gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular mechanisms of RuBisCO biosynthesis in higher plants (2008)

Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) catalyses the initial step of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation, although its catalytic efficiency is very low. Therefore, higher plants must synthesize large amounts of RuBisCO to compensate for its inefficient enzymatic properties. The holoenzyme of RuBisCO consists of 8 large and 8 small subunits, whose genes are individually encoded on two distinct genomes located in the chloroplast and the nucleus, respectively. RuBisCO biosynthesis requires many factors involved in transcription, translation, folding and assembly processes. However, the mechanisms underlying these processes are complex, and therefore the molecular mechanisms and regulation systems of RuBisCO biosynthesis are not yet fully understood. In this review, we introduce recent research on the molecular mechanisms of RuBisCO biosynthesis in higher plants, and discuss future perspectives in this field of research.
ChemInform Abstract: MANNICHDERIVATE VON ARZNEIMITTELN 2. MITT. DERIVATE EINIGER CARBONSAEURE‐ANHYDRASE‐INHIBITOREN (1971)

Abstract Die Derivate der Carbonsäure‐Anhydrase‐Inhibitor‐sulfonamide (I) (Acetazolamide), (II) (Methazolamide) und (III) werden nach bekannten Verfahren hergestellt.
Expanding the phenotypic spectrum of <i>TUBB4A</i> -associated hypomyelinating leukoencephalopathies (2014)

TUBB4A mutations cause typical H-ABC. Furthermore, TUBB4A mutations associate cases of unclassified hypomyelinating leukoencephalopathies with morphologically retained but functionally impaired basal ganglia, suggesting that TUBB4A-related hypomyelinating leukoencephalopathies encompass a broader clinical spectrum than previously expected. Extrapyramidal findings may be a key for consideration of TUBB4A mutations in hypomyelinating leukoencephalopathies.
Estimating Eye-opening Penalty with Aid of the Ripple Function of Fiber Bragg-gratings (2007)

We investigate six different methods presented in literature to estimate eye-opening penalty for dispersion-compensating fiber Bragg gratings with aid of the grating's ripple function. The investigation is based on theoretical ripple functions as well on measurement results of three continuously chirped gratings. The gratings in question offer full wavelength coverage between 1530 nm and 1565 nm. We will show that the eye-opening penalty depends on the phase and frequency of the grating's ripple function as well as to pattern length and to pulse form of the signal used. Since the estimation methods do not account for these properties, their accuracy is shown to be limited.
Stereocontrolled Assembly of Cis <i>or</i> Trans Angularly Substituted Hydrindenes by the Unactivated Intramolecular Diels−Alder Reaction (1996)

The unactivated intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction has become a powerful tool for the construction of polycyclic natural products. Nevertheless, the factors that govern diastereoselectivity in these cyclizations have not been fully understood. We here report that through the choice of the proper substituents, it is possible to make the unactivated intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction proceed to give either the cis angularly-substituted hydrindene 12b or the trans product 19a.
Molecular and cellular modulation of fibrinolysis (2003)

The structure of the fibrin network, the hemodynamic environment of the clot, the kinetic properties of the fibrinolytic enzymes and the balance of their formation and inactivation essentially determine the effectiveness of fibrinolysis in vivo. The fibrin structure and the action of proteases, however depend considerably on additional, apparently inert physiological and pathological factors, which are restricted to more or less transient compartments in fluid-solid interface, such as thrombus (fibrin with platelet membrane structures), endothelial cell surface, the environment of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN). In these compartments extreme changes in concentrations and rate enhancements are observed. Components released by endothelial cells, PMNs and platelets or molecules present in circulating blood create a heterogeneous milieu that modulates fibrinolysis. This review summarizes the effects, and where it is possible, explains the mechanism of modulators of the fibrinolytic processes, such as cell membrane and cellular contents of endothelium, PMN and platelets present in thrombi, the action of normal and pathological blood plasma- and extracellular matrix-components.
Behavioural patterns and corticosterone levels induced by chronic psychosocial stress in the four-striped mice (Rhabdomys pumilio). (2009)

This study presents, findings from investigations of the influence of chronic psychosocial stress on behavioural patterns and corticosterone levels in the four-striped mice, Rhabdomys pumilio. A modified resident-intruder paradigm was adopted in the study and involved the introduction of an intruder mouse (40-80 g) to a resident mouse (90-175 g) for 1 h for 5 consecutive days. Intruders interacted with different residents each day and behavioural responses were recorded. To determine if the resident-intruder paradigm induced an adrenocortical stress response, blood samples were collected after the last day of the paradigm via cardiac puncture from the control and intruder mice. The frequency of aggression (90±18 events dayG) received 1 from the residents and upright defense exhibited by intruders (43±9 events dayG) differed significantly over 1 repeated test days, however, there were no significant differences in the frequency of the resident climbing on the intruder’s cage (104±21 events dayG) Elevations of corticosterone levels were evident in the stressed mice. 1 Our data indicate that behavioural and neuroendocrinological responses may have important implications in the four-striped mice and in the understanding of psychiatric disorders.
Contribution of serine racemase/<scp>d</scp>‐serine pathway to neuronal apoptosis (2012)

Recent data indicate that age-related N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) transmission impairment is correlated with the reduction in serine racemase (SR) expression and d-serine content. As apoptosis is associated with several diseases and conditions that generally occur with age, we investigated the modulation of SR/d-serine pathway during neuronal apoptosis and its impact on survival. We found that in cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs), undergoing apoptosis SR/d-serine pathway is crucially regulated. In the early phase of apoptosis, the expression of SR is reduced, both at the protein and RNA level through pathways, upstream of caspase activation, involving ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs). Forced expression of SR, together with treatment with NMDA and d-serine, blocks neuronal death, whereas pharmacological inhibition and Sh-RNA-mediated suppression of endogenous SR exacerbate neuronal death. In the late phase of apoptosis, the increased expression of SR contribute to the last, NMDAR-mediated, wave of cell death. These findings are relevant to our understanding of neuronal apoptosis and NMDAR activity regulation, raising further questions as to the role of SR/d-serine in those neuro-pathophysiological processes, such as aging and neurodegenerative diseases characterized by a convergence of apoptotic mechanisms and NMDAR dysfunction.
Testing Hicksian Separability Over Space (2013)

If relative prices of goods within a commodity group are constant, Hicksian separability lets the price of a single good represent the group price level. This is relied on by designers of price questionnaires used in household surveys and by methods of estimating demand systems from household survey data. A survey from Vietnam with multiple specifications from within the same food groups clearly shows that within-group relative prices are not constant over space.
Detachment of Endothelial Cells by Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes <i>in Vitro</i>: Potentiation by Antibody Coating and Prevention by Inflammatory Exudate (1981)

A widely advocated hypothesis suggests that polymorphonuclear leukocytes release enzymes at sites of inflammation which in turn cause tissue damage, especially vasculitis. To test this we isolated and grew human endothelial cells and labelled them with chromium-51. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were separated from whole blood and added to the labelled endothelial cells. Upon incubation with the polymorphonuclear leukocytes the endothelial cells rapidly detached but were not lysed. Detachment was prevented by the addition of small amounts of inflammatory exudate. Prior coating of endothelial cells with a specific antibody accelerated detachment of the cells by polymorphonuclear leukocytes but this was still prevented by addition of inflammatory exudate in low concentration. In a separate experiment extracellular basement membrane synthesized in vitro by endothelial cells was labelled by incubating the cells with 14C-proline. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes caused release of 14C but this was again prevented by addition of either inflammatory exudate or serum. We conclude that polymorphonuclear leukocytes alone could cause vascular intimal damage in vivo if inhibitors, which are present in serum and inflammatory exudate, are excluded or overwhelmed.
Segmentbeschreibung mit dem Strahlenverfahren (2011)

In den vorangehenden Kapiteln wurden viele Beispiele gegeben, wie segmentbeschreibende Merkmale und Datenstrukturen berechnet werden können. Einige dieser Merkmale waren unabhängig von der Lage des Segments (z.B. der Flächeninhalt), andere unabhängig von der Größe des Segments (z.B. die Orientierung). Bei Datenstrukturen, die ebenfalls zur Charakterisierung von Segmenten verwendet werden können, wie z.B. der run-length-Code oder der chain-Code, hängt es von der Implementierung ab, ob sie lageinvariant sind oder nicht. Auf jeden Fall sind beide Verfahren nicht orientierungsunabhängig.
Domain formation in monolayers (1995)

For phospholipids at the air/water interface we demonstrate that molecular chirality in some, but not in all, cases influences the domain shapes. In other cases chirality in the head group region can cause a chiral structure considering the tail arrangement. This indicates head group ordering. Minute changes of the molecular structure may change domain morphology from circular to dendritic. This can be related to slight changes of the lattice structure. In case of a dendritic domain the chains are more tilted, the deviation from hexagonal symmetry is more pronounced, and hence the lattice anisotropy is larger. This can be understood also in view of recent simulations considering diffusion-limited aggregation models. In experiments at the oil/water interface we show that the electrostatic repulsion between domains is reduced by exchanging air against oil. Also line tension is reduced which can be understood by means of simple molecular models. The oil may penetrate into domains of the ordered phase if it is aliphatic and exhibits the same chain length as the lipid. In other cases it is excluded from the ordered monolayer regions. Taking aliphatic dioles as the most simple models we show that head group chirality is expressed in domain shapes, and partly also in lattice structure.
Influence of the armature-rail geometry on results of launch experiments of fibre armatures with railguns (1999)

To increase the transition velocity of solid fibre brush armatures, launch experiments have been performed with an increased armature height of about 15%. However, results of experiments under equal launch conditions did not show higher transition velocities up till now. In order to find an explanation for the disappointing results, a number of 3D-computer simulations has been performed to calculate the current density distribution and Lorentz force in the forward direction in monolithic solid armatures for different armature-rail height ratios. It appears the Lorentz force is influenced by relatively small changes in the armature-rail geometry. The results of the 3D-computer simulations of two armature-rail combinations of different geometry have been verified with (quasi) static experiments in the armature test bed and launch experiments with segmented copper fibre armatures in the 2.4 m long, 20 mm square bore rail accelerator. The results of computer simulations and armature test bed measurements are presented. Furthermore, results of the launch experiments for two different rail heights are discussed.
STUDY ON NITROGEN DISTRIBUTION IN PRODUCTS OF SLURRY-BED HYDROCRACKING OF RESIDUE (2002)

The atmospheric residue from Kalamayi Refinery was hydrocracked in a batch autocalve in the presence of an oil-soluble catalyst. The reaction products was separated into IBP～180?℃,180?℃～360?℃,360?℃～500?℃ and 500?℃. The total nitrogen was determined by boat-inlet chemiluminescence. The basic nitrogen in each fraction was determined by non-aqueous potentiometric titration. The effects of catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time on nitrogen distribution in products of slurry-bed hydrocracking of the the residue were studied. It shown that, the basic nitrogen and total nitrogen in the products were mainly concentrated into 500?℃ residue. Only about 10% of the basic nitrogen and total nitrogen were in gasoline and diesel oil. On the other hand, the ratio of the basic nitrogen to the total nitrogen in the fraction depended on the boiling point of the fraction and decreased from about 50% in gasoline to about 30% in cracked residue.
Synthesis of a benzoxazine with precisely two phenolic OH linkages and the properties of its high‐performance copolymers (2013)

ABSTRACT A phenolic OH‐containing benzoxazine ( F‐ap ), which cannot be directly synthesized from the condensation of bisphenol F, aminophenol, and formaldehyde by traditional procedures, has been successfully prepared in our alternative synthetic approach. F‐ap was prepared by three steps including (a) condensation of 4‐aminophenol and 5,5'‐methylenebis(2‐hydroxybenzaldehyde) (1) , (b) reduction of the resulting imine linkage by sodium borohydride, and (c) ring closure condensation by formaldehyde. The key starting material, (1) , was prepared from 2‐hydroxybenzaldehyde and s‐trioxane in the presence of sulfuric acid. F‐ap is structurally similar to bis(3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐3‐phenyl‐1,3‐benzoxazinyl)methane ( F‐a, a commercial benzoxazine based on bisphenol F/aniline/formaldehyde) except for two phenolic OHs. The phenolic OHs can provide reaction sites with epoxy and 1,1'‐(methylenedi‐p‐phenylene)bismaleimide (BMI). The structure–property relationships between the thermosets of F‐ap /epoxy, F‐a /epoxy, F‐ap /BMI, and F‐a /BMI were discussed. Experimental data showed that thermosets based on F‐ap /epoxy and F‐ap /BMI provided much better thermal properties than those based on F‐a /epoxy and F‐a /BMI. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 2686–2694
Synthesis and characterization of poly(urethane‐ester)s based on calcium salt of mono(hydroxybutyl)phthalate (2006)

Abstract Calcium‐containing poly(urethane‐ester)s (PUEs) were prepared by reacting diisocyanate (HMDI or TDI) with a mixture of calcium salt of mono(hydroxybutyl)phthalate [Ca(HBP) 2 ] and hydroxyl‐terminated poly(1,4‐butylene glutarate) [HTPBG 1000 ], using di‐ n ‐butyltin‐dilaurate as catalyst. About six calcium‐containing PUEs having different composition were synthesized by taking the mole ratio of Ca(HBP) 2 :HTPBG 1000 :diisocyanate (HMDI or TDI) as 3:1:4, 2:2:4, and 1:3:4. Two blank PUEs were synthesized by the reaction of HTPBG 1000 with diisocyanate (HMDI or TDI). The polymers were characterized by IR, 1 H NMR, Solid state 13 C‐CP‐MAS NMR, TGA, DSC, XRD, solubility, and viscosity studies. The T g value of PUEs increases with increase in the calcium content and decreases with increase in soft segment content. The viscosity of the calcium‐containing PUEs increases with increase in the soft segment content and decreases with increase in the calcium content. X‐ray diffraction patterns of the polymers show that the HMDI‐based polymers are partially crystalline and TDI‐based polymers are amorphous in nature. The dynamic mechanical analysis of the calcium‐containing PUEs based on HMDI shows that with increase in the calcium content of polymer, modulus ( g ′ and g ″) increases at any given temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1720–1727, 2006
Epitope Cross-Reactivity Frequently Differs between Central and Effector Memory HIV-Specific CD8+ T Cells (2007)

HIV diversity may limit the breadth of vaccine coverage due to epitope sequence differences between strains. Although amino acid substitutions within CD8(+) T cell HIV epitopes can result in complete or partial abrogation of responses, this has primarily been demonstrated in effector CD8(+) T cells. In an HIV-infected Kenyan cohort, we demonstrate that the cross-reactivity of HIV epitope variants differs dramatically between overnight IFN-gamma and longer-term proliferation assays. For most epitopes, particular variants (not the index peptide) were preferred in proliferation in the absence of corresponding overnight IFN-gamma responses and in the absence of the variant in the HIV quasispecies. Most proliferating CD8(+) T cells were polyfunctional via cytokine analyses. A trend to positive correlation was observed between proliferation (but not IFN-gamma) and CD4 counts. We present findings relevant to the assessment of HIV vaccine candidates and toward a better understanding of how viral diversity is tolerated by central and effector memory CD8(+) T cells.
The Effect of Bilingual Term List Size on Dictionary-Based Cross-Language Information Retrieval (2003)

Bilingual term lists are extensively used as a resource for dictionary-based Cross-Language Information Retrieval (CLIR), in which the goal is to find documents written in one natural language based on queries that are expressed in another.This paper identifies eight types of terms that affect retrieval effectiveness in CLIR applications through their coverage by general-purpose bilingual term lists, and reports results from an experimental evaluation of the coverage of 35 bilingual term lists in news retrieval application.Retrieval effectiveness was found to be strongly influenced by term list size for lists that contain between 3,000 and 30,000 unique terms per language.Supplemental techniques for named entity translation were found to be useful with even the largest lexicons.The contribution of named entity translation was evaluated in a cross-language experiment involving English and Chinese.Smaller effects were observed from deficiencies in the coverage of domainspecific terminology when searching news stories.
Riboflavin Analogs as Antiinfectives: Occurrence, Mode of Action, Metabolism and Resistance (2013)

Antimetabolites are molecules, which are structurally similar to molecules needed to carry out primary metabolic reactions.The inhibitory activity of an antimetabolite depends on its successful competition with the natural substrate, ligand, modulator or cofactor of a given biomolecule. Antimetabolites are indispensable as molecular tools in order to understand biological processes. Beyond that,antimetabolites have a large variety of applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries. The identification of the structural riboflavin(vitamin B2) analog roseoflavin in Streptomyces davawensis demonstrates that anti-vitamins/cofactor analogs may serve as lead structures for the development of novel antibiotics. The latter is supported by the recent finding that roseoflavin had a profound inhibiting effect on the growth and infectivity of the human bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes at very low concentrations. Roseoflavin is studied in our laboratory as a model compound. We investigate the biosynthesis, the possible large-scale production, the metabolization,the mechanism of action and the resistance mechanism of the producer organism in order to pave the way for the structured analysis of other vitamin analogs yet to be discovered. These compounds hopefully will help to replenish the arsenal of antimicrobials urgently needed to fight multiresistant bacterial pathogens.
Chamber Design For Slow Nucleation Protein Crystal Growth (1995)

Multiple-chamber dialysis apparatus grows protein crystals on Earth or in microgravity with minimum of intervention by technician. Use of multiple chambers provides gradation of nucleation and growth rates.
An Automated Fluorometric Procedure for the Enzymatic Determination of Ethanol in Fingertip Blood (1969)

Abstract An automated fluorometric procedure, using AutoAnalyzer modules and based on the alcohol dehydrogenase reaction, has been developed for the determination of ethanol in fingertip capillary blood samples. Whole blood is measured directly from the finger prick into 0.02-ml. capacity automatic-filling disposable micropipets. The sample is quickly discharged into an AutoAnalyzer cup containing 1.0 ml. of water. This dilution can be placed on the sampler plate for immediate analysis or preserved under refrigeration for future use. The time required for sample flow from sampler to fluorometer cuvet (and recording of results) is 16 min. The coefficient of variation of replicate analyses is approximately 1%. Analyses of blood to which varying amounts of ethanol was added gave a mean recovery of 101%. As described, the method is designed to extend over the ethanol concentration range of 10-300 mg./100 ml. of whole blood. Analysis of undiluted blood or of weaker dilutions of blood samples would permit the accurate determination of as little ethanol in whole blood as 0.2 mg./100 ml. or as much as 600 mg./100 ml.
An approach to path planning and real-time redundancy control for human-robot collaboration (2014)

This paper presents a control system for redundant robot manipulators that handles the path planning and redundancy control in two separate loops. The goal is to simplify industrial programming of redundant robots, by decomosing it to a familiar path planning loop, and an autonomous redundant control loop. The familiar path planning is done using an industrial robots native control system, which is already known to the operator. An external feedback loop acts as a secondary task control loop so that the redundancy in the robot is used automatically. The secondary task control is expanded from the null space projection method to a method where a parallel space to task space is modeled in joint space. The system was implemented and experimentally verified on a NACHI MR20 7-axes industrial robot with AX20 Controller. The secondary task in the experiments was an obstacle avoidance task that was tested in unknown dynamic and static environments.