecule. Under conditions permitting activation and association of Form I with calmodulin, we observe no interaction of Ca2+/calmodulin with Form II. Our studies suggest that the primary physiological defect, associated with a defective or absent Form II cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase and leading to the dunce neurological phenotype, is due to a direct failure to regulate the cAMP level in nerve cells rather than to a failure to mediate a signal resulting from a cAMP-induced Ca2+ influx, associated with presynaptic facilitation.
Dielectric permittivity and loss factor of tap water at 915 MHz (2004)

Abstract Real and imaginary parts of complex dielectric permittivity of hot tap water are measured at 915 MHz. The obtained results are compared with theoretical and experimental data available in the literature. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 419–420, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20322
Diagnostic and prognostic implications of circulating cell-free Epstein-Barr virus DNA in natural killer/T-cell lymphoma. (2002)

Plasma EBV DNA, as measured by real-time quantitative PCR, is a useful tumor marker for diagnosis, disease monitoring, and prediction of outcome in patients with NK/T-cell lymphoma.
METAL POWDER PRODUCTION BY THE GEL-PRECIPITATION PROCESS (1968)

A novel process, termed gel precipitation, has been developed for producing gels of insoluble metallic compounds from aqueous solution. Controlled additions of a solution of the metal, which also contains the dissolved gelling agent, are mixed with a solution of the precipitating reagent, e.g. ammonium hydroxide. The gel is formed by the association of the gelling agent, usually a polymeric organic material, with the phase normally precipitated and in its truest form probably consists of a molecular complex between the organic constituent and the metal compound. The gel forms rapidly on bringing the two solutions into contact and there is no tendency for the discrete particles to adhere or coalesce; all the metal ion is normally confined to the gel phase.The outstanding characteristics of the process are its simplicity and versatility; it operates at normal temperature and requires only conventional chemical plant. It is particularly applicable to precipitating conditions that yield gelatinous precipitates, difficult to handle, such as oxide hydrates and hydroxides. By suitable control of the process, gels of various shapes such as spheres, rods, filaments, or granular particles may be produced. One application that appears to have an important potential is the preparation of metal powders from the more easily reducible oxides by direct gaseous reduction of the gel; alloy powders may similarly be prepared directly by starting with a mixed metal solution of the required composition. The production of iron powder from pickling-liquor wastes is considered and the economics discussed.
A fault‐tolerant parallel processor modeled by a two‐dimensional linear cellular automaton (1994)

Abstract A number of methods for constructing fault‐tolerant parallel processors using one dimensional linear cellular automaton model have already been proposed. When the methods are used, however, a large amount of hardware is required to realize the connections among processing elements for executing a given algorithm, and for reconfiguring the processor quickly when faults occur in the processor. Moreover, these processors require long communication distances between processing elements so that the method is difficult to be used for large scale processors. In this paper, a method for constructing parallel processors based on a two dimensional cellular automaton model is proposed to alleviate the problems. In the processor based on this model, processing elements are connected in two dimension and the average communication distance can be reduced and a higher fault‐tolerance due to the increase in the number of communication paths from 2 to 4.
Fabrication and device modeling of micro-textured conductive polymer/silicon heterojunction solar cells (2012)

In this paper, hybrid heterojunction solar cells are demonstrated based on a highly conductive polymer PEDOT:PSS directly spun-cast on an n-type crystalline silicon with microscale surface textures. The fabrication conditions suggest that the organic coverage on the micro-textured surface is excellent and key to achieve high efficiency. The simple solution-based fabrication processes achieved a cell power conversion efficiency of 10.2%. Device modeling had been performed to investigate the interface defect density dependence of cell performances. A power conversion efficiency of above 20% is projected for the hybrid heterojunction cells, showing promises for low-cost photovoltaics.
Quinolone-Resistant<i>Campylobacter jejuni</i>Infections in Minnesota, 1992–1998 (1999)

The increase in quinolone-resistant C. jejuni infections in Minnesota is largely due to infections acquired during foreign travel. However, the number of quinolone-resistant infections acquired domestically has also increased, largely because of the acquisition of resistant strains from poultry. The use of fluoroquinolones in poultry, which began in the United States in 1995, has created a reservoir of resistant C. jejuni.
Carbonate constants for estuarine waters (2010)

Intensive studies have been made on the carbonate system in seawater. The thermodynamic constants needed to examine the components of the carbonate system have been developed by several authors. The thermodynamic constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater have been determined on different pH scales. The two most popular pH scales are the total scale: [H+]T = [H+]F{1 + [SO42–]T/KHSO4}) and the seawater scale: [H+]SWS = [H+]F {1 + βHSO4[SO42–]T/KHSO4 + βHF[F–]T/KHF}, where the brackets denote concentrations and the subscripts F and T are for free and total concentrations. The values of KHSO4 and KHF are the dissociation constants for HSO4– and HF: As long as the same pH scale and constants for seawater are used, one can evaluate the components of the carbonate system in seawater. Unfortunately, not all the measured and fitted constants have been made for dilute seawater, and thus cannot be used in estuarine waters. In this paper, the measured constants from S = 1 to 50 and t = 0 to 50°C have been determined on the total, seawater and free scale (pHF = –log[H+]F). These stoichiometric constants can now be used to examine the carbonate system in most estuarine waters.
3D ultrasound probe calibration without a position sensor (2004)

We present a technique for 3D ultrasound probe calibration which does not require measurements from the position sensor. The principle of operation is that the beam is aligned with a set of coplanar wires strung across a rigid frame. The probe and frame are mounted on a precision-manufactured mechanical instrument which allows adjustment and measurement of their relative pose. Semi-automatic image processing facilitates alignment of the beam and wires to within a tolerance of around 200 µm, despite the considerable beam thickness. The calibration process requires just a single view and relatively little user expertise. In a series of experiments with different ultrasound probes, we demonstrate the technique’s high accuracy and precision. The latter is partly due to the elimination of the position sensor, a significant source of measurement noise, from the end-user calibration process. 1
People with intellectual disabilities (2013)

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Bayesian Approach for Fatigue Life Prediction From Field Data (2010)

Due to uncertainty in design, manufacturing and operating processes, the initial prediction of a machine’s useful life is often quite different from that of the actual machine. In this paper, we utilize the Bayesian technique to incorporate the field data with the initial predictions in order to improve the prediction. The field data is interpreted in terms of the probability of having defective hardware, and then the likelihood function is generated from the binomial distribution. Since the predictions incorporate field experience, as time progresses and more data becomes available the probabilistic predictions are continuously updated. This results in a continuous increase of confidence and accuracy of the prediction. The resulting distributions can then be used directly in risk analysis, maintenance scheduling, and financial forecasting by both manufacturers and operators of heavy-duty gas turbines. This presents a quantification of the real time risk for direct comparison with the volatility of the power market.
Modelling knowledge based systems using the executable modelling framework (XMF) (2005)

There is no standardised approach to modelling knowledge-based systems; where modelling is adopted, the techniques used are those from the software engineering domain. These tend to be used in an ad huc way and are highly dependent on the experience of the knowledge engineers. This paper presents the adoption of a profile mechanism for the design of knowledge-based systems. The profile is created using the metamode1 extension approach of UML and is based on XMF (executable Meta-modelling Framework). XMF is an extension to the existing standards for meta-models: MOF, OCL and QVT. XMF offers an alternative approach in profile design which allows modification or the addition of new modelling constructs that are easily integrated with the core meta-model of UML.
Effects of Health Maintenance Organization Coverage of Self-monitoring Devices on Diabetes Self-care and Glycemic Control (2004)

Providing free glucose monitors improved rates of self-monitoring in this health maintenance organization population, possibly by offering an initial incentive for patients to engage in more desirable patterns of care. Initiating SMBG was associated with increased regularity of medication use and a reduction in high blood glucose levels.
Hemoglobin- and myoglobin-induced acute renal failure in rats: role of iron in nephrotoxicity (1988)

In ischemic acute renal failure oxygen free radicals may mediate injury. In addition, iron appears to play a critical role in hydroxyl radical formation and lipid peroxidation during reperfusion of ischemic kidneys. To determine whether iron may play a similar role in pigment (heme protein)-induced acute renal failure, we studied the effects of the iron chelator deferoxamine in two experimental models of pigment-induced acute renal failure, intramuscular glycerol injection and intravenous hemoglobin infusion without and with concurrent ischemia in the rat. Intramuscular injection of 50% glycerol (5 ml/kg) caused inulin clearance to fall to 0.13 +/- 0.03 (SE) ml/min (normal value, 1.0-1.2 ml/min). Continuous infusion of deferoxamine beginning at the time of glycerol injection significantly attenuated this renal dysfunction. Deferoxamine-treated animals had an inulin clearance of 0.37 +/- 0.06 ml/min (P less than 0.01). Glycerol injection was also associated with significant lipid peroxidation, measured as renal malondialdehyde content. Deferoxamine-treated glycerol-injected rats had renal malondialdehyde content not significantly different from control animals. In another model of heme pigment-induced renal injury, hemoglobin was infused to produce hemoglobinuria. Inulin clearance 1 h after hemoglobin infusion was significantly reduced to 0.84 +/- 0.5 ml/min (P less than 0.025). Infusion of deferoxamine after hemoglobin prevented the hemoglobin-induced decrease in inulin clearance. Thirty minutes of renal ischemia followed by infusion of hemoglobin resulted in more severe renal dysfunction with inulin clearance of 0.54 +/- 0.08 ml/min. Deferoxamine infused at the time of reperfusion attenuated the fall in glomerular filtration rate after ischemia and hemoglobin infusion:inulin clearance 1.04 +/- 0.07 (P less than 0.005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Bottom Electrode Structures of Pt / RuO2 / Ru for Integration of  ( Ba , Sr ) TiO3 Thin Films on Polysilicon (1999)

The new electrode structures of on polysilicon were prepared by metallorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The barrier layers of deposited by MOCVD showed a stable interface and did not affect the surface morphology of the platinum bottom electrode even at a high annealing temperature of 800°C. The barrier layers effectively alleviated the interdiffusion of Pt, O, and Si at annealing temperatures above 700°C in an ambient. Contacts in the as‐deposited state exhibited linear current‐voltage characteristics with a specific contact resistance of . Contacts subjected to thermal annealing up to 800°C for 1 h in an oxygen ambient showed almost constant contact resistance. The (Ba, Sr) films deposited by MOCVD at low temperature on showed attractive electrical properties in high‐density memory devices applications. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Effect of systemic nicotine on mucus secretion from tracheal submucosal glands and on cardiovascular, pulmonary, and hematologic variables. (1988)

To investigate effects of systemic nicotine on mucus secretion from tracheal submucosal glands we anesthetized 13 ferrets (5 male, 8 female; average weight 1138 +/- 469 g, mean +/- SD) with pentobarbital (initial dose, 62 +/- 26, total dose, 90 +/- 26 mg/kg), cannulated the jugular vein for i.v. application of infusions and drugs and cannulated the femoral artery for determination of blood pressure, heart rate, blood cells, and blood gases. We opened the thorax, cannulated the trachea 1 cm above the carina and ventilated the lungs through the lower airways with a Harvard respirator. We placed an electromagnetic flow probe around the ascending aorta for measurement of cardiac output. We measured transpulmonary pressure as tracheal pressure with a strain gauge transducer. We created an isolated segment of trachea between the larynx and the tracheal cannula. We perfused the segment with medium M-199 containing 30 microCi/ml Na(2)35SO4 (35S) and we injected 100 microCi 35S intravenously. After 90 min we drained the radioactive solution from the luminal side and replaced it with nonradioactive medium which we collected at 5-min intervals for determination of nondialyzable radioactivity. At 25 min we injected nicotine sulfate (5 x 10(-7)-10(-5) M/kg) and continued to collect the perfusate every 5 min. Systemic nicotine had profound effects on circulatory and ventilatory variables and on gland secretion. Initial hypertension was followed by bradycardia and a fall in blood pressure and cardiac output.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cycloadditions — Definition, Classification, and Characterization (1968)

Abstract The growing volume of publications on cycloadditions indicates that this general type of reaction merits a place beside the better‐known substitutions, eliminations, and additions. The world of phenomena does not provide us with definition and classification principles. These are created by the scientist and are not free from arbitrariness. A terminology [1] is suggested for cycloadditions. These reactions do not all proceed by the same mechanism. Since ideas about reaction mechanism can change with the introduction of new criteria, it is shortsighted to base definitions and classifications on mechanism alone. Consequently, the definition of cycloadditions will not be restricted simply to multi‐center processes with a cyclic electron shift.
Preparation and evaluation of minoxidil gels for topical application in alopecia (2006)

In the present study four minoxidil gels were prepared using carbopol, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and combination of hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose for the treatment of alopecia. The gels were evaluated for drug content, viscosity determination, in vitro permeation (across dialysis membrane and mouse skin), skin irritation and stability at 4, 25 and 37° tests. The drug content of the gels was found to range from 96.40±0.57 to 98.10±0.32%. The viscosity of the gels ranged between 13,780±100 and 24,950±150 cps. The drug permeation across dialysis membrane from all the formulations at the end of 24 h was almost same and ranged between 92.05±1.52 and 93.52±1.95%. Although the difference is insignificant, the percentage release of drug was found to increase in the following order of the polymer composition: HPC>Carbopol>HPMC>HPMC+HPC. All the gel formulations released almost similar amounts of drug (90.05±1.92 to 91.56±1.65%) across the mouse skin; but the cumulative amount of drug permeated across dialysis membrane was more than that of the mouse skin. The marketed topical solution was found to diffuse almost 100% of drug across dialysis membrane and mouse skin at the end of 12 h. As supported by Higuchi's equation, the drug release mechanism from all the gels was found to be diffusion dominated. The prepared gels did not produce any dermatological reactions and were well tolerated by the mice. The gels were found to be stable with respect to viscosity, drug content and physical appearance at all temperature conditions for 3 months.