gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of an infrared cavity ringdown spectroscopy experiment and measurements of water vapor continuum absorption (2002)

The development of a quantitative infrared cavity ringdown spectroscopy experiment capable of measuring water vapor continuum absorption in the 1000 cm-1 region is described. Cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS) is a new high-performance technique in which laser pulses are injected into a stable, high-finesse optical cavity called the “ringdown cavity”. Absorption coefficients are obtained from the difference in the decay time constant when an absorbing gas is added and then removed from the system. We determine the decay time constants from a nonlinear least squares analysis of individual decay events. Our CRDS experiment is designed around a 1 –m long near-confocal ringdown cavity, and is novel in that it is a gas flow experiment in which we control the relative humidity from zero to near-saturation. Most CRDS experiments to date have been in the visible region, and so we describe some of the problems associated with infrared work. There is no established theory for the water vapor continuum, and so all of our knowledge is empirically-derived. Our intercomparison of water vapor continuum measurements demonstrates that continuum absorption coefficients derived from conventional spectroscopic techniques have uncertainties > 20%. We have made water vapor continuum absorption measurements with uncertainties < 10% for selected CO2 laser transitions ranging from 931 - 969 cm-1 near 296 K. Our measurements, analyzed in terms of the continuum coefficients of self-and foreign-broadening, are found to be in good agreement with the recently-developed far wing line shape theory of Ma and Tipping. We demonstrate that empirical models of the water vapor continuum, widely used in atmospheric radiative transfer applications, significantly overestimate the self-broadened continuum and do not properly account for the foreign-broadened continuum. The performance of the infrared CRDS experiment, sources of error, and proposed improvements are all discussed.
Subsampled Sum-Modified-Laplacian for Adaptive Loop Filter in Versatile Video Coding (2020)

This paper proposes a Subsampled Sum-Modified-Laplacian (SSML) operator for the block classification of the Adaptive Loop Filter (ALF) in Versatile Video Coding (VVC). The VVC Test Model (VTM)-2.0 includes Geometry transformation-based ALF (GALF) with 4 × 4 block classification, a single 7 × 7 Luma diamond-shaped filter, and spatial adaptation at the Coding Tree Block (CTB) level to improve the coding efficiency of VVC. However, in the 4 × 4 block classification, 1-D (1-Dimensional) ModifiedLaplacian (ML) values for various directions are calculated at all sample positions within an 8 × 8 window, and these are summed to derive the gradients for the corresponding directions. For a CTB where the Wiener filter is applied, every 4 × 4 Luma block within the CTB must calculate Sum-Modified-Laplacian (SML) operations, which results in increased computational complexity of the decoder. Therefore, four different subsampling patterns based on 4 × 4 block classification for the SSML operator that calculate the 1-D ML values at subsampled sample positions within the 8 × 8 window are proposed as attempts to reduce the computational complexity of the block classification process in the ALF of VTM-2.0. As all of the proposed subsampling patterns reduce the number of sample positions needed to calculate the 1-D ML operations by half, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves total decoding time reductions in the range of 2% to 3%, while the coding gain of the ALF is maintained.
Richard B. Caspari, M.D. 1942‐2000 (2000)

The Arthroscopy Association of North America has lost a member, a leader, and a friend.
Time dependent increase of differential monocyte count on the Sysmex NE-8000 (1998)

During storage of whole blood samples the results of white blood cell counts on a Sysmex NE-8000 Hematology Analyser showed an apparent shift from the granulocytes towards monocytes. The effects of various storage conditions were investigated by incubating blood samples at different temperatures and time intervals. Granulocyte activation and degranulation during storage resulted in a false elevation of the automated monocyte differential counts. The phenomenon occurs at temperatures beyond ambient room temperature.
Expression Patterns and Regulation of Glutamate Transporters in the Developing and Adult Nervous System (1999)

Glutamate and aspartate are the primary excitatory neurotransmitters in the mammalian central nervous system and have also been implicated as mediators of excitotoxic neuronal injury and death. The precise control of extracellular glutamate and aspartate is crucial to the maintenance of normal synaptic transmission and the prevention of excitotoxicity following acute insults to the brain, such as stroke or head trauma, or during the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The removal of excitatory amino acids (EAAs) from the extracellular space is primarily mediated by a family of sodium-dependent glutamate transporters. These transporters use the sodium electrochemical gradients of the cell to actively concentrate EAAs in both neurons and glia. Five members of this transporter family have been cloned recently and include both 'glial'-specific and 'neuron'-specific subtypes. Although these subtypes share many common functional properties, there are considerable differences in developmental expression, chronic and acute regulation by cellular signaling pathways, and contribution to disease processes among the subtypes. In this review recent studies of glutamate transporter expression, regulation, function, and pathological relevance are summarized, and some of the discrepancies and unexpected results common to any rapidly progressing field are discussed.
Traumatic brain injury carries long term health risks, finds study (2014)

Survivors of traumatic brain injuries face elevated health risks in later life that have become a “hidden” problem, say specialists.

Researchers said new findings showed that people who survived for six months after a traumatic brain injury were three times more likely than the general population to die prematurely or from suicide or fatal injuries. 

Such survivors were found to have higher rates of depression and drug or alcohol abuse, both before and after their injury. Their risk of premature death was higher still—most commonly from suicide, road crashes, and falls, the research said.

Seena Fazel, the lead author of the study, said that current treatment guidelines that focused on short term treatment and recovery after traumatic brain …
WHITE PAPER TIGER (1997)

SUBTITLE: THE FUTURE OF RAIL FREIGHT ACROSS EUROPE IS A HOT TOPIC IN INTERMODAL CIRCLES, BUT REACTIONS TO PROPOSALS SET OUT IN THE EC WHITE PAPER ON TRANSPORT HAVE BEEN VARIED.
ÉDITORIAL. Et l'Education civique? (1992)

Supramolecular microcapsules (SMCs) with the drug-loaded wall layers for pH-controlled drug delivery were designed and prepared. By using layer-by-layer (LbL) technique, the SMCs were constructed based on the self-assembly between polyaldenhyde dextran-graft-adamantane (PAD-g-AD) and carboxymethyl dextran-graft-β-CD (CMD-g-β-CD) on CaCO(3) particles via host-guest interaction. Simultaneously, adamantine-modified doxorubicin (AD-Dox) was also loaded on the LbL wall via host-guest interaction. The in vitro drug release study was carried out at different pHs. Because the AD groups were linked with PAD (PAD-g-AD) or Dox (AD-Dox) by pH-cleavable hydrazone bonds, AD moieties can be removed under the weak acidic condition, leading to destruction of SMCs and release of Dox. The pH-controlled drug release can enhance the uptake by tumor cells and thus achieve improved cancer therapy efficiency.
First Generation European Corn Borer Larvicide Trial, 1994 (1995)

Abstract The trial was planted on 13 May at the Entomology Farm in East Lansing, Ml. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Plots were 1 row × 50 ft long and spaced 30 inches apart for all treatments except the Furadan broadcast treatment, which was 3 rows wide. Corn rootworm insecticides were included in the test to address a question asked by growers concerning whether or not control of ECB larvae is gained from a rootworm insecticide application. Five registered granular rootworm insecticides and 2 experimentals were applied at planting. Furadan 4F was applied for corn rootworm control using the guideline of spraying 10 to 20 d before rootworm egg hatch. Furadan was applied on 3 Jun as a broadcast treatment, and a band directed at the base of the plant at 20 gpa. A blackheadstage ECB egg mass was placed in the whorl of 10 consecutive plants in each plot on 27 Jun. Whorl treatments were applied on 30 Jun at the rate of 22.0 gpa. Granular materials were applied in band over the whorls. Plots were evaluated on 28 July. The number of plants with ECB tunnel damage, cavities per 10 plants, and the cm of tunneling for each treatment were recorded as a measure of the severity of the ECB damage. Means were analyzed with ANOVA and separated using DMRT.
Purification and some properties of an extracellular maltase from Bacillus subtilis (1976)

Bacillus subtilis P-11, capable of producing extracellular maltase, was isolated from soil. Maximum enzyme production was obtained on a medium containing 2.0% methyl-alpha-D-glucose, 0.5% phytone, and 0.2% yeast extract. After the removal of cells, extracellular maltase was precipitated by ammonium sulfate (85% saturation). The enzyme was purified by using the following procedures: Sephadex G-200 column chromatography, diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex A-50 ion-exchange column chromatography, and a second Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. A highly purified maltase without amylase or proteinase activities was obtained. Some properties of the extracellular maltase were determined: optimum pH, 6.0; optimum temperature, 45 C, when the incubation time was 30 min; pH stability, within 5.5 to 6.5; heat stability, stable up to 45 C; isoelectric point, pH 6.0 (by gel-isoelectric focusing); molecular weight, 33,000 (by gel filtration with Sephadex G-200); substrate specificity: the relative rates of hydrolysis of maltose, maltotriose, isomaltose, and maltotetraose were 100:15:14:4, respectively, and there was no activity toward alkyl or aryl-alpha-D-glucosides, amylose, or other higher polymers. Transglucosylase activity was present. Glucose and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane were competitive inhibitors with Ki values of 4.54 and 75.08 mM, respectively; cysteine was a noncompetitive inhibitor. Michaelis constants were 5 mM for maltose, 1 mM for maltoriose, and 10 mM for isomaltose. A plot of pKm (-log Km) versus pH revealed two deflection points, one each at 5.5 and 6.5; these probably corresponded to an imidazole group of a histidine residue in or near the active center; this assumption was supported by the strong inhibition of enzyme activity by rose bengal.
Diagnoseverfahren in der Automatisierungstechnik (1994)

This paper gives a general survey of the techniques of fault diagnosis in the plants of automatic control processes. Besides the experienced signal-based technique well known already as the classical approach, the modern model-based approaches are outlined some of which still being in the stage of research but gaining increasing importance. In the latter case a distinction is made between the analytical methods using quantitative mathematical models and the knowledge-based methods that make use of heuristic qualitative models. Concerning the residual evaluation, emphasis is placed on the concept of adaptive threshold decision logic and symptom discrimination using the neuro-fuzzy approach
Specific Adsorption of Trace Amounts of Calcium and Strontium by Hydrous Oxides of Iron and Aluminum (1975)

Abstract Freshly prepared Fe and Al hydrous oxide gels and the amorphous product of heating gibbsite selectively adsorbed traces of Ca and Sr from solutions containing a large excess (∼1 M ) of NaNO 3 . The fraction of the added Ca (Sr) adsorbed depended principally on the suspension pH, the amount of solid present, and to a lesser extent on the NaNO 3 concentration. Significant Ca and Sr adsorption occurred on the Fe and Al gels, and heated gibbsite, at pH values below the points of zero charge (8.1, 9.4, and 8.3±0.1, respectively), indicating specific adsorption. The pH (± 0.10) at which 50% of the Ca was adsorbed (pH 50 ) occurred at pH 7.15 for the Fe gel (0.093 M Fe), 8.35 for the Al gel (0.093 M Al), and 6.70 for the heated gibbsite (0.181 M Al); for Sr, the pH 50 values were 7.10, 9.00, and 6.45, respectively. For the Fe gel and heated gibbsite, an empirical model based on the law of mass action described the pH dependence of adsorption reasonably well and suggested that for each Ca or Sr fraction adsorbed, approximately one proton was released. Failure of the Al gel to fit this model may have resulted from its rapid aging.
Improving eye-gaze tracking accuracy through personalized calibration of a user's aspherical corneal model (2012)

The eyes present us with a window through which we view the world and gather information. Eye-gaze tracking systems are the means by which a user's point of gaze (POG) can be measured and recorded. Despite the active research in gaze tracking systems and major advances in this field, calibration remains one of the primary challenges in the development of eye tracking systems. In order to facilitate gaze measurement and tracking, eye-gaze trackers utilize simplifications in modeling the human eye. These simplifications include using a spherical corneal model and using population averages for eye parameters in place of individual measurements, but use of these simplifications in modeling contribute to system errors and impose inaccuracies on the process of point of gaze estimation. This research introduces a new one-time per-user calibration method for gaze estimation systems. The purpose of the calibration method developed in this thesis is to calculate and estimate different individual eye parameters based on an aspherical corneal model. Replacing average measurements with individual measurements promises to improve the accuracy and reliability of the system. The approach presented in this thesis involves estimating eye parameters by statistical modeling through least squares curve fitting. Compared to a current approach referred to here as the Hennessey's calibration method, this approach offers significant advantages, including improved, individual calibration. Through analysis and comparison of this new calibration method with the Hennessey calibration method, the research data presented in this thesis shows an improvement in gaze estimation accuracy of approximately 27%. Research has shown that the average accuracy for the Hennessey calibration method is about 1:5 cm on an LCD screen at a distance of 60 cm, while the new system, as tested on eight different subjects, achieved an average accuracy of 1:1 cm. A statistical analysis (T-test) of the comparative accuracy of the new calibration method versus the Hennessey calibration method has demonstrated that the new system represents a statistically significant improvement.
Four-level neutral point clamped converter with reduced switch count (2008)

This paper presents a new topology of four-level neutral point clamped (NPC) converter that is primarily targeted for high-power applications. The proposed topology is favorably compared to the conventional four-level NPC converter topology due to the desired feature of reduced switch count. Furthermore, in relation to the active NPC topology that generates three-level output voltages, the proposed topology features increased number of output voltage levels. For the high-power medium-voltage applications, for which the NPC topology has been consistently chosen as the workhorse, either reduced switch count or increased number of voltage levels bears substantial practical importance in light of the reduced cost, improved reliability, superior waveform quality and minimized filtering requirement. The operating principle of the proposed topology is analyzed in detail. The effectiveness of the modulation and control of the proposed topology is verified by high-fidelity numerical simulation conducted via Saber™.
Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Characteristics of R134a in a Horizontal Mini Tube (2009)

Flow boiling heat transfer characteristics of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a) were experimentally investigated in a horizontal stainless steel mini tube. The inner diameter of the test tube is 1.3 mm, and the tube wall thickness is 0.1 mm. Local heat transfer coefficients are obtained over a range of vapor qualities up to 0.8, mass fluxes from (310 to 860) kg·m−2·s−1, heat fluxes from (21 to 50) kW·m−2, and saturation pressures from (0.65 to 0.75) MPa. The dependences of heat transfer coefficients on mass flux, heat flux, saturation pressure, and vapor quality are demonstrated. On the basis of an available model in recent literature, potential heat transfer mechanisms are also analyzed.
Characterization of adenosine-induced cytostasis in melanoma cells. (1980)

Relative to lymphoid cells and normal fibroblasts, mouse melanoma cells (B16) were moderately sensitive to adenosine, with 80% growth inhibition being observed at 50 micro M adenosine instead of at 5 micro M as was reported with lymphoid cells or 400 micro M as was reported for normal fibroblasts. These differences were not due to adenosine deaminase because lymphoid cells had two to four times more of this activity than did melanoma cells or normal fibroblasts. In melanoma cells, complete adenosine-induced growth inhibition was a gradual process which was observed only after one to two population doublings; after 4 days of treatment, complete recovery was gradual requiring 48 hr. N6,O2-Dibutyryladenosine-cyclic-3':5' phosphate and polyadenylic acid were ineffective as growth inhibitors, whereas guanosine exhibited potent growth-inhibiting properties. Homocysteine thiolactone enhanced the cytotoxicity of adenosine but not guanosine; adenosine relieved the cytotoxicity of guanosine. These observations indicated that the two purine nucleosides were exerting their growth-inhibiting effects by different mechanisms. Uridine did not relieve adenosine-induced cytostasis, but at 50 micro M adenosine enhanced the incorporation of [3H]uridine into RNA. This suggested that the uridine phosphate pools were depleted at low adenosine concentrations and that exogenous adenosine influences the availability of pyrimidines.
What Triggers the Resolution of Alcohol Problems Without Treatment?* (1993)

This study investigated natural recoveries (self-change) from alcohol problems, and overcame several methodological problems that affected the few previous studies of this phenomenon. Three groups of individuals who had resolved an alcohol problem without treatment were interviewed about their drinking history, life events that occurred during the year prior to their resolution, and factors that helped maintain their resolution. As a control for prevalence of life events, a control group of nonresolved, nontreated alcohol abusers were interviewed about events in a randomly selected year. Collaterals were interviewed for all subjects. No life event or constellation of events was differentially associated with the resolutions across the three resolved groups or differentiated the resolved and nonresolved groups. Interviews with resolved subjects were qualitatively analyzed-the majority (57%) of recoveries were characterized as involving a "cognitive evaluation" or appraisal of the pros and cons of drinking. Spousal support was reported by the greatest number of resolved subjects as having helped them maintain their resolution. Findings from this study may provide direction for developing new treatment strategies and for accelerating self-change among problem drinkers in the community. The study also demonstrates the importance of using a control group, without which very different conclusions might have been drawn.
Design for additive manufacturing of composite materials and potential alloys: a review (2016)

As a first step of applying additive manufacturing (AM) technology, plastic prototypes have been produced using various AM Process such as Fusion Deposition Modeling (FDM), Stereolithography (SLA) and other processes. After more research and development, AM has become capable of producing complex net shaped in materials which can be used in applicable parts. These materials include metals, ceramics, and composites. Polymers and metals are considered as commercially available materials for AM processes; however, ceramics and composites are still considered under research and development. In this study, a literature review on design for AM of composite materials and potential alloys is discussed. It is investigated that polymer matrix, ceramic matrix, metal matrix, and fiber reinforced are most common composites through AM. Furthermore, Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) is considered as an effective application of AM because AM offers the ability to control the composition and optimize the properties of the built part. An example of FGM through using AM technology is the missile nose cone which includes an ultra-high temperature ceramic graded to a refractory metal from outside to inside and it used for sustaining extreme external temperatures. During this work, different applications of AM on different classifications of composite materials are shown through studying of industrial objective, the importance of application, processing, results and future challenges.
Intestinal HT-29 cells with dysfunction of E-cadherin show increased pp60src activity and tyrosine phosphorylation of p120-catenin (1996)

1. HT-29 M6 cells are a subpopulation of HT-29 cells that, contrarily to the parental cells, establish tight cell contacts and differentiate. Cell-to-cell contacts in HT-29 M6 cells are also regulated by protein kinase C; addition of the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) decreases the homotypic contacts of these cells. We show here that HT-29 cells or HT-29 M6 cells treated with PMA contain lower levels of functional E-cadherin, determined by analysing the association of this protein with the cytoskeleton. No significant differences in the localization of alpha-, beta-, or p120-catenins were detected under the three different conditions. 2. Dysfunction of E-cadherin can be reversed by incubation of HT-29 cells with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin A. On the other hand an augmentation of c-src activity in HT-29 cells or HT-29 M6 cells treated with PMA was observed with respect to control HT-29 M6 cells. The phosphorylation status of catenins was also investigated; in HT-29 or in HT-29 M6 cells treated with PMA, dysfunction of E-cadherin was accompanied by an increased phosphorylation of p120-catenin and by an elevated association of this protein to E-cadherin. These results suggest a role for pp60src and the pp60src substrate p120-catenin in the control of E-cadherin function in HT-29 cells.
Iodoestrogens, syntheses, and interaction with uterine receptors. (1979)

The rationale for undertaking the present study was to evaluate the utility of iodoestradiol analogs made highly radioactive with iodine isotopes in (a) the non-invasive differentiation of estrogen-dependent from estrogen-independent breast tumors, (b) spread of metastases containing estrogen receptors, and (c) potential application in therapeutic irradiation of target tissues. In the present paper, the model syntheses of a number of nonradioactive 127I-estrogen analogs are described. The analogs were tested for their ability to displace (compete with) [3H]estradiol from receptor sites. The most active compounds, 16beta-iodoestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17 beta-diol (17) and 6-iodoestra-1,3,5(10),6-tetraene-3,17 beta-diol (10b), showed a relative binding affinity of 0.57 and 0.49, respectively.