gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Catalytic effect of alloxazinium and isoalloxazinium salts on oxidation of sulfides with hydrogen peroxide in micellar media (2009)

Three novel amphiphilic alloxazinium salts were prepared: 3-dodecyl-5-ethyl-7,8,10-trimethylisoalloxazinium perchlorate ( 1c ), 1-dodecyl-5-ethyl-3-methylalloxazinium perchlorate ( 2b ), and 3-dodecyl-5-ethyl-1-methylalloxazinium perchlorate ( 2c ). Their catalytic activity in thioanisole ( 3 ) oxidation with hydrogen peroxide was investigated in micelles of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), hexadecyltrimethylammonium nitrate (CTANO 3 ) and Brij 35. Reaction rates were strongly dependent on the catalyst structure, on the type of micelles, and on pH value. Alloxazinium salts 2 were more effective catalysts than isoalloxazinium salts 1 . Due to the contribution of micellar catalysis, the v cat / v 0 ratio of the catalyzed and non-catalyzed reaction rates was almost 80 with salt 2b solubilized in CTANO 3 micelles. Nevertheless, the highest acceleration was observed with non-amphiphilic 5-ethyl-1,3-dimethylalloxazinium perchlorate ( 2a ) in CTANO 3 micelles ( v cat / v 0 = 134). In this case, salt 2a presumably acts as a phase-transfer catalyst bringing hydrogen peroxide from the aqueous phase into the micelle interior. Synthetic applicability of the investigated catalytic systems was verified on semi-preparative scale.
Give A Man A Horse He Can Ride (1917)

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp/5778/thumbnail.jpg
Zinc-directed inhibitors for zinc proteinases (1995)

Zinc proteinases have been recognized as a distinct class of proteolytic enzymes in which at least one ion of zinc is involved directly in catalysis. This family includes a growing number of biologically important enzymes which are attractive targets for rational drug design. In this paper we examine the special features of the zinc binding environment of these enzymes in order to gain information which could be useful in the preparation of 'zinc-directed' selective inhibitors. Carboxypeptidase A (CPA) is presented as a model for one class of zinc proteinases, and the active-site zinc and its interactions are examined with the primary focus on geometrical considerations. The three-dimensional structure of the native and apoenzyme are discussed, together with the high-resolution structure of several enzyme-inhibitor complexes. This paper will first present a structural analysis of CPA derivatives and then discuss a series of zinc model compounds which have been prepared and characterized in order to examine the ligand and geometrical preferences of the zinc in an unstrained system. X-ray crystallography (macromolecular and small molecule) is the main experimental method used for the structural analyses, while complementary computational methods have been used for the examination of electrostatic potentials. The results from the various experimental efforts are assembled in order to draw general conclusions on the potential use of the zinc ion as the primary target for inhibitor binding. The results of these studies suggest that the zinc ion is important for both the binding and the catalytic activation of the substrate as well as for stabilization of the tetrahedral reaction intermediate.
Separation and enrichment of semiconducting carbon nanotubes and its application to highly sensitive carbon nanotube gas sensor (2011)

We have previously demonstrated a fabrication method of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) based gas sensor by employing dielectrophoresis. Because this method uses the SWCNTs that are synthesized in bulk, it is a cheaper and more flexible method than that of on-site synthesized. This method can quantify the amount of trapped nanotubes on a real time basis by monitoring the electrical impedance of the sensor simultaneously with its fabrication. In this study, semiconducting SWCNTs, which served as transducer in gas detection, were separated from commercially available mixture of semiconducting and metallic ones, and were further enriched by using a spin column and dextran-based gel. The separation and enrichment of the semiconducting SWCNTs were confirmed by measuring their optical and electrical properties. The CNT gas sensor fabricated using separated semiconducting SWCNTs was highly sensitive against nitrogen dioxide gas, - more sensitive by two times than that fabricated using the pristine SWCNTs mixture.
Automated estimation of progression of interstitial lung disease in CT images (2009)

The system employing the second feature set showed good agreement with the reference standard, and its accuracy approached that of two radiologists.
A new American genus in the chilopod family Himantariidae (1946)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
Alendronate Affects Osteoblast Functions by Crosstalk through EphrinB1-EphB (2011)

Bisphosphonates are therapeutic agents in the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis. Although they have been associated with delayed healing in injured tissues, inappropriate femoral fractures, and osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ), the pathophysiological mechanisms involved are not clear. Our hypothesis is that alendronate, a member of the N-containing bisphosphonates, indirectly inhibits osteoblast function through the coupling of osteoclasts to osteoblasts by ephrinB-EphB interaction. We found that alendronate increased gene and protein expression of ephrinB1 and EphB1, as well as B3, in femurs of adult mice injected with alendronate (10 µg/100 g/wk) for 8 weeks. Alendronate suppressed the expression of bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteonectin in both femurs and bone marrow osteoblastic cells of mice. After elimination of pre-osteoclasts from bone marrow cells, alendronate did not affect osteoblast differentiation, indicating the need for pre-osteoclasts for alendronate's effects. Alendronate stimulated EphB1 and EphB3 protein expression in osteoblasts, whereas it enhanced ephrinB1 protein in pre-osteoclasts. In addition, a reverse signal by ephrinB1 inhibited osteoblast differentiation and suppressed BSP gene expression. Thus, alendronate, through its direct effects on the pre-osteoclast, appears to regulate expression of ephrinB1, which regulates and acts through the EphB1, B3 receptors on the osteoblast to suppress osteoblast differentiation.
Informed choice requires information about both benefits and harms (2009)

A study found that women participating in mammography screening were content with the programme and the paternalistic invitations that directly encourage participation and include a pre-specified time of appointment. We argue that this merely reflects that the information presented to the invited women is seriously biased in favour of participation. Women are not informed about the major harms of screening, and the decision to attend has already been made for them by a public authority. This short-circuits informed decision-making and the legislation on informed consent, and violates the autonomy of the women. Screening invitations must present both benefits and harms in a balanced fashion, and should offer, not encourage, participation. It should be stated clearly that the choice not to participate is as sensible as the choice to do so. To allow this to happen, the responsibility for the screening programmes must be separated from the responsibility for the information material.
Extending the time window for intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke using magnetic resonance imaging-based patient selection (2019)

Intravenous alteplase administered between 4.5 and 9 h after the onset of symptoms in patients with salvageable tissue did not result in a significant benefit over placebo. (Supported by Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany; ISRCTN 71616222).
Structures of Dense Glycine and Alanine Adlayers on Chiral Cu(3,1,17) Surfaces (2006)

Density Functional Theory calculations have been used to predict the structures of dense glycine and alanine adlayers on Cu(3,1,17)(S). Facets of this chiral Cu surface result from adsorbate-induced surface reconstruction when glycine or alanine are adsorbed and annealed on Cu(100). We have calculated the surface energy changes associated with this surface reconstruction. Our results allow the enantiospecificity of this reconstruction following adsorption of enantiopure or racemic alanine on Cu(100) to be discussed. The overall stability of glycine and alanine adlayers on Cu(3,1,17)(S) arises from an interplay between the formation of chemical bonds with the Cu surface, deformations in the adsorbed molecules during adsorption, and intermolecular hydrogen bonds within the adlayer; none of these factors individually dominates.
Inverse ultrasonic determination of imperfect interfaces and bulk properties of a layer between two solids (2003)

A method for determination of the complete set of physical, geometrical, and interfacial properties of an isotropic layer embedded between two known solids is discussed. These properties are: Lamé elastic moduli, density and thickness of the layer, and complex normal and transverse interfacial stiffnesses between the layer and the substrates. The properties are combined in the form of eight nondimensional parameters, which are determined from experimental reflection spectra at two incident angles: normal and oblique. The conditions for simultaneous determination of bulk layer properties and the interface normal and transverse springs with losses and the stability of the inversion method against data scatter are addressed. The inversion model is validated by experiment on normal and angular ultrasonic reflectivity from a layer between two semispaces in dry mechanical contact and from an environmentally degraded adhesive joint. The layer properties were measured independently, showing good agreement with the reconstructed results.
Oscillatory shear stress and reduced compliance impair vascular functions. (2007)

Shear stress has been shown to influence endothelial cell gene expression and morphology. In particular, low and bi-directional shear stress, mimicking conditions at plaque-prone areas, down-regulates the expression of several atheroprotective genes, and up-regulates that of other genes considered as pro-inflammatory. Another mechanical situation thought to have a negative influence on vascular functions is arterial stiffness. Loss of arterial compliance occurs during ageing, in diabetic as well as in hypertensive patients. In this work we investigated the effects of these two particular hemodynamic environments (bi-directional shear stress and reduced compliance), using a recently developed perfusion system allowing to expose native arteries in vitro to complex hemodynamic environments. We were able to show that both plaque-prone shear stress and reduced compliance trigger endothelial dysfunction, but via different mechanisms. Only reduced compliance affected vascular contractility, inducing a dedifferentiation of smooth muscle cells and a consequent loss of norepinephrine sensitivity.
Cinétique d’adsorption de l’oxygène sur le dioxyde d’étain par des mesures du travail de sortie des électrons et par thermogravimetrie (1982)

Dans le but de préciser certains propriétés de surface du dioxyde d’étain, nous avons étudié à 340° C la cinétique de chlmisorptlon de l’oxygène sur ce matériau au moyen de deux techniques experimentales : la mesure du travail de sortie des électrons et la thermogravimétrie. Les résultats obtenus nous ont permis d’établir une relation ΔVC = α Ln N2 entre les variations de la différence de potentiel de contact ΔVc et le nombre de molécules d’oxygène adsorbées N. En accord avec les résultats théoriques de Wolkenstein, cette loi est caractéristique d’un solide à forte courbure de bande possédant des défauts faiblement Ionisés et une faible charge biographique. Par ailleurs, cette étude a permis de justifier une loi parabolique d’adsorption en ce qui concerne les variations de masse.
A prestack residual time migration operator (1996)

Abstract Larner and Beasley (1987) present cascaded migration as a way to increase the power and effectiveness of relatively simple migration methods. In particular, f-k migration (Stolt, 1978) can be made to accommodate a depth-dependent velocity as a cascade of constant-velocity migrations. The core concept is that data which have been migrated with an approximate velocity can be effectively migrated to their true velocity by migrating with a velocity that is equal to the square root of the difference between the squares of the true and approximate velocities.
Ligand Macrocycle Structural Effects on Copper−Dioxygen Reactivity (2000)

With the goal of understanding how the nature of the tridentate macrocyclic supporting ligand influences the relative stability of isomeric mu-eta 2:eta 2-peroxo- and bis(mu-oxo)dicopper complexes, a comparative study was undertaken of the O2 reactivity of Cu(I) compounds supported by the 10- and 12-membered macrocycles, 1,4,7-R3-1,4,7-triazacyclodecane (R3TACD; R = Me, Bn, iPr) and 1,5,9-triisopropyl-1,5,9-triazacyclododecane (iPr3TACDD). While the 3-coordinate complex [(iPr3TACDD)Cu]SbF6 was unreactive with O2, oxygenation of [(R3TACD)Cu(CH3CN)]X (R = Me or Bn; X = ClO4- or SbF6-) at -80 degrees C yielded bis(mu-oxo) species [(R3TACD)2Cu2(mu O)2]X2 as revealed by UV-vis and resonance Raman spectroscopy. Interestingly, unlike the previously reported system supported by 1,4,7-triisopropyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (iPr3TACN), which yielded interconverting mixtures of peroxo and bis(mu-oxo) compounds (Cahoy, J.; Holland, P. L.; Tolman, W. B. Inorg. Chem. 1999, 38, 2161), low-temperature oxygenation of [(iPr3TACD)Cu(CH3CN)]SbF6 in a variety of solvents cleanly yielded a mu-eta 2:eta 2-peroxo product, with no trace of the bis(mu-oxo) isomer. The peroxo complex was characterized by UV-vis and resonance Raman spectroscopy, as well as an X-ray crystal structure (albeit of marginal quality due to disorder problems). Intramolecular attack at the alpha C-H bonds of the substituents was indicated as the primary decomposition pathway of the oxygenated compounds through examination of the decay kinetics and the reaction products, which included bis(mu-hydroxo)- and mu-carbonato-dicopper complexes that were characterized by X-ray diffraction. A rationale for the varying results of the oxygenation reactions was provided by analysis of (a) the X-ray crystal structures and electrochemical behavior of the Cu(I) precursors and (b) the results of theoretical calculations of the complete oxygenated complexes, including all ligand atoms, using combined quantum chemical/molecular mechanics (integrated molecular orbital molecular mechanics, IMOMM) methods. The size of the ligand substituents was shown to be a key factor in controlling the relative stabilities of the peroxo and bis(mu-oxo) forms, and the nature of this influence was shown by both theory and experiment to depend on the ligand macrocycle ring size.
Mechanical Properties of Alumina Particulate and Platelet-Reinforced Glass Composites with a Crystalline Phase at the Interface (1995)

Alumina particulate and platelet-reinforced glass matrix composites with an anorthite phase precipitated at the interface were fabricated by hot pressing. In order to evaluate the mechanical properties of the materials, four-point bending tests in air and in vacuum, and indentation fracture tests in air were performed. The acoustic emission (AE) signals of the alumina particulate glass composite were measured during bending tests in air. The relative density and the elastic modulus of the samples sintered by hot pressing were higher than those of the samples sintered under atmospheric pressure. The bending strength of the samples with larger amount of precipitated phase decreased compared with that of the samples without precipitation both for tests in air and in vacuum due to coarse precipitation but there was a monotonic increase of fracture toughness because of the interfacial precipitation. SEM observation of the crack paths indicated that the crack propagated through the precipitated phase. The results of AE location were related to the bending strength behavior of the particulate samples.
Fabrication of natural DNA-containing organic light emitting diodes (2011)

The process of creating natural DNA-containing bio-organic light emitting diodes is a fascinating journey from salmon fish to the highly-efficient BiOLED. DNA from salmon sperm is used as a high-performance electron blocking layer, to enhance the efficiency of the BiOLED over its conventional OLED counterpart. An overview of the BiOLED fabrication process and its key steps are presented in this paper.
Low impedance microstrip calculations using MSTRIP (1980)

The program MSTRIP gives erroneous results for microstrip lines with a characteristic impedance. A modification to the program is suggested.
Bond-center hydrogen in dilute<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Si</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi>−</mml:mi><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ge</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>alloys: Laplace deep-level transient spectroscopy (2003)

We apply Laplace deep-level transient spectroscopy in situ after low-temperature proton implantation into dilute ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}$ alloys and identify the deep donor state of hydrogen occupying a strained Si-Si bond-center site next to Ge. The activation energy of the electron emission from the donor is \ensuremath{\sim}158 meV when extrapolated to zero electrical field. We construct a configuration diagram of the Ge-strained site from formation and annealing data and deduce that alloying with \ensuremath{\sim}1% Ge does not significantly influence the low-temperature migration of hydrogen as compared to elemental Si. We observe two bond-center-type carbon-hydrogen centers and conclude that carbon impurities act as much stronger traps for hydrogen than the alloy Ge atoms.
Perioperative antiplatelet therapy. (2010)

Aspirin is recommended as a lifelong therapy that should never be interrupted for patients with cardiovascular dis- ease. Clopidogrel therapy is mandatory for six weeks after placement of bare-metal stents, three to six months after myocardial infarction, and at least 12 months after placement of drug-eluting stents. Because of the hypercoagulable state induced by surgery, early withdrawal of antiplatelet therapy for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease increases the risk of postoperative myocardial infarction and death five- to 10-fold in stented patients who are on continuous dual antiplatelet therapy. The shorter the time between revascularization and surgery, the higher the risk of adverse cardiac events. Elective surgery should be postponed beyond these periods, whereas vital, semiurgent, or urgent operations should be performed under continued dual antiplatelet therapy. The risk of surgical hemorrhage is increased approximately 20 percent by aspirin or clopidogrel alone, and 50 percent by dual antiplatelet therapy. The present clinical data suggest that the risk of a cardiovascular event when stopping antiplatelet agents preoperatively is higher than the risk of surgical bleeding when continuing these drugs, except during surgery in a closed space (e.g., intracranial, posterior eye chamber) or surgeries associated with massive bleeding and difficult hemostasis.
Chemical Synthesis of a Glycolipid Library by a Solid‐Phase Strategy Allows Elucidation of the Structural Specificity of Immunostimulation by Rhamnolipids (2006)

The first synthesis of a glycolipid library by hydrophobically assisted switching phase (HASP) synthesis is described. HASP synthesis enables flexible switching between solution-phase steps and solid-supported reactions conducted with molecules attached to a hydrophobic silica support. A library of glycolipids derived from the lead compound 1-a strongly immunostimulatory rhamnolipid--with variations in the carbohydrate part, the lipid components, and the stereochemistry of the 3-hydroxy fatty acids was designed and synthesized. The enantioselective synthesis of the 3-hydroxy fatty acid building blocks was achieved by employing asymmetric hydrogenation of 3-oxo fatty acids. Glycolipids were prepared by this approach without any intermediary isolation steps, mostly in excellent yields. Final deprotection to the carboxylic acids was accomplished by enzymatic ester cleavage. All prepared rhamnolipids were tested for their immunostimulatory properties against human monocyte cells by assaying the secretion of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) into the medium. The observed structure-activity relationships of rhamnolipids indicate a specific, recognition-based mode of action, with small structural variations in the rhamnolipids resulting in strong effects on the immunostimulatory activities of the rhamnolipids at low micromolar concentrations.
Planar-optic-disk pickup with diffractive micro-optics (1994)

An integrated optical-disk pickup with a diffractive planar micro-optic system is proposed. In this device, the beam follows a zigzag optical path inside a glass substrate that is used as a light guide. To fabricate off-axis diffractive optical elements, we have recently developed an electron-beam writing system with a curve-pattern generator. It is demonstrated that a transmission off-axis objective microlens, a reflection twin-focusing beam splitter, and reflection layers were integrated on a glass substrate, and such a diffractive planar micro-optic system exhibited an excellent focusing performance and operated forfocus-error signal detection, as designed.
IN VITRO DEVELOPMENT OF THE ISOLATED SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM OF ANGIOSPERMS (1970)

Development of complete plants was achieved from isolated shoot apical meristems of Nicotiana tabacum L., Daucus carota L., Nicotiana glauca Grah., Tropaeolum majus L., and Coleus blumei Benth. The explants consisted of only meristematic dome tissue with no visible leaf primordia. A simple nutrient medium composed of the Murashige and Skoog salt mixture, 100 mg/liter myo ‐inositol, 0.4 mg/liter thiamin‐HCl, 1‐2 mg/liter IAA, 30 g/liter sucrose, and 1% agar was adequate. Histologically there occurred principally tissue enlargement during the first 3‐6 days, followed by appearance of bipolar organization in 6‐9 days and formation of a well‐defined root apex and initiation of first leaf primordium by 12 days.
Advantages of heterogeneity of parameters in spiking neural network training (2019)

It is very common in studies of the learning capabilities of spiking neural networks (SNNs) to use homogeneous neural and synaptic parameters (time constants, thresholds, etc.). Even in studies in which these parameters are distributed heterogeneously, the advantages or disadvantages of the heterogeneity have rarely been studied in depth. By contrast, in the brain, neurons and synapses are highly diverse, leading naturally to the hypothesis that this heterogeneity may be advantageous for learning. Starting from two state-of-the-art methods for training spiking neural networks (Nicola & Clopath, 2017, Shrestha & Orchard 2018}, we found that adding parameter heterogeneity reduced errors when the network had to learn more complex patterns, increased robustness to hyperparameter mistuning, and reduced the number of training iterations required. We propose that neural heterogeneity may be an important principle for brains to learn robustly in real world environments with highly complex structure, and where task-specific hyperparameter tuning may be impossible. Consequently, heterogeneity may also be a good candidate design principle for artificial neural networks, to reduce the need for expensive hyperparameter tuning as well as for reducing training time.