gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
How to measure the amplitude and phase of an ultrashort light pulse with an autocorrelator and a spectrometer (1994)

The measurement of the spectrum of the output of an autocorrelator is proven to be sufficient for a complete determination of the complex electric field of an ultrashort light pulse, both in amplitude and phase, except for the time-reversal ambiguity which can be easily overcome in experiments. An iterative algorithm is proposed to retrieve the complex electric held from the experimental data. A numerical simulation proves the remarkable reliability and efficiency of the method. An experimental demonstration shows the simplicity of this technique.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Johnson-Lindenstrauss lemma almost characterizes Hilbert space, but not quite (2009)

Let X be a normed space that satisfies the Johnson-Lindenstrauss lemma (J--L lemma, in short) in the sense that for any integer n and any x1,...,xn e X there exists a linear mapping L: X → F, where F ⊆ X is a linear subspace of dimension O(log n), such that||xi - xj|| ≤ ||L(xi) - L(xj)|| ≤ O(1) · ||xi - xj||for all i, j e {1,..., n). We show that this implies that X is almost Euclidean in the following sense: Every n-dimensional subspace of X embeds into Hilbert space with distortion [EQUATION]. On the other hand, we show that there exists a normed space Y which satisfies the J-L lemma, but for every n there exists an n-dimensional subspace En ⊆ Y whose Euclidean distortion is at least 2Ω(α(n)), where α is the inverse Ackermann function.
Modelling powder compaction: From a pressure-density law to continuum mechanics (2002)

AbstractAbstractIn this paper, three basic hypotheses are proposed, regarding the effects of porosity and work hardening on powder compaction for building a new pressure-density relation. After a short validation on some hard powders, complementary hypotheses are used for generalising the density description as a function of hydrostatic pressure and deviatory stress. The model is then tested using triaxial characterisations from another author. Lastly, it is shown that the modelling parameters, to which a physical meaning is given, can be determined from two simple experiments, such as isostatic compaction and die pressing. This represents a drastic saving in time for characterising the compaction behaviour of hard powder.
Fragrance-release Property of β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Compounds and their Application in Aromatherapy (2004)

Fragrance compounds and essential oils are chosen carefully taking advantage of research works in aromatherapy. Considering their volatile nature, the fragrance molecules have to be formed as inclusion compounds with cyclodextrin molecules in order to retain fragrances for a long time. To prepare aromatherapeutic textiles, β-cyclodextrin is the first choice as the host molecule, because β-cyclodextrin molecules are capable of forming inclusion compounds with organic compounds that fit into their own cone-shaped hydrophobic cavities. As a result of the inclusion, the physicochemical properties of the compounds are changed; for example, the vapor pressure of the volatile substance is reduced and the stabilities against light and air are enhanced. The functional textile with the “guest-host” effect may be achieved by anchoring the inclusion compound. The sedative effects for emotion and the pharmaceutical effects of essential oils are shown in detail. X-ray powder diffraction spectrum shows that lavender oils can form inclusion compounds with β-cyclodextrin. The effects of the nature of essential oils, such as detection threshold and tenacity on the fragrance-release property are discussed. The inclusion compounds are fixed onto fabric by the traditional pad method to obtain the medical textile with aromatherapy effect. The results of sensorial evaluations shows that the perfume of the fabrics can last for more than 30 days.
The Potential of the Maximum Cross-Correlation Technique to Estimate Surface Currents From Thermal AVHRR Global Area Coverage Data (2006)

Having already shown its potential of deriving the vector fields representing the ocean-surface advection from sequential 1.1-km-resolution local area coverage (LAC) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) images, the maximum cross-correlation (MCC) technique here is applied to four 4.4-km-resolution global area coverage (GAC) AVHRR images. The resulting three vector fields are compared to the vector fields obtained from the LAC imagery corresponding to the same satellite passages. To quantify the reduction in accuracy inevitable when applying the method to the lower resolution imagery, the LAC vector fields were assumed to be error free. The deviation of the GAC vectors from the LAC vectors is expressed as percentage errors of the signal variance of meridional <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$u$</tex> and zonal <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$v$</tex> velocity components, and they are 16%/30%, respectively, for the best case and 62%/117% and 92%/111% for the other two cases. These results indicate that, in its present state, the GAC data do not allow the MCC technique to extract reliable current–vector information from it.
MODERN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY (1961)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTMODERN INORGANIC CHEMISTRYCountless compounds, some with organic groups, but most without carbon; physical chemistry in all its aspects—such is the compass ofJ. LEWIS and R. S. NYHOLMView Author Information University College London, London, EnglandCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1961, 39, 49, 102–113Publication Date (Print):December 4, 1961Publication History Published online6 November 2010Published inissue 4 December 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v039n049.p102https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v039n049.p102newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 1961 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETYArticle Views6Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Inorganic chemistry Get e-Alerts
Understanding the incremental nature of e-procurement implementation at the state and local levels (2002)

Government’s e-procurement system has not caught on as rapidly as has e-Bay! This article examines the slow implementation rate of public e-procurement systems. It challenges the notion that efficiency gains alone can entice governments to leave traditional procurement systems and principles behind. Four traditional procurement principles are reexamined to see whether they are deterrents to e-commerce: (1) low bid wins and that’s a must; (2) separation between the vendor and user is desirable to avoid claims of favoritism; (3) fixed price and fixed term contracts are best for government; and (4) open access is absolutely imperative in all situations. The jury is still out as to whether the new commerce is contingent upon a reformulation of these principles.
Deep learning for quantitative image analysis of positron emission tomography (2019)

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a popular imaging technique that produces a 3Dimage volume capturing functional processes within the body. In cancer studies, PET is increasingly used for diagnosis and evaluation of tumor extension, treatment planning, and disease follow-up. Although PET has several limitations, including low spatial resolution and relatively low signal-to-noise ratio, it remains the modality of choice for its high sensitivity to tracer uptake in lesions. With the adoption of PET imaging, accurate segmentation and quantification of metabolic activities, specially tumor activities, is crucial and challenging because of the large variations of shape and intensity of tumor uptake patterns. In this thesis, we make two main contributions on automated tumor lesion detection and segmentation in PET. To automate segmentation, it is important to distinguish between normal active organs and activity due to abnormal tumor growth. In our first contribution, we propose a deep learning method to localize and detect normal active organs in 3D PET. Our method adapts the object detection deep convolutional neural network architecture of YOLO to detect multiple organs in 2D slices and aggregates the results to produce semantically labeled 3D bounding boxes. We evaluate our method on 479 18F-FDG PET scans and show promising results compared to the state-of-the-art organ localization methods. The second contribution addresses the challenge of creating accurate ground truth segmentation maps for training machine learning approaches for tumor delineation. We propose a fully convolutional network model to automatically delineate tumor regions in PET (i.e., indicates the border of cancerous lesions) while relying on weak bounding boxes annotations. To achieve this, we propose a novel loss function that dynamically combines a supervised component, designed to leverage the training bounding boxes, with an unsupervised component, inspired by the Mumford-Shah piecewise constant level-set image segmentation model. The model is trained end-to-end with the proposed differentiable loss function and is validated on a public clinical of 57 PET scans of head and neck tumors. Using only bounding box annotations as supervision, our model achieves results competitive with state-of-the-art supervised and semi-automatic segmentation approaches.
Task time lines as a debugging tool (1996)

Debugging distributed programs is more difficult than debugging sequential ones. This paper describes a means of making this easier by presenting the user with a "time line" view of an Ada program. Each time line shows the successive states of an Ada task as easily recognisable symbols on a time axis. Communication and sychronisation between tasks is shown graphically by lines connecting the time lines. The paper shows how this representation can be used to depict typical Ada tasking activity, and describes a tool that provides a useful interface to the representation.
On the Reduction of Hardware in Digital Modulators (1979)

A Possible simplification of digital modulation (carrier multiplication with sine or cosine signal) is discussed. Using the fact that samples of a sine (or cosine) function are periodic under certain circumstances, a novel implementation is proposed. Depending on the ratio of sampling and carrier frequencies this implementation can lead to a reduction of cost in comparison with usual methods of implementation. The paper presents a systematic search for the cases where a certain amount of saving in hardware can be achieved.
Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Allergy Agents (2002)

Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most commonly used for inflammation therapy. The major drawback in using the NSAIDs is in their tendency to cause gastrointestinal toxicity. Since the roles of arachidonic acid (A.A) metabolites, as leukotrienes (Lts), prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxanes (TXA(2)) as mediators of the inflammatory reaction were clarified, much effort has been made to develop inhibitors of the production of these chemical mediators as anti-inflammatory agents. These mediators also play important roles in some inflammatory or allergic diseases, acting either alone or in combination and inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and/or cyclooxygenase isoforms 1,2 (COX-1,2) may be useful for the treatment of asthma, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. Leukotrienes, the products of 5-LOX metabolism have been associated with immediate hypersensitivity reactions, anaphylaxis and asthma. In addition, active oxygen species (AOS) including superoxide anion (O(2)(-)), hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and ferric radical, mediate cell damage in a variety of pathophysiological conditions and are responsible for oxidative injury of enzymes, lipid membranes and DNA in living cells and tissues. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes in the arachidonate pathway linked with lipid peroxidation may amplify the oxidative damage. Nitric oxide (NO) plays also a role as an effector in inflammation, since PG and NO thought to be important in maintaining mucosal integrity. Dual or selective inhibitors, specific receptor antagonists, AOS scavengers, and NO donors have been under development for therapeutic application. Several classes of inhibitors have been identified and at least 12 major chemical series are known to affect PGs production directly. In this review, we account on our research work concerning NSAIDs combined with a reference of the recent literature.
Chloramines VI:  Chlorination of Glycylphenylalanine in Model Solutions and in a Wastewater (1997)

Model solutions of the dipeptide glycylphenylalanine were chlorinated at pH 7.0 to five different chlorine-to-peptide (Cl2/peptide) mole ratios and analyzed after 30 min by high-performance liquid chromatography. At Cl2/peptide mole ratios ≤ 1, N-chloroglycylphenylalanine (I) appears to be the only product. At mole ratios ≥ 2, N,N-dichloroglycylphenylalanine (II) was the only product. II decomposes in model solutions (t1/2 = 6.4 h) at pH 7.0 to form a compound tentatively identified as N-[2-(N‘-chloroimino)ethanoyl]phenylalanine (III), an N-chloroaldimine. III, in turn, decomposes (t1/2 = 36 h) to IV. From 13C- and 1H-NMR, GC/MS, and IR, IV was identified as N-cyanoacylphenylalanine. Glycyl-p-[3H]-phenylalanine (VI) was synthesized in order to monitor the reaction at low concentrations of the compound in a wastewater. A secondary wastewater (TKN = 1.29 mg of N/L; [NH3]= 0.074 mg of N/L) was inoculated with VI and chlorinated to nine different chlorine concentrations. The stabilities of the tritiated analogs of II and III in the wastewater were comparable to those determined in model solutions.
Alzheimer's disease: early diagnosis and treatment. (2012)

With ageing of populations, the worldwide population of persons with dementia will reach over 81 million by 2040, of which the most common cause is Alzheimer's disease. In recent years, there have been major advances in the understanding of its pathogenesis, methods to diagnose it, and treatment. Magnetic resonance brain imaging, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, and Pittsburgh compound B and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography of the brain can facilitate an accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in its early stage, and diagnose the mild cognitive impairment stage of Alzheimer's disease. At present, only symptomatic but not disease-modifying drug treatments are available. Donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine are the currently approved cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of mild, moderate, and severe Alzheimer's disease. Overall, cholinesterase inhibitors show beneficial effects on cognition, activity of daily living, behaviour, and overall clinical rating. Memantine is another symptomatic treatment for moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease patients. It has a small beneficial effect on cognition, activity of daily living, behaviour, and overall clinical rating. Vitamin E has antioxidant properties, and may be used in some Alzheimer's disease patients without vascular risk factors. Concurrent non-pharmacological and psychosocial management of patients and their caregivers have a very important role. Disease-modifying therapies are still under development, whilst immunotherapy may be a viable option in the near future.
Improved Stability of a Model IgG3 by DoE-Based Evaluation of Buffer Formulations (2016)

Formulating appropriate storage conditions for biopharmaceutical proteins is essential for ensuring their stability and thereby their purity, potency, and safety over their shelf-life. Using a model murine IgG3 produced in a bioreactor system, multiple formulation compositions were systematically explored in a DoE design to optimize the stability of a challenging antibody formulation worst case. The stability of the antibody in each buffer formulation was assessed by UV/VIS absorbance at 280 nm and 410 nm and size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SEC) to determine overall solubility, opalescence, and aggregate formation, respectively. Upon preliminary testing, acetate was eliminated as a potential storage buffer due to significant visible precipitate formation. An additional 2(4) full factorial DoE was performed that combined the stabilizing effect of arginine with the buffering capacity of histidine. From this final DoE, an optimized formulation of 200 mM arginine, 50 mM histidine, and 100 mM NaCl at a pH of 6.5 was identified to substantially improve stability under long-term storage conditions and after multiple freeze/thaw cycles. Thus, our data highlights the power of DoE based formulation screening approaches even for challenging monoclonal antibody molecules.
Membranes and films from polymers (1986)

This article will describe large-scale continuous or commercial production methods, some special applications, a laboratory technique for preparing membranes, and a very simple laboratory experiment to determine the submicroscopic structure of one membrane.
Prolonged exposure of young rats to an oxygen atmosphere at reduced pressure (1964)

The effect was studied of exposing 12 young male white rats to an atmosphere almost free of nitrogen but with an alveolar Po 2 the same as that of the 12 control animals breathing ambient air. This was achieved by keeping the experimental animals in almost pure oxygen at a reduced pressure. Experimental and control animals were in closed chambers with oxygen being supplied from a spirometer while Co 2 was absorbed. Humidity and temperature were closely regulated. Provision was made for handling the animals and supplying them with food and water without changing the chamber environment. A successful experiment lasting 24 days was completed, not including observation periods of 6 days be-before and 8 days after the experiment when both groups were kept in air. No consistent difference was noted in rate of growth, oxygen consumption, food consumption, water intake, hemoglobin concentration, or behavior of the two groups. A decreased rate of urine production by the rats in the experimental group was attributed to an increased evaporative loss of water in the rarified atmosphere. nitrogen-free atmosphere; growth rate; O 2 consumption; reduced pressure; oxygen low pressure atmosphere Submitted on March 20, 1963
Die Behandlung der akuten Migräneattacke: Neues in der Kopfschmerzforschung (1998)

Die Entwicklung der neuen Serotonin(5-HT)-Agonisten zur Behandlung der Migräneattacke hat zu einer umfassenden Forschung auf dem Gebiet der Serotonin-Rezeptoren und insbesondere der Pharmakologie der 5-HT1-Rezeptoren geführt. Innerhalb der Gruppe der 5-HT-Rezeptoren sind sieben Unterklassen bekannt (5-HT1 bis 5-HT7). Innerhalb der 5-HT1-Gruppe gibt es die Untertypen A, B, D, E und F. Derzeit sind effektive und spezifische Migränemittel die 5-HT1B/1D-Agonisten. Ihr wahrscheinlicher Wirkungsmechanismus umfaßt vasokonstriktive Effekte im Versorgugsgebiet der A. carotis und hemmende Einflüsse an peripheren und zentralen Nervenendigungen der trigeminalen Innervation schmerzleitender Strukturen im Bereich des Gehirns und der Dura. Die derzeit zugelassenen oder in Kürze zugelassenen 5-HT1B/1D-Agonisten wie Sumatriptan, Naratriptan, Zolmitriptan, Rizatriptan und Eletriptan haben ein vergleichbares Wirkungs- und Nebenwirkungsprofil. Die einzelnen Substanzen unterscheiden sich nur marginal in Kriterien wie Wirksamkeit, Häufigkeit des Wiederauftretens von Kopfschmerzen und Nebenwirkungsrate. Substanzen, die ausschließlich die neurogene Entzündung hemmen wie Substanz P-Antagonisten, Endothelinantagonisten oder CP122.288 sind in der Behandlung der Migräne nicht wirksam. Neue Substanzen in der Erprobung sind 5-HT1F-Agonisten, NO-Synthetasehemmer und Antagonisten von CGRP.
Ctr9, Rtf1, and Leo1 Are Components of the Paf1/RNA Polymerase II Complex (2002)

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Paf1-RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex is biochemically and functionally distinct from the Srb-mediator form of Pol II holoenzyme and is required for full expression of a subset of genes. In this work we have used tandem affinity purification tags to isolate the Paf1 complex and mass spectrometry to identify additional components. We have established that Ctr9, Rtf1, and Leo1 are factors that associate with Paf1, Cdc73, and Pol II, but not with the Srb-mediator. Deletion of either PAF1 or CTR9 leads to similar severe pleiotropic phenotypes, which are unaltered when the two mutations are combined. In contrast, we found that deletion of LEO1 or RTF1 leads to few obvious phenotypes, although mutation of RTF1 suppresses mutations in TATA-binding protein, alters transcriptional start sites, and affects elongation. Remarkably, deletion of LEO1 or RTF1 suppresses many paf1Delta phenotypes. In particular, an rtf1Delta paf1Delta double mutant grew faster, was less temperature sensitive, and was more resistant to caffeine and hydroxyurea than a paf1Delta single mutant. In addition, expression of the G(1) cyclin CLN1, reduced nearly threefold in paf1Delta, is restored to wild-type levels in the rtf1Delta paf1Delta double mutant. We suggest that lack of Paf1 results in a defective complex and a block in transcription, which is relieved by removal of Leo1 or Rtf1.
Facilitating Dynamic Schedules for Healthcare Professionals (2006)

Healthcare professionals working in highly dynamic hospital environments typically have correspondingly dynamic schedules that are difficult to manage. Emergent tasks and shifting priorities result in existing schedules becoming obsolete. Pervasive computing technology can aid Healthcare professionals in organising daily activities by exploiting knowledge of planned and emerging tasks, of patients and colleagues, and of the general state of the working environment. The Hermes software framework at Trinity College Dublin supports the development of mobile applications for human activity management that exploits such environmental knowledge. Supported applications are based on the concept of a trail. This paper describes the Hermes framework and illustrates how it can be used to implement applications that can automatically reorganise the schedules of healthcare workers based on sensed changes in their environment