gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polymerization of propylene oxide and vinyl compounds by diethylzinc in the presence of cocatalysts (1960)

Abstract Elastic solid polypropylene oxide was obtained by the following binary systems as catalysts: diethylzinc‐oxygen, diethylzinc‐water, diethylzinc‐methanol and diethylzinc ethanol. Polymers obtained by the systems containing water, methanol and ethanol involved crystallizable fraction. Alkoxides of zinc play an important role in the polymerization with the systems containing oxygen, methanol and ethanol. The active component of the diethylzinc‐water system was a yellow solid substance containing the structures, C 2 H 5 –Zn–O–Zn– and C 2 H 5 O–Zn–O–Zn–. The diethylzinc‐water catalyst obtained by dissolving the yellow solid substance in n ‐hexane was transparent in appearance, but was found to be heterogeneous in character. Vinyl compounds were also polymerized by these catalysts. Polymerization of vinyl compounds is considered to proceed according to a radical mechanism and that of propylene oxide to an ionic mechanism.
Reinfection versus Relapse in Lyme Disease (2012)

Lyme disease, which is caused by the tickborne spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, is increasing in frequency; it is spreading to new geographic locations, and it is a particular problem in the northeastern United States.1 Before the discovery of the causative agent, it was learned that natural infection, without antibiotic treatment, often occurred in stages.2 The infection usually began with an expanding skin lesion called erythema migrans, sometimes followed weeks later by neurologic or cardiac involvement, and often followed months later by arthritis. Attacks of arthritis commonly recurred over a period of several years, and occasionally, erythema migrans reappeared faintly before episodes . . .
Is Sometimes Ever Better Than Always? (1979)

The “intermittent assertion” method for proving programs correct is explained and compared with the conventional method. Simple conventional proofs of iterative algorithms that compute recursively defined functions, including Ackermann's function, are given.
A Facile Alkylation of Aryl Aldehyde Trisylhydrazones with Trialkylboranes (1996)

Abstract Tributylborane readily alkylates aryl aldehyde trisylhydrazones to produce the corresponding alcohols in excellent yields.
A submersible photoelectric absorptiometer (1954)

An instrument developed to measure turbidity in rivers comprises a lamp and 20-element barrier-layer photocell which are lowered in cylinders fitted with windows; a second photocell accompanies the lamp to compensate automatically for variations in its brightness. Cables run to a simple vacuum-tube voltmeter at the surface. The range is 0.01 to 100% transmission, and readings can be made to a depth of 100 ft. Power is from accumulator and dry battery. The description includes simple methods of making cable-entries and windows water-tight although demountable.
Effect of source and level of forage in the diet on in vitro ammonia emission from manure of Holstein and Jersey dairy cows (2020)

Reducing overall reactive N losses from dairy production systems depends substantially on reducing the atmospheric emission of manure ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>). The objective of this study was to determine potential NH<sub>3</sub>-N emission of reconstituted manure using an in vitro protocol. Feces and urine were collected from a companion study designed as a Latin square in which 4 Holstein and 4 Jersey cows were fed diets containing 2 levels of forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) [low-forage NDF (19%) vs. high-forage NDF (24%; dry matter basis)] from either alfalfa silage or corn silage (70:30 vs. 30:70 ratio of alfalfa silage NDF:corn silage NDF) arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial. All diets contained similar levels of crude protein (17%) and starch (23%), and had forage-to-concentrate ratios of 55:45 and 68:32 for low- and high-forage NDF diets, respectively. Measurements of NH<sub>3</sub>-N emission were conducted in a laboratory-scale chamber with 16 g of reconstituted manure (urine plus feces) incubated for 48 h at 15°C with sampling at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h. Hourly NH<sub>3</sub>-N emissions data were analyzed using a repeated-measures mixed model in R (https://www.r-project.org/). The fixed effects were breed, forage NDF level, forage NDF source, time of sampling, and all possible interactions; cow was included as a random term. The cumulative 48-h NH<sub>3</sub>-N emissions and the scaled-up emissions accounting for daily output of manure from each cow were analyzed using the same model but without time of sampling. Level and source of forage in the diet tended to influence the pattern in hourly rate and 48-h cumulative emission, respectively. Accounting for daily manure volume differences, low-forage NDF diets led to lower estimates of daily NH<sub>3</sub>-N emissions than high-forage NDF diets (20% on a cow basis, 15% on a raw manure basis, and 18% on a manure-N basis). Compared with Holsteins, Jerseys emitted 17% lower estimated NH<sub>3</sub>-N on a cow basis, mainly due to lower manure excretion but tended to emit 15% more NH<sub>3</sub>-N expressed on a manure-N basis. Findings of this study suggested that cow breed and dietary forage NDF level should be considered in the prediction of NH<sub>3</sub>-N emission from the dairy industry.
Comparison of the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of metbufen and itanoxone and their analogues in rats. (1988)

Metbufen, II, itanoxone, I, and two other derivatives of gamma-aryl-gamma-keto-substituted butyric acids labelled with 14C in their carbonyl group were synthesized for a metabolic investigation in rats. Profound changes in pharmacokinetic parameters, most specifically in the distribution, elimination, and metabolic pathways, were induced by substitution in the aromatic nucleus or changes in saturation of the aliphatic chain. The metabolites isolated from plasma and urine were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, by comparison with chemical controls, revealing the processes of metabolism of these structural analogues. This difference in metabolism further understanding of the diversity of biological effects inherent in these compounds.
Plant Defense in the Real World: Multiple Attackers and Beneficial Interactions (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Dealing with multiple attackers: cross-talk between signaling pathways Can beneficial plant–microbe interactions induce resistance in plants? Conclusions Recommended reading References
Réseaux de Liquides de Luttinger Couplés (2005)

Claude ASLANGUL & Président;<br />Lev IOFFE et Frank HEKKING & Rapporteurs;<br />Dominique MAILLY; Gilles MONTAMBAUX; Inès SAFI & Examinateurs
Bayesian decision procedures based on logistic regression models for dose-finding studies (1998)

Early-phase clinical trials, conducted to determine the appropriate dose of an experimental drug to take forward to later trials, are considered. The objective is to find the dose associated with some low probability of an adverse event. A Bayesian model is presented, and a decision-theoretic procedure for finding the optimal doses for each of a series of cohorts of subjects is derived. The procedure is flexible and can easily be conducted using standard statistical software. The results of simulations investigating the properties of the procedure are presented.
Functional magnetic resonance microscopy at single-cell resolution in <i>Aplysia californica</i> (2014)

In this work, we show the feasibility of performing functional MRI studies with single-cell resolution. At ultrahigh magnetic field, manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance microscopy allows the identification of most motor neurons in the buccal network of Aplysia at low, nontoxic Mn(2+) concentrations. We establish that Mn(2+) accumulates intracellularly on injection into the living Aplysia and that its concentration increases when the animals are presented with a sensory stimulus. We also show that we can distinguish between neuronal activities elicited by different types of stimuli. This method opens up a new avenue into probing the functional organization and plasticity of neuronal networks involved in goal-directed behaviors with single-cell resolution.
Reaction of benzofurazan N-oxide with secondary aliphatic amines; preparation of NN-dialkyl-N′-(o-nitrophenyl)hydrazines (1976)

The interaction of benzofurazan N-oxide with a variety of secondary aliphatic amines in the cold gives NN-dialkyl-N′-(o-nitrophenyl)hydrazines by attack on the hetero-ring. At higher temperatures, dialkylaminobenzofurazans are obtained by attack on the benzene ring. Substituents in the benzofuran N-oxide exerting –I and –M effects slow down both processes. The interaction of various NN-dialkylhydrazines with chloronitrobenzenes and polynitrobenzenes give either nitrophenyldialkyl-amines or -hydrazines in a predictable manner, for which a mechanistic rationale is proposed, involving charge-transfer complex formation when polynitrobenzenes are used.
Coordination of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Signaling During Maize Seed Development (2010)

Seed storage reserves represent one of the most important sources of renewable fixed carbon and nitrogen found in nature. Seeds are well-adapted for diverting metabolic resources to synthesize storage proteins as well as enzymes and structural proteins needed for their transport and packaging into membrane bound storage protein bodies. Our underlying hypothesis is that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response provides the critical cellular control of metabolic flux required for optimal accumulation of storage reserves in seeds. This highly conserved response is a cellular mechanism to monitor the protein folding environment of the ER and restore homeostasis in the presence of unfolded or misfolded proteins. In seeds, deposition of storage proteins in protein bodies is a highly specialized process that takes place even in the presence of mutant proteins that no longer fold and package properly. The capacity of the ER to deposit these aberrant proteins in protein bodies during a period that extends several weeks provides an excellent model for deconvoluting the ER stress response of plants. We have focused in this project on the means by which the ER senses and responds to functional perturbations and the underlying intracellular communication that occurs among biosynthetic, trafficking and degradative pathways for proteins during seed development.
안내후방콘택트렌즈 삽입술 후 장기적 위치 변화 (2011)

목적: 안내후방콘택트렌즈 삽입 1년 후의 경사도, 중심이탈 및 전방깊이를 측정하여 술후 렌즈의 위치가 안정적으로 유지되는지 평가해 보았다. 대상과 방법: 안내후방콘택트렌즈 삽입술을 시행한 고도근시 환자 8명(16안)에서 샤임플러그 카메라를 이용하여 수술 1년 후까지의 경사도, 중심이탈, 전방깊이를 측정하여 비교하였다. 결과: 삽입 후 1주, 1개월, 6개월 및 1년의 경사도는 1.90 ± 1.23°, 1.75 ± 0.80°, 1.64 ± 0.86° 및 2.08 ± 1.33° (p=0.36)로, 중심이탈은 0.04 ± 0.01 mm, 0.03 ± 0.01 mm, 0.03 ± 0.02 mm 및 0.04 ± 0.02 mm (p=0.59)였다. 전방깊이는 술 전 2.85 ± 0.26 mm에서 수술 1주 후, 1개월, 6개월, 1년 후 2.17 ± 0.39 mm, 2.06 ± 0.31 mm, 2.06 ± 0.34 mm, 2.04 ± 0.35 mm로 술 전보다 감소했으나(p=0.02), 술후의 유의한 차이는 없었다(p=0.08). 결론: 안내후방콘택트렌즈 삽입술 후의 전방깊이는 감소하지만 술후 장기적으로 변화 없으며, 렌즈의 위치는 유의한 경사도와 중심이탈 없이 안정적으로 유지된다.
Production of the polyketide 6-deoxyerythronolide B in the heterologous host Bacillus subtilis (2015)

Polyketides, such as erythromycin, are complex natural products with diverse therapeutic applications. They are synthesized by multi-modular megaenzymes, so-called polyketide synthases (PKSs). The macrolide core of erythromycin, 6-deoxyerythronolide B (6dEB), is produced by the deoxyerythronolide B synthase (DEBS) that consists of three proteins each with a size of 330-370 kDa. We cloned and investigated the expression of the corresponding gene cluster from Saccharopolyspora erythraea, which comprises more than 30 kb, in Bacillus subtilis. It is shown that the DEBS genes are functionally expressed in B. subtilis when the native eryAI-III operon was separated into three individual expression cassettes with optimized ribosomal binding sites. A synthesis of 6dEB could be detected by using the acetoin-inducible acoA promoter and a fed-batch simulating EnBase-cultivation strategy. B. subtilis was capable of the secretion of 6dEB into the medium. In order to improve the 6dEB production, several genomic modifications of this production strain were tested. This included the knockout of the native secondary metabolite clusters of B. subtilis for the synthesis of surfactin (26 kb), bacillaene (76 kb), and plipastatin (38 kb). It is revealed that the deletion of the prpBD operon, responsible for propionyl-CoA utilization, resulted in a significant increase of the 6dEB product yield when exogenous propionate is provided. Although the presented B. subtilis 6dEB production strain is not competitive with established Escherichia coli 6dEB production strains, the results of this study indicate that B. subtilis is a suitable heterologous host for the secretory production of a complex polyketide.
Calibration of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Systems (1992)

Presently, several spaceborne remote sensing SAR missions for earth observation are in preparation, e.g. X-SAR/SIR-C (Germany, Italy, USA), JERS-1 (Japan), and PRIRODA (GUS). The sensor package of the first European remote sensing satellite ERS-1 also comprises an imaging SAR system. For an optimum use of the data acquired by such systems an accurate calibration is absolutely necessary.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Synthesis of 2‐Mercapto‐oxazoles via β‐Ketoazide and Its Application to a Key Intermediate of PI3Kγ Inhibitors. (2014)

Abstract A modified synthesis of 2‐mercaptooxazoles (III) via an iminophosphorane‐mediated reaction and its application to the multi‐gram preparation of compound (IIIi), a key intermediate for PI3Kγ inhibitors, is reported.
Kinetics of Intracellular Electron Generation in <i>Shewanella oneidensis</i> MR-1 (2019)

Efficient utilization of bacterial bioresources requires quantitative evaluation of metabolic activity in living bacterial cells. <i>Shewanella oneidensis</i> MR-1 transfers electrons generated within the cell to the extracellular environment via the cytochrome complex in the inner/outer membranes and is one of the most useful bacteria for the recovery of metals, treatment of wastewater, and preparation of microbial fuel cells. Here, we performed a quantitative evaluation of electron generation based on individual enzyme reactions in <i>S. oneidensis</i> MR-1. By using potentiometric measurements, we have examined intracellular electron generation in bacterial suspensions of S. <i>oneidensis</i> supplemented with different carbon sources (formate, lactate, pyruvate, or acetyl coenzyme A) or ferricyanide, which was almost completely reduced to ferrocyanide during the incubation without affecting bacterial cell viability. The amount of electron generation strongly depended on the nature of the carbon source. Analysis of the obtained kinetic parameters of intracellular electron generation demonstrated that formate was the most effective carbon source, as it enabled 2.5-fold faster electron generation rate than other sources. We established that the respective contributions of lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase/pyruvate-formate-lyase, and tricarboxylic acid cycle to lactate metabolism were 62%, 31%, and 7.4%, correspondingly. Furthermore, we clarified that electrons may be generated at 1.6 × 10<sup>-12</sup> A s<sup>-1</sup> by ideal metabolism in a single living cell. These findings establish the basis for biological strategies of electron production and facilitate the utilization of <i>S. oneidensis</i> as a bioresource in practical applications, including energy production, environmental purification, and recovery of useful materials.
Low-Noise Fluorescent Lamp (2) (1968)

This paper deals with the practical study of a low-noise fluorescent lamp. In the biginning the design standards of“low-noise large size Coiled Cathode” in which the Coiled Cathode is made larger than usual in pitch and inner diameter of the major coil, is demonstrated. It is shown, when this Type of Cathode is applied to a low-noise lamp, haw the factors such as ambient temperature, impure gas and. line Voltage affect the noise characteristics of fluorescent lamps.And this type of low-noise lamp is Compared with Conventional One in operating Characteristics including noise voltage, total light flux and lamp Current. That result is followed by its feasibility to practical use.Moreover several field test also indicate that the reception quality of radio signal has been improved by as much as 10 to 30 dB of D/U ratio and the evaluation point of reception quality 1 to 2 rank.
Molybdenum insertion in vitro in demolybdo nitrate reductase of Chlorella vulgaris. (1981)

Demolybdo nitrate reductase (also called cyt c reductase) of Chlorella vulgaris has been converted to active nitrate reductase by insertion of Mo from Na2MoO4 in vitro. A procedure is described which consistently gives about 0.3 unit of nitrate reductase from about 6 units of cyt c reductase, a yield of 30% of the maximum expected, if we calculate on a basis of a ratio of 6 to 1 for the cyt c reductase/nitrate reductase of purified normal enzyme. The demolybdoenzyme is incubated for 30 s at 31 degrees C with molybdate and reduced glutathione (GSH) at pH 4.8, and the pH is then raised to 7, and the incubation continued for 20 min. At the acid pH, there must be a partial denaturation or unfolding which permits Mo insertion, with a refolding to active enzyme at the higher pH. The GSH is not essential for activation, but in its absence the yield of active enzyme was about 50% lower. Experiments with labeled GSH showed that no GSH was incorporated into the protein during the activation procedure. Although the enzyme activity measurements suggested that only 30% of the enzyme was activated, measurements with 99Mo showed that there was one Mo incorporated per subunit weight of 90,000. The Km for nitrate of the activated nitrate reductase was identical with the Km for nitrate of the normal enzyme. On gradient centrifugation, activated nitrate reductase, cyt c reductase, and normal nitrate reductase all behaved identically.
Response of extracelluar zinc in the ventral hippocampus against novelty stress (2006)

An extensive neuronal activity takes place in the hippocampus during exploratory behavior. However, the role of hippocampal zinc in exploratory behavior is poorly understood. To analyze the response of extracellular zinc in the hippocampus against novelty stress, rats were placed for 50 min in a novel environment once a day for 8 days. Extracellular glutamate in the hippocampus was increased during exploratory behavior on day 1, whereas extracellular zinc was decreased. The same phenomenon was observed during exploratory behavior on day 2 and extracellular zinc had returned to the basal level during exploratory behavior on day 8. To examine the significance of the decrease in extracellular zinc in exploratory activity, exploratory behavior was observed during perfusion with 1 mm CaEDTA, a membrane-impermeable zinc chelator. Locomotor activity in the novel environment was decreased by perfusion with CaEDTA. The decrease in extracellular zinc and the increase in extracellular glutamate in exploratory period were abolished by perfusion with CaEDTA. These results suggest that zinc uptake by hippocampal cells is linked to exploratory activity and is required for the activation of the glutamatergic neurotransmitter system. The zinc uptake may be involved in the response to painless psychological stress or in the cognitive processes.
Optimization of experimental antimitotic agents: classical and combinatorial methods. (2003)

Compounds that affect the progress of the cell cycle have served as useful tools for elucidating biological function and as leads for pharmacological agents. Historically, natural products derived from terrestrial and aquatic organisms have been the richest source of lead compounds and novel pharmacophores. Discovery and development of lead compounds from natural products has traditionally involved isolation of a natural product with the biochemical activity of interest, elucidation of its structure, development of chemical or biosynthetic methods for producing the compound and related compounds in larger quantities, and eventually examination of structure-activity relationships and pharmacological properties. Combinatorial chemistry has emerged as a powerful tool for the assembly of large collections of synthetic molecules; as such, it has been adopted in grand style by the pharmaceutical industry. Combinatorial chemistry can be applied in two modes: a diversity-generating mode, where known or novel scaffolds are elaborated into libraries and screened for new activities; or a focused mode, where attention is centered on a particular site in an effort to enhance a particular property (activity, selectivity, solubility, stability, bioavailability). In either mode, identification and development of compounds of interest is dependent on iterative rounds of compound optimization based on efficient and reliable biochemical, cellular, and phenotypic assays.
CELLULAR AND HUMORAL MECHANISMS OF OSTEOCLAST FORMATION AND RESORPTION IN MELANOMA METASTASES (2006)

Introduction: Osseous metastases from melanoma are relatively common (7% of cases), and occur most often in the axial skeleton. Bone destruction in skeletal metastases of solid tumours is due to stimulation of osteoclast formation and bone resorption. Osteoclasts are formed by the fusion of marrow-derived mononuclear phagocyte precursors which express RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB) which interacts with RANKL expressed by osteoblasts/bone stromal cells in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). Osteoclast formation by a RANKL-independent, tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced mechanism has also been reported. Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) are present in both primary and secondary tumours and TAMs are known to be capable of osteoclast differentiation. Our aim in this study was to determine the role of TAMs and the humoral mechanisms of osteolysis associated with melanoma metastases. Materials and Method: In this study we isolated TAMs from extraskeletal primary melanomas and lymph node metastases. TAMs were cultured for up to 21 days in the presence and absence of M-CSF and RANKL or TNF. In a separate experiment, conditioned medium was extracted from the melanoma cell line, SK-Mel-29, and cultured with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the presence of M-CSF. Results: TAM-osteoclast differentiation, as evidenced by the expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, vitronectin receptor and lacunar resorption pit formation, occurred by both RANKL-dependent and RANKL-independent mechanisms. Osteoclast formation induced by RANKL-independent mechanism was not abolished by the addition of osteoprotegerin or RANK:Fc, decoy receptors for RANK. Conditioned medium from SK-Mel-29 could support osteoclast differentiation in the absence of RANKL. This effect was not abolished by antibodies to RANKL, TNFα, TGFβ, IL-8 or gp130. Discussion: These results indicate that melanoma TAMs are capable of differentiation into osteoclasts and that both RANKL-dependent and RANKL-independent (TNFα) mechanisms are involved. Melanoma tumour cells also secrete a soluble factor that supports osteoclastogenesis. Conclusion: Inhibitors of osteoclast formation targeting TAM-osteoclast differentiation and osteoclast activity and identification of the osteoclastogenic factor produced by melanoma cells may have a therapeutic potential in controlling tumour osteolysis.