gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extinction: A Comparative Primate Study of Lemur and Cercopithecus (1971)

The extinction performances of groups of Cercopithecus and Lemur were compared subsequent to criterional training and to 100 reinforcements with two projected problems in a totally automated situation. On the assumption that rate of extinction might be a positive correlate of discrimination learning, it was predicted that Cercopithecus would extinguish more rapidly than Lemur for its discrimination-reversal (DR) skills were known to be superior. This prediction was confirmed. Cercopithecus in contrast to Lemur also tended to shift in choice from the stimulus that was correct in training, & point consistent with its superior DR skills. Only with regard to daily performance expressed as a proportion of total responses emitted during extinction were the patterns of extinction the same for the two groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Palladium Amide Complexes with Dimethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate. Palladium‐Mediated C‐N Bond Formation. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Prostate Cancer Screening in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial: Findings From the Initial Screening Round of a Randomized Trial (2005)

The PLCO trial is evaluating PSA- and DRE-based screening for prostate cancer in a clinically valid manner. Whether such screening will result in a reduction of prostate cancer mortality cannot be answered until the randomized comparison is completed.
Acrylonitrile Polymerization by Cy<sub>3</sub>PCuMe and (Bipy)<sub>2</sub>FeEt<sub>2</sub> (2004)

Cy(3)PCuMe (1) undergoes reversible ligand redistribution at low temperature in solution to form the tight ion pair [Cu(PCy(3))(2)][CuMe(2)] (3). The structure of 3 was assigned on the basis of (i) the stoichiometry of the 1 = 3 equilibrium, (ii) the observation of a triplet for the PCy(3) C1 (13)C NMR resonance due to virtual coupling to two (31)P nuclei, and (iii) reverse synthesis of 1 by combining separately generated Cu(PCy(3))(2)(+) and CuMe(2)(-) ions. Complex 1 and [Cu(PCy(3))(2)][PF(6)] (5) coordinate additional PCy(3) to form (Cy(3)P)(2)CuMe and [Cu(PCy(3))(3)][PF(6)], respectively, while 3 does not. Complex 1, free PCy(3), and (bipy)(2)FeEt(2) (2) each initiate the polymerization of acrylonitrile. In each case, the polyacrylonitrile contains branches that are characteristic of an anionic polymerization mechanism. The major initiator in acrylonitrile polymerization by 1 is PCy(3), which is liberated from 1. A transient iron hydride complex is proposed to initiate acrylonitrile polymerization by 2.
Retrieval technology development for Hanford double-shell tanks (1992)

This paper describes the combined analytical, computational, and experimental program developed for identifying operating strategies for mobilization and retrieval of radioactive waste stored in double-shell tanks at Hanford. Sludge mobilization, slurry uniformity, and slurry retrieval investigations will produce guidelines for mixer pump and retrieval pump operation based on the physical properties of the waste and the geometric properties of the system (number of operating pumps and pump design and placement).
Molecular Characterization of a Shiga Toxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> O113:H21 Strain Lacking <i>eae</i> Responsible for a Cluster of Cases of Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (1999)

Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are a diverse group of organisms capable of causing severe gastrointestinal disease in humans. Within the STEC family, certain strains appear to have greater virulence for humans. STEC strains carrying eae and belonging to serogroup O157 or O111 have been responsible for the vast majority of outbreaks of STEC disease reported to date. Here we describe a STEC O113:H21 strain lacking eae that was responsible for a cluster of three cases of hemolytic-uremic syndrome. This strain produces a single Stx2-related toxin and adheres efficiently to Henle 407 cells.
Vector-Virus Interactions and Transmission Dynamics of West (2013)

West Nile virus (WNV; Flavivirus; Flaviviridae) is the cause of the most widespread arthropod-borne viral disease in the world and the largest outbreak of neuroinvasive disease ever observed. Mosquito-borne outbreaks are influenced by intrinsic (e.g., vector and viral genetics, vector and host competence, vector life-history traits) and extrinsic (e.g., temperature, rainfall, human land use) factors that affect virus activity and mosquito biology in complex ways. The concept of vectorial capacity integrates these factors to address interactions of the virus with the arthropod host, leading to a clearer understanding of their complex interrelationships, how they affect transmission of vector-borne disease, and how they impact human health. Vertebrate factors including host competence, population dynamics, and immune status also affect transmission dynamics. The complexity of these interactions are further exacerbated by the fact that not only can divergent hosts differentially alter the virus, but the virus also can affect both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts in ways that significantly alter patterns of virus transmission. This chapter concentrates on selected components of the virus-vector-vertebrate interrelationship, focusing specifically on how interactions between vector, virus, and environment shape the patterns and intensity of WNV transmission.
Optimized scalable Multiple-Description Coding and FEC-based Joint Source-Channel Coding: A performance comparison (2009)

This paper proposes an optimized, low-complexity methodology that combines joint source-channel coding (JSCC) based on forward error correction (FEC) coding and scalable multiple description coding (MDC) mechanisms for error-resilient data transmission over error-prone packet-based channels. Additionally, we report a comparative theoretical analysis between (i) MDC, and FEC-based scalable JSCC for sources encoded using (ii) single description coding (SDC) and (iii) MDC. Our analysis assumes ideal source coders that can achieve the theoretical performance bounds for a Gaussian source. This source model is independent of the actual implementation and therefore allows to draw conclusions on the theoretical performance of these approaches and to determine which methodology should be employed in specific transmission scenarios.
Nonlinear spectroscopy of a ZnSe/GaAs[100] buried interface (1991)

The intrinsic interface sensitivity of second- order nonlinear optical probes, combined with their long penetration depths, make possible a range of fascinating studies of buried interfaces. Because this problem is of fundamental interest and technological importance, significant theoretical1,2 and, more recently, experimental3 work toward understanding the nature of solid/solid buried interfaces has been undertaken.
An efficient electrochemical process for the oxidation of saturated hydrocarbons: the Gif–Orsay system (1986)

The selective oxidation of saturated hydrocarbons can be carried out using triplet oxygen, pyridine, trifluoroacetic acid, and an iron catalyst in an unicellular electrochemical cell (Gif–Orsay system), cyclododecane, adamantane, and cyclo-octane being oxidised in 17–30 mmolar amounts with improved coulombic yields of up to ∼30% being attainable; oxidation of cyclohexane in 48 mmolar amounts gave cyclohexanone with some cyclohexanol in ∼40% coulombic yield, and similar yields were obtained on a 140–167 mmolar scale (saturated solution of hydrocarbon) with addition of electron transfer reagents and enough water to give two layers (good stirring) and satisfactory conductivity.
Bone Formation on Tissue-Engineered Cartilage Constructs <i>in Vivo</i> : Effects of Chondrocyte Viability and Mechanical Loading (2003)

Interactions between bone and cartilage formation are critical during growth and fracture healing and may influence the functional integration of osteochondral repair constructs. In this study, the ability of tissue-engineered cartilage constructs to support bone formation under controlled mechanical loading conditions was evaluated using a lapine hydraulic bone chamber model. Articular chondrocytes were seeded onto polymer disks, cultured for 4 weeks in vitro, and then transferred to empty bone chambers previously implanted into rabbit femoral metaphyses. The effects of chondrocyte viability within the implanted constructs and in vivo mechanical loading on bone formation were tested in separate experiments. After 4 weeks in vivo, biopsies from the chambers consisted of a complex composite of bone, cartilage, and fibrous tissue, with bone forming in direct apposition to the cartilage constructs. Microcomputed tomography imaging of the chamber biopsies revealed that the implantation of viable constructs nearly doubled the bone volume fraction of the chamber tissue from 0.9 to 1.6% as compared with the implantation of devitalized constructs in contralateral control chambers. The application of an intermittent cyclic mechanical load was found to increase the bone volume fraction of the chamber tissue from 0.4 to 3.6% as compared with no-load control biopsies. The results of these experiments demonstrate that tissue-engineered cartilage constructs implanted into a well-vascularized bone defect will support direct appositional bone formation and that bone formation is significantly influenced by the viability of chondrocytes within the constructs and the local mechanical environment in vivo.
<p>Von Hippel-Lindau Disease: Current Challenges and Future Prospects</p> (2020)

Understanding of molecular mechanisms of tumor growth has an increasing impact on the development of diagnostics and targeted therapy of human neoplasia. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on molecular mechanisms and their clinical implications in von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease. This autosomal dominant tumor syndrome usually manifests in young adulthood and predisposes affected patients to the development of benign and malignant tumors of different organ systems mainly including the nervous system and internal organs. A consequent screening and timely preventive treatment of lesions are crucial for patients affected by VHL disease. Surgical indications and treatment have been evaluated and optimized over many years. In the last decade, pharmacological therapies have been evolving, but are largely still at an experimental stage. Effective pharmacological therapy as well as detection of biomarkers is based on the understanding of the molecular basis of disease. The molecular basis of von Hippel-Lindau disease is the loss of function of the VHL protein and subsequent accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor with downstream effects on cellular metabolism and differentiation. Organs affected by VHL disease may develop frank tumors. More characteristically, however, they reveal multiple separate microscopic foci of neoplastic cell proliferation. The exact mechanisms of tumorigenesis in VHL disease are, however, still not entirely understood and knowledge on biomarkers and targeted therapy is scarce.
Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (N-CAM) Homophilic Binding Mediated by the Two N-terminal Ig Domains Is Influenced by Intramolecular Domain-Domain Interactions (2004)

The mechanism by which the neural cell adhesion molecule, N-CAM, mediates homophilic interactions between cells has been variously attributed to an isologous interaction of the third immunoglobulin (Ig) domain, to reciprocal binding of the two N-terminal Ig domains, or to reciprocal interactions of all five Ig domains. Here, we have used a panel of recombinant proteins in a bead binding assay, as well as transfected and primary cells, to clarify the molecular mechanism of N-CAM homophilic binding. The entire extracellular region of N-CAM mediated bead aggregation in a concentration- and temperature-dependent manner. Interactions of the N-terminal Ig domains, Ig1 and Ig2, were essential for bead binding, based on deletion and mutation experiments and on antibody inhibition studies. These findings were largely in accord with aggregation experiments using transfected L cells or primary chick brain cells. Additionally, maximal binding was dependent on the integrity of the intramolecular domain-domain interactions throughout the extracellular region. We propose that these interactions maintain the relative orientation of each domain in an optimal configuration for binding. Our results suggest that the role of Ig3 in homophilic binding is largely structural. Several Ig3-specific reagents failed to affect N-CAM binding on beads or on cells, while an inhibitory effect of an Ig3-specific monoclonal antibody is probably due to perturbations at the Ig2-Ig3 boundary. Thus, it appears that reciprocal interactions between Ig1 and Ig2 are necessary and sufficient for N-CAM homophilic binding, but that maximal binding requires the quaternary structure of the extracellular region defined by intramolecular domain-domain interactions.
Fistula Treatment: The Unresolved Challenge (2009)

Fistulas are common complications in Crohn's disease, as their cumulative prevalence reaches up to two thirds of the patients in the long term. Fistulas worsen the overall patient prognosis, with permanent sphincter and perineal tissue destruction as well as professional and personal disabilities. The importance of healing these fistulas has been less well appreciated than mucosal healing for luminal disease. Management should not be left to any specialty alone, but requires an optimal combination of surgery, infection control, and immunosuppression. Outcome of therapy beyond fistula drainage is unclear and the means of assessing healing over a long time period is poorly characterized. Recent studies suggested that a substantial proportion of patients can achieve fistula healing with surgical and medical therapies. However, studies that measure the benefit of integrated approaches, of early intervention and of precise healing assessment are still missing. Such information is particularly needed in this subset of sick patients that undergo substantial physical and emotional distress because of pain, discharge, incontinence, perineal and genital disfigurement. The advent of adequate pelvic imaging, improved surgical outcomes, and potent biological therapies make it timely to develop best-management strategies and appropriateness of care criteria.
Synthesis and conformational study of two cyclic analogues of somatostatin containing an AMPA‐spacer unit (1987)

Two cyclic somatostatin analogues containing the active sequence Phe7-D-Trp8-Lys9-Thr10 and a meta- or para-(aminomethyl) phenylacetic acid (AMPA) spacer unit, have been synthesized. A conformational study using 2D n.m.r. techniques (COSY, NOESY) reveals that the conformation of the meta-AMPA analogue has some analogy with the bio-active conformation proposed earlier by Veber and colleagues, while in the para-AMPA analogue an equilibrium exists between a beta-II' turn and a gamma-turn structure. Both analogues show no GH-inhibition or LH-inhibition in in vitro assays.
Hot-Wire Measurements in Cryogenic Environment (2011)

The hotwire anemometry is a well known measurement technique used in several applications to determine flow velocity and to investigate flow quality. Using this measurement technique in a cryogenic environment is not very common and therefore the knowledge about it is very limited. The European Transonic Windtunnel, as cryogenic high Reynolds number test facility, is establishing the hotwire measurement technique to support flow quality measurements required by future laminar flow test campaigns. The present paper describes the challenges of such a system setup in ETW, its application and presents first results gathered in the pilot facility of the European Transonic Windtunnel. Thereby the main objective of this paper is to give a general overview about the first achieved results and to discuss the different influencing parameters on the hotwire output signal over the complete operational envelope of ETW/PETW.
Production, convention et pouvoir : la construction du son des orchestres de musique ancienne (2002)

L’objet de l’article est de rendre compte des mécanismes qui concourent à la production du son d’un orchestre de musique ancienne, et de faire ainsi retour sur la notion de convention telle qu’elle est développée par Howard Becker. Le son de l’orchestre dépend de principes incorporés dans les choses (les instruments de musique, les partitions) et dans les corps (les techniques du corps mobilisées par les musiciens). Le partage de principes d’interprétations acquis en amont de la situation de travail ne suffit cependant pas à assurer la coordination in situ des musiciens, lors du travail collectif de l’orchestre. Les observations réalisées montrent ainsi que les interactions de face à face pendant le travail de l’orchestre constituent un facteur décisif pour la coordination des actions des musiciens. Le rôle reconnu aux interactions de face à face permet par ailleurs de souligner la prégnance des rapports de pouvoir, omniprésents et en perpétuelle recomposition, dans les situations de production.
Software for Analysis of Gene Regulatory Sequences by Knowledge Discovery Methods (2006)

Application of knowledge discovery techniques to search for and analysis of regularities in the context signals in DNA sequences involved in transcription regulation is described. The software developed allows for interactive construction and visualization of complex signals for samples of DNA regulatory sequences and evaluation of their statistical significance. The complex signals in DNA comprise simple context signals (oligonucleotides), the signals with specified localizations in promoters, predicted and experimentally detected transcription factor binding sites, and other user-specified signals. The regularities are statistically assessed by first-order logic with probabilistic estimates. The computer tool developed was tested using samples of nucleotide sequences of eukaryotic gene promoters extracted from databases according to tissue specificity, type of gene regulation, or joint expression in a functional system. A set of conservative context signals relating the nucleotide sequences and gene functional class was found. The software is available by request to the corresponding author.
Feasibility of metabolic parameter estimation in pharmacokinetic models of carbon tetrachloride exposure in rats1 (2009)

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a toxic chemical that was once used in degreasers and detergents, and some remnants of the chemical may be present in the water supply. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling can assist in understanding resulting internal doses of CCl4 after exposure, but the pharmacokinetic parameters describing the metabolism of CCl4 are not well characterized. The goal of this study was to provide insights into how to more accurately estimate these values in rats using PBPK modeling and data from previous studies. Three different PBPK models were constructed to describe CCl4 exposure in rats via inhalation, oral ingestion, and venous injection. Each of these models was compared to data, and sensitivity analysis was performed for each model to determine whether the available data could be used to accurately determine the metabolic parameters of interest. These parameter sensitivities were so low that optimization to the available data yielded physiologically unrealistic results. Model sensitivities were analyzed for different doses and routes of exposure in order to find experimental conditions that would allow for greater identifiability of the metabolic parameters. Data were simulated from these models at optimal conditions with varying levels of noise from a normal distribution. Optimizations were then performed to confirm that the original values could be obtained. The experiments developed are left as suggestions for investigators who wish to further pursue estimating these metabolic parameters.
Meiotic activation of rat pachytene spermatocytes with okadaic acid: The behaviour of synaptonemal complex components SYN1/SCP1 and COR1/SCP3 (1999)

The phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid accelerates meiotic events in rodent germ cells in culture. Isolated pachytene spermatocytes treated with okadaic acid proceed to a metaphase I arrest in a few hours as opposed to the similar process in vivo, which requires several days. Leptotene/zygotene spermatocytes cannot be activated in this way, suggesting that okadaic acid enables cells to bypass a sensor of the meiotic progression, which is pachytene specific. We monitored the chromosome behaviour accompanying the transition to metaphase I in rat spermatocytes with antibodies against COR1/SCP3, a component of the meiotic chromosome cores, and against the synaptic protein, SYN1/SCP1. Okadaic acid induced a rapid synaptonemal complex dissolution and bivalent separation, followed by chromosome condensation and chiasmata formation, similar to the succession of events in untreated cells. The similarity between meiosis I induced with okadaic acid and the meiosis I events in vivo extends to the dissolution of the nuclear membrane and the disappearance of the microtubule network at the onset of metaphase I. This cell culture system provides a model for the in vivo transition from pachytene to metaphase I and therefore can be used in the study of this transition at the molecular level. The effect of okadaic acid is most likely mediated by the activation of tyrosine kinases, as addition of genistein, a general tyrosine kinase inhibitor, completely abolishes the observed effect of okadaic acid on chromosome metabolism. The okadaic acid-induced progression to the metaphase I arrest is not affected by the inhibition of protein synthesis. However, pachytene spermatocytes incubated in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors for 6 hours show loss of synapsis which is abnormal in that it is not accompanied by chiasmata formation. The two meiosis-specific proteins, SYN1/SCP1 and COR1/SCP3, are efficiently phosphorylated in vitro by extracts from isolated pachytene cells. Extracts from cells that have reached metaphase I upon okadaic acid treatment, with concomitant displacement of SYN1/SCP1 and COR1/SCP3 from their chromosomes, do not have this capability. These data support the hypothesis that phosphorylation of SYN1/SCP1 and COR1/SCP3 targets their removal from the chromosomes and that activity of the kinases involved correlates with the presence of these two proteins on the chromosomes.