gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
10. Index (2018)

Abstract This chapter surveys developments in the form and function of the index as eighteenth-century readers were confronted with a world of books that seemed to be multiplying beyond measure and containment. Though indices existed as a form of print navigation well before the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries, this chapter contends that the index became an exemplary navigational tool only in the eighteenth century. It considers the functions served by an index and how they came to be assumed by that familiar ordered list at the end of a work. But the chapter also discusses more generally the kind of organizational work done by an index and why such work was increasingly necessary for eighteenth- and nineteenth-century readers. In this sense, the chapter is not only about indices but also about "the index" in a different sense: an idealized vision of an organizing guide that one imagines can be installed, as it were, behind the world of print to organize readers' experiences with books, newspapers, periodicals, engravings, and other forms.
Laboratory testing of SARS‐CoV, MERS‐CoV, and SARS‐CoV‐2 (2019‐nCoV): Current status, challenges, and countermeasures (2020)

Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are global public concerns. With the outbreak of unknown pneumonia in Wuhan, China in December 2019, a new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 has been attracting tremendous attention. Rapid and accurate laboratory testing of SARS-CoV-2 is essential for early discovery, early reporting, early quarantine, early treatment, and cutting off epidemic transmission. The genome structure, transmission, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 are basically similar to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, the other two beta-CoVs of medical importance. During the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV epidemics, a variety of molecular and serological diagnostic assays were established and should be referred to for SARS-CoV-2. In this review, by summarizing the articles and guidelines about specimen collection, nucleic acid tests (NAT) and serological tests for SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, several suggestions are put forward to improve the laboratory testing of SARS-CoV-2. In summary, for NAT: collecting stool and blood samples at later periods of illness to improve the positive rate if lower respiratory tract specimens are unavailable; increasing template volume to raise the sensitivity of detection; putting samples in reagents containing guanidine salt to inactivate virus as well as protect RNA; setting proper positive, negative and inhibition controls to ensure high-quality results; simultaneously amplifying human RNase P gene to avoid false-negative results. For antibody test, diverse assays targeting different antigens, and collecting paired samples are needed.
Gain enhancement of microwave antennas by dielectric-filled radomes (1975)

Structural constraints can require that the space within a radome can be filled with a rigid lightweight material, and the question arises as to whether the presence of this material can improve, rather than impair, the performance of the associated microwave antenna. Using a simplified model based on rectangular geometry, it is shown that a slab of material having an appropriate relative permittivity can increase the antenna gain by 3–7 dB for typical cases. Computations carried out using modal methods indicate that there is a pronounced periodic gain variation with slab length; this is confirmed by experiment for both planes of polarisation. The practical implementation of the enhancement technique is discussed and illustrated by typical airborne radar applications. Loss effects in the dielectric material are shown to be negligible and some simplified design data relevant to linear arrays are compiled in an Appendix.
CoolRunner-II CPLDs in Secure Applications (2002)

In the last year, inconceivable threats have become very real circumstances. Anxieties that once seemed like paranoia now seem like commonplace security concerns. International tragedy, terrorism, and the rapid growth in portable and wireless products have all brought large numbers of people face to face with—among other worries—the potential dangers of compromised data security. Sophisticated cryptography has been a major emphasis in products designed to counter these dangers, but even mathematical algorithms are susceptible to outside theft or interference with common microprocessor systems. Additional precautions must be taken to deter talented hackers and well funded technical thieves from acccessing private information. In recent months, Xilinx CoolRunner™-II CPLDs have drawn attention in the press for their potential use in just such precautionary measures. This white paper will discuss the features of Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs) in general, and CoolRunner-II devices specifically, that lend validity to some of these claims. It will cover the basics of tamper resistance as well as detail some of the more interesting data-attack methods. Describing the technical value of CoolRunner-II CPLDs in hindering these attacks, it will conclude by summarizing the degree of safety provided by the use of CoolRunner-II devices and outlining additional defensive steps that can help to ensure data security.
Effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the in vivo synthesis of thromboxane and prostacyclin in humans. (1991)

Most NSAIDs seem to have inhibitory effects on the in vivo synthesis of both TxA2 and PGI2. However there are large differences in the duration of the inhibitory effects as shown in the table below. Aspirin, indomethacin, naproxen and piroxicam inhibit the second wave of platelet aggregation. This effect on platelet aggregation persists as long as each drug causes inhibition of TxA2 synthesis. Thus, inhibition of TxA2 synthesis is likely to be the reason for the effect of NSAIDs on platelet function. The lack of effect of paracetamol on TxA2 synthesis together with the lack of effect on platelet aggregation by paracetamol are in further support of this. [table: see text]
Mothball poisoning (2002)

NICOLA BATES discusses mothball ingestion, a condition not particularly common in emergency units, but one which can be difficult to manage because the active ingredient is often unknown
Genetically modified bacteriophages (2016)

Phages or bacteriophages, viruses that infect and replicate inside bacteria, are the most abundant microorganisms on earth. The realization that antibiotic resistance poses a substantial risk to the world's health and global economy is revitalizing phage therapy as a potential solution. The increasing ease by which phage genomes can be modified, owing to the influx of new technologies, has led to an expansion of their natural capabilities, and a reduced dependence on phage isolation from environmental sources. This review will discuss the way synthetic biology has accelerated the construction of genetically modified phages and will describe the wide range of their applications. It will further provide insight into the societal and economic benefits that derive from the use of recombinant phages in various sectors, from health to biodetection, biocontrol and the food industry.
Karyotype of the Cricket,<i>Zucchiella atlantica</i>, with an Overview of the Chromosomes of the Subfamily Nemobiinae (2007)

Few reports have been published on cytogenetics in crickets of the subfamily Nemobiinae. Within the Neotropical region the karyotypes of only two species are known, both of them belonging to the genus Phoremia. In the present paper, chromosomes of a third Neotropical species, Zucchiella atlantica Mello 1990 (Orthoptera: Trigonidiidae), have been studied and a cytological review of other species of that subfamily is presented. Zucchiella atlantica shows 2n male symbol = 22 + XO and 2n female symbol = 22 + XX which suggests an ancestral condition within the subfamily as the diploid number in all the species previously studied ranges from 2n male symbol = 7 to 2n female symbol = 21. In Orthoptera those species with high chromosome numbers tend to show reduction in their chromosomal numbers by means of centric fusions rather than to increase chromosomal numbers, due to difficulties in the availability of new centromeres. A structural polymorphism in one chromosome of pair 5 was observed as an intra-individual variation, suggesting differential activity of the genome from cell to cell.
“GOOD‐BYE, TEACHER …”<sup>1</sup> (1968)

When I was a boy, and school "let out" for the summer, we used to celebrate our freedom from educational control by chanting: Good-bye scholars, good-bye school; Good-bye teacher, darned old
Hydrothermally grown ZnO nanostructures on few-layer graphene sheets (2011)

This study describes the hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanostructures on few-layer graphene sheets and their optical and structural properties. The ZnO nanostructures were grown on graphene sheets of a few layers thick (few-layer graphene) without a seed layer. By changing the hydrothermal growth parameters, including temperature, reagent concentration and pH value of the solution, we readily controlled the dimensions, density and morphology of the ZnO nanostructures. More importantly, single-crystalline ZnO nanostructures grew directly on graphene, as determined by transmission electron microscopy. In addition, from the photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence spectra, strong near-band-edge emission was observed without any deep-level emission, indicating that the ZnO nanostructures grown on few-layer graphene were of high optical quality.
EXPERIMENTAL HYDROCEPHALUS (1914)

Internal hydrocephalus can be produced experimentally by injecting a foreign substance into the ventricles. In these experiments, aleuronat, a granular, insoluble material, has caused an acute inflammatory reaction, characterized in the first week by an exudate consisting largely of polynuclear leucocytes. Later the picture is one of a chronic process; polynuclear cells are replaced by lymphoid and large mononuclear cells and there is proliferation of the connective tissue in the choroid plexus. Proliferation of the ependyma occurs in the first week but becomes more advanced in the second and third weeks, and there is increase in neuroglia more marked in the long continued experiments. Ordinarily when aleuronat is injected into a serous cavity, the pleural cavity, for example, abundant accumulation of fluid takes place in twenty-four to forty-eight hours, and at the same time polynuclear leucocytes collect. In the experiments in which the irritant was injected into the ventricle of the brain there was little or no dilatation apparent in the first week; absence of dilatation in all probability is due to the free outflow of the fluid. When obstruction occurs during the chronic stage of the inflammatory process dilatation of the ventricle follows. Choked disc and other symptoms of increased intracranial pressure accompany experimental hydrocephalus. Dilatation occurs slowly and reaches a maximum in about two months. In some of the experiments of longer duration obstruction can be demonstrated in gross or microscopically. Obvious obstruction has not been found by gross examination in all instances, but in the experiments in which India ink was injected into the ventricle before death obstruction to outflow was very readily demonstrated. The third and fourth ventricles were in all instances filled with the pigment, but none appeared on the surface of the brain, whereas in normal dogs the entire surface, especially the base, became deeply pigmented. Obstruction to the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid causing internal hydrocephalus may occur at the foramen of Monro, in the aqueduct of Sylvius, or, doubtless with greatest frequency, at the foramen of Magendie.
Kinetic, mechanistic, and site-directed mutagenesis studies of mammalian low molecular weight phosphotyrosyl protein phosphatases (1993)

The recombinant low molecular weight cytoplasmic phosphotyrosyl protein phosphatases (PTPases) from bovine heart (BHPTP) and human placenta (HCPTP-A and -B) were overexpressed in Escherichia coli using a T7 polymerase-dependent bacterial expression system. The enzymes were purified to homogeneity and characterized. All low molecular weight PTPases sequenced to date possess 157 amino acid residues and exhibit a high degree of sequence identity. Site-directed mutagenesis of the recombinant bovine heart enzyme was used to explore the role of the eight conserved cysteines, two conserved histidines, and one (of seven) conserved arginines. Single mutants of cysteine to serine were studied for each cysteine; alanine replacements were also made for the mutants with reduced catalytic activity: Cys-12, Cys-17, and Arg-18. The circular dichroism and $\sp1$H NMR spectra of the purified proteins revealed no apparent conformational structure alterations. Within the limits of measurement, the Cys-12 and Arg-18 mutants were completely inactive. Because concurrent research in this laboratory identified a cysteine as the nucleophilic residue, it is concluded that Cys-12 is the catalytic nucleophile. Arg-18 presumably serves an essential function in substrate binding. Kinetic analysis of C17A indicated that its reduced activity (37% relative to wild type) was not due to a change in the rate-determining step of the catalytic mechanism. Dephosphorylation of the covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate remains rate-limiting. Chemical modification studies using the dithiol modification reagent phenylarsine oxide suggest that Cys-17 is at or near the enzyme active site. Cys-17 may be important for optimal positioning of the substrate phosphate moiety. His-66 and His-72 were individually mutated to alanine and to asparagine. A double mutant, containing only alanines in place of the histidines, was also created. Kinetic studies of the mutant proteins reveal that neither histidine is essential in the catalytic mechanism. His-66 mutants showed virtually identical catalytic properties compared to wild-type enzyme, whereas His-72 mutants had reduced specific activity, higher phosphate K$\sb{\rm i}$ and lower K$\sb{\rm m}$ values at pH 5 and higher. It is proposed that His-72, although not essential for catalysis, may serve a significant structural role at the enzyme active site.
Biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy for prevalent versus incident cases of prostate cancer (2008)

After adjusting for known prognostic factors, men with prevalent PC had a poorer outcome after RP than men with incident PC. The authors believe that this finding should be taken into consideration when weighing the risk of recurrence and treatment options for men who are diagnosed with PC on their initial screening.
The depressor response to intracerebroventricular hypotonic saline is sensitive to TRPV4 antagonist RN1734 (2015)

Several reports have shown that the periventricular region of the brain, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), is critical to sensing and responding to changes in plasma osmolality. Further studies also implicate the transient receptor potential ion channel, type V4 (TRPV4) channel in this homeostatic behavior. In previous work we have shown that TRPV4 ion channels couple to calcium-activated potassium channels in the PVN to decrease action potential firing frequency in response to hypotonicity. In the present study we investigated whether, similarly, intracerebroventricular (ICV) application of hypotonic solutions modulated cardiovascular parameters, and if so whether this was sensitive to a TRPV4 channel inhibitor. We found that ICV injection of 270 mOsmol artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) decreased mean blood pressure, but not heart rate, compared to naïve mice or mice injected with 300 mOsmol ACSF. This effect was abolished by treatment with the TRPV4 inhibitor RN1734. These data suggest that periventricular targets within the brain are capable of generating depressor action in response to TRPV4 ion channel activation. Potentially, in the future, the TRPV4 channel, or the TRPV4-KCa coupling mechanism, may serve as a therapeutic target for treatment of cardiovascular disease.
Output power feedforward technique applied to a high power factor rectifier with high frequency transformer (2013)

This paper presents a novel control approach that is based on an output power feedforward applied to a new configuration of a high power factor rectifier with high frequency transformer. This strategy has used an additional loop in the average current mode control and provides a faster output voltage dynamic response than the conventional controllers and simultaneously maintains input power factor near unity. The overshoot and undershoot across output capacitor is significantly reduced during load transients. Experimental results from a 2-kW prototype converter are presented to verify the performance and robustness of this new controller.
Secure Geolocation for Wireless Indoor Networks (2006)

The objective of the research is to develop an accurate system for indoor location\nestimation using a secure architecture based on the IEEE 802.11 standard for infrastructure\nnetworks. Elements of this secure architecture include: server-oriented\nplatform for greater trust and manageability; multiple wireless network parameters\nfor improved accuracy; and Support Vector Regression (SVR) for accurate, high-resolution\nestimates. While these elements have been investigated individually in\nearlier research, none has combined them to a single security-oriented system. Thus\nthis research investigates the feasibility of using these elements together.
Meteorological classification of satellite imagery using neural network data fusion (1990)

A general approach to meteorological classification based on neural network data fusion is presented. The system implements a low-level vision system based on a number of biologically plausible theories operating across all input channels. Preprocessing stages derive products that are included with actual data as input to a classification stage. Supervised learning is used to train the classifiers. A number of promising preliminary results are presented, including a demonstration of robust classification performance over large shifts of sun angle and terrain. These results point to the applicability of neural networks for automated generation of meteorological products in real time
The road to live programming (2018)

Live Programming environments allow programmers to get feedback instantly while changing software. Liveness is gaining attention among industrial and open-source communities; several IDEs offer high degrees of liveness. While several studies looked at how programmers work during software evolution tasks, none of them consider live environments. We conduct such a study based on an analysis of 17 programming sessions of practitioners using Pharo, a mature Live Programming environment. The study is complemented by a survey and subsequent analysis of 16 programming sessions in additional languages, e.g., JavaScript. We document the approaches taken by developers during their work. We find that some liveness features are extensively used, and have an impact on the way developers navigate source code and objects in their work.
Optimal Rectangular Code for High Density Magnetic Tapes (1974)

IBM's 6250 bpi 3420 series tape units require a powerful error-correcting code for the standard 9-track format. The optimal rectangular code (ORC), presented here, is designed to correct any single-track error or, given erasure pointers, any double-track error in the tape. The code achieves this by conforming to a rectangular codeword of which two orthogonal sides are check bits. The code is specially tailored from a general class of b-adjacent codes. The ORC can be implemented without a buffer for encoding and offers a simple error-correction mechanism. The code can be generalized to multiple-channel applications.
Structure-Based Phylogenetic Analysis of the Lipocalin Superfamily (2015)

Lipocalins constitute a superfamily of extracellular proteins that are found in all three kingdoms of life. Although very divergent in their sequences and functions, they show remarkable similarity in 3-D structures. Lipocalins bind and transport small hydrophobic molecules. Earlier sequence-based phylogenetic studies of lipocalins highlighted that they have a long evolutionary history. However the molecular and structural basis of their functional diversity is not completely understood. The main objective of the present study is to understand functional diversity of the lipocalins using a structure-based phylogenetic approach. The present study with 39 protein domains from the lipocalin superfamily suggests that the clusters of lipocalins obtained by structure-based phylogeny correspond well with the functional diversity. The detailed analysis on each of the clusters and sub-clusters reveals that the 39 lipocalin domains cluster based on their mode of ligand binding though the clustering was performed on the basis of gross domain structure. The outliers in the phylogenetic tree are often from single member families. Also structure-based phylogenetic approach has provided pointers to assign putative function for the domains of unknown function in lipocalin family. The approach employed in the present study can be used in the future for the functional identification of new lipocalin proteins and may be extended to other protein families where members show poor sequence similarity but high structural similarity.
Face recognition based on depth maps and surface curvature (1991)

This paper explores the representation of the human face by features based on the curvature of the face surface. Curature captures many features necessary to accurately describe the face, such as the shape of the forehead, jawline, and cheeks, which are not easily detected from standard intensity images. Moreover, the value of curvature at a point on the surface is also viewpoint invariant. Until recently range data of high enough resolution and accuracy to perform useful curvature calculations on the scale of the human face had been unavailable. Although several researchers have worked on the problem of interpreting range data from curved (although usually highly geometrically structured) surfaces, the main approaches have centered on segmentation by signs of mean and Gaussian curvature which have not proved sufficient in themselves for the case of the human face. This paper details the calculation of principal curvature for a particular data set, the calculation of general surface descriptors based on curvature, and the calculation of face specific descriptors based both on curvature features and a priori knowledge about the structure of the face. These face specific descriptors can be incorporated into many different recognition strategies. A system that implements one such strategy, depth template comparison, giving recognition rates between 80% and 90% is described.
Virtual Control System Development Platform with the Application of PLC Device (2013)

Abstract in this paper, a generic virtual control system development methodology for virtual commissioning has been applied to illustrate the reduction in time and effort that can be gained by using model based control development with automatic code generation compared to the direct iterative development. Compared to the other related works which require no manual coding, the methodology used here uses generic and general purpose tool, Matlab, to generate codes in IEC61131-3 that can be compiled and downloaded to a wide range of PLC's. Using an illustrative case to cover each steps in the development phase, the paper describes the advantages of model based methodology.