gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Impact of Large Scale Integration on Aerospace Computers (1967)

The continued development of Large Scale Integration (LSI) presages the advent of a fourth generation of computers, and is causing an upheaval at all levels of computer technology-both technical and managerial. Today's computers use integrated circuit components containing at most ten gates per component; however, LSI is introducing hundreds of gates per component and will eventually evolve into thousands of gates per component. To the aerospace planner, this technological breakthrough of LSI means tremendous reductions in cost, size, weight, and power consumption of logic components, together with increased speed and reliability. However, for the aerospace planner to successfully implement aerospace computers with LSI, the computer designers and managers must reorient their methodology and goals. A multitude of new design and cost considerations must be carefully scrutinized, and out of this must come the new techniques that will permit effective incorporation of LSI in aerospace computers. Higher speed, a smaller system, greater reliability, and lower cost stem from the physical structure (more gates per component with no increase in component size) of the LSI component. These inherent features of LSI, together with multiprocessor system organization, point to future aerospace computers with capabilities equal to today's best ground base systems.
Superconducting cable joint resistance (1991)

Results of a parametric study of the 4.2-K resistance of lap joints between two 27-strand cables of multifilamentary Nb/sub 3/Sn wire are reported. All joints were between ribbon terminations made by rolling copper-encapsulated cable ends flat. Resistances as functions of current were inferred from current decay time constants of cable-in-conduit conductor loops connected by the joints. The resistances of 23 samples were measured (range of 0.2 to 3 n Omega ). It was found that lap joint resistance was a function of current. The influences of solder versus no solder, solder thickness, indium versus tin-lead, ribbon surface oxidation, solder flux, cable twist pitch, wire chrome plating, clamping pressure during heat treatment, ribbon aspect ratio, and joint length are reported.
Three Carrier Approaches for Future Global, Regional and Local GNSS Positioning Services: Concepts and Performance Perspectives (2005)

<p>The next generation Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), such as the modernized GPS and Galileo, will transmit three or more carrier signals for civilian use. The paper outlines a geometry-free, distance-independent TCAR approaches, and explores ambiguity resolution and possible positioning performance at local, regional and global scales. The proposed TCAR approach comprises three steps: (1) resolving the integer ambiguities of the extra-widelane and widelane signals using smoothed code measurements; (2) estimating the first-order differential ionospheric bias with the two ambiguity-fixed widelane phases, which may be smoothed for centimetre accuracy over a short period; and (3) using the refined ionospheric correction and widelane signal to estimate the integer ambiguity of the third phase measurement chosen to be independent of the first two. The performance of the proposed method is distance-independent, although averaging or smoothing over multiple epochs, or a certain period of observation, is necessary for reliable ambiguity solutions. Depending on whether two or three combined ambiguities are resolved successfully, real-time kinematic positioning is achieved at two scales: at the regional-to-global scale with decimetre accuracy, and at the local scale with centimetre accuracy. Numerical results indicate the dependency of the positioning accuracy on the level of phase noise and residual tropospheric effects. The most notable result is the smoothing time for achieving decimetre-level RTK solutions over long distances can be reduced significantly - tens of seconds to a few minutes with three frequencies instead of the hundreds of seconds to tens of minutes in the case of two frequencies. This technological advance is remarkable, promising much wider regional and global scale applications than existing GPS technologies.</p>
Der Nachweis von Änderungen der Baroklinität und der synoptischen Aktivität über der Nordhemisphäre im Zeitraum 1967-94 anhand zweier Datensätze (1997)

Intensified deep cyclones over the North Atlantic - especially at the beginning of the 1990s - led to the supposition, that the meridional temperature gradient of the troposphere could have been strengthened within the last decades. In this study northern hemispheric tropospheric temperatures and synoptic activity - in terms of barodinicity and the interdiurnal variability of geopotential heights (IDV) - in the period 1967-94 are examined. It has been found that the lower tropospheric temperature gradients as well as the synoptic activity increased in that period especially in the cyclogenetic centres over Newfoundland and over the Northwest Pacific, leading to an enforcing of meridional heat exchange processes due to synoptic eddies. This result could be found with two independent data sets: with analysis data of the German Weather Service (DWD) and with the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmospheric Data Set (COADS). The close connection between the solenoidal term and the synoptic activity, represented by the IDV, can be presented as another instructive result of the study.
Autonomous anatomical structure recognition using machine learning (2018)

Introduction. Object detection algorithms are already applied to tomographical medical data (i.e. X-Ray scans), but not to video data of intra-abdominal minimally invasive surgery. This research made a start to work on anatomical structure recognition using machine learning algorithms. 
Method. The YOLOv2 algorithm was applied to a dataset of 8 videos of colorectal surgery, with the goal to identify five anatomical structures (ureter, tendon, artery, white line of Toldt, colon) purely on visual information. 7 videos (6189 images) were used for training and validation, 1 video (1185 images) was used a test set, all annotated with bounding boxes around the target structures. Training parameters with the Adam optimizer were α = 0.0001 and batch size 8, trained for 100 epochs with a checkpoint on the lowest validation loss. A 3-layer LSTM network was added after the YOLOv2 algorithm for better performance, which was trained at α = 0.00001 for 300 epochs with a batch size of 32 and dropout of 0.2.
Results. The LSTM implementation failed to produce reliable results, with indications that the loss function was implemented falsely. The standalone YOLOv2 network had a mean average precision (mAP) of 43.72% on our test set, which is comparable to its performance on the standard object detection dataset COCO. 
Discussion. The faulty LSTM implementation was narrowed down to probably a fault in the loss function. Annotation in medical data requires skill, anatomical background, and time, and is still difficult and inconsistent. Performance of YOLOv2 can be improved by training on a larger dataset, removing the ‘Toldt’ class, correctly implement the LSTM network, and keep testing for optimal settings in thresholds and learning parameters. 
Conclusion. Object detection algorithms can be applied to video data of minimally invasive abdominal surgery with an acceptable precision.
Analysis and evaluation of overcurrent protection for DC to DC PWM converters (2004)

Overcurrent protection by sensing the top switch current with the peak current limiting or the bottom switch current with the valley current limiting in a buck converter is analyzed and the analysis is extended to other topologies. It is investigated that the auto soft restart hiccup current limiting may never be tripped while the cycle-by-cycle current limiting is employed as lower current limiting threshold, and that with the valley current limiting the overcurrent level is uncertain depending upon circuit parameters and operating conditions. Finally, experimental data was collected and presented to confirm the analysis
Characterization of a thrombocytopoietic-stimulating factor from kidney cell culture medium. (1981)

The chemical characteristics of a thrombocytopoietic-stimulating factor (TSF or thrombopoietin) found in serum-free kidney cell culture medium were further delineated by subjecting the TSF-rich medium to varying temperatures, different pH, and trypsin digested; the ability of TSF to bind lectins on affinity chromatography was also determined. After treatment, the TSF was assayed in immunothrombocythemic mice by its ability to increase the incorporation of 35S-sodium sulfate into newly formed platelets. TSF appeared to be relatively heat stable; incubation of TSF for 16 h at temperatures of 4, 37, and 56 degrees C showed no loss of TSF activity. However, after incubation at 85 degrees C, TSF was completely inactivated TSF in culture medium was stable of pH 1-8. Above these pH values, the potency of the TSF material decreased sharply. Digestion of TSF with trypsin completely destroyed the thrombocytopoietic-stimulating activity. For TSF purification, two different lectin-agarose derivatives were used; i.e., wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and concanavalin A (Con A). Both lectins bound TSF, and the hormone was eluted by the sugars specific for the particular lectin. lectins, therefore, can be used to partially purify the hormone; a further 10 to 200-fold purification was achieved by these techniques. Since other workers have shown that TSF from plasma of thrombocytopenic rabbits will bind WGA and Con A, TSF from kidney cell culture medium and TSF from animal sources appear to have similar carbohydrate compositions.
Computational Analysis of Transcript Interactions and Variants in Cancer (2015)

University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. November 2015. Major: Computer Science. Advisors: Rui Kuang, Baolin Wu. 1 computer file (PDF); x, 117 pages.
Stability of Essential Oils: A Review (2013)

Abstract In recent years, consumers have developed an ever‐increasing interest in natural products as alternatives for artificial additives or pharmacologically relevant agents. Among them, essential oils have gained great popularity in the food, cosmetic, as well as the pharmaceutical industries. Constituting an array of many lipophilic and highly volatile components derived from a great range of different chemical classes, essential oils are known to be susceptible to conversion and degradation reactions. Oxidative and polymerization processes may result in a loss of quality and pharmacological properties. Despite their relevance for consumers, there is a paucity of information available addressing this issue. Therefore, the present review provides a comprehensive summary on possible changes in essential oils and factors affecting their stability. Focusing on individual essential oils, the various paths of degradation upon exposure to extrinsic parameters are outlined. Especially temperature, light, and oxygen availability are recognized to have a crucial impact on essential oil integrity. Finally, analytical methods to assess both genuine as well as altered essential oil profiles are evaluated with respect to their suitability to track chemical alterations. It is believed that only a careful inspection of essential oils by a set of convenient methods allows profound quality assessment that is relevant to producers and consumers alike.
Quantitative comparison of air containment systems (2012)

Data center cooling energy efficiency is critical to successful operation of modern large data centers. The current trend of deploying high heat load density cabinets in data centers necessitates the use of air containment systems. According to a recent poll (by Gartner), about 80% of the data centers already have or are planning to deploy a containment system. There are primarily two types of air containment systems: hot air containment and cold air containment. This paper compares the performance and cooling energy costs of different types of air containment systems. It also includes the set of guidelines that should be considered when selecting one containment type over the other. In order to compare the performance of standard Hot Aisle/Cold Aisle (HA/CA) arrangement vs. Containment Systems we have selected a comprehensive data center layout. This layout contains a mix of equipment (Server, Networking, and Storage) which is characteristic of a typical data center facility. In this paper we will first determine the cooling needs of the equipment and establish the associated set point conditions for the CRAH (Computer Room Air Handlers) units, and then later consider different types of chilled water systems to do the comparative analysis.
Flavonoids in <i>Cannabis sativa</i>: Biosynthesis, Bioactivities, and Biotechnology (2021)

Although <i>Cannabis sativa</i> synthesizes a wide range of phytochemicals, much attention has been primarily given to two phytocannabinoids, Δ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), due to their distinctive activities in humans. These bioactivities can be further enhanced through the interaction of THC and CBD with other phytocannabinoids or non-phytocannabinoid chemicals, such as terpenes and flavonoids, a phenomenon that is termed the entourage effect. Flavonoid metabolism in <i>C. sativa</i> and the entourage effect are currently understudied. This mini-review examines recent advances in the biosynthesis and bioactivities of cannflavins, which are prenylated (C5) and geranylated (C10) flavones that are relatively unique to <i>C. sativa</i>. We also discuss the rapidly developing omics tools that enable discoveries in flavonoid metabolism in <i>C. sativa</i> and manipulation of flavonoid production through biotechnology. These advances set the stage for interrogating the health benefits of <i>C. sativa</i> flavonoids, deciphering the contribution of flavonoids to the entourage effect, and developing drugs.
Evolution to the programmable Internet (2000)

This article explores possible transitional steps to add programmability into the Internet: label switching for flexible packet forwarding, open programming interfaces, active packets for dynamic service control, and mobile agents. With a programmable Internet, service providers and users will be able to gain a degree of flexible control over their network services and take advantage of the full potential of the Internet.
Steady-State and Time-Resolved Fluorescence Behavior of C153 and PRODAN in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids (2002)

Room temperature ionic liquids have emerged as nature-friendly media suitable for various applications. In this work, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence behavior of coumarin 153 (C153) and 6-propionyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene (PRODAN) have been reported in two room-temperature ionic liquids based on substituted imidazolium salts. The steady-state fluorescence behavior of the two probe molecules suggests that these liquids are more polar than acetonitrile. The polarity of these media is found to be comparable to that of 2-propanol. No significant difference in the polarity of the two media could be observed although the cationic components of the two liquids contain alkyl substitutents of different chain length. Both the probe molecules display a wavelength-dependent fluorescence decay behavior. The decay profile at the red edge of the spectrum consists of an initial rise followed by a slow decay, while no rise could be observed at the blue edge of the spectrum. The solvation dynamics of the two probe molecules in the two room-temperature ionic liquids have been studied from the time-dependence of the spectral shift function constructed from the wavelength-dependent fluorescence decay profiles. The solvation of the probe molecules occurs on two different time scales with the absolute values strongly dependent on the cationic component of the ionic liquids. The average solvation time is found to be fairly long and dependent on the probe molecule used.
Visualization and analysis of the release mechanism of shellac coated ascorbic acid pellets. (2006)

Shellac coated sustained release ascorbic acid containing pellets were investigated using scanning electron microscopy in order to visualize the release mechanism and to establish a correlation to dissolution data. Scanning electron micrograph pictures revealed different drug release profiles of individual pellets. Single pellet dissolution measurements demonstrated that the release profile of the encapsulated dosage form, containing approximately 400 pellets per capsule, is a combination of different release profiles of all individual pellets. The release of ascorbic acid occurred only in some small spots on the surface area of the pellets and could be visualized by the reduction of silver ions from an aqueous silver nitrate solution. These spots could be identified as defects in the shellac sustained release film using scanning electron microscopy. In further trials, the dissolution rate of an individual pellet could be related to the number and dimension of holes in its membrane. In conclusion, the release is characterized by surface defects and scanning electron microscopy studies are a useful tool to get new information for a better understanding of the drug release.
Potential antiproteolytic effects of L-leucine: observations of in vitro and in vivo studies (2008)

The purpose of present review is to describe the effect of leucine supplementation on skeletal muscle proteolysis suppression in both in vivo and in vitro studies. Most studies, using in vitro methodology, incubated skeletal muscles with leucine with different doses and the results suggests that there is a dose-dependent effect. The same responses can be observed in in vivo studies. Importantly, the leucine effects on skeletal muscle protein synthesis are not always connected to the inhibition of skeletal muscle proteolysis. As a matter of fact, high doses of leucine incubation can promote suppression of muscle proteolysis without additional effects on protein synthesis, and low leucine doses improve skeletal muscle protein ynthesis but have no effect on skeletal muscle proteolysis. These research findings may have an important clinical relevancy, because muscle loss in atrophic states would be reversed by specific leucine supplementation doses. Additionally, it has been clearly demonstrated that leucine administration suppresses skeletal muscle proteolysis in various catabolic states. Thus, if protein metabolism changes during different atrophic conditions, it is not surprising that the leucine dose-effect relationship must also change, according to atrophy or pathological state and catabolism magnitude. In conclusion, leucine has a potential role on attenuate skeletal muscle proteolysis. Future studies will help to sharpen the leucine efficacy on skeletal muscle protein degradation during several atrophic states.
Secured Geocast Routing in VANET (Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network) with two Stage Efficient Communication Protocol (2012)

In the present study we have proposed a secured geocaste routing in VANET with two stage efficient communication protocol. The communication protocol operates on two stages. In the first stage vehicles transmit messages within its transmission range of its radar and to the VANET Server. In the second stage VANET Server receives messages from vehicles and sends those messages to all other vehicles belonging to the same geographical region as of sender. Geographical regions are predetermined by VANET Server. One of the interesting features of this protocol is that we use the MANET infrastructure instead of roadside equipments to communicate with VANET server. Added feature of the protocol is that unlike other geocast routing protocol [8] it incorporates security issues too. So the messages are secured and trustworthy messages are broadcasted among the vehicles. The protocol has been simulated with the NS2 simulator. For this two stage communication protocol it has been found from the simulation results that the bandwidth usage is less and thus enhance the throughput and decreases the packet loss.
Les tornades de saison froide en France (2004)

Cet article vise à caractériser le contexte météorologique associé aux tornades de saison froide en France, à partir de plusieurs cas recensés entre 1997 et 2001, pour la période allant du 1er novembre au 31 mars. On expose
Architecture of a quantum multicomputer optimized for Shor's factoring algorithm (2006)

The quantum multicomputer consists of a large number of small nodes and a qubus interconnect for creating entangled state between the nodes. The primary metric chosen is the performance of such a system on Shor's algorithm for factoring large numbers: specifically, the quantum modular exponentiation step that is the computational bottleneck. This dissertation introduces a number of optimizations for the modular exponentiation. My algorithms reduce the latency, or circuit depth, to complete the modular exponentiation of an n-bit number from O(n^3) to O(n log^2 n) or O(n^2 log n), depending on architecture. Calculations show that these algorithms are one million times and thirteen thousand times faster, when factoring a 6,000-bit number, depending on architecture. Extending to the quantum multicomputer, five different qubus interconnect topologies are considered, and two forms of carry-ripple adder are found to be the fastest for a wide range of performance parameters. The links in the quantum multicomputer are serial; parallel links would provide only very modest improvements in system reliability and performance. Two levels of the Steane [[23,1,7]] error correction code will adequately protect our data for factoring a 1,024-bit number even when the qubit teleportation failure rate is one percent.
Low-Valent Titanium-Induced Reductive Coupling of Amino Ketones (1989)

The reaction of amino ketones with titanium tetrachloride/zinc powder has been studied in tetrahydrofuran and 1,4-dioxane under an argon atmosphere. Symmetrical 1,8-diaminoalkenes 2 were obtained from the corresponding Mannich base hydrochlorides 1 via the intermolecular reductive coupling, and azacycloalkenes 4 were prepared from diketoamines 3 via the intramolecular reductive coupling under similar conditions.
Immunochemistry of Tetanus Toxin (1973)

The tyrosyl residues of tetanus toxin can be specifically nitrated by tetranitromethane. The introduction of NO 2 groups into the toxin molecule is followed by a rapid decrease in toxicity. Although tryptophyl residues are differently involved and some aggregation occurs, these two phenomena do not take any significant part in the toxicity loss. The immunological reactivity in vitro is preserved. However, it is modified when a certain amount of NO 2 groups have been introduced. The thus‐formed derivative no longer gives a reaction of identity with the native toxin. Furthermore, when a sufficiently large number of NO 2 groups have been introduced, two lines of precipitation are seen. Antisera raised in rabbits with a few nitro‐derivatives of the toxin exhibit a low avidity. Precipitating power with pure toxin of these antisera is lower than with a normal antitetanus serum. The capability of tetanus toxin to give rise to neutralizing antibodies is not impaired until 33 NO 2 groups have been introduced, then it gradually decreases until it finally disappears. Modification of the toxin by nitration allowed us to discriminate three groups of determinants. In particular, the results presented are further substantiated by those given by 3‐aminotyrosyl derivatives of tetanus toxin.