gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Cochlear Nerve in Various Forms of Deafness (1984)

Operative specimens of cochlear nerve of 56 patients with profound deafness of varying origin were examined under the light microscope and the number of myelinated nerve fibers in each specimen was counted. The transverse fascicular area of each nerve was also determined. When the resulting neuron populations were evaluated with regard to the cochlear implant program the only truly unsuitable ears for artificial stimulation were found to be those with cholesteatoma involving the cochlear nerve and ears with local pathology in the internal auditory canal severe enough to cause atrophy of the cochlear nerve.
The current practice of lift traffic design using calculation and simulation (2013)

Lift traffic design can employ calculation or simulation methods. Calculation can be split into main categories: analytical equation-based methods and numerical methods. Simulation can be split into discrete event simulation and time-slice simulation. These methods vary in the level of computational complexity, as well as their ability to arrive at a value for the required performance parameters with acceptable accuracy and under the general case. Moreover, the repeatability of the results is an important consideration, as well as the simplicity and calculation time of the method used. This technical note provides a general overview of each of the four methods. It also discusses the suitable areas of application of each of the methods, showing the strengths and weaknesses of each of the four methods. This technical note concludes by outlining the current hybrid method used by designers in lift traffic design, whereby one of the calculation methods is used to find a starting arrangement and then the design is fine tuned using one of the simulation methods (e.g. changing speed, capacity of the lifts as well as the group control algorithm) in order to achieve the required average passenger waiting time and average passenger transit time. Practical application: This technical note provides a blueprint to lift traffic designers for the lift traffic design process. It emphasises the fact that calculation and simulation are not mutually exclusive methodologies, and shows how they complement each other, where the former provides a starting design and the latter allows the designer to fine tune the lift traffic design.
Theoretical background (1985)

The generally accepted picture of thermoluminescence outlined briefly in chapter 1 has its origins in the energy band theory of solids from which a simple explanation of the observed luminescence properties of various types of material can be obtained. It is, therefore, worthwhile to examine, in a rudimentary fashion, the energy band model of solids with a view to highlighting those characteristics which give rise to luminescence in general, and thermoluminescence in particular. Much of the modern-day theory on trapping, recombination and luminescence phenomena has remained unchanged since the original treatments provided by pioneers such as Shockley, Rose, Williams and others from the late 1940s to early 1960s. For purposes of explanation, I shall refer to several of these original works. More recent applications and confirmations of the theory will be treated in later sections and chapters of the book when specific examples are being discussed.
Analyse und Glätten (1994)

ZusammenfassungWir haben etliche Methoden zum Erzeugen von Kurven und Flächen behandelt. In diesem Kapitel werden wir uns mit Möglichkeiten befassen, die geometrische Qualität dieser Kurven und Flächen zu überprüfen und dazu auch einige Ideen zur Korrektur von Formfehlern herleiten.
Difference between the inflection point and the equivalence point in coulometric titrations of weak acids (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDifference between the inflection point and the equivalence point in coulometric titrations of weak acidsGeorge. Marinenko and Charles E. ChampionCite this: Anal. Chem. 1969, 41, 10, 1208–1211Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60279a021https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60279a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views628Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
<title>Preliminary optoacoustic measurements of air pollution generated during laser cleaning of artworks</title> (2003)

In the presented preliminary experiments, a simple glass cup enables to isolate the cleaned surface and to introduce a laser beam and a measuring probe. A sensitive opto-acoustic measurement system was able to detect the time averaged changes of concentrations of benzene, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, sulphur dioxide and water vapours at the level of ppm. Final concentrations of carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide (well known as main pollutants of the atmosphere) can significantly increase during laser cleaning in closed areas. Moreover, concentrations of measured atmosphere contaminants can be considerably different in the case of ablation of encrustation on different substrates (wood, stone, plaster, parchment etc.). The measured values of gas concentrations emitted during laser cleaning showed large changes from point to point, depending on local properties of soiling, its quantity and type.
Enkele Endocrinologische Afwijkingen Van Het Calcium En Fosfor Metabolisme (1973)

SummaryAfter a short evaluation of various methods for the investigation of the calcium and phosphate metabolism follows a review of the related endocrinologic pathology : deviations in the production of calcitonin and the different forms of hyperparathyroidism. Finally the treatment of acute hypercalcemia is discussed.
Interaction of grammistins with lipids and their antibacterial activity (2001)

Grammistins are hemolytic and ichthyotoxic peptides in the skin secretion of soapfishes and are structurally characterized by their abundance in amphiphilic α-helicity. In the present study, their interaction with lipids and lipid vesicles as well as antibacterial activity were examined using four grammistins (Gs 1 and Gs 2 from Grammistes sexlineatus and Pp 1 and Pp 3 from Pogonoperca punctata). The hemolytic activity of grammistins was inhibited by phospholipids but not by cholesterol. Moreover, grammistins released carboxyfluorescein entrapped within liposomes made of phosphatidylcholine. In contrast, grammistins were found to have antibacterial activity with a broad spectrum against nine species of bacteria, including both Gram-negative and Gram-positive groups. The potency of their antibacterial activity was not related to that of hemolytic activity, suggesting that grammistins bind to membrane phospholipids but lyse erythrocyte and bacterial membranes via different mechanisms. Conclusively, grammistins are new members of the family of cell non-selective membrane-lytic peptides with amphiphilic α-helices, being similar to pardaxins, which are secreted from the skin of soles, and to melittin, which is derived from bee venom.
Dynamic Kinetic Asymmetric Allylation of Hydrazines and Hydroxylamines (2009)

Hydrazines and hydroxylamines have been found to be excellent nucleophiles for the palladium-catalyzed dynamic asymmetric allylic amination of vinyl epoxide, with good yields and enantioselectivities of up to 97% ee. This method is applicable to acyclic and heterocyclic amines and was applied toward a five-step synthesis of (R)-piperazic acid.
Impaired CTL Recognition of Cells Latently Infected with Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpes Virus (2000)

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) is a recently identified human gamma2-herpesvirus associated with Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and Castleman's disease. We reasoned that CTL responses may provide host defense against this virus, and consequently, KSHV may have evolved strategies to evade the CTL-mediated immune surveillance. In this study six B cell lines latently infected with KSHV were found to express reduced levels of HLA class I surface molecules compared with B cell lines transformed by the related gamma-herpesvirus EBV. KSHV-infected cells also required higher concentrations of soluble peptides to induce efficient CTL-mediated lysis than control cell lines and were unable to process and/or present intracellularly expressed Ag. Incubation of the KSHV-infected cell lines with high concentrations of soluble HLA class I binding peptides did not restore the deficient HLA class I surface expression. To assess the underlying mechanisms of these phenomena, TAP-1 and TAP-2 gene expression was analyzed. While no attenuation in TAP-2 expression was observed, TAP-1 expression was significantly reduced in all KSHV cell lines compared with that in controls. These results indicate that KSHV can modulate HLA class I-restricted Ag presentation to CTL, which may allow latently infected cells to escape CTL recognition and persist in the infected host.
The Baran Synthesis of Ingenol (2017)

The early promise for the biological activity of the derivatives of ingenol 3 has been borne out by the clinical efficacy of the derived angelate, recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of actinic keratosis. Phil S. Baran of Scripps La Jolla envisioned (Science 2013, 341, 878) a route to 3 based on a rearrange­ment of 2, available by the Pauson–Khand cyclization of the allenyl alkyne 1. One of the partners for the preparation of 1 was available following the Sugai (Synlett 1997, 1297) procedure, by the Claisen rearrangement of triethyl orthopro­pionate 5 with the propargyl alcohol 4 to give 6. Reduction delivered a racemic mix­ture of alcohols. On exposure of the mixture to vinyl acetate and Pseudomonas cepacia lipase, the undesired enantiomer was selectively acetylated to 7, leaving residual 8 of high ee. IBX was found by the Scripps group to be effective at oxidizing 8 without racemization. The other component of 1 was prepared from the inexpensive (+)-3-carene 10. Chlorination followed by ozonolysis delivered 11, that was reduced to the enolate, then alkylated with methyl iodide. Exposure to LiHMDS gave a new enolate, that was added to the aldehyde 9 to give 12. Addition of ethynyl magnesium bromide to the now more open face of 12 proceeded with high diastereoselectivity. Selective silylation of the secondary alcohol followed by silylation of the tertiary alcohol set the stage for the Pauson–Khand cyclization. Following the Brummond protocol, 1 was cyclized to 2. Methyl magnesium bro­mide was added, again to the more open face of the ketone, to give a new tertiary alco­hol. Exposure to stoichiometric OsO4 converted the more available alkene to the cis diol, that was protected as its cyclic carbonate 13. A central challenge in the total synthesis of the ingenanes is the construction of the “inside–outside” skeleton. This was achieved by the pinacol rearrangement of 13 with BF3•OEt2, to give 14. All that remained to complete the synthesis was selective oxidation. Allylic oxi­dation with stoichiometric SeO2 installed the secondary alcohol, that was acety­lated to give 15. The other secondary alcohol was then freed, and dehydrated with the Martin sulfurane, to give 16. A last allylic oxidation completed the synthesis of ingenol 3.
Optical Fiber Humidity Sensor Using NafionR‐Tri‐Phenylcarbinol Composite (1991)

By using Nafion film with tri‐phenylcarbinol, the optical fiber humidity sensor was fabricated. The optical intensity around 450 nm in the reflection mode increases with the relative humidity. The resolution, i.e., the sensitivity to the relative humidity decreases in the range above 30% relative humidity. In a dry atmosphere, the dye exists in the form of tri‐phenylcarbonium ion, and with increasing the relative humidity, the dye structure changes from the carbonium ion to carbinol.
Determination of Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus in Estuarine Waters Using a Reversed Flow Injection Manifold† (1997)

The Schlieren or refractive index (RI) effect is a major problem in the determination of dissolved reactive phosphorus in estuarine waters using conventional flow injection (FI) manifolds with sample injection. This is because differences in RI between the injected sample zone and the carrier stream give rise to a lensing effect which is superimposed on the blank response and causes significant error in quantitation. A simple reversed flow injection (rFI) manifold using spectrophotometric detection which removes these quantitation errors is reported. Acidic molybdate is injected into a sulfuric acid carrier stream of the same refractive index and sequentially merged with sample and reductant (ascorbic acid). Reduction of phosphomolybdate to phosphomolybdenum blue is carried out in a coil thermostated at 60 °C. Dissolved reactive phosphorus has been successfully determined in estuarine waters with salinities ranging from 0 to 30‰ using calibration standards prepared in deionized water, with a detection limit of 2 µg l–1 PO4–P and a linear range of 2–100 µg l–1 PO4–P (r2 = 0.9998).
Spectrum of Germ Cell Tumors: From Head to Toe (2004)

Germ cell tumors (GCTs) occur most frequently in the gonads and are relatively rare in other sites, such as the pineal gland, neurohypophysis, mediastinum, and retroperitoneum. GCTs are thought to originate from primordial germ cells, which migrate to the primitive gonadal glands in the urogenital ridge. Extragonadal GCTs might also originate from these cells when the cells are sequestered during their migration. Pathologic subtypes of GCTs vary, and the prevalence of mixed tumors is high. These factors produce a diversity of radiologic findings and make prospective radiologic diagnosis difficult in many cases. However, similar radiologic findings have been observed in pathologically equivalent tumors in varying sites. Seminomas appear as uniformly solid, lobulated masses with fibrovascular septa that enhance intensely. Nonseminomatous GCTs appear as heterogeneous masses with areas of necrosis, hemorrhage, or cystic degeneration. Fat and calcifications are hallmarks of teratomas, most of which are benign. In immature teratomas, scattered fat and calcification within larger solid components are occasionally seen. These imaging characteristics reflect the pathologic features of each tumor, and histologically similar GCTs at varying sites have similar radiologic features. Knowledge of the pathologic appearances of GCTs and their corresponding radiologic appearances will allow radiologists to diagnose these tumors correctly.
Effect of multiple-transistor charge collection on SET pulse widths (2010)

New heavy-ion data from a 130 nm bulk CMOS process shows a counterproductive result in using a common single-event charge collection mitigation technique. Guard bands can reduce single-event pulse widths for normal strikes, but increase them for angled strikes. Calibrated 3D TCAD mixed-mode modeling has identified a multiple-transistor charge collection mechanism that explains the experimental data, namely that angled strikes result in charge collection in the normally ON device that increases the restoring current on the struck device.
Saponin and Sapogenol. XLVII. On the Constituents of the Roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer from Northeastern China. 1. Licorice-Saponins A3, B2, and C2. (1993)

From the air-dried root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, collected in the northeastern part of China, ten new oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides were isolated together with glycyrrhizin (1) and several known flavonoids. Among the newly isolated triterpene oligoglycosides, the chemical structures of licorice-saponin A3 (2), licorice-saponin B2 (3), and licorice-saponin C2 (4) have been determined, on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence, to be expressed as 30-O-beta-D-glucopyranosylglycyrrhizin, 11-deoxo-glycyrrhizin, and 3-O-[beta-D-glucuronpyranosyl(1-->2)-beta-D-glucuronpyranosyl++ +]oleana- 11,13(18)-dien-30-oic acid, respectively. During the course of these studies, facile conversions from glycyrrhizin (1) to licorice-saponins A3 (2), B2 (3), and C2 (4) have been accomplished.
Quantum dot lasers grown on (001) Si substrate for integration with amorphous Si waveguides (2017)

Heteroepitaxially grown InAs quantum dot lasers were demonstrated on (001) Si under continuous-wave optical pumping with low thresholds (down to 35 µW). The feasibility of integrating active and passive devices through electrical injection was analyzed.
In vitro Hair Growth Promoting Effects of Naringenin and Hesperetin on Human Dermal Papilla Cells and Keratinocytes (2017)

Alopecia (hair loss) is a common and distressing condition. Therefore, it is important to develop new therapeutic agents to prevent the hair loss and maintain hair growth. Natural compounds, such as flavonoids are known to possess hair-growth promoting properties. The hair growth promoting effects of Naringenin and Hesperetin and their in vitro biological effects on human Dermal Papilla cells (DPCs) and keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) have not been reported yet to the best of our knowledge. In the present study, we have investigated the in vitro effects of Naringenin and Hesperetin on key constituent cells of hair; DPCs and keratinocytes. Cellular proliferation in DPCs and HaCaT cells was determined by MTT assay. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) levels were estimated by ELISA. Naringenin and Hesperetin significantly increased the proliferation of DPCs and HaCaT cells. Restoration of cell viability against Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced cytotoxicity suggested protection against oxidative stress associated with hair. Stimulation of VEGF secretion was also observed. The preliminary results obtained here suggest the hair growth promoting properties of Naringenin and Hesperetin, presenting them as potential candidates for natural hair-growth promoting compositions. Further, the effect of compounds in ex vivo and in vivo models will substantiate their hair growth promoting properties.
Polarization-Independent Magneto-Optical Waveguide Isolator Using TM-Mode Nonreciprocal Phase Shift (2007)

A polarization-independent magneto-optical waveguide isolator using nonreciprocal phase shift for a TM mode is proposed. The isolator is a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) that is composed of transverse electric (TE)-transverse magnetic (TM) polarization converters and nonreciprocal phase shifters. The MZI induces a phase difference between the reciprocal TE and nonreciprocal TM modes that are converted to each other by the polarization converter. Since the design uses a nonreciprocal phase shift only for the TM mode, it allows fabrication of an integrated structure. This paper describes the principle of operation and its design.
Hydrogenolysis of cyclo-octane and cyclo-octene on supported Fischer–Tropsch catalysts. Cyclic vs. noncyclic selectivity (1983)

Hydrogenolysis of cyclo-octane or cyclo-octene over silica-supported ruthenium, nickel, and cobalt catalysts gives rise to n-alkanes and cycloalkanes (C5–C7); ruthenium strongly favours n-alkanes, cobalt strongly facilitates cycloalkane formation, and nickel is intermediate in selectivity.
Correlation and Prediction of Binary Vapor Liquid Equilibria (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCorrelation and Prediction of Binary Vapor Liquid Equilibria Roger. Gilmont, David. Zudkevitch, and Donald F. OthmerCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1961, 53, 3, 223–228Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50615a030https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50615a030research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views94Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>-OXIDATION OF SULFIDE AND SULFOXIDE WITH ISOPOLY TUNGSTATE AND HETEROPOLY TUNGSTATE CATALYSTS (2000)

H2O2-oxidations of methyl p-tolyl sulfide and methyl p-tolyl sulfoxide with heteropoly and isopoly tungstates were carried out in biphasic system. In these reactions catalytic activities of poly tungstates were estimated based on the reaction rates. Significant differences in catalytic behavior were found between phosphoperoxotungstate and isopoly tungstates. Phosphoperoxotungstate is a powerful catalyst for the oxidation of both sulfide and sulfoxide. Isopoly tungustate catalyzed H2O2-oxidation of the sulfide more effectively than that of the sulfoxide.
Effect of Drying Methods on Microstructural Changes in Hardened Cement Paste: an A. C. Impedance Spectroscopy Evaluation (2004)

The effect of three pre-drying treatments on time dependent deformation due to drying of cement paste conditioned at (96 ± 2) % relative humidity and temperature of 22 ± 2 °C was investigated using a.c. impedance techniques. The treatments comprised methanol and isopropanol exchange (followed by vacuum heating at 37°C) and vacuum drying at 37°C alone. Re-saturation with synthetic pore fluid was performed prior to the drying experiment. Real-time changes in microstructure were followed using impedance spectroscopy. Cement paste specimens were in the form of “T-shaped” columns with a minimum thickness value (for the web and flanges) of less than 1.2 mm. The impedance spectra for the untreated (control) specimens and the specimens dried at 37°C indicated the presence of an intermediate arc. This is discussed in terms of interfacial phenomena associated with collapse of C-S-H structure on drying.
An Item Response Theory Model for Test Bias. (1991)

Abstract : A multidimensional non-parametric IRT model of test bias is presented, providing an explanation of how individually-biased items can combine through a test score to produce test bias. The claim is thus that bias, though expressed at the item level, should be studied at the test level. The model postulates an intended-to-be-measured target ability and nuisance determinants whose differing ability distributions across examinee group cause bias. Multiple nuisance determinants can produce item bias cancellation, resulting in little or no test bias. Detection of test bias requires a valid subtest, whose items measure only target ability. A long-test viewpoint of bias is also developed.