gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Composition and Processing Potential of Novel Sources of Brazilian Biomass for Sustainable Biorenewables Production (2015)

Background: The search for promising and renewable sources of carbohydrates for the production of biofuels and other biorenewables has been stimulated by an increase in global energy demand in the face of growing concern over greenhouse gas emissions and fuel security.In particular, interest has focused on non-food lignocellulosic biomass as a potential source of abundant and sustainable feedstock for biorefineries.Here we investigate the potential of three Brazilian grasses (Panicum maximum, Pennisetum purpureum and Brachiaria brizantha), as well as bark residues from the harvesting of two commercial Eucalyptus clones (E. grandis and E. grandis x urophylla) for biofuel production, and compare these to sugarcane bagasse.The effects of hot water, acid, alkaline and sulfite pretreatments (at increasing temperatures) on the chemical composition, morphology and saccharification yields of these different biomass types were evaluated. Results:The average yield (per hectare), availability and general composition of all five biomasses were compared.Compositional analyses indicate a high level of hemicellulose and lignin removal in all grass varieties (including sugarcane bagasse) after acid and alkaline pretreatment with increasing temperatures, whilst the biomasses pretreated with hot water or sulfite showed little variation from the control.For all biomasses, higher cellulose enrichment resulted from treatment with sodium hydroxide at 130°C.At 180°C, a decrease in cellulose content was observed, which is associated with high amorphous cellulose removal and 5-hydroxymethyl-furaldehyde production.Morphological analysis showed the effects of different pretreatments on the biomass surface, revealing a high production of microfibrillated cellulose on grass surfaces, after treatment with 1% sodium hydroxide at 130°C for 30 minutes.This may explain the higher hydrolysis yields resulting from these pretreatments, since these cellulosic nanoparticles can be easily accessed and cleaved by cellulases. Conclusion:Our results show the potential of three Brazilian grasses with high productivity yields as valuable sources of carbohydrates for ethanol production and other biomaterials.Sodium hydroxide at 130°C was found to be the most effective pretreatment for enhanced saccharification yields.It was also efficient in the production of microfibrillated cellulose on grass surfaces, thereby revealing their potential as a source of natural fillers used for bionanocomposites production.
Assessment of cerebral perfusion by time-resolved diffuse NIR-reflectance following injection of a dye-bolus (2004)

We monitored the passage of an indocyanine green (ICG) bolus through the brain and extracerebral tissue in healthy volunteers by means of time-resolved diffuse NIR-reflectance measurements. The latency of the bolus as calculated from changes in attenuation of the diffusely reflected light depends significantly on the detector position on the head, whereas it is almost independent of position when the variance of the distribution of times of flight of photons is analyzed.
Italian Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AME) position statement: a stepwise clinical approach to the diagnosis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (2014)

A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by phosphorylation in response to growth factors or insulin CD117
Preparation of Perfluorocaboxylic Acids from Ethers by Electrochemical Fluorination (1962)

エーテル類を電解フッ素化し,ペルフルオルカルボン酸を得ることを試みた。ニッケル製電解槽中の無水フッ化水素酸1lに,試料25gを溶解し,ニッケル板製電極(有効面積9.2dm2)により,浴温4～6℃,陽極電流密度2.5～3.5A/dm2で電解した。ジエチルエーテル,ジ-n-プロピルエーテル,エチル-n-ブチルエーテルおよびジ-n-ブチルエーテルからは,19～36%の収率でペルフルオルカルボン酸が得られた。テトラヒドロフラン,プロピレンオキシド,あるいはエチレンオキシドなどからのペルフルオルカルボン酸の収率は低く,これらは反応中に大部分が裂断,あるいは重合した。一般に陽極電流密度の変化によって,得られたペルフルオルカルボン酸の組成はほとんど変わらなかった。このフッ素化反応ではペルフルオルカルボン酸のほかに,ペルフルオルエーテルが生成した。
HORMONAL INDUCTION OF SUPERNUMERARY INSTARS IN THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, <i>CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA</i> (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) (1973)

Abstract Induction of supernumerary larval instars in the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens, by applying ZR-515, a potent juvenile hormone analogue, is explained in terms of larval differentiation. Application to the early sixth instar where structures are relatively indeterminate results in the formation of a supernumerary larval instar, whereas treatment of the late-larva wherein many structures are committed to differentiate towards the pupa, results in a larval–pupal mosaic.
RESISTANCE IN SUPERCONDUCTORS (2010)

In this pedagogical review, we discuss how electrical resistance can arise in superconductors. Starting with the idea of the superconducting order parameter as a condensate wave function, we introduce vortices as topological excitations with quantized phase winding, and we show how phase slips occur when vortices cross the sample. Superconductors exhibit non-zero electrical resistance under circumstances where phase slips occur at a finite rate. For one-dimensional superconductors or Josephson junctions, phase slips can occur at isolated points in space-time. Phase slip rates may be controlled by thermal activation over a free-energy barrier, or in some circumstances, at low temperatures, by quantum tunneling through a barrier. We present an overview of several phenomena involving vortices that have direct implications for the electrical resistance of superconductors, including the Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless transition for vortex-proliferation in thin films, and the effects of vortex pinning in bulk type II superconductors on the nonlinear resistivity of these materials in an applied magnetic field. We discuss how quantum fluctuations can cause phase slips and review the non-trivial role of dissipation on such fluctuations. We present a basic picture of the superconductor-to-insulator quantum phase transitions in films, wires, and Josephson junctions. We point out related problems in superfluid helium films and systems of ultra-cold trapped atoms. While our emphasis is on theoretical concepts, we also briefly describe experimental results, and we underline some of the open questions.
Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of biochemical disease recurrence, metastasis, castration‐resistant prostate cancer, and mortality after radical prostatectomy (2013)

Among patients undergoing radical prostatectomy, cigarette smoking was associated with an increased risk of metastasis. In addition, smoking was associated with a higher risk of BCR, CRPC, and overall mortality. If confirmed, these data suggest that smoking is a modifiable risk factor in patients with aggressive prostate cancer.
Automated Assistance Services: Experience from the SmartSenior Project (2012)

Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) addresses the drastic demographic change of today’s modern world and motivates further research on the necessary technological steps for offering sufficiently sensitive and appropriately responsive smart environments in the near future. Thus, enhancements and permanent
ChemInform Abstract: SOME EPOXY‐OLEFIN CYCLIZATIONS (1978)

Abstract Die Cyclisierung der Alkenyl‐Epoxide (I) zu den Decalon‐Derivaten (II) und (III) oder die Ringkontraktion zu den Cyclopentanonen (IV) hängt von der Stärke der verwendeten Lewis‐Säure und der Polarität des Lösungsmittels ab.
Origin of chiral selectivity in gas-phase serine tetramers (2010)

Serine "magic-number" clusters have attracted substantial experimental and theoretical interest since their discovery. Serine undergoes marked chiral enrichment upon sublimation, which has been associated with the homochiral selectivity of the octamer. This process has been implicated in one possible mechanism leading to the origin of biological homochirality. While the octamer is the best known of the serine clusters, here we focus on the tetramer, the smallest serine cluster known to exhibit homochiral preference. This choice is based on its greater simplicity and tractability with accessible computational resources. Basin-hopping molecular dynamics simulations coupled to density functional theory calculations yield a "structural landscape" for low-lying configurations on the potential energy surface. The full range of enantiomeric compositions and charge states is investigated. Global energy minimum serine tetramers consist of a cage structure bonded by zwitterionic terminal groups. The participation of the serine hydroxyl side chains in hydrogen bonds with adjacent monomers drives the homochiral selectivity of serine tetramers. The configuration of the hydrogen bonding network is strongly dependent on enantiomeric composition and charge state. Smaller cations are incorporated into the center of the tetramer cage and effectively disable all side chain hydrogen bonding, while larger cations appear not to incorporate into the tetramer cage and are stabilized outside only in the homochiral case. The current theoretical data requires the introduction of a kinetic barrier to complete the model, limiting rearrangement from the basic cage configuration in some cases, which is discussed and probed directly by doubly-nudged elastic band transition state searches. These calculations elucidate a large barrier for reorganization of the cage, completing the theoretical understanding of the tetramers.
Analysis of operating modes of the novel isolated interface converter for PMSG based wind turbines (2011)

This paper presents a new converter topology for a permanent magnet synchronous generator based variable speed wind turbine. Main emphasis is on the combination of a controlled rectifier and a novel step-up isolated DC/DC converter topology proposed by the authors. The topology (controlled rectifier coupled with a quasi-Z-source based galvanically isolated step-up DC/DC converter) is essential to generate regulated DC voltage (400 V DC typical for 230 V AC output) despite wide variations in the output voltage of a wind generator. The operation principle of the proposed topology is described in detail. Experimental results are presented and analyzed.
Multiple Word DNA Computing on Surfaces (2000)

The enzymatic manipulation of DNA molecules immobilized on a surface that each contain linked, multiple “DNA words” is demonstrated, with applications to DNA computing. A new DESTROY operation to selectively remove unmarked DNA strands from surfaces, consisting of polymerase extension followed by restriction enzyme cleavage, has been developed for multiple-word DNA computing. DNA polymerase is used to extend DNA primers hybridized to DNA strands that are covalently attached to a chemically modified gold thin film. The efficiency of this surface polymerase extension reaction is >90%, as determined by removal of the extended DNA molecules from the surface followed by gel electrophoretic analysis. Complete extension of the DNA strands creates a Dpn II restriction enzyme site in the duplex DNA; these molecules may then be cleaved from the surface by addition of Dpn II, with an efficiency exceeding 90%. DNA molecules may be protected from such destruction by hybridization of a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) oligomer to one of the words. The hybridized PNA blocks polymerase extension, thereby preventing formation of the restriction site and consequent strand cleavage. The utility of these operations for DNA computing is demonstrated by solving a small (2-bit) Satisfiability problem in which information was encoded in two tandem words.
Nopp 140 involvement in nucleologenesis of mouse preimplantation embryos (2001)

As it was shown earlier, resumption of rRNA transcription in early mouse embryo is localized in the peripheral region of nucleolus precursor body/NPB/during the two-cell stage. Recently, nucleolar phosphoprotein Nopp140 was presented to shuttle between the nucleolus and cytoplasm as chaperone of snoRNPs. Nopp140 interacts with RNA polymerase I in nucleolus and also accumulates in CBs, suggesting a pathway between the two organelles. The aim of the study was to describe the changing location of Nopp140 during the first cleavage stages of mouse embryos and its re-location after inhibition of rRNA synthesis with actinomycin D. Light microscope immunocytochemical staining showed Nopp140 in the periphery of NPBs before activation of rDNA transcription and in addition confirmed its localization in CBs. Immunolabelling with antibodies against RNA Pol I and UBF gave co-localization of these proteins, implicating that Nopp140 may actively participate to rDNA transcription. We suggest that fundamental differences in molecular organization of rDNA synthesis and postranscriptional processes between cycling somatic and pre-implantation embryonic cells may be in selective transport of transcription and/or processing-complexes of proteins to the nucleolar organizer regions (NOR). Mol. Reprod. Dev. 59:277-284, 2001.
Multi-channel SPR biosensor based on PCF for multi-analyte sensing applications (2015)

This paper presents a theoretical investigation of a novel holey fiber (Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF)) multi-channel biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The large gold coated micro fluidic channels and elliptical air hole design of our proposed biosensor aided by a high refractive index over layer in two channels enables operation in two modes; multi analyte sensing and self-referencing mode. Loss spectra, dispersion and detection capability of our proposed biosensor for the two fundamental modes (HE(11)(x) and HE(11)(y)) have been elucidated using a Finite Element Method (FEM) and Perfectly Matching Layers (PML).
Some Properties of Butyl Rubber-Carbon Black Systems (1952)

Abstract Previous studies have shown that differences in milling conditions cause significant variations in the dispersion of SRF black in Butyl rubber. Recent work has placed such differences on a more quantitative basis. This was achieved by the interrelation of photometric, rheological, and electrical measurements. These observations revealed new phenomena involving changes in the pigment-polymer habit of sueh systems. Analysis of these phenomena has led to the conclusion that they may be interpreted as evidences of pigment-polymer association.
Products and Kinetics of the Liquid-Phase Reaction of Glyoxal Catalyzed by Ammonium Ions (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>) (2008)

Glyoxal, a common atmospheric gas, has been reported to be depleted in some regions of the atmosphere. The corresponding sink could be accounted for by reactions in or at the surface of atmospheric particles, but these reactions were not identified. Recently, we showed that inorganic ammonium ions, NH(4)(+), are efficient catalysts for reactions of carbonyl compounds, including glyoxal, in the liquid phase. To determine whether ammonium-catalyzed reactions can contribute to depletion of glyoxal in the atmosphere, the reactivity of this compound in aqueous solutions containing ammonium salts (ammonium sulfate, chloride, fluoride, and phosphate) at 298 K has been studied. The products identified by LC-HRMS and UV absorption revealed a mechanism involving two distinct pathways: a Bronsted acid pathway and an iminium pathway. The kinetics of the iminium pathway was studied by monitoring formation of a specific product. This pathway was second order in glyoxal in most of the solutions studied and should therefore be second order in most ammonium-containing aerosols in the atmosphere. The corresponding rate constant, k(II) (M(-1) s(-1)), increased strongly with ammonium ion activity, a(NH(4)(+)), and pH: k(II) (M(-1) s(-1)) = (2 +/- 1) x 10(-10) exp((1.5 +/- 0.8)aNH(4)(+)) exp((2.5 +/- 0.2)pH). This iminium pathway is a lower limit for the ammonium-catalyzed consumption of glyoxal, but the contribution of the acid pathway is expected to be small in tropospheric aerosols. With these results the reactive uptake of glyoxal on ammonium-containing aerosols was estimated and shown to be a possible explanation for depletion of this compound in Mexico City.
Characterization of single-wall carbon nanotubes grown by in-liquid thermal CVD method (2016)

In this study, the synthesis of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) using in-liquid CVD method is attempted. Si substrate on which Co micro particles are deposited as the catalyst is used. Electrical resistance heating method is used for glowing carbon nanotubes in pure ethanol. The synthesized materials are analyzed by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and Raman spectroscopy. As a result, the synthesis of SWCNT was successful on a wide area of the substrate surface. By investigating the synthesized carbon nanotubes changing experimental conditions such as pressure, substrate surface roughness and others, it is cleared that surface roughness of the substrate and the bubble behavior are related to the synthetic mechanism of carbon nanotubes.
EELS of laser-irradiated kapton polymide (1993)

It has recently been demonstrated that the electrical resistivity of a high temperature polymer, polyimide, can be changed permanently from 10 17 Ωcm to 10 -1 Ωcm by KrF (248 nm) excimer laser irradiation. Further, using a holographic technique, an array of 500-nm-wide electrically conducting wires has been produced on polyimide by direct laser ablation. There is obvious interest in exploiting this phenomenon to create integrated microelectronic devices with conventional polymers as both dielectrics and conductors. The imaging of such patterned nanostructures by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) is reported elsewhere. Knowledge of compositional changes that accompany the structural changes is necessary for understanding formation mechanisms, but analytical electron microscopy (AEM) of polymers is usually severely limited by electron beam damage effects, especially when high spatial resolution microanalysis is attempted with focussed probes. However, parallel-detection electron energy-loss spectrometry (PEELS) has been successfully used to investigate laser-induced compositional changes in polyimide (Kapton ™ , E.I. Dupont) with no apparent signs of beam damage.
Pulmonary Surfactant Protein D Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Inflammatory Cell Responses by Altering LPS Binding to Its Receptors (2008)

Pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D) is a member of the collectin family that plays an important role in regulating innate immunity of the lung. We examined the mechanisms by which SP-D modulates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-elicited inflammatory cell responses. SP-D bound to a complex of recombinant soluble forms of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and MD-2 with high affinity and down-regulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion and NF-kappaB activation elicited by rough and smooth LPS, in alveolar macrophages and TLR4/MD-2-transfected HEK293 cells. Cell surface binding of both serotypes of LPS to TLR4/MD-2-expressing cells was attenuated by SP-D. In addition, SP-D significantly reduced MD-2 binding to both serotypes of LPS. A chimera containing the N-terminal region and the collagenous domain of surfactant protein A, and the coiled-coil neck and lectin domains of SP-D, was a weak inhibitor of LPS-induced cell responses and MD-2 binding to LPS, compared with native SP-D. The collagenase-resistant fragment consisting of the neck plus the carbohydrate recognition domain of SP-D also was a very weak inhibitor of LPS activation. This study demonstrates that SP-D down-regulates LPS-elicited inflammatory responses by altering LPS binding to its receptors and reveals the importance of the correct oligomeric structure of the protein in this process.
Accelerated biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon waste (2003)

Conventional landfarming approaches to bioremediation of refinery and other petroleum sludges are not acceptable environmentally and are banned in most North American jurisdictions. While initial bioreactor-based systems for treatment of these sludges required batch-cycle process-times of 1-3 months, an accelerated process has now been developed which can be completed in 10-12 days. In this process, up to 99% of total petroleum hydrocarbons are degraded and the sludges are converted from hazardous to non-hazardous according to the United States EPA's toxicity characteristic leachate procedure criteria. Understanding and exploiting mechanisms to improve hydrocarbon accession to the degrading microorganisms was a key development component of the process. Contrasting physiological mechanisms were observed for different component organisms of the mixed culture with respect to their associations with the hydrocarbon substrate; and the beneficial effects of using surfactants were demonstrated. The mixed culture used in the process exhibited a capacity for high-rate degradation of volatile organic carbons and the potential use of the culture as a liquid biofilter was demonstrated. The culture was also effective as an inoculant for the bioaugmentation of total petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil and as a de-emulsifier of oilfield emulsions and could transform some other environmental contaminants which are not predominant components of crude oil.
Polymer-supported<i>O</i>-Methylisourea (2004)

[6738-17-6]





(a benzylating reagent for carboxylic acids)



Form Supplied in: microscopic beads, readily available by the procedure mentioned below.



Preparative Methods: to a suspension of polymer-supported carbodiimide (available from Novabiochem; 2.00 g, 3.60 mmol) and Cu(OTf)2 (50 mg, 0.14 mmol) in anhydrous THF (10 mL) was added benzyl alcohol (5 mL, 48 mmol). The mixture was gently stirred at room temperature for 16 h, followed by filtration. The resin was washed with a 10% solution of TMEDA in CH2Cl2 until the washing solution remained colorless, followed by washing with DMF (3 × 5 mL), MeOH (3 × 5 mL), and CH2Cl2 (5 × 5 mL). The resulting resin was dried at 40 °C under vacuum for 24 h to obtain the title compound (2.39 g). The reaction is easily followed by IR: disappearance of the carbodiimide band at 2117 cm−1 and appearance of strong bands at around 1650 and 1321 cm−1.



Handling, Storage, and Precautions: keep cool and dry, store under nitrogen. Prolonged storage at < 20 °C.
Two-dimensional proton NMR studies of the paramagnetic metalloenzyme copper-nickel superoxide dismutase (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTwo-dimensional proton NMR studies of the paramagnetic metalloenzyme copper-nickel superoxide dismutaseIvano Bertini, Claudio Luchinat, Li June Ming, Mario Piccioli, Marco Sola, and Joan Selverstone ValentineCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1992, 31, 22, 4433–4435Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00048a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00048a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views153Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts