gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies on protein hydrolysis. I.—preliminary observations on the taste of enzymic protein‐hydrolysates (1952)

Abstract The influence of various factors such as type of protein, extent of hydrolysis, and nature of enzyme preparation on the development of undesirable flavours in enzymic protein‐hydrolysates has been investigated. Of the proteins studied, gelatin gave the blandest‐tasting product and casein gave the most objectionable one. The type of proteolytic enzyme used was shown markedly to affect the taste of the resulting products. All casein hydrolysates prepared with the various commercial enzymes decreased in palat‐ability during the initial stages of hydrolysis. Three enzyme preparations gave hydrolysates which increased in palatability during the later stages of hydrolysis. The taste of a commercial enzymic casein‐hydrolysate was greatly improved by carbon treatment. An extremely bitter‐tasting fraction containing polypeptides was eluted from the carbon which had been used in the carbon treatment. Acid hydrolysis changed the bitter taste of this fraction to a meaty taste.
Fabrication of free-standing Cu nanorod arrays on Cu disc by template-assisted electrodeposition (2008)

Free-standing Cu nanorod arrays on Cu foil have been fabricated by a template-assisted method. Cu nanorods were potentiostatically deposited on mechanically polished Cu foil using anodized aluminum oxide templates as the deposition mask. Three electrolyte systems were compared, including two acid copper sulfate based solutions and one alkaline solution. The most uniform nanorods were achieved in the alkaline electrolyte. The weight gain per unit area after electrodeposition has been used as a direct measure of average length of deposited Cu nanorods. It was found that our control over the uniformity in nanorod length across the array is important in reaching the maximized aspect ratio without aggregation. Through controlling the weight change it was possible to control the aspect ratio of nanorods and to avoid aggregation of nanorods. Our capability to fabricate free-standing Cu nanorod arrays of uniform height with maximized aspect ratio on Cu foil is especially important in applying this nanostructured Cu as a current collector in Li ion batteries.
Osmolytes and Cell‐Volume Regulation: Physiological and Evolutionary Principles (1997)

Abstract The sections in this article are: What Makes a Solute an Osmolyte? The Basic Osmoregulatory Response: Conservation Paired with Change Osmolyte Taxonomy: Evolutionary Convergence and Conservation The Discovery of Organic Osmolytes Polyols and Sugars Free Amino Acids and Their Derivatives Methylated Ammonium and Sulfonium Compounds Urea and Urea with Methylamines Osmolyte Effects: Perturbation, Stabilization, and Compatibility Changes in Concentrations of Inorganic Ions Are Generally Perturbing of Biochemical Systems Organic Osmolyte Compatibility with Biochemical Functions In Vitro Organic Osmolyte Compatibility with Protein Structure In Vitro Compatibility of Organic Osmolytes: In Vivo and Cell Culture Studies Organic Osmolyte Effects: Counteracting Solute Systems Counteracting Solute Effects In Vitro Urea Counteraction in Living Systems Salt Counteraction (Haloprotection) Exceptions to Counteraction Regulation of Osmolyte Concentrations Interspecific Similarities in Basic Regulatory Strategies Osmolyte Regulation in Bacteria and Plants Osmolyte Regulation in Invertebrates Osmolyte Regulation in Lower Vertebrates The Mammalian Kidney Stress Protein Induction in Hyperosmotic Stress Mechanisms of Solute Effects—and Non‐Effects The Hofmeister Series and Organic Osmolyte Structures Preferential Exclusion of Compatible Osmolytes from the Protein Surface Solute Interactions with Ligands in Solution Nonreactivity of Modified Amino Acid Osmolytes Monosaccharide Reactivity with Proteins Favorable Effects of Compatible Solutes Not Related to Osmoregulation Inorganic Ions: Perturbation and Compatibility Evolutionary Perspectives Macromolecular vs. “Micromolecular” Evolution Evolution of Osmolyte Molecules: An Overview of Principles of Selection Summary: The Adaptive Significance of Osmolyte System Evolution
Anti-apoptotic and anti-glycative effects of asiatic acid in the brain of<scp>d</scp>-galactose treated mice (2014)

Protection of asiatic acid (AA) in mice brain against D-galactose (DG) induced aging was examined. AA at 5, 10 or 20 mg kg(-1) per day was supplied to DG treated mice for 8 weeks. AA intake at 10 or 20 mg kg(-1) per day increased its deposit in brain. DG treatment increased Bax, cleaved caspase-3 protein expression and decreased Bcl-2 expression. AA intake at 10 and 20 mg kg(-1) per day declined Bax, cleaved caspase-3 expression, and retained Bcl-2 expression. DG treatment decreased brain glutathione content and glutathione peroxidase activity; increased brain reactive oxygen species and protein carbonyl levels, and enhanced NAPDH oxidase expression. AA intake at test doses reversed these changes. DG treatment up-regulated the expression of advanced glycation end product (AGE), carboxymethyllysine, receptor of AGE (RAGE), mitogen-activated protein kinases and CD11b as well as increasing the interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha release in the brain. AA intake at 5, 10 and 20 mg kg(-1) per day lowered AGE and carboxymethyllysine expression, and at 10 and 20 mg kg(-1) per day reduced RAGE production. AA intake dose-dependently suppressed p-p38 expression and lowered IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels, and at 10 and 20 mg kg(-1) per day down-regulated p-JNK and CD11b expression. DG treatment declined brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) expression and raised glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression. AA intake at 20 mg kg(-1) per day retained BDNF expression and at 10 and 20 mg kg(-1) per day reduced GFAP expression. These findings indicated that the supplement of asiatic acid might be beneficial to the prevention or alleviation of brain aging.
Imperfect Self-Defense (1935)

At common law two classes of homicide were excusable: homicide per infortunium, or by misadventure; and homicide se defendeudo, or in self-defense.In the early common law, one who committed excusable homicide was, upon such a finding by the jury, remitted to prison in the custody of the sheriff to wait for pardon from the king., Today, excusable homicide is a ground for acquittal by the jury.The elements of homicide se defendendo have been stated as follows: "To render a homicide justifiable or excusable on the ground of self-defense-(1) It must reasonably appear that there is imminent danger of death, or of some other felony, or of great bodily harm... (2) In the case of excusable self-defense, in a sudden affray, the party threatened must retreat as far as he can with safety before taking his adversary's life... (3) The slayer must not have been the aggressor, or otherwise have provoked the difficulty." 2 Many states adhere strictly to the doctrine that an aggressor cannot rely upon self-defense, notwithstandingthe possibility that his intent at the time of provoking the difficulty may not have been felonious, unless he clearly withdraws from the conflict and is thereafter forced to kill the deceased in order to save his own life or to protect himself from serious bodily injury.3The courts of the following states have adopted this rule: Arizona, 4 Oklahoma,' California, 6 Kansas, 7 New Jersey, 8Ohio, 9 Rhode Island, 0 Indiana,1 Pennsylvania,1 2 and Iowa. 13 The
Evaluation of the Oxyrase OxyPlate Anaerobe Incubation System (2000)

The Oxyrase OxyPlate anaerobe incubation system was evaluated for its ability to support the growth of clinically significant anaerobic bacteria previously identified by the Anaerobe Reference Laboratory at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The results were compared with those obtained with conventional anaerobe blood agar plates incubated in an anaerobe chamber. We tested 251 anaerobic bacterial strains. Plates were read at 24, 48, and 72 h; growth was scored by a numerical coding system that combines the degree of growth and the colony size. Organisms (number of strains tested) used in this study were Actinomyces (32), Anaerobiospirillum (8), Bacteroides (39), Campylobacter (8), Clostridium (96), Fusobacterium (12), Leptotrichia (8), Mobiluncus (8), Peptostreptococcus (16), and Propionibacterium (24). At 24 h, 101 (40.2%) of the 251 strains tested showed better growth with the anaerobe chamber than with the OxyPlate system, 10 (4.1%) showed better growth with the OxyPlate system, and the remaining 140 (55. 8%) showed equal growth with both systems. At 48 h, 173 (68.9%) showed equal growth with both systems, while 78 (31.1%) showed better growth with the anaerobe chamber. At 72 h, 176 (70.1%) showed equal growth with both systems, while 75 (29.9%) showed better growth with the anaerobe chamber. The OxyPlate system performed well for the most commonly isolated anaerobes but was inadequate for some strains. These results indicate that the Oxyrase OxyPlate system was effective in creating an anaerobic atmosphere and supporting the growth of anaerobic bacteria within 72 h. OxyPlates would be a useful addition to the clinical microbiology laboratory lacking resources for traditional anaerobic culturing techniques.
Caraway essential oil as potential inhibitor of potato sprouting. (2000)

The influence of caraway essential oil on potato tubers cv. Karin was tested in small-scale experiments. The results were compared with experiments pursuit under the same conditions: untreated control, treatment with commonly used chemical inhibitor CIPC and treatment with commercial natural sprout inhibitor Talent. Due to the fact, that a low, but stable S-carvone head-space concentration must be present around the tubers and therefore active compound has to be applied regularly, several different S-carvone based formulations had been also studied to elongate this period. The simplest methods such as direct spraying of essential oil or evaporation from disintegrated caraway seeds are without any practical use. Spraying of potato tubers with essential oil or with Talent in the season 1997/1998 developed tuber surface necroses and rotting, although the losses caused by sprouting were minimal. Essential oil on sorbent bentonite dusted as a powder once per storage period was the most potent application in gradual active compound release from matrix to the storage atmosphere. The direct dependence of sprouting on residual carvone and its biodegradation products concentration in tubers was observed. S-carvone was converted into dihydrocarveol and dihydrocarvone especially in simply accessible tissues of sprouts, peels and half tubers. Sensory analyses confirmed that S-carvone treatment of stored tubers does not influence taste, odour and colour of cooked potatoes.
Age-Related Changes in Growth Hormone Secretion: Should the Somatopause Be Treated? (1999)

Growth hormone (GH) secretion declines progressively with aging, and many age-related changes resemble those of the adult GH deficiency (GHD) syndrome, including a decrease in lean body mass; an increase in body fat, especially in the visceral/abdominal compartment; adverse changes in lipoproteins; and a reduction in aerobic capacity. The increase in central obesity can further inhibit GH secretion. GH replacement is effective in reversing many of these changes in adult GHD, and GH is now FDA approved for treatment of adults with documented GHD or hypopituitarism, although there is still only limited experience with its long-term benefits, side effects, and risks. This early experience with GHD has led to speculation that replacing GH or stimulating its secretion may also be beneficial in normal aging, and to widespread off-label use of GH in this context; however, there are still very few well controlled studies of the effects and side effects of GH or GH secretagogues in aging. All published studies are of 6 months or shorter treatment periods. From this limited experience there is a consensus that GH has effects on body composition, but reports disagree on effects on psychological or physical functional performance. Older adults are much more susceptible to the dose-related side effects of GH, including peripheral edema, carpal tunnel syndrome, and a variable decrease in insulin sensitivity; and it is not known whether chronic GH treatment affects the risk of malignancy or has other long-term risks. Thus while short-term results are somewhat encouraging, the evidence on risks and clinically pertinent benefits is still lacking to support the use of GH in normal aging outside of clinical studies. In evaluating patients with clinical features suggesting GHD, which can be quite nonspecific, it is important to assess the presence or absence of true GH deficiency by the context (pituitary disease or its treatment, childhood GHD) and by appropriate GH stimulation tests before considering GH replacement.
Evaluation of copper iodide and copper phosphate nanoparticles for their potential cytotoxic effect (2012)

To explore the potential biological activities of transition metal-based nanoparticles (NPs), we synthesized two copper-based NPs, CuI and Cu3(PO4)2. The structural features of these NPs were determined by the X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The size of CuI and Cu3(PO4)2 NPs were 35 ± 4.2 nm and 67 ± 6.3 nm respectively as determined by TEM. Cell viability, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell cycle and induction of apoptosis were assessed on human breast cancer cell line MCF7 after the treatment of these NPs. Exposure of CuI and Cu3(PO4)2 NPs decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Also, CuI NPs produced more ROS compared to Cu3(PO4)2 and presence of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) along with NPs increased the cell survival. Cell cycle analysis indicated that after exposure of these NPs at their respective LD50 doses increased Sub G1 and G2/M peak after 8 h and 24 h of treatment respectively. Apoptosis study by AnnexinV-FITC staining showed slight increased in the early and late apoptosis after 8 h of treatment and most of the cells were dead after 24 h of treatment. Thus our observations suggest that the exposure of these two NPs induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity on MCF7 cell that is associated with ROS-mediated apoptosis.
Matching the Model: Plastic Light Fiber Extraction Targeted at SAE Specifications (1998)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A technique has been developed for producing Light Fibers with Precision Lighting Elements, which emit side light in carefully controlled patterns for exterior lighting applications. Target specifications can now be satisfied with light delivered from a very small, robust package. Conventional lenses and reflectors are not required.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Three exterior applications have been targeted: the Center High Mounted Stop Lamp (CHMSL), a Side Marker, and an Emergency Flasher. An optical model of each application has been built, for which basic input parameters are target distribution, fiber diameter, and fiber length. Fiber cores are manufactured with the desired optical elements; cladding and a reflective coating over the notches complete the Precision Lighting Element.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Measured intensity distributions from prototypes meet the modeled performance expectations. The three applications vary significantly in both amount and distribution of light, yet the Precision Lighting Elements have easily satisfied the performance requirements of each.</div>
T.U.E.S.D.A.Y (Translation Using machine learning from English Speech to Devanagari Automated for You) (2021)

In today's globalized world, one thing that acts as a barrier to healthy information exchange is language. On top of that, with the onset of technologies such as YouTube and Facebook making it easy to share knowledge with people all around the world, language can impede that flow of information. If someone in India wants to access a piece of content in written form from another country, they can make use of services such as Google translate. However, the same cannot be extended for any piece of content which is rendered in an audio-visual medium since no such apparatus has been developed which can help people comprehend the content of that specific type. Specifically, students have experienced this first-hand when they try to access content from other universities but the medium of language is something that they are not wellversed in. With these issues in mind, this group is trying to build an automatic voice dubbing system: a speech-to-speech translation pipeline which can help users easily understand other users without the worry of language barrier. The model is called T.U.E.S.D.A.Y. (Translation Using machine learning for English Speech to Devanagari Automated for You) and is divided into three conversion modules: English speech to English text, English text to Devanagari text, and finally Devanagari text to Hindi speech. These modules work together in tandem to ensure an integrated model as a whole.
Reactive C: An extension of C to program reactive systems (1991)

Abstract Reactive systems are interactive programs that react continuously to sequences of activations coming from the external world. Reactive programming leads to a new programming style where one programs in terms of reactions to activations and reasons in a logic of instants. This paper describes an extension of the C programming language called RC (for ‘Reactive C’) to program reactive systems. The language RC is described, then some programming examples are given to illustrate the reactive approach. The main RC notions come directly from the Esterel synchronous programming language. Finally, the Esterel and RC languages are compared.
The Tools to determine Orbital Parameters (1973)

How can an apparently cut-and-dried textbook matter such as orbits become the topic for an international conference? The answer is found in statements from the reports of presidents of Commission 26 which criticize the existing state of affairs and is further elaborated upon by van den Bos (1962) in his well-known query “Is this orbit really necessary?” The objections refer to useless repetitions or multiple solutions and results that are distinctly inferior to observational accuracy. Unanimous agreement on what constitutes a useful orbit, or revision, is unlikely to be achieved, but considerable published work which is based more on computer experience than on double-star knowledge is clearly of inferior quality. To some extent, errors of observation (including poor distribution of data, etc.) are unavoidable, but published material contains errors due to the method of analysis which could have been avoided.
Skin Protection by Sucralfate Cream During Electron Beam Therapy (1994)

Acute skin reactions, such as erythema and moist desquamation, constitute major problems during radiotherapy of superficially located tumours. There are no drugs available for the skin care. Sucralfate, a widely used anti-ulcer drug, has anti-inflammatory properties, and it activates cell proliferation. Based on these data and our previous experience of sucralfate cream on the aging skin we performed a double-blind randomized study to compare the efficacy of sucralfate cream to a base cream in 50 breast cancer patients receiving postoperative electron beam therapy to their chest wall. The acute radiation reaction of the skin was statistically significantly prevented by the sucralfate cream. The recovery of the skin was also significantly faster in the sucralfate cream group. Side-effects due to the cream were rare.
Innovative Contracting Practices in Developing an Advanced Freeway Management System (1993)

Throughout the nation, many public agencies have determined to incorporate time saving and cost effective project innovations while maintaining and upgrading project quality. One possible contracting innovation, the Design-Build or Design-Build-Warrant contract, recently has been proposed by the North Carolina Department of Transportation as an approach to developing a Freeway Management System (FMS) for Charlotte, North Carolina. This paper outlines the approach the NCDOT has taken in developing this contracting innovation.
Nutrition and Infection (2001)

Nutritional factors have been suggested to mediate, at least in part, the immune dysfunction and increased risk of infection common in older adults (1,2). A variety of nutrients directly and indirectly influence immune function and presumably infection risk (see Fig. 1 from ref. [3]). However, few nutritional interventions have as yet shown clear clinical benefits. This chapter examines the prevalence, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of malnutrition in elderly adults and summarizes the currently available data regarding the role of nutritional supplements in the prevention or treatment of infectious diseases in the elderly.
Thermonuclear Reaction Waves at High Densities (1972)

The initiation, development, and propagation of thermonuclear reaction waves in a solid density deuterium-tritium plasma are presented. Physical effects due to thermonuclear reactions, heat conduction, electron-ion equilibration, bremsstrahlung, and fluid dynamics are contained in the analysis. The qualitative behavior of the physical variables is discussed and solutions of the equations are obtained by employing finite difference numerical techniques. Due to plasma properties and the form of the fusion reaction cross section, important differences exist between fusion and chemical detonation waves. Threshold ignition energy is found for simple geometries and the complete history of the development of the wave is studied. The structure of a fully developed fusion reaction wave is presented. Finally, the thermonuclear energy yield from small D-T pellets is presented.
The Making of Glass Fiber (2009)

There have been many refinements to the glass fiber process since its commercialization 80 years ago, although the basic process has changed little. The desire to improve the finished product's performance properties and the drive to bring cost down and increase production throughput are two continuous threads running through the history of fiberglass manufacturing. The glass fiber process is described in its various steps: batching; melting; fiberization; coating; and drying/packaging. An insert provides insight into market target expansion through glass fiber evolution, as well as future growth through lower costs.