gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The attention schema theory: a mechanistic account of subjective awareness (2015)

We recently proposed the attention schema theory, a novel way to explain the brain basis of subjective awareness in a mechanistic and scientifically testable manner. The theory begins with attention, the process by which signals compete for the brain's limited computing resources. This internal signal competition is partly under a bottom-up influence and partly under top-down control. We propose that the top-down control of attention is improved when the brain has access to a simplified model of attention itself. The brain therefore constructs a schematic model of the process of attention, the 'attention schema,' in much the same way that it constructs a schematic model of the body, the 'body schema.' The content of this internal model leads a brain to conclude that it has a subjective experience. One advantage of this theory is that it explains how awareness and attention can sometimes become dissociated; the brain's internal models are never perfect, and sometimes a model becomes dissociated from the object being modeled. A second advantage of this theory is that it explains how we can be aware of both internal and external events. The brain can apply attention to many types of information including external sensory information and internal information about emotions and cognitive states. If awareness is a model of attention, then this model should pertain to the same domains of information to which attention pertains. A third advantage of this theory is that it provides testable predictions. If awareness is the internal model of attention, used to help control attention, then without awareness, attention should still be possible but should suffer deficits in control. In this article, we review the existing literature on the relationship between attention and awareness, and suggest that at least some of the predictions of the theory are borne out by the evidence.
Piston Thermal Deformation and Friction Considerations (1982)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The piston assembly is generally believed to account for a large percentage of the total engine mechanical power loss. Maintaining a proper running skirt profile and skirt-to-bore clearance at operating temperature is essential in piston friction reduction. Pistons for current automotive engines are made of an aluminum alloy which has a thermal expansion coefficient 80% higher than that of the cast iron material commonly used for the engine block. The running clearance under engine operating conditions is, therefore, quite different from the design clearance, and a capability to compute the piston thermal expansion is needed.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">In this study, a three-dimensional finite element model was developed to calculate the piston operating temperature and the corresponding thermal expansion in the presence of asymmetric structural features such as a translot, a steel strut, and a pin boss. The model can be used to design skirt profiles which have the potential to decrease break-in time, reduce friction, and minimize piston slap.</div>
Clinical Chemistry (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTClinical ChemistryGeorge P. KingsleyCite this: Anal. Chem. 1963, 35, 5, 11–35Publication Date (Print):April 12, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 12 April 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60198a002https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60198a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views199Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Use of mental health services in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project (2004)

The ESEMeD results suggest that the use of health services is limited among individuals with mental disorders in the European countries studied. The factors associated with this limited access and their implications deserve further research.
Shared Earth Modeling: Methodologies for Integrated Reservoir Simulations (2002)

Introduction to Shared Earth Modeling Geology Petrophysics Well Logging Geophysics Fluid Properties Measures of Rock-Fluid Interactions Applications of Rock-Fluid Interactions Fluid Flow Equations Reservoir Characterization Mapping Well Testing Production Analysis Reservoir Simulation Reservoir Management Improved Recovery Appendix A Reservoir Modeling Software Appendix B Visualization Software Appendix C Integrated Flow Modeling Software
Downregulation of Dkk3 activates β-catenin/TCF-4 signaling in lung cancer (2007)

Although the oncogenic role of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway is well defined, it remains unclear how this pathway is aberrantly activated in lung cancer. We found that Dickkopf (Dkk)-3, a member of Dkk family of Wnt antagonists, is frequently inactivated in lung cancer and plays a role in suppressing lung cancer cell growth through inhibition of beta-catenin/T-cell factor (TCF)-4 signaling. Dkk3 is the only Dkk family member abundantly expressed in normal lung, but silenced by promoter hypermethylation in a large fraction of lung cancer cell lines and lung tumors. Downregulation of Dkk3 was correlated with tumor progression and expression of nuclear beta-catenin in lung tumors. Ectopic expression of Dkk3 in lung cancer cells with Dkk3 hypermethylation induced apoptosis and inhibited TCF-4 activity as well as nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and expression of TCF-4 targets c-Myc and cyclin D1. Furthermore, small interference RNA knock down of Dkk3 in cells lacking Dkk3 hypermethylation was sufficient to promote cell proliferation, beta-catenin nuclear translocation and expression of c-Myc. These observations suggested that epigenetic inactivation of Dkk3 activates the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway, thereby promoting the growth of lung cancer cells.
High <i>I</i> <sub>h</sub> Channel Density in the Distal Apical Dendrite of Layer V Pyramidal Cells Increases Bidirectional Attenuation of EPSPs (2001)

Despite the wealth of recent research on active signal propagation along the dendrites of layer V neocortical pyramidal neurons, there is still little known regarding the traffic of subthreshold synaptic signals. We present a study using three simultaneous whole cell recordings on the apical dendrites of these cells in acute rat brain slices to examine the spread and attenuation of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic potentials (sEPSPs). Equal current injections at each of a pair of sites separated by approximately 500 microm on the apical dendrite resulted in equal voltage transients at the other site ("reciprocity"), thus disclosing linear behavior of the neuron. The mean apparent "length constants" of the apical dendrite were 273 and 446 microm for somatopetal and somatofugal sEPSPs, respectively. Trains of artificial EPSPs did not show temporal summation. Blockade of the hyperpolarization-activated cation current (I(h)) resulted in less attenuation by 17% for somatopetal and by 47% for somatofugal sEPSPs. A pronounced location-dependent temporal summation of EPSP trains was seen. The subcellular distribution and biophysical properties of I(h) were studied in cell-attached patches. Within less than approximately 400 microm of the soma, a low density of approximately 3 pA/microm(2) was found, which increased to approximately 40 pA/microm(2) in the apical distal dendrite. I(h) showed activation and deactivation kinetics with time constants faster than 40 ms and half-maximal activation at -95 mV. These findings suggest that integration of synaptic input to the apical tuft and the basal dendrites occurs spatially independently. This is due to a high I(h) channel density in the apical tuft that increases the electrotonic distance between these two compartments in comparison to a passive dendrite.
Investigation of Mixed Conductor BaCo<sub>0.7</sub>Fe<sub>0.3−<i>x</i></sub>Y<sub><i>x</i></sub>O<sub>3−δ</sub> with High Oxygen Permeability (2010)

Cubic BaCo0.7Fe0.3−xYxO3−δ (BCFY, x = 0.08−0.2) was prepared by the conventional solid state reaction route as oxygen permeation membranes. The effects of Y-doping on the crystal structure, electrical conductivity, and oxygen permeability are investigated, and the factors influencing the activation energy of oxygen migration are discussed from the viewpoints of metal−oxygen bonding energy and geometric lattice structure. Y-substitution decreases the electrical conductivity but increases the oxygen vacancy concentration of BCFY samples. Nevertheless, the oxygen permeability decreases with increasing Y-doping level. Both the strong Y−O bonding energy and the decreased critical radius (rC) with Y-doping should be responsible for the increased activation energy. First principle calculation reveals that Y-doping results in the nonequivalent positions of the mobile oxygen ions and thus limits the oxygen ion diffusion passages. BaCo0.7Fe0.22Y0.08O3−δ membrane exhibits a high oxygen permeability of 1.73 mL min−1 cm−2 at 900 °C, thus being a promising candidate material for oxygen separation or POM applications.
Combined GPS/GLONASS navigation (2002)

The GPS and GLONASS systems are compared, and the satellites' status, the Magnavox GPS/GLONASS navigator, the system time difference, data processing software, and test results (combined GPS/GLONASS coverage and positioning and GLONASS receiver performance) are examined. It is noted that a constellation of 48 navigation satellites consisting of 24 GPS and 24 GLONASS satellites should be available by the mid-1990s. To take full advantage of these satellites, navigation equipment can be built to track both types of satellites and process the combined data.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Jésus et l'histoire. À propos des travaux de John P. Meier (2011)

Résumé Comment aborder le personnage de Jésus de Nazareth selon une pers-pective strictement historique ? Pour bien comprendre et répondre à cette question, on propose ici de distinguer de manière claire et tranchée le point de vue de l’histoire en milieu scientifique et celui de l’histoire en milieu théologique. Les travaux de John P. Meier, qui serviront d’exemple significatif, posent la question suivante : sa recherche sur Jésus relève-t-elle de l’histoire en science ou de l’histoire en théologie ? Après avoir rappelé et précisé les attendus et méthodes de la recherche historique sur Jésus de Nazareth en milieu théologique puis en milieu scientifique, l’auteur voudrait plaider ici pour une épistémologie de la recherche sur Jésus de Nazareth en histoire.
Techniques for Fine-Grained, Multi-site Computation Offloading (2011)

Increasingly, mobile devices are becoming the preferred platform for computation for many users. Unfortunately, the resource limitations, in battery life, computation power and storage, restricts the richness of applications that can be run on such devices. To alleviate these concerns, a popular approach that has gained currency in recent years is {\em computation offloading}, where a portion of an application is run off-site, leveraging the far greater resources of the cloud. Prior work in this area has focused on a constrained form of the problem: a single mobile device offloading computation to a single server. However, with the increased popularity of cloud computing and storage, it is more common for the data that an application accesses to be distributed among several servers. This paper describes algorithmic approaches for performing fine-grained, multi-site offloading. This allows portions of an application to be offloaded in a data-centric manner, even if that data exists at multiple sites. Our approach is based on a novel partitioning algorithm, and a novel data representation. We demonstrate that our partitioning algorithm outperforms existing multi-site offloading algorithms, and that our data representation provides for more efficient, fine-grained offloading than prior approaches.
The Binary Tree as an Interconnection Network: Applications to Multiprocessor Systems and VLSI (1981)

The binary tree is a natural way to organize complex computations by a computer. For problems that can be naturally divided into a tree structure, a great deal of parallelism may be employed. In this paper we examine several aspects of the binary tree structure as it relates to both multiprocessor systems and to VISI circuit design. First, we present an algorithm for mapping an arbitrary binary tree onto the plane. An analysis shows the density of this mapping. Second, we consider the problem of routing messages within a binary tree under the assumption that certain nodes may be faulty. Finally, we analyze the binary tree's capacity to transfer information between nodes and we compare it to the capacity of the linear array and the grid.
Poly-L-histidine (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPoly-L-histidineAbraham Patchornik, Arieh Berger, and Ephraim KatchalskiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 19, 5227–5230Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01576a043https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01576a043research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views842Altmetric-Citations91LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Improved intra transform skip mode in HEVC (2013)

Recent years we have witnessed a striking rise of the compound video, which is generated by computers. The High Efficiency Video Coding standard (HEVC) adopts the intra transform skip mode to improve the coding efficiency of compound video. In this paper, we improve the intra transform skip mode from two aspects. Firstly, we study the statistical character of the intra prediction residual and propose a separate coefficient scan order for the intra transform skip mode. Secondly, we analyze the probability of the intra transform skip mode for different coding unit (CU) sizes and prediction unit (PU) sizes, and then propose one limitation to reduce the applied range of intra transform skip mode. The experimental results show that the first method can achieve 1.6%, 1.1%, and 0.7% luma coding gains on average in terms of BD-rate for class F under HE10-AI, HE10-RA, and HE10-LB conditions respectively; the second method can bring 9% encoder run time reduction with almost the same BD-rate changes. The proposed methods have been partially adopted into HEVC standard.
Routing Tcp/Ip (2001)

I. EXTERIOR GATEWAY PROTOCOLS. 1. Exterior Gateway Protocol. 2. Introduction to BGP-4. 3. BGP Configuration and Troubleshooting. II. ADVANCED IP ROUTING ISSUES. 4. Network Address Translation. 5. Introduction to Multicast Routing. 6. Configuration and Troubleshooting for Multicast Routing. 7. Large-Scale Multicast Routing. 8. IPv6. 9. Router Management. Appendix A: Field Details for the, 'show ip bgp neighbor' Output. Appendix B: A Regular Expression Tutorial. Appendix C: Answers to Review Questions. Appendix D: Answers to Configuration Exercises. Answers to Troubleshooting Exercises.
Correcting spherical aberrations induced by an unknown medium through determination of its refractive index and thickness (2011)

In imaging and focusing applications, spherical aberration induces axial broadening of the point spread function (PSF). A transparent medium between lens and object of interest induces spherical aberration. We propose a method that first obtains both the physical thickness and the refractive index of the aberration inducing medium in situ by measuring the induced focal shifts for paraxial and large angle rays. Then, the fourth order angle dependence of the optical path difference inside the medium is used to correct the spherical aberration using a phase-only spatial light modulator. The obtained measurement accuracy of 3% is sufficient for a complete compensation as demonstrated in a model microscope with NA 0.3 with glass plate induced axial broadening of the PSF by a factor of 5.
Early Recognition of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Altered Profiles of Alpha-Fetoprotein (1993)

Measurements of the alpha-fetoprotein L3 and alpha-fetoprotein P4+P5 fractions of serum alpha-fetoprotein allow the differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma from cirrhosis in some cases and serve as predictive markers for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma during the follow-up of patients with cirrhosis.
Hydrological Impact of Heinrich Events in the Subtropical Northeast Atlantic (2000)

Reconstructing the impact of Heinrich events outside the main belt of ice rafting is crucial to understanding the underlying causes of these abrupt climatic events. A high-resolution study of a marine sediment core from the Iberian margin demonstrates that this midlatitude area was strongly affected both by cooling and advection of low-salinity arctic water masses during the last three Heinrich events. These paleoclimatic time series reveal the internal complexity of each of the last three Heinrich events and illustrate the value of parallel studies of the organic and inorganic fractions of the sediments.
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF EPOXY RESIN MODIFIED BY LIQUID CHLOROPRENE-HYDROXYETHYLMETHACRYLATE COPOLYMER (1985)

The epoxy resin modified by liquid chloroprene-hydroxyethylmethacrylate copolymer (CP-HEMA) is a new kind of structural adhesives with good mechanical properties. By changing its mole-cular structure, it may also have such desirable properties as retardation of combustion, enduringweather aging, inert oils and chemicals. A series of the thermosets of the epoxy resin modifiedby CP-HEMA used as a toughener were prepared. The effects of CP-HEMA content, catalyst con-tent and curing temperature on the mechanical properties of modified epoxy resin system were studied.The thermal weight-loss curves were examined. The two-phase morphology was observed and dis-cussed.
Evaluation of nonisothermal crystallization kinetic models for linear poly(phenylene sulfide) (2011)

Abstract The nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of linear Poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) was studied with differential scanning calorimetry. Ozawa theory, Jeziorny model, and Mo equation were applied to describe the crystallization kinetics and to determine the crystallization parameters and mechanism of the linear PPS resin. The crystallization activation energies were also calculated using Kissinger formula and Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa equation, respectively. According to the Ozawa model, it is found that instantaneous nucleation takes place during crystallization of PPS; the Ozawa exponent m is 3 in initial stage of crystallization; as the crystallization temperature decreases, the value of m reduces, and the growth rate of crystal almost keeps a constant. The Avrami exponent n obtained from Jeziorny model fluctuate around 1.84. Based on the Jeziorny model, the crystallization rate increases with increasing the cooling rate, but it does not change any longer when the cooling rate rise to a certain value. Mo equation also exhibits great advantages in treating the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of PPS. The activation energy E of nonisothermal crystallization process of PPS is calculated to be −162.73 kJ/mol by the Kissinger formula, and the mean value of E determined by Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa equation is −152.40 kJ/mol. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
When is a baby boom not a baby boom?: nine points of caution when interpreting fertility trend (2017)

A small but significant increase in the Australian birth rate is being taken as evidence of the success of the Maternity Payment (Baby Bonus) introduced in July 2004, and broadly hailed as a ‘baby boom’. However, a number of alternative interpretations can be placed on this increase, not all of which might be desirable in the 21st Century. This paper poses nine points on which to consider the issue. It cautions against complacency that declining fertility has been permanently arrested, and against unqualified celebration of a return to a baby boom environment. Copyright. Monash University and the author/s
Nickel, Including High-Nickel Alloys (1956)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNickel, Including High-Nickel AlloysR. M. FullerCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1956, 48, 9, 1742–1759Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1956Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1956https://doi.org/10.1021/ie51401a019Request reuse permissionsArticle Views227Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (3 MB) Get e-Alerts