gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SPARCL: Efficient and Effective Shape-Based Clustering (2008)

Clustering is one of the fundamental data mining tasks. Many different clustering paradigms have been developed over the years, which include partitional, hierarchical, mixture model based, density-based, spectral, subspace, and so on. The focus of this paper is on full-dimensional, arbitrary shaped clusters. Existing methods for this problem suffer either in terms of the memory or time complexity (quadratic or even cubic). This shortcoming has restricted these algorithms to datasets of moderate sizes. In this paper we propose SPARCL, a simple and scalable algorithm for finding clusters with arbitrary shapes and sizes, and it has linear space and time complexity. SPARCL consists of two stages - the first stage runs a carefully initialized version of the K-means algorithm to generate many small seed clusters. The second stage iteratively merges the generated clusters to obtain the final shape-based clusters. Experiments were conducted on a variety of datasets to highlight the effectiveness, efficiency, and scalability of our approach. On the large datasets SPARCL is an order of magnitude faster than the best existing approaches.
Enantioselective Synthesis of the Originally Proposed Usneoidone Structure: Evidence for a Structural Revision. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Thermal conductivity of phase-change material Ge2Sb2Te5 (2006)

The thermal conductivity of thin films of the phase-change material Ge2Sb2Te5 is measured in the temperature range of 27°C&lt;T&lt;400°C using time-domain thermoreflectance. From the low thermal conductivity of amorphous phase, the conductivity increases irreversibly with increasing temperature and undergoes large changes with phase transformations. Thermal transport in the amorphous and early cubic phases can be described by a random walk of vibrational energy, i.e., the minimum thermal conductivity. In the hexagonal phase, the electronic contribution to the thermal conductivity is larger than the lattice contribution. Crystallization by laser processing produces a cubic phase with a lower thermal conductivity than cubic phases produced by thermal annealing; the authors attribute this difference in conductivity to a larger degree of atomic-scale disorder in films that are crystallized on short time scales.
Controversies in the therapy of Parkinson's disease. (1996)

Only by adequate controlled studies can we be certain of the value of the different therapeutic choices available for the treatment of patients with PD. What may look favorable on preliminary open-label trials may not be confirmed on more rigorous controlled, randomized trials. This appears to be the case when reviewing the evidence for using dopamine agonists in early PD. Patients and clinicians await the results of the large double-blind, multicenter trial that compared bromocriptine alone, L-DOPA alone, and the two drugs in combination. Similarly, we await the results of a large multicenter, controlled trial comparing standard Sinemet and Sinemet CR in de novo patients with Parkinson's disease. The DATATOP study provided proof that selegiline can delay the need for L-DOPA, but it also showed for the first time that this drug has symptomatic effects in early PD. DATATOP failed to find conclusively a protective effect from selegiline. The long-running controversy whether L-DOPA is the culprit or the bystander in producing motor response fluctuations and the more recent concern as to whether it can hasten the progression of PD by producing increasing oxidative stress need to be answered; a prospective, controlled clinical trial might be able to provide these answers.
Latexes of Flame-Retardant Polymers (1975)

Abstract Because this paper reviews latexes of flame-retardant polymers, it will be useful to examine some colloidal and compositional characteristics of latexes in order to understand how they function in flame-retardant applications.
Identification of the genomic locations of duplicate nucleotide sequences in maize by analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms. (1988)

While preparing a linkage map for maize based upon loci detected through the use of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), it was found that 62 of the 217 cloned maize sequences tested (29%) detected more than one fragment on genomic Southern blots. Thus, more than one nucleotide sequence is present within the maize genome which is in part homologous to each of these cloned sequences. The genomic locations of these ;;duplicate'' sequences were determined and it was found that they usually originated from different chromosomes. The process which produced them did not operate randomly as some pairs of chromosomes share many duplicate sequences while many other pairs share none. Furthermore, these shared duplicate sequences are generally arrayed in an ordered arrangement along these chromosomes. It is believed that chromosomal segments which contain several duplicate loci in a generally ordered arrangement must have had a common origin. The presence of these duplicated segments supports the idea that allopolyploidy may have been involved in the evolution of maize. Nevertheless, the duplicate loci do not primarily involve five pairs of chromosomes and thus, five pairs of homeologous chromosomes are not currently present within the maize genome. The data clearly indicate that maize is not a recent allotetraploid produced by hybridization between two individuals with similar genomic structures; however, the data are also consistent with the possibility of these shared duplicate chromosomal segments having been generated through internal duplication.
A `concentration-wave' approach to understanding the disorder diffuse scattering in 1,3-dibromo-2,5-diethyl-4,6-dimethylbenzene, C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>16</sub>Br<sub>2</sub> (1990)

The origins of an unusual diffraction phenomenon which occurs in 1,3-dibromo-2,5-diethyl-4,6dimethylbenzene are discussed. A distinct 'hole' is observed in the disorder diffuse scattering distribution at wavevectors close to q = 0. If the diffuse intensity distribution is described in terms of concentration waves which modulate an average P2~/c structure, two different types of mode are possible, a 2;~ mode which tends to preserve a 21-screw axis relationship between neighbouring molecules and a -~2 mode which tends to preserve a c-glide plane relationship. We show that the observed diffuse scattering is practically completely explained in terms of modulations which are of the 2~2 symmetry, even though the determined average crystal structure (space group P21) corresponds to a frozen-in 21 mode. We conclude that the short-range order, which tends locally to preserve the c-glide plane, is due to dipole-dipole interactions between molecules, while the stability of the lattice over a long range (corresponding to wavevectors close to q = 0) results from the ability of the molecules to form a closely packed structure in three different crystallographic planes, and this is governed by the short-range repulsive interactions. The 'hole' represents a range of wavevectors for which the strain from the packing forces, resulting from the local breaking of the P21 symmetry, outweighs the energy gained from the short-range ordering of the molecular dipoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanoparticle Formulations in Pulmonary Drug Delivery (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Gas Penetration into Deeper Strata in Aquifer Storage (1969)

Abstract In the development of aquifer storage much has been learned of the behavior and movement of gas when in contact with water under a pressure differential. This paper shows through observation that gas can penetrate deeper into the reservoir than penetrate deeper into the reservoir than anticipated in any one of three ways. First, as a gas wafer early in the gas injection cycle before gravity affects balance pressure effects. Second, vertically into deeper layers through some permeability and lithologic path which permeability and lithologic path which appears to be an easier way to move water through the injection strata itself. Third, downstructure below the expected gas bubble horizon because of higher permeability in that direction and variations permeability in that direction and variations in the reservoir characteristics. Examples for each type of deeper gas penetration was presented along with penetration was presented along with various illustrations and explanations as to their causes. This behavior of the gas-water system reveals the nature and character of the reservoir stratum. Although this paper only gives a comprehension of the reasons for gas penetrating into deeper layers it recognizes that calculations for various models could be made to give quantitative answers. These calculations would predict the degree of gas penetration into deeper layers when the penetration into deeper layers when the horizontal and vertical permeabilities of the layers are known. Introduction One is reluctant to accept the concept that gas goes downhill on occasions but this is what appears to happen in aquifer storage under certain circumstances. Three types of gas penetration deeper into the reservoir than one would expect, will be described for aquifer storage operations. The first is a movement of the gas wafer during the initial injection operation before gravity effects have a chance to balance pressure effects. The second is the penetration of gas into layers deeper than the injection strata through some permeability path which appears to be an easier way to move water than through the injection strata itself. The third is the movement of gas off-structure below the expected storage horizon apparently because of permeability stratification and continued pressurization of water in a given direction.
Einfluß der Versuchsbedingungen bei der Stirnabschreckprüfung von Stählen (1951)

Untersuchungen an den Stählen 50 CrV 4, 37 MnSi 5, CK 45, CK 56 und C 70 über den Einfluß der Versuchsbedingungen bei der Stirnabschreckprüfung. Geänderte Versuchsbedingungen: 1. Düsenabstand, Düsendurchmesser, Wassertemperatur, Gasgehalt des Wassers; 2. Probenlänge, Probendurchmesser; Probenahme. 3. Vorbehandlungszusland, Anwärm- und Haltedauer, Härtetemperatur, Zustand der Oberfläche. Änderungen innerhalb der Richtlinien des VDEh gewährleisten einen Streubereich der Stirnabschreck-Härtekurven von ± 1,5 HRc.
Recovery of Phenanthrene-Degrading Bacteria after Simulated in Situ Persulfate Oxidation in Contaminated Soil (2010)

A continuous-flow column study was conducted to investigate the long-term effects of persulfate oxidation on the abundance and activity of the indigenous microbial community and phenanthrene-degrading bacteria in contaminated soil from a former manufactured gas plant (MGP) site. Approximately six pore volumes of a 20 g/L persulfate solution were introduced into the column, followed by simulated groundwater for 500 days. Soil samples were collected from the surface of the soil bed and along the column length immediately before and after persulfate injection and up to 500 days following injection. Exposure to persulfate led to a 2- to 3-log reduction in total bacterial 16S rRNA genes, severe inhibition of (14)C-acetate mineralization (as a measure of general microbial activity), and a decrease in community diversity. However, relatively rapid recovery of both bacterial gene abundance and activity was observed within 30 days after persulfate exposure. Mineralization of (14)C-phenanthrene was also inhibited but did not recover until 100 days postoxidation. Known phenanthrene-degrading bacterial groups decreased to below detection limits throughout the column, with recovery times from 100 to 500 days after persulfate injection. These findings suggest that coupling biological processes with persulfate oxidation is possible, although recovery of specific contaminant degraders may occur much later than the general microbial community recovers. Furthermore, the use of total bacterial quantity or nonspecific measures of activity as a surrogate for the recovery of contaminant degraders may be inappropriate for evaluating the compatibility of chemical treatment with subsequent bioremediation.
Induction of specific T-cell responses in HIV infection (1998)

Since potent HIV protease inhibitor drugs became widely available in early 1996, many HIV clinical specialists have noted a marked decrease in the occurrence of AIDS-related opportunistic infections, and some specialists have reported unusual clinical presentations and manifestations of previously common opportunistic infections. In this article, we will review (1) the available data regarding recent trends in AIDS-related opportunistic infections incidence and manifestations, (2) clinical and immunologic evidence that potent combination antiretroviral therapy can alter the natural history of these opportunistic infections, and (3) the implications of these findings for current patient management practice and future clinical and immunologic research. As a preface to this review, however, it is important to acknowledge that any evaluation of the potential benefit of potent combination antiretroviral therapy in reducing the risk of serious opportunistic infections can be confounded by the concomitant use of prophylactic antimicrobial agents co-administered to prevent specific opportunistic infections. For example, it is standard clinical practice to administer trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (or another agent if trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole cannot be tolerated) to patients with an absolute CD4 lymphocyte count < 200 cells/microliters, unexplained chronic fever or a history of oropharyngeal candidiasis. Similarly, specific antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection in patients with absolute CD4 counts < 50 cells/microliters is also a widely recommended guideline. Although the relative efficacies of specific antimicrobial prophylaxis regimens in preventing the most common life- and sight-threatening opportunistic infectious complications of AIDS [Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), disseminated MAC infection, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis] are now well established, these relative efficacies were established in the era before potent combination antiretroviral therapies became available and may not be generalizable to the current era. Nevertheless, for perspective, the reported efficacies of prophylaxis for PCP, disseminated MAC infection, and CMV end-organ disease are summarized in Table 1.
New York City Police Department Automated Fuel Monitoring system. Volume II. Documentation report. Technical report (1981)

The New York City Police Department (NYCPD) Automated Fuel Monitoring system is briefly described from the original study, through system design, to implementation. The system provides complete control of fuel usage for an agency with 4,000 motor vehicles and 25,000 vehicle operators. As far as is known, it is the largest system of its kind installed to date. The system can be scaled up or down to meet the needs of other governmental units. Estimated annual cost savings to NYCPD are $2,000,000.
A carbon 13‐NMR assignment study of a series of oxetanes derived from carbonyl compounds and furan and thiophene derivatives (1982)

Abstract The assignment of the carbon‐13 nmr resonances of a series of oxetanes derived from the photoaddition of benzophenone and 2‐naphthaldehyde to furan and some of its methyl derivatives and of benzophenone to 2,5‐dimethylthiophene has been made. The assignments were made by chemical shift arguments, by the use of C‐13 labelling when required and different decoupling techniques. This information may be useful in the identification of new compounds with analogous carbon skeleton.
Extreme Position Dependence of a Canonical Hormone Response Element (1998)

Hormone response elements (HREs) are considered enhancers, activating transcription in a relatively position- and orientation-independent fashion. Upon binding to an HRE, steroid receptors presumably contact coactivators and/or proteins associated with the transcription initiation complex. As a receptor target site is moved further from a fixed position such as the TATA box, not only will the spatial separation of the receptor with respect to its interaction partners change, so will the orientation due to the rotation of the DNA helix. Additional constraints may be imposed by the assembly of DNA into chromatin. Therefore, we have endeavored to test rigorously the assertion that HRE action is position independent. We have constructed a series of 42 chloramphenicol acetyltransferase expression vectors that contain a single progesterone/glucocorticoid receptor-binding site separated from a TATA box by 4 to 286 bp. The enhancer activity of the HRE was assessed after transient transfection of progesterone receptor-expressing fibroblasts. We find that the position of the HRE has a dramatic influence on induction by progestins. When closely juxtaposed to the TATA box, the HRE was unable to support a hormone response, perhaps due to direct steric hindrance with the transcription initiation complex. Full activity was gained by moving the HRE 10 bp further from the TATA sequence. As the HRE was moved incrementally further, activity remained near maximal over the next 26 bp. HRE activity then declined over the subsequent 26 bp and remained low for another 2.5 helical turns. Surprisingly, a narrow window of HRE activity occurred at an HRE-TATA box separation of 90-100 bp. Little or no hormone-induced transcriptional activity was observed when the HRE was positioned further from the TATA box. The addition of a second HRE or a basal (nuclear factor-1) element failed to relieve this constraint. A similar series of experiments was carried out in a mammary carcinoma cell line that expressed high levels of both glucocorticoid and progestin receptors. Data in these cells indicate that glucocorticoids and progestins supported a similar HRE position-activity profile, but this pattern of HRE activity was quite distinct from that seen in fibroblasts. This may be indicative of cell type-specific interactions between steroid receptors and adapter/coactivator proteins or cell type-specific activities such as acetylases or deacetylases participating in the steroid response.
Enzymatic synthesis of carbon‐11 <i>N</i>‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine (1990)

Abstract An enzymatic synthesis of [ 11 C] N ‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine is described. 11 CO 2 is reacted with methylmagnesium bromide to form [1‐ 11 C]acetate. The latter is converted to [ 11 C]acetylcoenzyme A by passage over an enzyme reactor containing immobilized acetylcoenzyme A synthetase (Acetate: CoA ligase (AMP forming); EC 6.2.1.1). [ 11 C]Acetylcoenzyme A is purified on‐line and concentrated on an anionexchange column. Elution is achieved with 1.5 M glucosamine HCl pH 8.0 and the [ 11 C]acetylcoenzyme A fraction is collected in an ultrafiltration cell containing the enzyme glucosamine N ‐acetyltransferase (acetylcoenzyme A: 2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose N ‐acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.3).
THE SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE PROOF AND AROMATIZATION OF 2-KETO-3-CARBOXY-10-METHYL-Δ<sup>1:9, 3:4_</sup> HEXAHYDRONAPHTHALENE<sup>1, 2</sup> (1954)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE PROOF AND AROMATIZATION OF 2-KETO-3-CARBOXY-10-METHYL-Δ1:9, 3:4_ HEXAHYDRONAPHTHALENE1, 2ANDRE S. DREIDING and ARTHUR J. TOMASEWSKICite this: J. Org. Chem. 1954, 19, 2, 241–254Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1954https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01367a011https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01367a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views69Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
APPLICATION OF ANTIOXIDANTS DURING SHORT‐PATH DISTILLATION OF STRUCTURED LIPIDS (2007)

ABSTRACT A specific structured lipid was produced from sunflower oil and caprylic acid. The antioxidative effect of adding α‐tocopherol, ascorbyl palmitate or citric acid (each in three different concentrations) was investigated before and after the purification process (short‐path distillation), and was compared with a control without addition of antioxidant. The oxidative status and stability were characterized by peroxide and anisidine values, secondary volatile oxidation products and induction period. The antioxidants affected the oxidative status compared with the control: citric acid was prooxidative at low concentrations, but antioxidative at high concentrations. Addition of ascorbyl palmitate had an antioxidative effect at all concentrations employed. α‐Tocopherol showed less antioxidative activity compared with ascorbyl palmitate and citric acid, and its efficacy was slightly decreased with increasing concentration. Combinations of citric acid with ascorbyl palmitate were tested in a later part of the study. No additive or synergistic effect was found between citric acid and ascorbyl palmitate. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Production of structured lipids (SLs) provides unique possibilities to design fats that can meet specific nutritional requirements. The desirednutritional quality of the lipid may be negatively influenced by production parameters, e.g., due to oxidation. Addition of antioxidants before purification of the lipid, as described in the present article, can improve the oxidative status of the final product compared with a product devoid of added antioxidants. This is also known from the deodorization process. The storage stability of the SL and its nutritional quality is therefore expected to be considerably improved compared with a lipid to which no antioxidant is added.