gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of modes in coaxial vircator (2006)

Modes' character of high-power microwave (HPM) pulses generated in coaxial vircator is discussed. The electromagnetic (EM) field gains due to beam-wave interaction for TM/sub 01/ and TE/sub 11/ modes are derived according to the E-field distribution pattern inside the anode cavity. Two-and-a-half dimensional (2.5-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) computer simulations are carried out to determine the main mode under different numerical simulation coordinate systems. Finally, the experimental verification is obtained by two different diagnostic methods. The results indicate that for most cases, the TE/sub 11/ mode dominates the output power in the coaxial vircator studied.
Hollow needle-to-plate electrical discharge at atmospheric pressure (1999)

Ecological applications dealing with the cleaning of flue gases, the decomposition of volatile hydrocarbons and the destruction of toxic pollutants require, in order to reach high efficiency, the use of non-thermal plasma sources. Typical sources of such non-equilibrium plasmas are barrier discharge, direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC) gliding arc, pulsed or DC corona and DC atmospheric pressure discharge stabilized by a fast gas flow (APD-GFS). In case of APD-GFS the gas flows in a rectangular channel, the top wall of which serves as the anode and the multi-needle cathode is built into the bottom wall of the channel. In order to prevent the transition to a spark and to stabilize this type of discharge the velocity of the gas should be about 100-200 m s-1 or the discharge current must be limited. To avoid the problem connected with the acceleration of the primary (polluted) gas at such a velocity, the external flow of the primary gas around the needle electrodes can be superimposed by a flow of a secondary gas through the needles. Thus the primary gas need not be accelerated to high velocity and in order to stabilize the discharge a relatively small amount of a secondary gas supplied through the needle is required. This work is therefore focused on the study of the DC APD-GFS in hollow needle-to-plane geometry. The basic electrical characteristics, magnetic noise and integral emission spectra of this type discharge with the flow of nitrogen or air through the needle are given.
Multiple adaptive mechanisms affect asparagine synthetase substrate availability in asparaginase-resistant MOLT-4 human leukaemia cells (2001)

Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is treated by combination chemotherapy with a number of drugs, almost always including the enzyme l-asparaginase (ASNase). Although the initial remission rate is quite high, relapse and associated drug resistance remain a problem. In vitro studies have demonstrated an adaptive increase in asparagine synthetase (AS) expression in ASNase-resistant cells, which is believed to permit ASNase-resistant human leukaemia cells to survive in vivo. The present results, obtained with ASNase-sensitive and -resistant human MOLT-4 leukaemia cell lines, illustrate that several other adaptive processes occur to provide sufficient amounts of the AS substrates, aspartate and glutamine, required to support this increased enzymic activity. In both cell populations, aspartate is derived almost exclusively from intracellular sources, whereas the necessary glutamine arises from both intracellular and extracellular sources. Transport of glutamine into ASNase-resistant cells is significantly enhanced compared with the parental cells, whereas amino acid efflux (e.g. asparagine) is reduced. Most of the adaptive change for the amino acid transporters, Systems A, ASC and L, is rapidly (12h) reversed following ASNase removal. The enzymic activity of glutamine synthetase is also enhanced in ASNase-resistant cells by a post-transcriptional mechanism. The results demonstrate that there are several sites of metabolic adaptation in ASNase-treated leukaemia cells that serve to promote the replenishment of both glutamine and asparagine.
Active Site Residues of Cephalosporin Acylase Are Critical Not Only for Enzymatic Catalysis but Also for Post-translational Modification (2001)

Cephalosporin acylase (CA) is a recently identified N-terminal hydrolase. It is also a commercially important enzyme in producing 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), a backbone chemical in synthesizing semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotics. CA is translated as an inactive single chain precursor, being post-translationally modified into an active enzyme. The post-translational modification takes place in two steps. The first intramolecular autocatalytic proteolysis takes place at one end of the spacer peptide by a nucleophilic Ser or Thr, which in turn becomes a new N-terminal Ser or Thr. The second intermolecular modification cleaves off the other end of the spacer peptide by another CA. Two binary structures in complex with glutaryl-7-ACA (the most favored substrate of CAs) and glutarate (side chain of glutaryl-7-ACA) were determined, and they revealed the detailed interactions of glutaryl-7-ACA with the active site residues (Y. Kim and W. G. J. Hol (2001) Chem. Biol., in press). In this report: 1) we have mutated key active site residues into nonfunctional amino acids, and their roles in catalysis were further analyzed; 2) we performed mutagenesis studies indicating that secondary intermolecular modification is carried out in the same active site where deacylation reaction of CA occurs; and 3) the cleavage site of secondary intermolecular modification by another CA was identified in the spacer peptide using mutational analysis. Finally, a schematic model for intermolecular cleavage of CA is proposed.
Up-regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in psoriatic lesions. (1999)

Over-expression of PI 3-kinase may be related to the hyperproliferation of psoriatic keratinocytes. Transfection of the anti-sense gene of PI 3-kinase into psoriatic keratinocytes might be a best way to elucidate the issue.
Dynamic Potassium Channel Distributions during Axonal Development Prevent Aberrant Firing Patterns (1999)

The distribution and function of Shaker-related K+ channels were studied with immunofluorescence and electrophysiology in sciatic nerves of developing rats. At nodes of Ranvier, Na+ channel clustering occurred very early (postnatal days 1-3). Although K+ channels were not yet segregated at most of these sites, they were directly involved in action potential generation, reducing duration, and the refractory period. At approximately 1 week, K+ channel clusters were first seen but were within the nodal gap and in paranodes, and only later (weeks 2-4) were they shifted to juxtaparanodal regions. K+ channel function was most dramatic during this transition period, with block producing repetitive firing in response to single stimuli. As K+ channels were increasingly sequestered in juxtaparanodes, conduction became progressively insensitive to K+ channel block. Over the first 3 weeks, K+ channel clustering was often asymmetric, with channels exclusively in the distal paranode in approximately 40% of cases. A computational model suggested a mechanism for the firing patterns observed, and the results provide a role for K+ channels in the prevention of aberrant excitation as myelination proceeds during development.
General and Versatile Approach to the Synthesis of Optically Active 5- Alkylpiperazine-2-carboxylic Acids (1994)

General and convenient syntheses of optically active 5-alkylpiperazine-2-carboxylic acids are described. The methods are based on cyclization of L- or D-serine with α-amino acids and occur without loss of optical purity. The presented procedures are based on readily available starting materials and can be arranged for multigram quantities.
The Garrett Lee Smith Memorial Suicide Prevention Program (2010)

In response to calls for greater efforts to reduce youth suicide, the Garrett Lee Smith (GLS) Memorial Act has provided funding for 68 state, territory, and tribal community grants, and 74 college campus grants for suicide prevention efforts. Suicide prevention activities supported by GLS grantees have included education, training programs (including gatekeeper training), screening activities, infrastructure for improved linkages to services, crisis hotlines, and community partnerships. Through participation in both local- and cross-site evaluations, GLS grantees are generating data regarding the local context, proximal outcomes, and implementation of programs, as well as opportunities for improvement of suicide prevention efforts.
Nature of the Inactivating Action of Trypsin on Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (1967)

Microbiology Society journals contain high-quality research papers and topical review articles. We are a not-for-profit publisher and we support and invest in the microbiology community, to the benefit of everyone. This supports our principal goal to develop, expand and strengthen the networks available to our members so that they can generate new knowledge about microbes and ensure that it is shared with other communities.
OrganicPad: an interactive freehand drawing application for drawing Lewis structures and the development of skills in organic chemistry (2009)

Lewis structures are important for learning chemistry as they serve as an essential link between the structure of chemical compounds and their function. Unfortunately, the creation of valid Lewis structures remains an elusive goal for many students. In recent years, several web-based programs have been created that allow students to receive immediate feedback on the structures that they draw; however, the interface in most of these programs is not naturalistic, and there is a significant learning curve for students. This article describes the development, features, and pilot testing of OrganicPad, an innovative and user-friendly program that has been designed to allow students to draw Lewis structures by using the natural user interface of a Tablet PC.
Bypassing omega network for high speed packet switching (1996)

A highly regular switching network consisting of several switching stages for output buffering is proposed. Each switching element performs 3 × 3 switching and has a tail-spared buffer for each input port. According to the performance evaluation of the proposed switching network based on computer simulation, a packet loss ratio of 10–8 was obtained for a 1024 × 1024 switching network consisting of 15 stages with the Bernoulli traffic source when the size of tail-spared buffer is 8 and the input traffic load is 0.9.
Ru(iv)-catalyzed isomerization of allylamines in water: A highly efficient procedure for the deprotection of N-allylic amines (2005)

A general and efficient method for the deprotection of N-allylic substrates in aqueous media, using catalytic amounts of the bis(allyl)-ruthenium(IV) complexes [Ru(eta3:eta2:eta3-C12H18)Cl2] and [{Ru(eta3:eta3-C10H16)(micro-Cl)Cl}2], has been developed.
Voxel-based mouse and rat models for internal dose calculations. (2006)

The AFs calculated in this study will be useful in determining the dose to organs for mice and rats similar in size to those studied here. The segmented, voxel-based models developed here can be used for external dose calculations as well.
Antiepileptic Drugs: How They Work in Headache (2001)

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are promising agents for the prevention of migraine and other head pain. Migraine and epilepsy share several clinical features and respond to many of the same pharmacologic agents, suggesting that similar mechanisms may be involved in their pathophysiology. The mechanisms of action of AEDs are not fully understood, and a single drug may have more than one mechanism, both in epilepsy and in migraine. Valproate, topiramate, and gabapentin are likely to affect nociception by modulating gamma-aminobutyric acid- (GABA-) and/or glutamate-mediated neurotransmission. All three AEDs enhance GABA-mediated inhibition. Valproate and gabapentin interfere with GABA metabolism to prevent its ultimate conversion to succinate, and topiramate potentiates GABA-mediated inhibition by facilitating the action of GABA receptors. In addition, topiramate acts directly on non-N-methyl-D-aspartate, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid/kainate glutamate receptors. Valproate, topiramate, and possibly gabapentin inhibit sodium ion channels. All three drugs modulate calcium ion channel activity. Valproate blocks T-type calcium ion channels; topiramate inhibits high-voltage-activated L-type calcium ion channels; and gabapentin binds to the alpha2delta subunit of L-type calcium ion channels. AEDs may be useful in migraine prevention through such mechanisms as modulating the biochemical phenomena of aura or acting directly on the nociceptive system. Further evaluations of AEDs in migraine models will provide a better understanding of the pathophysiology and prevention of migraine.
<title>Optical Coatings By Conveyorized Atmospheric Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)</title> (1982)

Thin films. We're considering their importance and use in great quantity. But how do you get thin films?- especially in great quantity, big sizes, high quality and still cheap? "Thin" , where coatings are concerned is often defined as less than one mil or sg. "Thick" films are more than a mil or so. For optical coatings we're often in the tenth micron (1000 A, 0.004 mil) range or less.
Improving dementia treatment in care homes (2009)

My colleagues and I read with interest the news item highlighting the shocking findings of the report Remember, I’m Still Me (Trueland 2009). We welcomed June Andrews’s recognition of the need for liaison nurse support in helping to improve standards in care homes.
Cranial strength in relation to estimated biting forces in some mammals (1991)

The mammalian skull has proven to be remarkably plastic during ontogeny and phylogeny in response to the demands of mastication. I examine whether the bending strength of the skull in some mammals correlates with the maximal loads imposed through the masticatory apparatus. The approach is analytical, using the methods of beam theory. Cranial strength is estimated from the second moment of area and other geometrical measurements made from 20–30 transverse CT scans through the skulls of 20 opossums (Didelphis virginiana), and through single skulls of five felid and five canid genera of different sizes. Maximal biting forces were first estimated from areas on the dried skulls bounding the spaces filled in life by the jaw-adducting muscles. These estimates were then adjusted with reference to forces recorded in vivo or, for other specimens, to estimates based on dissections of the jaw muscles. Stress distribution in the face, and peak stresses, were calculated for each animal. Stress levels are low (5–35 MPa) compared with peak stresses in limb bones (40–100 MPa), which correlates with the lower in vivo strains in cranial bones reported in the literature. Stress estimates are in a range that is plausible, which supports the validity of the procedure. Patterns of stress distribution along the face are comparable within each group of animals. Peak stress is independent of size for the carnivorans, but decreases with increasing skull length in D. virginiana. High bending strength of the skull is a consequence of cranial form in mammals; having to enclose the brain, for example, increases the bending strength of the skull. Furthermore, factors such as stiffness or shear and torsional strength may be more important than bending strength. However, bending stress levels appear to be closely regulated, as in other bones that have been studied. The threshold for optimising bending strength and weight is simply at a different level.
弥漫性肺泡出血与系统性红斑狼疮——临床表现,组织学,存活及预后 (1998)

弥漫性肺泡出血９ＤＡＨ）并发系统性红瘢狼疮（ＳＬＥ）仍然是这一系统性疾病的摧残性的肺部并发症，我们通过本研究观察ＤＡＨ合并ＳＬＥ患者的临床病理表现和既往治疗，感染的存在以及当前治疗对其生存和预后的影响。我们复习了同一所三级医院１０年期间收治的１５例患者１９例次ＤＡＨ发作的病例记录，并将这些病例与以前报道的５７例患者进行了对比研究。
Applying Hash Filters to Improving the Execution of Bushy Trees (1993)

In this paper, we explore an approach of interleaving a bushy execution tree with hash filters to improve the execution of multi-join queries. The effect of hash filters is evaluated first. Then, an efficient scheme to determine an effective sequence of hash filters for a bushy execution tree is developed, where hash filters are built and applied based on the join sequence specified in the bushy tree so that not only is the reduction effect optimized but also the cost associated is minimized. Various schemes using hash filters are implemented and evaluated via simulation. It is experimentally shown that the application of hash filters is in general a very powerful means to improve the execution of multi-join queries, and the improvement becomes more prominent as the number of relations in a query increases. 1 Introduction In relational database systems, joins are the most expensive operations to execute. Applications involving decision support and complex objects usually have to speci...
Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes,, (2002)

The possibility that high, long-term intake of carbohydrates that are rapidly absorbed as glucose may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes has been a long-standing controversy. Two main mechanisms have been hypothesized, one mediated by increases in insulin resistance and the other by pancreatic exhaustion as a result of the increased demand for insulin. During the past decade, several lines of evidence have collectively provided strong support for a relation between such diets and diabetes incidence. In animals and in short-term human studies, a high intake of carbohydrates with a high glycemic index (a relative measure of the incremental glucose response per gram of carbohydrate) produced greater insulin resistance than did the intake of low-glycemic-index carbohydrates. In large prospective epidemiologic studies, both the glycemic index and the glycemic load (the glycemic index multiplied by the amount of carbohydrate) of the overall diet have been associated with a greater risk of type 2 diabetes in both men and women. Conversely, a higher intake of cereal fiber has been consistently associated with lower diabetes risk. In diabetic patients, evidence from medium-term studies suggests that replacing high-glycemic-index carbohydrates with a low-glycemic-index forms will improve glycemic control and, among persons treated with insulin, will reduce hypoglycemic episodes. These dietary changes, which can be made by replacing products made with white flour and potatoes with whole-grain, minimally refined cereal products, have also been associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and can be an appropriate component of recommendations for an overall healthy diet.
An Approach to Using Recombinant Erythropoietin for Neuroprotection in Very Preterm Infants (2008)

No significant adverse effects of early high-dose recombinant human erythropoietin treatment in very preterm infants were identified. These results enable us to embark on a large multicenter trial with the aim of determining whether early high-dose administration of recombinant human erythropoietin to very preterm infants improves neurodevelopmental outcome at 24 months' and 5 years' corrected age.
Targeting arginase and nitric oxide metabolism in chronic airway diseases and their co-morbidities (2018)

In the airways, arginase and NOS compete for the common substrate l-arginine. In chronic airway diseases, such as asthma and COPD, elevated arginase expression contributes to airway contractility, hyperresponsiveness, inflammation and remodeling. The disrupted l-arginine homeostasis, through changes in arginase and NOS expression and activity, does not only play a central role in the development of various airways diseases such as asthma or COPD. It possibly also affects l-arginine homeostasis throughout the body contributing to the emergence of co-morbidities. This review focusses on the role of arginase, NOS and ADMA in co-morbidities of asthma and COPD and speculates on their possible connection.
Heat‐Shock Protein Synthesis and Accumulation in Diploid Wheat (1990)

Plants synthesize a set of proteins, called heat‐shock proteins (HSPs) under high‐temperature stress. These proteins may play a role in the genetic control of thermal tolerance in plants. The objective of this study was to determine if genotypic differences exist in the synthesis and accumulation of HSPs in diploid wheat Triticum monococcum L. Plants of three T. monococcum accessions were heat shocked at 37 °C in a controlled condition for 1 h and HSPs were labeled in vivo with 35 S‐methionine for 3 h. Analysis of HSPs separated by two‐dimensional (2‐D) gel electrophoresis showed qualitative and quantitative diversity of HSP synthesis in T. monococcum . In order to study HSP accumulation, plants were heat shocked at 37 °C for 8 h and 2‐D separated HSPs were visualized by silver staining. Both qualitative and quantitative diversity of HSP accumulation was observed. Optical density (visible light) of 34 HSPs ranged from 0.33 to 44.64 on silver‐stained gels and from 0.21 to 37.64 on labeled gels. Heat‐shock proteins unique to individual accessions were identified. The identification of genetic variability in HSP synthesis within diploid wheat provides a useful tool for genetic and physiological studies of the role of HSPs in higher plants.
Steam refining (1976)

Abstract Steam refining of fatty oils to reduce the partially high free fatty acid content of certain crude oils before conventional refining has been practiced in Europe for many years. Intensive laboratory testing indicated that crude palm oil could be pretreated to remove trace metals and certain heat resistant organic compounds. This pretreated oil could then be steam refined and simultaneously steam deodorized to produce a high quality finished edible oil. Analytical data on crude and finished oil quality and operating yields are presented to illustrate the steam refining/deodorization process. Laboratory results obtained by steam refining a variety of other oils also are presented.
KLF8 Promotes Temozolomide Resistance in Glioma Cells via β-Catenin Activation (2016)

Taken together, these data suggest that KLF8 modulates glioma cell resistance to TMZ via activation of β-catenin; therefore, therapies that inhibit KLF8 levels in glioma can enhance the efficacy of TMZ treatment.