gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microwave modulation of a quantum-well laser with and without external optical injection (2001)

We compare three microwave modulation methods experimentally and theoretically using a semiconductor quantum-well (QW) Fabry-Perot test laser: (1) direct microwave current modulation of the test laser (electrical modulation); (2) optical modulation by an external single-wavelength pump laser with a modulated optical injection power; and (3) electrical modulation of the test laser that is injection locked by an external single-wavelength pump laser with a constant injection power. This is the first direct comparison of the three modulation methods on the same QW laser, to the best of our knowledge. The bandwidth of optical absorption modulation is 7.7 GHz, which is 1.45 times the direct electrical modulation bandwidth (5.3 GHz) at a bias current of 30 mA in the test laser. On the other hand, the electrical modulation of the test laser under injection-locking condition has a significantly higher modulation bandwidth (10.5 GHz) than both the electrical and optical modulation methods.
Improved Statistical Processing for Common Conversion Point Stacked Receiver Functions (2008)

The interpretation of teleseismic receiver functions (RFs) is typically limited by poor constraints on the uncertainty of amplitudes of converted phases. In continental regions these problems are overcome by stacking large amounts of data. In oceanic regions, however, data quality is notoriously noisy and the number of events are often limited by significantly shorter station deployment times. Estimates of RF pulse amplitude uncertainty are, therefore, necessary to allow an analyst to differentiate between real structure in the Earth and random correlations in ambient noise. Here we combine a common-conversion-point stacking technique with multiple-taper correlation RF estimates, which allow frequency-domain weighting. We then compute jackknife statistics to estimate local uncertainties in RF amplitude. We apply this technique to a continental station in Arabia (RAYN) and to the ocean island station at Raratonga, Cook Islands (RAR) in order to compare our method to results obtained via other techniques. The structure we recover matches previous crustal studies at both stations and provides new interpretations of conversions in the upper mantle. At single stations this technique works well to resolve crust and mantle structure up to a depth of 100 km. Geographical dispersion of ray paths at greater depths decreases the number of events per bin and, therefore, increases the uncertainty in converted amplitude. The ability to stack crossing ray paths implies that this method will be well suited to the analysis of data from seismic arrays.
Modeling Lithium Intercalation in a Porous Carbon Electrode (2001)

Two different approaches were used to model the insertion of lithium ions into a carbon particle. In the first approach, a concentration gradient was considered as the driving force (DFM) for diffusion while in the second approach chemical potential driving force was used (CPM). Lithium ion-lithium ion interactions are included in the CPM model but not in the DFM model. These approaches were used to model a lithium foil/1 M -propylene carbonate/carbon fiber cell. The model predictions indicate that the lithium ion-lithium ion interactions inside the particle play a significant role in predicting the electrochemical and thermal performance of the cell. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Synthesis and characterization of magnetic manganese ferrites (2019)

This research work explored the synthesis and characterization of magnetic manganese ferrites using a simple combustion method. The purpose of creating the magnetic manganese ferrites was for their planned use as ozonation catalysts. Their magnetic properties allow for their recovery from the treatment system. Magnetic manganese ferrites were prepared by mixing manganese nitrate and iron nitrate in a stoichiometric ratio of 1:2. Polyvinyl alcohol was added to the mixed metal salt solution and the ratio of PVA: total nitrate salt added was varied from 1:1 up to 1:2 by weight. The resulting particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), tunneling electron microscope (TEM), and Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV/Vis).
The Determination of the Small Amount of Water in Grease Using the Karl Fischer Method (1966)

Indirect titration using the Karl Fischer reagent was applied to determine of the small amount of water in grease. 20-30ml. of insulating oil is placed in a round-bottomed boiling flask with a gas inlet tube and gas outlet tube, heated at 120-140°C, and about 5g. of the sample, suspending the sample in the insulating oil.Then dry nitrogen is passed continuously through the round bottomed boiling flask at 0.3l. per minute.The moisture included in the nitrogen is absorbed in a mixture of methanol and ethylene glycol and the water titrated is absorbed in the mixture by the Karl Fischer reagent.The small amount of water in the cup grease was exactly determined with a deviation of less than ±0.001% (below 0.05mg. as water) in 15-30 minute. It takes a slightly longer time to titrate the water in the fibre-, the graphite-, and the aluminium-grease than in that of the cup grease; their end points are not sharp. Comparing the Karl Fischer method with the distillation method, the Karl Fischer method showed a higher value than the distillation method.It was recognized that even the small amount of water, which can not be determined by the distillation method, is determined exactly by the Karl Fischer method.
Testicular Action and Structural Relationships of Compounds with Antiatherogenic Activity (1961)

Cholesterol-fed chickens have been injected subcutaneously for eight weeks with the following drugs: estradiol, diethylstilbestrol, estriol, androstanolone, δ5-androstenediol and androstanediol. Aortic and coronary atherosclerosis, blood and aortic cholesterol, as well as several endocrine structures have been studied. Coronary atherosclerosis has been prevented by estradiol and by diethylstilbestrol, while the other steroids have been ineffective at the dosage used here. When birds were considered individually, no correlation was found between antiatherogenic activity and endocrine changes, thus confirming that testicular depression is not necessary for arterial protection. An attempt to correlate molecular structure and arterial changes has been carried out.
Clinical Classification of Colorectal Epithelial Tumors and Proposal for Diagnostic Coding (2011)

The Korean Standard Classification of Diseases (KCD), which reflects the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), is a fundamental coding system for the diagnosis of colorectal epithelial tumors. The KCD coding of colorectal lesions is entirely up to the clinician and is based on pathologic reports. However, coding discrepancies have arisen among physicians using the KCD and pathologists using the ICD for Oncology-3 (ICD-O-3). The Korean Society of Pathologists recently proposed a standardized pathology-reporting format and guidelines for the coding of colorectal cancer to decrease these discrepancies among pathologists. However, ICD and ICD-O are simple classification codes based on pathologic reports, and are neither intended nor suitable for indexing of distinct clinical entities. For appropriate diagnostic coding using the KCD, a corrected coding principle based upon pathologic reports is required, and unified coding between KCD and ICD-O is necessary. A standardized pathologic report format and communication with understanding between physicians and pathologists should be established. Additionally, the private medical insurance system for colorectal cancer should be revised to reduce conflicts among patients, clinicians, and insurance companies over the medical coding system.
Polymer Electronics (2013)

Polymer or plastic electronics offers the promise of a new kind of semiconductor industry; one where materials are easily processed and devices are cheap and, in some cases, even flexible. Polymers can be used in transistor circuitry (chips), sensors, RFID tags, electrochromic windows, and optoelectronic devices such as those used in lighting or photovoltaic (solar) cells. This book presents a coherent introduction to polymer electronics, and in particular the underlying physics of polymer devices. Differences with conventional (silicon-based) electronics are highlighted, so that the main concepts can be treated clearly. Polyacetylene, the archetypal semiconducting polymer, is used to begin the discussion, but other important classes of polymer are also introduced. The interaction of polymers with light, and charge transport are treated carefully in separate chapters. Semiconducting polymers is an interdisciplinary field in which physicists and chemists work together, so a chapter on the synthesis of different kinds of polymer is included. As well as chemistry, the important physics of polymers is also covered, as is the importance of surfaces, because most devices are, after all, thin films. The book concludes with the physics encompassing the most important devices: transistors, light-emitting diodes, and photovolatic cells.
A P,N‐Ligand for Palladium‐Catalyzed Ammonia Arylation: Coupling of Deactivated Aryl Chlorides, Chemoselective Arylations, and Room Temperature Reactions (2010)

Amazing ammonia: A new air-stable P,N-ligand (Mor-DalPhos) is reported that enables the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of ammonia to a variety of aryl chloride and aryl tosylate substrates with high chemoselectivity and, for the first time, at room temperature (see scheme; Ad=adamantyl, Ts=para-toluenesulfonyl). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Adaptive DOA estimation using a database of eigenvectors (2006)

Abstract With the dramatic advances in mobile communication technologies, the problem of estimating the direction of arrival (DOA) of signals generated by several sources becomes even more important. High‐resolution estimation methods based on eigenvalue decomposition include the minimum‐norm method and the MUSIC method. Since the peak of the angular spectrum must be scanned over all directions, the computational effort is enormous. In this paper, a DOA estimation method using a database is proposed. In this method, a database is constructed in which the eigenvector corresponding to the minimum eigenvalue is the key and the DOA is the associated value. The DOA is estimated by seeking in the database the data with the key closest to the eigenvector obtained from the observation signals. In the proposed method, DOA estimation can be achieved by only a regional search of the database, and hence the process is extremely fast. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by simulation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(3): 48–56, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20251
Development of a flexible pressure sensor for measurement of endotension (2011)

An aneurysm is a bulge in a weakened portion of a blood vessel wall, Figure 1. It can be defined as a permanent and irreversible localized dilatation of an artery, having at least a 50% increase in diameter compared with the common one (Johnston et al. 1991).
Animal dander allergy (1977)

In a group of twenty-three atopic patients skin tests were performed with the dander allergens of horse, cat and guinea-pig, and with house dust and Timothy pollen allergens. A good agreement was observed between positive skin reactions and the results of RAST with these various allergens. In a number of cases, positive skin reactions were not related to the clinical histories. Likewise, positive RAST scores in several instances proved clinically meaningless. In patients with history-related skin reactions better correlation with RAST was observed. In such patients, skin reactions with photo-inactivated allergens remained strongly positive.
New tools and expanded data analysis capabilities at the protein structure prediction center (2007)

We outline the main tasks performed by the Protein Structure Prediction Center in support of the CASP7 experiment and provide a brief review of the major measures used in the automatic evaluation of predictions. We describe in more detail the software developed to facilitate analysis of modeling success over and beyond the available templates and the adopted Java-based tool enabling visualization of multiple structural superpositions between target and several models/templates. We also give an overview of the CASP infrastructure provided by the Center and discuss the organization of the results web pages available through http://predictioncenter.org.
Interferon treatment inhibits pinocytosis. (1983)

Treating mouse L cells with crude or purified mouse interferon inhibited fluid-phase pinocytosis. Inhibition was maximum at 24 h after treatment with 1,000 U of interferon per ml and was dose dependent and reversible with time. Pinocytosis was inhibited when human and chicken embryo cells were treated with homologous, but not heterologous, interferons.
Correlation between emission property and concentration of Sn^2+ center in the SnO-ZnO-P_2O_5 glass (2012)

The authors report on the correlation between the photoluminescence (PL) property and the SnO amount in SnO-ZnO-P2O5 (SZP) glass. In the PL excitation (PLE) spectra of the SZP glass containing Sn2+ emission center, two S1 states, one of which is strongly affected by SnO amount, are assumed to exist. The PLE band closely correlates with the optical band edge originating from Sn2+ species, and they both largely red-shifts with increasing amount of SnO. The emission decay time of the SZP glass decreased with increasing amount of SnO and the internal quantum efficiencies of the SZP glasses containing 1~5 mol% of SnO are comparable to that of MgWO4. It is expected that the composition-dependent S1 state (the lower energy excitation band) governs the quantum efficiency of the SZP glasses.
Applicability of drug response metrics for cancer studies using biomaterials (2019)

Bioengineers have built models of the tumour microenvironment (TME) in which to study cell-cell interactions, mechanisms of cancer growth and metastasis, and to test new therapies. These models allow researchers to culture cells in conditions that include features of the in vivo TME implicated in regulating cancer progression, such as extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness, integrin binding to the ECM, immune and stromal cells, growth factor and cytokine depots, and a three-dimensional geometry more representative of the in vivo TME than tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS). These biomaterials could be particularly useful for drug screening applications to make better predictions of efficacy, offering better translation to preclinical models and clinical trials. However, it can be challenging to compare drug response reports across different biomaterial platforms in the current literature. This is, in part, a result of inconsistent reporting and improper use of drug response metrics, and vast differences in cell growth rates across a large variety of biomaterial designs. This study attempts to clarify the definitions of drug response measurements used in the field, and presents examples in which these measurements can and cannot be applied. We suggest as best practice to measure the growth rate of cells in the absence of drug, and follow our 'decision tree' when reporting drug response metrics. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Forces in cancer: interdisciplinary approaches in tumour mechanobiology'.
Transcriptional activation by the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early proteins: requirements for simple promoter structures and interactions with multiple components of the transcription complex (1994)

We have utilized a number of well-defined, simple, synthetic promoters (upstream factor binding sites and TATA elements) to analyze the activation mechanisms of the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early (IE) proteins. We found that the 86-kDa IE protein (known as IEP86, IE2(559aa), or ppUL122a) can recognize and activate a variety of simple promoters, in agreement with the observation that it is a promiscuous activator. However, in the comparison of otherwise identical promoters IEP86 does have preferences for specific TATA elements (hsp70 > adenovirus E2 > simian virus 40 early) and specific upstream transcription factor binding sites (CAAT > SP1 approximately Tef-1 > ATF; no activation with AP1 or OCT). In contrast, the 72-kDa IE protein (known as IEP72, IE1(491aa), or ppUL123) alone did not significantly activate the simple promoters under our experimental conditions. However, each promoter activated by IEP86 was synergistically affected by the addition of IEP72. In addition, the 55-kDa IE protein (IEP55, a splice variant form of IE2, IE2(425aa), or ppUL122b) repeatedly had a negative effect, downregulating the activation of promoters caused by IEP86 and the synergy of IEP86 and IEP72. We show that the ability of IEP86 to activate many simple promoters correlates not only with its previously described ability to interact with the TATA-binding protein (TBP) (B. A. Furnari, E. Poma, T. F. Kowalik, S.-M. Huong, and E.-S. Huang, J. Virol. 67:4981-4991, 1993; C. Hagemeier, S. Walker, R. Caswell, T. Kouzarides, and J. Sinclair, J. Virol. 66:4452-4456, 1992; R. Jupp, S. Hoffman, R. M. Stenberg, J. A. Nelson, and P. Ghazal, J. Virol. 67:7539-7546, 1993) but also with its ability to interact with the transcription factors which bind to the upstream element of promoters it activated (e.g., SP1 and Tef-1 but not Oct-1). This ability to have multiple interactions with the promoter complex may be crucial for transcriptional activation, since the IE proteins cannot activate promoters having only a TATA element or only an upstream transcription factor binding site. In addition, we show that proteins which bind IEP86 also bind to IEP55. Thus, the negative effect on transcription noted with IEP55 may be the result of competition with IEP86 for interaction with the promoter complex. The synergy caused by IEP72 appears to be mediated by a more indirect mechanism. This is suggested by our observation that IEP72 could not bind to any of the proteins tested (TBP, Tef-1, or Oct-1) or to IEP86.
Improvement method of the optical MTF by using Bayes' theorem and application results to a rod lens optical system (2012)

Gradient-index (GRIN) lenses have excellent optical properties that are not generally observed in the case of homogeneous lenses. Hence, GRIN lenses are used to fabricate new optical elements that have promising applications in optical information processing and optical communication. For example, it is widely used for scanner, fax machines and copiers etc. One of the low cost fabricating methods of these lenses involves pulling up the core fiber vertically from a polymer solution whose refractive index has been adjusted to the desired value. But in fact, the refractive-index distribution is not ideal because of several factors in manufacturing. When a GRIN lens has the refractive-index distribution which is not ideal, it degrades modulation transfer function (MTF) extremely. In this paper, we studied the picture reconstruction by using Bayes' theorem. Bayes' theorem is applied to the degraded picture obtained in an experiment with the plastic rod lens, and as a result MTF has extremely improved. First, spatial distribution of point spread function (PSF) is calculated from the refractive index distribution inside a rod lens. The 4096 PSFs of spatial distributions are obtained by this calculation. By applying image processing using the Bayes' theorem, MTF becomes about 92.9% after the application, even if MTF is 23.3%. These researches show that Bayes' theorem is very effective in image restoration.
A STM Study of Pd‐Catalyst for Electroless Cu Deposition on Nonconductors by Means of a Modified Graphite Substrate (1989)

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is a powerful tool for atomic resolution imaging of the topography of electronically conductive samples. Highly dispersed Pd is a preferred catalyst for electroless formaldehyde‐driven Cu deposition on glass fiber reinforced epoxy printed circuit boards. Using surface oxidized highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) as a model substrate, it was possible to obtain STM images of Pd clusters (typical size 1–5 nm). An electrochemical mechanism with separation of anode reaction (oxidation of formaldehyde on Pd) and cathode reaction (deposition of Cu on graphite) is proposed for electroless Cu plating.
Improved Characterization of EV Preparations Based on Protein to Lipid Ratio and Lipid Properties (2015)

In recent years the study of extracellular vesicles has gathered much scientific and clinical interest. As the field is expanding, it is becoming clear that better methods for characterization and quantification of extracellular vesicles as well as better standards to compare studies are warranted. The goal of the present work was to find improved parameters to characterize extracellular vesicle preparations. Here we introduce a simple 96 well plate-based total lipid assay for determination of lipid content and protein to lipid ratios of extracellular vesicle preparations from various myeloid and lymphoid cell lines as well as blood plasma. These preparations included apoptotic bodies, microvesicles/microparticles, and exosomes isolated by size-based fractionation. We also investigated lipid bilayer order of extracellular vesicle subpopulations using Di-4-ANEPPDHQ lipid probe, and lipid composition using affinity reagents to clustered cholesterol (monoclonal anti-cholesterol antibody) and ganglioside GM1 (cholera toxin subunit B). We have consistently found different protein to lipid ratios characteristic for the investigated extracellular vesicle subpopulations which were substantially altered in the case of vesicular damage or protein contamination. Spectral ratiometric imaging and flow cytometric analysis also revealed marked differences between the various vesicle populations in their lipid order and their clustered membrane cholesterol and GM1 content. Our study introduces for the first time a simple and readily available lipid assay to complement the widely used protein assays in order to better characterize extracellular vesicle preparations. Besides differentiating extracellular vesicle subpopulations, the novel parameters introduced in this work (protein to lipid ratio, lipid bilayer order, and lipid composition), may prove useful for quality control of extracellular vesicle related basic and clinical studies.