gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Distinguishing Good Science, Bad Science and Junk Science (2020)

This chapter explores how scientists evaluate the reliability of science, the phenomenon of “junk science,” and to what extent non-scientists can test the reliability and merit of scientific conclusions and opinions. Evaluating the reliability of science in the U.S. courtroom setting presents several challenges: There is disagreement concerning the standards that should be applied, e.g., how much risk society should tolerate, and how the cost of adverse consequences should be distributed between the manufacturer, the victim and the public. The litigating party that is adversely affected by the scientific facts and interpretation has an incentive to denigrate science, distract from it, and diminish its relevance, and to accuse the expert witness of bias. 100In the U.S. common law system, the trier of fact depends on what the parties chose to present in court, and is not allowed to conduct an independent inquiry. Most of the litigators, who serve as ambassadors of science, lack the basic mathematical and scientific foundation necessary to fully understand the underlying scientific problems. 1 The triers of facts, including most judges, lack the basic mathematical and scientific foundation necessary to distinguish between pseudo-science and science. As used by the courts, the term “science” includes any field where knowledge is acquired through study and practice, 2 i.e., not only natural sciences, engineering and social sciences, but also clinical medicine, and other fields that use conflicting methodology and have conflicting goals. Science and the court are bound by different laws and have different goals. As the Daubert case states it, the judge must resolve legal disputes in a “quick, final and binding” manner. 3 His guiding principles are justice and judicial economy. The judge does not search for “cosmic understanding;” 4 he narrows the issues and rules only to those issues that are absolutely necessary to decide a case. His primary tool is the application of the rules of evidence which allow him to exclude anything that does not seem relevant and reliable to him, as outlined in the Federal Rules of Evidence and in Joiner. If the plaintiff does not meet all of the elements of his cause of action, the case is dismissed.
Cloning of the gene encoding a catalytically self-sufficient cytochrome P-450 fatty acid monooxygenase induced by barbiturates in Bacillus megaterium and its functional expression and regulation in heterologous (Escherichia coli) and homologous (Bacillus megaterium) hosts. (1987)

In a previous publication (Narhi, L. O., and Fulco, A. J. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 7160-7169) we described the characterization of a 119,000-dalton P-450 cytochrome that is strongly induced by barbiturates in Bacillus megaterium. In the presence of NADPH and O2, this single polypeptide can catalyze the hydroxylation of long-chain fatty acids without the aid of any other protein. The gene encoding this unique monooxygenase (cytochrome P-450BM-3) has now been cloned by an immunochemical screening technique. The Escherichia coli clone harboring the recombinant plasmid produces a 119,000-dalton protein that appears to be electrophoretically and immunochemically identical to the B. megaterium enzyme and contains the same N-terminal amino acid sequence. The recombinant DNA product also exhibits the characteristic cytochrome P-450 spectrum and is fully functional as a fatty acid monooxygenase. In E. coli, the synthesis of P-450BM-3 is directed by its own promoter included in the DNA insert and proceeds constitutively at a very high rate but is not stimulated by pentobarbital. However, when the cloned P-450BM-3 gene, either intact or in a truncated form, is introduced back into B. megaterium via an E. coli/Bacillus subtilis shuttle vector, its expression is constitutively repressed but is induced by pentobarbital. This finding demonstrates that the regulatory region of the P-450BM-3 gene that responds to barbiturates is included in the cloned DNA. The evidence also indicates that pentobarbital cannot directly act on the gene to cause induction but presumably interacts with another component such as a repressor molecule that is present in B. megaterium but is absent in the E. coli clone.
The accuracy of the location of sources of atmospherics by radio direction-finding (1954)

In recent years, increasing importance has been attached to the use of radio direction-finders for the location of thunderstorms. A large number of stations for this purpose are now in operation, and for the planning of further networks it is necessary to assess the accuracy to which storms may at present be located, and to delimit the areas in which location is satisfactory with the existing networks.An investigation of the accuracy of the United Kingdom network of twin-channel cathode-ray direction-finders, operating at frequencies near 10 kc/s, has shown that instrumental errors other than polarization errors are small, but that at particular stations, errors of several degrees have been caused by the hilly nature of the terrain and by buried cables. When the equipment is on a level site, free from obstructions, polarization errors are likely to be the main limitation to accuracy, particularly at distances of a few hundred kilometres and at night. Maximum errors of 2° or 3° may be expected in summer day-time and rather more in winter day-time.The magnitudes of polarization errors at night are not accurately known. Over a limited range of distance, around 400km, observations on continuous-wave stations exhibit, at times, r.m.s. errors of more than 20°, but there is evidence that errors of this magnitude do not normally occur with atmospherics. At distances greater than 1 000km, polarization errors may be expected to be no greater than 2° or 3°, even at night. At these distances there are also significant errors caused by interference between the atmospheric under observation and others arriving almost simultaneously.Although knowledge of the errors is far from complete, preliminary estimates of their magnitudes have been made and an estimate of the accuracy of storm location has been derived. It is not possible to express the potential accuracy in simple terms, since it depends not only on the bearing errors, the spacing of the stations and the distance of the storm, but also on the number of observations made and the manner in which they are interpreted. As an indication of the order of magnitude, it is estimated that with the present network and observation technique the probable error in position of a storm centre at a distance of 1 000km is about 20km by summer day, 50km by winter day and 100km by night. These preliminary estimates, particularly that for night-time conditions, must be regarded as approximate because knowledge of the bearing errors is still lacking in some important respects. In particular, a more complete knowledge is required of their amplitude distribution and of the degree of correlation, if any, between polarization errors at the different stations.The types of error discussed are liable to occur with all atmospherics direction-finders in current use; polarization errors, in particular, may be expected with any instrument with an aerial system incorporating either a single rotating loop or a pair of fixed crossed-loops.
Feature Extraction and Simplification from colour images based on Colour Image Segmentation and Skeletonization using the Quad-Edge data structure (2007)

Region features in colour images are of interest in applications such as mapping, climatology, change detection, medicine,\netc. This research work is an attempt to automate the process of extracting feature boundaries from colour images. This\nprocess is an attempt to eventually replace manual digitization process by computer assisted boundary detection and conversion\nto a vector layer in a spatial database. In colour images, various features can be distinguished based on their colour. The\nfeatures thus extracted as object border can be stored as vector maps in a spatial database after labelling and editing. Here, we\npresent a complete methodology of the boundary extraction and skeletonization process from colour imagery using a colour\nimage segmentation algorithm, a crust extraction algorithm and our new skeleton extraction algorithm. We also present a\nprototype application for completely automated or semi-automated processing of (satellite) imagery and scanned maps with\nan application to coastline extraction. Other applications include extraction of fields, clear cuts, clouds, as well as heating or\npollution monitoring and dense forest mapping among others.
Sterility of intravenous fat emulsion in plastic syringes (2002)

Journal Article Sterility of intravenous fat emulsion in plastic syringes Get access Pamela Dee Reiter, Pharm.D., BCPS Pamela Dee Reiter, Pharm.D., BCPS Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Neonatal ICU/High Risk Obstetrics, Departments of Pharmacy and Neonatology, University of Colorado Hospital, and Clinical Assistant Professor, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Campus Box A027, Denver, CO 80262 (pam.reiter@uch.edu). Presented at the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 25th Clinical Congress. Chicago, IL; 2001 Jan 23. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, Volume 59, Issue 19, 1 October 2002, Pages 1857–1859, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/59.19.1857 Published: 01 October 2002
On Spherically Symmetrical Accretion (1952)

The special accretion problem is investigated in which the motion is steady and spherically symmetrical, the gas being at rest at infinity. The pressure is taken to be proportional to a power of the density. It is found that the accretion rate is proportional to the square of the mass of the star and to the density of the gas at infinity, and varies inversely with the cube of the velocity of sound in the gas at infinity. The factor of proportionality is not determined by the steady-state equations, though it is confined within certain limits. Arguments are given suggesting that the case physically most likely to occur is that with the maximum rate of accretion.
Speculative Versioning through Perceptron Predictors (2012)

A well-know method to avoid inconsistent state in Software Transactional Memory (STM) is a globally shared version clock whose values are used to tag memory locations. While this method does not require frequent validation of transactional data, it results in contentions over the global clock. Each time that a transaction commits it updates the global clock which results in costly coherence misses. The alternative approach is local clock which requires access to local variables instead of a global version clock. However, as we show in this paper, the optimum validation policy changes not only across applications but also within an application and through different phases of a program. To counter this challenge, we introduce Speculative Versioning (SV) which dynamically selects one of the two validation techniques based on probability of conflicts. SV is a speculative approach and relies on perceptron predictors to predict future conflicts. We have incorporated SV into TL2 and compared the performance of the new implementation with the original STM using Stamp v0.9.10 benchmark suite. Our results reveal that SV is effective and improves execution time of transactional applications up to 31%.
Three steps to chaos. II. A Chua's circuit primer (1993)

For Pt. I see ibid., vol. 40, no. 10, p. 640, 1993. Linear system-theory provides an inadequate characterization of sustained oscillation in nature. This two-part exposition of oscillation in piecewise-linear dynamical systems, guides the reader from linear concepts and simple harmonic motion to nonlinear concepts and chaos. By means of three worked examples, the authors bridge the gap from the familiar parallel RLC network to exotic nonlinear dynamical phenomena in Chua's circuit. The goal is to stimulate the reader to think deeply about the fundamental nature of oscillation and to develop intuition into the chaos-producing mechanisms of nonlinear dynamics. In order to exhibit chaos, an autonomous circuit consisting of resistors, capacitors, and inductors must contain (1) at least one nonlinear element, (2) at least one locally active resistor, and (3) at least three energy-storage elements. Chua's circuit is the simplest electronic circuit that satisfies these criteria. In addition, this remarkable circuit is the only physical system for which the presence of chaos has been proved mathematically. The circuit is readily constructed at low cost using standard electronic components and exhibits a rich variety of bifurcations and chaos. Part II in this series studies bifurcations and chaos in a robust practical implementation of Chua's circuit.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Automated Critical Peak Pricing Field Tests: Program Description and Results - eScholarship (2006)

Automated Critical Peak Pricing Field Tests: Program Description and Results April 6, 2006 Mary Ann Piette David Watson Naoya Motegi Sila Kiliccote Peng Xu Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Sponsored by the Pacific Gas and Electric Company Emerging Technologies Program California Institute for Energy and the Environment LBNL Report Number 59351
El momento constitucional de Juan Bautista Alberdi: un contrapunto con Mariano Fragueiro (2016)

El momento constitucional de Juan Bautista Alberdi no sólo es parte de su trayectoria personal sino también es co-constitutivo de una coyuntura crítica de la historia de la república como concepto y como forma política en la Argentina del siglo XIX. Para analizarlo en su singularidad y como una etapa representativa de la sociabilidad conceptual de la Generación 1837 presentamos un contrapunto entre algunos textos del Alberdi de fines de la década de 1840 y principios de la de 1850 con un corpus de Mariano Fragueiro estructurado en torno a sus posiciones respecto al legado del rosismo, sus concepciones del arreglo constitucional por venir, así como las principales características de sus concepciones políticas de cara a la organización constitucional de la Confederación Argentina. Sugeriremos luego una relación entre sus respectivas nociones de libertad y de bien común de cara a la tradición republicana argentina, para finalmente identificar algunos rasgos distintivos del momento constitucional alberdiano respecto de su trayectoria personal y generacional.
A 28 GHz transimpedance preamplifier with inductive bandwidth enhancement (1992)

We have built a broadband bipolar transimpedance preamplifier exhibiting an effective transimpedance gain of 39 dB Omega with 1.5 dB/sub p-p/ ripple. Using InP/InGaAs composite collector heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) with an f/sub T/ of 120 GHz and f/sub max/ equal to 59 GHz, a 28 GHz circuit bandwidth was demonstrated. The circuit is compact measuring 975*675 mu m/sup 2/. A low power dissipation of only 48.6 mW was achieved for a single supply voltage of 2.7 V. >
Development of Glyceryl Monostearate Based Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride Sustained Release Matrix Tablet: an <i>In vitro</i> Study (1970)

In this present study an attempt has been made to evaluate glyceryl monostearate (GMS) as a rateretarding material to sustain the release ciprofloxacin hydrochloride from the matrix tablet. The solubility ofciprofloxacin hydrochloride was studied. The physical parameters of the prepared tablets were also evaluated.Release kinetics of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride from this sustained release matrix was studied in 0.1 N HCl usingUnited States Pharmacopoeia type-II dissolution apparatus (paddle method). The effect of polymer load, drug load,hydroxylpropylmethylcellulose to compensate glyceryl monostearate (GMS) and different release modifiers wereexamined. It was observed that the release rate of drug was retarded with the increasing concentration of GMS. Therelease data were treated in different fashion to identify the release mechanism and it was revealed with fewexception that, when GMS is used as single polymer, release of active drug from the prepared matrix tablet appearedto follow the first order kinetics and showed the tendency to follow Korsmeyer model when HPMC 15 cps was usedalong with GMS. Using release enhancers the release pattern were fitted to first order kinetics. From the f2 values itcan be concluded that the release pattern of P-2, D-1, H-2 and H-3 are similar to P-1, whereas the formula of P-1, D-2and H-1 were same. MDT values were found to be increased with the increasing amount of polymer (GMS).Key words: Glyceryl monostearate; ciprofloxacin HCl; sustained release matrix; dissolution studies.DOI: 10.3329/dujps.v8i1.5340Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 8(1): 81-88, 2009 (June)
The benzimidazole anthelmintics — chemistry and biological activity (1983)

Although benzimidazole is one of the oldest and chemically well-studied nitrogen heterocyclics, it has been quite lately recognized as the versatile nucleus for building molecules possessing broad spectrum of biological activity. The polyfunctionality associated with benzimidazole nucleus, the ease to carry out various organic reactions and its association with bio-molecules stimulated several laboratories of the world to explore its synthetic and biological avenues. This, not only, disclosed various fascinating aspects of benzimidazole chemistry but also led to the synthesis of a large variety of benzimidazole derivatives of which many have been demonstrated to exhibit powerful anthelmintic, antimicrobial, pesticidal, anticancer and pharmcological activities. Among the above areas of drug research, a newer dimension has been given to the chemotherapy of helminthiasis where modern drug design is chiefly directed towards searching potent veterinary and human anthelmintics derived from benzimidazoles.
By Means of Beams : Laser Patterning and Stability in CIGS Thin Film Photovoltaics (2011)

Solar irradiation is a vast and plentiful source of energy. The use of photovoltaic (PV) devices to convert solar energy directly to electrical energy is an elegant way of sustainable power generation which can be distributed or in large PV plants based on the need. Solar cells are the small building blocks of photovoltaics and when connected together they form PV modules. Thin film solar cells require significantly less energy and raw materials to be produced, as compared to the dominant Si wafer technologies. CIGS thin film solar cells are considered to be the most promising thin film alternative due to its proven high efficiency. Most thin film PV modules utilise monolithic integration, whereby thin film patterning steps are included between film deposition steps, to create interconnection of individual cells within the layered structure. The state of the art is that CIGS thin film modules are made using one laser patterning step (P1) and two mechanical patterning steps (P2 and P3). Here we present work which successfully demonstrates the replacement of mechanical patterning by laser patterning methods. The use of laser ablation promises such advantages as increased active cell area and reduced maintenance and downtime required for regular replacement of mechanical tools. The laser tool can also be used to transform CIGS into a conducting compound along a patterned line. We have shown that this process can be performed after all semiconductor layers are deposited using a technique we call laser micro-welding. By performing patterning at the end of the process flow P2 and P3 patterning could be performed simultaneously. Such solutions will further reduce manufacturing times and may offer increased control of semiconductor interfaces. While showing promising performance on par with reference processes there are still open questions of importance for these novel techniques, particularly that of long term stability. Thin film modules are inherently sensitive to moisture and require reliable encapsulation. Before the techniques introduced here can be seen industrially they must have achieved proven stability. In this work we present a proof of existence of stable micro-welded interconnections.
Studies on Benzodiazines. XVI. : Quaternary Salts of Substituted Phthalazines and Their Chemical Properties (1968)

Nine kinds of quaternary salts of phthalazines, possessing a substituent (C6H5, C6H5-CH2, CH3, RO) in 1-position, were synthesized, and it was clarified that the nitrogen in 3-position had been quaternized in these compounds. Since the methiodide of 1-methyl-4-ethoxyphthalazine formed a trimethinecyanine dye, the quaternization had taken place at the nitrogen in 2-position in this case. Structure of main products was determined when these quaternary salts were (a) heated above their decomposition temperature and (b) when they were reacted with silver oxide in the cold.
Spectral Leakage Suppression for DFT-Based OFDM via Adjacent Subcarriers Correlative Coding (2008)

In spectrum pooling applications, the spectral leakage of DFT-based OFDM systems should be divided into two parts, in-band-out-of-subband (IBOSB) leakage and out-of- band (OOB) radiation. A scheme is proposed to suppress the IBOSB leakage and redistribute OOB radiation through the frequency domain correlative coding with appropriate weighting. It introduces the correlation between adjacent subcarriers, and the DFT-based spectrum is reshaped through mutually cancelation of the sidelobes. The optimum weighting factor is given. Analysis and simulation show that the proposed scheme significantly suppresses IBOSB spectral leakage compared to conventional OFDM. At the same time, carrier-interference ratio (CIR) is increased and maximum likelihood sequence detection (MLSD) can mostly compensate the BER degradation caused by error propagation at the expense of a little computation complexity.
Indoor Reconstruction from Floorplan Images with a Deep Learning Approach (2020)

Although interest in indoor space modeling is increasing, the quantity of indoor spatial data available is currently very scarce compared to its demand. Many studies have been carried out to acquire indoor spatial information from floorplan images because they are relatively cheap and easy to access. However, existing studies do not take international standards and usability into consideration, they consider only 2D geometry. This study aims to generate basic data that can be converted to indoor spatial information using IndoorGML (Indoor Geography Markup Language) thick wall model or the CityGML (City Geography Markup Language) level of detail 2 by creating vector-formed data while preserving wall thickness. To achieve this, recent Convolutional Neural Networks are used on floorplan images to detect wall and door pixels. Additionally, centerline and corner detection algorithms were applied to convert wall and door images into vector data. In this manner, we obtained high-quality raster segmentation results and reliable vector data with node-edge structure and thickness attributes that enabled the structures of vertical and horizontal wall segments and diagonal walls to be determined with precision. Some of the vector results were converted into CityGML and IndoorGML form and visualized, demonstrating the validity of our work.
Towards EPC Semantics based on State and Context. (2006)

Abstract: The semantics of the OR-join have been discussed for some time, in the context of EPCs, but also in the context of other business process modeling languages like YAWL. In this paper, we show that the existing solutions are not satisfactory from the intuition of the modeler. Furthermore, we present a novel approach towards the definition of EPC semantics based on state and context. The approach uses two types of annotations for arcs. Like in some of the other approaches, arcs are annotated with positive and negative tokens. Moreover, each arc has a context status denoting whether a positive token may still arrive. Using a four-phase approach tokens and statuses are propagated thus yielding a new kind of semantics which overcomes some of the wellknown problems related to OR-joins in EPCs.