gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of K promoter on the structure and catalytic behavior of supported iron-based catalysts in fischer-tropsch synthesis (2011)

Effects of K addition on the performance of supported Fe catalysts for Fischer - Tropsch synthesis (FTS) were studied in a slurry reactor at 240 to 270ºC, 2.0 to 4.0 MPa and syngas H2/CO = 1.0. The catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption, H2 temperature programmed reduction, X - ray diffraction, X - ray fluorescence, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and dispersive X - ray spectroscopy. A strong interaction was observed between Fe and K, which inhibited the reduction of Fe catalyst. Addition of potassium increased the production of heavy hydrocarbons (C20+).
USE OF PREOPERATIVELY DEPOSITED AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD FOR TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT (1993)

The efficacy of obviating homologous blood transfusion by an autologous blood program was investigated prospectively in a series of patients undergoing total knee replacement. Seventy-nine patients who underwent 110 consecutive total knee replacement operations (66 unilateral and 22 one-stage bilateral procedures) from 1986 to 1990 were studied. All patients who had elective procedures (86 of the 88 procedures) were encouraged to donate autologous blood prior to surgery if there were no medical contraindications. Seventy-six percent of the elective procedures (65 of 86) were done in patients who deposited autologous blood preoperatively. Homologous transfusion was required after only two of these 65 procedures (3%) in patients who predeposited autologous blood. This frequency of homologous transfusion was an order of magnitude lower than the frequency of homologous transfusion (35%) after procedures in patients who did not predeposit blood. Overall, 89% of the entire series of 88 procedures were performed in patients who received only autologous blood and 94% of the total volume of blood given after these 88 procedures was autologous. The Cell Saver was successful in salvaging an average of 287 mL of red blood cells per procedure after 36 procedures, but was not successful in saving blood after 29 others. The authors conclude that preoperatively deposited autologous blood is effective in reducing the need for homologous transfusion to patients who undergo elective total knee replacement.
Huntington's disease: fighting on many fronts (2012)

The discovery in 1993 of the genetic abnormality that causes Huntington's disease triggered an explosion in our understanding of this inherited neurodegenerative disorder (The Huntington's Disease Collaborative Research Group, 1993). Since the Huntington's disease mutation is fully penetrant, everyone with the same underlying CAG triplet repeat expansion in the huntingtin ( HTT ) gene will develop a devastating combination of motor, cognitive and psychiatric disturbances. The monogenic nature of Huntington's disease suggests that disease modifying therapies should be within reach. Currently, however, no such treatments exist (Mestre et al. , 2009). Nevertheless, much has been done to characterize the huntingtin (Htt) protein and the effects of its toxic twin, mutant huntingtin. We know that Htt is a large and ubiquitously expressed protein with a range of possible functions, and that Huntington's disease is predominantly caused by the damaging effects of mutant Htt on neurons. A range of animal models recapitulate the molecular, cellular and clinical phenotypes of Huntington's disease, enhancing our understanding and facilitating the search for treatments (Ross and Tabrizi, 2011). Numerous potential pathogenic mechanisms have been identified, leading to promising therapeutic approaches in transgenic Huntington's disease mice and other models. Although none has yet been found effective in human patients, there is optimism in the field that Huntington's disease is a disease for which the goal of effective therapy might be achieved (Munoz-Sanjuan and Bates, 2011).

Two articles in this issue of Brain highlight the Huntington's disease research community's multi-faceted approach to developing new treatments for Huntington's disease. Grondin and colleagues report success in a 6-month study of HTT gene silencing using RNA interference in the adult non-human primate brain (Grondin et al. , 2012); while Labbadia et al. (2012) describe the means by which a molecular chaperone can suppress aggregation of disease-associated Htt complexes.

Gene silencing is an …
Cardiopulmonary baroreflexes do not modulate exercise-induced sympathoexcitation (1988)

The purpose of this study was to test the general hypothesis that sympathoinhibitory cardiopulmonary baroreflexes modulate sympathetic outflow during voluntary exercise in humans. Direct (microneurographic) measurements of postganglionic sympathetic nerve activity to noncontracting muscle (MSNA) were made from the right peroneal nerve in the leg, and arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded in 10 healthy subjects before (control) and for 2.5 min during each of five interventions: 1) lower-body negative pressure at -10 mmHg (LBNP) alone, 2 and 3) isometric handgrip exercise at 15 and 30% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) alone, and 4 and 5) handgrip at 15 and 30% MVC performed during LBNP. During LBNP alone, which should have reduced cardiopulmonary baroreflex sympathoinhibition, AP and HR did not change from control, but MSNA increased 93 +/- 24% (P less than 0.05). Handgrip elicited contraction intensity-dependent increases in AP and HR (P less than 0.05), but MSNA increased above control only at the 30% MVC level (165 +/- 30%, P less than 0.05). The HR, AP, and MSNA responses to either level of handgrip performed during LBNP were not different from the algebraic sums of the corresponding responses to handgrip and LBNP performed separately (P greater than 0.05). Since there was no facilitation of the MSNA response to handgrip when performed during LBNP compared with algebraic sums of the separate responses, our results do not support the hypothesis that cardiopulmonary baroreflexes modulate (inhibit) sympathetic outflow during exercise in humans.
Influence of Oxygen Defects on the Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of the (Tb<sub>1</sub><sub>-</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>Na<i><sub>x</sub></i>)MnO<sub>3</sub><sub>-</sub><i><sub>y</sub></i> (0 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 0.3) System (2007)

The crystallographic and magnetic behaviors of (Tb1-xNax)MnO3-y (0<or=x<or=0.3) have been studied by neutron powder diffraction (NPD), synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. Although Na+ ions have larger ionic radii than Tb3+ ions, analysis of NPD data reveals a decrease in cell volume upon Na-doping, which can be explained solely by the occurrence of oxygen deficiencies and not by the size effect. The Raman spectrum represents the variation in bond length and bond angle, which originates from the balance of ions, asymmetric structure, and defects in the system. Na-doping causes an oxygen deficiency, and consequently, a peak shift is seen in the Raman spectrum because of the structural adjustment resulting from the doping. The observed effective moments decrease with increasing x because of the replacement of Tb3+ ions by Na+ ions. The well-defined peak at approximately 45 K (labeled TMn) of the x=0.3 sample is associated with Mn spin ordering, while the magnetic responses associated with TMn are not clearly present in the x=0.15 and x=0 samples.
Enthalpy of formation of oxalyl chloride and the COCl radical (1967)

The heat of formation for liquid oxalyl chloride has been determined by reaction calorimetry to be –85.6 ± 0.5 kcal/mole. From this it is deduced that ΔH°f298 oxalyl chloride (g)=– 78.0 ± 1.4 kcal/mole and ΔH°f298(COCl,g)=–4.0 ± 3 kcal/mole.
H (1988)

This chapter contains sections titled: Handicapped, Robots for Hands Heuristics Hospitals and Nursing Homes, Robots in Human Factors Human Impacts
Parametric Images of Antibody Pharmacokinetics Based on Serial Quantitative Whole-Body Imaging and Blood Sampling (2007)

Parametric imaging allows the study and analysis of the spatial and temporal distributions of mAbs simultaneously. Parametric imaging enhances regions where the pharmacokinetics differ from the surrounding tissue and provides a tool to detect and locate unexpected kinetic behavior, which is sometimes characteristic of malignant tissue. For dosimetry in radionuclide therapy, parametric imaging offers a less biased means of analyzing serial mAb images than traditional region-of-interest-based analysis.
Quantities of Clostridium botulinum organisms and toxin in feces and presence of Clostridium botulinum toxin in the serum of an infant with botulism (1983)

A 7-week-old boy presented with symptoms and signs characteristic of infant botulism, and the diagnosis was confirmed by the detection of Clostridium botulinum type A organisms and toxin in the feces. The levels of organisms and toxin in the feces were measured throughout the 81-day period in hospital. The maximum levels detected were 2.46 x 10(8) C. botulinum type A colony-forming units and 64,000 mouse 100% lethal doses of type A toxin per g (wet weight) of feces. C. botulinum toxin was also detected in two samples of the patient's serum, collected 3 and 10 days after admission. Improvement in the patient's clinical condition occurred before the levels of organisms and toxin in the feces reached their maxima. A slight improvement may also have occurred while toxin was still present in the serum.
Orally Active Oxime Derivatives of the Dopaminergic Prodrug 6-(<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Di-<i>n</i>-propylamino)-3,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-2<i>H</i>-naphthalen-1-one. Synthesis and Pharmacological Activity (2003)

A series of analogues of 6-(N,N-di-n-propylamino)-3,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-2H-naphthalen-1-one (6), an enone prodrug of the mixed DA D(1)/D(2) agonist 5,6-diOH-DPAT (2), was synthesized. The pharmacological profiles of these new enones and their in vivo pharmacological activities were investigated in the Ungerstedt rat rotation model for Parkinson's disease. At 0.1 mg kg(-1) po, the N-methyl-N-n-propyl (12) and the N-ethyl-N-propyl (13) analogues induced pronounced and long lasting pharmacological effects. The pharmacological profile of enone 12 was found to be similar to that of 6, while enone 13 was significantly more potent than 6 (p < 0.01). Analyses of rat brains after the administration of (-)-6 and 13 indicated the presence of hydroxylated metabolites of the parent enones. It is speculated that such metabolites are alpha'-hydroxylated enones that may constitute the first step in the formation of the corresponding catechols.
Observations on the effect of neuraminidase on the distribution of intravenously injected walker tumor cells in rats (1974)

Walker 256 carcinoma cells obtained from ascites tumors were incubated with or without neuraminidase, labelled with 51Cr, and injected into the femoral or portal veins of rats. The organ distribution of the cells was determined after 5 minutes and 1 hour by γ-counts. No significant differences in tumor cell distribution due to the neuraminidase were detected. These negative findings are discussed in terms of the repulsion „barriers”︁ among the tumor cells, vascular endothelium, and platelets, in relation to cell velocity.
Power Optimal Scheduling for Guaranteed Throughput in Multi-access Fading Channels (2007)

A power optimal scheduling algorithm that guarantees desired throughput and bounded delay to each user is developed for fading multi-access multi-band systems. The optimization is over the joint space of all rate allocation and coding strategies. The proposed scheduling assigns rates on each band based only on the current system state, and subsequently uses optimal multi-user signaling to achieve these rates. The scheduling is computationally simple, and hence scalable. Due to uplink-downlink duality, all the results extend in straightforward fashion to the broadcast channels.
Recursive biorthogonal wavelet transform for image coding (1991)

A new method is proposed for image coding involving two steps. First, the authors use a dual recursive wavelet transform in order to obtain a set of subclasses of images with better characteristics than the original image (lower entropy, edges discrimination, etc.). Secondly, according to Shannon's rate distortion theory, the wavelet coefficients are vector quantized. The purpose of this work is to present and study new recursive filter banks with perfect reconstruction as an alternative to FIR (finite impulse response) filters which are commonly used in wavelet analysis. The authors present two kinds of experimental results: coding of the well known Lena image with only two multiplications per pixel and then with an optimized IIR (infinite impulse response) filter.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Improvement of High Temperature Water Rinsing and Drying for HF‐Last Wafer Cleaning (1996)

The reactions on HF cleaned (100)Si surfaces in high temperature water solutions are investigated by multiple internal reflection, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, contact angle, and light scattering measurements. The hot water immersion causes a fast reoxidation, while a prolonged boiling water treatment results in an oxide‐free Si surface. It is found that the continuous gas bubbling can effectively drive the dissolved oxygen out of the boiling water. Comparing with the room temperature water rinsing, the boiling water treatment enhances the anisotropic etching on the HF cleaned bare silicon surface; and thus increases the microroughness on the Si(100) surface. The increased concentration in boiling water is found to be the main cause of the surface etching. So, the etching reaction can be effectively suppressed by adding HCl to control the concentration.
Distributed Cooperative Optimal Control for Multiagent Systems on Directed Graphs: An Inverse Optimal Approach (2014)

In this paper, the inverse optimal approach is employed to design distributed consensus protocols that guarantee consensus and global optimality with respect to some quadratic performance indexes for identical linear systems on a directed graph. The inverse optimal theory is developed by introducing the notion of partial stability. As a result, the necessary and sufficient conditions for inverse optimality are proposed. By means of the developed inverse optimal theory, the necessary and sufficient conditions are established for globally optimal cooperative control problems on directed graphs. Basic optimal cooperative design procedures are given based on asymptotic properties of the resulting optimal distributed consensus protocols, and the multiagent systems can reach desired consensus performance (convergence rate and damping rate) asymptotically. Finally, two examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Modeling quantum measurement probability as a classical stochastic process (2001)

The time-dependent measurement probabilities for the simple two-state quantum oscillator seem to invite description as a classical two-state stochastic process. It has been shown that such a description cannot be achieved using a Markov process. Constructing a more general non-Markov process is a challenging task, requiring as it does the proper generalizations of the Markovian Chapman-Kolmogorov and master equations. Here we describe those non-Markovian generalizations in some detail, and we then apply them to the two-state quantum oscillator. We devise two non-Markovian processes that correctly model the measurement statistics of the oscillator, we clarify a third modeling process that was proposed earlier by others, and we exhibit numerical simulations of all three processes. Our results illuminate some interesting though widely unappreciated points in the theory of non-Markovian stochastic processes. But since quantum theory does not tell us which one of these quite different modeling processes "really" describes the behavior of the oscillator, and also since none of these processes says anything about the dynamics of other (noncommuting) oscillator observables, we can see no justification for regarding any of these processes as being fundamentally descriptive of quantum dynamics. (c) 2001 American Institute of Physics.
Endocrine dysfunctions during treatment of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (2018)

Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are novel agents directed to various malignant tumors. During ICI therapy, however, immune related adverse effects (irAEs) including endocrine dysfunctions have been reported. Dysfunctions in the pituitary gland and the thyroid gland by ICI are often observed, and those in the adrenal glands and the pancreas are less frequent. Positive correlation of the prevalence of endocrine irAEs to clinical antitumor effectiveness during ICI therapy has been reported. The mechanisms of endocrine irAEs by ICI, however, remain unclear, and optimal prevention, prediction, and treatment of the irAEs are still uncertain. This review describes possible mechanisms involved in ICI-related immunity, and discusses clinical management of endocrine irAEs during ICI therapy.
UPTAKE AND TOXICITY OF SAFRANINE AND TRIPHENYLMETHYLPHOSPHONIUM ION IN HUMAN TUMOUR CELLS (1983)

Despite having lower cell membrane potentials, four human melanoma cell lines and HeLa cells accumulated the membrane probe triphenylmethylphosphonium ion (TPMP, 2 microM) 2-10 fold more rapidly than human fibroblasts, and did not reach equilibrium during the 2 h incubation period studied. The difference was not due to drug toxicity, although at much higher levels of TPMP (greater than 20 microM) selective killing of melanoma cells compared with fibroblasts was observed. Some dependence of TPMP accumulation upon membrane potential was indicated by inhibition of uptake in fibroblasts depolarised by culture in calcium-deficient medium. Melanoma cells exhibited no change in TPMP uptake or membrane potential under these conditions. Uptake of safranine, an indicator of mitochondrial membrane potential, did not follow the TPMP pattern. Thus, the anomalous accumulation of TPMP by human tumour cells appeared to result from either carrier-mediated transport or rapid intracellular metabolism and could not be used to determine cell membrane potentials.
Supporting or killing the technological platform design? Towards new contingent criteria for strategies selection (2014)

The circumstances in which firms operate have moved towards novel and unknown environments, thereby fundamentally modifying the logic of decision making, rendering planning approaches inadequate. The literature highlights that in these situations companies have to adapt more flexible approaches, to incorporate learning and privilege interactions among projects and corresponding environment. Moreover, sector dynamic influences the choice of strategies under high uncertainty. There are sectors "pushed" by technologies or "pulled" by markets. In the situations of double technology and markets unknowns an interesting solution is highlighted: the design of technological platform that is able to address many emerging markets. Yet it is not self-evident when these strategies are advantageous for the firms that are subject of the environmental dynamics and pursuing double unknown. A simulation study is carried out to clarify the contingent criteria in which the exploration of multiple technologies and markets could lead to platform design. The conducted simulation experiment reveals two main contingent variables: the existence of market signals and the "segregative" or "aggregative" nature of technological systems. The study endeavors to provide an improved theoretical understanding of double unknown management and the corresponding strategies.
Linear Interaction Energy (LIE) Models for Ligand Binding in Implicit Solvent:  Theory and Application to the Binding of NNRTIs to HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (2006)

Expressions for Linear Interaction Energy (LIE) estimators for the binding of ligands to a protein receptor in implicit solvent are derived based on linear response theory and the cumulant expansion expression for the free energy. Using physical arguments, values of the LIE linear response proportionality coefficients are predicted for the explicit and implicit solvent electrostatic and van der Waals terms. Motivated by the fact that the receptor and solution media may respond differently to the introduction of the ligand, a novel form of the LIE regression equation is proposed to model independently the processes of insertion of the ligand in the receptor and in solution. We apply these models to the problem of estimating the binding free energy of two non-nucleoside classes of inhibitors of HIV-1 RT (HEPT and TIBO analogues). We develop novel regression models with greater predictive ability than more standard LIE formulations. The values of the regression coefficients generally conform to linear response predictions, and we use this fact to develop a LIE regression equation with only one adjustable parameter (excluding the intercept parameter) which is superior to the other models we tested and to previous results in terms of predictive accuracy for the HEPT and TIBO compounds individually. The new models indicate that, due to the different effects of induced steric strain of the receptor, an increase of ligand size alone opposes binding for ligands of the HEPT class, whereas it favors binding for ligands of the TIBO class.
Longitudinal Replication Studies of GWAS Risk SNPs Influencing Body Mass Index over the Course of Childhood and Adulthood (2012)

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple common variants associated with body mass index (BMI). In this study, we tested 23 genotyped GWAS-significant SNPs (p-value<5*10-8) for longitudinal associations with BMI during childhood (3-17 years) and adulthood (18-45 years) for 658 subjects. We also proposed a heuristic forward search for the best joint effect model to explain the longitudinal BMI variation. After using false discovery rate (FDR) to adjust for multiple tests, childhood and adulthood BMI were found to be significantly associated with six SNPs each (q-value<0.05), with one SNP associated with both BMI measurements: KCTD15 rs29941 (q-value<7.6*10-4). These 12 SNPs are located at or near genes either expressed in the brain (BDNF, KCTD15, TMEM18, MTCH2, and FTO) or implicated in cell apoptosis and proliferation (FAIM2, MAP2K5, and TFAP2B). The longitudinal effects of FAIM2 rs7138803 on childhood BMI and MAP2K5 rs2241423 on adulthood BMI decreased as age increased (q-value<0.05). The FTO candidate SNPs, rs6499640 at the 5 '-end and rs1121980 and rs8050136 downstream, were associated with childhood and adulthood BMI, respectively, and the risk effects of rs6499640 and rs1121980 increased as birth weight decreased. The best joint effect model for childhood and adulthood BMI contained 14 and 15 SNPs each, with 11 in common, and the percentage of explained variance increased from 0.17% and 9.0*10(-6)% to 2.22% and 2.71%, respectively. In summary, this study evidenced the presence of long-term major effects of genes on obesity development, implicated in pathways related to neural development and cell metabolism, and different sets of genes associated with childhood and adulthood BMI, respectively. The gene effects can vary with age and be modified by prenatal development. The best joint effect model indicated that multiple variants with effects that are weak or absent alone can nevertheless jointly exert a large longitudinal effect on BMI.