gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lingeling, Plingeling and Treengeling Entering the SAT Competition 2013 (2013)

Abstract—This paper serves as solver description for our SAT solver Lingeling and its two parallel variants Treengeling and Plingeling entering the SAT Competition 2013. We only list important differences to the version of these solvers used in the SAT Challenge 2012. For further information we refer to the solver description [1] of the SAT Challenge 2012 or source code. LINGELING The differences on the search side, that is during the CDCL loop, are as follows. The inner-outer scheme for reduce scheduling is not enabled by default, but only enabled dynamically, if the number of remaining variables drops below 1000. It also turned out that the previous VMTF decision scheduler, though faster to compute, is less robust, and occasionally leads to time-outs on otherwise easy to satisfy instances. Thus we went back to the exponential VSIDS scheme of MiniSAT.
All-Fiber-Optic Gyroscope With Linear Scale Factor Using Phase Detection (1984)

Direct measurement of Sagnac phase shift from an open-loop, all-fiber-optic gyroscope using signal processing is described. The photodetector output from a phase modulated gyro is amplitude modulated at the phase modulation frequency to transpose the optical phase shift into a low frequency electronic phase shift, which is measured using a digital time interval counter. A wide dynamic range and linear scale factor are demonstrated using this approach.
Correlation of the Heart Rate‐Minute Ventilation Relationship with Clinical Data: Relevance to Rate‐Adaptive Pacing (1997)

The heart rate (HR)-minute ventilation (VE) relationship has been shown to be nonlinear and can be expressed as two distinct straight lines. This study is to assess the correlation of the initial HR-VE slope to clinical parameters. Maximum treadmill exercise tests were performed in 100 healthy volunteers (age 19-77 years) using a ramp protocol in which work-rate increases linearly with exercise. Breath-by-breath VO2, VCO2, and VE were measured, and HR and BP were monitored throughout the exercise. The HR-VE curve demonstrated nonlinearity with a breakpoint determined by a change point analysis. This breakpoint was significantly higher than that of the anaerobic threshold. The VE at the HR-VE breakpoint was 56.4 +/- 19.4 and VE at the VE-VO2-VO2 breakpoints were 48.0 +/- 18.3 (P < 0.0001) and 40.1 +/- 16.5 (P < 0.0001), respectively. The HR at this HR-Ve breakpoint was 77.7 +/- 12.9% of the HR range. The first slope, S1 (1.76 +/- 0.64) was steeper than the second slope, S2 (0.66 +/- 0.39). Although there was a gender difference for S1, the best clinical predictor on a stepwise multiple regression analysis was body surface area (BSA) which explained 47% of the variance. It was concluded that nonlinearity of the HR-VE curve can be expressed as two straight lines. The breakpoint is beyond the anaerobic threshold and can be estimated to be approximately 75% of the maximal predicted HR. BSA is the only clinical parameter that significantly predicts the initial slope of the HR-VE curve. This can be of great importance in the programming of rate-adaptive pacemakers using a VE.
Stress and flexibility factors for multi-mitred pipe bends subjected to internal pressure combined with external loadings (1972)

The stress analysis of a multi-mitred pipe bend when subjected to an internal pressure and a simultaneous in-plane or out-of-plane bending load has been developed. Stress patterns and flexibility factors calculated by this analysis are compared with experimental results from a large-diameter, thin-walled, three-weld, 90 ° multi-mitred bend which was subjected to in-plane bending tests at various internal pressures.
ESTILOS DE APRENDIZAGEM: USO DO VIRTUAL PELOS ESTUDANTES DO ENSINO SUPERIOR (2012)

Resumo As Tecnologias da Informação e comunicação (TIC) em especial a Internet trouxe novas formas de viver o ensino e a aprendizagem, presencial ou a distância. Considerando que o ensino e a aprendizagem devem ser centrados no aluno e que estão cada vez mais inseridos no mundo das tecnologias, é necessário a identificação dos estilos de uso do espaço virtual e desenvolver estratégias que tenham em conta esses estilos. Com esta reflexão se avaliará a relação entre o ensino presencial e a distância de uma amostra de alunos de ensino superior. Sobre os resultados obtidos a maioria dos sujeitos utilizada a internet todos os dias a mais de cinco anos principalmente para a busca de informação e o estilo de uso do espaço virtual predominante é o estilo participativo.LEARNING STYLE: THE VIRTUAL USE BY STUDENTS OF HIGHER EDUCATION Abstract The Information Technology and Communication (ICT) especially the Internet has brought new ways of living teaching and learning, classroom or distance. Teaching and learning should be student-centered, these students are increasingly entered the world of technology, it is necessary to identify the styles of using virtual space to develop strategies with these styles. The text presents the evaluation of the relationship between teaching and distance of a sample of students in higher education. The results most subjects used the internet every day to more than five years mainly for information search and style using virtual space is predominantly participative style.
Empirical model and in vivo characterization of the bacterial response to synthetic gene expression show that ribosome allocation limits growth rate (2011)

Synthetic biology uses modeling to facilitate the design of new genetic constructions. In particular, it is of utmost importance to model the reaction of the cellular chassis when expressing heterologous systems. We constructed a mathematical model for the response of a bacterial cell chassis under heterologous expression. For this, we relied on previous characterization of the growth-rate dependence on cellular resource availability (in this case, DNA and RNA polymerases and ribosomes). Accordingly, we estimated the maximum capacities of the cell for heterologous expression to be 46% of the total RNA and the 33% of the total protein. To experimentally validate our model, we engineered two genetic constructions that involved the constitutive expression of a fluorescent reporter in a vector with a tunable origin of replication. We performed fluorescent measurements using population and single-cell fluorescent measurements. Our model predicted cell growth for several heterologous constructions under five different culture conditions and various plasmid copy numbers with significant accuracy, and confirmed that ribosomes act as the limiting resource. Our study also confirmed that the bacterial response to synthetic gene expression could be understood in terms of the requirement for cellular resources and could be predicted from relevant cellular parameters.
Test input generation using dynamic programming (2012)

Constraint-based input generation is an effective technique for testing programs, such as compilers and web browsers, which have complex inputs. However, efficient generation of such inputs remains a challenging problem. We present a novel input generation technique that takes constraints written as recursive predicates in the underlying programming language and uses dynamic programming to solve the constraints efficiently. Our key insight is to leverage the recursive structure of desired inputs and partition the problem of generating an input into several sub-problems of generating smaller inputs that exhibit the same structure, and then to use dynamic programming -- a well-known problem solving methodology designed to exploit common sub-problems -- to combine them. A lazy initialization strategy and symbolic execution optimize our basic technique. Our technique provides not only bounded exhaustive input generation but also enables random input generation. We show the correctness of our technique. Furthermore, we present an experimental evaluation, which shows that our technique can provide over an order of magnitude performance improvement for input generation compared to Korat (an efficient solver for structural constraints) and Pex (a state-of-the-art tool for symbolic execution). Finally, we use our technique to effectively find bugs in production versions of Google Chrome and Apple Safari web browsers.
Progress toward developing trapping techniques for the emerald ash borer (2005)

Since the 2002 discovery of emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), in southeastern Michigan and Windsor, Ontario, the distribution of this exotic insect has continued to expand. The primary infestation in Michigan currently includes 13 counties, with small isolated pockets in at least 13 other counties. Accurate delimitation of the infested area and detection of new outlier infestations is critical for regulatory officials who must establish the quarantine boundaries and implement eradication and control measures. Trapping and detection techniques would greatly enhance survey efforts to delineate the distribution of EAB and locate new infestations.
Tutorial on the double balanced mixer (2006)

Smart use of mixers is a relevant issue in radio engineering and in instrumentation design, and of paramount importance in phase noise metrology. However simple the mixer seems, every time I try to explain to a colleague what it does, something goes wrong. One difficulty is that actual mixers operate in a wide range of power (150 dB or more) and frequency (up to 3 decades). Another difficulty is that the mixer works as a multiplier in the time-domain, which is necessary to convert frequencies. A further difficulty is the interaction with external circuits, the input sources and the load. Yet far the biggest difficulty is that designing with mixers requires a deep comprehension of the whole circuit at system level and at a component level. As the electronic-component approach is well explained in a number of references, this tutorial emphasizes the system approach, aiming to provide wisdom and insight on mixes.
Radiation Thermometry—The Measurement Problem (1985)

The basic measurement problems of radiation thermometry are discussed, with emphasis on the physical processes giving rise to the emissivity effects observed in real materials. Emissivity is shown to derive from bulk absorptivity properties of the material. Blackbody radiation is produced within an opaque isothermal material, with partial internal reflection occurring at the surface. The reflective properties of surfaces are discussed in terms of Fresnel's equations, and roughness effects are explained in terms of multiple reflections and Kirchhoff's law. Attention is drawn to the polarization effects implicit in Fresnel reflection and their possible usefulness in radiation thermometry. The effects of atmospheric absorption and emission, dust, and vapors are considered; it is shown that such problems are minimized if spectral bands are restricted to atmospheric windows, with particulates removed by purge gases. The role played by windows in the sight path is also considered, and the effects of, and remedies for, reflected extraneous radiation are discussed. The radiometer measurement equation is developed and discussed as the basis for radiometer instrumentation. The key remaining problems are identified as the determination of spectral emissivity in situ and correction for the effects of reflected extraneous (background) radiation.
GNSS-aided INS Integrity Concept (2014)

This paper addresses the integration between Global
Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Inertial Navigation
System (INS) from an integrity perspective. In order to
achieve this, we analyze a low-complex coupling scheme,
where a GNSS layer resets the INS strapdown algorithm
with position, velocity and their respective protection levels.
In particular, RAIM and Velocity RAIM algorithms are
used here as the integrity-based core system. Special focus
is dedicated to the propagation of uncertainties in terms
of covariances through the strapdown inertial algorithm, as
well as the impact of the reset uncertainties and accelerometer
noise on the final computed protection levels. Finally,
it is shown how our integrated system may solve the continuity
and availability problems of GNSS by coasting not
only the position solution but also the protection levels.
Data flow testing as model checking (2003)

This paper presents a model checking-based approach to data flow testing. We characterize data flow oriented coverage criteria in temporal logic such that the problem of test generation is reduced to the problem of finding witnesses for a set of temporal logic formulas. The capability of model checkers to construct witnesses and counterexamples allows test generation to be fully automatic. We discuss complexity issues in minimal cost test generation and describe heurstic test generation algorithms. We illustrate our approach using CTL as temporal logic and SMV as model checker.
Quantitative Structure−Property Relationship (QSPR) Models for Boiling Points, Specific Gravities, and Refraction Indices of Hydrocarbons (2004)

The relationship between physical properties (normal boiling point, specific gravity, and refractive index) of hydrocarbons in the distillate boiling range and their molecular structures was examined using the CODESSA (Comprehensive Descriptors for Structural and Statistical Analysis) program. Multiple linear regression equations with up to eight parameters were used to develop predictive multilinear regression models. Six models for boiling point, specific gravity, and refractive index were obtained for the saturate and aromatic compounds separately. The correlation coefficients (R2) for all six models were >0.99, except for the model of specific gravity for aromatics, which had a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.9881. The standard deviations over the 186-point saturate training set were 6.10 K, 0.007, and 0.004 for boiling point, specific gravity, and refractive index, respectively. Those over the 200-point aromatic training set were 6.30 K, 0.008, and 0.005, respectively. Leave-one-out cross-validation (CV) checks that were performed for all the obtained models led to only slightly smaller correlation coefficients (R2 − < 0.002). Another set of 34 hydrocarbon compounds was chosen as the validation set to test the saturate models. Aromatic validation sets were also chosen to test the accuracy of the models for boiling point (61 data points), specific gravity (36 data points), and refractive index (27 data points). All the models showed excellent performance, with average errors of <1%. A separate set of three models was obtained for the combined saturates and aromatics data set. Compared to the models obtained for saturates and aromatics separately, these three more-general models were less accurate.
Mitochondrial Localized STAT3 Is Involved in NGF Induced Neurite Outgrowth (2011)

Taken together, the findings herein demonstrated a hitherto unrecognized novel transcription independent mechanism whereby the mitochondria localized P-Ser-STAT3 is involved in NGF induced neurite outgrowth.
Activity and Structure of Perovskites as Diesel‐Reforming Catalysts for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (2005)

Recent progress in developing perovskite materials as more cost‐effective catalysts in autothermal reforming (ATR) of diesel fuel to hydrogen‐rich reformate for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) application is reported. Perovskite‐type metal oxides with B sites partially exchanged by ruthenium were prepared and evaluated under ATR reaction conditions. The hydrogen yield, reforming efficiency, and CO x selectivity of these catalysts were investigated using diesel surrogate fuel with 50 ppm sulfur. The catalyst performances have approached or exceeded a benchmark, high‐cost rhodium‐based material. In parallel with the reactivity study, we also investigated the physical properties of B‐site doped perovskites and their impact on the reforming performance using various characterization techniques such as BET, X‐ray powder diffraction, temperature programmable reduction, scanning electron microscopy, and synchrotron X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. We found that ruthenium is highly dispersed into perovskite lattice and its redox behavior is directly associated with reforming activity.
Affine processes in finance: Numerical approximation, simulation and model properties (2008)

This thesis deals with theoretical and numerical questions related to affine jump-diffusion models used in finance. In more detail, we look at three different classes within the affine jump-diffusion class. The first is the Heston stochastic volatility model which has been used extensively since its first introduction by Heston (1993). To price financial derivatives with complex payoff structures, we have to resort to the Monte Carlo simulation. We propose new simulation schemes for the Heston model based on the squared Bessel bridge decomposition. These new methods perform well in different parameter settings and they are compared with two other existing methods, first, the exact scheme of Broadie and Kaya (2006) and, second, the QE method of Andersen (2005). The second question is about the tail behavior of the canonical affine diffusion processes which were introduced by Dai and Singleton (2000) in the context of financial econometrics to study the term structure of interest rates. We show that the canonical models have light tails or exponential bounded tails, and the explicit conditions that guarantee light tails are given. Moreover, we prove that there exists a unique limiting stationary distribution for each canonical model and the regions of finite exponential moments of such stationary distributions are determined by the stability region of the dynamical system associated with a given model. We further go into the detailed analysis of the dynamical system of a canonical affine diffusion process. We prove that the stability region of such a dynamical system can be represented by the union of stable sub-manifolds under some mild conditions, and also derive some partial differential equation of which solution is blow-up times of the dynamical system. Through an asymptotic analysis of those blow-up times, we calculate the implied volatility asymptotics for options with short maturities and extreme strikes based on Lee (2004). The third and final question involves the general affine jump-diffusion models. It is computationally too expensive to apply numerical integration schemes to compute vanilla option prices in an affine jump-diffusion model which does not have an explicit Fourier transform formula. To extend the category of models that can be tested in financial econometrics, we apply the well known saddlepoint technique to affine jump-diffusion models. After we develop the basic idea and review some known saddlepoint techniques, we test them for the Heston model, the model of stochastic volatility with jumps (SVJ) and the Scott model. Implementation details and some modifications of existing methods are also given.
European Scientific Conference on Applied Infectious Disease Epidemiology (ESCAIDE) 2011 – call for abstracts (2011)

Preview this article: European Scientific Conference on Applied Infectious Disease Epidemiology (ESCAIDE) 2011 – call for abstracts, Page 1 of 1 < Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/eurosurveillance/16/22/art19882-en-1.gif
Printed Circuit Board Reflow by Vapour Phase Heating (1983)

The popular commercial processes for reflow, namely infra‐red radiation and immersion in hot oil, have several disadvantages. By contrast, the vapour phase heating method for reflowing tin‐lead coatings presents many welcome features. A comparison is made of the technology of the three processes and details are given of the desirable properties of liquids for use in vapour phase heating. Various parameters are assessed in tabular form for the three techniques. The fact that fluxing is unnecessary in vapour phase reflow is clearly an added benefit.
An Investigation Into the Accuracy of Herbivore Diet Analysis (1986)

A commonly used technique of herbivore diet analysis consists of grinding ingested material to homogenise the size of particles, extracting a sub-set of these by sieving, and then reconstructing the diet by counting the particles referable to various plant species. A set of experiments revealed that this technique is inaccurate because of variation between species in the number of particles produced per unit dry weight, in the proportion of these retained by the sieve, and in the proportion that could be identified. Thus the technique is badly flawed even without the added complication of differential digestibility, which in itself is shown to be considerable. Certain correction factors derived to cope with these effects are shown to be only partly successful.
Crowdsourcing Multimedia QoE Evaluation: A Trusted Framework (2013)

Crowdsourcing has emerged in recent years as a potential strategy to enlist the general public to solve a wide variety of tasks. With the advent of ubiquitous Internet access, it is now feasible to ask an Internet crowd to conduct QoE (Quality of Experience) experiments on their personal computers in their own residences rather than in a laboratory. The considerable size of the Internet crowd allows researchers to crowdsource their experiments to a more diverse set of participant pool at a relatively low economic cost. However, as participants carry out experiments without supervision, the uncertainty of the quality of their experiment results is a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a crowdsourceable framework to quantify the QoE of multimedia content. To overcome the aforementioned quality problem, we employ a paired comparison method in our framework. The advantages of our framework are: 1) trustworthiness due to the support for cheat detection; 2) a simpler rating procedure than that of the commonly-used but more difficult mean opinion score (MOS), which places less burden on participants; 3) economic feasibility since reliable QoE measures can be acquired with less effort compared with MOS; and 4) generalizability across a variety of multimedia content. We demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed framework by a comparison with MOS. Moreover, the results of four case studies support our assertion that the framework can provide reliable QoE evaluation at a lower cost.
The Household Chemistry of Cleaning Pennies (2001)

Although it is well known that solutions of vinegar and table salt are effective in removing tarnish from pennies, chemical explanations of this behavior are not included in sources of this "household chemistry" and erroneous explanations have crept into popular literature on this subject. This article provides some relevant empirical information on the system, such as the fact that chloride ion (as opposed to any ionic compound) seems to be necessary for the effect, and presents a simplified treatment of equilibria that occur in the solutions. Equilibrium calculations indicate that formation of the copper(I) complex ion CuCl2- is favored, which may explain the role of the sodium chloride. The presence of copper(I) in the resulting solutions can be demonstrated colorimetrically with the reagent bicinchoninic acid.