gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The hedgehog signaling network (2003)

In the hedgehog signaling network, mutations result in various phenotypes, including, among others, holoprosencephaly, nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, Pallister-Hall syndrome, Greig cephalopolysyndactyly, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, isolated basal cell carcinoma, and medulloblastoma. Active Hedgehog ligand is double lipid modified with a C-terminal cholesterol moiety and an N-terminal palmitate. Transport active Hedgehog from the signaling cell to the responding cell occurs through three mechanisms: 1). formation of multimeric Hedgehog which makes it soluble; 2). function of Dispatched in releasing the lipid-anchored protein from the signaling cell; and 3). movement across the plasma membrane of the responding cell by Tout-velu-dependent synthesis of heparan sulfate proteoglycan. In the responding cell, active Hedgehog binds to its receptor Patched, a 12-pass transmembrane protein, which frees Smoothened, an adjacent 7-pass transmembrane protein, for downstream signaling. Patched and Smoothened may shuttle oppositely between the plasma membrane and endocytic vesicles in response to active Hedgehog ligand. In downstream signaling, Cubitus interruptus (Gli proteins in vertebrates), Costal 2, Fused, and Suppressor of Fused form a tetrameric complex. Cubitus interruptus is a bifunctional transcription regulator. In the absence of active Hedgehog ligand, a truncated transcriptional repressor is generated that binds target genes and blocks their transcription. In the presence of active Hedgehog ligand, a full length transcriptional activator binds target genes and upregulates their transcription. Target genes include Wingless (Wnt gene family in vertebrates), Decapentaplegic (Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in vertebrates), and Patched. The upregulation of Patched expression, resulting in Patched protein at the cell membrane, sequesters Hedgehog and limits its spread beyond the cells in which it is produced. Thus, a balance is created by the antagonism of Hedgehog and Patched, whose relative concentrations alternate with respect to each other. Many more factors that are essential for the hedgehog signaling network are also discussed: Megalin, Rab23, Hip, GAS1, PKA, GSK3, CK1, Slimb, SAP18, and CBP.
Cancer immunotherapy: nanodelivery approaches for immune cell targeting and tracking (2014)

Cancer is one of the most common diseases afflicting people globally. New therapeutic approaches are needed due to the complexity of cancer as a disease. Many current treatments are very toxic and have modest efficacy at best. Increased understanding of tumor biology and immunology has allowed the development of specific immunotherapies with minimal toxicity. It is important to highlight the performance of monoclonal antibodies, immune adjuvants, vaccines and cell-based treatments. Although these approaches have shown varying degrees of clinical efficacy, they illustrate the potential to develop new strategies. Targeted immunotherapy is being explored to overcome the heterogeneity of malignant cells and the immune suppression induced by both the tumor and its microenvironment. Nanodelivery strategies seek to minimize systemic exposure to target therapy to malignant tissue and cells. Intracellular penetration has been examined through the use of functionalized particulates. These nano-particulate associated medicines are being developed for use in imaging, diagnostics and cancer targeting. Although nano-particulates are inherently complex medicines, the ability to confer, at least in principle, different types of functionality allows for the plausible consideration these nanodelivery strategies can be exploited for use as combination medicines. The development of targeted nanodelivery systems in which therapeutic and imaging agents are merged into a single platform is an attractive strategy. Currently, several nanoplatform-based formulations, such as polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes and dendrimers are in preclinical and clinical stages of development. Herein, nanodelivery strategies presently investigated for cancer immunotherapy, cancer targeting mechanisms and nanocarrier functionalization methods will be described. We also intend to discuss the emerging nano-based approaches suitable to be used as imaging techniques and as cancer treatment options.
Use of Salient Features for the Design of a Multistage Framework to Extract Roads From High-Resolution Multispectral Satellite Images (2011)

The process of road extraction from high-resolution satellite images is complex, and most researchers have shown results on a few selected set of images. Based on the satellite data acquisition sensor and geolocation of the region, the type of processing varies and users tune several heuristic parameters to achieve a reasonable degree of accuracy. We exploit two salient features of roads, namely, distinct spectral contrast and locally linear trajectory, to design a multistage framework to extract roads from high-resolution multispectral satellite images. We trained four Probabilistic Support Vector Machines separately using four different categories of training samples extracted from urban/suburban areas. Dominant Singular Measure is used to detect locally linear edge segments as potential trajectories for roads. This complimentary information is integrated using an optimization framework to obtain potential targets for roads. This provides decent results in situations only when the roads have few obstacles (trees, large vehicles, and tall buildings). Linking of disjoint segments uses the local gradient functions at the adjacent pair of road endings. Region part segmentation uses curvature information to remove stray nonroad structures. Medial-Axis-Transform-based hypothesis verification eliminates connected nonroad structures to improve the accuracy in road detection. Results are evaluated with a large set of multispectral remotely sensed images and are compared against a few state-of-the-art methods to validate the superior performance of our proposed method.
YIG Film for Magnetic Field Sensor (2015)

Single crystal Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) lm was grown onto (111) oriented gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG) substrate by the liquid phase epitaxy (PLD) technique. The X-ray diraction measurements showed that epitaxial growth of the lm along its (111) axis. The surface characteristic was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurement. The magnetic eld sensor consisted of a rectangular shape with 5 mm wide, 15 mm long and 5 m thick YIG lm and a pair of identical 50 m wide microstrip copper transducers elements separated by 6 mm. The lter was tested by measuring reection S11 characteristic at various bias magnetic elds. The results have showed that when the bias eld increased from 0 to 2.5 kOe, the frequency value corresponding to S11 maxima increased from 1 GHz to 9 GHz. This suggests that the wide range magnetic eld sensing and the highly sensitive eld sensing are simultaneously fullled with the YIG lm.
Patients with chronic pelvic pain: endometriosis or interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome? (2007)

Gynecologists should be alert to the possible presence of interstitial cystitis in patients who present with chronic pelvic pain typical of endometriosis.
Work and/or Fun: Measuring Hedonic and Utilitarian Shopping Value (1994)

Consumer researchers' growing interest in consumer experiences has revealed that many consumption activities produce both hedonic and utilitarian outcomes. Thus, there is an increasing need for scales to assess consumer perceptions of both hedonic and utilitarian values. This article describes the development of a scale measuring both values obtained from the pervasive consumption experience of shopping. The authors develop and validate the scale using a multistep process. The results demonstrate that distinct hedonic and utilitarian shopping value dimensions exist and are related to a number of important consumption variables. Implications for further applications of the scale are discussed. Copyright 1994 by the University of Chicago.
A Cordic Processor with Efficient Table-Lookup Schemes for Rotations & On-Line Scale Factor Compensations (2005)

In this paper, we improve our previous efficient CORDIC processor design. The improvements consist of two parts: (1) an improved table-lookup rotation scheme with a smaller table than before, and (2) a new efficient on-line table-lookup scheme for scale-factor computations and compensations which is better than the previous non-online design. Combining the improvements with the original efficient rotation angle recoding algorithm and leading-one (or zero) bit detection (for skipping redundant rotations), we obtain a low-iteration and low-complexity CORDIC processor architecture. The design is more efficient than the current designs, especially in the iteration count. Simulation shows that for n-bit results, about only n/4 iterations are required. We also designed a 16-bit CORDIC processor based on 0.25 /spl mu/m UMC process. Its averaged iteration count is only 4.4 including rotation and scale factor compensations, with a total gate count of 5742 and a maximum operating frequency of 250 MHz.
The Iceberg project: defining the IP and telecom intersection (1999)

Truly ubiquitous and seamless integration of wireless networks and services will require clear interfaces between IP and telecom. Today, the intersection of IP and telecom contains uncharted waters, ungoverned by any standards, de facto or otherwise. Before conflicting standards and technologies arise, the Iceberg project is exploring the research issues in establishing the interfaces-and it aims to answer some hard questions along the way.
On the development of Agent-Based Models for infrastructure evolution (2008)

To achieve sustainability of our ever changing and evolving world system, we must view it as a control/engineering problem on a massive scale. Infrastructure systems are an essential part of this world and are critical to achieve sustain-ability. We conjecture that in order to sufficiently understand and manage these systems we need models that match their scale, complexity and evolutionary nature. In order to eventually capture the full diversity and adaptivity of the 'world system', and specifically the infrastructures that sustain it, we have developed an evolving, modular, approach for developing models of infrastructure evolution. This approach combines a staged and tested social process that enables model specification, a modular Java based simulation engine and an ontology, which is a formal language specification that uniquely defines the interface between minds (knowledge) and simulation models (executable code). The ultimate goal is to underpin decision-making in or on infrastructure systems. In the paper we will introduce the basic requirements necessary for creation of the evolving modeling and illustrate the adaptive approach for Agent Based Model development by showing a series of ever more complex models.
Repair of Radiation-Induced Damage in <i>Escherichia coli</i> II. Effect of <i>rec</i> and <i>uvr</i> Mutations on Radiosensitivity, and Repair of X-Ray-Induced Single-Strand Breaks in Deoxyribonucleic Acid (1970)

Strains of Escherichia coli K-12 mutant in the genes controlling excision repair (uvr) and genetic recombination (rec) have been studied with reference to their radiosensitivity and their ability to repair X-ray-induced single-strand breaks in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Mutations in the rec genes appreciably increase the radiosensitivity of E. coli K-12, whereas uvr mutations produce little if any increase in radiosensitivity. For a given dose of X-rays, the yield of single-strand breaks has been shown by alkaline sucrose gradient studies to be largely independent of the presence of rec or uvr mutations. The rec(+) cells (including those carrying the uvrB5 mutation) could efficiently rejoin X-ray-induced single-strand breaks in DNA, whereas recA56 mutants could not repair these breaks to any great extent. The recB21 and recC22 mutants showed some indication of repair capacity. From these studies, it is concluded that a correlation exists between the inability to repair single-strand breaks and the radiosensitivity of the rec mutants of E. coli K-12. This suggests that unrepaired single-strand breaks may be lethal lesions in E. coli.
E-Voting With Blockchain: An E-Voting Protocol with Decentralisation and Voter Privacy (2018)

Technology has positive impacts on many aspects of our social life. Designing a 24 hour globally connected architecture enables ease of access to a variety of resources and services. Furthermore, technology like the Internet has been a fertile ground for innovation and creativity. One such disruptive innovation is blockchain - a keystone of cryptocurrencies. The blockchain technology is presented as a game changer for many of the existing and emerging technologies/services. With its immutability property and decentralised architecture, it is taking centre stage in many services as an equalisation factor to the current parity between consumers and large corporations/governments. One potential application of the blockchain is in e-voting schemes. The objective of such a scheme would be to provide a decentralised architecture to run and support a voting scheme that is open, fair, and independently verifiable. In this paper, we propose a potential new e-voting protocol that utilises the blockchain as a transparent ballot box. The protocol has been designed to adhere to fundamental e-voting properties as well as offer a degree of decentralisation and allow for the voter to change/update their vote (within the permissible voting period). This paper highlights the pros and cons of using blockchain for such a proposal from a practical point view in both development/deployment and usage contexts. Concluding the paper is a potential roadmap for blockchain technology to be able to support complex applications.
Plasmacytomagenesis in mice: model of neoplastic development dependent upon chromosomal translocations (1992)

Three model systems of plasmacytomagenesis that are associated with mutations that affect c-myc transcription were discussed. Plasmacytoma induction by chronic peritoneal irritation induced by non-metabolized paraffin oils or plastic objects is strongly influenced by the immune status of the host. BALB/cAn mice must be exposed to natural environmental antigens to develop a high incidence of plasmacytomas. This may be related to T-cell priming. BALB/cAn mice raised under strict SPF conditions are refractory to plasmacytoma induction by pristane. The genotype of the mouse plays an important role in the chronic peritoneal irritation model of plasmacytomagenesis in mice. Only a few of the standard inbred strains are susceptible, notably BALB/cAn and NZB/B1. The genetic basis of susceptibility and resistance has been studied in crosses and congenic strains involving the susceptible BALB/cAn and resistant DBA/2 strains. While several genes play a role in determining resistance at least one resistance gene located on the distal end of Chr 4 reduces the incidence by at least 50% as determined in the BALB/cAn.DBA/2 Fv-1n/n congenic strain. The action of susceptibility and resistance genes is not known; hypothetically these genes could play a role in plasmacytomagenesis by increasing the probabilities of illegitimate exchanges between genes or by influencing the formation of mutations in genes that regulate mitotic cycling. Plasmacytomas appear to develop in the chronic inflammatory tissues induced by these agents. Fundamental unanswered questions are whether these inflammatory tissues provide products such as oxidants in vivo that damage DNA and promote mutagenesis. In the mouse there is a resident self-renewing B cell population that is CD5+. These B cells, which are known to be precursors of normal lamina propria IgA-secreting plasma cells, are directly in contact with the chronic inflammatory process induced by pristane; they may be targets in plasmacytomagenesis. The plasmacytomas that develop by the peritoneal mode of induction all have chromosomal translocations that directly or indirectly activate c-myc. The predominant MACTR found in 90% of these tumors is T(12;15) in which a heavy-chain switch region sequence is joined to the 5' region of c-myc. The evidence strongly suggests that the translocation develops in a late mature B cell that is in the process of isotype switching. An unanswered question is whether the switching associated T(12;15) takes place in a B cell that is exposed to the inflammatory microenvironment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A Novel Algorithm for the Optimal Network Selection Scheme in the User Centric 4G networks (2013)

Since the advancement of current cellular systems and technology is augmented towards 4G(4 th Generation) and beyond, the need for efficiency in terms of the Quality of Service(QoS) and reducing the signaling overhead between the mobile node and the various other equipment providing services within the core network becomes critical. Selection of application as per the user preference has much importance in the 4G networks. In 4G networks it is necessary to integrate WLAN (IEEE 802.11) systems with currently existing UMTS, GPRS systems which provide for wider mobility requirements, if the user requires obtaining a substantial amount of bandwidth within a hot-spot province. In this paper, a selection algorithm has been proposed which provides a better way to implement user preferences as per the features of 4G. The proposed algorithm uses a distance function to generate an ordered list of various access technologies called networks in a particular region according to multiple user preferences and level of interest. Further facilitating an optimal choice of AP (Access Point) for the MN (Mobile Node) to link up with, whenever it moves from one APs coverage area to another.
Interchain Interactions in Organic π-Conjugated Materials: Impact on Electronic Structure, Optical Response, and Charge Transport (2001)

The pioneering work of Heeger, MacDiarmid, and Shirakawa, rewarded by the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, has paved the way for the development of the fields of plastic electronics and photonics. Functional organic molecular materials and conjugated oligomers or polymers now allow the low-cost fabrication of thin films for insertion into new generations of electronic and optoelectronic devices. The performance of these devices relies on the understanding and optimization of several complementary processes (see sketch). Our goal is to discuss, from a theoretical standpoint, the electronic structure characteristics and interfacial properties that are of importance in all these areas. The concept of interface should be taken here in the microscopic sense, i.e., molecular interactions among two or several chains/molecules (of the same or of a different nature). Specifically, we will address the impact of interchain interactions within an organic layer on the transport and optical properties. These issues will therefore be more directly related to transistor and light-emitting diode applications; however, in all instances, the aspects related to interfacial charge or energy transfer processes will dictate the ultimate performance of a material in a given device.
Have we time to save our way of life?: Some basic arithmetic (2019)

The global economy, our way of life, our wellbeing and the wellbeing of all other species are totally dependent on the Earth's resources. But in the last 50 years we have been overusing those resources, according to the 'Ecological Footprint', a measure produced by the Global Footprint Network (Global Footprint Network, 2019). The Global Footprint Network is an internationally recognised (e.g. 2018 World Sustainability Award) non-profit organisation.
Donor–Acceptor Fluorophores for Visible-Light-Promoted Organic Synthesis: Photoredox/Ni Dual Catalytic C(sp<sup>3</sup>)–C(sp<sup>2</sup>) Cross-Coupling (2016)

We describe carbazolyl dicyanobenzene (CDCB)-based donor–acceptor (D–A) fluorophores as a class of cheap, easily accessible, and efficient metal-free photoredox catalysts for organic synthesis. By changing the number and position of carbazolyl and cyano groups on the center benzene ring, CDCBs with a wide range of photoredox potentials are obtained to effectively drive the energetically demanding C(sp3)–C(sp2) cross-coupling of carboxylic acids and alkyltrifluoroborates with aryl halides via a photoredox/Ni dual catalysis mechanism. This work validates the utility of D–A fluorophores in guiding the rational design of metal-free photoredox catalysts for visible-light-promoted organic synthesis.
Catheter entrapment in a Bjöurk‐Shiley prosthesis in aortic position (1987)

This report describes a lethal complication which occurred during retrograde catheterization of the left ventricle across a Björk-Shiley prosthesis. The authors were called upon to testify as experts in malpractice proceedings in this case. After an 8F Sones catheter had been passed through the small side orifice of the prosthesis and three ventriculograms had been carried out, it was apparent that the movement of the tilting disc valve was considerably impaired and that the catheter had become irreversibly trapped. As a consequence the patient died of irreversible left heart failure before an operation could be performed. Consequently passing a tilting disc valve can no longer be considered as completely safe. This procedure should only be used under exceptional circumstances requiring very strict indication. If such an intervention is necessary, then it should only be performed by experienced cardiologists, who should take all possible precautions to reduce risks.
Parameter Sensitivity Analysis for Line-Start Permanent Magnet Motors (1988)

ABSTRACT A comprehensive study of the parameter sensitivity on both the synchronous and asynchronous performances of permanent magnet machines is presented. Based on the 2-axis theory for permanent magnet motor, performance equations are derived In terms of normalized machine parameters. Such an analysis can be used successfully in design optimization of permanent magnet machines. A normalized power equation for evaluating the steady-state stability limits of such type of motor is also given. Simulation results obtained are confirmed with experimental results using a number of different rotor designs. Useful conclusions have been provided, which are considered to be a good aid for designing any permanent magnet motor.
The Refrigerated Gas and Vapor Turbine Cycle (1987)

As electrical energy consumption has continued to rise in the United States, and producers of electricity search for power plants requiring less installation time, the gas turbine has emerged as a significant contributor to our nation’s energy needs. Despite a thermal efficiency disadvantage as compared to a conventional steam power plant, it has nevertheless played an increasingly larger role in the production of electrical power. A scheme is here presented whereby the output of a given gas turbine can be increased by more than 60% and its efficiency increased by 30%, thus making it more competitive efficiency-wise with the conventional steam power plant.