gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection methods and strategies for improving medication compliance (1991)

The reliability of compliance detection methods and practical strategies for improving patient compliance with drug therapy are reviewed. Detection of noncompliance is a necessary prerequisite for adequate treatment. Noncompliance can be detected by indirect methods (e.g., self-report, interview, therapeutic outcome, pill count, computerized compliance monitors) or direct methods (e.g., biologic markers, tracer compounds, biologic assay of body fluids). In general, the direct methods of detection have a higher sensitivity and specificity than the indirect methods. Computerized compliance monitors are the most recent and reliable of the indirect-detection methods. Strategies for improving compliance involve identification of risk factors for non-compliance; development, with the patient's participation, of an individualized treatment plan that simplifies the regimen as much as possible; education of the patient, including information about his or her illness, instructions on how to take the prescribed medication correctly, and an explanation of the benefits and possible adverse effects of the therapy; and, if necessary, use of compliance aids such as medication calendars, special containers, caps, and dispensing systems, or compliance packaging. The patient should be taught to monitor his or her own treatment regimen. Follow-up monitoring by health-care professionals, including pharmacists, will also help ensure that the patient is complying with the treatment regimen. Health-care practitioners need to understand factors that contribute to noncompliance and to use effective methods for assessing and monitoring compliance in conjunction with strategies aimed at increasing compliant behavior.
Mechanism of laser<i>Q</i>switching by intracavity stimulated scattering (1980)

An experimental investigation was made of Q switching of a laser resonator by intracavity stimulated Brillouin scattering. It was found that reduction in the high initial Q factor of the resonator by distortion of the transverse structure of the radiation (for example, by the use of an active element of low optical quality) resulted in effective modulation of the Q factor because of wavefront reversal in the scattering. When the active medium was YAG:Nd3+, single giant pulses of 25–30 nsec duration, peak power 0.3–0.5 MW, and repetition frequency up to 100 Hz were obtained without circulation of the scattering substance in the Q switch.
STUDIES ON SMALLPOX AND COMPLICATIONS OF SMALLPOX VACCINATION (1960)

Introductory remarks the presentation of the E. Mead Johnson Award affords the recipient the honor of publicly acknowledging his debts to his teachers. I pay such grateful tribute to Dr. Grover Powers and Dr. Edward B. Shaw, my preceptors in academic pediatrics and to Dr. Joseph Smadel who introduced me to the pox viruses and urged me to take another look at the well-trodden field of smallpox. Helpful in his own way was the senior virologist who urged me instead to get involved in another, more fruitful field because "smallpox leaves no room for further work, having been well studied in the 1920's" and who, thereby, strengthened my resolve to re-examine current concepts in the field of smallpox and smallpox vaccination, a subject which has occupied us for the past 14 years. I also acknowledge my lasting debt to my associate, Dr. Henry Silver, who has been a critical colleague, supporter and friend over many years. The WELL KNOWN clinical observation that it is sometimes difficult to vaccinate the very young chi'd against smallpox led to our early assessment of passive immunity as a modifying factor1 and this, in turn, resulted in the development of hyper-immune vaccinal gamma-globulin and its use in the prevention of smallpox after known exposure.2 The principal subject of this report will be our therapeutic experience with hyperimmune vaccinal gamma-globulin in over 300 patients suffering from serious complications of smallpox vaccination. Finally, we hope to show how basic immunologic studies can be of great value in the management of some of the unfortunate patients whose experience with the vaccinia virus has been a tragic one.
Terrain Characterization for Trafficability (1993)

Terrain material characterization is needed to predict off-road vehicle performance, trafficability, and deformation (compaction and rutting,) resulting, from vehicle passage. This type of information is used by agricultural engineers, foresters, military engineers, the auto and tire industry, and anyone else concerned with off-road, unpaved, or winter mobility. This report appraises the state-of-the-art of terrain (or substrate) characterization techniques for vehicle traction studies. It concentrates on field measurement of strength-related properties for soil, snow, muskeg, and vegetation, but also discusses how these compare with laboratory measurements and the importance of other terrain features (slopes, drainage, and obstacles). Mobility, Soil, Traction, Vehicle. Muskeg, Strength, Trafficability, Snow, Terrain, Vegetation,
A syntax-based part-of-speech analyser (1995)

There are two main methodologies for constructing the knowledge base of a natural language analyser: the linguistic and the data-driven. Recent state-of-the-art part-of-speech taggers are based on the data-driven approach. Because of the known feasibility of the linguistic rule-based approach at related levels of description, the success of the data-driven approach in part-of-speech analysis may appear surprising. In this paper, a case is made for the syntactic nature of part-of-speech tagging. A new tagger of English that uses only linguistic distributional rules is outlined and empirically evaluated. Tested against a benchmark corpus of 38,000 words of previously unseen text, this syntax-based system reaches an accuracy of above 99%. Compared to the 95--97% accuracy of its best competitors, this result suggests the feasibility of the linguistic approach also in part-of-speech analysis.
IL-17 Markedly Up-Regulates β-Defensin-2 Expression in Human Airway Epithelium via JAK and NF-κB Signaling Pathways (2004)

Using microarray gene expression analysis, we first observed a profound elevation of human beta-defensin-2 (hBD-2) message in IL-17-treated primary human airway epithelial cells. Further comparison of this stimulation with a panel of cytokines (IL-1alpha, 1beta, 2-13, and 15-18; IFN-gamma; GM-CSF; and TNF-alpha) demonstrated that IL-17 was the most potent cytokine to induce hBD-2 message (>75-fold). IL-17-induced stimulation of hBD-2 was time and dose dependent, and this stimulation also occurred at the protein level. Further studies demonstrated that hBD-2 stimulation was attenuated by IL-17R-specific Ab, but not by IL-1R antagonist or the neutralizing anti-IL-6 Ab. This suggests an IL-17R-mediated signaling pathway rather than an IL-17-induced IL-1alphabeta and/or IL-6 autocrine/paracrine loop. hBD-2 stimulation was sensitive to the inhibition of the JAK pathway, and to the inhibitors that affect NF-kappaB translocation and the DNA-binding activity of its p65 NF-kappaB subunit. Transient transfection of airway epithelial cells with an hBD-2 promoter-luciferase reporter gene expression construct demonstrated that IL-17 stimulated promoter-reporter gene activity, suggesting a transcriptional mechanism for hBD-2 induction. These results support an IL-17R-mediated signaling pathway involving JAK and NF-kappaB in the transcriptional stimulation of hBD-2 gene expression in airway epithelium. Because IL-17 has been identified in a number of airway diseases, especially diseases related to microbial infection, these findings provide a new insight into how IL-17 may play an important link between innate and adaptive immunity, thereby combating infection locally within the airway epithelium.
Neuronal Inwardly Rectifying K<sup>+</sup>Channels Differentially Couple to PDZ Proteins of the PSD-95/SAP90 Family (2000)

Several signaling proteins clustered at the postsynaptic density specialization in neurons harbor a conserved C-terminal PDZ domain recognition sequence (X-S/T-X-V/I) that mediates binding to members of the PSD-95/SAP90 protein family. This motif is also present in the C termini of some inwardly rectifying K(+) (Kir) channels. Constitutively active Kir2 channels as well as G protein-gated Kir3 channels, which are fundamental for neuronal excitability, were analyzed as candidates for binding to PSD-95/SAP90 family members. Therefore C termini of Kir2.1(+), Kir2.3(+), Kir2.4(-), Kir3.1(-), Kir3.2(+), Kir3.3(+) and Kir3.4(-) subunits (+, motif present; -, motif absent) were used as baits in the yeast two-hybrid assay to screen for in vivo interaction with PDZ domains 1-3 of PSD-95/SAP90. In contrast to Kir2.1 and Kir2.3, all Kir3 fragments failed to bind PSD-95 in this assay, which was supported by the lack of coimmunoprecipitation and colocalization of the entire proteins in mammalian cells. A detailed analysis of interaction domains demonstrated that the C-terminal motif in Kir3 channels is insufficient for binding PDZ domains. Kir2.1 and Kir2.3 subunits on the other hand coprecipitate with PSD-95. When coexpressed in a bicistronic internal ribosome entry site expression vector in HEK-293 cells macroscopic and elementary current analysis revealed that PSD-95 suppressed the activity of Kir2.3 channels by >50%. This inhibitory action of PSD-95, which predominantly affects the single-channel conductance, is likely attributable to a molecular association with additional internal interaction sites in the Kir2.3 protein.
The Folded Normal Distribution (1961)

Measurements are frequently recorded without their algebraic sign. As a consequence, the underlying distribution of measurements is replaced by a distribution of absolute measurements. When the underlying distribution is normal, the resulting distribution is called the “folded normal distribution”. The authors describe methods for estimating the mean and standard deviation of the normal distribution based on estimates of the mean and standard deviation determined from the folded normal. Tables are provided to assist in the estimation procedure and an example included.
Don Quixote in England. the Aesthetics of Laughter (2001)

Paulson's book is about the influence of Don Quijote on the evolution of the aesthetics of laughter and satire in eighteenth-century England. Cervantes' novel was immensely popular in that period, being a key reference-point for its foremost writers; and, because of the rise of empiricism and the decentralizing of political power, they used it in a way that was unmatched in contemporary France and Spain. It put in question--Paulson argues--the conventional equation of comedy with satire and laughter with ridicule, as expounded by Hobbes in his Leviathan. For the royalist and Anglican Jonathan Swift, Don Quijote's madness symbolizes the Moderns' quest to change the world: using the norm of common experience, it exposes the folly of the unfettered enthusiasm of Dissenters and radical nonconformist sects. Whig Joseph Addison, on the other hand, in the Spectator (1711-12), takes Quixotic madness as a model for revaluing the imagination that Swift treats as transgressive, and transforms Swiftian satiric ridicule into pure comedy, based on an aesthetics of pleasurable response or sympathetic laughter, an area which he designated as the Novel, New, or Uncommon. In this Addison follows the Earl of Shaftesbury, who, in his Letter Concerning Enthusiasm and Sensus Communis: An Essay on the Freedom of Wit and Humour, upholds civilized, good-humored raillery, which he sees as a test of gravity, and while criticizing Enthusiasm in its fanatical religious form, defends it, in poetry, as an instrument of the Sublime. engraver and cartoonist William Hogarth, a prominent figure in Paulson's story, adopts a position akin to Addison's. His transformation of religious symbols into aesthetic equivalents involves secularizing and humanizing them, assimilating them to a Sanchopanzine ideal of blemished but living beauty, which is experienced as Novelty and grounded in a response of laughter. Many other writers and themes figure in Paulson's account: Henry Fielding's debunking and transformation of Richardson's Pamela, the Quixotism of the hero of Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, Sterne's conception of the hobby-horse in Tristram Shandy, and the conversion of Marcela (Don Quijote I, 14) into the heroine of Charlotte Lennox's Female Quixote (1742). Cervantes' masterpiece is a paradigm in all these cases, which bring four contentious problems into play: the madness of the imagination, the cruelty of laughter and ridicule, the question whether there are objective norms of beauty, and the extension of madness to religious belief. Paulson's book takes its cue from two seminal texts. first is Milan Kundera's essay The Day Panurge No Longer Makes People Laugh, in which the Czech novelist defines humor as bound up with the birth of the novel and as an imaginary terrain where moral judgement is suspended. …
Multiresolution color image segmentation (1994)

Image segmentation is the process by which an original image is partitioned into some homogeneous regions. In this paper, a novel multiresolution color image segmentation (MCIS) algorithm which uses Markov random fields (MRF's) is proposed. The proposed approach is a relaxation process that converges to the MAP (maximum a posteriori) estimate of the segmentation. The quadtree structure is used to implement the multiresolution framework, and the simulated annealing technique is employed to control the splitting and merging of nodes so as to minimize an energy function and therefore, maximize the MAP estimate. The multiresolution scheme enables the use of different dissimilarity measures at different resolution levels. Consequently, the proposed algorithm is noise resistant. Since the global clustering information of the image is required in the proposed approach, the scale space filter (SSF) is employed as the first step. The multiresolution approach is used to refine the segmentation. Experimental results of both the synthesized and real images are very encouraging. In order to evaluate experimental results of both synthesized images and real images quantitatively, a new evaluation criterion is proposed and developed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Evaluation of primary plating media for the isolation of group A streptococcus from delayed throat cultures. (1978)

Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim blood agar (SXT-BA), neomycin blood agar (NEO-BA) and plain sheep blood agar plates (SBA) were compared for isolating group A streptococci in 1,954 throat cultures. SBA and SXT-BA had similar isolation rates (approximately 75% of all positive isolates). NEO-BA was significantly better (87% recovery). A combination of any two media gave 92-95% recovery of group A streptococci from throat specimens.
Opsonophagocidal Activity in Sera From Infants and Children Immunized With <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> Type b Conjugate Vaccine (Meningococcal Protein Conjugate) (1990)

Immunization with Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide (polyribosylribitol-phosphate [PRP]) has resulted in limited and variable antibody radioimmunoassay in infants younger than 2 years of age. Although an H influenzae type B vaccine has been in use for several years, it is not used now for the age group at greatest risk for disease. In an effort to enhance immunogenicity, PRP has been coupled to various carrier proteins and to an outer membrane protein complex (OMPC) from Neisseria meningitidis group B. The latter approach has yielded a vaccine that elicits a good antibody response after a single 15-micrograms dose of vaccine in infants as young as 2 months of age, as measured by radioimmunoassay and immune bacteriolysis. In this report we describe the results of a pilot study using this H influenzae type B conjugate vaccine, PedvaxHIB, in children from 2 months to 4 years of age. Three different vaccine lots were examined for consistency of response. Sera were measured for antibody levels by radioimmunoassay and for functional activity using an opsonophagocytic assay using human adult neutrophils. These assays correlated well and demonstrated the excellent immune response and biologic activity of sera from infants vaccinated with this unique H influenzae type B conjugate vaccine.
Gun Muzzle Blast and Flash (1989)

Abstract Gun muzzle blast and flash phenomena are of importance since they are associated with the formation of large overpressures and intense muzzle flash. About 30% of the chemical energy released from the propellant used in a conventional gun is converted into kinetic energy of the projectile. The remaining energy is mainly contained in the propellant gas‐particle mixture which escapes from the muzzle of the gun in a few milliseconds. The sudden discharge produces a blast wave because of the rapid displacement of air originally surrounding the gun. In addition, these gases are generally fuel‐rich and mix with air turbulently entrained from the surroundings. Combustion of this mixture causes gun muzzle flash, usually associated with the formation of a secondary blast wave. The design of solid propellant charges, gun performance, muzzle attachments and chemical flash suppressants is guided by the need to keep the above hazards to safe limits. In this paper, blast and flash phenomena are characterized using data of recent investigations and showing illustrative examples of their development.
On the prediction of simultaneous inbreeding coefficients at multiple loci (2004)

A new deterministic method for predicting simultaneous inbreeding coefficients at three and four loci is presented. The method involves calculating the conditional probability of IBD (identical by descent) at one locus given IBD at other loci, and multiplying this probability by the prior probability of the latter loci being simultaneously IBD. The conditional probability is obtained applying a novel regression model, and the prior probability from the theory of digenic measures of Weir and Cockerham. The model was validated for a finite monoecious population mating at random, with a constant effective population size, and with or without selfing, and also for an infinite population with a constant intermediate proportion of selfing. We assumed discrete generations. Deterministic predictions were very accurate when compared with simulation results, and robust to alternative forms of implementation. These simultaneous inbreeding coefficients were more sensitive to changes in effective population size than in marker spacing. Extensions to predict simultaneous inbreeding coefficients at more than four loci are now possible.
Diode like electron transfer in mixed monolayer assembly (2002)

A phenomenon analogous to current rectification occurring in a diode could be demonstrated at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces constructed using a mixed monolayer configuration formed by the self assembly of decane thiol and thioctic acid. Two types of configuration have been described. In the first type (Configuration-1), diode like electron transfer is shown to occur in a ferrocene monocarboxylic acid functionalized mixed monolayer, in contact with the electrolyte containing potassium ferrocyanide. In the second type (Configuration-2), the functionalized mixed monolayer consists of two redox species ferrocene dicarboxylic acid and 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone linked through covalent linkage. This bilayer represents an electrochemical analogue of a diode and current rectification is observed.
Lens cell populations studied in human donor capsular bags with implanted intraocular lenses. (2000)

Human capsular bags contain a large population of viable cells for many years after cataract surgery. Cells in the regions around the intraocular lens undergo transition to a mesenchymal type. Cells peripheral to these regions can form a stable closed microenvironment in which both normal epithelial morphology and differentiation to fiberlike cells are maintained.
'Betwixt and Between': Towards a (n)ontology of the mediocre (2013)

The mediocre – or what constituted mediocrity – was a matter of intense debate in late-nineteenth and early-twentieth-century Britain. Cultural commentators, popular writers, satirists and members of the public all attempted to define the mediocre without success. Characterized\nby the average, the fair, the middling, the mediocre’s very unremarkability made it remarkably difficult to define.\n\nIn reference to modern newspaper articles and criticism, this essay moves towards a (n)ontology of the mediocre, examining the (failure of the) strategies used to define the mediocre in the modern(ist) period. It argues that the mediocre, in its dogged desire not to shake the status quo,\nperversely disrupts the very idea or possibility of definition, not only calling established systems of cultural and social classification into question, but also challenging accepted notions of singularity, essence and beingness in the process.
Gel Permeation Chromatography with Organic Solvents (1966)

Abstract Fractionation of polymers either as a means of determining molecular-weight distributions for the characterization of polymers or the preparation of fractions with defined molecular-weight distributions, for subsequent physical and chemical testing, is a valuable and widely used technique. There are many ways of performing fractionations and of measuring molecular-weight distributions; see, for example, the forthcoming book Polymer Fractionation [1]. Gel permeation chromatography is the newest of the fractionation methods and has already found widespread applications; see, for example, the forthcoming review by Altgelt and Moore [2]. Because of its speed and high resolving power and the possibility of a high degree of automation gel permeation chromatography is the most promising current technique for the fractionation of polymers on an analytical scale and, probably, on a preparative scale.
Hierarchical Kohonenen net for anomaly detection in network security (2005)

A novel multilevel hierarchical Kohonen Net (K-Map) for an intrusion detection system is presented. Each level of the hierarchical map is modeled as a simple winner-take-all K-Map. One significant advantage of this multilevel hierarchical K-Map is its computational efficiency. Unlike other statistical anomaly detection methods such as nearest neighbor approach, K-means clustering or probabilistic analysis that employ distance computation in the feature space to identify the outliers, our approach does not involve costly point-to-point computation in organizing the data into clusters. Another advantage is the reduced network size. We use the classification capability of the K-Map on selected dimensions of data set in detecting anomalies. Randomly selected subsets that contain both attacks and normal records from the KDD Cup 1999 benchmark data are used to train the hierarchical net. We use a confidence measure to label the clusters. Then we use the test set from the same KDD Cup 1999 benchmark to test the hierarchical net. We show that a hierarchical K-Map in which each layer operates on a small subset of the feature space is superior to a single-layer K-Map operating on the whole feature space in detecting a variety of attacks in terms of detection rate as well as false positive rate.