gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ueber die Einwirkung von Sulfurylchlorid auf secundäre Aminbasen (1884)

Unter Urnstinden \'t.rrnitg dss Sulfuryfeltlorid iitidi attalog dein Phosphorylchlorid ZII wirken.So erliielten I{ ij c 11 l i 11 und H e II rn a n n (a.a. 0.
Optimized Verlet-like algorithms for molecular dynamics simulations (2002)

Explicit velocity- and position-Verlet-like algorithms of the second order are proposed to integrate the equations of motion in many-body systems. The algorithms are derived on the basis of an extended decomposition scheme at the presence of a free parameter. The nonzero value for this parameter is obtained by reducing the influence of truncated terms to a minimum. As a result, the proposed algorithms appear to be more efficient than the original Verlet versions that correspond to a particular case when the introduced parameter is equal to zero. Like the original versions, the extended counterparts are symplectic and time reversible, but lead to an improved accuracy in the generated solutions at the same overall computational costs. The advantages of the optimized algorithms are demonstrated in molecular dynamics simulations of a Lennard-Jones fluid.
Min and Max Hierarchical Clustering using Asymmetric Similarity Measures (1973)

The min and the max hierarchical clustering methods discussed by Johnson are extended to include the use of asymmetric similarity values. The first part of the paper presents the basic min and max procedures but in the context of graph theory; this description is then generalized to directed graphs as a way of introducing the less restrictive characterization of the original clustering techniques.
Impact on transient and frequency stability for a power system at very high wind penetration (2010)

This paper analyzes the impact on transient and frequency stability for a power system at very high wind penetration (40% wind). Wind penetration is based on the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), and a systematic approach has been adopted for wind power integration. A sensitivity analysis has been carried out for each wind integration scenario and for different wind generator loading conditions. A range of fault locations has been selected for stability analysis based on the proximity to synchronous generation and wind farms. The analysis has shown that transient stability performance is subject to fault location in the network, especially when faults are initiated in areas with very high wind penetration. Frequency stability analysis has also shown that areas with lower inertia are more affected by generator outage events than other areas of the interconnected system. The impacts are exacerbated by an increase in wind penetration in the system, and a significant reduction in damping capability has been observed for DFIG-based high wind penetration.
The periseptal annulus: An organelle associated with cell division in Gram-negative bacteria (1983)

Evidence is presented that the site of cell division in Salmonella typhimurium is flanked by two circumferential zones of cell envelope differentiation, the periseptal annuli, which separate the division site from the remainder of the cell envelope. Each annulus is composed of a continuous structure in which the membranous elements of the cell envelope are closely associated with the murein cytoskeleton. The paired annuli appear early in the division process and the region between them defines a new cellular domain, the periseptal compartment, within which the division septum is formed.
Improving wafer temperature uniformity for etch applications (2003)

Wafer temperature uniformity is one of the major factors affecting etch performance at elevated temperatures. Several factors influence temperature uniformity. In order to achieve the desired temperature uniformity on the surface of the wafer, it is essential to understand the thermal behavior of the various components of the metal etching system. Experimental data for this study was obtained by the De-coupled Plasma Source (DPSII) system, which is an etch process chamber that uses two independent RF power subsystems namely source RF and bias RF.\n\nKnowledge of heat transfer between the wafer and the electrostatic chuck is essential for the design of thermal management of the DPSII system and for maintaining uniform wafer temperature. In this study, a comprehensive research was conducted on heat transfer in rarefied gases. The experimental data obtained from laboratory tests were compared to theoretical values in literature.\n\nAfter determining the thermal characteristics of the system, a simplified two-dimensional axisymmetric thermal model of the High Temperature Cathode and DPSII chamber was developed using a commercially available finite element method (FEM) code in order to determine the factors that affect the temperature uniformity on the wafer. Simulation of temperature distribution in High Temperature Cathode chamber considers process and design parameters such as plasma load, heater power, chuck temperature, and backside helium. This thermal model involves heat transfer by conduction, convection, and radiation. Model results were validated experimentally by measuring the wafer temperature under various conditions. Necessary design changes were performed to improve wafer temperature distribution. This research was carried out in order to understand the role of each factor and how the factors are interconnected on the wafer temperature uniformity.
Gothic Runic Inscriptions in Scandinavia (2012)

Runologists from Sophus Bugge (1866–67) to, most recently, Edith Marold (2010) have claimed that there was a Gothic (East Germanic) linguistic element amongst the older futhark inscriptions of Scandinavia. In the present paper, this claim is viewed against a horizon of nineteenth-century Danish and Swedish nationalism, where “Goths” and “Gothic” became politically sensitive terms in view of the purported emigration of the Goths from a homeland in Scandinavia. This is followed by a discussion of the linguistic assumptions underlying the classification of some of the early Scandinavian inscriptions as Gothic, assumptions which (with Peterson 1998) are all rejected — including Marold’s recent insistence on the final -a of the Etelhem clasp form wrta ’created’ being a Gothic 3 pt. sg. ind. ending, cf. Gothic waúrhta ‘worked’. It is argued that this -a is as likely to reflect an Old High German (or even West Germanic) suffix, cf. OHG frumita ‘(he) furthered’.
Reoxidation of the NADPH produced by the pentose phosphate pathway is necessary for the utilization of glucose by <i>Kluyveromyces lactis rag2</i> mutants (1996)

Kluyveromyces lactis mutants defective in the glycolytic enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase are able to grow in glucose media and to produce ethanol, but they depend on a functional respiratory chain and do not grow in glucose-antimycin media. We postulate that this is due to the necessity of reoxidizing, in the mitochondria, the NADPH produced by the pentose phosphate pathway, which may be highly active in these mutants in order to bypass the blockade in the phosphoglucose isomerase step. This oxidation would be mediated by a cytoplasmic-side mitochondrial NAD(P)H dehydrogenase that would pass the electrons to ubiquinone. Data supporting this hypothesis are provided.
Effect of Low‐Dose Gamma Radiation on HIV Replication in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (1996)

Recent studies have demonstrated that UV light and x-irradiation enhance human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gene expression. There are few published data on related effects of gamma-radiation. This may be of clinical relevance, as radiotherapy has been used extensively for the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome associated conditions. With this in mind, we have studied the effects of gamma-radiation on HIV replication in mononuclear cells (MC). These cells were obtained from five seronegative healthy donors, exposed to 0-200 cGy gamma-radiation, stimulated with phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) for 24 h, infected with a laboratory strain of HIV (HTLV-IIIB, multiplicity of infection = 0.001), then carried in culture for 14 days. Overall, when considering p24 antigen levels on days 7 and 11 in cultures established from cells exposed to 50 cGy, the maximal levels were significantly higher than those measured in the parallel control cultures taken as a whole (P < 0.05), with viral replication enhanced as much as 1000-fold in one case. No significant cytotoxicity was observed following exposure to doses up to 50 cGy. The mechanism of the observed effect remains unknown but may relate to direct gene activation and/or free radical generation, leading to such activation. To date, there is no evidence that viral stimulation occurs following therapeutic radiation in a clinical setting.
Dye-sensitized solar cellredox shuttles (2010)

In this Perspective article we describe how the processes involving the redox shuttle—dye regeneration, recombination, and diffusion—affect the photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells, DSSCs. Key literature on the mechanistically complicated, but ubiquitously employed, triiodide/iodide electrolyte is reviewed. Literature examples and recent results from our laboratory in utilizing one-electron outersphere redox shuttles in place of triiodide/iodide are then presented.
The Efficacy of Laser Therapy for Musculoskeletal and Skin Disorders: A Criteria-Based Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials (1992)

The efficacy of laser therapy for musculoskeletal and skin disorders has been assessed on the basis of the results of 36 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) involving 1,704 patients. For this purpose, a criteria-based meta-analysis that took into account the methodological quality of the individual trials was used. The studies with a positive outcome were generally of a better quality than the studies with a negative outcome. No clear relationship could be demonstrated between the laser dosage applied and the efficacy of laser therapy, or between the dosage and the methodological score. In general, the methodological quality of these studies appeared to be rather low. Consequently, no definite conclusions can be drawn about the efficacy of laser therapy for skin disorders. The efficacy of laser therapy for musculoskeletal disorders seems, on average, to be larger than the efficacy of a placebo treatment. More specifically, for rheumatoid arthritis, posttraumatic joint disorders, and myofascial pain, laser therapy seems to have a substantial specific therapeutic effect. Further RCTs, avoiding the most prevalent methodological errors, are needed in order to enable the benefits of laser therapy to be more precisely and validly evaluated.
Obesity and hypertension: two epidemics or one? (2004)

The association between obesity and hypertension is well documented, although the exact nature of this relation remains unclear. Sympathetic nervous and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation appear to play an important role in the sodium and water retention, rightward shift in the pressure-natriuresis, and blood pressure elevation observed in obese individuals. Visceral obesity and the ectopic deposition of adipose tissue may be important in the activation of these systems and in the target organ damage that ensues. Weight loss is critical in the effective management of obesity hypertension and the accompanying target organ damage, although recidivism rates are high. However, prevention of weight gain should be the major priority for combating hypertension and its consequences in the future. The present review will provide an overview of our understanding of the etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of obesity hypertension. Our focus is on the state of knowledge in humans. The potential role of abdominal obesity is considered throughout our review. We refer to relevant animal literature for supportive evidence and where little or no data in humans are available.
Some New Records of the New England Formicidae (1901)

This article has no abstract.
The Complexity of Counting Cuts and of Computing the Probability that a Graph is Connected (1983)

Several enumeration and reliability problems are shown to be # P-complete, and hence, at least as hard as NP-complete problems. Included are important problems in network reliability analysis, namely, computing the probability that a graph is connected and counting the number of minimum cardinality $(s,t)$-cuts or directed network cuts. Also shown to be # P-complete are counting vertex covers in a bipartite graph, counting antichains in a partial order, and approximating the probability that a graph is connected and the probability that a pair of vertices is connected.
Ventricular rate-adaptive pacing in the elderly (1992)

The role of ventricular rate-adaptive pacing (VVIR) in the elderly was investigated in 12 patients with a mean age of 85 +/- 2 years (range 75-95 years) with implanted activity-initiated VVIR pacemakers. Although four patients had significant extracardiac diseases, all were capable of independent walking and self care. The pacing rate achieved during structured daily activities (walking, climbing stairs, washing, bed-making and scrubbing floors) were compared with those achieved by 10 age-matched healthy subjects. Apart from the more strenuous activities (ascending stairs and floor-scrubbing), the pacing rates achieved by the patients were comparable to those of the healthy subjects and occurred within an appropriate time. In a 4-weekly randomized, double-blind crossover protocol in the VVI and VVIR pacing modes, all patients underwent assessments in a 12-min walking distance test, a 24 h non-invasive ambulatory blood pressure recording and a symptomatic documentation. During VVIR pacing, the 12-min walking distance was significantly improved compared to VVI pacing (556 +/- 52 vs. 545 +/- 55 m, P less than 0.05). There was no difference between the recorded blood pressure and symptom scores between the two pacing modes, although most patients preferred VVIR pacing (P less than 0.05). It is concluded that VVIR pacing in this elderly population can improve exercise capacity, and the patients' preference for the VVIR mode was documented despite the absence of a measurable difference in symptomatology.
Stress-Induced Pulse Pressure Change Predicts Women’s Carotid Atherosclerosis (1998)

Mental stress-induced pulse pressure changes may influence the development of early atherosclerosis in the carotid artery of women. Widening of pulse pressure during stress, as well as at rest, may be a marker of compromised compliance in the vessel wall.
Patient Safety Event Reporting in a Large Radiology Department (2011)

The Web-based safety event reporting system has been a valuable tool permitting us to address potential safety concerns in our department.
Inhibition of ribosomal RNA maturation in Novikoff hepatoma cells by toyocamycin, tubercidin, and 6-thioguanosine. (1974)

The purine nucleoside analogs, toyocamycin, tubercidin, and 6-thioguanosine, all inhibit ribosomal RNA maturation in cultured Novikoff hepatoma cells. While processing of the 45 S RNA to the 38 S RNA continues, formation of the mature 28 S RNA and the mature 18 S RNA is markedly inhibited by the addition of any of the analogs. Labeling of the 32 S RNA intermediate precursor is inhibited to a lesser degree. The pattern of inhibition observed is similar to that previously reported for other base and nucleoside analogs (5-fluoroorotic acid, 5-fluorouridine, 5-azacytidine, and 8-azaguanine), suggesting that inhibition of ribosomal RNA maturation may be a phenomenon common to those base analogs incorporated into RNA.

6-Thioguanosine not only affects the incorporation of 3H-labeled uridine into RNA, but it also decreases the size of the acid-soluble uridine pool. Thus the monitoring of RNA synthesis in the presence of the analog with uridine as the labeled precursor must be interpreted in the light of changes in the precursor pool size.

Tubercidin and 6-thioguanosine have demonstrated clinical value in cancer chemotherapy. The mechanism of action of these and other chemotherapeutically useful analogs has not as yet been definitively elucidated. The finding that purine and pyrimidine analogs can inhibit ribosomal RNA maturation is discussed as a possible mode for their cancerostatic activity.
Optical Modulation by Controlling the Charge State of Deep Impurity Levels (2011)

Measurements of thallium and indium doped Silicon-On-Insulator rib waveguidesshow optical absorption at a wavelength of 1550nm, dependent on the charge stateof the associated deep-level. Therefore, it is possible to use this effect to modulatewaveguide transmission by means of local depletion and/or injection of free-carriersto change deep-level occupancy. A one-dimensional model based on the generationand recombination process described by the modified Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH)mechanism was developed using MATLABc programming language in order to computethe optical absorption of a 1550nm wavelength as a function of the density ofneutrally-charged thallium or indium centers. This numerical model is in reasonableagreement with the experimental data for samples co-doped with low and mediumphosphorus concentrations. The values of optical absorption cross-section calculatedfor thallium are 2.9×10−17 ± 0.25cm2 and 3.2×10−17 ± 0.12cm2 for ion implantationdoses of 7.4×10−13cm−2 and 1.2×10−14cm−2, respectively. Also described is the thedesign, fabrication and characterization of an optical modulator using a four-terminalp+pnn+ diode on an indium-doped Silicon-On-Insulator rib waveguide. Modulationby controlling the charge state of deep impurity levels in silicon was thus demonstrated.Modulation bandwidth in the 2-10MHz regime was measured and the depthof modulation is approximately 0.48dB/V in forward bias and 0.25dB/V in reversebias. This is the first report of the implementation of an optical silicon-waveguidemodulator based on a periodically interleaved pn-junction configuration. In addition,the influence of indium, as a dopant in silicon (utilizing the Impurity PhotovoltaicEffect), as a means to increase the efficiency of a thin film silicon solar cell wasinvestigated using the same samples. Under certain doping conditions and geometricalconfigurations, a cell efficiency greater than 24% was measured —a somewhatremarkable result for these silicon thin films of 2.5μm
Percutaneous Arterial Sampling Using Transillumination (1977)

Percutaneous arterial sampling was performed using transillumination. A success rate of 96% was obtained when sampling the radial, ulnar, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis arteries. Although small hematomas were produced despite pressure, no serious complications of infection, thrombotic obstruction, or thermal injury occurred. We conclude that the use of transillumination for arterial sampling is a safe technique that permits rapid sampling of very superficial peripheral arteries, allows visual confirmation of the Allen test for estimation of collateral flow, and would perhaps aid in arterial cannulation.
Trends in Obesity Prevalence Among Children and Adolescents in the United States, 1988-1994 Through 2013-2014 (2016)

In this nationally representative study of US children and adolescents aged 2 to 19 years, the prevalence of obesity in 2011-2014 was 17.0% and extreme obesity was 5.8%. Between 1988-1994 and 2013-2014, the prevalence of obesity increased until 2003-2004 and then decreased in children aged 2 to 5 years, increased until 2007-2008 and then leveled off in children aged 6 to 11 years, and increased among adolescents aged 12 to 19 years.
Uracil and pyruvate requirements of anaerobic growth of staphylococci (1975)

Sixty-six strains of staphylococci recently isolated from human skin and identified as members of the three recognized species of staphylococci, and 21 stock strains representing most of the Baird-Parker subgroups of staphylococci and micrococci were studied. All 16 skin strains of Staphylococcus aureus demonstrated weak to moderate anaerobic growth in the basal medium, growth stimulation by either uracil or pyruvate, and best growth when both were added. The 20 skin strains of S. epidermidis responded similarly to S. aureus but with a tendency toward heavier growth. The 28 isolates of S. saprophyticus generally gave little or no growth in the basal medium, no increase due to pyruvate alone, a weak response to uracil alone, and, with three exceptions, gave moderate to good growth when both supplements were present. The Baird-Parker strains from subgroups S-II and S-III responded like S. epidermidis; those from subgroups S-V, S-VI, M-1, M-2, M-3, and M-6 generally responded like S. saprophyticus; and those from subgroups M-4 and M-5 failed to grow anaerobically in all media.
Approximation algorithms for facility location problems (1997)

One of the most flourishing areas of research in the design and analysis of approximation algorithms has been for facility location problems. In particular, for the metric case of two simple models, the uncapacitated facility location and the k-median problems, there are now a variety of techniques that yield constant performance guarantees. These methods
CCS Implementation in the Netherlands (2014)

The Dutch CATO CCS research community has established an implementation plan for CCS in the Netherlands including a CATO CCS roadmap. The roadmap comprises 26 actions which need to be implemented within the next ten years. The actions address five different CCS themes or issues which need to be covered to successfully implement large-scale CCS. The roadmap has been established in close cooperation with main CCS stakeholders. As guidance for the roadmap, a vision on CCS in the Netherlands for 2050 has been developed. The vision depicts the view of the stakeholders on the role of CCS in the energy system. This roadmap can serve as a solid foundation for CCS stakeholders from both industry and government but also from universities and research institutes to define their next activities. The government can make use of it by defining their short and medium-term CCS action plan. The roadmap is presented in an interactive form on a website that allows stakeholders to directly find relevant information on the actions and background information.
The gender gap in modern languages: a comparison of attitude and performance in year 7 and year 10 (2004)

This paper addresses the issue of boys' well-documented underperformance and disaffection in MFL at KS4 by comparing the attitude and attainment of boys and girls in two year groups — Year 7 and Year 10. It presents the findings of a quantitative study conducted in a comprehensive school, which explores and compares the perceptions and attitudes of these two distinct cohorts, and compares their attainment in French. The objective is to gain an understanding of when marked differences between boys and girls emerge, and how these evolve according to their age and their experience of language learning. The data suggest that boys' underachievement and disaffection in MFL are not located, as might have been thought, exclusively in KS4, but start for many as early as their first term of French in Year 7 and tend to grow with age. The findings are discussed in the context of the recent Green Paper proposals to make MFL optional at KS4 (2002).