gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Degradation of Heparan Sulfate by Nitrous Acid (2003)

All glycosaminoglycans contain an amino sugar in every second position in their linear chains. In most cases these amino sugars are N-acetylated, e.g., N-acetyl D-galactosamine (GalNAc) in chondroitin sulfates and dermatan sulfates, or N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) in heparins, heparan sulfates, and hyaluronic acids. Heparins and heparan sulfates contain only glucosamine residues, and, in a high percentage of these, the N-acetyl substituents are replaced by N-sulfate groups. The N-sulfated glucosamines (GlcNSO3), found only in heparin-like glycosaminoglycans, are sites that are unique in their susceptibility to facile cleavage by nitrous acid at room temperature and at low pH (∼1.5). Thus, when heparins or heparan sulfates are treated with nitrous acid, they are specifically cleaved into fragments with ranges of molecular weights that depend on the distributions of the GlcNSO3 residues in the chain. Since N-acetylated amino sugars are not affected by the nitrous acid treatment, only the heparin-like structures are cleaved when they are present in mixtures containing other glycosaminoglycans.
ALCAM/CD166 protects breast cancer cells against apoptosis and autophagy. (2006)

The above results indicate that ALCAM-ALCAM interactions are crucial to the survival and primary site maintenance of breast cancer cells. Impaired expression of ALCAM/CD166 is associated with the induction of two types of programmed cell death, apoptosis and autophagy, in breast cancer cells. This adhesion molecule can therefore be regarded as a potential novel breast cancer indicator and therapeutic target.
Modelica and SMILE - A Case Study Applying Object Oriented Concepts to Multi-Facet Modeling. (1997)

A new language called Modelica for hierarchical physical modeling is developed in an international effort. The main objectives are to make it easy to exchange models and model libraries between tools and to use object-oriented constructs to facilitate the reuse of modeling knowledge. The design approach joins the concepts of non-causal modeling with ordinary differential and algebraic equations with object-oriented model structuring facilities. Modelica&apos;s language features are compared to the features of Smile, one of the existing object-oriented modeling languages available from the TU of Berlin and GMD FIRST. The Smile environment is used at DLR Cologne for the modeling of solar thermal power plants, but the Smile development team plans to extend the environment with the Modelica language (Ernst, T.,S. Jahnichen, M. Klose 1997). The example of a simple stove with electrical plates is used to point out the new model structuring possibilities. A tank system with a centrifugal pump is used to demonstrate new possibilities of modeling using genericity and inheritance.
The Magnetron-Type Traveling-Wave Amplifier Tube (1950)

This paper deals with the design and the static and dynamic behavior of a new, high-efficiency traveling-wave amplifier tube. The preliminary experimental models of, the tube whose characteristics are to be reported here involve the principle of the crossed, static electrical and magnetic fields.
Scanned Laser Pico-Projectors: Seeing the Big Picture (with a Small Device) (2009)

Pico-projectors are the latest technology to prove that big things often do come in small packages. These tiny projectors are embedded in mobile devices to provide large-screen displays that can be viewed from anywhere.
View interpolation with range data for navigation applications (2002)

With the rapid spread of high speed networks, applications such as virtual museums and virtual shopping are attracting strong attention. Such applications need techniques for showing various views of 3D objects specified by a viewer. Of the techniques already proposed, some are attractive in terms of image storage but have strong restrictions on the viewer's path. In this paper we present a method employing a range finder which is getting common lately. By defining source data as a combination of color image data and distance data, we show a procedure for computing view images in two steps: mapping and projection. We demonstrate the validity of our method by simulation experiments, first without, and then with, measurement errors in the range data. Although our method requires distance measurement, we show that it has merits as regards image storage and the relative freedom with which viewers can specify their desired views, in addition to freedom in exhibition layout.
An environment-friendly preparation of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets via amino acid (2011)

Chemically modified graphene has been studied in many applications due to its excellent electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Among the chemically modified graphenes, reduced graphene oxide is the most important for its structure and properties, which are similar to pristine graphene. Here, we introduce an environment-friendly approach for preparation of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets through the reduction of graphene oxide that employs L-cysteine as the reductant under mild reaction conditions. The conductivity of the reduced graphene oxide nanosheets produced in this way increases by about 10(6) times in comparison to that of graphene oxide. This is the first report about using amino acids as a reductant for the preparation of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets, and this procedure offers an alternative route to large-scale production of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets for applications that require such material.
The role of ascorbic acid in the control of flowering time and the onset of senescence (2006)

Ascorbic acid (AA) is not only an important antioxidant, it also appears to link flowering time, developmental senescence, programmed cell death, and responses to pathogens through a complex signal transduction network. The biological activity of AA is defined by its oxidation and subsequent regeneration into the reduced form. Some studies suggest that the total endogenous level of AA influences induction of flowering and senescence. Both processes require the co-ordinated regulation of gene expression, which is mediated by various phytohormones. For example, gibberellins and salicylic acid are known to promote flowering, but inhibit or retard senescence in Arabidopsis. Ethylene and abscisic acid accelerate senescence. Ascorbic acid serves as an important co-factor for the synthesis of some of these hormones. Therefore, it is assumed that AA affects phytohormone-mediated signalling processes during the transition from the vegetative to the reproductive phase and the final stage of development, senescence. This review summarizes recent reports that investigate the effect of AA on flowering time and the onset of senescence. An attempt was made to bring these findings in context with previously characterized flowering and senescence pathways and a model is proposed that may explain how AA influences flowering and senescence both under long- and short-day conditions in Arabidopsis.
Some Territorial Implications of Rural Confraternities in Upper Franconia (1995)

Students of confraternities have for the most part approached them as urban phenomena. In German studies of the Reformation, confraternities, like guilds and other urban corporations, are perceived as methods
Airway Pressures and Ventilation in Emphysema during and after Respiratory Infections (1958)

APPARATUS.-Pressures were measured at the mouth during natural breathing by the method of airway interruption (Neegaard and Wirz, 1927; Vuilleumier, 1944; Otis and Proctor, 1948). An apparatus was designed to produce interruption at the points of maximum velocity of airflow in each phase of the respiratory cycle. The equipment was mounted on a trolley, so that observations were possible at the bed- side with a minimum of discomfort to patients ill with acute respiratory infections.
Benzoxazoles. I.<sup>1,2</sup> (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBenzoxazoles. I.1,2Emery Nyilas and James L. PinterCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 3, 609–611Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01488a027https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01488a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views284Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Diversity reception schemes for COFDM in a mobile environment utilizing soft-bit information (2002)

Some comparative results on simple new diversity combining schemes are presented to be used with coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (COFDM) systems in multipath channels with time selective fading. The performance is evaluated by simulation using DVB-T (digital video broadcasting-terrestrial) system parameters.
Optimal Ordering Policy for a Perishable Commodity with Fixed Lifetime (1975)

This paper extends the classical single-item, multiperiod inventory model of Arrow, Karlin, and Scarf to the case where a good in storage perishes exactly l periods after its receipt on order. Units are followed from the time they are purchased and enter the inventory until they are either issued or perish. For general l the paper obtains the optimal policy recursively and derives several properties of the solution.
Direct EIT Jacobian calculations for conductivity change and electrode movement (2008)

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is very sensitive to deformations of the medium boundary shape. For lung imaging, breathing and changes in posture move the electrodes and change the chest shape, resulting in image artefacts. Several approaches have been proposed to improve the reconstructed images; most methods reconstruct both the boundary deformation and conductivity change from the measured data. These techniques require the calculation of the 'movement Jacobian', reflecting measurement changes due to the boundary deformation. Previous papers have calculated this Jacobian using perturbation techniques, which are slow (requiring multiple solutions of the forward problem) and become inaccurate with increasing finite element model size. This effect has limited reconstruction algorithms for deformable media to mostly 2D. To address this problem, we propose a direct method to calculate the Jacobian, based on a formulation of the derivatives of the finite element system matrix with respect to geometry changes. An illustrative example of these calculations is given, as well as a comparison between the proposed method and a perturbation method. Results show this method is approximately 300 times faster; and for larger model sizes, the perturbation method begins to diverge from those from the direct method proposed.
Ammonia caramels: Specifications and analysis (1985)

Twenty three UK commercially produced ammonia caramels and eight experimentally produced ammonia caramels have been analysed by a range of physical and chemical tests, which include solids content, nitrogen levels, colour intensity and pH. A statistical treatment of the results is reported.
On the social rate of discount and price of capital in cost - benefit analysis (1973)

Questions relevant to the use of rate of time discount in evaluating the social profitability of an investment project are reviewed. Attention is paid to the underlying social welfare implications of cost-benefit analysis, including treatment of objectives other than aggregate efficiency. Unless the economy is investing at the optimal rate, the social discount rate cannot be inferred from either the market rate of interest or the marginal productivity of capital. Two conclusions emerge from this analysis when the rate of investment is not optimal: 1) the social discount rate cannot be estimated and must be taken as given exogenously; 2) changes in the level of investment induced by the project, through wage payments and use of capital expenditure funds, must be evaluated at the shadow price of investment. The evaluation procedures are limited to partial equilibrium techniques that measure the impact of a decision on all other aspects of the economy, and it is concluded that the criteria for public project selection should not be monetary profit, but social profit, as determined by these procedures.
Lung volumes during sustained microgravity on Spacelab SLS-1 (1994)

Gravity is known to influence the mechanical behavior of the lung and chest wall. However, the effect of sustained microgravity (mu G) on lung volumes has not been reported. Pulmonary function tests were performed by four subjects before, during, and after 9 days of mu G exposure. Ground measurements were made in standing and supine postures. Tests were performed using a bag-in-box-and-flowmeter system and a respiratory mass spectrometer. Measurements included functional residual capacity (FRC), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), residual volume (RV), inspiratory and expiratory vital capacities (IVC and EVC), and tidal volume (VT). Total lung capacity (TLC) was derived from the measured EVC and RV values. With preflight standing values as a comparison, FRC was significantly reduced by 15% (approximately 500 ml) in mu G and 32% in the supine posture. ERV was reduced by 10-20% in mu G and decreased by 64% in the supine posture. RV was significantly reduced by 18% (310 ml) in mu G but did not significantly change in the supine posture compared with standing. IVC and EVC were slightly reduced during the first 24 h of mu G but returned to 1-G standing values within 72 h of mu G exposure. IVC and EVC in the supine posture were significantly reduced by 12% compared with standing. During mu G, VT decreased by 15% (approximately 90 ml), but supine VT was unchanged compared with preflight standing values. TLC decreased by approximately 8% during mu G and in the supine posture compared with preflight standing. The reductions in FRC, ERV, and RV during mu G are probably due to the cranial shift of the diaphragm, an increase in intrathoracic blood volume, and more uniform alveolar expansion.
Robust Image Measurement and Analysis Based on Perspective Transformations (2006)

In the paper, perspective transformation is used to project points from the front horizon of the camera to an image plane and thus to measure the distance between the detected object and the camera. With the information about points on the ground, the projective positions of every tip in a rigid object can be figured out through transformation. Features of the object's projection at different distances, such as size and shape, can also be predicted. Besides, the paper has analyzed difference in the result of the measurement and errors caused by the application of different parameters. The information assists engineers of vision-based detection system in determining the parameters of the system and identifying features of an object's projection to accelerate the detection. Also, the camera parameters compensate automatically when being influenced by outer force to promote the effects of detection and make a robust system.
ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF<i>CHENOPODIUM ALBUM</i>L. EXTRACTS ON NITRIFICATION (2002)

Allelopathic effects of Chenopodium album L. leaf aqueous extract on nitrification were investigated. In the presence of leaf extracts, complete nitrite oxidation to nitrate was delayed significantly. Also, in the presence of leaf extract the amounts of both nitrite and nitrate produced were significantly higher than those in control solutions. This increase was attributed to protein hydrolysis and ammonification of resulting amino acids present in leaf extracts. The delay in nitrification was proposed to be due to the presence of phenolic acids in this plant.
Winter Wonderland: Intervention, Endangered Species and Snowmobiling in Voyageurs National Park. Mausolf v. Babbitt (1997)

At Voyageurs National Park, along the northern border of Minnesota, visitors can see bald eagles and gray wolves in the wild. 2 As of fall 1997, visitors can no longer use snowmobiles to reach some of the remote areas where these animals live. 3 The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a trail plan generated by the park superintendent, the National Park Service (NPS), and the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), despite the objections of a group of snowmobilers.'This Note will discuss the complex litigation surrounding the decision and how restricting snowmobile access in the "watery maze" that makes up Voyageurs Park's over thirty lakes and nine hundred islands might affect similar conflicts between outdoor recreationists and environmental groups in other national parks.' FACTS AND HOLDINGThe litigation involved three separate cases and three visits by the same parties to the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals. 6 Each set of cases centered on the issue of snowmobiling in Voyageurs National Park in Minnesotaits environmental impact on endangered species,' NPS' authority to regulate or ban snowmobile use in
Controlled AC drives with ride-through capability at power interruption (2002)

General-purpose PWM (pulse width modulated) inverter drives are equipped with an undervoltage protection mechanism, causing the system to shut down within a few milliseconds after a power interruption in the mains. This may entail loss or damage of material in such critical applications as the production of textile fibers on paper, or with extruder drives. The proposed solution to this problem is to recover some of the mechanical energy stored in the rotating masses. When a power interruption occurs, a sequence of fast feedforwarded commands is applied to force an immediate transition into the regeneration mode. During the interrupt interval, the drive system continues to operate at almost zero torque, just regenerating a minor amount of power to cover the electrical losses in the inverter. The method is implemented in an additional software package to be used with general-purpose inverter drives of limited dynamic performance. Experimental results are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Parametrically Optimized Carbon Nanotube-Coated Cold Cathode Spindt Arrays (2017)

Here, we investigate, through parametrically optimized macroscale simulations, the field electron emission from arrays of carbon nanotube (CNT)-coated Spindts towards the development of an emerging class of novel vacuum electron devices. The present study builds on empirical data gleaned from our recent experimental findings on the room temperature electron emission from large area CNT electron sources. We determine the field emission current of the present microstructures directly using particle in cell (PIC) software and present a new CNT cold cathode array variant which has been geometrically optimized to provide maximal emission current density, with current densities of up to 11.5 A/cm² at low operational electric fields of 5.0 V/μm.
Performance of turbo codes in multipath fading channels (2002)

This paper presents the performance of turbo codes in fading multipath channels. We apply two channel estimation techniques, namely, the pilot tone technique and the pilot symbol assisted modulation technique to obtain channel side information for decoding. Various channel models are used in computer simulations. Numerical results are given to quantify various system behavior and to provide numerical examples that provide us system solutions.
Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees (2010)

Understanding the evolutionary history of living organisms is a central problem in biology. Until recently the ability to infer evolutionary relationships was limited by the amount of DNA sequence data available, but new DNA sequencing technologies have largely removed this limitation. As a result, DNA sequence data are readily available or obtainable for a wide spectrum of organisms, thus creating an unprecedented opportunity to explore evolutionary relationships broadly and deeply across the Tree of Life. Unfortunately, the algorithms used to infer evolutionary relationships are NP-hard, so the dramatic increase in available DNA sequence data has created a commensurate increase in the need for access to powerful computational resources. Local laptop or desktop machines are no longer viable for analysis of the larger data sets available today, and progress in the field relies upon access to large, scalable high-performance computing resources. This paper describes development of the CIPRES Science Gateway, a web portal designed to provide researchers with transparent access to the fastest available community codes for inference of phylogenetic relationships, and implementation of these codes on scalable computational resources. Meeting the needs of the community has included developing infrastructure to provide access, working with the community to improve existing community codes, developing infrastructure to insure the portal is scalable to the entire systematics community, and adopting strategies that make the project sustainable by the community. The CIPRES Science Gateway has allowed more than 1800 unique users to run jobs that required 2.5 million Service Units since its release in December 2009. (A Service Unit is a CPU-hour at unit priority).
Ubiquitylation and autophagy in the control of bacterial infections and related inflammatory responses (2011)

The ubiquitin proteasome system and autophagy constitute key signalling pathways in the host response to infection. The identification of adaptors linking the two pathways has prompted a re-examination of the latter's involvement in inflammatory reactions and the clearance of bacteria. The ubiquitin-autophagy pathway is a preferred target for effectors from pathogens that seek to exploit and evade the host defence mechanisms. A number of new players and signalling nodes have recently been identified. Here, we discuss these new insights into the host's control of bacterial infection.
V. Mechanical integration of the linear differential equations of the second order with variable coefficients (1876)

Abstract Every linear differential equation of the second order may, as is known, be reduced to the form d/dx (1/P du/dx) = u, . . . . . . (1) where P is any given function of x. On account of the great importance of this equation in mathematical physics (vibrations of a non-uniform stretched cord, of a hanging chain, water in a canal of non-uniform breadth and depth, of air in a pipe of non-uniform sectional area, conduction of heat along a bar of non-uniform fiction or non-uniform conductivity, Laplace’s differential equation of the tides, &c. &c.), I have long endeavoured to obtain a means of faciliiting its practical solution.
A Cobalt(III)−Salen Complex with an Axial Substituent in the Diamine Backbone:  Stereoselective Recognition of Amino Alcohols (2005)

A cobalt(III)-salen complex (3) with an axial substituent on the diamine backbone has been synthesized. Crystal structure reveals that the axial substituent (p-nitrophenyl group) is positioned in close proximity to the metal binding site. The stereoselectivity of the cobalt complex for binding amino alcohols increases with increasing steric bulk of the amino alcohol from alaninol (2.9) to valinol (6.2) and t-leucinol (36.0).