gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive Self-Consistent Spectrophotometric Acidity Scale of Neutral Brønsted Acids in Acetonitrile (2006)

For the first time, the self-consistent spectrophotometric acidity scale of neutral Brønsted acids in acetonitrile (AN) spanning 24 orders of magnitude of acidities is reported. The scale ranges from pK(a) 3.7 to 28.1 in AN. The scale includes 93 acids that are interconnected by 203 relative acidity measurements (DeltapK(a) measurements) and contains compounds with gradually changing acidities, including representatives from all of the conventional families of OH (alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids), NH (anilines, diphenylamines, disulfonimides), and CH acids (fluorenes, diphenylacetonitriles, phenylmalononitriles). The CH acids were particularly useful in constructing the scale because they do not undergo homo- or heteroconjugation processes and their acidities are rather insensitive to traces of water in the medium. The scale has been fully cross-validated: the relative acidity of any two acids on the scale can be found by combining at least two independent sets of DeltapK(a) measurements. The consistency standard deviation of the scale is 0.03 pK(a) units. Comparison of acidities in many different media has been carried out, and the structure-acidity relations are discussed. The large variety of the acids on the scale, its wide span, and the quality of the data make the scale a useful tool for further acidity studies in acetonitrile.
Predicting financial success of motion pictures: The '80s experience (1989)

This study explores the factors related to success in the motion picture industry and found that familiarity with actors, characters, and story, as well as kudos from reviewers and industry association, are key factors. The authors argue that increasing control by the marketing side of the industry is leading to sequelization, imitation, and higher demand for popular stars in response to the rise in the number of competitors and new exhibition technologies.
Visualization of amphetamine and its analogues in TLC (2007)

Derivatisation followed by iodine azide reaction was employed for detection of amphetamines and its analogues in TLC. The derivatisation reaction with phenyl isothiocyanate took place directly on the TLC plate before the developing step. Afterwards, the plate was sprayed with a mixture of sodium azide and starch solution and then exposed to iodine vapour. The obtained limits of detection were compared with other commonly visualization techniques: UV, iodine vapour, Marquis and Simon’s reagents, ninhydrin, Fast Black K.
Three parameter AVO inversion with PP and PS data using offset binning (2004)

We have investigated a method of inverting amplitudes of both PP and converted PS reflections to 3 parameters‐ the P‐and S‐wave impedance, and density. The inversion program performs an AVO inversion using a singular value decomposition method. The result of a 3‐parameter joint inversion is compared to the result of a 2‐parameter joint inversion, and also to a 3‐parameter PP inversion. To reduce the computation cost of pre‐stack migration (used for improving lateral resolution and correlating PP and PS data in depth), the input datasets are arranged in limited‐offset stack sections. Using only a small number of limited offset‐stack traces as input to inversion program, produces as good results as using all offset traces.
The working relationship between midwives and junior doctors: A questionnaire survey of Yorkshire trainees (2007)

Recruitment to obstetrics and gynaecology has fallen dramatically over the last decade. Surveys of medical students and junior doctors have suggested that apart from work/life imbalance, other factors such as poor job satisfaction and an unfriendly environment can significantly affect the choice of career. We conducted a questionnaire survey for Yorkshire trainees to evaluate current working and professional relationships between junior doctors and midwives. A total of 68 trainees participated in the study. Some 22% of trainees found midwives to be disrespectful to and argumentative with junior doctors. A total of 69% did not get a chance to examine patients on the labour wards because of the midwives. Midwives when compared with consultants were less courteous towards trainees and 53% of trainees felt that there is a communication problem that needs to be addressed. Our study results suggest a high level of dissatisfaction among trainees of the Yorkshire region and point at an area that needs further work to bring about a change to a better work environment for future junior doctors.
Test-suite reduction for model based tests: effects on test quality and implications for testing (2004)

Model checking techniques can be successfully employed as a test case generation technique to generate tests from formal models. The number of tests cases produced, however, is typically large for complex coverage criteria such as MCDC. Test-suite reduction can provide us with a smaller set of test cases that present the original coverage-often a dramatically smaller set. One potential drawback with test-suite reduction is that this might affect the quality of the test-suite in terms of fault finding. Previous empirical studies provide conflicting evidence on this issue. To further investigate the problem and determine its effect when testing formal models of software, we performed an experiment using a large case example of a flight guidance system, generated reduced test-suites for a variety of structural coverage criteria while presenting coverage, and recorded their fault finding effectiveness. Our results show that the size of the specification based test-suites can be dramatically reduced and that the fault detection of the reduced test-suites is adversely affected. In this report we describe our experiment, analyze the results, and discuss the implications for testing based on formal specifications.
Crystallization kinetical and morphological peculiarities in binary crystalline/crystalline polymer blends (2007)

Abstract A survey is presented on the crystallization kinetics and the morphology of miscible crystalline/crystalline polymer blends. There are only few corresponding systems. In them, however, a number of strange kinetic and structural phenomena can be observed: (i) spherulitic crystallization of the components side‐by‐side, (ii) “interpenetrating crystallization,” (iii) “interlocking spherulitic crystallization,” and (iv) “interfilling crystallization.” Cocrystallization is forbidden for crystallographic reasons. The blend partners grow instead in their own lamellar stacks, and mixed lamellar stacks are a seldom and questionable exception. They crystallize also usually stepwise and not simultaneously. Upon step crystallization, the crystallization of the second component is determined by its redistribution with crystallization of the former. Those composition inhomogeneities are an independent issue that arises also with the development of the morphology in crystalline/amorphous blends, and a corresponding survey is yielded, too. The blend poly (vinylidene fluoride)/poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate is a convenient model system as it can show all of these morphological and kinetic features after suitable thermal treatment. Some of them are demonstrated in the present publication. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1917–1931, 2007
Linear synthesis of sucrase and phosphatases during the cell cycle of <i>Schizosaccharomyces Pombe</i> (1969)

ABSTRACT The synthesis of sucrase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase has been followed in synchronous cultures of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe prepared by gradient sedimentation. These three enzymes follow a linear pattern of synthesis through the cell cycle, with a doubling in rate at a ‘critical point’ about one-fifth of the way through the cycle. Sucrasecan be rapidly derepressed by lowering the glucose concentration in the medium. This has been used to measure the sucrase ‘potential’ or capacity to synthesize sucrase on derepression. The potential exists at all times in the cycle, and follows a stepwise pattern with a sharp rise at the critical point. These results suggest that the functional genome doubles at the critical point. Since, however, the period of DNA synthesis is nearly one-third of a cycle before this point, there must be an appreciable delay between chemical replication and functional replication of the genome. In this respect S. pombe, a eukaryotic cell, differs markedly from bacteria. Other physiological events take place near the critical point, and a tentative model is suggested of what may be happening at the chromosomal level. Experiments with cycloheximide indicate that there is a delay between the synthesis and the appearance of the active enzyme in the case of sucrase and alkaline phosphatase.
Towards a semantic-based information extraction system for matching résumés to job openings (2015)

A curriculum vitae or a résumé, in general, consists of personal details, education, work experience, qualifications, and references. The overall objective of this study was to extract such data as experience, features, and business and education information from résumés stored in human resources repositories. In this article, we propose an ontology-driven information extraction system that is planned to operate on several million free-format textual résumés to convert them to a structured and semantically enriched version for use in semantic data mining of data essential in human resources processes. The architecture and working mechanism of the system, similarity of the concept and matching techniques, and an inference mechanism are introduced, and a case study is presented.
Taxonomy and Habits of Pigeons (1941)

THE taxonomic groupings of the species of pigeons and doves are based primarily on structural characters. Classifications differ in the rank assigned to these characters. In the last fifty years the ranking has fluctuated between extremes. Thus, Salvadori (1893) divides the order Columbae into the suborders Columbae and Didi. W. L. Sclater (1930) reduces these suborders to family rank, Columbidae and Raphidae. Salvadori recognizes five families within his suborder Columbae: Treronidae (fruit pigeons), Columbidae ('true' pigeons), Peristeridae ('ground doves'), Gouridae (crowned pigeons), and Didunculidae (tooth-billed pigeon). Sclater, dealing with African birds only, embraces the first three in his family Columbidae, which carries the implication that he must include therein also Salvadori's Gouridae and Didunculidae. He does not even accord Salvadori's families the rank of subfamilies. Peters's (1937) classification follows Sclater's scheme of two families: Raphidae and Columbidae, but divides the latter into four subfamilies: Treroninae, Columbinae, Gourinae, and Didunculinae. Within the Columbinae, Peters's order of listing is virtually that of Salvadori's families Treronidae, Columbidae, Peristeridae, Gouridae, Didunculidae, and I might add, of Salvadori's subfamilies as well. The taxonomic pendulum alternately swinging from lumping to splitting of genera will perhaps in time prove to be a cultural phenomenon of the same order as the alternations in dress fashions (cf. Richardson and Kroeber, 1940). Best suited for this discussion is the hierarchical grouping set forth by Salvadori. Naturally, I am concerned only with his suborder Columbae, which he divides into five families: Treronidae, Columbidae, Peristeridae, Gouridae, and Didunculidae. I have never kept members of Gouridae nor of Didunculidae. I have had a few Treronidae, but never bred them. The ensuing remarks concern some of the characteristic actions of the living birds and the extent to which these actions coincide with the taxonomic groupings. On the whole there is some degree of correlation between Salvadori's groupings and the actions of the living birds. The following brief notes on characteristic actions of certain pigeons and doves are based on observations of individuals of a number of species, which the writer has kept as aviary inmates at various times over a considerable number of years.
Transduction with Confidence and Credibility (1999)

In this paper we follow the same general ideology as in [ Gammerman et al., 1998 ] , and describe a new transductive learning algorithm using Support Vector Machines. The algorithm presented provides confidence values for its predicted classifications of new examples. We also obtain a measure of &quot;credibility&quot; which serves as an indicator of the reliability of the data upon which we make our prediction. Experiments compare the new algorithm to a standard Support Vector Machine and other transductive methods which use Support Vector Machines, such as Vapnik&apos;s margin transduction. Empirical results show that the new algorithm not only produces confidence and credibility measures, but is comparable to, and sometimes exceeds the performance of the other algorithms. 1 Introduction In this paper, we describe a new method of transductive inference using Support Vector machines [ Vapnik, 1995 ] . Whereas induction tries to learn a general rule (e.g. of classification) from a given training se...
Immunomodulatory Protein from Ganoderma microsporum Induces Pro-Death Autophagy through Akt-mTOR-p70S6K Pathway Inhibition in Multidrug Resistant Lung Cancer Cells (2015)

Chemoresistance in cancer therapy is an unfavorable prognostic factor in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Elevation of intracellular calcium level in multidrug resistant (MDR) sublines leads to sensitization of MDR sublines to cell death. We demonstrated that a fungal protein from Ganoderma microsporum, GMI, elevates the intracellular calcium level and reduces the growth of MDR subline via autophagy and apoptosis, regardless of p-glycoprotein (P-gp) overexpression, in mice xenograft tumors. In addition, we examined the roles of autophagy in the death of MDR A549 lung cancer sublines by GMI, thapsigargin (TG) and tunicamycin (TM) in vitro. Cytotoxicity of TG was inhibited by overexpressed P-gp. However, TM-induced death of MDR sublines was independent of P-gp level. Combinations of TG and TM with either docetaxel or vincristine showed no additional cytotoxic effects on MDR sublines. TG- and TM-mediated apoptosis of MDR sublines was demonstrated on Annexin-V assay and Western blot and repressed by pan-caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK). Treatment of MDR sublines with TG and TM also augmented autophagy with accumulation of LC3-II proteins, breakdown of p62 and formation of acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs). Inhibition of ATG5 by shRNA silencing significantly reduced autophagy and cell death but not apoptosis following TG or TM treatment. GMI treatment inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt/S473 and p70S6K/T389. Interestingly, the phosphorylation of ERK was not associated with GMI-induced autophagy. We conclude that autophagy plays a pro-death role in acquired MDR and upregulation of autophagy by GMI via Akt/mTOR inhibition provides a potential strategy for overcoming MDR in the treatment of lung cancers.
<title>New doughnut mode for optical tweezers and spanners</title> (2000)

The doughnut mode is of great importance in optical tweezers and spanners. Such mode is generated by transforming the Hermite-Gaussian mode of a laser-diode end-pumped Nd:YAG laser through a rotated cylindrical lens system. The field distribution and the intensity profile of the doughnut mode were calculated theoretically from the field of the input Hermite-Gaussian mode. The beam transformation was confirmed in the experiments.
2007 Microsoft Office System Plain & Simple (2004)

Get the fast facts that make learning the 2007 Microsoft Office system plain and simple! This no-nonsense guide uses easy numbered steps and concise, straightforward language that show the most expedient ways to learn a skill or solve a problem.
Initial Management of Epilepsy (2008)

A 29-year-old woman reports that the previous evening, her husband (who was in the next room) heard unusual sounds and found her lying on the bed looking dazed. She was confused for a few minutes but quickly returned to normal. She recalls an unwitnessed event about 1 month previously when she awoke feeling mildly confused and had sore muscles. How should she be evaluated and treated?
Relationships Among Second Language Proficiency, Foreign Language Aptitude, and Intelligence: A Protocol Analysis (1993)

The present protocol analysis supplements Sasaki's(1993) study, which used structural equation modeling to investigate the relationships among measures of second language proficiency (SLP), foreign language aptitude, and two types of intelligence (verbal intelligence and reasoning). In the present study, 6 participants randomly selected from the same subject pool took different types of SLP tests, a foreign language aptitude battery, and an intelligence test. The researcher attempted (a) to test Bachman and Palmer's (1982) hypothesis that a general SLP factor is related to the amount of information processing required for solving a given item, (b) to compare cognitive processes and strategies employed for different types of aptitude/intelligence tests, and (c) to compare the quality and quantity of test‐taking processes employed by students with different levels of SLP. The results provided important information not captured in the previous product‐oriented psychometric study (Sasaki, 1993). First, Bachman and Palmer's (1982) hypothesis only partly supported the data. The size of the general second language proficiency (SLP) factor effect on test scores did not completely correspond to the amount of information processing required by these tests. Second, the protocol analysis helped to check the validity of the tests. Most of the tests appeared to measure what they were supposed to measure. Lastly, the results revealed differences in information processing between the high and low SLP groups. The high SLP group differed from the low SLP group in assessment, planning, and execution of problem solving processes.
A rigorous method for predicting the critical properties of multicomponent systems from an equation of state (1977)

Abstract This paper shows how the rigorous critical state criterion enunciated by Willard Gibbs can be used with a recently formulated two‐parameter equation of state to obtain an analytical solution to the problem of predicting the critical properties of defined multicomponent mixtures. Comparisons are made between predicted and experimental values for several systems containing paraffin hydrocarbons and related materials.
Relationship between Endopolyploidy and Cell Size in Epidermal Tissue of Arabidopsis. (1993)

Relative quantities of DNA in individual nuclei of stem and leaf epidermal cells of Arabidopsis were measured microspectrofluorometrically using epidermal peels. The relative ploidy level in each nucleus was assessed by comparison to root tip mitotic nuclei. A clear pattern of regular endopolyploidy is evident in epidermal cells. Guard cell nuclei contain levels of DNA comparable to dividing root cells, the 2C level (i.e., one unreplicated copy of the nuclear DNA). Leaf trichome nuclei had elevated ploidy levels of 4C, 8C, 16C, 32C, and 64C, and their cytology suggested that the polyploidy represents a form of polyteny. The nuclei of epidermal pavement cells were 2C, 4C, and 8C in stem epidermis, and 2C, 4C, 8C, and 16C in leaf epidermis. Morphometry of epidermal pavement cells revealed a direct proportionality between nuclear DNA level and cell size. A consideration of the development process suggests that the cells of highest ploidy level are developmentally oldest; consequently, the developmental pattern of epidermal tissues can be read from the ploidy pattern of the cells. This observation is relevant to theories of stomate spacing and offers opportunities for genetic analysis of the endopolyploidy/polyteny phenomenon.
AAA+ ATPases: Achieving Diversity of Function with Conserved Machinery (2007)

AAA+ adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) are molecular machines that perform a wide variety of cellular functions. For instance, they can act in vesicle transport, organelle assembly, membrane dynamics and protein unfolding. In most cases, the ATPase domains of these proteins assemble into active ring-shaped hexamers. As AAA+ proteins have a common structure, a central issue is determining how they use conserved mechanistic principles to accomplish specific biological actions. Here, we review the features and motifs that partially define AAA+ domains, describe the cellular activities mediated by selected AAA+ proteins and discuss the recent work, suggesting that various AAA+ machines with very different activities employ a common core mechanism. The importance of this mechanism to human health is demonstrated by the number of genetic diseases caused by mutant AAA+ proteins.
A Hierarchical Stereo Line Matching Method Based on a Triangle Constraint (2013)

A hierarchical stereo line matching method based on a triangle constraint is proposed to enhance the line matching reliability.The method includes three steps where thefirst step is to match seed points based on SURF algorithm.The seed points are then used toconstrain the nearby line matching.The second step is to triangulate the seed points to reduce the search range of the remaining line matching.A line-line matching process is thenperformed.The third step is a line-area matching process under the constraint of the triangles.To reduce the ambiguity of line matching,a shiftable self-adaptive line cross correlationmethod is proposed for discontinuous surfaces and with poor textural information.Experimental studies are carried out with typical close-range stereo images and aerial stereo images,and the results reveal that the proposed method is reliable for line matching.
Fault detection and diagnosis using rule-based support system on fatty acid fractionation column (2003)

This paper presents a unified approach to process fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) intelligent program for pre-cut fatty acid fractionation column. Process history based methods (rule-based feature extraction) is used to implement the FDD rule-based support system. Plant model was simulated by using an existing commercial process simulator-HYSYS. Plantâ„¢ software in order to compute the confidence region. Warning limits for process parameters (temperature, flow rate and pressure) are computed by using statistical techniques. The uncertain information represented on three discrete states â€˜high, normal and lowâ€™ in production rules form. Process variables are defined as fault if they are deviated outside this region. Identification of causes, consequences and suggested actions for each deviation assisted by Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) analysis are generated into rule-based algorithm. Forward chaining strategy is used to interpret the rule-based system. The whole system has been developed using Microsoft Visual C++ programming language. The system was founded to be able to detect faults and promptly diagnose them.
Separation of viable schizont-infected red cells of<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>from human blood (1978)

"Separation of viable schizont-infected red cells of Plasmodium falciparum from human blood." Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 72(1), pp. 87–88
Compiler Analysis of the Value Ranges for Variables (1977)

Programs can be analyzed to determine bounds on the ranges of values assumed by variables at various points in the program. This range information can then be used to eliminate redundant tests, verify correct operation, choose data representations, select code to be generated, and provide diagnostic information. Sophisticated analyses involving the proofs of complex assertions are sometimes required to derive accurate range information for the purpose of proving programs correct. The performance of such algorithms may be unacceptable for the routine analysis required during the compilation process. This paper presents a discussion of mechanical range analysis employing techniques practical for use in a compiler. This analysis can also serve as a useful adjunct to the more sophisticated techniques required for program proving.