gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hypervalent Iodine(III)‐Mediated Oxidative Fluorination of Alkylsilanes by Fluoride Ions (2016)

The first example of a hypervalent iodine(III)-mediated oxidative fluorination of alkylsilanes by fluoride ions without the use of transition metals is demonstrated. This reaction is operationally simple, scalable, and proceeds under mild reaction conditions. Mechanistic studies suggest the involvement of a single-electron transfer resulting from the interaction of an organopentafluorosilicate and aryliodonium difluoride, which were generated in situ from the corresponding alkylsilane and iodosobenzene, respectively, in the presence of fluoride ions.
Automated Decision Making Comes of Age (2005)

Futurists have long anticipated the day when computers would relieve managers and professionals of the need to make certain types of decisions. But for a variety of reasons - including management skepticism and concerns about solution complexity - automated decision making has been slow to materialize. Automated decision making is finally coming of age, the authors argue, and the new generation of applications differs substantially from prior decision-support systems. Today's applications are easier to create and manage than earlier systems. Rather than require people to identify the problems or to initiate the analysis, companies typically embed decision-making capabilities in the normal flow of work. Those systems then sense online data, apply codified knowledge or logic, and make decisions - all with minimal amounts of human intervention. They can help businesses generate decisions that are more consistent than those made by people, and they can help managers move quickly from insight to decision to action. This can help companies reduce labor costs, leverage scarce expertise, improve quality, enforce policies and respond to customers. As automating decisions becomes more feasible, organizations need to think about which decisions have to be made by people and which can be computerized.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: from <scp>KIT</scp> to succinate dehydrogenase (2013)

The discovery of activating mutations in the tyrosine kinase receptor genes KIT and PDGFRA has led to the development of effective targeted therapies for gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs). Specific genotypes, in part, predict the response to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. However, ~10% of GISTs lack such mutations (often referred to as 'wild-type' GISTs). Recent insights into the biology of 'wild-type' GISTs have resulted in clinically significant subclassification of this heterogeneous group of tumours, a large subset of which are now known to represent succinate dehydrogenase-deficient GISTs. Recognition of this distinctive class of tumours has critical implications for prognosis, therapy, clinical follow-up, and genetic counselling. Other uncommon genetic groups include neurofibromatosis type I-associated and BRAF-mutant GISTs. This review provides an update on the diagnosis and pathogenesis of these less common classes of GISTs, summarizes the clinical and pathological features associated with particular genotypes, and discusses mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies.
A critical evaluation of PEX (1990)

PEX, the PHIGS extension to the X Window System, is evaluated in the context of assumptions inherent in the PHIGS output, modeling, input, user interface, and system environment models. Problems not previously discussed arise when examining PEX this way. The problems not only pertain to the implementation of PEX, but also to implementing a 3-D library in a distributed windowing system in general. The University of Illinois PEX implementation serves as a reference to discuss the solutions proposed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Basic BASIC (1981)

A program is a series of logically arranged instructions, written in a language capable of being understood by the computer, whose object is to solve a particular problem. The program illustrated on page 11 solves the problem, ‘what is the product of two numbers ?’ The very simplest type of program is one which instructs the computer to perform arithmetic calculations. We shall see later that we have certain instructions available which will enable us to instruct the computer to make logical decisions. These take the computer far beyond the facilities of a mechanical calculating machine.
Restless Legs Syndrome and Sleep Disturbance during Pregnancy: The Role of Folate and Iron (2001)

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurosensory disorder that typically begins in the evening and often prevents a person from falling asleep. It has been associated with iron deficiency anemia and dopaminergic pathways and is often treated with iron infusion or dopamine agonists. The purpose of this secondary analysis of longitudinal data collected on women before, during, and after pregnancy is to document the prevalence of RLS during pregnancy, contrast its effect on sleep and mood state, and explore the role of folate and iron in the expression of RLS, specifically during the third trimester when the syndrome is most distressing. The prevalence increased from 0 during preconception to 23% (n = 7) during the third trimester of pregnancy. Only 1 subject continued to experience RLS after delivery. Compared with those without complaints of restless legs, those with restless legs had low serum ferritin at preconception and significantly lower folate levels during preconception and at each trimester. In addition, time to sleep onset was significantly delayed and depressed mood was significantly higher in the RLS group. Rather than indicators of iron deficiency anemia (serum ferritin, serum iron, and hemoglobin) or pernicious anemia (vitamin B(12)), it was reduced serum folate level that was associated with RLS in this sample of pregnant women. Findings indicate a need to reconsider recommendations about the normal ranges of serum ferritin and serum folate levels during pregnancy to minimize the complaints of restless legs and promote more consolidated sleep and better daytime mood state during pregnancy.
Channel Assignment Schemes for Cellu Mobile Telecommunication Systems: A Comprehensive Survey (1996)

This article provides a detailed discussion of wireless resource and channel allocation schemes. The authors provide a survey of a large number of published papers in the area of fixed, dynamic, and hybrid allocation schemes and compare their trade-offs in terms of complexity and performance. We also investigate these channel allocation schemes based on other factors such as distributed/centralized control and adaptability to traffic conditions. Moreover, we provide a detailed discussion on reuse partitioning schemes, the effect of handoffs, and prioritization schemes. Finally, we discuss other important issues in resource allocation such as overlay cells, frequency planning, and power control.
A new approach in the design of equalized filters and delay lines (1952)

The phase characteristics of ifiter networks and delay lines can be equalized by bridging mutual inductance sections capacitatively. The solution of the resulting nth order equations is difficult. An approach which considers the transient response yields a simple solution. This study was completed in 1946.6,7
Multifunctional Biosensor Based on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance for Monitoring Small Molecule–Protein Interaction (2014)

We report an optical sensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) to study small-molecule protein interaction combining high sensitivity refractive index sensing for quantitative binding information and subsequent conformation-sensitive plasmon-activated circular dichroism spectroscopy. The interaction of α-amylase and a small-size molecule (PGG, pentagalloyl glucose) was log concentration-dependent from 0.5 to 154 μM. In situ tests were additionally successfully applied to the analysis of real wine samples. These studies demonstrate that LSPR sensors to monitor small molecule–protein interactions in real time and in situ, which is a great advance within technological platforms for drug discovery.
Electric Motor Based Steering for Jackknife Avoidance in Large Trucks (2005)

Electric motor steering systems have recently been introduced for passenger vehicles to improve handling stability under adverse road conditions. A new advanced steering system is examined where the handwheel angle is augmented by an electronically controlled electric motor. This is referred to as active front steering (AFS). Given the increased emphasis on developing hybrid electric-diesel trucks with electric driven accessories, this paper investigates AFS for large trucks to assist in avoiding jackknife and rollover conditions. In order to effectively deploy this technology in commercial fleet operations, emphasis is given to design aspects to minimize the tendency of AFS systems to interfere with the driver's perception of the truck dynamic response.
Fungal and mushroom hydrophobins: A review (2017)

Hydrophobins are surface active proteins that are produced by filamentous fungi including mushrooms. Their ability to self-assemble into an amphipathic membrane at any hydrophilic-hydrophobic interface is most intriguing. These small secreted proteins comprise of eight conserved cysteine residues which form four disulfide bridges and an extraordinary hydrophobic patch. Hydrophobins play critical roles in fungal (and/or mushrooms) growth as structural components and in the interaction of fungi and mushrooms with the environment. The biophysical and biochemical properties of the isolated proteins are remarkable, such as strong adhesion, high surface activity and the formation of various self-assembled structures. With the increasing demands of hydrophobins from fungi and mushroom sources, production and purification in large scale is under challenge. Various applications, ranging from food industries, cosmetics, nanotechnology, biosensors and electrodes, to biomaterials and pharmaceuticals are emerging and a bright future is foreseen.
The Ascending Aorta (1994)

We assessed the ability of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to examine the entire length of the ascending aorta. TEE-derived data were compared with anatomic measurements and epiaortic scanning. There were 27 patients (19 male, 8 female; aged 67 +/- 12 yr) studied during cardiac surgery. The surgeon measured the distance between the aortic anulus near the right coronary artery to the origin of the innominate artery (AV-->IN) and to the level of the aortic cannulation site (AV-->C). Independently, the ascending aorta was imaged by biplane TEE and the maximum length of aorta visualized was measured (TEE-MAX). Additionally, TEE was used to detect atheromas in the aorta and to visualize the aortic cannula. Epiaortic scanning was also performed in 14 patients. Direct measurement of the ascending aorta revealed a length of 8.9 +/- 1.3 cm (mean +/- SD) and the TEE-MAX was 7.4 +/- 1.1 cm. The range of the difference between the two measurements was 0.2-4.5 cm. The aortic cannula was visualized only in 1 of 27 patients, and severe atherosclerotic plaques (> 3 mm thick), not seen on TEE, were detected in five patients with epiaortic scanning. As much as 42% (4.5 cm of 10.7 cm) of the length of the ascending aorta was not visualized and potentially embolic plaques were not imaged by TEE. These findings suggest that even biplane TEE may have limited use in the precannulation assessment of the aorta for plaque and the detection of distal ascending aortic pathology.
The post-transcriptional regulator CsrA plays a central role in the adaptation of bacterial pathogens to different stages of infection in animal hosts (2008)

The importance of Csr post-transcriptional systems is gradually emerging; these systems control a variety of virulence-linked physiological traits in many pathogenic bacteria. This review focuses on the central role that Csr systems play in the pathogenesis of certain bacteria and in the establishment of successful infections in animal hosts. Csr systems appear to control the 'switch' between different physiological states in the infection process; for example switching pathogens from a colonization state to a persistence state. Csr systems are controlled by two-component sensor/regulator systems and by non-coding RNAs. In addition, recent findings suggest that the RNA chaperone Hfq may play an integral role in Csr-mediated bacterial adaptation to the host environment.
Fast Guided Filter. (2015)

The guided filter is a technique for edge-aware image filtering. Because of its nice visual quality, fast speed, and ease of implementation, the guided filter has witnessed various applications in real products, such as image editing apps in phones and stereo reconstruction, and has been included in official MATLAB and OpenCV. In this note, we remind that the guided filter can be simply sped up from O(N) time to O(N/s^2) time for a subsampling ratio s. In a variety of applications, this leads to a speedup of >10x with almost no visible degradation. We hope this acceleration will improve performance of current applications and further popularize this filter. Code is released.
Hydrogenation of Fatty Acids to Alcohols (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydrogenation of Fatty Acids to AlcoholsP. T. Adams, R. E. Selff, and B. M. TolbertCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 9, 2416–2417Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01129a076https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01129a076research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views236Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Subcutaneous Mastectomy for Benign Breast Lesions with Immediate or Delayed Prosthetic Replacement (1980)

Houston, Texas Department of Plastic Surgery at Baylor College of Medicine. Bromley S. Freeman, M.D. 6560 Fannin Suite 1760 Houston, Texas 77030
XV. Further researches on the preservation of metals by electrochemical means (1825)

Abstract In two papers read before the Royal Society, I have described the effects of small quantities of electro-positive metals in preventing the corrosion or chemical changes of copper exposed to sea water, and I have stated that the results appear to be of the same kind, whether the experiments are made upon a minute scale, and in confined portions of water, or on large masses, and in the ocean. The first and preliminary experiments proved, that the copper sheeting of ships might be preserved by this method; but another and a no less important circumstance was to be attended to, how far the cleanness of the bottom, or its freedom from the adhesion of weeds or shell fish, would be influenced by this preservation.
Photolithography For Integrated Thin Film Read/Write Heads (1989)

The lithographic processes involved in the fabrication of thin film heads are discussed. Because of the intrinsic features of huge topography and high aspect ratio, process requirements for film heads as opposed to semiconductor devices are identified. A process of conformal thick resist coating across a large step height is developed by optimizing resist coating parameters and the use of a resist with higher viscosity. Also planarization techniques are discussed with a specific example illustrated to planarize the topography associated with the fine and large cross-sectional coil pattern. Alignment accuracy proves to be the most critical parameter for further advances in the film head technology and several strategies are proposed to improve the alignment capability.
Corneal dystrophies and keratoconus (1995)

Knowledge about keratoconus (KC) and the corneal dystrophies continues to advance at a steady pace in view of the wide interest in these topics to basic scientists and clinical ophthalmologists. As in the past the articles on KC outnumber those on all of the other corneal dystrophies combined. Major advances have been made mainly regarding several specific corneal dystrophies, but KC remains a perplexing disorder with many unanswered questions. As we learn more and more about the corneal dystrophies from genetic linkage analyses and molecular biological techniques it will eventually be possible to understand the fundamental defect that causes these conditions.
The use of aquatic macroinvertebrates as water quality indicators in mountain streams in Montana (2015)

The use of aquatic macroinvertebrates for monitoring water quality has become popular.This paper assessed the ability of rapid assessment using a one minute riffle kick net method to detect natural within-stream and seasonal macroinvertebrate variability in the mountain stream ecoregion of Montana.It also assessed the ability of these methods to detect water quality impairment.Results suggest that the methods used are able to reflect natural variability and that some indices or 'metrics' are potentially more useful than others for detecting water quality impairment in heavily 'impaired' streams.It is unkown how useful these methods are for detecting water quality impairment in less severely impaired streams.Suggestions are also made on how to increase the sensitivity of these methods.xii Xiii 36.Mean (_+ 95% Cl) % predator taxa for Bozeman Creek.............
Monitoring Thiopurine Metabolites in Korean Pediatric Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2014)

TPMT genotype and thiopurine metabolite monitoring could be helpful to examine TPMT genotypes before administering AZA and to measure 6-TGN concentrations during prescribing AZA in IBD patients.
Answer validation by information distance calculation (2008)

In this paper, an information distance based approach is proposed to perform answer validation for question answering system. To validate an answer candidate, the approach calculates the conditional information distance between the question focus and the candidate under certain condition pattern set. Heuristic methods are designed to extract question focus and generate proper condition patterns from question. General search engines are employed to estimate the Kolmogorov complexity, hence the information distance. Experimental results show that our approach is stable and flexible, and outperforms traditional tfidf methods.
CTSCOPY: Hunting Cyber Threats within Enterprise via Provenance Graph-based Analysis (2021)

In recent years, the security community has been working on detecting increasingly sophisticated cyber threats effectively and responding efficiently. A large body of approaches has been proposed and deployed for discovering malicious behaviors within enterprise IT environments. However, combating two main types of attacks, namely outsider Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) and insider employee's malicious activities, is still a long-lasting confrontation. We propose a novel provenance graph-based approach for detecting these two major threats. First, we collect system event logs of endpoints in the enterprise IT environment and generate whole-system provenance graph and corresponding correlation graph. Then, we extract most uncommon or abnormal causality subgraphs for further graph embedding. Finally, we adopt an anomaly detection model to separate malicious parts from a mass of benign parts in the correlation graph for analysts' decision. We implement a prototype of CTSCOPY. Our evaluation demonstrates that it outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in various attack scenarios.
Pre-mRNA splicing is facilitated by an optimal RNA polymerase II elongation rate (2014)

Alternative splicing modulates expression of most human genes. The kinetic model of cotranscriptional splicing suggests that slow elongation expands and that fast elongation compresses the "window of opportunity" for recognition of upstream splice sites, thereby increasing or decreasing inclusion of alternative exons. We tested the model using RNA polymerase II mutants that change average elongation rates genome-wide. Slow and fast elongation affected constitutive and alternative splicing, frequently altering exon inclusion and intron retention in ways not predicted by the model. Cassette exons included by slow and excluded by fast elongation (type I) have weaker splice sites, shorter flanking introns, and distinct sequence motifs relative to "slow-excluded" and "fast-included" exons (type II). Many rate-sensitive exons are misspliced in tumors. Unexpectedly, slow and fast elongation often both increased or both decreased inclusion of a particular exon or retained intron. These results suggest that an optimal rate of transcriptional elongation is required for normal cotranscriptional pre-mRNA splicing.
Identification of a zone of fluid pressure-induced fractures from log and seismic data - a case history (1993)

Undercompaction anomalies are known to be related to abnormal pressure conditions and can be detected from seismic velocities. The case history presented here deals with another type of anomalous zone that has been encountered below an undercompacted section and which is believed to be due to an open fracture system under high fluid pressure conditions. After a short presentation of some geomechanical concepts and the geological context, this paper focuses on three aspects: the identification of the anomalous zone using drilling, log and seisrnic velocity data; the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the initiation and development of the anomalous zone; and the main consequences for petroleum exploration.
Upregulation of tissue kallikrein, kinin B<sub>1</sub> receptor, and kinin B<sub>2</sub> receptor in mast and giant cells infiltrating oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (2005)

This is the first demonstration that TK1 and kinin B(1) and B(2) receptors are expressed in oesophageal carcinoma. Because TK1 released from tumour cells enzymatically generates mitogenic kinins from its endogenous substrate, kininogen, it is possible that third generation kinin receptor antagonists, which have been shown to be cytotoxic to cancer cells, may be useful therapeutic agents in this disease.