gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects: Opinion (2001)

Numerous reports have recently focused on various aspects of adverse trends in male reproductive health, such as the rising incidence of testicular cancer; low and probably declining semen quality; high and possibly increasing frequencies of undescended testis and hypospadias; and an apparently growing demand for assisted reproduction. Due to specialization in medicine and different ages at presentation of symptoms, reproductive problems used to be analysed separately by various professional groups, e.g. paediatric endocrinologists, urologists, andrologists and oncologists. This article summarizes existing evidence supporting a new concept that poor semen quality, testis cancer, undescended testis and hypospadias are symptoms of one underlying entity, the testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS), which may be increasingly common due to adverse environmental influences. Experimental and epidemiological studies suggest that TDS is a result of disruption of embryonal programming and gonadal development during fetal life. Therefore, we recommend that future epidemiological studies on trends in male reproductive health should not focus on one symptom only, but be more comprehensive and take all aspects of TDS into account. Otherwise, important biological information may be lost.
Metal–germanium–metal ultrafast infrared detectors (2002)

We demonstrate silicon-based ultrafast metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) photodetectors for near infrared optocommunication wavelengths. They show a response time of 12.5 ps full width at half maximum (FWHM) at both 1300 and 1550 nm wavelengths. The overall external quantum efficiencies are 13% at 1320 nm and 7.5% at 1550 nm. The sensitive volumes are 270 nm thick Ge films, grown on Si(111) by molecular beam epitaxy. Interdigitated Cr metal top electrodes with 1.5–5 μm spacing and identical finger width form Schottky contacts to the Ge film. A Ti-sapphire femtosecond laser with an optical parametric oscillator and an electro-optic sampling system are used to evaluate the temporal response, which is limited by the transit time of the carriers between electrodes. In addition, results on Si–Ge MSM heterostructure detectors with plate capacitor geometry are presented. At 1550 nm an ultrafast response of 9.4 ps FWHM and an overall quantum efficiency of 0.9% are measured.
Evidenced‐Based Use of Botanicals, Minerals, and Vitamins in the Prophylactic Treatment of Migraines (2004)

With increased patient access to information regarding alternative migraine treatments, nurse practitioners (NPs) and other health care providers must be knowledgeable about evidence-based data regarding these alternative treatments to appropriately offer safe patient care.
Latency considerations for adaptive modulation in an interference-free slow Rayleigh fading channel (2002)

Adaptive modulation exploits the time-variant channel capacity fluctuation of fading channels using a range of different modem modes according to the equation of the transmission scheme and the results presented in the table. This is achieved at the cost of some latency penalty, which is quantified and mitigated by frequency hopping.
A DUAL-BAND RF ENERGY HARVESTING USING FREQUENCY LIMITED DUAL-BAND IMPEDANCE MATCHING (2013)

In this paper, a novel dual-band RF-harvesting RF-DC converter with a frequency limited impedance matching network (M/N) is proposed. The proposed RF-DC converter consists of a dual-band impedance matching network, a rectifier circuit with villard structure, a wideband harmonic suppression low-pass filter (LPF), and a termination load. The proposed dual-band M/N can match two receiving band signals and suppress the out-of-band signals effectively, so the back-scattered nonlinear frequency components from the nonlinear rectifying diodes to the antenna can be blocked. The fabricated circuit provides the maximum RF-DC conversion efficiency of 73.76% and output voltage 7.09 V at 881 MHz and 69.05% with 6.86 V at 2.4 GHz with an individual input signal power of 22 dBm. Moreover, the conversion efficiency of 77.13% and output voltage of 7.25 V are obtained when two RF waves with input dual-band signal power of 22 dBm are fed simultaneously.
Regulation of lipolysis during the neonatal period. Importance of thyrotropin. (1988)

We investigated the lipolytic effect of several hormones on isolated human adipocytes obtained at different donor ages. In neonates, noradrenaline and adrenaline had an insignificant lipolytic effect (70% over basal). In this age group only thyrotropin (TSH) had a significant effect in physiological concentrations, and the maximal lipolytic effect (700% over basal) was the same as that of isoprenaline. The lipolytic effect of TSH was the same in premature 4-10-wk-old infants with a gestational age of 27-33 wk as in neonates, but fat cells from infants 4-10 wk old, born at term, showed a significantly lower effect. In children and adults, the lipolytic effect of TSH gradually decreased further and was present only in unphysiological concentrations. The catecholamine-induced lipolysis was pronounced and was similar in children and adults (350% over basal). TSH is the dominating lipolytic hormone in vitro during the neonatal period. Thus, the peak elevation of circulating TSH, which is seen immediately after birth, may be essential to lipolysis during this part of life.
732. The kinetics and mechanisms of aromatic halogen substitution. Part XIV. Rates and products of chlorination of methyl-substituted biphenyls in acetic acid (1962)

P. B. D. de la Mare, D. M. Hall, M. M. Harris, M. Hassan, E. A. Johnson and N. V. Klassen, J. Chem. Soc., 1962, 3784 DOI: 10.1039/JR9620003784
Interframe hierarchical vector quantization (2003)

An interframe coding scheme for the transmission of image sequences at bit rates below 0.2 bits per pixel is presented. The proposed scheme is called an interframe hierarchical (quadtree) vector quantizer. A regular decomposition quadtree method is used to segment the interframe differential signal into homogeneous regions of different block size. Small blocks representing high-contrast moving boundaries known as the impulsive component of the difference signal are vector-quantized. Large blocks typically representing smooth regions of the image are encoded by the local sample mean of the region. Experimental results are presented, confirming that the system can encode image sequence scenes at bit rates below 0.2 bit per pixel per frame. A comparison of the interframe hierarchical vector quantization system and an interframe mean reconstructed quadtree method is presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Amniotic Membrane Transplantation (2002)

It is suggested that reepithelialization of a PED, and hence the reduction of stromal inflammation and continued fibrosis following reepithelialization, is aided by the combination of oxygenation, moisture and protection of the fragile epithelium by the amniotic membrane.
A closed-loop I/f sensorless control based on current vector orientation for permanent magnet synchronous motors (2015)

To overcome the drawbacks of conventional I/f scalar control method, the limits of the current amplitude and torque angle have been investigated. In this paper, the closed-loop I/f sensorless control strategy based on direct current vector oriented is proposed. The key of this strategy is to integrate the torque angle loop using instantaneous power estimation into the I/f scalar strategy. Thus, the proposed strategy possesses the merits of high current utilization, enhanced reliability, low loss and simple structure. Moreover, it can be applied to both of salient and nonsalient PMSMs. Finally, experiment results are given to verify the validity.
E&P a Dynamic Profitable Growth Business (2003)

Abstract This general paper addresses the conflicting and competing challenges in E&P. It provides a high level overview of the challenge ahead in meeting global energy demand and also describes the status of the E&P business today and the forces changing the industry nature. It asks where will the industry go to find the oil and gas needed to replace field decline and achieve growth, and what might it cost. Global hydrocarbon demand from wellbores is forecast to almost double to around 220 mln boe/d by 2030 in association with the energy needs of a global population of 8 billion. In addition to installing supply capacity for such growth, E&P must also replace reservoir decline at existing fields. Meeting this supply need translates to E&P being a growth business with high single digit growth of supply capacity. The current world hydrocarbon proven reserves pool is broadly 1100 bln bbl oil, 750 mln boe of gas and 3000 bln boe of unconventional oils like bitumen and oil sands resources. There is sufficient conventional hydrocarbons for 40 years supply at current demand levels and more if unconventionals are included. The historical success of the E&P industry in ensuring demand is met in a volatile and changing world, has perhaps led society as a whole to take energy demand needs for granted. The paper suggests that the future for the E&P industry is going to be much more difficult given the scale of demand growth and the investment levels required which are almost beyond belief. We in E&P need to educate society to the scale of R&D and investments required, the time taken to access and develop hydrocarbons and to translate them from geological deposits to vital fuels or feedstock's. For demand to be met, the E&P industry will have to be highly innovative whilst providing acceptable returns for investors. This is a significant task.
On a Use of Golay Sequences for Asynchronous DS CDMA Applications (2005)

Golay complementary sequences, often referred to as Golay pairs, are characterized by the property that the sum of their aperiodic autocorrelation functions equals to zero, except for the zero shift. Because of this property, Golay complementary sequences can be utilized to construct Hadamard matrices defining sets of orthogonal spreading sequences for DS CDMA systems of the lengths not necessary being a power of 2. In the paper, we present an evaluation, from the viewpoint of asynchronous DS CDMA applications, of some sets of spreading sequences derived from Golay complementary sequences. We then modify those sets of sequences to enhance their correlation properties for asynchronous operation and simulate a multiuser DS CDMA system utilizing the modified sequences.
Draining Fluids through a Peritoneal Catheter in Newborns after Cardiac Surgery Helps to Control Fluid Balance (2010)

Dialysis can be used in severe cases, but may not be well tolerated. In such patients, peritoneal drainage could be an alternative option for fluid removal. We report the case of a newborn with a truncus arteriosus who developed postoperatively a complicated clinical course with right ventricular dysfunction, prerenal condition as well as fluid overload despite diuretic therapy. Dialysis was indicated for fluid removal. Peritoneal dialysis was started using a surgically placed Tenckhoff catheter and stopped due to inefficacy and leaks and no other modalities of dialysis were used. However, the catheter was left in place over a period of two months for fluid drainage and removed because of unexplained fever. In order to determine the effect of peritoneal drainage, we selected a period of one week before and one week after the removal of the drain to compare daily clinical data, urine electrolytes and renal function and found a positive effect on fluid balance control. We conclude that the fluid removal by continuous peritoneal drainage is a simple and safe alternative that can be used to control fluid balance in infants after cardiac surgery.
Methylene blue-containing liposomes as new photodynamic anti-bacterial agents (2017)

Methylene blue (MB) can be employed as a photo-activatable antimicrobial drug in photodynamic therapy (PDT) due to its ability to release oxygen free radicals upon photo-activation. However, its poor ability to penetrate bacterial cell walls and bacterial biofilms limits its antimicrobial activity. To overcome these limitations, we propose some formulations of MB based on different cationic liposomes. The liposome-MB systems were characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential analysis and UV-visible spectroscopy. Their ability to penetrate inside the cytoplasm of E. coli, taken as a bacterial model for Gram-negative strains, was investigated through laser scanning confocal microscopy (CLSM) and compared to the penetration of naked MB. Then, MB-loaded liposomes were photo-activated and their antimicrobial activity was tested against E. coli, showing a strong improvement with respect to MB solutions. The liposomal formulations dramatically enhance MB penetration in bacterial biofilms and reduce the inflammatory response due to lipopolysaccharide exposure in mammalian cells. The observed antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory efficacies show a clear correlation with some structural features of the carriers, namely the size and the surface charge density. Overall, these results provide fundamental knowledge that enables the design of novel efficient PDT treatments, which potentially overcome the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance of bacterial strains.
Houston Myopia Control Study: a randomized clinical trial. Part II. Final report by the patient care team. (1987)

In a randomized clinical trial designed to test the efficacy of bifocal lenses for the control of juvenile myopia, each of 207 children between the ages of 6 and 15 years wore single vision lenses, +1.00 D add bifocals, or +2.00 D add bifocals for a period of 3 years. For the 124 subjects who completed the study, the mean changes in refraction were found to be -0.34 D per year for subjects wearing single vision lenses, -0.36 D per year for those wearing +1.00 D add bifocals, and -0.34 D per year for those wearing +2.00 D add bifocals. These differences were not statistically significant. When subjects in all three treatment groups were combined, it was found that the rate of progression tended to be the most rapid for subjects who entered the study at an early age with a large amount of myopia, and tended to be the least rapid for subjects who entered the study at a later age with a small amount of myopia. It was also found that subjects having with-the-rule astigmatism progressed more slowly than those having no astigmatism or against-the-rule astigmatism.
How Frequent Are Radiological Abnormalities in Patients With Psychosis? A Review of 1379 MRI Scans (2012)

This suggests that MRI brain scans are not an essential part of routine screening for psychotic patients.
Subnetwork hierarchies of biochemical pathways (2003)

Supplementary material is available at http://www.tp.umu.se/forskning/networks/meta/
[Immunogenetic similarity and the distance between Swiss brown cattle and 86 other bovine populations]. (1993)

By using the frequencies of 43-46 antigens of 9-11 genetic blood group systems in 108145 animals the immunogenetic similarity (r +/- m(r)) and the distance (d) between a Swiss brown cattle and other 86 representatives of the Bovinae subfamily were calculated. The position of Swiss brown cattle on a linear model of the Bovinae family was determined. The position has following indexes: r = 0.7816 +/- 0.0197; d = 0.2181. Phylogenesis of 16 cattle breeds reared with participation of the Swiss brown breed was studied. On the dendrogram these breeds formed two clusters and three branches. The clusters at the bottom of the dendrogram (Swiss brown x brown carpathian) and in the middle (ala-tau x caucasian brown) included breeds reared in the foothills and highlands, and the top of the dendrogram is formed by the lebedin, kostroma breeds and the Tajik type of Swiss brown zebu cattle reared in the flat country.
Basic principles of magnetic resonance contrast agents. (1991)

The use of contrast agents in MRI is well established as a means to improve diagnosis. MRI differs from other imaging modalities because signal and contrast are multiparametric in both the properties of the tissue and the method of measurement. Contrast depends on differences in proton-spin density, magnetic susceptibility, molecular diffusion and perfusion, and T1 and T2 relaxation times. Relaxivity contrast agents, those that focus on shortening relaxation times, are most commonly employed in the form of paramagnetic chelates and depend on a variety of mechanisms, including concentration, number of ion-coordination sites, spin quantum number, magnetic moment, ion-to-proton distance, and correlation time constants characteristic of the chemical and molecular structure. A sound understanding of the principles of general contrast mechanisms, contrast agent design, and MRI techniques used in conjunction with contrast agents is vital to ensure proper enhancement and optimal diagnostic results.
FLUORESCENCE PROBE FOR MICROENVIRONMENTS: A NEW PROBE FOR MICELLE SOLVENT PARAMETERS AND PREMICELLAR AGGREGATES (1981)

Abstract— A previous study on the electronic spectroscopy of p ‐N,N‐dialkylaminobenzylidenemalononitrile, 1, has been extended to a larger variety of organic solvents and to micelles of ionic and nonionic surfactants. By comparing the fluorescence emission (λ F and φ ∫ ) of 1 in micelles and in homogeneous organic solvents, the effective polarity and the microviscosity of the micellar environments of potassium dodecanoate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and Triton X‐100 micelles have been determined to be 40, 40, 36 and 28, respectively and 23, 31, 34 and 28 cP, respectively. These results indicate that the fluorescence probe is located in the micelle–water interface of a micelle and this region of a micelle is polar and viscous. 1 has also been studied in different surfactants with varying surfactant concentrations. The φ ∫ of 1, a microviscosity gauge for micellar aggregates, remains unchanged at the critical micelle concentrations of various surfactants, but decreases at much lower surfactant concentrations. This is attributable to the formation of premicellar aggregates of surfactant molecules below their critical micelle concentrations.
Protein purification using expanded bed chromatography (2004)

Expanded bed chromatography using ion-exchange media is a powerful first step in purification processes. Expanded bed chromatography can be used to extract components from complex and viscous solution. This can be achieved because of the void created between adsorbent particles where as in packed bed chromatography, the adsorbent is too compact and dense for a complex feed stock to flow through. Expanded bed chromatography was used to purify bovine serum albumin (BSA) from chicken egg white (CEW). The high viscosity of CEW presents a unique challenge for efficient large-scale protein purification. This project aimed to optimize and evaluate a separation method that is believed to be particularly suitable for high viscosity solutions: expanded-bed ion exchange chromatography. The BSA was admixed into the CEW and the solution was pumped through the column for purification. The media used in the column was Streamline DEAE which is an anion-exchanger. The yield obtained was 85% and the purity was 57%. A mathematical model to understand and predict the behavior of expanded bed chromatography was developed to provide an estimation of the breakthrough curves obtained for BSA. A small sized porous dense adsorbent was also synthesized to enhance the purification process. This zirconia-based adsorbent allows use of higher flow velocities that is a key factor when working with viscous fluids such as chicken egg white.
A unified framework for injury control: The public health approach and Haddon's Matrix combined (2002)

Injury specialists have not successfully convinced policy makers and the public that injuries can be controlled. That failure may be due in part to the lack of a unified understanding of injury control. The two most important models utilized in injury control are Haddon's Matrix and the Public Health Approach (PHA). This paper argues that the PHA should be combined with the two axes of Haddon's Matrix to result in a model that is coherent and comprehensive. Thus it is better than either one of the original models on their own. Haddon's Matrix has two axes. The first includes elements of the epidemiological triad, host, vector, and environment and likens injury to disease. The second axis includes three time intervals, pre-event, event, and post-event. The importance of including time was that injury was conceptualized as predictable and preventable. The weakness of Haddon's matrix is that it lacks a systematic plan of action. The Public Health Approach is a methodology for addressing injury, which consists of a hierarchy of four levels; surveillance, risk factor identification, intervention evaluation and program implementation. The use of the PHA with no specific orientation or means of application is its weakness. The PHA lacks a systematic point of application. Haddon's Matrix lacks a systematic action plan. Therefore we propose the PHA as the systematic strategy for the more theoretical framework of Haddon's matrix. By combining these concepts a coherent and comprehensive three-dimensional framework is defined. The unified model closes the potential gaps in the two original models and includes a systematic approach not previously achieved. This unified model is practical in defining individual studies and groups of studies. It can be used as an inventory, for a complete understanding of a particular injury. Diagrams of the model are presented to help teach the concepts of injury described in this unitary model. In conclusion, we can say that the inclusion of three injury concepts in one framework provides a rigorous and coherent construct for the understanding of injury and implementation of control activities. It can therefore be used to design more comprehensive programs for injury control and promote policies and funding commensurate with the magnitude of the injury problem.
Effect of Reactive Magnesium Oxide on Properties of Alkali-Activated Slag-Cement Pastes (2015)

The effect of different proportions and different reactivities of magnesium oxide ( MgO) on the drying shrinkage and compressive strength of alkali-activated slag pastes (AAS) has been investigated. The slag was activated by 6% by weight sodium hydroxide and liquid sodium silicate at a ratio of 3 ∶ 3% by weight. The MgO of different reactivities were produced from calcination of hydromagnesite at different temperatures (550, 1,000, and 1,250°C). The results showed that the reactivity of magnesium oxide decreases with the calcination temperature. Also, the drying shrinkage of AAS was reduced by the replacement of slag with different reactivities of MgO. The Mg₅₅₀ accelerated the hydration of AAS at early ages. The replacement of slag with 5% MgO₅₅₀ increased one-day compressive strength by ∼ 26%, but MgO₁₂₅₀ had little effect. A significant increase in strength was observed after 7 days with the replacement of slag with 5% MgO₁₂₅₀. The MgO reacts with slag to form hydrotalcite-like phases (Ht) as detected by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric and derivative thermogravimetric analysis.