gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of solar photocatalysis for colour removal from dye-bath wastewater (2003)

The photocatalytic colour removal from water containing two commercial dyes was examined under sunlight. Three types of reactors, continuously stirred batch reactor (CSBR), solar slurry reactor (SSR) and an open-trough reactor (OTR) were used. Titanium oxide (Ti02) was used for making slurry as well as for immobilization on polyester fabric (PE). The dyes were reactive orange M2R (R04) and reactive black B (RBS) which were treated in continuously stirred batch reactor (CSBR). About 99% colour removal and 84 % reduction in COD was observed during 3 h of exposure to sunlight, at an initial concentration of SO mg/L of R04 and 0.2g TiOJL in suspensions. About 92 % colour removal and 6S % reduction in COD was observed during 4 h exposure to sunlight at an initial concentration of RBS of SO mg/L and 0.2 g TiOJL in suspensions. In SSR, about 98 % reduction in colour of dye -b ath wastewater (DBWW) was observed while COD removal was 8%. In the experiments using immobilized Ti0 2 (TiOJPE) and open trough reactor, 99% and 97% colour removal was observed for R04 and RBS respectively in 5 h. However, the COD removal was low, 19 and 7.2% respectively with R04 and RBS. Dye bath wastewater was also treated in OTR; 97% reduction in colour and 8 % reduction in COD were achieved in S h. Increase in biodegradability of wastewater was also observed after solar photocatalytic treatment. During dye production and textil e manufacturing process, a large amount of wastewater containing dyestu ffs with intense colour and toxicity are introduced into aquatic systems. Thus, they represent an environmental risk. Photocatalysis can be used to destroy dye compounds usin g Ti02 and UV light i1ndiation 1 -4. The function of th e photocatalyst is to generate reactive hydroxyl radicals upon absorption of UV li ght, w hi ch in turn causes destruction of organi c pollutants 5 . Titanium dioxide can be used in suspension or f ixed to some statio nary supports 6 - 9 to treat o rganic pollutants in aqueous media. The UV component of sunlight, which is about 25% of total solar iJTadiation, may be used to excite Ti02 and treat dye-containing wastewater with th e . b . f I 110 II I h pnmary o JeCtJve o co our remova · . n t e present paper, th e sunlight/Ti02 technique has been employed for the removal of colour from water contmmng reactive dyes as well as dye-bath wastewater. The major advantage of this technique is that no other form of energy than the solar energy is required for driving the colour removal process. Studies were carried out using conti nuously stirred batch reactor (CSBR), solar slurry reactor (SSR) and ope n trough reactor (OTR) for colour removal and the res ults are di scussed in the light of reactor conditions
Development of Eimeria callospermophili and E. bilamellata from the Uinta Ground Squirrel Spermophilus armatus in Cultured Cells* (1970)

SYNOPSIS. Cell lines or established cell lines of bovine, ovine or human origin and primary cells from whole embryos of groundsquirrels were used in a study of the in vitro development of Eimeria callospermophili and E. bilamellata from the Uinta ground squirrel, Spermophilus armatus . Monolayers in Leighton tube cultures were inoculated with sporozoites of either of these 2 species and examined with phase‐contrast microscopy at various intervals. After such examination, coverslips were fixed in Schaudinn's or Zenker's fluid and variously stained. E. callospermophi sporozoites penetrated cells and underwent development to mature 1st generation schizonts in most cell types. At different times after inoculation, both species formed sporozoite‐shaped schizonts, which later became spheroidal. Intracellular movements of sporo zoite‐shaped schizonts of E. callospermophili were observed and such schizonts penetrated cells when freed by mechanical disintegration of the host cells. Merozoites were formed at the periphery of the schizont in both species. Mature 1st generation schizonts of E. callospermophili , with 6–14 merozoites, were first seen 15 hr after inoculation; the corresponding values for E. bilamellata were 12–27 merozoites and 4 days. Merozoites of both had anterior and posterior refractile bodies. Exposure to a trypsin‐bile solution stimulated motility in merozoites of E. callospermophili . Second generation trophozoites and immature schizonts of E. callospermophili were seen in cultures of primary cells of whole ground‐squirrel embryos 20–24 hr and 44–48 hr, respectively, after inoculation of sporozoites.
Rapid Multiphase Carbonylation Reactions by Using a Microtube Reactor: Applications in Positron Emission Tomography <sup>11</sup>C‐Radiolabeling (2007)

Im Schlauch geht's auch! Ein Palladiumkatalysator auf einem Siliciumoxidträger in einem Teflonschlauch erwies sich als einfach, kostengünstig und effizient für die carbonylierende Kreuzkupplung von Arylhalogeniden mit Aminen und radioaktiv markiertem Kohlenmonoxidgas. Bei Carbonylierungen ergab der Mikroreaktorschlauch nach kurzen Verweilzeiten (12 min) höhere Ausbeuten als Batch-Verfahren. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2007/z604541_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A Vulcanization of Rubber Latex by Potassium Ferricyanide (1937)

Abstract (1) Vulcanization of rubber is produced by heating latex, from which the diffusible serum components have been removed, with potassium ferricyanide in the absence of air. (2) In the course of the treatment, the ferricyanide is reduced to ferrocyanide. (3) A similar effect may be produced by certain other metallic oxidizing agents in the absence of air.
Are myopes really different? (1990)

There is conflicting evidence of the relationship between refractive error and personality traits, somatotype, gender and many other factors. In this study empirical data were used to investigate the relationship in the case of a number of Jungian personality types as well as in relation to differences in somatotype and socio‐economic standing. While some significant relationships were found, they were not consistently in accordance with those reported in the literature. It is suggested that the relationships, although statistically significant, may be applicable only to a discrete population segment.
Evolution of body size in Galapagos marine iguanas (2005)

Body size is one of the most important traits of organisms and allows predictions of an individual's morphology, physiology, behaviour and life history. However, explaining the evolution of complex traits such as body size is difficult because a plethora of other traits influence body size. Here I review what we know about the evolution of body size in a group of island reptiles and try to generalize about the mechanisms that shape body size. Galapagos marine iguanas occupy all 13 larger islands in this Pacific archipelago and have maximum island body weights between 900 and 12 000g. The distribution of body sizes does not match mitochondrial clades, indicating that body size evolves independently of genetic relatedness. Marine iguanas lack intra- and inter-specific food competition and predators are not size-specific, discounting these factors as selective agents influencing body size. Instead I hypothesize that body size reflects the trade-offs between sexual and natural selection. We found that sexual selection continuously favours larger body sizes. Large males establish display territories and some gain over-proportional reproductive success in the iguanas' mating aggregations. Females select males based on size and activity and are thus responsible for the observed mating skew. However, large individuals are strongly selected against during El Niño-related famines when dietary algae disappear from the intertidal foraging areas. We showed that differences in algae sward ('pasture') heights and thermal constraints on large size are causally responsible for differences in maximum body size among populations. I hypothesize that body size in many animal species reflects a trade-off between foraging constraints and sexual selection and suggest that future research could focus on physiological and genetic mechanisms determining body size in wild animals. Furthermore, evolutionary stable body size distributions within populations should be analysed to better understand selection pressures on individual body size.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANISCHE DISULFIDE UND VERWANDTE VERBINDUNGEN 28. MITT. ANALOGA VON O‐(2‐PROTOAMINOAETHYLDITHIO)‐BENZOAT ALS STRAHLENSCHUTZMITTEL (1970)

Abstract Die Kondensation der Thiophenole (Ia)‐(Ic) mit dem Thiolsulfonat (II) liefert unter Abspaltung der Sulfinsäure (IV) die Disulfide (IIIa)‐(IIIc), die bereits früher Interesse als Strahlenschutzmittel zeigten.
Identification of 20‐hydroxyecdysone and ecdysone from the pupa of the gypsy moth, <i>Lymantria dispar</i> (1984)

Abstract Normal and reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography in conjunction with radioimmunoassay and mass spectrometry were used to identify the free and conjugated ecdysteroids (after enzymatic hydrolysis) from day‐4 pupae of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. Seven ecdysteroids were searched for, but only 20‐hydroxyecdysone (964 ng/g fresh weight) and ecdysone (367 ng/g fresh weight) were detected. Analysis of conjugated ecdysteriods after liberation by hydrolysis also indicated the presence of 20‐hydroxyecdysone (21.6 ng/g fresh weight) and ecdysone (2.4 ng/g fresh weight). Neither 26‐hydroxyecdysone nor the 3α‐epimers of 20‐hydroxyecdysone or ecdysone were detected.
Electrochemical Cantilever Sensors and Scanning Probe Microscopy (2007)

Electrochemical microcantilever sensors in combination with scanning probe microscopy offer unique tool for solid-liquid interface characterization as well as localized chemical speciation of electro-active species. The resonance response can be used to probe the physical characteristics of the interface while electrochemically induced surface stress variation can be used for chemical speciation. Scanning the solid-liquid interface using a combined physical and electrochemical cantilever probe provides chemically functional images of surfaces and interfaces.
ChemInform Abstract: Healable Polymeric Materials: A Tutorial Review (2010)

Abstract Review: 55 refs.
Livestock faecal indicators for animal management, penning, foddering and dung use in early agricultural built environments in the Konya Plain, Central Anatolia (2020)

Livestock dung is a valuable material for reconstructing human and animal inter-relations and activity within open areas and built environments. This paper examines the identification and multi-disciplinary analysis of dung remains from three neighbouring sites in the Konya Plain of Central Anatolia, Turkey: Boncuklu (ninth-eighth millennium cal BC), the Çatalhöyük East Mound (eighth-sixth millennium cal BC), and the Late Neolithic occupation at the Pınarbaşı rockshelter (seventh millennium cal BC). It presents and evaluates data on animal management strategies and husbandry practices through the simultaneous examination of plant and faecal microfossils and biomarkers with thin-section micromorphology and integrated phytolith, dung spherulite, and biomolecular analyses, together with comparative reference geo-ethnoarchaeological assemblages. Herbivore dung and other coprogenic materials have been identified predominantly in open areas, pens and midden deposits through micromorphology and the chemical signatures of their depositional contexts and composition. Accumulations of herbivore faecal material and burnt remains containing calcitic spherulites and phytoliths have provided new information on animal diet, fodder and dung fuel. Evidence from phytoliths from <i>in situ</i> penning deposits at early Neolithic Çatalhöyük have provided new insights into foddering/grazing practices by identifying highly variable herbivorous regimes including both dicotyledonous and grass-based diets. This review illustrates the variability of dung deposits within early agricultural settlements and their potential for tracing continuity and change in ecological diversity, herd management strategies and foddering, health, energy and dung use, as well as the complexity of interactions between people and animals in this key region during the early Holocene.
Pharmacokinetics of Isoflurane in Human Blood (2008)

Investigation of isoflurane washout from the human body and brain provides more precise information about elimination in anesthesia. The elimination pattern of isoflurane remains poorly quantified, and therefore this study tried to clarify the pharmacokinetic pattern of isoflurane elimination. Sixteen patients (aged 48-78 years), undergoing coronary arterial bypass grafting surgery were enrolled in this study. Sixty minutes prior to the end of surgery, we kept a fixed 2% inspired isoflurane in 6,000 ml min(-1) oxygen flow. Isoflurane supplement was then discontinued to study the 20-min isoflurane elimination. An infrared analyzer was used to determine both inspired isoflurane and end-tidal isoflurane. The isoflurane concentration in the internal jugular bulb blood, arterial blood and pulmonary arterial blood were analyzed by gas chromatography. Biexponential decay function was the best fitted for the end-tidal isoflurane- and arterial blood isoflurane-time curves. There were two distinct components, including initial 5-min fast component and the next 15-min slow component. Monoexponential decay function was the best fitted for the pulmonary arterial blood- and jugular bulb blood-time curves. During elimination, the initial washout of isoflurane from functional residual capacity of lungs is reflected in the fast component of the isoflurane concentration time curves. The later slow component is dominated by the tangible manifestation of physiological membrane barriers, including the existence of alveoli-pulmonary capillary, blood-brain barriers.
Valvuloplasty for Aortic Valve Regurgitation Due to Congenital Bicuspid Valve. (1998)

大動脈弁病変に対する弁形成術は以前より報告されているが, その形成は困難なことが多い. とくに大動脈二尖弁は弁輪の狭小化, 自己弁の変性, 石灰化より手術操作が困難なことがある. 今回, われわれは大動脈二尖弁による大動脈弁閉鎖不全症 (以下AR) に対し種々の形成術を組み合わせ大動脈弁形成術を施行した一例を経験し良好な結果を得たので報告する. 症例は31歳の男性. 10年前より心雑音を指摘され次第に労作時呼吸困難を認めたため精査施行したところ大動脈弁は二尖弁であり, 高度のAR (IV度) を認めた. 手術は raphe の一部を切除した後に弁尖縫縮を行い, 弁尖の接合性を良くするために redundant cusp の両側縁で交連部 cusp plication とさらに subcommissular annuloplasty を追加した. 手術は無輸血手術で可能であり, 術後経過は良好で, 大動脈弁逆流の残存, 圧較差を認めず, 弁尖の接合性は良好であった. 本症例では交連部における交連形成および肥厚した弁尖に対する切除縫合が有効な手技と考えられた.
<title>Packet switch networks: network performance study</title> (1992)

Abstract The concept of integrated modular avionics for integrated flight and vehicle management system takesinto account system decomposition modularity, function availability and fault tolerance. The system corn-prises a number of modules which provide the computing resources and I/O interfaces for all applications.Interconnect architectures provide the intermodule communication and data transfer. The multi-port opto-electronic switch and associated multistage cube network architecture define a possible next step evolutionbeyond the current interconnect concepts. This paper presents a performance analysis of a serial multistagecube network architecture. 1. Introduction The task of interconnecting N processor, memory, and I/O modules, is not trivial where N may be large.Interconnection schemes provide a fast communication between modules at a reasonable cost. A single shared bus media access illustrated in Figure 1, is based on time division multiplexing, where at any instant only one module is permitted to transmit data. Often this is not acceptable where simultaneousdata transfers are desirable among processors, memory, and I/O modules. Additionally, a single time sharedbus would become a potential bottleneck resulting in unacceptable data latencies. On the other extreme,each processor may be connected directly to all other processor, memory, and I/O modules, shown in Figure2. This scheme results in extremely low data latencies, however, a total of N(N —
PWE-125 Stratification Of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis by Biochemical Response to Treatment (2013)

Introduction Aims To review patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) presentation in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) in the context of disease severity and biochemical response to treatment. Methods Patients with confirmed PBC seen at the Queen Elizabeth hospital (Birmingham) between September 1996 and December 2012 were identified, and a systematic retrospective chart review performed. Potential risk factors for the development of HCC were analysed using Fisher’s exact test, multivariate logistic regression and Kaplan-Meier estimates (GraphPadv5.03). Results Of 397 patients with PBC identified, 221 patients had developed cirrhosis, and 30 presented with or developed HCC (median age 68) over a 16 year period. Of all cases of HCC, 21 (70%) were identified through HCC surveillance programmes, and 19 patients presented within Milan criteria. In our practise, HCC was exclusively seen in the presence of cirrhosis. Using the cirrhotic non-HCC group as our comparator, male cirrhotics were more likely to develop HCC than female cirrhotics (OR 3.32; 95% CI 1.34–8.26; P = 0.012), and those with HCC were older at the time of diagnosis of cirrhosis (68 years vs. 57 years; P = 0.001). 67% (n = 20) in the HCC group and 76% (n = 145) of the non-HCC cirrhotic group were taking UDCA for > 1 year following diagnosis of PBC ( P = 0.21). Of the patients taking UDCA for > 1 year, 52% (n = 76) of the non-HCC cirrhotic group were biochemical responders according to the original Corpechot criteria compared with 20% (n = 4) of the HCC group ( P < 0.0001). Not taking or non-response to UDCA was significantly associated with the development of HCC (OR 4.54; 95% CI 2.24–9.20; P < 0.0001), and remained a significant risk factor after restricting the analysis to UDCA non-responders (OR 4.33; 95% CI 2.31–8.12; P < 0.0001). The cumulative hazard for HCC in cirrhotic UDCA non-responders was 0.18 at 5 years and 0.35 at 10 years after diagnosis of cirrhosis, but < 0.1 after 10 years in UDCA responders ( P = 0.003). The overall HCC incidence rate for cirrhotic patients with PBC was 3.4 cases/100 patient-years. When stratified by treatment response, UDCA responders had HCC rates of only 1 case/100 patient years, compared to 5 cases/100 patient-years in non-responders. Conclusion Development of HCC in PBC is associated with a failure to respond to therapy with UDCA, older age at diagnosis of cirrhosis and male gender. The incidence rate for HCC development in cirrhotic patients responding to UDCA is arguably beneath the point at which cost-efficacy is likely met. Disclosure of Interest P. Trivedi Grant/Research Support from: Wellcome Trust funded clinical research fellow, K.-K. Li: None Declared, T. Bruns: None Declared, H. Shah: None Declared, D. Tripathi: None Declared, T. Shah: None Declared, J. Neuberger: None Declared, G. Hirschfield: None Declared
ChemInform Abstract: Binary Caesium‐Lanthanum Oxide Supported on MCM‐41: A New Stable Heterogeneous Basic Catalyst. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Non‐Poisson Distribution of Sperm from Grandfathers in Zona‐free Hamster Ova (1991)

Earlier reports indicated that sperm from 25% of patients from infertile couples, but not from normal or fertile donors, show deviations from the theoretical Poisson distribution of the number of sperm penetrating zona-free hamster ova. Using semen samples from 15 grandfathers (aged 60 to 84 years) and 24 young fathers (aged 25 to 36 years), this study analyzed whether age also has an effect on the distribution. It was found that the overall fit to the Poisson distribution of the samples from grandfathers was very poor; in contrast, the samples from young fathers fit well. The observed deviations from the Poisson distribution among grandfathers may be a consequence of their long periods of sexual abstinence. Decrease in sexual activity produces age-different populations of sperm that probably differ in penetrating ability. Samples from older fathers also show a worse fit to the Poisson distribution than do those from younger fathers. These results suggest that the duration of sperm storage in the genital tract after maturation has an effect on sperm function.
Field Test of the Point Receiver Land Acquisition Technology Performed in Timimoun, Algeria (2008)

An acquisition field test was performed in Algeria to assess the benefits of point receiver recording for enhancing the resolution and signal/noise ratio of land seismic surveys. Recording point receivers (or point sources) instead of the conventional receiver or source arrays enables pre-processing (such as intra-array static and amplitude corrections, surface noise attenuation) to be applied before Digital Group Forming (DGF). Point receivers were simulated by bunching at the same location the six geophones of each string and a dense strip of 4 lines of 6 km of "point receivers" was deployed with a fine sampling of 6.25 m X 6.25 m. These additional test lines were simultaneously recorded with the regular 3D receiver spread. Causing a minimal delay to the 3D operations, a point receiver 3D dataset of 2 km X 9 km was then recorded and compared to a 3D reference dataset of equivalent fold and geometry. Equivalent but independent processing sequences were applied to both datasets, except the above pre-processing applied to point receivers before DGF. The results are encouraging for the use of point receiver technology in improving signal/noise and bandwidth in this area.
Evidence for a Self-Propagating Melt in Amorphous Silicon upon Pulsed-Laser Irradiation (1984)

A double-peak structure is observed in the Cu concentration profile after low-energy pulsed-laser irradiation of Cu-implanted Si. From the Cu surface segregation a primary melt depth is inferred. In addition, Cu segregation at the depth of the amorphous-crystal interface gives evidence for a secondary melt propagating through the amorphous layer towards the crystalline substrate. The results imply a large difference in melting temperature, heat of melting, and heat conductivity between amorphous Si and crystalline Si.