gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer and ring-opening polymerization (2008)

The simultaneous ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of epsilon-caprolactone (8CL) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) polymerization via reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) chemistry and the possible access to graft copolymers with degradable and nondegradable segments is investigated. HEMA and s-CL are reacted in the presence of cyanoisopropyl dithiobenzoate (CPDB) and tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (Sn(OCt)(2)) under typical ROP conditions (T > 100 degrees C) using toluene as the solvent in order to lead to the graft copolymer PHEMA-g-PCL. Graft copolymer formation is evidenced by a combination of size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and NMR analyses as well as confirmed by the hydrolysis of the PCL segments of the copolymer. With targeted copolymers containing at least 10% weight of PHEMA and relatively small PHEMA backbones (ca. 5,000-10,000 g mol(-1)) the copolymer grafting density is higher than 90%. The ratio of free HEMA-PCL homopolymer produced during the "one-step" process was found to depend on the HEMA concentration, as well as the half-life time of the radical initiator used. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of pharmacological activity of a crude hydroalcoholic extract from <i>Jatropha elliptica</i> (1988)

Abstract The pharmacological effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Jatropha elliptica was analysed in in vivo and in vitro models. When given orally in mice, the extract showed a low acute toxicity (LD 50 5 g/kg). In a dose of 0.5 or 1 g/kg p.o. the extract did not interfere with diuresis in the rat, but was found to be effective in blocking rat paw oedema induced by carrageenan and partially, serotonin‐induced oedema. In the same dose, the extract failed to inhibit rat paw oedema induced by dextran and the increase of rat cutaneous vascular permeability caused by Bothrops Jararaca venom, dextran, histamine, PAF‐acether and serotonin. Pre‐incubation of the isolated rat uterus and guinea‐pig ileum with the extract (0.2–0.8 mg/mL), produced a concentration‐related and non‐competitive inhibition of contractions induced by acetylcholine and bradykinin. However, the extract was about 2‐fold more potent in inhibiting the contraction of both agonists in guinea‐pig ileum than in rat uterine muscle. In rat aorta, the extract (50–100 μg/mL) caused a concentration‐dependent inhibition of noradrenaline‐evoked contractions, being about 5‐fold more potent when compared to the IC 50 values obtained in rat uterus.
EcoLanes: Paving the Future for Environmentally-Friendly and Economical Concrete Roads (2009)

With increasing oil prices the future of asphalt roads on deep foundations isÂ becoming increasingly uncertain, due to increased costs as well as political andÂ environmental concerns. Concrete pavement bases can reduce the foundationÂ layers and decrease or eliminate the asphalt topping. Prior to the on-going oilÂ crisis, concrete bases were generally more expensive to construct, and were mostlyÂ used in heavily trafficked sections and to reduce maintenance. Concrete bases areÂ in general reinforced with steel mesh to improve their strength characteristics;Â however, this process is labour intensive and has health and safety problems. Premixed steel fibre reinforcement is also used to replace the mesh and provides aÂ less Â laborious construction technique. Steel fibres are normally derived from virginsteel wire an d are more expensive than mesh reinforcement. Recently, it has beenÂ shown that recycled steel fibres, produced from post-consumer tyres, offer anÂ attractive low cost alternative solution. Recycled aggregates, pulverised fuel ashÂ and low energy cements may also be employed to reduce costs and energy input. This paper presents an overview of the EcoLanes research project, whichÂ investigates the above issues and aims to develop long lasting rigid pavements forÂ surface transport by utilising roller compaction techniques and low cost steel fibreÂ reinforced concrete.
Development of Microfiltration Technology in the Dairy Industry (2004)

The breakthrough of Microfiltration (MF) technology in the dairy industry came at the end of the 1980s with two developments. The first was new ceramic membrane with a highly permeable support. The second was a unique Uniform Transmembrane Pressure (UTP) system created by a co-current circulation of the MF permeate to the feed. The applications of MF developed since then in the dairy industry are as follows; removal of bacteria and spore from skim milk, whey defatting, and micellar casein enrichment of the cheese milk. In addition, many other applications are being investigated in the research institutes; separation of β-casein, globular milk fat fractionation, and selective separation of bacteria. Recent developments in membrane manufacturing technology allow omitting of the MF recirculation loop, or a decimal reduction of 3.6 or more with no significant reduction in performance efficiency, or both.In this paper, we briefly introduce the outline of the UTP concept and dairy applications of microfiltration technology at present.
X-ray emission and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies of fullerene fluoride C60F24 (2007)

The structure of the fullerence fluoride C60F24 of the T h symmetry contains two types of chemically different carbon atoms, namely, atoms of isolated double bonds and atoms of CF groups. X-ray photoelectron and x-ray emission spectroscopic studies of C60F24 revealed a difference in the widths of the x-ray bands corresponding to these types of atoms. Nonempirical quantum-chemical calculations performed for C59NF 24 + ions with a hole in the C 1s core level of the fullerence fluoride showed that the difference in the bandwidths may be due to the fact that the vibrational states of the system are different when 1s electrons are removed from chemically nonequivalent atoms.
Description of finnish Licensed Shared Access (LSA) field trial using TD-LTE in 2.3 GHz band (2014)

This demonstration presents a live spectrum sharing trial of the new Licensed Shared Access (LSA)/ Authorised Shared Access (ASA) concept. The trial shows the feasibility of the LSA/ASA concept and demonstrates how a mobile network operator (MNO) could take a new shared LSA/ASA band into use in a straight forward manner in response to the growing traffic demand while protecting the rights of the incumbent spectrum users. The trial uses a real TD-LTE mobile communication network in the 2.3-2.4 GHz band and shares spectrum with incumbent spectrum users, e.g. programme making and special events (PMSE) services in Finland, under the European LSA framework. In the trial the incumbent spectrum users' rights are protected by storing their spectrum usage and requests into an LSA/ASA Repository and evacuating the LSA/ASA band on-demand. When receiving the evacuation request from the incumbent via the LSA/ASA Repository, the MNO reconfigures its network using an LSA/ASA Controller that commands its network management tool to clear the requested parts of the LSA/ASA band and hands over its users to alternative networks. The trial, located in Finland, implements the LSA/ASA concept with commercial end user equipment, TD-LTE network, and network management system, with a minimum number of new components, namely LSA/ASA Repository and LSA/ASA Controller which are developed for the trial. The LSA/ASA concept has significant business potential as it enables the use of globally identified IMT bands, such as 2.3-2.4 GHz band, for mobile communications on a shared basis when they are available while protecting the rights of existing incumbent users.
Energy-Efficient Device Scheduling through Contextual Timeouts (2005)

Handheld and embedded hardware platforms are operating with an increasing number of internal and external devices, potentially increasing energy consumption and more importantly, motivating the need for energy management techniques for peripheral devices. This paper presents a platform-wide, system-level approach to dynamic energy management, termed contextual timeouts. The approach exploits the fact that most current peripheral devices support the ability to switch to a low power mode when not in use and automatically resuming operation upon use. The approach utilizes the energy savings derived from such device suspensions, considering that the device suspend/resume actions themselves consume power and have associated latencies. Contextual timeouts do not require programmer involvement. Instead, dynamic instrumentation is used to automatically capture and monitor the contexts (i.e., the execution points) at which programs make the service requests that cause device usage. From such dynamic monitoring data, system-level algorithms predict future request times and manage devices to best meet program needs under predicted behaviors. Adaptive methods for dynamic workload characterization coupled with runtime techniques for request prediction result in experimentally obtained energy savings of up to 50% over an aggressive timeout-based regime on a Linux-based iPAQ PDA.
Suppression of auger recombination in ""giant"" core/shell nanocrystals (2009)

Many potential applications of semiconductor nanocrystals are hindered by nonradiative Auger recombination wherein the electron-hole (exciton) recombination energy is transferred to a third charge carrier. This process severely limits the lifetime and bandwidth of optical gain, leads to large nonradiative losses in light emitting diodes and photovoltaic cells, and is believed to be responsible for intermittency ('blinking') of emission from single nanocrystals. The development of nanostructures in which Auger recombination is suppressed has been a longstanding goal in colloidal nanocrystal research. Here, we demonstrate that such suppression is possible using so-called 'giant' nanocrystals that consist of a small CdSe core and a thick CdS shell. These nanostructures exhibit a very long biexciton lifetime ({approx}10 ns) that is likely dominated by radiative decay instead of non-radiative Auger recombination. As a result of suppressed Auger recombination, even high-order multiexcitons exhibit high emission efficiencies, which allows us to demonstrate optical amplification with an extraordinarily large bandwidth (>500 me V) and record low excitation thresholds.
Non-coaxial constitutive response of idealized 3D granular assemblies to rotation of principal stress axes (2005)

A method of multiscale analysis based on mathematical homogenization theory has been developed for quasi-static equilibrium problems of granular media. The micro-scale problem is analyzed by a discrete numerical model assuming elastic and frictional contact between rigid particles. This two-scale analysis enables us to obtain the macroscopic/phenomenological inelastic deformation response of a representative volume element (RVE). To examine the macroscopic deformation properties of the assumed RVE, a series of numerical experiments involving pure rotation of the principal stress axes are carried out. The necessity of incorporating the non-coaxiality induced by the tangent effect and the anisotropy in the yield condition is revealed in the phenomenological constitutive description of the deformation under principal stress axes rotation.
Copper-dependent site-specific mutagenesis by benzoyl peroxide in the <i>supF</i> gene of the mutation reporter plasmid pS189 (1992)

Benzoyl peroxide (BzPO) enhances tumor promotion and malignant conversion in mouse epidermis. DNA damage may contribute to these processes. BzPO reacts with Cu(I) to produce the benzoyloxyl radical, which in turn causes strand breaks in plasmid DNA. In this study we investigated whether BzPO with or without Cu(I) caused promutagenic DNA damage in the supF gene of the mutation reporter plasmid pS189 replicating in human Ad293 cells. Exposure of pS189 in vitro to BzPO (0.1-1 mM) inhibited plasmid replication; however, addition of Cu(I) (0.1 mM) did not augment BzPO-induced plasmid toxicity. Exposure to BzPO with or without 0.1 mM Cu(I) was also associated with a concentration-dependent increase in mutation frequency, up to > 100-fold above the spontaneous mutation frequency. Supplemental Cu(I) was not required for mutagenesis; however, it both raised the maximal mutation frequency observed and lowered the threshold concentration of BzPO necessary to discern mutagenesis above the spontaneous background. Neither the hydroxyl radical scavengers mannitol or DMSO, the spin trap N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone, nor reduced glutathione altered BzPO/Cu(I)-induced mutagenesis; however, mutagenesis was suppressed by the chelator EDTA. Twenty-four of 32 individual BzPO/Cu(I)-induced mutants characterized by sequencing contained point mutations; 22/25 point mutations occurred at G-C base pairs. There were five large deletions and four small deletions. Three additional BzPO-induced mutants contained four point mutations, all occurring at G-C base pairs. Two BzPO/Cu(I)-induced mutational clusters at d(pGGG)-d(pCCC) sites were observed. These data suggest that BzPO may interact with Cu(I) bound to G-C base pairs in DNA to produce site-specific promutagenic DNA damage.
Renal vasodepressor mechanisms (1993)

Renal vasodepressor hormone: Medullipin I is the renomedullary vasodepressor hormone secreted by the renomedullary interstitial cells of the renal papilla. It is conveyed to the liver where it is converted to its active form, medullipin II. Medullipin II is a vasodilator that suppresses sympathetic tone and causes diuresis and natriuresis. Its actions are opposite to those of angiotensin II. These are feedback control systems. The secretion and conversion of medullipin is related to the cytochrome P-450 dependent enzyme system of kidney and liver. Deficiency of medullipin: A deficiency of medullipin is considered to contribute to the pathogenesis of various hypertensive states. There are three known causes for such a deficiency, (1) removal of renomedullary interstitial cells by bilateral nephrectomy, renal surgical papillectomy, chemical papillectomy, papillary atrophy or necrosis; (2) decrease in number and damage to renomedullary interstitial cells in accelerated experimental hypertension and malignant hypertension of humans; and (3) dysfunction of renomedullary interstitial cells as mediated by angiotensin II, by resetting of the effect of increased renal artery perfusion pressure, by stimulation of the renal sympathetic nerve, by inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis and possibly by inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase. Secretion of Medullipin I: The main factor influencing secretion of medullipin I by the kidney appears to be the renal artery perfusion pressure. Elevation of this pressure is attenuated by the presence of medullipin I in the renal venous effluent. Lowering the pressure below normal shuts off this secretion. This is opposite to the effects of perfusion pressure on renin secretion, as elevation shuts off renin secretion while depression turns it on.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Monitoring of electrical peoperties during cartilage reshaping (2003)

A new non-thermal method of altering the shape of cartilage to create mechanically stable new morphologies was developed using low DC voltage electric fields (electroforming). In cartilage electroforming, voltage is applied to the surfaces of cartilage specimens held in mechanical deformation by a jig made of two large surface area electrodes for 2-5 minutes. Following removal of the specimen from the jig, permanent shape change is observed. Electric resistance and mechanical stress were monitoring during electroforming. Strong correlation between resistance and stress was observed suggesting that the mechanism of stress relaxation is electrically mediated and may provide a mean to monitor electroforming.
The immunoglobulin family protein Hemolin mediates cellular immune responses to bacteria in the insect Manduca sexta (2006)

Bacterial recognition in the lepidopteran insect, Manduca sexta, is mediated by pattern recognition proteins including Hemolin, Peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) and Immulectin-2. These proteins bind to molecular patterns present on the surface of bacteria and trigger a protective response involving humoral and cellular reactions. Cellular mechanisms mediated by haemocytes include phagocytosis, encapsulation, and the formation of melanotic nodules. Here, we show that a non-pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli induces mRNA transcription and protein expression of Hemolin and PGRP but not Immulectin-2 in Manduca haemocytes. This upregulation can be effectively prevented (knocked-down) using RNA interference (RNAi) following injection of double-stranded (ds) RNA. Knock-down of Hemolin significantly decreased the ability of insects to clear E. coli from the haemolymph and caused a reduction in the number of free haemocytes. RNAi of Hemolin reduced the ability of haemocytes to engulf bacteria through phagocytosis and to form melanotic nodules in vivo. Importantly, washed haemocytes taken from RNAi-treated insects showed reduced ability to form microaggregates around bacteria in vitro. This shows that the immune function affected by RNAi knock-down of Hemolin is intrinsic to the haemocytes. In contrast, RNAi of PGRP had no effect on any of these cellular immune functions. These results demonstrate the vital role of Hemolin in Manduca cellular immune responses.
Human biochemical genetics: An insight into inborn errors of metabolism (2006)

Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) include a broad spectrum of defects of various gene products that affect intermediary metabolism in the body. Studying the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of those inherited disorder, systematically summarizing the disease phenotype and natural history, providing diagnostic rationale and methodology and treatment strategy comprise the context of human biochemical genetics. This session focused on: (1) manifestations of representative metabolic disorders; (2) the emergent technology and application of newborn screening of metabolic disorders using tandem mass spectrometry; (3) principles of managing IEM; (4) the concept of carrier testing aiming prevention. Early detection of patients with IEM allows early intervention and more options for treatment.
Metabolic Depression and Increased Reactive Oxygen Species Production by Isolated Mitochondria at Moderately Lower Temperatures (2010)

Temperature (T) reduction increases lifespan, but the mechanisms are not understood. Because reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to aging, we hypothesized that lowering T might decrease mitochondrial ROS production. We measured respiratory response and ROS production in isolated mitochondria at 32, 35, and 37 °C. Lowering T decreased the rates of resting (state 4) and phosphorylating (state 3) respiration phases. Surprisingly, this respiratory slowdown was associated with an increase of ROS production and hydrogen peroxide release and with elevation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, ΔΨ(m). We also found that at lower T mitochondria produced more carbon-centered lipid radicals, a species known to activate uncoupling proteins. These data indicate that reduced mitochondrial ROS production is not one of the mechanisms mediating lifespan extension at lower T. They suggest instead that increased ROS leakage may mediate mitochondrial responses to hypothermia.
Localization of P2X<sub>3</sub> receptors and coexpression with P2X<sub>2</sub> receptors during rat embryonic neurogenesis (2002)

It is well known that extracellular ATP mediates rapid excitatory signaling by means of the ionotropic P2X receptors. One of its subunits, the P2X(3) receptor, is well documented to be associated with sensory innervation in adult animals. It is speculated that the P2X(3) receptor may have already been present in the early sensory system. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of the P2X(3) receptor during neurogenesis by using immunohistochemistry on rat embryos from embryonic day (E)9.5-18.5. The P2X(3) receptor was first identified in the hindbrain neural tube and the sensory ganglia in E11-11.5 embryos. At E14.5, the optic tract and retina, nucleus tractus solitarius, mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, and sensory nerves in both respiratory and digestive tract showed positive staining. The facial nucleus, the prepositus hypoglossal nucleus, and the sympathetic ganglia also showed P2X(3) immunoreactivity, even though these are not sensory associated. P2X(3) immunoreactivity was detected in the vestibular nucleus, the nerves in mesentery, bladder, and kidney in E16.5 and in nerves in vibrissae in E18.5. P2X(3) immunoreactivity in the facial nucleus, spinal trigeminal tract, the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, and the vestibular nucleus were undetectable in postnatal day 16 rat brainstem. The P2X(3) receptor was coexpressed with the P2X(2) receptor in nucleus tractus solitarius, dorsal root ganglion, nodose ganglion, and the taste bud in E16.5 embryo, which was 5 days later than the first appearance of the native P2X(3) receptor. In summary, we present a detailed expression pattern of the P2X(3) receptor during neurogenesis and report that P2X(3) immunoreactivity is down-regulated in early postnatal brainstems.
A way to improve results for the stabilization of continuous-time fuzzy descriptor models (2007)

This paper presents a new fuzzy Lyapunov function approach for stabilization and H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">infin</sub> performance of a class of continuous-time Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy control systems in the descriptor form. The relaxation here provided includes and outperforms the existent quadratic approach. In addition, it renders in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) and does not deal with time-derivatives of membership functions. Two examples are here provided to illustrate these advantages.
Semantic Association Identification and Knowledge Discovery for National Security Applications (2005)

Public and private organizations have access to a vast amount of internal, deep Web and open Web information. Transforming this heterogeneous and distributed information into actionable and insightful information is the key to the emerging new classes of business intelligence and national security applications. Although the role of semantics in search and integration has been often talked about, in this paper we discuss semantic approaches to support analytics on vast amounts of heterogeneous data. In particular, we bring together novel academic research and commercialized Semantic Web technology. The academic research related to semantic association identification is built upon commercial Semantic Web technology for semantic metadata extraction. A prototypical demonstration of this research and technology is presented in the context of an aviation security application of significance to national security.
Highly Selective Oxidation of Allylic Alcohols Catalyzed by Monodispersed 8‐Shell Pd Nanoclusters in the Presence of Molecular Oxygen. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A mechanical model for the opening of the human female urethra (2005)

This paper describes improvements in a three-dimensional finite element model of the human female urethral tube. The preliminary model[1] took into account the composite structure of the tube, the internal fluid pressure, external constraints and external active opening forces. However, the representation of external boundary constraints and fluid-solid interaction was relative crude. An improved version of the model is presented in the current paper, in which boundary conditions are taken into account in a more realistic fashion. The predicted behaviour of the tube is compared with X-ray photographs of actual urethral tubes. It is shown that the model captures the key features of the opening process.