gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Growth mechanism of carbon nanotubes grown by microwave-plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (2001)

To understand the growth mechanism of carbon nanotubes, we have investigated the initial stage of carbon nanotube growth by microwave-plasma-enhanced CVD on a metal substrate. Metal droplets with diameters of 20–180 nm appeared on the substrate surface after plasma cleaning. These metal droplets operate as a catalyst for the growth of carbon nanotubes. The grown nanotubes had a piled-cone structure with metal particles at the top. The diameters of the carbon nanotubes ranged from 60 to 80 nm and the metal particles at the top were the same sizes.
Fracture Process of Microgel-Reinforced Hydrogels under Uniaxial Tension (2014)

We have found that lightly cross-linked neutral hydrogels containing microgels of densely cross-linked polyelectrolyte show high strength and toughness. These kinds of hydrogels, named as microgel-reinforced (MR) hydrogels, are a two-phase composite, where the disperse phase is the microgel with the double network (DN) structure and the continuous phase is the soft neutral gel matrix. The brittle polyelectrolyte network of the DN microgels, though in disperse phase, also serves as sacrificial bonds to toughen the material, similar to conventional DN gels. In this paper, we study the internal fracture process of the MR gel under uniaxial tension. The tensile stress–strain curve of the MR gel is charaterized by four regions according to its differential curve: elastic region (0 < ε < 1), preyielding region (1 < ε < 3), yielding region (3 < ε < 7), and strain hardening region (ε > 7). The morphology change of microgels in the reswollen MR gels after prestretching tells that the internal fracture of microgels, which occurs beyond the elastic region (ε > 1), is anisotropic. That is, the short chains in the tensile direction fracture first (1 < ε < 3); at large stretching, both the long chains in the tensile direction and the short chains in the transverse direction fracture (3 < ε < 7), followed by the fracture of the long chains in the transverse direction (ε > 7). These anisotropic fracture behaviors are in similar to bulk DN gels. Moreover, at each stage of the tensile process, large microgels always fracture prior to small ones and own higher fracture efficiency in the chain rupture than the smaller ones. This size effect is attributed to the stress concentration effect around the two poles of large microgels induced by the close distance from their neighboring microgels.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium Nanoparticles in the Catalysis of Coupling Reactions (2016)

Abstract Review: [56 refs.
Comparison of the clonogenic survival of A549 non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma cells after irradiation with low-dose-rate beta particles and high-dose-rate X-rays (2011)

Comparison with high-dose-rate X-rays shows a similar surviving fraction, confirming the effectiveness of beta particles for tumor sterilization.
Cell Death (2009)

This review is a primer on the three main mechanisms of cell death: apoptosis, autophagy-associated cell death, and necrosis. The authors discuss the clinical implications of each of these types of cell death and indicate where advances in our understanding have inspired new forms of therapy.
Functional Expression and RNA Binding Analysis of the Interferon-Induced, Double-Stranded RNA-Activated, 68,000-<i>M</i><sub>r </sub>Protein Kinase in a Cell-Free System (1991)

Eukaryotic viruses have devised numerous strategies to downregulate activity of the interferon-induced, double-stranded (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase (referred to as p68 on the basis of its Mr of 68,000 in human cells). Viruses must exert this control to avoid extensive phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2) by p68 and the resultant negative effects on protein synthesis initiation. To begin to define the molecular mechanisms underlying this regulation, we optimized expression of p68 in an in vitro transcription-translation system utilizing the full-length cDNA clone. The in vitro-expressed kinase was autophosphorylated in response to dsRNAs and heparin in a manner similar to that for the native p68 provided that the kinase inhibitor, 2-aminopurine, was present during the in vitro translation reaction. Further, the activated kinase efficiently phosphorylated its natural substrate, the alpha subunit of eIF-2. Binding experiments revealed that the expressed kinase complexed with the dsRNA activator, reovirus dsRNA, as well as the adenovirus-encoded inhibitor, VAI RNA. Interestingly, both the reovirus RNAs and VAI RNA also complexed with protein kinase molecules that lacked the carboxyl terminus and all catalytic domains. Deletion analysis confirmed that the p68 amino terminus contained critical determinants for reovirus dsRNA and VAI RNA binding. Further, reovirus dsRNA efficiently bound to, but failed to activate, p68 kinase molecules containing a single amino acid substitution in the invariant lysine 295 present in catalytic domain II. Taken together, these data demonstrate that this expression system permits a detailed mutagenic analysis of the regions of p68 required for interaction with virus-encoded activators and repressors.
Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Kidney Transplant Recipients: What about Silent Sufferers? (2010)

Context Transplantation improves health-related quality of life in patients with end-stage renal disease. However, primarily because of adverse effects of medication, among other gastrointestinal symptoms, health-related quality of life is not completely restored to normal. Although many patients have various gastrointestinal symptoms only a small proportion may be reported spontaneously. Objective To evaluate the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in kidney transplant recipients, also the difference between spontaneously reported symptoms and symptoms elicited by specific questioning was assessed. The burden of these symptoms in daily life also was analyzed. Design A single-center, sequential, mixed method study to assess the difference between spontaneous patient reports of gastrointestinal symptoms and active screening by a questionnaire in kidney transplant patients. Patients In February 2008, patients received a questionnaire on gastrointestinal symptoms; notes in medical records were consulted for patients scoring less than 100. In June 2008, those patients received a second, extended questionnaire aimed to assess the burden of gastrointestinal symptoms in daily life. Results Ninety-two of 513 patients eventually proved to have gastrointestinal symptoms. Completed questionnaires were compared with notes in the patients' files of the past year. A total of 51 of these 92 patients appeared to have not mentioned their gastrointestinal symptoms during the outpatient clinic visits. Of these 51 patients, 37 reported a significant impact of gastrointestinal symptoms on daily life. Conclusions The silent sufferer exists. Specific questioning helps to improve communication concerning bothersome gastrointestinal symptoms. To assess the burden of these symptoms, a validated questionnaire should be developed.
Topological segmentation of discrete surfaces (2002)

An approach to the segmentation of a discrete 3-D object into a structure of characteristic topological primitives with attached qualitative features is proposed. This structure can be seen as a qualitative description of the object. The approach concentrates on topological properties of discrete surfaces. These surfaces may correspond to the external surface of the objects, or to the skeleton surface. The labeling algorithm is based on very local computations, allowing massively parallel and real-time computations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Analog/RF physical layer issues for UWB systems (2004)

Ultra-wideband communications systems offer unique challenges and opportunities for RF circuit design. Proper understanding of the trade-offs that system specifications impose upon the circuit designer is essential in optimizing a system for UWB. The defining attribute of UWB is the wide fractional bandwidth of the signal. This wide bandwidth can be achieved in several ways: with carrierless systems, with a wide-bandwidth single carrier spread-spectrum system, with a multi-carrier system such as OFDM, via frequency hopping, or via some combination of these methods. This paper provides detailed impact analysis of wide fractional bandwidth on RF frontend circuits and examines the various tradeoffs. In particular, wide-bandwidth channels limit the instantaneous Q allowable in the signal path. This requires modifications of the traditional narrowband design methods. Some of the issues discussed in this paper include: issues of broadbanding, power impact, fast hopping tradeoffs, power amplifier, and antenna issues.
Variable-range hopping conductivity in the copper-oxygen chains of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">La</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Sr</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ca</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>8</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cu</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>24</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>41</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2003)

We show that the spin chain/ladder compound ${\mathrm{La}}_{3}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{3}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{8}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{24}{\mathrm{O}}_{41}$ is an insulator with hopping transport along the chains. In the temperature range 35--280 K, dc conductivity ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{dc}}(T)$ follows Mott's law of variable-range hopping conduction; the frequency dependence has the form $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\nu},T)={\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{dc}}(T)+A(T){\ensuremath{\nu}}^{s},$ where $s\ensuremath{\approx}1.$ The conduction mechanism changes from variable-range hopping to nearest-neighbor hopping around ${T}_{c}=300\mathrm{K}.$ The chain array thus behaves as a one-dimensional disordered system. Disorder is due to random structural distortions of chains induced by irregular coordination of the La/Sr/Ca ions.
A scalable instruction queue design for exploiting parallelism (2004)

To maximize the performance of wide-issue superscalar out-of-order microprocessors, the issue stage must be able to extract as much instruction-level parallelism (ILP) as possible from the dynamic instruction stream. This dissertation examines several approaches to increasing available ILP while minimizing the impact on cycle time. First, I describe and evaluate a novel instruction queue design (the Segmented Instruction Queue) that eliminates the correspondence between IQ size and cycle time. The 512-entry Segmented IQ achieves between 58% and 98% of the performance of similarly-sized idealized instruction queue of conventional design though the latency of the latter is approximately 256 times larger. The Segmented IQ can be used as a component of a clustered architecture, another approach to reducing cycle-time penalties in wide-issue machines. The dependence tracking mechanism used by the Segmented IQ can be applied to the problem of instruction placement in clustered architectures. By changing the mix of instructions present in the IQ, simultaneous multithreading (SMT) can also be used to increase the amount of available ILP. Under SMT, partitioning schemes are needed to distribute resource among threads; however, some of these schemes, clustered architectures in particular, can significantly reduce SMT workload performance. If an SMT machine is to use a clustered microarchitecture, the choice of instruction placement policy must be carefully evaluated to avoid performance degradation. Experiments show that naively allocating clusters to individual threads, eliminating the dynamic sharing that is the core of SMT, can reduce workload performance on a four-cluster architecture by as much as 26% versus a simple load-balancing scheme. This dissertation presents data that characterizes the performance of SMT workloads in clustered architectures using both conventional instruction queues and segmented instruction queues. Individually, these mechanisms represent viable approaches to increasing available ILP. When the Segmented IQ is used in an SMT processor design, workload performance achieves an average of 80% and 86% of the idealized performance for two- and four-thread workloads, respectively, indicating that these approaches can be combined to form an effective approach to increasing processor utilization and performance.
Genetic analysis of the transition from wild to domesticated cotton ( <i>G. hirsutum</i> L.) (2019)

Abstract The evolution and domestication of cotton is of great interest from both economic and evolutionary standpoints. Although many genetic and genomic resources have been generated for cotton, the genetic underpinnings of the transition from wild to domesticated cotton remain poorly known. Here we generated an intraspecific QTL mapping population specifically targeting domesticated cotton phenotypes. We used 466 F 2 individuals derived from an intraspecific cross between the wild Gossypium hirsutum var. yucatanense (TX2094) and the elite cultivar G. hirsutum cv. Acala Maxxa, in two environments, to identify 120 QTL associated with phenotypic changes under domestication. While the number of QTL recovered in each subpopulation was similar, only 22 QTL were considered coincident (i.e., shared) between the two locations, eight of which shared peak markers. Although approximately half of QTL were located in the A-subgenome, many key fiber QTL were detected in the D-subgenome, which was derived from a species with unspinnable fiber. We found that many QTL are environment-specific, with few shared between the two environments, indicating that QTL associated with G. hirsutum domestication are genomically clustered but environmentally labile. Possible candidate genes were recovered and are discussed in the context of the phenotype. We conclude that the evolutionary forces that shape intraspecific divergence and domestication in cotton are complex, and that phenotypic transformations likely involved multiple interacting and environmentally responsive factors. Summary An F 2 population between wild and domesticated cotton was used to identify QTL associated with selection under domestication. Multiple traits characterizing domesticated cotton were evaluated, and candidate genes underlying QTL are described for all traits. QTL are unevenly distributed between subgenomes of the domesticated polyploid, with many fiber QTL located on the genome derived from the D parent, which does not have spinnable fiber, but a majority of QTL overall located on the A subgenome. QTL are many (120) and environmentally labile. These data, together with candidate gene analyses, suggest recruitment of many environmentally responsive factors during cotton domestication.
A Thermodynamic Model to Quantify the Impact of Cooling Improvements on Gas Turbine Efficiency (2017)

Cooling of turbine hot-gas-path components can increase engine efficiency, reduce emissions, and extend engine life. As cooling technologies evolved, numerous blade cooling geometries have been, and continue to be proposed by researchers and engine builders for internal and external blade and vane cooling. However, the impact of these improved cooling configurations on overall engine performance is the ultimate metric. There is no assurance that obtaining higher cooling performance for an individual cooling technique will result in better turbine performance because of the introduction of additional second law losses, e.g. exergy loss from blade heat transfer, cooling air friction losses, fluid mixing, etc. and thus the higher cooling performance might not always be the best solution to improve efficiency. To quantify the effect of different internal and external blade cooling techniques and their combinations on engine performance, a cooled engine model has been developed for industrial gas turbines and aero-engines using MATLAB Simulink®. The model has the flexibility to be used for both engine types, and consists of uncooled on-design, turbomachinery design and a cooled off-design analysis in order to evaluate the engine performance parameters by using operating conditions, polytropic efficiencies, material information and cooling system information. The cooling analysis algorithm involves a Second Law analysis to calculate losses from the cooling technique applied. The effects of variations in engine parameters such as turbine inlet temperature, by-pass ratio, and operating temperature are studied. The impact of variations in metal Biot number, thermal barrier coating Biot number, film cooling effectiveness, internal cooling effectiveness and maximum allowable blade temperature on engine performance parameters are analyzed. Possible design recommendations based on these variations, and direction of use of this tool for new cooling design validation, are presented.
State Switching Digital Control Technique for Switched Reluctance Motor Drives (2007)

It has been anticipated that switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives will become the future drives of choice due to the simplicity of the motor construction, high speed capability, and relatively high power density. The motor has windings on the stator and a passive rotor made of ferromagnetic material such as iron. However, the control of the motor is quite complex due to the nonlinearities in the magnetic flux linkage seen on the stator as the rotor spins, as well as the saturation of the magnetic material. Numerous memory and/or processor intensive solutions have been proposed to deal with the control problem. The focus of this paper is to develop a simple controller for the SRM based on state switching (digital) control concept. The concept of digital control is that the motor can be brought to and kept in any state by switching the motor mode of control between two predefined states (the two "digital" states), which are above and below the desired steady state of the motor. This controller can be implemented in low-complexity analogue circuitry. In the current work it was shown that the optimal method of controlling the motor is to switch between two states which differ by reference current at low speeds (below pulse mode), and conduction angles at very high speeds. Control design equations are derived, and disturbance rejection capability is calculated. Simulation results for various operating modes are presented.
Malformations in cochlear implant patients. (1997)

Postoperative results have been encouraging, although children with malformations tend to occupy the lower third of rehabilitation results of all children with implants.
Beam properties of slab lasers (2000)

The properties of output beams for slab CO<SUB>2</SUB> lasers of output power in the range from few tens of watts up to 1 kW with waveguide-unstable cavities have been studied both theoretically and experimentally. It is shown that such lasers provide close to single-mode operation, smoothing-out one-peak profile and near-diffraction-limited beams at high specific output power. New slab cavity scheme with phase shifting array mirror has been proposed and developed. A highly spatially suppressed and highly bright output beam was obtained.
Isothermal Annealing Effects in Irradiated Copper (1953)

Copper wires were bombarded with 12-Mev deuterons at low temperatures. The wires were then allowed to anneal isothermally at successive temperatures from -185\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to +167\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Recovery of the electrical resistivity increase, produced by the bombardment, was observed at all temperatures. The annealing curves obtained for temperatures between -185\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and -60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C were of such a character that only a number of processes with different activation energies could account for them. One-half of the resistivity increase recovered in this range. The activation energies obtained were observed to be proportional to the absolute temperature. A value of 0.44 ev was found near -100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Above -60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C the annealing behaved as though it were a single process with a unique activation energy. This process accounted for 25 percent of the increased resistivity and had an energy of 0.68 ev. At room temperature 25 percent of the increase remained, and further anneals to temperatures as high as 167\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C produced only an additional 4 percent recovery.Detailed analysis of the data suggests that the single process occurring above -60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C is the result of the annihilation of interstitial atoms and vacancies that are produced by the irradiation. Slight deviations of the recovery rate from that expected of such a second-order process were observed and could be explained as the effect of elastic strains introduced into the lattice by interstitial atoms. The effect of such lattice strains on the rate of vacancy migration was calculated and found to have sufficient magnitude to explain the data. The results also suggested that the low temperature recovery is due to the correlated annihilation of very close interstitial vacancy pairs, the low activation energies being due to large elastic strains in the immediate vicinity of an interstitial. A further result, which can be derived from the activation energy for self-diffusion in copper, is that the energy of formation of a vacancy is 1.39 ev.
CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION UNIT OPERATIONS SECTION MONTHLY PROGRESS REPORT, SEPTEMBER 1958 (1958)

The feasibility was demonstrated of the use of liquidorganic scintillators in contact with an alpha emitting aqueous phase for the measurement of interfacial area in a mixer. The transpiration flow of pure water reduced the corrosion by a factor of 60 of a porous nickel tube by FeC1/sub 3/. One continuous DRUHM reaction study was made in which poor product consolidation resulted from a less than optimum sodium feed rate. In Fluorox run FBR-19, an over-all material balance of 102% and a UF/sub 6/ balance of 97% was obtained, with a UF/sub 6/ recovery of 71%. The flame denitration of a thorium-uranium nitrate solution in an oxygen acetylene flame was carried out successfully to produce a mixed oxide of 1.5 micron mean particle size with a surface area of 5.8 m/sup 2/g. Cylindrical hydroclones were tested for the collection of circulating thoria slurries. In the determination of the uranium loading of anion exchange resin a predicted maximum loading at a sulfate concentration of approximately 0.04 M was not found in preliminary experiments. A continuous Darex run was carried out with sections of prototype APPR plates and was frequently interrupted due to the deposition of siliceous material in the stripping column. A Zircex run was carried out with commercially available HCl gas containing oxygen rather than carbon dioxide as the major impurity, resulting in comparable uranium losses due to the formation of aqueous insoluble oxide solids. Simulated "25" waste was evaporated as a neutralized and unneutralized solution, giving condensates which were 0.5 M and 4 M in acid, respectively. (auth)