gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Accountability in electronic commerce protocols (1996)

In most commercial and legal transactions, the ability to hold individuals or organizations accountable for transactions is important. Hence, electronic protocols that implement commercial transactions must be designed to provide adequate accountability assurances for transacting parties. A framework is proposed for the analysis of communication protocols that require accountability, such as those for electronic commerce. This framework can be used to analyze protocol designs to detect accountability (or lack thereof). Arguments are presented to show that a heretofore unexplored property "provability" is pertinent to examining the potential use of communication protocols in the context of litigation, and in the context of audit. A set of postulates which are applicable to the analysis of proofs in general and the proofs of accountability in particular, are proposed. The proposed approach is more natural for the analysis of accountability than the existing belief logics (e.g., M. Burrows et al., 1990) that have been used in the past for the analysis of key distribution protocols. Some recently proposed protocols for electronic commerce and public key delegation are analyzed to illustrate the use of the new analysis framework in detecting (and suggesting remedies for eliminating) their lack of accountability, and in detecting and eliminating redundancies.
TMI-2 (Three Mile Island Unit 2): The early radiological conditions of the reactor building (1988)

Shortly following the accident at Three Mile Island Unit 2 (TMI-2), GPU Nuclear, along with Bechtel Power Corporation nuclear specialists, established a Containment Assessment Task Force (CATF) to assess the radiological conditions of the TMI-2 reactor building of containment. The task force was to devise and execute a series of experiments and analyses to obtain those data necessary for initial entry, containment purge, and containment recovery. The analyses and experiments were designed to assess the following: (1) airborne levels, (2) levels of surface contaminations, (3) magnitude of the basement water source term, and (4) general radiological environment within the containment. The early tasks performed under the CATF were postaccident airborne samples, remote Ge(Li) gamma-ray scans through the containment equipment hatch, remote gamma-ray scans with NaI crystals through spare containment penetrations, radiation survey maps of the containment personnel airlock, retrieval of an actual sample of the water in the containment basement, and remote television and radiation monitors installed through a penetration into the containment.
Noisy speech processing by recurrently adaptive fuzzy filters (2001)

Two noisy speech processing problems-speech enhancement and noisy speech recognition-are dealt with. The technique we focus on is by using the filtering approach; a novel filter, the recurrently adaptive fuzzy filter (RAFF), is proposed and applied to these two problems. The speech enhancement is based on adaptive noise cancellation with two microphones, where the RAFF is used to eliminate the noise corrupting the desired speech signal in the primary channel. As to the noisy speech recognition, the RAFF is used to filter the noise in the feature domain of speech signals. The RAFF is inherently a recurrent multilayered connectionist network for realizing the basic elements and functions of dynamic fuzzy inference, and may be considered to be constructed from a series of dynamic fuzzy rules. As compared to other existing nonlinear filters, three major advantages of the RAFF are observed: 1) a priori knowledge can be incorporated into the RAFF, which makes the fusion of numerical data and linguistic information possible; 2) owing to the dynamic property of the RAFF, the exact lagged order of the input variables need not be known in advance; 3) no predetermination, like the number of hidden nodes, must be given since the RAFF can find its optimal structure and parameters automatically Several examples on adaptive noise cancellation and noisy speech recognition problems using the RAFF are illustrated to demonstrate the performance of the RAFF.
From Monolithic Architecture to Microservices Architecture (2019)

The purpose of this work is the definition of a strategy, still in early stage, that will be able to support the migration from a Monolithic Architecture to a Microservices Architecture. This strategy aims to be applied to monolith systems, encouraging their evolution into microservices-based systems. Using this migration strategy, the newborn system will take advantages of a number of benefits offered by microservices architecture, such as scalability and maintainability. Companies will be able to migrate their old monolith systems into more flexible microservices-based systems, evolving their software in a more powerful one.
Disaccharides Protect Antigens from Drying-Induced Damage in Routinely Processed Tissue Sections (2015)

Drying of the tissue section, partial or total, during immunostaining negatively affects both the staining of tissue antigens and the ability to remove previously deposited antibody layers, particularly during sequential rounds of de-staining and re-staining for multiple antigens. The cause is a progressive loss of the protein-associated water up to the removal of the non-freezable water, a step which abolishes the immunoavailability of the epitope. In order to describe and prevent these adverse effects, we tested, among other substances, sugars, which are known to protect unicellular organisms from freezing and dehydration, and stabilize drugs and reagents in solid state form in medical devices. Disaccharides (lactose, sucrose) prevented the air drying-induced antigen masking and protected tissue-bound antigens and antibodies from air drying-induced damage. Complete removal of the bound antibody layers by chemical stripping was permitted if lactose was present during air drying. Lactose, sucrose and other disaccharides prevent air drying artifacts, allow homogeneous, consistent staining and the reuse of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections for repeated immunostaining rounds by guaranteeing constant staining quality in suboptimal hydration conditions.
Sustainable Management of Duckweed Biomass Grown for Nutrient Control in Municipal Wastewaters (2021)

The use of duckweed as a nutrient removal option for municipal wastewaters can only be realized through regular plant harvesting. As a result, the nutrient-rich biomass generated needs to be effectively managed and disposed of. This study looked at three alternative options for biomass management that would make duckweed-based nutrient removal systems sustainable and attractive to small communities like Wellsville City, Utah. The options included: the use of harvested duckweed biomass as an animal feed, anaerobic digestion of duckweed for methane production, and fermentation of biomass for ethanol production. Duckweed feed quality was determined using feed analysis reports and results from digestibility studies (in vitro fermentation). The performance of the anaerobic digestion process was determined by monitoring pH, VS, TS, NH4-N, VFAs, and alkalinity. The ethanol production yields were obtained from starch content values and ethanol concentrations observed from batch fermentation experiments. Duckweed was composed of 21 - 38% crude protein, 94 - 96% water, 78.5% organic matter, < 10% starch and an average of 19% starch after accumulation by nutrient starvation. Relative feed values (RFVs) of 230 - 241, crude protein content of 21-38%, and neutral and acid detergent fiber values of 30.2% and 13.7%, respectively, showed duckweed as a potential feed for ruminants comparable to alfalfa and corn silage (RFVs of 100). Digester performance showed an average methane yield of 6.3 and 5.8 ft3/lb VS destroyed with methane composition values of 67.1% and 62.5% for fresh DW fed reactor (R1) and air dried DW fed reactor (R2), respectively. The ethanol production yield observed was less than 100 mg ethanol/g DW for both fresh and oven dried DW samples. The recommended duckweed biomass management option for a small community like Wellsville is anaerobic digestion because it is a source of energy and at the same time the digestate can be used as a low-quality feed.
The Minimum Standard of International Law Applied to Aliens (1951)

Journal Article The Minimum Standard of International Law Applied to Aliens Get access The Minimum Standard of International Law Applied to Aliens. By Andreas H. Roth. Leiden, Sijthoff, 1949. 194 pp. Bibliog. Index. 9″×6″. Fl. 7.50. R. Y. J. R. Y. J. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 27, Issue 2, April 1951, Page 220, https://doi.org/10.2307/2606166 Published: 01 April 1951
Electron and photon spread contributions to the radiological penumbra for small monoenergetic x-ray beam (≤2 MeV) (2009)

Our team has previously published that submegavoltage photons could significantly improve the radiological penumbra for small size radiation fields. The present work uses Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the contributions of secondary electrons and photon scatter to the penumbra region for various field sizes (5, 10, 20, and 40 mm in diameters) and for various monoenergetic photon beams (200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, and 2000 keV, and a standard 6 MV beam), minimizing geometrical and transmission penumbra. For field sizes less than 2 cm in diameter, photon scatter is negligible such that the secondary electrons are the main contributor to the radiological penumbra. Reducing the photon beam energy to the submegavoltage range reduces the range of secondary electrons and eventually improves the beam boundary sharpness. Provided that the geometrical penumbra and patient immobilization system are optimized, submegavoltage photon beams with effective photon energies in the 300 to 600 keV range, present significant advantages for multiple beam stereotactic irradiations of tumors less than 2 cm in diameter.
Authentication in Transient Storage Device Attachments (2007)

The world has witnessed explosive growth in the use of personal storage devices such as USB flash drives. Until recently, no standard authentication method existed for these devices. To meet this need, the IEEE Computer Society's standards committees on information assurance and storage systems have developed the IEEE 1667 standard protocol for authentication in host attachments of transient storage devices. IEEE 1667 defines bidirectional TSD authentication: the host can authenticate the TSD's identity, and the TSD can also authenticate the host's identity
Comparing relationships in conceptual modeling: mapping to semantic classifications (2005)

Much of the research that deals with understanding the real world and representing it in a conceptual model uses some form of the entity-relationship model as a means of representation. This research proposes an ontology for classifying relationship verb phrases based upon the domain and context of the application within which the relationship appears. The classification categories to which the verb phrases are mapped were developed based upon prior research in databases, ontologies, and linguistics. The usefulness of the ontology for comparing relationships when used in conjunction with an entity ontology is discussed. Together, these ontologies can be effective in comparing two conceptual database designs for integration and validation. Empirical testing of the ontology on a number of relationships from different application domains and contexts illustrates the usefulness of the research.
Designing RF coils for magnetic resonance imaging (2006)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a popular non-invasive technique for imaging soft tissue structures within the human body. Due to the increasing widespread use of MRI scanners, many design methods now exist for their principle hardware components, such as RF coils. One such method for designing RF coils is presented here following a time-harmonic target-field approach. A current density solution is found on the coil such that some desired homogeneous magnetic field is induced upon an asymmetrically located target region within the scanner. This requires solving an ill-conditioned integral equation, which is done so using regularization and a combination of penalty functions. The complex, time-dependent current density solution is approximated by a static coil winding pattern. The effect of incorporating shielding into the system is also considered.
Hydromechanics of low-Reynolds-number flow. Part 1. Rotation of axisymmetric prolate bodies (1974)

The present series of studies is concerned with low-Reynolds-number flow in general; the main objective is to develop an effective method of solution for arbitrary body shapes. In this first part, consideration is given to the viscous flow generated by pure rotation of an axisymmetric body having an arbitrary prolate form, the inertia forces being assumed to have a negligible effect on the flow. The method of solution explored here is based on a spatial distribution of singular torques, called rotlehs, by which the rotational motion of a given body can be represented. Exact solutions are determined in closed form for a number of body shapes, including the dumbbell profile, elongated rods and some prolate forms. In the special case of prolate spheroids, the present exact solution agrees with that of Jeffery (1922), this being one of very few cases where previous exact solutions are available for comparison. The velocity field and the total torque are derived, and their salient features discussed for several representative and limiting cases. The moment coefficient C M = M /(8πμω 0 ab 2 ) ( M being the torque of an axisymmetric body of length 2 a and maximum radius b rotating at angular velocity ω 0 about its axis in a fluid of viscosity μ) of various body shapes so far investigated is found to lie between $\frac{2}{3}$ and 1, usually very near unity for not extremely slender bodies. For slender bodies, an asymptotic relationship is found between the nose curvature and the rotlet strength near the end of its axial distribution. It is also found that the theory, when applied to slender bodies, remains valid at higher Reynolds numbers than was originally intended, so long as they are small compared with the (large) aspect ratio of the body, before the inertia effects become significant.
Building comprehensible customer churn prediction models: A multiple kernel support vector machines approach (2011)

The in-depth understanding of customers' behavior is a crucial means in CRM for identifying its driving force and developing effective and personalized service activities. Relatively little research notices that it is key important in the competitive market to build comprehensible customer churn prediction models which can provide enterprises explicit customer behavior patterns. In this paper, a multiple kernel support vector machines (MK-SVMs) based customer churn prediction model is proposed to encapsulate three knowledge discovery tasks, which are feature selection, class prediction and decision rule extraction, into a whole framework A two-stage iteration of two convex optimization problems is designed for simultaneously feature selection and class prediction. Based on the selected features, support vectors are used to extract decision rules. An open CRM dataset is used to evaluate the performance of this approach. Experimental results show that MK-SVMs achieve promising performance on the heavily skewed dataset by means of a re-balanced strategy, and the extracted rules achieves high coverage and low false-alarm with small number of preconditions.
Transmembrane <sup>19</sup>F NMR chemical shift difference of fluorinated solutes in liposomes, erythrocytes and erythrocyte ghosts (1993)

In erythrocytes suspended in isotonic medium, a number of fluorinated anions showed well resolved 19F NMR resonances from the solute populations in the intra- and extracellular compartments; the intracellular resonances were shifted to higher frequency (low field). In addition 19F NMR resonances of extracellular solutes were shifted to higher frequency when bovine serum albumin was incorporated into the extracellular medium. The dependence of 19F NMR chemical shift on protein concentration was also demonstrated using resealed red cell ghosts and liposomes; in the presence of external hemoglobin, lysozyme and bovine serum albumin, the shift of the external resonances was to higher frequency. In addition, significant high frequency shifts of 19F NMR resonances were evident along with an increase of temperature. The results of the present study further support the contention that the principal physical basis for the shifts is the disruption of direct hydrogen bonds between 19F of the solutes and (primarily) solvent H2O by protein hydration. The 'split peak' phenomenon is of general importance in biological systems where a transmembrane protein-concentration difference exists.
Echocardiographic assessment of the inferior vena cava wall motion for studies of right heart dynamics and function (1984)

Using subcostal echocardiography, 97 patients with diseases involving the right side of the heart and 15 normal subjects were examined in order to study the inferior vena cava (IVC) wall motion. All cases had a diagnostic cardiac catheterization and routine echocardiogram. The jugular pulse (JP) was recorded in 35 random cases contemporary to the IVC and tricuspid valve (TV) tracings. The aim of the study was to evaluate the variations of the IVC diameters in different cardiopathies and in relation to the right atrial mean pressure and the time-relationship of the IVC wall motion related to the cardiac rhythm and cycle, respiratory events, and JP and TV waves. The a, b, v, and y waves were identified on the IVC tracings and related to the respective waves of the JP and the points of closure and opening of the TV. The IVC a and v waves were coincident with the TV closure and opening, and therefore, considered as moments of maximal presystolic and systolic filling of the IVC. The JP a wave inscribed before, whereas the v wave did so after the same IVC waves, respectively. The IVC a wave was due to the atrial contraction and influenced by the cardiac rhythm. The emptying index (EI) was calculated from the diameters in a and b as a - b/a X %, whereas the collapsability index (CI) was calculated from the expiratory and inspiratory diameters as Ex - In/Ex X %, obtaining a good correlation with the right atrial mean pressure. Finally, the percentage systolic pulsation (SP) was calculated from the diameters in b and v as b - v/b X %. The indices of function of the IVC have been very useful in the evaluation of patients with raised heart pressure, tricuspid regurgitation, and pericardial effusion. From the present investigation it results that the IVC wall motion, more so than the JP waves, is an expression of right atrial and ventricular events, and that the above indices are an expression of the atrial and ventricular function in relation to the hemodynamic situation.
Physiology of temperate zone fruit trees (1990)

Photosynthetic productivity nutrition of fruit trees the use of water by fruit trees fruiting factors determining size of fruit trees pruning and related manipulations: physiological effects resistance of fruit trees to cold.
Role of tachykinins in asthma (2000)

The sensory neuropeptides substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA) are localized to sensory airway nerves, from which they can be released by a variety of stimuli, including allergen, ozone, or inflammatory mediators. Sensory nerves containing these peptides are relatively scarce in human airways, but it is becoming increasingly evident that inflammatory cells such as eosinophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and dendritic cells can produce the tachykinins SP and NKA. Moreover, immune stimuli can boost the production and secretion of SP and NKA. SP and NKA have potent effects on bronchomotor tone, airway secretions, and bronchial circulation (vasodilation and microvascular leakage) and on inflammatory and immune cells. Following their release, tachykinins are degraded by neutral endopeptidase (NEP) and angiotensin-converting enzyme. The airway effects of the tachykinins are largely mediated by tachykinin NK1 and NK2 receptors. Tachykinins contract smooth muscle mainly by interaction with NK2 receptors, while the vascular and proinflammatory effects are mediated by the NK1 receptor. In view of their potent effects on the airways, tachykinins have been put forward as possible mediators of asthma, and tachykinin receptor antagonists are a potential new class of antiasthmatic medication.
BRANCHED-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS. IX. SYNTHESIS OF ACIDS WITH SYMMETRICAL END-GROUPS (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBRANCHED-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS. IX. SYNTHESIS OF ACIDS WITH SYMMETRICAL END-GROUPSJAMES CASON and WILLIAM L. STANLEYCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1949, 14, 1, 137–146Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01153a020https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01153a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views98Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Ion milling of materials science specimens for electron microscopy: A review (1984)

Abstract Ion bombardment to perforation is a common technique in the materials sciences by which thin specimens can be prepared for transmission electron microscopy. The process is not without complication and involves radiation damage to the specimen and tends not to preserve the initial specimen topology. Some of the more important facets of the ion‐milling process, pertinent to such specimen preparations, are described.