gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Insights into an autonomously formed oxygen-evacuated Cu<sub>2</sub>O electrode for the selective production of C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> from CO<sub>2</sub> (2014)

Electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to small organic fuels (e.g. formate, methanol, ethylene, ethanol) is touted as one of the most promising approaches for solving the problems of climate change and energy security. In this study, we report the highly efficient electrochemical reduction of CO2 using cuprous oxide (Cu2O) electrodes to produce ethylene (C2H4) primarily. During CO2 electrolysis using electrodeposited Cu2O on a carbon electrode, we observe the transformation of a compact metal oxide layer to a metal oxide structure with oxygen vacant sites at the bulk region. In contrast to previous studies, our results clearly indicate that Cu2O remains at the surface of the catalyst and it efficiently catalyzes the conversion process of CO2 at low overpotential, exhibiting a high selective faradaic efficiency of over 20% towards C2H4 formation even in long-term electrolysis.
Recent advances in ethylene research (2009)

Ethylene regulates many aspects of the plant life cycle, including seed germination, root initiation, flower development, fruit ripening, senescence, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. It thus plays a key role in responses to the environment that have a direct bearing on a plant's fitness for adaptation and reproduction. In recent years, there have been major advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating ethylene synthesis and action. Screening for mutants of the triple response phenotype of etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings, together with map-based cloning and candidate gene characterization of natural mutants from other plant species, has led to the identification of many new genes for ethylene biosynthesis, signal transduction, and response pathways. The simple chemical nature of ethylene contrasts with its regulatory complexity. This is illustrated by the multiplicity of genes encoding the key ethylene biosynthesis enzymes 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase and ACC oxidase, multiple ethylene receptors and signal transduction components, and the complexity of regulatory steps involving signalling relays and control of mRNA and protein synthesis and turnover. In addition, there are extensive interactions with other hormones. This review integrates knowledge from the model plant Arabidopsis and other plant species and focuses on key aspects of recent research on regulatory networks controlling ethylene synthesis and its role in flower development and fruit ripening.
Nitriles in Heterocyclic Synthesis: A New Aproach for the Synthesis of Thiazinones (1984)

Synthesis of thiazines via the reaction of thiosalicyllc acid with malononitrile, ethyl cyanoacetate and other polyfunctlanal nitriles is reported.Folyfunctional nitriles are highly reactive compounds that have been extensively utilized in organic synthesis.lp2In the last decade, we have been involved in a program aiming to explore the potential scope and limitation of the utility of polyfunctional nitriles in heterocyclic s y n t h e s i ~. ~
Statistics of a Composite Photon Formed of Two Fermions (1972)

A modification of the author's earlier version of the neutrino theory of photons is presented. A composite-photon distribution is obtained which is similar enough to Planck's distribution to satisfy experimental results. Linearly polarized photon operators are constructed and the theory is shown to describe truly neutral photons, thus removing an objection that had been raised against the earlier version by Berezinskii.
The Late Effects of Ionizing Radiation: Some General Problems of Experimental Design (1959)

Henry I. Kohn, The Late Effects of Ionizing Radiation: Some General Problems of Experimental Design, Radiation Research Supplement, Vol. 1, Proceedings of the International Congress of Radiation Research, Burlington, Vermont, U. S. A., August 11-15, 1958 (1959), pp. 235-242
Elucidating Redox-Level Dispersion and Local Dielectric Effects within Electroactive Molecular Films (2014)

The electron exchange between a redox-active molecular film and its underlying electrode can be cleanly tracked, in a frequency-resolved manner, through associated capacitive charging. If acquired data is treated with a classical (non quantum) model, mathematically equivalent to a Nernst distribution for one redox energy level, redox site coverage is both underestimated and environmentally variable. This physically unrealistic model fails to account for the energetic dispersion intrinsically related to the quantized characteristics of coupled redox and electrode states. If one maps this redox capacitive charging as a function of electrode potential one not only reproduces observations made by standard electroanalytical methods but additionally and directly resolves the spread of redox state energies the electrode is communicating with. In treating a population of surface-confined redox states as constituting a density of states, these analyses further resolve the effects of electrolyte dielectric on energetic spread in accordance with the electron-transfer models proposed by Marcus and others. These observations additionally underpin a directly (spectrally) resolved dispersion in electron-transfer kinetics.
Rationale and Uses of a Public HIV Drug‐Resistance Database (2006)

Knowledge regarding the drug resistance of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is critical for surveillance of drug resistance, development of antiretroviral drugs, and management of infections with drug-resistant viruses. Such knowledge is derived from studies that correlate genetic variation in the targets of therapy with the antiretroviral treatments received by persons from whom the variant was obtained (genotype-treatment), with drug-susceptibility data on genetic variants (genotype-phenotype), and with virological and clinical response to a new treatment regimen (genotype-outcome). An HIV drug-resistance database is required to represent, store, and analyze the diverse forms of data underlying our knowledge of drug resistance and to make these data available to the broad community of researchers studying drug resistance in HIV and clinicians using HIV drug-resistance tests. Such genotype-treatment, genotype-phenotype, and genotype-outcome correlations are contained in the Stanford HIV RT and Protease Sequence Database and have specific usefulness.
Multiple Pulse and Phase Code Modulation in the Loran-C System (1960)

Transmission of a group of closely spaced pulses increases the duty cycle and consequently the range of the Loran-C (formerly called Cytac) 100-kc pulsed hyperbolic radio navigation system while retaining the advantages of time sharing. Phase coding by carrier phase reversal, coupled with synchronous detection, facilitates automatic master and slave identification and search, and prevents multihop skywave interference. Instrumentation for simple and complex pulse patterns is considered. The phase codes used are characterized by lack of spurious responses associated with other bipolar codes.
Use of RNA isolated from feces as a promising tool for the early detection of colorectal cancer (2012)

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer worldwide. Early detection would allow patients to be treated surgically and halt the progression of the disease; however, the current methods of early detection are invasive (colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy) or have low sensitivity (fecal occult blood test). The altered expression of genes in stool samples of patients with colorectal cancer can be determined by RT-PCR. This is a noninvasive and highly sensitive technique for colorectal cancer screening. According to information gathered in this review and our own experience, the use of fecal RNA to determine early alterations in gene expression due to malignancy appears to be a promising alternative to the current detection methods and owing to its low cost could be implemented in public health services.
An approach to patients (2013)

BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia Correspondence: Dr David F Smith, BC Children’s Hospital, 4480 Oak Street, K1-125, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3V4. Telephone 604-875-2130, fax 604-875-3021, e-mail docdfsmith@aol.com Accepted for publication January 28, 2013 Physicians, both men and women, can appear imposing or even frightening to some children. I’ve found that an initial discussion with the parents, preferably while seated and with the youngster playing with toys in the room, works best as a start. Acceptance of your presence by a child requires time. Once the examination is about to begin, I’ll have a parent hold a toddler on his or her lap to provide the child an initial sense of security. If the child is a bit older, I’ll often have the parent place the child in an upright seated position on the side of the examination table to avoid, initially, putting the child in a recumbent position. Children usually feel more in control in a sitting position and are less inclined to cry. I tend to avoid standing initially; I’ll move on an office chair with wheels over to the side of the examination table. This puts me on the same level as the child and is less threatening to the youngster than standing over him or her. I’ll start with an examination of the feet while the youngster dangles them over the side of the table. There’s a lot to be learned clinically from the feet. They are also the most distant body part from the head, which, in turn, is usually the area of greatest examination concern for the child. Once the foot examination is completed, you can remain seated and still examine the heart, listen to the chest, check the legs, arms and hands and then, finally, stand up to examine other areas. If there’s been no crying up to this stage, then the remainder of the examination usually goes smoothly. Don’t forget to check the scalp. Even in our best Vancouver (British Columbia) schools, lice checks usually result in a discovery rate of at least 1% to 2%. In addition, there may be the odd old head laceration, reflecting past injury, which will appear as a whitish scar in the scalp area. I once saw a 12-year-old youngster from the British Columbia interior for a failure to thrive assessment. His scalp examination revealed 30 old scalp lacerations, none of which were apparent on initial inspection. On questioning his mother, she reported him as being “clumsy”. I telephoned the child’s local hospital to obtain his emergency records, and discovered that no medical care had ever been provided for any of his full-thickness scalp lacerations. After his subsequent permanent removal (by provincial authorities) due to long-standing child abuse, his growth and mood improved significantly.
Block copolymers of styrene containing oligomeric esters of terephthalic acids (2000)

A new generation of block copolymers were synthesized starting with depolymerized PET by glycolysis with some oligomeric diols. α,ω-Dihydroxy poly(dimethyl siloxane)s, hexylene glycol, poly(ethylene oxide)glycols, and ethylene glycol were used as diols. The dihydroxy-terminated depolymerization products containing a terephthalyl group and oligomeric diols were used to prepare a diradicalic macroinitiator (MI). These MIs were used to polymerize the styrene monomer. The new block copolymers obtained were characterized by physical and chemical methods and mechanical and thermal analyses. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 76: 648–653, 2000
Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Woody Odorants (2005)

1Introduction Woody odorants constitute an important olfactory family in perfumery[1]. Essential wood oils, traditionally being obtained by steam distillation of plant materials, are extensively being used in a variety of perfumes.Patchouli oil (e. g. in Gentlemen, Givenchy), vetiver oil (Vetiver, J. P. Guerlain) and cedar wood oil (Declaration, Cartier) are classics in this field. On the other hand, many terpenic hydrocarbons which are perse not particularly useful as perfume ingredients, have been functionalized in order to obtain more sophisticated scents. Javanol(R), Belambre(R), Ysamber K(R) and Ambrocenide(R) (prepared from pinene, camphor,logifolene and cedrene) are the names of potent and recently commercialized wood odorants. However, due to variable qualities of the natural starting materials, it has been an important task in fragrance research to find inexpensive but fully synthetic alternatives which, in light of the complexity of the structures, remains challenging. See Fig. 1.
Improving Prudhoe Bay Pulse-Test Data by Processing with Fourier Transforms (1988)

Abstract Pulse testing using surface-pressure measurement has proven to be a cost-effective way to establish reservoir continuity and to determine interwell reservoir properties at Prudhoe Bay. Using portable surface measurement equipment – instead of wireline-conveyed bottom-hole measurement tools – at the observation wells has significantly reduced the cost of conducting the tests. However, the pulse test analysis is often complicated by extraneous pressure fluctuations in the surface-measured data. These fluctuations may be caused by variations in ambient temperature, by operation of surface production equipment, or by reservoir pressure transients generated by offset wells. To eliminate these detrimental effects, a method has been developed which uses Fourier transforms to process the surface data. Once the data has been processed, conventional analysis of the pulse-test data can be improved substantially. This paper discusses the method, as well as its application to two Prudhoe Bay pulse tests.
Lógicas de funcionamiento de un mercado de fuerza de trabajo agropecuario: niveles y formas de remuneración en la cosecha de algodón, (Chaco 1990-2012) (2015)

<p>Este artículo intenta analizar y reconstruir algunos aspectos referidos al funcionamiento del mercado de fuerza de trabajo en la cosecha de algodón en la provincia de Chaco. Se centrará específicamente en la evolución y las formas de las remuneraciones en la cosecha de algodón, comparando específicamente las actividades de recolección manual y mecánicas. En ese sentido, se pregunta acerca de las transformaciones y continuidades que se producen en las formas de las remuneraciones a partir de la mecanización de las tareas de cosecha. Se intenta mostrar la persistencia de algunas características (formas de remuneración a destajo, evolución similar de los salarios, etc.) que permanecen constantes independientemente de la modalidad manual o mecánica de la tarea.</p>
On Multi-dimensional Markov Chain Models (2007)

Markov chain models are commonly used to model categorical data sequences. In the paper, we propose a multi-dimensional Markov chain model for modeling high dimensional categorical data sequences. In particular, the model is practical when there are limited data available. We then test the model with some practical sales demand data. Numerical results indicate the proposed model when compared to the existing models has comparable performance but has much less number of model parameters.
Enhancing image annotation by integrating concept ontology and text-based bayesian learning model (2007)

Automatic image annotation (AIA) has been a hot research topic in recent years since it can be used to support concept-based image retrieval. However, most existing AIA models depend heavily on the availability of a large number of labeled training samples, which require significant human labeling efforts. In this paper, we propose a novel learning framework which integrates text-based Bayesian model (TBM) and concept ontology to effectively expand the training set of each concept class without the need of additional human labeling efforts or collecting additional training images from other data sources. The basic idea lies in exploiting the text information from training set to provide additional effective annotations for training images so that training data for each concept class can be augmented. In this study we employ Bayesian Hierarchical Multinomial Mixture Models (BHMMMs) as our baseline AIA model. By combining additional annotations obtained from TBM into each concept class in the training phase, the performance of BHMMMs can be significantly improved on Corel image dataset with 263 testing concepts as compared to the state-of-the-art AIA models under the same experimental configurations.
Glycerol blanking in triglyceride assays: is it necessary? (1990)

Journal Article Glycerol blanking in triglyceride assays: is it necessary? Get access T G Cole T G Cole Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Clinical Chemistry, Volume 36, Issue 7, 1 July 1990, Pages 1267–1268, https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/36.7.1267 Published: 01 July 1990
A polyvinyl alcohol-coated silica gel stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction chromatography (2015)

Multiple layers of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) coating are generated onto silica gel by thermal immobilization to form a stationary phase applied for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC). It offers an easy way to manipulate the thickness of PVA coating and the obtained stationary phase demonstrated high efficiency and high chemical stability.
Etalon Effects Analysis in Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy Gas Concentration Detection System Based on Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy (2010)

Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) is a technique measuring the concentration of trace-gas, the gas concentration is in the sub-ppm (part-per-million) range. Experiment results show that the main part of system noise is interference fringes originating from multiple reflections between surfaces in optical components, so-called etalon effects. This work investigates the basis principle of the measurement of trace-gas concentration using wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) technique and analyses etalon effects from different types of optical surfaces. Fluctuations in temperature or vibrations of the etalon cause the interference fringes to shift in wavelength, and the interference fringes originated from short etalons within laser or photodetector cannot be removed by subtraction of a zero baseline using wedged or dithered components. It is shown that although analytical signal, SAS,nf, for short etalons, is decreasing with increased detection order, the signal-to-background ratio (SAS/SBG)nf is improved significantly. It is more advantageous to detect higher even harmonic signals, e.g. the 4th or 6th, than 2nd to reduce or eliminate the interference fringes originated from short etalons within laser or photodetector.
A new low-turbulence wind tunnel for animal and small vehicle flight experiments (2017)

Our understanding of animal flight benefits greatly from specialized wind tunnels designed for flying animals. Existing facilities can simulate laminar flow during straight, ascending and descending flight, as well as at different altitudes. However, the atmosphere in which animals fly is even more complex. Flow can be laminar and quiet at high altitudes but highly turbulent near the ground, and gusts can rapidly change wind speed. To study flight in both laminar and turbulent environments, a multi-purpose wind tunnel for studying animal and small vehicle flight was built at Stanford University. The tunnel is closed-circuit and can produce airspeeds up to 50 m s<sup>-1</sup> in a rectangular test section that is 1.0 m wide, 0.82 m tall and 1.73 m long. Seamless honeycomb and screens in the airline together with a carefully designed contraction reduce centreline turbulence intensities to less than or equal to 0.030% at all operating speeds. A large diameter fan and specialized acoustic treatment allow the tunnel to operate at low noise levels of 76.4 dB at 20 m s<sup>-1</sup>. To simulate high turbulence, an active turbulence grid can increase turbulence intensities up to 45%. Finally, an open jet configuration enables stereo high-speed fluoroscopy for studying musculoskeletal control in turbulent flow.
The interferometer in radio astronomy (1968)

A theory is developed for the response of a two-element radio interferometer to a partially coherent field, without restriction as to bandwidth or antenna properties. It is shown that for a completely incoherent source the narrow-band interferometer output is a component of the Fourier transform of the source brightness, which can therefore be mapped by repeated interferometer observations. A partially or completely coherent extended source, on the other hand, cannot be mapped by this technique. The history of radio interferometry in astronomy is discussed and examples are given of the current uses of the technique in the precise measurement of source positions, in the measurement of the diameters of extremely small sources, and in the detailed mapping of complex sources.
Characterization of Virulence Factors Mutans Streptococci and Specific Inhibition of These Factors. (1996)

う蝕の主要な病原因子であるミュータンスレンサ球菌は複数の菌種の総称であり, 血清型からも8型 (aからh型) に分類される。ヒトから分離される菌種は Streptococcus mutans (血清型c/e/f) と Streptococcus sobrinus (同d/g) にほぼ限定され, いくつかの共通の表現型を示す。中でも, 多くの単糖やオリゴ糖からの酸産生, およびスクロースを基質とする不溶性で固表面に付着性のα-グルカンの合成能は, これらの菌種のう蝕誘発能を担うビルレンス因子とみなされる。本研究では特に, グルコシルトランスフェラーゼ (GTase) の分画と精製, 局在および付着促進等の特徴を比較・検討した。両菌種ともに, 水溶性グルカンおよび不溶性グルカンを合成するGTaseが協調的に作用してはじめて生育菌体の強固な付着が生じる。さらに免疫学的, 分子生物学的, 形態学的方法を用いてGTaseとその産物の特徴を明らかにした。ついで, GTaseの機能を特異的に抑制すると, ミュータンスレンサ球菌感染SPFラットにおける実験う蝕が有意に抑制されることを示した。あわせて, ミュータンスレンサ球菌の生態学, 分類学, 菌体成分の化学的性状, GTaseを中心とするビルレンス因子, 動物における実験う蝕モデルの作成とその応用例について述べた。
CASE OF POISONING BY OENANTHE CROCATA (1854)

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Studies on Aromatic Carboxylic Acids. I (1962)

Oxidation of methylnaphthalenes with aqueous sodium bichromate under pressure was carried out to obtain naphthoic acids. β-naphthoic acid obtained from β-methylnaphthalene was extremely pure. The yield was about 900% and independent on the reaction temperatures between 230°c and 270deg;c when the reaction was carried out under 20 atm CO2 pressure. But without CO2 addition the yield was depressed to 70-80%. As the Oxidizing ability of bichromate is considerably lowered in strong alkaline solution, carbon dioxide was used to neutralize the sodium hydroxide produced during the reaction, thus keeping the reaction medium nearly neutral. Molar ratio of bichromate to methylnaphthalene above 1.2 was necessary to obtain the high yield. The concentration of bichromate above 25% gave poor result, especially when the reaction was carried out at low bichromate ratio without CO2. Oxidation of crude methylnaphthalene oil gave the mixture of naphthoic acids, and the molar ratio of β- to α-naphthoic acid was established as about 2 from the melting point curve.