gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Blockchain Phenomenon – The Disruptive Potential of Distributed Consensus Architectures (2016)

Blockchain technology is disrupting society by enabling new kinds of disintermediated digital platforms. Furthermore, it is also providing efficiency gains on top of old existing structures by removing the need for actively intermediated data-synchronization and concurrency control. Due to this dual effect, blockchain technology has the potential to impact all sectors and layers of society, in a multitude of combined ways. While there is a lot of hype around the concept of blockchains, the phenomenon itself has remained ambiguous and misconceptions have emerged about the capabilities and the potential of blockchain technology. Drawing from ETLA’s participation in blockchain research in 2014–2016, this paper aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding on blockchain technology, its true possibilities, and its potential larger societal implications. It offers a holistic view of the key concepts and the basic principles, and the tools and the framework to understand the ongoing discussion, to critically evaluate different viewpoints, and to delve deeper in a constructed manner
Microcrystallization and/or Columnar Growth at Si:H Network Induced by Ar Dilution to the SiH4 Plasma in Rf Glow Discharge (2003)

In quest o l an alternative to H> dilution lor rapid m icrociysialli/ation, the clTeci on the Si H film properties has been studied for A r dilution to the S i l l 4 plasma over an extiernely wide lange t'loin ^AAr) Ar/Sill.j~00 to 12IU) It is demonstrated that A r dilution in Sill^ plasma induces erystalli/ation in Si II at a low iT power.It is piuposcd that A r* in Ar>diluled plasma plays an analogous role tor initiating microcrystallization, as aloinic II does in II-dihilod plasma llow evci, extremely high A r dilution induces a heterogeneous neiwork and leads to colum nar strueUiie K eywords : A i dilution, m ieroeiystalhzaiion, I'V D likc giow lh, structural heterogeneity, columnat stiueturc.
Evolutionary History and Functional Characterization of Three Large Genes Involved in Sporulation in Bacillus cereus Group Bacteria (2011)

The Bacillus cereus group of bacteria is a group of closely related species that are of medical and economic relevance, including B. anthracis, B. cereus, and B. thuringiensis. Bacteria from the Bacillus cereus group encode three large, highly conserved genes of unknown function (named crdA, crdB, and crdC) that are composed of 16 to 35 copies of a repeated domain of 132 amino acids at the protein level. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that there is a phylogenetic bias in the genomic distribution of these genes and that strains harboring all three large genes mainly belong to cluster III of the B. cereus group phylogenetic tree. The evolutionary history of the three large genes implicates gain, loss, duplication, internal deletion, and lateral transfer. Furthermore, we show that the transcription of previously identified antisense open reading frames in crdB is simultaneously regulated with its host gene throughout the life cycle in vitro, with the highest expression being at the onset of sporulation. In B. anthracis, different combinations of double- and triple-knockout mutants of the three large genes displayed slower and less efficient sporulation processes than the parental strain. Altogether, the functional studies suggest an involvement of these three large genes in the sporulation process.
Progress on Emulsions (1922)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTProgress on EmulsionsLEON W. PARSONSCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1922, 14, 9, 797–798Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1922Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1922https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50153a020https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50153a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views42Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Frac Sand Mining and the Disruption of Place, Landscape, and Community in Wisconsin (2016)

Driven by hydraulic fracturing, sand mining has expanded rapidly in western Wisconsin, with hundreds of mining operations appearing over the past several years. Silica sand is extracted from hills and then shipped by rail around the country, where it is pumped under high pressure with water and chemicals into oil and gas wells. An often overlooked dimension of America's unconventional energy boom, the growth of sand mining in Wisconsin has been incredibly divisive, generating wealth for some lucky landowners while creating new environmental hazards for others. This article documents how people experience mining-related changes and conflicts, drawing on ethnographic interviews with residents living next to mines, processing plants, and hauling routes. While not everyone experiences mining equally, I argue that people grappling with a sudden influx of mining activity suffer significant disruptions that erode their sense of place and belonging. These experiences, however, are rarely taken into account by policymakers, local officials, or others seeking to evaluate the costs and benefits of frac sand mining. This omission underscores the need for ethnographic research to deepen our understanding of how people are impacted by new resource extraction industries.
THE DATE OF THE GREEK PENETRATION OF THE BLACK SEA (1958)

THE DATE OF THE GREEK PENETRATION OF THE BLACK SEA A. J. Graham A. J. Graham University of Manchester Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, Volume 5, Issue 1, December 1958, Pages 25–42, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.1958.tb00610.x Published: 12 March 2010
Integrating AJAX Approach into GIS Visualization Web Services (2006)

As the Web platform continues to mature, we see an increasing number of amazing technologies that take Geographic Information Systems (GIS) visualization applications to new levels of power and usability. By integrating new powerful technologies into GIS systems, we get higher performance results with additional functionalities. The most recent development capturing the attention of the browser based application developers is AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML). In this paper we present a generic and performance efficient framework for integrating AJAX models into the browser based GIS Visualization Web Services systems.
Hardness Testing: Principles and Applications (2011)

Hardness testing is of immense importance for quality assurance in industry. Although the most widely used hardness test methods for metals--Rockwell, Brinell, and Vickers--were developed between 1900 and 1925, numerous technical innovations have been made in recent years, leading to an increase in productivity and the accuracy of hardness tests. This publication provides an overview of the hardness testing of metals, plastics, rubber, and other materials based on current standards and practices. It reports on technical developments such as the introduction of image processing in the Brinell and Vickers methods, the adaptation of hardness testing machines to process-oriented testing conditions, and the development of highly accurate and efficient calibration methods.
Blast vulnerability of building structures and the public from terrorist attack (1994)

Buildings and, more importantly people working within buildings, are becoming increasingly vulnerable to terrorist attack. The use by terrorist organisations of large bombs in areas accessed by the public is a matter of great concern. Conventional buildings are vulnerable to blast and their response is less well understood than that of heavy, reinforced, defensive structures. The lightness, discontinuities and hazard potential of modern building envelopes present new challenges. This paper discusses current research in the UK; arising in particular from observations on the parameters of blast which have the most significant effect on the behaviour of cladding and glass. The fragility of conventional building envelopes mean that they remain vulnerable at considerable ranges from large explosive charges even though the underlying structural frame may be relatively unaffected. The significance of blast duration and the negative phase of the blast pulse on light cladding elements is raised, along with the need to target design attention to areas which are realistic in the context of conventional building structures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase. (1980)

We have assayed carbonic anhydrase activity (carbonate dehydratase, carbonate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.1) and bicarbonate permeability in suspensions of broken and intact guinea pig mitochondria by monitoring the disappearance of C16O18O. We found significant activity in preparations from liver and skeletal muscle, but not in preparations from heart muscle, brain, and kidney. Intact mitochondria containing carbonic anhydrase produce a two-phase acceleration of the disappearance of the labeled CO2, which indicates that the enzyme is located in a region more accessible to CO2 than to HCO3-. Acetazolamide inhibits the enzyme activity instantly in broken mitochondria but only after a delay in intact mitochondria, indicating that the enzyme is in a region not immediately accessible to the inhibitor. Sonication of mitochondria containing carbonic anhydrase activity releases the enzyme, which remains in the supernatant after sedimentation of the submitochondrial particles. This shows that mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase is in the matrix compartment and not in, or bound to, the inner membrane. The activity of the enzyme increases markedly with increasing pH. The enzyme activity of intact mitochondria is greater than that of the broken mitochondria at the same pH of the suspending fluid, corresponding to an intramitochondrial pH that is 0.2-0.5 unit more alkaline.
New Control Structure for Divided-Wall Columns (2009)

Industrial applications of the divided-wall column for the separation of ternary mixtures have increased in recent years with about 40 columns reported to be in service. The divided-wall column is a practical way to implement the topology of the Petlyuk column that features two columns (a prefractionator into which the feed is introduced and a main column from which a sidestream product is withdrawn) with interconnected vapor and liquid streams arising from a single reboiler and a single condenser. Many papers discuss the steady-state design issues and propose heuristic and rigorous design optimization methods. The dynamic control of the divided-wall column has been explored in a relatively small number of papers. Control is more difficult than with a conventional two-column separation sequence because there is more interaction among controlled and manipulated variables since the four sections of the column are coupled. The vapor split is fixed at the design stage and cannot be changed during operation, but the liquid split can be manipulated to achieve some control objective. A number of control structures and algorithms have been proposed, but the reported results present a somewhat confusing picture. Different authors draw conflicting and inconsistent conclusions. Most papers control the purities of the three product streams using reflux flow rate, sidestream flow rate, and vapor boilup. This paper proposes a new control structure that controls these purities and also minimizes energy consumption. This is achieved implicitly by controlling a composition of the heaviest component in the prefractionator. Disturbances in feed flow rate and feed composition are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control structure. A comparison of the dynamic controllability of the divided-wall column with a conventional configuration is also provided.
On the iterative approximation of optimal joint source-channel decoding (2001)

Joint source-channel decoding is formulated as an estimation problem. The optimal solution is stated and it is shown that it is not feasible in many practical systems due to its complexity. Therefore, a novel iterative procedure for the approximation of the optimal solution is introduced, which is based on the principle of iterative decoding of turbo codes. New analytical expressions for different types of information in the optimal algorithm are used to derive the iterative approximation. A direct comparison of the performance of the optimal algorithm and its iterative approximation is given for a simple transmission system with "short" channel codewords. Furthermore, the performance of iterative joint source-channel decoding is investigated for a more realistic system.
Personal ontologies for web navigation (2000)

The publicly indexable Web contains an estimated 800 million pages, however it is estimated that the largest search engine contains only 300 million of these pages. As the number of Internet users and the number of accessible Web pages grows, it is becoming increasingly difficult for users to find documents that are relevant to their particular needs. Often users must browse through a large hierarchy of categories to find the information for which they are looking. To provide the user with the most useful information in the least amount of time, we need a system that uses each user's view of the world for classification. This paper explores a way to use a user's personal arrangement of concepts to navigate the Web. This system is built by using the characterizations for a particular site created by the Ontology Based Informing Web Agent Navigation (OBIWAN) system and mapping from them to the user's personal ontologies. OBIWAN allows users to explore multiple sites via the same browsing hierarchy. This paper extends OBIWAN to allow users to explore multiple sites via their own browsing hierarchy. The mapping of the reference ontology to the personal ontology is shown to have a promising level of correctness and precision.
A single-chip CCD signal processor for digital still cameras (1994)

The VLSI design of a single-chip CCD signal processor (CCDSP) for digital still cameras (DSC) is presented. The image information captured from a 410 K-pixel color CCD can be separated into luminance and chrominance parts and processed. Many signal processing functions such as the digital gamma correction, the edge enhancement, the color correction, the fade/contrast control and the false color suppression are included. In addition, the CCDSP can support the analog NTSC TV output and the digital CCIR601 video output to allow the image being viewed through a TV monitor and stored in a memory card.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mechanisms of interest sustainment (2019)

Sustaining an interest leads to a wealth of positive outcomes for adolescents. Whereas previous research has often attributed interest sustainment to deliberate reasons of the individual, one may argue that processes related to the daily routines and practices might also play a role in sustainment. The present study aims to provide a detailed and differentiated account of interest sustainment, which may shed light on how interest may be sustained beyond the deliberate goals and needs of the individual. In order to do so, an experience sampling method was applied in which 56 adolescents filled in a smartphone application six times, for a period of two weeks, with intervals of three months, to report all their moment-to-moment experiences of interest. By analyzing the content of these 8281 experiences of interest of 334 sustained interests chronologically, we found six mechanisms of interest sustainment. Two mechanisms were found in which individuals deliberately steered their sustainment, while four mechanisms were identified in which the object and/or practice seemed to play a role in the sustainment. Our findings thereby demonstrate that future studies, in order to understand interest sustainment and development, should look beyond the active role of the individual in sustaining interests.
The Synthesis of 3-Alkoxy-cis-2-trans-4-unsaturated Acids<sup>1</sup> (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Synthesis of 3-Alkoxy-cis-2-trans-4-unsaturated Acids1Edward E. Smissman and A. Nelson VoldengCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1964, 29, 11, 3161–3165Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01034a009https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01034a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views485Altmetric-Citations41LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Lifetimes of Metastable States of Noble Gases (1953)

The lifetimes of the lower metastable states of helium, neon, and argon have been studied as a function of the pressure and temperature of the parent gas and the size of the container. The lifetimes were determined from measurements of the decay constant of the radiation absorbed by the metastable atoms. At low metastable concentrations the loss is by diffusion to the walls of the absorption cell and by collisions with neutral atoms within the volume of the cell. The data indicate that at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and sufficiently high pressures, the volume destruction of the lower neon metastable is directly proportional to the pressure as expected for two-body collisions. The volume destruction of the lower neon metastables at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and the helium triplet metastables at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is proportional to the square of the pressure as for three-body collisions. The volume loss of the lower argon metastables at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K contains both linear and quadratic pressure dependent terms.
Effective Web Service Selection via Communities Formed by Super-Agents (2010)

In this paper, we propose a novel community-based approach for web service selection where super-agents with more capabilities serve as community managers. They maintain communities and build community-based reputation for a service based on the opinions from all community members that have similar interests and judgement criteria. The community-based reputation is useful for consumer agents in selecting satisfactory services when they do not have much personal experience with the services. Experimental results show that our approach results in more effective service selection. A practical reward mechanism is also introduced to create incentives for super-agents to contribute their resources and provide truthful community-based reputation information, as strong support for our approach.
X-ray photoelectron spectra of defective nickel oxide (1988)

Cation-deficient nickel oxides have been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The high-binding-energy features in the O(1s), Ni(2p) X.p.s. of defective NiO are described as multielectron final states, induced by defective sites. These sites are described as (NiO6)9– molecular clusters because of the d hole. The energy shift between the main peak and the satellite, in both the O(1s) and Ni(2p) X.p.s. spectra, is due to a change in the ionic charge and in the oxygen coordination induced by cation vacancies.
Aluminum R&amp;D for Automotive Uses and the Department of Energy's Role (2000)

The use of aluminum in automotive applications is expanding. Aluminum offers a lower-weight alternative to steel, potentially increasing the efficiency of vehicles. However, the application of aluminum has been only in select areas of use, most notably cast aluminum in the engine, transmission, and wheels. Other areas offer the potential for growth that could significantly expand the amount of aluminum used in vehicles. Cost is the main barrier to increased aluminum use. Related to cost are aluminum production technologies that are not yet advanced enough to produce aluminum components at low enough price points for aluminum to compete with traditional automotive materials. Today's technologies require higher-priced alloys to be used for the components (e.g., closure panels), or have higher costs for needed processes (e.g., welding). In addition, new designs (e.g., spaceframes) are not well established for widespread use. R&D efforts are continuing to close these gaps. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is helping to fund certain R&D projects that could provide breakthroughs in lowering costs for aluminum. This paper describes the current state of aluminum applications in vehicles, including its market penetration and opportunities. It also examines the cost structure of aluminum--from mining to final component use. By examining these factors, an evaluation of whether current aluminum technology is mature enough for specific applications is made. Each major aluminum processing step is then reviewed to identify major cost or technology barriers as well as R&D needed to respond to those barriers. For each step, the report provides a discussion of DOE's programmatic role in reducing cost and technological barriers and DOE's Light Weight Materials program support for the overall R&D needs in the industry. The evaluation embodied in this report finds that aluminum has successfully penetrated the automotive market, largely (>75%) in the form of castings. Aluminum sheet of the proper alloy is still too expensive to penetrate significantly except for components where lower weight has extra value (e.g., large hoods or deck lids). The cost of auto body sheet averages above $1.30/lb, 30% above what the auto industry has said is required for economic competitiveness. Further research is needed to either lower the cost of the alloys currently used for body sheet, or to develop methods to use less expensive alloys. Joining technologies need to be improved to lower their cost while improving quality. Extruded components have potential but will make the most significant contribution if spaceframe designs are developed for high-volume automobile markets. Aluminum has the potential to significantly reduce the weight of vehicles, improving fuel efficiency while maintaining other desirable attributes. Federally funded research contributes to this goal.