gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fixed Dosing Versus Body Size—Based Dosing of Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins in Adults (2011)

Therapeutic biologics are often administered based on body size. A previous study has found that fixed dosing performs similarly to body size-based dosing in reducing intersubject variability in drug exposure across the mAbs studied. This study extended this evaluation to other therapeutic proteins and peptides. Eighteen therapeutic proteins and peptides with published population pharmacokinetic (PK) and/or pharmacodynamic (PD) models were selected for dosing approach evaluation. The relationships between body size and drug exposure (and PD end point when available) were evaluated, and simulation studies were conducted to compare the performance of the 2 dosing approaches. The results showed that fixed dosing performed better for 12 of 18 selected biologics in terms of reducing intersubject variability in exposure at both population and individual levels, whereas body size-based dosing performed better for the other 6 molecules. This result is consistent with the findings for mAbs. Therefore, fixed dosing is recommended for first-in-human studies of proteins and peptides along with mAbs. The final dosing approach for phase 3 studies should be determined based on a full assessment of body size effect on PK/PD when data are available and the therapeutic window of the drug.
Effects of Ultraviolet‐B Radiation Stress on the Abscisic Acid Status of <i>Rumex patientia</i> Leaves (1979)

Abstract To determine if increased abscisic acid (ABA) levels are associated with ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) radiation (288–320 nm) stress, Rumex patientia L. plants were exposed to visible light with high or low (control) UV‐B irradiance and then assayed for ABA by gas chromatography. Though leaf growth was inhibited by the UV‐B irradiation, no differences in levels of free ABA were found between leaves from the two treatments after 1, 3 or 5 days of exposure. Unlike the situation in most environmental stresses, increased ABA levels are not associated with UV‐B radiation stress. Further, photolysis or isomerization are not likely explanations for the absence of ABA increase. Calculations indicate that if ABA in the leaf were fully exposed to solar UV‐B radiation only about 6.7% would be photolyzed by existing daily radiation at 40°N latitude, and 11.3% by radiation resulting from a 40% decrease in atmospheric ozone. The quantum yield for isomerization of cistrans ‐ABA by radiation in the 288–312 nm waveband was determined. Existing daily solar UV‐B irradiation is capable of isomerizing ABA in solution to an equilibrium mixture of 50% cisjrans and 50% irans, trans ‐ABA., However, because of radiation attenuation in the leaf, it is estimated that only a small fraction of the cistrans ‐A.BA. would be isomerized.
A test of repeatability of human eye aberration measuring instrument with Hartmann sensor (2004)

The human eye aberration Hartmann measuring instrument measures wavefront with Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor and wavefront reconstruction is implemented with Zernike polynomial. Single frame sampling and continuous sampling for static aberration of simulated human eye and dynamic aberration of human eye are carried out with the instrument. The maximum deviation of Zernike coefficient, PV value and RMS standard error for the obtained static wavefront aberration of the simulated eye are 0.016, 0.061 and 0.006 wavelength, respectively. The maximum deviation of Zernike coefficient, PV value and RMS standard error for the dynamic human eye wavefront aberration are 0.045 , 0.167 and 0.030 wavelength, respectively. All these specifications are less than 1/5 wavelength and this shows that the instrument has a higher repeatability.
Characterization of the retardance of a wave plate to increase the robustness of amplitude-only and phase-only modulations of a liquid crystal display (2004)

Liquid crystal displays (LCD) have found widespread application as spatial light modulators (SLM). Recently, we demonstrated that to obtain phase-only modulation or amplitude-only modulation regimes with present LCDs we have to insert the LCD between not only two linear polarizers but also between two birefringent wave plates. In this work we study the tolerance of these modulation regimes to variations in the orientation of the external polarization devices, but especially we focus on the tolerance to variations in the retardance of the wave plates. Specifically, we demonstrate that the amplitude-only regime is very sensitive to any deviation in the retardance. To obtain a complete and accurate characterization of the retardance value we propose to use a combination of three different polarimetric techniques easily available for any laboratory. We analyse their accuracy and determine the usefulness of the three techniques.
Opto-electronic characteristics of chemically deposited cadmium sulphide thin films (1988)

Cadmium sulphide thin films showing photo-to-dark conductivity ratio up to 109 and photoconductivity up to 3 Omega -1 cm-1 for white illumination approximately 300 W m-2 can be prepared from chemical baths containing thiourea and triethanolamine complex of cadmium ions. The photocurrent decay time depends on the bath temperature and the duration of storage and it ranges from a few seconds to 104 s per decade. The optical transmission of the films also varies significantly: from about 10% to 70-80% (above the band-gap absorption), depending on the deposition conditions. The high activation energy approximately=1 eV for dark conductivity as well as the high photosensitivity suggest the nearly stoichiometric nature of the films. The implications of these characteristics in various opto-electronic applications are discussed.
The Phosphonation of Aromatic Compounds with Phosphorus Pentasulfide (1956)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Phosphonation of Aromatic Compounds with Phosphorus PentasulfideH. Z. Lecher, R. A. Greenwood, K. C. Whitehouse, and T. H. ChaoCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1956, 78, 19, 5018–5022Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1956Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1956https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01600a058https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01600a058research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2382Altmetric-Citations146LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF CERTAIN SOIL ARTHROPODS IN A FENITROTHION-TREATED RED SPRUCE STAND (1973)

Abstract This study investigates certain arthropod predator elements of the soil fauna of a mature red spruce ( Picea rubens Sarg.) stand. It presents differences between abundance 2 years prior to and 1 year after aerial spraying with fenitrothion at 2 and 3 oz per acre. One species of centipede, one species of pseudoscorpion, and three species of harvestmen were noted in fewer numbers during the year of spraying. Higher numbers occurred the following year. Spiders of the family Erigonidae showed no marked difference in numbers during the course of the study. Most other spiders were encountered in reduced numbers during the spray year but rebounded next year. Apparently, fenitrothion does cause temporary reduced abundance of at least some predacious arthropod components of the soil fauna. The effect of such changes in the insect community on soil processes remains unknown; even more so, the influence of repeated annual applications of fenitrothion remains undetermined.
Trends in Numbers of Farms as Factors in Livestock Estimating (1953)

Current estimates of livestock and poultry numbers made by the United States Department of Agriculture are derived from farmers' voluntary reports, with the help of benchmarks that are established every 5 years when a new census is taken. After every census the Department reviews the series of estimates for the preceding 5 years and makes revisions to bring it into line with the new benchmark. Rather large revisions were required in some cases when the results of the 1950 census became available. This paper discusses some of the reasons for the discrepancies and suggests changes in estimating procedures that might avoid errors of the kind made between 1945 and 1950. The suggestions are based upon the analysis of Michigan data made by Mr. Blood and Mr. Borum.
A high performance license plate recognition system (1998)

This paper presents a powerful automated license plate recognition system, which is able to read license numbers of cars, even under circumstances, which are far from ideal. In a real-life test, the percentage of rejected plates was 13%, whereas 0.4% of the plates were misclassified. Suggestions for further improvements are given.
Infantile haemangioma: New aspects on the pathogenesis of the most common skin tumour in children (2011)

Journal Article Infantile haemangioma: New aspects on the pathogenesis of the most common skin tumour in children Get access P.H. Hoeger P.H. Hoeger Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Catholic Children's Hospital Wilhelmstift, 22149 Hamburg, Germany E‐mail: hoeger@kkh‐wilhelmstift.de Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 164, Issue 2, 1 February 2011, Pages 234–235, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10204.x Published: 01 February 2011
Simulation of Landing Gear Dynamics Using Flexible Multi-Body Methods (2006)

The predominant task of an airplane is no doubt to fly with the best performance achievable. It must not be forgotten, however, that it will spend a good part of its life on the ground. Landing gear dynamics, especially shimmy and brake-induced vibrations, is one of the problems faced today by the aircraft community. Though they are not catastrophic, they can lead to fatal accidents due to excessive wear. It can also shorten the gear life and cause discomfort to the pilot and passengers. Although equations for representing various parts of a landing gear are well established, solving the problems manually with mathematical programs can be slow and laborious. Simplifications made to reduce problem size may introduce inaccuracies such that a design modification to correct a problem in one area causes unforeseen vibrations in other parts of the structure. In many cases, vibration problems may not be uncovered until physical prototypes are built and tested, adding considerable time and expense to the product development cycle. However, many commercially available computer-aided engineering tools have made it possible to test some of the problems in the design phase by simulating the landing gear impact and rolling. An adequate modeling of tire and brake dynamics is an important issue for the analysis of the behavior of an aircraft during ground maneuvers as potentially unstable phenomena such as gear walk and shimmy may occur in these phases. At the German\nAerospace Center (DLR), simulation of such an unstable and complex phenomenon during aircraft ground maneuvers is done to detect vibrations in aircraft landing gear and study the effect of brake dynamics and other important parameters that may affect the stability and comfort.\n
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS): a tool for rapid in-situ elemental analysis (1998)

Experimental results are presented concerning the application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for the detection of metals in plastics and biological tissues. LIBS has been used for the detection and the determination of the concentration of antimony in plastic and manganese in human hairs respectively. Calibration curves are presented for the above metals and the limiting factors of the technique are discussed.
Conversion of dimethyl disulfide in the presence of zeolites (2008)

Dimethyl disulfide conversion in the presence of zeolites was studied at atmospheric pressure and T = 190–350°C. For all catalysts, the products of the reaction at T = 190°C—methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, and hydrogen sulfide—result directly from dimethyl disulfide. The relative reaction rate and the dimethyl sulfide selectivity decreases in the order HZSM-5 ≥ CoHZSM-5 > HNaY > NaX, NaY. The methanethiol formation selectivity changes in the reverse order. The highest methanethiol selectivity at T = 190°C is shown by the sodium zeolites; the highest dimethyl sulfide selectivity, by the high-silicz zeolite HZSM-5. Raising the reaction temperature increases the reaction rate and changes the process route: at high temperatures, dimethyl disulfide decomposes to methanethiol, which then condenses to yield dimethyl sulfide and hydrogen sulfide. The observed regularities are explained in terms of the different acidic properties of the zeolite surfaces.
Now comes the real crisis (1997)

This in vivo PET method provided valid measures of central AChE activity in normal subjects and AD patients. Applied in early AD, it should facilitate inhibitor treatment by confirming central inhibition, optimizing drug dosage, identifying likely responders, and testing surrogate markers of therapeutic response.
Nootkatone tested as a mosquito repellent (2016)

Nootkatone, a grapefruit-scented terpene, may become a new addition to the small arsenal of mosquito-control tools that could help stop the spread of the Zika virus, according to Evolva, a Swiss biotechnology firm. A common flavor and fragrance molecule, nootkatone can be extracted from grapefruit skins or the bark of the Alaska yellow cedar. But it is a popular target molecule of synthetic biology firms working to scale-up less-expensive fermentation production routes. In 2014, Evolva acquired Allylix, a start-up that developed an early process to make nootkatone via sugar fermentation. At the time, Allylix was promoting the potential use of nootkatone to prevent the spread of ticks that carry Lyme disease. Now, Evolva says it is working with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention to research nootkatone’s ability to repel and kill mosquitoes including the species Aedes aegypti, which can carry Zika and yellow fever. Evolva is also
Practical Magnetotellurics (2005)

The magnetotelluric (MT) method, a technique for probing the electrical conductivity structure of the Earth, is increasingly used both in applied geophysics and in basic research. This book, first published in 2005, goes into detail on practical aspects of applying the MT technique. Beginning with the basic principles of electromagnetic induction in the Earth, this introduction to magnetotellurics aims to guide students and researchers in geophysics and other areas of earth science through the practical aspects of the MT method: from planning a field campaign, through data processing and modelling, to tectonic and geodynamic interpretation. The book will be of use to graduate-level students and researchers who are embarking on a research project involving MT; to lecturers preparing courses on MT; and to geoscientists involved in multi-disciplinary research projects who wish to incorporate MT results in their interpretations
Segmenting the visitor market by the timing of their activity decisions. (1993)

The purpose of this study was to describe visitors to a Florida county and determine if a CVB's promotional campaign strategies conformed with visitors' need for information. The research focused on the timing of visitors' activity decisions to assess whether promotional efforts were being channeled in ways that conformed to the timing of visitors' information needs and decision making. Responses from 546 completed surveys revealed that 71.5% of the respondents decided which recreational activities they would engage in prior to leaving home; 3.7% made that decision en route to the county; and 24. 9% after arriving in the county. Further analysis revealed that respondents who made their activity decisions after arriving in the county were typically a part of the long haul market, stayed significantly longer than the other counterparts, and spent, on average, nearly twice as much as those that made their activity decisions prior to leaving home. Implications for marketers are discussed.
A real-time systems context for the framework for information systems architecture (1995)

In this paper we review the framework for information systems architecture first introduced by Zachman <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> and show how it can be applied in the context of real-time systems. Discussions are included throughout the paper to convey some of the characteristics unique to real-time systems and to point out areas of special architectural concern.
Single-crystal growth and physical properties of the layered arsenide<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>BaRh</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>As</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2008)

Single crystals of ${\text{BaRh}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ have been synthesized from a Pb flux. We present the room-temperature crystal structure, single-crystal x-ray diffraction measurements as a function of temperature $T$, anisotropic magnetic susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}$ versus $T$, electrical resistivity in the $ab$ plane $\ensuremath{\rho}$ versus $T$, Hall coefficient versus $T$ and magnetic field $H$, and heat capacity $C$ versus $T$ measurements on the crystals. The single-crystal structure determination confirms that ${\text{BaRh}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ forms in the tetragonal ${\text{ThCr}}_{2}{\text{Si}}_{2}$-type structure (space group $I4/mmm$) with lattice parameters $a=b=4.0564(6)\text{ }\text{\AA{}}$ and $c=12.797(4)\text{ }\text{\AA{}}$. Band-structure calculations show that ${\text{BaRh}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ should be metallic with a small density of states at the Fermi energy $N({E}_{F})=3.49\text{ }\text{states}/\text{eV}\text{ }\text{f}\text{.u}\text{.}$ (where $\text{f}.\text{u}.\ensuremath{\equiv}\text{formula}$ unit) for both spin directions. $\ensuremath{\rho}(T)$ data in the $ab$ plane confirm that the material is indeed metallic with a residual resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}(2\text{ }\text{K})=29\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\Omega}\text{ }\text{cm}$ and with a residual resistivity ratio $\ensuremath{\rho}(310\text{ }\text{K})/\ensuremath{\rho}(2\text{ }\text{K})=5.3$. The observed $\ensuremath{\chi}(T)$ is small $(\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{3}/\text{mol})$ and weakly anisotropic with ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{ab}/{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}2$. The $C(T)$ data indicate a small density of states at the Fermi energy with the low-temperature Sommerfeld coefficient $\ensuremath{\gamma}=4.7(9)\text{ }\text{mJ}/\text{mol}\text{ }{\text{K}}^{2}$. There are no indications of superconductivity, spin-density wave, or structural transitions between 2 and 300 K. We compare the calculated density of states versus energy of ${\text{BaRh}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ with that of ${\text{BaFe}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$.
Five Avirulence Genes from <i>Xanthomonas campestris</i> pv. <i>malvacearum</i> Cause Genotype-Specific Cell Death When Expressed Transiently in Cotton (1998)

The coding regions from five avirulence (avr) genes from Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum (Xcm), the causal agent of bacterial blight of cotton, were joined to the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and expressed transiently in cotton leaves after Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer. A genotype-specific necrosis was observed 3 to 6 days post inoculation for constructs derived from avrB4, avrb7, and avrBIn on cotton lines containing the resistance (R) genes B4, b7, and BIn, respectively, but not on susceptible cotton plants. No necrosis was obtained with plasmids that direct expression of avr genes within A. tumefaciens, showing that the cotton response required transfer of the genes into the plant cells. Addition of a signal peptide sequence into the avr constructs to target expressed Avr protein to the apoplast significantly reduced the responses. The results indicate that intracellular expression of Xcm Avr proteins in cotton having the corresponding R gene causes specific host cell death.
Electronic Circuits of the NAREC Computer (1953)

This paper describes several of the circuits developed at the Naval Research Laboratory for its electronic digital computer, the NAREC. These circuits, which include inverters, flip-flops, counters, steppers, pulse generators, adders and comparators, employ crystal diodes where practical for all non-linear functions and use vacuum tubes only where inversion or amplification is required. All circuits are designed to provide low impedance output signals whose maximum and minimum levels are held to prescribed dc potentials. The circuits are packaged in standard 4-tube plug-in chassis in arrangements which make these units functional building blocks of the computer.
A Heme-containing Ascorbate Oxidase from Pleurotus ostreatus (1996)

A novel type of ascorbate oxidase was purified 420-fold from the cytosolic fraction of the mycelia of Pleurotus ostreatus with an overall yield of 13%. The molecular mass of the native enzyme determined by high performance gel permeation chromatography was 94 kDa. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the enzyme consists of two subunits with a molecular mass of 46 kDa. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the enzyme was Asp-Val-Lys-Thr-Leu-Gln-Glu-His-Leu-Gln-Leu-Ala-Leu-Met-Val-. The enzyme was optimally active at pH 5.2, monitored at 37 degrees C. The enzyme had affinity toward L-ascorbic acid, D-ascorbic acid, L-erythroascorbic acid, and D-erythroascorbic acid. Under optimal conditions, the Km value of the enzyme toward L-ascorbic acid was 0.48 mm. The absorption spectra of the native enzyme exhibited a Soret maximum at 418 nm in its oxidized form and at 426 nm in its reduced form, and alpha and beta bands at 558 and 527 nm only in its reduced form, respectively. On the basis of spectral changes after treatment with cyanide and carbon monoxide, the enzyme is a hemoprotein, quite similar to b-type cytochrome, and contains 2 mol of heme per molecule. The reaction catalyzed by the enzyme was L-ascorbic acid + O2 --> dehydro-L-ascorbic acid + H2O2.