gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Volume hologram recording and charge transfer process in Bi12SiO20 and Bi12GeO20 (1977)

Bi12SiO20 and Bi12GeO20 are photoconductive and electro-optic crystals in which hologram recording is performed using the photorefractive effect; their sensitivity and optical quality are comparable with the high-resolution photographic plate. Hologram formation and erasure are analyzed in terms of a simple two-level charge transfer model. The photocarrier’s displacement length, comparable with fringe spacing and the nearly unity quantum efficiency, allows the attainment of the ultimate photosensitivity. The trapping centers concentration being much smaller than the absorption centers concentration, the saturation recording time and diffraction efficiency are found limited only by the trap-filling mechanism.
[Use of automatic blood analyzer, Hemalog D, in cancer patients during radiotherapy and chemotherapy]. (1990)

The Hemalog D automatic cytochemical analyser was used to assess changes in the levels of neutrophil peroxidase and monocyte non-specific esterase in 194 cancer patients undergoing radiation and chemotherapy. Radiotherapy in the dose of 30-48 Gy did not affect functional activity of blood leukocytes. Combination chemotherapy induced moderate or severe leukopenia in 72.7% of cases. A decrease in the enzymatic activity of neutrophils and monocytes was observed in patients with normal and slightly decreased leukocyte counts. In patients with severe leukopenia, elevated levels of peroxidase and non-specific esterase in leukocytes were found.
Calorimetric Evidence for the Capillary Condensation Theory (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCalorimetric Evidence for the Capillary Condensation TheoryIzumi Higuti and Yoshitomo IwagamiCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1952, 56, 7, 921–927Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j150499a025https://doi.org/10.1021/j150499a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views51Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Semiochemical-Based Toxic Baits for Diabrotica virgifera Virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): Effects of Particle Size, Location, and Attractant Content (1991)

Journal Article Semiochemical-Based Toxic Baits for Diabrotica virgifera Virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): Effects of Particle Size, Location, and Attractant Content Get access D. R. Lance, D. R. Lance Northern Grain Insects Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Brookings, South Dakota 57006 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar G. R. Sutter G. R. Sutter Northern Grain Insects Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Brookings, South Dakota 57006 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 84, Issue 6, 1 December 1991, Pages 1861–1868, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/84.6.1861 Published: 01 December 1991 Article history Received: 25 October 1990 Accepted: 11 June 1991 Published: 01 December 1991
The Effect of Crosswinds on Cyclists: An Experimental Study (2014)

The aims of this research were to firstly investigate the effect of crosswinds on the aerodynamic behaviour of cyclists and secondly, to determine which parameters (cyclist position and bike type) influenced the aerodynamic forces on cyclists the most. The aerodynamic response of two different full-scale bikes with and without a mannequin has been recorded for a variety of crosswind angles ranging from 0o – 90o (in 15o increments). The results showed that the wind induced force is a function of the crosswind angle. The actual aerodynamic loads arising from such winds can be up to about 2.5 times the aerodynamic drag. It has also been observed that the torso angle has little effect on the lateral force coefficient. In contrast, the bike type significantly affects the aerodynamic forces: at large yaw angles, a road bike is responsible for approximately 60% of the total lateral force coefficient. This study is the first step in the process of determining the effect of crosswind from a full range of angles of attack on cyclists, and will help to improve the safety of cyclists and equipment, and to define guidelines for cycling lanes.
Determination of Relative N−H<sup>N</sup>, N−C‘, C<sup>α</sup>−C‘, and C<sup>α</sup>−H<sup>α</sup> Effective Bond Lengths in a Protein by NMR in a Dilute Liquid Crystalline Phase (1998)

Weak alignment of solute macromolecules with the magnetic field can be achieved in a dilute, aqueous liquid crystalline phase of planar phospholipid micelles, consisting of mixtures of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dihexanoylphosphatidylcholine (DHPC). Alignment of proteins in such a medium is sufficiently weak to retain the simplicity of the isotropic solution NMR spectrum but strong enough to permit accurate measurement of residual one-bond dipolar couplings. Highly accurate one-bond N−HN, Cα−Hα, Cα−C‘, and C‘−N and two-bond C‘−HN dipolar couplings were measured in 13C/15N-enriched ubiquitin. Together with knowledge of the protein's three-dimensional structure, the dipolar couplings permit calculation of the relative, vibrationally corrected average bond lengths for these interactions. Assuming a C‘−N bond length of 1.329 Å (Engh, R. A.; Huber, R. Acta Crystallogr. 1992, A47, 392−400), the relative Cα−C‘ distance of 1.526 Å is found to be in excellent agreement with results from Engh and Huber (1.525 Å). Using a C‘−N bond length of 1.329 Å as a reference, N−HN (1.041 ± 0.006 Å) and Cα−Hα (1.117 ± 0.007 Å) are considerably longer than equilibrium or average internuclear distances derived from ab initio calculations, electron diffraction, neutron diffraction, or microwave spectroscopy. The increase in effective N−HN and Cα−Hα bond lengths is attributed to a decrease in the corresponding dipolar couplings resulting from fast librations, which must be of considerably larger amplitude than the Cα−C‘ and C‘−N angular fluctuations. Accurate knowledge of the relative effective N−HN, Cα−Hα, Cα−C‘, C‘−N, and two-bond C‘−HN effective internuclear distances is essential for determining the magnitude of the molecular alignment tensor, for using the dipolar couplings in macromolecular structure determination, and for extracting angular information from recently described cross correlation experiments.
Flexible character accuracy measure for reading-order-independent evaluation (2020)

The extraction of textual information from scanned document pages is a fundamental stage in any digitisation effort and directly determines the success of the overall document analysis and understanding application scenarios. To evaluate and improve the performance of optical character recognition (OCR), it is necessary to measure the accuracy of that step alone, without the influence of the processing steps that precede it (e.g. text block segmentation and ordering). Current OCR performance evaluation measures (based on edit distance) are strongly subjective as they need to first serialise the entire text in the documents – a process influenced heavily by the specific reading order determined (often wrongly, especially in cases of multicolumn and complex layouts) by processing steps prior to OCR. This paper presents a new objective and practical edit-distance-based character recognition accuracy measure which overcomes those limitations. It achieves its independence from the reading order by comparing sub-strings of text in a flexible way (i.e. allowing for ordering variations). The precision of the flexible character accuracy measure enables the effective tuning of complete digitisation workflows (as OCR errors are isolated and other steps can be evaluated and optimised separately). For the same reason, it also enables a better estimation of post-OCR (manual) correction effort required. The proposed character accuracy measure has been systematically analysed and validated under lab conditions as well as successfully used in practice in a number of high-profile international competitions since 2017.
Epidemiology of chronic venous disease (2008)

Chronic venous disease of the legs occurs commonly in the general population in the Western world. Estimates of the prevalence of varicose veins vary widely from 2-56% in men and from 1-60% in women. These variations reflect differences in variability of study populations including age, race and gender, methods of measurement and disease definition. Definitions of chronic venous disease may rely on reports of varicose veins by study participants, based on self-diagnosis or recall of a diagnosis, or on a standardized physical examination. Venous ulceration is less common, affecting approximately 0.3% of the adult population. Age and pregnancy have been established as risk factors for developing varicose veins. Evidence on other risk factors for venous disease is inconclusive. Prolonged standing has been proposed, but results of studies should be interpreted with caution given the difficulty in measuring levels of posture. Obesity has been suggested as a risk factor in women, but appears to be an aggravating factor rather than a primary cause. Other postulated risk factors include dietary intake and smoking, but evidence is lacking. Longitudinal studies using standardized methods of evaluation are required before the true incidence of chronic venous disease and associated risk factors can be determined.
Electrochemical Transformation of Trace Organic Contaminants in Latrine Wastewater (2016)

Solar-powered electrochemical systems have shown promise for onsite wastewater treatment in regions where basic infrastructure for conventional wastewater treatment is not available. To assess the applicability of these systems for trace organic contaminant treatment, test compound electrolysis rate constants were measured in authentic latrine wastewater using mixed-metal oxide anodes coupled with stainless steel cathodes. Complete removal of ranitidine and cimetidine was achieved within 30 min of electrolysis at an applied potential of 3.5 V (0.7 A L(-1)). Removal of acetaminophen, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, propranolol, and carbamazepine (>80%) was achieved within 3 h of electrolysis. Oxidation of ranitidine, cimetidine, and ciprofloxacin was primarily attributed to reaction with NH2Cl. Transformation of trimethoprim, propranolol, and carbamazepine was attributed to direct electron transfer and to reactions with surface-bound reactive chlorine species. Relative contributions of aqueous phase ·OH, ·Cl, ·Cl2(-), HOCl/OCl(-), and Cl2 were determined to be negligible based on measured second-order reaction rate constants, probe compound reaction rates, and experiments in buffered Cl(-) solutions. Electrical energy per order of removal (EEO) increased with increasing applied potentials and current densities. Test compound removal was most efficient at elevated Cl(-) concentrations present when treated wastewater is recycled for use as flushing water (i.e., ∼ 75 mM Cl(-); EEO = 0.2-6.9 kWh log(-1) m(-3)). Identified halogenated and oxygenated electrolysis products typically underwent further transformations to unidentifiable products within the 3 h treatment cycle. Identifiable halogenated byproduct formation and accumulation was minimized during electrolysis of wastewater containing 75 mM Cl(-).
Evaluation of Strategies for Use of Acellular Pertussis Vaccine in Adolescents and Adults: A Cost-Benefit Analysis (2004)

Pertussis is increasingly recognized as a source of infection in adults who then commonly infect young children. Immunity to illness caused by Bordetella pertussis is not long-lived, so optimal control of pertussis may require booster immunizations. In a cost-benefit analysis, we evaluated the benefits of 7 independent strategies for administering a pertussis booster, in the form of a diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine, to adolescents and adults. Break-even vaccine costs for each strategy were calculated by dividing costs preventable by vaccine by the number of persons eligible for vaccination. Of these strategies, the most economical would be to immunize adolescents 10-19 years of age, which would prevent 0.7-1.8 million pertussis cases and save 0.6 dollars-1.6 billion dollars over a decade. Although justified by our analysis, routine adult booster vaccinations every decade would be more expensive and more difficult to implement. A recommendation for booster vaccinations every 10 years requires more information about duration of immunity, program costs, compliance, and nonmedical costs associated with pertussis.
[Modern capabilities of laparoscopic surgery for kidney cancer treatment]. (2014)

Retroperitoneal surgical approach is the main component of operative intervention. This approach predetermines quality of surgical operation and the risk of intraoperative complications, an opportunity of their prevention. Lymphadenectomy is the unique method allowing authentically to confirm cancer in the lymph nodes and to evaluate a stage of disease. Endoscopicsurgical nephrectomy is the operation that keeps advantages of minimally invasive surgical approach in the majority of kidneys diseases without loss of quality of surgical treatment.
Preschool Education in Belize: Research on the Current Status and Implications for the Future (2012)

Early childhood education is the foundation of a childâs education. Belize is a developing country and is striving towards the development of its educational system. This study describes the status of preschool education in Belize using three methods of collecting data: survey, observations, and interviews. A national survey described the education, qualifications, and experience of preschool teachers and directors/principals. Three instruments, Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale-Revised (ECERS-R), Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale-Extension (ECERS-E), and the Caregiver Interaction Scale (CIS), were scored in 41 preschools to describe the physical environment, curriculum implementation, and teacher-child interaction, respectively. A modification of the ECERS-R and ECERS-E, named the Early Childhood Environment Rating for Belize (ECERS-B), was created. The modified version is an instrument that is compatible with the culture of Belize. The quality of preschools environments were at the minimal with evidence of positive teacher-child interaction. A one-way ANOVA indicated significant differences with teacher education level, suggesting that teachers with education qualifications higher than a high school diploma had higher scores on the ECERS-B. Finally, four major stakeholders were interviewed to find out their perception of early childhood education in Belize. Belize has implemented initiatives to improve the quality of early childhood education. Recommendations for policy, practice, and future research are suggested.
Attacking a Nexus of the Oncogenic Circuitry by Reversing Aberrant eIF4F-Mediated Translation (2012)

Notwithstanding their genetic complexity, different cancers share a core group of perturbed pathways converging upon a few regulatory nodes that link the intracellular-signaling network with the basic metabolic machinery. The clear implication of this view for cancer therapy is that instead of targeting individual genetic alterations one by one, the next generation of cancer therapeutics will target critical hubs in the cancer network. One such hub is the translation-initiation complex eIF4F, which integrates several cancer-related pathways into a self-amplifying signaling system. When hyperactivated by apical oncogenic signals, the eIF4F-driven translational apparatus selectively switches the translational repertoire of a cell toward malignancy. This central integrative role of pathologically activated eIF4F has motivated the development of small-molecule inhibitors to correct its function. A genome-wide, systems-level means to objectively evaluate the pharmacologic response to therapeutics targeting eIF4F remains an unmet challenge.
Forgetting Exceptions is Harmful in Language Learning (1998)

We show that in language learning, contrary to received wisdom, keeping exceptional training instances in memory can be beneficial for generalization accuracy. We investigate this phenomenon empirically on a selection of benchmark natural language processing tasks: grapheme-to-phoneme conversion, part-of-speech tagging, prepositional-phrase attachment, and base noun phrase chunking. In a first series of experiments we combine memory-based learning with training set editing techniques, in which instances are edited based on their typicality and class prediction strength. Results show that editing exceptional instances (with low typicality or low class prediction strength) tends to harm generalization accuracy. In a second series of experiments we compare memory-based learning and decision-tree learning methods on the same selection of tasks, and find that decision-tree learning often performs worse than memory-based learning. Moreover, the decrease in performance can be linked to the degree of abstraction from exceptions (i.e., pruning or eagerness). We provide explanations for both results in terms of the properties of the natural language processing tasks and the learning algorithms.
Complicated grief and posttraumatic stress disorder in humans' response to the death of pets/animals (2009)

The present exploratory project represents a cross-sectional study designed to determine the percentage of people reporting significant symptoms of complicated grief (CG) and/or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in response to the death of companion pets/animals. Human participants (N = 106) were sampled from a veterinary clinic. Fifty-two percent of participants had lost one to three pets from natural causes, 60% had never lost a pet to euthanasia, and 37% had lost one to three pets to euthanasia. The study suggests that many people experience significant attachment to their pets/animals and experience significant features of grief reactions (about 20%) after the death of a pet/animal. However, the percentage of people experiencing major pathological disruption is relatively low (<5%-12%). Thus, subclinical levels of grief and sadness are relatively common human responses to the death of companion pets/animals and last 6 months or more for about 30% of those sampled. Severe pathological reactions do occur but are quite rare among human survivors. Implications for mental health clinicians working with affected populations are discussed.
Suppressing Electron Cloud in Future Linear Colliders (2005)

Any accelerator circulating positively charged beams can suffer from a build-up of an electron cloud (EC) in the beam pipe. The cloud develops through ionization of residual gases, synchrotron radiation and secondary electron emission and, when severe, can cause instability, emittance blow-up or loss of the circulating beam. The electron cloud is potentially a luminosity limiting effect for both the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the International Linear Collider (ILC). For the ILC positron damping ring, the development of the electron cloud must be suppressed. This paper discusses the state-of-the-art of the ongoing SLAC and international R&D program to study potential remedies.
Functional diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizas extends to the expression of plant genes involved in P nutrition (2002)

This study of functional diversity considers symbiotic associations between two plant species, Medicago truncatula and Lycopersicon esculentum, and seven species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The objective was to integrate physiological analyses with molecular techniques to test whether functional diversity between AMF species is not only apparent at the level of mycorrhiza formation, plant nutrient uptake and plant growth, but also at the molecular level as observed by variation in the root expression of plant genes involved in the plant's P-starvation response. The seven species of AMF varied widely in their influence on the root expression of MtPT2 and Mt4 from M. truncatula and LePT1 and TPSI1 from L. esculentum. At one extreme was Glomus mosseae, whereby its colonization of M. truncatula resulted in the greatest reduction in MtPT2 and Mt4 gene expression and the highest level of P uptake and growth, while at the other extreme was Gigaspora rosea, whereby colonization resulted in the highest levels of MtPT2 and Mt4 gene expression and the lowest P uptake and growth. The expression of LePT1 and TPSI1 within the roots of L. esculentum was low and relatively uniform across the seven mycorrhizas, reflecting the ability of this cultivar to maintain low and constant shoot P levels despite root colonization by a broad selection of AMF. This study extends current understanding of functional diversity and shows that plants can respond differently to AMF, not only at the level of colonization, nutrient uptake and growth, but also at the level of gene expression.
Acceleration of Wound Healing by a Live Yeast Cell Derivative (1984)

Acceleration of the normal rate of burn wound healing would serve to decrease the morbidity and possibly the mortality of burn victims. A live yeast cell derivative (LYCD) has previously been reported to stimulate wound epithelialization and this study was designed to evaluate that hypothesis. Twenty-six human skin graft donor sites in nine patients were compared in a double-blind, randomized, single-center inpatient study. Thin donor sites were used as a model for superficial wound healing. Statistically significant earlier angiogenesis and epithelialization occurred in donor sites treated with LYCD ointment as compared with donor sites in the same patients treated simultaneously with ointment base. Stinging pain was noted by seven patients, but in all cases the pain was mild and required no analgesia.
The use of porous polyethylene implants to correct nasal valve collapse (2007)

Correction of nasal valve collapse with a porous polyethylene implant provided good long-term symptomatic relief of nasal obstruction, but with significant incidence of infection, implant extrusion, and need for revision surgery. The use of this implant should be reserved for cases in which autogenous graft material is not available.