gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the Use of Generalized Additive Models in Time-Series Studies of Air Pollution and Health (2002)

The widely used generalized additive models (GAM) method is a flexible and effective technique for conducting nonlinear regression analysis in time-series studies of the health effects of air pollution. When the data to which the GAM are being applied have two characteristics--1) the estimated regression coefficients are small and 2) there exist confounding factors that are modeled using at least two nonparametric smooth functions--the default settings in the gam function of the S-Plus software package (version 3.4) do not assure convergence of its iterative estimation procedure and can provide biased estimates of regression coefficients and standard errors. This phenomenon has occurred in time-series analyses of contemporary data on air pollution and mortality. To evaluate the impact of default implementation of the gam software on published analyses, the authors reanalyzed data from the National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study (NMMAPS) using three different methods: 1) Poisson regression with parametric nonlinear adjustments for confounding factors; 2) GAM with default convergence parameters; and 3) GAM with more stringent convergence parameters than the default settings. The authors found that pooled NMMAPS estimates were very similar under the first and third methods but were biased upward under the second method.
Acoustic scattering of a plane wave by two spherical elastic shells above the coincidence frequency (1997)

The acoustic scattering by two fluid-filled spherical elastic shells in close proximity to each other and insonified by plane waves at arbitrary angles of incidence is analyzed exactly in the frequency range that includes the midfrequency or coincidence enhancement region of the backscattered echoes. The incident and scattered wave fields are expanded in terms of the classical modal series and the addition theorem for the spherical wave functions is used to determine the exact expression for the sound fields scattered by each spherical elastic shell in the presence of the other, referred to coordinate systems at the centers of either spherical shell. The solution to the scattering problem is found by simultaneously solving the Helmholtz equations governing the wave motion in the fluid medium in which the two shells are submerged as well as in the fluid media contained in the shells, together with the two sets of equations of motion of the two elastic shells obtained from the complete three-dimensional elasticity theory after satisfying the boundary conditions at all fluid-shell interfaces as well as the far-field radiation condition. Again, the numerical computation of the scattered pressure wave involves the solution of a truncated ill-conditioned complex matrix system the size of which depends on how many terms of the modal series are required for convergence. This in turn depends on the value of the frequency, and on the proximity of the two spherical elastic shells. The ill-conditioned matrix equation is solved using the Gauss–Seidel iteration method. Backscattered and bistatic echoes from two identical spherical elastic shells are extensively calculated. The result also exhibits the large enhancement present in the backscattered echoes for the endfire situation after the midfrequency or coincidence enhancement has taken place. This can be attributed to the effects of focusing by the front elastic shell and to the reflection and refocusing by the back elastic shell of the a0 Lamb wave reradiation in the observer’s direction.
Characterization of human, bovine, and horse antithrombin III (1976)

A comparison of the physical-chemical properties of human, bovine, and horse antithrombin III has been made. These three plasma proteins are strong inhibitors of bovine factor Xa and form a 1:1 molar complex with this coagulation enzyme. Human, bovine, and horse antithrombin III are glycoproteins containing hexose, hexosamine, and neuraminic acid. The total carbohydrate was 9, 12, and 16% for human, bovine, and horse antithrombin III, respectively. These proteins have a similar amino acid composition, although some monor variations were noted. Each antithrombin III is composed of a single polypeptide chain with an amino-terminal histidine residue. Of the first 17 amino-terminal residues, only three differences were noted between the three proteins. These occur in position 2 which is occupied by Gly, Arg, and Trp in human, bovine, and horse, respectively; position 6 which has a deletion in human antithrombin III; and position 8 where Ile in human and horse antithrombin III has been replaced by Val in the bovine preparation. The remainder of the first 17 residues is the same in all three proteins. The molecular weights for the bovine and horse preparation were 56 600 and 52 500, respectively, as determined by sedimentation equilibrium in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride. Some immunological cross-reactivity was also observed between the three different proteins.
Equation of state of gallium oxide to<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>70</mml:mn><mml:mspace width="0.3em"/><mml:mi>GPa</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>: Comparison of quasihydrostatic and nonhydrostatic compression (2008)

Synchrotron x-ray diffraction and diamond-anvil cell techniques were used to characterize pressure induced structural modifications in gallium oxide. Gallium oxide was studied on compression up to $70\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ and on the following decompression. The effect of the pressure-transmitting medium on the structural transformations was investigated in two sets of compression and decompression runs, one with nitrogen as a quasihydrostatic pressure-transmitting medium and the other in nonhydrostatic pressure conditions. The x-ray diffraction data showed gradual phase transition from a low-density, monoclinic $\ensuremath{\beta}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ to a high-density, rhombohedral $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. With the use of nitrogen as a pressure transmitting medium, the $\ensuremath{\beta}$- to $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ transition begins at about $6.5--7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ and extends up to $\ensuremath{\sim}40\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$, confirming recent theoretical calculations. This pressure-driven transition is irreversible and the material decompressed from $70\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ to ambient conditions was composed, in both sets of experimental runs, of $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ only. A Birch-Murnaghan fit of the unit cell volume as a function of pressure yielded a zero pressure bulk modulus ${K}_{0}=199(6)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$, and its pressure derivative ${K}_{0}^{\ensuremath{'}}=3.1(4)$ for the$\ensuremath{\beta}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ phase, and ${K}_{0}=220(9)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ and ${K}_{0}^{\ensuremath{'}}=5.9(6)$ for the $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ phase for the experiments performed in quasihydrostatic compression conditions. When for the same experiment ${K}_{0}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ is held at 4, then the bulk modulus values are 184(3) and $252(14)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ for $\ensuremath{\beta}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and the $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, respectively. We compare the results of this work with our previous studies on the high-pressure behavior of nanocrystalline gallium oxide.
Calibrating CMB polarization telescopes (2002)

Instruments for measuring the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) must be designed for accuracy as well as precision. The requirement for precision translates into a need for detectors with unprecedented sensitivity. Accuracy requires good methods for calibrating the response of the instrument to small polarized signals superimposed on large unpolarized signals. Since well-characterized polarized astrophysical millimeter sources are in short supply, we present an alternative method here. A flat metal plate is mounted in front of the telescope and nutated about a vertical axis, providing a varying polarized signal of amplitude near 30 mK.
Synthetic approach to the skeleton of histrionicotoxin (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthetic approach to the skeleton of histrionicotoxinJoseph J. Tufariello and Eugene J. TrybulskiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1974, 39, 23, 3378–3384Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1974https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00937a016RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views415Altmetric-Citations47LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (987 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Review and evaluation of automotive fuel conservation technologies. Final report (1981)

To support the Office of Research and Development of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration with focused studies in areas affecting automotive fuel economy and related safety issues, a series of in-depth studies were carried out: Fuel Consumption Estimates of Stratified Charge Rotary Engines Installed in Five Vehicles; Oldsmobile Omega X Body Baseline Weight Data; GM X Body Material Substitution Weight Reduction/Cost Effectiveness Study; Calspan RSV Restraint System Cost Study; FMVSS No. 208 Extension to Light Trucks, Vans, and MPV's - Cost Lead Time Study; Multipiece Rims for Trucks, Buses, and Trailers; Identifying Design Changes, Cost Impacts and Manufacturing Lead Times to Upgrade FMVSS 114 for Passenger Cars, Trucks, and MPV's; Ford Escort GL Baseline Weight Data.
Low‐Temperature‐Processed 9% Colloidal Quantum Dot Photovoltaic Devices through Interfacial Management of p–n Heterojunction (2016)

Low‐temperature solution‐processed high‐efficiency colloidal quantum dot (CQD) photovoltaic devices are developed by improving the interfacial properties of p–n heterojunctions. A unique conjugated polyelectrolyte, WPF‐6‐oxy‐F, is used as an interface modification layer for ZnO/PbS‐CQD heterojunctions. With the insertion of this interlayer, the device performance is dramatically improved. The origins of this improvement are determined and it is found that the multifunctionality of the WPF‐6‐oxy‐F interlayer offers the following essential benefits for the improved CQD/ZnO junctions: (i) the dipole induced by the ionic substituents enhances the quasi‐Fermi level separation at the heterojunction through favorable energy band‐bending, (ii) the ethylene oxide groups containing side chains can effectively passivate the interfacial defect sites of the heterojunction, and (iii) these effects occur without deterioration in the intrinsic depletion region or the series resistance of the device. All of the figures‐of‐merit of the devices are improved as a result of the enhanced built‐in potential (electric field) and the reduced interfacial charge recombination at the heterojunction. The benefits due to the WPF‐6‐oxy‐F interlayer are generally applicable to various types of PbS/ZnO heterojunctions. Finally, CQD photovoltaic devices with a power conversion efficiency of 9% are achievable, even by a solution process at room temperature in an air atmosphere. The work suggests a useful strategy to improve the interfacial properties of p–n heterojunctions by using polymeric interlayers.
Analysis of Plant Alkaloid Mixtures by Ammonia Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAnalysis of Plant Alkaloid Mixtures by Ammonia Chemical Ionization Mass SpectrometryJeff W. McCoy, Mark R. Roby, and Frank R. StermitzCite this: J. Nat. Prod. 1983, 46, 6, 894–901Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 July 2004Published inissue 1 November 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/np50030a011https://doi.org/10.1021/np50030a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views219Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Aggregation of Ribosomal RNA of<i>Aspergillus oryzae</i> (1971)

Journal Article Aggregation of Ribosomal RNA of Aspergillus oryzae Get access Koki Horikoshi, Koki Horikoshi The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Yonosuke Ikeda Yonosuke Ikeda The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 35, Issue 5, 1 May 1971, Pages 781–783, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1971.10859990 Published: 01 May 1971 Article history Received: 22 September 1970 Published: 01 May 1971
Ultrasonic Velocity in Some Organic Halides: Constitutive Effects (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUltrasonic Velocity in Some Organic Halides: Constitutive EffectsR. T. Lagemann, J. S. Evans, and D. R. McMillan Jr.Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70, 9, 2996–2999Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1948https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01189a048https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01189a048research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views73Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Genetic influences onDSM-III-R drug abuse and dependence: A study of 3,372 twin pairs (1996)

Research and clinical experience indicate that drug use disorders tend to run in families. The objective of this study was to distinguish between the family environment and genetic factors as the source of this observed family resemblance. Data were collected by telephone interview from members of the Vietnam Era Twin Registry, comprising male twin pairs who served in the U.S. military between 1965 and 1975. There were 3,372 pairs in which both twins participated. Drug use disorder was defined as receiving a diagnosis of drug abuse or dependence according to DSM-III-R; 10.1% of the sample had abused or been dependent on at least one illicit drug. A significant difference between concordance rates for monozygotic (26.2%) vs. dizygotic (16.5%) twins indicated a genetic influence on drug use disorder. Biometrical modeling indicated that genetic factors (34% of the variance), the environment shared by twins (28% of the variance), and the nonshared environment (38% of the variance) had significant influences of similar magnitudes on the individual's risk of developing a drug use disorder. These results support the application of molecular genetic approaches to elucidate the genetic influence on drug use disorder, as well as the potential efficacy of environmental intervention to reduce risk.
Ion channel modulators that enhance acetylcholine release: potential therapies for Alzheimer’s disease (1998)

Enhancing the release of acetylcholine (ACh) in the brain is one approach to increasing neuronal activity, restoring central cholinergic tone and improving attention and cognition. ACh release is modulated by both ligand-gated (gamma-amino butyric acid A receptors/benzodiazepine [GABA(A)/BDZ], nicotinic-acetylcholine and serotonin, 5-HT3) and voltage-gated (calcium and potassium) ion channels. Of the ligand-gated channel modulators, the BDZ receptor (BDZR) inverse agonists (beta-CCM, ZK 93426) enhance activity-dependent release in animals, whereas S-8510, a partial inverse agonist, and the BDZR antagonist, flumazenil, show enhancement regardless of the behavioural state of the animal. Some of these agents have undergone limited clinical evaluation for Alzheimer's disease (AD) (ZK 93426, flumazenil, S-8510), but their potential anxiogenic liability makes their therapeutic use uncertain until more clinical data are available. Within the group of nicotinic agonists, ABT-418, though less potent than nicotine and epibatidine in promoting ACh release in vitro, was clinically evaluated based on its in vivo profile. Its lack of oral bioavailability has limited its acceptability, though transdermal administration has been used to circumvent this deficiency. Serotonin 5-HT3 receptor modulators have not been advanced for clinical evaluation for the treatment of AD. Among the voltage-gated ion channel modulators affecting L- or N-type calcium channels, nefiracetam, a nootropic agent, also increased ACh release in animal studies. It is currently undergoing clinical evaluation for AD, though a need for more potent and brain selective calcium channel blockers exists. Potassium channel modulators have been the most studied ACh release enhancing agents and several of these compounds (4-AP, 3,4-DAP, linopirdine) have been clinically evaluated. In AD patients, 4-AP, an A-type K+ channel blocker, elicited inconsistent and unremarkable effects. Linopirdine, whose enhancement of ACh release correlates with its ability to block M-type K+ channels, also produced disappointing clinical results, which may have been related to its suboptimal pharmacokinetic profile. Further work in this series has provided a compound (DMP 543) that should be a more reliable indicator of whether a blocker of this ion channel can activate the cholinergic system in man. This agent is currently undergoing clinical evaluation for AD.
Wordsworth's gardens (2001)

Readers of the poems of William Wordsworth have likely encountered at least in some small way his love of the garden and gardening. And those who ve visited the Great Britain s Lake District know well that Wordsworth was master of more than one craft.Each year, thousands of visitors from throughout the world treat themselves to an enchanting taste of Wordsworthian England on the grounds of Dove Cottage and Rydal Mount. There they find themselves awed by the aesthetic of the poet who designed the functional and pleasure grounds of the Wordsworth family gardens.Whether you ve ever had the fortune to stroll the very terraces on which Wordsworth paced out his lines for posterity, you can do so again and again in this elegant full-color photo study by Carol and Richard Buchanan.In all of Wordsworth scholarship, no one has so definitively connected the themes of Wordsworth s poetry to his philosophy of gardening or has truly in one work demonstrated how nature in the raw and rocky Lake District became the soul and backbone of a poet and gardener who would not be enslaved by the tastes of his day.Counterposing poems of the garden and the letters and journals of Wordsworth and his eloquent sister Dorothy, Carol Buchanan, in her quiet and sensitive manner, manages to picture the whole Wordsworth: poet, gardener, and devoted and longsuffering family man. Illuminating Buchanan s perspective on Wordsworth s gardens, and on the Lake District that shaped Wordsworth s sensibilities, are three never-before-published garden plans and more than one hundred breathtaking photographs by Richard Buchanan.The general layout and functional economy of the argument and explanations are very satisfying like walking through a well ordered garden; and the authority of Buchanan s discussions of the gardening work and thoughts of the Master is worn so unassumingly that no reader will be intimidated, yet scholarly readers will recognize the thoroughness of her study and be delighted at their own level. Mark L. Reed
Influence of N-Well Contact Area on the Pulse Width of Single-Event Transients (2011)

Heavy-ion broadbeam results from a 90 nm process are presented for five inverter chains with varying n-well contact schemes. Results show that inverters with the smallest percentage of n-well contact area within an n-well produced the longest and most frequent single-event transients (SETs). As the percentage of n-well area contacted increases above 2%, the pulse width and number of SETs levels-off. A result indicating an optimized percentage of n-well area contacted can be calculated that minimizes the pulse width and number of SETs in a digital circuit.
Corrections to “Al<sub>0.8</sub>In<sub>0.2</sub>As<sub>0.23</sub>Sb<sub>0.77</sub> Avalanche Photodiodes” [Jun 1, 2018 1048-1051] (2018)

In the above letter <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[1]</xref> , the first author’s name was printed incorrectly. The correct name is Ann Katheryn Rockwell.