gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Expanded use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to extracorporeal left ventricular assist device (2011)

Introduction: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a powerful tool for an effective treatment of cardiogenic shock as a bridge to organ recovery as well as for further treatments like the implantation of extracorporeal left ventricular assist devices or transplantation.
Use of Modified Rambach Agar to Differentiate Streptococcus uberis from Other Mastitis Streptococci (1993)

The medium of Rambach was modified to permit differentiation of mastitis streptococci. A total of 377 streptococci isolated from bovine IMI was used in the study. Of the 159 strains identified as Streptococcus uberis, 151 strains (94.9%) were beta-galactosidase-positive and yielded blue colonies on modified Rambach agar. In comparison, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Enterococcus saccharolyticus, or Enterococcus faecalis strains were negative for propylene glycol utilization (red colonies) or beta-galactosidase production; all strains yielded colorless colonies on modified Rambach agar. However, 5 of 35 (14.3%) Streptococcus equinus strains were also positive for beta-galactosidase. Results indicate that modified Rambach agar is a convenient medium for the differentiation of the Strep. uberis from the other mastitis streptococci. Furthermore, modified Rambach agar could be easily incorporated as a screening medium for Strep. uberis in mastitis bacteriology laboratories.
Mammalian Na+/H+ exchanger gene family: structure and function studies (1995)

Na+/H+ exchangers are integral plasma membrane proteins that exchange extracellular Na+ for intracellular H+ with a stoichiometry of one for one. They are inhibitable by the diuretic amiloride and have multiple cellular functions, including intracellular pH homeostasis, cell volume control, and electroneutral NaCl absorption in epithelia. The presence of multiple forms of the exchangers was demonstrated by the recent cloning of four mammalian Na+/H+ exchangers, NHE1, NHE2, NHE3, and NHE4. All of these cloned Na+/H+ exchangers have 10-12 putative transmembrane helixes and a long cytoplasmic carboxyl domain. Despite the structural similarity, these Na+/H+ exchanger isoforms differ in their tissue distribution, kinetic characteristics, and response to external stimuli. The present review deals with the recent developments in the molecular identification of the Na+/H+ exchanger gene family, the functional characteristics, and the short-term regulation of Na+/H+ exchange at molecular and cellular levels.
Organic molecular beam deposition of highly nonlinear optical 4′-nitrobenzylidene-3-acetamino-4-methoxy-aniline (1995)

Thin films of the nonlinear optical material 4′-nitrobenzylidene-3-acetamino-4-methoxy-aniline have been prepared using the organic molecular beam deposition technique. High quality homoepitaxial layers have been grown at substrate temperatures of 80 °C and moderate growth rates of 0.1–0.5 Å/s. The samples have been characterized by optical polarization and interference microscopy as well as atomic force microscopy. Growth experiments on inorganic substrates, including silicon and glass, have been performed in a substrate temperature range of −190 to 100 °C and led to amorphous films at low temperatures and polycrystalline films at temperatures above 50 °C.
Expression of a thermostable xylanase gene from Bacillus coagulans ST-6 in Lactococcus lactis (2006)

The constructed reporter vector has the potential to be used as a reporter system for Lactococcus as well as E. coli, and it is an addition to the pool of lactococcal vector systems.
On achievable rates of multistage decoding on two-dimensional ISi channels (2005)

The achievable information rates for multilevel coding (MLC) systems with multistage decoding (MSD) are examined on two-dimensional binary-input intersymbol interference (ISI) channels. One MSD scheme employs trellis-based detection, while another involves zero-forcing equalization and linear noise prediction. Information rates are determined by examining the output statistics at each stage of MSD. The first scheme is shown to achieve rates very close to known information-theoretic limits. Systems with low-density parity-check codes are then optimized to approach these rates
A Study of the Metabolic Activity of Bull Semen and Spermatozoa in Relation to their Fertilizing Ability1 (1949)

An investigation was made to determine whether the potential fertilizing ability of a semen sample could be predicted from data on the respiratory metabolism of the semen and washed sperm in the absence as well as presence of added glycolysable substrate. With 53 samples of semen collected from eight bulls a total of 702 inseminations was made. Correlations were determined between percentage fertility and each of the following metabolic characters: ZO2 (1st hr.), average ZO2 (1st and 2nd hr.), ZO2 (1st hr.)/ZO2 (2nd hr.), and average ZO2/percent motility. No significant correlation was found with any of the above characters with the exception of average ZO2/percent motility which showed a negative correlation between bulls (P = 0.05).
Screening for Thermostable Esterases: From Deep Sea to Industry (2004)

Abstract Lipases/esterases represent one of the most important classes of industrial biocatalysts due to their ability to catalyze reactions in organic media. These enzymes fulfill many important industrial specifications such as chemoselectivity, regioselectivity and stereoselectivity. The recent use of thermostable enzymes opens novel perspectives in applications involving poorly soluble substrates (or products), such as the synthesis of specialty intermediates for cosmetics. In order to discover novel thermostable esterases we have screened various thermophilic microorganisms selected within the Archaea and the Bacteria domains using CLIPS‐O™ substrates. One of these strains which showed activity at very high temperature was selected and the corresponding esterase gene was cloned and characterized. After recombinant expression optimization, a complete production process of this thermophilic esterase was developed, turning a ‘gene discovery’ into a biocatalyst available for industry.
AMPK inhibition in health and disease (2010)

All living organisms depend on dynamic mechanisms that repeatedly reassess the status of amassed energy, in order to adapt energy supply to demand. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) alphabetagamma heterotrimer has emerged as an important integrator of signals managing energy balance. Control of AMPK activity involves allosteric AMP and ATP regulation, auto-inhibitory features and phosphorylation of its catalytic (alpha) and regulatory (beta and gamma) subunits. AMPK has a prominent role not only as a peripheral sensor but also in the central nervous system as a multifunctional metabolic regulator. AMPK represents an ideal second messenger for reporting cellular energy state. For this reason, activated AMPK acts as a protective response to energy stress in numerous systems. However, AMPK inhibition also actively participates in the control of whole body energy homeostasis. In this review, we discuss recent findings that support the role and function of AMPK inhibition under physiological and pathological states.
A Comparison of Common Diets for the Continuous Culture of Adult <I>Lucilia sericata</I> (Diptera: Calliphoridae) for Forensic and Medical Entomological Applications (2014)

Blow fly members of the family Calliphoridae, specifically Lucilia sericata (Meigen), have application in the fields of behavioral ecology, forensics, and medicine as agents for assessing ecological succession or decomposition and postmortem interval estimation, and for maggot debridement therapy, respectively. The lack of standardization of laboratory adult insect feeding, breeding, and rearing protocols among researchers in behavioral, medical, and forensic fields has become problematic. With the goal of understanding physical and physiological effects of diet as a baseline for future behavioral experiments, this article focuses on determining basic culture requirements for the adult blow fly L. sericata by comparing nine diets and the effects of each on survivorship and fecundity under controlled laboratory conditions. Percent survival, fecundity, and the effect of culture density were analyzed over the course of 120 d. Results indicate that a simple broad spectrum diet of honey water and bovine liver is the optimum diet for extending the life span of the flies and increasing the number of eggs laid per female per oviposition event, with 5-20 female flies being the optimum number per culture vessel. This culture protocol is simple to follow, can be easily incorporated into current behavioral, forensic, and medical entomology research programs, and the dietary components are readily available across diverse geographic areas.
Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose Levels Requires Intensive Training for Use of Meters to Obtain Reliable and Clinically Relevant Measurements (2007)

The use of all devices is recommended when used according to the IFU. The use under the artificially induced impaired testing conditions is a major concern. This study underlines the importance of appropriate patient training regarding adherence to the IFU of glucose meters.
A comparison of hearing-aid array-processing techniques (1996)

Microphone arrays have proven effective in improving speech intelligibility in noise for hearing-impaired listeners, and several array processing techniques have been proposed for hearing aids. Among the signal-processing approaches are classical delay-and-sum beamforming, superdirective arrays, and adaptive arrays. To directly compare the effectiveness of these different processing strategies, a 10-cm-long linear array was built using five uniformly spaced omnidirectional microphones. This array was used in the end-fire orientation to acquire speech and noise signals for a variety of array placements in two representative rooms. Both digital and simulated analog processing techniques were considered, with the array processing implemented in the frequency domain. The performance metric was the steady-state array gain weighted to represent the relative importance of the different frequency regions in understanding speech. The processing comparison indicates that digital systems are more effective than the simulated analog processing, and that both superdirective and adaptive digital array processing can provide more than 9 dB of weighted array gain.
Design of a Tunable Differential Ring Oscillator With Short Start-Up and Switching Transients (2007)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> Timing measurements such as jitter and skew in the range of picoseconds, for circuits with multigigahertz clocks or multigigabit-per-second serial communication interfaces are common. A Vernier-oscillator-based time-to-digital converter (TDC) is a circuit that allows picosecond-timing measurements by means of two tunable oscillators. In such a circuit, the oscillator jitter, tuning response, start-up transient, and frequency switching transient play an important role in the TDCs measurement time and accuracy. In this work, we discuss the design of an optimized, differential CML-based ring oscillator and its impact on a TDC design. Simulation results from the new oscillator show that the oscillator's short start-up and frequency switching transients have negligible effects on the accuracy of the TDC measurements. TDC simulation results show that, using two of these oscillators, accurate timing measurements in the range of 10 to 900 ps can be achieved with best-case accuracy of <formula formulatype="inline"><tex>${\sim}\hbox{2}$</tex></formula> ps. </para>
Detection of explosive analytes using a fiber-based optical Fabry-Perot gas sensor (2010)

We demonstrate the rapid detection of explosive vapors based on a fiber-based optical Fabry-Pérot (FP) gas sensor. The sensing probe of the FP sensor is composed of a thin metal layer and a vapor-sensitive polymer layer that are deposited sequentially on a cleaved fiber endface to form an FP cavity. The interference spectrum generated from the reflected light at the metal-polymer and polymer-air interfaces changes upon the absorption of gas analyte. By monitoring the interference shift, we are able to obtain quantitative and knetic information of the interaction between the analyte and the polymer layer. We further assemble the FP sensor with a short fused silica capillary into a sensor module, and employ it in a gas chromotgraphy (GC) system for selevtive rapid on-column detection. In this report, we specifically target 2, 4- dinitrotoluene (DNT) and 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) for their obvious defense applications. This work could lead to a portable sensor capable of detecting low concentrations of DNT, TNT, and other explosive chemicals.
“Sensory” and “Motor” Nystagmus (2007)

Most patients with infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) 1 (formerly known as congenital nystagmus) exhibit nystagmus with several of the waveforms first identified in 1975. 2 The past 45 years of recording and analyzing nystagmus waveforms have repeatedly demonstrated that most INS waveforms result from the same deficit in one of the several ocular motor subsystems, specifically smooth pursuit. 3-6 This applies to all patients with INS whether they have associated visual sensory deficits, are familially predisposed to have INS (ie, there is a true genetic anomaly), or exhibit INS without an associated ocular or central nervous system deficit (so-called idiopathic). Despite this eye-movement data, textbooks in ophthalmology, neuro-ophthalmology, and neurology as well as current peer-reviewed literature continue to use the terms sensory and motor nystagmus to describe the ocular oscillations of INS. Those descriptions imply not only that there are at least 2 different types of nystagmus but also that they have independent pathophysiology caused by different primary developmental deficits; both implications are unsupported by decades of ocular motor electrophysiological data. The adoption of this terminology and its presumed ability to clinically differentiate pendular from jerk waveforms are responsible for the misdiagnosis of many cases of INS. Ocular motor recordings demonstrate that owing to the complexity of INS waveforms, clinical differentiation is impossible in many patients. These recordings also show that another type of nystagmus of infancy, fusion maldevelopment nystagmus syndrome (formerly known as latent/manifest latent nystagmus), cannot be differentiated from INS with a latent component; Alfred Kestenbaum, MD, first noted the existence of these 2 clinically similar types of nystagmus in his 1946 textbook and its expanded 1961 second edition.
The Shape of Pulsar Polar Caps (1998)

Rotation distorts the vacuum magnetic field of a pulsar from that of a simple dipole. The effect is particularly strong close to the light cylinder, but also affects the field close to the stellar surface. We find the shape and locus of the field lines which just close at the light cylinder. Their footpoints define the pulsar polar cap. We find this cap is asymmetric and distorted. We also find that the polar cap is not strongly elliptical. This result disagrees with calculations based on the non-rotating dipole field. We present our numerical results, and discuss consequences for interpretation of mean profiles and for pulsar statistics. Subject headings: pulsars, magnetic fields – 3 – 1.
Useless Memory Allocation: Problems and Solutions (2002)

Unlike the existing research direction that focuses on useful test data reduction, this paper analyzes the useless test data memory requirements for system-on-a-chip test. The proposed solution to minimize the useless test memory is based on a new test methodology which combines a novel core wrapper design algorithm with a new test vector deployment procedure stored in the automatic test equipment (ATE). To reduce memory requirements, the proposed core wrapper design finds the minimum number of wrapper scan chain partitions such that the useless memory allocation is minimized in each partition, which facilitates efficient usage of ATE capabilities. Further, the new test vector deployment procedure provides a seamless integration with the ATE. When compared to the previously proposed core wrapper design algorithms, the proposed test methodology reduces the memory requirements up to 45%, without any penalties in test area overhead.
EPR and theoretical studies of positively charged carbon vacancy in 4H-SiC (2004)

The carbon vacancy is a dominant defect in $4H\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Si}\mathrm{C}$, and the ``EI5'' electron-paramagnetic-resonance (EPR) spectrum originates from positively charged carbon vacancies $(V_{\mathrm{C}}{}^{+})$ at quasicubic sites. The observed state for EI5, however, has been attributed to a motional-averaged state with the ${C}_{3\mathrm{v}}$ symmetry, and its true atomic structure has not been revealed so far. We here report low temperature $(<40\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K})$ EPR measurements on EI5 and show that this center has a ${C}_{1\mathrm{h}}$-symmetric structure due to Jahn-Teller distortion. We also performed ab inito calculations of the hyperfine tensors for EI5, and obtained a good agreement between experiment and theory in not only their principal values but also their principal axis directions. A good agreement was also demonstrated for the EI6 center (hexagonal-site $V_{\mathrm{C}}{}^{+}$) in this paper. The transition from $\mathrm{EI}5({C}_{1\mathrm{h}})$ to $\mathrm{EI}5({C}_{3\mathrm{v}})$ was found to be thermally activated and its activation energy was measured as $0.014\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$.
Screening of Bacillus thuringiensis serotypes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for insecticidal crystal genes toxic against coffee berry borer. (2001)

Using PCR,257 isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) were screened for cry-type genes. Of 257 isolates/strains, 60 isolates were identified as cry7/8, 10 isolates as cry3 and 36 isolates as cry 1I. One specific strain of B. thuringiensis (sumiyoshiensis; T03B 001) was investigated for the presence of cry7 and cry8 genes. Genes Cry7 and cry8 were first detected in this strain using family primers prior to analysis by exclusion polymerase chain reaction (E-PCR) using specific type primers. E-PCR conducted with the above said primers led to the identification by agarose gel electrophoresis of a remaining 1.5 Kb family band indicating a potentially novel gene. This PCR product, (1.5 Kb), was purified from the gel and cloned in pGEM-T Easy vector. Twenty recombinant colonies bearing 1.5 Kb insert were identified and three randomly selected representatives of the group, clones 7, 8 and 10, were sequenced and compared to all cry7 and cry8 sequences available from Gene Bank. Alignments with available DNA and protein sequences showed that all these clones contained a gene related to cry8Aa1. Analysis using protein sequence alignment showed that the sequence from clone 7 differed from the closest relative, known under the new nomenclature as cry 8Aa1, by 44%. The crystal proteins from B. thuringiensis sumiyoshiensis (T03B 001) was toxic to coffee berry borer larvae.
Biochemical Properties of the Protein Tyrosine Kinase of the Bacterium Acinetobacter johnsonii (1999)

The biochemical properties of the autophosphorylating protein tyrosine kinase of Acinetobacter johnsonii were analyzed in vitro. The study shows that the optimal pH value for the phosphorylation reaction is approximately 7. The enzyme activity is stimulated by magnesium and, to a lesser extent, by manganese ions, whereas calcium ions have no effect. The phosphorylation process is rapid reaching a maximum in < 2 min, and the enzyme is modified at multiple sites. Interestingly, the bacterial enzyme is insensitive to a series of molecules known to affect the activity of eukaryotic protein tyrosine kinases: genistein, quercetin, tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone, and vanadate. We concluded that, even though the overall phosphorylation reaction catalyzed by the A. johnsonii enzyme is identical to that occurring in eukaryotes, this bacterial kinase exhibits a number of specific properties and therefore probably belongs to a separate group in the general family of protein tyrosine kinases.
East‐west asymmetry in type‐2 echoes and enhanced electron drift in the equatorial electrojet (2002)

Simultaneous measurements of type‐2 echoes in the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) and the 150 km echoes were made with a tri‐beam radar on Pohnpei (Federated States of Micronesia). Using the mean Doppler velocity (〈 V D 〉) to estimate the line‐of‐sight component of electron drift velocity ( ), we show that its vertical component ( V ez ) increases with altitude and exceeds V ez measured at 150 km, between 96 and 103 km. At 103 km, the ratio of vertical 〈 V D 〉 to V ez at 150 km was five. This enhancement explains the hitherto puzzling east‐west asymmetry in 〈 V D 〉 of type‐2 echoes. More importantly, we show how the enhanced V ez appears to be associated with the discrepancy in the altitude of peak current density of the EEJ, between measurement and model. We discuss roles played by kilometer‐scale irregularities and close by describing apparent effects by atmospheric gravity waves.
Spamalytics (2008)

The of spam--the probability that an unsolicited e-mail will ultimately elicit a sale--underlies the entire spam value proposition. However, our understanding of this critical behavior is quite limited, and the literature lacks any quantitative study concerning its true value. In this paper we present a methodology for measuring the conversion rate of spam. Using a parasitic infiltration of an existing botnet's infrastructure, we analyze two spam campaigns: one designed to propagate a malware Trojan, the other marketing on-line pharmaceuticals. For nearly a half billion spam e-mails we identify the number that are successfully delivered, the number that pass through popular anti-spam filters, the number that elicit user visits to the advertised sites, and the number of sales and infections produced.
Regeneration of Hypogastric Nerve Using a Polyglycolic Acid (PGA)-Collagen Nerve Conduit Filled with Collagen Sponge Proved Electrophysiologically in a Canine Model (2003)

The hypogastric nerve (HGN) is a sympathetic nerve in the peritoneal cavity and controls urinary and seminal functions. In this study, the regeneration of HGN was determined by using a new type of an artificial nerve conduit, polyglycolic acid (PGA)-collagen nerve conduit filled with collagen sponge in two dogs. A PGA-collagen nerve conduit (diameter=2 mm) was interposed in a 10 mm gap of the right HGN. The regeneration of the HGN was evaluated electrophysiologically 8 months after the operation. The intraluminal pressure of spermatic duct and the bladder neck were elevated 80 mmHg and 25 mmHg respectively by the stimulation across the regenerated HGN. The prostate contraction was also elicited. The responses diminished after the excision of the regenerated portion of HGN. These results proved the regeneration of HGN and this nerve conduit will be great help for patients who suffer from urinary and seminal disturbances.