gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Image Algebra and Automatic Shape Recognition (1985)

Shape recognition can be carried out with set theory operations. In addition to the usual set theory operations of union, complement, etc., the operation of erosion between two sets (or images) is incorporated. Then it is shown that these operations between sets serve as a basis for representation theorems for all, generally nonlinear, translation invariant transformations, (i.e., transformations which commute with translations). By treating images and shapes as point sets in n-dimensional Cartesian space (n = 2 for binary images, n = 3 for gray scale images, and larger n for images that incorporate color, polarization, and the like), the problem of shape or pattern recognition is converted to the problem of detecting the occurrences of specific sets within an image. This problem is closely related to the operation of erosion. By introducing complement images and complement shapes, a generic computer for automatic shape recognition is found which provides a constructive proof of the representation theorem and related results.
An Experimental Study on Flow Boiling Characteristics of pHEMA Nano-Coated Surfaces in a Microchannel (2016)

In this study, the effect of pHEMA (Polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate) nanostructure coated surfaces on flow boiling was investigated in a rectangular microchannel. Experiments were conducted using deionized water as the working fluid to investigate flow boiling in a microchannel with dimensions of 14 cm length, 1.5 cm width, and 500 μm depth. The effect of pHEMA coatings (coated on 1.5 × 1.5 cm2 silicon plates) on heat transfer coefficients and flow patterns was assessed and supported using a high speed camera system. Although the contact angle decreases on nano-coated surfaces, due to surface porosity, boiling heat transfer coefficient increases. Furthermore, visualization results indicated that uncoated surfaces experienced a smaller nucleate boiling region. It was also observed that dryout occurs at higher heat fluxes for coated surfaces.
Shock initiation of nano-Al/Teflon: High dynamic range pyrometry measurements (2017)

Laser-launched flyer plates (25 μm thick Cu) were used to impact-initiate reactive materials consisting of 40 nm Al particles embedded in TeflonAF polymer (Al/Teflon) on sapphire substrates at a stoichiometric concentration (2.3:1 Teflon:Al), as well as one-half and one-fourth that concentration. A high dynamic range emission spectrometer was used to time and spectrally resolve the emitted light and to determine graybody temperature histories with nanosecond time resolution. At 0.5 km s−1, first light emission was observed from Teflon, but at 0.6 km s−1, the emission from Al/Teflon became much more intense, so we assigned the impact threshold for Al/Teflon reactions to be 0.6 (±0.1) km s−1. The flyer plates produced a 7 ns duration steady shock drive. Emission from shocked Al/Teflon above threshold consisted of two bursts. At the higher impact velocities, the first burst started 15 ns after impact, peaked at 25 ns, and persisted for 75 ns. The second burst started at a few hundred nanoseconds and lasted until 2 μs. The 15 ns start time was exactly the time the flyer plate velocity dropped to zero after impact with sapphire. The first burst was associated with shock-triggered reactions and the second, occurring at ambient pressure, was associated with combustion of leftover material that did not react during shock. The emission spectrum was found to be a good fit to a graybody at all times, allowing temperature histories to be extracted. At 25 ns, the temperature at 0.7 km s−1 and the one-fourth Al load was 3800 K. Those temperatures increased significantly with impact velocity, up to 4600 K, but did not increase as much with Al load. A steady combustion process at 2800 (±100) K was observed in the microsecond range. The minimal dependence on Al loading indicates that these peak temperatures arise primarily from Al nanoparticles reacting almost independently, since the presence of nearby heat sources had little influence on the peak temperatures.
OESTROGEN METABOLISM IN THE HUMAN FOETUS (1961)

ABSTRACT In vitro and in vivo experiments were carried out in order to test a previously advanced hypothesis according to which the human foetus is capable of carrying out oestrogen conjugation reactions. In vitro incubation of slices of different foetal tissues with oestriol (oestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16α,17β-triol) resulted in a significantly increased concentration of conjugated oestriol in foetal liver, lungs, kidneys, adrenals, and perhaps also in skeletal muscle. No such increase was found when endometrial or myometrial tissue from an adult subject was incubated under the same experimental conditions, or when foetal tissues were incubated in the absence of oestriol. Countercurrent distribution studies of the conjugated material formed in vitro suggest that it might be identical with oestriol Intra-amniotic injection of 17β-estradiol ((oestra-1,3,5(10))-triene-3,17βdiol) or oestriol to volunteers in whom the foetus was previously separated in situ from its placental connections resulted in a significantly elevated concentration of conjugated oestrone ((3-hydroxy-oestra-1,3,5(10)-trien17-one). 17β-oestradiol and oestriol, respectively, in the foetal lungs and livers and – following 17β administration – also in the intestines. On the other hand, the concentration of conjugated oestrone, 17β-oestradiol or oestriol in the placental tissue was significantly lower under these conditions than in similarly treated patients with an intact foeto-placental connection. When previable foetuses were perfused with diluted blood to which 17β-oestradiol, or oestriol was added, a significantly elevated concentration of conjugated oestrone + 17β-oestradiol, and oestriol, respectively, was found in the foetal lungs, liver, intestines, kidneys + adrenals. It is concluded that the human foetus is already an important site of oestrogen conjugation at relatively early stages of gestation. It is suggested that these conjugation processes take place in several foetal organs, such as the lungs, liver, kidneys, adrenals, intestines, and perhaps also other tissues.
Posttraumatic Limb Swelling and Joint Stiffness Are Not Causally Related Experimental Observations in Rabbits (1993)

Periarticular and intraarticular fractures frequently cause limb swelling and joint stiffness. The two effects are widely assumed to be related---an assumption long held hut never tested. Over a ten-year period, a rabbit hind limb model was developed and tested to ascertain methods of preventing or reducing limb swelling and joint stiffness after a local skeletal injury. Limb swelling was monitored for the three-to four-week duration of the studies by volume displacement, and joint stiffness was determined arthrographically. Mechanical treatment modalities tested included limb pressuriza-tion, passive motion of varying duration (from four to 24 hours daily), creation of an intraarticular he-matoma, and creation of dependent edema. Chemical modalities tested included systemic and intraarticular steroids, intramuscular and oral nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, topical dimethyl sulfoxide, two antihistamine drugs, and two diuretics. At statistically significant levels, all of the modalities tested affected swelling or stiffness, but only terfenadine, an antihistamine, affected both. Treatment with terfenadine resulted in decreased stiffness but increased swelling. When reviewing the results of all of the treatment modalities in concert, it is apparent that, in this model, limb swelling and joint stiffness after injury are not causally related. The significance of this work in forthcoming clinical trials for treatment of post-traumatic joint stiffness are noteworthy.
Threefold Upconversion Laser at 0.851 µm, 1.23 µm and 1.73 µm in Er.YLF Pumped with a 1.54 µ Er Glass Laser. (1987)

The upconversion pumped solid state laser was first reported by L. F. Johnson and H. J. Guggenheim in 1971 with Yb3+ − Er3+ and Yb3+ − Ho3+ in a BaY2F8 crystal.1 Recently, upconversion pumped laser action was obtained by Pollack et. al. on the 4I11/2 → 4I13/2 transition of Er3+ in CaF22 and in SrF2, YAG and YLF.3
<title>Building world-class microlithographic lens systems: optical material requirements and qualification methods</title> (1993)

Building successive generations of state-of-the-art wide field, sub-micron microlithographic lens systems dictates ever-tightening material tolerances that challenge glass manufacturers. This paper discusses the optical material needs for microlithographic lens systems and Tropel's in-house material qualification program. Material qualification is divided into three successive stages: (1) fluorescence testing to qualitatively analyze color center characteristics of the material; (2) homogeneity testing to determine the relative volumetric variations in index; and (3) absolute index testing at multiple wavelengths to determine the material's dispersion characteristics.
Chemical composition of essential oils ofLantana camara leaves and flowers from Cameroon and Madagascar (1999)

The essential oils of leaves and flowers of Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) from Cameroon and Madagascar were analysed by GC–FID and GC–MS. The oils are characterized by a high percentage of sesquiterpenes. The major components in the oils from Cameroon are ar-curcumene (25%), β-caryophyllene (13%) and caryophyllene epoxide (7%), while the main components of the oil from Madagascar are davanone (15%) and β-caryophyllene (12%). The monoterpenes percentages are lower in the two essential oils and are represented by sabinene (1–9%), α-pinene (2–4%), 1,8-cineole (1–3%) and linalool (1–3%). A comparison with the composition of various essential oils of L. camara with different origin will also be given. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compounds with Ovicidal Effect Isolated from<i>Fagara xanthoxyloides</i>L<scp>AM</scp> (1994)

An acetonic extract of Fagara xanthoxyloides LAM produced two compounds with strong ovicidal activity against Leptinotarsa decemlineata SANG. These compounds were isolated and identified as fagaramide and pellitorine by their spectral data. The ovicidal activity of each was measured.
Pressure Effects on Lignocellulose‐Degrading Enzymes (2015)

Abstract The effect of elevated pressure on the activity and stability of industrially relevant lignocellulose‐degrading enzymes and their mixtures was investigated. It was observed that even at moderate pressure the tested enzymes can be applied at higher temperature as at ambient pressure without significant activity loss. No negative influence of pressure on the enzyme stability was detected in the pressure range investigated. It can be concluded that pressure can improve the stability of lignocellulose‐digesting enzymes, enabling higher reaction temperatures and, therefore, higher reaction rates. This might be a useful tool in industrial applications of lignocellulose‐digesting enzymes.
gong shui guan wang er ci jia lv dian xuan zhi fang fa dui bi fen xi (2016)

供水管网二次加氯问题在近十几年的研究中已经取得了明显发展。针对加氯点选址问题进行了研究并提出了方法,总结了目前出现的几种覆盖模型,从应用的角度对比了几种模型的优缺点,同时,分析了模型在不同管网中的适用性。
The periodically negative semi-pyramid nanostructured polymer layer for broadband anti-reflection effect (2012)

The periodic negative semi-pyramid nanostructures are fabricated in polymer layer via an imprinting-assisted replication process using the differentially shaped, but periodically textured Si-masters demonstrating the effective reduced reflectance of less than 20% over broadband wavelengths ranging from 300 nm to 1200 nm.
Cerebellar glomeruli: Can limited extracellular calcium propagate information among distant synapses? (2007)

*Contributed equally to this work. A class of synaptic learning models – in which presynaptic terminals have access to a weighted sum of the postsynaptic activity – has traditionally been dismissed as biologically unfeasible. This rejection is not surprising under traditional notions of synaptic connectivity, since postsynaptic cell bodies may be far apart, and there are no backwards signals known to sum activity in a terminal-specific manner. However, many synapses in the CNS become specialized by glial cell ensheathment1. We suggest that such ensheathment may force neighboring cellular elements to share a limited resource:extracellular calcium2-4. We propose the novel theory that certain glomeruli are configured so that the instantaneous external calcium concentration will encode the level of spike activity in postsynaptic cells. We concentrate on the specialized glomeruli that exist in the cerebellum at the interface of the mossy fiber and granule cell layers. Here, dendrites from scores of granule cells swirl around a mossy fiber terminal, and the whole structure is tightly ensheathed in an astrocyte5-6. Simulations demonstrate that the calcium concentration is indeed proportional to a sum of postsynaptic activity in the granule cells. We demonstrate that these extracellular calcium changes are interpretable from an information-processing point of view, generating a novel learning rule for control of plasticity at the mossy fiber/granule cell synapse. This learning rule
An Efficient Synthesis of 2-Ethyl-7-chloro-4-methylthieno[4,3,2-e,f][3]benzazepine (SK&F 106686)<i>via</i>Bromomethylation of 2-Ethyl-5-chlorobenzo[b]thiophene (1998)

Abstract The synthesis of 2-ethyl-3-bromoethyl-5-chlorobenzo[b]thiophene (6) is described using a unique phase transfer catalyzed bromoethylation of 2-ethyl-5-chlorobenzo[b]thiophene (5). Compound 6 was converted in six steps and in 55% overall yield to the angiotension II antagonist, SK&F 106686 (1).
409. The lupin alkaloids. Part VIII (1935)

G. R. Clemo, W. McG. Morgan and R. Raper, J. Chem. Soc., 1935, 1743 DOI: 10.1039/JR9350001743
Crystalline <scp>l</scp>‐Histidine Ammonia‐Lyase of <i>Achromobacter liquidum</i> (1975)

Crystalline L-histidine ammonia-lyase of Achromobacter liquidum was prepared with a 24% recovery of the activity. The specific activity of the pure enzyme (63 mumol of urocanic acid min-1 mg-1) is similar to those so far reported for the enzyme from other sources. The purified enzyme appeared to be homogeneous by analytical disc electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing (pI = 4.95). The molecular weight determined by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration is 200000. The optimum pH is 8.2, and the optimum temperature is 50 degrees C. The enzyme showed strict specificity to L-histidine (Km = 3.6 mM). Several histidine derivatives are not susceptible to the enzyme but do inhibit the enzyme activity competitively; the most effective inhibitors are L-histidine methyl ester (Ki = 3.66 mM) and beta-imidazole lactic acid (Ki = 3.84 mM). L-Histidine hydrazide (Ki = 36 mM) and imidazole (Ki = 6 mM) noncompetitively inhibited the enzyme EDTA markedly inhibited enzyme activity and this inhibition were reversed by divalent metal ions such as Mn2+, Co2+ Zn2+, Ni2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. These results suggest that the presence of divalent metal ions is necessary for the catalytic activity of histidine ammonia-lyase. Sodium borohydride and hydrogen peroxide inhibited the enzyme activity.
Coop-DMAC: A Cooperative Directional MAC protocol for wireless networks (2015)

Directional antennas in wireless networks can provide substantial performance gain and opportunities. In the case of high-frequency systems, such as emerging 60 GHz networks, they are inherent feature of the system design. In contrast to the traditional omni-directional antennas, directional antennas are capable of reducing the interference level, increasing the communication range, and improving spatial reuse. However, new challenges need to be solved, such as the deafness problem and the asymmetric-in-gain. In this paper, we propose Cooperative-Directional MAC (Coop-DMAC) protocol to address the new challenges. The Coop-DMAC is completely distributed and relies on limited cooperation between networked nodes. In Coop-DMAC, nodes are supposed to exchange local information including the angle of arrival of their neighboring nodes and the duration of data transmission to improve their spatial reuse. In this paper, we analyze and evaluate the performance of Coop-DMAC, and pay particular attention to the performance and network topology. Simulation results validate our theoretical analysis and show that the proposed Coop-DMAC protocol outperforms the standard IEEE 802.11ad MAC protocol in terms of higher goodput in most common network topologies considered in the paper.
Metallothionein Gene Expression and Cadmium Toxicity in Freshwater Fish (1987)

Certain species of fish e.g. rainbow trout, are particularly susceptible to poisoning by cadmium in their aquatic environment whereas others e.g. roach and stone loach, are much more resistant. It is postulated that the vulnerability of the salmonids arises because 1) existing metallothionein (MT) in the tissues of these fish is unable to bind cadmium and 2) the toxic metal (in contrast to zinc) cannot switch on the gene(s) for apo-thionein production de novo. Consequently, cadmium is sequestered in the liver, kidney and gills of these fish by two low mol.wt. non-metallothionein proteins for which no excretion mechanism appears to exist.
Progress in Inertial Fusion Energy Technology: June - September 2003 (2003)

No abstract prepared.
Use of spaceflight and spaceflight simulation to evaluate osteoprotegerin for treatment of disuse osteoporosis (2000)

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a recently discovered naturally circulating protein (Amgen Inc.) that plays a role in regulating bone density. It inhibits the ability of osteoclasts to resorb bone by blocking the action of OPG ligand (OPGL). This limits osteoclastogenesis and the activation of mature osteoclasts and induces osteoclast apoptosis. Transgenic mice, altered to over-express OPG, develop increased bone density via dual X-ray absorptiometry analysis, similar to that of osteopetrotic (op/op) mice. Recombinant injection of OPG in mice increases metaphyseal trabecular bone volume of both the proximal tibia and distal femur. Recombinant OPG also ameliorates the effects of estrogen loss in ovariectomized (OVX) rats, causing an increase in bone volume and decreased osteoclast numbers relative to placebo controls. OPG has been examined for its ability to treat both tail suspension and nerve crush. OPG returns the mechanical properties of tail suspended mice to the levels of placebo treated nonsuspended controls. This increase in mechanical properties is not caused by returning formation levels to normal, but rather by inhibiting resorption while increasing percent mineral composition. OPG is also efficacious in treating nerve crush induced osteoporosis. The differences in bone mass (a consequence of disuse) between the crushed limb and contralateral control (noncrushed) is decreased by OPG treatment.
An interaction between bleomycin and human serum. The reaction of Ehrlich cells and Triticum plant roots to some antineoplastic drugs alone and in combination with human serum. (1976)

In two growth tests, one employing EHRLICH ascites tumor cells in suspension culture, the other employing intact roots of wheat (Triticum sativum LAM.), the growth inhibiting action of bleomycin (BLM) was shown to be intensified by human serum. Practical consequences of the finding are suggested. No such serum-drug interaction has been demonstrated with other anti-tumor compounds, including methotrexate (MTX) and threosulphan (TRSF). Isolation of the active factor(s) in serum has not yet been attempted.
Identification of domains required for transcriptional activation and protein dimerization in the human papillomavirus type-16 E7 protein. (1996)

To analyse the potential of the E7 oncogene of HPV-16 to activate transcription, we constructed hybrid proteins containing various portions of the HPV-16 E7 protein fused to the DNA binding region of the bacterial LexA repressor. We found that full length HPV-16 E7 is capable to mediate activation of two different reporter genes, which carry LexA binding sites in their promoters. In contrast, E7 from HPV-11, a low-risk type papillomavirus, was unable to activate transcription, when analysed in the same assay. Mutations in the transforming domains of HPV-16 E7 did not affect the ability of the protein to activate transcription, indicating that it represents a novel function of the oncoprotein, which is not sensitive to any known inactivating mutations. Analysis of E7 subdomains revealed that the N-terminal part of HPV-16 E7 retains the capacity to activate transcription. A second trans-activation domain is located in the C-terminal part of E7; however, in the context of the full length E7 protein this activity is blocked by an adjacent domain. These results reveal a second pathway for transcriptional activation by HPV-16 E7, independent of its interaction with pRB-E2F complexes. Using the E7-LexA hybrid proteins, it is shown that E7 can form homodimers and this property involves a zinc finger structure in the C-terminal part of the protein, partially overlapping with the domain that negatively regulates transcriptional activation by E7.
Growth Arrest-specific Gene 6 Is Involved in Glomerular Hypertrophy in the Early Stage of Diabetic Nephropathy (2003)

Nephropathy is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus. Glomerular hypertrophy is a hallmark in the early phase of the nephropathy. The mechanism of glomerular hypertrophy, however, remains incompletely understood. We have reported that Gas6 (growth arrest-specific gene 6) and its receptor, Axl, play a key role in the development of glomerulonephritis. Here we show the important role of Gas6/Axl in the pathogenesis of diabetic glomerular hypertrophy. In streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, mesangial and glomerular hypertrophy and an increase in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and albuminuria were observed after 12 weeks of STZ injection. The glomerular expression of Gas6 and Axl was increased in those rats. Administration of warfarin inhibited mesangial and glomerular hypertrophy and the increase in GFR and albuminuria in STZ rats. Moreover, we found less mesangial hypertrophy in STZ-treated Gas6 knockout mice than control mice. In vitro we found that stimulation of mesangial cells with Gas6 resulted in mesangial cell hypertrophy. Thus we have found a novel mechanism of glomerular hypertrophy through the Gas6/Axl-mediated pathway in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Inhibition of the Gas6/Axl pathway in diabetic patients might be beneficial to slow down the progression of diabetic nephropathy.
On-demand video streaming based on dynamic adaptive encrypted content chunks (2013)

This paper proposes a framework for on-demand video streaming that enables secure and efficient delivery of data towards the end user. Our proposal requires the combined usage of three different technologies. The first one is a recent proposal by Jacobsen et al. [1][2] called Content-Centric Networking (also known as Named Data Networking). It is a network architecture that introduces named data as the most valuable element in the network and divides it into so called content chunks, which are self-identifying and self-authenticating data units. The second concept we utilize derives from the approach of Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP [3], which allows clients to dynamically choose the quality of the received video stream according to their available resources. Finally, we adapt the concept of Broadcast Encryption [4] to form a tool to control the access to provided content streams. The combination of these technologies enables us to design a framework that allows streaming providers to transport data to customers as dynamic adaptive encrypted content chunks, which is an efficient, flexible and scalable way of multimedia data transport.