gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unproven (questionable) dietary and nutritional methods in cancer prevention and treatment (1986)

"Unproven" is a euphemism for questionable. The definition of a questionable method is that it has not successfully answered the two basic consumer protection questions of efficacy and safety, to wit: Has it been responsibly, objectively, reproducibly, and reliably demonstrated in humans in the responsible (peer-reviewed) literature accepted for the shelves of the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland, to be: More effective than suggestion or doing nothing? and in addition, either As safe as doing nothing? or, in the alternative, If there is any question with respect to safety, to have a reasonably and objectively clear potential for benefit which exceeds its potential for harm? Any proposed cancer prevention or treatment modality which has not successfully answered the above efficacy question plus one of the two safety questions is by definition questionable. It is experimental if it is new, and very probably quackery if it is old. Experimental therapy may be either ethical and responsible or unethical and irresponsible. It is unethical and irresponsible to not tell the patient experiments are being conducted on him, to charge the patient to perform research on him, or to ask the patient to sign an informed consent aimed at exculpating the doctor rather than protecting the patient. Ethical and responsible informed consents clearly delineate that what is being done is experimental, and that efficacy and safety have not been determined. Products promoted for profit to the public without passing peer process are almost without exception ineffective, often harmful, and sometimes lethal. This includes Laetrile, immunoaugmentative therapy, chelation therapy, macrobiotic diets, and other alternative therapies. Anecdotal and testimonial claims of cure, on investigation, almost invariably prove due to coincidence, suggestibility, and/or the natural history of the disorder, and fall into one of the five categories of "cures that are not": The patient never had cancer. The cancer was cured or put in remission by responsible therapy, but the promoted therapy was irrelevantly also given, and is erroneously credited for the cure. The cancer is progressing silently, but erroneously represented as cured. The patient is dead, but represented as cured. The patient had a spontaneous remission, which is publicized as a "cure," while failing to publicize the hundred or more deaths per "success" which followed the same "cure." Quackery involves the consumer fraud of taking money under false pretenses. The false pretense is the promotion and selling of questionable diagnostic tests and therapies advertising them to be safe and effective.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Magnetic resonance imaging as a potential surrogate for relapses in multiple sclerosis: A meta‐analytic approach (2009)

More than 80% of the variance in the effect on relapses between trials is explained by the variance in MRI effects. Smaller and shorter phase II studies based on MRI lesion end points may give indications also on the effect of the treatment on relapse end points.
Facile Template-Free Synthesis and Characterization of Elliptic α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Superstructures (2009)

In this work, elliptic single-crystalline α-Fe2O3 superstructures are prepared successfully by a facile hydrothermal method independent of surfactants or templates. The as-obtained products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The elliptic superstructures are composed of nanorods with a mean diameter of ca. 40 nm and an average length of ca. 200 nm. By properly monitoring the component of the reaction system, the morphology of the α-Fe2O3 superstructures can also be tuned to be spherical (consist of nanosheets) and quasi spindle-like (consist of integrated irregular blocks). On the basis of a series of contrast experiments over time, the probable growth mechanism and fabrication process of the products were proposed. The magnetic and electrochemical properties of the as obtained α-Fe2O3 superstructures with different morphologies are investigated systematically. The results show that these properties are greatly influenced by the special structures of the products. This work provides an additional strategy to prepared self-assembled superstructures with tailored morphologies (both for the building units and the overall products) and properties.
Evaluation of Colony Growth of Bacteria and the Surface Environment of Beef1 (1976)

Bacterial growth in or on solid and semi-solid foods primarily involves growth of micro-colonies, which are influenced by restrictive factors of little consequence in liquid foods. To evaluate bacterial growth on solid foods, methods were developed to study colony growth with emphasis on the early stages. Pure cultures of Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Staphylococcus aureus had distinctly different microscopic colony appearance. Growth expressed as numbers of cells per colony was exponential and linear when expressed as diameter. Mature colonies had a population density of approximately 1010 viable cells. Microcolonies of bacteria were particularly resistant to dispersion and required the presence of physical agents such as sea sand in the dispersion process. Colony growth on small test strips of beef was extremely susceptible to the relative humidity of the environment. Furthermore, availability of nutrients on the surface of beef apparently influenced growth. Pregrowth of P. fluorescens followed by destruction with gamma rays enhanced subsequent growth of L. bulgaricus. Bacterial growth at the micro-colony stage can present some unique considerations in evaluating the microenvironment of solid foods.
Automated Extraction of Urban Road Facilities Using Mobile Laser Scanning Data (2015)

This paper proposes a novel, automated algorithm for rapidly extracting urban road facilities, including street light poles, traffic signposts, and bus stations, for transportation-related applications. A detailed description and implementation of the proposed algorithm is provided using mobile laser scanning data collected by a state-of-the-art RIEGL VMX-450 system. First, to reduce the quantity of data to be handled, a fast voxel-based upward growing method is developed to remove ground points. Then, off-ground points are clustered and segmented into individual objects via Euclidean distance clustering and voxel-based normalized cut segmentation, respectively. Finally, a 3-D object matching framework, benefiting from a locally affine-invariant geometric constraint, is developed to achieve the extraction of 3-D objects. Quantitative evaluations show that the proposed algorithm attains an average completeness, correctness, quality, and F1-measure of 0.949, 0.971, 0.922, and 0.960, respectively, in extracting 3-D light poles, traffic signposts, and bus stations. Comparative studies demonstrate the efficiency and feasibility of the proposed algorithm for automated and rapid extraction of urban road facilities.
Self-interstitial and vacancy contributions to silicon self-diffusion determined from the diffusion of gold in silicon (1983)

We present an analysis of gold diffusion profiles in silicon taking into account that both self-interstitials and vacancies are present at thermal equilibrium. We find that at 1000 °C the contribution of self-interstitials to silicon self-diffusion is about equal to that of vacancies.
On popularity prediction of videos shared in online social networks (2013)

Popularity prediction, with both technological and economic importance, has been extensively studied for conventional video sharing sites (VSSes), where the videos are mainly found via searching, browsing, or related links. Recent statistics however suggest that online social network (OSN) users regularly share video contents from VSSes, which has contributed to a significant portion of the accesses; yet the popularity prediction in this new context remains largely unexplored. In this paper, we present an initial study on the popularity prediction of videos propagated in OSNs along friendship links.
Egypt (2014)

This chapter examines the evolution of the media management system in Egypt prior to the 2011 uprising, with a particular focus on changes under the Mubarak government. It argues that the apparent liberalization of ownership in the last decade was an example of illiberal diversification, and did not on its own meaningfully increase pluralism. However, it notes a weakening of some taboos and postcensorship measures that, when combined with that diversification of ownership, did lead to a changed atmosphere for media professionals and consumers, even while state-owned media underwent little substantial change. It conveys the content and methods of media control from the perspective of media professionals and tracks changes in those over time. It sets up consideration in Chapter 4 of the media landscape after the 2011 uprising.KeywordsauthoritarianismcensorshipEgyptjournalistsmediaMubarak
Tourniquet at 50 mm Hg Followed by Intravenous Lidocaine Diminishes Hand Pain Associated With Propofol Injection (1992)

We evaluated the efficacy of intravenous lidocaine, with and without a tourniquet, to decrease the intensity of pain during intravenous propofol injection in 82 patients undergoing general anesthesia. Patients in group A (n = 20) received propofol (2 mg/kg IV); patients in group B (n = 22) received 2% lidocaine (100 mg IV) followed 1 min later by propofol (2 mg/kg). Patients in group C (n = 21, saline placebo) and D (n = 19, 2% lidocaine) had an arm tourniquet inflated to 50 mm Hg applied for 1 min after gravity drainage of venous blood. The intensity of pain along the forearm was marked on a 0-100-mm visual analogue scale. Pain intensity was less in group B (21 +/- 19 mm) than in group A (75 +/- 28 mm; P less than 0.05). Pain intensity was significantly less in group D (1 +/- 2 mm) compared with group B (21 +/- 19 mm; P less than 0.001). We conclude that intravenous lidocaine before propofol injection attenuates the painful response; whereas, lidocaine administered after a tourniquet inflated to 50 mm Hg for 1 min virtually abolishes the pain associated with intravenous propofol.
A Novel Type of Smoothly Variable Speed, A-C Motor Having Widely Adjustable Power-Factor Characteristics (1959)

In this paper a new type of a-c motor, using d-c excitation to the stator and 2-phase a-c variable voltage to the armature through synchronously revolving brushes, is described. The new machine has smoothly adjustable speed characteristics of a d-c motor and power-factor (pf) control characteristics of a synchronous motor. The motor can also be used in single-phase systems. Again, it is possible to operate the machine with series-and compound-connected excitation in addition to using it as an autosynchronized converter, if additional stationary brushes are provided.
The Effect of Normally Distributed Random Phase Errors on Synthetic Array Gain Patterns (1962)

In the practical formation of synthetic array patterns the individual signals which are integrated to form the array will sustain uncompensated phase shifts. If these uncompensated phase shifts are deterministic, the evaluation of their effect on the synthetic array radiation pattern is straightforward. On the other hand, if the uncompensated phase shifts are random, such as would be produced by propagation anomalies, a statistical study must be made to determine statistical measures of the effects on the radiation pattern. Part I describes an analytical study of the effects of normally distributed random phase errors on synthetic array performance. The statistical measures of performance derived include expected beam broadening, rms beam canting, and expected loss in peak gain. The analysis is limited to the case of small rms difference in phase error across the array. Part II describes a Monte Carlo simulation study which removed the restriction of small rms phase error difference. In addition, the simulated radiation pattems generated in the simulation study allowed the computation of the statistics of the ratio of main lobe to integrated sidelobe power. This performance parameter is, in general, the most sensitive of all the performance measures to residual uncompensated phase errors.
Shifting Granularity Over Geospatial Lifelines (Extended Abstract) (2000)

It is often desirable to consider an object’s movement over space and time from the perspective of different levels of de-tail or granularity. Changing to a more detailed view uncov-ers information that otherwise is unknown. Conversely, mov-ing to a simpler view can improve our understanding of the movement patterns of an object. This paper considers shifts in granularity over geospatial lifelines. A geospatial lifeline is a time-stamped record of all the locations that an object has occupied over a period of time. An approach to modeling lifelines at different granularities is presented, identifying dif-ferent aspects of lifelines that are relevant at refined or coarse granularities.
Flexible License Management Mechanism for Group Distribution (2007)

With the requirement of consumer increased, many business use models have been proposed. Group Distribution as a new kind content distribution model has attracted increasing attention. It allows consumer to purchase digital content by a group and makes flexible use of rights among members possibly. However, how to use the rights belonged to group flexibly and securely has not been solved well. In this paper, we divide license into group license and member license and propose flexible license management mechanism for Group Distribution. Group license is requested by Group Manager and managed with DB at License Server. GroupID is used as the group license's ID. Except for Identity Certificate, we construct Group Attribute Certificate based on the structure of Attribute Certificate to identify which group member belongs to. Based on group attribute (GroupID) included in Group Attribute Certificate, member license can be decided whether to create or not.
An Energy-Efficient and Scalable Deep Learning/Inference Processor With Tetra-Parallel MIMD Architecture for Big Data Applications (2016)

Deep Learning algorithm is widely used for various pattern recognition applications such as text recognition, object recognition and action recognition because of its best-in-class recognition accuracy compared to hand-crafted algorithm and shallow learning based algorithms. Long learning time caused by its complex structure, however, limits its usage only in high-cost servers or many-core GPU platforms so far. On the other hand, the demand on customized pattern recognition within personal devices will grow gradually as more deep learning applications will be developed. This paper presents a SoC implementation to enable deep learning applications to run with low cost platforms such as mobile or portable devices. Different from conventional works which have adopted massively-parallel architecture, this work adopts task-flexible architecture and exploits multiple parallelism to cover complex functions of convolutional deep belief network which is one of popular deep learning/inference algorithms. In this paper, we implement the most energy-efficient deep learning and inference processor for wearable system. The implemented 2.5 mm × 4.0 mm deep learning/inference processor is fabricated using 65 nm 8-metal CMOS technology for a battery-powered platform with real-time deep inference and deep learning operation. It consumes 185 mW average power, and 213.1 mW peak power at 200 MHz operating frequency and 1.2 V supply voltage. It achieves 411.3 GOPS peak performance and 1.93 TOPS/W energy efficiency, which is 2.07× higher than the state-of-the-art.
Fast User-Guided Video Object Segmentation by Interaction-And-Propagation Networks (2019)

We present a deep learning method for the interactive video object segmentation. Our method is built upon two core operations, interaction and propagation, and each operation is conducted by Convolutional Neural Networks. The two networks are connected both internally and externally so that the networks are trained jointly and interact with each other to solve the complex video object segmentation problem. We propose a new multi-round training scheme for the interactive video object segmentation so that the networks can learn how to understand the user's intention and update incorrect estimations during the training. At the testing time, our method produces high-quality results and also runs fast enough to work with users interactively. We evaluated the proposed method quantitatively on the interactive track benchmark at the DAVIS Challenge 2018. We outperformed other competing methods by a significant margin in both the speed and the accuracy. We also demonstrated that our method works well with real user interactions.
User-level process checkpoint and restore for migration (2001)

In simple words, process checkpointing means saving the state of a process, so that, it can be reconstructed in the future. Checkpointing followed by restore is important for the purpose of load balancing and fault tolerance. For load balancing, processes may have to be migrated among workstations. Before migrating, a process has to be checkpointed, so that, it can be restored from where it left off. For fault tolerance, a process must be ready for a restore at a different site. Thus, an earlier checkpoint must be ready for the restore. In both cases the process needs to be restarted from its latest checkpoint, thus work done preceding the checkpoint is not wasted. This paper discusses simple techniques of implementing a user-level checkpoint and restore operations for Unix processes. The technique does not require any changes in the user programs or the operating system. The details given show the simplicity of the implementation.
A time varying step size normalized LMS echo canceler algorithm (2002)

This paper proposes a time varying normalized LMS (TVS-NLMS) algorithm for adapting an echo canceler structure. Proposed algorithm reduces distortion during double-talk, without increasing the computational cost nor decreasing the convergence rate of the normalized LMS algorithm significantly. Simulation results confirm the desirable features of the proposed schema.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
FLUID BED CONVERSION OF UO$sub 3$ TO UF$sub 4$ (1960)

The design and performance of a tapered fluid bed reactor for reduction and hydrofluorination of UO/sub 3/ to UF/sub 4/ are discussed. Accessory pilot plant equipment and the rate determining processes are discussed. (C.J.G.)
Superposition Mapping & Related Coding Techniques (2012)

Since Shannon's landmark paper in 1948, it has been known that the capacity of a Gaussian channel can be achieved if and only if the channel outputs are Gaussian. In the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime, conventional mapping schemes suffice for approaching the Shannon limit, while in the high SNR regime, these mapping schemes, which produce uniformly distributed symbols, are insufficient to achieve the capacity. To solve this problem, researchers commonly resort to the technique of signal shaping that mends the symbol distribution, which is originally uniform, into a Gaussian-like one. Superposition mapping (SM) refers to a class of mapping techniques which use linear superposition to load binary digits onto finite-alphabet symbols that are suitable for waveform transmission. Different from conventional mapping schemes, the output symbols of a superposition mapper can easily be made Gaussian-like, which effectively eliminates the necessity of active signal shaping. For this reason, superposition mapping is of great interest for theoretical research as well as for practical implementations. It is an attractive alternative to signal shaping for approaching the channel capacity in the high SNR regime. This thesis aims to provide a deep insight into the principles of superposition mapping and to derive guidelines for systems adopting it. Particularly, the influence of power allocation to the system performance, both w.r.t the achievable power efficiency and supportable bandwidth efficiency, is made clear. Considerable effort is spent on finding code structures that are matched to SM. It is shown that currently prevalent code design concepts, which are mostly derived for coded transmission with bijective uniform mapping, do not really fit with superposition mapping, which is often non-bijective and nonuniform. As the main contribution, a novel coding strategy called low-density hybrid-check (LDHC) coding is proposed. LDHC codes are optimal and universally applicable for SM with arbitrary type of power allocation.
An adaptive mechanism for Web browser cache management (1998)

Current proxy server and client caching techniques do not incorporate the dynamics of document selection and modification. The adaptive model proposed in the article uses document life histories to optimize cache performance. We briefly describe existing "semi intelligent" caching strategies and then propose a mechanism for adaptive cache management. Our approach attempts to improve cache performance by modeling document life histories to determine usefulness. We use damped exponential smoothing to ensure an accurate yet responsive model of document dynamics.
Oxidative stress in the production and expression of neurotoxic β-amyloid (1996)

Although there is not yet any in vivo evidence of the neurotoxic action of β-amyloid in humans, it is well established that the insoluble form of full length β-amyloid 1-40, and the fragment comprised of amino acids 25-35, are both toxic in vitro to neurons in tissue culture. β-amyloid 25-35 increases cytosolic calcium in rat PC12 cells and in rat cortical neurons in primary culture by facilitating the entry of extracellular calcium into the cell. This effect is not altered by calcium channel blocking drugs but is prevented by U-83836E, one of the lazaroid anti-oxidant drugs, and by vitamin E. Similarly, the neurotoxic actions of β-amyloid 25-35 are also prevented by U-83836E and by vitamin E. These observations indicate that the actions of β-amyloid 25-35 are mediated by free radicals. In vivo, β-amyloid 1-40 is cleaved from a precursor protein that appears to be synthesized and inserted into cellular membranes following damage to cells. To form neurotoxic β -amyloid, the precursor protein must be cleaved within the transmembrane portion of its structure. In spite of extensive world-wide effort, an enzyme capable of doing this has not been found. However, a peroxidation cascade propagated through the lipid bilayer of the cellular membrane would cleave the precursor protein at a site needed to form β-amyloid. If this is the case, then free radicals would play a role both in the formation of β-amyloid and in its neurotoxic actions.