gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological profile of Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya virus infections identified by medical and molecular evaluations in Rondonia, Brazil (2019)

Several arboviruses have emerged and/or re-emerged in North, Central and South-American countries. Viruses from some regions of Africa and Asia, such as the Zika and Chikungunya virus have been introduced in new continents causing major public health problems. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of RNA from Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya viruses in symptomatic patients from Rondonia, where the epidemiological profile is still little known, by one-step real-time RT-PCR. The main clinical signs and symtoms were fever (51.2%), headache (78%), chills (6.1%), pruritus (12.2%), exanthema (20.1%), arthralgia (35.3%), myalgia (26.8%) and retro-orbital pain (19.5%). Serum from 164 symptomatic patients were collected and tested for RNA of Zika, Dengue types 1 to 4 and Chikungunya viruses, in addition to antibodies against Dengue NS1 antigen. Direct microscopy for Malaria was also performed. Only ZIKV RNA was detected in 4.3% of the patients, and in the remaining 95.7% of the patients RNA for Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya viruses were not detected. This finding is intriguing as the region has been endemic for Dengue for a long time and more recently for Chikungunya virus as well. The results indicated that medical and molecular parameters obtained were suitable to describe the first report of symptomatic Zika infections in this region. Furthermore, the low rate of detection, compared to clinical signs and symptoms as the solely diagnosis criteria, suggests that molecular assays for detection of viruses or other pathogens that cause similar symptoms should be used and the corresponding diseases could be included in the compulsory notification list.
First Total Syntheses of (3R,5R)-Sonnerlactone and (3R,5S)-Sonnerlactone (2011)

First total syntheses of the macrocyclic natural products (3R,5R)-sonnerlactone and (3R,5S)-sonnerlactone, two new metabolites isolated from the endophytic fungus strain Zh6-B1, have been accomplished in eleven steps with 22% overall yield starting from enantiomerically pure (R)-propylene oxide prepared by hydrolytic kinetic resolution. Other key steps are Sharpless epoxidation, reductive elimination of iodo epoxide, and ring-closing-metathesis reaction for the construction of the macrolactone.
Laccase Protects<i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>from Antifungal Activity of Alveolar Macrophages (1999)

While laccase of Cryptococcus neoformans is implicated in the virulence of the organism, our recent studies showing absence of melanin in the infected mouse brain has led us to a search for alternative roles for laccase in cryptococcosis. We investigated the role of laccase in protection of C. neoformans against murine alveolar macrophage (AM)-mediated antifungal activity by using a pair of congenic laccase-positive (2E-TUC) and laccase-deficient (2E-TU) strains. The laccase-positive cells with laccase derepression were more resistant to the antifungal activity of AM than a laccase-deficient strain ([28.9 +/- 1.2]% versus [40.2 +/- 2.6]% killing). Addition of L-dopa to Cryptococcus to produce melanin in a laccase-positive strain resulted in a slight increase in protection of C. neoformans from the antifungal activity of macrophages ([25.4 +/- 3.4]% versus [28.9 +/- 1.2]% killing). Recombinant cryptococcal laccase exhibited iron oxidase activity in converting Fe(II) to Fe(III). Moreover, recombinant laccase inhibited killing of C. neoformans by hydroxyl radicals catalyzed by iron in a cell-free system. Addition of the hydroxyl radical scavenger mannitol or dimethyl sulfoxide to AMs prior to the introduction of cryptococcal cells decreased killing of both strains and reduced the difference in susceptibility between the laccase-positive and laccase-deficient strains. Furthermore, laccase-mediated protection from AM killing was inhibited by the addition of Fe(II), presumably by overcoming the effects of the iron oxidase activity of cryptococcal laccase. These results suggest that the iron oxidase activity of laccase may protect C. neoformans from macrophages by oxidation of phagosomal iron to Fe(III) with a resultant decrease in hydroxyl radical formation.
A DEVICE FOR AUTOMATICALLY CONTROLLING THE CONCENTRATION OF GLYCOL VAPORS IN THE AIR (1944)

A device for automatically maintaining any desired concentration of triethylene or propylene glycol vapor in air is described. It can also be used to measure very rapidly the glycol content of room air. This instrument should greatly facilitate tests of the efficacy of glycol vapors in preventing air-borne infections.
Accelerator-driven modular aneutronic production of tritium from D+D→T+p+4MeV in self-colliding beams of deuterons (without target or blanket) (1995)

The advent of neutralized Self‐Colliders(SC) has opened the way for collision rates or ‘‘luminosity’’ L, (reaction rate for σ=1), orders of magnitude greater than obtained in colliding beams or beam‐on‐target experiments, L≥1×1041 cm−2 s−1, This facilitates direct production of tritium in self‐colliding beams in the reaction d+d→T+p+4 MeV. The tritons are extracted as a beam, decelerated, neutralized, and stored as gas. Calculations, supported by experiments and a 3‐dimensional Fokker Planck simulation on CRAY‐2 of a strong focusing self‐collider filled with 0.75 MeV deuterons of density 3.2×1014 cm−3, indicated that one cell would produce 10 grams of tritium per year in a 10 liter volume at an electricity cost of 42 MWh per gram ($2,100 per gram).Laboratory benchmark test results with tritium production in SC are presented. Conceptual design of modular production plant units consisting of 10 cells and producing ≂100 g/year will be described. This technique does not require tritium. Tritons are extracted with purity at the 1 ppm level, there is no lithium blanket and not tritium processing requirement for chemical extraction, purification or separation.
Graphene Ring Nanoelectrodes (GRiNs): Application As an Electroanalytical Sensor (2015)

We present the fabrication and characterisation of Graphene Ring Nanoelectrodes (GRiNs) at size ranges below 10 nm. Graphene was obtained from chemically exfoliated graphite oxide (GO) prepared by a modified Hummers’ method. GO was dip coated from colloidal solution onto optical fibre and the consequential GO layer was reduced to graphene by both chemical (hydrazine) and thermal treatments. Subsequent electrical connections and isolation of the optical fibre were carried out. In an attempt to reduce the thickness of the ring electrodes, mechanical exfoliation of the graphene layer was conducted using an adaptation of the classic Scotch tape method. This approach stripped off all the graphene layers from the optical fibre and was abandoned because it was not conducive to achieving GRiNs in the sub-5 nm domain. The lower limit for electrode thickness is 0.335 nm corresponding to a single layer of graphene. In light of this previous trial, it was proven that the concentration of GO suspension and its viscosity governs the thickness of the graphene layer. Results show that previously used GO suspension concentrations of 10 wt% yield a thick fluid with non-newtonian rheological properties that result in GRiNs with micrometer range ring electrode thicknesses. Thinner, newtonian fluids are obtained at 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 4, 6, 8 and 8.5 wt%. Non-newtonian fluids are obtained at 8.6 wt%. GRINs fabricated using 4 wt% GO solution are found to be conducting and, through the application of electrochemical sizing methods, were proven to have ring electrode thicknesses in the sub-10 nm range. The resultant nanoelectrodes are highly reliable, the nanoring design allows for efficient utilisation of electrochemically active edge sites. The behaviour of the so-formed graphene ring nanoelectrodes was studied using the well-known electrochemically reversible system of Fe(CN) 6 4/3- with GRiNs of ring thicknesses 5-75 nm. Test results revealed that at thicknesses sub-10 nm, electron transfer rate constants are one order of magnitude larger than those obtained using macroelectrodes. Further, such GRiNs exhibit specific capacitances of two orders of magnitude greater than those reported for equivalent macroelectrodes. These nanometer dimensions result in: increased densities of charge, and thus energy storage at the electrode surface compared to macroscopic systems; and enhanced rates of reactant mass transport to, and electron transfer across, the electrode/electrolyte interface (due to the more rapid potential drop within the diffusion double layer). These effects are especially enhanced at critical electrode dimensions of below 10 nm. Thus, their study consequently provides molecular level insight into nanoelectrochemistry application areas such as energy storage systems and environmental monitoring.
Interstitial Pneumonia Induced by Ticlopidine. (2002)

A 67-year-old female non-smoker, who had been diagnosed with familial hypercholesterolemia associated with severe atherosclerosis of the coronary, carotid and vertebral arteries, developed interstitial pneumonia 4 months after initiating ticlopidine to inhibit platelet aggregation. The lymphocyte stimulation test by ticlopidine was positive and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed an increase in lymphocytes and a decrease in the CD4+/8+ ratio, suggesting potentially undesirable side effects of ticlopidine. Two months after ticlopidine therapy was discontinued and prednisolone therapy started, the interstitial pneumonia had almost completely resolved. Two patients, one with ticlopidine-associated bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia and the other with pneumonia with multiple nodules, have been reported to date and the present patient is the third reported case of ticlopidine-induced pneumonia. The incidence of this side effect may not be so high because approximately 20 years have passed since ticlopidine was first marketed in Japan, but because the drug is now widely prescribed, this serious clinical side effect should be considered.
Music-listening systems (2000)

When human listeners are confronted with musical sounds, they rapidly and automatically orient themselves in the music. Even musically untrained listeners have an exceptional ability to make rapid judgments about music from very short examples, such as determining the music’s style, performer, beat, complexity, and emotional impact. However, there are presently no theories of music perception that can explain this behavior, and it has proven very difficult to build computer music-analysis tools with similar capabilities. This dissertation examines the psychoacoustic origins of the early stages of music listening in humans, using both experimental and computer-modeling approaches. The results of this research enable the construction of automatic machine-listening systems that can make human-like judgments about short musical stimuli. New models are presented that explain the perception of musical tempo, the perceived segmentation of sound scenes into multiple auditory images, and the extraction of musical features from complex musical sounds. These models are implemented as signal-processing and pattern-recognition computer programs, using the principle of understanding without separation. Two experiments with human listeners study the rapid assignment of high-level
The Utility and Privacy Effects of a Click (2017)

Recommenders are becoming one of the main ways to navigate the Internet. They recommend appropriate items to users based on their clicks, i.e., likes, ratings, purchases, etc. These clicks are key to providing relevant recommendations and, in this sense, have a significant utility. Since clicks reflect the preferences of users, they also raise privacy concerns. At first glance, there seems to be an inherent trade-off between the utility and privacy effects of a click. Nevertheless, a closer look reveals that the situation is more subtle: some clicks do improve utility without compromising privacy, whereas others decrease utility while hampering privacy.
Polyaniline nanowires by electropolymerization from liquid crystalline phases (2002)

Conductive polyaniline nanowires in emeraldine form can be deposited by potentiodynamic electropolymerization from a reverse hexagonal liquid crystalline phase where one-dimensional (1D) aqueous channels can serve as space-confined reactors. Polyaniline nanowire bundles with single-wire diameter of 50–70 nm and length of several microns were obtained from surfactant sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) reverse hexagonal liquid crystalline phase. Impedance measurement suggests improved ordering of the reverse hexagonal liquid crystal under external electric field during the electropolymerization process. This enhanced ordering appears essential for the nanowire growth. The nanowires obtained can be easily collected by a simple washing process.
Unraveling the stereochemically rich 2-pyridone [4+4] photodimer (2010)

Photodimerization of 2-pyridones produces primarily a trans tricyclic product with a center of symmetry. Treatment of this product with chlorine leads to an amide nitrogen migration and formation of a chiral product with six stereogenic centers. We have explored the chemistry of this readily available product with the goal of producing a stereo-defined acyclic product and report here the preparation and crystal structure of a ten-carbon product rich with stereochemistry. Opening of two bridging lactams has proven to be difficult.
Effect of partial ileal bypass on ileum morphology in cholesterol-fed pigs (1986)

We have studied ileum morphology in pigs 3.5 months after partial ileal bypass (PIB) surgery. PIB caused a reduction in the length of the bypassed ileum by 60%, while the circumference was decreased by about 70%. We did not find evidence for dilatation of the functional, neo-terminal ileum. These results in pigs are contrary to those found earlier in rabbits. This may be of importance concerning the choice of animal model to study the effects of PIB.
Randomized, double‐blind trial of mazindol in Duchenne dystrophy (1990)

There is evidence that growth hormone may be related to the progression of weakness in Duchenne dystrophy. We conducted a 12-month controlled trial of mazindol, a putative growth hormone secretion inhibitor, in 83 boys with Duchenne dystrophy. Muscle strength, contractures, functional ability and pulmonary function were tested at baseline, and 6 and 12 months after treatment with mazindol (3 mg/d) or placebo. The study was designed to have a power of greater than 0.90 to detect a slowing to 25% of the expected rate of progression of weakness at P less than 0.05. Mazindol did not benefit strength at any point in the study. Side effects attributable to mazindol included decreased appetite (36%), dry mouth (10%), behavioral change (22%), and gastrointestinal symptoms (18%); mazindol dosage was reduced in 43% of patients. The effect of mazindol on GH secretion was estimated indirectly by comparing the postabsorptive IGF-I levels obtained following 3, 6, 9, and 12 months in the mazindol treated to those in the placebo groups. Although mazindol-treated patients gained less weight and height than placebo-treated patients, no significant effect on IGF-I levels was observed. Mazindol doses not slow the progression of weakness in Duchenne dystrophy.
Insulin-like growth factors I and II in healthy women with and without established osteoporosis (1995)

We measured serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II) by radioimmunoassay in 107 healthy women aged 28-78 years and in 116 women with established osteoporosis. The women with established osteoporosis were randomized to a 1-year double-blind, placebo-controlled treatment with continuous estrogen/progestogen, anabolic steroids, salmon calcitonin or placebo and the IGFs were measured every 6 months. Women less than 35 years of age had 29% higher levels of IGF-I (p < 0.001) as compared to women above that age. For women more than 35 years of age, we found no correlation between IGF-I and age (r = 0.02). Correspondingly, we found no significant changes in serum IGF-I in 10 women, who were followed with serial measurements of IGFs every 3 months from 2 years before to 1 year after menopause; IGF-II revealed no correlation with age (r = 0.04). In the group of 116 women with established osteoporosis, IGF-I was 30% lower (p < 0.01) as compared to a group of 19 height-, weight- and age-matched nonfractured women (mean age 64 years). The IGF-II levels were equal in the two groups. Over the 1-year therapeutic intervention period, an increase in IGF-I of 13-15% (p < 0.05) was seen in the nandrolone decanoate-treated group. The same tendency was seen for hormone replacement therapy, although it was not significant. In conclusion, the serum level of IGF-I is high in young women, when peak bone mass is attained, and low in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis.
Research and Development of an Advanced Personal Load Carriage System Phases 2 and 3. Section F: Workshop on Advances in Military Load Carriage (1997)

Abstract : The Workshop on Advances in Personal Load Carriage was held at Queen's University from October 7-10, 1997 and was sponsored by TTCP-TLG-8 and the Defence and Civil Institute for Environmental Medicine. The purpose was to bring together researchers with soldier mission command to exchange information between TTCP (NATO) countries and ensure that research developments were in agreement with command expectations. Commercial designers were also invited. A secondary purpose was to demonstrate the approach being taken by Canada at Queen's University, mainly the development of standardized testing protocols, such as the Load Carriage Simulator. The conference attracted fifty scientists, soldier command, and commercial visitors from 10 countries. There were fifteen papers delivered as well as demonstrations of military and commercial systems, with abstracts included in this report. Within the program were also opportunities for discussion of system designs and design features that were important for soldier operational effectiveness. At the closing of the meeting, participants completed focus group discussions identifying key design issues in load carriage. Ideas for design to overcome current limitations were also discussed, focusing on controlling the weight, cooling the body, reducing the load, off-body load carriage, and protecting the soldier. This information is also included in this report.
Bacteriocin-like substance inhibits potato soft rot caused by<i>Erwinia carotovora</i> (2006)

Soft rot is a major problem encountered in potatoes during postharvest storage. The soft rot bacterium Erwinia carotovora was inhibited by a novel bacteriocin-like substance (BLS) produced by Bacillus licheniformis P40. The BLS caused a bactericidal effect on E. carotovora cells at 30 microg mL(-1). Transmission electron microscopy showed that BLS-treated cells presented wrinkled bacterial surfaces and shrinkage of the whole cell, indicating plasmolysis. Erwinia carotovora cells treated with BLS were analyzed by FTIR showing differences in the 1390 cm(-1) and 1250-1220 cm(-1) bands, corresponding to assignments of membrane lipids. BLS was effective in preventing E. carotovora spoilage on potato tubers, reducing the symptoms of soft rot at 240 microg mL(-1) and higher concentrations. Soft rot development was completely blocked at 3.7 mg mL(-1). This BLS showed potential to protect potato tubers during storage.
Photoconductivity and Density of States for Amorphous GeTe (1970)

GeTe films evaporated onto substrates held at room temperature are amorphous and exhibit properties more characteristic of chalcogenide glasses than of crystalline GeTe. The resistivity of such films increases exponentially with reciprocal temperature, the activation energy being 0.30-0.35 eV. We have measured both optical absorption and photoconductivity for these films over a wide range of temperatures. The absorption coefficient is found to vary as $\frac{{(h\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{-}E)}^{2}}{h\ensuremath{\nu}}$ at higher photon energies, ${E}_{g}$ being 0.70 eV at 295\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 0.77 eV at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, while at lower photon energies the absorption follows an exponential variation with slope independent of temperature. These results are used to infer a density of states for amorphous GeTe. Photoconductivity is observed down to photon energies of 0.2 eV near room temperature; however, the strong temperature dependence of photoconductivity for photon energies below about 0.6 eV distinguishes the response in this region as arising from a different mechanism from that for photon energies greater than ${E}_{g}$. The observed magnitudes of photoresponse, rise times, and intensity dependences are seen to be consistent with a Mott-Cohen model using the inferred density of states. It is proposed that the observed low-energy photoconductivity may result from a perturbation of the mobility edge by trapped charge.
A mixed function oxidase factor contributing to permethrin and dichlorvos resistance in <i>Lycoriella mali</i> (fitch) (diptera: Sciaridae) (1989)

Abstract Several observations suggested that enhanced mixed function oxidase ( MFO ) activity was one of several factors contributing to permethrin and dichlorvos resistance in the mushroom pest , Lycoriella mali ( Fitch ) ( Diptera: Sciaridae ). This was investigated using the mixed function oxidase inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide ( PBO ), in topical application bioassays with reference and field‐selected resistant strains. At the LD 50 , strains of resistant colonies ( AV1, AV2, TK1 ) used in this study were 41‐ ( AV1 ), 34 ‐( AV2 ), and 62‐fold ( TK1 ) resistant to permethrin, relative to the reference strain ( ONT9 ). Permethrin in the reference strain was only synergized 2‐ ( ONT9 ) and 4 ‐ ( ONT13 ) at the LD 50 . Synergist ratios for resistant strains were 12 ( AV1 ), 34 ( AV2 ) and 94 ( TK1 ) at the LD 50 . Moderate dichlorvos resistance was twice documented in the AV strain. Resistance ratios of 37 ( AV4 ) and 52 ( AV9 ) were observed at the LD 50 , relative to the reference strain ( ONT10 ). Dichlorvos was synergized only 2‐fold at the LD 50 in the reference strain ( ONT10 ). However, PBO abolished dichlorvos resistance in the AV9 strain. The effectiveness of PBO in these studies indicated that enhanced MFO activity was present in resistant L. mali from southeastern Pennsylvania. Resistance to DDT ( 54‐fold at the LD 50 ) was also documented. Other factors, such as an altered target site ( kdr ), may also have contributed to control failures with permethrin.
<title>Electrochromic smart windows: progress on energy efficiency, durability, and manufacturability</title> (2001)

This paper deals superficially with three aspects of electrochromic smart windows. Their energy efficiency is discussed, and it is argued that a control strategy considering whether a room is in use or not can lead to large savings of the energy needed for space cooling. With regard to durability, it is shown that chemical compatibility between the electrolyte and the electrochromic films can be achieved without loss of optical transparency. Finally, we touch upon manufacturability and present data on precharging of electrochromic films by gas treatment and point at possibilities of using roll coating and continuous lamination of polyester foils.
Nonmonotone Game Labellings (2008)

We extend the traditional Gale-Stewart algorithm (backward induction) for the combinatorial graph game to an asymmetric variant; the extension makes the algorithm non-monotonic, but a linear-time formulation is still possible.