gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of thermal denaturation of antithrombin III (1982)

Purified antithrombin III (AT III), a single-chain human plasma glycoprotein, molecular weight 58,000 daltons, and one of the major serine protease inhibitors, was heated in the 60-70 degrees C range for inactivating possible contaminations by hepatitis B virus (HBV). Loss of inhibitory activity, unfolding of tertiary structure, and the rate of aggregate formation of AT III were monitored experimentally during heatig. Sucrose and sodium citrate were demonstrated to stabilize the protein. From the rate data the calculated activation energies (E) showed E(tert. struct.) < E(biol. act.) < E(aggreg.) indicating the order (lower activation energy process first) in which heat causes these changes in the protein molecule. The activation energy corresponding to denaturation of HBV was estimated to be at least fourfold lower than that associated with the unfolding of the tertiary structure of the protein. Purified AT III, thus stabilized and pasteurized, should be therapeutically effective, and the risk for transmission of hepatitis B should be decreased significantly.
Effect of exercise on mouse liver and brain bioenergetic infrastructures (2012)

To assess the effects of exercise on liver and brain bioenergetic infrastructures, we exposed C57BL/6 mice to 6 weeks of moderate-intensity treadmill exercise. During the training period, fasting blood glucose was lower in exercised mice than in sedentary mice, but serum insulin levels were not reduced. At week 6, trained mice showed a paradoxical decrease in plasma lactate during exercise, which was accompanied by an increase in the liver monocarboxylate transporter 2 protein level (∼30%, P < 0.05). Exercise increased liver peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α expression (approximately twofold, P < 0.001), NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1 protein (∼30%, P < 0.05), p38 protein (∼15%, P < 0.05), cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1 protein (∼50%, P < 0.05) and AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation (∼40%, P < 0.05). Despite this, liver mitochondrial DNA copy number (∼30%, P = 0.05), mitochondrial transcription factor A expression (∼15%, P < 0.05), cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 expression (∼10%, P < 0.05), cAMP-response element binding protein phosphorylation (∼60%, P < 0.05) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression (∼40%, P < 0.05) were all reduced, while cytochrome oxidase and citrate synthase activities were unchanged. The only altered brain parameter observed was a reduction in tumour necrosis factor α expression (∼35%, P < 0.05); tumour necrosis factor α expression was unchanged in liver. Our data suggest that lactate produced by exercising muscle modifies the liver bioenergetic infrastructure, and enhanced liver uptake may in turn limit the ability of exercise-generated lactate to modify brain bioenergetics. Also, it appears that, at least in the liver, a dissociated mitochondrial biogenesis, in which some components are strategically enhanced while others are minimized, can occur.
Improved procedure for the computation of Lamb's coefficients in the\n Physalis method for particle simulation (2011)

The Physalis method is suitable for the simulation of flows with suspended\nspherical particles. It differs from standard immersed boundary methods due to\nthe use of a local spectral representation of the solution in the neighborhood\nof each particle, which is used to bridge the gap between the particle surface\nand the underlying fixed Cartesian grid. This analytic solution involves\ncoefficients which are determined by matching with the finite-difference\nsolution farther away from the particle. In the original implementation of the\nmethod this step was executed by solving an over-determined linear system via\nthe singular-value decomposition. Here a more efficient method to achieve the\nsame end is described. The basic idea is to use scalar products of the\nfinite-difference solutions with spherical harmonic functions taken over a\nspherical surface concentric with the particle. The new approach is tested on a\nnumber of examples and is found to posses a comparable accuracy to the original\none, but to be significantly faster and to require less memory. An unusual test\ncase that we describe demonstrates the accuracy with which the method conserves\nthe fluid angular momentum in the case of a rotating particle.\n
A swivel‐jointed formalism for segmentally flexible macromolecules and its application to the rotational behavior of myosin (1982)

Abstract A formalism is presented to represent the hydrodynamic and diffusion behavior of segmentally flexible macromolecules with a high degree of flexibility. The development specifically treats open assemblies of cylindrically symmetric segments joined at their end points by frictionless swivels. Three‐dimensional diffusion and frictional tensors that govern the rotations of each segment and the translations of some chosen swivel are established and related by a Stokes–Einstein relation. The dependence of these tensors on the choice of swivel is examined, and simplified expressions are obtained by omitting hydrodynamic interactions between segments. These simplified expressions are used to analyze the rotational behavior of a Y‐shaped body in detail. If there is complete flexibility, the rotational motions of each segment reduce, for all practical purposes, to those of a cylindrically symmetric rigid body. Estimates are provided to relate segment rotations to internal motions and restrictions on flexibility. A procedural framework for generating rotational diffusion coefficients for segments of more complicated bodies is applied to a four‐segment two‐swivel myosin model. Comparison of calculated and experimental relaxation times for myosin and its fragments indicates the head–tail junction is highly flexible, with at least a ±60° angular extent of free bending between heads allowed, while the tail is neither straight and rigid nor highly flexible.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Modular One‐Pot Multicomponent Approach to Functionalized Benzo[b]phosphole Derivatives. (2014)

Abstract Based on the coupling of an arylzinc reagent, an internal alkyne, and dichlorophenylphosphine a new synthesis of benz[b]phosphole derivatives is presented.
The SRI EduSpeak System: Recognition and Pronunciation Scoring for Language Learning (2007)

The EduSpeak system is a software development toolkit that enables developers of interactive language education software to use state-of-the-art speech recognition and pronunciation scoring technology. We first report results on the application of adaptation techniques to recognize both native and nonnative speech in a speaker-independent manner. We discuss our pronunciation scoring paradigm and show experimental results in the form of correlations between the pronunciation quality estimators included in the toolkit and grades given by human listeners. We review phone-level pronunciation estimation schemes and describe the phone-level mispronunciation detection functionality that we have incorporated in the toolkit. Finally, we mention some of the EduSpeak toolkit system features that facilitate the creation and deployment of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) applications.
Enzymatic Release and Macrolactonization of Cryptophycins from a Safety‐Catch Solid Support (2007)

Thioesters need not apply: Cryptophycin thioesterase (Crp TE) cleaves and macrolactonizes linear cryptophycin substrates bound to activated safety-catch PEGA resin. This novel enzymatic solid-phase approach was used to further investigate the tolerance of Crp TE for structural variations of substrates. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2007/z703665_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Forced expiration and HeO2 response in canine peripheral airway obstruction (1985)

We examined the effect of peripheral airway obstruction on parameters of maximum expiratory flow (Vmax) in a canine model of bronchiolitis obliterans (B). B was produced by the repeated intrabronchial instillations of a 1% nitric acid solution in seven dogs (group B). In seven control dogs (group C), a normal saline solution was used. During forced vital capacity deflation, Vmax on air, the relative increase in Vmax on 80% He-20% O2 (delta Vmax), and airway sites of flow limitation "choke points" (CP) were determined at multiple lung volumes (VL). The findings were interpreted in terms of the wave-speed theory of flow limitation. Wave-speed parameters were identified with a pressure-measuring device positioned in the airway. Compared with the findings for group C, Vmax decreased substantially at the lower VL (less than 50% vital capacity) in group B, whereas there were no changes in delta Vmax at any VL. CP were identified in central airways in both groups but were slightly more upstream in group B. Our analysis indicated that the reduction in Vmax in group B was due to an increase in upstream frictional pressure losses (Pfr) that caused a relative reduction in the pressure head, so that choking occurred in slightly upstream airways. delta Vmax did not change in group B because with CP identified in central airways, Pfr were density dependent, and significant differences in head loss on the two gas mixtures did not occur. Choking therefore occurred with similar wave-speed variables on the two gas mixtures, and delta Vmax was maintained.
Effects of Anaerobic Packaging on Number and Flora of Bacteria in Fresh Meat (1982)

脱酸素剤を封入した嫌気包装貯蔵による牛肉の細菌数•菌相および腐敗の程度について,空気包装貯蔵と比較した.嫌気包装試料では,pH植,T.V.B.値の両者とも貯蔵中ほとんど変化しなかった.一方,空気包装試料では,いずれも急激に変化し,貯蔵10日目で初期腐敗に達した.これは開封時の感覚的なにおいの判定とも一致していた.細菌数は嫌気包装試料の方が空気包装試料よりも少なかった.貯蔵開始時の菌相は,グラム陽性菌が85%以上を占めた.10日間貯蔵後の菌相において,嫌気包装試料では,Lactobacillus属が約30%を占め,Pseudomonas属や大腸菌群などのグラム陰性菌は抑制された.一方空気包装試料では,グラム陽性菌が認められず,Pseudomonas属が約40%を占めた.また嫌気包装試料では,脱酸素の速度が速いほど細菌数が少なく,Lactobacillus属が多い傾向を示した.これらの菌相の相違により,嫌気包装試料のpH値およびT.V.B.値が低く推移したものと考えられる.これらの結果脱酸素剤封入による嫌気包装貯蔵は,生肉の棚持寿命を延長させるための有効な手段であることが認められた.
Cache optimization models and algorithms (2020)

Caching refers to the act of replicating information at a faster (or closer) medium with the purpose of improving performance. This deceptively simple idea has given rise to some of the hardest optimization problems in the fields of computer systems, networking, and the Internet; many of which remain unsolved several years after their conception. While a wealth of research contributions exists from the topics of memory systems, data centers, Internet traffic, CDNs, and recently wireless networks, the literature is dispersed and overlapping at times. In this monograph, the authors focus on the fundamental underlying mathematical models, into a powerful framework for performing optimization of caching systems. In doing so they the present the reader with a solid background for the anticipated explosion in caching research, and provide a didactic view into how engineers have managed to infuse mathematical models into the study of caching over the last 40 years.
Optical coherence tomography: signal signature on neuronal ageing and blood‐retinal barrier status (2012)

Abstract Purpose We aim to identify the features that allow the discrimination between healthy controls and diabetic patients with optical coherence tomography (OCT) data from the human retina. Methods Prior studies from our research group showed the association between the status of the blood‐retinal barrier and the consequent changes on the optical characteristics of the retina. Following the same rationale, we have demonstrated the possibility to discriminate healthy controls and diabetic patients by age group and healthy controls from diabetic subjects even though no visible changes could be identified, using a spectral domain OCT, Cirrus HD‐OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, USA), to gather the refractive index data in between the inner limiting membrane and the retinal pigment epithelium, and the support vector machine (SVM) for the automatic classification. In the work herewith presented, we applied a backward elimination process aiming to reduce the number of features used while simultaneously increase the classification performance. Results In this work we were able to reduce the number of features used in the SVM algorithm from the initial 46 features down to 10, while simultaneously increase the accuracy up to 97%. Moreover, the different feature set used for the different classifications suggest the presence of specific signatures within OCT data distribution. Conclusion These findings also suggest the possibility to use this noninvasive imaging modality to assess the neuronal condition and blood‐retinal barrier status.
Development of 3.6 kV 4H-SiC PiN power diodes (2017)

Based on a 30-um-thick N-type epitaxial layer doped at 3 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">15</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> , PiN diodes with etched junction termination extension (JTE) with floating guard rings (E-JFs) structure were designed and fabricated. Both the anode mesa and the JTE region were formed by ion implantation at 500°C and etching process. The measurement results show that the fabricated PiN diodes can block reverse voltage of 3.6 kV with great uniformity and yield rate, and the forward voltage drop (I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">A</sub> =100A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) of 3.7 V is obtained.
Swelling of carboxyl-containing copolymer latexes (1985)

Methacrylic acid copolymers (5–50%) with methyl methacrylate, styrene, and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate were prepared at 60°C by batch and semicontinuous emulsion polymerization, and the latexes were neutralized with sodium hydroxide. In some cases, ethyl acrylate or crosslinking monomers such as ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, divinylbenzene, or trimethylolpropane triacrylate were added to the recipe. The parameters varied included the Tg of the copolymer, the hydrophobicity of the base monomer, the carboxyl group distribution within the particle, and the degree of crosslinking. The variation of particle size with pH was determined using dissymmetry of light scattering, the variation of viscosity with pH using the Weissenberg Rheogoniometer in the cone-plate mode, and the loci of the carboxyl groups by a modified conductometric titration method. The serum was separated from the latex particles by serum replacement, an excess of sodium hydroxide was added to the cleaned latex, and the conductance and unreacted sodium hydroxide were measured as a function of time. The carboxyl groups were arbitrarily divided into: (i) the particle surface neutralized instantaneously; (ii) the first subsurface layer neutralized within 10 minutes; (iii) the second subsurface layer neutralized within 24 hours; (iv) the unneutralized particle core; (v) the latex serum. The three characterization techniques gave a detailed analysis of the swelling behavior of the carboxyl-containing copolymers. The swelling upon neutralization of the relatively hydrophilic methyl methacrylate copolymers was higher than that of the relatively hydrophobic styrene and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate copolymers. Batch polymerization of the methyl methacrylate copolymers gave a higher concentration of carboxyl groups at or near the particle surface; semicontinuous polymerization gave a more uniform distribution throughout the particle. Decreasing the Tg of the copolymer increased the concentration of carboxyl groups at or near the particle surface. Crosslinking of the particle had little effect on the carboxyl group distribution.
A New Approach to Asymmetric Synthesis of <i>β</i>-Amino Alcohols by Means of <i>α</i>-Chirally Protected Amino Alkyllithiums (1998)

A new, general synthetic approach to enantiopure α-amino ketones and syn-β-amino alcohols is described which employs the doubly chiral N-protected α-amino alkyllithiums generated via Pearson's transmetalative protocol as the key synthetic intermediates.
Phosphorus-Fluorine Chemistry. (1962)

The reaction of potassium fluorosulfinate with chlorophosphines, RnPCl3-n, instead of the expected fluorophosphines, RnPF3-n, gave fluorides of phosphonic or phosphinic acids. Fluorophosphine complexes of zerovalent nickel were readily obtained upon fluorination of the corresponding complexes containing chlorophosphines coordinated to the metal, the latter being easily accessible. Interaction of chlorophosphines with group V trifluorides, such as AsF3 or SbF3, normally led to fluorophosphoranes, RnPF5-n, by a simultaneous redox and fluorination reaction. Chloromethyldichlorophosphine, however, was converted smoothly into the flammable fluorophosphine, which upon reaction with cycloheptatriene molybdenum tricarbonyl gave the corresponding trisdifluorophosphine-molybdenum tricarbonyl complex as a stable, distillable liquid.
Hydroboration Kinetics. 6.<sup>1</sup> Hydroboration of Alkenes with 9-Borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane Dimer and 9-Borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-Lewis Base Complexes in Various Solvents: An Interpretation of the Catalytic Effect of Ether Solvents on the Hydroboration Reaction (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydroboration Kinetics. 6.1 Hydroboration of Alkenes with 9-Borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane Dimer and 9-Borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-Lewis Base Complexes in Various Solvents: An Interpretation of the Catalytic Effect of Ether Solvents on the Hydroboration ReactionKung K. Wang and Herbert C. BrownCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 25, 7148–7155Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00389a043https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00389a043research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views600Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
<i>KRAS</i>, <i>p53</i> and <i>BRAF</i> Gene Mutations and Aneuploidy in Sporadic Colorectal Cancer Progression (2006)

Background : The origin and mechanisms of chromosomal instability are still widely unknown. We previously investigated a limited number of human sporadic colorectal cancers (CRCs) and observed a statistically different occurrence of KRAS and p53 mutations among predetermined subgroups of tumors with different degrees of DNA aneuploidy. The aim of the present study was to further verify these observations by including BRAF gene analysis and by investigating a larger series of cases subdivided into Dukes′ stages A to D to reconstruct some form of chronological modulation for events during CRC progression. Methods : KRAS , p53 , BRAF mutations and flow cytometric DNA Index were evaluated by established techniques in a series of 135 human sporadic CRCs. Results : p53 , KRAS and BRAF mutations were found in 39%, 34%, and 4% of tumors, respectively. The frequency of p53 mutations increased from 15% for stage A to 48% for stage D and was highest in near‐diploid (DI 1.6) tumors. A similar correlation between gene mutations and DI values was observed for KRAS . The simultaneous presence of KRAS and p53 mutations was observed in only 11% of cases. Moreover, the co‐occurrence of p53 and KRAS mutations was only observed in near‐diploid and high‐aneuploid tumors. Conclusion : Our findings suggest that KRAS and p53 gene mutations, which are rarely simultaneous and are associated with specific DI aneuploid values, do not represent a synergistic evolutionary pathway but may influence mechanisms of chromosomal instability.
Activation Energy for Mobility of Dyes and Proteins in Polymer Solutions: From Diffusion of Single Particles to Macroscale Flow (2013)

We measure the activation energy Ea for the diffusion of molecular probes (dyes and proteins of radii from 0.52 to 6.9 nm) and for macroscopic flow in a model complex liquid-aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycol. We cover a broad range of polymer molecular weights, concentrations, and temperatures. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and rheometry experiments reveal a relationship between the excess of the activation energy in polymer solutions over the one in pure solvent ΔEa and simple parameters describing the structure of the system: probe radius, polymer hydrodynamic radius, and correlation length. ΔEa varies by more than an order of magnitude in the investigated systems (in the range of ca. 1-15 kJ/mol) and for probes significantly larger than the polymer hydrodynamic radius approaches the value measured for macroscopic flow. We develop an explicit formula describing the smooth transition of ΔEa from the diffusion of molecular probes to macroscopic flow. This formula is a reference for the quantitative analysis of specific interactions of moving nano-objects with their environment as well as active transport. For instance, the power developed by a molecular motor moving at constant velocity u is proportional to u2exp(Ea/RT).
Unsaturated polyamides and polyesters prepared from 1,4-bis(2-carboxyvinyl)benzene and 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (1996)

Various unsaturated polyamides and polyesters were prepared from the reactions of 1,4-bis(2-carboxyvinyl)benzene acid chloride with aromatic diamines and bisphenols, respectively. In addition, various unsaturated homo- and copolyesters were synthesized from 4-hydroxycinnamic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. They were heat-cured to thermally stable resins. The polymers were characterized by inherent viscosity measurements, FT-IR, x-ray, DTA, TMA, TGA, and isothermal gravimetric analysis. The water absorption as well as the solubility behavior of the polymers was also investigated. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.