gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of Cybernetics and Control Theory for a New Paradigm in\n Cybersecurity (2013)

A significant limitation of current cyber security research and techniques is\nits reactive and applied nature. This leads to a continuous 'cyber cycle' of\nattackers scanning networks, developing exploits and attacking systems, with\ndefenders detecting attacks, analyzing exploits and patching systems. This\nreactive nature leaves sensitive systems highly vulnerable to attack due to\nun-patched systems and undetected exploits. Some current research attempts to\naddress this major limitation by introducing systems that implement moving\ntarget defense. However, these ideas are typically based on the intuition that\na moving target defense will make it much harder for attackers to find and scan\nvulnerable systems, and not on theoretical mathematical foundations. The\ncontinuing lack of fundamental science and principles for developing more\nsecure systems has drawn increased interest into establishing a 'science of\ncyber security'. This paper introduces the concept of using cybernetics, an\ninterdisciplinary approach of control theory, systems theory, information\ntheory and game theory applied to regulatory systems, as a foundational\napproach for developing cyber security principles. It explores potential\napplications of cybernetics to cyber security from a defensive perspective,\nwhile suggesting the potential use for offensive applications. Additionally,\nthis paper introduces the fundamental principles for building non-stationary\nsystems, which is a more general solution than moving target defenses. Lastly,\nthe paper discusses related works concerning the limitations of moving target\ndefense and one implementation based on non-stationary principles.\n
Effect of Ba on Sensitivity of the Bi System Superconductor in Magnetic Field. (1992)

The relation between the properties of the magnetic detector and the crystalline phase and the microstructure of the superconductor was studied for the Bi system superconductor containing the small amount of Ba.The formation of the high Tc phase was promoted by the addition of Ba. The sensitivity to the magnetic field was improved because of the segregation of the secondary phase at the grain boundaries which worked as weak link.
Modelling local defects on the surface of high performance objective lenses (2005)

Performances of high quality imaging systems are often affected by surface or glass defects, like scratches, bubbles and other localized disturbances. The goal of the present investigation is the modelling of scratches on the surfaces of lenses and analysing the resulting changes in the diffraction spot quality. High numerical aperture focusing objectives used in optical storage are especially sensitive to this type of defect, since the size of the diffraction spot and the power–density distribution determines the quality of both the written pits and received signal. We used three different methods—based on the simple geometrical optical approximation, ideal diffraction model and point spread function based diffraction—to model local defects and compared the findings from these methods to the measurements. The model includes the DVD objective lens and the disc. Local defects are modelled as special apertures on the surface of the objective lens. From these computations we calculate the intensity distribution in the focal spot and the encircled energy in the Airy disc. A measurement set-up was built, which is capable of measuring the encircled energy in the Airy disc. Comparison of the measurement results to the calculations helps in determining the tolerances of DVD objective lenses to local surface defects as a function of the size of the defects. The practical application of the model will allow us to redefine the quality criteria for the DVD lenses used.
Generation of Artificial Electronic Displays, with Application to Integrated Flight Instrumentation (1960)

A novel method is described by which complex electronic signals are generated, dynamically varied, mixed, and presented on a standard video (raster-scan) display, without the use of vidicon or similar camera devices. The method is applied to the generation of a "contact-analog" display that provides a stylized representation of the real world to the pilot of an aircraft. This integrated display, which varies continuously as the speed, altitude, or attitude of the aircraft changes, also contains a "flight-path" representation that enables the pilot to maintain a prescribed path.
Linear filtering of images based on properties of vision (1995)

The design of linear image filters based on properties of human visual perception has been shown to require the minimization of criterion functions in both the spatial and frequency domains. We extend this approach to continuous filters of infinite support. For lowpass filters, this leads to the concept of an ideal lowpass image filter that provides a response that is superior perceptually to that of the classical ideal lowpass filter.
Abstract MP91: Habitual Sleep Duration and Health: A Possible Role for Exercise (2016)

Introduction: Habitual sleep duration is associated with cardiometabolic disease risk and poor mental health. Exercise has been shown to improve cardiometabolic disease risk and mental health. Further, insufficient/excessive sleep is associated with sedentary behavior. It is plausible that benefits of exercise may mitigate some negative effects of insufficient or excessive sleep. Methods: Data from the 2013 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a phone-based survey conducted by the CDC, was used. All participants were asked to report habitual 24-hour sleep, which was recorded as whole numbers and categorized as Very Short (≤4h), Short (5-6h), Normal (7-8h, reference), and Long (≥9h). Participants reported their primary source of physical activity. For this analysis, the following groups were included: None (N=125314), Walking (N=179,996), Running (N=23,153), Gardening (N=26,637), and Yoga/Pilates (N=3370). Outcomes of interest were obesity, depressed mood, and history of hypertension and diabetes. Population-weighted binary logistic regression models evaluated relationships between sleep duration and these outcomes, stratified by activity group. Covariates included age, sex, race/ethnicity, and education. Results: See Table 1. Relationships between sleep duration and health outcomes differed by activity group. Associations with very short sleep were generally maintained across groups. However, relationships with short sleep were somewhat mitigated in running and yoga, and relationships with long sleep were seen less in running and gardening. Conclusions: The relationship between sleep duration and health may be modified by activity. It is possible that activities such as running and yoga may mitigate some of the negative health effects of insufficient or excessive sleep, as long as sleep duration is not extremely short. Also the obesity relationship was particularly unaffected by exercise.
Role of Abdominal Muscles Activity on Duration and Severity of Hypoxemia Episodes in Mechanically Ventilated Preterm Infants (2007)

These data document a relationship between abdominal muscles contraction and the duration and severity of hypoxemia episodes in ventilated preterm infants. These findings can explain the failure of mechanical ventilation to prevent their occurrence or decrease their severity.
Comparing the effect of hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 with balanced crystalloid solution on mortality and kidney failure in patients with severe sepsis (6S - Scandinavian Starch for Severe Sepsis/Septic Shock trial): Study protocol, design and rationale for a double-blinded, randomised clinical trial (2011)

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00962156.
A New Approach to Rapid Parallel Development of Four Neurokinin Antagonists. Part 4. Synthesis of ZD2249 Methoxy Sulfoxide (2003)

The manufacture of ZD2249 methoxy sulfoxide (1) using a new project approach is described. Research department processes were scaled up to 100 L if process safety and robustness were not compromised; other factors were treated according to the new approach. Using this strategy, we were able to manufacture a key intermediate on sufficient scale to support delivery of 1 kg quantities of bulk drug within 6 months of the start of lab work.
Optic Disc and Visual Field Progression in Ocular Hypertensive Subjects: Detection Rates, Specificity, and Agreement (2006)

A relatively high frequency of detected disease progression was observed with either method, with progression by VF occurring at least as frequently as progression by RA. Poor agreement between RA and VF progression was observed regardless of the specificity of the progression criteria. The results indicate that, in patients with ocular hypertension, monitoring of both VF and optic disc is necessary, as agreement between optic disc and VF progression is the exception rather than the rule.
Trebananib (AMG 386) in Combination With Sunitinib in Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer: An Open-Label, Multicenter, Phase II Study (2015)

Trebananib plus sunitinib seemed to increase toxicity at the tested doses. Efficacy results suggest a potential benefit for the addition of trebananib to sunitinib.
REMOVED: Superimposed Effects of Nano-Scale Confinement and Penetrant on Behavior of Ultra-Thin Glassy Polymer Membranes (2012)

This article has been removed: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been removed at the request of the Executive Publisher. This article has been removed because it was published without the permission of the author(s).
Design Review of a Unique Out-Of-Plane Polarimetric Scatterometer (1992)

This presentation reviews a unique out-of-plane scatterometer designed and built at TMA. Features which make it unique include the ability to measure liquid samples, a vertical optical table devoted to constructing custom laser or broadband sources, software that allows complete automation, and the option for complete polarization control and analysis (Stokes Vectors, Mueller matrices, etc.) of laser sources and received signal.
Hydrotreating catalysts for diesel aromatics saturation (1993)

The aromatics content of diesel feedstocks can vary widely. Straight-run stocks typically contain 20 to 40 vol% aromatics and cracked stocks 40 to 70 vol%. Thus, requirements for aromatics saturation range from moderate to severe depending on refinery location and feedstock availability. Existing middle distillate hydrotreaters designed to reduce sulfur levels can reduce aromatics content only marginally. Considerable attention has, in recent years, been paid to new catalysts and processes for aromatics saturation. The catalyst systems investigated are: (1)Conventional hydrotreating catalysts in single-stage operation; (2)Pt/alumina in two-stage operation; and (3)Sulfur-tolerant noble-metal catalyst in two-stage operation. Which of these systems should be used for a given service depends on many factors, but generally, the NiMo + NiW system is preferred at moderate levels of saturation, while for deep aromatics saturation the system using a sulfur-tolerant noble-metal catalyst is preferred. A comparison of the conditions necessary to obtain given aromatic specifications is made for all four systems. The feedstocks and their properties are summarized in a table. The paper discusses the four catalyst systems mentioned above and operating conditions.
DTRS56-03-T-0003A External Corrosion Direct Assessment Methodology by Incorporating Soils Data (2005)

To enhance the ECDA process, this project evaluated whether soil data could be used in a model to predict locations where external corrosion would be an issue. If by adding soils data to the previously collected ECDA datasets it could be shown that areas suffering corrosion could be predicted consistently, then operators would have an additional tool at their disposal to help maintain the country's natural gas pipeline infrastructure safely and reliably. The approach targeted soils-corrosively, because if corrosively dominated a very simple model would be viable as a screening tool - with such a model then viable when other data is not available, unreliable, or difficult to obtain. Soil corrosively was characterized in terms of a model that couples soils type with topography and drainage, with consideration also given to a simpler approach based on pH and resistivity. The results indicated that there is essentially no correlation between corrosion susceptibility based on soils-corrosively expressed in terms of these two models. While an attempt was made to calibrate these measures of susceptibility using ILI data for corrosion incidence and severity, the frequency of corrosion for the sites evaluated was limited, which confounded this process.
[Computed tomographic analyses on skeletal muscles in bulbar spinal muscular atrophy]. (1990)

We analysed the patterns of skeletal muscular involvement in 18 patients with bulbar-spinal muscular atrophy (BSMA) of the Kennedy-Alter-Sung type by using the computed tomographic scanner. Fatty infiltrations were prominent in various skeletal muscles of extremities and trunk, and its degree was severe in the following numerical orders; the gluteal muscles, flexors of the thighs, flexors of the lower extremities, extensors and the adductors of the thighs, the paraspinal muscles, and extensors of the lower extremities. There was statistically significant correlation between fatty infiltrations in flexors of the lower extremities and duration of illness. And were noted findings that the skeletal muscle lesion progressed with the preserved fasciae and sectional areas, fatty infiltrations in the lower extremities were more conspicuous in flexors than in extensors, and compensatory hypertrophic muscles in the thigh were apparent in 50% of cases. In conclusions, the computed tomographic analyses on skeletal muscle of BSMA may be useful to detect distributions, progression of the muscle lesion, in addition to a profile of the myopathic alterations of the disease.
Equalization technique to reduce clipping-induced nonlinear distortion in subcarrier-multiplexed lightwave systems (1993)

A pretransmission compression and postdetection decompression scheme is proposed to reduce the clipping-induced nonlinear distortion (NLD) in subcarrier-multiplexed lightwave systems. In an AM-VSB CATV system, compression using a two-segment, piecewise-linear transfer characteristic promises to yield a 3.2-dB gain in carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR), or a 110% increase in the number of transmitted channels.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Studies on the nature of insect-transmission in plant viruses (VIII) (1959)

In the previous reports, abnormal phosphorous metabolisms were observed in both the dwarf virus-infected mandarin plant and the virus transmitting-green broad winged planthopper. This paper deals with the experiments to elucidate the rate of incorporation of P32 into the phosphorous fractions in these abnormal metabolisms.(1) The radioactivity of P32 in various phosphorous fractions of mandarin plant or planthopper shows relatively higher level, as affected with the virus (Tables 1∼2).(2) The acid soluble phosphorous compounds of the examined material were fractionated by the method of LePage and Umbreit. In both the plant and the insect, the amounts of phosphorous contents in the various fractions show no consistent difference in trend between healthy and diseased individuals. The radioactivity in each fraction of the viruliferous insect is, however, found on considerably higher level than that of the nonviruliferous one (Tables 3-4 and Figs. 1-2).(3) The nucleic acids examined were extracted by the method of Ogur-Rosen and Schneider from orange plant, and by the Schneider's method from planthopper. The incorporation of P32 into the nucleic acids is considerably lower rate, and the autoradiograms present no difference between healthy and diseased plant or between nonviruliferous and viruliferous planthopper, respectively (Figs. 3∼4). It is suggested that the nucleic acid is to be prepared a more suitable technique under milder conditions.
Sodiation vs. lithiation phase transformations in a high rate – high stability SnO<sub>2</sub> in carbon nanocomposite (2015)

An SnO<sub>2</sub>-carbon nanocomposite was created by a self-assembly method. This showed promising electrochemical performance as both a Na and Li ion battery anode, with among the best cyclability and rate capability when tested against Na.
Coupling techniques between dielectric waveguides and planar photonic crystals. (2005)

All-optical processing is therefore a must to avoid the bottleneck imposed by existing nodes based on an electronic processing. However, current photonic integrated circuits are not mature enough to replace microelectronics circuits, mainly because of their large size and relative simplicity. Recent results show that key components in photonic integrated circuits such as directional couplers and Mach-Zehnder interferometer have still lengths in the order of millimetres [Liu04]. Therefore, strong efforts are still needed to reduce the size of photonic integrated circuits.
Development and Field Application of Iron and Hardness Scale Inhibition Technology for Boiler Water (2014)

Abstract In recent years, steam condensate is often recovered to save energy and various water sources are used as raw water for boiler make-up due to water shortages at many boiler plants. In these situations, the roles of deposit control and scale inhibition in boiler water system become increasingly important to maintain boiler system operation at stable and high efficient conditions without energy loss nor under deposit corrosion caused by iron deposit or hardness scale adhesion. This paper investigated iron deposition and hardness scale inhibition technologies for boiler water containing high concentrations of iron up to 30 mg Fe/L or silica up to 1,000 mg SiO2/L in boiler water, which were some of remaining challenges in conventional technologies. As a result of laboratory evaluations, two iron dispersion technologies which could be selected from boiler pressure and type of make-up water were developed. One was a combination of a specific polymer and an inorganic compound, and the other was the use of multiple polymers simultaneously. For hardness scale control under high silica concentrations in boiler water, the effective polymer has a specific configuration and molecular weight range. The results of several field applications of the new technologies are also presented.
Small-angle X-ray diffraction of Kevlar using synchrotron radiation (1991)

A synchrotron source of X-rays has been used to obtain high-resoultion small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) patterns from commercial poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (Kevlar) fibres. In Kevlar 49, detailed analysis of the equatorial streak, often called the ‘void scattering’, shows that it comes from the crystals in the fibre and not from any voids. The scattering objects producing the SAXS pattern have the same length, width and orientation distribution as the crystals. In Kevlar 149, there is less scatter overall, a bimodal distribution of sizes and orientation, and an off-axis streak at ±25° to the equator. Similar off-axis small-angle scattering has recently been seen in other rigid-rod polymer fibres, but the fibre structure producing it is not understood.
From Non Market Attitudes to Market Behavior: Laboratory Market Experiments in Moscow, and the Hvatat Property of Human Behavior (1998)

This paper reports on laboratory market experiments that were conducted in Moscow\nduring the fall of 1992. Two broad concerns guided the design of the experiments. The\nfirst concern is the obvious cultural differences between people in Russia and those in the\nwest where traditional laboratory market experiments have been conducted. Most\neconomists who have conducted experiments would assume that cultural background\nwould not play a major part in the equilibration process, and that the law of supply and\ndemand would operate essentially the same in all cultures and at all times. As Russia is\nundergoing a dramatic social change and before an orientation to market attitudes\npermeates the society, a unique opportunity presented itself to test this assumption about\nthe universal nature of the laws of the market.\n\nIn the language of the experimenters, this first concern is whether or not some of the\nknown properties of markets that operate in western culture are robust to major changes\nin the culture of the subject population. The properties of markets that are of interest are\nthe fact of equilibration, the influence of price ceilings on equilibration and the influence\nof the asymmetries in the shapes of the demand and supply curves on the direction of\nconvergence to equilibrium. The second concern reflects a desire to explore some more\nrecently discovered aspects of market behavior. A transactions cost was added to the\nmarket and the question posed was whether or not the cost frustrated or biased\nequilibration (Jamison and Plott, 1997).\n\nThe results of the experiments were not as anticipated. The standard convergence process\nwas observed but when the data were applied to test the asymmetric rent hypothesis or\nthe hypothesis regarding the nonbinding price controls, some surprises surfaced. In\nparticular the data were not the same as had been observed in other experiments. This\nparadoxical failure of previous results to generalize prompted a detailed investigation into\nthe behavior of individuals in the experiments. The hope was to find the causes of the discrepancies. A special section of the paper is devoted to a conjecture that resulted from\nthe ex-post examination of the data and is offered as an explanation.\n\nThe paper is organized as follows. In the first section the purposes of the project are\noutlined in greater detail. The second section contains the experimental design,\nprocedures and parameters. The third section contains the predictions of alternative\nmodels as applied to the special case of the parameters of the experiments. The fourth\nsection contains the results of the experiments. The fifth section contains the post\nexperiment speculations about the possible explanations of the surprising dynamic\nbehavior. Here the idea of Hvatat, which means "to grab" in Russian, is introduced and\nexplored. The final section is a summary of conclusions.
Optimization of a liquid chromatographic separation for the simultaneous determination of four anthracyclines and their respective 13‐<i>S</i>‐dihydro metabolites (2008)

The optimization of a liquid chromatographic separation of four anthracyclines (doxorubicin, epirubicin, daunorubicin and idarubicin) and their respective 13-S-dihydro metabolites (doxorubicinol, epirubicinol, daunorubicinol and idarubicinol) is described. Inclusion of epidaunorubicin in the assay allows internal standardization. Potential chromatographic interference of aglycones (doxorubicinone, daunorubicinone, idarubicinone, doxorubicinolone, daunorubicinolone and idarubicinolone) was investigated and tackled. The analyses were performed on a C18 RP column and gradient elutions were performed with a mixture of 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in ACN. The analytes were measured by fluorescence detection with an excitation wavelength of 480 nm and emission wavelength of 555 nm, respectively. The separation will potentially allow a broad field of applications, ranging from therapeutic drug monitoring and kinetic studies in cancer patients to monitoring hospital personnel and effluents.