gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the Inflow Boundary Layer of Hurricane Gilbert (1988) (1995)

On 12 September 1988 the two NOAA WP-3D aircraft conducted an experiment in and around an intense, outer rainband located 175 km southeast of the center of Hurricane Gilbert. Radial-height cross sections along a constant azimuth reveal a rapid and an exceptionally large increase of the equivalent potential temperature θe of the inflow but in a region radially outward from the rainband. Kinematic analyses that incorporate both in situ and pseudo-dual-Doppler data illustrate that the inflow is only 2 km deep and strongly divergent prior to reaching the convective core of the band. The Doppler-derived wind fields, which compare favorably with the in situ wind fields, demonstrate that there is a radially outward or return flow directly above the inflow. Soundings show that this return flow is unusually moist despite being dominated by mesoscale descent, which contrasts the dry conditions found under the anvil of virtually all tropical mesoscale convective systems. A one-dimensional general structure entrainment model of the inflow layer, initialized with a wind field derived from the pseudo-dual-Doppler analysis, demonstrates that the overlying return flow adds substantial energy to the inflow via entrainment. The placement of this high-θe layer directly above the inflow is due to the circulation associated with the rainband. Low convective available potential energy, high shear of the radial wind, and a weak cold outflow at the surface are factors that help produce the shallow return flow. The analyses demonstrate that significant spatial variations of the flux divergence of heat and moisture exist in the inflow to a tropical cyclone, the variations are closely related to the secondary circulations produced by convectively active rainbands, and these variations produce significant asymmetric of θe within the inflow. Rainbands of this type have thermodynamic characteristics similar to an eyewall and may be the type of rainband that evolves into a convective ring.
Mechanism of Production of Scoliosis (1991)

On the basis of previous studies on the vertebral column and thoracic skeleton, the author generated a hypothesis for the mechanism of production of scoliosis. According to this hypothesis, vertical stability of the thoracic spine is maintained by equal support through the ribs from both sides due to the equal load brought to the lamin by both the ribs through the costotransverse articulations and ligaments. Any interference in this balancing mechanism will disturb the mechanism of spinal stability, and the spine will bend toward the more heavier loaded side at the intervertebral joints. On the basis of this hypothesis, mechanisms of production of scoliosis (both in experimental animals and humans) after removal of ribs on one side can be explained. Removal of the ribs from one side produces an imbalance in the symmetric weight transmission through the ribs on the two sides. Pathologic deformations within the vertebrae in scoliosis results from the asymmetric load and the altered route of the load transmission on the convex side of the curve.
Lupinen‐Alkaloide, XVIII. Synthese und Konfigurationsbestimmung eines Alkaloids aus <i>Nuphar japonicum</i> DC (1961)

Abstract Die Synthese des DL ‐Desoxy‐nupharidins wird beschrieben. Von den acht möglichen Racematen wurden 6 isoliert und chromatographisch getrennt. Durch die Bestimmung der Konfiguration der vier isomeren 1.7‐Dimethyl‐chinolizidine und der vier 1.7‐Dimethyl‐chinolizidone‐(4) sowie durch die Untersuchung der Stereochemie der Hydrierung und Reduktion von Dehydrochinolizidinen gelingt eine eindeutige konfigurative Zuordnung der isomeren Desoxynupharidine.
Reduction and Elimination of Encephalitis in an Experimental Glioma Therapy Model with Attenuated Herpes Simplex Mutants that Retain Susceptibility to Acyclovir (1993)

MALIGNANT GLIOMAS ARE the most common malignant brain tumors and are almost universally fatal. A genetically engineered herpes simplex virus-1 mutant with decreased neurovirulence, dlsptk, has been shown to kill human glioma cells in culture and in animal models. However, intracranial inoculation of dlsptk is limited by fatal encephalitis at higher doses. Therefore, additional engineered and recombinant herpes simplex mutants with demonstrated reduced neurovirulence (AraAr9, AraAr13, RE6, R3616) were examined as antiglioma agents. One long-term human glioma cell line and two early-passage human gliomas in culture were destroyed by all four viruses tested. In a subcutaneous glioma model, AraAr13, RE6, and R3616 retained substantial antineoplastic effects in nude mice when compared with controls (one-sided Wilcoxon rank test, P < 0.05 for one or more doses each). When tested in a nude mouse intracranial glioma model, both RE6 and R3616 significantly prolonged average survival without producing premature encephalitic deaths at two doses (log-rank statistic, P < 0.007). Histopathological studies of the brains of surviving animals revealed minimal focal encephalitis in two of three RE6-treated animals and no evidence of encephalitis in either one of three RE6-treated or in three of three R3616-treated animals. No evidence of residual tumor was seen in four of the six surviving animals. Additionally, both RE6 and R3616 were found to be susceptible to the common antiherpetic agent acyclovir, adding to their safety as potential antiglioma agents. Recombinant and engineered viruses that minimize host toxicity and maximize tumoricidal activity merit further study as antineoplastic agents.
Effect of beta-lactamase on minimum inhibitory concentrations of methicillin in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. (1994)

A study was undertaken to determine whether the production of penicillin-binding protein-2' (PBP-2') and the production of beta-lactamase were related to the minimum inhibitory concentrations of methicillin (DMPPC) in various strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The amount of PBP-2' produced by the low-level resistant strain L20A was small and the strain became resistant to DMPPC as a result of inactivation of DMPPC by beta-lactamase. The largest amount of PBP-2' produced was in a moderately resistant strain L21A but the MIC was not high since the strain was not capable of producing beta-lactamase and the population of cells was heterogeneous. The amount of PBP-2' produced in the high-level resistant strain L457A was lower than that in strain L21A but the MIC was high as a result of the production of beta-lactamase. Production of PBP-2' was essential for resistance to methicillin but production of beta-lactamase had a major effect on the MIC.
Intraarticular Morphine for Postoperative Analgesia Following Knee Arthroscopy (1994)

Background and Objectives. To determine whether morphine or bupivacaine injected intraarticularly has any beneficial effect on pain relief or analgesic requirements in the postoperative period following minor arthroscopic knee procedures. Methods. This was a two-stage, prospective, double-blind, randomized, and controlled study done on young healthy patients. A standardized general anesthetic was given to all 149 patients and the study was divided into two parts. Part 1: at the end of surgery, one of the following solutions was injected intraarticularly in a random fashion: group M, 1 mg morphine (1 mL) in 19 mL of 0.9% saline; group P, 20 mL of 0.9% saline (placebo); group B, 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine; and group MB, 1 mg of morphine + 19 mL of bupivacaine 0.25%. Part 2: at the end of surgery, one of the following solutions was injected randomly intraarticularly: group M, 5 mg morphine (5 mL) in 35 mL of 0.9% saline; group P, 40 mL of 0.9% saline (placebo); and in group IM, 5 mg morphine intramuscularly + 40 mL saline intraarticularly. Postoperative analgesia was assessed after 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes using a linear visual analog scale. This was repeated at 8, 24, and 48 hours after the operation by the patient at home. The number of analgesic tablets consumed in the first 48 hours were also counted. Results. No difference was seen in the visual analog scale scores between the different groups in either part of the study. The postoperative analgesic requirement was similar between the groups. Conclusions. Morphine 1 mg or 5 mg, or bupivacaine 50 mg do not provide clinically significant postoperative analgesia when given intraarticularly in patients undergoing minor diagnostic arthroscopic surgery.
On diversity combining for correlated slowly flat-fading Rayleigh channels (2002)

Presents exact and approximate analytical expressions for the error probabilities for communications systems with PSK and non-coherent FSK modulation schemes. The authors model their system with correlated, flat-fading Rayleigh channels with additive white Gaussian noise. The solutions hold for M-ary signaling, L-order diversity, and a correlation of /spl rho/.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Creating an Efficient Methanol‐Stable Biocatalyst by Protein and Immobilization Engineering Steps towards Efficient Biosynthesis of Biodiesel (2016)

Two ternary sol-gel matrices, an octyltriethoxysilane-based aliphatic matrix and a phenyltriethoxysilane (PTEOS)-based aromatic matrix, were used to immobilize a methanol-stable variant of lipase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus T6 for the synthesis of biodiesel from waste oil. Superior thermal stability of the mutant versus the wildtype in methanol was confirmed by intrinsic protein fluorescence measurements. The influence of skim milk and soluble E. coli lysate proteins as bulking and stabilizing agents in conjunction with sol-gel entrapment were investigated. E. coli lysate proteins were better stabilizing agents of the purified lipase mutant than skim milk, as evidenced by reverse engineering of the aromatic-based system. This was also shown for commercial Candida antarctica lipase B (CaLB) and Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL). Uniform, dense, and nonaggregated particles imaged by scanning electron microscopy and a small particle size of 13 μm pertaining to the system comprising PTEOS and E. coli lysate proteins correlated well with high esterification activity. Combining protein and immobilization engineering resulted in a durable biocatalyst with efficient recycling ability and high biodiesel conversion rates.
Thermodynamics of Water Condensation on a Primary Marine Aerosol Coated by Surfactant Organic Molecules (2014)

A large subset of primary marine aerosols can be initially (immediately upon formation) treated using an "inverted micelle" model. We study the thermodynamics of heterogeneous water condensation on such a marine aerosol. Its hydrophobic organic coating can be processed by chemical reactions with atmospheric species; this enables the marine aerosol to serve as a nucleating center for water condensation. The most probable pathway of such "aging" involves atmospheric hydroxyl radicals that abstract hydrogen atoms from organic molecules coating the aerosol (first step), the resulting radicals being quickly oxidized by ubiquitous atmospheric oxygen molecules to produce surface-bound peroxyl radicals (second step). Taking these two reactions into account, we derive an expression for the free energy of formation of an aqueous droplet on a marine aerosol. The model is illustrated by numerical calculations. The results suggest that the formation of aqueous droplets on marine aerosols is most likely to occur via Köhler activation rather than via nucleation. The model allows one to determine the threshold parameters necessary for the Köhler activation of such aerosols. Numerical results also corroborate previous suggestions that one can omit some chemical species of aerosols (and other details of their chemical composition) in investigating aerosol effects on climate.
Single-frequency, single-polarization holmium-doped ZBLAN fiber laser (2013)

We present the performance of a single frequency, single-polarization holmium (Ho<sup>3+</sup>)-doped ZBLAN (ZrF<sub>4</sub>-BaF<sub>2</sub>-LaF<sub>3</sub>- AlF<sub>3</sub>-NaF) fiber laser at 1200 nm. This distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) fiber laser was developed by splicing a 22 mm long highly Ho<sup>3+</sup>-doped ZBLAN fiber to a pair of silica fiber Bragg gratings (FBG). The successful fusion splicing of silica fiber to ZBLAN fiber, with their very different melting temperatures, was accomplished by using NP Photonics proprietary splicing technique. The 3 mol% Ho<sup>3+</sup>-doped ZBLAN fiber had a core diameter of 6.5 μm and a cladding diameter of 125 μm. The threshold of this laser was seen to be about 260 mW, and when the pump power was 520 mW, the output power was about 10 mW. The efficiency of the 1200 nm single-frequency fiber laser, i.e. the ratio of the output power to the launched pump power, was about 3.8%. The linewidth of the 1200 nm single-frequency fiber laser was estimated to be about 100 kHz by comparing the measured frequency noise of the 1200 nm single-frequency fiber laser with that of 1 μm NP Photonics single-frequency fiber lasers whose linewidths have been measured to be in the 1- 10 kHz range. The relative intensity noise of this DBR all-fiber laser was measured to be < 110 dB/Hz at the relaxation oscillation peak and the polarization extinction ratio was measured to be > 19 dB. Due to its low phonon energy and long radiative lifetimes, rare-earth-doped ZBLAN allows various transitions that are typically terminated in silica glass, resulting in ultraviolet, visible, and infrared rare-earth doped ZBLAN lasers. Therefore, our results highlight the exciting prospect that the accessible wavelength range of single-frequency DBR fiber lasers can be expanded significantly by using rare-earth-doped ZBLAN fibers.
Shocking The Web: Everything You Need to Create Interactive Multimedia Using Macromedia Shockwave for Director, with C (1997)

From the Publisher:
Shocking the Web is an authoritative, hands-on guide that shows Director developers how to create high-impact, low-bandwidth movies containing high-quality graphics for the Internet. This book and CD-ROM set includes everything multimedia developers need to create interactive multimedia for intranets and the Internet using Shockwave. And with Macromedia PowerApplets you can easily create Shockwave movies and Java applets.
Quail Ridge Wireless Mesh Network: Experiences, Challenges and Findings (2007)

Wireless mesh networks are becoming a popular alternative to extending the wireless LANs we use today. Low-cost incremental deployment and the lack of a wired infrastructure lends mesh networks to "last-mile" solutions for ISPs or simply to aid in increased coverage area. In addition, we find that mesh networks are appropriate for our work in establishing a communication infrastructure at the quail ridge natural reserve. In deploying a mesh network at quail ridge, we seek to assist ecological research in the area and provide a testbed for wireless mesh networks research in the future. We are interested in looking at pursuing novel techniques for routing, QoS provisioning and wireless monitoring and maintenance tools. This paper will describe our work in the quail ridge mesh network. It will give the reader an overview of our current system, deployment status, and how this test-bed will benefit mesh networks research.
Synthesis and absolute stereochemistry of (-)-protolichesterinic acid, antitumor antibiotic lactone from Cetraria islandica (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and absolute stereochemistry of (-)-protolichesterinic acid, antitumor antibiotic lactone from Cetraria islandicaMaria M. Murta, Mariangela B. M. de Azevedo, and Andrew E. GreeneCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 26, 7537–7541Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00078a037https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00078a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views539Altmetric-Citations76LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Review of pH and Electrochemical Responsive Materials for Corrosion Control Applications (2008)

Abstract Corrosion is a costly problem for military operations and civil industries. While most corrosion initiates from localized corrosion such as pitting, failure directly caused by localized corrosion can be very dangerous, as it is difficult to anticipate and prevent, and often occurs very suddenly. One way of preventing these failures is with a coating that can detect and heal localized corrosion. pH and other electrochemical changes are often associated with localized corrosion, so it is expected that materials that are pH or otherwise electrochemical responsive can be used to detect and control corrosion. This paper will review various pH and electrochemical responsive materials and their potential applications in smart coatings for corrosion control. Current research results in this field will also be reported.
Metallurgical design of micro-alloyed high strength steels for forgings (2017)

To fulfill the industrial demand of forged steels with high tensile properties and microstructural requirements coupled with reduced cost, the possibility to increase the properties of C-Mn steels by means of precipitation strengthening as achieved by micro-alloying (and without the addition of expensive elements such as Mo and Cr) has been evaluated. In order to do that, the effect of V addition has been exploited by means of metallurgical modelling followed by a laboratory ingot manufacturing. Heat treatment that has been designed aimed to achieve the target tensile properties. Results show that ASTM A694 F70 grade requirements can be fulfilled by 0.15% V addition and a proper heat treatment in a ferrite-pearlite microstructure, representative of a forged component.
Hydrogen Chloride (2004)

Abstract Hydrogen chloride, a gas at ambient temperature and pressure, is very soluble in water. Hydrogen chloride can be produced by direct reaction of the elements, by reaction of metal chlorides and acids, and as a by‐product from many chemical manufacturing processes such as those for chlorinated hydrocarbons. Over 90% of the hydrogen chloride produced in the United States is as a by‐product from various chemical processes. HCl is produced as a by‐product in the manufacture of chlorofluorohydrocarbons, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, production of high surface area silica, and the manufacture of phosphoric acid and esters of phosphoric acid. Crude by‐product HCl is generally contaminated with impurities of the process. A wide variety of techniques are employed to treat the HCl streams to obtain either anhydrous HCl or hydrochloric acid. Technologies have been developed for burning or pyrolyzing waste organics and recovering the chlorine values as hydrogen chloride. Hydrogen chloride and its aqueous solution, muriatic acid, find application in many industries. In general, anhydrous HCl is consumed for its chlorine value, whereas aqueous hydrochloric acid is often utilized as a nonoxidizing acid, in metal‐cleaning operations, chemical manufacturing, petroleum well activation, and the production of food and synthetic rubber. Most of the HCl produced is consumed captively either in integrated operations, eg, chlorinated methane plants, or in separate HCl‐consuming operations at the same location.
Contrasting Effects of Urethane, Ketamine, and Thiopental Anesthesia on Ethanol‐Clonidine Hemodynamic Interaction (1997)

In previous studies, we have shown that ethanol counteracts the hypotensive and sympathoinhibitory effects of clonidine in conscious rats but enhances these responses in alpha-chloralose anesthetized rats. This study investigated whether the latter finding pertains to other anesthetics that act by different mechanisms. The hemodynamic interaction between clonidine and ethanol was evaluated in conscious aortic barodenervated rats and in rats anesthetized with urethane, ketamine, or thiopental. The conscious aortic barodenervated rat was used because it exhibits a greater hypotensive response to clonidine compared with intact (sham-operated) rats. Starting from similar baseline values of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate, clonidine (30 micrograms/kg, iv) elicited similar decreases in BP in all groups of rats (conscious aortic barodenervated or anesthetized). Subsequent administration of ethanol (1 g/kg, iv) counteracted the hypotensive effect of clonidine in conscious aortic barodenervated rats and raised the BP to levels higher than the baseline (preclonidine) values. The pressor effect of ethanol persisted for at least 30 min. In contrast, preadministration of ethanol had no effect on the hypotensive effect of the subsequently administered clonidine. The antagonistic clonidine-ethanol hemodynamic interaction in conscious rats was not altered in urethane-anesthetized rats, both in terms of magnitude and duration. In ketamine-anesthetized rats, a short lasting (< 10 min) pressor effect of ethanol was observed. In contrast, ethanol augmented the hypotensive effect of clonidine in thiopental-anesthetized rats; the hypotensive effect of clonidine became slightly but significantly (p < 0.05) greater after ethanol compared with respective time control values. These findings suggest that the adverse hemodynamic effect of ethanol on centrally mediated hypotensive response is modified by different anesthetics. The antagonistic hemodynamic interaction, demonstrated in conscious rats, is replicated in urethane-anesthetized rats but weakened and reversed in ketamine- and thiopental-anesthetized rats, respectively. Therefore, urethane-anesthetized rats may be used in mechanistic studies on the antagonistic ethanol-clonidine hemodynamic interaction that cannot be undertaken, for technical reasons, in conscious rats.
B−B Cleavage and Ring‐Expansion of a 1,4,2,3‐Diazadiborinine with N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes (2019)

A 1,4,2,3-diazadiborinine derivative was found to form Lewis adducts with strong two-electron donors such as N-heterocyclic and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes. Depending on the donor, some of these Lewis pairs are thermally unstable, converting to sole B,N-embedded products upon gentle heating. The products of these reactions, which have been fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, were identified as B,N-heterocycles with fused 1,5,2,4-diazadiborepine and 1,4,2-diazaborinine rings. Computational modelling of the reaction mechanism provides insight into the formation of these unique structures, suggesting that a series of B-H, C-N, and B-B bond activation steps are responsible for these "intercalation" reactions between the 1,4,2,3-diazadiborinine and NHCs.