gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Click Chemistry on Solid Phase:  Parallel Synthesis of <i>N</i>-Benzyltriazole Carboxamides as Super-Potent G-Protein Coupled Receptor Ligands (2006)

The click chemistry-based backbone amide linker 1 was employed for an efficient and practical parallel synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole carboxamides when 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition was exploited for both the construction of a compound library and the functionalization of the resin. A three-step solid-phase-supported sequence included reductive amination by N-phenylpiperazinyl-substituted alkylamines, N-acylation by alkynoic acids, and azide-alkyne [3 + 2] cycloaddition. In most cases, cleavage under acidic conditions yielded the final products in excellent purities. A focused library of 60 target compounds was screened for G-protein coupled receptor binding employing eight biogenic amine receptors. Radioligand displacement experiments indicated a number of hit compounds revealing excellent receptor recognition when the methyl-substituted N-benzyltriazoles 29, 40, and 42 exhibited superior affinities for the alpha1 subtype (K(i) = 0.056-0.058 nM).
Genetic analysis of antixenosis resistance to the common cutworm (Spodoptera litura Fabricius) and its relationship with pubescence characteristics in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) (2012)

The common cutworm (CCW, Spodoptera litura Fabricius) is one of the most serious pests of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Previously, two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for antibiosis resistance to CCW, CCW-1 and CCW-2, were detected in the resistant cultivar Himeshirazu. In this study, we conducted an anti-xenosis bioassay using a recombinant inbred population derived from a cross between a susceptible cultivar Fukuyutaka and Himeshirazu to perform QTL analysis. Two QTLs for antixenosis resistance, qRslx1 and qRslx2, were identified on Chrs 7 and 12, and the resistant alleles of qRslx1 and qRslx2 were derived from Himeshirazu and Fukuyutaka, respectively. The position of qRslx1 is similar to that of CCW-1. We also analyzed pubescence characteristics because they have been reported to be associated with soybean insect resistance. Two QTLs for pubescence length (on Chrs 7 and 12) and two QTLs for pubescence density (on Chrs 1 and 12) were identified. The pubescence QTLs on Chrs 7 and 12 were located near qRslx1 and qRslx2, respectively. These results suggest that the antixenosis resistance could be controlled genetically by the identified QTLs and that the pubescence characteristics might contribute to the soybean antixenosis resistance to CCW.
Vascular Photochemical Injury in the Mouse (2001)

The need for small animal models to study cardiovascular diseases has recently escalated with the advent of transgenic mouse technology. Advances in the transgenic mouse field have led to the production of numerous novel strains of mice with overexpression, targeted deletions, or replacement of selected genes of interest. The potential to uncover cause-and-effect relationships between the expression of virtually any gene in a whole animal and a measurable outcome is now a reality. Thus, mouse models designed to mimic the disease processes that occur in humans are extremely valuable. Because of the small size of the mouse cardiovascular system, downsizing of existing models or novel methods must be developed to study vascular disease in the mouse.
Assessment of Human Multi-Potent Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cell Potential Using a Single In Vitro Screening System (2012)

Hematopoietic stem cells are responsible for the generation of the entire blood system through life. This characteristic relies on their ability to self renew and on their multi-potentiality. Thus quantification of the number of hematopoietic stem cells in a given cell population requires to show both properties in the studied cell populations. Although xenografts models that support human hematopoietic stem cells have been described, such in vivo experimental systems remain restrictive for high throughput screening purposes for example. In this work we developed a conditional tetracycline inducible system controlling the expression of the human NOTCH ligand Delta-like 1 in the murine stromal MS5 cells. We cultured hematopoietic immature cells enriched in progenitor/stem cells in contact with MS5 cells that conditionally express Delta-like 1, in conditions designed to generate multipotential lineage differentiation. We show that upon induction or repression of DL1 expression during co-culture, human immature CD34(+)CD38(-/low)(CD45RA(-)CD90(+)) cells can express their B, T, NK, granulo/monocytic and erythroid potentials in a single well, and at the single cell level. We also document the interference of low NOTCH activation with human B and myelo/erythroid lymphoid differentiation. This system represents a novel tool to precisely quantify human hematopoietic immature cells with both lymphoid and myeloid potentials.
Fringe spacing in white-light interferometry (2004)

Interference microscopes use quasi-monochromatic, broad band, and white light illumination for surface topography measurement. Fringe spacing for quasi-monochromatic illumination changes with the numerical aperture of system, and these changes have been previously examined by others. In this article we compare changes in fringe spacing for white light and broad band illumination for objectives with a numerical aperture of 0.13 and 0.55. We find that white light fringe spacing changes with tilt of the object much faster than for monochromatic illumination. We also investigate the influence of reference mirror tilt on changes in white light fringe spacing.
STREAM STABILIZATION IN WESTERN IOWA. FINAL REPORT (1994)

Stream channel erosion in the deep loess soils region of western Iowa causes severe damage along hundreds of miles of streams in twenty-two counties. The goal of this project was to develop information, systems, and procedures for use in making resource allocation decisions related to the protection of transportation facilities and farmland from damages caused by stream channel erosion. Section one of this report provides an introduction. Section two presents an assessment of stream channel conditions from aerial and field reconnaissance conducted in 1993 and 1994 and a classification of the streams based on a six stage model of stream channel evolution. A Geographic Information System is discussed that has been developed to store and analyze data on the stream conditions and affected infrastructure and assist in the planning of stabilization measures. Section three presents an evaluation of two methods for predicting the extent of channel degradation. Section four presents an estimate of costs associated with damages from stream channel erosion since the time of channelization until 1992. Damage to highway bridges represent the highest costs associated with channel erosion, followed by railroad bridges and right-of-way; loss of agricultural land represents the third highest cost. An estimate of costs associated with future channel erosion on western Iowa streams is also presented in section four. Section four also presents a procedure to estimate the benefits and costs of implementing stream stabilization measures. The final section of this report, section five, presents information on the development of the organizational structure and administrative procedures which are being used to plan, coordinate, and implement stream stabilization projects and programs in western Iowa.
A Comparison of Tenecteplase(TNK-tPA) and Alteplase(rt-PA) in Korean Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction(A Randomized, Multi-Centered Coronary Angiographic Trial) (2003)

Background and Objectives:This is a comparative, randomized, multi-centered, angiographic trial for the com- parison of TNK-tPA with rt-PA, in Korean patients with an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Subjects and Methods:Fifty four patients that were eligible for thrombolysis, diagnosed with an AMI, were randomized into two groups:TNK-tPA (single bolus injection, 25-50 mg weight adjusted;n=25) or rt-PA (accelerated intrav- enous infusion, up to 100 mg;n=29) at the emergency room. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients with a TIMI (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) III flow 90 min following the administration of the study drug. The secondary endpoints were an infarct-related artery patency at 90 min, the percentage of patients with ST segment resolution at 60 and 180 min, and at 30 days mortality. Results:The baseline demographic data, including age, sex and body weight, and a medical history of prior myocardial infarction and risk factors were no different between the TNK-tPA and rt-PA groups. The pain-to-needle and door-to-needle times were also no different. The ST segment resolution was no different between the two groups. A TIMI grade 3, on a coronary angiogram, 90 min following the drug administration, was observed in 19 (76.0%) of the TNK-tPA and 17 (58.6%) of the rt-PA (p=0.24) patients. However, a TIMI grade more than 2 was higher in the TNK-tPA (100%;25/25) than in rt-PA group (72.4%;21/29)(p=0.0052). The in-hospital adverse events, and clinical outcomes at 30 days, were no different between the two groups. Conclusion:TNK-tPA is more convenient, and may be a preferred th-
Bioseparation Engineering. Control of Transport Characteristic of Membrane by Multi-layering of Polyelectrolyte Complex Toward Microcapsule-shaped Bioartificial Pancreas. (2001)

マイクロカプセル型人工臓器の開発において重要となるのは，カプセル膜の物質透過特性・分子分画特性制御方法の確立である．我々は，グリコールキトサン（分子量8.2万以上）とアルギン酸から成るポリイオンコンプレックス（PIC）をカプセル膜として利用し，そのPICを積層することにより物質透過特性・分子分画特性が容易に制御できることを明らかとした．牛血清アルブミン（分子量6.7万）およびγ-グロブリン（分子量16万）の物質透過特性に関する検討を行った結果，積層数の増加とともに，両者の有効拡散係数は大きく減少し，積層数4でγ-グロブリンを分画できた．これに対して，包括細胞の栄養素となるグルコース（分子量180）については，積層数4までで透過速度の減少は確認されなかった．これらの結果より，積層数4のPIC膜はマイクロカプセル型人工膵臓用免疫隔離膜として有望であることが示唆された．
Direct comparison of optical characteristics of InGaN-based laser diode structures grown on pendeo epitaxial GaN and sapphire substrates (2007)

Direct comparison of optical properties and carrier dynamics of InGaN multiple quantum well (MQW) laser diode structures grown on pendeo epitaxial (PE)-GaN and sapphire substrates is reported. A strong increase in quantum efficiency and a dramatic reduction in stimulated emission threshold are observed for InGaN MQWs on PE-GaN substrates as compared to MQWs on sapphire substrates. Based on temperature-dependent time-resolved optical analysis, the authors find that a significant increase in nonradiative lifetime due to suppressed dislocation density plays an important role in enhancing optical properties of InGaN MQWs grown on PE-GaN substrates, resulting in radiative-process dominant emission even at room temperature.
Lamellar Alignment of Helical Polymers (2008)

Biological macromolecules and supramolecular assemblies such as polypeptides, DNA, and viruses suggest that rod-like helical polymers with well-defined structure are useful building blocks for self-assembled materials and nanoscale structures. Some monodisperse poly­peptides and viruses are known to form smectic liquid crystalline (LC) phases, but artificial helical polymers are generally too polydisperse to form highly ordered assemblies such as smectic (LC) phases. In this article, living polymerization of isocyanide L-1 with 2 as the initiator produced dia­stereomeric left- and right-handed helices with different molecular weights. The diastereomeric helices were separated by solvent fractionation with acetone, and narrow molecular weight distributions were found for each helical poly L-1. These polymers exhibit a lyotropic smectic LC phase in solution and form 2D smectic arrangements when cast from benzene solution onto highly oriented pyrolytic graphite by solvent evaporation.
Signal bias removal for robust telephone based speech recognition in adverse environments (2002)

A speech signal transmitted through a telephone channel often encounters variable conditions which significantly deteriorate the performance of state-of-the-art HMM-based speech recognition systems. Undesirable components due to ambient noise and channel interference, as well as different sound pick-up equipments, render the recognizer unsuitable for real-world applications. This paper presents a signal bias removal method based on the maximum likelihood estimation for the minimization of these undesirable effects. The proposed method, integrated into a discrete density HMM, is applied to telephone speech recognition where the contamination due to ambient noise and channel distortion are assumed to be unknown. Experimental results are presented for speaker-independent connected digit recognition which demonstrate a reduction in the word error rate by up to 40%.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Preliminary Study of Percutaneous Alcohol Injection into the Lung (1998)

Although percutaneous ethanol injection is widely used to treat hepatic tumors, this technique has not been applied to lung tumors. We performed a preliminary experiment with percutaneous ethanol injection into the rabbit lung, and evaluated the local and systemic effects of absolute ethanol injection on pulmonary structures in order to assess the feasibility and safety of this technique as a local treatment for human lung tumors. Percutaneous injection of absolute ethanol into the rabbit lung was performed under CT guidance. The volume of ethanol injected ranged from 0.6 to 1.0 ml (approximately 0.2-0.5 ml/kg). Follow-up CT scans were performed 1, 2, 7 and 30 days after the injection. The animals were killed at intervals (range: 3 h-30 days), and the lung was examined histologically. The ethanol was well tolerated and did not induce significant systemic side-effects. All doses induced necrosis in the injected lung, but none was lethal. Although ethanol spilling into the thoracic cavity induced effusion and pleuritis, these reactions were manageable. Alcohol injection produced an area of necrosis surrounded by pulmonary edema associated with polymorphonuclear cells invasion within 24 h; moreover, granulation change, epithelial regeneration, and alveolar septal fibrosis had appeared by one week. The necrosis was sometimes multifocal, probably due to transbronchial spread of the injected ethanol. In conclusion, the feasibility and safety of absolute ethanol injection were confirmed. Neither severe systemic side effects nor lethal extensive necrosis were observed with injected ethanol; however, an unexpected side effect, multifocal necrosis, was seen. The latter reaction suggests that careful observation and care would be essential after alcohol injection into the lung.
Robot Sheepdog Project achieves automatic flock control (1998)

This paper describes a mobile robot that can enter a circular arena, gather a flock of ducks and manouvre them safely to a specified goal position. A minimal simulation model of the ducks' flocking behaviour was developed and used as a tool to guide the design of a general flock-control algorithm. The algorithm was first tested in simulation then tranferred unchanged to a physical robot which succeeds in gathering a real flock of ducks. This is the first example of a robot system that exploits and controls an animal's behaviour to achieve a useful task.
Immunocytochemical detection and mapping of a cytokeratin 18 neo-epitope exposed during early apoptosis (1999)

A neo-epitope in cytokeratin 18 (CK18) that becomes available at an early caspase cleavage event during apoptosis and is not detectable in vital epithelial cells is characterized. The monoclonal antibody M30, specific for this site, can be utilized specifically to recognize apoptotic cells, which show cytoplasmic cytokeratin filaments and aggregates after immunohistochemistry with M30, while viable and necrotic cells are negative. The number of cells recognized by the antibody increases after induction of apoptosis in exponentially growing epithelial cell lines and immunoreactivity is independent of the phosphorylation state of the cytokeratins. The generation of the M30 neo-epitope occurs early in the apoptotic cascade, before annexin V reactivity or positive DNA nick end labelling. In a flow cytometric assay, the majority of the M30-positive cells appear in the 'apoptotic' subG1 peak. Tests with synthetic peptides define positions 387-396 of CK18, with a liberated C-terminus at the caspase cleavage site DALD-S, as the ten-residue epitope of M30. This epitope starts at the end of coil 2 of the predicted CK18 structure, at a probable hinge region, compatible with the sensitivity to proteolytic cleavage. The definition of a specific caspase cleavage site in CK18 as a neo-epitope can be used for quantification of apoptotic epithelial cells with immunocytochemical techniques and is applicable to both fresh and formalin-fixed material.
Heparin-inhibitable basement membrane-binding protein of Streptococcus pyogenes (1988)

Solubilized surface proteins of Streptococcus pyogenes serotype M6 were found by indirect immunofluorescence assays to bind selectively to proteoglycan-containing regions of basement membranes of kidney and cardiac muscle in vitro. Epithelial, endothelial, and interstitial cells were unstained. Binding of streptococcal protein to basement membranes was competitively inhibited by heparin and, to a lesser extent, by heparan sulfate. Weak inhibition was also observed with other glycosaminoglycans, including dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid. Type IV collagen, gelatin, serum fibronectin, glucuronic acid, and a selection of monosaccharides had no significant effects on binding. The heparin-inhibitable basement membrane-binding protein was purified by affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose 6-B. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea dissociated the affinity-purified protein into two polypeptides of 9,000 and 15,000 mrs. Chemical analyses revealed that the purified protein was devoid of cysteine, amino and neutral sugars, and phosphate. Thus, the polypeptides are not glycosylated or complexed with trace amounts of lipoteichoic acid or polysaccharide. Binding of purified protein to tissue was determined by direct radioassay and indirect immunofluorescence and was inhibitable by heparin. Although the in vivo effects of this streptococcal component remain to be determined, its deposition on basement membranes in vitro supports the hypothesis that it contributes to the pathogenesis of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis or acute rheumatic fever.
Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and sex difference affect the fate of glucose in the human heart (2015)

Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and sex difference affect myocardial glucose uptake and utilization. However, their effect on the intramyocellular fate of glucose in humans has been unknown. How the heart uses glucose is important, because it affects energy production and oxygen efficiency, which in turn affect heart function and adaptability. We hypothesized that type 2 diabetes, sex difference, and obesity affect myocardial glucose oxidation, glycolysis, and glycogen production. In a first-in-human study, we measured intramyocardiocellular glucose metabolism from time-activity curves generated from previously obtained positron emission tomography scans of 110 subjects in 3 groups: nonobese, obese, and diabetes. Group and sex difference interacted in the prediction of all glucose uptake, utilization, and metabolism rates. Group independently predicted fractional glucose uptake and its components: glycolysis, glycogen deposition, and glucose oxidation rates. Sex difference predicted glycolysis rates. However, there were fewer differences in glucose metabolism between diabetic patients and others when plasma glucose levels were included in the modeling. The potentially detrimental effects of obesity and diabetes on myocardial glucose metabolism are more pronounced in men than women. This sex difference dimorphism needs to be taken into account in the design, trials, and application of metabolic modulator therapy. Slightly higher plasma glucose levels improve depressed glucose oxidation and glycogen deposition rates in diabetic patients.
Magnetic properties of supported platinum–iron alloys (1979)

The magnetic susceptibility X of small particles of Pt–Fe alloys has been measured between 77 and 700 K in H2 and O2. High temperature values of X correspond to the paramagnetic behaviour of bulk alloys. Low temperature values of X indicate superparamagnetism. The data also show that at room temperature H2 removes only part of oxygen preadsorbed at the surface of these alloys.
<title>Ultrafast carrier capture in quantum well structures</title> (1994)

We present an experimental and theoretical study of the carrier capture time into a semiconductor quantum well. The carrier capture time was obtained by measuring both the rise of the quantum well population using time-resolved luminescence measurements and the decay of the barrier population using pump-probe correlation experiments. In the first technique we compare the QW rise times after direct (below the barrier band gap) and indirect (above the barrier band gap) excitation, in order to eliminate the effects of relaxation and exciton formation in the quantum well. We report the first experimental observation of oscillations in the carrier capture time between 3 and 20 ps as a function of quantum well thickness, obtained from both techniques. The observed capture times are for the first time in agreement with theoretical predictions from an ambipolar capture model.
ChemInform Abstract: DODECAMETHYLDIOXA(1,1)DI‐P‐DISILINOCYCLOPHAN, NEUES ORGANOSILICIUMCYCLOPHAN (1971)

Abstract Die Titelverbindung (II) wird durch Hydrolyse in höchstverdünnter Lösung aus dem p‐Disilin (I) sowie aus diesem und dem daraus erhaltenen 1,4‐Dihydroxy‐hexamethyl‐p‐disilin dargestellt (1‐5% Ausbeute).
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES IN ALICYCLIC COMPOUNDS: PART X ‐ SYNTHESIS AND BECKMANN REARRANGEMENT OF THE OXIME OF 1‐ACETYL‐CIS‐BICYCLO(3.3.0)OCTANE (1984)

Abstract Studies in Alicyclic Compounds.
Polarity of High-Quality Indium Nitride Grown by RF Molecular Beam Epitaxy (2001)

We have evaluated the polarity of single-crystalline InN using coaxial impact collision ion scattering spectroscopy (CAICISS). The polarity of rf-MBE grown InN on sapphire was found to depend on growth temperature. Nitrogen polarity was observed for low temperature grown InN at 300 °C. On the other hand, high temperature grown InN at 550 °C showed primarily indium polarity. Furthermore, a mixture of indium polarity and nitrogen polarity was observed for two-step grown InN. A GaN cap layer was grown on InN to infer the polarity of InN. From reflection high-energy electron diffraction observations, GaN grown on low temperature grown InN showed a (3 × 3) reconstruction pattern, whereas GaN grown on high temperature grown InN showed a (2 × 2) reconstruction pattern. These results suggest that the polarity of InN is much more sensitive to growth temperature compared with other nitride semiconductors.