gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of microsatellite and blood protein diversity in sheep: inconsistencies in fragmented breeds (2003)

Finnsheep, Romanov, Oxford Down and three local breeds from Finland or northwestern Russia were assessed at 15 microsatellite and 7 protein loci. A novel albumin allele was identified. Diversity patterns were mostly concordant between marker types, but discrepancies appeared for the local Viena and Vepsia sheep, both demonstrating frequent linkage disequilibria for both marker types and excess of homozygotes for microsatellites, and in the case of Vepsia also for proteins as signs of breed fragmentation. On the basis of microsatellite data, the neighbour-joining tree and two-dimensional map constructed from DA distances suggested that difference in longitude of breed origin would relate to breed relationship, whereas on the basis of protein data latitude would have this quality. These different impressions resulted because genetic distances involving Vepsia sheep were relatively low for protein variation compared with microsatellites. Microsatellite variation correlated positively with protein variation, but for the local Viena sheep protein variation was comparatively low. Populations had significant differences in allelic richness, but not in genetic diversity. Analysis implied that at least 30 polymorphic loci were needed to detect a difference in diversity between populations using a paired t-test, if the true mean diversity difference was 0.2. In the total sample, proteins demonstrated larger theta-values, but this was reversed for Finnsheep, for which model-based clustering of microsatellite genotypes revealed a structure associated with coat colour. Imported and rare sheep exhibited lowered allelic variability and increased frequency of pairwise disequilibria between unlinked markers. Our results emphasize that more loci are required for studying fragmented breeds.
Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests for Diagnosis of <i>Bordetella</i> Infections (2005)

The global epidemiology of pertussis has recently been reviewed (12, 15). Bordetella pertussis continues to circulate even in populations where high vaccination coverage of infants and children is achieved (15, 23), because the protection after natural infection wanes after 10 to 15 years and protection after vaccination lasts for 6 to 10 years (15). A significant increase of pertussis cases was observed in the United States, in Europe, and in other countries with high vaccination coverage, making pertussis a reemerging disease. Transmission of the disease in highly vaccinated populations occurs mainly from adolescents and adults to infants or among older vaccinated children, adolescents, and adults (15). Thus, most cases of pertussis are now observed in unvaccinated infants, older schoolchildren, adolescents, and adults. In outbreak situations asymptomatic carriage has been observed in up to ∼50% (12).
Lymphangiogenesis, myeloid cells and inflammation (2008)

The lymphatic system is essential for the maintenance of tissue fluid balance, immune surveillance and the absorption of fatty acids in the gastrointestinal tract. The lymphatic circulation is also a key player in disease processes such as cancer metastasis, lymphedema and various inflammatory disorders. With the identification of specific growth factors for lymphatic endothelial cells and markers that distinguish blood and lymphatic vessels, as well as the development of in vivo imaging technologies that provide new tools to examine the lymphatic drainage function in real time, many advancements have been made in lymphatic vascular research during the past few years. Despite these significant achievements, our understanding of the role of lymphatics in disease processes other than cancer metastasis is still rather limited. The current review will focus on the recent progress made in studies of lymphatics in inflammatory disorders.
A Multi-Touch Plate Based on Lamb Wave Absorption (2009)

In this paper, the A0 Lamb wave propagating in a thin finite copper plate is investigated to design a new multi-touch tactile instrument, which could localize one or several fingers. The position of index is localized by identifying the absorption signals of Lamb waves when it is in contact with the plate. Statistic models are used to improve the robustness of this interface. An artificial silicone finger is fabricated in the calibration procedure. The multi-touch (two fingers or more) applications using this plate is also presented.
SLID-ICV Vertical Integration Technology for the ATLAS Pixel Upgrades (2012)

We present the results of the characterization of pixel modules composed of 75 μm thick n-in-p sensors and ATLAS FE-I3 chips, interconnected with the SLID (Solid Liquid Inter-Diffusion) technology. This technique, developed at Fraunhofer-EMFT, is explored as an alternative to the bump-bonding process. These modules have been designed to demonstrate the feasibility of a very compact detector to be employed in the future ATLAS pixel upgrades, making use of vertical integration technologies. This module concept also envisages Inter-Chip-Vias (ICV) to extract the signals from the backside of the chips, thereby achieving a higher fraction of active area with respect to the present pixel module design. In the case of the demonstrator module, ICVs are etched over the original wire bonding pads of the FE-I3 chip. In the modules with ICVs the FE-I3 chips will be thinned down to 50 um. The status of the ICV preparation is presented.
Indirect ammoxidation of glycerol into acrylonitrile via the intermediate acrolein (2013)

Due to the depleting reserves of coal, oil and natural gas and to their negative impact on the environment, the humanity is forced to find renewable alternatives to replace the fossil feedstocks for the production of energy and chemical products. An example for an area of application where renewables are already used to substitute fossil feedstocks is the production of fuels. Biodiesel is one of the most popular biofuels nowadays. It is produced by transesterification of vegetable oils and fats. In this process, glycerol is formed as a by-product (approximately 10 wt.%). Glycerol is a versatile starting material which has up to 2000 applications. One very promising use of glycerol as starting material would be the dehydration of glycerol into acrolein. It could then be further converted into acrylonitrile – one of the most important monomers in the polymer production worldwide – by ammoxidation in the presence of ammonia and oxygen over mixed metal oxide catalysts. Today, acrylonitrile is exclusively synthesized from fossil feedstocks like propene and propane on an industrial scale. Therefore, a process combining the dehydration of glycerol to acrolein and the ammoxidation of the latter to acrylonitrile would be an alternative to the production processes based on fossil feedstocks. Thus, both reaction steps were studied separately at first – with focus on the ammoxidation of acrolein – and connected in a tandem reactor setup finally. For the first step of dehydration of glycerol to acrolein, we used previously optimized WO3/TiO2 catalysts, while oxide catalysts containing antimony, iron, vanadium and molybdenum were developed and used for the second ammoxidation step. Especially, the Sb-Fe-O catalysts were found highly selective and the influence of Sb/Fe ratio was subsequently studied. The presence of a FeSbO4 mixed phase on the synthesized samples was correlated to a high selectivity to acrylonitrile. Further, an increase in selectivity to acrylonitrile with the reaction time was observed, which was explained by the progressive formation of additional amounts of FeSbO4 over the catalysts during the reaction. After optimizing the key reaction parameter (reaction temperature, catalyst amount, NH3/acrolein ratio, O2/acrolein ratio) within a design of experiments, both reaction steps were connected in a tandem reactor. A maximum yield in acrylonitrile of 40% (based on glycerol) was obtained.
PTPN11 Is a Central Node in Intrinsic and Acquired Resistance to Targeted Cancer Drugs (2015)

Most BRAF (V600E) mutant melanomas are sensitive to selective BRAF inhibitors, but BRAF mutant colon cancers are intrinsically resistant to these drugs because of feedback activation of EGFR. We performed an RNA-interference-based genetic screen in BRAF mutant colon cancer cells to search for phosphatases whose knockdown induces sensitivity to BRAF inhibition. We found that suppression of protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 11 (PTPN11) confers sensitivity to BRAF inhibitors in colon cancer. Mechanistically, we found that inhibition of PTPN11 blocks signaling from receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) to the RAS-MEK-ERK pathway. PTPN11 suppression is lethal to cells that are driven by activated RTKs and prevents acquired resistance to targeted cancer drugs that results from RTK activation. Our findings identify PTPN11 as a drug target to combat both intrinsic and acquired resistance to several targeted cancer drugs. Moreover, activated PTPN11 can serve as a biomarker of drug resistance resulting from RTK activation.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Metallacyclic Titanocene Hydrocarbyl Complexes and Their Use in Propene Polymerization Reactions. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Parallel Execution of Devs in Shared-memory Multicore Architectures (2020)

Complex models in science and engineering need better techniques to execute simulations efficiently. The Discrete-Event System Specification (DEVS) formalism, a well-known technique for modeling and simulation, has been enhanced by executing in parallel computers. Here, we present the design and implementation of a parallel version of the Cadmium DEVS simulator. We conducted empirical evaluation for executing the protocol in multithreading architectures and discuss performance by applying these techniques in real problems.
Decay Times of Impulse Surface Photovoltages in p-Type Silicon Wafers (2007)

The fixed oxide charge in a p-type silicon wafer forms a depletion layer composing a capacitor at the wafer surface, and an impulse surface photovoltage (iSPV) appears across the depletion layer when photocarriers excited by an impulse photon beam are stored in the capacitor. The iSPV eventually disappears when excess electrons and holes in the capacitor recombine with each other through conductive paths owing to crystal imperfection and/or interface traps. Two decay times of 7.3 and 8.4 ms have been observed for the original mirror-polished and additionally dry-etched surfaces of a sample wafer of 75 mm diameter; the longer decay time suggests higher crystal quality.
The Effects of Land vs. Aquatic Plyometrics on Power, Torque, Velocity, and Muscle Soreness in Women (2004)

The purpose of this study was to compare changes in performance indicators (power, torque, and velocity) and muscle soreness between plyometric training on land and in water. Thirty-two college age women were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of an identical plyometric training program on land or in an aquatic setting. Performance indicators were assessed pretraining, midtraining, and posttraining. Muscle soreness (ordinal scale) and pain sensitivity (palpation) were assessed after a training bout (0, 48, and 96 hours) during the first week of training and when training intensity was increased (weeks 3 and 6). Performance indictors increased for both groups (pretraining < midtraining < posttraining, p < or = 0.001). Muscle soreness was significantly greater in the land compared to the aquatic plyometric training group at baseline and each time training intensity was increased, p = 0.01. Aquatic plyometrics provided the same performance enhancement benefits as land plyometrics with significantly less muscle soreness.
Hemidesmosomal variants of epidermolysis bullosa (1998)

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB), a heterogeneous group of genodermatoses, is characterized by fragility and blistering of the skin, associated with characteristic extracutaneous manifestations. Based on clinical severity, constellation of the phenotypic manifestations, and the level of tissue separation within the cutaneous basement membrane zone, EB has been divided into distinct subcategories. Traditionally, these include the simplex, junctional and dystrophic variants of EB. Recent attention has been drawn to variants of EB demonstrating tissue separation at the level of hemidesmosomes, ultrastructurally recognizable adhesion complexes within the cutaneous basement membrane zone. Clinically, these hemidesmosomal variants manifest either as generalized atrophic benign epidermolysis bullosa (GABEB), EB with pyloric atresia, or EB with late-onset muscular dystrophy. Elucidation of basement membrane zone components by molecular cloning and development of mutation detection strategies have revealed that the hemidesmosomal variants of EB result from mutations in the genes encoding the subunit polypeptides of the 180-kD bullous pemphigoid antigen/type XVII collagen, the alpha6beta4 integrin, or plectin, respectively. Collectively, these data add to the understanding of the molecular complexity of the cutaneous basement membrane zone in EB, as attested by the fact that mutations in 10 different genes can underlie different variants of EB. Elucidation of mutations in different forms of EB has direct application to genetic counseling and DNA-based prenatal testing in families with EB.
An upper bound to time-averaged space-charge limited diode currents (2010)

The Child–Langmuir law limits the steady-state current density across a one-dimensional planar diode. While it is known that the peak current density can surpass this limit when the boundary conditions vary in time, it remains an open question of whether the average current can violate the Child–Langmuir limit under time-dependent conditions. For the case where the applied voltage is constant but the electric field at the cathode is allowed to vary in time, one-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations suggest that such a violation is impossible. Although a formal proof is not given, an upper bound on the time-averaged current density is offered.
Multiple Interaction of Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate and Other Effectors on Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase from<i>Brevibacterium flavum</i>and Its Aspartate-producing Mutant (1986)

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase purified from Brevibacterium flavum was specifically activated by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP). The other intermediates of sugar metabolism or their structural analogues did not influence the activity. FBP decreased the apparent Km for PEP but did not affect that for another substrate, bicarbonate, or the apparent maximum velocity for PEP. The dissociation constants for FBP from enzyme-FBP and enzyme-PEP-FBP complex were 63 and 32 μm, respectively, being almost equivalent to those for acetyl-CoA. Synergistic activation by FBP and acetyl-CoA was not observed with the B. flavum enzyme, unlike the Escherichia coli enzyme. FBP, like acetyl-CoA, was kinetically competitive with aspartate. With respect to another feedback inhibitor, 2-oxoglutarate, acetyl-CoA was non-competitive, whereas FBP was of mixed-type, i.e., FBP but not acetyl-CoA prevented 2-oxoglutarate from binding to the enzyme to a certain extent. Homotropic cooperativity was observed only with FBP but not with acetyl-CoA in the absence of inhibitors. Cooperativities of FBP and acetyl-CoA were increased by aspartate but not by 2-oxoglutarate. In the aspartate-overproducing mutant enzyme, the Michaelis constant for PEP was decreased, whereas the inhibitor constant for aspartate with or without simultaneous addition of 2-oxoglutarate and the activator constants for FBP and acetyl-CoA were increased. The decreased Michaelis constant for PEP was comparable to the apparent Km of the wild-type enzyme for PEP in the presence of the saturated concentration of FBP, and would result in a further decrease in the affinity of the mutant enzyme for aspartate.
A multiple relaxation interpretation of the extended Biot model (2019)

The biphasic extended Biot poroviscoelastic model takes into account the squirt flow in grain-grain contacts and introduces the bulk and shear relaxation modes associated with it. This model has been criticized for its empirical approach, but here the constitutive equations and the time domain wave equations of the model are derived. This also makes it possible to find single phase viscoelastic equivalents for all three wave solutions of the extended Biot model. Particularly, the viscoelastic equivalents for shear wave propagation can be obtained with considerably fewer parameters than the original model. These equivalents are linear viscoelastic models with springs and dampers for the low frequencies and contain half-order spring-pots for high frequencies. For high frequencies, the non-physicality of the shear relaxation mode is highlighted. The relaxation modes of the extended Biot model are interpreted in the framework of multiple relaxation mechanisms showing that the P- and S-wave modes of the model are not much more complex than that for seawater. The model's near linear frequency dependent attenuation in the intermediate frequency range is the result of weighting each relaxation mechanism appropriately.
Miniature endoscope for a combined OCT-LIF system (2003)

An endoscopic system that provides simultaneous cross-sectional imaging and fluorescence spectroscopy is described. The first application of this device was the investigation of mouse colon cancer <i>in vivo</i>. This system combined optical coherence tomography (OCT), which provided high-resolution cross-sectional structural information in the form of a two-dimensional image, and laser induced fluorescence (LIF), which yielded histochemical information about the tissue. The design challenge and solution of packaging these two systems with widely different optical requirements are described in detail. The illumination geometry of the endoscope was similar to earlier published OCT and LIF catheter endoscope designs. However, several unique design challenges encountered in combining these two systems have been addressed. The use of a rodprism to reduce the asymmetry in the OCT beam caused by a cylindrical window is presented. Materials selection for use with wavelengths from 325nm - 1310nm presented a challenge usually avoided in OCT endoscopes. Preliminary mouse colon data collected with this endoscopic device is compared with previous experiments performed by researchers in our lab working with an earlier bulk-optic, combined OCT-LIF system.
Arsenic redistribution and out-diffusion in TiSi<sub>2</sub>-Si bilayered structures (1990)

The influence of both titanium silicide formation and a subsequent high-temperature treatment in the range 900-1100 degrees C on the arsenic profile in silicon has been investigated. As a result of the two-step process used for the silicide formation, the dopant contained in the reached silicon layer redistributes and segregates both at the sample free surface and at TiSi2-Si interface. The arsenic profile in the unreacted silicon is not modified. Subsequent rapid high-temperature annealing (900-1100 degrees C) induces a migration of arsenic atoms from the silicon into the silicide. The transport occurs for samples either capped with SiO2 or uncapped. In the latter, in addition, arsenic out-diffusion is also observed. The residual arsenic dose in silicon decreases linearly with the square root of time during the high-temperature anneal. The process is governed by a diffusion coefficient whose measured value, 6*10-14 cm2 s-1, is comparable to that of arsenic in silicon, thus indicating that diffusion is the limiting mechanism for the arsenic loss in uncapped samples.
Nutrients and neurotransmitters (1979)

Recent research in nutrition has discovered a link between diet and the brain's ability to make and release several of its neurotransmitters, the communications link between groups of neurons. These neurotransmitters--serotonin, acetylcholine and probably the catecholamines--need amino acids, and therefore particular foods, for their production. Tryptophan, an essential amino acid not synthesized in the body, is the precursor to serotonin. When tryptophan has been administered to produce larger quantities of serotonin, it has reversed insomnia, suppressed myoclonus, successfully altered depression and helped suppress a few migraine headaches. Choline, the precursor to acetylcholine, also seems to be related to diet and when administered to produce increased quantities of acetylcholine has had some affect on the treatment of tradive dyskinesia and Huntington's disease. Further clinical studies are trying to determine possible treatment of mania and memory diseases. The relationship of tyrosine and the catecholamines is being investigated for treatment of blood pressure problems, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and plasma prolactin levels
<sup>99</sup>Tc and Re Incorporated into Metal Oxide Polyoxometalates: Oxidation State Stability Elucidated by Electrochemistry and Theory (2012)

The radioactive element technetium-99 ((99)Tc, half-life = 2.1 × 10(5) years, β(-) of 253 keV), is a major byproduct of (235)U fission in the nuclear fuel cycle. (99)Tc is also found in radioactive waste tanks and in the environment at National Lab sites and fuel reprocessing centers. Separation and storage of the long-lived (99)Tc in an appropriate and stable waste-form is an important issue that needs to be addressed. Considering metal oxide solid-state materials as potential storage matrixes for Tc, we are examining the redox speciation of Tc on the molecular level using polyoxometalates (POMs) as models. In this study we investigate the electrochemistry of Tc complexes of the monovacant Wells-Dawson isomers, α(1)-P(2)W(17)O(61)(10-) (α1) and α(2)-P(2)W(17)O(61)(10-) (α2) to identify features of metal oxide materials that can stabilize the immobile Tc(IV) oxidation state accessed from the synthesized Tc(V)O species and to interrogate other possible oxidation states available to Tc within these materials. The experimental results are consistent with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Electrochemistry of K(7-n)H(n)[Tc(V)O(α(1)-P(2)W(17)O(61))] (Tc(V)O-α1), K(7-n)H(n)[Tc(V)O(α(2)-P(2)W(17)O(61))] (Tc(V)O-α2) and their rhenium analogues as a function of pH show that the Tc-containing derivatives are always more readily reduced than their Re analogues. Both Tc and Re are reduced more readily in the lacunary α1 site as compared to the α2 site. The DFT calculations elucidate that the highest oxidation state attainable for Re is VII while, under the same electrochemistry conditions, the highest oxidation state for Tc is VI. The M(V)→ M(IV) reduction processes for Tc(V)O-α1 are not pH dependent or only slightly pH dependent suggesting that protonation does not accompany reduction of this species unlike the M(V)O-α2 (M = (99)Tc, Re) and Re(V)O-α1 where M(V/IV) reduction process must occur hand in hand with protonation of the terminal M═O to make the π*(M═O) orbitals accessible to the addition of electrons. This result is consistent with previous extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) data that reveal that the Tc(V) is "pulled" into the -α1 framework and that may facilitate the reduction of Tc(V)O-α1 and stabilize lower Tc oxidation states. This study highlights the inequivalency of the two sites, and their impact on the chemical properties of the Tc substituted in these positions.