gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Update on the national emergency number 911 (1979)

The concept of a universal emergency number originated in Europe and in 1967 subsequently received federal government impetus for adoption in the United States. In 1968 the American Telephone and Telegraph Company agreed to clear the number 911 for any public safety agency and community groups that desired to develop a common public number for entry to local emergency services. Approximately 800 911 systems have been developed in the United States since 1968. In a large urban area a citizen requiring emergency assistance from area public safety agencies can be faced with choosing from over 200 emergency numbers. The choice depends variously on the location and time of day or week of the emergency. The 911 system concept was developed to transfer the agency selection process to the public safety agencies: taking it from a public generally lacking knowledge of emergency operations and telephone numbers. This paper discusses problems of public access and their resolution by 911 systems. Basic and advanced 911 systems are described. The finance, technology, operations, and management of the implementation of 911 are detailed. The description points out the necessary interactions between public support, various levels of government, and the telephone company. The difficulties encountered while resolving intra/interagency and jurisdiction disputes are stressed. Conclusions regarding the future of 911 are presented and center around the need for public support to smooth the way for cooperation among all public and private entities involved in 911.
Design and scaling of a SONOS multidielectric device for nonvolatile memory applications (1994)

The evolution of high-density EEPROM's continually imposes a demand on reducing power consumption while improving data retention and endurance. To meet these demands, we propose a scalable multidielectric nonvolatile memory technology where the data storage is in the form of charge trapping within the oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) gate dielectric. This technology, called SONGS (polysilicon-blocking oxide-silicon nitride-tunnel oxide-silicon), has demonstrated remarkable scalability in programming voltage. To determine our scaling guidelines, we have developed an analytical model for the transient characteristics that examines the influence of the dielectric composition and programming voltage on programming speed. These guidelines have resulted in a scaled SONGS nonvolatile memory device that has demonstrated 8-9 V programmability with an extension towards 5 V and can be used as an ideal candidate for semiconductor disk, NVRAM, and neural network applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
[W. T. Grant Company] (1951)

Photograph of W. T. Grant Company on 701 Procter Street. The display windows are filled with products and signs. Some of the signs say "Air Conditioned" and "44 [cents]." Text above the entrances says "W. T. Grant Co." Columns in front of the entrances say "Grants."
Quantification of Cholesteryl Esters in Human and Rabbit Atherosclerotic Plaques by Magic-Angle Spinning <sup>13</sup> C-NMR (2000)

Accumulation of cholesteryl esters (CEs) is a key event in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. More recent work suggests a role for CEs in plaque rupture leading to thrombosis, which can result in an acute event such as myocardial infarction or stroke. In this study, we present nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) protocols for quantification of CEs in plaques in situ. Total CEs quantified by (13)C magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR in excised plaques from human carotid arteries and rabbit aortic arteries were in good agreement with the amounts determined by subsequent standard chemical assays. The latter analysis is disadvantageous because it requires that plaque lipids be extracted from the tissue, resulting in the loss of all phase information of CEs as well as other major plaque components. With our MAS-NMR protocol, the plaque components are preserved in their native phases. Combining MAS and off-MAS NMR, we were able to quantitatively distinguish isotropic (liquid) CEs from anisotropic (liquid-crystalline) CEs in plaque tissues. In a recent study, we applied a different (13)C MAS-NMR protocol to quantify crystalline cholesterol monohydrate in plaques. Together, these 2 studies describe a new, noninvasive MAS-NMR strategy for the identification and quantification of the major lipid components in plaques in situ. This approach will be useful for investigation of the relationship between plaque rupture and specific lipids in their biologically relevant phases.
Electro-Flocculation Mechanism of Physical Water Treatment for the Mitigation of Mineral Fouling in Heat Exchangers (2007)

Abstract The objective of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of a physical water treatment (PWT) technology used to mitigate mineral fouling in a heat exchanger. The PWT method tested utilized a solenoid coil to produce induced electric fields in a feed pipe prior to the heat exchanger. Fouling experiments were conducted using well water circulated through a laboratory cooling tower over 270 h with no blowdown, and fouling resistances were determined over time. Compared with the fouling resistance for the baseline case, those obtained with the PWT technology showed high efficacy for maintaining a low fouling resistance value. Samples of circulating well water were collected and analyzed using a laser particle counter over time. After 4 days of operation, the total number of particles was approximately 1 million per cc for the untreated case, whereas the case with PWT produced 3.5 million per cc. The present data on the particle counting provide empirical support for the bulk-precipitation hypothesis for the mechanism of PWT generally and electro-flocculation mechanism for solenoid coil techniques in particular.
Human Serum Amyloid P Functions as a Negative Regulator of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to DNA Vaccines (2011)

The utility of DNA vaccines has been limited by their failure to elicit sufficiently potent immune responses in many human applications, whereas DNA vaccinations in mice have been very successful. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We hypothesize that serum amyloid P component (SAP), which has a species-specific, DNA-binding ability, contributes to the differences between human and mice and then limits DNA vaccine's efficacy in vivo. In our study, DNA vaccine-induced adaptive immune responses were also significantly decreased in the human SAP (hSAP) transgenic mice. Using human promonocytic cell line THP-1-derived macrophages as a cell model, we found that cells incubated with a hSAP-DNA complex showed significant defects in innate immune activations, whereas mouse SAP had similar, albeit very weak, activities. hSAP also significantly inhibited the functions of two identified DNA sentinels, high-mobility group B protein 1 and antimicrobial peptide LL37, and redirected DNA update to FcRs leading to endocytosis and endosomal degradation. We also found that a chemical SAP inhibitor strongly recovered the suppressed innate immune responses to DNA in the presence of human serum and enhanced the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines in vivo. Our data indicated that SAP is a key negative regulator for innate immune responses to DNA and may be partly responsible for the insufficient immune responses after DNA vaccinations in humans. SAP suppression may be a novel strategy for improving efficacy of human DNA vaccines and requires further clinical investigations.
Optimized indoor wireless propagation model in WiFi-RoF network architecture for RSS-based localization in the Internet of Things (2011)

This paper innovatively proposes an indoor wireless propagation model in WiFi radio-over-fiber network architecture for received signal strength (RSS) based localization in the Internet of Things. The proposed model adds attenuation terms of obstacles in each sub-space by dividing the room into several sub-spaces according to the obstacles' distribution. The influence of obstacles in sub-space on the indoor wireless propagation model is theoretically analyzed and the optimized model has been experimentally demonstrated to give exactly prediction of real-world RSS values in 62.5% of the testing points, which shows that the proposed model outperforms the original one.
How the fuel cell produces power (1992)

A brief explanation of fuel cell operation is given. The components of a complete fuel cell power plant and their functions are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Saccharomyces cerevisiae structural cell wall mannoprotein (1985)

A novel mannoprotein fraction with an average molecular weight of 180 000 has been isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae mnn9 mutant cell wall that was solubilized by beta-glucanase digestion. The same material could be extracted from purified wall fragments with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. The protein component, 12% by weight, is rich in proline, whereas the carbohydrate, mainly mannose, is about evenly distributed between asparagine and hydroxyamino acids. Endoglucosaminidase H digestion of the isolated mannoprotein reduced its average molecular weight to 150 000, but the mannoprotein, while still embedded in the cell wall, was inaccessible to the enzyme. Biosynthesis and translocation of the mannoprotein were investigated by following incorporation of [3H]proline into this fraction. In the presence of tunicamycin, both mnn9 and wild-type X2180 cells made a mannoprotein fraction with an average molecular weight of 140 000, whereas in the absence of the glycosylation inhibitor, the mnn9 mutant made material with a molecular weight of 180 000 and the mannoprotein made by wild-type cells was too large to penetrate the polyacrylamide gel. Although the cell wall mannoprotein was resistant to heat and proteolytic enzymes, attempts to isolate the carbohydrate-free component failed to yield any characteristic peptide material.
NMDA sensitization and stimulation by peroxynitrite, nitric oxide, and organic solvents as the mechanism of chemical sensitivity in multiple chemical sensitivity (2002)

ABSTRACT Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is a condition where previous exposure to hydrophobic organic solvents or pesticides appears to render people hypersensitive to a wide range of chemicals, including organic solvents. The hypersensitivity is often exquisite, with MCS individuals showing sensitivity that appears to be at least two orders of magnitude greater than that of normal individuals. This paper presents a plausible set of interacting mechanisms to explain such heightened sensitivity. It is based on two earlier theories of MCS: the elevated nitric oxide/peroxynitrite theory and the neural sensitization theory. It is also based on evidence implicating excessive NMDA activity in MCS. Four sensitization mechanisms are proposed to act synergistically, each based on known physiological mechanisms: Nitric oxide‐mediated stimulation of neurotransmitter (glutamate) release; peroxynitrite‐mediated ATP depletion and consequent hypersensitivity of NMDA receptors; peroxynitrite‐mediated increased permeability of the blood–brain barrier, producing increased accessibility of organic chemicals to the central nervous system; and nitric oxide inhibition of cytochrome P450 metabolism. Evidence for each of these mechanisms, which may also be involved in Parkinson's disease, is reviewed. These interacting mechanisms provide explanations for diverse aspects of MCS and a framework for hypothesis‐driven MCS research.—Pall, M. L. NMDA sensitization and stimulation by peroxynitrite, nitric oxide, and organic solvents as the mechanism of chemical sensitivity in multiple chemical sensitivity. FASEB J. 16, 1407–1417 (2002)
Nonlinear optical susceptibilities of layered composite materials (1994)

We present a theoretical description of composite nonlinear optical materials having the form of a layered structure of two or more components that differ both in their linear and nonlinear optical properties. We assume that the thickness of each layer is much smaller than an optical wavelength. We present explicit predictions for the second-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities describing second-harmonic generation and the Pockels effect and for the third-order susceptibility describing the nonlinear index of refraction. We find that under experimentally realizable conditions the nonlinear susceptibility of such a composite can exceed those of its constituent materials.
Renal energy metabolism and sodium reabsorption after 2,4-dinitrophenol administration (1977)

2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) (10 mg/kg body wt i.v.) increased renal cortical and outer medullary heat production rates and oxygen consumption by 70–90% in anesthetized dogs over a 90-min observation period without exerting any natriuretic effect. To examine whether DNP inhibited proximal reabsorption and increased distal delivery, ethacrynic acid (3 mg/kg body wt) was infused during maximal DNP effect. Sodium reabsorption fell by 14 +/- 6% in the cortex and 55 +/- 8% in the outer medulla, not significantly different from control experiments without DNP. Conversely, after ethacrynic acid administration, DNP had no additional natriuretic effect. Since DNP did not stimulate renal anaerobic metabolism (no lactate release), the effect of DNP was examined during hypoxia induced by intravenous infusion of NaCN (0.2 mumol/kg body wt-min) until renal metabolic rates fell. Subsequent infusion of DNP reduced tubular sodium reabsorption from 90 +/- 2 to 78 +/- 6%. Thus, DNP may raise renal metabolic rates by 70–90% without inhibiting sodium reabsorption, but, under conditions of hypoxia, DNP reduces sodium reabsorption and increases sodium excretion.
Capacitance effects and blood reservoir function in the splanchnic vascular bed during non‐hypotensive haemorrhage and blood volume expansion in anaesthetized cats (1974)

1. These experiments were designed to measure how much blood is mobilized from or pooled in the liver, spleen and gastro-intestinal tract to compensate for a haemorrhage or infusion of blood.2. Hepatic volume, splenic weight and intestinal volume were recorded in cats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone. Whole blood was removed or infused at rates of 0.5-0.6 ml. kg(-1).min(-1) until 10 ml./kg (19% blood volume) had been removed or 18 ml./kg (34% blood volume) had been infused. These blood volume changes produced only small changes in arterial and portal pressures except after removal of 8 ml./kg (15% blood volume) when arterial pressure began to decrease rapidly.3. With small haemorrhages of up to 4% blood volume, the liver contributed 16%, the gastro-intestinal tract 23% and the spleen a negligible proportion of the blood volume removed. With haemorrhages of 15% blood volume, the liver contributed 21%, the gastro-intestinal tract 22% and the spleen 19% of the volume removed; a total splanchnic contribution of 62%.4. During infusions of 5-18 ml./kg (10-34% blood volume), the liver pooled 20%, the gastro-intestinal tract 40% and the spleen 6% of the volume infused; a total splanchnic contribution of 66%.5. It is concluded that the splanchnic bed mobilizes or pools up to 65% of the volume of blood removed from or infused into the cats. The mechanisms responsible for this blood reservoir function are discussed. While several factors may be involved, it seems likely that a reflex regulation involving atrial receptors and the sympathetic innervation of the splanchnic capacitance vessels is of predominant importance.
Multiple Biological Actions of Curcumin in the Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcer Complications: A Systematic Review (2015)

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) or diabetic wounds are the major causes of death in patients with diabetes. Curcumin is the principal curcuminoid of turmeric (a member of ginger family), widely used as a dietary spice and coloring agent. Curcumin possesses potent anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-infective properties which makes this molecule a worthy candidate for wound healing and other inflammatory diseases. Curcumin has garnered greater attention in the past few decades in treating diabetes and its complications. However, very few studies are available in relation to curcumin as a diabetic wound healing agent with the underlying mechanisms still in the dark. Hence, this paper discusses the possible uses of curcumin in treating DFUs with the corresponding mechanisms at different junctures of diabetic wound healing. This review also summarizes the various in vitro and in vivo studies established/ reported on curcumin in treating DFUs.
Three-dimensional simulation of hydraulic fracturing (1982)

A comprehensive 3-dimensional simulator of hydraulic fracturing has been developed. The model formulation couples 3-dimensional, 2-phase flow in the reservoir, with 3-dimensional fracture model in a vertical place, proppant transport, and heat transfer. The numerical implementation is in finite differences using several integrated grid systems. The model is computationally efficient and increases greatly the realism of modeling compared to 2-dimensional simulators. The new features that are important for applications include treatment of proppant transport and closure process, simulation of fracture growth after shut-in, and in particular the vertical fracture propagation, and capability of the model to predict fracturing pressure increase or decline depending on the degree of containment. Various examples show the sensitivity of the model to design parameters and properties of confining strata, and give comparisons between simulations using different models of fracture geometry. 19 references.
Tarification des routes d'Afrique : evolution du role du secteur prive (1994)

There are over one and a half million km of roads in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), including 554,000 km of main roads. Almost without exception, these roads are managed by bureaucratic government roads departments. The roads carry 80 to 90 percent of the region's passenger and freight traffic, absorb 5 to 10 percent of central government recurrent budgets and 10 to 20 percent of their development budgets. Furthermore, a significant proportion of the central government's disbursed and outstanding debt is attributable to road loans and the sector also absorbs a great deal of grant finance, mainly for procurement of construction and maintenance equipment. In terms of assets, employment and turnover (particularly with maintenance fully funded) roads are truly big business. They are generally far larger than railways, or national airlines. In spite of their importance, roads in SSA are poorly managed and badly maintained. The replacement cost of main roads in SSA is nearly $80 billion and it requires annual expenditures on routine and periodic maintenance of over $800 million to keep these roads in a stable long-term condition. African countries have spent nothing like this amount during the past 20 years and, as a result, about $14 billion of the capital invested in roads has been eroded through lack of maintenance. SSA has been living off its assets.
Feedback-aided selective subspace retransmission for outage-free spatial multiplexing (2007)

We study a novel spatial multiplexing scheme for a multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) architecture with vertical coding and a feedback channel. Rather than for sending back channel state information (CSI), the feedback channel is used to request the retransmission of signal parts in critical signal subspaces. This enables the receiver to perform linear reconstruction of the layered signals without the destructive noise enhancement in ill-conditioned channel matrices that is experienced with conventional linear processors. Moreover, a given target signal-to-noise ratio at the decoder input can be ensured. A comparison against standard MIMO architectures in terms of achievable throughput lets us conclude that the proposed multiplexing facilitates an advantageous closed-loop MIMO system which does not rely on accurate transmitter-side CSI.
Reentrant Cannulation of the Small Intestine in Sheep: Cannula and Surgical Method2 (1981)

The function, design and production of a reentrant cannula for the small intestine of sheep and the corresponding surgical procedure are described. The cannula is molded in one piece from polyvinylchloride plastisol. It consists of a curved intestinal tube joined to a stem with an external elliptical ring on the distal end and a perforated flange that encircles the stem above the intestinal tube. A circular perspex valve with two curved channels was made to fit into the interior of the cannula, making it capable of either a "maintenance" or a "collection" function. The cannula was inserted into the proximal duodenum and(or) terminal ileum of sheep via a 5-cm incision on the antimesenteric side of the intestine. The intestine was attached to the cannula by a Dacron straight arterial graft. This reentrant cannulation method does not require an intestinal transection and a mesenteric incision under the transection. Therefore, little damage was done to the blood and nervous system.
Indicators for evaluation of progress in thermal stabilization reactions of polyacrylonitrile fibers (2014)

ABSTRACT Using different indices calculated from Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray Diffraction (XRD), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) spectra, progress in stabilization reactions of three different commercial grade polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers is calculated. From each analysis technique quantitative indices are computed which could assess in some particular reactions. Combination of these indices gives further information about the progress of stabilization reactions which cannot be concluded from single indices. The results show that different indices are not fully consistent with each other, depending on the analysis technique and the changes they assess. The advantages and disadvantages of each index are investigated and practical indices are identified which can be used to design the optimum stabilization process. In addition, by combination of some indices it is possible to separate the temperature ranges in which reactions occur in amorphous or crystalline regions. This approach can be used to design appropriate stretching process during stabilization. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131 , 40343.
Surface-acoustic-wave film thickness monitor (1977)

The construction and performance of a new type of quartz crystal film thickness monitor which operates on the principles of the surface-acoustic-wave oscillator is discussed. It is shown that this monitor has a number of advantages over the conventional quartz crystal thickness monitor: it has high sensitivity and resolution, the sensor can be reconditioned, and it needs no water cooling. There remain, however, some calibration problems.