gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lipase applications in food industry (2007)

Lipases are the most pliable biocatalyst and bring about a wide range of bioconversion reactions, such as hydrolysis, interesterification, esterification, alcoholysis, acidolysis and aminolysis. Lipases can act on a variety of substrates including natural oils, synthetic triglycerides and esters of fatty acids. They are resistant to solvents and are exploited in a broad spectrum of biotechnological applications. Lipase catalyzed transesterification, hydrolysis and esterification are the important class of reactions for food technology applications in fats and oil industry, dairy industry, pharmaceuticals and bakery industry. Lipases are very peculiar as they hydrolyse fats into fatty acids and glycerol at the water-lipid interface and can reverse the reaction in non-aqueous media. Novel biotechnological applications, like biopolymer synthesis, biodiesel production, treatment of fat-containing waste effluents, enantiopure synthesis of pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical agents, have been established successfully. The present article extends the frontier of lipase technology towards food processing applications and discusses the important characteristics of lipases and its sources. Various methods of lipase immobilization for food technology applications, various assay methods for lipase, production of lipase by submerged and solid state fermentation strategies, and various purification methods available have been discussed in detail.
Synthesis of 1,3-dialkyl-5-(hetaryl-1-yl)-1,3-dihydrobenzimidazol-2-ones (2011)

Reactions of 5-amino-1,3-dialkyl-1,3-dihydrobenzimidazol-2-ones with 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran and 2,6-dimethyl-γ-pyranone led to the formation of 1,3-dialkyl-1,3-dihydro-5-(pyrrol-1-andл)benzimidazol-2-ones and 1-(1,3-dialkyl-2-oxo-1,3-dihydrobenzimidazol-5-yl)-2,6-dimethylpyridin-4-ones.
Environmental assessment of a reciprocating engine retrofitted with nonselective catalytic reduction. Volume 2. Data supplement. Final report June 1983-May 1984 (1984)

The two-volume report describes results from testing a rich-burn reciprocating internal combustion engine retrofitted with a nonselective catalytic reduction system for NOx reduction. A comprehensive test program was performed to characterize catalyst inlet and outlet organic and inorganic emissions at optimum catalyst NOx reduction performance, followed by a 15-day exhaust emission monitoring program to measure the catalyst performance under typical engine operating conditions. Over the 15-day monitoring period, NOx reduction performance was mostly in the 0 to 40% range.
Das EWS-Debakel und die Zukunft der europäischen Währungsunion: Erklärungen und Simulationen aus der Sicht der Public-Choice-Theorie (1994)

ZusammenfassungEs ist oft darauf hingewiesen worden, daß die Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands wesentlich zum Auseinanderbrechen des EWS beigetragen hat. Diese These soll zunächst theoretisch analysiert und empirisch belegt werden.
Improvised Explosive Devices in Iraq: Effects and Countermeasures (2005)

Improvised explosive devices (IEDs) are responsible for many of the more than 2,000 deaths and numerous casualties suffered by U.S. and coalition forces since the invasion of Iraq. The bombs have been hidden behind signs and guardrails, under roadside debris, or inside animal carcasses, and encounters with IEDs are becoming more numerous and deadly. The threat has expanded to include vehicle-borne IEDs, where insurgents drive cars laden with explosives directly into a targeted group of service members. Department of Defense (DoD) efforts to counter IEDs have proven only marginally effective, and U.S. forces continue to be exposed to the threat at military checkpoints, or whenever riding in vehicles in Iraq. DoD reportedly expects that mines and IEDs will continue to be weapons of choice for insurgents for the near term in Iraq, and is also concerned that they might eventually become more widely used by other insurgents and terrorists worldwide. This report will be updated as events warrant.
Domesticação de plantas medicinais: a experiência da espinheira-santa (Maytenus ilicifolia mart. ex reiss) (2005)

O consumo crescente de plantas medicinais e uma tendencia consistente no Brasil e no mundo. Embora o numero de agricultores que cultivam plantas medicinais tenha aumentado, seu numero ainda e insuficiente, especialmente para a producao de especies nativas. Mesmo quando as plantas medicinais sao aparentemente abundantes, seu uso continuado deve basear-se em cultivos ou manejo sustentavel em areas de ocorrencia natural, para garantir na quantidade e com a qualidade necessaria. Elas devem ser domesticadas. No processo de domesticacao, nao se deve esquecer que o objetivo nao e – pura e simplesmente – a multiplicacao de individuos de uma determinada especie. O sucesso da domesticacao e insercao de uma especie nativa em diferentes sistemas de producao esta associado a disponibilidade de material de propagacao com a necessaria qualidade genetica e fisiologica. Por outro lado, a pressao da demanda nao nos da tempo para realizar todas as pesquisas necessarias para a obtencao de material de propagacao ‘melhorado’. As estrategias adotadas para a obtencao das informacoes basicas para a domesticacao de especies medicinais nativas devem estar adaptadas as particularidades dessa realidade. A espinheira-santa e utilizada para ilustrar este processo.
Découvertes récentes au sanctuaire du Qasr à Pétra. II. Quelques aspects de l'architecture et de la sculpture. (1968)

Wright G.R.H. Découvertes récentes au sanctuaire du Qasr à Pétra. II. Quelques aspects de l'architecture et de la sculpture.. In: Syria. Tome 45 fascicule 1-2, 1968. pp. 25-40.
A multichannel filter in a photonic crystal heterostructure containing single-negative materials (2007)

A multichannel filter is demonstrated theoretically based on a one-dimensional photonic crystal heterostructure containing single-negative materials. The filtering properties of the photonic crystal filter, including the channel number and frequency, can be tailored by adjusting the structure period or the layer thickness. The angular response of the filter and the influences of the loss of the single-negative materials on the filtering properties are analyzed.
Commonalities and differences of T3SSs in rhizobia and plant pathogenic bacteria (2014)

Plant pathogenic bacteria and rhizobia infect higher plants albeit the interactions with their hosts are principally distinct and lead to completely different phenotypic outcomes, either pathogenic or mutualistic, respectively. Bacterial protein delivery to plant host plays an essential role in determining the phenotypic outcome of plant-bacteria interactions. The involvement of type III secretion systems (T3SSs) in mediating animal- and plant-pathogen interactions was discovered in the mid-80's and is now recognized as a multiprotein nanomachine dedicated to trans-kingdom movement of effector proteins. The discovery of T3SS in bacteria with symbiotic lifestyles broadened its role beyond virulence. In most T3SS-positive bacterial pathogens, virulence is largely dependent on functional T3SSs, while in rhizobia the system is dispensable for nodulation and can affect positively or negatively the mutualistic associations with their hosts. This review focuses on recent comparative genome analyses in plant pathogens and rhizobia that uncovered similarities and variations among T3SSs in their genetic organization, regulatory networks and type III secreted proteins and discusses the evolutionary adaptations of T3SSs and type III secreted proteins that might account for the distinguishable phenotypes and host range characteristics of plant pathogens and symbionts.
A reduced actuation mecanum wheel platform for pipe inspection (2016)

This paper focuses on the design, development and assessment of a novel, 2 degrees-of-freedom magnetic pipe inspection robot. It consists of 4 mecanum wheels, with the diagonals functionally coupled and the system rotation constrained by the surface geometry, maintaining full translational mobility with reduced control and actuation requirements. The system uses positional encoding that is decoupled from the transmission system to overcome the main sources of positional/positioning errors when using mecanum wheels. The kinematic and dynamic models of the system are derived and integrated within the controller. The prototype robot is then tested and shown to follow a scan path at 20mm/s within ±1.5mm whilst correcting for gravitational drift and slip events.
Irradiation of Polymers, Copyright, Advances in Chemistry Series, FOREWORD (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO BOOKFront MatterNEXTIrradiation of Polymers, Copyright, Advances in Chemistry Series, FOREWORDRobert F. GouldRobert F. GouldMore by Robert F. GouldDOI: 10.1021/ba-1967-0066.fw001Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1967Publication History Published online22 July 2009Published inprint 1 June 1967RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSIrradiation of Polymerspp i-ivAdvances in ChemistryVol. 66ISBN13: 9780841200678eISBN: 9780841222465 Copyright © 1967 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETYChapter Views178Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSChapter Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (209 KB) Get e-Alerts
Antitumor effect and mode of action of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-phosphate in leukemia L1210. (1968)

Summary The effect of 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5′-monophosphate (ara-CMP) against leukemia L1210 was very similar to that of 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C): equimolecular daily doses of the two drugs produced nearly the same increases in survival time. The nucleotide seemed to be slightly less active and less toxic. Efflux of ara-CMP from L1210 ascites cells which were incubated with tritiated ara-C was very small compared to the rate of entry of the nucleoside. This finding and the cross-resistance to ara-CMP of a subline of L1210 resistant to ara-C indicate that ara-CMP does not enter the cells intact but is dephosphorylated prior to uptake.
General-purpose systolic arrays (1993)

The extension of systolic array architecture from fixed- or special-purpose architectures to general-purpose, SIMD (single-instruction stream, multiple-data stream), MIMD (multiple-instruction stream, multiple-data stream) architectures, and hybrid architectures that combine both commercial and FPGA (field-programmable gate array) technologies is chronicled. The authors present a taxonomy for systolic organizations, discuss each architecture's methods of exploiting concurrencies, and compare performance attributes of each. The authors also describe a number of implementation issues that determine a systolic array's performance efficiency, such as algorithms and mapping, system integration through memory subsystems, cell granularity, and extensibility to a wide variety of topologies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Beam-Aware Dormant and Scheduling Mechanism for 5G Millimeter Wave Cellular Systems (2018)

In this paper, an analytical model for millimeter wave (mmWave) cellular systems that characterizes user equipment (UE) power-saving constraint is studied. On the basis of the realistic radio propagation, we model the channel quality by curve fitting and create a Markov chain based channel model. The reference signal for channel measurement in conventional cellular systems can be transmitted to the whole cell at a time, but the beam sweeping is needed in mmWave systems in order to overcome the high path loss of high-frequency electromagnetic wave. This constraint further affects the timing of channel measurement, channel quality feedback, and power consumption. A novel beam-aware dormant mechanism for power saving in mmWave systems is proposed. UEs may enter the dormant mode for power-saving when the base station (BS) is not transmitting on their beams. Therefore, the BS is suggested to consider the time gap between channel measurement and data transmission when scheduling UEs. Beam-aware scheduling framework is proposed and integrated with the beam-aware dormant mechanism. It is shown that the policy to schedule a UE after its channel measurement outperforms the one to schedule every time slot. The simulation results and mathematical expression both demonstrate that the beam-aware media access control (MAC) framework improves throughput under power constraint.
A Note on a Bridged-T Network (1951)

A bridged-T network previously employed for the measurement of resistance is analyzed, and is shown to be useful as the frequency-determining element of a resistance-tuned oscillator. The resistance-capacitance form of the network permits a wide tuning range and simple switching between ranges, while the resistance-inductance network suggests the possibility of building an oscillator having decade frequency dials. With both forms of the network a moderate value of equivalent Q can be obtained, which is desirable for accuracy and stability of frequency calibration.
Fast algorithms for computing isogenies between elliptic curves (2008)

We survey algorithms for computing isogenies between elliptic curves defined over a field of characteristic either 0 or a large prime. We introduce a new algorithm that computes an isogeny of degree $\ell$ ($\ell$ different from the characteristic) in time quasi-linear with respect to $\ell$. This is based in particular on fast algorithms for power series expansion of the Weierstrass $\wp$-function and related functions.
Management and training in the Australian beef industry (1998)

In recent years there has been considerable growth in organised farm management groups. The approaches adopted by these groups vary but frequently include a combination of farm planning, formal courses and actions by members to seek out information from other sources, including agronomists, state agriculture extension officers, consultants and other farmers.
Carbon composite membranes from MatrimidA and KaptonA polyimides for gas separation (1999)

The preparation and characteristics of supported carbon membranes from commercial polyimides are reported here. Carbon molecular sieve membranes (CMSM) with asymmetric and symmetric structures have been obtained in only one casting step by the phase inversion technique. The precursors were polyimide-type polymers available commercially: AllothermA 610-16 (BASF) and MatrimidA 5218 (Ciba Specialty Chemicals). The preparation method involved coating of the macroporous carbon supports with a polymeric solution and subsequent gellation of the polymeric film by immersion in a coagulant bath. The carbon membranes were obtained by heat treatment (450–700°C) of the resulting devices under vacuum. The permeability and selectivity data indicate that the resulting carbon membranes possess molecular sieve properties and that they are suitable for the separation of permanent gases of industrial interest (O2/N2, CO2/CH4, CO2/N2, etc.). KaptonA carbon membranes are more permeable than those derived from MatrimidA. The permeability and permselectivity measured at 25°C for KaptonA-derived CMSM were: permeability (CO2)=92 Barrer, permselectivity (CO2/CH4)=16, permselectivity (CO2/N2)=9; permeability (O2)=45 Barrer, permselectivity (O2/N2)=4. By contrast, the materials obtained from MatrimidA are, in general, less permeable but more selective: permeability (CO2)=12 Barrer, permselectivity (CO2/CH4)=33, permselectivity (CO2/N2)=15; permeability (O2)=5 Barrer, permselectivity (O2/N2)=6. © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Effective focused retrieval by exploiting query context and document structure (2012)

The classic IR model of the search process consists of three elements: query, documents and search results. A user looking to fulfil an information need formulates a query usually consisting of a small set of keywords summarising the information need. The goal of an IR system is to retrieve documents containing information which might be useful or relevant to the user. Throughout the search process there is a loss of focus, because keyword queries entered by users often do not suitably summarise their complex information needs, and IR systems do not sufficiently interpret the contents of documents, leading to result lists containing irrelevant and redundant information. The main research objective of this thesis is to exploit query context and document structure to provide for more focused retrieval. The short keyword query used as input to the retrieval system can be supplemented with topic categories from structured Web resources such as DMOZ and Wikipedia. Topic categories can be used as query context to retrieve documents that are not only relevant to the query but also belong to a relevant topic category. Category information is especially useful for the task of entity ranking where the user is searching for a certain type of entity such as companies or persons. Category information can help to improve the search results by promoting in the ranking pages belonging to relevant topic categories, or categories similar to the relevant categories. By following external links and searching for the retrieved Wikipedia entities in a general Web collection, we can also exploit the structure of Wikipedia to rank entities on the general Web. Wikipedia, in contrast to the general Web, does not contain much redundant information. This absence of redundant information can be exploited by using Wikipedia as a pivot to search the general Web. A typical query returns thousands or millions of documents, but searchers hardly ever look beyond the first result page. Since space on the result page is limited, we can show only a few documents in the result list. Word clouds can be used to summarise groups of documents into a set of keywords which allows users to quickly get a grasp on the underlying data. Instead of using user-assigned tags we generate word clouds from the textual contents of documents themselves as well as the anchor text ofWeb documents. Improvements over word clouds that are created using simple term frequency counting include using a parsimonious term weighting scheme, including bigrams and biasing the word cloud towards the query. We find that word clouds can to a certain degree quickly convey the topic and relevance of a set of search results. Available online at: http://dare.uva.nl/record/39569.
Striatal precursors adopt cortical identities in response to local cues (1995)

One of the early steps in the regionalization of the CNS is the subdivision of the forebrain into dorsal and basal telencephalic ventricular zones. These ventricular zones give rise to the cortex and striatum respectively, in the mature brain. Previous work suggests that while neural precursors are able to move within both the dorsal cortical and basal striatal ventricular zones, they are unable to cross the boundary area between them. To determine if the regional identities of the cells in these ventricular zones are restricted, cells from the basal striatal ventricular zone were either transplanted back into their original environment or into the dorsally adjacent cortical ventricular zone. Use of in vitro explants of mouse telencephalon demonstrated that striatal precursors are able to integrate heterotopically within 12 hours of being placed onto the surface of cortical ventricular zone. To examine whether heterotopically placed neural precursors have phenotypes appropriate to their host or donor environment, in vivo transplants in rats were performed. Striatal ventricular zone cells transplanted to a striatal environment adopt morphologies and axonal projections characteristic of striatal cells. In contrast, striatal ventricular zone cells transplanted in vivo to a cortical environment acquired morphologies and axonal projections specific to cortex. These findings suggest that within forebrain, position-specific cues play an instructive role in determining critical aspects of regional phenotype.
[The sensitivity and specificity of sonographic examination in detection of rotator cuff tear]. (1999)

Sonographic examination was performed in 72 patients (74 shoulders) suffering from different shoulder diseases. The results were correlated with findings obtained during subsequent surgery in 57 patients (58 shoulders) and arthrography in 15 cases (16 shoulders). Rotator cuff tear was proved during surgical procedure in 37 patients (38 shoulders). The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography in detection of cuff tear was 98.2% and 90% respectively. In case of partial cuff tear ultrasonography had lower sensitivity--50% while specificity was 96.3%. In detection of supraspinatus tendon tear the ultrasound sensitivity was 100% and specificity 95.6%, in case of infraspinatus tear sensitivity was 66.7% and specificity 94% while for subscapularis tear these values were equal 75% and 98.1%. The size of sonographically estimated cuff defect correlated properly with intrasurgical measurement in 76.3% of all cases.
The Normative Dimensions of Health Disparities (2013)

Understanding what conditions must be satisfied for a health inequality to be a health inequity (disparity) is crucial for health policy makers. The failure to understand what constitutes a health inequity, and confusing health inequalities with health inequities threatens the successful creation of health policies by diverting needed attention and resources away from addressing health inequalities that are health inequities. More generally, the failure threatens to undercut our ability to tell what research is relevant to the creation of health policies that aim to mitigate or eliminate health inequities. With this in mind, the principal aim of the present paper is to provide a framework within which to understand the relationships of concepts such as health difference, health inequality and health inequity to one another. Under the umbrella heading of “health disparities”, which is often used as a catch-all expression to refer to various, sometimes very different concepts of health, health outcomes and health determinants, the paper draws attention to two important axes in this framework; the axis of health inequalities (the empirical dimensions) and the axis of health inequities (the normative dimensions). Using the writings of John Dewey on valuation and value judgments, the paper explores how it is possible for a claim about the existence, prevalence or scope of health disparities to have both an empirical dimension and a normative dimension.