gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Expedited microwave-assisted N-alkylation of isatins utilizing DBU (2014)

The N-alkylation of a variety of isatins with alkyl or benzylic halides can be effected under microwave irradiation in ethanol using 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) as a base. The conditions employed allow for the expedited synthesis of such substrates wherein the products precipitate from the reaction mixture in high yields and high purity after simple filtration. As will be described, microwave irradiation provides a relatively rapid means of effecting N-alkylations of isatin with a variety of benzylic halides, propargyl bromide and ethyl bromoacetate in times ranging from 10-25 min at 140 o C in closed vials. This report involves the first reported use of DBU for this purpose, and in contrast to other methods, allows for the facilitated isolation of pure products while avoiding extractive or chromatographic purification steps.
NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SECTION OF NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND THE NEW YORK NEUROLOGICAL SOCIETY (1949)

NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SECTION OF NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND THE NEW YORK NEUROLOGICAL SOCIETY: PDF Only
Zur Lage des altsprachlichen Unterrichts in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Bericht auf der Vertreterversammlung am 24./25. Februar 2001 in Fulda (2017)

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Growth hormone and reproduction (1995)

It has become apparent that the reproductive and somatotrophic axes may often be interlinked, and that the ovary may be a target for growth hormone action. Within the ovary, there exists a complex regulating system involving growth factors, which promote gonadotrophin action, and their binding proteins, which modulate these actions. The realization of the existence of this fine-tuning system has prompted clinical trials of cotreatment with growth hormone and gonadotrophins, mainly directed at the poor responder to gonadotrophin stimulation. The effect of this treatment is dependent on the hormonal status and 'ovarian age' of the patient. Studies have delineated a possible role for additional growth hormone in those with a lack of growth hormone but it has little place in a normal system. Although an improvement in pregnancy rate has not yet emerged, more research should be forthcoming on the effect of growth hormone and growth factors on the follicle, oocyte and endometrium and their possible role in polycystic ovary syndrome.
Radar probing of Victorio Peak, New Mexico (1978)

Abstract Ground-penetrating radar and resistivity measurements were made on 20-31 March 1977 in support of limited exploration and excavation of Victorio Peak, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, by Expeditions Unlimited. The survey by SRI International (formerly Stanford Research Institute) confirms the existence of large caverns beneath the mountain as well as tunnels, fissures, and other features of geophysical interest, pertinent to the legends that a treasure cache was discovered within the peak in 1937. The uniqueness of the radar work reported is a result of lower-than-average radio-frequency attenuation in the peak permitting sounding to depths as great as 400 ft.
Use of a New Monoclonal Antibody-Based Enzyme Immunoassay for Soluble Fibrin to Exclude Pulmonary Embolism (2000)

We prospectively evaluated the diagnostic performance of a new soluble fibrin assay in 303 consecutive patients with suspected pulmonary embolism and examined potentially useful cut-off levels at which this disease can be safely excluded. In addition, the diagnostic accuracy was calculated in the subgroups of in- and outpatients. The ROC curve of the assay in the total study cohort had an area under the curve of 0.69. The cut-off level associated with a sensitivity and negative predictive value of 100% was 20 ng/ml, but the specificity was only 4%. The cut-off level with a sensitivity of 90% was 30 ng/ml, which corresponded with a specificity and negative predictive value of 27% and 86%. respectively. The diagnostic performance was comparable in the subgroups of in- and outpatients. We conclude that the soluble fibrin assay has a low diagnostic accuracy and seems unsuitable as a screening test for the exclusion of pulmonary embolism.
The tradeoffs associated with modular hip prostheses. (1995)

In an effort to gain greater insight into the tradeoffs associated with modular hip prostheses, 2 approaches were taken. A questionnaire was sent to each of the orthopaedic implant manufacturing companies asking specific questions regarding modular components, and a series of retrieved prostheses, both modular and nonmodular, were examined to determine the potential sources of problems associated with modular connections. The respondents to the questionnaire generally agreed that it was more expensive to produce modular prostheses due to the required tolerances at the modular connections, and that the increased flexibility provided by the modularity was important to surgical outcome. There was less consensus on whether inventories were reduced and little data to support any improvement in surgical outcome caused by modularity. The most frequent problems associated with modular connections were fretting and corrosion. Easily observable significant fretting occurred in 4% of 701 head/neck tapers. Corrosion was observed in > 30% of the mixed-alloy head/stem combinations, in < 10% of all-titanium-alloy modular components, and in < 6% of all-cobalt-alloy devices. In 1 series of retrieved modular femoral components (15 titanium alloy and 15 cobalt alloy) with both sets having approximately the same duration of implantation, 7% of the all-cobalt-alloy components had corrosion, whereas 33% of the mixed-alloy components had corrosion.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Potential Applications in Treating Ocular Disease (2010)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are remarkable in stem cell biology. Not only do they have significant tissue regeneration potential, but more recently their paracrine effects (either innate or through genetic augmentation) have become increasingly recognized as useful therapeutic approaches. In particular, clinical roles for MSC therapy in neuroprotection and immune suppression are likely to emerge. These therapeutic effects will be particularly advantageous in work on neurological tissues, because MSC-based molecular therapy could overcome some of the difficulties of long-term drug delivery to tissues, such as the eye, which are relatively inaccessible to systemic delivery (for example due to the blood retina barrier). MSC therapy is, therefore, poised for significant impact in ocular molecular therapeutics, particularly for chronic diseases, such as retinal degeneration, glaucoma, and uveitis. Other molecular and tissue regeneration effects of MSCs are also likely to have impact in the management of ocular surface disease and oculoplastics.
Anti-GM-CSF antibodies in paediatric pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (2004)

The presence of anti-GM-CSF auto-antibodies seems to define an autoimmune disease underlying most of the adult sporadic type of PAP, but age at diagnosis may cause an overlap with children in some rare instances. In most of the children and all of the neonates the anti-GM-CSF titres were not significantly increased, indicating that alternative explanations are needed for the pathogenesis of the disease in these patients.
Partial Purification and Reconstitution of the α-Ketoglutarate Carrier from Corn (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) Mitochondria (1991)

The alpha-ketoglutarate carrier from corn shoot mitochondria (Zea mays L., B 73) was solubilized in Triton X-114 and partially purified by chromatography on hydroxyapatite and celite in the presence of cardiolipin. On SDS-gel electrophoresis, the hydroxyapatite/celite eluate showed various protein bands between 12 and 70 kilodaltons. When reconstituted into liposomes, the alpha-ketoglutarate transport protein catalyzed a phthalonate-sensitive alpha-ketoglutarate/alpha-ketoglutarate exchange. The protein was purified 60-fold with a recovery of 88% with respect to the mitochondrial extract. The protein yield was 0.6%. The properties of the reconstituted carrier, i.e. requirement for a counter-anion, substrate specificity, and inhibitor sensitivity, were similar to those of the alpha-ketoglutarate transport system as characterized in plant and animal mitochondria.
Capture Probabilities of Lake Superior Zooplankton by an Obligate Planktivorous Fish—The Lake Herring (1996)

–Lake herring Coregonus artedi were videotaped while feeding separately on seven different zooplankton taxa. If a fish reacted to a prey item, I observed whether the prey item entered the buccal cavity of the fish. Copepods were captured at a lower percentage of the time (mean = 48.9%) than were cladocerans (mean = 86.7%). Limnocalanus macrurus, a large copepod, was captured less frequently (30%) than smaller copepods such as Diaptomus sicilis (42.5%), Cyclops vernalis (57.5%), and diaptomid copepodids (65%). Daphnia galeata mendotae were captured less frequently (80%) than smaller cladocerans such as juvenile daphnids (87.5%) or Bosmina longirostris (92.5%). The differences between copepods and cladocerans and sizes of each likely result from differential swimming strengths and behaviors of these various taxa. These results confirm observations from other planktivores that the evasive ability of zooplankton greatly reduces the successful completion of the planktivory process (encounter, attack, capture, ingestion). Additionally, the planktivory process should be examined in its entirety because my results are counterintuitive to those expected from classical size-selective planktivory.
Antioxidant compounds interfere with the 3. (2000)

Antioxidants are often added to culture media as cytoprotective agents. We examined the effects of antioxidants on the results and interpretation of the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay for cell viability. Without cells, the thiol-containing antioxidant compounds beta-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol, pyrrolidine-dithiocarbamate, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (acetylcysteine) reduced MTT tetrazolium salts to a blue formazan product in a dose-dependent manner. Addition of the compounds L-ascorbic acid and (+)-alpha-tocopherol acid succinate had different effects. In contrast, addition of the antioxidants N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine and (-)-2-oxo-4-thiazolidine carboxylic acid, which do not contain reactive thiol groups, did not result in the development of blue formazan product. These results showed that antioxidants, and potentially other chemotherapeutic compounds that contain free thiol groups or other reducing equivalents, readily reduce MTT to produce the blue formazan, irrespective of the viability of the cells present. This undescribed reaction can, therefore, significantly influence the results and interpretation of cell-viability experiments.
Conditions for start-up in crystal oscillators (1982)

The influence of parasitic elements on crystal oscillator start-up is examined. Both theoretical analysis and computer simulation are used to identify circuit parameters affecting oscillator start-up and methods of ensuring reliable operation are indicated. The results are verified by experimental measurements.
Los movimientos culturales como vehículo de cambio (1987)

This study constructs a panel of potential prognostic model of left- and right-sided colon cancers, respectively. We also provide molecular biological alterations between left- and right-sided colon cancers.
First-principles study of the self-interstitial diffusion mechanism in silicon (1998)

We study the stability and migration mechanism of self-interstitials in Si through first-principles self-consistent pseudopotential calculations. The neutral Si interstitial is lowest in energy at a [110]-split site, with energy barriers of 0.15-0.18 eV for migrating into hexagonal and tetrahedral interstitial sites, while the migration barrier from a hexagonal site to a tetrahedral site is lower, 0.12 eV. These migration barriers are further reduced through successive changes in the charge state at different sites, which allow for the athermal diffusion of interstitials at very low temperatures. The [110]-split geometry is also the most stable structure for negatively charged states, while positively charged self-interstitials have the lowest energy at tetrahedral sites. Apart from the migration barrier, the formation energy of the [110]-split interstitial is estimated to be about 4.19 eV; thus, the resulting activation enthalpy of about 4.25 eV is in good agreement with high-temperature experimental data.
Effects of tensile stress induced by silicon nitride passivation on electrical characteristics of AlGaN∕GaN heterostructure field-effect transistors (2005)

The effects of tensile stress induced by silicon nitride (Si3N4) passivation on electrical characteristics of AlGaN∕GaN heterostructure field-effect transistors (HFETs) were investigated. The biaxial tensile stress applied to the AlGaN layer was increased with the thickness of the Si3N4 passivation layer, leading to the increase of sheet charge density confined at the heterointerface. The stress-induced charge density was 1.75×1011e∕cm2 for 80-nm-thick Si3N4 and 6.74×1011e∕cm2 for 500-nm-thick Si3N4. The maximum drain current and transconductance of AlGaN∕GaN HFET increased from 769 to 858mA∕mm and from 146 to 155mS∕mm after passivation, respectively.
Precise two way time synchronization for distributed satellite system (2009)

The satellite to satellite precise ranging and time synchronization are necessary to distributed satellite system (DSS) and autonomous formation flyer (AFF) application. In satellite formation flying, the range between a cluster of co-orbiting or constellation satellites is very close, they collaborate with each other and perform special scientific missions cooperatively, so they can be regarded as a large single conventional satellite or virtual satellite. To accomplish the special scientific missions, a much higher accuracy requirement is put forward for time synchronization and ranging measurement in the DSS and AFF. Firstly, a detailed description of the principle and key techniques of dual one-way ranging and time synchronization are presented. For further study, the simulation and performance evaluation of the equipment are discussed. Secondly, to adapt the condition of high dynamic in two-way observation module, the digital base-band processing algorithms of spread spectrum pseudo-code is investigated. Meanwhile, the signal generation and fast acquisition of spread spectrum signal are implemented. The methods of designing for code tracking loop, cycle slip detection, ambiguity resolution and carrier loop are also investigated. The results of simulation indicate that the accuracy of the terminal device is less than 0.2 m and 0.5 ns (1 sigma) in precise ranging and time synchronization. The time synchronization error is less than plusmn10 ns for a range less than 200 km in formation flying.
Sputtered Ta-Si-N diffusion barriers in Cu metallizations for Si (1991)

Electrical measurements on shallow Si n/sup +/-p junction diodes with a 30-nm TiSi/sub 2/ contacting layer demonstrate that an 80-nm-thick amorphous Ta/sub 36/Si/sub 14/N/sub 50/ film prepared by reactive RF sputtering of a Ta/sub 5/Si/sub 3/ target in an Ar N/sub 2/ plasma very effectively prevents the interaction between the Si substrate with the TiSi/sub 2/ contacting layer and a 500-nm Cu overlayer. The Ta/sub 36/Si/sub 14/N/sub 50/ diffusion barrier maintains the integrity of the I-V characteristics up to 900 C for 30-min annealing in vacuum. It is concluded that the amorphous Ta/sub 36/Si/sub 14/N/sub 50/ alloy is not only a material with a very low reactivity for copper, titanium, and silicon, but must have a small diffusivity for copper as well.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Temporal Bone Studies of the Human Peripheral Vestibular System (2000)

Quantitative assessments of vestibular hair cells and Scarpa's ganglion cells were performed on temporal bones from 24 patients with well-documented Meniere's disease. Of these, 18 had unilateral disease and 6 had bilateral disease. Vestibular hair cell counts were made in each of the 5 sense organs by Nomarski (differential interference contrast) microscopy. Hair cell counts were expressed as densities: number of cells per 0.01 mm2 surface area of the sensory epithelium. The results were compared with age- and sex-matched normal data. The type I hair cell densities for all vestibular sense organs were within the range for normative data. On the other hand, there was a significant loss (p < .01) of type II hair cells for all 3 cristae and both maculae. There was also a significant loss of Scarpa's ganglion cells (p < .001) when compared with normative data. The findings indicate a selective loss of type II hair cells and Scarpa's ganglion cells in Meniere's disease. These new observations have implications regarding the pathophysiological mechanism and clinical manifestations of Meniere's disease.
« Gender medicine » et syndrome de Yentl : quels enjeux en droit suisse (2016)

Die Forschung im Bereich Biomedizin zielt auf die Gewinnung verallgemeinerbarer Erkenntnisse durch die systematische Durchfuhrung von Studien mit essentieller Bedeutung fur unser Gesundheitssystem. Was geschieht, wenn diese Annahme durch die Beobachtung einer geschlechtsspezifischen Diskriminierung («gender bias») bei der Behandlung von koronaren Herzkrankheiten herausgefordert wird? Wir beantworten diese Frage durch die Analyse verschiedener Fragestellungen im Schweizerischen Recht, welche durch dieses Phanomen, auch Yeltl Syndrom genannt, aufgeworfen werden.
The Ottawa Surgical Competency Operating Room Evaluation (O-SCORE) (2012)

This novel evaluation tool successfully discriminated between junior and senior residents and identified surgical competency across various PGY levels regardless of procedure type. Multiple sources of evidence support the O-SCORE as a valid tool for the assessment of trainee operative competency.
Dextromethorphan and Dexmedetomidine: New Agents for the Control of Perioperative Pain (2001)

Most traditional opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that are used to control perioperative pain have substantial side effects. The number of choices in clinical use was recently increased by two promising groups of drugs: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists and central alpha2 agonists. One N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, dextromethorphan, blocks the generation of central pain sensation that arise from peripheral nociceptive stimuli by moderating the activity of N-methyl-D-aspartate. It pre-empts the sensation of acute pain at doses of 30-90 mg without serious side effects, while reducing the amount of analgesics required perioperatively by 50%. It is available in oral form and has a confirmed lack of effect on haemodynamics and respiration. Dexmedetomidine is a relatively new, highly selective central alpha2 agonist. Its sedative, pro-anaesthetic and pro-analgesic effects at 0.5-2 microg/kg given intravenously stem mainly from its ability to blunt the central sympathetic response by as yet unknown mechanism(s) of action. It also minimises opioid-induced muscle rigidity, lessens postoperative shivering, causes minimal respiratory depression, and has haemodynamic stabilising effects.
IFRS 의무채택이 이익유연화에 미치는 효과 (2020)

본 연구의 목적은 원칙기반 IFRS의 채택으로 경영자 재량권이 이전보다 더 증가(또는 감소)하고 있는지를 실증적으로 조사하는 것이다. 경영자 재량권 변동을 이익유연화의 강도를 비교하여 실증 검증한 Barth et al.(2008)과 유사하게, 본 연구도 이익유연화 강도가 K-GAAP과 IFRS 채택 기간 간에 차이가 있는지를 시계열 비교함으로써 IFRS 도입이 경영자 재량권에 미치는 효과를 분석한다. 특히 본 연구는 세 가지 측정방법(각각 순이익 변화의 변동성, 순이익과 영업현금흐름 변화의 변동성에 대한 비율, 영업현금흐름과 발생액 간의 상관관계)을 적용하여 이익유연화를 측정하고, 두 가지 보완적 분석방법과 다양한 비교기준을 적용하여 시계열 비교하였다. 2003년부터 2017년까지 상장기업을 대상으로 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 전체 상장기업을 대상으로 IFRS 기간의 재무제표(각각 별도와 연결재무제표)와 K-GAAP 기간의 개별재무제표를 기준으로 이익조정의 강도를 측정하고 이를 시계열 비교한 결과, 이익유연화 강도는 K-GAAP보다 IFRS 기간에서 더 증가함을 확인하였다. 둘째, 계속 상장기업을 대상으로 대응표본을 구성하여 시계열 비교한 결과, IFRS 기간에서 이익유연화의 강도는 K-GAAP보다 약한 증가 행태를 보였다. 전반적으로 IFRS 채택 기간에서 이익유연화 행태는 K-GAAP 적용 기간보다 증가하는 경향을 보였고 이는 경영자의 재량권 행사가 IFRS 도입 이후에 더 증가했음을 의미한다. 본 연구의 결과는 IFRS 의무채택 이후에 기업이 경제적 실질에 부합하는 원칙적 회계처리 방법을 투명하게 적용하기보다는 원칙의 모호성과 이행지침 부재로 인해 발생한 경영자의 실무적 재량권을 이용하여 이익유연화를 강화하는 경향이 있음을 시사하고 있다.
Backscattering analyzer geometry as a straightforward and precise method for monochromator characterization at third-generation synchrotron-radiation sources (abstract) (1995)

With the assessment of the third generation of synchrotron-radiation sources, insertion devices (ID) are going to become extensively used. The choice of the ID field configuration allows the optimization of the photon flux at the desired energy. This attractive situation results in a much higher flux on optical elements, mainly on monochromators for which new cooling schemes have to be developed. These latter must be characterized under operating conditions and generally, the figure of merit for monochromators is the rocking curve (RC) measurement. By varying the ID field, the monochromator may be fully characterized with regard to the heat load. To achieve this aim, we have proposed and tested a double-crystal setup where a Si analyzer crystal installed in backscattering geometry (BSG) is coupled with a silicon p-i-n photodiode as the detection system (Fig. 1). The analyzer was a standard Si wafer (111) orientation, from which we used the following Bragg reflections: 333, 444, 555, 777, 888, 999, ... to measure the RCs of monochromators keeping the analyzer fixed. We were then able to probe the formers at the respective energies 5.9, 7.9, 9.9, 13.8, 15.8, 17.8 keV, etc. Setting the analyzer crystal in BSG, we get several-fold benefits from the method: (1) A very good angular resolution (∼10−6 rad) when one combines the BSG analyzer with narrow slits (∼100 μm). (2) A high-energy resolution yielding to a calibration of the monochromator with an accuracy better than 1 eV. (3) The analyzer crystal attenuates the reflected intensity which avoids the use of any scatterer foil to count the number of photons. We directly used photodiodes which are well known to respond linearly to radiation intensities and to have a high dynamic range (more than 6 decades). (4) No fine mechanics is needed for the analyzer, just a simple manual turntable can be used to set the analyzer in BSG through the utilization of a laser beam. Results on different tests for operating liquid–N2-cooled channel-cut monochromators at microfocus and high brilliance beamlines will be presented and discussed. We gratefully acknowledge the support of the ESRF EDS group, especially C. Riekel, P. Engström, I. Snigireva, M. Kocsis, P. Bösecke, and O. Diat.
Six cases of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: presentation of unusual associations. (1995)

We report the cases of six patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). Four of the patients were adults, two males and two females (mean age 39 +/- 19 yrs). The other two patients were children, both females, one aged 6 years and one 3 days old. The diagnosis was made by thoracotomy-lung biopsy in two subjects, autopsy in two, transbronchoscopic biopsy in one and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in one. Some of our cases presented unusual associations that have not been described previously in the medical literature: renal tubular acidosis, Fanconi's disease, glioblastoma multiforme and atrioventricular septal defect. In two patients, treatment with acetylcysteine and ambroxol was unsuccessful. Therapeutic BAL improved the clinical, analytical, functional and radiological aspects of two cases. In one subject, three months after the diagnosis of PAP, pulmonary tuberculosis appeared. Both diseases disappeared with antituberculous treatment.