gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Substitution of Deoxyinosine as Universal Base in Oligonucleotides for DNA Ligation (2013)

Oligonucleotides libraries have been developed for various applications, but the library size of oligonucleotide increases dramatically with the addition of oligonucleotide length. To assess the possibility of shortening library size by using universal base, deoxyinosine (dITP), the effect of single/multiple dITP substituted in oligonucleotide on ligation was investigated. It was found that different pairs with dITP had different ligation patterns and pairs with dITP at different locations also showed different ligation patterns. With the departure of substitution position from ligation site, the ligation yield increased. Single dITP substitution at ligation site did extremely hurt the ligation efficiency, except for I:C pair. On the other hand, single substitution at two bases or more apart from ligation site, there is no obvious effect on ligation. Multiple dITP substitutions can more or less affect the ligation, besides I:C pair. This research demonstrated that dITP can be applied to reduce oligonucleotide library size after substitution.
TOAD Handbook (2003)

TOAD Handbook, Second Edition, is the definitive, completely up-to-date guide to the newest version of TOAD, the worlds premier third-party Oracle utility. Packed with step-by-step recipes, screen snapshots, and hands-on exercises, this book brings together everything developers and DBAs need to maximize their productivity with TOAD in both administrative and development tasks. TOAD product architect Bert Scalzo and leading TOAD trainer Dan Hotka thoroughly cover every area of TOADs functionality, offering practical, proven solutions that can be applied immediately to leverage TOADs dramatically improved feature set. Comprehensive coverage includes TOAD setup and configuration Browsing databases and schemas Editing SQL and PL/SQL within TOAD Creating new databases Checking database health Performing common DBA tasks Reporting via standard and custom reports Optimizing database performance Throughout the text, the authors offer practical insights into each of TOADs most useful tools, from App Designer to Doc Generator, ER Diagrammer to Code Road Map. This book is the only current, comprehensive, and affordable guide to the latest version of TOADa must-have for any TOAD user.
Reducing ALU and Register File Energy by Dynamic Zero Detection (2007)

Register files and ALU are dominant energy consumers in the datapath of typical pipelined processors. Reducing energy consumption of these components has a big impact on processor energy budget. Consequently, several techniques have been proposed at circuit and architectural levels. In contrast, we propose a dynamic zero detection technique for reducing energy in the register files and ALU in this paper. We find that zero is the most frequent value used in the register files and ALU. When a register value is determined to be zero before reading a register file, an access to the register file is prevented to save energy and zero is directly provided to the datapath. When one of operand register values of an add instruction is zero, it is prevented from being executed on ALU since its result is just the value of the other operand register. Since adds/subs constitute most of arithmetic and logic instructions, this optimization saves large ALU energy. Our dynamic zero detection technique is demonstrated to save 9.0% and 20.2% of energy in the register files and the adder of ALU for SPEC2000 floating-point and integer benchmarks, respectively.
Effect of arterial pressure on arterial and venous resistance of intestine (1962)

The effect of local alteration of arterial pressure on arterial and venous resistance of the intestine was investigated by means of the Pappenheimer isogravimetric technique. Reduction of arterial pressure caused a decrease in total vascular resistance in 70% of the experiments (autoregulation). This response was localized to the arterial portion of the circuit, specifically to vessels less than 0.5 mm o.d. Also associated with the reduction in arterial pressure was an increase in venous resistance. Venous resistance increased threefold as arterial pressure was reduced from 100 to 30 mm Hg. This venous response was seen in all preparations tested. It is suggested that both the venous response and autoregulation of arterial vessels aid in maintenance of a normal capillary pressure. Submitted on November 6, 1961
Image Processing Methods Based on Key Temperature Features for State Analysis and Process Monitoring of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) (2017)

Selective laser melting (SLM) is a kind of additive manufacturing where parts are made directly from 3D CAD data layer-by-layer from powder material. Process monitoring is significantly important for quality control and assurance. A large number of studies have shown that the forming process temperature is closely related with the process state, and has influence on the final quality of the built part. On-line temperature measurement can generate a large number of real-time data of the dynamic temperature field, which facilitates the deployments of big data technologies for state analysis and process monitoring of the SLM process. In this paper, the concept of key temperature feature is proposed based on the characteristics of the dynamic temperature field, to guide the feature extracting from original image of the temperature field, as well as an automatic feature extracting method for image processing; then, the data structure of the key temperature features is constructed to store the pre-treated data, and provide database for subsequent data mining. Finally, the experiments of data collecting and image processing are carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed method.
Media Literacy, Graphic Novels and Social Issues (2007)

Media literacy education, social issues, and graphic novels all have a role to play in educating students for civic education. The graphic novel is especially useful for secondary students because many titles touch on important social-political issues. Moreover, this medium offers excellent opportunities for media literacy education, students learning to ask questions and evaluate information that is communicated through print, image, and technology. A rhetorical analysis, engaging media literacy skills, is offered along with other lesson ideas and suggested graphic novels titles.
Properties of an Anisotropic Fabry–Perot Resonator (1965)

Expressions are derived which describe the transmission characteristics of an active Fabry–Perot cavity containing doubly refracting and optically rotating media. It is shown that such a system is characterized by a spectrum of resonances whose intensities are independent of the anisotropic effects but whose center frequencies and polarizations are determined by these effects. Experimental observations of the output frequencies and polarizations of a gas laser utilizing an anisotropic cavity are also reported. In addition to confirming the predictions of our theoretical calculations, these observations have resulted in a determination of the Verdet constant of fused silica in the near infrared.
Prediction of in vivo bone forming potency of bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (2011)

Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have attracted much attention for tissue regeneration including repair of non-healing bone defects. Heterogeneity of MSC cultures and considerable donor variability however, still preclude standardised production of MSC and point on functional deficits for some human MSC populations. We aimed to identify functional correlates of donor-dependency of bone formation in order to develop a potency assay predicting the therapeutic capacity of human MSC before clinical transplantation. MSC from 29 donors were characterised in vitro and results were correlated to bone formation potency in a beta-tricalcium-phosphate (β-TCP)-scaffold after subcutaneous implantation into immunocompromised mice. In contrast to osteogenic in vitro differentiation parameters, a doubling time below 43.23 hours allowed to predict ectopic bone formation at high sensitivity (81.8%) and specificity (100%). Enriched conditions adapted from embryonic stem cell expansion rescued bone formation of inferior MSC populations while growth arrest of potent MSC by mitomycin C abolished bone formation, establishing a causal relationship between neo-bone formation and growth. Gene expression profiling confirmed a key role for proliferation status for the bone forming ability suggesting that a rate limiting anabolism and open chromatin determined and predicted the therapeutic potency of culture-expanded MSC. Proliferation-based potency testing and switch to enriched expansion conditions may pave the way for standardised production of MSC for bone repair.
Implantation of ytterbium ions into group II-VI compounds (1973)

Abstract 50 keV ytterbium ions have been implanted into ZnS, CdS, ZnSe, CdTe, CdSe and ZnTe and, after subsequent annealing treatments of varying degree, the cathodoluminescence emission spectra produced by 10 keV or 100 keV electron excitation have been studied.
The Pension Protection Fund* (2005)

We develop a model of the Pension Protection Fund (PPF), a defined benefit pension guarantee system for the UK, based on an analogy between pension liabilities and corporate debt obligations. We show that the PPF is likely to face many years of low claims interspersed irregularly with periods of very large claims. There is a significant chance that these claims will be so large that the PPF will default on its liabilities, leaving the government with no option but to bail it out. The cause of this problem is the double impact of a fall in equity prices on the PPF: it makes sponsor firms more likely to default and it makes defaulted plans more likely to be underfunded. We use our model to derive a fair premium for PPF insurance under different circumstances, to estimate the extent of cross-subsidies in the PPF between strong and weak sponsors, and to show that risk-rated premiums are unlikely to have a substantial effect on either the size or the lumpiness of claims. We argue that for the PPF to operate effectively, it should be introduced in tandem with strong minimum funding requirements and a lower level of benefit guarantee than at present.
ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM GENOTYPE ERRORS IN GENETIC ASSOCIATION ANALYSIS (2000)

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) may be used in case-control designs to test for association between a marker (the SNP) and a disease. However, such designs usually assume that the genotype data are reported without error. We propose a method, the reduced penetrance model method (RPM) that allows for errors in a case-control design, as compared to the full penetrance model method (FPM), that assumes data are errorless. Pearson's chi 2 applied to a 2 x 2 contingency table is the test statistic considered. Additionally, we provide a likelihood method to estimate error rates using SNP genotype data in CEPH pedigrees. We test our method (RPM) against the standard method (FPM) using simulated data. All SNP loci are assumed to have two alleles, coded 1 and 2. We consider three pairs of error rates, two different sample sizes, and two sets of allele frequencies for the SNP locus. SNP genotype data in two populations are simulated under a null hypothesis (allele frequencies equal in both populations) and under an alternative hypothesis (allele frequencies differ between two populations). The total number of simulations is 24; 12 simulations under the null hypothesis, and 12 simulations under the alternative. The significance level threshold is 5%. For the null case, 9/12 (75%) of the simulations show no increase in type I error under RPM, while 3/12 (25%) show a slight increase (rejecting the null for at most 7% of the replicates). There is no increase in the type I error rate for FPM method, which can also be shown analytically. For the alternative case (power), there is a consistent increase in power for the RPM method as compared to FPM method, and average increase of 0.02 for the simulations considered. When sample sizes are large there is virtually no difference in power between RPM and FPM methods. Also, the RPM method provides consistently more accurate allele frequency estimates for the various populations. Our likelihood method to estimate error rates with CEPH pedigrees provides good estimates on average. The largest difference between a true error rate and our average estimated error rate is 0.006. However, there is a fair amount of variability in the estimates, suggesting the need for multiple experiments or larger numbers of CEPH pedigrees. Researchers may use the methods presented in this paper to (1) estimate error rates for their automated genotyping process, and (2) allow for such errors in association analyses, thereby increasing power to detect differences between allele frequencies in case and control populations when errors are present.
Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (2003)

Glucocorticoids modify osteoblastic cell differentiation, number, and function. Glucocorticoids stimulate osteoclastogenesis and increase the expression of receptor activator of Nuclear factor-kappaB ligand and colony-stimulating factor-1, and decrease the expression of osteoprotegerin. However, the most significant effect of glucocorticoids in bone is an inhibition of bone formation. This inhibition is caused by a decrease in the number of osteoblasts secondary to a shift in the differentiation of mesenchymal cells away from the osteoblastic lineage, and an increase in the death of mature osteoblasts. Glucocorticoids decrease the function of the remaining osteoblasts directly and indirectly through the inhibition of insulin-like growth factor I expression. The stimulation of bone resorption is likely responsible for the initial bone loss after glucocorticoid exposure. Eventually, the inhibition of bone formation will cause a decrease in bone remodeling and a continued increased risk of fractures.
Using Real-Time Hydraulics Modeling to Complement Annular-Pressure- While-Drilling Data (2002)

Accurate, real-time downhole hydraulics data are critical to successfully drill challenging wells. In many situations, operators rely on annular-pressure-whiledrilling (APWD) tools to provide downhole information based on actual wellbore conditions, thereby enabling wellsite personnel to implement corrective actions in the event of impending problems. These measurements need to be supported by a real-time hydraulics system that can provide the “what-should-be” scenario to complement the “what-is” scenario provided by the APWD tool and give an early indication of an unscheduled drilling event. A system that calculates downhole hydraulics based on surface parameters has been used in key operations around the world to reduce hydraulics-related problems. The real-time hydraulics system has also substituted for the APWD after the tool failed, or when no real-time data were available, such as during trips or running casing. This paper reviews several case histories where this technology was successfully applied to avoid, identify, and respond to problems that could have, or did, develop during well construction. During normal drilling conditions, the calculated equivalent circulating density (ECD) typically has been within 0.1 lb/gal of APWD values. In many cases, drilling problems were preceded by noticeable differences between measured and calculated ECDs. Step improvements have been made to detect in advance some of these problems, such as poor hole cleaning, wellbore instability, bit balling, and lost circulation. Lessons learned and areas of improvements to adapt the system to various drilling conditions have been identified and addressed in the paper.
Disparity and occlusion estimation in multiocular systems and their coding for the communication of multiview image sequences (1998)

An efficient disparity estimation and occlusion detection algorithm for multiocular systems is presented. A dynamic programming algorithm, using a multiview matching cost as well as pure geometrical constraints, is used to estimate disparity and to identify the occluded areas in the extreme left and right views. A significant advantage of the proposed approach is that the exact number of views in which each point appears (is not occluded) can be determined. The disparity and occlusion information obtained may then be used to create virtual images from intermediate viewpoints. Furthermore, techniques are developed for the coding of occlusion and disparity information, which is needed at the receiver for the reproduction of a multiview sequence using the two encoded extreme views. Experimental results illustrate the performance of the proposed techniques.
How Government Purchase Programs Can Get Electric Vehicles on the Road (1994)

Urban air pollution has become a significant health problem. A large amount of urban air pollution can be traced directly to vehicle emissions. An overview of previous governmental strategies for controlling vehicle emissions is presented that highlights the failures of catalytic converters. Electric vehicles offer a more attractive means of cutting vehicle emissions than any other current proposal, including alternative fuels. Strategies for improving the government`s role in promoting the utilization of electric vehicles are proposed. Certain drawbacks associated with electric vehicles are examined. Electric vehicle promotion strategies employed in California are discussed.
Interferon as a model lymphokine. (1981)

Examples of our work concerning the production, action, and genetic control of response to interferon are reviewed. We have shown that human immune interferon is a product of mitogen stimulated T lymphocyte subsets T mu, T gamma, and T phi, and have investigated some of interferon's antiviral, antiproliferative, and antidifferentiational (or antimaturational) effects. We also have refined the genetic locus that controls response to interferon to the distal segment of the long arm of chromosome 21 in the human, and have mapped it for the first time to chromosome 16 in the mouse. We have demonstrated that imbalance of this locus in the human, as in trisomy 21, results in enhanced sensitivity of cells to interferon which, because of its immunoregulatory effects, may be involved in the abnormalities of the immune response in such patients.
Dynamic reblocking RSA-based multisignatures scheme for computer and communication networks (2002)

This investigation utilized dynamic reblocking to enhance the RSA-based multisignatures scheme and solve the moduli clashes problem. In contrast to other RSA-based multisignature schemes, the proposed scheme has fewer modular exponentiations operations, overcomes the signing order problem, and minimizes the keys requirements. Consequently, the proposed scheme is suitable for application to all computer communication network environments.
Preface (2000)

A variety of radiopharmaceuticals have been introduced for the internal therapy of malignant and inflammatory lesions in nuclear medicine. In order to destroy the diseased tissues radionuclides with high linear energy transfer (LET) such as beta, alpha, Auger or low energy conversion electron emitters are needed. The range of beta particles is in mm's so they are effective for large tumors. The range of alpha particles is short, only a few cell diameters. Thus, they are effective in treating circulating malignant cells and micrometastases. The range of Auger and conversion electrons is <0.1 micro m. They are very effective in cell killing when they are carried across cell membrane into the nucleus to damage DNA. Appropriate ions, molecules and particles are labelled with such radionuclides and used as radiopharmaceuticals in many different applications. For an effective dose to be delivered high target to non target ratios must be attained. Monoclonal antibodies to specific antigens expressed on tumor cells have been developed to increase the uptake by malignant tissues by specific accumulation. Radiolabelled peptides such as somatostatin, small molecules such as metaiodo-benzylguanidine (MIBG) and many different nano-and micro-particles have been investigated. The effectiveness of therapy can be increased by direct locoregional administration of the radiopharmaceutical. This way the radiation effects are confined locally and the normal tissues are spared from radiation effects. In this review article selection criteria and characteristics of radionuclides and carrier ions, molecules and particles for various therapeutic applications will be discussed, including mainly the recent developments.
Offshore Fracture Gradients (1973)

The analysis described here, based on Santa Barbara Channel field experience, shows that increasing water depth reduces the overburden stress gradient, substantially influencing the apparent fracture gradient, particularly at shallow penetrations. Two methods of correlating fracture particularly at shallow penetrations. Two methods of correlating fracture gradient are presented in the analysis. Introduction The consideration of formation fracture gradients in selecting casing setting depths is fundamental to the preparation of an acceptable drilling program. When preparation of an acceptable drilling program. When Exxon Co. U.S.A. undertook the deepwater challenges of the Santa Barbara Channel, a project was initiated to develop a fracture-gradient prediction technique that would assess the impact of water depth. Development of the Technique Onshore Fracture Gradients As frequently referenced, Hubbert and Willis, established a theoretical basis for subsequent work in the development of actual fracture-gradient prediction techniques. Later theoretical studies of porous bodies have concluded that the most important factors affecting fracture initiation pressure are the overburden stress, the formation fluid pressure, and the horizontal-to-vertical stress ratio, whereas rock compressibilities and Poisson's ratio have relatively little influence. Matthews and Kelly, in a technique presented in 1967, correctly indicated that the stress ratio, F sigma, was the most significant and yet elusive variable. The following relation was presented for the fracture gradient: ..........................................(1) By assuming a total overburden gradient of 1.0 psi/ ft, we can estimate the effective vertical stress as follows: ..........................................(2) For normally pressured formations, the stress ratio, F sigma, is empirically correlated, on the basis of field data, for a given area as a function of depth. The onshore aspect of the technique that was developed for the Santa Barbara Channel area incorporates these stress-ratio concepts with a method to estimate the actual overburden gradient rather than using the assumed value of 1.0 psi/ft. Since the overburden stress at any depth should be the cumulative weight of the formations above that depth, well data that are indicative of formation density can be used to estimate overburden. Techniques have been published that are based on velocity data from seismic published that are based on velocity data from seismic surveys and sonic logs or that utilize formation bulk density logs directly. We selected the latter method and estimated overburden with Eq. 3: ..........................................(3) where 0.4335 is the constant used to convert units of gm/cc to psi/ft. In practice, of course, a simple arithmetic average of the bulk densities of the overlaying formations, pb, will suffice: ..........................................(4) The final form of the fracture-gradient prediction formula used in the Channel is given as Eq. 5: ..........................................(5) JPT P. 910