gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rodent Models to Evaluate Anti-obesity Drugs (2012)

This article describes the use of rodent models to evaluate the anti-obesity potential of novel drugs. Although drugs can reduce body weight by altering energy input or energy output, we have focused on the discovery of compounds reducing food intake as this is the most common pharmacological approach for anti-obesity drugs. Methods are described for assessing and interpreting the specificity of the effects of acute and chronic administration of novel compounds on food intake, water intake, and body weight in mice and rats including animal models of overweight and obesity. Genetically obese mice and rats with spontaneously occurring single gene mutations in genes encoding leptin or its receptors have been characterized. However, monogenic obesity in humans is extremely rare and it is now widely accepted that polygenic dietary-induced obese rats and mice are the most appropriate models for predicting the therapeutic potential of novel drugs in common human obesity.
Guided waves along a metal grating on the surface of a grounded dielectric slab (1994)

The propagation of guided waves along a metal grating lying on a grounded dielectric substrate is studied. Hitherto, investigation of the properties of such waves has been restricted to directions of propagation perpendicular to or nearly parallel to the strips of grating. Averaged boundary conditions for the fields at the grating are used here to simplify the analysis, and are expected to yield accurate results for grating periods that are sufficiently small compared to a wavelength. Comparisons made with more exact computations in the literature are shown to be good. The results have potential application for microwave and millimeter wave waveguides, slotted microstrip antennas, and circuit elements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Regional and Local Geologic, Mineralogic, and Geochemical Controls of Industrial Clay Grades in the Minnesota River Valley and the Meridian Aggregates Quarry, St. Cloud, Minnesota (1991)

The purpose of this project is to determine the regional and local geological, mineralogical, and geochemical factors that control the distribution and grade of the industrial clays in the Minnesota River Valley (MRV) between Redwood Falls and Fairfax, Minnesota and at the Meridian Aggregates Quarry (MAQ), St. Cloud, Minnesota. These controlling factors fall into three broad categories: 1) bedrock controls - parent rock characteristics; 2) physical controls - faults,\npaleotopography, etc.; and 3) chemical controls.
Laboratory-Acquired Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (1977)

Nine patients with laboratory-acquired Rocky Mountain spotted fever were seen during the period 1971 to 1976. Investigation of each case revealed either definite or probable exposure to an aerosol containing infectious rickettsiae; in no case was there evidence of parenteral exposure either by accidental self-inoculation or by tick bite. These illnesses are believed to represent infection acquired via the respiratory route. This report emphasizes the aerosol hazard of Rickettsia rickettsii in the laboratory and discusses the possibility of respiratory transmission of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in nature. The illness occurred only in personnel who had received either no vaccination or the primary series of the commercial (Lederie) vaccine against this infection. Other personnel who had received the primary series with multiple booster vaccinations demonstrated increased immunity as measured by humoral antibody titers and rickettsial antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation; no cases of clinical disease developed in these multiply-vaccinated personnel.
Triple-photon generation: comparison between theory and experiment (2007)

We conceived an optical generator leading to the production of 3×1013 triple photons per pulse with a full-width duration of 88ps at 1/e2, by using a third-order optical parametric interaction phase-matched in a KTP crystal and pumped at 532 nm. The triple photon generation is stimulated by two photons orthogonally polarized emitted by a homemade optical parametric oscillator emitting at 1665 nm. The energy generated at 1474 nm is well modelized by an analytical model based on Jacobi elliptic functions. These results open the way to new quantum measurement relative to Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state of light.
Lineage−Sca1+c-Kit−CD25+ Cells Are IL-33–Responsive Type 2 Innate Cells in the Mouse Bone Marrow (2011)

IL-33 promotes type 2 immune responses, both protective and pathogenic. Recently, targets of IL-33, including several newly discovered type 2 innate cells, have been characterized in the periphery. In this study, we report that bone marrow cells from wild-type C57BL/6 mice responded with IL-5 and IL-13 production when cultured with IL-33. IL-33 cultures of bone marrow cells from Rag1 KO and Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice also responded similarly; hence, eliminating the possible contributions of T, B, and mast cells. Rather, intracellular staining revealed that the IL-5- and IL-13-positive cells display a marker profile consistent with the Lineage(-)Sca-1(+)c-Kit(-)CD25(+) (LSK(-)CD25(+)) cells, a bone marrow cell population of previously unknown function. Freshly isolated LSK(-)CD25(+) cells uniformly express ST2, the IL-33 receptor. In addition, culture of sorted LSK(-)CD25(+) cells showed that they indeed produce IL-5 and IL-13 when cultured with IL-33 plus IL-2 and IL-33 plus IL-7. Furthermore, i.p. injections of IL-33 or IL-25 into mice induced LSK(-)CD25(+) cells to expand, in both size and frequency, and to upregulate ST2 and α(4)β(7) integrin, a mucosal homing marker. Thus, we identify the enigmatic bone marrow LSK(-)CD25(+) cells as IL-33 responsive, both in vitro and in vivo, with attributes similar to other type 2 innate cells described in peripheral tissues.
Floral Scent Production in <i>Clarkia breweri</i>1 (1998)

The fragrance of Clarkia breweri (Onagraceae), a California annual plant, includes three benzenoid esters: benzylacetate, benzylbenzoate, and methylsalicylate. Here we report that petal tissue was responsible for the benzylacetate and methylsalicylate emission, whereas the pistil was the main source of benzylbenzoate. The activities of two novel enzymes, acetyl-coenzyme A:benzylalcohol acetyltransferase (BEAT), which catalyzes the acetyl esterification of benzylalcohol, and S-adenosyl-L-methionine:salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase, which catalyzes the methyl esterification of salicylic acid, were also highest in petal tissue and absent in leaves. In addition, the activity of both enzymes in the various floral organs was developmentally and differentially regulated. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase activity in petals peaked in mature buds and declined during the next few days after anthesis, and it showed a strong, positive correlation with the emission of methylsalicylate. The levels of BEAT activity and benzylacetate emission in petals also increased in parallel as the buds matured and the flowers opened, but as emission began to decline on the 2nd d after anthesis, BEAT activity continued to increase and remained high until the end of the lifespan of the flower.
The Association of IL28B Polymorphism and Graft Survival in Patients with Hepatitis C Undergoing Liver Transplantation (2013)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the leading cause of liver transplantation (LT) in Western countries. Polymorphism in the IL28B gene region has a major impact on the natural history and response to antiviral treatment in HCV. We investigated whether IL28B polymorphism was associated with graft survival in patients with or without HCV undergoing LT. 1,060 adult patients (age >18 years) underwent LT between years 2000 and 2008. Patients with previous LT, living donor LT and patients dying or requiring retransplants within 30 days of LT were excluded. DNA samples of 620 (84%) recipients and 377 (51%) donors were available for genotyping of IL28B rs12979860C>T. Donor IL28B genotypes had no significant differences in graft survival irrespective of HCV status. There was no difference in graft outcome in the non-HCV cohort (n = 293) based on recipient IL28B genotype. In the HCV group (n = 327), recipients with CC or CT genotype had better graft survival compared to TT genotype (62% vs. 48%, p = 0.02). HCV recipients with CC or CT genotype had delayed time to clinically relevant HCV recurrence compared to TT (10.4 vs. 6.7 months, p = 0.002). The beneficial effect of the CC/CT genotype on HCV recurrence and graft survival was independent of antiviral treatment. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that in contrast to donor IL28B genotype recipient IL28B was associated with graft survival and clinically relevant HCV recurrence in HCV infected recipients. No effect of IL28B genotype was manifest in non-HCV LT recipients.
Impact of Temperature on Heparin and Protein Interactions (2018)

Heparin has many important biological activities, associated with a diverse set of interactions with biologically functional proteins. The binding mechanisms and biological significance of heparin-protein interactions have attracted wide attention. However, the temperature sensitivity of heparin-protein interaction is relatively unstudied. The impact of temperature on the binding of heparin to three representative heparin-binding proteins, antithrombin III (AT III), fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF1) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) are evaluated. The affinity and kinetics of these interactions were measured at 10°C, 25°C and 30°C. The association rate, dissociation rate, binding affinity and binding mass were compared at different temperatures. In the two state binding process between AT III and heparin, temperature played a negligible role on ATIII binding to heparin (1st state reaction), but demonstrated a role in the conformational change process (2nd state reaction). In the case of FGF1 and FGF2, the kinetics and affinity, while distinctly different at the temperatures studies, were still within the same order of magnitude. Based these results, we conclude that it many cases it is possible to perform surface plasmon resonance measurements of heparin-protein interaction at different temperatures, especially at reduced (ambient or lower) temperatures, and obtain comparable binding data.
A novel approach for multi-domain and multi-gene family identification provides insights into evolutionary dynamics of disease resistance genes in core eudicot plants (2014)

By curating a near-complete set of multi-domain R-protein clusters in an eudicot-wide scale, our analysis offers significant insight into evolutionary dynamics underlying diversification of the plant innate immune system. Furthermore, our methods provide a blueprint for future efforts to identify and more rapidly clone functional NB-LRR genes from any plant species.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND SOME TRANSFORMATIONS OF HALOGEN-SUBSTITUTED O-QUINONES IN THE BENZOFURANE SERIES (1975)

Die Oxidation der dihalogensubstituierten Benzofurane (I) mit konzentrierter Salpetersäure in Chloroform ergibt die o-Chinone (II), während unter den gleichen Bedingungen aus den Benzofuranen (III) und (V) die Nitroverbindungen (IV) und (VI) erhalten werden.
Optimizing Aerospace Plane Ascent Trajectory with Thermal Constraints Using Genetic Algorithms (2005)

*† Aerospace -plane ascent -trajectory optimization is a difficu lt problem due to the complexity of optimization cost surfaces and the need for human expertise during all steps of the optimization process in order to achieve good results. In this paper, a heuristic technique based on a genetic algorithm is used. The t echnique is applied to calculate minimum -fuel -minimum -heat ascent control settings for an energy state model of an aerospace plane.
An in situ transmission electron microscope study of the anomalous annealing of spatially isolated disordered zones in silicon (2006)

Spatially isolated disordered zones have been produced in silicon by irradiating with Xe+ ions in situ in a transmission electron microscope to fluences in the range of 1011 to 1012 ions cm−2. At these levels of fluence, the zones are clearly visible with minimal overlap with typical effective radii of the order of 1 nm. Studies of the isochronal recrystallization of zones with similar starting radii have shown that although most zones behave as expected and immediately begin to reduce their effective radius, in a small number of cases, some of the zones increase in size following an isochronal recrystallization step. Kinetic Monte-Carlo simulations have indicated that this behaviour may result when a high density of point defects surrounds an amorphous core. Upon recrystallization, the system relaxes to a configuration which can give rise to an increase in volume of the disordered zone of up to 50%. The kinetic Monte-Carlo simulations have shown that the defect most likely to be responsible for this anomalous growth is the interstitial-vacancy (IV) pair and the configuration of the IV pairs around an amorphous zone has a strong influence on the maximum re-growth of the zone.
Über das Bleicoulombmeter (1910)

Abstract Es wurde eine Methode ausgearbeitet, die es gestattet, in dichter Form auf Platin elektrolytisch niedergeschlagenes Blei ohne vorherige Oxydation zu trocknen und zur Wägung zu bringen.
The effect of dose rate dependence of<i>p</i>-type silicon detectors on linac relative dosimetry (1997)

Cumulative radiation damage to silicon semiconductor diode detectors can induce dose rate dependent sensitivity, a concern in the pulsed beam of a linac. Two p-Si diode photon detectors were used in this study, diodes A and B. Both were preirradiated by the supplier to 5 kGy, with diode A receiving an estimated 8 kGy from measurements, and diode B, 25 kGy. At 6 MV, the PDD measured with diode B was lower (by 4.4% at a depth of 25 cm) than diode A. Using SSD to vary the dose per pulse from 0.02 to 0.64 mGy/pulse, diode A was dose rate independent (within 2%), while the sensitivity of diode B changed by 13%. Silicon diode detectors should be checked regularly against ionization chambers in the pulsed beam of a linac, especially older high-resistivity diodes that have accumulated dose from high-energy photon beams.
Nuclear Structure of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ca</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:mn>8</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>from Inelastic Alpha-Particle Scattering (1967)

The ($\ensuremath{\alpha},{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) reaction has been studied on ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{40,42,44,48}$ at 31-MeV incident energy with approximately 90-keV resolution and high statistics. Spin and parity assignments have been made on the basis of systematics and comparison with the distorted-wave Born approximation. Levels of a given spin and parity show remarkably similar angular distributions, even though they vary widely in magnitude. This indicates experimentally that because of the strong absorption of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles, the shape of the differential cross section implies the spin and parity of the excited level, and the magnitude indicates the transition strength. The energy levels, spin and parity assignments, and transition strengths found in this experiment are compared with previous experiments and with theoretical results. Two ${4}^{+}$ states, which may be core excitations, have been found in ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{40,42,48}$ between 6- and 8.5-MeV excitation energy with an equivalent electromagnetic strength of approximately 0.5 to 3 single-particle units. Three octupole states have been found in ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{40,48}$, six octupole states in ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{42,44}$, a ${5}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ state in ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{40,42,48}$, and two ${5}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ states in ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{44}$. The fractionization of the ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ strength and the rapid and similar drop of the ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${5}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ strength in going from ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{40}$ to ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{44}$ appear to be a challenge to current ideas about the nature of these states.
Automated behavioral testing of refactoring engines (2012)

Defining and implementing preconditions are non-trivial tasks. As a result, even mainstream refactoring engines contain critical bugs. We propose an automated approach for testing of Java refactoring engines. It has been useful for identifying more than 100 bugs in state-of-the-art industrial and academic refactoring engines.
Specifying the path of the intersegmental nerve of the <i>Drosophila</i> embryo: a role for <i>Delta</i> and <i>Notch</i> (1993)

The intersegmental nerve (ISN) of the Drosophila embryo follows a reproducible course near the anterior border of each segment. Based on the experiments reported here, we suggest that growth of the axons constituting the nerve is guided, in part, by the transmembrane proteins Delta and Notch. In particular, we suggest that expression of Delta protein on a branch of the trachea provides a path for the nerve through the lateral part of the embryo, and that the growing axons use the Notch protein on their surfaces to recognize this path. Consistent with this idea, we show that disruption of the trachea abolishes the ability of the ISN to extend through this part of the embryonic periphery. Finally, we argue that the same regulatory network that directs these peripheral axons also specifies the trajectory of part of the axonal scaffold of the central nervous system.
Fibronectin mRNA alternative splicing is temporally and spatially regulated during chondrogenesis in vivo and in vitro (1996)

Fibronectin, a component of the extracellular matrix in a variety of tissues, participates in many critical cellular processes, including differentiation, adhesion, and migration. A positive correlation exists between the presence of fibronectin and the onset of chondrogenesis, the differentiation of mesenchyme into cartilage. Heterogeneity in the structure of fibronectin is largely due to the alternative splicing of at least three exons (IIIB, IIIA, and V) during processing of a single primary transcript. We have previously shown that the fibronectin mRNA splicing patterns change during chondrogenesis (Bennett et al. [1991] J. Biol. Chem. 266:5918–5924). All of the fibronectin mRNAs from prechondrogenic chick limb mesenchyme contain exons IIIB, IIIA, and V (B + A + V +), whereas all of the fibronectin mRNAs from chick cartilage contain exons IIIB and V but do not contain exon IIIA (B + A − V +). In this study, we show that fibronectin mRNAs containing exon IIIA (FN-A) and/or the mRNAs containing exon IIIB (FN-B) are expressed in a specific and different spatiotemporal manner in the developing chick limb in vivo, as well as in limb mesenchymal cells undergoing chondrogenesis in vitro. Specifically, in situ hybridization reveals that FN-B mRNAs are present throughout the various stages (HH 20–30) of limb cartilage development in vivo, whereas FN-A mRNAs disappear following the condensation phase of chondrogenesis and are absent from the resulting cartilage. Chick limb cartilage fibronectin mRNAs are therefore B + A −, as in other embryonic cartilage tissues. Furthermore, limb mesenchymal cells undergoing chondrogenesis in vitro lose FN-A mRNAs immediately following condensation, recapitulating the events that occur during chondrogenesis in vivo. These results suggest an important role for fibronectin mRNA alternative splicing during chondrogenic differentiation. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Altered Hormonal Responsiveness of Proliferation and Apoptosis During Myometrial Maturation and the Development of Uterine Leiomyomas in the Rat1 (2000)

Uterine leiomyomas are responsive to the ovarian steroids, estrogen and progesterone; however, a mechanistic understanding of the role of these hormones in the development of this common gynecologic lesion remains to be elucidated. We have used the Eker rat uterine leiomyoma model to investigate how ovarian hormones regulate or promote the growth of these tumors. Proliferative and apoptotic rates were quantitated in normal uterine tissues and leiomyomas in response to endogenous ovarian steroids. In 2- to 4-mo-old animals, cell proliferation in the normal uterus corresponded with high serum levels of steroid hormones during the estrous cycle, and apoptosis occurred in the rat uterus in all cell types following sharp, cyclical declines in serum hormone levels. It is interesting that the responsiveness of uterine mesenchymal cells changed between 4 and 6 mo of age, with significant decreases in both proliferative and apoptotic rates observed in myometrial and stromal cells of cycling animals. Leiomyomas displayed much higher levels of proliferation than did age-matched myometrium; however, their apoptotic index was significantly decreased in comparison with normal myometrium. This disregulation between proliferative and apoptotic responses, which were tightly regulated during ovarian cycling in the normal myometrium, may contribute to the disruption of tissue homeostasis and underlie neoplastic growth of these tumors.
A role for nitric oxide in the vasoplegic syndrome. (1996)

NO plays a role in the CPB-related hemodynamic disorders. Use of NO synthase inhibitors could provide a better management of vasoplegic phenomenon following CPB.
Raman study of model glass with medieval compositions: artificial weathering and comparison with ancient samples (2012)

Potassium‐rich ash‐based glass is typical of medieval glass windows used in the Central Europe since 1000 A. D.. Glasses with medieval‐like composition were prepared with different amounts of K 2 O (15–20–25 K 2 O weight%) using recipes deduced from archaeometric literature. Raman data of these samples were interpreted on the basis of the Q n units model and of the polymerization index I p and confirm a close dependence of glass depolymerization on the potassium content. Generally, K‐based glasses have high alteration sensitivity to pollutants conveyed by liquid or vapour water (rain, humidity and fog). In this work, the glass alteration processes were studied in terms of structural modifications related to the glass K content. Leaching and network dissolution were investigated by attack with boiling concentrated sulfuric acid and by exposure to high temperature and high pressure bidistilled water, respectively. The weight loss and alteration layer thickness were measured. The structural changes in the glass network and the presence of neoformation crystallized products were determined through linear Raman maps on altered glass cross sections. The more the glass network structure is depolymerized, the more the surface chemical attack is facilitated. The results obtained for the model glasses are compared with those for a set of ancient K‐rich glass fragments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.