gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A single-multiplier quadratic interpolator for LNS arithmetic (2002)

Linear interpolation requires a single multiplication but is significantly less accurate than quadratic interpolation. The latter requires two multiplications. Two novel quadratic interpolation schemes are shown that approximate the functions required by the logarithmic number system (LNS) with more accuracy than linear interpolation using only a single multiplication. One method uses two ROMs to give the accuracy of quadratic interpolation, whilst the other uses one ROM to give four- to six-bits better accuracy than linear interpolation. These techniques save four- to eight-fold on memory compared to linear interpolation for the same accuracy. We illustrate the usefulness of these techniques for serial implementation with a clone of the ARM/sup TM/ microprocessor (known as AWE) that we developed with LNS instructions. We also show a novel technique for decreasing the propagation delay in both linear and quadratic interpolation that stores the logarithm of the derivative of the function in a ROM, rather than the function itself.
Torque Teno Virus in Children Who Underwent Orthotopic Liver Transplantation: New Insights About a Common Pathogen (2013)

TTV infection is widespread, and its replication is closely related to immune status and viral coinfection. High TTV viremia is not associated with hepatitis after OLT, but, conversely, liver inflammatory activity impairs TTV replication.
An Enantioselective Synthesis of (+)-Polyoxamic Acid via Phase-Transfer Catalytic Conjugate Addition and Asymmetric Dihydroxylation (2010)

A new enantioselective synthetic method of (+)-polyoxamic acid is reported. (+)-Polyoxamic acid could be obtained in 7 steps with 46% overall yield from diphenylmethyl-glycineimine tert-butyl ester via an enantioselective phase-transfer conjugate addition (99% yield, 96% ee) and an asymmetric dihydroxylation (98% yield, 94% de) as the key reactions.
Model development for shape memory polymers (2008)

The nonlinear thermomechanical relationship in shape memory polymers (SMPs) has drawn considerable attention in many fields ranging from aeronautics to medicine largely due to their ability to withstand deformations several orders of magnitude larger than in shape memory alloys (SMAs). At high temperatures, SMPs share attributes with compliant elastomers and exhibit long-range reversibility. In contrast, at low temperatures they become very rigid and are susceptible to plastic, although recoverable, deformations.
Antibacterial-Coated Suture in Reducing Surgical Site Infection in Breast Surgery: A Prospective Study (2012)

Background. To reduce the incidence of microbial colonization of suture material, Triclosan- (TC-)coated suture materials have been developed. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of suture-related complications (SRC) in breast surgery with and without the use of TC-coated sutures. Methods. We performed a study on two consecutive periods: 92 patients underwent breast surgery with conventional sutures (Group 1) and 98 with TC-coated sutures (Group 2). We performed subgroups analyses and developed a model to predict SRC in Group 1 and tested its clinical efficacy in Group 2 using a nomogram-based approach. Results. The SRC rates were 13% in Group 1 and 8% in Group 2. We found that some subgroups may benefit from TC-coated sutures. The discrimination obtained from a logistic regression model developed in Group 1 and based on multifocality, age and axillary lymphadenectomy was 0.88 (95% CI 0.77-0.95) (P < 10(-4)). There was a significant difference in Group 2 between predicted probabilities and observed percentages (P < 10(-5)). The predicted and observed proportions of complications in the high-risk group were 38% and 13%, respectively. Conclusion. This study used individual predictions of SRC and showed that using TC-coated suture may prevent SRC. This was particularly significant in high-risk patients.
Integrating risk assessment with cost estimation (1997)

Incorporating hard data into risk estimates can help make them more accurate. The author developed a quantitative method and a corresponding tool that draw on questionnaires and project history to help calculate software project risk contingencies: RiskMethod and RiskTool.
A new zero-ripple switching dc-to-dc converter and integrated magnetics (1980)

A new switching dc-to-dc converter is synthesized which consists of the least number of storage elements (inductive and capacitive) and switches, and yet truly emulates the ideally desired dc-to-dc transformer having both input and output currents as pure dc quantities with no ripple. This result was facilitated by implementation of a new concept termed integrated magnetics, which leads in some special switching structures to the integration of otherwise independent and separate magnetic components (inductors and transformers) into a single magnetic circuit.
Correction of the respiratory motion of the heart by tracking of the center of mass of thresholded projections: a simulation study using the dynamic MCAT phantom (2002)

During normal breathing, heart motion is about 15 mm along body axis in humans. In this work, we propose a method to track and to correct this motion after a list-mode respiratory-gated SPECT acquisition of a cardiac MIBI study. We use the dynamic MCAT (DMCAT) chest phantom to simulate 24 temporal frames regularly spaced during the respiratory cycle, for 60 projection angles. A 15 mm respiratory translation motion is simulated for the heart, the liver and the spleen. Since in thresholded anterior projections the activity is essentially stemming from these organs, the motion of the axial center of mass (aCOM) in these projections is expected to faithfully reflect heart motion. The mean aCOM position is determined using the 24 frames of thresholded anterior projections. Using the mean aCOM curve, the sixty projections of all frames are axially shifted up or down, in order to match an arbitrary common position for their aCOM. After motion tracking, the mean absolute difference between the true motion curve and the aCOM curve is less than 0.05 cm for noisy studies respectively. After correction no heart motion is visible on a cine display of projections. A polar map of myocardial MIBI uptake after motion correction is closer to that obtained when no respiratory motion is present than without correction.
Response to Comments on: Inzucchi et al. Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Patient-Centered Approach. Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care 2012;35:1364–1379 (2012)

We read the comments of Rodbard and Jellinger (1) with interest, but we feel that perhaps the very problem that the position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (2) was trying to circumvent comes across strongly in their communication. We have been cautious of certainty on the basis of the variety of clinical situations, the heterogeneity of response, the disparities of resource, the complexity of social or cultural environments, and the manifold wishes of each of our patients. Indeed, the primary care physician may be best placed to implement a proper individualized and successful therapeutic strategy.

Our position statement is not, and was not designed to be, an algorithm. The rationale for this is that we felt that expressing “strong preferences” and a belief that a “specific prescriptive approach …
MAIT cells are critical for optimal mucosal immune responses during in vivo pulmonary bacterial infection (2013)

Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are "innate" T cells that express an invariant T-cell receptor α-chain restricted by the nonclassical MHC class I molecule MHC-related protein 1 (MR1). A recent discovery that MR1 presents vitamin B metabolites, presumably from pathogenic and/or commensal bacteria, distinguishes MAIT cells from peptide- or lipid-recognizing αβ T cells in the immune system. MAIT cells are activated by a wide variety of bacterial strains in vitro, but their role in defense against infectious assaults in vivo remains largely unknown. To investigate how MAIT cells contribute to mucosal immunity in vivo, we used a murine model of pulmonary infection by using the live vaccine strain (LVS) of Francisella tularensis. In the early acute phase of infection, MAIT cells expanded robustly in the lungs, where they preferentially accumulated after reaching their peak expansion in the late phase of infection. Throughout the course of infection, MAIT cells produced the critical cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17A. Mechanistic studies showed that MAIT cells required both MR1 and IL-12 40 kDa subunit (IL-12p40) signals from infected antigen presenting cells to control F. tularensis LVS intracellular growth. Importantly, pulmonary F. tularensis LVS infection of MR1-deficient (MR1(-/-)) mice, which lack MAIT cells, revealed defects in early mucosal cytokine production, timely recruitment of IFN-γ-producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells to the infected lungs, and control of pulmonary F. tularensis LVS growth. This study provides in vivo evidence demonstrating that MAIT cells are an important T-cell subset with activities that influence the innate and adaptive phases of mucosal immunity.
Continuation of the Mozambique Belt Into East Antarctica: Grenville‐Age Metamorphism and Polyphase Pan‐African High‐Grade Events in Central Dronning Maud Land (1998)

The about 500 km long coastal stretch of central Dronning Maud Land (DML), East Antarctica, is critical for understanding both Gondwana and Rodinia assembly. In common Gondwana reconstructions central DML lies at the potential southern extension of the Mozambique Belt. We report the first extensive geochronological study of magmatic and metamorphic rocks from the area. These new U‐Pb SHRIMP zircon and Sm‐Nd‐data of rocks sampled during the German international GeoMaud 1995/96 expedition indicate that the oldest rocks in central DML are Mesoproterozoic in age. The crystallization ages of metavolcanic rocks were determined at c. 1130 Ma. Syn‐tectonic granite sheets and plutons give ages of c. 1080 Ma, contemporaneous with metamorphic zircon growth at granulite facies conditions. An anorthosite intrusion and a charnockite are dated at c. 600 Ma. Subsequent metamorphism is recorded for at least two different episodes at c. 570–550 Ma and between 530 to 515 Ma. The latter metamorphic event reached granulite facies and is associated with the syn‐tectonic intrusion of a granodiorite body at Conradgebirge. Initial ϵNd,t‐values of the U‐Pb dated rocks with crystallization ages around 1.1 Ga range from c. +7 to –4. These values suggest that their magmatic precursors represent variable mixtures of a primitive mantle‐derived and continental crust component generated within a mature island arc. Initial Nd isotope data of Cambrian meta‐igneous rocks are indistinguishable from the Grenville‐age rocks, probably representing partial melts of the Grenville‐age basement. The occurrence of Pan‐African syn‐tectonic granitoids is unique in DML. The structure and shape of this body indicates that the main structural ENE‐WSW trend of the region is Pan‐African in age and not older, as previously assumed. Some major late ductile sinistral shear zones occuring in the study area fit well in the overall sinistral transpressional setting of the Mozambique Belt. Thus, central DML very probably represents the southern continuation of the Mozambique Belt into East Antarctica.
Designing a magnesium alloy with high strength and high formability (2018)

Although magnesium alloys, as the lightest structural alloys, offer significant potential for automotive applications, their applications remain limited due to their poor formability at room temperature. Since the strategies used for improving formability usually result in a degradation of strength, there are no high strength magnesium alloys showing good formability. Here we report an alloy design concept that can simultaneously provide high strength and good formability. Such designed alloy when subjected to an appropriate processing technique shows a combination of strength and formability that surpasses those of the existing magnesium alloys reported so far. The alloy design concept used in the present study is based on the utilization of alloying elements that can induce precipitation, as well as maximize the segregation of other texture-controlling alloying elements. Such developed alloy is expected to broaden the application of Mg alloy sheets, which are now starting to gain acceptance by automotive industries.
The Use of Mouse Models for Understanding the Biology of Down Syndrome and Aging (2012)

Down syndrome is a complex condition caused by trisomy of human chromosome 21. The biology of aging may be different in individuals with Down syndrome; this is not well understood in any organism. Because of its complexity, many aspects of Down syndrome must be studied either in humans or in animal models. Studies in humans are essential but are limited for ethical and practical reasons. Fortunately, genetically altered mice can serve as extremely useful models of Down syndrome, and progress in their production and analysis has been remarkable. Here, we describe various mouse models that have been used to study Down syndrome. We focus on segmental trisomies of mouse chromosome regions syntenic to human chromosome 21, mice in which individual genes have been introduced, or mice in which genes have been silenced by targeted mutagenesis. We selected a limited number of genes for which considerable evidence links them to aspects of Down syndrome, and about which much is known regarding their function. We focused on genes important for brain and cognitive function, and for the altered cancer spectrum seen in individuals with Down syndrome. We conclude with observations on the usefulness of mouse models and speculation on future directions.
Dynamic Creep of Dental Amalgam (1969)

The dynamic creep of amalgam was investigated in view of its possible relationship to the clinically observed extrusion of amalgam restorations. It was found that different alloys vary widely in their dynamic-creep characteristics; that higher mercury content demonstrates increased dynamic creep, and that static creep correlates well to dynamic creep.
Quantitation of 5-(hydroxymethyl)uracil in DNA by gas chromatography with mass spectral detection (1991)

5-(Hydroxymethyl)uracil is a product of oxidative DNA damage. This hydroxylated base was quantified in DNA by GC-MS using either acid or enzymatic hydrolysis of the DNA and isotopically labeled internal standards. Both 5-(hydroxymethyl)uracil and thymine were quantified in each DNA sample and the results expressed as a ratio. This procedure controlled for possible errors in the quantitation of DNA prior to hydrolysis and derivatization. In addition, quantitation of thymine was important due to possible variations in DNA hydrolysis efficiency for each sample. The isotopically labeled internal standards controlled for compound instability through the procedure and for variations in derivatization efficiency. The conditions used for acid hydrolysis of the DNA resulted in considerable degradation of 5-(hydroxymethyl)uracil; however, since isotopically labeled 5-(hydroxymethyl)uracil was added prior to acid treatment, 5-(hydroxymethyl)uracil still could be quantified. The degradation of 5-(hydroxymethyl)uracil was avoided using enzymatic hydrolysis of the DNA. In DNA that had been treated with hydrogen peroxide and iron in the presence of EDTA, the observed level of 5-(hydroxymethyl)uracil using enzymatic hydrolysis was 1.6-fold higher than when using acid hydrolysis of the DNA. With analysis of 2 micrograms of DNA, the detection limit for 5-(hydroxymethyl)uracil was 3/10(5) thymines.
Virus Removal by Diatomaceous Earth Filtration (1974)

An investigation was made to determine the removal of bacteria viruses, T4 and MS2, by filtration through uncoated and polyelectrolyte coated diatomaceous earth (DE). Using a bench scale continuous-flow filtration apparatus, it was found that there was little, if any, removal of the viruses by uncoated filter media. However, filtration through diatomaceous earth coated with cationic polyelectrolyte resulted in significant virus removal. In studying the removal of viruses from a natural ground-water source, it was observed that organic matter in the ground water interfered with virus removal. The efficiency of virus removal, using both coated and uncoated DE, was also evaluated with respect to several physical and chemical variables, including pH, filtration rate, type of DE filter medium, and turbidity. All of these variables were found to affect the removal of viruses to some degree.
Higher harmonic surface transverse wave filters (2003)

The operation of SAW (surface acoustic waves) filters at high spatial harmonics was investigated theoretically and experimentally. Transducers with constant geometric period were chosen for reasons of manufacturability and predictability of electrical characteristics. An analytical method was used to calculate the transducers' relative coupling coefficient. Bulk-wave conversion losses, which are very important for higher-harmonic and STW (surface transverse wave) resonator design considerations, were calculated with two different techniques, a perturbation model and an antenna model. The results show very good agreement with measurements. Various transducer types were realized using the STW on AT-cut quartz, which has higher propagation velocity and lower bulk-wave conversion loss than the Rayleigh wave. A highly developed standard photolithographic process was used for the reproducible fabrication of delay lines with center frequencies up to 2.78 GHz, Q values of 3400 at 2.65 GHz, and an unmatched insertion loss of 15 dB at 2.49 GHz.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Effect of Transmission Design on Force-Controlled Manipulator Performance. (1988)

Abstract : The concept of manipulator force control and a corresponding emphasis on the choice of appropriate servo implementation have been developing for many years. However, the selection of appropriate mechanical hardware may ultimately be the limiting performance factor in force control. Mechanism properties, such as contact compliance, actuator-to-joint compliance, torque ripple, and highly nonlinear dry friction, affect, and often degrade, manipulator performance in force-controlled systems. This thesis describes a set of requisites for good performance, analyzes the effects of transmission-mechanism properties on force-controlled manipulators, and recommends mechanical-design strategies to improve performance. While much of the analysis applies to a broad class of transmissions, a special control-volume analysis quantities a limit on the power efficiency of tension-element drives. A single-degree-of-freedom transmission testbed was constructed and used to confirm the predicted effect of Coulomb friction on robustness; design of a cable-driven, four-degree-of-freedom, whole-arm manipulator illustrates the recommended mechanical-design strategies. (kr)
Hello, worlds: an introduction to mobile application development for IOS and Android (2011)

The popularity and proliferation of mobile applications is undeniable, and the tools are available for undergraduates to explore mobile application development within the curriculum. In a sense, mobile application development is like any other kind of software development: there are platform-specific languages, tools, and constraints that one must learn in order to create high-quality products. This tutorial is designed to help instructors make that important first step into mobile application development.

The presenters will demonstrate all of the required steps to configure a development environment, including operating system, integrated development environment, and mobile device. We will show iOS configuration for iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch platforms as well as Eclipse configuration for Android development. Following the demonstrations, we will lead a roundtable discussion of the pros and cons of the two platforms, focusing specifically on their integration with the undergraduate Computer Science learning experience.
Plasmacytoma of bone, extramedullary plasmacytoma, and multiple myeloma: incidence and survival in the United States, 1992–2004 (2008)

Population-based plasmacytoma incidence and survival data are sparse. We analyzed incidence rates (IRs), IR ratios (IRRs), and 5-year relative survival for plasmacytoma overall and by site -- bone (P-bone) and extramedullary (P-extramedullary) -- in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program (1992-2004). For comparison, we included cases of multiple myeloma (MM) diagnosed over the same time period in SEER. Incidence of MM (n = 23,544; IR 5.35/100,000 person-years) was 16-times higher than plasmacytoma overall (n = 1543; IR = 0.34), and incidence of P-bone was 40% higher than P-extramedullary (P < 0.0001). The male-to-female IRRs for P-bone, P-extramedullary, and MM were 2.0, 2.6, and 1.5, respectively. For plasmacytoma and MM, IRs were highest in Blacks, intermediate in Whites, and lowest in Asian/Pacific Islanders. Compared with Whites, the Black IR was approximately 30% higher for P-extramedullary and P-bone and 120% higher for MM. IRs for all neoplasms increased exponentially with advancing age, less prominently at older ages for plasmacytoma than MM. Distinct age, gender, and race incidence patterns of plasma cell disorders suggest underlying differences in clinical detection, susceptibility, disease biology and/or aetiological heterogeneity. Five-year relative survival for P-bone, P-extramedullary, and MM varied significantly by age (<60/60+ years), supporting age-related differences in disease burden at presentation, disease biology, and/or treatment approaches.
A Data Structure for Spatio-Temporal Databases (1990)

The advantages and applications of spatial mechanisms are well documented; however, there are very few being designed. The principal hinderance to the design of spatial mechanisms is the great difficulty involved in specifying spatial problems and in interpreting spatial solutions. Similarly, the development of spatial codes to implement these techniques is held back by the lack of means to easily visualize and verify solutions, particularly in the realm of relational databases. If spatial mechanisms are to be successful, the designer must be able to synthesize, analyse and evaluate, as well as load and extract information, using a single code representing a spatial structure. This entails the implementation of spatial relationships involving spatial data structures. It is with this in mind that the Canadian Hydrographic Service database group embarked on the development of a new type of spatial database structure based on the quadtree concept.
Automated Cervical Cytology (1999)

After completion of this article, the reader will be able to understand how the PAPNET system works and what is its approved use by the FDA, and to understand the associated benefits and shortcomings of the PAPNET system when compared with the traditional screening method.