gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Thermal Stability Characteristics of Fischer-Tropsch and Hydroprocessed Alternative Jet Fuels in a Fixed Bed Reactor (2013)

The recent volatility in oil prices has fueled uncertainty about the world’s ability to meet future demands. Furthermore, the growing concern over the negative environmental impacts produced by emissions has resulted in worldwide efforts for developing renewable jet-fuel alternatives. This has led current military and civilian fuel specifications to allow the use of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) and Hydroprocessed fuels (HEFA) in blends up to 50% in volume with regular Jet-A/JP-8. On the other hand, physical properties, and the broad chemical composition, including trace elements in those fuels, may result in engine performance issues found only after extensive operation. This may result in higher maintenance and operation costs. This study presents the coking depositions of several renewable fuels after being stressed in a fixed bed reactor. This was done in an effort to assess the effects (if any) on the thermal stability of renewable fuels interacting with materials representative of state of the art aircraft systems (steel, aluminum, titanium tubing) and to determine whether the use of renewable fuels enhances thermal stability when blended, up to 50%, with oil-derived fuels.
Visual generalization in programming by example (2000)

In Programming by Example [PBE, also sometimes called &amp;quot;Programming by Demonstration&amp;quot;] systems, the system records actions performed by a user in the interface, and produces a generalized program that can be used later in analogous examples. A key issue is how to describe the actions and objects selected by the user, which determines what kind of generalizations will be possible. When the user selects a graphical object on the screen, most PBE systems describe the object using properties of the underlying application data. For example, if the user selects a link on a web page, the PBE system might represent the selection based on the link&apos;s HTML properties. In this article, we explore a different, and radical, approach-- using visual properties of the interaction elements themselves, such as size, shape, color, and appearance of graphical objects-- to describe user intentions. Only recently has the speed of image processing made feasible real-time analysis of screen images by a PBE system. We have not yet fully realized the goal of a complete PBE system using visual generalization, but we feel the approach is important enough to warrant presenting the idea.
New Developments and Applications of Fiber-Optic Sensors (1989)

Optrodes that provide trace-level detection of trichloroethylene and chloroform with high accuracy have been developed. High accuracy is obtained by providing an internal intensity reference. Also, a diode laser has been used to measure surface-enhanced Raman spectra (SERS) of low levels of fluorescent molecules. Near-infrared SERS is shown to be a useful technique for remote spectroscopic measurements of aqueous contaminants. In addition, a temperature optrode has been used to obtain real-time temperature profiles in a geothermal well.
[Tendon rupture of the extensor muscles of the knee]. (1985)

Five cases of rupture of the quadriceps tendon and two cases of rupture of the patellar ligament form the authors' own patient material (1975-1984) are reviewed. It seems we must differentiate between rupture of the quadriceps tendon (namely, rupture in an elderly patient with degeneratively changed tendon in trivial traumas) on the one hand, and rupture of the patellar ligament (rupture in the young patient with considerable trauma, as in sports) and hence a more or less purely traumatically caused rupture, on the other. Except for one case of spontaneous rupture associated with cortison treatment for several years, the four remaining quadriceps tendon ruptures were based on the same accident mechanism, the average age of these patients being 65 years: on trying to stabilize themselves while stumbling, the quadriceps muscle was suddenly tensed. In both cases of rupture of the patellar tendon, rupture occurred while jumping off a springboard during sports activities. The authors advocate protecting the tendon suture in quadriceps tendon rupture via a walking cast of the femur; in rupture of the patellar ligament, it is recommended to effect wire cerclage between patella and tuberositas tibiae. In each case, functional exercise should be initiated as early as possible.
Authorization recycling in RBAC systems (2008)

As distributed applications increase in size and complexity, traditional authorization mechanisms based on a single policy decision point are increasingly fragile because this decision point represents a single point of failure and a performance bottleneck. Authorization recycling is one technique that has been used to address these challenges. This paper introduces and evaluates the mechanisms for authorization recycling in RBAC enterprise systems. The algorithms that support these mechanisms allow precise and approximate authorization decisions to be made, thereby masking possible failures of the policy decision point and reducing its load. We evaluate these algorithms analytically and using a prototype implementation. Our evaluation results demonstrate that authorization recycling can improve the performance of distributed access control mechanisms.
Antioxidant activity of various extracts of leaves of Anacardium occidentale (cashew). (2010)

The antioxidant properties and the effect on nitric oxide (NO) production of various extracts of leaves of Anacardium occidentale were investigated. Radical-scavenging potential was evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Griess assay was used to assess NO-inhibitory activity of the extracts. The antioxidant activity of aqueous, ethanol, and petroleum ether (60-80 0 C) extracts of the leaves of Anacardium occidentale was estimated. The order of the antioxidant potency of the plant extract is ethanol > aqueous > petroleum ether. The results suggest that the leaves of A.occidentale are a potent source of natural antioxidants.
Rapid Microarray-Based Genotyping of Enterohemorrhagic <i>Escherichia coli</i> Serotype O156:H25/H−/Hnt Isolates from Cattle and Clonal Relationship Analysis (2010)

Since enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) isolates of serogroup O156 have been obtained from human diarrhea patients and asymptomatic carriers, we studied cattle as a potential reservoir for these bacteria. E. coli isolates serotyped by agglutination as O156:H25/H-/Hnt strains (n = 32) were isolated from three cattle farms during a period of 21 months and characterized by rapid microarray-based genotyping. The serotyping by agglutination of the O156 isolates was not confirmed in some cases by the results of DNA-based serotyping as only 25 of the 32 isolates were conclusively identified as O156:H25. In the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis, all EHEC O156:H25 isolates were characterized as sequence type 300 (ST300) and ST688, which differ by a single-nucleotide exchange in the purA gene. Oligonucleotide microarrays allow simultaneous detection of a wider range of EHEC-associated and other E. coli virulence markers than other methods. All O156:H25 isolates showed a wide spectrum of virulence factors typical for EHEC. The stx(1) genes combined with the EHEC hlyA (hlyA(EHEC)) gene, the eae gene of the zeta subtype, as well as numerous other virulence markers were present in all EHEC O156:H25 strains. The behavior of eight different cluster groups, including four that were EHEC O156:H25, was monitored in space and time. Variations in the O156 cluster groups were detected. The results of the cluster analysis suggest that some O156:H25 strains had the genetic potential for a long persistence in the host and on the farm, while other strains did not. As judged by their pattern of virulence markers, E. coli O156:H25 isolates of bovine origin may represent a considerable risk for human infection. Our results showed that the miniaturized E. coli oligonucleotide arrays are an excellent tool for the rapid detection of a large number of virulence markers.
Bioavailability of Rectally Administered Carbamazepine Suspension in Dogs (1983)

The relative bioavailability of an investigational carbamazepine suspension was studied following rectal administration in dogs. Doses of carbamazepine, 20 mg/kg, were given to six dogs. The routes of administration were oral tablet, oral suspension, and rectal suspension. There was no significant difference (p greater than 0.05) in total absorption, as indicated by the area under the serum concentration-time curve between the oral and rectal suspensions. The notable differences between the oral suspension and the rectal suspension were in the maximum serum concentration achieved and the time to achieve this maximum serum concentration. This is due to a prolonged absorption of carbamazepine given rectally, which may limit the ability to achieve therapeutic serum concentrations rapidly. Carbamazepine suspension given rectally may be a satisfactory alternative when administration by the oral route is not possible.
NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF PROBLEMS IN INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW: TREATMENT OF THE TEMPERATURE-VELOCITY COUPLING (1986)

The cost of obtaining solutions to fluid flows depends strongly on how well the solution procedure treats the interequation couplings. For natural convection flows, treatment of the temperature-velocity coupling is often of the utmost importance. The first purpose of the present paper is to report the conditions under which the temperature-velocity coupling is important in natural convection flows, and the improvement in convergence rate that may be achieved by implicitly accounting for this coupling within the discrete equations of motion. It is shown that the strength of the coupling depends on the Prandtl number, and that substantial acceleration of the convergence rate can be achieved by appropriate treatment of the coupling. To translate improved convergence rate into computational savings requires that an efficient method be found for solution of the coupled linear set of equations. The second purpose of the paper is to present such a method, and to report the computation effort required to obtain solutions to the nonlinear set of equations with this solver compared to “standard” methods.
Novel Nanostructured Carbon Nanotube Electron Sources (2012)

In this chapter, we present a review of our continuing efforts toward the development of discrete, low-dimensional nanostructured carbon-based electron emitters. Carbon nanotubes and nanofibers, herein referred to simply as CNTs, are one-dimensional carbon allotropes formed from cylindrically rolled and nested graphene sheets, have diameters between 1 and 500 nm and lengths of up to several millimeters, and are perfect candidates for field emission (FE) applications. By virtue of their extremely strong sp2 C-C bonding, intrinsic to the graphene hexagonal lattice, CNTs have demonstrated impressive chemical inertness, unprecedented thermal stabilities, significant resistance to electromigration, and exceptionally high axial current carrying capacities, even at elevated temperatures. These near ideal cold cathode electron emitters have incredibly high electric field enhancing aspect ratios combined with virtual point sources of the order of a few nanometers in size. The correct integration and judicious development of suitable FE platforms based on these extraordinary molecules is critical and will ultimately enable enhanced technologies. This chapter will review some of the more recent platforms, devices and structures developed by our group, as well as our contributions towards the development of industry-scalable technologies for ultra-high-resolution electron microscopy, portable x-ray sources, and flexible environmental lighting technologies. © 2012 by Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved.
RRS Charles Darwin Cruise 135, 24 Oct-18 Nov 2001. ATSR validation cruise: Seychelles - Durban (2002)

This report describes RRS Charles Darwin Cruise 135, an ATSR satellite validation cruise which took place in October-November 2001. The cruise was divided into two legs: Leg 1 primarily focussed on ATSR satellite validation and Leg 2 was planned around the recovery of Netherlands Institute of Sea Research (NIOZ) moorings. Throughout the cruise real-time measurements of the air-sea fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, latent heat and CO2 were made, in addition to the usual mean meteorological parameters. The main aim of Leg 1 (Seychelles to Seychelles) was to achieve as many ATSR satellite overpass validations as possible with the SISTeR radiometer. In addition 5 APEX floats were deployed in support of the ARGO Programme and two XBT equatorial sections were made. During Leg 2 (Seychelles to Durban) the key objective was to recover an array of seven moorings, on a section across the Mozambique Channel roughly at its narrowest part, which had been previously deployed by NIOZ. Further ATSR overpass validations were achieved and two more XBT sections were made.
Transparent Alumina with Submicrometer Grains by Float Packing and Sintering (2002)

Commercially available α‐alumina powder with high‐purity, submicrometer particle size and narrow particle‐size distribution is used as starting material to prepare dense ceramic parts with transparent properties. The powder is dispersed and stabilized in a water‐based suspension. Controlled consolidation and drying by float packing leads to homogeneous green compacts, which can be densified without additives by sintering in air at 1275°C to transparency, while the mean grain size remains at 0.4 μm. The in‐line transmittance for wavelengths of 300–450 nm is comparable to commercial polycrystalline alumina tubes for lighting technologies, whose grain sizes are larger by a factor of 40.
3-Hydroxy-5,6-Epoxy-β-Ionone As Germination Inhibitory Active Constituent In Athyrium Yokoscense (1998)

Abstract –3-Hydroxy-5,6-epoxy-β-ionone (1) showing an inhibitory activity for lettuce seed germination was isolated from leaves of Athyrium yokoscense. Key Words: Athyrium yokoscensePolypodiaceaeleaves3-hydroxy-56-epoxy-β-iononegermination inhibitor
Laparoskopische Rektumresektion bei Rektumkarzinom und Einfluss der Konversion auf das operative, perioperative und onkologische Outcome (2010)

Ziel: Vergleich der Ergebnisse laparoskopischer und offener Rektumresektion und Untersuchung des Einflusses der Konversion auf Mortalität/Morbidität, chirurgische Ergebnisqualität und onkologisches Outcome.
Segmented Poincaré Plot Analysis for Risk Stratification in Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy (2010)

For the first time an index from Poincaré plot analysis of heart rate variability was able to contribute to risk stratification in patients suffering from DCM.
ChemInform Abstract: THE GALENA/DICHROMATE SOLUTION INTERACTION AND THE NATURE OF THE RESULTING CHROMIUM(III) SPECIES (1984)

Abstract Wie XPS‐Untersuchungen zeigen, führt die Reaktion zwischen Bleiglanz (PbS) und einer wäßrigen NazCrzO‐"Lösung (die bei der Aufarbeitung von PbS‐haltigen Erzen eine Rolle spielt) sowohl zu Cr(III)‐ als auch zu Cr(VI)‐Spezies.
Lyapunov-based feedback control of border collision bifurcations in piecewise smooth systems (2004)

Feedback control of piecewise smooth discrete-time systems that undergo border collision bifurcations is considered. These bifurcations occur when a fixed point or a periodic orbit of a piecewise smooth system crosses or collides with the border between two regions of smooth operation as a system parameter is quasistatically varied. The goal of the control effort in this work is to modify the bifurcation so that the bifurcated steady state is locally attracting and locally unique. To achieve this, Lyapunov-based techniques are used. A sufficient condition for nonbifurcation with persistent stability in piecewise smooth maps of dimension n that depend on a parameter is derived. The derived condition is in terms of linear matrix inequalities. This condition is then used as a basis for the design of feedback controls to eliminate border collision bifurcations in piecewise smooth maps and to produce desirable behavior.
Experimental Observation of the Trapped Rainbow (2010)

We report on the experimental demonstration of the broadband “trapped rainbow” in the visible range using an adiabatically tapered waveguide. Being a distinct case of the slow light phenomenon, this effect can enhanced light-matter interactions.
Co-ordination compounds of boron trihalides. Part II. Boron trichloride–cyclic ethers (1954)

J. Grimley and A. K. Holliday, J. Chem. Soc., 1954, 1212 DOI: 10.1039/JR9540001212
Accommodation of Lattice Mismatch at Heterojunctions (1968)

The accommodation of lattice mismatch at heterojunctions grown by back‐ melting and subsequent regrowth was investigated employing the system. Single crystals of either or served as the one component (substrate) of the heterojunctions and the regrown part was an alloy of the general formula . The lattice mismatch at the heterojunction was varied by varying the composition of the regrown alloy. It was found that the accommodation of the lattice mismatch takes place by the generation of dislocations the number of which is consistent with a simple linear lattice model.
Supplementary Figure 4 from Activation of Apoptosis by 1-Hydroxy-5,7-Dimethoxy-2-Naphthalene-Carboxaldehyde, a Novel Compound from <i>Aegle marmelos</i> (2023)

Supplementary Figure 4 from Activation of Apoptosis by 1-Hydroxy-5,7-Dimethoxy-2-Naphthalene-Carboxaldehyde, a Novel Compound from <i>Aegle marmelos</i>
A polypeptide bound by the chaperonin groEL is localized within a central cavity. (1993)

Chaperonins are oligomeric protein complexes that play an essential role in the cell, mediating ATP-dependent polypeptide chain folding in a variety of cellular compartments. They appear to bind early folding intermediates, preventing their aggregation; in the presence of MgATP and a cochaperonin, bound polypeptides are released in a stepwise manner, associated with folding to the native state. Chaperonin complexes appear in the electron microscope as cylindrical structures, usually composed of two stacked rings, each containing, by negative staining, an electron dense central "hole" approximately 6.0 nm in diameter. We sought to identify the site on the Escherichia coli chaperonin groEL, where the "molten globule"-like intermediate of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) becomes bound, by examining in the scanning transmission electron microscope complexes formed between groEL and DHFR molecules bearing covalently crosslinked 1.4-nm gold clusters. In top views of the groEL complexes, gold densities were observed in the central region; in side views, the densities were seen at the end portions of the cylinders, corresponding to positions within the individual rings. In some cases, two gold densities were observed in the same groEL complex. We conclude that folding intermediates are bound inside central cavities within individual chaperonin rings. In this potentially sequestered location, folding intermediates with a compact conformation can be bound at multiple sites by surrounding monomeric members of the ring; localization of folding within the cavity could also facilitate rebinding of structures that initially fail to incorporate properly into the folding protein.
ChemInform Abstract: TESTS OF A PIPERIDINO MASK FOR THE PROTECTION OF FUNCTIONALIZED CARBON SITES IN MULTISTEP SYNTHESES (1984)

Abstract Wie in einem allgemeinen Reaktionsschema gezeigt, werden aus den N‐substituierten Piperidinen (I) mit dem speziellen Chlorkohlensäureester (II) über die Salze (III) die Alkyl‐chloride (IV) erhalten.
dGEMRIC (delayed gadolinium‐enhanced MRI of cartilage) indicates adaptive capacity of human knee cartilage (2004)

Delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) is a new imaging technique to estimate joint cartilage glycosaminoglycan content by T1-relaxation time measurements after penetration of the hydrophilic contrast agent Gd-DTPA(2-). This study compares dGEMRIC in age-matched healthy volunteers with different levels of physical activity: Group 1 (n = 12): nonexercising individuals; Group 2 (n = 16): individuals with physical exercise averaging twice weekly; Group 3 (n = 9): male elite runners. dGEMRIC was performed 2 hr after an intravenous injection of Gd-DTPA(2-) at 0.3 mmol/kg body weight. T1 differed significantly between the three different levels of physical exercise. T1 values (mean of medial and lateral femoral cartilage) for Groups 1, 2, and 3 were: 382 +/- 33, 424 +/- 22 and 476 +/- 36, respectively (ms, mean +/- SD) (P = 0.0004, 1 vs. 2 and 0.0002, 2 vs. 3). Irrespective of the exercise level, T1 was longer in lateral compared to medial femoral cartilage (P = 0.00005; n = 37). In conclusion, this cross-sectional study indicates that human knee cartilage adapts to exercise by increasing the glycosaminoglycan content. Furthermore, results suggest a compartmental difference within the knee with a higher glycosaminoglycan content in lateral compared to medial femoral cartilage. A higher proportion of extracellular water, i.e., larger distribution volume, may to some extent explain the high T1 in the elite runners.
Palatine Tonsil Size and its Correlation with Subjective Tonsil Size in Patients with Sleep‐Disordered Breathing (2009)

Real palatine tonsil size correlated with subjective tonsil size in both children and adults with SDB. Although there is a statistical correlation in children between TTV and subjective tonsil size, there is significant discordance in size 2 and 3 groups, thus greatly limiting the value of subjective tonsil size assessment in the majority of children. However, adult subjective tonsil size may reflect real palatine tonsil size and may help predict it preoperatively.
Computational Study of Fuel Injection in a Large-Bore Gas Engine (2003)

Emission controls in stationary gas engines have required significant modifications to the fuel injection and combustion processes. One approach has been the use of high-pressure fuel injection to improve fuel-air mixing. The objective of this study is to simulate numerically the injection of gaseous fuel at high pressure in a large-bore two-stroke engine. Existing combustion chamber geometry is modeled together with proposed valve geometry. The StarCD® fluid dynamics code is used for the simulations, using appropriate turbulence models. High-pressure injection of up to 500 psig methane into cylinder air initially at 25 psig is simulated with the valve opened instantaneously and piston position frozen at the 60 degrees ABDC position. Fuel flow rate across the valve throat varies with the instantaneous pressure but attains a steady state in approximately 22 ms. As expected with the throat shape and pressures, the flow becomes supersonic past the choked valve gap, but returns to a subsonic state upon deflection by a shroud that successfully directs the flow more centrally. This indicates the need for careful shroud design to direct the flow without significant deceleration. Pressures below 300 psig were not effective with the proposed valve geometry. A persistent re-circulation zone is observed immediately below the valve, where it does not help promote mixing.
ChemInform Abstract: Glycosylations of Ambident Anions of 2(1H)‐ and 4(1H)‐Pyridone and Stereoselective Synthesis of 2(1H)‐Pyrimidinone N‐(2′‐Deoxy‐α‐D‐ribofuranoside). (1989)

Abstract Glycosylation of the furanosyl chloride (I) with the ambident anions derived from the pyridones (II) or (V) and the pyrimidone (VIII) leads to mixtures of the O‐glycosides (III), (VI) or (IX) and the N‐glycosides (IV), (VII) or (X).