gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Testing MRAM for Write Disturbance Fault (2006)

The magnetic random access memory (MRAM) is considered one of the potential candidates that will replace current on-chip memories (RAM, EEPROM, and flash memory) in the future. The MRAM is fast and does not need a high supply voltage for read/write operations. It can also endure almost unlimited read/write cycles. These combined advantages of RAM and flash memory make it a potential choice for SOC. In this paper, we present the write disturbance fault (WDF) model for MRAM, i.e., a fault that affects the data stored in the MRAM cells due to excessive magnetic field during the write operation. The proposed WDF model is justified by chip measurement results. We also construct the SPICE macro model for the magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) device of the toggle MRAM to obtain circuit simulation results. An MRAM chip has been designed and fabricated using a CMOS-based 0.18mum technology. We also present an MRAM fault simulator called RAMSES-M, based on which we derive the shortest test for the proposed WDF model. The test is shown to be better and more robust as compared with March C. Finally, we present a March 17N diagnosis algorithm for identifying the WDF
Environmental Impact Assessment of Buildings based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Methodology (2012)

환경문제에 대한 인식의 확산과 함께 건설산업에서도 건축물로 인한 환경영향을 저감하고자 하는 연구가 수행되었으나, 대부분의 연구는 이산화탄소에 집중되어 왔다. 하지만, 이산화탄소로 대표되는 지구온난화 뿐만 아니라 다양한 환경영향이 존재하며, 해외에서는 이러한 환경영향에 대한 포괄적인 분석이 적극적으로 시행되고 있다. 이에 따라, 본 연구에서는 건축물로 인한 환경영향을 보다 포괄적으로 평가할 수 있도록, 6가지의 환경영향 범주를 정의하였다. 즉, 지구온난화, 오존층파괴, 자원고갈, 산성화, 부영양화, 광화학산화를 환경영향 범주로 정의하고, 평가 기준들을 제시하였다. 그리고 본 연구에서 제시한 환경영향 범주에 대한 평가의 필요성을 검토하기 위하여 2가지 비교 설계안을 대상으로 사례분석을 시행한 결과, 지구온난화만을 평가한 것과는 상이한 결과가 도출되었다. 즉, 이산화탄소로 대표되는 지구온난화 지수를 기준으로 비교하면 2안이 우수한 것으로 판단되었지만, 6가지 영향범주 모두를 평가한 결과에서는 1안이 우수하다는 결과가 도출되었다. 이는 지구온난화 뿐만 아니라 다양한 환경영향을 포함하여 평가하는 것이 보다 타당한 결과 도출을 유도할 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 따라서 건축물에 대한 환경영향을 평가하기 위하여, 본 연구에서 제시한 6가지 환경영향 범주를 사용한다면, 보다 타당한 결과의 도출이 가능할 것이라 판단된다. Most of the studies on reduction of buildings' environmental burden in the construction industry have been focused on carbon dioxide emission, although there are various kinds of environmental issues such as global warming, acidification, and etc. which are considered by many researchers. Therefore, this study defined and suggested six impact categories and the principles to assess each impact for the assessment of comprehensive environmental impacts of buildings. The six impact categories are abiotic depletion, global warming, ozone layer depletion, acidification, eutrophication, and photochemical oxidation. A case study has been conducted through comparative analysis of two structural design alternatives to confirm the necessity of assessing the six impact categories. That is, the results of global warming potential and the six impacts proposed in this study were compared. By comparing the results of only global warming potential, the second design alternative using 24MPa concrete was chosen as a better alternative, while the first design alternative using 21MPa concrete was resulted as a better alternative when six impact categories were considered. The results mean that the assessment of various environmental impacts is an appropriate and reasonable approach and the comprehensive assessment offers more reliable results of environmental impacts in the building construction.
Automatic Laser Glare Suppression in Electro-Optical Sensors (2015)

Progress in laser technology has led to very compact but nevertheless powerful laser sources. In the visible and near infrared spectral region, lasers of any wavelength can be purchased. Continuous wave laser sources pose an especially serious threat to the human eye and electro-optical sensors due to their high proliferation and easy availability. The manifold of available wavelengths cannot be covered by conventional safety measures like absorption or interference filters. We present a protection concept for electro-optical sensors to suppress dazzling in the visible spectral region. The key element of the concept is the use of a digital micromirror device (DMD) in combination with wavelength multiplexing. This approach allows selective spectral filtering in defined regions of interest in the scene. The system offers the possibility of automatic attenuation of dazzling laser radiation.
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS OF BURGESS SHALE-TYPE PRESERVATION: A NEW WAY FORWARD (2012)

Study of the Burgess Shale-type deposits of the Cambrian has greatly enhanced scientific understanding of early animal evolution, but as the mechanisms by which these deposits formed are still unclear, here we outline and present data from the application of a new analytical approach, Raman spectroscopy, that can be used to characterize fossils from these deposits. Although these deposits present exceptional views into a diverse, nonbiomineralized to lightly biomineralized biota, this taphonomic regime mostly disappears from the fossil record after the Cambrian, with a few notable exceptions. Numerous detailed taphonomic and chemical studies have provided significant insight into modes of fossil preservation in these deposits, although there is still significant debate regarding the preservational and diagenetic mechanisms that may be involved. Compared to previous electron microscopy-based elemental mapping approaches, which have identified the elemental components of similar fossils, Raman spectroscopy allows a determination of the chemical phases and specific mineralogy at the molecular level, as well as the thermal maturity, of these fossils. This approach therefore provides new types of data, such as hematite phase, that may prove helpful for elucidating some of the mechanisms responsible for the exceptional types of preservation found in these deposits, and potentially helps to resolve the existing taphonomic debates.
Inherent ambiguities in recovering 3-D motion of a planar surface from a noisy flow field (2002)

The inherent ambiguities in recovering 3-D motion information of a planar surface from a single optical flow field are studied using a statistical model. These ambiguities are quantified using the Cramer-Rao lower bound, which is a lower bound for the error variances of motion parameter estimates. Motion-estimation algorithms which give unbiased estimates of motion parameters are considered. The bound is independent of the rotational motion parameters. It is studied for the motion of 3-D rigid planar surfaces. The dependence of the bound on several factors (such as the underlying motion, surface position, surface orientation, the field of view, and the density of available pixels) is derived in the form of closed-form expressions and can be computed by inverting a 5*5 positive-definite matrix.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Refinement of Chemical Selection for the Planned ASP Pilot in Mangala Field - Additional Phase Behaviour and Coreflood Studies (2010)

Abstract Mangala is the largest discovered oil field in the Barmer Basin, India. Initial oil production began in September 2009, and an alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) pilot will start-up early in 2010. Details on the design of the ASP pilot including the laboratory evaluations and simulation studies have been presented earlier. Laboratory evaluations involved screening and optimisation of the ASP slug formulation based on IFT measurements, adsorption measurements, polymer rheological and thermal stability studies, and a series of linear and radial corefloods. Additional experiments were conducted for refinement and optimization of the chemical selection, specifically targeting even lower residual oil saturations than what was attained previously. These experiments focused on new surfactant types that are more suitable for solubilising the viscous and waxy Mangala oil. The focus was on detailed phase behaviour evaluation rather than physical measurement of IFT, which allowed relatively quick analysis of a number of surfactants in a short time period. Both salinity scans and oil scans were performed because of significant acidic components in the Mangala crude which react very favourably with injected alkali to produce in situ soap. The resulting phase diagram confirmed the presence of a favourable salinity gradient for the ASP flooding. The best chemical formulation was used in long (1ft) Berea and composite Mangala corefloods and showed very high displacement efficiency for relatively low surfactant concentration, which confirmed the robustness of the phase behavior approach for chemical selection. Mechanistic simulations using the UTCHEM simulator assisted in further optimization of the ASP slug formulation. These experiments helped refine the chemical selection for the planned EOR pilot and reduced the technical risks by improving the robustness of the slug design.
MONO-DENTATE AND BI-DENTATE CARBOXYLATO COMPLEXES OF RUTHENIUM(IV) (1993)

Treatment of the ruthenium(IV) chloro-bridged dimer [{Ru(eta3:eta3-C10H16)Cl(mu-Cl)}2] 1 with sodium acetate or silver acetate at room temperature in acetone gives the chelate complex [Ru(eta3:eta3-C10H16)Cl(O2CMe)] 2. Refluxing 1 in trifluoroacetic acid, or reaction of 1 at room temperature with Ag[CF3CO2] gives the monodentate, dicarboxylate species [Ru(eta3:eta3-C10H16)(O2CCF3)2(OH2)] 3, which contains a tightly bound water ligand. A range of chloro and fluoro substituted carboxylato complexes has been prepared (5-9) and the 'cross-over' point between mono- and bi-dentate co-ordination determined. The hexafluoro beta-diketonate complex [Ru(eta3:eta3-C10H16)Cl{F3CC(O)CHC(O)CF3}] 10, exhibits the expected bidentate mode of co-ordination. Reaction of 1 with thioacetic acid over short reaction times yields the adduct [Ru(eta3:eta3-C10H16)Cl2{SC(OH)Me}] 11. The corresponding chelate species [Ru(eta3:eta3-C10H16)Cl(SOCMe)] 12, is formed over longer reaction times. Analogous reactions with thiopivalic and thiobenzoic acids result only in the isolation of the chelate products [Ru(eta3:eta3-C10H16) Cl(SOCR)] (R = Bu(t) 13 or Ph 14). The structures of complexes 2 and 3 have been verified by X-ray crystallography.
Java Network Programming (1997)

This practical guide provides a complete introduction to developing network programs with Java. Youll learn how to use Javas network class library to quickly and easily accomplish common networking tasks such as writing multithreaded servers, encrypting communications, broadcasting to the local network, and posting data to server-side programs. Author Elliotte Rusty Harold provides complete working programs to illustrate the methods and classes he describes. This thoroughly revised fourth edition covers REST, SPDY, asynchronous I/O, and many other recent technologies.Explore protocols that underlie the Internet, such as TCP/IP and UDP/IP Learn how Javas core I/O API handles network input and output Discover how the InetAddress class helps Java programs interact with DNS Locate, identify, and download network resources with Javas URI and URL classes Dive deep into the HTTP protocol, including REST, HTTP headers, and cookies Write servers and network clients, using Javas low-level socket classes Manage many connections at the same time with the nonblocking I/O
PH- and salt-dependent molecular combing of DNA: experiments and phenomenological model (2010)

λ-DNA as well as plasmids can be successfully deposited by molecular combing on hydrophobic surfaces, for pH values ranging from 4 to 10. On polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates, the deposited DNA molecules are overstretched by about 60-100%. There is a significant influence of sodium ions (NaCl) on the surface density of the deposited DNA, with a maximum near to 100 mM NaCl for a DNA solution (28 ng µl(-1)) at pH 8. The combing process can be described by a micromechanical model including: (i) the adsorption of free moving coiled DNA at the substrate; (ii) the stretching of the coiled DNA by the preceding meniscus; (iii) the relaxation of the deposited DNA to the final length. The sticky ends of λ-DNA cause an adhesion force in the range of about 400 pN which allows a stable overstretching of the DNA by the preceding meniscus. The exposing of hidden hydrophobic bonds of the overstretched DNA leads to a stable deposition on the hydrophobic substrate. The pH-dependent density of deposited DNA as well as the observed influence of sodium ions can be explained by their screening of the negatively charged DNA backbone and sticky ends, respectively. The final DNA length can be derived from a balance of the stored elastic energy of the overstretched molecules and the energy of adhesion.
Xinjiang to Be China＇s Strategic Oil and Gas Base (2005)

For a long term, the spacious eastern oilfields have been the Major Battlefield for oil and gas production in China. Xinjiang with abundant resource will have played as a strategic succeeding area.
Using Trajectory Data to Analyze Intradriver Heterogeneity in Car-Following (2010)

This paper presents a methodology for using vehicle trajectory data to study the intradriver heterogeneity of driving behavior between the acceleration process and the deceleration process. Trajectory data were collected during peak hours on Dutch Motorway A2. Criteria were proposed for the selection of subtrajectories corresponding to both the acceleration and the deceleration processes of car-following. With the application of these subtrajectories to calibrate three types of models (the Helly model, the Gipps model, and the intelligent driver model), it was found that obvious intradriver heterogeneities existed in driving behaviors between the acceleration and deceleration processes of car-following: (a) the average response time of drivers in the acceleration process was longer than that in the deceleration process according to the prediction of the Helly and intelligent driver models; (b) drivers were apt to respond more intensively to surrounding traffic in the deceleration process than they did in the acceleration process; and (c) more than 65% of drivers involved in this study drove in obviously different styles between the acceleration and deceleration processes. Moreover, a compensation for the response delay from model parameters was observed, and all three models presented low robustness in predicting driving behaviors of one car-following process with the parameters optimized from the data of other car-following processes. This work not only provides insight into intradriver heterogeneity in car-following behaviors but also suggests some important criteria for car-following modeling.
Performance improvement of wireless network based on effective data transmission (2008)

A major requirement of any computer network is scalability. This can be as a result of increase in the number of users, upgrading due to technological advancement, additional services, or the need for performance improvement. This will inevitably require changing infrastructure, deploying new applications, and dealing with security which definitely touches both hardware and software, in the sense that, the complexities of the hardware, software and firmware increase with the attendant growth of the network and maintainability. However, for the network to remain reliable and efficient, it is necessary that, implementation and administration of it requires a means of monitoring both the model of the network structures and processes occurring in them. The efficiency and throughput of the network depend on improving the effectiveness of data transmission carried out by the network protocols. This paper discusses the use of a protocol to meet the technological challenge towards improving the performance and throughput of a wireless network based on effective data transmission.
Cryo Electron Tomography (2007)

Cryo electron tomography's (CET) ability to visualize three dimensional biological structures – ranging in size from molecular to cellular – fills a critical gap between techniques with atomic resolution, such as x-ray diffraction (XRD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and conventional light microscopy. However, it is CET's ability to investigate biological structures in their unperturbed, native context that makes it an indispensable tool in the currently exploding field of structural biology.
Recycling greenhouse gas fossil fuel emissions into low radiocarbon food products to reduce human genetic damage (2007)

Radiocarbon from nuclear fallout is a known health risk. However, corresponding risks from natural background radiocarbon incorporated directly into human genetic material have not been fully appreciated. Here we show that the average person will experience between 3.4 × 10<sup>10</sup> and 3.4 × 10<sup>11</sup> lifetime chromosomal damage events from natural background radiocarbon incorporated into DNA and histones, potentially leading to cancer, birth defects, or accelerated aging. This human genetic damage can be significantly reduced using low radiocarbon foods produced by growing plants in CO<sub>2</sub> recycled from ordinary industrial greenhouse gas fossil fuel emissions, providing additional incentive for the carbon sequestration.
TinyECCK: Efficient Elliptic Curve Cryptography Implementation over GF(2m) on 8-Bit Micaz Mote (2008)

In this paper, we revisit a generally accepted opinion: implementing Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem (ECC) over GF(2m) on sensor motes using small word size is not appropriate because XOR multiplication over GF(2m) is not efficiently supported by current low-powered microprocessors. Although there are some implementations over GF(2m) on sensor motes, their performances are not satisfactory enough to be used for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). We have found that a field multiplication over GF(2m) are involved in a number of redundant memory accesses and its inefficiency is originated from this problem. Moreover, the field reduction process also requires many redundant memory accesses. Therefore, we propose some techniques for reducing unnecessary memory accesses. With the proposed strategies, the running time of field multiplication and reduction over GF(2163) can be decreased by 21.1% and 24.7%, respectively. These savings noticeably decrease execution times spent in Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) operations (signing and verification) by around 15-19%. We present TinyECCK (Tiny Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem with Koblitz curve-a kind of TinyOS package supporting elliptic curve operations) which is the first implementation of Koblitz curve on sensor motes as far as we know. Through comparisons with existing software implementations of ECC built in C or hybrid of C and inline assembly on sensor motes, we show that TinyECCK outperforms them in terms of running time, code size and supporting services. Furthermore, we show that a field multiplication over GF(2m) can be faster than that over GF(p) on 8-bit Atmegal28 processor by comparing TinyECCK with TinyECC, a well-known ECC implementation over GF(p). TinyECCK with sect163kl can generate a signature and verify it in 1.37 and 2.32 secs on a Micaz mote with 13,748-byte of ROM and 1,004-byte of RAM.
[The researches on titanium and titanium alloy in dental use]. (2000)

Although titanium and titanium alloy have been used in dental field for several years because of their excellent biocompatibility, corrosion resistance and mechanical properties, many practical problems remain to be solved. This review focuses on the practical problems and the prospects of the researches on titanium, including the development of new titanium alloy, the surface treating, the corrosion in oral, and the processability.
The Design and FPGA Implementation of GF(2^128) Multiplier for Ghash (2009)

In this paper, we propose a high-speed parallel GF(2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">128</sup> ) bit multiplier for Ghash function in conjunction with its FPGA implementation. Through the use of Verilog the designs are evaluated by using Xilinx Vertax5 with 65 nm technic and 30,000 logic cells. The highest throughput of 30.764 Gpbs can be achieved on Virtex5 with the consumption of 8864 slices LUT. The proposed design of the multiplier can be utilized as a design IP core for the implementation of the Ghash function. The architecture of the multiplier can also apply in more general polynomial basis. Moreover it can be used as arithmetic module in other encryption field.
10.7 A 185fsrms-integrated-jitter and −245dB FOM PVT-robust ring-VCO-based injection-locked clock multiplier with a continuous frequency-tracking loop using a replica-delay cell and a dual-edge phase detector (2016)

An injection-locked clock multiplier (ILCM) is considered to be a promising solution that can generate low-jitter, high-frequency clocks, using a limited budget in terms of silicon area and power consumption. However, an ILCM has a critical problem in that its jitter performance is sensitive to process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations. Thus, in general, an ILCM must be equipped with a dedicated PVT-calibrator to mitigate the sensitivity of its performance to PVT variations. One of the most general calibration methods is to use a phase-locked loop (PLL). This method can correct static frequency deviations of a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) due to process variations, but it cannot prevent real-time frequency drifts due to temperature or voltage variations [1]. Recently, many efforts have been made to develop new PVT-calibrators, capable of continuous frequency tracking [1-6]. In [1-3], frequency drifts were monitored by a replica-VCO or a delay-locked loop (DLL) that used the same delay cells as the main VCO. However, in these architectures, each calibrator must spend the same amount of the power as the VCO. In addition, mismatches between delay cells limit the calibrating precision or demand an additional calibrating step. References [4-6] presented frequency-tracking loops (FTLs) based on various methods to detect the phase shifts of VCO outputs when reference-pulses are injected. Reference [4] used a time-to-digital converter (TDC) to detect the phase shifts, but it had large power consumption and silicon area due to the many digital circuits. Although the FTL of [5] used a timing-adjusted phase detector (PD), it could suffer from large in-band noise or spurs since the switches of the charge pump (CP) must be on for a considerable duration in every period. In [6], a pulse-gating technique that periodically skipped the injection was presented, but it could generate fractional spurs.
Antigenic Relatedness between Seven Avian Mycoplasma Species as Revealed by Western Blot Analysis (1995)

Cross-reactivities among seven avian mycoplasma species (Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M. synoviae, M. meleagridis, M. iowae, M. anatis, M. gallinarum, and M. iners) were examined using rabbit polyclonal antisera and two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against M. pneumoniae: Myc-9 and Myc-4. The major antigens and cross-reacting antigens of the seven mycoplasma species were demonstrated by immunoblotting assay using homologous and heterologous antisera. Two-way cross-reacting antigens of MS and MG, with apparent molecular weights of 44,000 and 36,000, were identified. Additionally, the 36,000 protein of MG was recognized by all of the heterologous antisera. A large number of cross-reactivities, which have been never investigated before, were shown between M. meleagridis and M. synoviae, between M. meleagridis and M. gallinarum, between M. meleagridis and M. iners, and between M. gallinarum and M. iners. All of the cross-reactions existing between the majority of the above species were considerably reduced or eliminated by adsorbing the polyclonal antisera with a pool of heterologous antigens. Two MAbs against a M. pneumoniae protein of a molecular weight of 150,000 were also able to recognize several avian mycoplasma epitopes, of which two common epitopes with molecular weights of 44,000 and 42,000 were present in most of the seven mycoplasma species.