gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical exfoliation of graphene-like two-dimensional nanomaterials (2018)

Unlike zero-dimensional quantum dots, one-dimensional nanowires/nanorods, and three-dimensional networks or even their bulk counterparts, the charge carriers in two-dimensional (2D) materials are confined along the thickness while being allowed to move along the plane. They have distinct characteristics like strong quantum confinement, tunable thickness, and high specific surface area, which makes them a promising candidate in a wide range of applications such as electronics, topological spintronic devices, energy storage, energy conversion, sensors, biomedicine, catalysis, and so on. After the discovery of the extraordinary properties of graphene, other graphene-like 2D materials have attracted a great deal of attention. Like graphene, to realize their potential applications, high efficiency and low cost industrial scale methods should be developed to produce high-quality 2D materials. The electrochemical methods usually performed under mild conditions are convenient, controllable, and suitable for mass production. In this review, we introduce the latest and most representative investigations on the fabrication of 2D monoelemental Xenes, 2D transition-metal dichalcogenides, and other important emerging 2D materials such as organic framework (MOF) nanosheets and MXenes through electrochemical exfoliation. The electrochemical exfoliation conditions of the bulk layered materials are discussed. The numerous factors which will affect the quality of the exfoliated 2D materials, the possible exfoliating mechanism and potential applications are summarized and discussed in detail. A summary of the discussion together with perspectives and challenges for the future of this emerging field is also provided in the last section.
Exposing click-fraud using a burst detection algorithm (2011)

The explosive growth in the size and use of the World Wide Web continuously creates new great challenges and needs. One such need is dealing with click fraud, which aims at increasing clicks on certain ads and thus the profit of the websites which display them. In this work, we extend the concept of click fraud and redefine it as any pattern of clicks whose goal is to alternate the normal operation of a website in order to produce specific results. An indication of a click fraud may be a burst of clicks that can be simulated by an automated program or script. We deal with the problem of efficient real-time Click Fraud detection utilizing advanced data structures and exploiting their advantages concerning space and time required.
Impact of noise and target fluctuation on the performance of binary phase coded radar signals (2003)

The authors evaluate the impact of Swerling I and Swerling II target scintillation models in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise on the resolution properties of pseudonoise (PN) sequence coded waveforms. There are two major factors which significantly affect the performance of radar systems. The first well-known factor is noise, ambient or intentional. The second factor is due to the variation in the echo signal with time: this is also called target fluctuation or scintillation. The effect due to each of these factors has been incorporated into the performance evaluation procedure by applying appropriate statistical models to the problem. The results presented bear out the fact that the use of an appropriate model is highly desirable to avoid misleading results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Hierarchical SLAM: real-time accurate mapping of large environments (2005)

In this paper, we present a hierarchical mapping method that allows us to obtain accurate metric maps of large environments in real time. The lower (or local) map level is composed of a set of local maps that are guaranteed to be statistically independent. The upper (or global) level is an adjacency graph whose arcs are labeled with the relative location between local maps. An estimation of these relative locations is maintained at this level in a relative stochastic map. We propose a close to optimal loop closing method that, while maintaining independence at the local level, imposes consistency at the global level at a computational cost that is linear with the size of the loop. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency and precision of the proposed method by mapping the Ada Byron building at our campus. We also analyze, using simulations, the precision and convergence of our method for larger loops.
Diuretics. VI. 1,2,4-Benzothiadiazine 1,1-Dioxides Substituted at 2,3,4- and 7-N-Sulfamoyl Positions (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDiuretics. VI. 1,2,4-Benzothiadiazine 1,1-Dioxides Substituted at 2,3,4- and 7-N-Sulfamoyl PositionsCALVERT W. WHITEHEAD and JOHN J. TRAVERSOCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1962, 27, 3, 951–956Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1962https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01050a064https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01050a064research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views94Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Heterocyclic compound studies. II. Synthesis of 1,4‐benzodioxin, 1,4‐benzoxathiin, 1,4‐benzoxazine and 1,4‐benzothiazine derivatives (1986)

Abstract Benzocondensed six‐membered heterocyclic rings containing two heteroatoms have been synthesized by a generally applicable method starting from disubstituted benzene compounds and methyl 4‐chlorobutynoate ( 1 ) or methyl 4‐bromobutenoate ( 2 ). The reactions with 1 yield a mixture of endo and exo ( E or Z) isomers. The 13 C nmr spectroscopy was used to assign the structure of the synthesized compounds.
Functional expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae of the Lactococcus lactis mleS gene encoding the malolactic enzyme (1995)

Malolactic fermentation, a crucial step in winemaking, results mostly in degradation by lactic acid bacteria of L-malic acid into l-lactic acid. This direct decarboxylation is catalysed by the malolactic enzyme. Recently we, and others, have cloned the mleS gene of Lactococcus lactis encoding malolactic enzyme. Heterologous expression of mleS in Saccha-romyces cerevisiae was tested to perform simultaneously alcoholic and malolactic fermentations by yeast. mleS gene was cloned in a yeast multicopy vector under a strong promoter. Malolactic activity was present in crude extracts of recombinant yeasts. Malic acid degradation was tested during alcoholic fermentation in synthetic media and must. Yeasts expressing the mleS gene actually produced l-lactate from l-malate; nevertheless malate degradation was far from complete.
Intraocular silicone prostheses in a dog and a horse with corneal lacerations (1990)

Intraocular silicone prostheses were implanted in the eyes of a horse and a dog with traumatic corneal lacerations and protrusion of intraocular contents. Several months after surgery, the horse and dog were tolerating the intraocular prostheses, and the appearance was cosmetically acceptable. This contradicts earlier reports that have cited corneal disease as a contraindication for implantation of intraocular silicone prostheses.
Antimalarials. 2. Dihydro-1,3-oxazinoquinolines and dihydro-1,3-pyridobenzoxazines (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAntimalarials. 2. Dihydro-1,3-oxazinoquinolines and dihydro-1,3-pyridobenzoxazinesL. C. March, W. A. Romanchick, G. S. Bajwa, and M. M. JoullieCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1973, 16, 4, 337–342Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00262a006https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00262a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views325Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Applications of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectrometry (1997)

INTRODUCTION When a high-powered laser beam is focused onto a small area or spot of a solid surface, the temperature of the locally heated region rises rapidly to the vaporization temperature of the solid material and an optically induced plasma, frequently called a laser-induced plasma (LIP) or laser-ablated plasma (LAP) or laser spark is formed at the surface. The plasma will be formed when the laser power density exceeds the breakdown threshold value of the solid surface. Although different materials have different breakdown thresholds, an optical plasma is produced when the laser power density exceeds several megawatts per centimeter squared (106 - 109 W/cm2). This plasma has been used for sampling, atomization, excitation, and ionization in analyhcal atomic spectroscopy. It has also been frequently used and proposed as a source for atomic emission spectrometry (AES). In this case the technique is most ofien referred to as laser microprobe optical emission spectrometry (LM-OES) developed by Brech and Cross [1] in early nineteen-sixties or more recently called laser-induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS) [2,3]. Generally, this analyhcal technique involves two steps; the pulsed focused laser beam directed into a gaseous sample or the surface of a solid or liquid, to produce a transient LIP, followed by the measurement of a characteristic atomic emission signal related to some species present in the plasma. The LIP formed is tightly focused and consists of vaporized atoms, ions, electrons, and molecular fragments. The application of LIBS for direct spectrochemical analysis is a rapidly growing field ranging from the detection of atmospheric pollutants to monitoring of material production processes, and even to “clean-room” technology. Laser ablation techniques have also been applied for solid sample introduction into other plasma sources [4–9]. In recent years, the powerful technique of LIBS as an analytical tool has been recognized by a number of research groups, and has led to an increasing number of publications on the applications of LIBS both in the laboratory and in industry. This growing success of LIBS is a result of thorough research carried out to understand the related plasma physical processes, aided by marked improvements in laser systems and photodetector technology.
High-gain photodetectors in thin-film transistors fabricated from laser-crystallized silicon on fused silica (1985)

We report the achievement of high-gain photoconduction in transistors fabricated in laser-crystallized silicon thin films on fused silica with responsivities of about 300 A/W for radiation in the visible spectrum. Such photodetectors are potentially useful in page-width linear document input scanners with higher speed and resolution than possible with other thin-film sensor arrays. The basic mechanism for photoconductivity consists of spatial separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs across a p-n junction in the device body, collection of holes in the floating substrate, and ohmic conduction of electrons in a buried channel. This model predicts a long carrier lifetime and is verified by a photocurrent decay time of about 10-100 µs.
An Exploration of Observable Features Related to Blogger Age. (2006)

Accurate prediction of blogger age from evidence in the text and metadata of blog entries would be valuable for marketing, privacy, and law enforcement concerns. This paper offers an initial exploratory data analysis of can-didate features for blogger age prediction.
TEMPERATURE CORRECTION IN CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS1 (1962)

Electrical conductivity has been widely used in freshwater research but usual methods employed by limnologists for converting measurements to conductance at a given temperature have not given uniformly accurate results. The temperature coefficient used to adjust conductivity of natural waters to a given temperature varies depending on the kinds and concentrations of electrolytes, the temperature at the time of measurement, and the temperature to which measurements are being adjusted. The temperature coefficient was found to differ for various lake and stream waters, and showed seasonal changes. High precision can be obtained only by determining temperature coefficients for each water studied. Mean temperature coefficients are given for various temperature ranges that may be used where less precision is required.
Calcium and Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> Supplementation Prevents Bone Loss in the Spine Secondary to Low-Dose Corticosteroids in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (1996)

Calcium and vitamin D3 prevented loss of bone mineral density in the lumbar spine and trochanter in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were treated with low-dose corticosteroids.
Left Heart Decompression via the Pulmonary Artery (1983)

A technique of left heart decompression is presented which is simple and easy to apply. Cannulation of the main pulmonary artery with a coiled wire reinforced venous cannula provides access for continuous suction and effectively decompresses both the left and right sides of the heart. An in-line vacuum release valve controls the amount of suction.
Cyanuric and Isocyanuric Acids (2004)

Abstract Cyanuric acid has been known for over 200 years, but achieved commercial importance only in the mid‐1950s primarily via its derivatives. The chemistry of cyanuric acid is diversified because of multiple reaction sites. N ‐Chlorination of cyanuric acid produces chloroisocyanurates that are widely used as disinfectants, sanitizers, and bleaches. The triallyl and tris(2‐hydroxyethyl) derivatives are employed as cross‐linking and curing agents, and tris(2,3‐epoxypropyl)isocyanurate is used in weather‐resistant powder coatings. Melamine cyanurate finds significant use as a fire retardant in plastics. Considerable interest has developed in the use of cyanuric acid for reduction of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases from combustion of oil, gas, and coal. Nomenclature is based on the keto–enol tautomers. The trihydroxy form is variously designated cyanuric acid, s ‐triazine‐2,4,6‐triol or 2,4,6‐trihydroxy‐ s ‐triazine. The trioxo structure, or s ‐triazine‐2,4,6(1 H ,3 H ,5 H )‐trione is the basis for the isocyanuric acid nomenclature. The triazine‐based system is preferred in the scientific literature and is used by government regulatory agencies; however, the less cumbersome (iso)cyanurate designations persist in commerce. The keto form normally predominates in cases of keto‐enol tautomerism. In alkaline solution, the anion formed is that of the hydroxy tautomer. Through common usage, both forms are collectively called cyanuric acid (CA).
Triazine networks modified with monofunctional reactive cyanate ester monomers (1992)

Abstract The preparation of cyanate ester thermosetting resins by coreacting a fluorinated bisphenol A dicyanate (6F‐BADCY) monomer with a monofunctional reactive cyanate, namely, the dinonyl phenol cyanate (DNPC), is described in this paper. Our objective in this study was to modify the 6F‐BADCY system with reactive diluents of a nonpolar nature and produce matrix resins processable at FR‐4 epoxylike conditions. By introducing the monofunctional cyanate as a reactive diluent, it is expected that the molar crosslink density of the resulting network will be reduced. Highly branched triazine polymers will result from this approach. Dinonyl phenol cyanate was quantitatively synthesized by reacting dinonyl phenol with cyanogen bromide in the presence of triethylamine.
Technology news - Statistical language approach translates into success (2003)

Machine translation currently translates text from one language into another. However, work is under way on speech-to-speech translation. There are two kinds of machine translation: knowledge-based and statistical. Knowledge-based systems translate documents by converting words and grammar directly from one language into another. Rather than using the knowledge-based system's direct word-by-word translation techniques, statistical approaches translate documents by statistically analyzing entire phrases and, over time, "learning" how various languages work. The article examines the pros and cons of both systems, and predicts that statistical methods will become more popular, however the future will involve combining statistical and knowledge-based methods to create better systems.
The MS-DOS encyclopedia (1988)

This is an unabridged paperback edition of the MS-DOS encyclopaedia. Features in the book include detailed, version-specified data plus articles by recognized experts covering specialized areas of MS-DOS for programming. There is also information on debugging, writing filters, installable device drivers, TSRs, windows, memory management, the future of MS-DOS and much more.
Systems genetics identifies Hp1bp3 as a novel modulator of cognitive aging (2016)

An individual's genetic makeup plays an important role in determining susceptibility to cognitive aging. Identifying the specific genes that contribute to cognitive aging may aid in early diagnosis of at-risk patients, as well as identify novel therapeutics targets to treat or prevent development of symptoms. Challenges to identifying these specific genes in human studies include complex genetics, difficulty in controlling environmental factors, and limited access to human brain tissue. Here, we identify Hp1bp3 as a novel modulator of cognitive aging using a genetically diverse population of mice and confirm that HP1BP3 protein levels are significantly reduced in the hippocampi of cognitively impaired elderly humans relative to cognitively intact controls. Deletion of functional Hp1bp3 in mice recapitulates memory deficits characteristic of aged impaired mice and humans, further supporting the idea that Hp1bp3 and associated molecular networks are modulators of cognitive aging. Overall, our results suggest Hp1bp3 may serve as a potential target against cognitive aging and demonstrate the utility of genetically diverse animal models for the study of complex human disease.
Reconsideration about clustering analysis (2015)

Clustering analysis is a crucial part of pattern recognition, which refers to the procedure of pattern labeling, and this paper would like to give a survey on this technology. We notice that existing clustering methods are not of goodness when the clustering rules and constricts are not concerned comprehensively. The understanding of clustering analysis concept is another critical issue while designing a clustering method. Though various clustering techniques are presented literally in decades, aiming to solve different kinds of problems, clustering results are still far from that expected, and we should demonstrate the reason. Components of clustering methods are already introduced literally such as concept, clustering algorithms, data type, similarity measure, clustering tendency and validity.
Performance enhancement and analysis of privacy preservation using slicing approach over hadoop (2016)

Nowdays every one is working with web resources, web faces many challenges about preserving data of individual user. Previously anonymization techniques are used to preserve data like Generalization and Bucketization. New technique introduced which partitioned data horizontal as well vertical called as Slicing. Slicing is used to handle huge amount of data but processing time is more. Our Proposed work based on hadoop distributed file system. our contribution in this paper is we implemented slicing techniques over hadoop. Our result shows efficiency of slicing improved over hadoop distributed file system. Slicing approach is useful to preserve Medical and Government data.
Evaluation of Wind Vectors Observed by QuikSCAT/SeaWinds Using Ocean Buoy Data (2002)

Wind vectors observed by the QuikSCAT/SeaWinds satellite mission are validated by comparing with wind and wave data from ocean buoys. Effects of oceanographic and atmospheric environment on scatterometer measurements are also assessed using the buoy data. Three versions of QuikSCAT/SeaWinds wind data were collocated with buoy observations operated by the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC), Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO), and Pilot Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA) projects, and the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). Only buoys located offshore and in deep water were analyzed. The temporal and spatial differences between the QuikSCAT/SeaWinds and buoy observations were limited to less than 30 min and 25 km. The buoy wind speeds were converted to equivalent neutral winds at a height of 10 m above the sea surface. The comparisons show that the wind speeds and directions observed by QuikSCAT/SeaWinds agree well with the buoy data. The root-mean-squared differences of the wind speed and direction for the standard wind data products are 1.01 m s−1 and 23°, respectively, while no significant dependencies on the wind speed or cross-track cell location are discernible. In addition, the dependencies of wind speed residuals on oceanographic and atmospheric parameters observed by buoys are examined using the collocated data. A weak positive correlation of the wind speed residuals with the significant wave height is found, while dependencies on the sea surface temperature or atmospheric stability are not physically significant.