gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved magnetic retarding system for watthour meters (1976)

Because of the squared relationship between the flux and braking torque of the retarding magnet of the watthour meter, and the need to maintain high meter accuracy under all operating conditions over long periods of time, stability of the magnet is essential. Over the years, this stability and the resistance to demagnetization by extraneous magnetic fields or short-circuit currents have increased with each new material development applied to the retarding system of the meter. A continuation of this series of improvements is currently taking place with the introduction of rare earth magnets.
CELIAC SYNDROME (1945)

Steatorrhea is a common finding in infants and children with chronic indigestion and is especially frequent in patients who present the celiac syndrome. The naked eye diagnosis of fatty stool is unreliable, however, for the large foul foamy stools of the patient with celiac disease may or may not contain a relative excess of fat, while the fatty stools of the patient with pancreatic deficiency may appear normal. It is of therapeutic as well as academic interest to distinguish the cases in which there are an excess of fecal fat and consequent gross loss of fat-soluble vitamins from those in which utilization of fat is within normal limits. Fat is normally present in feces, even during starvation<sup>1</sup>; steatorrhea is correctly defined as the presence of an excess of fat in the stools. Proof of the presence or absence of steatorrhea therefore requires a quantitative method for determination of fecal
Introduction: Albert Venn Dicey, Lawyer, Academic and Public Intellectual (2003)

This book takes its point of departure from Albert Venn Dicey’s 1905 study Law and Public Opinion in England During the Nineteenth Century and the collection Law and Opinion in England in the Twentieth Century, edited by Morris Ginsberg in 1959. Yet who was Dicey and what relevance does he have for us in the early years of the twenty-first century? The biographical facts are fairly straightforward. Dicey was born in 1835, the son of a newspaper editor, and was brought up in a middle-class, evangelical Christian family. After studying at Balliol College, Oxford, he read for the Bar in London and practised on the Northern Circuit for a number of years. He was not a great success and struggled financially until appointed as a junior counsel to the Inland Revenue Commissioners in 1876. This was a significant disappointment to Dicey, who had always hoped for a judicial appointment.
Synthesis and Electronic Properties of Aldehyde End-Capped Thiophene Oligomers and Other α,ω-Substituted Sexithiophenes (1996)

A series of α,ω-aldehyde end-capped oligomers of thiophene with three, four, five, six, and eight thiophene units have been synthesized using the palladium-catalyzed Stille's coupling reactions. The UV−vis spectral data indicate that these aldehyde end-capped oligomers have longer conjugation lengths as evidenced by the higher λmax values than the corresponding unsubstituted oligothiophenes. The λmax value increases as the number of thiophene units is increased. The intrinsic conductivity of the solution-cast films of the aldehyde end-capped oligothiophenes is generally higher than that of their corresponding unsubstituted counterparts. Other α,ω-substituted sexithiophenes, such as n-dodecanoyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl, hydroxymethyl, and [(n-butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]methyl sexithiophenes, have also been synthesized. α,ω-Bis([(n-butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]methyl)sexithiophene has a remarkably high solubility in chloroform (1.8 g/L) and a conductivity (1 × 10-6 S/cm) comparable to the unsubstituted sexithiophene.
Drugs for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (1997)

Alzheimer's disease affects up to 100,000 people in Australia, but pharmacological treatment has only been available in recent years. Currently available drugs provide modest relief of symptoms for varying periods of time but have no proven preventive action against the disease.
<title>High-power laser-mirror faceplate materials: figures of merit for optical distortion</title> (1997)

High-power/high-energy (HEL) systems include an optical train consisting of mirrors and windows, which must be capable of transporting and directing the beam without seriously degrading the nominal performance of the laser. Since catastrophic failure modes are not a major threat at beam-power levels of current interest, the system's performance as measured in terms of achievable target irradiances can degrade as a result of thermal lensing, that is, the wavefront distortion caused by thermally induced phase aberrations. The purpose of this paper is to present an analytical investigation that addresses the problem of evaluating the impact of laser-driven mirror distortions; in this context it is shown how to obtain simple figures of merit (FoM) for rating the thermal lensing performance of mirror-faceplate material candidates. The performance of cooled HEL mirrors reflects their ability to minimize irradiance-mapping wavefront distortions, which leads to defining a thermal distortion coefficient (Xi) equals (alpha) (1+v) that controls the out-of-plane growth of the faceplate. It is then straightforward to derive equations for characterizing the RMSsed surface deformation and to assess the merits of mirror-faceplate material candidates in a pulsed or a CW environment. Figures of merit for CW operation must take into account the requirement that the faceplate should be as thin as possible but still able to minimize coolant-induced pressure ripples; the modulus of elasticity, therefore, must be properly factored into FoM expressions. Since water-cooled HEL mirror heat-exchangers exhibit relatively modest Biot numbers (Bi < 1), the thermal conductivity of the faceplate is not a critical material parameter. Numerical evaluations demonstrate that the ranking of faceplate-material candidates does not depend on the laser mode of operation or the efficiency of the heat exchanger. It is the thermal expansion coefficient (alpha) that determines the performance if optical distortions are of concern. For this reason, diamond shows much promise, which will attract attention as CVD-diamond fabrication technologies mature.
Distributed correction of proximity effect in electron beam lithography on a heterogeneous cluster (2004)

Summary form only given. Electron-beam lithography is one of the techniques used in transferring circuit patterns onto substrates. Proximity effect caused by electron scattering imposes a severe limitation on the ultimate spatial resolution attainable by e-beam lithography. Therefore, proximity effect correction is essential particularly for fine-feature, high-density circuit patterns. Proximity effect correction is very time-consuming due to intensive computation required in the correction procedure and a large size of circuit pattern data to be processed. Therefore, it is an ideal candidate for distributed computing where the otherwise-unused CPU cycles of a number of computers on a network (cluster) can be efficiently utilized. One of the characteristics of such a cluster is its heterogeneity, i.e., the available computing power varies with computer and/or time. This variation may degrade performance of distributed computing significantly. We describe a distributed implementation of proximity effect correction, and static and dynamic load balancing schemes which attempt to minimize execution time of distributed proximity effect correction by considering heterogeneity of a cluster and nonuniformity in a circuit pattern. Also, experimental results obtained on a cluster of Sun workstations shared by multiple users are presented.
The Influence of Precipitation Variability and Partial Irrigation within Grid Cells on a Hydrological Simulation (2007)

Abstract The effects of natural and anthropogenic heterogeneity on a hydrological simulation are evaluated using a distributed biosphere hydrological model (DBHM) system. The DBHM embeds a biosphere model into a distributed hydrological scheme, representing both topography and vegetation in a mesoscale hydrological simulation, and the model system includes an irrigation scheme. The authors investigated the effects of two kinds of variability, precipitation variability and the variability of irrigation redistributing runoff, representing natural and anthropogenic heterogeneity, respectively, on hydrological processes. Runoff was underestimated if rainfall was placed spatially uniformly over large grid cells. Accounting for precipitation heterogeneity improved the runoff simulation. However, the negative runoff contribution, namely, the situation that mean annual precipitation is less than evapotranspiration, cannot be simulated by only considering the natural heterogeneity. This constructive model shortcoming can be eliminated by accounting for anthropogenic heterogeneity caused by irrigation water withdrawals. Irrigation leads to increased evapotranspiration and decreased runoff, and surface soil moisture in irrigated areas increases because of irrigation. Simulations performed for the Yellow River basin of China indicated streamflow decreases of 41% due to irrigation effects. The latent heat flux in the peak irrigation season [June–August (JJA)] increased 3.3 W m−2 with a decrease in the ground surface temperature of 0.1 K for the river basin. The maximum simulated increase in the latent heat flux was 43 W m−2, and the ground temperature decrease was 1.6 K in the peak irrigation season.
Extraction of Formic Acid from Sodium Formate (1997)

This paper presents the laboratory results of extraction of formic acid from the reaction of sodium formate with carbon dioxide: HCOONa(w) + CO2(g) + H2O(w) + Am(o) ⇄ NaHCO3(s,w) + HCOOHAm(o). The reaction was operated at room temperature. Sodium formate (aqueous solution) was reacting with carbon dioxide in the presence of organic tertiary amine. The reaction can be divided into two steps: HCOONa(w) + CO2(g) + H2O(w) ⇄ NaHCO3(s,w) + HCOOH(w) (1); HCOOH(w) + Am(o) ⇄ HCOOHAm(o) (2). In the first step, sodium bicarbonate and formic acid were formed. Produced formic acid was immediately extracted into an organic phase by tertiary amine as expressed in step two. When proper diluents were used, solid sodium bicarbonate occurred in an aqueous phase. The experimental investigation showed that temperature, pressure, and concentration of sodium formate affected extraction equilibrium. But diluents and their ratio with tertiary amine affected extraction equilibrium significantly. It was found that the solvation of formed complex HCOOHAm(o) in diluents has a great influence on the extraction of formic acid by tertiary amine. The high polarity of the diluent and the low solvophobic property of the diluent with tertiary amine are beneficial to the extraction of formic acid.
Emotional Recognition from Facial Expression Analysis Using Bezier Curve Fitting (2013)

Extracting and understanding of emotion is of high importance for the interaction among human and machine communication systems. The most expressive way to display the human's emotion is through facial expression analysis. This paper presents and implements an automatic extraction and recognition method of facial expression and emotion from still image. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, we assess the ratio of success with emotionally expressive facial image database. Experimental results shows average 66% of success to analyze and recognize the facial expression and emotion. The obtained result indicates the good performance and enough to applicable to mobile environments.
ASP.NET and JSP Frameworks in Model View Controller Implementation (2006)

The Model View Controller (MVC) is a fundamental design pattern for the separation between user interface logic and business logic. The Model-View Controller (MVC) pattern is a method of sorting an application into three distinct components; the Model, the View, and the Controller. In this paper, we implement MVC method in two different frameworks; the ASP. Net framework and Java Server Pages (JSP) framework. Our findings -in this study- show that implementing the ASP. et framework is easier than JSP framework to achieve the MVC major concept.
Designing user-centric metadata for digital snapshot photography (2006)

With digital cameras, camera phones, and camcorders connected to personal computers and the Internet, people are capturing, sharing, and storing more and more media created by themselves. This has created the organizing challenge called media management problem: how to browse and find media from the growing personal media collections. Metadata is seen as one of the most promising technologies to address this problem. Previous work on metadata design has focused on public or commercially produced media – not on media created by consumers for themselves or their social networks.\n\nTaking snapshot photography as a starting point, this dissertation looks into the media management problem from a user-centric design perspective. In this work, three consecutive systems were designed: MMM-1, MobShare, and PhotosToFriends. Each of these systems was evaluated in extensive user trials. The objective of the user trials was to provide a better understanding of the uses people have for mobile photos and metadata. The results gained from constructing the systems and the associated user trials are divided into three. First, they contribute to understanding social uses for mobile photographs: what was photographed, with whom were the photos shared, and what kind of social activity emerged. Second, the results can be applied into designing systems for photo sharing: the use of galleries, control over sharing, support for discussions, and social awareness and notifications. Third, what are the implications for metadata that the social uses and system design have.\n\nThe main implications are the inherent problem of personal photo information being contextual, dynamic, and highly semantic, and the strong coupling of metadata and its application. To address these problems we propose the concept of social metadata, which takes advantage of the social activity in photo sharing systems. The user-centric design approach also brings forth that content metadata generation should be approached from several angles – social metadata, user tagging and contextual information – in addition to the more traditional content-based analysis.
Photochemical isomerization of fluazifop‐butyl (1987)

Abstract Fluazifop‐butyl, butyl (RS)‐2‐[4‐(5‐trifluoromethyl‐2‐pyridyloxy)‐phenoxy]propionate, as a thin film on glass, was photo‐rearranged by ultraviolet irradiation at 254 nm to the isomer, butyl (RS)‐2‐[4‐hydroxy‐3‐(5‐trifluoromethyl‐2‐pyridyl)phenoxy]propionate. The reaction followed first‐order kinetics. A mechanism that accounts for the formation of this product is proposed.
A study on characteristics and physiological variables of chest pain induced by exercise test in angina suspected patients (2000)

The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics and physiological variables of chest pain induced by exercise test in angina suspected patients. The subjects of this study consisted of 28 inpatients and outpatients aged between 40 and 75 who underwent treadmill test at exercise testing laboratory of S-University from January 2000 to June 2000. Subjects were interviewed with questionnaire regarding sociodemography, the past health history and history related to chest pain before the exercise test. Subjects were interviewed with questionnaire concerning quality, intensity, duration of chest pain induced by walking on the treadmill(Marquette, U.S.A. 1992) according to Bruce protocol following exercise test. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured before, during and after the test, heart rate was determined by ECG. The results of this study were as follows ; 1) Quality of chest pain induced by exercise test were feeling stiffness 19(67.9%), heavy 10(36.0%), exploded 9(32.1%), crushing, suffocating, tight 8(28.6%), stuffy, prickly 7(25.0%), burning 6(21.4%), clasp 5(17.9%), cleaved, tensed, piercing 3(10.7%), perfectly fitting, sore 2(7.1%), tearing, tingling, ticklish, heartburn 1(3.6%). 2) Mean score of VAS(intensity of pain) following exercise test was and mean duration of chest pain after the test was minutes. 3) Sites of chest-pain induced by exercise test were middle site 11(39.3%), left-chest 10(35.6%), right-chest 6(21.5%). Radiation site of chest-pain was neck(18.0%), right flank site 1(3.6%), left shoulder & arm 2(7.1%) and back 1(3.6%). 4) Symptoms other than chest-pain induced by exercise test were dyspnea 21(75.6%), perspiration 14(50.4%), fatigue 12(43.2%), leg-pain 11(39.6%), dizziness 7(25.2%) anxiety toward chest-pain 3(10.8%), thirst 2(7.1%), and palpation, headache and tingling sensation of hand and leg 1(3.6%). 5) Mean MET(intensity of exercise) during the exercise test was and mean RPE(rating of perceived exertion) was . Mean duration of exercise was . 6) correlation coefficients between RPE and VAS was 0.500(p=0.003), those between MET and VAS was 0.287(p=0.069) and those between either depression or elevation of ST segment and VAS was 0.236(p=0.114). 7) There was a significant difference in mean systolic pressure between before and after the test as and (t=-5.640, p=0.000), a significant difference in mean diastolic blood pressure between before and after the test as and (t=-2.082, p=0.047), and there was a significant difference in mean heart-rate between before and after the test as and (t=-21.255, p=0.000).
Introduction (2008)

Abstract This introductory chapter highlights the main theses defended in the book, beginning with those of Part II, and provides a brief overview of each chapter. It is made clear that the dualistic philosophy of mind defended in Part I can be accepted independently of the theory of rational action developed in Part II, but that the latter presupposes the truth of the former.
Analysis of the Frequency Offset Effect on Zadoff–Chu Sequence Timing Performance (2014)

Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequences have been used as synchronization sequences in modern wireless communication systems, replacing the conventional pseudorandom noise sequences due to their perfect autocorrelation properties. We first study the problem of ambiguity between a timing offset and a frequency offset, which arises when a ZC sequence is used as a synchronization signal. We then show how a frequency offset can impair the timing property of a ZC sequence, causing irreducible timing errors. An analytical framework, particularly the timing spectrum, is developed, which fully characterizes a ZC sequence's timing properties and its fundamental limitations as a time synchronization sequence in the presence of a frequency offset between the transmitter and the receiver. This analytical framework provides a powerful analytical tool for timing signal design and performance analysis of ZC sequences.
Notes and Correspondence (1999)

AbstractNo Abstract Available * Colonel, U.S. Air Force, deceased.Corresponding author address: Charlie A. Crisp, NSSL, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069.Email: charlie.crisp@nssl.noaa.gov
Oxygen Reduction at Carbon‐Supported Lanthanides: The Role of the B‐Site (2015)

Abstract The kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at carbon‐supported transition‐metal oxides in alkaline solutions is systematically investigated as a function of the nature of the B‐site. The study is focused on LaBO 3 (B=Cr, Co, Fe, Mn and Ni) nanoparticles synthesized by using an ionic‐liquid route, offering fine control over phase purity and composition. Activity towards the ORR was compared with the commercial Pt/Etek catalyst. Detailed electrochemical analysis employing a rotating ring‐disk electrode provides conclusive evidence that the carbon support plays an important contribution in the faradaic responses. Decoupling the contribution of the carbon support uncovers that the reactivity of LaMnO 3 towards the four‐electron ORR pathway is orders of magnitude higher than that for the other lanthanides. We rationalize these observations in terms of changes in the redox state at the B‐site close to the formal oxygen reduction potential.
The use of high-order TM0<i>m</i>0 modes of a resonant cavity for magnetized plasma density measurements (1990)

A study of the application of high-order TM0m0 modes of a cylindrical cavity to the measurement of the density of a magnetized plasma column is presented. It is shown theoretically that judiciously chosen high-order modes have the potential advantages of both a wide operational range of densities, and a wide range for which a simple perturbation theory is valid. Furthermore, an experiment is described which shows that the TM060 mode can be excited with a sufficiently high Q value to allow accurate determination of the resonant frequencies, and hence plasma density. Favorable comparison between densities in the range 1010–1012 cm−3 measured by means of the resonant cavity technique and microwave interferometry is presented.
Performance Comparison of Various Filters for Denoising Foggy Images (2014)

This paper compares the performance of various filters on the images degraded by the fog. Denoising is vital for the image enhancement. It is difficult to remove the noise from the images while preserving the information and the quality of the image. For analysis filters like Median, Alpha Trim, Lee, Wiener, Anisotropic Diffusion and Guided filter are used. Number of performance metrics exists already in the literature to analyze the performance of denoising filters like SNR (Signal Noise Ratio), MSE (Mean Square Error), NAE (Normalized Absolute Error) and SC (Structural Content).The result demonstrates that the results of filters are not satisfactory. So, recently proposed dark channel prior method is studied and implemented. The visual results of the dark channel method are better than the filters.
Aesthetic and anatomic analysis of the aging skin (1996)

One of the most interesting medical conditions that now afflicts the baby boomer generation is photoaging. Clinical signs of photoaging of the skin include rhytids, lentigines, keratoses, telangiectasia, loss of translucency, loss of elasticity, and sallow color. A systematic classification of patient photoaging types has been developed by the author: type I, "no wrinkles"; type II, "wrinkles in motion"; type III, "wrinkles at rest"; and type IV, "only wrinkles." The intent is to organize the discussion of therapies for photodamaged skin to permit rational comparisons of therapies and clinical results.
Communities and Emerging Semantics in Semantic Link Network: Discovery and Learning (2009)

The World Wide Web provides plentiful contents for Web-based learning, but its hyperlink-based architecture connects Web resources for browsing freely rather than for effective learning. To support effective learning, an e-learning system should be able to discover and make use of the semantic communities and the emerging semantic relations in a dynamic complex network of learning resources. Previous graph-based community discovery approaches are limited in ability to discover semantic communities. This paper first suggests the semantic link network (SLN), a loosely coupled semantic data model that can semantically link resources and derive out implicit semantic links according to a set of relational reasoning rules. By studying the intrinsic relationship between semantic communities and the semantic space of SLN, approaches to discovering reasoning-constraint, rule-constraint, and classification-constraint semantic communities are proposed. Further, the approaches, principles, and strategies for discovering emerging semantics in dynamic SLNs are studied. The basic laws of the semantic link network motion are revealed for the first time. An e-learning environment incorporating the proposed approaches, principles, and strategies to support effective discovery and learning is suggested.