gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Halogen Substitutions on dUMP to Stability of Thymidylate Synthase/dUMP/mTHF Ternary Complex Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation (2013)

The stability of the thymidylate synthase (TS)/2-deoxyuridine-5-monophosphate (dUMP)/5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate (mTHF) ternary complex formation and Michael addition are considered as important steps that are involved in the inhibition mechanism of the anticancer prodrug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Here, the effect of three different halogen substitutions on the C-5 position of the dUMP (XdUMPs = FdUMP, CldUMP, and BrdUMP), the normal substrate, on the stability of the TS/dUMP and TS/dUMP/mTHF binary and ternary complexes, respectively, was investigated via molecular dynamics simulation. The simulated results revealed that the stability of all the systems was substantially increased by mTHF binding to the catalytic pocket. In the ternary complex, a much greater stabilization of the dUMP and XdUMPs through electrostatic interactions, including charge-charge and hydrogen bond interactions, was found compared to mTHF. An additional unique hydrogen bond between the substituted fluorine of FdUMP and the hydroxyl group of the TS Y94 residue was observed in both the binary and ternary complexes. The distance between the S(-) atom of the TS C146 residue and the C6 atom of dUMP, at <4 Å in all systems, suggested that a Michael addition with the formation of a S-C6 covalent bond potentially occurred, although the hydrogen atom on C6 of dUMP is substituted by a halogen atom. The MM/PBSA binding free energy revealed the significant role of the bridging waters around the ligands in the increased binding affinity (∼10 kcal/mol) of dUMP/XdUMP, either alone or together with mTHF, toward TS. The order of the averaged binding affinity in the ternary systems was found to be CldUMP ≈ FdUMP > dUMP > BrdUMP, suggesting that CldUMP could be a potent candidate TS inhibitor, the same as FdUMP (the metabolite form of 5-FU).
美国M-60“巴顿”主战坦克系列 (2003)

美国陆军自20世纪60-80年代间所使用的M-60“巴顿”(Patton)坦克．虽然在性能上并不算是最突出的奇花．但是却继承了自第二次世界大战M-4“谢尔曼”(Sherman)坦克以来美国坦克性能可靠又易于生产的优良传统。事实上．M-60坦克的血统可以一直追溯到第二次世界大战末期所发展的M-26“潘兴”(Panshing)重型坦克。由于M-4中坦克在大战末期面对德军新式重型坦克．突击炮和驱逐坦克显得力不从心，
Bringing IoT and Cloud Computing towards Pervasive Healthcare (2012)

Pervasive healthcare applications utilizing body sensor networks generate a vast amount of data that need to be managed and stored for processing and future usage. Cloud computing among with the Internet of Things (IoT) concept is a new trend for efficient managing and processing of sensor data online. This paper presents a platform based on Cloud Computing for management of mobile and wearable healthcare sensors, demonstrating this way the IoT paradigm applied on pervasive healthcare.
Comparing the Autoantibody Levels and Clinical Efficacy of Double Filtration Plasmapheresis, Immunoadsorption, and Intravenous Immunoglobulin for the Treatment of Late‐onset Myasthenia Gravis (2009)

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of double-filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP), immunoadsorption (IA) and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) in the treatment of late-onset myasthenia gravis (MG). A total of 40 late-onset MG patients were randomly divided into three groups: 15 patients were treated with DFPP; 10 patients were treated with IA; and 15 patients received IVIg. The titers of titin antibodies (Titin-ab), acetylcholine receptor antibodies (AChR-ab), presynaptic membrane antibody (Prsm-ab) were detected before and after the treatment, and the quantitative MG score (QMG score) was assessed by blinded examiners before and immediately after the entire course of treatment. The clinical efficacy, duration of respiratory support, hospital stay, and the correlation between the three antibodies and the QMG score were also analyzed. Compared to pre-treatment, the values of Titin-ab, AChR-ab, and PrsmR-ab were all dramatically decreased (P < 0.05); meanwhile the value of Titin-ab in the DFPP and IA groups decreased much more than in the IVIg group (P < 0.01); however, no statistical difference was found between the DFPP and IA groups (P > 0.05). Although the QMG score significantly improved in all three groups, it decreased much more in both the DFPP and IA groups than that in the IVIg group (P < 0.01). Symptoms were also effectively ameliorated by all treatments, but the clinical efficacy of the DFPP and IA groups was higher than the IVIg group (P < 0.05), as was the remission time (P < 0.01), the duration of hospital stay (P < 0.05), and the number of respiratory supports required (P < 0.05). Using Pearson's correlation, the decrease of Titin-ab showed a longitudinal correlation with the decrease of QMG score (r = 0.6107, P < 0.01). Both DFPP and IA showed better short-term clinical effectiveness than immunoglobulin transfusion, rapidly and effectively clearing the pathogenic antibodies in late-onset MG patients, especially for Titin-ab.
Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance among Urinary Tract Infection Isolates of <i>Escherichia coli</i> from Female Outpatients in the United States (2002)

The Infectious Diseases Society of America advocates trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) as initial therapy for females with acute uncomplicated bacterial cystitis in settings where the prevalence of SXT resistance does not exceed 10 to 20%. To determine trends in the activities of SXT, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin among urine isolates of Escherichia coli from female outpatients, susceptibility testing data from The Surveillance Network (TSN) Database-USA (n = 286,187) from 1995 to 2001 were analyzed. Resistance rates among E. coli isolates to ampicillin (range, 36.0 to 37.4% per year), SXT (range, 14.8 to 17.0%), ciprofloxacin (range, 0.7 to 2.5%), and nitrofurantoin (range, 0.4 to 0.8%) varied only slightly over this 7-year period. Ciprofloxacin was the only agent studied that demonstrated a consistent stepwise increase in resistance from 1995 (0.7%) to 2001 (2.5%). In 2001, SXT resistance among E. coli isolates was >10% in all nine U.S. Bureau of the Census regions. At institutions testing > or =100 urinary isolates of E. coli (n = 126) in 2001, ampicillin (range, 27.3 to 98.8%) and SXT (range, 7.5 to 47.1%) resistance rates varied widely while ciprofloxacin (range, 0 to 12.9%) and nitrofurantoin (range, 0 to 2.8%) resistance rates were more consistent. In 2001, the most frequent coresistant phenotypes were resistance to ampicillin and SXT (12.0% of all isolates; 82.3% of coresistant isolates) and resistance to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and SXT (1.4% of all isolates; 9.9% of coresistant isolates). Coresistance less frequently included resistance to nitrofurantoin (3.5% of coresistant isolates) than resistance to ciprofloxacin (15.8%), SXT (95.7%), and ampicillin (98.1%). In conclusion, among urinary isolates of E. coli from female outpatients in the United States, national resistance rates to SXT were relatively consistent (14.8 to 17.0%) from 1995 to 2001 but demonstrated considerable regional and institutional variation in 2001. Therapies other than SXT may need to be considered in some locations.
Movement of fatty acids, fatty acid analogs, and bile acids across phospholipid bilayers (1993)

How lipophilic acids move across membranes, either model or biological, is the subject of controversy. We describe experiments which better define the mechanism and rates in protein-free phospholipid bilayers. The transbilayer movement of lipophilic acids [fatty acids (FA), covalently-labeled FA, bile acids, and retinoic acid] was monitored by entrapping pyranin, a water-soluble, pH-sensitive fluorescent molecule to measure pH inside unilamellar vesicles [Kamp, F., & Hamilton, J.A. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 11367-11370]. Equations for the pseudo-unimolecular rate constants for transbilayer movement of un-ionized (kappa FAH) and ionized (kappa FA-) acids are derived. All FA studied (octanoic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, elaidic, linoleic, linolelaidic, and arachidonic) and retinoic acid exhibited rapid transbilayer movement (t 1/2 < 1 s) via the un-ionized form across small unilamellar egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles. FA produced by phospholipase A2 in the outer leaflet of PC vesicles equilibrated rapidly to the inner leaflet. Ionized FA showed enhanced transbilayer movement (kappa FA- = 0.029 s-1) in the presence of equimolar valinomycin. The three FA analogues [12-(9-anthroyloxy)stearic acid, 5-doxylstearic acid, and 1-pyrenenonanoic acid] moved across PC bilayers via the un-ionized form; except for the anthroyloxy FA (kappa FAH = 4.8 x 10(-3) s-1), the rates were too fast to measure (t 1/2 < 1 s). The rate for cholic acid (CA) transbilayer movement was slow (kappa CAH = 0.056 s-1) compared to that of the more hydrophobic bile acids, deoxy- and chenodeoxycholic acid (t 1/2 < 1 s). The taurine conjugates of the three bile acids did not cross the bilayer (t 1/2 > 1 h). A further application of the pyranin method was to measure the partitioning of FA and bile acids among water, albumin, and PC vesicles. Our results show that the ability of lipophilic acids to permeate a PC bilayer rapidly is dependent on the presence of the un-ionized acid in the membrane interface. Considering the fast unfacilitated movement of FA across protein-free phospholipid bilayers, it is unlikely that there is a universal need for a transport protein to enhance movement of FA across membrane bilayers. Physiological implications of proton movement accompanying fast movement of un-ionized lipophilic acids (and the consequent generation of a pH gradient) are discussed.
Heightened cocaine-induced locomotor activity in adolescent compared to adult female rats (2005)

Initiation and experimentation with illicit drugs often occurs in adolescence. Evidence suggests that adolescent rats are more sensitive to some of the effects of drugs of abuse than adult rats. The present study investigated whether adolescent and adult female Sprague Dawley rats differ in cocaine-induced locomotor activity. Animals were placed in the test environment for 30 minutes, and then administered an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of either cocaine (20mg/kg) or saline (0.9%). Both adult and adolescent animals showed significant increases in locomotor activity as a result of cocaine administration compared to saline controls. Interestingly, cocaine induced significantly more locomotor activity in the adolescent females compared to the adults, demonstrating that cocaine acts differently in developing animals.
[Adenosine.amino acid]. (1998)

Somnogenic effect of adenosine came to be widely known by experiments of the central administration of fowls and dogs in the early 1970s. This effect was subsequently confirmed in rats by the use of metabolically stable analogues of adenosine. Now, there is a hypothesis that adenosine, which is a metabolite of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the main source of energy, conveys a feedback signal to check the rise in the consumption of ATP, and then induces the state of sleep with low consumption of energy. Based on the pharmacological and structural characteristics, the receptors for adenosine are now divided into A1, A2a, A2b, and A3. Cholinergic neurons in DBH, PPT, and LDT which are involved in the promotion of wakefulness, are presumed to be the target structure of adenosine to promote sleep by causing a depressant effect on the neuronal excitation through A1 adenosine receptor. On the other hand, it is becoming apparent that A2a adenosine receptors located in the ventral and rostral part of the basal forebrain are also involved in the promotion of SWS and PS with different mechanisms mediated by A1 adenosine receptor.
Friendship, intimacy and sexuality among persons with serious mental illness (2002)

Genuinely user‐centred mental health services claim to respond to the wants and aspirations of people with mental health problems. Surveys of service users' wants show that they are much like those of the rest of us ‐ a decent home, a reasonable income, a good social life and activity we find meaningful. However, mental health service users' wants in terms of sexual expression, romance and parenthood are in practice ignored, or seen purely as ‘problems’. We reprint here an article from the States that starts to explore positive ways to respond to the aspirations of service users.
Common channel signaling: the nexus of an advanced communications network (1990)

An overview of BellSouth's current and future common channel signaling (CCS) network is presented. The current network and its architecture are described. Network element testing and network interconnection in a multivendor, multinetwork environment are discussed. Services offered by BellSouth via the existing network are summarized. Future plans for the CSS network are outlined. These include the establishment of a target architecture that will permit the rapid introduction of a wide range of communications services in a manner consistent with the probable evolution of the market and the regulatory environment. The introduction of two BellSouth programmable nodes-the local service control point (SCP) and the ISDN service node-is described. Advanced services are highlighted.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Improving efficiency roll-off in phosphorescent OLEDs by modifying the exciton lifetime (2012)

Studies on phosphorescent organic light emitting devices (PhOLEDs) with phosphorescent emitter, fac-tris (2-phenylpyridine) iridium (Ir(ppy)(3)), show that the lifetime of triplet exciton is modified by surface plasmon coupling of Au nanoparticles (NPs). Interactions between the triplet exciton and gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) lead to a decrease in the exciton lifetime and result in the spontaneous emission decay rate of triplet exciton faster as the distance between the phosphorescent material and the Au NPs becomes smaller. This interaction reduces the efficiency roll-off of Au NPs containing device. These results provide new guides for device design to improve efficiency performance.
New speech recognition approaches based upon finite state vector quantization with structural constraints (2003)

The label-transition finite-state vector-quantization (FSVQ) algorithm is extensively explored to exhibit the power of finite-state machines for speech recognition. It is found that the FSVQ algorithm combined with special structural constraints can discriminate a finite set of candidates very successfully. All the consonant initials of isolated Mandarin monosyllables from designated speakers are used as the example vocabulary in the simulation. In addition to utilizing the first order memory provided by FSVQ on speech recognition, an experiment is conducted that expands the FSVQ to use the second-order memory and the dynamic relationship among the components of this three-vector group are used for recognition. The simulation results show that a slightly higher recognition rate (94.4%) is obtained with a consistent prediction interval.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
3D Gesture Estimation from RGB Images Based on DB-InterNet (2021)

The booming of deep learning has made it possible to estimate 3D gestures from ordinary color images. However, the high accuracy of inferring 3D hand postures from RGB images is still not available due to the high flexibility of the gestures themselves. This paper aims to address the problem of low accuracy of keypoint coordinates position in InterNet gesture estimation network, by means of improving the confidence coordinate function, and selecting different suppression factor &beta; according to different keypoints to fit t interacting hand estimation. By doing so, the maximum position coordinates are more precise and the keypoint prediction is more accurate. With respect to good measures, enhancing the representation capability of the model and employing dynamic activation function at different locations of the network to learn features in a dynamic way so as to boost the learning of hidden joints. In this way, different layers dynamically adjusted the segmental activation function according to the input to improve the performance of the model by dynamically learning features in a more flexible way. The experimental results indicate that compared with the baseline algorithm, the MPJPE and MRRPE of this algorithm are reduced by 0.73% and 2.04%, respectively, and the accuracy of single hand estimation is higher while the accuracy of interacting hand estimation is also effectively improved.
The Study of Data Collecting Based on Kprobe (2011)

API traces have been used to analyze user behaviour and system software behaviour for years, which lead to advances in file system and storage technologies. We describe the implementation of a lightweight and dynamic API collecting tool which calls Trace_probe in this paper. Trace_probe can trace information of the kernels. It based on kprobe mechanism which is implemented in the 2.6 linux kernel and later versions. This tool is designed to be a mount/unmount module, and its characteristics are simple and lightweight. While it works, it will not affect the normal operations of the users. Further experiments show Trace_probe has some advantags in terms of application limitationen and performance degradation.
HIV Gets By With a Lot of Help From Human Host (2008)

HIV is ridiculously simple yet astonishingly complex. The virus contains a mere 9000 bases of RNA—one-millionth the amount of genetic material in a human cell—and a paltry suite of nine genes that code for a measly 15 proteins. Yet this virus can relentlessly nibble at immune cells until the entire system collapses, opening the door for a vast array of illnesses and, ultimately, death. For HIV to do its damage, however, it must repeatedly infect new cells and copy itself, a feat that requires help from its human host. And as a startling paper published online (www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1152725) by Science this week explains, that's where HIV's complexity becomes abundantly apparent. The findings also spotlight intriguing, novel drug targets. “This is destined to be one of the key HIV papers of this decade, if not longer,” says Robert Gallo, who heads the Institute of Human Virology in Baltimore, Maryland, and did landmark studies that tied HIV to AIDS.
A lower bound on achievable rates by polar codes with mismatch polar decoding (2013)

In this paper we show that mismatched polar codes over symmetric B-DMCs symmetrized under the same permutation can achieve rates of at least I(W, V) bits whenever I(W, V) > 0, where W denotes the communication channel, V the mismatched channel used in the code design including both the encoder and decoder, and I(W, V) × Σ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</sub> Σ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x ϵ {0,1}</sub> 1/2 W(y|x) log <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> (V(y|x))/(1/2V(y|0) + 1/2V(y|1)).
Social Ways: Learning Multi-Modal Distributions of Pedestrian Trajectories With GANs (2019)

This paper proposes a novel approach for predicting the motion of pedestrians interacting with others. It uses a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) to sample plausible predictions for any agent in the scene. As GANs are very susceptible to mode collapsing and dropping, we show that the recently proposed Info-GAN allows dramatic improvements in multi-modal pedestrian trajectory prediction to avoid these issues. We also left out L2-loss in training the generator, unlike some previous works, because it causes serious mode collapsing though faster convergence. We show through experiments on real and synthetic data that the proposed method leads to generate more diverse samples and to preserve the modes of the predictive distribution. In particular, to prove this claim, we have designed a toy example dataset of trajectories that can be used to assess the performance of different methods in preserving the predictive distribution modes.
After‐Cooking Discoloration of Potatoes Role of the Organic Acids (1964)

SUMMARY Stem‐ and bud‐end tissue from 41 samples of potatoes representing various degrees of after‐cooking discoloration were analyzed for organic acids content. The individual acids determined were glutamic, aspartic, pyroglutamic, malic, citric, orthophosphoric, oxalic, and one unidentified acid. The stem‐end tissue contained a lower concentration of all the acids except the unidentified one. The difference between the stem‐ and bud‐end was very large in some cases, notably for malic acid and citric acid. Examination of the data indicated a strong tendency for degree of blackening to be associated with low organic acid content. A statistical analysis of the data showed highly significant correlation of low citric acid, orthophosphoric acid, and oxalic acid content with blackening. Citric acid exhibited the highest degree of correlation, having an r value of 0.768. The significant correlation between low citric acid content and after‐cooking blackening was maintained in all but one case when subgroups of the samples were formed according to variety, crop year, and location grown. Of the three varieties studied statistically, Ontario and Katahdin showed correlation, whereas Kennebec did not. The interrelationships of iron, citric acid, and potassium contents were studied. Since there is always a large excess of citric acid over iron, it must be assumed that something prevents the citric acid from chelating the iron in blackening potatoes. The data indicate that potassium may be the main constituent playing this role. In the final analysis, the primary factor in the blackening phenomenon is probably the amount of free organic acid present.
Gluten-sensitive enteropathy. Immunoglobulin G heavy-chain (Gm) allotypes and the immune response to wheat gliadin. (1983)

Anti-gliadin antibody was measured by radioimmunoassay in 30 Caucasians with gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE). 22 GSE patients maintained on a gluten-free diet for 1.5 to 20 yr (mean duration 76 mo) had elevated serum concentrations of IgG antigliadin antibody. Among GSE patients on a gluten-free diet, antigliadin antibody was seen only in those having the chromosome 14-encoded IgG immunoglobulin heavy chain allotype marker G2m(n). IgG antigliadin antibody was found in GSE patients with G2m(n) regardless of whether the HLA-B8 and/or -DR3 major histocompatibility complex antigens that occur frequently in GSE were present. No patient lacking G2m(n) had significant levels of antigliadin antibody. The association between antigliadin antibody and the immunoglobulin heavy chain allotype marker G2m(n) in GSE patients likely reflects the presence of Gmn-linked variable region genes or Gmn-linked genes that regulate variable region gene expression.
On open nesting in distributed transactional memory (2012)

Distributed Transactional Memory (DTM) is a recent but promising model for programming distributed systems. It aims to present programmers with a simple to use distributed concurrency control abstraction (transactions), while maintaining performance and scalability similar to distributed fine-grained locks. Any complications usually associated with such locks (e.g., distributed deadlocks) are avoided. Building upon the previously proposed Transactional Forwarding Algorithm (TFA), we add support for open-nested transactions. We discuss the mechanisms and performance implications of such nesting, and identify the cases where using open nesting is warranted and the relevant parameters for such a decision. To the best of our knowledge, our work contributes the first ever implementation of a DTM system with support for open-nested transactions.