gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation of <i>d</i>,<i>l</i>-Phenylalanine by Amidocarbonylation of Benzyl Chloride (1996)

The preparation of d,l-phenylalanine via amidocarbonylation of benzyl chloride with acetamide and CO/H2 is described. The rate of the reaction is dependent upon the CO pressure below 250 bar, but independent of the hydrogen pressure. A reaction temperature of 100 °C gives optimum yields. A relatively large amount of the catalyst, Co2(CO)8, is needed for complete conversion because of inhibition caused by hydrogen chloride which is formed during the reaction. Addition of NaHCO3 removes HCl as insoluble NaCl, resulting in improved conversion and selectivity of the reaction. It also allows the use of a stoichiometric amount of acetamide, whereas a 2- to 3-fold excess of acetamide is needed for complete conversion of benzyl chloride without NaHCO3. Amidocarbonylation of benzyl alcohol gave d,l-phenylalanine in only 8% yield.
Energy-Efficiency Through the Integration of Information and Communications Technology Management and Facilities Controls (2009)

Increasing energy-efficient performance built into today’s servers has created significant opportunities for expanded Information and Communications Technology (ICT) capabilities. Unfortunately the power densities of these systems now challenge the data center cooling systems and have outpaced the ability of many data centers to support them. One of the persistent problems yet to be overcome in the data center space has been the separate worlds of the ICT and Facilities design and operations. This paper covers the implementation of a demonstration project where the integration of these two management systems can be used to gain significant energy savings while improving the operations staff’s visibility to the full data center; both ICT and facilities. The majority of servers have a host of platform information available to the ICT management network. This demonstration project takes the front panel temperature sensor data from the servers and provides that information over to the facilities management system to control the cooling system in the data center. The majority of data centers still use the cooling system return air temperature as the primary control variable to adjust supply air temperature, significantly limiting energy efficiency. Current best practices use a cold aisle temperature sensor to drive the cooling system. But even in this case the sensor is still only a proxy for what really matters; the inlet temperature to the servers. The paper presents a novel control scheme in which the control of the cooling system is split into two control loops to maximize efficiency. The first control loop is the cooling fluid which is driven by the temperature from the physically lower server to ensure the correct supply air temperature. The second control loop is the airflow in the cooling system. A variable speed drive is controlled by a differential temperature from the lower server to the server at the top of the rack. Controlling to this differential temperature will minimize the amount of air moved (and energy to do so) while ensuring no recirculation from the hot aisle. Controlling both of these facilities parameters by the server’s data will allow optimization of the energy used in the cooling system. Challenges with the integration of the ICT management data with the facilities control system are discussed. It is expected that this will be the most fruitful area in improving data center efficiency over the next several years.
Organically-Capped, Nanoscale Alkali Metal Hydride and Aluminum Particles as Solid Propellant Additives (2019)

This Paper reports on organometallic composites, containing nanoscale aluminum and lithium-based hydride fuel particles, as solid propellant additives. Theoretical performance is evaluated for bimodal metal propellant formulations containing capped fuel additives (nanoMetallix LLC) and aluminum. Replacing aluminum with nanoMetallix capped fuel additives reduces specific impulse, adiabatic flame temperature, condensed-phase products, and hydrochloric acid. Combustion behavior is investigated using high-speed video techniques, including flame emission, laser backlit configurations, and a two-camera ratiometric bandpass emission technique used to detect lithium. Agglomeration behavior of the nanoMetallix particles at atmospheric pressure is similar to nanoaluminum (nAl), producing large aggregates that ignite quickly, increasing radiative heat feedback. Spectrally filtered video identifies lithium vapor around the nanoMetallix particles on and above the burning surface, suggesting lithium vapor is released close to the surface. Pressurized burning rate measurements indicate nanoMetallix-based propellant burning rates are up to approximately 14% higher than similar nAl-based propellants at and below 6.89 MPa. Above this pressure, nanoMetallix propellants exhibit plateau pressure dependence, likely an effect of the different capping agents used. This Paper shows organically-capped nanoscale particles are a promising alternative to nano/microaluminum in composite solid propellant formulations.
Glutathione Content in Human Bone Marrow and Circadian Stage Relation to DNA Synthesis (1991)

DNA synthesis and contents of reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione were determined every 4 hours during a 24-hour period in 70 human bone marrow samples from 10 healthy males. The mean GSH contents during the sampling periods were low, varying from 1.94 to 3.27 nmol/mg protein between the subjects; the mean values for all samples were 2.54 +/- 0.06 nmol/mg protein. The GSH content varied markedly within the individual according to circadian stage (31.0% to 90.2%; mean, 51.4%). Between individuals the mean percentage of cells in DNA synthesis varied from 10.6% to 14.5%, but there was an intraindividual circadian stage-dependent variation, ranging from 48.9% to 274.0% (mean, 126.6%), relative to the lowest value. After adjustment for a slight phase difference between GSH content and DNA synthesis observed for some of the subjects, a statistically significant correlation was found between the GSH content and the fraction of cells in DNA synthesis. The myelosuppressive effect of many chemotherapeutic agents assumed to be detoxified by GSH-dependent mechanism(s) should be considered in the light of the low GSH content in human bone marrow, the circadian variation of DNA synthesis, and the circadian stage-dependent relationship of the GSH content and DNA synthesis.
The effects of relative phase and the number of components on residue pitch (1973)

The pitch of the residue produced by 6- and 12-component waves whose components were either in cosine or random phase was measured as a function of the frequency region of the components. The components were all of equal amplitude and the frequency spacing between them was 200 Hz. Waves with the same lowest component were found to produce the same pitch: neither the number of components nor the relative phase of the components was important in determining the pitch of the residue. If every component in a wave was a multiple of 200 Hz, the wave produced a 200 Hz pitch; if such a set of components was shifted in frequency by a small amount, there was a corresponding linear shift in the pitch of the residue. When the lowest component in the wave was below about 900 Hz, the slope values associated with the lines relating the pitch shift to the frequency shift varied little from their average value of 0.21. As the lowest component increased from 900 to 2580 Hz the slope values decreased to about 0.08. These findings are in good agreement with the current model of pitch perception based on interpeak durations.
Development of prune harvester: New pickup principle improves machine designed to harvest French prunes from ground after removal from tree by shaking (1958)

A basic analysis of various pickup principles applied in the construction of prune harvesters was made during the spring of 1957 to develop—if possible—a gentle method of fruit pickup which would simulate hand picking and give a positive pickup without disturbing the soil surface.
Effects of configuration and exposure levels in responses to web advertisements (2003)

<h3>ABSTRACT</h3> The debate about which media metric efficiently measures the effectiveness of a web-based advertisement, such as banners, is still alive and well. Nonetheless, the most widely used measure of effectiveness for banner advertisements is still the click-through rate. The purpose of this article is to review the measures currently used to measure effectiveness in web advertising and to empirically determine the factors that might contribute to observed variations in click-through rates based on an actual sample of advertising campaigns. The study examined the complete set of all advertising insertions of 77 customers of a large advertising agency over a one-year period. A resulting sample of 1,258 placements was used to study the effect of banner formats and exposure levels on click-through rates using analysis of variance. Results suggest that the strongest effect on click-through rates comes from the use of trick banners (?2 - 0.25) and that other factors such as size of the advertisement, motion, use of ‘click here,’ and ‘online only’ type of announcers all have a significant impact of click-through rates. Implications of these findings as well as limitations of the current study are discussed and directions for future research agendas proposed.
Conformal Double Exponentially Tapered Slot Antenna (DETSA) on LCP for UWB Applications (2006)

We discuss the use of a double exponentially tapered slot antenna (DETSA) fabricated on flexible liquid crystal polymer (LCP) as a candidate for ultrawideband (UWB) communications systems. The features of the antenna and the effect of the antenna on a transmitted pulse are investigated. Return loss and E and H plane radiation pattern measurements are presented in several frequencies covering the whole ultra wide band. The return loss remains below -10 dB and the shape of the radiation pattern remains fairly constant in the whole UWB range (3.1 to 10.6 GHz). The main lobe characteristic of the radiation pattern remains stable even when the antenna is significantly conformed. The major effect of the conformation is an increase in the cross polarization component amplitude. The system: transmitter DETSA-channel receiver DETSA is measured in frequency domain and shows that the antenna adds very little distortion on a transmitted pulse. The distortion remains small even when both transmitter and receiver antennas are folded, although it increases slightly.
Conformal cubical 3D transformation-based metamaterial invisibility cloak (2012)

A conformal cubical transformation-based metamaterial invisibility cloak is presented and verified, in the near and the far field, by a rigorous full-wave numerical technique based on a higher-order, large-domain finite element method, employing large anisotropic, continuously inhomogeneous generalized hexahedral finite elements, with no need for discretization of the permittivity and permeability profiles of the cloak. The analysis requires about 30 times fewer unknowns than with commercial software. To our knowledge, this is the first conformal cubical cloak and the first full-wave computational characterization of such a structure with sharp edges. The presented methodology can also be used in development of conformal, transformation-based perfectly matched layers.
Novel Cu/SiCN surface topography control for 1 μm pitch hybrid wafer-to-wafer bonding (2020)

This paper presents our approach to hybrid bond scaling to 1μm pitch and recent demonstration results. The direct wafer stacking of two Cu/SiCN surface is realized between slightly protruding Cu nano-pad on one wafer and slightly recessed, but larger, Cu nano-pad on the second wafer. The protruding nano-pad is tailored as smaller than the recessed nano-pad to compensate for the overlay tolerance in the wafer-to-wafer (W2W) bonding. To control the stability and performance of Cu nano-pad integration process, the intensive inline atomic force microscopy (AFM) and surface acoustic microscopy (SAM) characterization is used on various test structures before/after wafer bonding. The surface flatness should be less than 1 nm/μm to ensure void free bonding. This surface planarization is readily achieved for Cu pad densities up to 25%. Finally, we have demonstrated the high yield and low resistance performance across the 300mm wafer for hybrid bond pitches between 5 and 1μm.
Mechanistic Studies of the Palladium-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Halides and the Oxidative Addition of Aryl Bromides to Pd(BINAP)<sub>2</sub> and Pd(DPPF)<sub>2</sub>:  An Unusual Case of Zero-Order Kinetic Behavior and Product Inhibition (2000)

Mechanistic studies of the amination of aryl bromides catalyzed by palladium complexes containing the chelating phosphines BINAP and DPPF are reported. The coupling of primary alkyl- and arylamines, secondary cyclic alkylamines, and secondary arylalkylamines with bromoarenes in the presence of stoichiometric base and Pd(BINAP)2 (1a) as catalyst, and the reaction of aniline with 4-Br-C6H4-t-Bu in the presence of base catalyzed by Pd(DPPF)2 (2), were studied. The stoichiometric oxidative additions of PhBr to 1a and to 2 were turnover limiting, and kinetic studies were also conducted on this individual step. The stoichiometric oxidative addition of PhBr to 1a showed an inverse first-order dependence on added ligand when the PhBr concentration was low but depended solely on the rate of chelating ligand dissociation at high [PhBr]. There was no measurable solvent effect. In addition, the rates were indistinguishable in the presence and in the absence of amines and salts that are present in the catalytic amination reactions. Similar qualitative data for the oxidative addition of PhBr to 2 was obtained by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The observed rate constants for the overall amination reactions catalyzed by 1a were shown to be zero order in aryl halide, amine, base, and added ligand, while they were first order in catalyst. These data indicated that the kinetic behavior of the overall reaction was dictated solely by the rate of ligand dissociation from 1a, as observed for the oxidative addition. When secondary amines were used, deviation from this behavior was observed. This anomalous behavior resulted from decay of catalyst rather than a change in the turnover-limiting step. A catalyst decomposition pathway that involves backbone P−C bond cleavage of the chelating bisphosphine ligands was revealed by the stoichiometric oxidative addition studies. Quantitative rate data were also obtained for reaction of 4-Br-C6H4-t-Bu with aniline in the presence of base catalyzed by 2. The observed rate constants were zero order in amine and base, inverse first order in added ligand, and first order in aryl bromide. At low concentration of added ligand, the reaction appeared to be first order in amine. However, this deviation from the expected behavior was due to reversible reaction of the catalyst with product.
Sistemas de señalización marina en la antigüedad clásica (2005)

INTRODUCCION: El campo de la ingenieria portuaria historica, es uno de los aspectos menos cuidados del conocimiento de la antiguedad. A este campo del conocimiento he dedicado gran parte de los ultimos anos, junto a estrechos colaboradores y colegas, para intentar llenar ese vacio que la ingenieria y la historia tiene. Bien es cierto que son muchos, especialmente allende nuestras fronteras, que se dedican a ese mundo fantastico de escudrinar y conocer el saber de mujeres y hombres que nos precedieron en el tiempo y pusieron la semilla de la sabiduria, y hoy olvidados en el tiempo. Pero la via por la cual este trabajo se mueve; el conocimiento de las tecnicas y metodos constructivos desde el punto de vista del ingeniero, no son muy frecuentes. Escudrinar en la tecnica constructiva antigua de los puertos y senales maritimas es muy compleja y dificil, especialmente por la falta de datos, y en particular cuanto mas se adentra en la lejania de la historia. Pero todas estas dificultades se ven aumentadas cuando se trata de conocer los sistemas de senalizacion en la antiguedad, ya que no existen estudios completos, sistematicos, y monograficos sobre este tema, llegando algunos autores a negar su existencia. Esta dificultad de estudio se debe, aparte de la incredulidad de aquellos que debieran buscar sus restos, en que esos sistemas de navegacion se basaban, por lo general e estructuras que podria calificarselas de fragiles y dispersas, que bien han sido removidas, bien han sido reutilizadas o el tiempo se ha encargado de hacerlas desaparecer. Este es un reto que debe afrontarse, no dejando el recuerdo del pasado tecnico reconstrucciones poco afortunadas de faros como las hechas de la Torre de Hercules. OBJETIVOS PREVISTOS La ingenieria maritima que fue desarrollandose en la antiguedad se cine a dos aspectos diferentes y conjugados: los puertos como estructura maritima y a los faros o senales ma
Simulation of an EBPVD titanium vapor plume and comparison to experiment (1998)

No abstract prepared.
Single-order operation of lamellar multilayer gratings in the soft x-ray spectral range (2013)

We demonstrate single-order operation of Lamellar Multilayer Gratings in the soft x-ray spectral range. The spectral resolution was found to be 3.8 times higher than from an unpatterned multilayer mirror, while there were no significant spectral sideband structures adjacent to the main Bragg peak. The measured spectral bandwidths and peak reflectivities were in good agreement with our theoretical calculations.
*100 Semi-supercentenarians and older as a proposed sample set for the Archon Genomics X PRIZE Validation Protocol* (2011)

Abstract The "Archon Genomics X PRIZE Validation Protocol":http://precedings.nature.com/documents/5731/version/1 has been posted in part to solicit comments from the scientific community. Here, we suggest 100 subjects age >=105 years as the source of DNAs for the competition.
COST EFFECT OF COMPONENT COMMONALlTY: MANUFACTURING COST PERSPECTIVE (2004)

The aim of the paper is to analyze the measurement of component commonality and its cost effect from the manufacturing cost perspective. The unit of analysis is a new subassembly, i.e.a motor support of a roll conveyor. Component commonality is discussed using three evolutionary stages of the motor support. The researchers have provided cost information for the product development team and have also been questioning the cost efficiency of the proposed constructions. Despite its simplicity, the selected case subassembly illustrates the problematic related to component commonality - analyses at different levels give contradictory results. Detailed analysis of the case subassembly increases the understanding of the phenomena involved and highlights thc importance of multiple levels of analysis when discussing component commonality.
Lettre du représentant du peuple Lacrampe demandant une prolongation de son congé pour des raisons de santé, lors de la séance du 8 brumaire an III (29 octobre 1794) (2000)

Lacrampe Jean. Lettre du représentant du peuple Lacrampe demandant une prolongation de son congé pour des raisons de santé, lors de la séance du 8 brumaire an III (29 octobre 1794). In: Tome C - Du 3 au 18 brumaire an III (24 octobre au 8 novembre 1794) p. 178.
Free Vibration of Delaminated Unidirectional Sandwich Panels with a Transversely Flexible Core and General Boundary Conditions — A High-Order Approach (2008)

A high-order theoretical approach for the free-vibration analysis of delaminated unidirectional sandwich panels with a compressible core is presented. The analytical approach accounts for the flexibility of the core in the vertical direction and the resulting high-order displacement, acceleration, and velocity fields within the core. The existence of delaminated regions along the sandwich panel and the various interfacial stress transfer conditions at the delaminated core-face interface are considered and studied. The analytical model developed in the article is applicable to any type of boundary conditions including different support conditions at the same section. The derivation of the model uses Hamilton's variational principle as well as the beam and lamination theories for the face-sheets and two-dimensional elasticity theory for the modeling of the core. The free-vibration problem is formulated and solved assuming a harmonic behavior in time and using the multiple shooting method along with the Newton—Raphson scheme for the solution in space. Numerical results that emphasize the influence of the boundary conditions, the effect of the delaminated regions, the influence of the contact conditions within the debonded region, and the high-order effects through the depth of the core are presented and discussed. The model and the solution procedure are verified through a comparison with finite elements analyses and with an analytical solution that is based on the Modified Galerkin method. The article closes with a summary and conclusions.
Aggregation and Mortality of Agriotes obscurus (Coleoptera: Elateridae) at Insecticide-Treated Trap Crops of Wheat (2005)

Agriotes obscurus (L.) wireworms assembled in increasing numbers at rows of treated (Agrox DL Plus seed treatment) and untreated wheat, Triticum aestivum L., planted at increasing densities (0, 0.15, 0.30, and 0.60 seeds/cm). In treated wheat plots at all planting densities, no wireworm damage to seedlings was apparent, and total wireworms taken in core samples in wheat rows increased according to the asymptotic equation y = B0(1 -e(-Blx)), where B0 is the asymptote, B1 is the slope of the initial rise, and x is the seeding density. The number of dead wireworms in treated plots increased linearly and intercepted the asymptotic models (theoretical point at which 100% mortality of assembled population occurs) at 0.95 seeds/cm on 11 June and 1.14 seeds/cm on 18 June 1996. Untreated wheat at all densities planted had severe wireworm damage and significantly reduced stand. Populations that had assembled at the surviving untreated wheat were fewer than in the treated wheat plots, and although increasing with seeding density, did not follow the asymptotic model. The data suggest that A. obscurus populations can be assembled and killed in fallowed fields in large numbers at treated trap crops of wheat over a 19-d period when planted in rows spaced 1 m apart at a linear seeding density of 1.5 seeds/cm.
CHAINSAW FELLING FATAL ACCIDENTS (1991)

ABSTRACT Logging may be the most dangerous occupation and felling trees with a chainsaw is the most dangerous of logging activities. The major causes of felling fatalities are a hangup fell (26%), poor felling technique (15%), butt rebound (11%), broken limbs or tops (11%), working too close (11%), a snag fell (8%), Md struck from behind (5%). Felling into standing timber, a general category that includes hangup fell, snag fell, butt rebound, and broken limbs or tops, accounted for 56% of the felling fatalities. Compliance with the proposed Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) safety standard would improve the safety record for the causes of a hangup fell, working too close, poor felling technique, and a snag fell; other causes may require a better understanding of the hazards. Accidents resulting from a felled tree hitting another tree are poorly understood and the data necessary for understanding are infrequently reported in accident investigations. The author suggests the data to be reported and a hazard recognition procedure to be practiced before felling each tree.