gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Global epistasis makes adaptation predictable despite sequence-level stochasticity (2014)

Epistatic interactions between mutations can make evolutionary trajectories contingent on the chance occurrence of initial mutations. We used experimental evolution in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to quantify this contingency, finding differences in adaptability among 64 closely related genotypes. Despite these differences, sequencing of 104 evolved clones showed that initial genotype did not constrain future mutational trajectories. Instead, reconstructed combinations of mutations revealed a pattern of diminishing-returns epistasis: Beneficial mutations have consistently smaller effects in fitter backgrounds. Taken together, these results show that beneficial mutations affecting a variety of biological processes are globally coupled; they interact strongly, but only through their combined effect on fitness. As a consequence, fitness evolution follows a predictable trajectory even though sequence-level adaptation is stochastic.
<title>Overview Of Advances In Photomask Substrate Flatness Requirements And Flatness Measurement Techniques</title> (1977)

The continued demand by the integrated circuit industry for larger wafers and higher device densities has placed requirements in the photolithographic manufacturing system for "superflat" substrate glass. Superflat substrates are flatter than current master grades and are primarily used in projection printing. The accurate and consistent measurement of this glass as it relates to both the vendor/purchaser and the test/use situations is examined. This is accomplished through both an overview of the industry's status as well as specific measurement and computer generated data. The study concludes that while the industry objective of much flatter substrate glass is clearly established, the procedures and equipment used to measure this flatness have not, heretofore, been well defined.
The Role of C-Reactive Protein in the Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes Mellitus (2007)

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase protein that, in addition to signaling the presence of infection in the body, is associated with an increased risk of metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease. It is not clear whether CRP plays a causal role in the development of vascular disease, although accumulating evidence suggests that it may. Persons with diabetes mellitus are already at great risk of cardiovascular disease, and it has been suggested that reducing elevated levels of CRP in this population may confer protection beyond that provided by modification of traditional risk factors. Statins are effective agents not only in reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to the low levels recommended by current guidelines but also in decreasing levels of CRP. Whether lowering CRP provides incremental reduction in risk, however, remains to be tested in ongoing and future clinical trials.
5-HT1A receptor-dependent control of nigrostriatal dopamine neurotransmission in the pharmacotherapy of Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia (2014)

Dysfunctions of the basal ganglia are associated with a number of neurological and psychiatric conditions including Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Current treatments of these disorders are mostly symptomatic and inadequate, and are often associated with a number of unwanted side-effects. The striatum, the terminal region of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway, is the main input nucleus of the basal ganglia, and dopamine neurotransmission through the nigrostriatal pathway plays a crucial role in the modulation of basal ganglia output and mediated behaviors. Evidence suggests a role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin)-1A receptors in the modulation of dopamine neurotransmission and in improving pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. This review concerns the role of 5-HT1A receptors in the modulation of nigrostriatal dopamine neurotransmission, with the aim of providing guidelines for future research to improve pharmacotherapy. The current state of knowledge suggests that drugs simultaneously targeting dopamine D2 and 5-HT1A receptors may improve pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Activation of somatodendritic 5-HT1A receptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus has an important role in the alleviation of extrapyramidal symptoms and levodopa-induced dyskinesia induced by antipsychotic treatment. Drugs acting exclusively through dopamine D2 and 5-HT1A receptors are highly needed to validate the potential role of 5-HT1A receptors in improving therapeutics for Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.
Improvement of angular resolution of a millimeterwave imaging system by transmitter location multiplexing (2002)

Angular resolution and the angular width of the field of view are in the frame of autonomous intelligent cruise control (AICC) critical system parameters. A promising solution which avoids conventional phased array techniques is to use an array of receivers and the methods of digital beam forming in order to extract the complete 2D radar information. Angular resolution is in this case closely related to the number of receiving antennas respectively downconverters. A complete AICC systems working on these principles using four receivers has been built and published elsewhere. This paper shows that angular resolution can be improved at least by a factor of two without increasing the number of antennas and receivers by multiplexing the transmitter location. Two different configurations are compared. A very cost-effective way is to realize the necessary switching operations in the IF-band. Linear prediction algorithms are applied to fill the arising gap, leading to the full expected lateral resolution while maintaining sufficient side-lobe suppression.
Design of Built in Self Test Asynchronous Micropipeline using Double Edge Triggered D Flip Flop (2006)

Asynchronous micropipeline is a popular design style of building asynchronous circuits. This paper presents the novel idea of implementation of Built in Self Test (BIST) asynchronous micropipeline using Double Edge Triggered D Flip Flop(DETDFF). A two stage, 4 bit asynchronous micro pipeline incorporated with built in self test feature and operating in four modes namely normal mode, testing mode, Linear Feedback Shift register (LFSR) and Signature analyzer(SA) modes have been implemented using DETDFF. We had compared our proposed circuit with BIST asynchronous micropipeline designed using BILBO register by Petlin and Furber. We have implemented both the circuits in CMOS 0.13u and 0.18u Technology using T-spice and compared the performance in terms of power consumption and delay.
Assistive Technology (2013)

The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the history of motor disabled assistive technology. Specifically, this chapter will cover motor disability and the history of assistive technology related to motor disability. As such, this chapter will also include the evolution of technology and its components, resulting in the creation and development of assistive technology. Assistive technology will be defined and analyzed, the history of disabilities will be covered, and the history of motor disability will be discussed. Reasonable accommodations, based on the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), in relations to the utilization of assistive technology, in the disabled community, as well as in relations to the independence of the disabled will be covered via the paradigms of assistive technology trainer and job developer for the disabled in the United States of America—capital of technology—Google, Inc., Yahoo! Inc., Microsoft Corporation, Cisco Systems, Inc.—and capital of assistive technology.
A switched-mode three-phase 200 A/48 V rectifier with input unity power factor (2002)

This paper describes a high efficiency (92% typ.), low input current distortion (<5%), 200 A/48 V plug-in rectifier, mounted in a ETSI standard (600/spl times/600 mm) cabinet. The input stage performs the triphase AC/DC conversion without neutral, generating +/- 400 V. The topology of this stage is a three-phase continuous boost with sinusoidal input currents performed by means of average input current mode control. This control is implemented using commercial single phase modulators with three independent current loops. The output stage uses two full bridges controlled by a single current-mode modulator. The two bridges are series connected; the topology and control circuitry used automatically perform the balance of the two voltages generated by the input stage and the correct output current sharing. The rectifier is fan-cooled and all components are board mounted. This goal has been reached putting in parallel smaller transformers and switching components.
Recent Advances in the Development of Urea-SCR for Automotive Applications (2001)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">In the recent years, considerable progress has been achieved in the development of urea-SCR for nonstationary, mobile applications. Main challenges are the reduction of the catalyst volumes and the optimization of the dosing strategy to minimize transient ammonia emissions during load changes. Catalysts with increased cell density and enhanced intrinsic activity are one way to obtain smaller catalyst volumes. Another approach is the introduction of additional catalysts upstream and downstream of the SCR catalyst itself. Most effective is an oxidizing precatalyst that converts a part of NO to NO<sub>2</sub>, thus allowing a faster SCR reaction to occur. However, such a system requires the use of fuel with reduced sulfur content.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Work performed at the Paul Scherrer Institute comprises of fundamental experiments in a laboratory scale reactor with synthetic exhaust gas and applied experiments on a diesel test stand. In addition to the evaluation of various commercial and proprietary catalysts, important problems of the process have been investigated as, for example, the fast SCR reaction, ammonia adsorption on the catalysts, the decomposition of urea, and catalyst aging.</div>
Inverted Disk Centrifugal Atomization of AZ91 Magnesium Alloy (1997)

Magnesium AZ91 alloy powder was produced by centrifugal atomization under various conditions using an inverted disk atomizer. The particle size distribution was obtained as a function of the disk shape and rotation speed. The microstructure of particles and their shape were examined and characterized. Their cooling rates were obtained from theoretical relations and related to the secondary dendrite arm spacing. © 1997 Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd Résumé De la poudre d'alliage de magnesium AZ91 a été produite par atomisation centrifuge avec la méthode du disque inversé. Nous avons étudié l'influence de la vitesse de rotation et de la géométrie du disque rotatif sur la distribution granulométrique des particules. De plus la forme et la microstruture des particules atomisées ont été caractérisées. La distance interdendritique secondaire a été reliée au taux de refroidissement des particules pendant la solidification.
Comparison of toric intraocular lenses and peripheral corneal relaxing incisions to treat astigmatism during cataract surgery (2010)

Although refractive astigmatism decreased in both groups, toric IOL implantation was more effective and predictable, resulting in greater spectacle independence.
Molecular Aspects of ara Regulation (1980)

THE ara REGULON In Escherichia coli , the metabolism of L-arabinose involves the expression of six genes, araA through araF (Englesberg 1971; Englesberg and Wilcox 1974). These genes are located at three different regions on the E. coli chromosome (Fig. 1). Genes araA , araB , araC , and araD are located between the threonine and leucine operons, at approximately 1 minute (min) on the circular linkage map of E. coli (Gross and Englesberg 1959; Englesberg 1961; Englesberg et al. 1962; Bachman et al. 1976). The araE gene is located at about 61 min between thyA and serA (Novotny and Englesberg 1966), and the araF gene has been tentatively mapped at 44–45 min, close to the structural genes for the histidine operon and the galactose binding protein (R. Hogg, pers. comm.). Genes araB , araA , and araD , together with their controlling sites araI and araO , constitute a single unit of transcription, the araBAD operon (Englesberg 1971; Englesberg and Wilcox 1974; Schleif and Lis 1975). The structural genes code for L-ribulokinase ( araB ) (Lee and Englesberg 1962; Lee and Bendet 1967; Lee and Patrick 1970), L-arabinose isomerase ( araA ) (Lee and Englesberg 1962; Patrick and Lee 1968, 1969), and L-ribulose 5-phosphate 4-epimerase ( araD ) (Lee et al. 1968), the first three enzymes of L-arabinose catabolism (Fig. 1). Genes araE and araF are both involved in active transport of L-arabinose (Novotny and Englesberg 1966; Hogg and Englesberg 1969; Schleif 1969). The araE gene may code for a membrane protein (R. Hogg, pers. comm.), whereas the araF gene codes for...
Le titre du tableau (2011)

Ces conférences ne se sont pas attachées au titre en lui-même, mais à la façon dont il détermine le regard porté sur le tableau et constitue, selon les formules de Marcel Duchamp une couleur supplémentaire ou une couleur invisible qui lui est ajoutée. Le titre est aujourd’hui une évidence, un outil de désignation indispensable, dont le statut n’est guère questionné, alors qu’il n’apparaît que très progressivement entre les xviiie et xixe siècles et donc qu’il a souvent été ajouté a posteriori...
Treatment of Bladder Dysfunction Using Stem Cell or Tissue Engineering Technique (2014)

Tissue engineering and stem cell transplantation are two important options that may help overcome limitations in the current treatment strategy for bladder dysfunction. Stem cell therapy holds great promise for treating pathophysiology, as well as for urological tissue engineering and regeneration. To date, stem cell therapy in urology has mainly focused on oncology and erectile dysfunction. The therapeutic potency of stem cells (SCs) was originally thought to derive from their ability to differentiate into various cell types including smooth muscle. The main mechanisms of SCs in reconstituting or restoring bladder function are migration, differentiation, and paracrine effects. Nowadays, paracrine effects of stem cells are thought to be more prominent because of their stimulating effects on stem cells and adjacent cells. Studies of stem cell therapy for bladder dysfunction have been limited to experimental models and have been less focused on tissue engineering for bladder regeneration. Bladder outlet obstruction is a representative model. Adipose-derived stem cells, bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), and skeletal muscle-derived stem cells or muscle precursor cells are used for transplantation to treat bladder dysfunction. The aim of this study is to review stem cell therapy and updated tissue regeneration as treatments for bladder dysfunction and to provide the current status of stem cell therapy and tissue engineering for bladder dysfunction including its mechanisms and limitations.
Cloud Computing: A New Era in the Field of Information Technology Applications and its Services (2014)

Cloud computing is the computing that provides virtualized IT resources as a service by using Internet technology. In cloud computing, a customer lends IT resources as needed, uses them, get a support of real-time scalability according to service load, and pays as he/she goes. Cloud computing is becoming an adoptable technology for many of the organizations with its dynamic scalability and usage of virtualized resources as a service through the Internet. Cloud computing uses the Internet and central remote servers to maintain data and applications. As know that at present the e- ccommercee services opportunity to utilize pay-as-you-go resources together with their own and shared resource in the fields of IT. In this paper shows that the cloud computing plays an important role in the fields of Information Technology services and its applications and it is helpful to provide the data to the customer. The results show that the comparison of cloud services and normal services of Information Technology applications.
GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR SUPPRESSES THE PULMONARY CHEMOKINE RESPONSE IN RATS CHALLENGED WITH INTRATRACHEAL ENDOTOXIN (1999)

Dept. of Medicine - Sec. of Pulmonary/CCM, Dept. of Physiology, and Alcohol Research Center, LSU Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
Engineered Stress‐Profile Silicate Glass: High Strength Material Insensitive to Surface Defects and Fatigue (2004)

A modified ion‐exchange process can be used for the production of high strength glass, which is, in addition, insensitive to surface flaws. In such ESP‐Glasses (Engineered Stress Profile) the residual stress profile possesses a maximum compression at a certain depth from the surface, which, conversely, is almost stress free. Such unusual stress profile allows a stable and controlled growth of surface defects before final catastrophic failure. In this way the strength can be independent from the size of pre‐existing surface flaws in a certain range of crack size and possess limited scatter. In the present work, three commercial silicate glasses have been used for the production of ESP glass.
Bcl-XL Small Interfering RNA Sensitizes Cisplatin-resistant Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells (2007)

Bcl-XL is overexpressed in a variety of human tumors and is involved in tumorigenesis and chemoresistance. This study investigated the inhibitory effect of the hairpin Bcl-XL small interfering RNA (siRNA) on the expression of the Bcl-XL gene in the cisplatin (DDP)-resistant human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549/DDP, and the effect of Bcl-XL siRNA on drug sensitization in A549/DDP cells. Bcl-XL siRNA and negative siRNA plasmids were constructed and stably transfected into A549/DDP cells. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were used to detect the target gene expression. Spontaneous apoptosis of cells was detected by acridine orange and ethidium bromide staining. Drug sensitivity of the cells to DDP was analyzed with dimethylthiazol-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and flow cytometry. Expression levels of Bcl-XL mRNA and protein in siRNA stable transfectants were clearly reduced as compared with negative siRNA transfectants and untreated cells. MTT results indicated that Bcl-XL transfectants had a higher cell inhibition rate than the negative vector or untreated cells after treatment with 0.2-200 micarog/ml DDP. Flow cytometry revealed increased apoptosis in Bcl-XL siRNA cells. After the addition of 20 microg/ml DDP, siRNA targeting of the Bcl-XL gene specifically down-regulated gene expression in A549/DDP cells, increased spontaneous apoptosis, and sensitized cells to DDP. The results showed that Bcl-XL siRNA contributed to an increase of DDP-induced cell death in non-small-cell lung cancer and sensitized cells to DDP, leading to increased the effectiveness of the drug in treating non-small-cell lung cancer.
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Family of Iron Porphyrins (2005)

A significant tool for better understanding the complex nature of the cofactor of heme thiolate proteins such as Cytochromes P450 is the investigation of model compounds. In this context a new family of iron porphyrins has been synthesized by replacing the native thiolate ligand for a SO3? group coordinating the heme iron.
Distributed Core Multicast (DCM): a routing protocol for many groups with few receivers (1999)

We present a multicast routing protocol called Distributed Core Multicast (DCM). It is intended for use within a large single Internet domain network with a very large number of multicast groups with a small number of receivers. Such a case occurs, for example, when multicast addresses are allocated to mobile hosts, as a mechanism to manage Internet host mobility. For such networks, existing dense or sparse mode multicast routing algorithms do not scale well with the number of multicast groups. DCM is based on an extension of the centre-based tree approach. It uses several core routers, called Distributed Core Routers (DCRs) and a special control protocol among them. DCM aims: (1) to avoid multicast group state information in backbone routers, (2) to avoid triangular routing across expensive backbone links, (3) to scale well with the number of multicast groups. We analyse how DCM can be used to route packets to mobile hosts in the Internet, where each mobile host is assigned a multicast address in every domain it visits. The benefits of multicasting-based approach to route packets to mobile hosts are low latency and no disruption during handover.
Epoxidation of Cyclohexene on Heterogenized Molybdenum Compounds (1998)

Heterogenization of molybdenum species, starting either with Mo(CO)6 or MoO2(acac)2, on the surface of functionalized silicas bearing one (Si-Et1) or two (Si-Et2) ethylenediamine ligands was studied. The resulting systems are active in the catalytic epoxidation of cyclohexene by tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Using fresh catalysts, Si-Et2 results in higher selectivity, regardless of the Mo precursor. However, MoO2(acac)2-based systems are far more active. Formation of diols was never detected. Although XPS analyses point mainly to Mo(VI) species on the surface of all systems, UV-vis spectra suggest different ligands in their coordination sphere
Accumulation of Shikimic Acid:  A Technique for Screening Glyphosate Efficacy (1998)

Biochemical changes in leaves of 3-week-old oil seed rape (Brassica napus L. cv. Iris) plants were determined shortly after treatment with different doses of glyphosate. Secondary effects of N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate) on activity of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase was not related to dose of glyphosate by any known model within the first 48 h after spraying. Accumulation of shikimic acid was related to the dose of glyphosate by a nonlinear logistic dose−response modelas early as 5 h after spraying. Within the same period shikimic acid accumulation made it possible to distinguish between a formulation of the pure isopropylamine salt of glyphosate and formulations containing different surfactants. ED50 estimates based on accumulation of shikimic acid gave a good indication of the relative strength of the evaluated glyphosate formulations. Ranking of ED50 based on accumulation of shikimic acid was the same as achieved by visual assessment of plant death 14 days after spraying. Keywords: Glyphosate; shikimic acid; efficacy; dose-response
Mesoporous zeolites and their catalytic performance (2010)

Mesoporous zeolites has been paid much attention due to their combining advantages of mesoporous materials and zeolites crystals.Mesoporous zeolites were prepared via post-treatment in the initial stage including hydrothermal treat,acid treat and base treat etc.Recently,templating routes for synthesis of mesoporous zeolites have been well developed and the templates refer to nanostructured carbons,mesoscale cationic polymers,mesoscale organosilanes,nanosized inorganic materials etc.This review describes the synthetic routes for preparation of mesoporous zeolites by various templates and systemically summarizes their catalytic properties.