gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
System of Phase Oscillators with Diagonalizable Interaction (2003)

We consider a system of N phase oscillators having randomly distributed natural frequencies and diagonalizable interactions among the oscillators. We show that, in the limit of $N \to \infty$, all solutions of such a system are incoherent with probability one for any strength of coupling, which implies that there is no sharp transition from incoherence to coherence as the coupling strength is increased, in striking contrast to Kuramoto's (special) oscillator system.
Lymphozyten und Neuraminsäure (1974)

Das, was sich aber sonst noch aus Abb.13 ergibt, deutet an, daß die Neuraminidase-Behandlung solcher Zellen in Zusammenhang mit der Anwendung heterophiler Agglutinine auch für die Klassifizierung von Lymphozyten-Subpopulationen eine Rolle spielen dürfte.
GaN-based surface-emitting laser with two-dimensional photonic crystal acting as distributed-feedback grating and optical cladding (2010)

We demonstrate GaN-based distributed-feedback surface-emitting lasers grown on sapphire substrates with a two-dimensional (2D) square-lattice photonic crystal (PhC) that forms a high-aspect-ratio void array (void diameter: 65 nm and depth: 220 nm). The 2D PhC layer acts as both distributed-feedback grating and p-type optical cladding of a separate confinement heterostructure. To form the 2D PhC in the nitride semiconductor layers, we developed an embedding process that uses mass-transport phenomena. Crystallographic facets appeared on the inner walls of the embedded voids. Room-temperature lasing action was observed at 406.0 nm for a PhC lattice constant of 162.5 nm. The threshold current density was 9.7 kA/cm2 for a 120-μm-square p-contact electrode.
Chlorovirus-Mediated Membrane Depolarization of<i>Chlorella</i>Alters Secondary Active Transport of Solutes (2008)

Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus 1 (PBCV-1) is the prototype of a family of large, double-stranded DNA, plaque-forming viruses that infect certain eukaryotic chlorella-like green algae from the genus Chlorovirus. PBCV-1 infection results in rapid host membrane depolarization and potassium ion release. One interesting feature of certain chloroviruses is that they code for functional potassium ion-selective channel proteins (Kcv) that are considered responsible for the host membrane depolarization and, as a consequence, the efflux of potassium ions. This report examines the relationship between cellular depolarization and solute uptake. Annotation of the virus host Chlorella strain NC64A genome revealed 482 putative transporter-encoding genes; 224 are secondary active transporters. Solute uptake experiments using seven radioactive compounds revealed that virus infection alters the transport of all the solutes. However, the degree of inhibition varied depending on the solute. Experiments with nystatin, a drug known to depolarize cell membranes, produced changes in solute uptake that are similar but not identical to those that occurred during virus infection. Therefore, these studies indicate that chlorovirus infection causes a rapid and sustained depolarization of the host plasma membrane and that this depolarization leads to the inhibition of secondary active transporters that changes solute uptake.
SK channels modulate firing frequency, calcium influx, and stress‐induced catecholamine secretion in mice. (2007)

Small conductance Ca2+ activated K+ channels (SKCa) are well known modulators of neuronal excitability. We report the presence of SK channel subtypes SKCa2 and SKCa3 in adrenal chromaffin cells (ACCs) of the mouse adrenal medulla using immunhistostochemical and immunocytochemical detection. ACCs robustly expressing SKCa2 and SKCa3 also strongly expressed the enzyme phenylethanolamine‐N‐methytransferase (PNMT), which is responsible for the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine. Confirming the immunohistochemical data, SK currents were detected in ACCs and could be activated by calcium influx through voltage dependent calcium channels. Mouse ACCs exhibit both action potentials and calcium oscillations in culture, and application of SK channel inhibitors d‐tubocurarine, apamin, and Leiurotoxin, reversibly increased the action potential firing rate and enhance Ca2+ influx. Conversely the SK channel activator NS309 has opposing effects on action potential frequency and calcium influx. In addition, mice overexpressing either SKCa2 or SKCa3 (OE mice) possess ACCs with reduced action potential firing rates and calcium influx, with SKCa3 overexpressing mice showing more profound effects. Studies are underway to examine the levels of catecholamines in NS309‐treated, SKCa2‐OE, and SKCa3‐OE mice in response to stress, and evaluate the potential of SK channels as potential therapeutic targets for managing stress‐induced hypertension.
Detection of leaks in underground storage tanks using electrical resistance methods: 1996 results (1996)

This document provides a summary of a field experiment performed under a 15m diameter steel tank mockup located at the Hanford Reservation, Washington. The purpose of this test was to image a contaminant plume as it develops in soil under a tank already contaminated by previous leakage and to determine whether contaminant plumes can be detected without the benefit of background data. Measurements of electrical resistance were made before and during a salt water release. These measurements were made in soil which contained the remnants of salt water plumes released during previous tests in 1994 and in 1995. About 11,150 liters of saline solution were released along a portion of the tank`s edge in 1996. Changes in electrical resistivity due to release of salt water conducted in 1996 were determined in two ways: (1) changes relative to the 1996 pre-spill data, and (2) changes relative to data collected near the middle of the 1996 spill after the release flow rate was increased. In both cases, the observed resistivity changes show clearly defined anomalies caused by the salt water release. These results indicate that when a plume develops over an existing plume and in a geologic environment similar to the test site environment, the resulting resistivity changes are easily detectable. Three dimensional tomographs of the resistivity of the soil under the tank show that the salt water release caused a region of low soil resistivity which can be observed directly without the benefit of comparing the tomograph to tomographs or data collected before the spill started. This means that it may be possible to infer the presence of pre-existing plumes if there is other data showing that the regions of low resistivity are correlated with the presence of contaminated soil. However, this approach does not appear reliable in defining the total extent of the plume due to the confounding effect that natural heterogeneity has on our ability to define the margins of the anomaly.
Enhanced interfacial adhesion of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers by oxygen plasma treatment (1998)

Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers were subjected to oxygen plasma treatment in order to improve interfacial adhesion. The treated fibers were characterized by contact angle analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and mercury porosimetry. The surface free energy, O 1s/C 1s ratio, and surface area increased dramatically with 1 min treatment. However, as the treatment time increased further, these parameters either increased slowly at 30, 60, and 100 W, or decreased at 150 W. The increased surface free energy is attributed to the polar component, while the increased O 1s/C 1s ratio is explained by the oxygen-containing moieties introduced by the plasma treatment. The oxygen plasma treatment also roughened the initially smooth surface of the UHMWPE fibers by forming micro-pores and thus increased the surface area. The interfacial shear strength of UHMWPE fibers to vinylester resin was measured by micro-droplet tests and exhibited an increasing trend, believed to result from the increased surface area, the surface free energy, and the oxygen-containing moieties due to the plasma treatment.
Molecular Approaches to Target Heat Shock Proteins for Cancer Treatment (2015)

HSP90 was the first molecular target to inhibit the interaction of this heat shock protein (HSP) with client proteins in cancer cells and tissues. The HSP90 inhibition was attempted to liberate from this chaperone the oncogenic fusion proteins, mutated and activated serine/threonine protein kinases, tyrosine kinases, as well as transcription factors with oncogenic activity, in this manner, the free proteins could be recognized by the proteasome system to be degraded. We should remember here that many HSP family members are overexpressed in different kinds of cancer tissues, these molecules act as chaperones of tumorigenesis. In cancer patients, the first generation of HSP90 inhibitors showed elevated levels of toxicity, which was partially solved with the second-generation of inhibitors that could be intravenously delivered. With the arrival of the third-generation drugs that could be orally administrated, anticancer activities were achieved in clinical trials, however, the results were not as successful as expected due to: 1) limited anti-tumor efficacy; 2) acquisition of drug resistance; 3) difficulty to identify the client protein(s) specifically degraded in response to drug administration. The main problem is the redundancy of chaperones that the cancer cells have, in fact during HSP90 or HSP70 inhibition the heat shock factor (HSF1) could be liberated increasing the levels of other HSPs and in addition, HSF1 can by itself act as an inducer of the multidrug resistance MDR response and is also implicated in HER2 and hormonal responses. These difficulties, rather than decreasing the interest of having the HSPs as molecular targets, are increasing the exploration of new ways to interfere with several HSPs simultaneously and using HSP inhibitors with more “conventional” anticancer drugs. In this article we review, in addition to HSP90, HSP27, HSP70, and HSP60 as targets for anticancer therapy.
Middle Ear Implantable Hearing Devices (2002)

For over two decades, corporate and academic researchers have worked to develop practical middle ear implantable hearing devices (MEIHDs). Now that two such devices are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for sale in the United States, and several more are in development, it is time for clinicians to consider these devices as more than a passing idea. With more than 1500 implants in place worldwide, clinical evidence that describes the value of these devices as tools for the rehabilitation of sensorineural hearing loss is plentiful. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of MEIHDs and to provide the clinician with some background of MEIHD technologies to help in the analysis of these devices as they appear on the market.
FUZZY QUERYING OF SEMI-STRUCTURED DATA (2006)

Querying XML data is a well-explored topic thanks to powerful query languages such as XPath and XQuery. Both were \ndesigned to support the evaluation of binary predicates, which can be proven to be a limited approach to effective \nquerying of XML data. In this paper, a fuzzy extension of the XPath query language is proposed. Its goal is to achieve \nmore flexible querying through vague queries, which can be expressed exploiting fuzzy predicates and fuzzy connectives. \nWe also provide an elegant definition of structure relaxation and primitive operators to span the space of relaxations. \nFinally we propose an approach to the fuzzy matching of XML trees: XPath provides a deep-equal function that can be \nused to assess whether two sequences are recursively equal. This can be restrictive, therefore we provide an extension \nnamed deep-similar to assess whether the sequences are similar both in content and in structure. We also provide the user \nwith ranking functions to define how the results should be ranked and presented.
Femtosecond laser plasma plume characteristics in the nanojoule ablation regime (2013)

Laser ablation of chromium with nanojoule energy UV femtosecond pulses under background pressure conditions between 0.3 Torr and 700 Torr is studied and the corresponding plasma plume images at different times after irradiation are measured. The ablation focal spot is less than or the order of a micron when 170 nJ of laser pulse energy is used. This low pulse energy leads to short lifetimes of the plasma of the order of tens of nanoseconds. The plume shape changes with ambient pressure due to the collision with background gas. An axially stretched plume changes to a more circular plume as the pressure increases. In addition, a separation of the ionic and atomic components is observed at lower pressure. These two components move at significantly different velocities as well. The plasma plume expands at almost constant velocity at very low pressure but exhibits significant deceleration at higher pressure reaching an asymptotic stopping distance. Plume images are also obtained near the ablation threshold pulse energy. The plume characteristics are compared to different models of plume expansion.
MIF family cytokines in cardiovascular diseases and prospects for precision-based therapeutics (2017)

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine with chemokine-like functions that increasingly is being studied in different aspects of cardiovascular disease. MIF was first identified as a proinflammatory and pro-survival mediator within the immune system, and a second structurally related MIF family member, D-dopachrome tautomerase (a.k.a. MIF-2), was reported recently. Both MIF family members are released by myocardium and modulate the manifestations of cardiovascular disease, specifically in myocardial ischemia. Areas covered: A scientific overview is provided for the involvement of MIF family cytokines in the inflammatory pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. We summarize findings of experimental, human genetic and clinical studies, and suggest therapeutic opportunities for modulating the activity of MIF family proteins that potentially may be applied in a MIF allele specific manner. Expert opinion: Knowledge of MIF, MIF-2 and their receptor pathways are under active investigation in different types of cardiovascular diseases, and novel therapeutic opportunities are being identified. Clinical translation may be accelerated by accruing experience with MIF-directed therapies currently in human testing in cancer and autoimmunity.
Improved Fast Encoding Method for Vector Quantization Based on Subvector Technique (2005)

The encoding speed of vector quantization (VQ) is a time bottleneck to its practical applications due to it performing a lot of k-dimensional (kD) Euclidean distance computations. By using famous statistical features of the sum and the variance of a kD vector to estimate the Euclidean distance first, an IEENNS (improved equal-average equal-variance nearest neighbor search) method has been proposed to reject most of the unlikely codewords for a certain input vector. By dividing a kD vector in half to generate its two corresponding (k/2)D subvectors and then apply the IEENNS method again to each subvector, an SIEENNS (subvector-based IEENNS) method has been proposed as well. The SIEENNS method is, so far, the most search-efficient subvector-based encoding method for VQ, but it still has a large memory and computational redundancy. The paper aims at improving the state-of-the-art SIEENNS method by introducing a new 3-level data structure to reduce memory redundancy and by avoiding using the variances of two (k/2)D subvectors to reduce computational redundancy. Experimental results confirmed that the proposed method can reduce memory requirement for each kD vector from (k+6) to (k+1) and, at the same time, improve total search efficiency by 20-30% compared to the SIEENNS method.
Marked Proteinuria in Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis (1985)

Heavy proteinuria in patients with essential hypertension raises the question of underlying primary renal disease. While malignant hypertension may be associated with proteinuria in the nephrotic range, it is generally held that protein excretion in benign nephrosclerosis is almost invariably less than 0.5-1.0 g/24 h. We report 18 patients with biopsy-proven hypertensive nephropathy and heavy proteinuria, of which only 6 had malignant hypertension. In the remaining 12 patients with benign nephrosclerosis, protein excretion reached up to 6.5 g/24 h, and nephrotic range proteinuria was present in 3 patients. All patients with heavy proteinuria suffered from long-standing moderate or severe, poorly controlled hypertension and were azotemic. We suggest that hypertensive nephrosclerosis be included in the differential diagnosis of massive proteinuria accompanying azotemia in poorly controlled hypertensives.
Assessing the Outcomes of Spine Surgery Using Global Positioning Systems (2010)

The technology presented in this pilot appears to be useful in understanding a patient's level and breathe of activity. These data will assist in better understanding the limitations imposed by specific musculoskeletal pathology and in monitoring perioperative function and complications and their related causes. Spatial data may indirectly reflect a patient's social and mental conditions. This interdisciplinary pilot may lead to the development of valid outcome measures for a range of medical conditions. Studies comparing questionnaires to this new outcome measure may shed light on issues like response shifts and secondary gain. Norms and clusters of spatial behaviors in different pathologies may enable better patient selection for medical, mental, and surgical interventions.
Recovery of Hepatitis B Antibody from Human Plasma Products Separated by a Modified Cohn Fractionation (1974)

Abstract. Hepatitis B immune globulin has been prepared for clinical trials in Sweden. The relative amount of antibodies to the hepatitis B antigen recovered in the respective fractionation steps was evaluated by hemagglutination, immunoelectro‐osmophoresis and radial immunodiffusion. About one third of the antibody amount present in the original plasma pool was recovered in fraction II. Hepatitis B antigen was neither demonstrated in the various fractionation steps nor in the final immune globulin preparation.
Standard Errors for the Class of Orthomax-Rotated Factor Loadings: Some Matrix Results (1999)

The partial derivative matrices of the class of orthomax-rotated factor loadings with respect to the unrotated maximum likelihood factor loadings are derived. The reported results are useful for obtaining standard errors of the orthomax-rotated factor loadings, with or without row normalization (standardization) of the initial factor loading matrix for rotation. Using a numerical example, we verify our analytic formulas by comparing the obtained standard error estimates with that from some existing methods. Some advantages of the current approach are discussed.
Superlattice density of states in electric and magnetic fields (1993)

A density-of-states approach is used to describe the influence of external electric and magnetic fields applied perpendicular to the layers of a semiconductor superlattice. Effects of Wannier-Stark localization and interacting Stark ladders are investigated for null magnetic field. Special attention is paid to extremely shallow multiple quantum well structures. Furthermore, it is shown that the density of states in high magnetic and electric fields reveals the interplay between electric and magnetic confinement effects.
Modulation Ratio in Comprehensive Two-dimensional Gas Chromatography (2006)

Comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography employs a serially coupled two-column arrangement where effluent from the first column is collected or sampled and then introduced to the second column according to a chosen modulation period. This is effected by use of a modulator at or near the column junction. One of the considerations in applying the technique is the period of the modulator, which determines the sampling duration of the first column effluent. Here, we propose that the sampling rate can be most effectively described by a new term, called the modulation ratio (MR). This is defined as the ratio of 4 times the first column peak standard deviation (4sigma) divided by the modulation period (PM) or 1.6985 times the half-height width of the peak (wh): MR = 4sigma/PM = wb/PM = (wh x 1.6985)/PM. The 4sigma value is more commonly recognized as the peak base width (wb). The use of 4sigma as the numerator is preferred to simply sigma because when the PM value used for an experiment is equal to sigma, then the MR value is calculated to be 4, implying that the primary peak will be modulated approximately 4 times as is normally recommended for a comprehensive multidimensional separation. The less well-defined term of modulation number (NM) has been previously used and proposed as the number of modulations per peak and, therefore, is intended to convey the manner in which the primary column peak is sampled; this is a subjective and not well-characterized value. The use of MR should provide users with a meaningful and strictly defined value when reporting experimental conditions. The utility of MR is demonstrated through a mathematical model of the modulation process for both Gaussian and tailing peaks, supported by an experimental study of the modulation ratio. It is shown that for the analysis of trace compounds where precise quantitative measurements are being made, the experiment should be conducted with an MR of at least 3. Conversely, for semiquantitative methods or the analysis of major components, an MR of approximately 1.5 should suffice.
Surface Chemistry of Zirconia Nanopowders Doped with Pr<sub />2O<sub>3</sub>: an XPS Study (2008)

Zirconia nanopowders of tetragonal crystallographic structure doped with Pr 2 O 3 were prepared by the microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis and coprecipitation method. The surface compositions were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The nanopowder particles appear to be inhomogeneous in their structure: for the surface region an enrichment with praseodymium is detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. This allows the assumption of a core-shell-like structure of single nanopowders particles. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies confirm also Zr 4+ and Pr 3+ as main oxidation states of zirconium and praseodymium in the studied compounds.