gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
P2‐467: Effects and interaction of cognitive training and cholinesterase inhibitor treatment in Alzheimer's disease patients (2008)

At our Memory Clinic treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) is recommended to the referring physician for all patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. In addition, Multimodal Cognitive Training (MCT), focusing on cognitive competence and emphasizing compensatory strategies, is offered to patients in mild (MMSE ≤ 24/30) stages of dementia. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of MCT and ChEI treatment in patients with mild dementia. A retrospective comparison of 34 patients (15 f, 19 m; age 74.2 ± 7.4 y; MMSE 27.0 ± 1.6) who attended weekly one hour MCT sessions regularly for one year with 68 patients (30 f, 38 m) matched for age (74.4 ± 6.8 y), severity of dementia (MMSE 26.6 ± 1.4) and use of psychotropic medication, and who did not attend MCT, was performed. Sixty-two and 75 percent, respectively, of MCT and non-MCT patients were treated with ChEIs at individualized doses. Dependent variables were the CERAD-NAB (Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer Disease – Neuropsychological Assessment Battery), Trail Making Test (parts A and B), phonemic fluency, GDS (Geriatric Depression Scale) and NOSGER (Nurses' Observation Scale for Geriatric Patients). MCT as well as non-MCT patients showed no significant deterioration in any of the cognitive parameters over one year. MCT patients were somewhat better than non-MCT patients after one year on the Memory-Dimension of the NOSGER (p = .045). Patients on ChEIs did not deteriorate over one year either, and were somewhat better in ‘Word list – Recognition Discriminability’ of the CERAD-NAB than patients without ChEIs after one year (p = .047). There were several significant interactions between MCT and ChEI treatment which, however, did not all point in the same direction. Both MCT and ChEI treatment act toward stabilization of cognitive functions in patients with mild dementia. There is, however, no clear indication that the two treatment modalities have a synergetic effect.
A sex comparison of rates of new AIDS-defining disease and death in 2554 AIDS cases (1994)

There appears to be little difference between women and men in the clinical course of AIDS.
ENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF TWO BLOOD TRANSPORT PROBLEMS: I. OSCILLATORY AND PULSATILE FLOW OF BLOOD IN SMALL GLASS TUBES. II. OXYGEN TRANSPORT IN A RED BLOOD CELL (1983)

Engineering analysis is applied to two problems: (1) an experimental study of time-dependent blood flow and (2) a theoretical study of oxygen (O(,2)) transport in a red blood cell (RBC). Since in vivo blood flow is time-dependent, the ability to predict unsteady blood flow from steady-flow rheological data for blood is of interest. Oscillatory and pulsatile flow of blood and related suspensions was studied in 400 (mu)m and 218 (mu)m glass tubes at 37(DEGREES)C. The flow was sinusoidally driven with a frequency of 0.5 Hz to 3.0 Hz, and the resulting pressure gradient in the tube was measured. The pressure and flow data were compared to a predicted relation obtained from solving the momentum equation subject to rheological data; these data were acquired from steady-flow viscometers at a hematocrit (RBC concentration) value equal to the average tube hematocrit. For a given pressure-gradient amplitude for oscillatory flow, the predicted flowrate amplitude is smaller than that found by experiment. The discrepancy is attributable to a residual Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect not compensated for by using the average tube hematocrit in the predictions. In addition, the discrepancy depends on the RBC suspending medium and the hematocrit, and is less than about 10 percent for RBC in plasma. Pulsatile flow was more predictable than oscillatory flow, indicating possible differences in the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect for the two cases. Viscoelastic fluid effects were negligible. The second problem deals with O(,2) transport in a red cell. A significant fraction of intracapillary resistance to O(,2) transport occurs in the red cell and is not well understood. A simple model is used to study the interaction of diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and reaction kinetics during the O(,2) unloading of a red cell. The nonequilibrium region adjacent to the RBC membrane is elucidated using boundary layer analysis, and the O(,2) transport equations are solved numerically using double orthogonal collocation. The minimum time required to unload O(,2) from a red cell is calculated and depends strongly on the plasma surrounding the cell. The minimum release time is comparable to some estimates of capillary transit time in working skeletal muscle. The present model is compared to the standard Krogh model for O(,2) transport.
International Workshop on the Airborne Measurement of Wind, Turbulence, and Position 26-28 July 1989 Oberpfaffenhofen (1992)

This report summarizes the sessions of the International Workshop on the Airboune Measurement of Wind, Turbulence and Position. It includes oral presentations as well as working sessions which provide conclusions and recommendations.
THE INFLUENCE OF TEXT INFORMATION ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF TOURISM LANDSCAPE IMAGES IN HIROSHIMA (2020)

At present, in Japan, the population decrease, low birth rate and aging population make it difficult to expand domestic demand, and the development of inbound tourism has become an important issue of tourism policy. Therefore, in order to obtain some basic information about the ways to attract a large number of Chinese tourists in the future, we took Chinese students as subjects and conducted a landscape evaluation experiment with text information. By comparing the results of psychological evaluation experiments between the two conditions of "only text" and "text + image", and through comparative analysis with personal attributes, the influence of text information on the evaluation of landscape images is clarified.
Animal extremists' threats to neurologic research continue (2015)

In 1995, Landau et al.1 documented the prevailing threats to animal research in “Neuroreality I,” which emphasized the importance of incorporating an understanding of biomedical research within the educational system. Two decades later, the threat against research involving animals has not receded but rather has escalated. It is therefore time to revisit these important issues. According to the Foundation for Biomedical Research, illegal incidents against researchers using animals rose from 6–27 events per year (1993–1997) to 76–103 per year (2003–2006).2 This has occurred against the backdrop of exponential growth in neuroscience research and understanding of neurologic disease pathogenesis leading to innovative treatment strategies. These advances have occurred as a direct outgrowth of the seminal contributions of animal investigations. Therefore, the alarming trend of these direct attacks requires an appropriate response.
A statistical method for discrimination of natural terrain types from SAR data (2002)

We propose a method for discrimination of underlying textural structures from spotlight-mode synthetic aperture radar (SAR) returns by using a tomographic data acquisition model as the basis for statistical reasoning. We model the hypothesized textures by statistically self-similar processes and formulate the problem in a hypothesis testing framework in the SAR range profile domain without any image formation. We achieve a near-optimal, computationally efficient evaluation of the likelihood test by transforming the data into the multiscale domain.
Infrared spectroscopic demonstration of a conformational change in bacteriorhodopsin involved in proton pumping. (1991)

Infrared spectral changes in bacteriorhodopsin (bR) were followed during the slow decay of the M intermediate in the temperature region 240-260 K. The decay of the M form is characterized by the disappearance of the ethylenic bands and the bands indicating the reprotonation of the Schiff base. The route of Schiff-base reprotonation completely changes between 240 K and 260 K. At 240 K reprotonation occurs from Asp-85, the group to which the proton was released during M formation, and there is no pumping. At 260 K Schiff-base reprotonation takes place through Asp-96 from the cytoplasmic side, in the normal sequence assumed for proton pumping. The dramatic change in the route of Schiff-base reprotonation is coupled to a protein conformational change characterized by the change of the ratio of the two amide I bands at 1658 cm-1 and 1669 cm-1. This conformational change is interpreted as the conformational switch crucial for proton pumping: a protein relaxation following M formation results in a local rearrangement of the group, in the vicinity of the Schiff base. The rearrangement changes the accessibility of the Schiff base and provides that its deprotonation and reprotonation occur on different sides. The conformational change has characteristics typical for relaxations in proteins. In addition, it is shown that at 260 K an equilibrium exists between the M and N forms.
Incidence and importance of silent myocardial ischaemia — treatment with gallopamil (1989)

In view of the prevalence of coronary heart disease, diagnosing and treating myocardial ischaemia is a major challenge. It has been demonstrated in recent years that some patients with proven coronary heart disease may be partially or completely free from the cardinal symptom, angina pectoris. Routine ECGs revealed previous myocardial infarction as an incidental finding in 708 of the 5127 volunteers who took part in the Framingham study (1). When their history was taken, 15% of these volunteers reported that they had never experienced any cardiac symptoms. Recently, many other studies have confirmed that silent myocardial ischaemia is much more frequent than was once thought (2–6). This is all the more important in the light of recent evidence that the effect of brief episodes of ischaemia in the development of larger areas of myocardial necrosis (7) and bioelectrical instability is cumulative (8). In this paper we shall consider the qualitative and quantitative aspects of silent myocardial ischaemia in comparison with symptomatic episodes. We shall also touch on the problems posed by the techniques and methods used and report the first results of treating patients who have silent myocardial ischaemia.
ZPS: visualization of recent adaptive evolution of proteins (2007)

As a visualization tool, ZPS depicts the protein tree in a DNA tree, indicating the most parsimonious numbers of synonymous and non-synonymous changes along the branches of a maximum-likelihood based DNA tree, along with information on homoplasy, reversion and structural mutation hot-spots. Through zonal differentiation, ZPS allows detection of recent adaptive evolution via selection of advantageous structural mutations, even when the advantage conferred by such mutations is relatively short-term (as in the case of "source-sink" evolutionary dynamics, which may represent a major mode of virulence evolution in microbes).
Spin–Orbit Coupling and Radiationless Transitions in Aromatic Ketones (1969)

The spin–orbital coupling mechanism for nπ*←13A was investigated for several substituted benzophenones by use of polarized absorption spectra and high-field Zeeman studies and was found to be consistent with the scheme already determined for benzophenone itself [S. Dym, R. M. Hochstrasser, and M. Schafer, J. Chem. Phys. 48, 646 (1968)]. Spin-polarization experiments on anthrone in n-heptane at 4.2 and 2°K and benzophenone in pyridine at 2°K showed that excitation into the singlet resulted in the population of the predominantly active spin state, |Tz〉. Examination of low-temperature absorption spectra of a variety of acetophenones and benzophenones revealed band broadening within the triplet manifold, suggesting the presence of higher triplets in many cases. No such evidence for a higher triplet state below the singlet origin could be detected in the spectra of benzophenone and perdeuterobenzophenone. The difference in linewidths for the triplet and singlet origins of benzophenone was measured and interpreted as uncertainty broadening due to strong intersystem mixing; the rate of this process was calculated to be about 1011 sec−1. Additional broadening of the nπ*1, 0–1 carbonyl stretching band was observed and attributed to vibrational relaxation and an increased rate of intersystem crossing from this level. The use of C2υ symmetry labels as an appropriate basis for discussion of aromatic carbonyl transitions is discussed. Finally a mechanism for intersystem crossing in aromatic ketones is given involving direct coupling of modified nπ*1 and nπ*3 states.
Detection and characterization of twenty‐eight isomers of fumonisin B <sub>1</sub> (FB <sub>1</sub> ) mycotoxin in a solid rice culture infected with <i>Fusarium verticillioides</i> by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight and ion trap mass spectrometry (2009)

Fumonisin mycotoxins which are hazardous to humans and animals were produced in a Fusarium verticillioides-infected solid rice culture. To decrease the possibility of the formation of artifacts, the fumonisins were analysed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization time-of-flight (RP-HPLC/ESI-TOFMS) and ion trap mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC/ESI-ITMS) immediately after the extraction of the culture material, without any further sample clean-up. The fumonisin isomers were separated by using a flat gradient on a special, high-coverage C(18), narrow-bore HPLC column (YMC-Pack J'sphere ODS H80) suggested for the separation of structural isomers by the manufacturer. Exact mass measurements (TOFMS) of the protonated molecules and extraction of the ion chromatogram corresponding to the empirical formula (C(34)H(59)NO(15)) of FB(1) toxins led to the identification of 29 peaks and shoulders, including those of FB(1). The FB(1) toxin and 28 of its isomers were also detected by ITMS after separation with RP-HPLC. The characteristic m/z values of the product ions, including the backbones obtained by ITMS(2), undoubtedly indicated the structures of the FB(1) isomers for 28 peaks and shoulders. In the MS(2) spectra of the protonated molecules of the FB(1) isomers, with some exceptions, 15 characteristic product ions including the hydrocarbon backbone at m/z 299 were observed. The abundance ratio of the cation at m/z 299 ranged up to 5.8%. The relative quantities of the isomers found in the sample extract were expressed as percentages of the FB(1) content (0.001-0.579%). The total amount of the 28 FB(1) isomers was 2.803% of the quantity of FB(1) that is important from the aspect of food and feed safety.
Combinatorial Incorporation of Enhancer-Blocking Components of the Chicken <i>β</i>-Globin 5′HS4 and Human T-Cell Receptor <i>α</i>/<i>δ</i> BEAD-1 Insulators in Self-Inactivating Retroviral Vectors Reduces Their Genotoxic Potential (2008)

Insertional mutagenesis by retroviral vectors has emerged as a serious impediment to the widespread application of hematopoietic stem cell gene transfer for the treatment of hematologic diseases. Here we report the development of a 77-base pair element, FII/BEAD-A (FB), which contains the minimal enhancer-blocking components of the chicken beta-globin 5'HS4 insulator and a homologous region from the human T-cell receptor alpha/delta BEAD-1 insulator. With a new flow cytometry-based assay, we show that the FB element is as effective in enhancer-blocking activity as the prototypical 1.2-kilobase 5'HS4 insulator fragment. When incorporated into the residual U3 region of the 3' long terminal repeat (LTR) of a self-inactivating (SIN) gammaretroviral vector, the FB element was stably transferred to the 5' LTR during reverse transcription, flanking the integrated transgene expression cassette. Notably, using a recently established in vitro insertional mutagenesis assay involving primary murine hematopoietic cells, we found that SIN gammaretroviral vectors, as well as SIN lentiviral vectors, containing the FB element exhibited greatly reduced transforming potential-to background levels under the experimental conditions used-compared with their unshielded counterparts. These results suggest that the FB element-mediated enhancer-blocking modification is a promising approach to dramatically improve the safety of retroviral vectors for therapeutic gene transfer.
T and B cells that recognize the same antigen do not transcribe similar heavy chain variable region gene segments. (1983)

We have attempted to determine whether T cells and B cells that have the same antigenic specificity and whose receptors share idiotypic determinants in fact express similar VH gene segments. To do this, we have obtained and characterized a cDNA clone containing the entire coding sequence for the VH gene from a glutamic acid60/alanine30/tyrosine10 (GAT)-binding immunoglobulin that carries the CGAT idiotype. The GAT-VH clone was hybridized to Northern blots of GAT-specific T cell RNAs; there was no evidence of a T cell transcript that hybridized to the GAT-VH probe. The T cells analyzed included: (a) 10 GAT-binding suppressor T cell hybridomas, 6 of which secreted factors with CGAT idiotypic determinants, (b) one GAT-specific helper T cell hybridoma, and (c) two GAT-specific helper T cell lines grown in the absence of feeder cells. The detection limit of the Northern blot analysis was 1-2 copies of a particular mRNA species per cell for the hybridomas and 5-10 copies per cell for the T cell lines. Therefore, we conclude that T and B lymphocytes responding to GAT do not utilize similar VH gene segments. Furthermore, the presence of idiotypic determinants on T lymphocytes does not necessarily imply close structural similarity between T and B cell antigen receptors.
Cells : basic principles of microscopy : a companion slide set to Cells : a laboratory manual (1999)

This set of 141 slides of colour illustrations from Cells: A Laboratory Manual is accompanied by a 26-page booklet.
A study of anionic drug transport processes governing passive and enhanced transdermal delivery (2001)

The research contained herein is directed at defining some of the factors which govern the passive and enhanced transdermal transport of anionic drugs and will extend current knowledge which largely pertains to the analogous behaviour of cationic drugs. Measurements have been made of the release profiles of anionic drugs from liquid crystalline gels across artificial and human stratum corneum membranes. The effects of the addition of surfactants and fatty acid chemical penetration enhancers, and of the use of electrical assistance and also the synergistic effects of the similtaneous application of both methods to increase drug transport have also been studied.
Survival in soils of an herbicide-resistant Pseudomonas putida strain bearing a recombinant TOL plasmid (1991)

Pseudomonas putida EEZ15(pWW0-EB62) is a phosphinothricin (PPT)-resistant strain with a recombinant TOL plasmid which allows the strain to grow on p-ethylbenzoate. The survival of this strain in sterile agricultural soils depends on the physicochemical properties of the soil. The recombinant pWW0-EB62 plasmid and its catabolic functions were stable for periods of up to 1 month in bacteria introduced in unamended soils and only conferred selective advantage to the host bacteria without the plasmid or with the natural pWW0 plasmid when the soils were amended with low amounts of p-ethylbenzoate. The addition to soils of aromatics that are cometabolized by P. putida EEZ15(pWW0-EB62) had a detrimental effect on the survival of the bacteria, whereas low amounts of aromatics that are not metabolized by this bacterium had no effect on their survival. Survival of P. putida EEZ15(pWW0-EB62) was better at 4 and 25 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. The host bacterium carrying the recombinant pWW0-EB62 plasmid was established in unsterile soils.
A novel extracellular matrix protein from tomato associated with lignified secondary cell walls. (1994)

A cDNA clone representing a novel cell wall protein was isolated from a tomato cDNA library. The deduced amino acid sequence shows that the encoded protein is very small (88 amino acids), contains an N-terminal hydrophobic signal peptide, and is enriched in lysine and tyrosine. We have designated this protein TLRP for tyrosine- and lysine-rich protein. RNA gel blot hybridization identified TLRP transcripts constitutively present in roots, stems, and leaves from tomato plants. The encoded protein seems to be highly insolubilized in the cell wall, and we present evidence that this protein is specifically localized in the modified secondary cell walls of the xylem and in cells of the sclerenchyma. In addition, the protein is localized in the protective periderm layer of the growing root. The highly localized deposition in cells destined to give support and protection to the plant indicates that this cell wall protein alone and/or in collaboration with other cell wall structural proteins may have a specialized structural function by mechanically strengthening the walls.
Tropical cyclogenesis sensitivity to environmental parameters in radiative–convective equilibrium (2007)

Abstract In this study, the relationship between the likelihood of tropical cyclogenesis and external environmental forcings is explored in the simplest idealized modelling framework possible: radiative‐convective equilibrium on a doubly periodic f ‐plane. In such an environment, control of the equilibrium environmental sounding is reduced to three parameters: the sea‐surface temperature, the Coriolis parameter, and the imposed background surface wind speed. Cloud‐resolving mesoscale model simulations are used to generate environments of radiative‐convective equilibrium determined by these three factors. The favourability of these environments for tropical cyclogenesis is measured in three ways: in terms of the maximum potential intensity (MPI) of the sounding, based on the thermodynamic theory of Emanuel; in terms of the ‘genesis potential’ determined by an empirical genesis parameter; and in terms of the propensity of weak initial vortices in these environments to form into tropical cyclones. The simulated environments of radiative—convective equilibrium with no vertical wind shear are found to be very favourable for tropical cyclogenesis. Weak initial vortices always transition to a tropical cyclone, even for rather low sea‐surface temperatures. However, the time required for these vortices to make the transition from a weak, mid‐level vortex to a rapidly developing tropical cyclone decreases as the MPI increases, indicating the importance of MPI in enhancing the frequency of cyclogenesis. The relationship between this ‘time to genesis’ and the thermodynamic parameters is explored. The time to genesis is found to be very highly (negatively) correlated to MPI, with little or no relationship to convective instability, Coriolis parameter, mid‐level humidity, or the empirical genesis parameter. In some cases, tropical cyclones are found to form spontaneously from random convection. This formation is due to a cooperative interaction between large‐scale moisture, long‐wave radiation, and locally enhanced sea‐surface fluxes, similar to the ‘aggregation’ of convection found in previous studies. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Wide-angle interference and cavity effects in thin ZnS films (1995)

Interference effects are important for thin film devices which emit light. The presence of an optical cavity is able to modify the angular distribution and the decay rate of the spontaneous emission. Experiments with ZnS:Mn indicate that the emission can be modeled as radiation from an electrical dipole antenna with random orientation. Variation of the optical environment makes it possible to evaluate separately the radiative and nonradiative decay channels of all kinds of excited states.