gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Type I Collagen Racemization and Isomerization and the Risk of Fracture in Postmenopausal Women: The OFELY Prospective Study (2002)

The Asp1211 residue of the 1209AHDGGR1214 sequence of the C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) can undergo spontaneous post-translational modifications, namely, racemization and isomerization, which result in the formation of four isomers: the native form (alpha-L) and three age-related forms, that is, an isomerized form (beta-L), a racemized form (alpha-D), and an isomerized/racemized (beta-D) form. Previous studies have suggested that changes in the pattern of type I collagen racemization/isomerization, which can be assessed in vivo by measuring the degradation products of the CTX isoforms, may be associated with alterations of bone structure. The aim of this study was to examine prospectively the value of the different urinary CTX isoforms and their related ratio in the prediction of osteoporotic fractures in 408 healthy untreated postmenopausal women aged 50-89 years (mean, 64 years) who were part of the OFELY cohort. During a median 6.8 years follow-up, 16 incident vertebral fractures and 55 peripheral fractures were recorded in 65 women. The baseline levels of the four CTX isoforms in women who subsequently had a fracture were compared with those of the 343 women who did not fracture. At baseline, women with fractures had increased levels of ratios of native alpha-L-CTX to age-related isoforms (beta-L, alpha-D, and beta-D) compared with controls (p < 0.01). In logistic regression analysis after adjustment for age, prevalent fractures, and physical activity, women with levels of alpha-L/beta-L, alpha-L/alpha-D, and alpha-L/beta-D-CTX ratios in the highest quartile had a 1.5- to 2-fold increased risk of fractures compared with women with levels in the three lowest quartiles with relative risk (RR) and 95% CI of 2.0 (1.2-3.5), 1.8 (1.02-2.7), and 1.5 (0.9-2.7), respectively. Adjustment of alpha-L/beta-L and alpha-L/alpha-D-CTX ratios by the level of bone turnover assessed by serum bone alkaline phosphatase (ALP)- or femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) decreased slightly the RR, which remained significant for the alpha-L/beta-L-CTX ratio (RR [95%] CI, 1.8 [1.1-3.2] after adjustment for bone ALP, 1.8 [1.03-3.1] after adjustment for BMD, and 1.7 [0.95-2.9] after adjustment for both bone ALP and BMD). Women with both high alpha-L/beta-L-CTX ratio and high bone ALP had a 50% higher risk of fracture than women with either one of these two risk factors. Similarly, women with both increased CTX ratio and low femoral neck BMD (T score < -2.5) had a higher risk of fracture with an RR (95% CI) of 4.5 (2.0-10.1). In conclusion, increased urinary ratio between native and age-related forms of CTX, reflecting decreased degree of type I collagen racemization/isomerization, is associated with increased fracture risk independently of BMD and partly of bone turnover rate. This suggests that alterations of type I collagen isomerization/racemization that can be detected by changes in urinary CTX ratios may be associated with increased skeletal fragility.
High frequency extension of non‐linear models of laminated cores (2006)

Purpose The paper gives a new measurement method of the parameters characterising the magnetic laminations for broadband low‐level signals defined at any operational point. Design/methodology/approach High frequency phenomena machines fed by PWM inverters are related to low‐level signals corresponding to minor hysteresis loops around the instantaneous working point, which moves on the main loop at the basic frequency. The minor loops are assimilated to ellipses, which are characterised by only two parameters: the incremental magnetic permeability ( μ ) and the electric conductivity ( σ ). Findings For small signals high frequency field components, the laminated steel behaviour can be described by two local parameters ( μ , σ ) and skin effect. The values of μ and σ do not depend on frequency up to 1 MHz, but only on the operating point. Research limitations/implications The proposed broadband characterisation should be associated with a Priesach model that defines the operating point for computer simulation of high frequency phenomena. Practical implications The broadband characterisation of magnetic laminations is useful for studying the behaviour of the windings of the PWM‐fed machines. Originality/value Broadband measurements are now possible on small magnetic steel lamination samples.
Controlled Polymerization of <scp>dl</scp>-Lactide and ε-Caprolactone by Structurally Well-Defined Alkoxo-Bridged Di- and Triyttrium(III) Complexes (2000)

We have prepared the yttrium(III) alkoxides [(LMe2)(HLMe2)Y3(OCH2C6H5)4] (3) and [(S-LMe)Y]2·2(HOCH2C6H5) (1·2BnOH) through treatment of two previously developed complexes with benzyl alcohol. Complex 3 possesses a novel cluster structure that appears to be retained in solution and is capable of polymerizing both dl-lactide (LA) and ε-caprolactone (CL). The polymerizations are controlled as evidenced by the linear nature of molecular weight versus conversion plots and [M]/[3] ratios. The kinetics of LA polymerization using 3 are first-order with respect to the monomer at low [LA]/[Y] ratios. The polymerization of CL is zero-order in monomer. Complex 1·2BnOH possesses a dimeric structure previously seen in both the solid and solution state. However, the added presence of benzyl alcohol moieties in 1·2BnOH increases the rate of LA polymerization and allows for control over the molecular weights of isolated polylactide, a feature unseen in earlier reported dimers. The complex 1·2BnOH is not active for the polymerization of CL.
Altered expression and functional profile of lysophosphatidic acid receptors in mitogen‐activated human blood T lymphocytes (2000)

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) from platelets and mononuclear phagocytes regulates T cell functions through endothelial differentiation gene-encoded G protein-coupled receptors (Edg Rs). Human blood unactivated CD4+ T cells express predominant ly Edg-4 LPA R over marginal levels of Edg-2 LPA R, as assessed by semiquantitative PCR and Western blots. After mitogen activation, the CD4+ T cells express Ed g-2 Rs at approximately one half the level of Edg-4 Rs. Secretion of IL-2 by unactivated Edg-4 R-predominant CD4+ T cells incubated with anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 antibodies was suppressed significantly and by up to 60% by 10-10 M to 10-6 M LPA, whereas secretion of IL-2 by mitogen-activated Edg-2 R and Edg-4 R codominant CD4+ T cells was enhanced by up to twofold by the same concentrations of LPA. The possibility that the two Edg Rs transduce different LPA signals to CD4+ T cells was supported by findings that IL-2 secretion was inhibited by mouse anti-Edg-4 R monoclonal antibody, but enhanced by mouse anti-Edg-2 R monoclonal antibody. The separate effects of each LPA R were studied in Jurkat T cell transfectants expressing principally human Edg-2 Rs (Jurkat-T-2) or Edg-4 Rs (Jurkat-T-4) and stimulated with anti-CD3 plus phorbol myristate acetate. LPA and anti-Edg-4 R antibody suppressed IL-2 secretion by stimulated Jurkat-T-4 cells, whereas LPA and anti-Edg-2 R antibody enhanced IL-2 secretion by stimulated Jurkat-T-2 cells. Activation-induced alterations in the relative levels of Edg-2 and -4 Rs on CD4+ T cells thus reverse the effects of LPA on T cell receptor-stimulated generation of IL-2.
Heterogeneous Enantioselective Catalysis Using Inorganic Supports (2008)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Asymmetric Reduction Asymmetric Oxidation Asymmetric Carbon–Carbon and Carbon–Heteroatom Bond Formation Conclusions Acknowledgments
CHEMICAL STUDIES ON BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION (1936)

1. The absolute, quantitative agglutinin method has been used for the determination of the presence or absence of small amounts of specific polysaccharide in pneumococcus variants. 2. A technique is described for the removal of group specific antibody from antipneumococcus horse serum. 3. The type specific anticarbohydrate agglutinin and precipitin are not only present in identical amounts in Type I antipneumococcus horse serum, but a reduction in one is also accompanied by a quantitatively identical reduction in the other, providing evidence for their actual identity. In purified antibody solutions somewhat more agglutinin than precipitin is found, possibly owing to alteration of a portion of the antibody in the process of purification.
An alternative threading model for the Insight Toolkit (2008)

This technical note presents an alternative threading model for the Insight Toolkit. The existing ITK threading model is based on a "scatter / gather" model and divides work evenly amongst all threads. Though suitable for many filters, considerations such as memory allocation per thread are important in some classes of filters. We propose to use the ZThread (http://sourceforge.net/projects/zthread/) library to explore a threading model based on an execution pool. The ZThread library is a cross platform, open source thread abstraction library loosely based on Java's threading model.
Towards Better Outliers Detection for Gene Expression Datasets (2008)

This paper compares the performance of three clustering algorithms on the task of outlier's detection. The goal is to illustrate that better clustering indicates better detection of outliers. k-means (KM), Bisecting k-means (BKM) and the partitioning around medoids (PAM) algorithms are each combined with the clustering-based outliers detection (Find CBLOF) method. Undertaken experimental results over four gene expression datasets where outliers are presented show that the clustering solutions of the PAM algorithm enable the Find CBLOF algorithm to discover more outliers than those of both the k-means and the bisecting k-means algorithms. The main reason for this is that PAM provides better clustering quality than that of the other two clustering algorithms on the tested datasets measured by external and internal quality measures.
Addiction-Like Manifestations and Parkinson's Disease: A Large Single Center 9-Year Experience (2011)

There was a strong relationship between DAWS, DDS, and ICD in this large PD cohort. Dopaminergic therapy in a subset of PD patients was strongly associated with addiction-like behavioral issues.
Scanning electron microscopy of the subarachnoid space in the dog. I. Spinal cord levels (1974)

Abstract Young dogs six to 14 weeks old were perfused with aldehydes by standard techniques followed by MICROFIL to prevent blood vessel collapse. Tissue pieces possessing natural surfaces of the subarachnoid space at spinal cord levels were removed, post‐osmicated, dehydrated, critical point dried, coated with palladium‐gold and examined in a Cambridge Stereoscan S4 scanning electron microscope. The surfaces of the spinal pia mater and arachnoid are clearly expressions of connective tissues with fenestrations and underlying connective tissue fibrils. Fenestrations are especially common in the conus medullaris where connective tissue fibrils are more likely exposed to cerebrospinal fluid than covered by pial lining cells. Long and short microvillae and blebs are present in profusion and with distributions comparable to the same structures on other cells. The surfaces of traversing structures; blood vessels, nerve roots, arachnoid trabeculae and denticulate ligaments are covered with tissues comparable to and continuous with pia and arachnoid despite underlying differences in histological makeup. Free cells are present on all spinal leptomeningeal surfaces in surprising profusion. They exhibit extreme pleomorphism of surface contours which is comparable to that observed in the scanning electron microscopy of cells from other sources. It is highly probable that these free cells are macrophages.
Integrity of the permeability barrier regulates epidermal Langerhans cell density. (1996)

Previous studies have shown that barrier requirements regulate epidermal liquid and DNA synthesis. In the present study, we examined the possibility that the integrity of the permeability barrier influences epidermal Langerhans cells involved with the immune response. Barrier disruption was achieved by treatment of human skin with acetone, sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS), or tape stripping, until a 10-20-fold increase in transepidermal water loss was achieved. Serial biopsies were performed 6-168 h after treatment, and Langerhans cells were complexed with anti-CD1a (Leu6) or S-100 antibodies, and visualized with an immunoperoxidase technique. Acetone treatment resulted in an increase in epidermal Langerhans cell density, reaching a maximum of 94% over control (P < 0.01) by 24 and 48 h post-treatment. Following SDS treatment or tape stripping, epidermal Langerhans cell density was increased by 100 and 175% (P < 0.01), respectively. There was a linear correlation between the degree of barrier disruption and the increase in epidermal Langerhans cell density. Studies with the Ki-S3 proliferation-associated nuclear antigen revealed a two- to threefold increase in epidermal proliferation after barrier disruption. The time curves of the increase in Langerhans cell density and the increase in epidermal proliferation were similar, suggesting that there was a coordinate regulation. In contrast with our previous studies employing patch test reactions to allergens or irritants, disruption of barrier function neither resulted in an increased dermal Langerhans cell density, nor influenced T lymphocytes (CD3+, Leu4+), macrophages (KiM8+), ICAM-1 or ELAM-1 expression in the skin. In addition, barrier disruption did not result in either dermal inflammation or epidermal spongiosis. In summary, these findings support our hypothesis that the permeability barrier influences epidermal Langerhans cell density, which is involved in maintaining an immunological barrier.
Test Data Compression for Scan-Based BIST Aiming at 100x Compression Rate (2008)

We developed test data compression scheme for scan-based BIST, aiming to compress test stimuli and responses by more than 100 times. As scan-BIST architecture, we adopt BIST-Aided Scan Test (BAST), and combines four techniques: the invert-and-shift operation, run-length compression, scan address partitioning, and LFSR pre-shifting. Our scheme achieved a 100x compression rate in environments where Xs do not occur without reducing the fault coverage of the original ATPG vectors. Furthermore, we enhanced the masking logic to reduce data for X-masking so that test data is still compressed to 1/100 in a practical environment where Xs occur. We applied our scheme to five real VLSI chips, and the technique compressed the test data by 100x for scan-based BIST.
[Accelerated hyperfractionation in the treatment of malignant glioma]. (1994)

A retrospective evaluation was performed to determine whether accelerated hyperfractionation (AHF) improves the survival rate of patients with malignant gliomas. One hundred and seven patients with malignant gliomas, including glioblastoma multiforme, who had received radical radiotherapy were evaluated. Of the patients, 36 were treated by conventional fractionation (CF), and 71 by AHF. The treatment results of the two regimens were compared with regard to survival rate after therapy. Treatment by AHF was conducted at 10-15 F/W (1.5 Gy/F); the mean total dose was 61 Gy over an average of 27 days. Treatment by CF was conducted at 5 F/week (1.8-2 Gy/F); the mean total dose was 59 Gy over 51 days. Multivariate analysis using Cox's proportional hazard model revealed that AHF significantly increased survival rate. Besides pointing to the selection of the AHF method as a treatment regimen, multivariate analysis showed the following factors to be indicators of favorable prognosis: a histopathological diagnosis other than glioblastoma multiforme, age below 40 years, and supratentorial location of the tumor.
Supporting transient stability in future highly distributed power systems (2010)

Incorporating a substantial volume of microgeneration (consumer-led rather than centrally planed) within a system that is not designed for such a paradigm could lead to conflicts in the operating strategies of the new and existing centralised generation technologies. So it becomes vital for such substantial amounts of microgeneration among other decentralised resources to be controlled in the way that the aggregated response will support the wider system. In addition, the characteristic behaviour of such populations requires to be understood under different system conditions to ascertain measures of risk and resilience. Therefore, this paper provides two main contributions: firstly, conceptual control for a system incorporating a high penetration of microgeneration and dynamic load, termed a Highly Distributed Power System (HDPS), is proposed. Secondly, a technical solution that can support enhanced transient stability in such a system is evaluated and demonstrated.
857. Alkynyl derivatives of the Group IVB elements (1965)

S. D. Ibekwe and M. J. Newlands, J. Chem. Soc., 1965, 4608 DOI: 10.1039/JR9650004608
Efficacy and Safety of Propiverine Hydrochloride 40mg in Treatment of Overactive Bladder : Prospective, Multicenter, Observational study (2008)

Purpose : This study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of propiverine hydrochloride (propiverine) 40mg for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB).\nMaterial and Methods : Total of 284 patients (male:86, female:198) with OAB were included in this study. The patients were treated with propiverine 20mg twice daily or 40mg once daily for 8 weeks. The initial evaluation included with history taking, physical examination, International Prostatic Symptom Score (IPSS), IPSS QoL and consecutive voiding diaries for 3 days. After a 8-week treatment, IPSS, IPSS QoL, patients perception of treatment benefit, global assessment of efficacy by physicain and safety were evaluated.\nResults : Two hundred eighteen patients were treated with propiverine 20mg twice daily and 66 patients treated with 40mg once daily. The 59 patients had been treated previously with anticholinergics. After a 8-week treatment, IPSS score (total, voiding and storage subscore) and IPSS QoL were improved in all patients (p<0.05). After a 8-week with propiverine 40mg once daily, improvement of IPSS score was noted in the patients non-responsive to anticholinergics previously (p<0.05). The patients treated with propiverine 40mg once daily showed much more symptomatic improvements assessed by physicians than 20mg twice daily (p<0.05). The overall side effect was noted in the 13.4% patients and the most common side effect was dry mouth.\nConclusion : Propiverine 40mg once daily is considered to reduce the symptom of OAB effectively and can be used safely in the patients with OAB. Treatment with propiverine 40mg is seemed to show more improvement in the unsatisfactory patients with previous anticholinergics. (J Korean Continence Soc 2008;12:114-20)\nKey Words: Overactive bladder, Propiverine hydrochloride, Treatment outcome
Molecular Diagnostics: Fundamentals, Methods and Clinical Applications (2007)

Fundamentals of Nucleic Acid Biochemistry: An Overview DNA RNA Proteins Common Techniques in Molecular Biology Nucleic Acid Extraction Methods Resolution and Detection of Nucleic Acids Analysis and Characterization of Nucleic Acids and Proteins Nucleic Acid Amplification Chromosomal Structure and Chromosomal Mutations Gene Mutations DNA Sequencing Techniques in the Clinical Lab DNA Polymorphisms and Human Identification Detection and Identification of Microorganisms Molecular Detection of Inherited Diseases Molecular Oncology DNA-Based Tissue Typing Quality Assurance and Quality Control in the Molecular Laboratory Appendix
Two‐dimensional stable‐layered laboratory‐scale experiments for testing density‐coupled flow models (2009)

A series of laboratory‐scale two‐dimensional porous medium tank experiments was conducted to study stable‐layered variable density flow problems using well‐defined experimental parameters and boundary conditions. The experiments were carried out both in a rectangular flow tank and in a more complex geometrical setup aimed at studying variable density flow in geometries similar to geological formations of aquifers and aquicludes connected via fault zones. An impermeable layer within the porous medium tank forced the solutes to pass through a vertical channel, representing a geological fault zone, to reach the outlet of the tank. Flow through the porous medium occurred through a single inflow opening and an outflow opening on the opposite edge of the domain. An image analysis technique delivered 2%, 10%, 50%, and 80% salt concentration isolines at distinct times. Breakthrough curves of the dyed saltwater with an initial density of 1063 g/L were available at any location within the tank. The experimental data are presented as benchmark problems to evaluate numerical codes. A numerical model based on mixed finite elements for the fluid flow problem and a combination of discontinuous Galerkin finite element and multipoint flux approximation methods for the transport turned out to be adequate for the simulation of the physical experiments. The high data availability makes the proposed benchmark experiments a valuable tool for assessing the performance of density‐coupled flow models.
Totalsynthese von Apoptolidin (2004)

Eine ringgrößenselektive Makrolactonisierung und die frühe Einführung der Zuckerbausteine sind die Hauptmerkmale einer Totalsynthese des 20-gliedrigen Makrolids Apoptolidin (siehe Bild), das bei transformierten Ratten-Gliazellen spezifisch den Zelltod auslösen kann. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2004/z460172_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
R and D challenges and opportunities in Si photovoltaics (1999)

The PV industry has already begun to address the use of thinner Si wafers, dropping from 400 mm toward 200 mm. Such a reduction in the wafer thickness is expected to conserve Si usage with an added advantage of higher cell efficiencies. The test production lots, fabricated with thin wafers, have verified such improvements in the device performance with a reduction in wafer thickness. However, the yield of thin cells is far lower than that of its thicker counterparts. It is expected that automation can mitigate part of this problem. However, it is necessary to investigate the basic mechanisms of wafer breakage. In particular, factors such as sawing, texturing, and warpage by the asymmetric metal patterns, which cause a propensity to breakage, need to be well understood. The final frontier of the thinner cells, the thin-film Si solar cell, is already above the horizon. The transition of this laboratory device into pilot line and then to production, is a strong challenge.
Reflectance Feedback Control of Photocoagulation In Vivo (1993)

Reflectance control of photocoagulation is possible; incorporation of feedback during photocoagulation has numerous therapeutic and safety benefits over current ballistic delivery.