gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemical Functionalization and Characterization of Cellulose Extracted from Wheat Straw Using Acid Hydrolysis Methodologies (2015)

The nonuniform distribution of cellulose into many composite materials is attributed to the hydrogen bonding observed by the three hydroxyl groups located on each glucose monomer. As an alternative, chemical functionalization is performed to disrupt the strong hydrogen bonding behavior without significant altering of the chemical structure or lowering of the thermal stability. In this report, we use wheat straw as the biomass source for the extraction of cellulose and, subsequently, chemical modification via the Albright-Goldman and Jones oxidation reactions. X-ray diffraction analyses reveal that upon oxidation a slight change in the cellulose polymorphic structure (CI to CII) can be observed when compared to its unmodified counterpart. Scanning electron microscopy analyses show that the oxidized cellulose structure exhibits fiber-like crystals with lengths and diameters on the micrometer scale. Thermal analyses (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis) show an increase in the thermal stability for the modified cellulose at extremely high temperatures (>300°C).
ChemInform Abstract: AZOMETHINE YLIDS, AZOMETHINE IMINES, AND IMINOPHOSPHORANES IN ORGANIC SYNTHESES (1973)

Abstract Die Herstellung von Azomethin‐yliden vom Typ (I), Azomethin‐iminen vom Typ (II) und Iminophosphoranen vom Typ (III) und ihre Verwendung in Cycloadditionen zur Synthese von Pyrrolen, Pyrrolinen, Pyrrol‐idinen, l,3a‐Diazapentalenen, Pyrazolen Pyrazolinen, Pyrazolidinen und ähnlichen Verbindungen werden in diesem Übersichtsartikel beschrieben.
[Induction of dendritic cells with multidrug resistance from K562/MDR1 cells]. (2011)

K562/MDR1 cells can be differentiated into DC with the presence of cytokines, the induced K562/MDR1-DC cells express high level of P-glycoprotein and acquire the multidrug resistance property.
Fair and dynamic proofs of retrievability (2011)

Cloud computing is getting increasingly popular, but has yet to be widely adopted arguably because there are many security and privacy problems that have not been adequately addressed. A specific problem encountered in the context of cloud storage, where clients outsource their data (files) to untrusted cloud storage servers, is to convince the clients that their data are kept intact at the storage servers. An important approach to achieve this goal is called Proof of Retrievability (POR), by which a storage server can convince a client --- via a concise proof --- that its data can be recovered. However, existing POR solutions can only deal with static data (i.e., data items must be fixed), and actually are not secure when used to deal with dynamic data (i.e., data items need be inserted, deleted, and modified). Motivated by the need to securely deal with dynamic data, we propose the first dynamic POR scheme for this purpose. Moreover, we introduce a new property, called fairness, which is necessary and also inherent to the setting of dynamic data because, without ensuring it, a dishonest client could legitimately accuse an honest cloud storage server of manipulating its data. Our solution is based on two new tools, one is an authenticated data structure we call range-based 2-3 trees (rb23Tree for short), and the other is an incremental signature scheme we call hash-compress-and-sign (HCS for short). These tools might be of independent value as well.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PERFORMANCE TEST CORRELATES OF PROLONGED,HIGH-INTENSITY, INTERMITTENT RUNNING PERFORMANCE IN MODERATELY TRAINED WOMEN TEAM SPORT ATHLETES (2007)

A large number of team sports require athletes to repeatedly produce maximal or near maximal sprint efforts of short duration interspersed with longer recovery periods of submaximal intensity. This type of team sport activity can be characterized as prolonged, high-intensity, intermittent running (PHIIR). The primary purpose of the present study was to determine the physiological factors that best relate to a generic PHIIR simulation that reflects team sport running activity. The second purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between common performance tests and the generic PHIIR simulation. Following a familiarization session, 16 moderately trained (VO2max = 40.0 +/- 4.3 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) women team sport athletes performed various physiological, anthropometrical, and performance tests and a 30-minute PHIIR sport simulation on a nonmotorized treadmill. The mean heart rate and blood lactate concentration during the PHIIR sport simulation were 164 +/- 6 b x min(-1) and 8.2 +/- 3.3 mmol x L(-1), respectively. Linear regression demonstrated significant relationships between the PHIIR sport simulation distance and running velocity attained at a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol x L(-1) (LT) (r = 0.77, p < 0.05), 5 x 6-second repeated cycle sprint work (r = 0.56, p < 0.05), 30-second Wingate test (r = 0.61, p < 0.05), peak aerobic running velocity (Vmax) (r = 0.69, p < 0.05), and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (Yo-Yo IR1) distance (r = 0.50, p < 0.05), respectively. These results indicate that an increased LT is associated with improved PHIIR performance and that PHIIR performance may be monitored by determining Yo-Yo IR1 performance, 5 x 6-second repeated sprint cycle test work, 30-second Wingate test performance, Vmax, or LT. We suggest that training programs should focus on improving both LT and Vmax for increasing PHIIR performance in moderately trained women. Future studies should examine optimal training methods for improving these capacities in team sport athletes.
Advances in the management of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (2009)

There has recently been a consensus document suggesting an evidence-based protocol for the management of DPNP and this report is highlighted.
Dual frequency millimeter wave monopulse antenna (1980)

A novel, dual frequency, monopulse antenna system capable of simultaneous reception and location of signals at 34 \pm2 GHz and 94 \pm2 GHz using monopulse techniques has been developed. The state-of-the-art components necessary to implement this concept include a dichroic cassegrain subreflector, 34 and 94 GHz monopulse comparators, and low noise mixers. This paper traces the procedures and theory used in the development of the antenna system and presents experimental data.
Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry of cadmium(II) with a rotating membrane-covered mercury film electrode (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDifferential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry of cadmium(II) with a rotating membrane-covered mercury film electrodeEdward E. Stewart and Ronald B. SmartCite this: Anal. Chem. 1984, 56, 7, 1131–1135Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00271a017https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00271a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views104Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ligase (1973)

Abstract The DNA-joining reaction catalyzed by the Escherichia coli DNA ligase is markedly enhanced by low concentrations of monovalent cations, NH4+ being most effective. The Km for NH4+ is about 1 mm, and at saturating concentrations it increases the true Vmax by 20-fold. Under these conditions the Km for diphosphopyridine nucleotide is 7 µm, the Km for single strand breaks is 0.03 to 0.06 µm, and the turnover number is 25 sealing events per min. The DNA-joining reaction obeys ping-pong kinetics, thus providing kinetic evidence for the participation of a covalent intermediate, presumably ligase-adenylate. The rate of the ligase-catalyzed diphosphopyridine nucleotide-nicotinamide mononucleotide exchange reaction is unaffected by NH4+, indicating that the activation occurs at a step subsequent to the formation of ligase-adenylate; furthermore, the exchange reaction is faster than the rate of DNA-joining, demonstrating that ligase-adenylate can be formed at a rate sufficient to be an intermediate in the over-all reaction. The rate of release of adenosine 5'-monophosphate from synthetic DNA-adenylate in the absence of NH4+ is greater than the rate of DNA-joining, as expected for a kinetically significant intermediate. However, in the presence of NH4+, the rate of adenosine 5'-monophosphate release is less than that of the over-all reaction. Since NH4+ markedly increases the apparent rate of dissociation of ligase-adenylate from DNA, the result may reflect reversal of the reaction to form ligaseadenylate from ligase and DNA-adenylate and dissociation of this form of the enzyme from the DNA.
Viscosity ratio effects in the compounding of low viscosity, immiscible fluids into polymeric matrices (1996)

Abstract Many low viscosity, immiscible fluids are difficult to incorporate into polymer matrices because of thermodynamic immiscibility and a large mismatch of melt viscosities. In this investigation, a model system was used to determine the mechanisms and kinetics of mixing in such formulations. The model systems consisted of a series of different molecular weight polyethylenes in polystyrene. The viscosity ratio, η(polyethylene)/η(polystyrene), at 180°C and 100 s −1 was varied from 0.7 to 0.003. Phase inversion was observed during the compounding of these formulations. The phase inversion was associated with a transition from low to high mixing torque during compounding. This change was primarily due to an increase in the blend viscosity caused by the morphological transformation. The melting behavior during compounding depended on the melt viscosity of the polyethylene. A critical viscosity ratio of ≈ 0.1 exists below which softening of the polystyrene, and thus mixing of the two components, was greatly retarded. Even at very low concentrations, low viscosity polyethylene can have a significant effect on the processing behavior. Effects of mixer set temperature, degree of fill, and polyethylene particle size were explored. The roles of thermal conduction and mechanical energy input were evaluated in the melting regime of the process.
ChemInform Abstract: Fries Rearrangement of Some 3‐Acetoxy‐ and 3‐Propionyloxy‐thiophenes. (1986)

Abstract Die Thiophene (I) und (V) lassen sich in hoher Ausb. (= 69‐87%) durch Reaktion der entsprechenden Hydroxyverbindung mit Acetanhydrid oder einem Alkanoylchlorid herstellen.
Architectural, morphometric and photometric features and their relationship to the main subjective diagnostic clues in the grading of prostatic cancer. (1990)

Novel software was developed to perform quantitative measurements of architectural and nuclear features in tissue sections. A pilot study was then undertaken to determine the diagnostic relevance of these quantitative features in prostatic tissue and the relationship of these objective features to the subjective clues used by practicing pathologists in the grading of prostatic adenocarcinoma. From a group of 82 cases of adenocarcinoma of the prostate with long-term follow-up, a subset of 15 cases that included 5 each in Mostofi grades I, II and III was carefully selected for analysis. Consecutive sections from each case were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or the Feulgen stain for visual and cytometric evaluations, respectively. The most important differences in the objective architectural features observed between the Mostofi grade I and II cases were the number of nuclei per gland and their distance from the glandular center. Significant differences were also noted in gland size and the variation in gland size. The Mostofi grades were also significantly different in terms of quantitative high-resolution features measuring nuclear size and its variation, total nuclear DNA content and the proportion of very aneuploid nuclei. There was a fairly good agreement between many of the subjective diagnostic clues and their corresponding quantitative architectural and nuclear features. This work (1) significantly extended the capabilities of our PC-based microphotometer system to analyze glandular tissue specimens, (2) provided insight into the objective bases for the expert diagnosis of adenocarcinomas of the prostate and (3) gave preliminary evidence of the ability of quantitative architectural features and high-resolution cytometric features to discriminate between the major diagnostic categories of these lesions.
Distributed control system architecture for deep submergence rescue vehicles (2018)

The control architectures of Chuan Suo (CS) deep submergence rescue vehicle are introduced. The hardware and software architectures are also discussed. The hardware part adopts a distributed control system composed of surface and underwater nodes. A computer is used as a surface control machine. Underwater equipment is based on a multi-board-embedded industrial computer with PC104 BUS, which contains IO, A/D, D/A, eight-channel serial, and power boards. The hardware and software parts complete data transmission through optical fibers. The software part involves an IPC of embedded Vxworks real-time operating system, upon which the operation of I/O, A/D, and D/A boards and serial ports is based on; this setup improves the real-time manipulation. The information flow is controlled by the software part, and the thrust distribution is introduced. A submergence vehicle heeling control method based on ballast water tank regulation is introduced to meet the special heeling requirements of the submergence rescue vehicle during docking. Finally, the feasibility and reliability of the entire system are verified by a pool test.
Preparation of Microfibrillated Cellulose/Chitosan–Benzalkonium Chloride Biocomposite for Enhancing Antibacterium and Strength of Sodium Alginate Films (2013)

The nonantibacterial and low strength properties of sodium alginate films negatively impact their application for food packaging. In order to improve these properties, a novel chitosan-benzalkonium chloride (C-BC) complex was prepared by ionic gelation using tripolyphosphate (TPP) as a coagulant, and a biocomposite obtained through the adsorption of C-BC complex on microfibrillated cellulose, MFC/C-BC, was then incorporated into a sodium alginate film. The TEM image showed that the C-BC nanoparticles were spherical in shape with a diameter of about 30 nm, and the adsorption equilibrium time of these nanoparticles on the surface of MFC was estimated to be 6 min under the driving forces of hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions. According to the disc diffusion method, the MFC/C-BC biocomposite-incorporated sodium alginate film exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and certain antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli . The strength tests indicated that the tensile strength of the composite sodium alginate film increased about 225% when the loading of MFC/C-BC biocomposite was 10 wt %. These results suggested that the MFC/C-BC biocomposite-incorporated sodium alginate film with excellent antibacterial and strength properties would be a promising material for food packaging, and the MFC/C-BC may also be a potential multifunctional biocomposite for other biodegradable materials.
[Preliminary research on preparation of porcine bladder acellular matrix graft for tissue engineering applications]. (2005)

The porcine BAMG has good biocompatibility and can be used as ideal biomaterial scaffold of bladder tissue engineering.
<i>Rhus chinensis</i>and<i>Galla Chinensis</i>– folklore to modern evidence: review (2010)

The species Rhus chinensis Mill. (Anacardiaceae) is an important representative of the genus Rhus, which contains over 250 individual species found in temperate and tropical regions worldwide. Rhus chinensis has long been used by folk medicine practitioners in Asia. Leaves, roots, stem, bark, fruit and particularly the galls on Rhus chinensis leaves, Galla chinensis, are recognized to have preventative and therapeutic effects on different ailments (such as diarrhea, dysentery, rectal and intestinal cancer, diabetes mellitus, sepsis, oral diseases and inflammation). However, it is critical to separate evidence from anecdote. Fortunately, recent scientific research has revealed that Rhus chinensis compounds possess strong antiviral, antibacterial, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antidiarrheal and antioxidant activities. Moreover, compounds isolated from the stem of Rhus chinensis significantly suppressed HIV-1 activity in vitro. Compounds from this plant were also found to inhibit enamel demineralization in vitro and enhance remineralization of dental enamel with fluoride. This review highlights claims from traditional and tribal medicinal lore and makes a contemporary summary of phytochemical, biological and pharmacological findings on this plant material. It aims to show that the pharmaceutical potential of this plant deserves closer attention.
Mutagenicity of ZnO nanoparticles in mammalian cells: Role of physicochemical transformations under the aging process (2015)

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) potentially undergo physicochemical transformation in the environment, which may lead to unexpected environmental and health risks. The "aging" process is essential for better understanding the toxicity and fate of NPs in the environment. However, the mutagenic effects of aged ZnO NPs are still unexplored. The present study focused on investigating the physicochemical transformation during aging process and clarifying the mutagenicity of naturally aged ZnO NPs in human-hamster hybrid (AL) cells. It was found that ZnO NPs underwent sophisticated physicochemical transformations with aging regardless of original morphology or size, such as the microstructural changes, the formation of hydrozincite (Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6) and the release of free zinc ions. Interestingly, the aged ZnO NPs were investigated to be able to result in much lower cytotoxicity while relatively high degree mutation than fresh ZnO NPs. With characterization of the soluble and insoluble fractions of aged ZnO NPs suspension, together with the control measurements using metal chelator (TPEN) and endocytosis inhibitor (Nystatin), it was revealed that the release of zinc ions and nanoparticle uptake made significantly different contributions to the mutagenicity of fresh and aged ZnO NPs. This study clearly demonstrated that the physicochemical transformation of ZnO NPs with aging plays important and comprehensive roles in the ZnO NPs-induced mutagenicity in mammalian cells.
Genetic algorithm optimization of a convolutional neural network for autonomous crack detection (2004)

Detecting cracks is an important function in building, tunnel and bridge structural analysis. Successful automation of crack detection can provide a uniform and timely means for preventing further damage to structures. This laboratory has successfully applied convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to online crack detection. CNNs represent an interesting method for adaptive image processing and form a link between artificial neural networks, and finite impulse response filters. As with most artificial neural networks, the CNN is susceptible to multiple local minima, thus complexity and time must be applied in order to avoid becoming trapped within the local minima. This paper employs a standard genetic algorithm (GA) to train the weights of a 4-5x5 filter CNN in order to pass through the local minima. This technique resulted in a 92.3/spl plusmn/1.4% average success rate using 25 GA-trained CNNs presented with 100 crack (320x240 pixel) images.
Syntax processing by auditory cortical neurons in the FM–FM area of the mustached bat<i>Pteronotus parnellii</i> (1997)

Syntax denotes a rule system that allows one to predict the sequencing of communication signals. Despite its significance for both human speech processing and animal acoustic communication, the representation of syntactic structure in the mammalian brain has not been studied electrophysiologically at the single-unit level. In the search for a neuronal correlate for syntax, we used playback of natural and temporally destructured complex species-specific communication calls-so-called composites-while recording extracellularly from neurons in a physiologically well defined area (the FM-FM area) of the mustached bat's auditory cortex. Even though this area is known to be involved in the processing of target distance information for echolocation, we found that units in the FM-FM area were highly responsive to composites. The finding that neuronal responses were strongly affected by manipulation in the time domain of the natural composite structure lends support to the hypothesis that syntax processing in mammals occurs at least at the level of the nonprimary auditory cortex.
Interferometer for large surfaces (1959)

An interferom eter is desc ribed that p ermi ts the test in g of la rge areas, such as layo u t plates.The extension to la rge a reas is obtained by causin g a collim ated bea m of li ght to reflec t fr om the spec imen at a la rge angle of incid ence.The res ul ta nt frin ge patte r n is a contour m ap of t he s urface r elati ve to a n a rbitraril y chosen p la ne a nd the co nto ur int.e rval IS a function of wavelength a nd angle of incidence.'J. B .Saunders, Construct ion of a K ost ers double-image prism, J .Research N B S, 58,21 (1957) RP2729., T h e Kos t e r~ d ouble image prism is made from t wo 30°--(joo-900 prisms, one of wh ich IS partiall y Silvered on t he face oPPosite t he 60° angle.'r he t wo prisms a re then cemented toge ther to form the equ ilat eral prism Sl10\ll1 ill figure 1.The par t iall y silvered surface becomes a semirefiecting plane.
Human sperm subpopulations: relationship between functional quality and protein tyrosine phosphorylation (2003)

Poor quality sperm isolated from a Percoll gradient display an intrinsic tyrosine phosphorylation deficiency, possibly caused by a plasma membrane defect, which is associated with their inability to undergo normal capacitation and, ultimately, acquire optimal fertilizing potential.
Region-of-interest-based bit-allocation scheme for H.264/AVC (2010)

This paper presents a new Region-of-Interest (ROI) based bit-allocation scheme for advanced video coding (H.264). We use a group-of-picture (GOP) structure to compensate bits consumption between Intra and Inter frames in one GOP, and simultaneously adjust the quantization parameter (QP) for each macroblock, according to the region-of-interest on Intra(I) or Inter(P) frames, respectively. Our algorithm is implemented on the H.264/AVC codec JM14.0 and totally compatible with existing H.264/AVC decoders. The experimental results show that compared to the standard JM14.0 encoder, under the same bitrate budget, the proposed algorithm achieves a subjective visual quality improvement as well as an objective PSNR gain. The ROI-based bit allocation scheme has a potential to low-bitrate and real-time video applications, such as video conferencing and mobile TV broadcasting.