gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Highly Absorbing Lead-Free Semiconductor Cu<sub>2</sub>AgBiI<sub>6</sub> for Photovoltaic Applications from the Quaternary CuI–AgI–BiI<sub>3</sub> Phase Space (2021)

Since the emergence of lead halide perovskites for photovoltaic research, there has been mounting effort in the search for alternative compounds with improved or complementary physical, chemical, or optoelectronic properties. Here, we report the discovery of Cu<sub>2</sub>AgBiI<sub>6</sub>: a stable, inorganic, lead-free wide-band-gap semiconductor, well suited for use in lead-free tandem photovoltaics. We measure a very high absorption coefficient of 1.0 × 10<sup>5</sup> cm<sup>-1</sup> near the absorption onset, several times that of CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub>. Solution-processed Cu<sub>2</sub>AgBiI<sub>6</sub> thin films show a direct band gap of 2.06(1) eV, an exciton binding energy of 25 meV, a substantial charge-carrier mobility (1.7 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>), a long photoluminescence lifetime (33 ns), and a relatively small Stokes shift between absorption and emission. Crucially, we solve the structure of the first quaternary compound in the phase space among CuI, AgI and BiI<sub>3</sub>. The structure includes both tetrahedral and octahedral species which are open to compositional tuning and chemical substitution to further enhance properties. Since the proposed double-perovskite Cs<sub>2</sub>AgBiI<sub>6</sub> thin films have not been synthesized to date, Cu<sub>2</sub>AgBiI<sub>6</sub> is a valuable example of a stable Ag<sup>+</sup>/Bi<sup>3+</sup> octahedral motif in a close-packed iodide sublattice that is accessed via the enhanced chemical diversity of the quaternary phase space.
Scheduler activations (1991)

Threads are the vehicle for concurrency in many approaches to parallel programming. Threads separate the notion of a sequential execution stream from the other aspects of traditional UNIX-like processes, such as address spaces and I/O descriptors. The objective of this separation is to make the expression and control of parallelism sufficiently cheap that the programmer or compiler can exploit even fine-grained parallelism with acceptable overhead.Threads can be supported either by the operating system kernel or by user-level library code in the application address space, but neither approach has been fully satisfactory. This paper addresses this dilemma. First, we argue that the performance of kernel threads is inherently worse than that of user-level threads, rather than this being an artifact of existing implementations; we thus argue that managing parallelism at the user level is essential to high-performance parallel computing. Next, we argue that the lack of system integration exhibited by user-level threads is a consequence of the lack of kernel support for user-level threads provided by contemporary multiprocessor operating systems; we thus argue that kernel threads or processes, as currently conceived, are the wrong abstraction on which to support user-level management of parallelism. Finally, we describe the design, implementation, and performance of a new kernel interface and user-level thread package that together provide the same functionality as kernel threads without compromising the performance and flexibility advantages of user-level management of parallelism.
Sex-specific p38 MAP kinase activation following trauma-hemorrhage: involvement of testosterone and estradiol (2003)

Although immune functions are markedly depressed in males and not in proestrous females following trauma-hemorrhage (T-H), the mechanisms responsible for the divergent responses remain unknown. Because sex steroids modulate the activation of p38, our aim was to determine whether differences in the activation of p38 by phosphorylation (p38-P) might contribute to the sex-dimorphic immune response following T-H. The effects of testosterone and estradiol on the activation of p38 were also examined. Intact male mice (C3H/HeN), castrated males treated with vehicle, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or 17beta-estradiol, and proestrous females were subjected to trauma (i.e., midline laparotomy) and hemorrhagic shock (35 +/- 5 mmHg for 90 min and resuscitation) or sham operation. At 2 h thereafter, splenic (SMphi) and peritoneal macrophages (PMphi) were harvested and cultured (with 10 microg/ml LPS), and Western blot analysis was carried out for quantification of p38 and p38-P. Sex, testosterone and estradiol plasma levels, and T-H did not alter the constitutive expression of p38 in SMphi and PMphi. In contrast, the activated form of p38 (p38-P) was markedly increased in SMphi and PMphi from female shams compared with male shams. Moreover, the phosphorylation of p38-P increased in males after T-H, whereas it decreased in females under those conditions. Castration before T-H prevented the increase in p38-P in males. Castrated animals treated with DHT displayed increased p38-P following T-H, whereas 17beta-estradiol had no effect on p38-P in castrated mice. Thus 1) sex influences the activation of p38 MAP kinase, 2) DHT is responsible for the increased activation of p38 in male mice, and 3) this sex-specific activation of p38 might be responsible for the sexually dimorphic immune response following T-H.
Near-Field Enhanced Negative Luminescent Refrigeration (2016)

Under negative bias, a semiconductor's $r\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}d\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t$ temperature can drop significantly below its $t\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}h\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}r\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}m\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}d\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}y\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}m\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}c$ temperature, and it can be used to cool another body via radiative exchange. The technique has never taken off, though, due to limited power density, and the weak performance of nonideal real-world materials. This study presents a near-field refrigeration system with high cooling power density and efficiency, and supporting fast temperature modulation. Ideally, this device can operate close to the Carnot limit---and it continues to perform well even in the presence of strong nonidealities.
Virologic and immunologic outcomes in HIV-infected Cambodian children after 18 months of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). (2010)

This observational cohort study was conducted among HIV-infected, antiretroviral therapy (ART) naive children in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) delivered using a modified directly observed therapy (MDOT) protocol. From August 2004 to March 2006, 26 children were enrolled and started on a first-line HAART regimen, which was continued for 18 months. The study included a directly observed therapy phase (months 1-3) and a medication self-administration phase (months 4-18). CD4 percentage (CD4%) and HIV-1 RNA plasma viral load (PVL) were measured at baseline and at months 6, 12, and 18. At baseline, the median age was 5.5 years (range: 13 months-12 years), the median CD4% was 4, and the median PVL was 7.5x10(5) copies/ml. At 18 months, 23 (88%) children were alive and participating in the study. Of these children, 20 (87%) had a PVL <400 copies/ml and 12 (52%) had PVL < 50 copies/ml. The median CD4% increased to 23, while the median change in height-for-weight z-score was 0.64. Genotypic resistance typing in 2 children with PVL > 400 copies/ml at 18 months demonstrated mutations associated with resistance to lamivudine (M184V) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (Y181C and G190A). The virologic and immunologic outcomes achieved in this study compare favorably with those reported by other pediatric HIV treatment programs worldwide. The study results suggest that MDOT may be effective for HAART administration in limited-resource settings like Cambodia.
A Survey of Retrieval Strategies for OCR Text Collections (2002)

The importance of effectively retrieving OCR text has grown significantly in recent years. We provide a brief overview of work done to improve the effectiveness of retrieval of OCR text.
Electrophysiological Changes That Accompany Reactive Gliosis<i>In Vitro</i> (1997)

An in vitro injury model was used to examine the electrophysiological changes that accompany reactive gliosis. Mechanical scarring of confluent spinal cord astrocytes led to a threefold increase in the proliferation of scar-associated astrocytes, as judged by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings demonstrated that current profiles differed absolutely between nonproliferating (BrdU − ) and proliferating (BrdU + ) astrocytes. The predominant current type expressed in BrdU − cells was an inwardly rectifying K + current (K IR ; 1.3 pS/pF). BrdU − cells also expressed transient outward K + currents, accounting for less than one-third of total K + conductance ( G ). In contrast, proliferating BrdU + astrocytes exhibited a dramatic, approximately threefold reduction in K IR (0.45 pS/pF) but showed a twofold increase in the conductance of both transient (K A ) (0.67–1.32 pS/pF) and sustained (K D ) (0.42–1.10 pS/pF) outwardly rectifying K + currents, with a G KIR : G KD ratio of 0.4. Relative expression of G KIR : G KD led to more negative resting potentials in nonproliferating (−60 mV) versus proliferating astrocytes (−53 mV; p = 0.015). Although 45% of the nonproliferating astrocytes expressed Na + currents (0.47 pS/pF), the majority of proliferating cells expressed prominent Na + currents (0.94 pS/pF). Injury-induced electrophysiological changes are rapid and transient, appearing within 4 hr postinjury and, with the exception of K IR , returning to control conductances within 24 hr. These differences between proliferating and nonproliferating astrocytes are reminiscent of electrophysiological changes observed during gliogenesis, suggesting that astrocytes undergoing secondary, injury-induced proliferation recapitulate the properties of immature glial cells. The switch in predominance from K IR to K D appears to be essential for proliferation and scar repair, because both processes were inhibited by blockade of K D .
Experimental Research on Rapid Localization of Acoustic Source in a Cylindrical Shell Structure without Knowledge of the Velocity Profile (2021)

Acoustic source localization in a large pressure vessel or a storage tank-type cylindrical structure is important in preventing structural failure. However, this can be challenging, especially for cylindrical pressure vessels and tanks that are made of anisotropic materials. The large area of the cylindrical structure often requires a substantial number of sensors to locate the acoustic source. This paper first applies conventional acoustic source localization techniques developed for the isotropic, flat plate-type structures to cylindrical structures. The experimental results show that the conventional acoustic source localization technique is not very accurate for source localization on cylindrical container surfaces. Then, the L-shaped sensor cluster technique is applied to the cylindrical surface of the pressure vessel, and the experimental results prove the applicability of using this technique. Finally, the arbitrary triangle-shaped sensor clusters are attached to the surface of the cylindrical structure to locate the acoustic source. The experimental results show that the two acoustic source localization techniques using sensor clusters can be used to monitor the location of acoustic sources on the surface of anisotropic cylindrical vessels, using a small number of sensors. The arbitrarily triangle-shaped sensors can be arbitrarily placed in a cluster on the surface of the cylindrical vessel. The results presented in this paper provide a theoretical and experimental basis for the surface acoustic source localization method for a cylindrical pressure vessel and lay a theoretical foundation for its application.
Far-infrared transmittance and band-structure correspondence in two-dimensional air-rod photonic crystals (1997)

Two-dimensional photonic crystals of triangular and square lattices both composed of parallel air rods with a lattice constant of 170 \ensuremath{\mu}m were fabricated and their transmittances in the far-infrared region were measured to examine to what extent they quantitatively correspond to the calculated photonic band structures. In addition to an opaque region due to the band gap, an uncoupled mode, which cannot be excited by an external electromagnetic wave, has been clearly observed in both lattices. The calculated results agree very closely with the observed features. Furthermore, other regions with very low transmittance have been unexpectedly found to exist for both lattices. Tentatively, their manifestation is explained only qualitatively as arising from a poor coupling due to wave-vector mismatch, between the relevant band and that of incident wave. The present result implies that information on transmittance alone does not suffice for properly understanding the photonic band structure.
Glucose Metabolism by Lactobacillus divergens (1988)

Earlier studies on the fermentation of D-[1-14C]- and d-[3,4-14C]glucose by Lactobacillus divergens showed that lactate was the major fermentation product and that it was probably produced by glycolysis. It was therefore recommended that L. divergens be reclassified as a homofermentative organism. In the present investigation, products of d-[1-14C]-, d-[2-14C]- and d-[3,4-14C]glucose fermented by L. divergens were isolated, and their specific radioactivities and the distribution patterns of radioactivity in their C-atoms were determined. The positional labelling patterns of the fermentation products, their specific radioactivities and their concentrations confirmed that glucose is degraded via the glycolytic pathway. Some secondary decarboxylation/dissimilation of pyruvate to acetate, formate and CO2 was also observed. These results provide conclusive proof that L. divergens is indeed a homofermentative organism. Results obtained with d-[U-14C]glucose showed that approximately three-quarters of the lactate but less than 10 % each of the formate and acetate were produced from glucose. The remainder was presumably derived to a varying degree from endogenous non-glucose sources such as fructose and/or amino acids.
The Role of Abdominoperineal Resection as Surgical Therapy for Anorectal Melanoma (2006)

The extent of surgical treatment is not associated with outcome in primary anorectal melanoma. Therefore, LE of the primary tumor is recommended when technically feasible. The presence of PNI is an important prognostic factor and should be considered in future clinical trials.
D2.4 - Micro Coriolis Mass Flow Sensor with Extended Range for a Monopropellant Micro Propulsion System (2013)

We have designed and realised a micromachined micro Coriolis flow sensor for the measurement of hydrazine (N 2 H 4 , High Purity Grade) propellant flow in micro chemical propulsion systems. The sensor should be able to measure mass flow up to 6 mg/s for a single thruster or up to 24 mg/s for four thrusters. The sensor will first be used for measurement and characterisation of the micro thruster system in a simulated space vacuum environment. Integration of the sensor chip within the micro thruster flight hardware will be considered at a later stage. The new chip has an increased flow range because of an integrated on-chip bypass channel. First measurement results have demonstrated an increase in flow range which corresponds well to the designed bypass ratio.
Creating, tailoring and using one-dimensional interfaces in two-dimensional films (1998)

We discuss how structural domain boundaries, liquid drop boundaries and other topologically one-dimensional features can be used to focus or to define the spatial extent of deposition or chemical reaction. We also show how reactants can be delivered specifically to such boundaries using novel deposition strategies. Such strategies potentially provide a simple route to create tailored, stable nanometre-scale structures.
Computational grids (2001)

The authors discuss computational and information grids. Peer-to-peer networks are built on the analogy of providing services in a community of peers. Grids, on the other hand, are built on the analogy of users tapping into ubiquitous computing and information resources, similar to plugging into an electrical grid. Together, these two powerful analogies cover much of the research and indeed commercial deployment of Web based distributed systems. Underlying both concepts are two inevitable trends: using Internet hardware and software infrastructure to build the communication and control (middleware) of distributed systems, and using a Web browser as the user interface or portal to an application.
The Near-Field Effects of Microjet Injection (2005)

Presented herein are the results of an investigation into the effects of gaseous microjet injection on the near-field noise of a high-speed jet. The nitrogen-based microjets were generated through the use of six equally spaced 800-μm converging micro-nozzles, for which the operating pressure was varied from 100 to 400 psig. The experiments focused on both ideally and overexpanded main jets that were generated using a converging-diverging nozzle that was designed for Mach 1.8. The exit diameter of this nozzle was 40.0 mm and both of the resulting jets had a fully expanded velocity, Uj, of 880 m/s. An increase in the frequencies associated with Mach wave radiation was observed in the first few microphone locations for both cases. This was followed by a decrease in these same frequencies in the microphone location indicative of the far-field peak radiation direction. This suggests that the microjets are in fact breaking down the large scale structures associated with Mach wave radiation in the peak direction. In both cases, the reductions in the peak radiation direction were found to be similar but a stark contrast was observed at the shallower angles. While the shock noise in the overexpanded jet was only slightly increased, the microjet injection on the ideally expanded jet resulted in the generation of overexpanded-like shock noise. It was also observed that the noise reductions, as well as the increases, propagate from the near-field into the corresponding direction in the acoustic far-field.
ESR and electronic spectral investigation of the self-association of phthalocyanine dyes in solution (1973)

The degree of molecular association of a copper phthalocyanine dye in benzene and tetrahydrofuran has been studied by electronic spectroscopy and ESR. Electronic spectroscopy in the visible spectral region demonstrates the existence of monomer-dimer equilibria in the 10−6–10−3 M concentration range. The dimerization constants Keq=Cd/Cm2 are (1.58± 0.09)× 104M−1 and (1.41± 0.50)× 102M−1 at room temperature in benzene and tetrahydrofuran, respectively. The ESR envelope spectra are found to vary systematically in the same concentration range as a function of solvent at fixed temperature. To deduce the manner in which aggregation in these solvents influences the detailed features of the ESR envelope spectrum, it is found useful to follow the evolution of envelope lineshape in copper phthalocyanine-metal-free phthalocyanine solid solutions as the concentration of copper phthalocyanine is progressively increased. The principal effect is found to be the perturbing influence of intermolecular copper exchange interactions in averaging local hyperfine fields, a process which can be both computer simulated and followed directly in the experimental spectra.
Pathophysiological Decrease in the Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Hashimoto's Encephalopathy: A Multiple-Case SPECT Study (2014)

Statistical analysis of these multiple-case SPECT images revealed the regions of decreased CBF associated with clinical symptoms, especially acute neuropsychiatric symptoms, in HE patients. This study shed light on the pathophysiological decrease in rCBF observed in HE.
WRITING OF MAGNETIC DOMAINS USING SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE (1995)

Formation of small magnetic domains has been studied using a local tunneling current in the scanning tunneling microscope(STM) for the Co/Pt multilayered magnetic film with perpendicular magnetization. Calculation of thermal diffusion equation suggested that a heated area higher than the Curie temperature of the magnetic film could be focalized on the area less than 100 nm in diameter by the current heating. In experiment, applying a pulsed voltage between the STM tip and the sample, the magnetization switching has been confirmed without an assisted external field and the magnetic domains of 200 nm in diameter have been observed using a polarized optical microscope. The domain formation through the magnetization switching is considered to be due to the demagnetization effect of the neighboring domains. It indicates that the method has a potential to realize a new data strage technique with ultrahigh densities.
Vector Analysis (2003)

This chapter describes methods relating to the handling and processing of Anopheles mosquitoes captured during malaria vector field studies. Areas covered include the following methods This chapter complements Chapter 1.
Risk of Japanese carriers of hyperphosphorylated paratarg‐7, the first autosomal‐dominantly inherited risk factor for hematological neoplasms, to develop monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and multiple myeloma (2010)

Hyperphosphorylated paratarg-7 (pP-7) is a frequent target of paraproteins in German patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)/multiple myeloma (MM). The frequency of MGUS/MM is lower in Japan than in Europe. As pP-7, the first molecularly defined autosomal-dominant risk factor for any hematological neoplasm, is inherited in a dominant fashion, we determined the incidence of the pP-7 carrier state in a Japanese population, and compared the frequency of pP-7-specific paraproteins and the pP-7 carrier state in Japanese and German patients with MGUS/MM. Peripheral blood from 111 Japanese patients with MGUS/MM and 278 healthy blood donors was analyzed for the pP-7 carrier state by isoelectric focusing and for pP-7-specific antibodies by ELISA. The Japanese group was compared with 252 German MGUS/MM patients and 200 healthy controls. Five of 111 (4.5%) Japanese and 35/252 (13.9%) German IgA/IgG MGUS/MM patients had a pP-7-specific paraprotein (P=0.009). The prevalence of healthy pP-7 carriers in the Japanese study group was 1/278 (0.36%), whereas it was 4/200 in the German group (P=0.166). The relative risk for pP-7 carriers developing MGUS/MM had an odds ratio of 13.1 in the Japanese and 7.9 in the German group. In conclusion, the fraction of pP-7 carriers with a pP-7-specific paraprotein is lower among Japanese than in German patients with MGUS/MM, but pP-7 carriers in both ethnic groups have a high risk of developing MGUS/MM.
Participation of various populations lymphocytes in formation of protection from meningococcosis (2010)

Immunization of mice by synthetic peptides fragments of meningococcus external membrane fibers caused the expressed protection of animals against infection caused by live virulent meningococcus culture serogroup A, B and C. There are leading part T-lymphocytes in protection of mice from this infection here. The analysis of T-cellular populations by means of a method flowing cytophluorometrics has shown increase CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes without change of parity CD4+/CD8+. The increase in number of these lymphocytes occurred in late terms after immunization of mice.