gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polymer Models of Protein Stability, Folding, and Interactions (2004)

The unfolded state and flexible linkers in the folded structure play essential roles in protein stability and folding and protein-protein interactions. Intrinsic to these roles is the fact that unfolded proteins and flexible linkers sample many different conformations. Polymer models may capture this and complement experiments in elucidating the contributions of the unfolded state and flexible linkers. Here I review what can be predicted from these models and how well these predictions match experiments. For example, Gaussian chain models give quantitatively reasonable predictions of the effects of residual charge-charge interactions in the unfolded state and qualitatively reasonable results for the effects of spatial confinement and macromolecular crowding on protein stability. A wormlike chain model has met with success in quantifying the effects of flexible linkers in binding affinity enhancement and in regulatory switches. In future developments, more realistic models may emerge from molecular dynamics simulations, and these models will guide experiments to advance our understanding of the unfolded state and flexible linkers.
Synthesis of Metal/Poly（diphenylsilylenemethylene） Nanocomposite Thin Films by Pulsed Laser Ablation (2015)

2 硅底层在4.0lus-plus'的一个压力下面由常规真空蒸发从 c-Si 晶片切了> 0.05 O 有 1 m 的一条平均直径的 2 nanofibers 与 electrospinning 方法。退火的 nanofibers 热地在温度被对待 1 100
EFFECT OF PRETREATMENT ON COLOR OF DEHYDRATED PRODUCTS (2000)

ABSTRACT The effect of pretreatment on color of convective dried products (namely apple, banana, potato and carrot) was investigated. Five different types of pretreatment were taken into consideration; microwave, osmotic, sulfite, water blanching and steam blanching. Color characteristics were identified by measuring the color parameters (namely, Lightness (L), Redness (a) and Yellowness (b)) using a Hunter Lab chromatometer. The type of pretreatment was found to significantly affect the three color parameters. In addition, Redness (a) and Yellowness (b) were found to follow a first order kinetic model. Untreated dried materials showed an extensive browning, indicated by a significant drop of the L parameter and a corresponding increase of a, b parameters. Osmotically and microwave pretreated samples supressed browning compared to the untreated samples. In this case, lightness decreased slightly, while a, b increased slightly. Sulfite pretreatment prevented significantly color deterioration, while water and steam blanching also prevented enzymatic browning during convective drying.
Model of a hot water full circulation mode in a building (2009)

The circulation system of the heating water can be used for distribution of heat throughout a building even without an active heat supply — the water may absorb the heat in the rooms exposed to the solar heat and deliver it to the rooms in shade. In Central Europe, this is particularly useful when the outdoor temperatures are close to the required inside temperatures and solar energy can play a significant part in the building heating system. The model of the circulation system during a full circulation mode can help the heating system operators to predict the possible effect of said system and thus save the energy. The model was identified by means of subspace identification methods and connected to a Kalman filter.
The chemistry of carbonyl compounds (1967)

The chemistry of carbonyl compounds , The chemistry of carbonyl compounds , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
Development of a two-wheeled mobile tilting & balancing (MTB) robot (2011)

Two wheeled mobile balancing robot is a kind of under-actuation system that can maintain its posture and drive the robot with only two wheels. In order to overcome the limitation in turning velocity due to the centrifugal force effect, this paper proposes a tilting balancing mechanism which is to offset the centrifugal force by active tilting motions. The newly suggested two-wheeled mobile tilting and balancing robot (MTB) can prevent unnecessary slowdowns in turning motions and increase passenger's riding feelings. To validate the tilting effect, the equation of motion of the MTB robot is derived and analyzed and the hardware design is followed.
Acetylene Polymers and Their Derivatives. II. A New Synthetic Rubber: Chloroprene and Its Polymers (1932)

Abstract Chloro-2-butadiene-1,3 (chloroprene) is described and its structure established through reactions leading to its conversion into butane-α, β,γ,δ-tetracarboxylic acid, and into β-chloroanthraquinone. Within ten days under ordinary conditions in a closed vessel containing a little air, chloroprene spontaneously changes into a transparent, resilient, strong, non-plastic, elastic mass resembling vulcanized rubber. This product is called μ-polychloroprene. By interrupting the polymerization before it has proceeded to completion one obtains a soft, plastic product (α-polymer) that resembles unvulcanized rubber. Under the action of heat the α-polymer rapidly changes to the μ-polymer. Other polymers of chloroprene described are volatile (β-) polymer, granular (ω-) polymer, and balata-like polymer. The structures of the polymers are discussed as well as the effect of conditions on the formation of each type. Unlike any previously described synthetic rubbers, μ-polychloroprene resembles natural rubber in the fact that when it is stretched its x-ray diffraction pattern shows a point diagram. The transformation of chloroprene into μ-polychloroprene occurs very rapidly in aqueous emulsion. The resulting product constitutes a synthetic (vulcanized) latex. It has a much smaller particle size than natural latex and it penetrates porous materials more readily. Chloroprene can also be polymerized in the pores of porous or bibulous materials. The materials thus become intimately impregnated with synthetic rubber. Compared with natural rubber the new synthetic rubber is more dense, more resistant to absorption or penetration by water, less strongly swelled by petroleum hydrocarbons and less permeable to many gases. It is much more resistant to attack by oxygen, ozone, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride and many other chemicals.
Lossy source encoding via message-passing and decimation over generalized codewords of LDGM codes (2005)

We describe message-passing and decimation approaches for lossy source coding using low-density generator matrix (LDGM) codes. In particular, this paper addresses the problem of encoding a Bernoulli(1/2) source: for randomly generated LDGM codes with suitably irregular degree distributions, our methods yield performance very close to the rate distortion limit over a range of rates. Our approach is inspired by the survey propagation (SP) algorithm, originally developed by Mezard et al. (2002) for solving random satisfiability problems. Previous work by Maneva et al. (2005) shows how SP can be understood as belief propagation (BP) for an alternative representation of satisfiability problems. In analogy to this connection, our approach is to define a family of Markov random fields over generalized codewords, from which local message-passing rules can be derived in the standard way. The overall source encoding method is based on message-passing, setting a subset of bits to their preferred values (decimation), and reducing the code
A Third Olympic Quiz (1992)

In August 1976, Word Ways presented a quiz of mine called "An Olympic Quiz". Readers were given 60 common words, ranging in length from one to seven letters, and asked to combine each of these in turn with the letters of OLYMPIC to make a new word. For example, GALA plus OLYMPIC gives POLYGAMICAL, and REACH plus OLYMPIC gives both MICROCEPHALY and PYROCHEMICAL.
Embezzlement States are Universal for Non-Local Strategies (2010)

We prove that the family of embezzlement states defined by van Dam and Hayden [vanDamHayden2002] is universal for both quantum and classical entangled two-prover non-local games with an arbitrary number of rounds. More precisely, we show that for each $ε>0$ and each strategy for a k-round two-prover non-local game which uses a bipartite shared state on 2m qubits and makes the provers win with probability $ω$, there exists a strategy for the same game which uses an embezzlement state on $2m + 2m/ε$ qubits and makes the provers win with probability $ω-\sqrt{2ε}$. Since the value of a game can be defined as the limit of the value of a maximal 2m-qubit strategy as m goes to infinity, our result implies that the classes QMIP*_{c,s}[2,k] and MIP*_{c,s}[2,k] remain invariant if we allow the provers to share only embezzlement states, for any completeness value c in [0,1] and any soundness value s < c. Finally we notice that the circuits applied by each prover may be put into a very simple universal form.
Alternating current impedance study of a polypyrrole-based anion-exchange polymer (1990)

The ac impedance of poly-[1-methyl-3-(pyrrol-1-ylmethyl)pyridinium]+(poly-MPMP+) as a function of potential has been investigated in acetonitrile solutions. When the polymer is reduced it acts merely as a barrier to the migration of ions to the double layer of the underlying electrode. Thus the ionic conductivity of the reduced polymer can be obtained. This conductivity is not dependent on the concentration of the electrolyte in the bulk solution, indicating that there is little contribution from non-exchange electrolyte in the film. Oxidized poly-MPMP+ behaves as a finite transmission line with two resistance rails. One rail corresponds to the film's ionic resistance, which is virtually independent of potential. The other rail represents the film's electronic resistance, which increases as the potential of the film is decreased. Analysis of Nyquist plots allows determination of both of these resistances as well as the film's Faradaic capacitance. Quantitative results are compared with results from chronoamperometry and rotating-disc voltammetry.
Subsite mapping of Hormoconis resinae glucoamylases and their inhibition by gluconolactone (1991)

Summary: The subsite maps of two purified glucoamylases (P and S) from the fungus Hormoconis resinae were determined from kinetic data using sets of linear malto-and isomaltooligosaccharides as substrates. Glucoamylase P, which has an unusually high debranching (1,6-glucosidic) activity, showed a subsite map different from all known subsite maps of glucoamylases. The free energy of binding of maltooligosaccharides was negative at subsite 1, whereas all the others show a positive or zero energy at subsite 1. Inhibition of both glucoamylases P and S acting on either malto- or isomaltohexaose by gluconolactone [d-glucono-(1,5)-lactone] was investigated. Gluconolactone decreased the values of the maximum velocity, V, suggesting it can bind to subsite 1. The size of inhibition constants, identified as dissociation constants of gluconolactone from free enzyme, depended on whether the substrate was maltohexaose or isomaltohexaose. This suggests that gluconolactone has at least two binding sites, and that there are different subsites 1 (or 2) for 1,4- and 1,6-linked substrates. From previously reported results with other glucoamylases, an “induced fit” model was constructed for glucoamylases hydrolysing oligosaccharides.
Double-Input PWM DC/DC Converter for High-/Low-Voltage Sources (2006)

A novel double-input pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) dc/dc converter for high-/low-voltage sources is proposed in this paper. With a PWM control scheme, the proposed double-input dc/dc converter can draw power from two different voltage sources simultaneously or individually. The operation modes and the steady-state analysis of the proposed double-input dc/dc converter are introduced in detail. The PWM control scheme for the power flow balancing is also presented. By using a single passive lossless soft-switching cell, switching losses of all power switches can be reduced significantly. Finally, experimental measurements are demonstrated to verify the performance of the proposed converter.
A Model-Based Approach to Aircraft Takeoff and Landing Performance Assessment (2009)

This paper reports a newly developed software tool, called MAPET II, for evaluation of aircraft takeoff and landing performance based on a 6-DOF high fidelity model. It describes the succeeding work of the development of MAPET for climb, descent and cruise performance assessment presented in a previous AIAA paper. Takeoff performance is, according to FAR 25, defined by the covered distances and reference speeds during the takeoff run. MAPET II allows to determine these for aircraft certification important parameters from a simulation model automatically. Basic conditions like aircraft weight, CG position, flaps setting or the runway elevation can be defined over a graphical user interface. Another feature is the determination of landing distances. The most important parameters for landing like aircraft mass, approach speed and runway condition (dry, wet, icy) can be varied as well. Furthermore, it is possible to study the effects of failure cases like the loss of reverse thrust, spoilers or landing gear brakes. The results are presented for a generic future military transport aircraft model, but the modular structure of MAPET II allows the integration of every flight mechanical simulation model with similar model structure.
Toxic and radiosensitizing effect of the 2-nitroimidazole misonidazole (Ro-07-0582) on murine CFU in vivo. (1978)

Spleen colony-forming stem cells of the bone marrow of mice (CFU) have been used as an in vivo test system for toxic and radiosensitizing effects of misonidazole. The cells were irradiated in vivo in the donors before they were suspended and injected i.v. into recipients. Hyoxic conditions were achieved by killing the donors 20 min before irradiation. A drug dose in donors of 1.0 mg/g body wt (ca 1200 microgram/ml in serum) was found to be weakly toxic over an exposure time of 50 min under hypoxic conditions. The radiosensitizing effect at this concentration was found to be about the same as the full effect of oxygen.
Heat shock: the role of transient inducible responses in cell damage, transformation, and differentiation. (1991)

The stress response is ubiquitous among all organisms of the bacterial, plant, and animal kingdoms. A prominent feature of this response is the synthesis of a discrete set of proteins, known as heat shock proteins, that have been shown to be essential in a plethora of protein biosynthetic and processing reactions, including protein folding and oligomerization, translocation, and secretion. During heat shock and other forms of physiological stress, heat shock proteins act as intracellular sentinels to recognize malfolded proteins. The heat shock response is tightly regulated and encompasses selective transcriptional and translational mechanisms that control the preferential synthesis of stress proteins during physiological stress. Deregulation of stress gene expression is associated with various human diseases. It is likely that the balance of interactions between damaged protein molecules and stress proteins has profound effects that impinge on normal cell growth and differentiation.
STARCH GELATINIZATION PHENOMENA STUDIED BY DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY (1980)

ABSTRACT Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used to study gelatinization phenomena of corn, potato, acid‐modified corn and smooth pea, and various legume starches. Two endothermic transitions were observed for starches heated in the presence of limited amounts of water (starch/water = 46–48% w/w). The effect of starch concentration on the shape of these two endotherms was studied for three legume starches. Considering the starch granule as a spherulite, the experimental data were treated thermodynamically by applying equations describing phase transitions of semi‐crystalline polymers. Experimental evidence suggested that a solvation‐assisted melting of starch crystallites took place during gelatinization and that the process was facilitated by the presence of the amorphous parts of the granule. The enthalpy change, ΔH, associated with the gelatinization varied among these starches within a range of 2.6–4.4 Cal/g. A comparison between DSC transition temperatures and characteristic gelatinization temperatures obtained by other methods was also made.
Uni‐ and biaxial orientation of polymer films and sheets (1977)

Abstract Uni‐ and biaxial stretching of various polymer films has been studied under well‐defined conditions of temperature and elongational strain rate in order to determine the relationship between stress and recoverable strain for both modes of deformation. The extent of molecular orientation has been investigated with the aid of stress optical methods: In amorphous polymers birefringence was found to be directly proportional to the frozen‐in internal entropic stress irrespective of the latter's relationship with recoverable strain. In a first approximation, molecular orientation can be understood in terms of deformation of a rubberlike network with temporary junction points. The total internal stress in an oriented glassy polymer may be significantly larger than the entropic stress. Experimental methods based on retractive force measurements, able to distinguish between internal stresses of different nature, are described. In uni‐ and biaxially drawn films of polyethylene terephtalate preferred planar orientation of (100) planes has been studied by means of X‐ray diffraction and measurement of the three principal refractive indices. The intrinsic birefringence of completely oriented PET films has been estimated from these measurements with the aid of the Lorentz‐Lorenz theory. The effect of draw ratio and temperature on the rate of crystallization and its consequences (increase of stretching stress and density, decrease of shrinkage) has also been studied. Finally, the effect of molecular orientation on various mechanical properties: modulus, tensile strength, impact resistance, creep compliance, is discussed for both amorphous and semicrystalline polymers, with special emphasis on the predominant influence of amorphous phase orientation.
A simple and efficient micrografting method for stably transformed Nicotiana attenuata plants to examine shoot-root signaling (2011)

To adjust their development to the environment, plants rely on specific signals that travel from shoot to root and vice versa. Here we describe an efficient micrografting protocol for Nicotiana attenuata, a useful tool for identifying these signals and understanding their functions. Additionally we analyzed transcript accumulation profiles of scions and rootstocks of grafts performed with wild-type and stably transformed N. attenuata. Our results are consistent with the source-to-sink movement of an sRNA silencing signal.
Enhancing forensic science with spectroscopic imaging (2006)

This presentation outlines the research we are developing in the area of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging with the focus on materials of forensic interest. FTIR spectroscopic imaging has recently emerged as a powerful tool for characterisation of heterogeneous materials. FTIR imaging relies on the ability of the military-developed infrared array detector to simultaneously measure spectra from thousands of different locations in a sample. Recently developed application of FTIR imaging using an ATR (Attenuated Total Reflection) mode has demonstrated the ability of this method to achieve spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit of infrared light in air. Chemical visualisation with enhanced spatial resolution in micro-ATR mode broadens the range of materials studied with FTIR imaging with applications to pharmaceutical formulations or biological samples. Macro-ATR imaging has also been developed for chemical imaging analysis of large surface area samples and was applied to analyse the surface of human skin (e.g. finger), counterfeit tablets, textile materials (clothing), etc. This approach demonstrated the ability of this imaging method to detect trace materials attached to the surface of the skin. This may also prove as a valuable tool in detection of traces of explosives left or trapped on the surfaces of different materials. This FTIR imaging method is substantially superior to many of the other imaging methods due to inherent chemical specificity of infrared spectroscopy and fast acquisition times of this technique. Our preliminary data demonstrated that this methodology will provide the means to non-destructive detection method that could relate evidence to its source. This will be important in a wider crime prevention programme. In summary, intrinsic chemical specificity and enhanced visualising capability of FTIR spectroscopic imaging open a window of opportunities for counter-terrorism and crime-fighting, with applications ranging from analysis of trace evidence (e.g. in soil), tablets, drugs, fibres, tape explosives, biological samples to detection of gunshot residues and imaging of fingerprints.
Vitamin D receptor expression in colorectal cancer. (1999)

Colorectal cancer tissue expresses the nuclear vitamin D receptor and this could act as a potential therapeutic target for synthetic vitamin D3 differentiating agents.
Study of Solar Corona in China (2006)

Considerable progress for the study of solar corona physics has been achieved by China's space physics community. It involves the theoretical study of coronal process of solar active phenomena, solar wind origin, acceleration of solar wind and coronal mass ejections, observational and numerical study of these problems and prediction methods of solar eruptive activities (such as flares/CMEs). Here is a brief summary of the progress in this area. Main progress is put upon the following three topics: corona and solar wind, numerical method, prediction method.
Neural Networks for Molecular Sequence Classification (1994)

A neural network classification method has been developed as an alternative approach to the search/organization problem of large molecular databases. Two artificial neural systems have been implemented on a Cray supercomputer for rapid protein/nucleic acid sequence classifications. The neural networks used are three-layered, feed-forward networks that employ back-propagation learning algorithm. The molecular sequences are encoded into neural input vectors by applying an n-gram hashing method or a SVD (singular value decomposition) method. Once trained with known sequences in the molecular databases, the neural system becomes an associative memory capable of classifying unknown sequences based on the class information embedded in its neural interconnections. The protein system, which classifies proteins into PIR (Protein Identification Resource) superfamilies, showed a 82% to a close to 100% sensitivity at a speed that is about an order of magnitude faster than other search methods. The pilot nucleic acid system, which classifies ribosomal RNA sequences according to phylogenetic groups, has achieved a 100% classification accuracy. The system could be used to reduce the database search time and help organize the molecular sequence databases. The tool is generally applicable to any databases that are organized according to family relationships.
STIMULATED BRILLOUIN SCATTERING IN LIQUIDS1 (1964)

Stimulated Brillouin scattering of intense laser light with build-up of coherent hypersonic waves in liquids