gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Initiation of Dopaminergic Differentiation of Nurr1− Mesencephalic Precursor Cells Depends on Activation of Multiple Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways (2009)

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) plays a pivotal role in terminal dopaminergic differentiation of midbrain-derived neural precursor cells already committed to the mesencephalic dopaminergic phenotype (named mdNPCs for mesencephalic dopaminergic neural precursor cells). Here we characterized the molecular events in long-term expanded rat nuclear receptor related-1(-) (Nurr1(-)) mdNPCs in response to IL-1beta during their terminal dopaminergic specification. We showed that IL-1beta induced a rapid induction of mRNA of dopaminergic key fate-determining transcription factors, such as Nurr1 and Pitx3, and a subsequent increase of tyrosine hydroxylase protein as an early marker for dopaminergic neurons in vitro. These effects of IL-1beta were specific for mdNPCs and were not observed in striatal neural precursor cells (NPCs). Surprisingly, IL-1beta did not activate the NF-kappaB pathway or the transcription factor activating protein 1 (AP-1), but inhibition of nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB by SN50 facilitated IL-1beta-induced Nurr1 expression and dopaminergic differentiation of mdNPCs. Incubation of mdNPCs with IL-1beta led to a rapid phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases within 1 to 3 hours, whereas Jun kinase was not phosphorylated in response to IL-1beta. Consistently, inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway or p38 MAP kinase blocked Nurr1 upregulation and further dopaminergic specification of mdNPCs, but not differentiation into MAP2ab(+) neurons. IL-1 receptor antagonist did not block early dopaminergic differentiation events, suggesting that the effects of IL-1beta are not mediated through activation of IL-1 receptor type I. Our results indicate that induction of terminal dopaminergic specification of Nurr1(-) mdNPCs by IL-1beta depends on activation of the ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinase pathway.
Glaucoma-related Changes in the Mechanical Properties and Collagen Micro-architecture of the Human Sclera (2015)

The observed biomechanical and microstructural changes could be the result of tissue remodeling occuring in glaucoma and are likely to alter the mechanical environment of the optic nerve head and contribute to axonal damage.
Nonconvective movement of VOCs in moist soil (1996)

Abstract Nonconvective (stationary) diffusion of a volatile organic compound (VOC) in unsaturated (moist) soil depends on the effective diffusion coefficient for the gas filled voids and on the retardation factor, expressed in terms of the adsorption capacity of the soil particles. Influenced by the water layers partially covering organic and mineral surfaces, the sorptive capacity was assumed to be caused by linear adsorption at the air‐water interface, at the water‐organic and water‐mineral interfaces, and at the gas‐organic and gas‐mineral interfaces. To a lesser extent, the particle porosity and the solubility of the VOC in the water also can affect partitioning. By means of temporal moment and volume averaging methods, mathematical expressions for these effects were developed and evaluated for moist soils of porous and nonporous particles. This approach was successful in interpreting experimental data for equilibrium adsorption coefficients from different sources.
Vision Using Routines: A Functional Account of Vision (2000)

This paper presents the case for a functional account of vision. A variety of studies have consistently revealed "change blindness" or insensitivity to changes in the visual scene during an eye movement. These studies indicate that only a small part of the information in the scene is represented in the brain from moment to moment. It is still unclear, however, exactly what is included in visual representations. This paper reviews experiments using an extended visuo-motor task, showing that display changes affect performance differently depending on the observer's place in the task. These effects are revealed by increases in fixation duration following a change. Different task-dependent increases suggest that the visual system represents only the information that is necessary for the immediate visual task. This allows a principled exploration of the stimulus properties that are included in the internal visual representation. The task specificity also has a more general implication that vision should be conceptualized as an active process executing special purpose "routines" that compute only the currently necessary information. Evidence for this view and its implications for visual representations are discussed. Comparison of the change blindness phenomenon and fixation durations shows that conscious report does not reveal the extent of the representations computed by the routines.
Reaction of cimetidine with Fenton reagent (1986)

Cimetidine sulfoxide, N-desmethylcimetidine, N-desmethylcimetidine sulfoxide, cimetidine guanylurea, and the 5-hydroxymethylimidazole derivative of cimetidine sulfoxide were isolated from the reaction of cimetidine with Fenton reagent. The product distribution from the reaction of cimetidine with Fenton reagent clearly simulates the metabolism of cimetidine by the mixed-function oxidase.
Modeling and reduction of complex timing constraints in high performance digital circuits (2008)

Complex timing constraints that refer to multiple clocks and/or edges are often used in the design of modern high performance processors. Such constraints complicate the design of downstream algorithms such as logic synthesis. The complexity of the overall CAD system can be reduced considerably if we can optimally transform the timing constraints so that they refer only to a single clock and edge. In this paper, we show how to model these multi clock/edge timing constraints and describe algorithms to reduce the number reference clocks/edges. We address the important problems of accurately handling signal transitions, sequential elements, input slope variations and timing overrides, which have not been addressed before.
The tumor ecosystem regulates the roads for invasion and metastasis (2011)

Invasive cancer cells traffic from the primary tumor ecosystem to distant metastatic sites. Experimental data are reviewed with a focus on cross-signaling between cancer cells and host cells such as myofibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells. Invasion-associated cellular activities, namely vesicle exocytosis and epithelial to mesenchymal transition, depend on complex networks of signal transduction pathways including activation of tyrosine kinases, the Rab, Rac and Rho family of small GTPases and cadherin signaling. As clinical validation, some cell types or molecules implicated in invasion-associated activities may serve as prognostic/predictive biomarker or as target for patient-tailored therapy.
Identification and characterization of cellular targets for tyrosine protein kinases. (1983)

Protein kinases associated with the transforming proteins of a number of retroviruses are specific for tyrosine. Several proteins in cells transformed by these viruses are phosphorylated at tyrosine. We have now identified three unrelated abundant nonphosphorylated cellular proteins of 46,000, 39,000 and 28,000 daltons in chick embryo cells, which are the unphosphorylated forms of phosphotyrosine-containing proteins and thus are substrates for tyrosine protein kinases. By two-dimensional gel analysis, we have found that the 46,000-dalton protein exists in two unphosphorylated forms of which the more acidic is a minor species. This latter form is phosphorylated, chiefly at serine, in both normal and transformed cells, generating a yet more acidic species. In transformed but not normal cells, the major form is phosphorylated at tyrosine and serine, yielding a fourth isoelectric variant. The 46,000-dalton unphosphorylated protein has been partially purified, and antiserum to it recognizes all four isoelectric variants of the protein. The 39,000-dalton protein has two unphosphorylated forms of which the more acidic is a minor species. The major form is phosphorylated at tyrosine and serine in transformed cells only. The 39,000-dalton unphosphorylated protein has been partially purified, and antiserum raised to it recognizes all three isoelectric variants. The 28,000-dalton protein has a single phosphorylated form which contains serine in normal cells, but both serine and tyrosine in transformed cells.
Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in Acute Liver Injury (1989)

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) have a number of in vitro functions that could be important in vivo in acute liver injury and repair. Therefore, we investigated these two cytokines in acute liver damage. Northern blots of RNA isolated from rats sacrificed at various time intervals after a single oral dose of CCl4 revealed that TNF-alpha mRNA levels were elevated within 6 hr of CCl4 administration and returned to control values by 24-32 hr. In contrast, TGF-beta 1 mRNA levels started to rise significantly at 24 hr, peaked at 48 hr, and approached baseline levels by 72 hr. Identical changes in TNF-alpha and TGF-beta 1 mRNA levels were also seen with D-galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity. Immunohistochemical analysis using a TGF-beta 1 antibody demonstrated increased hepatic staining in CCl4-treated rats, at times corresponding to the increases in TGF-beta 1 gene expression. Therefore, there is a differential expression of these cytokines in acute CCl4 and galactosamine hepatotoxicity with an early rise in TNF-alpha, suggesting that this cytokine may affect inflammation and cell toxicity, while TGF-beta 1 peaks later, when it may regulate hepatocyte proliferation and extracellular matrix repair.
Enhanced biosorption of Cr(VI) using cotton fibers coated with chitosan – role of ester bonds (2018)

We report on the role of ester bonds in the enhanced removal of hexavalent chromium from water using cotton fibers coated with chitosan. Adsorption capacities up to five times higher than those of the unmodified fibers were observed when the cotton fibers were exposed to an NaOH, followed by citric acid (0.97 M), and a chitosan solution (2%). We found that the use of NaOH favors the formation of ester bonds over amide bonds on the surface of the cotton fibers. This increase in the surface density of ester bonds generates an increase in the amount of exposed amino groups from the chitosan, hence increasing the removal capacity of the modified fibers. Experimental results also reveal that the adsorption is induced by the electrostatic attraction between the protonated amino groups on the surface and the negatively charged chromium ions in the water. Adsorption isotherms and kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption process fits the Langmuir and the Freundlich isotherm models as well as the pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetic models. These results can open a new avenue for the manufacturing of fibers with enhanced removal capacities for hexavalent chromium.
Psychometric properties of the <scp>PROMIS</scp> short form measures in a U.S. cohort of 961 patients with chronic hepatitis C prescribed direct acting antiviral therapy (2018)

The psychometric properties of the HIT-6 and PROMIS measures performed satisfactorily in this large cohort of patients with HCV starting direct acting antiviral therapy. Opportunities exist for further refinement of these PROs. Evaluation of performance over time and in under-represented subgroups is needed.
Bidirectional pulse generator with laser-triggered switch for linear induction accelerator (2002)

Summary form only given. In order to obtain a high-current charged particle beam, two types of linear induction accelerators (LIA), that is, unidirectional pulse injection type and bidirectional pulse injection type accelerators have been constructed. In the former type accelerator, which is commonly used at present, a unidirectional voltage pulse is injected to accelerating cavities, in which toroidal magnetic cores surrounding a beam path are usually loaded to increase the shunt inductance. Since the magnetic energy stored in the core during the pulse is impossible to be recovered, the energy transfer efficiency of the accelerator system is relatively low. On the other hand, in the latter type, an accelerating cavity is formed from pulse forming lines. In this case, no magnetic core is needed to be loaded in the cavity. A bidirectional voltage pulse is injected and the voltage with reverse polarity is used to accelerate a beam. Therefore, it is possible to make the time integral of the pulse voltage zero. Thus the final magnetic energy stored in the cavity can be made zero at the end of the pulse. Therefore, the accelerator system attains the theoretical energy transfer efficiency of 100%. Two pulse generators which consist of three pulse forming lines of arbitrary impedances are analyzed using the Bergeron method (Kotta et al., 1984). As a result, two bidirectional pulse generators of external pulse injection type with energy transfer efficiency of 100% are obtained. We constructed one of the pulse generator. The measured voltage wave form agrees well with the computed one. However, from the experimental results, it was also confirmed that the inductance and the resistance of the output switch influences the output wave form, in particular the rise time of the output voltage.
Vulnerable Neurovasculature with a Posterior Approach to the Scapula (2008)

Anatomic studies have described areas where there is no direct threat of inadvertent suprascapular nerve injury; however, these studies did not describe danger zones during open reduction and internal fixation of the fractured scapula. We therefore sought to define the topographic distribution in which these vulnerable structures most commonly are found, thus establishing danger zones. Twenty-four nonpaired cadaveric specimens were dissected. The infraspinatus and teres minor musculature were elevated off the posterior scapula body to reveal critical areas where the suprascapular neurovasculature and circumflex scapular artery were vulnerable to injury. We established radial coordinates to determine this relation to osseous landmarks. The mean distance from the spinoglenoid notch to the inferior border of the danger zone was 2.4 cm (range, 1.2-3.8 cm). The mean distance from the medial extent of the scapular spine to the medial border of the danger zone was 4.3 cm (range, 3.0-6.7 cm). The entry of the ascending branch of the circumflex scapular artery was located at the lateral border 5.6 cm (range, 4.5-7.0 cm) inferior to the spinoglenoid notch. These danger zones can aid the surgeon in determining the risk for suprascapular nerve injury, specifically with scapula fractures involving the spinoglenoid notch and/or lateral border.
Response to Treatment in a Prospective Cohort of Patients with Large Ulcerated Lesions Suspected to Be Buruli Ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease) (2010)

Positive predictive value of the WHO clinical case definition was low. Low relapse rate confirms the efficacy of antibiotics. However, the need for and the best time for surgery for large Buruli ulcers requires clarification. We recommend confirmation by ZN stain at the rural health centers, since surgical intervention without delay may be necessary on the ZN positive cases to avoid progression of the disease. PCR negative patients were most likely not BU cases. Correct diagnosis and specific management of these non-BU ulcers cases are urgently needed.
Trägerfixierte Metallocene: Eine neue Katalysatorgeneration für die Polyolefin‐Produktion (2000)

Abstract Die seit Jahren intensiv untersuchten homogenen Metallocen–Katalysatoren für die Polyolefin‐Produktion weisen gegenüber den konventionellen Ziegler‐Systemen deutliche Vorteile bezüglich der Variationsmöglichkeiten der Mikrostruktur und damit der Eigenschaften der erzeugten Polymere auf. Sie müssen allerdings für den industriellen Einsatz auf Trägermaterialien immobilisiert werden. Welchen Einflüssen dabei Polymerisationskinetik, Polymerwachstum und Polymermorphologie sowie die entscheidende Partikelfragmentierung ausgesetzt sind, wird in diesem Beitrag geschildert und in einem Modell zusammengefaßt
Rates of radical reactions in the liquid phase. (1947)

C. H. Bamford and M. J. S. Dewar, Discuss. Faraday Soc., 1947, 2, 310 DOI: 10.1039/DF9470200310
A filter synthesis technique applied to the design of multistage broad-band microwave amplifiers (2002)

A method for designing multistage broad-band amplifiers based upon well-known filter synthesis techniques is presented. Common all-pole low-pass approximations are used to synthesize prototype amplifier circuits that may be scaled in frequency and impedance. All-pass filters introduced at the first stage are shown to improve input match while maintaining circuit performance less 6 dB gain. A theoretical comparison is made with the distributed amplifier and the cascaded single-stage distributed amplifier. Theoretically, a larger gain-bandwidth product is achieved using the synthesis technique. A proof-of-concept Butterworth low-pass two-stage amplifier was designed, simulated, and measured and achieved a flat gain performance of 1-4 GHz with a power gain of 14.5/spl plusmn/1 dB close to the predicted 1-4.2 GHz, 15/spl plusmn/1 dB.
Effect of digital nerve stimuli on responses to electrical or magnetic stimulation of the human brain. (1992)

1. Reflexes were elicited in the first dorsal interosseous muscle of seven normal subjects by electrical stimulation of the digital nerves of the index finger at 3 times perceptual threshold while subjects maintained a constant voluntary contraction of the muscle. The average response in the surface-rectified electromyogram (EMG) consisted of an early inhibitory (I1) component followed by a later excitation (E2). 2. Low intensity anodal electrical or magnetic scalp stimuli were given over the motor cortex in order to elicit muscle responses within the period of the I1 and E2 reflex components. 3. Compared with control responses elicited in the absence of digital nerve stimulation, responses to electrical cortex stimulation were suppressed in the I1 period and facilitated during the E2 period of the reflex. In contrast, responses evoked by magnetic stimulation were suppressed during I1 and also for the first 10 ms or so of the E2 response. Magnetically evoked responses were facilitated during the later part of the E2 reflex. 4. Similar effects were seen when the probability of firing of single motor units was studied. 5. In three subjects, small taps were given to the abducted index finger in order to stretch the first dorsal interosseous muscle and evoke reflexes which were of comparable size to the E2 reflex evoked by digital nerve stimulation. In contrast to the experiments in which digital nerve stimuli were given, responses evoked by magnetic stimulation over motor cortex were facilitated at all times during the course of the reflex evoked when the muscle was stretched. 6. We conclude that single electrical stimuli applied to the digital nerves can reduce for a short period the excitability of motor cortex to magnetic stimulation. This occurs at a time when the same stimulus is evoking an excitatory (E2) reflex in the average surface-rectified EMG.
Intracellular T lymphocyte cytokine profiles in the aqueous humour of patients with uveitis and correlation with clinical phenotype (2004)

This study aimed to investigate whether T cells in aqueous humour are different in different types of uveitis and correlate with clinical phenotype. Patients with clinically different types of uveitis, but all displaying active anterior uveitis, were phenotyped and samples of aqueous humour (AH) and peripheral blood (PB) collected. Cells from AH and PB were separated by centrifugation and by density gradient centrifugation (to obtain mononuclear cells PBMC), respectively. Cells were activated with PMA and ionomycin in the presence of Brefeldin A, stained for surface markers and intracellular cytokines, and analysed by flow cytometry. The cytokine profile was correlated with the clinical phenotype. Increased percentages of interleukin (IL)-10+-, but not interferon (IFN)-gamma+ T lymphocytes were found in AH compared with PB in patients with acute anterior uveitis (AAU), FHC or chronic panuveitis (PU). There was a trend towards elevated levels of IL-10+ T cells in AH from patients with FHC compared with AH from acute uveitis and panuveitis patients. Increased levels of IL-10+ T cells in AH compared with PB were also found in samples from patients with isolated uveitis, but not those with associated systemic disease. Levels of cytokine-positive T cells were not associated with the use of topical steroids or to the severity of the anterior uveitis. While type I cytokine-producing T lymphocytes are present in AH during AU, the presence of increased proportions of IL-10+ T lymphocytes in AH from patients with uveitis may be indicative of an anti-inflammatory mechanism that may influence the type and course of ocular inflammation in these patients.
Development of a One-Equation Transition/Turbulence Model (2001)

This paper reports on the development of a unified one-equation model for the prediction of transitional and turbulent flows. An eddy viscosity - transport equation for non-turbulent fluctuation growth based on that proposed by Warren and Hassan (Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 35, No. 5) is combined with the Spalart-Allmaras one-equation model for turbulent fluctuation growth. Blending of the two equations is accomplished through a multidimensional intermittence function based on the work of Dhawan and Narasimha (Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 3, No. 4). The model predicts both the onset and extent of transition. Low-speed test cases include transitional flow over a flat plate, a single element airfoil, and a multi-element airfoil in landing configuration. High-speed test cases include transitional Mach 3.5 flow over a 5{degree} cone and Mach 6 flow over a flared-cone configuration. Results are compared with experimental data, and the spatial accuracy of selected predictions is analyzed.
New probe of solvent accessibility of bound photosensitizers. 2. Ruthenium(II) and Osmium(II) photosensitizers in Triton X-100 micelles (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew probe of solvent accessibility of bound photosensitizers. 2. Ruthenium(II) and Osmium(II) photosensitizers in Triton X-100 micellesWalter J. Dressick, B. L. Hauenstein Jr., T. B. Gilbert, J. N. Demas, and B. A. DeGraffCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1984, 88, 15, 3337–3340Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j150659a040https://doi.org/10.1021/j150659a040research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views115Altmetric-Citations38LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts