gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
System-level throughput of NOMA using intra-beam superposition coding and SIC in MIMO downlink when channel estimation error exists (2014)

We investigate the influence of channel estimation error on the achievable system-level throughput performance of our previous non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) downlink. The NOMA scheme employs intra-beam superposition coding of a multiuser signal at the transmitter and spatial filtering of inter-beam interference followed by an intra-beam successive interference canceller (SIC) at the user terminal receiver. The intra-beam SIC cancels the inter-user interference within a beam. This configuration achieves reduced overhead for the downlink reference signaling for channel estimation at the user terminal in the case of non-orthogonal user multiplexing and enables the SIC receiver to be applied to the MIMO downlink. The channel estimation error in the NOMA scheme causes residual interference in the SIC process, which decreases the achievable user throughput. Furthermore, the channel estimation error causes error In the transmission rate control for the respective users, which may result in decoding error at not only the destination user terminal but also at other user terminals for the SIC process. However, we show that by using a simple transmission rate back-off algorithm, the impact of the channel estimation error is effectively abated and the NOMA scheme achieves clear average and cell-edge user throughput gains relative to orthogonal multiple access (OMA) similar to the case with perfect channel estimation.
고지방식이 비만마우스에서 월비가출탕(越婢加朮湯)이 식이효율과 내장지방에 미치는 영향 (2011)

Objectives: This study was undertaken to verify the effects of Wolbigachul-tang 1(WBCEx1) on obesity using high fat diet-induced male mice and to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved. Methods: 8-week old C57BL/6 mice were divided into 5 groups; lean control, obese control, WBCEx1, 2, 3. After mice were treated with WBCE x1(water extract), 2(30% ethanol extract), 3(water extract; Ephedra sinica Stapf., Gypsum fibrosum) for 12 weeks, body weight gain, feeding efficiency ratio, plasma lipid and glucose metabolism, the messenger RNA(mRNA) expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor(PPAR)α target genes were measured. In addition, PPARα target gene expression was examined in liver, white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Results :1. WBCEx1-treated mice had significantly lower body weight gain and feeding efficiency ratio. 2. Consistent with the effects on body weight gain, WBCEx1 decreased the weights of epididymal and retroperitoneal white adipose tissue, inguinal subcutaneous adipose tissue, and brown adipose tissue. 3. WBCEx1 significantly decreased plasma triglyceride and total cholesterol levels. 4. The size of adipocytes were significantly decreased by WBCEx1, whereas the adipocyte number per unit area was increased. Hepatic lipid accumulation was decreased by WBCEx1. 5. WBCEx1 did not affect the mRNA expression of PPARα target genes in liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. 6. Plasma asparate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), blood urea nitrogen(BUN) and creatine concentrations were in the physiological range. Liver and kidney weights were significantly lower following WBCEx treatment compared with obese controls, indicating that WBCEx does not show any toxic effects on liver and kidney. Conclusions: These results suggest that WBCEx1-induced body weight reduction is associated with appetite control and mediated by a mechanism other than the activation of PPARα.
Highly functional binding surface for miniaturised solid-phase immunoassays. - A spot story - (2009)

Several bioaffinity assays are based on the detection of an analyte which is bound on a solid substrate via biochemical interaction. These so called solid phase assays are based on the adhesion of the primary binding partner on a solid surface, which then binds the analyte to be detected. In this thesis work a novel solid phase based assay technology, known as spot technology, was developed. The spot technology is based on combination of high-capacity solid phases, concentrated in a spot format, utilising modified streptavidin molecules and recombinant antibody fragments. The reduction of the solid phase binding surface to a size of a spot enabled denser binding of the target molecules, providing improved signal intensities and signal-to-background ratio when applied in different solid phase immunoassays.\n\nStreptavidin-biotin interactions are commonly utilised in numerous different bioaffinity assays and the ultimate nature of streptavidin to bind biotin is among the strongest non-covalent interaction reported between two biomolecules. In this study native core streptavidin was chemically modified to provide polymerised streptavidin molecules with altered adsorption properties. These streptavidin conjugates, when coated onto polystyrene surface, provided enhanced biotin binding capacity and surface stability when compared to a reference coating constructed with native streptavidin. Furthermore, the combination of chemically modified streptavidin, sitespecifically biotinylated antibody fragments and the spot coating technology provided highly dense solid phase coating with improved binding properties.\n\nThe performance of the spot assay technology was further demonstrated in different immunoassay configurations. Human thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and human cardiac troponin I (cTnI) were used as model analytes to show the applicability of the highly sensitive spot-based solid-phase immunoassay for detection of very low levels of analytes. It was demonstrated that the spot technology provided an assay concept with enhanced sensitivity and short turn-around times, characteristics that are highly suitable for point-of-care applications.
Physical design of the VCI wrappers for the on-chip packet-switched network named SPIN (2005)

In this paper, we present the physical aspect of the VCI/SPIN wrappers' design. The challenge was both the validation of the wrappers' specification and the use of the Alliance CAD tools for the whole realization. The first part of this paper deals with the description of the Alliance CAD tools, the design methodology and the wrapper's architectures. In the paper, finally, placing, routing, and timing constraints, given by a previous study on the SPIN router, are exposed.
Lifetime Improvement in Body Sensor Networks (2013)

Body sensor networks (BSNs) promise to provide significant benefits to the healthcare domain. BSNs consist of multiple nodes that sense, process, and transmit health data and an aggregator that manages nodes, processes data, and passes information between the nodes and the base station. Though BSNs have tremendous potential for improving health care, their practical adoption must overcome technical and social challenges such as form factor, battery life, and reliability. BSN nodes will not be adopted if they are unsightly, large and bulky, or require frequent battery changes or charging. The focus of this work is to improve BSN node and aggregator lifetime to improve the overall BSN lifetime. Improved BSN lifetime will augment remote, long-term monitoring of chronically-ill patients, firefighters, and athletes. The most desirable BSN lifetime is an infinite device lifetime; battery power constrains the lifetime of the device to a finite period of time. Energy harvesting mechanisms such as solar power, thermoelectric generation, and piezoelectric provide an alternative power source to these energy constrained devices for the possibility of infinite device lifetime. For a desired BSN node form factor of less than 1cm^3, energy harvesting mechanisms can produce 50-100µWs. With careful design and tight system integration, BSN nodes can achieve this power consumption and potentially achieve an indefinite lifetime. This work presents the first wireless biosignal acquisition chip powered solely from a thermoelectric harvester and/or RF power with integrated supply regulation, analog front end, power management, subthreshold digital signal processing, and a transmitter. This work also investigates BSN architecture decisions such as tradeoffs between custom controllers and generic microcontrollers, to inform future designs. Additionally, this work demonstrates the first-implemented on-chip, closed-loop power management system capable of adjusting node power consumption to the amount of energy harvested and explores the power management design space. Aggregators cannot operate exclusively from energy harvesting due to their high processing/communication requirements and the inability to harvest a sufficient amount of energy. Therefore, the aggregator has become the determining factor in the BSN’s lifetime. To extend lifetime of the aggregator and the whole BSN, we can leverage the aggregator's variable workload to improve battery lifetime by applying a fine-grained dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) scheme; this workload changes with amount of data that needs to be processed and the number of nodes with which are being communicated. This method, called Panoptic ("all-inclusive") Dynamic Voltage Scaling (PDVS), extends DVS to a finer granularity in space and time, allowing for much more flexible and energy efficient design and therefore a longer battery lifetime for the aggregator and a longer lifetime for the system. This work applies PDVS to a DSP data-flow processor as a proof of concept to show energy savings over multiple benchmark workloads and characterizes the overheads of PDVS.
Culture conditions promoting innate immunity and homeostatic proliferation generate highly enriched, MUC1- or HER2/neu-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (P4419) (2013)

Abstract Although tumors from melanoma patients can often provide a source of therapeutically active T cells for adoptive therapy, it has historically proved challenging to employ peripheral blood as the T cell source for any type of cancer. We have observed nonetheless that HER2-specific T cells can be Ag-driven and enriched in culture when PBMCs from HER2-vaccinated breast cancer patients are treated with exogenous IL12. We hypothesized that stimulating innate immunity could further improve PBMC cultures by activating the DC subpopulation more effectively than adding exogenous rIL12. Bulk PBMC exposure to optimized TLR agonists produced vast quantities of IL12 and IL23, and upregulated HLA-DR, B7.1 and CD40 in the DC subpopulation, effects not produced by exogenous IL12. Subsequent IL7 exposure emulated homeostatic proliferation, selectively causing the Ag-driven T cell subset both to proliferate faster and to strongly resist apoptosis. Ag-specificity within two weeks approached 80-100% of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells for recall Ags and 1-15% for a wide array of MUC1- and HER2-derived peptides, including the ability to distinguish glycoforms. Culture-expanded T cells retained a young CD28+/CD56- phenotype, uniformly expressed ROR-γ during culture, variably produced IL-2 and/or IL-17, and uniformly expressed T-bet and secreted IFN-γ when reexposed to Ag. Such T1/T17 bipotency may be ideal for anti-tumor adoptive therapy and highly efficient for use in Ag discovery.
Incorporation of [14C]leucine into bacteriophage proteins in cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli (1962)

This report describes experiments directed toward detection of in vitro biosynthesis of bacteriophage proteins and has employed primarily the small spherical virus φX174 as a model. It has been shown that cell-free extracts of virus-infected bacteria are capable of carrying out a chloramphenicol-, RNase-and DNase-sensitive incorporation of [14C]leucine into virus antigen and that the ability of cell-free extracts prepared from bacteria at various periods of infection to label virus antigen in vitro closely parallels the rate of φX-protein synthesis in intact cells.
Quantum statistical inference for density estimation (1993)

A new penalized likelihood method for non-parametric density estimation is proposed, which is based on a mathematical analogy to quantum statistical physics. The mathematical procedure for density estimation is related to maximum entropy methods for inverse problems; the penalty function is a convex information divergence enforcing global smoothing toward default models, positivity, extensivity and normalization. The novel feature is the replacement of classical entropy by quantum entropy, so that local smoothing may be enforced by constraints on the expectation values of differential operators. Although the hyperparameters, covariance, and linear response to perturbations can be estimated by a variety of statistical methods, we develop the Bayesian interpretation. The linear response of the MAP estimate is proportional to the covariance. The hyperparameters are estimated by type-II maximum likelihood. The method is demonstrated on standard data sets.
Rapid Generation Cycling of Chrysanthemum Using Laboratory Seed Development and Embryo Rescue Techniques (1990)

The generation time (0.75 to 1.5 years) in perennial, hexaploid chrysanthemums [Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelv. (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)] impedes the rate of progress for sexual breeding programs in creating new clonal cultivars, inbred lines for hybrid seed production, and genetic studies. Modifications to the crossing environment and embryo rescue were evaluated to minimize the chrysanthemum generation cycle. One greenhouse chrysanthemum clone was outcross-pollinated using a bulk pollen source. Following emasculation, inflorescences were either left in situ or the peduncle bases were placed in styrofoam boards floating on a solution of 1% sucrose and 200 ppm 8-HQC under laboratory conditions. Embryogenesis occurred at a faster rate under laboratory conditions as tested with histological techniques; the heart stage appeared as early as the second day after pollination, compared with 11 days using in situ methods. Total embryogenic development time ranged from 25 (laboratory seed development) to 52+ days (in situ ripening). In a second test, embryo rescue (ER) significantly improved percent seed set, percent germination, and percent of progeny reaching anthesis relative to normal development. ER progeny from both garden parents were significantly earlier in total generation time than corresponding non-ER siblings. Laboratory seed development and ER were then used sequentially to obtain an average progeny generation time of =100 days, thus allowing for three generations per year. The potential impact of these two techniques on breeding chrysanthemums and other perennial crops with long generation times is discussed.
Enhanced lymphokine production and lymphokine receptor expression in multiple antibody-stimulated human CD4+ peripheral blood lymphocytes (1992)

Treatment of T lymphocytes with antibodies directed against the T cell receptor CD3 complex results in cellular activation that can be augmented by costimulation through other cell surface receptors. The activities of anti-CD3-stimulated human CD4+ PBL were compared to anti-CD3 plus anti-CD2-, anti-CD4-, or anti-CD11a (LFA-1)-stimulated cells. [3H]thymidine incorporation, lymphokine receptor expression, expansion of cell numbers, and lymphokine mRNA and protein were measured. Forty-eight hours after activation, costimulated CD4+ cells demonstrated increased numbers of cells positive for surface IL-2R alpha-chain, IL-2R beta-chain, IFN-gamma receptors, and TNF-alpha receptors. By day 6, costimulated cells exhibited a sevenfold greater expansion in cell numbers compared to cells stimulated with anti-CD3 alone. Anti-CD3 plus anti-CD11a stimulation consistently induced the highest secretion of IL-2 and IFN-gamma, whereas variation in secretion of TNF-alpha and IL-4 between different donors was noted. Analysis of lymphokine receptor mRNA demonstrated increased levels of mRNA for IL-2R alpha-chain and IFN-gamma receptor that preceded the phenotypic changes on the cell surface. In contrast, levels of IL-2R beta-chain and the TNF-alpha receptor mRNA decreased after stimulation. Amounts of IL-2, IL-4, and TNF-alpha, but not IFN-gamma, secreted also correlated with the levels of mRNA measured in the cells. Although costimulation through CD2, CD4, or LFA-1 appeared equally effective for the induction of the lymphokine receptors, these additional stimuli had a different impact on lymphokine secretion. These results indicate that specific control of lymphokine secretion and receptor induction can be another function of the CD2, CD4, and CD11a cell surface receptors. This control is evident at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.
Comparison of the Operative Times and Intraocular Pressure of Sutureless Vitrectomy with a 27-versus 25-gauge System in Eyes with Epiretinal Membrane (2016)

Objectives: To compare the time of operation and the postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) using a 27- versus 25-gauge three-port vitrectomy in eyes with epiretinal membrane (ERM). Methods: The clinical records of eyes with ERM that underwent combined cataract surgery and vitrectomy from January to April 2016 were analyzed. Thirteen eyes were treated using a 27-gauge system (27-g group) and 12 eyes were treated using a 25-gauge system (25-g group). The operating times were determined from video recordings. Results: The time of vitreous removal was significantly longer in the 27-g group (141.1 ± 34.1 s) than in the 25-g group (106.2 ± 24.1 s; P = 0.009). The IOP was significantly lower in the 25-g group than in the 27-g group on postoperative day 1 (27-g group, 18.3 ± 6.2 mmHg; 25-g group, 12.6 ± 3.6 mmHg; P = 0.008), but there was no significant difference on postoperative day 7. The times needed for removing the trocar and closing the port were not significantly different, but the number of the ports that required pressure to close was significantly greater in the 25-g group (35/36 ports) than in the 27-g group (31/39 ports; P = 0.0027), and the duration of pressure was significantly longer in the 25-g group (21.7 ± 13.8 s) than in the 27-g group (11.3 ± 5.2 s; P = 0.0183). Conclusions: The 27-g system is better regarding closure of the scleral port, which may reduce postoperative complications, but the prolonged surgical time may be a disadvantage.
Spaceborne fiber coupled diode laser pump modules for intersatellite communications (2007)

Compared to traditional microwave systems for intersatellite communication, optical intersatellite links offer numerous advantages for example lower weight and power consumption as well as higher bit rates. In addition, the smaller diameter of the laser beam allows a higher data security. The coherent optical terminal developed by TESAT Spacecom offers a bandwidth of 5.5 Gbps with a range of 10,000 km and a bit error ratio below 1e-9. In 2007, the coherent optical terminal will be verified in orbit. The transmitter consists of a ring oscillator and an optical amplifier. For both components, a high reliable diode laser pump module is essential to meet the demanded lifetime requirements of 10 years with a reliability of 0.9998. Built-in cold and hot redundancy as well as a truly hermetically sealed housing increase the reliability of the pump module. To prove its suitability for space applications, the module has been successfully qualified in terms of radiation, vibration, mechanical shock and thermal cycling. The laser radiation of two diode laser bars consisting of six emitters is coupled in a 100 µm NA=0.22 fiber. The coupling efficiency as well as the mounting accuracy of the optical components have been analyzed by raytracing. To predict the effect of different heat sink materials and to calculate the temperature drop over the module, a 3D finite element analysis has been performed. The rated optical output power of the module described in this paper amounts to 10 W, and it measures 50 mm x 50 mm x 20 mm.
How does the visual system create complex shape and motion features? (2011)

The primate visual system is hierarchically organized (Felleman and Van Essen, 1991), such that cells in higher visual areas respond to increasingly complex image features (Duffy and Wurtz, 1991; Kobatake and Tanaka, 1994; Movshon et al., 1985). A widespread assumption is that the complexity of the neuronal tuning in higher visual areas results from the combination of simpler features (coded by the pattern of neural activity from afferent cells in lower visual areas). This feature combination scheme is thought to be conjunctive aka AND-like (Baker, Behrmann, and Olson, 2002; Wang, Tanifuji, and Tanaka, 1998) – the response to a combination of parts can be supra-linear (super-additive). Also, the locations of the combined features are important – sub-regions within a cell's receptive field can have different orientation preferences (Anzai, Peng, & Van Essen, 2007). However, this “conjunction of localized features” mental model has rarely been explicitly or thoroughly tested, despite its simplicity. Furthermore, this qualitative mental model can be implemented in a variety of ways, and it is unclear which (if any) specific computational implementation is able to account for the seemingly disparate phenomena in various ventral and dorsal visual areas. In fact, it is unclear if these visual areas even share a common computational mechanism with regard to increasing feature complexity. Here, we review the evidence supporting such a mental model for both the ventral and dorsal streams. In addition, we present a specific computational implementation, taken from a more general model of visual processing (Jhuang et al., 2007; Riesenhuber and Poggio, 1999; Serre et al., 2007), and show that it is able to account for a variety of results in ventral and dorsal visual areas. Overall, we find evidence that a conjunction of localized features may indeed underlie complex shape and motion feature selectivity.
Linear accelerator radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations (1992)

Between May, 1988, and August, 1991, 80 patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVM's) were treated radiosurgically at the University of Florida. A mean dose of 1650 cGy was directed to the periphery of the lesion, which almost always corresponded to the 80% isodose line. The mean lesion diameter was 23 mm. Seventy-six patients were treated with one isocenter. Angiography, performed at 1 year after radiosurgery in 41 of the 48 eligible patients, revealed an overall complete thrombosis rate of 39%. The 1-year thrombosis rate was highest in those patients with relatively small AVM's. Angiography was performed at 2 years posttreatment in 21 of the 25 eligible patients, demonstrating an overall complete thrombosis rate of 81%. This incidence did not correlate with lesion size: that is, large lesions (up to 35 mm in diameter) seemed just as likely to thrombose. Two patients (2.5%) experienced hemorrhage at some time after radiosurgical treatment, and both recovered. Two patients (2.5%) have sustained mild, but permanent, radiation-induced neurological complications.