gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Determining the number of measurements required to estimate crop residue cover by different methods (2017)

Crop residue left after harvest plays an important role in controlling against soil erosion and in increasing soil organic matter content of agricultural soils. Crop residue management is a practice of great importance in southwestern Ontario, where soil management practices have an effect on Great Lakes water quality. The use of remote sensing data to measure and monitor crop residue can be fast and efficient. However, remote sensing–based studies need calibration and validation using field observations. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal number of ground-truthing field measurements (i.e., digital photographs) required to estimate residue levels. To do so, we compared the residue estimates derived from digital photographs with those derived from the standard line-transect method. Residue was measured from 18 fields located in southern Ontario, and data collected included percentage of crop residue using line-transect and photographic grid methods. Results were analyzed using linear regression, correlation tests, ANOVA, and means tests. Analyses were also conducted to retrospectively determine the minimum number of line transects or digital photos required to estimate crop residue cover at specified levels of power. Results showed that (1) percentage of crop residue estimates derived from using digital photographs were strongly correlated (<i>r</i> = 0.91, <i>p</i> < 0.001, <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.83, and <i>n</i> = 90) to those derived from using line transects; (2) counting 50 to 100 points per digital photograph was sufficient to accurately estimate the percentage of residue cover; and (3) there was greater variability in the results for soybean (<i>Glycine max</i> [L.] Merr.) than for corn (<i>Zea mays</i> L.), with the highest variability for medium-level soybean residue. Overall, the digital photograph method to estimate percentage of residue was found to be a suitable alternative to the line-transect method, which is more time consuming and labor intensive. Determining the optimal numbers of measurements to estimate crop residue cover is important to those wishing to use digital photo capture methods to record, archive, and measure residue for remote sensing calibration and validation or for handheld mobile device applications.
Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating in a Q Machine (1970)

An experimental method of achieving ratios of Te/Ti &gt; 10 in a single-ended Q machine, utilizing pulsed x-band microwave power, is presented.
Some Doubtful Points of Thessalian Topography (1899)

The object of this paper is to endeavour to attach their right names to the ancient sites which lie close to the Peneios on either side of the river in its course from Trikkala to Larissa. The first site which we reach in travelling down stream is that of Palaeo-Gardiki, halfway between Trikkala and Zarkos, close to the high road, on the left bank of the river, which is here some six kilometres distant. On a small spur of the mountains, with which it is only connected by a narrow neck or spur which slopes down to the plain, lie the remains of an ancient acropolis with walls built of both polygonal and ashlar masonry. In front of the acropolis in the plain the remains of a city of no small extent are visible. The walls of ashlar masonry remain to a height of four or five courses, and the foundations of houses and public buildings are clearly marked. The name Palaeo-Gardiki comes from a Byzantine village, Gardiki, which once stood upon the acropolis, but of which no traces now remain except the ruined church. In front of the city lies a marsh, which, combined with the mountain behind, makes the position very strong.
Insoluble poly(akylarylphosphine)siloxanes and their application as supports for catalytic transition‐metal complexes (1989)

Abstract Light induced addition of diphenylphosphine (DPP) to methylvinylcyclotetrasiloxane (MVS) yielded poly(2‐diphenylphosphinoethyl) cyclotetrasiloxane (DPPS). Similar treatment of allyldiphenylphosphine (ADPP) with linear poly(methylhydrogenosiloxane)‐co‐hexamethyldisiloxane (PMS) led to formation of poly(3‐diphenylphosphinopropyl)methylsiloxane‐co‐hexamethyldisiloxane (PPMS). DPPS and PPMS were condensed by acid treatment to give insoluble rubbery phosphine bearing materials P 1 and P 2 , respectively. Iridium and rhodium complexes were immobilized on P 1 and P 2 . The ability of a high molecular weight substrate (PMS) to migrate to active catalytic centers within support matrix was examined. The effect of varying metal: phosphine ratio and total percentage metal on the support were examined during catalysis of O‐silylation of ethanol with PMS and triethoxysilane (TES).
Development of a high throughput 3D perfused liver tissue bioreactor (2006)

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2006.
Deep Desulfurization by the Adsorption Process of Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Diesel over Mesoporous Al−MCM-41 Materials (2006)

Al−MCM-41 adsorbents with different SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratios (100, 50, and 30) were synthesized and used for desulfurization of a commercial diesel fuel (sulfur content = 1786 ppmw) at 373 K. The adsorbents were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption isotherm, Fourier transform infrared, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy techniques. The adsorption capacity for sulfur-containing compounds was found to follow the order: Al−MCM-41(50) > Al−MCM-41(30) > Al−MCM-41(100) (the number in parentheses is the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio hereafter). The efficiency of sulfur removal is 95% over Al−MCM-41(50) at the initial state and still above 75% after a cumulative effluent volume of 17 mL. The effect of the adsorption temperature on the adsorption capacity of Al−MCM-41(100) was investigated. The results indicate that high temperature is disadvantageous for desulfurization. After the regeneration of a spent Al−MCM-41(100) sample (calcined at 823 K for 6 h), there is good recovery of the adsorption capacity. In addition, with the presence of Cu+ ions in Al−MCM-41, there is enhancement in the adsorption capacity and sulfur removal efficiency at 373 K and the effect can be related to the formation of π complexation between sulfur-containing compounds and Cu+ ions.
Influence of stress on calcification of delipidated bovine pericardial tissue employed in construction of cardiac valves (1996)

Since the development of cardiac bioprostheses, numerous chemical treatments have been assayed to prevent mineralization. The effectiveness of chemical treatments that eliminate lipids from the tissue was tested by combining two models. First, handmade bovine pericardial bioprostheses, subjected to chemical treatment with chloroform/ methanol and glutaraldehyde or treated with glutaraldehyde alone for use as controls, were subjected to mechanical stress in a heart valve, accelerated wear tester (100 x 10(6) consecutive cycles). Then, the bioprostheses were unstitched and tissue samples were taken from the portion subjected to maximal stress (P1) and from that surrounding the sewing ring, which had not been subjected to mechanical stress (P2), for subcutaneous implantation. After 21 and 60 days of implantation, we observed calcification of the samples subjected to mechanical stress, even after delipidating treatment, with no significant differences with respect to the control group. However, the treated samples from the portion not subjected to mechanical stress presented a slighter accumulation of calcium after 60-day implantation (5.60 +/- 3.09 mg Ca2 +/g dry weight of tissue) versus the control group (47.17 +/- 20.4 mg Ca2+/g dry weight of tissue), the difference of which was statistically significant (p < 0.01). At the time of these medium-term studies, marked calcification was observed in tissue subjected to delipidating treatment in the zones that underwent mechanical stress.
Unemployment Duration among Immigrants and Natives: Unobserved Heterogeneity in a Multi-Spell Duration Model (2008)

This paper studies whether the unemployment dynamics of immigrants differ from those of
natives, paying special attention to the impact of accounting for unobserved heterogeneity
among individuals. Using a large administrative data set for Spain, we estimate multiple-spell
discrete duration models which disentangle unobserved heterogeneity from duration
dependence. Specifically, we estimate random effects models assuming that the distribution of
the effects is discrete with finite support, and fixed effects models in which the distribution of the
unobserved effects is left unrestricted. Our results show the importance of accounting for
unobserved heterogeneity and that mistaken policy implications can be derived due to improper
treatment of unmeasured variables. We find that lack of control for unobserved heterogeneity
leads to the conclusion that immigrant males have a higher probability of leaving unemployment
than natives and that the negative effect of unemployment benefits for immigrants lasts longer
than for natives. Nonetheless, the estimates which do control for unobserved heterogeneity
show the opposite results.
Adventures in Stochastic Processes. (1993)

pro basketball player, occasional software engineer, talent agent, budding television star, world traveller, nemesis of the street gang called the Mutant Creepazoids, theatre patron, supporter of precise and elegant use of the English language, supporter of the war on drugs, unsung hero of the fairy tale Sleeping Beauty, and the target of a vendetta by the local chapter of the Young Republicans.Harry and his
Calculation of drug dosage regimens in patients with renal disease: a new nomographic method. (1975)

A simple nomograph is described which allows to estimate graphically the individual elimination rate constants of 43 drugs in patients with renal disease based on the endogenous creatinine clearance or the serum creatinine concentration. It is shown how modified dosage regimens are calculated from the estimated elimination rate constants.
FDA reform sails through Congress. Food and Drug Administration. (1997)

Although the recently approved Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reform bills are viewed as better than the proposals advanced last year, several controversial measures remain. The off-label promotional component has been retained despite opposition from patient advocates. The new legislation permits manufacturers to publicize both approved and unapproved uses of their products. The new bills also lift the requirement for maintaining patient registries for those receiving high-risk medical devices. (Registries are helpful for contacting patients in case of product defects.) Finally, no monies raised through user fees will be used for FDA-sponsored research, thus eliminating the Antiviral Research Laboratory in the Division of Antiviral Research, a laboratory that helped to standardize viral load assays and develop new model systems for preclinical testing of therapeutic agents against HIV, HBV, HCV, and Mycobacterium avium. A partial victory for patient advocates was the House's requirement (not found in the Senate's version) that a sole manufacturer of a drug for a serious or life-threatening disease notifies the FDA six months before it plans to cease the drug's production.
Remote measurement of wind speed using a dual beam backscatter laser Doppler velocimeter (1976)

Measurements of atmospheric wind speeds at distances up to 60 m using a dual beam laser Doppler velocimeter with digital autocorrelation analysis, an unfocused argon ion laser (0.10-0.35 W) at 5145 A, and a 20-cm collecting telescope are reported. Criteria affecting the field performance of this system and an expression giving the power and range dependence of the data accumulation rate are presented. Major improvement of the system's performance can be made by focusing the laser beams and properly restricting the field of the collecting telescope. The potential of this technique for remote wind measurement at ranges of several hundred meters is discussed.
Metabolic Labeling of Mammalian Organisms with Stable Isotopes for Quantitative Proteomic Analysis (2004)

To quantify proteins on a global level from mammalian tissue, a method was developed to metabolically introduce 15N stable isotopes into the proteins of Rattus norvegicus for use as internal standards. The long-term metabolic labeling of rats with a diet enriched in 15N did not result in adverse health consequences. The average 15N amino acid enrichments reflected the relative turnover rates in the different tissues and ranged from 74.3 mpe in brain to 92.2 mpe in plasma. Using the 15N-enriched liver as a quantitative internal standard, changes in individual protein levels in response to cycloheximide treatment were measured for 310 proteins. These measurements revealed 127 proteins with altered protein level (p < 0.05). Most proteins with altered level have previously reported functions involving xenobiotic metabolism and protein-folding machinery of the endoplasmic reticulum. This approach is a powerful tool for the global quantitation of proteins, is capable of measuring proteome-wide changes in response to a drug, and will be useful for studying animal models of disease.
Carrier-Phase Multipath Calibration of GPS Reference Stations (2001)

ABSTRACT: Based on available GPS reference network observations, a procedure for estimating carrier-phase multipath corrections was developed, implemented, and tested. This procedure consists of three steps: detection and localization of multipath-affected satellite signals, daily estimation of multipath errors, and combination of these daily estimates to obtain corrections for undifferenced L1 and L2 phase measurements. After application of these corrections, multipath errors can be significantly reduced for frequently used linear combinations of dual-frequency observations, but not for the original L1 and L2 observations themselves. The reason lies in the relatively small multipath effects compared with the larger influence of remaining ionospheric errors in the multipath corrections. The variability of carrier-phase multipath errors over 1 year showed that on some days with snow cover, multipath errors were altered. No similar effects could be found on days with continuous rainfall.
New treatment option for ovarian cancer: PARP inhibitors (2016)

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which was first described over 50 years ago by Mandel, are a family of protein enzymes involved in DNA damage response and works by recognizing the single-strand DNA break (ssDNA) and then effecting DNA repair. A double-strand DNA (dsDNA) break can be repaired by one of two different pathways: homologous recombination (HR) or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Homologous recombination occurs in the G2 or M phase of the cell cycle when a sister chromatid is available to use as a template for repair. Because a template is available, HR is a high fidelity, error-free form of DNA repair. With NHEJ there is not a template and the DNA is trimmed and ligated which is a very error-prone process of repair which can lead to genetic instability. Exploiting these mechanism led to development of PARP inhibitors with the idea of utilizing synthetic lethality, where two deficiencies each having no effect on the cellular outcome become lethal when combined, as single agent in BRCA deficient patients or as chemotherapy/radiotherapy combinations to inhibit ssDNA repair. The recent approval of olaparib in BRCA deficient ovarian cancer patients in US and Europe has opened up a whole new treatment option for ovarian cancer patients. This review will discuss the different PARP inhibitors in development and the potential use of this class of agents in the future.
Subtype-specific problems with quantification of plasma HIV-1 RNA (1997)

The HIV monitor assay and, possibly to slightly lesser degree, the NASBA assay appear unable to accurately quantify HIV-1 RNA levels in plasma samples from many subtype-A-infected individuals. These problems are likely to be due to primer mismatches and they limit the possibility of using these assays for routine monitoring of HIV-1-infected individuals in many parts of the world.
New approach in control of assembly/disassembly line served by robotic manipulator mounted on mobile platform (2012)

The new idea of this paper is to make reversible an assembly line, i.e. to allow complete disassembly, by using a mobile platform equipped with robotic manipulator. The approach is a hybrid one in which the assembly/disassembly line is the discrete system whilst the wheeled mobile robot (WMR) together with the robotic manipulator (RM) is considered the continuous one. The mobile platform is used only in disassembling operations, in order to transport the components from the disassembling locations to the storage locations. Therefore, Synchronized Hybrid Petri Nets (SHPN) approach is used in modeling and control. This hybrid system takes into consideration the distribution of the necessary tasks to perform the hybrid disassembly of the components, using robot synchronization with flexible line process. The ultimate goal is to make completely reversible the assembly line. The SHPN model is transposed into LabView platform, thus getting a control structure of the mechatronic line and of WMR.
Comparative Performance of Air-induction and Conventional Nozzles on an Axial Fan Sprayer in Medium Density Apple Orchards (2008)

A series of experiments was undertaken to compare the performance of an axial fan air blast sprayer equipped with air induction (AI) or conventional (C) nozzles in medium density apple ( Malus × domestica ) orchards. Performance was compared by assessing 1) spray coverage within the canopy at four levels of across-row wind speeds, 2) ground deposits from airborne drift under still conditions, and 3) biological efficacy of a postbloom thinning spray and a seasonal “high-risk” fungicide program where thiophanate methyl was not included. Spray coverage was reduced by up to 50% with increasing across-row wind speeds, the most dramatic reductions occurring between 0 and 4 mph and at heights greater than 8 ft in the canopy. AI nozzles resulted in a 2-fold increase in spray coverage in the canopy of trees in the row immediately adjacent to the sprayer compared with C nozzles regardless of across-row wind speed. AI nozzles resulted in significantly less airborne drift compared with C nozzles under still conditions in an open field and within a mature ‘Cripps Pink’/ ‘M.7’ orchard planted in rows 20 ft apart. Sprayer efficiency, measured as the proportion of total spray volume that was intercepted by the tree canopy, was higher for an airblast sprayer fitted with AI nozzles (38%) than for C nozzles (26%). The efficacy of a postbloom thinning spray (100 ppm benzyladenine plus carbaryl at 1 lb/100 gal) applied to ‘Morgan Spur Red Delicious’/‘M.111’ trees planted at a between-row spacing of 15 ft was slightly greater when applied with AI nozzles compared with C nozzles. However, application of a “high-risk” fungicide program with AI nozzles resulted in a higher incidence of fruit with flyspeck ( Zygophiala jamaicensis ) at harvest compared with C nozzles. These inconsistencies were related to the combined effects of nozzle type, orchard row spacing, and canopy density on spray deposition on trees in the second row from the sprayer or to possible effects of nozzle type on droplet density on the target. AI nozzles should provide equivalent or possibly improved coverage and biological efficacy compared with C nozzles in well-managed orchards planted at distances of 18 ft or less between rows. However, when orchard rows are spaced greater than 18 ft apart, AI nozzles will result in reduced spray coverage and chemical efficacy compared with C nozzles because of a reduction in spray carry-over to adjacent rows as a result of reduced airborne drift.
Directional interpolation for magnetic resonance angiography data (1993)

Interpolation is a necessary step in magnetic resonance (MR) angiography when the center-to-center spacing between the MR slices is larger than the in-plane pixel size of the slices. Conventional methods interpolate normal to the slice only, causing a staircase artifact for oblique vessels. Reconstructions of these vessels demonstrate jagged structures with reduced resolution and contrast. A directional interpolation scheme is presented here, in which the orientation of interpolation is determined locally by template matching. By aligning this orientation with the vessels, the algorithm reconstructs the correct shape and contrast for oblique vessels. Simulations and application of the algorithm to clinical MR angiography data demonstrate the advantages of directional interpolation over conventional methods. Examples are shown of combining the algorithm with background suppression, where the background values in the slices are suppressed prior to projection and directional interpolation. This results in even higher vessel-to-background contrast.
The influence of sample takers on the cellular composition of cervical smears. (1986)

In a population-based cervical cancer screening program, the performances of five sample takers and their influence on the cellular composition of the smears and the numbers of epithelial abnormalities diagnosed were analyzed. As measured by the presence of endocervical columnar cells, there were remarkable variations in the quality of the smears between sample takers and between years of sampling. There was also a positive relationship between the presence of endocervical columnar cells in the smear and the number of epithelial abnormalities found. A lower quality of smear was reflected by a lower incidence of epithelial atypical changes found, both between sample takers and by a single sample taker over a period of time. These findings show that sample takers influence the cellular composition of smears and, therefore, the diagnostic outcome of smear screening. Their competence in executing their tasks must be frequently reviewed.
A distance-error detection and correction system for camera-arm control (2014)

Remote camera control plays a crucial role in acquiring detailed information. In our previous work, intuitive camera control with spherical coordinates was proposed for a known environment, which required distance between a camera and gaze point. In this paper, to handle an unknown environment, a small distance sensor is employed alongside an attached 6-DOF camera-arm with low load capability. Unfortunately the sensor sometimes detects the wrong distance, because it is an infrared-distance sensor. In response, an operator support system which displays the measuring error is proposed as well as an adjustable function to correct the error. The system, named “A Distance-Error Detection and Correction System” is based on a shared-control concept. Past images captured from a different perspective are employed to leverage the superior human capacity to recognize images. Its effectiveness has also been verified by experiments with a real telerobotic system.