gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Ethylene Carbonate Modified Polyisobutylene Succinimide Dispersants (2010)

Succinimide-based dispersants are the most commonly used dispersants in the oil industry. They are used in engine oil to prevent the aggregation of carbon-rich particles generated during engine operation, and consequently reduce the production of sludge and the emission of fine particles into the air that cause air pollution. This project aims at studying the efficiency of a series of non-ionic dispersants at stabilizing carbon-rich particles in an apolar solvent. The dispersants are composed of two polyisobutylene apolar chains and a polyamine core that was modified by reacting the dispersant with ethylene carbonate. This thesis describes the synthesis of a series of unmodified and modified dispersants with different amine contents. It also includes different techniques used in the characterization of the chemical composition of the dispersants, as well as the synthesis of the model compounds which enabled the characterization of the dispersants. A preliminary study on the micelle formation of the dispersants is also presented in this thesis.
Enhancement by Interferon of the Specific Cytotoxicity of Sensitized Lymphocytes (1972)

Mouse interferon preparations enhanced the specific cytotoxicity of sensitized lymphocytes for allogeneic target tumor cells. The factor responsible for the enhancement of cytotoxicity could not be dissociated from the antiviral activity of interferon by standard physicochemical means. Thus, in addition to its well-known antiviral activity, and its effect on cell division, interferon also appears to enhance a specialized cellular function. It is suggested that a common mechanism of action underlies these seemingly different biologic phenomena, and that interferon may play a role in the regulation of fundamental cellular processes.
Cyclobutanediones and the Lower Alkylketene Dimers<sup>1,2</sup> (1953)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCyclobutanediones and the Lower Alkylketene Dimers1,2Evans B. Reid and Stephen J. GroszosCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 7, 1655–1660Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1953https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01103a041https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01103a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views90Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A new method for extracting the capacitance coupling coefficients of sub-0.5-μm flash memory cells in the negative gate bias mode (2002)

A new method for extracting the capacitance coupling coefficients of sub-0.5-/spl mu/m flash memory cells under a negative gate bias is proposed. In contrast to previously developed methods, this method is not affected by the source region dopant profile. Hence, it has the potential to be applied continuously to flash memory cells with reduced dimensions. Using a reference device eliminates the need to make assumptions concerning the electron transport mechanism. Also, another easy method for extracting the gate capacitance coupling coefficient is proposed to provide confirmation.
Insight into in vivo magnetization exchange in human white matter regions (2011)

Water exchange can play an important role in interpreting compartment-specific magnetic resonance imaging data in brain. For example, an MR method of myelin measurement, known as myelin water fraction imaging, assumes that water exchange processes are slow compared with the measurement time scale. In this article, we examined whether water exchange processes have an effect on myelin water fraction values. A previously established four pool model of white matter was used to simulate the interactions between two aqueous compartments (myelin water and intra/extracellular water) and nonaqueous compartments (myelin and nonmyelin tissues). To extract the water exchange cross relaxation times, the Bloch equations were solved analytically. As the water exchange time scales are dependent on the spin-lattice T(1) relaxation of each of these four pools and due to the current uncertainties regarding the T(1) associated with each pool, exchange cross relaxation times for three different T(1) scenarios were calculated. The corrections that need to be considered in order for myelin water fraction to be an accurate marker for myelin were found to be less than 15%. This work indicates that regional variations in white matter myelin water fraction values are most likely due to variations in myelin content rather than regional differences in exchange rates.
The Ullmann Synthesis of Biaryls, 1945-1963 (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Ullmann Synthesis of Biaryls, 1945-1963Paul E. FantaCite this: Chem. Rev. 1964, 64, 6, 613–632Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr60232a002https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60232a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1795Altmetric-Citations257LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Interaction of Lumican with Aggrecan in the Aging Human Sclera (2004)

Reducible and nonreducible lumican-aggrecan interactions occur in the scleral extracellular matrix and result in the formation of high-molecular-weight complexes that increase with age. These results represent the first report demonstrating lumican-aggrecan interactions and suggest they may play a role in age-related scleral extracellular matrix changes.
Voice Profile for Internet Mail (1996)

A class of special-purpose computers has evolved to provide voice messaging services. These machines generally interface to a telephone switch and provide call answering and voice messaging services. Traditionally, messages sent to a non-local machine are transported using analog networking protocols based on DTMF signaling and analog voice playback. As the demand for networking increases, there is a need for a standard high-quality digital protocol to connect these machines. The following document is a profile of the Internet standard MIME and ESMTP protocols for use as a digital voice networking protocol. This profile is based on an earlier effort in the Audio Message Interchange Specification (AMIS) group to define a voice messaging protocol based on X.400 technology. This protocol is intended to satisfy the user requirements statement from that earlier work with the industry standard ESMTP/MIME mail protocol infrastructures already used within corporate internets. This profile will be called the voice profile in this document.
A New Development in Single Gamma Transaxial Tomography Union Carbide Focused Collimator Scanner (1979)

The evolution of gamma-ray imaging is traced and a new gamma-ray transverse section tomographic instrument is described which matches the favorable properties of wide-aperture focusing collimators to a form of the Radon equation which requires only angular averages of line integrals for reconstructions. Single slice scans of less than 5 minutes are accomplished with amounts of radioactivity that are standard for procedures using gamma cameras.
Acute Severe Animal Model of Anti–Muscle-Specific Kinase Myasthenia (2011)

These findings support the role of MuSK antibodies in the human disease, demonstrate the role of MuSK not only in the development of the NMJ but also in the maintenance of the mature synapse, and demonstrate involvement of this disease in both presynaptic and postsynaptic components of the NMJ.
Secure and flexible method for SBC/firewall management (2009)

During the last years, Internet facilities like email, the world-wide-web (WWW), and e-commerce have generated a boost of Internet growth, making offering services possible in fundamentally new ways. One of these services is Voice over IP (VoIP), also named Internet Telephony (IP telephony). With most major telecommunications carriers preparing for VoIP mass deployment, the security of service cannot remain a second priority anymore. This paper analyzes the main aspects of VoIP wide deployment, the benefits of using a new security concept, Session Border Controller (SBC), in solving VoIP security issues and presents a secure and flexible method for SBC/firewall management.
Electrochemical Acceleration of Phosphating Processes (1983)

SummaryThe application of anodic currents during the first stage of chemical immersion phosphating has been studied in terms of potential-time behavior, coating weight development and coating porosity. By use of a small current (0.5-2.0 mA cm−2) for short times (0.5-2.5 min) in an otherwise standard process cycle very high coating weights can be attained and the porosity of the final coating markedly improved.
An English-Korean transliteration model using pronunciation and contextual rules (2002)

There is increasing concern about English-Korean (E-K) transliteration recently. In the previous works, direct converting methods from English alphabets to Korean alphabets were a main research topic. In this paper, we present an E-K transliteration model using pronunciation and contextual rules. Unlike the previous works, our method uses phonetic information such as phoneme and its context. We also use word formation information such as English words of Greek origin, With them, our method shows significant performance increase about 31% in word accuracy.
Motor Proficiency in Dyslexic Children With and Without Attentional Disorders (1985)

Motor proficiency, in terms of speed, rhythm and absence of overflow, has previously been shown to distinguish nonlearning disabled hyperactive boys from matched controls. Accepted screening methods for selecting children with dyslexia do not include assessments of hyperactivity or other attentional deficits. Dyslexic children selected in this customary manner were compared with an otherwise matched group that had been screened for attentional disorders, on a series of repetitive and alternating movements of the fingers, hands, and feet. The screened dyslexic group performed more rapidly on five of six movements and had fewer qualitative signs of dysrhythmia or overflow.
Feature selection using misclassification counts (2011)

Dimensionality reduction of the problem space through detection and removal of variables, contributing little or not at all to classification, is able to relieve the computational load and instance acquisition effort, considering all the data attributes accessed each time around. The approach to feature selection in this paper is based on the concept of coherent accumulation of data about class centers with respect to coordinates of informative features. Ranking is done on the degree to which different variables exhibit random characteristics. The results are being verified using the Nearest Neighbor classifier. This also helps to address the feature irrelevance and redundancy, what ranking does not immediately decide. Additionally, feature ranking methods from different independent sources are called in for the direct comparison.
A Generic Model for It Services and Service Management (2003)

Whereas network and system components were in the focus of management research in previous years, nowadays management of services dominates management activities. We are witnessing a paradigm shift from device-oriented to service-oriented management, and with this the need to deal with new challenging management issues. The management of the underlying infrastructure with respect to the delivered services and agreed service level agreements is certainly the fundamental challenge. It is easy to see that all research questions center around the new managed object service and its integration with existing device-oriented managed objects (network devices, end systems, applications). Thus, the development of a common definition of a service in terms of a common generic service model is essential.
Anatomy of an Experimental Political Stock Market (1992)

Results from the Iowa Political Stock Market are analyzed to ascertain how well markets work as aggregators of information. The authors find that the market worked extremely well, dominating opinion polls in forecasting the outcome of the 1988 presidential election, even though traders in the market exhibited substantial amounts of judgment biases. Their explanation is that judgment bias refers to average behavior, while in markets it is marginal traders who influence price. They present evidence that in this market a sufficient number of traders were free of judgment bias so that the market was able to work well. Copyright 1992 by American Economic Association.
Illumination invariant Mean-shift tracking (2013)

Visual tracking is a critical task in surveillance and activity analysis. One of the major issues in visual target tracking is variations in illumination. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm based on discrete cosine transform (DCT) to handle illumination variations, since illumination variations are mainly reflected in the low-frequency band. For instance, low illumination in a frame leads to low value DC coefficient as vias versa. We modify DC coefficient to achieve illumination invariance. Average of DC coefficients of particular numbers of neighboring frames of current frame is taken. The correction in DC coefficient is performed using maximum eigen value of the image co-variance matrix over N frames. The videos with corrected illumination are than used to track objects of interest using the Mean shift algorithm. The proposed algorithm is tested on an exhaustive database. The results demonstrate significantly improved tracking.
Comparison of energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on weight loss and body composition in overweight men and women (2004)

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of isocaloric, energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate ketogenic (VLCK) and low-fat (LF) diets on weight loss, body composition, trunk fat mass, and resting energy expenditure (REE) in overweight/obese men and women. DESIGN: Randomized, balanced, two diet period clinical intervention study. Subjects were prescribed two energy-restricted (-500 kcal/day) diets: a VLCK diet with a goal to decrease carbohydrate levels below 10% of energy and induce ketosis and a LF diet with a goal similar to national recommendations (%carbohydrate:fat:protein = ~60:25:15%). SUBJECTS: 15 healthy, overweight/obese men (mean +/- s.e.m.: age 33.2 +/- 2.9 y, body mass 109.1 +/- 4.6 kg, body mass index 34.1 +/- 1.1 kg/m2) and 13 premenopausal women (age 34.0 +/- 2.4 y, body mass 76.3 +/- 3.6 kg, body mass index 29.6 +/- 1.1 kg/m2). MEASUREMENTS: Weight loss, body composition, trunk fat (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), and resting energy expenditure (REE) were determined at baseline and after each diet intervention. Data were analyzed for between group differences considering the first diet phase only and within group differences considering the response to both diets within each person. RESULTS: Actual nutrient intakes from food records during the VLCK (%carbohydrate:fat:protein = ~9:63:28%) and the LF (~58:22:20%) were significantly different. Dietary energy was restricted, but was slightly higher during the VLCK (1855 kcal/day) compared to the LF (1562 kcal/day) diet for men. Both between and within group comparisons revealed a distinct advantage of a VLCK over a LF diet for weight loss, total fat loss, and trunk fat loss for men (despite significantly greater energy intake). The majority of women also responded more favorably to the VLCK diet, especially in terms of trunk fat loss. The greater reduction in trunk fat was not merely due to the greater total fat loss, because the ratio of trunk fat/total fat was also significantly reduced during the VLCK diet in men and women. Absolute REE (kcal/day) was decreased with both diets as expected, but REE expressed relative to body mass (kcal/kg), was better maintained on the VLCK diet for men only. Individual responses clearly show the majority of men and women experience greater weight and fat loss on a VLCK than a LF diet. CONCLUSION: This study shows a clear benefit of a VLCK over LF diet for short-term body weight and fat loss, especially in men. A preferential loss of fat in the trunk region with a VLCK diet is novel and potentially clinically significant but requires further validation. These data provide additional support for the concept of metabolic advantage with diets representing extremes in macronutrient distribution.
Zinc-Regulated Genes in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> Revealed by Transposon Tagging (2000)

The biochemistry of human nutritional zinc deficiency remains poorly defined. To characterize in genetic terms how cells respond to zinc deprivation, zinc-regulated genes (ZRG's) were identified in yeast. Gene expression was probed using random lacZ reporter gene fusions, integrated by transposon tagging into a diploid genome as previously described. About half of the genome was examined. Cells exhibiting differences in lacZ expression on low or moderate ( approximately 0. 1 vs. 10 microm) zinc media were isolated and the gene fusions were sequenced. Ribonuclease protection assays demonstrated four- to eightfold increases for the RNAs of the ZAP1, ZRG17 (YNR039c), DPP1, ADH4, MCD4, and YEF3B genes in zinc-deficient cells. All but YEF3B were shown through reporter gene assays to be controlled by a master regulator of zinc homeostasis now known to be encoded by ZAP1. ZAP1 mutants lacked the flocculence and distended vacuoles characteristic of zinc-deficient cells, suggesting that flocculation and vacuolation serve homeostatic functions in zinc-deficient cells. ZRG17 mutants required extra zinc supplementation to repress these phenotypes, suggesting that ZRG17 functions in zinc uptake. These findings illustrate the utility of transposon tagging as an approach for studying regulated gene expression in yeast.
Ultrabright Luminescence from Gold Nanoclusters: Rigidifying the Au(I)–Thiolate Shell (2015)

Luminescent nanomaterials have captured the imagination of scientists for a long time and offer great promise for applications in organic/inorganic light-emitting displays, optoelectronics, optical sensors, biomedical imaging, and diagnostics. Atomically precise gold clusters with well-defined core-shell structures present bright prospects to achieve high photoluminescence efficiencies. In this study, gold clusters with a luminescence quantum yield greater than 60% were synthesized based on the Au22(SG)18 cluster, where SG is glutathione, by rigidifying its gold shell with tetraoctylammonium (TOA) cations. Time-resolved and temperature-dependent optical measurements on Au22(SG)18 have shown the presence of high quantum yield visible luminescence below freezing, indicating that shell rigidity enhances the luminescence quantum efficiency. To achieve high rigidity of the gold shell, Au22(SG)18 was bound to bulky TOA that resulted in greater than 60% quantum yield luminescence at room temperature. Optical measurements have confirmed that the rigidity of gold shell was responsible for the luminescence enhancement. This work presents an effective strategy to enhance the photoluminescence efficiencies of gold clusters by rigidifying the Au(I)-thiolate shell.
Citrate conformation and chelation: enzymic implications (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCitrate conformation and chelation: enzymic implicationsJenny P. GluskerCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1980, 13, 10, 345–352Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar50154a002https://doi.org/10.1021/ar50154a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1444Altmetric-Citations167LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Ear Reconstruction through Tissue Engineering (2010)

For decades, reconstructive surgery of the auricle has presented a challenge to surgeons. An immense number of publications now document the efforts to develop and improve techniques designed to provide reasonable shape and functionality. Since the early 1990s, tissue engineering has become increasingly popular in the field of reconstructive surgery. In particular, when an in-vitro-manufactured auricular-shaped cartilage implant was implanted on the back of a nude mouse, reconstructive surgeons were intrigued and patients' expectations were raised. However, almost 20 years after tissue engineering was defined by Langer and Vacanti [Science 1993;260:920-926] as: 'an interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function or a whole organ', only single case reports have been published. These reports detail the clinical application of in-vitro-manufactured cartilage for reconstructive procedures in the head and neck. The present article describes the fundamentals and potential of tissue engineering in reconstructive surgery of the auricle, and highlights the limitations that prevent its current clinical application.