gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Socially Compliant Navigation in dense crowds (2019)

Navigating in complex and highly dynamic environments such as crowds is still a major challenge for autonomous vehicle such as autonomous wheelchairs or even autonomous cars. This article presents a new way of navigating in crowds by using behavioral clustering for the surrounding agents and representing the crowd as a set of moving polygons. Once the environment has been modelled in this way and the robot has all the information it needs, we then propose a navigation algorithm that is able to guide the vehicle through the scene. The key-points of this algorithm are that (1) it can avoid densely-populated areas in order to minimize the risk of being on a collision course with any of the surrounding dynamic obstacles, (2) it generates socially compliant trajectories.
Comminution Energy Consumption of Biomass in Knife Mill and its Particle Size Characterization (2009)

Current research is driven by the need to reduce the cost of ethanol production from biomass. Preprocessing research is focused on developing processes that would result in reduced bioconversion time, minimize enzymes usage, and/or maximize ethanol yields. Size reduction is an important preprocessing unit operation of biomass, which utilizes major portion of input energy. It changes the particle size, shape, and bulk density, and increases the total surface area of biomass and number of contact points for chemical reaction. Objectives of the present study were to chop switchgrass, wheat straw, and corn stover in knife mill and analyze the particle size distribution. Direct power inputs were determined for different knife mill screen openings from 12.7 to 50.8 mm, rotor speeds between 250 and 500 rpm, and mass feed rates from 1 to 11 kg/min. During the experiment, data were collected for determining effective and total specific energy for chopping. The chopped samples were analyzed for particle size distribution using ASABE sieve analyzer. For knife mill screen size of 25.4 mm a speed of 250 rpm gave the optimum performance. The optimum feed rates at these conditions were 7.6, 5.8, and 4.5 kg/min for switchgrass, wheat straw, and corn stover, respectively. The corresponding total specific energies were 27.3, 37.9, and 31.9 MJ/Mg and effective specific energies were 4.6, 5.4, and 0.9 MJ/Mg for switchgrass, wheat straw, and corn stover, respectively. Mathematical equations adequately fitted the total specific energy consumption and particle size distribution data. knife mill chopping of switchgrass/wheat straw/corn stover resulted in well-graded strongly fine-skewed mesokurtic/fine-skewed mesokurtic/fine-skewed mesokurtic particles with reduced size screens (12.7 to 25.4 mm) and well-graded fine-skewed mesokurtic/strongly fine-skewed mesokurtic/fine-skewed mesokurtic particles with increased size screen (50.8 mm).
Chemical Evidence for N-O Bond Fission in 4-Hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-Oxide Formation of Pyrazino [2, 3-<I>c</I>: 5, 6-<I>c</I>'] biquinoline (1971)

G-II 3,6-diacetate (X) (a-49, [AE]300-2940). These data demonstrate that G-XI has the andromedane skeleton. The -configuration of the C-12 hydroxyl was deduced by the facts that 1) theJ11,12, J11,12 and J12,13 are 6, 10, and 4 Hz, respectively, and 2) the C-17 hydrogen
RMD‐tree: A hierarchical data structure for multidimensional nonzero size spatial objects using MD‐tree (1992)

Abstract This paper proposes an RMD‐tree (region multidimensional tree), which is a method of data management based on the tree structure, aiming at the efficient management and retrieval of spatial objects with nonzero sizes. In the proposed method, the spatial object in the N ‐dimensional space corresponds to a point in the 2 N ‐dimensional space, being represented by its centroid and the extent along each axis. The coordinate transformation is applied to the point data and the data are managed by the tree structure, so that retrieval such as the point location problem or the range search in the n ‐dimensional space can be performed only by the search for the point data in the hyper‐rectangle range. By this approach, the space splitting and data management are made possible considering the size of the object as well as the centroid. By the coordinate transformation the object data are represented by the maximum and the minimum in the original N ‐dimensional space, multiplied by a certain factor. It is indicated by simulation experiments that the speed of search is improved by this method by a factor of 2 to 4, compared to the conventional method when the size of the object to be managed is enlarged. When points and objects with small sizes are to be handled, the performance is almost the same as that of the conventional method. In the experiment using the actual printed circuit board data, the speed of search also is improved by approximately a factor of 2.
Direct NMR observation of a substrate protein bound to the chaperonin GroEL (2005)

The reaction cycle and the major structural states of the molecular chaperone GroEL and its cochaperone, GroES, are well characterized. In contrast, very little is known about the nonnative states of the substrate polypeptide acted on by the chaperonin machinery. In this study, we investigated the substrate protein human dihydrofolate reductase (hDHFR) while bound to GroEL or to a single-ring analog, SR1, by NMR spectroscopy in solution under conditions where hDHFR was efficiently recovered as a folded, enzymatically active protein from the stable complexes upon addition of ATP and GroES. By using the NMR techniques of transverse relaxation-optimized spectroscopy (TROSY), cross-correlated relaxation-induced polarization transfer (CRIPT), and cross-correlated relaxation-enhanced polarization transfer (CRINEPT), bound hDHFR could be observed directly. Measurements of the buildup of hDHFR NMR signals by different magnetization transfer mechanisms were used to characterize the dynamic properties of the NMR-observable parts of the bound substrate. The NMR data suggest that the bound state includes random coil conformations devoid of stable native-like tertiary contacts and that the bound hDHFR might best be described as a dynamic ensemble of randomly structured conformers.
Co‐occurrence of Obsessive‐Compulsive Personality Traits in Young and Middle‐Aged Japanese Alcohol‐Dependent Men (2002)

Young and middle-aged male Japanese alcoholics have more obsessive-compulsive personality traits than nonalcoholic males of similar ages. Their alcohol-related psychological and behavioral characteristics may derive, in part, from their obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
Status and improvements of UV laser scalpel (2003)

During the last years we developed a flexible beam guiding system for DUV-laser radiation (λ=193 nm, 213 nm). This laser scalpel is based on hollow core waveguides and special fused silica optical fibers. We were able to demonstrate the feasibility of the laser scalpel to ablate biological tissues and technological materials. Our current interest is to develop a thinner scalpel tip which consists of 200 μm optical fibers instead of 600 μm fibers. The performance of these thin fibers was evaluated. We developed a computer controlled measurement system to study the optical fiber performance in dependence on laser fluence, laser intensity, laser repetition rate and fiber coupling conditions. We also investigated the long term behavior of the modified optical fibers for the laser scalpel.
Safety and Trough Concentrations of Nevirapine Prophylaxis Given Daily, Twice Weekly, or Weekly in Breast-Feeding Infants From Birth to 6 Months (2003)

Despite the success of antiretroviral prophylaxis in reducing mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission, postpartum transmission through breast milk remains a problem. Antiretroviral administration to the infant during the period of breast-feeding could protect against postnatal transmission. An open-label phase 1/2 study was designed to assess the safety and trough concentrations of nevirapine (NVP) given once weekly (OW), twice weekly (TW), or once daily (OD) to HIV-exposed breast-feeding infants for 24 weeks. Following maternal dosing with 200 mg NVP orally at onset of labor, breast-feeding infants were randomized within 48 hours of birth to 1 of 3 regimens: arm 1, NVP given OW (4 mg/kg from birth to 14 days, upward arrow to 8 mg/kg from 15 days to 24 weeks), arm 2, NVP given TW (4 mg/kg from birth to 14 days, upward arrow to 8 mg/kg from 15 days to 24 weeks), and arm 3, NVP given OD (2 mg/kg from birth to 14 days, upward arrow to 4 mg/kg from 15 days to 24 weeks). Trough NVP concentrations and clinical and laboratory abnormalities were monitored. Of the 75 infants randomized (26 to OW, 25 to TW, and 24 to OD dosing), 63 completed the 32-week follow-up visit. No severe skin, hepatic, or renal toxicity related to NVP was observed. Neutropenia occurred in 8 infants. Trough NVP levels were lower than the therapeutic target (100 ng/mL) in 48 of 75 (64.0%) samples from infants in the OW arm, 3 of 65 (4.6%) samples in the TW arm, and 0 of 72 samples in the OD arm. Median (range) trough NVP concentrations were 64 ng/mL (range: <25-1519 ng/mL) with OW dosing; 459 (range: <25-1386 ng/mL) with TW dosing; and 1348 (range: 108-4843 ng/ml) with OD dosing. Our data indicate that NVP prophylaxis for 6 months was safe and well tolerated in infants. OD NVP dosing resulted in all infants with trough concentration greater than the therapeutic target and maintenance of high drug concentrations. A phase 3 study is planned to assess the efficacy of OD infant NVP regimen to prevent breast-feeding HIV-1 transmission.
Microtubules and the Intracellular Conversion of Proparathyroid Hormone to Parathyroid Hormone<sup>1</sup> (1975)

The effects of several compounds which interfere with cellular microfilaments and microtubules on the conversion of proparathyroid hormone (ProPTH) to parathyroid hormone (PTH) were examined in slices of bovine parathyroid slices incubated in vitro with 3H-leucine. Inhibitors of microtubular function, vinblastine and colchicine, increased the ratio of 3H-labeled ProPTH to PTH in the tissue by 2- to 3-fold. Cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of microfilaments, was without effect. Concentrations of colchicine as low as 10-6M maximally increased the ratio of ProPTH to PTH, whereas lumicolchicine, an analogue of colchicine which does not affect the function of microtubules, had no effect at concentrations as high as 10-4M. The increased ratio of ProPTH to PTH was due partly to a stimulation by vinblastine and colchicine of the incorporation of 3H-leucine into ProPTH but not into general protein. However, after short incubations of parathyroid tissue with 3-H-leucine, the amount of 3H-labeled PTH was less in colchine-treated incubations than in control incubations. In the presence of vinblastine, after a 20-min incubation of parathyroid slices with 3H-leucine and vinblastine, ProPTH was not completely converted to PTH by an additional 90-min "chase" incubation with unlabeled leucine while a 20-min "chase" incubations is sufficient to convert essentially all the ProPTH to PTH in control incubations. These data suggest that the increased ratio of ProPTH to PTH is also due to a partial inhibition of the conversion ProPTH to PTH by vinblastine and colchicine. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that microtubules facilitate the transport of newly synthesized ProPTH to its intracellular site of cleavage to PTH.
Synthesis of Alkoxy, Heterocyclic and Fused-Rings Derivatives of (S)-Nicotine from Natural Nicotine, Progress towards the total Synthesis of (S)-Macrostomine. (2008)

ONDACHI, PAULINE WANJIKU. Synthesis of Alkoxy, Heterocyclic and Fused-Rings Derivatives of (S)-Nicotine from Natural Nicotine, Progress towards the total synthesis of (S)-Macrostomine. (Under the direction of Dr. Daniel Lee Comins).\n\n(S)-Nicotine and its derivatives have drawn a lot of interest due to their potential pharmacological role in the treatment of Parkinsonâ€™s disease, Alzheimerâ€™s disease, and other central nervous system related disorders. Current synthetics efforts are directed towards the development of analogs that are more selective to specific subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Towards this goal, alkoxy, heterocyclic and fused-rings derivatives of (S)-nicotine were synthesized from natural nicotine as will be described herein. \nMethodologies were developed for the synthesis and regioselective substitution of enantiomerically pure alkoxy nicotine derivatives. Introduction of heteroaromatic rings at the C-4, C-5, and C-6 positions of the pyridine ring of nicotine and nicotine derivatives was achieved through the use of metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. In addition, a variety of novel small molecules, cyclized ethers and fused-rings derivatives, were synthesized. Bicyclic dioxino, dihydrofuro and dihydropyranol nicotine derivatives, as well as tricylic benzofused-rings derivatives were synthesized as detailed in the third chapter of this document. Finally, a study directed towards the total synthesis of a plant alkaloid (S)-macrostomine was carried out. Efforts were centered on an attempt to utilize the Diels-Alder reaction to achieve a key intermediate in the synthesis.
Body temperature changes during inflammation: their mediation and nutritional significance (1989)

Although fever has often been defined as any elevation in body temperature, this definition would result in considerable confusion between true fever and hyperthermia.
Molecular Dynamics of the Anti-Fluorescein 4-4-20 Antigen-Binding Fragment. 1. Computer Simulations (1995)

Two 174 ps molecular dynamics simulations of the solvated, 4-4-20 antigen-binding fragment (Fab) were performed: one with antigen (fluorescein) in the antigen-combining site and another with it removed. At the beginning of the second simulation, fluorescein was relocated from the antigen-combining site to a point outside the cutoff distance for nonbonded interactions by applying a "pulling force". Initially, the antigen-combining site collapsed when fluorescein was removed but gradually re-formed as the simulation progressed. In addition, several other differences were observed between the two simulations. These included (i) structural rearrangements of key contact residues in the antigen-combining site, (ii) significant differences in the degree of hydration of the antigen-combining site, (iii) a more acute elbow bend angle in the case of the unliganded form, and (iv) less correlated motions of amino acid residues in the unliganded form. These observations suggested that the Fab without fluorescein exhibited a greater degree of segmental flexibility than the Fab with fluorescein. Time-resolved fluorescence experiments were performed in order to validate this prediction, and the results are described in the following paper [Lim et al. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 6975-6984].
Bioremediation through microbes: systems biology and metabolic engineering approach (2018)

Today, environmental pollution is a serious problem, and bioremediation can play an important role in cleaning contaminated sites. Remediation strategies, such as chemical and physical approaches, are not enough to mitigate pollution problems because of the continuous generation of novel recalcitrant pollutants due to anthropogenic activities. Bioremediation using microbes is an eco-friendly and socially acceptable alternative to conventional remediation approaches. Many microbes with a bioremediation potential have been isolated and characterized but, in many cases, cannot completely degrade the targeted pollutant or are ineffective in situations with mixed wastes. This review envisages advances in systems biology (SB), which enables the analysis of microbial behavior at a community level under different environmental stresses. By applying a SB approach, crucial preliminary information can be obtained for metabolic engineering (ME) of microbes for their enhanced bioremediation capabilities. This review also highlights the integrated SB and ME tools and techniques for bioremediation purposes.
A Pilot Prospective Comparative Trial of High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound versus Cryolipolysis for Flank Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue and Review of the Literature (2013)

Introduction: Multiple treatment modalities exist for noninvasive body sculpting and reduction of focal adipose deposits, including high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and cryolipolysis. The focus of this study was to compare the efficacy of HIFU and cryolipolysis in the reduction of localized subcutaneous adipose tissue in the flank region. Materials and Methods: Eight female patients with subcutaneous adipose tissue localized to the bilateral flanks were randomized to a single treatment with either HIFU or cryolipolysis to each flank. Weight and widest-point waist circumference were recorded at baseline and at 4 monthly follow-up visits, with no significant change in weight over the study period. Two blinded investigators graded baseline and 4-month follow-up photographs for improvement using a 5-point global aesthetic improvement scale. Results and Discussion: Although both HIFU and cryolipolysis led to modest reductions in localized flank subcutaneous adipose tissue, there was a trend toward greater improvement in the HIFU treatment group.
Reactions of Organic Peroxides with Alcohols in Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization—the Pitfalls of Quantifying Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP) (2017)

Over the last several decades, mass spectrometry has become one of the principle methods for compound identification and quantification. While for analytical purposes, fragments which are not fully characterized in terms of origin and intensity as a function of experimental conditions have been used, understanding the nature of those species is very important. Herein we discuss such issues relative to triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and its frequently observed fragment at m/z 89. This "fragment" has been identified as the gas-phase reaction product of TATP with one or two methanol molecules/ions. Additionally, the origin and conditions of other fragments at m/z 91, 75, and 74 associated with TATP will be addressed. Similar analytical issues associated with other multi-peroxide organic compounds [hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD), methyl ethyl ketone peroxides (MEKP)] will also be discussed. Solution storage conditions for TATP, HMTD, and tetramethylene diperoxide diamine dialdehyde have been determined. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
The essential gene set of a photosynthetic organism (2015)

Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 is a model organism used for studying photosynthesis and the circadian clock, and it is being developed for the production of fuel, industrial chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. To identify a comprehensive set of genes and intergenic regions that impacts fitness in S. elongatus, we created a pooled library of ∼ 250,000 transposon mutants and used sequencing to identify the insertion locations. By analyzing the distribution and survival of these mutants, we identified 718 of the organism's 2,723 genes as essential for survival under laboratory conditions. The validity of the essential gene set is supported by its tight overlap with well-conserved genes and its enrichment for core biological processes. The differences noted between our dataset and these predictors of essentiality, however, have led to surprising biological insights. One such finding is that genes in a large portion of the TCA cycle are dispensable, suggesting that S. elongatus does not require a cyclic TCA process. Furthermore, the density of the transposon mutant library enabled individual and global statements about the essentiality of noncoding RNAs, regulatory elements, and other intergenic regions. In this way, a group I intron located in tRNA(Leu), which has been used extensively for phylogenetic studies, was shown here to be essential for the survival of S. elongatus. Our survey of essentiality for every locus in the S. elongatus genome serves as a powerful resource for understanding the organism's physiology and defines the essential gene set required for the growth of a photosynthetic organism.
Glyceride‐Mimetic Prodrugs Incorporating Self‐Immolative Spacers Promote Lymphatic Transport, Avoid First‐Pass Metabolism, and Enhance Oral Bioavailability (2016)

Abstract First‐pass hepatic metabolism can significantly limit oral drug bioavailability. Drug transport from the intestine through the lymphatic system, rather than the portal vein, circumvents first‐pass metabolism. However, the majority of drugs do not have the requisite physicochemical properties to facilitate lymphatic access. Herein, we describe a prodrug strategy that promotes selective transport through the intestinal lymph vessels and subsequent release of drug in the systemic circulation, thereby enhancing oral bioavailability. Using testosterone (TST) as a model high first‐pass drug, glyceride‐mimetic prodrugs incorporating self‐immolative (SI) spacers, resulted in remarkable increases (up to 90‐fold) in TST plasma exposure when compared to the current commercial product testosterone undecanoate (TU). This approach opens new opportunities for the effective development of drugs where oral delivery is limited by first‐pass metabolism and provides a new avenue to enhance drug targeting to intestinal lymphoid tissue.
Some Inefficiency Implication of Generational Politics and Exchange (1990)

Generational selfishness is a central assumption in the vast literature on the life cycle model. Much of this literature deals with the impact of alternative government policies in light of self-interested generational behavior. Surprisingly, the choices of governments in virtually all of these analyses are assumed to be independent of the preferences of the selfish generations these governments presumably represent. We address this anomaly by modeling each generation as having a government that strictly represents its interests. Such selfish generational governments will potentially distort the economy along a number of dimensions. We consider two types of inefficiencies that have received little or no attention in the literature. The first is the monopolization of factor supplies, and the second is the under-or overprovision of durable public goods. We demonstrate that selfish generations may place sizable marginal taxes on their factor supplies in order to monopolize their factor markets. We also show that selfish generations will provide inefficient levels of durable public goods both at the local and national levels. Finally, we demonstrate that generational inefficiencies can arise even in models of cooperative bargaining because of the first-mover advantage of earlier generations.
Nonrandom Sampling in Human Genetics: Familial Correlations (1984)

In the context of human genetics, sampling is often nonrandom in that pedigrees are frequently selected by virtue of their having at least one affected individual. For quantitative traits, it may be that the proband is selected because of a phenotypic value above some predetermined cut-point; this will also be true for diseases defined by a cut-point above which individuals are said to be affected (e.g. diabetes, hypertension, and obesity). Relatively little attention has been given to the implications of these forms of nonrandom sampling. In this paper, we show that the biases introduced by such sampling are sufficient to lead to erroneous model specification and biased parameter estimates in path analysis. Existing methodologies used to correct for such sampling (e.g., elimination of proband or regression techniques) also result in similar bias in estimation and model fitting. Thus, it is possible to make inferences which do not reflect underlying biology, but are artifacts of the sampling design. As a consequence, method-of-moment estimators are developed for means, variances, and correlations under such sampling. Simulation results are used to demonstrate the superiority of this method over alternate strategies.