gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Large deformation isotropic elasticity – on the correlation of theory and experiment for incompressible rubberlike solids (1972)

Abstract Many attempts have been made to reproduce theoretically the stress–strain curves obtained from experiments on the isothermal deformation of highly elastic ‘rubberlike' materials. The existence of a strain-energy function has usually been postulated, and the simplifications appropriate to the assumptions of isotropy and incompressibility have been exploited. However, the usual practice of writing the strain energy as a function of two independent strain invariants has, in general, the effect of complicating the associated mathematical analysis (this is particularly evident in relation to the calculation of instantaneous moduli of elasticity) and, consequently, the basic elegance and simplicity of isotropic elasticity is sacrificed. Furthermore, recently proposed special forms of the strain-energy function are rather complicated functions of two invariants. The purpose of this paper is, while making full use of the inherent simplicity of isotropic elasticity, to construct a strain-energy function which: (i) provides an adequate representation of the mechanical response of rubberlike solids, and (ii) is simple enough to be amenable to mathematical analysis. A strain-energy function which is a linear combination of strain invariants defined by ϕ(α) = (a1α+a2α+a3α–3)/α is proposed; and the principal stretches a1, a2 and a3 are used as independent variables subject to the incompressibility constraint a1a2a3 = 1. Principal axes techniques are used where appropriate. An excellent agreement between this theory and the experimental data from simple tension, pure shear and equibiaxial tension tests is demonstrated. It is also shown that the present theory has certain repercussions in respect of the constitutive inequality proposed by Hill (1968a, 1970b).
Magnesium in the Volvo LCP 2000 (1985)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Volvo LCP 2000 is the result of a project study for advanced technology, design and materials development. One of the fundamental ideas of the project has been to take into consideration the energy consumption throughout the entire service life of the car. A light car built out of light materials such as magnesium has contributed to a low total energy consumption. The Volvo LCP 2000 contains a total of about 50 kg magnesium alloys (7% of gross weight). Examples of components made out of magnesium are the transmission and clutch housings, wheels, steering rack housing, rear suspension arms, subframe and the cylinderblock.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Surface coating and corrosion of magnesium have been studied in laboratory and by vehicle tests. Corrosion protection of chassis components, creep, relaxation and fatigue strength at elevated temperatures are the most critical properties.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper highlights some results based on the project studies concerning surface coating, corrosion and strength properties.</div>
Improved design for the monolithic integration of a laser and an optical waveguide coupled by an evanescent field (1990)

A model is proposed to optimize the design of a laser monolithically integrated with a transparent waveguide by an evanescent field. A five-layer structure is shown to be so sensitive to the growth parameters that the threshold current and coupled into the waveguide are basically uncontrollable. The model makes it clear that separate-confinement structures, in which the active layer is attached to a thicker waveguide, are more suitable. The increase of threshold current in these configurations can be efficiently offset by depositing high-reflectivity coatings on the facets of the devices. Moreover, these coatings are shown to further reduce the sensitivity of the devices to technological fluctuations. The use of a single quantum well embedded into a single-mode guide is proposed to obtain very low threshold currents while maintaining a low sensitivity to growth fluctuations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cancer treatment pathways : AML a detailed costing study example (2011)

Background: AML is one of the most common and acute diseases among the types of leukaemia. The treatment costs for AML/APML are considerably high as it involves the use of expensive treatments (such as stem cell transplantation). Over the past 20 years, the topic has attracted the interest of an increasing number of economic evaluation researchers, with the goal of reducing the related costs without compromising the quality of care and the clinical outcomes. However, no relevant overall/lifetime treatment cost study has been carried out yet, mainly due to UK data availability constraints. Taking the above into consideration, the aim of the study was to calculate the overall/lifetime\ntreatment costs by applying the bottom-up method.\n\n Methods: In order to obtain overall/lifetime cost for AML/APML treatments, an innovative three-phase costing study was conducted on 239 newly diagnosed (during September 2004 to September 2006) adult AML/APML patients in Haematological Malignancy Research Network (HMRN). The study employed the bottom-up costing method and the retrospective treatment pathway. The involved patients were followed from diagnosis\ndate onwards, until death or cure. Treatment pathways, and all the relevant clinical information (including treatments, tests, and duration) were extracted from patients’ medical notes on a regular basis by well trained research nurses. Unit costs were determined from various sources, including the British National Formulary and the unit costs of health and social care from the Personal Social Services Research Unit (PSSRU). Finally, an exploratory analysis was carried out on the obtained cost results in order to uncover potential cost predictors.\n\n Results: The average overall treatment cost per patient was found to be £27290. This cost was mainly the result of the first-line treatment cost and the number of AML recurrences.\nThe major cost driver throughout all disease phases was hospitalization, followed by drug and complication treatment. Age, death or not, number of treatments, type of\nprimary induction treatment, and response to induction treatment were found to be highly associated with overall treatment costs.\n\nConclusion: The results of the current study showed that the lifetime/overall costs of AML/APML treatments was considerably high (although variance between patients was high as well), and uncovered the potential existence of a number of cost predictors. It is expected that\nthese findings could help to bridge the gap between the actual cost and the NHS reference costs, while the potential cost predictors could assist decision makers in relation to health policy or clinical guideline issues.
The Interaction of Metal Ions with Polynucleotides and Related Compounds (1967)

The nucleic acids offer a diversity of electron donor sites among which a coordinating metal ion may choose. There is opportunity for coordination to phosphate groups as well as to oxygen and nitrogen atoms on the heterocyclic components of the nucleotides. Some metals (e.g., zinc (II), nickel (II), lanthanum (III)) select phosphate. Others, such as copper (II), silver (I), and mercury (II), prefer the heterocyclic electron donors. The phosphate binders stabilize the hydrogen-bonded conformation of the nucleic acids at low temperatures; at high temperatures they cleave the phosphodiester bonds. The metals binding to heterocyclic donors bring about the destruction of the hydrogen bonds because they react with hydrogen-bonded sites. Thus, metal binding to nucleic acids aids in understanding selective coordination and many facets of coordinated ligand reactions.
Convolutional Neural Networks Based Hyperspectral Image Classification Method with Adaptive Kernels (2017)

Hyperspectral image (HSI) classification aims at assigning each pixel a pre-defined class label, which underpins lots of vision related applications, such as remote sensing, mineral exploration and ground object identification, etc. Lots of classification methods thus have been proposed for better hyperspectral imagery interpretation. Witnessing the success of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in the traditional images based classification tasks, plenty of efforts have been made to leverage CNNs to improve HSI classification. An advanced CNNs architecture uses the kernels generated from the clustering method, such as a K-means network uses K-means to generate the kernels. However, the above methods are often obtained heuristically (e.g., the number of kernels should be assigned manually), and how to data-adaptively determine the number of convolutional kernels (i.e., filters), and thus generate the kernels that better represent the data, are seldom studied in existing CNNs based HSI classification methods. In this study, we propose a new CNNs based HSI classification method where the convolutional kernels can be automatically learned from the data through clustering without knowing the cluster number. With those data-adaptive kernels, the proposed CNNs method achieves better classification results. Experimental results from the datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Pathology and clinical analysis of lupus nephritis (2010)

Objectives To evaluate the relation between pathologic type of lupus nephritis(LN)and its clinical findings and the labemtory examination.Methods The renal biopsy was made in 34 cages of lupus nephritis and were classified.To analyse the clinical features and the laboratory examination features and clinical activity and renal pathologic activity of pathologic types.Results Ⅳ type.LN Wag most conlmon(55.9%),in Ⅳ type LN,there Wag hish incidence of hematuria and renal insufficiency,and renal pathologic activity Wag marked;In Ⅳ type、Ⅴtype、Ⅳ+Ⅴtype and Ⅲ+Ⅴtype LN.therewere hishincidencein nephrotic syndromeandsevere proteinuria.There was no relation between acute activity index of renal pathology and SLE clinical activity index.The same result Wag found in renal pathological acute index and anti-dsDNA antibody levels.Conclusions There is relation between LN pathological change and LN clinical manifestation and laboratory examination.but their degrees are different.

Key words: 
Lupus Nephritis
Designing a new generalized battery management system (2003)

Battery management systems (BMSs) are used in many battery-operated industrial and commercial systems to make the battery operation more efficient and the estimation of battery state nondestructive. The existing BMS techniques are examined in this paper and a new design methodology for a generalized reliable BMS is proposed. The main advantage of the proposed BMS compared to the existing systems is that it provides a fault-tolerant capability and battery protection. The proposed BMS consists of a number of smart battery modules (SBMs) each of which provides battery equalization, monitoring, and battery protection to a string of battery cells. An evaluation SBM was developed and tested in the laboratory and experimental results verify the theoretical expectations.
Evolving Models of Supplier Involvement in Design: The Deterioration of the Japanese Model in U.S. Auto (2008)

The U.S. auto industry in the 1990s was in a state of transition, driven by a rapidly changing environment and attempts to adopt best practices from other automakers. The Japanese supplier management system is regarded as extremely effective in delivering high-quality component systems integrated into the vehicle with short design lead times. American automakers dedicated themselves to reengineering their product development systems, benchmarking the Japanese model, and outsourcing increasing levels of vehicle content and design responsibility. This paper analyzes how these attempts at institutional imitation evolved new approaches to supplier involvement in design in the U.S. auto industry based on interviews conducted during 1998-2001. Although once copying the Japanese model, the United States has chosen a modified approach and developed models distinctively different from the original. The authors identify two dominant supplier management models emerging during this time and a newly emerging hybrid original equipment manufacturer/supplier relationship style. Concepts from organizational design and behavioral economic theories are used to explain observations across industries overtime. Evidence suggests that American automaker practices have not evolved to support the great responsibility being outsourced to suppliers. There are still barriers that create adversarial relationships when a partnership model is required for true integration of design efforts.
Cannulated percutaneous repair for closed tendo Achilles rupture- Alleppey technique (2016)

Background: The incidence of closed Achilles rupture is on rise year after year reflecting the increased sports and recreational activites and life style diseases. The disability both long term and short term are profound if not promptly diagnosed and properly treated. The complications of non-operative treatment and conventional open surgical procedures are well known and documented. Materials & Methods: Thirty patients with acute closed rupture of Achilles tendon were treated between 2010 and 2015 using a new technique of percutaneous repair using cannula. Twenty four patients were males and six patients were females. 20 patients were between 40 and 50 years of age. 8 patients were between 30 and 40 years of age while 2 patients were above 50 years of age. The mean time between injury and index surgery was 8 days (range 5 to 14 days). Results: The average range of ankle plantar flexion was 130° (range, 120°-140°) on the repaired side and 143° (range, 120°- 155°) on the non-injured side. The average range of ankle dorsiflexion was 17° (range, 16°-21°) on the operated side and 19° (range, 18°-22°) on the non- injured side. The mean calf diameter was 40.5 cm (range, 37-44 cm) on the operated side and 42.5 cm (range, 39-45 cm) on the non- injured side. The interval between injury and return to regular work was 13 weeks (range 10-16 weeks). The mean AOFAS score was 90 (80-98) at the most recent follow-up and 80% of patients’ results were considered excellent while 20% were good. There was no re-rupture, skin necrosis or sural nerve injury in our series. Conclusions: Percutaneous “cannula” technic repair of closed tendo Achilles rupture is an excellent and simple outpatient technic without much possibility of soft tissue complications. The only drawback of this technique is the possibility of sural nerve injury. This can be eliminated by close puncture of the tendon on lateral side.
The Behavior Analysis of Flash-Memory Storage Systems (2008)

Performance and reliability are two major design concerns of flash-memory storage systems, especially for low-cost products. Although various excellent flash- memory management schemes are proposed, there is little work done on how to evaluate the designs or implementations of flash-memory storage systems. Many of the existing evaluation workloads for flash-memory storage systems still rely on those based on hard disks. This work aims at the needs of behavior analysis of flash-memory storage systems and their evaluations. In particular, a set of evaluation metrics and their corresponding access patterns are proposed. The behaviors of flash memory are also analyzed in terms of performance and reliability issues.
Galanin and vasoactive intestinal peptide messenger RNAs increase following axotomy of adult sympathetic neurons (1994)

The adult rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) contains low levels of galanin- and vasoactive intestinal peptide-(VIP) like immunoreactivity, with very few immunostained principal neurons. Immunoreactivity for both neuropeptides increases in these neurons after explantation or postganglionic axotomy in vivo. Northern blot analysis has demonstrated concomitant increases in mRNAs encoding these peptides. To localize cells in axotomized ganglia which increase their expression of these mRNAs, we performed in situ hybridization studies. In control SCG, only a few principal neurons contained mRNA for either galanin or VIP. After 48 h in organ culture, galanin mRNA was expressed in the majority of principal neurons. At 48 h after in vivo axotomy of both postganglionic trunks of the SCG, the internal and external carotid nerves, the distribution and number of neurons, expressing galanin mRNA increased similarly to that seen in culture. Lesioning either trunk alone produced increases in galanin mRNA localized to those regions of the ganglion containing neurons that project into the lesioned trunk. Transection of the predominantly preganglionic cervical sympathetic trunk increased galanin mRNA expression in a small population of neurons near that nerve trunk. The distributions of these labeled neurons, together with previous neuroanatomical studies, suggests that they had been axotomized by the lesions. Similar studies examining VIP mRNA expression demonstrated that although considerably fewer VIP mRNA expressing neurons than galanin mRNA expressing neurons were present after axotomy, the distribution of neuropeptide mRNA-positive cells were similar in both cases. These observations suggest that increases in the peptides galanin and VIP after nerve transection result from changes in the levels of their mRNAs in those neurons that have been axotomized.
Pneumobelt use among high quadriplegic population. (1988)

This study reviews pneumobelt use in an acute rehabilitation facility. All pneumobelt users between 1976 and 1986 were identified. Their age, sex, diagnosis, and time required to adjust to the pneumobelt were studied, as were patterns of use at discharge. Information was collected about use after discharge and about reported advantages and disadvantages. Twenty-three subjects were identified: 21 had spinal cord injuries (SCI), two had had poliomyelitis. The average pneumobelt fitting was three to six months after injury. Twelve SCI patients attained four or more hours of continuous, generally all-day use; another patient achieved this after discharge. Of the remaining eight SCI subjects, all achieved a minimum of two hours of continuous use. The two poliomyelitis patients also achieved all-day use. The survey revealed a high level of satisfaction and continued pneumobelt use after discharge. Major reported advantages were cosmesis, improved speech, independence and mobility, comfort, safety, and health. The pneumobelt is recommended as a leading choice for interim or permanent ventilation of the high quadriplegic population without severe brainstem involvement.
Interfacial Forces in Aqueous Media (2006)

Thoroughly revised and reorganized, the second edition of Interfacial Forces in Aqueous Media examines the role of polar interfacial and noncovalent interactions among biological and nonbiological macromolecules as well as biopolymers, particles, surfaces, cells, and both polar and apolar polymers. The book encompasses Lifshitz-van de
Evaluation of a high-fiber diet in hyperlipidemia: a review. (1987)

Epidemiologic studies of cardiovascular mortality rates in different countries have suggested that dietary fiber may play a protective role. Within a similar population, a large intake of fiber is associated with a lower relative risk of death from coronary heart disease. Dietary fiber may be separated into at least two types: insoluble, which includes cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin; and soluble, including pectin and gums. Laxative effects appear to predominate with insoluble fibers such as wheat bran, with little change in plasma lipid levels in most studies. Pectin, guar gum, and oat bran (soluble fibers) have been reported to have hypocholesterolemic effects in both animals and man, with the effect being proportional to the degree of cholesterol elevation. Other gums, specifically those from locust bean and karaya, have a similar effect, with the decrease in total cholesterol due primarily to a decrease in the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol fraction. While some studies have shown continued improvement over a period of months, this has not been uniformly found. Both normal and elevated triglyceride levels appear to be more resistant to change with dietary fiber. An increase of dietary carbohydrate as a source of fiber may be associated with an increase in triglyceride levels. Fiber may, however, offer some protection against an increase in cholesterol and triglyceride levels in subjects fed diets containing large amounts of sucrose. Although rats fed oat bran, guar gum, or pectin had lower levels of hepatic and blood triglycerides, humans with hypercholesterolemia fed oat bran or guar showed no effect on their triglycerides.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Semantic Web Infrastructure (2007)

The Semantic Web is not widespread as it has been expected by its founders. This is partially caused by lack of standard and working infrastructure for the Semantic Web. We have built a working, portable, stable, highperformance infrastructure for the Semantic Web. This paper is focused on tasks performed by the infrastructure.
Determination of the percentage of thiazole orange (TO)‐positive, “reticulated” platelets using autologous erythrocyte TO fluorescence as an internal standard (1993)

Determination of the percentage of thiazole orange (TO)-positive or "reticulated" platelets by flow cytometry has been advocated as an aid in the diagnosis of thrombocytopenic disorders. However, a reproducible method for determining control fluorescence and setting threshold values on a routine clinical basis has not been described. We used erythrocyte TO fluorescence in whole blood as an internal standard to set threshold markers for TO fluorescence of autologous, purified platelets. Since platelets have approximately a threefold higher TO fluorescence than erythrocytes, multiplying the erythrocyte threshold marker by 3 allowed a determination of the percentage of "reticulated" platelets in 29 normal controls. This value was 3.64% +/- 2.10% (S.D.) in men and 5.79 +/- 2.22% (S.D.) in women; there was a significant (P < 0.05) difference between normal men and women for this measurement. Applying this method to our earlier studies of normals and patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura confirmed its ability to discriminate between these populations with similar sensitivity and specificity as previously reported. This method controls for fluctuations in TO labeling and fluorescence and does not require daily determination of a new normal control value.