gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The perinodal astrocyte (1988)

Several studies have demonstrated the presence of perinodal astrocyte processes at nodes of Ranvier in the central nervous system, suggesting that, in addition to the axon and oligodendrocyte, astrocytes participate in the formation of mature central nodes. The specific association between perinodal astrocyte processes and nodal membrane develops at the time of, or soon after, the appearance of relatively differentiated nodes of Ranvier. This interaction is likely to be mediated by cell adhesion molecules. J1 is a member of a family of glycoproteins that share a common carbohydrate epitope, designated L2/HNK-1, and that have been implicated in cell-cell interactions. This glycoprotein is concentrated at the interface between perinodal astrocyte processes and the nodal region of the axon. Moreover, N-CAM, which is a member of the same family as J1, and cytotactin, an extracellular matrix component produced by glia, are localized at the interface between the axon and perinodal astrocyte processes at nodes of Ranvier. The association of perinodal astrocyte processes with nodal membrane in the central nervous system is similar to that exhibited by perinodal Schwann cell processes at peripheral nodes, and similar functional properties have been suggested for these two glial cell processes, including production of nodal gap substance, buffering of perinodal extracellular ion concentration, and development and/or maintenance of nodal specializations in the axon membrane. Perinodal astrocyte and Schwann cell processes may also function as extraneuronal sites for the synthesis of voltage-sensitive sodium channels, to complement neuronal perikaryal synthesis and axonal transport. Ultrastructural studies on specialized patches of axon membrane within some unmyelinated, demyelinated, and dysmyelinated axons support the hypothesis of a specific role for perinodal astrocyte processes in the assembly, stabilization, and/or maintenance of axolemma with nodal characteristics. These observations suggest a multiplicity of functions for perinodal astrocyte processes at central nodes and implicate the astrocyte as an important component of the node of Ranvier.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Cyanamides with Malonyl Chloride, Cyanoacetyl Chloride, and Dichloromalonyl Chloride. (1986)

Abstract Die Reaktionen von Malonylchlorid (I) und Dichlormalonylchlorid (XII) mit den Cyanamiden (III) werden untersucht.
An extract of <i>Desmodium adscendens</i> activates cyclooxygenase and increases prostaglandin synthesis by ram seminal vesicle microsomes (1995)

Abstract Microsomes from ram seminal vesicles were used as a source of cyclooxygenase enzyme to evaluate the effect of an n ‐butanol fraction of Desmodium adscendens (nBF) on prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. 1‐ 14 C‐arachidonic acid ( 14 C‐AA) conversions into prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), prostaglandin F 2 alpha (PGF 2a ) and the endoperoxide intermediate, prostaglandin H 2 (PGH 2 ) were analysed radiometrically and compared among reaction mixtures with different concentrations of the cyclooxygenase enzyme, with and without GSH and with or without preincubation with nBF, tyramine and hordenine, phenolic compounds present in D. adscendens. The percentage of 14 C‐AA converted in the various reaction mixtures was used to indicate activation of cyclooxygenase enzyme (Cox). nBF activated Cox at sub‐optimal enzyme concentrations and increased PG synthesis at all enzyme concentrations used, shifting the increased production in favour of PGE 2 under certain conditions. Tyramine was more effective than nBF in activating Cox. The results indicate that D. adscendens contains compounds, other than phenolics, which modulate PG synthesis and could lead to production of relaxant prostanoids.
Building Better Bones with Biologics — A New Approach to Osteoporosis? (2016)

There is currently a major crisis in osteoporosis therapy.1 Despite effective treatments to prevent fractures, too few patients receive therapy. Furthermore, those who do get treated often stop taking medication prematurely. To understand this paradox and the potential importance of the article by Cosman et al. now published in the Journal,2 a brief historical perspective is required.Until the development and approval of bisphosphonates, which are antiresorptive agents, in the mid-1990s, few effective therapies existed for osteoporosis.3 Bisphosphonates rapidly became the standard of care for osteoporosis and remained so for 15 years. During that time, a relatively small but clinically . . .
<title>Experimental evaluation of an atomic line filter for spaceborne application</title> (1994)

Atomic line filters take advantage of the sharp spectral features offered by electronic transitions in free atoms. The basic idea is to convert a narrow atomic absorption profile into an equally narrow optical transmission filter by detecting the fluorescence radiation that is emitted after a photon has been absorbed. We developed the metastable thallium atomic line filter from the basic physical idea to a laboratory prototype in order to evaluate the usefulness of the technology for satellite borne backscatter LIDARs. Atomic thallium provides for an unsurpassed combination of features for this purpose. The input wavelength of the filter is 535 nm, which matches the frequency doubled Nd:BEL laser. The filter is an active device, it upconverts the 535 nm input into 378 nm output that is detected by a PMT. The experimental results were as expected concerning the characteristics directly related to atomic properties, i.e. the filter has only 10 ns response time, its optical bandwidth is 0.004 nm, and its acceptance angle is only limited by the device geometry. An optimized setup, with the size constraints of a space-borne system, displays a total quantum efficiency of 2%, i.e. from input photons to detected output photons. This constitutes a remarkable and unsurpassed value for atomic line filters but is too low for the application in mind. (A ground-based, scaled-up version of our prototype would reach about 10% quantum efficiency). In addition, the 500 degree(s)C operating temperature of the vapor cell requires sophisticated thermal layout and thermal shielding, which means a lot of added mass and volume. In summary, we found that atomic line filters can be built that offer characteristics not found with other technologies, but their applicability for space borne systems is questionable.
Schedule-dependent antitumor effects of gemcitabine and S-1, a novel oral derivative of 5-fluorouracil, in human pancreatic cancer xenografts (2005)

4154 Background: The systemic administration of gemcitabine (GEM) has been accepted as a standard treatment for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. The major mediator of cellular uptake of GEM is the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) which expression is up-regulated by TS inhibitor such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). S-1 is a novel oral derivative of 5-FU prodrug tegafur combined with two modulators, 5-chloro-2, 4-dihydropridine and potassium oxonate, and recent clinical trials have reported the promising effect of S-1 in pancreatic cancer. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between different schedules and their effects of GEM/S-1 in combination therapy for pancreatic cancer in nude mouse xenograft model. Methods: Expression of ENT1 was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. GEM cellular uptake was determined using [3H]GEM. Seven pancreatic cancer cell lines (AsPC1, BxPC3, MiaPaCa-2, PSN1, Panc1, PCI6, and KMP4) were treated in vitro with 5-FU either before or following exposure to GEM. Growth inhibitory effects in vitro were determined by MTT assay. We compared 6 different treatment schedules (no treatment, single agent of GEM or S-1, combination treatment with gemcitabine either before, simultaneously or following administration of S-1) using MiaPaCa-2 xenograft model in BALB/c mice. The antitumor effects were evaluated with the tumor volume. Results: Significant increases in ENT1 expression and GEM cellular uptake were observed after 5-FU treatment in vitro and S-1 treatment in vivo. The in vitro growth inhibitory effect was significantly greater in the sequential treatment of 5-FU followed by GEM in all cell lines except for Panc1. Furthermore, the significant tumor growth inhibition in vivo was observed in the mice treated with S-1 followed by GEM compared with either untreated mice or the mice treated with gemcitabine followed by S-1. Conclusions: Based on the modulation of 5-FU on the uptake of GEM, 5-FU should be used before GEM treatment. The combination therapy with preadministarted S-1 and GEM in the patients with pancreatic cancer is promising and is worthwhile to be confirmed in clinical trials. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Plasma β-Thromboglobulin in Diabetes Mellitus (1977)

The plasma beta-thromboglobulin (betaTG) content was measured in 56 diabetic patients with known complications of this disease, including neuropathy, retinopathy, and ischemic skin lesions. Although two patients were found to have elevated levels beyond the normal range, there was no significant difference between the diabetic group as a whole and the group of 35 controls. The significance of these findings with regard to the proposed contribution of small-vessel platelet sequestration in the pathogenesis of late complications of diabetes mellitus is discussed.
Synthesis of MgB 2 from magnesium rich powders (2006)

Superconducting bulk MgB 2 samples have been synthesized by employing a modified heat treatment without using any additional process steps generally undertaken in view of the substantial loss of Mg during sintering owing to its high vapour pressure at the processing temperature. Starting with Mg rich powder mixtures having different atomic ratios of Mg:B (as against the nominally required 1:2 ratio), we have obtained superconducting MgB 2 samples showing a transition temperature (T c ) in the range 40.4-40.7K when synthesized at sintering temperatures in the range 720-900°C. Typically, a MgB 2 sample (T c = 40.5K) obtained from heat treating Mg and B in the ratio of 2:2 at 870°C for 1h duration exhibited critical current density in excess of 1×10 7 A/m 2 at =38K. Our results further show that MgO is not detrimental to superconductivity.
Synthesis and structure of di-µ-oxo nitridotechnetium(<scp>VI</scp>) dimers and a monomeric nitridotechnetium(<scp>V</scp>) mixed-ligand complex (1992)

The di-µ-oxo technetium(VI) complexes [{TcN(S2CNEt2)}2(µ-O)2]1, [{TcN(S2CNC4H8)}2(µ-O)2]2, [AsPh4]2[{TcN(CN)2}2(µ-O)2]4 and [AsPh4]2[{TcN(edt)}2(µ-O)2]5(H2edt = ethane-1,2-dithiol) have been prepared either by reaction of [{TcN(OH2)3}2(µ-O)2]2+ or Cs2[TcNCl5] in Na4P2O7 solution with the appropriate ligand. The ESR spectra of solutions of 1 and 2 in SOCl2 and of 4 in MeCN with added AsPh4Cl·HCl showed that cleavage of the dimer occurs to give the nitridotechnetium(VI) monomers [TcNCl2(S2CNR2)](R = Et or R2= C4H8) or [TcNCl2(CN)2]–. Reaction of [TcVINCl2(S2CNEt2)] with K2[SCOCOS] gave the mixed-ligand complex [AsPh4][TcVN(S2CNEt2)(SCOCOS)]3. Single-crystal X-ray structures (Cu-Kα radiation) were determined for 1, 2 and 3. Complexes 1 and 2 are dimeric and are best described as two edge-sharing square pyramids, with TcN and Tc–Tc distances of 1.623(4), 1.624(4), 2.543(1), and 1.65(2), 1.59(2) and, 2.542(2)Å for 1 and 2 respectively. Complex 3 is monomeric with the technetium atom having a square pyramidal geometry, and a TcN distance of 1.54(2)Å.
GFAP-Cre-Mediated Transgenic Activation of Bmi1 Results in Pituitary Tumors (2012)

Bmi1 is a member of the polycomb repressive complex 1 and plays different roles during embryonic development, depending on the developmental context. Bmi1 over expression is observed in many types of cancer, including tumors of astroglial and neural origin. Although genetic depletion of Bmi1 has been described to result in tumor inhibitory effects partly through INK4A/Arf mediated senescence and apoptosis and also through INK4A/Arf independent effects, it has not been proven that Bmi1 can be causally involved in the formation of these tumors. To see whether this is the case, we developed two conditional Bmi1 transgenic models that were crossed with GFAP-Cre mice to activate transgenic expression in neural and glial lineages. We show here that these mice generate intermediate and anterior lobe pituitary tumors that are positive for ACTH and beta-endorphin. Combined transgenic expression of Bmi1 together with conditional loss of Rb resulted in pituitary tumors but was insufficient to induce medulloblastoma therefore indicating that the oncogenic function of Bmi1 depends on regulation of p16(INK4A)/Rb rather than on regulation of p19(ARF)/p53. Human pituitary adenomas show Bmi1 overexpression in over 50% of the cases, which indicates that Bmi1 could be causally involved in formation of these tumors similarly as in our mouse model.
Total Synthesis of (−)-Spirotryprostatin B and Three Stereoisomers (2000)

Heck cyclization and trapping of the resultant η3-allylpalladium intermediate by a tethered diketopiperazine is the central step in a new stereocontrolled route to spirotryprostatin alkaloids. The versatility of this approach is illustrated by the enantioselective total syntheses of the fungal natural product (−)-spirotryprostatin B (1) and three stereoisomers. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2000/z15668_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Up-regulation of the ubiquitous alternative splicing factor Tra2β causes inclusion of a germ cell-specific exon (2005)

We have discovered a new exon of the homeodomain-interacting kinase HipK3 that incorporates a premature stop codon and is included only in the human testis. To investigate this, we tested the effects of transfecting cells with green fluorescent protein fusions of RNA-binding proteins implicated in spermatogenesis using a novel assay based on multi-fraction fluorescence-activated cell sorting (MF-FACS). This allows the effect of a controlled titration of any splicing factor on the splicing of endogenous genes to be studied in vivo. We found that Tra2beta recapitulates testis-specific splicing of endogenous HipK3 in a concentration-dependent manner and binds specifically to a long purine-rich sequence in the novel exon. This sequence was also specifically bound by hnRNP A1, hnRNP H, ASF/SF2 and SRp40, but not by 9G8. Consistent with these observations, in vitro studies showed that this sequence shifts splicing to a downstream 5' splice site within a heterologous pre-mRNA substrate in the presence of Tra2beta, ASF/SF2 and SRp40, whereas hnRNP A1 specifically inhibits this choice. By mutating the purine-rich sequence in the context of the HipK3 gene, we also show that it is the major determinant of Tra2beta- and hnRNP A1-mediated regulation. Tra2 is essential for sex determination and spermatogenesis in flies, and Tra2beta protein was most highly expressed in testis out of six mouse tissues, whereas hnRNP A1 is down-regulated during germ cell development. Therefore, our data imply an evolutionarily conserved role for Tra2 proteins in spermatogenesis and suggest that an elevated concentration of Tra2beta may convert it into a tissue-specific splicing factor.
Phylogenetic Relationships within Cation Transporter Families of Arabidopsis (2001)

Uptake and translocation of cationic nutrients play essential roles in physiological processes including plant growth, nutrition, signal transduction, and development. Approximately 5% of the Arabidopsis genome appears to encode membrane transport proteins. These proteins are classified in 46 unique families containing approximately 880 members. In addition, several hundred putative transporters have not yet been assigned to families. In this paper, we have analyzed the phylogenetic relationships of over 150 cation transport proteins. This analysis has focused on cation transporter gene families for which initial characterizations have been achieved for individual members, including potassium transporters and channels, sodium transporters, calcium antiporters, cyclic nucleotide-gated channels, cation diffusion facilitator proteins, natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins (NRAMP), and Zn-regulated transporter Fe-regulated transporter-like proteins. Phylogenetic trees of each family define the evolutionary relationships of the members to each other. These families contain numerous members, indicating diverse functions in vivo. Closely related isoforms and separate subfamilies exist within many of these gene families, indicating possible redundancies and specialized functions. To facilitate their further study, the PlantsT database (http://plantst.sdsc.edu) has been created that includes alignments of the analyzed cation transporters and their chromosomal locations.
Release of galanin from isolated perfused porcine adrenal glands: role of splanchnic nerves (1991)

We found a high concentration of galanin in extracts of porcine adrenal glands (114 pmol/g). By immunohistochemistry, galanin was localized to groups of medullary cells previously shown to produce norepinephrine. To study mechanisms for the release of galanin, we developed the following in vitro model: isolated perfused porcine adrenals with intact splanchnic nerve supply. When the nerves were electrically stimulated, epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion increased 276- and 291-fold, respectively, and galanin release increased up to 1,300-fold. Acetylcholine at 10(-6) M stimulated galanin release, and hexamethonium almost abolished the response to nerve stimulation. Galanin infusions had no effect on epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion in concentrations of 10(-8) and 10(-7) M, but increased both cortisol and aldosterone secretion (P less than 0.05). Splanchnic nerve stimulation in anesthetized pigs increased the concentration of galanin in the caval vein but not in arterial plasma. It is concluded that galanin, coreleased with catecholamines from the adrenal glands, may have endocrine functions but that galanin may also have local regulatory functions in the adrenals.
Normalization of the Fox?Goodwin algorithm to calculate scattering matrices in an adiabatic basis at low and high collision energies (1996)

Scattering matrices in an adiabatic basis were calculated for a model two-state atomic collision using a simple modification (normalization of the wave function) of the Fox—Goodwin three-point recurrence relation. Unlike the previous application of this method to scattering the present algorithm was able to precisely calculate the scattering matrix not only at low collision energies (eV), but also at high energies (keV). An analysis of the convergence of the modified Fox—Goodwin algorithm is also discussed for several angular momenta and for several energies where the results were compared to the renormalized Numerov method. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Chemical Composition of Maple Sugar Sand <sup>a</sup> (1963)

SUMMARY The gritty material obtained by filtering commercial maple sirup was analyzed to determine its composition and to relate its composition to the amount of sugar sand deposited to determine the factors responsible for the formation of sugar sand. The samples, taken over a two‐year period, contained calcium, malic acid, and undetermined material (probably silica) as the major constituents. The calcium, malic acid, and calcium malate content gave highly significant positive correlations with the amount of sugar sand formed, whereas the percentage of undetermined material gave a negative correlation. There was also evidence that the malic acid content was more critical in the formation of sugar sand than the calcium content. Highly significant negative correlations were obtained between the percent sugar sand deposited and the iron, copper, and boron content. Further, these constituents also gave highly significant negative correlations when compared with the calcium content of the sugar sand. The presence of potassium, magnesium, and molybdenum appeared to have little effect on the formation of sugar sand. The nonvolatile organic acids present in sugar sand were determined by paper chromatography. Results showed that sugar sand contains malic, citric, succinic, fumaric, and three unidentified organic acids.
Reconstructing the past from imprecise knowledge of the present : (2011)

Identifying sources of ground water pollution, and deblurring astronomical galaxy images, are two important applications generating growing interest in the numerical computation of parabolic equations backward in time. However, while backward uniqueness typically prevails in parabolic equations, the precise data needed for the existence of a particular backward solution is seldom available. This paper discusses previously unexplored non uniqueness issues, originating from trying to reconstruct a particular solution from imprecise data. Explicit 1D examples of linear and nonlinear parabolic equations are presented, in which there is strong computational evidence for the existence of distinct solutions w red (x, t) and w green (x, t), on 0 t 1. These solutions have the property that the traces w red (x, 1) and w green (x, 1) at time t = 1, are close enough to be visually indistinguishable, while the corresponding initial values w red (x, 0) and w green (x, 0), are vastly different, well-behaved, physically plausible functions, with comparable L 2 norms. This implies effective non uniqueness in the recovery of w red (x, 0) from approximate data for w red (x, 1). In all these examples, the Van Cittert iterative procedure is used as a tool to discover unsuspected, valid, additional solutions w green (x, 0). This methodology can generate numerous other examples and indicates that multidimensional problems are likely to be a rich source of striking non uniqueness phenomena.
Plasma-charging damage and ESD, help each other? (2003)

ESD and plasma-charging damage are different modes of electrical stress that degrade integrated circuits. They are quite different and yet share many similarities. As integrated circuit technology continues to progress, the challenge of how to protect the ultra-thin gate-oxide from both of these phenomena is faced. This paper discusses the common problem shared by both communities.
The Targeting Task Performance (TTP) Metric A New Model for Predicting Target Acquisition Performance (2004)

Abstract : In Figure 1.1, the soldier is using an imaging sensor, hoping to quickly identify whether the tank is a threat, This report describes a model which predicts the probability that he connectly identifies the target. The problem is tackled in two parts. First, the soldier's quality of vision when using the sensor and display is quantified. Most of the report is devoted to this topic. Second, the relationship between quality of vision and peforming a visual task, such as identifying the tank, is discussed.
Inhibition of nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK/nm23) by cAMP analogues (1997)

Nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK/nm23) ATP/GDP phosphotransferase activity and serine autophosphorylation is inhibited by N6-mbcAMP, 8-ClcAMP and 8-BrcAMP. Inhibition of the enzymatic activity largely depends on the concentration of ATP and becomes significant at ATP concentrations up to 0.5 mM and at effector concentrations measured in C6 cells stimulated with 1 mM cAMP analogue. N6-mbcAMP is a substrate of the enzyme. DbcAMP and 0'2-mbcAMP, cAMP analogues with a modified 0'2-ribose, did not affect the NDPK activity. Cyclic AMP is only a moderate inhibitor of NDPK even at low ATP concentrations. Possible inhibitory effects of cAMP and cAMP analogues on reported extra- and intracellular functions of NDPK/nm23 are discussed.