gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Etest for Direct Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts in Positive Blood Cultures (2001)

The performance of the Etest (AB BIODISK, Solna, Sweden) for direct antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts in positive blood cultures was compared with that of the macrodilution method for determining the MICs of five antifungal agents. Culture broths with blood from bottles positive for yeasts were inoculated directly onto plates for susceptibility testing with the Etest, and the MICs were read after 24 and 48 h of incubation. A total of 141 positive blood cultures (72 cultures of Candida albicans, 31 of Candida tropicalis, 14 of Candida glabrata, 11 of Candida parapsilosis, 3 of Candida krusei, and 3 of Cryptococcus neoformans, 4 miscellaneous yeast species, and 3 mixed cultures) were tested, and the rates of MIC agreement (+/-1 log(2) dilution) between the direct Etest (at 24 and 48 h, respectively) and macrodilution methods were as follows: amphotericin B, 81.8 and 93.5%; flucytosine, 84.8 and 87.7%; fluconazole, 89.4 and 85.5%; itraconazole, 69.7 and 63.8%; ketoconazole, 87.9 and 79.0%. By a large-sample t test, the difference in log(2) dilution between the direct Etest and the macrodilution method was found to be small (P < 0.05). The lone exceptions were ketoconazole at 48 h of incubation and itraconazole at both 24 and 48 h of incubation (P > 0.05). By Tukey's multiple comparisons, the difference between the direct Etest (48 h) and reference methods among different species was found to be less than 1 log(2) dilution. When the MICs were translated into interpretive susceptibility, the minor errors caused by the direct Etest (at 24 and 48 h, respectively) were as follows: flucytosine, 2.3 and 1.4%; fluconazole, 3.0 and 3.6%; itraconazole, 21.2 and 21.3%. Itraconazole also produced an additional 3.0 and 3.6% major errors as determined by the direct Etest at 24 and 48 h, respectively. It was concluded that, except for itraconazole, the Etest method was feasible for direct susceptibility testing of blood cultures positive for yeasts. The method is simple, and the results could be read between 24 and 48 h after direct inoculation, whenever the inhibition zones were discernible.
Developments in the field of allergy in 2010 through the eyes of <i>Clinical and Experimental Allergy</i> (2011)

In 2010 over 200 articles were published in Clinical and Experimental Allergy including editorials, reviews, opinion articles, letters, book reviews and of course at the heart of the journal, papers containing original data which have moved the field of allergy forward on a number of fronts. For the third year running the editors felt it would be of value to summarize the key messages contained in these papers as a snapshot of where the cutting edge of research into allergic disease is leading. We have broadly followed the sections of the journal, although this year the mechanistic articles are grouped together and the studies involving experimental models of disease are discussed throughout the paper. In the field of asthma and rhinitis phenotypes and biomarkers continue to a major pre-occupation of our authors. There is continued interest in mechanisms of inflammation and disordered lung function with the mouse model of asthma continuing to offer new insights. There is also a steady flow of papers investigating new therapies, including those derived from plants and herbs, although many are mechanistic with too few high quality clinical trials. The mechanisms involved in allergic disease are well covered with many strong papers using clinical material to ask relevant questions. Pro-pre and snybiotics continue to be of major interest to our authors and this remains a controversial and complicated field. The discipline of epidemiology has retained its interest in risk factors for the development of allergic disease with a view to refining and debating the reasons for the allergy epidemic. There is continued interest in the relationship between helminthic disease and allergy with a new twist in 2010 involving studies using infection with helminths as a potential treatment. The genetics of allergic disease continues to be very productive, although the field has moved on from only investigating single nucleotide polymorphisms of candidate genes to Genome Wide Association Studies and an increasing and welcome emphasis on gene-environment interactions. In the field of clinical allergy there is steady flow of papers describing patterns of drug allergy with renewed interest in reactions to contrast media, but food allergy is the major area of interest in this section of the journal. Lastly in the field of allergens there is a growing interest in the role of component resolved diagnosis in improving the diagnosis and management of allergic disease. Another excellent year, full of fascinating and high quality work, which the journal has been proud to bring to the allergy community.
Inter‐subject variability and normal limits of the SITA Standard, SITA Fast, and the Humphrey Full Threshold computerized perimetry strategies, SITA STATPAC (1999)

SITA test results from eyes with normal visual fields will on average be more even from centre to mid-periphery as compared with Full Threshold fields. They will also appear slightly lighter in grey-scale representations. Because of smaller inter-subject variance, shallower depressions are needed in SITA fields for statistical and clinical significance.
A new strategy for characterizing proteinuria and haematuria from a single pattern of defined proteins in urine. (1992)

Prerenal, glomerular, tubulointerstitial and postrenal proteinurias and haematurias are usually differentiated by a number of non-invasive and invasive diagnostic procedures. We have applied a new analytical strategy based on the observation that different urine protein patterns are excreted in normal, prerenal, renal and postrenal proteinurias and haematurias. When analysed by turbidimetric procedures urine albumin, IgG, alpha 1-microglobulin and alpha 2-macroglobulin can be used as marker proteins to characterize the degree of glomerular permeability, tubular protein reabsorption and postrenal bleeding respectively. Primary glomerulopathies (selective and non-selective) and tubulointerstitial nephropathies can be differentiated by plotting the excretion rates of IgG or alpha 1-microglobulin against that of albumin. Postrenal contaminations are detected by quantitative turbidimetric assay of the high molecular weight proteins, alpha 2-macroglobulin and IgG. In postrenal bleeding, with albumin concentrations above 100 mg/l, the relative excretion rates of these proteins were proportional to their plasma concentrations. In glomerular haematurias, however, the ratios to albumin were much lower. The optimal discriminating ratio was found to be 2.0 x 10(-2) for alpha 2-macroglobulin/albumin and 2 x 10(-1) for IgG/albumin. Tubulointerstitial involvement in haematuria is characterized by elevated alpha 1-microglobulin excretion rates, with alpha 2-macroglobulin/albumin ratios below 2.0 x 10(-2) and IgG/albumin ratios above 2 x 10(-1). The reported procedure allows the exclusion and differentiation of clinically relevant proteinurias and haematurias in a single urine specimen.
The biosynthesis of glauconic acid (1965)

J. L. Bloomer, C. E. Moppett and J. K. Sutherland, Chem. Commun. (London), 1965, 619 DOI: 10.1039/C19650000619
Eintopfsynthese von Menthol in Gegenwart eines hoch diastereoselektiven Au/MgF<sub>2</sub>‐Katalysators (2010)

Ohne hochtoxische Verbindungen wie KCN und eine thermische Nachbehandlung wurden Au/MgF2-Komplexe durch eine einfache simultane Nassimprägnierung mit Tetrachlorogoldsäure als Goldvorstufe zugänglich. Einer der so erhaltenen Komplexe weist einzigartige katalytische Eigenschaften auf und ermöglichte die heterogen katalysierte hoch diastereoselektive Eintopfreaktion von Citronellal zu (±)-Menthol (siehe Bild).
Patients with multiple primary melanomas may have germline CDKN24 mutations and an occult family history of the disease (1997)

Brill, H1; Ling, Liu1; Monzon, J1; Goldstein, A M2; Tucker, M; From, L; McLaughlin, J4; Hogg, D1; Lassam, N J1,3 Author Information
Avaliação da atividade elétrica muscular em natação (2010)

evaluation of the muscular electrical activity in swimming. AbstrAct in the last decades electromyography (emG) applied to sport, and in particular to swimming, has been gaining increasing importance in the evaluation of athletes and respective training control and prescription. Whithin the areas of biomechanical research in sports, emG, despite one of the oldest, shows a reduced amount of studies, what can be justified by the high level of complexity associated to data collection, processing and interpretation. nevertheless, and despite performed in a environement adverse to its use, the emG research on swimming has gained special interest among scientists and coaches. the purpose of this study was to stablish the state of the art regarding the electromyographic research in swimming, with special reference to the characterization of the muscular action in swimming, waterpolo and sinchronysed swimming.
Bacterial and inflammatory behavior of implants in the early healing phase of chronic periodontitis. (2012)

The present results indicate that (1) dental implants inserted in periodontally compromised patients are colonized with periodontal pathogens within the first weeks of healing; (2) inflammatory markers (IL-1Β) are present in higher levels at teeth as compared with implants, whereas at implants, anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) might play the important role; and (3) the importance of periodontal treatment prior to implant insertion to reduce bacterial load and inflammation should be emphasized.
Basic Cell Culture (2003)

This article will describe the basic techniques required for successful cell culture. It will also act to introduce some of the other chapters in this volume. It is not intended, as this volume is not, to describe the establishment of a tissue culture laboratory, nor to provide a historical or theoretical survey of cell culture. There are several books that adequately cover these areas, including the now somewhat dated but still valuable volume by Paul (1), the multi-authored Methods in Enzymology volume edited by Jakoby and Pastan (2), and the new edition of Freshney (3). Instead, this chapter's focus will be on the techniques for establishing primary rodent cell cultures from embryos and adult skin, maintaining and subculturing these fibro-blasts and their transformed derivatives, and the isolation of genetically pure strains. The cells described are all derived from Chinese hamsters since, to date, these cells, have proved to be the most useful for somatic cell genetics (4,5). The techniques, however, are generally applicable to most fibroblastic cell types.
Avoid complacency—prepare for the worst (2003)

N Greater vigilance about health and hygiene and the open sharing of medical information should be the norm in future.
Predictors of chronic lung disease in the ‘CPAP era’ (2004)

CLD remains prevalent in very low birthweight infants in the CPAP era. Oxygen requirement at 14 days is the strongest predictor of CLD. Infants requiring 30% oxygen or more while on CPAP at 14 days have a 60% risk of subsequent CLD or death.
Deletion of the GPG Motif in the HIV Type 1 V3 Loop Does Not Abrogate Infection in All Cells (2000)

The three amino acids glycine, proline, and glycine (GPG) constitute a conserved motif at the center of the V3 loop of HIV-1 surface glycoprotein 120. It has been indicated that deletion of this GPG motif is lethal for viral infectivity and abrogates the ability of the virus to form syncytia. In the present work, we studied the effects of GPG deletion on viral infectivity, cell tropism, syncytium formation, and initiation of apoptosis by constructing a mutant provirus based on the infectious clone pBRu-2. Successful infection and replication of GPG-deleted virus were detected in MT-2 cells, although the mutant virus showed lower infectivity. Infection could also be observed in the C8166, C91-PL, Molt-3, and THP-1 cell lines, and in PBMC-derived dendritic cells (DCs), but not in CEM-SS, HUT78, H9, Jurkat, and U937 cell lines or in PBMCs. Mutant virus also induced syncytia and apoptosis in the MT-2 cells. An intact GPG motif is probably necessary for unimpaired induction of fusion in some HIV-1-permissive cells. However, once the virus enters the cells, the GPG sequence does not seem to be indispensable for syncytium formation or apoptosis induction in MT-2 cells. Our data also imply that cell surface molecules other than CD4 and CXCR4 may be involved in entry of the GPG-deleted virus.
Chronic Leptin Supplementation Ameliorates Pathology and Improves Cognitive Performance in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. (2009)

We have previously reported anti-amyloidogenic effects of leptin using in vitro and in vivo models and, more recently, demonstrated the ability of leptin to reduce tau phosphorylation in neuronal cells. The present study examined the efficacy of leptin in ameliorating the Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like pathology in 6-month old CRND8 transgenic mice (TgCRND8) following 8 weeks of treatment. Leptin-treated transgenic mice showed significantly reduced levels of amyloid-beta (Abeta){1-40} in both brain extracts (52% reduction, p= 0.047) and serum (55% reduction, p= 0.049), as detected by ELISA, and significant reduction in amyloid burden (47% reduction, p=0.041) in the hippocampus, as detected by immunocytochemistry. The decrease in the levels of Abeta in the brain correlated with a decrease in the levels of C99 C-terminal fragments of the amyloid-beta protein precursor, consistent with a role for beta -secretase in mediating the effect of leptin. In addition, leptin-treated TgCRND8 mice had significantly lower levels of phosphorylated tau, as detected by AT8 and anti-tau-Ser{396} antibodies. Importantly, after 4 or 8 weeks of treatment, there was no significant increase in the levels of C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and cortisol in the plasma of leptin-treated TgCRND8 animals compared to saline-treated controls, indicating no inflammatory reaction. These biochemical and pathological changes were correlated with behavioral improvements, as early as after 4 weeks of treatment, as recorded by a novel object recognition test and particularly the contextual and cued fear conditioning test after 8 weeks of treatment. Leptin-treated TgCRND8 animals significantly outperformed saline-treated littermates in these behavioral tests. These findings solidly demonstrate the potential for leptin as a disease modifying therapeutic in transgenic animals of AD, driving optimism for its safety and efficacy in humans.
Evidence-Based Management of Common Gallstone-Related Emergencies (2014)

Gallstone-related disease is among the most common clinical problems encountered worldwide. The manifestations of cholelithiasis vary greatly, ranging from mild biliary colic to life-threatening gallstone pancreatitis and cholangitis. The vast majority of gallstone-related diseases encountered in an acute setting can be categorized as biliary colic, cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, and pancreatitis, although these diagnoses can overlap. The management of these diseases is uniquely multidisciplinary, involving many specialties and treatment options. Thus, care may be compromised due to redundant tests, treatment delays, or inconsistent management. This review outlines the evidence for initial evaluation, diagnostic workup, and treatment for the most common gallstone-related emergencies. Key principles include initial risk stratification of patients to aid in triage and timing of interventions, early initiation of appropriate antibiotics for patients with evidence of cholecystitis or cholangitis, patient selection for endoscopic biliary decompression, and growing evidence in favor of early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for clinically stable patients.
Alpha-glucosidase from the hepatopancreas of the shrimp,Penaus vannamei (Crustacea-Decapoda) (1998)

Penaeus vannamei is an omnivorous species, and it can be assumed that a high level of carbohydrates is necessary for growth. Alpha-glucosidases are important enzymes necessary for the ultimate liberation of glucose residues from various carbohydrates. Using acarbose affinity chromatography, a glycosylated alpha-glucosidase with a molecular mass of approximately 105 kDa was isolated for the first time from the hepatopancreas of the shrimp. Exhibiting an optimal catalytic activity in the temperature range from 40 degrees C to 50 degrees C at pH 6, the purified enzyme hydrolyses alpha 1-4 bonds and liberates glucose from different oligo and polysaccharides. By contrast to other known glucosidases, no alpha 1-6 glucose link with hydrolysis has been observed. This could explain the different rates of growth in shrimp aquaculture with starches from various origins. The amino-acid composition, together with the partial sequence of a hydrolytic peptide, shows a high degree of similarity to the alpha-glucosidases reported for various organisms including yeast and fungi and may help determine the phylogeny of the family.
941 (2013)

Introduction: Etomidate is an imidazole-derived, ultra-short acting nonbarbiturate hypnotic and has been commonly used as an induction agent in trauma and non-trauma patients. However, etomidate has been shown to inhibit 11-beta-hydroxylase which catalyzes the conversion of deoxycortisol to cortisol in the adrenal gland leading to decreased concentrations of cortisol for up to 48 hours after its administration. The use of etomidate has been associated with an increased morbidity and mortality in many different settings, including pediatrics.. The purpose of this study is to use a questionnaire to determine the following among pediatric trauma programs; a) how common the use of etomidate is for RSI b) determine how pediatric trauma centers are using etomidate, and c) determine why pediatric trauma programs are using etomidate for RSI. Methods: A 25 question survey was created using Survey Monkey, an online survey tool. A link to the survey was emailed to each of the Pediatric and Adult trauma programs that care for pediatric patients. Two additional emails will be sent at 3 months and 5.5 months with reminders to complete the online survey. After 6 months the survey link will be de-activated and the information will be removed from the internet/website for analysis purposes. Currently, the survey has been open for 2 months. The answers to the questions will be analyzed using non-parametric methodology. The significance level, determined a- priori, was set at an α = 0.05. Results: A total of 36 responses have been received. The majority of the centers that responded are urban, academic, teaching Level 1 pediatric trauma centers that provide care for > 200 pediatric trauma patients annually. The trauma program directors were the most likely to respond to the survey (16/36). 30/34 respondents state they use etomidate in their RSI protocol but it is not used in all pediatric trauma patients. 24/34 respondents believe that etomidate is associated with adrenal suppression and 22/33 believe it exacerbates adrenal suppression in pediatric trauma patients yet 24 of 33 respondents do not believe it is clinically relevant. Conclusions: Despite an association with adrenal suppression and effects on morbidity and mortality, the use of etomidate in pediatric trauma patients is common among urban, academic, teaching Level 1 pediatric trauma centers.
Garvicin A, a Novel Class IId Bacteriocin from Lactococcus garvieae That Inhibits Septum Formation in L. garvieae Strains (2013)

Lactococcus garvieae 21881, isolated in a human clinical case, produces a novel class IId bacteriocin, garvicin A (GarA), which is specifically active against other L. garvieae strains, including fish- and bovine-pathogenic isolates. Purification from active supernatants, sequence analyses, and plasmid-curing experiments identified pGL5, one of the five plasmids found in L. garvieae [M. Aguado-Urda et al., PLoS One 7(6):e40119, 2012], as the coding plasmid for the structural gene of GarA (lgnA), its putative immunity protein (lgnI), and the ABC transporter and its accessory protein (lgnC and lgnD). Interestingly, pGL5-cured strains were still resistant to GarA. Other putative bacteriocins encoded by the remaining plasmids were not detected during purification, pointing to GarA as the main inhibitor secreted by L. garvieae 21881. Mode-of-action studies revealed a potent bactericidal activity of GarA. Moreover, transmission microscopy showed that GarA seems to act by inhibiting septum formation in L. garvieae cells. This potent and species-specific inhibition by GarA holds promise for applications in the prevention or treatment of infections caused by pathogenic strains of L. garvieae in both veterinary and clinical settings.
INCORPORATION OF RAT PROLACTIN INTO RAT MILK IN VIVO AND IN VITRO (1976)

Rat prolactin (11 i.u./mg) was continuously infused into the circulation of urethane-anaesthetized lactating rats for 35 min at doses of either 200 or 472 ng/min. The immunoreactive prolactin in both milk and plasma rose quickly during the first 20-25 min of infusion, then stabilized at similar levels over baseline (68 and 98 ng/ml for milk and plasma, respectively, with the 200 ng/min dose and 250 and 230 ng/ml, respectively, with the 472 ng/min dose). The concentration of prolactin in plasma fell after the infusion was stopped, whereas that in the milk either did not fall at all or fell slightly to a new stabilized level. There was a rapid and extensive loss in the immunoreactivity of prolactin added to milk when rat milk was incubated in vitro (37 degrees C for 1-120 min) with 600 ng/ml of extracted pituitary prolactin (NIAMDD RP-1) or unit equivalent amounts of prolactin obtained from pituitary culture media (secreted prolactin, supplied by C.S. Nicoll). Significantly greater amounts of added RP-1 prolactin were lost when it was incubated with milk obtained after 4 h than after 18 h of non-suckling. There was, however, no drop in endogenous immunoreactive milk prolactin levels (350-400 ng/ml) when rat milk was incubated with saline for 30 min. This suggests that milk prolactin obtained as a result of plasma transfer is different chemically from the milk prolactin resulting from the addition of either RP-1 or secreted prolactin to milk in vitro. Approximately 90% of 131I-labelled rat prolactin appeared in the trichloroacetic acid precipitable fraction after incubation (37 degrees C for 120 min) with milk obtained after 4 h of non-suckling in either the presence or absence of thiouracil (added to prevent binding of 131I or 131I-labelled fragments to milk protein). The recovery was slightly less when 131I-labelled prolactin was incubated with milk obtained after 18 h of non-suckling. These data suggest that prolactin is quickly transferred from plasma into milk in direct relation to the plasma concentration. Once there, much of it appears to be retained by the milk perhaps chemically or physically bound; there is little, if any, degradation of the hormone. We conclude that the lactating the mammary gland may function normally as an excretory organ for prolactin.
Infinite-dimensional sampled-data Kalman filtering and the stochastic heat equation (2010)

In this paper we apply the infinite-dimensional sampled-data Kalman filter (ISKF) to a system characterized by the stochastic heat equation for the purpose of estimating the temperature distribution along a slender (one-dimensional) cylindrical rod using a simple linear measurement model. The key to applying the ISKF is the development of an essentially equivalent finite-dimensional discrete-time model from an infinite-dimensional continuous-time dynamics model. In addition to estimating the temperature of the rod, we employ a bank of elemental filters via the multiple model adaptive estimation (MMAE) technique to estimate unknown model parameters such as the thermal diffusivity constant of the slender cylindrical rod.