gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Family planning increase in some African countries. (1986)

Governments in sub-Saharan Africa, recognizing the economic and health benefits of slower population growth, have begun to adopt explicit policies aimed at reducing growth rates. More countries also are providing support to family planning programs. In 1985, more than 70% of the 402 million people living in sub-Saharan Africa lived in countries which have government-supported family planning programs. Yet, the coverage of many of these programs has been and remains limited. Reflecting low demand as well as problems in supplying contraceptive services, results from national-level surveys conducted in 10 countries between 1977-82 as part of the World Fertility Survey (WFS) program showed that approximately 5% of the currently married women aged 15-49 in these countries were using contraceptive methods. More encouraging are the results of surveys conducted in Botswana, Kenya, and Zimbabwe in 1984 as part of the international Contraceptive Prevalence Survey (CPS) program which demonstrate that family planning programs in Africa can be very successful. The CPS data show that substantial proportions of currently married women aged 15-49 in all 3 countries are currently practicing family planning. The level of current use of contraception reported in the CPSs in Botswana, Kenya, and Zimbabwe lay to rest the myth that women in sub-Saharan Africa are unwilling to use family planning. The majority of current users in all 3 countries use modern contraceptive methods. Most nonusers in the 3 countries know at least 1 family planning method. Male approval of family planning also seems to be common, although men are reported to be somewhat more likely than their wives to disapprove of family planning. Despite the fact that there is relatively widespread adoption of modern contraceptive method in Zimbabwe and Botswana as well as an increasing reliance on family planning methods in Kenya, the CPS results show that women in these 3 countries continue to have and want large families. The mean number of children ever born to women aged 45-49 ranges from 6.8 children in Botswana to 8.2 children in Kenya. Interest in planning their families is widespread among women in the 3 countries despite the high fertility expectations.
Gradient Centralization: A New Optimization Technique for Deep Neural Networks (2020)

Optimization techniques are of great importance to effectively and efficiently train a deep neural network (DNN). It has been shown that using the first and second order statistics (e.g., mean and variance) to perform Z-score standardization on network activations or weight vectors, such as batch normalization (BN) and weight standardization (WS), can improve the training performance. Different from these existing methods that mostly operate on activations or weights, we present a new optimization technique, namely gradient centralization (GC), which operates directly on gradients by centralizing the gradient vectors to have zero mean. GC can be viewed as a projected gradient descent method with a constrained loss function. We show that GC can regularize both the weight space and output feature space so that it can boost the generalization performance of DNNs. Moreover, GC improves the Lipschitzness of the loss function and its gradient so that the training process becomes more efficient and stable. GC is very simple to implement and can be easily embedded into existing gradient based DNN optimizers with only one line of code. It can also be directly used to fine-tune the pre-trained DNNs. Our experiments on various applications, including general image classification, fine-grained image classification, detection and segmentation, demonstrate that GC can consistently improve the performance of DNN learning. The code of GC can be found at https://github.com/Yonghongwei/Gradient-Centralization.
Principles of Photonics (2016)

With this self-contained and comprehensive text, students will gain a detailed understanding of the fundamental concepts and major principles of photonics. Assuming only a basic background in optics, readers are guided through key topics such as the nature of optical fields, the properties of optical materials, and the principles of major photonic functions regarding the generation, propagation, coupling, interference, amplification, modulation, and detection of optical waves or signals. Numerous examples and problems are provided throughout to enhance understanding, and a solutions manual containing detailed solutions and explanations is available online for instructors. This is the ideal resource for electrical engineering and physics undergraduates taking introductory, single-semester or single-quarter courses in photonics, providing them with the knowledge and skills needed to progress to more advanced courses on photonic devices, systems and applications.
Gut Lesions in Fabry's Disease Without a Rash (1972)

Twin boys with Fabry9s disease and 6 affected relatives were described. Limb pains and retinal vessel tortuosity were present but no patient had angiokeratomata. One boy had a severe enteropathy with small and large bowel involvement which was investigated. Thin-layer chromatography showed that excesses of ceramide di- and trihexosides were excreted in the urine. Leucocyte α-galactosidase activity was measured: hemizygous males showed very low activity, while obligate and probable heterozygous females had values intermediate between those of the patients and the normal controls.
An algorithm for modularity analysis of directed and weighted biological networks based on edge-betweenness centrality (2006)

Modularity analysis is a powerful tool for studying the design of biological networks, offering potential clues for relating the biochemical function(s) of a network with the 'wiring' of its components. Relatively little work has been done to examine whether the modularity of a network depends on the physiological perturbations that influence its biochemical state. Here, we present a novel modularity analysis algorithm based on edge-betweenness centrality, which facilitates the use of directional information and measurable biochemical data.
Internet Auctions for Dummies? [With CDROM] (1999)

From the Publisher:
Quickly turn junk into cash using the step-by-step instructions in Internet Auctions For Dummies. Holden shows how to make savvy bids, improve selling techniques, and negotiate for the best price. The CD-ROM contains useful software for tracking offers and creating an online auction, plus Web browsers and Web page editors.
Covert Channels in TCP/IP Protocol Stack (2013)

We give a survey of different techniques for hiding data in several protocols from the TCP/IP protocol stack. Techniques are organized according to affected layer and protocol. For every covert channel its data bandwidth is given.
Inhaled nitric oxide in adult respiratory distress syndrome (1997)

National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Address requests for reprints to: Peter Q. Eichacker, MD, Critical Care Medicine Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 7D-43, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-1662.
Realizing Fault Resilience in Web-Server Cluster (2000)

Today, a successful Internet service is absolutely critical to be up 100 percent of the time. Server clustering is the most promising approach to meet this requirement. However, the existing Web server-clustering solutions merely can provide high availability derived from its redundancy nature, but offer no guarantee about fault resilience for the service. In this paper, we address this problem by implementing an innovative mechanism that enables a Web request to be smoothly migrated and recovered on another working node in the presence of server failure. We will show that the request migration and recovery could be efficiently achieved in the manner of user transparency. The achieved capability of fault resilience is important and essential for a variety of critical services (e.g., E-commerce), which are increasingly widespread used. Our approach takes an important step toward providing a highly reliable Web service.
The effect of the purity of ingredients, oxygen, and inorganic particulate dispersion on the course of styrene emulsion polymerization (1982)

Abstract A study of the effects of ingredients on styrene emulsion polymerization kinetics showed that the purity of sodium dodecyl sulfate emulsifier affected the rate of polymerization ( R p ) in the absence of added initiator. Below a critical concentration oxygen accelerated the R p ; above the critical concentration it inhibited the R p . The effect of distilling styrene, compared to washing it with alkali to deinhibit, was minimal. Indications are that particulate dispersions of silica and titanium dioxide are encapsulated in situ by the growing polymer chains during styrene emulsion polymerization.
Neural Network Based Driver Warning System (2020)

According to reports, an astounding 69% of adult drivers report driving while drowsy at least once a month in the previous year according to The National Sleep Foundation. In today's fast-moving world people are usually stressed and sleep-deprived due to their demanding career. As a result of this such people fall asleep behind the wheel. Visual fatigue and drowsiness cause many accidents due to which many deaths and injuries are taking place around the world. To increase vehicle security, we propose an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS). This system aims to locate and estimate the driver's eye condition and head position using a camera that will be an indication of his drowsiness level. We also propose a speed control system to detect signboards on the way and instruct the driver either to continue with the same speed or to decelerate the vehicle based on machine learning. This system also calculates the distance between two vehicles, based on the distance it instructs the driver either to continue with the same speed or to slow down. With the system on board of multiple vehicles the safety of the travel increases and the rate of accidents caused due to driver negligence will be reduced.
Self-authorization: a methodology for secured network access in a distributed paradigm (2005)

One of the key concerns of system designs in enterprise networks is security. Security from a systems perspective involves limiting and controlling accessibility to the services provided by that system. Existing authorization mechanisms do not provide the tools for the ever-changing paradigm associated with distributed networks such as the Internet, and deployment of mobile and pervasive computing devices that users attach to these networks. A self-authorizing system for authentication in a distributed environment is a concept that addresses some of the inadequacies of a traditional authentication mechanism. This paper examines existing authorization and authentication methods and their respective inadequacies, while developing the concept of self-authorization and the basic principles that underlie transparency and re-authentication.
Employability skill development in work-integrated learning: Barriers and best practice (2014)

Work-integrated learning (WIL) is widely considered instrumental in equipping new graduates with the required employability skills to function effectively in the work environment. Evaluation of WIL programs in enhancing skill development remains predominantly outcomes-focused with little attention to the process of what, how and from whom students acquire essential skills during work placement. This paper investigates best practice in the classroom and placement activities which develop employability skills and identifies factors impeding skill performance during WIL, based on survey data from 131 undergraduates across different disciplines in an Australian university. What students actually experienced during placement, or what they felt was important to their learning, broadly aligns with best practice principles for WIL programs and problems experienced in performing certain skills during placement can be largely attributed to poor design. Implications for academic and professional practitioners are discussed.
Hypermedia management system on distributed object (1999)

This paper presents a hypermedia management model, which bases on traditional E R model and combines with some characters of distributed object management. It uses domain,entity,profile,attribute,link and media to describe distributed objects and implements a multi tier C/S system. It is a rapid method to develop a open and smart application.
A markovian signature-based approach to IP traffic classification (2007)

In this paper we present a real-time automatic process to traffic classification and to the detection of abnormal behaviors in IP traffic. The proposed method aims to detect anomalies in the traffic associated to a particular service, or to automatically recognize the service associated to a given sequence of packets at the transport layer. Service classification is becoming a central issue because of the emergence of new services (P2P, VoIP, Streaming video, etc...) which raises new challenges in resource reservation, pricing, network monitoring, etc... In order to identify a specific signature to an application, we first of all model the sequence of its packets at the transport layer by means of a first order Markov chain. Then, we decide which service should be associated to any new sequence by means of standard decision techniques (Maximum Likelihood criterion, Neyman-Pearson test). The evaluation of our automatic recognition procedure using live GPRS Orange France traffic traces demonstrates the feasibility and the excellent performance of this approach.
Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramics (1989)

Etude de la cristallisation et de la nucleation, des proprietes (coefficient de dilatation, conduction thermique, resistance mecanique…) en fonction du champ d'application de ces vitroceramiques (plaque de cuisson, ustensile de cruisson, fenetre de four…)
Pumping Unit Geometry vs. Prime Mover Speed Variation as a Method of Torsional Reduction in a Beam and Sucker Rod Pumping System (1983)

ABSTRACT Theoretically, it is possible to effect a significant reduction in peak (in-balance) torque, with resulting cost savings, in a beam and sucker rod pumping system by two different methods. The first is the optimum selection of unit geometry; while the second employs a special, low inertia (or high slip) prime mover, permitting the unit's speed variation to more closely respond to the torsional load demand. Following is a discussion of a comparative study using the most advanced predictive technique, covering two field applications, which illuminates the relative effectiveness and economy of both methods on the torsional loading of beam pumping units, as well as the effect on other selected parameters.
Let's Talk About Sex--and Drugs (2005)

Seven years after Viagra was launched, many drugs are on the horizon to treat women9s sexual problems. But several questions remain: Are they safe? And are they needed?
An Extension Of The Luneberg-Type Lenses (1953)

Abstract : The spherical lens first investigated by Luneberg (Mathematical Theory of Optics, Brown Univ. Lecture Notes, Providence, 1944), for which scanning throughout space without distortion is possible, was generalized to permit the source to lie within the lens, thereby reducing the size of the path followed by the source in scanning. This, and other shperical lenses with complete spherical symmetry that simulate line sources and infinte plane reflectors, appear as special cases of an extension of the class of circularly symmetric circular lenses due to Luneberg. Generally, a point source located within or on the boundary of a circular lens with variable index of refraction appears either as a virtual point source located at an arbitrary point within the lens or as a source whose energy is perfectly collimated in an arbitrary direction.
Eine Totalsynthese des <i>„all”‐trans</i>‐Crocetin‐dimethylesters (1960)

Abstract Der „all”︁‐trans ‐Crocetin‐dimethylester entsteht durch eine Wittig‐Reaktion aus „all”︁‐trans ‐2.7‐Dimethyl‐octatrien‐(2.4.6)‐dial‐(1.8) und 2 Moll. γ‐Brom‐tiglinsäure‐methylester. Mit γ‐Brom‐crotonsäure‐methylester wird in analoger Reaktion das entsprechende 2.2′‐Desdimethyl‐crocetin‐Derivat erhalten.
A pH, glucose, and dopamine triple-responsive, self-healable adhesive hydrogel formed by phenylborate–catechol complexation (2017)

A pH, glucose, and dopamine triple-responsive, self-healable and adhesive polyethylene glycol hydrogel was developed via the formation of phenylborate–catechol complexation.
How the type of input function affects the dynamic response of conducting polymer actuators (2014)

How the type of input function affects the dynamic response of conducting How the type of input function affects the dynamic response of conducting polymer actuators polymer actuators
Effect of Gd and Ho on Micro-structure and Properties of Sintered Nd-Fe-B Magnets (2013)

Adding Gd and Ho to Nd-Fe-B alloys can promote the growth of Nd2Fe14B columnar crystal,result in an uniform distribution of Nd-rich phase,and refine the grain size of the magnet.Ho can improve the intrinsic coercivity,Gd can enhance the square degrees of the demagnetization curve,but the remanence and magnetic energy product will be lower.Moreover,Gd and Ho can reduce the open flux irreversible loss,and make magnets with better thermostability.
Application safety evaluation of the radio frequency identification tag under magnetic resonance imaging (2014)

Active RFID tags can affect MR imaging quality, especially using the GRE sequence. Increasing the distance from the RFID tags to the imaging objects can reduce that influence. When the distance was longer than 8 cm, MR imaging quality were almost unaffected. However, the Gradient Echo related sequence is not recommended when patients wear a RFID wristband.
Circular Orbit Patterns Providing Continuous Whole Earth Coverage (1970)

A study has been made of circular orbit patterns which ensure that every point on the earth's surface can always see at least one satellite (or two satellites for double coverage) above some minimum elevation angle. It is shown that five or six high altitude satellites can provide single coverage, and seven or nine satellites double coverage, at elevation angles which represent a significant improvement over previously published values; and a generalized approach to such coverage assessments is presented.
Sample Entropy Statistics and Testing for Order in Complex Physiological Signals (2007)

Sample Entropy (SampEn) statistics have provided insight into the amount of order present in several types of complex physiological time series, particularly the heart rate dynamics of premature infants. Very little, however, is known of SampEn's statistical properties and this has hindered strategies for optimization and significance testing. This article shows that SampEn statistics are asymptotically Gaussian under general conditions. A straightforward point estimate of the statistic's variance is developed and compared to empirical results obtained from complex surrogate data. Statistical tests are developed to quantify the amount and scale of order detected in a signal. These tests are used to show that significant order is, in fact, being detected in the heart rate dynamics of neonates, and to suggest strategies for optimizing the analysis parameters.
Reclassification of bioindicator strains Bacillus subtilis DSM 675 and Bacillus subtilis DSM 2277 as Bacillus atrophaeus. (2001)

On the basis of high DNA-DNA reassociation values and confirmatory automated RiboPrint analysis, two aerobic spore-forming strains hitherto allocated to Bacillus subtilis and used as bioindicators (DSM 675, hot-air sterilization control; DSM 2277, ethylene oxide sterilization control) are reclassified as Bacillus atrophaeus.
Dietary Marine ω-3 Fatty Acids and Incident Sight-Threatening Retinopathy in Middle-Aged and Older Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes (2016)

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN35739639.
Biological Screening of a Novel Nickel (II) Tyrosine Complex (2007)

A newly synthesized Nickel (II) tyrosine complex was screened as potential antimicrobial agent against a number of medically important bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus β-haemolytica, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenterae) and fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium sp.) strains. were used for antifungal activity. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the Agar Disc method. Moreover, the minimum inhibitory concentration of the complexes was determined against the same pathogenic bacteria and the values were found between 4~64 µg ml (-1). Brine shrimp bioassay was carried out for cytotoxicity measurements of the complexes. The LC50 values were calculated after probit transformation of the resulting mortality data and found to be 6 µg ml (-1).
Surface engineered polyanhydride-based oral Salmonella subunit nanovaccine for poultry (2018)

Sankar Renu,1,2,* Ashley D Markazi,3,* Santosh Dhakal,1,2 Yashavanth S Lakshmanappa,1,2 Suren R Gourapura,1,2 Revathi Shanmugasundaram,3 Sujata Senapati,4 Balaji Narasimhan,4 Ramesh K Selvaraj,5 Gourapura J Renukaradhya1,2 1Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; 2Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; 3Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; 4Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; 5Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA *These authors contributed equally to this work Purpose: Salmonellosis is a severe economic threat in poultry and a public health concern. Currently available vaccines are ineffective, and thus, developing effective oral Salmonella vaccine is warranted. Especially, a potent oral vaccine such as the mucoadhesive polyanhydride nanoparticle (PNP) protects the vaccine cargo and delivers to intestinal immune sites to elicit robust mucosal immunity and mitigate Salmonella colonization and shedding.Materials and methods: We designed a Salmonella subunit vaccine using PNP containing immunogenic Salmonella outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and flagellar (F) protein-entrapped and surface F-protein-coated PNPs (OMPs-F-PNPs) using a solvent displacement method. Using high-throughput techniques, we characterized the OMPs-F-PNPs physicochemical properties and analyzed its efficacy in layer birds vaccinated orally.Results: The candidate vaccine was resistant in acidic microenvironment and had ideal physicochemical properties for oral delivery in terms of particle size, charge, morphology, biocompatibility, and pH stability. In&amp;nbsp;vitro, in&amp;nbsp;vivo, and ex vivo studies showed that F-protein surface-anchored nanoparticles were better targeted to chicken immune cells in peripheral blood and splenocytes and intestinal Peyer&amp;rsquo;s patch sites. In layer chickens inoculated orally with OMPs-F-PNPs, substantially higher OMPs-specific IgG response and secretion of Th1 cytokine IFN-&amp;gamma; in the serum, enhanced CD8+/CD4+ cell ratio in spleen, and increased OMPs-specific lymphocyte proliferation were observed. OMPs-F-PNPs vaccination also upregulated the expression of toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and -4, TGF-&amp;beta;, and IL-4 cytokines&amp;rsquo; genes in chicken cecal tonsils (lymphoid tissues). Importantly, OMPs-F-PNPs vaccine cleared Salmonella cecal colonization in 33% of vaccinated birds.Conclusion: This pilot in&amp;nbsp;vivo study demonstrated the targeted delivery of OMPs-F-PNPs to ileum mucosal immune sites of chickens and induced specific immune response to mitigate Salmonella colonization in intestines. Keywords: Salmonella antigens, polyanhydride nanoparticles, oral delivery, ileum, chickens&amp;nbsp;