gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Country-Wide Internet Outages Caused by Censorship (2014)

In the first months of 2011, Internet communications were disrupted in several North African countries in response to civilian protests and threats of civil war. In this paper, we analyze episodes of these disruptions in two countries: Egypt and Libya. Our analysis relies on multiple sources of large-scale data already available to academic researchers: BGP interdomain routing control plane data, unsolicited data plane traffic to unassigned address space, active macroscopic traceroute measurements, RIR delegation files, and MaxMind's geolocation database. We used the latter two data sets to determine which IP address ranges were allocated to entities within each country, and then mapped these IP addresses of interest to BGP-announced address ranges (prefixes) and origin autonomous systems (ASs) using publicly available BGP data repositories in the US and Europe. We then analyzed observable activity related to these sets of prefixes and ASs throughout the censorship episodes. Using both control plane and data plane data sets in combination allowed us to narrow down which forms of Internet access disruption were implemented in a given region over time. Among other insights, we detected what we believe were Libya's attempts to test firewall-based blocking before they executed more aggressive BGP-based disconnection. Our methodology could be used, and automated, to detect outages or similar macroscopically disruptive events in other geographic or topological regions.
And (2008)

And Bill Brown (bio) And Friday, home from work, I flip on the war and watch a group of marines help a family bury their dead, and it seems that soldiers called the car to stop with bullhorns, but was the driver deaf? No one knew, so the car was destroyed, and the Shiah women wail and wave their hands against losing what they love, against the charred remains, and the marines stare at their feet, and one young man being interviewed can’t look at the camera, and the Imam proclaims them martyrs, says that they are already with God, and the sand and dirt pitch from the shovels as holes deepen, and the desert sun cannot prevent the holes from filling up with shadows, and the deeper, the darker they become until the bodies are lowered and the wailing and waving of hands continue and one of the town fathers lets the translator kiss him on the customary cheek. [End Page 136] Bill Brown Bill Brown is the author of three chapbooks, three poetry collections, and a writing textbook. His new collection, Late Winter, is forthcoming from Iris Press. His work has recently appeared in North American Review, Southern Poetry Review, Rattle, and Borderlands. Copyright © 2007 University of Nebraska Press
Relay Node Selection in Randomly Deployed Homogeneous Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks (2007)

Extended network life is one of the fundamental objectives in the design of wireless sensor network systems. Clustering protocols help in achieving this objective in an efficient and scalable manner by organizing nodes into small hierarchical groups. In single hop clustering protocols, assumptions are made about direct communication from the cluster heads to the base station. Such assumptions seem strong for realistic situation as the cluster head may have limited radio transmission range in some cases. Relay nodes could be used to leverage additional energy saving through multi-hop transmissions. Moreover, for a randomly deployed homogeneous network, placement of either relays or cluster heads at predetermined locations poses challenges including mobility, location awareness and energy provisioning. In this paper we propose a three-tier architecture for randomly deployed wireless sensor networks without making any assumptions about mobility and placement of nodes at desired locations. We also propose and evaluate heuristic based algorithms for relay node selection. Simulation results demonstrate significant gains in network life time by using the proposed algorithms.
Dextran and Its Derivatives (1975)

The Review covers the physicochemical properties of dextran, the preparation of various types of derivatives, and the study of their properties and possible fields of application. Consideration is given also to the preparation of dextranates of alkali and alkaline-earth metals, complexes of dextran with multivalent metals, oxidation products of dextran and their derivatives, deoxy-derivatives, esters and ethers, dextran derivatives having a three-dimensional cross-linked structure, graft copolymers, and derivatives containing chemically attached medicinals. The production of many of the above derivatives is shown to extend considerably the possible applications of dextran. A list of 335 references is included.
A study on speaker adaptation of continuous density HMM parameters (2002)

For a speech recognition system based on a continuous density hidden Markov model (CDHMM), it is shown that speaker adaptation of the parameters of the CDHMM can be formulated as a Bayesian learning procedure and it can be integrated into the segmental k-means training algorithm. Some results are reported for adapting both the mean and the diagonal covariance matrix of the Gaussian state observation densities of a CDHMM. When the speaker adaptation procedure is tested on a 39-word English alpha-digit vocabulary in isolated word mode, the results indicate that the procedure achieves better performance than a speaker-independent system, when only one training token from each word is used to perform speaker adaptation. It is also shown that much better performance can be achieved when two or more training tokens are used for speaker adaptation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Bone Marrow Cells As the Origin of Stomach Cancer (2005)

Cells derived from bone marrow are pluripotent, with the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types. Environmental cues dictate differentiation decisions. It should not be surprising then, that abnormal cell environments lead to abnormal differentiation of these cells, and in some cases, malignant transformation. Identifying a role for bone marrow-derived cells in the initiation and progression of cancer allows a dramatic change in the way in which cancer is viewed. Identifying the cell responsible for initiating a tumor offers the exciting possibility of specifically targeting unique aspects of these cells and altering signaling properties for more effective therapeutic approaches.
In Vitro Activity of HR 756, a New Cephalosporin, Against <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> (1979)

The in vitro activity of HR 756 was compared with penicillin, cefamandole, cefoxitin, and tetracycline against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A total of 192 randomly selected isolates (of which 23 had minimal inhibitory concentrations of >/=0.5 mug/ml for penicillin) and three beta-lactamase-producing isolates were tested. HR 756 was the most active antibiotic tested, with more than 90% of the isolates inhibited by 0.008 mug/ml and all inhibited by 0.25 mug/ml.
Electrocardiographic Alterations Produced by an Increase in Plasma pH, Bicarbonate and Sodium as Compared with Those Seen with a Decrease in Potassium (1953)

The effects of an increase in plasma pH, bicarbonate and sodium on the electrocardiogram of the normal dog have been compared with those produced by a decrease in plasma potassium. The electrocardiographic alterations in these experimentally induced situations were found to be similar in form and progression.
Aero-acoustic modelling of voiced and unvoiced fricatives based on MRI data (2000)

We would like to develop a more realistic production model of unvoiced speech sounds, namely fricatives, plosives and aspiration noise. All three involve turbulence noise generation, with place-dependent source characteristics that vary with time (rapidly, in plosives). In this study, we aimed to produce, using an aero-acoustic model of the vocal-tract filter and source, voiced as well as unvoiced fricatives that provide a good match to analyses of speech recordings. The vocal-tract transfer function (VTTF) was computed by the vocal-tract acoustics program, VOAC [Davies, McGowan and Shadle. Vocal Fold Physiology: Frontiers in Basic Science, ed. Titze, Singular Pub., CA, 93-142, 1993], using geometrical data, in the form of cross-sectional area and hydraulic radius functions, along the length of the tract. VOAC incorporates the effects of net flow into the transmission of plane waves through a tubular representation of the tract, and relaxes assumptions of rrigid walls and isentropic propagation. The geometry functions were derived from multiple-slice, dynamic, magnetic resonance images (MRI) [Mohammad. PhD thesis, Dept. ECS, U. Southampton, UK, 1999; Shadle, Mohammad, Carter, and Jackson. Proc. ICPhS, S.F. CA, 1:623-626, 1999], using a method of converting from the pixel outlines that was improved over earlier efforts on vowels. A coloured noise source signal was combined with the VTTF and radiation characteristic to synthesize the unvoiced fricative [s]. For its voiced counterpart [z], many researchers have noted that the noise source appears to be modulated by voicing. Furthermore, the phase of the modulation has been shown to be perceptually significant. Based on our analysis [Jackson and Shadle. Proc. IEEE-ICASSP, Istanbul, 2000.] of recordings by the same subject, the frication source of [z] was varied periodically according to fluctuations in the flow velocity at the constriction exit, and the modulation phase was governed by the convection time for the flow perturbation to travel from the constriction to the obstacle. The synthesized fricatives were compared to the speech recordings in a simple listening test, and comparisons of the predicted and measured time series suggested that the model, which brings together physical, aerodynamic and acoustic information, can replicate characteristics of real speech, such as the modulation in voiced fricatives [http://www.isis.ecs.soton.ac.uk/research/ projects/nephthys/].
The pupillary light reflex in normal subjects. (1981)

In 19 normal subjects the pupillary reflex to light was studied over a range of stimulus intensities by infrared electronic pupillography and analysed by a computer technique. Increasing stimulus intensity was associated with an increase in direct light reflex amplitude and maximum rate of constriction and redilatation. Latency from stimulus to onset of response-decreased with increasing stimulus intensity. The normal range for each of these parameters is given and the significance of these results in clinical pupillary assessment discussed.
Traffic- and Thermal-Aware Run-Time Thermal Management Scheme for 3D NoC Systems (2010)

Three-dimensional network-on-chip (3D NoC), the combination of NoC and die-stacking 3D IC technology, is motivated to achieve lower latency, lower power consumption, and higher network bandwidth. However, the length of heat conduction path and power density per unit area increase as more dies stack vertically. Routers of NoC have comparable thermal impact as processors and contributes significant to overall chip temperature. High temperature increases the vulnerability of the system in performance, power, reliability, and cost. To ensure both thermal safety and less performance impact from temperature regulation, we propose a traffic- and thermal-aware run-time thermal management (RTM) scheme. The scheme is composed of a proactive downward routing and a reactive vertical throttling. Based on a validated traffic-thermal mutual-coupling co-simulator, our experiments show the proposed scheme is effective. The proposed RTM can be combined with thermal-aware mapping techniques to have potential for higher run-time thermal safety.
Interaction of programmed cell death‐1(PD‐1) with its ligand PD‐ligand 1(PD‐L1) has a co‐inhibitory function in NKT cells (2008)

Natural killer T cells (NKT cells) are a distinct subset of T lymphocytes that have invariant T cell receptor (TCR) restricted to CD1d, the MHC class I like‐protein. It is well known that the response of the NKT cells to glycolipids presented by CD1d critically affects innate and adaptive immune response. In the NKT cell response to antigens, co‐stimulatory pathway related to co‐stimulatory molecules such as CD28, ICOS, GITR has been established. However, expression of co‐inhibitory molecules on NKT cells or involvement of co‐inhibitory pathway in the NKT cell response is poorly investigated. We show here that programmed cell death‐1 (PD‐1) and its ligand PD‐L1, known as co‐inhibitory molecules in the interaction of conventional T cells with antigen presenting cells (APCs), were expressed on NKT cells and their interaction could modulate activation of NKT cells as a co‐inhibitors. We found that PD‐1 and PD‐L1 was constitutively expressed on naïve NKT cells and that expression of PD‐L1 was increased at early time points in activation of NKT cell with alpha‐galactosylceramide (aGC). In addition, the blockade of the interaction of PD‐1 and PD‐L1 by blocking monoclonal antibodies led to increase levels of IFN‐γ in sera from aGC‐treated mice. Our findings suggest that the interaction of PD‐1 with PD‐L1 can be defined as a novel co‐inhibitory pathway to regulate activation of NKT cells by antigens.
Characterization of Polycationic Amino Acids Fusion Systems for Ion‐Exchange Purification of Cyclodextrin Glycosyltransferase from Recombinant <i>Escherichia</i> <i>coli</i> (2002)

Fusion proteins with charged polycationic amino acid tails were constructed for the purpose of simple ion-exchange purification with high purity. A number of positively charged lysine and arginine tails were fused to the C-terminus of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) derived from Bacillus macerans and expressed in Escherichia coli. The ionic binding forces provided by the tails allowed the selective recovery of CGTase from recombinant E. coli cell extracts, while CGTase by itself could not bind to the cation exchanger at neutral pH. The type of amino acids used and the length of the tail directly affected the purification factors. Most intracellular proteins of E. coli adsorbed on the cation exchanger could be removed by washing with 400 mM NaCl solution at pH 7.4, suggesting that a fusion partner suitable for purification purpose should be provided with high binding strength and the maintenance of adsorption by washing with NaCl solution. Among the fusion CGTases constructed, the CGTK10ase containing 10 lysine residues provided sufficiently high binding strength to allow purification to its homogeneity through simple ion-exchange chromatography.
Determination of Neural Network Parameters for Path Loss Prediction in Very High Frequency Wireless Channel (2019)

It is very important to understand the input features and the neural network parameters required for optimal path loss prediction in wireless communication channels. In this paper, an extensive investigation was conducted to determine the most appropriate neural network parameters for path loss prediction in Very High Frequency (VHF) band. Field measurements were conducted in an urban propagation environment to obtain relevant geographical and network information about the receiving mobile equipment and quantify the path losses of radio signals transmitted at 189.25 MHz and 479.25 MHz. Different neural network architectures were trained with varying kinds of input parameters, number of hidden neurons, activation functions, and learning algorithms to accurately predict corresponding path loss values. At the end of the experimentations, the performance of the developed Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models are evaluated using the following statistical metrics: Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Standard Deviation (SD) and Regression coefficient (R). Results obtained show that the ANN model that yielded the best performance employed four input variables (latitude, longitude, elevation, and distance), nine hidden neurons, hyperbolic tangent sigmoid (tansig) activation function, and the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) learning algorithm with MAE, MSE, RMSE, SD and R values of 0.58 dB, 0.66 dB, 0.81 dB, 0.56 dB and 0.99 respectively. Finally, a comparative analysis of the developed model with Hata, COST 231, ECC-33 and Egli models showed that ANN-based path loss model has better prediction accuracy and generalization ability than the empirical models.
An Introduction to Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) (2009)

Recent advances in Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) provides a way to measure and understand different biological systems and molecular interactions in nanometer order. In this report the introduction and principle of the FRET process have been explained.
Circulation control airfoils - Past, present, future (1985)

This paper presents a review of circulation control technology, its history, status and areas for further research and development. A brief description of the basic performance characteristics of circulation control airfoils are presented together with a more detailed discussion of some of the more important aerodynamic parameters dependencies. The unique capability of the airfoils to develop high lift coefficients independent of incidence over a range of operating conditions is demonstrated. Consideration is also given to the various stall conditions that have been experimentally observed and to the various theoretical formulations that have been attempted to explain these phenomena.
Extensions of non-negative matrix factorization and their application to the analysis of wafer test data (2010)

This PhD thesis investigates the data analysis technique named non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) and its applicability for failure analysis in microchip production. A blind source separation approach is pursued in which the observable wafer test data is interpreted as the result of a superposition of several simultaneously acting and not directly observable failure causes. This thesis was created during a three year cooperation with the Infineon Technologies AG Regensburg company. The main scientific contributions of this thesis are general theoretic findings and extensions of NMF whose applications are not only restricted to the field of semiconductor industry covered here. In an introductory chapter the basic principle of the NMF method is explained. A data matrix consisting of non-negative entries is approximated by the product of a non-negative basis matrix and a non-negative coefficient matrix. An important, partly unsolved shortcoming of NMF is the existence of several alternative solutions to the same problem. Geometric considerations explain the problem and offer a possible solution to the uniqueness problem. The here suggested determinant criterion renders the set of (normalized) basis vectors to be optimal which span a minimal volume. Simulations by means of a new developed algorithm support this statement and point out the difference between the determinant criterion and common sparsity constraints. Decompositions of non-negative wafer test data by a conventional NMF algorithm are first shown in this thesis. It is discussed that, in a first approximation, the NMF model applies for this kind of data. While usual NMF algorithms aim the decomposition of non-negative data sets, here also an extension of NMF for binary data is presented which finds direkt application in semiconductor production. The probability that a certain chip passes or fails some special test is modelled by the superposition of several possible failure causes. A fast optimization procedure is develloped which estimates the non-negative basis and coefficient matrices in a NMF-like fashion. The last part of the thesis applies Bayesian techniques to answer the two mayor problems of NMF: the optimal solution given the number of basis components and the actual number of underlying basis components. The answers are gained under prior assumptions by integration over all coefficents, and over coefficients and basis components respectively. The first is exactly solvable in a special case and the result confirms the determinant criterion. The latter integral is approximated by a variational calculation. The herefore developed algorithm is a direct extension of a popular multiplicative NMF algorithm. Simulations demonstrate that the new algorithm is able to detect the correct number of components in artificial datasets even if the assumed form of the reconstruction error does not coincide with the actual one. Finally, potential future developments based on this work are proposed.
Suppressors of the Ca(2+)-sensitive yeast mutant (csg2) identify genes involved in sphingolipid biosynthesis. Cloning and characterization of SCS1, a gene required for serine palmitoyltransferase activity. (1994)

Suppressor mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that block Ca(2+)-induced death of csg2 mutant cells were investigated. These mutants, called scs mutants (suppressor of Ca2+ sensitivity), fall into seven complementation groups (scs1-scs7). All mutant strains in two of the complementation groups (scs1 and scs2) simultaneously acquire a requirement for 10 mM Ca2+, whereas wild type grow with only trace amounts of Ca2+. SCS1 was cloned by complementation of its Ca(2+)-requiring phenotype and found to be homologous to a family of pyridoxal phosphate enzymes that catalyze acyltransfer reactions. Secondary phenotypes of the scs1 mutants indicate that SCS1 is required for serine palmitoyltransferase activity which catalyzes the first committed step in sphingolipid biosynthesis (palmitoyl-CoA + serine-->3-ketosphinganine+CoASH+CO2). Other scs mutants as well as the csg2 null mutant have altered sphingolipid metabolism. The data suggest that sphingolipid metabolism in yeast is either regulated by Ca2+ and/or is required for Ca2+ homeostasis.
A device for automated hydrodynamic shearing of genomic DNA (2009)

We describe a device for automated fragmentation of genomic DNA by hydrodynamic shearing using a filter screen with uniform pores. Human genomic DNA can be fragmented reproducibly to a range of 2000-12,000 bp by using various fluid flow rates and screens with 0.5-10-microm pores. The utilization of disposable screens eliminates sample cross-contamination and the tendency of device clogging, commonly encountered in single-orifice shearing devices.
Decoded-source sense amplifier for high-density DRAMs (1989)

The half-VCC sensing scheme with CMOS sense amplifier is successfully used in 1Mb DRAMs[l] to reduce bitline precharge/discharge current, and is regarded as the future End. However, conventional CMOS sense amplifier suffers a serious drawback in sensing speed due to reduced bitline voltage swing and huge bitline capacitance.