gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
METAL–POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES BY SUPERCRITICAL FLUID PROCESSING (2013)

Nanoparticles with a high refractive index can be dispersed in a glass or polymer to increase the effective refractive index of the medium. For functional applications of nanoparticles, polymers are particularly interesting as an embedding phase since they may have a variety of characteristics. Supercritical fluids (SCFs) are useful because they possess both liquid-like and gas-like properties. SCFs are unique solvents with a wide range of interesting properties. This chapter outlines the importance of the emergent field of nanocomposite functional materials and that the development of new routes to metal-polymer nanocomposites is a relevant and necessary area of research. SCF technology is explained as a useful technique with many advantages over conventional solvents. The chapter provides some specific examples of how scCO2 has been used to prepare metal nanoparticle-loaded polymer materials. It discusses the synthetic routes and the applications of these materials.
Transcription of the MAGE-1 gene and the methylation status of its Ets binding promoter elements (1999)

The human MAGE gene family comprises at least 12 highly homologous genes. This makes it very difficult to assess expression of a single member quantitatively by means of Northern blotting. In order to investigate expression of the MAGE-1 gene quantitatively we therefore used the recently developed real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a novel fluorescence-based quantitative PCR technique. This powerful technique enables detection of expression levels which differ by as much as a factor of 10(5) in magnitude. MAGE-1 expression is known to correlate with demethylated status of the Ets binding sites of its promoter. In a panel of 19 melanoma and nine non-melanoma cell lines we were able to confirm the relationship between MAGE-1 expression and demethylation of the Ets binding promoter region. Five cell lines, however, showed only very slight expression, while the two essential Ets promoter elements were largely demethylated. Earlier studies have shown that treatment of MAGE-1-negative cell lines with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC) is sufficient to induce MAGE-1 expression. We were able to induce clear MAGE-1 expression in two of the non-expressing cell lines by incubation with DAC, although this expression did not reach very high levels. Consistent with this low level of induction is the observation that the Ets binding sites of the MAGE-1 promoter were not completely demethylated in the DAC-treated cell populations. In conclusion, we show in this study that the real-time PCR technique is a very useful tool for the quantification of expression of highly homologous genes.
<title>Noise And Material Residues In Dual-Energy Basis Decomposition Radiography</title> (1981)

Intervening tissues in projection radiography often seriously interfere with the observability of other low contrast structures. Dual energy techniques resolve this difficulty by removing a selected substance from the image, enhancing the relative contrast of other materials. Undesired materials will remain; these residues, as well as quantum noise, limit the accuracy of material isolation. Parameterizations of the attenuation coefficient lead to simple expressions for the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the dual energy radiograph. The SNR depends on the absorption path, the imaging energies, and the cancelled material. The magnitude of material residue depends only on the atomic numbers and may be an important consideration in the selection and development of new contrast agents.
Experimental Investigation on the Stick-Slip Phenomenon in Granular Collision Lubrication (2008)

An investigation on the nature of stick-slip associated with granular materials sheared between two parallel disks within the context of granular lubrication is presented. Experiments are carried out in an annular shear cell apparatus to demonstrate the effect of the stick-slip on the friction coefficient. Results are presented for the friction coefficient and the displacement as a function of the rotational speed and the applied load. The results reveal the occurrence of stick-slip at low speed and provided further evidence for the formation of granular lift between two disks undergoing sliding motion.
ChemInform Abstract: Controlled Semihydrogenation of Aminoalkynes Using Ethylenediamine as a Poison of Lindlar′s Catalyst. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Effects of non-equilibrium energy distribution of surface atoms on the onset and rate of laser ablation: experiments and theory (2006)

We report here experimental results on laser ablation of metals in air and in vacuum in similar irradiation conditions. The experiments revealed that the ablation thresholds in air are less than half those measured in vacuum. Our analysis shows that this difference is caused by the existence of a long-lived transient non-equilibrium surface state at the solid-vacuum interface. The energy distribution of atoms at the surface is Maxwellian-like but with its high-energy tail truncated at the binding energy. We find that in vacuum the time needed for energy transfer from the bulk to the surface layer to build the high-energy tail, exceeds other characteristic timescales such as the electron-ion temperature equilibration time and surface cooling time. This prohibits thermal evaporation in vacuum for which the high-energy tail is essential. In air, however, collisions between the gas atoms and the surface markedly reduce the lifetime of this non-equilibrium surface state allowing thermal evaporation to proceed before the surface cools. We found that ablation threshold in vacuum corresponds to non-equilibrium ablation during the pulse, while thermal evaporation after the pulse is responsible for the lower ablation threshold observed in air. This paper provides direct experimental evidence of how the transient surface effects may strongly affect the onset and rate of a solid-gas phase transition.
Replacement of Taxes on Farm and Residential Property by Increasing the State Income Tax in Illinois: A Simulation (1989)

Randall D. Little, Lyle P. Fettig, Replacement of Taxes on Farm and Residential Property by Increasing the State Income Tax in Illinois: A Simulation, North Central Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 11, No. 1 (Jan., 1989), pp. 83-94
Magneto-optic Kerr effect in a slab waveguide (2001)

A theoretical and numerical investigation of the magneto-optic Kerr effect in a slab optical waveguide bounded on one side by a thin magnetic film is considered. The output power has been determined as a function of the input polarization angle, output analyzer angle, thickness of the intermediate cladding layer, and the length of the magnetic film. It is found that an optimal choice of these parameters exists that produces an enhancement in polarization rotation. Moreover the Kerr effect in a confined geometry shows a richness of properties that can be experimentally checked and opens up new possibilities for the development of magnetic field sensors.
Surge Protection Techniques in Low-Voltage AC Power Systems (1979)

Designers involved in the ac power side of telecommunications equipment have been justifiably concerned with surge protection because field experience is rich in case histories of failures attributable to transient overvoltages. Insufficient knowledge of the exact nature of these overvoltages, however, has made their task difficult in the past. After several years of data collection by a number of organizations, a more definitive understanding of the surge environment is emerging. The next few years' publications from the IEEE, the IEC, NEMA, and other interested groups will document that understanding. This paper presents an overview of the results of data collection and environment descriptions from the point of view of telecommunications power supply problems, as well as a review of applicable techniques and devices.
Luminal acid elicits a protective duodenal mucosal response. (2002)

Measuring duodenal epithelial intracellular pH (pHi), blood flow and mucus gel thickness (MGT), we studied duodenal defense mechanisms in vivo so as to more fully understand the protective mucosal response to luminal acid. Exposure of the mucosa to physiologic acid solutions promptly lowered pHi, followed by recovery after acid was removed, indicating that acid at physiologic concentrations readily diffuses into, but does not damage duodenal epithelial cells. Cellular acid then exits the cell via an amiloride-inhibitable process, presumably sodium-proton exchange (NHE1). MGT and blood flow increase promptly during acid perfusion; both decrease after acid challenge and are inhibited by vanilloid receptor antagonists or by sensory afferent denervation. Bicarbonate secretion does not increase during acid perfusion but increases following acid challenge. Inhibition of cellular alkali uptake by anion transport inhibitors lowers pHi, and increases mucosal injury, whereas inhibition of apical alkali secretion alkalinizes pHi and diminishes injury. These observations support the following hypothesis: luminal acid diffuses into the epithelial cells, lowering pHi. Acidic pHi increases the activity of a basolateral NHE, acidifying the submucosal space and increasing cellular alkali loading. The acidic submucosal space activates capsaicin receptors on afferent nerves, increasing MGT and blood flow. With continued acid exposure, a new steady state with thickened mucus gel, increased blood flow, and a higher cellular buffering power protects the mucosa from acid injury. After acid challenge, mucus secretion, blood flow and pHi return to normal, while bicarbonate secretion increases. Through these integrated mechanisms, the epithelial cells are protected from damage due to repeated pulses of concentrated gastric acid.
Restriction endonuclease and nucleotide sequence analyses of molecularly cloned unintegrated avian tumor virus DNA: structure of large terminal repeats in circle junctions (1982)

Avian tumor virus supercoiled DNA was isolated from infected quail tumor cells and molecularly cloned in pBR322. Four different recombinant clones denoted pATV-6, pATV-7, pATV-8, and pATV-9 were characterized in detail by restriction endonuclease mapping and by DNA sequencing. The results of these studies indicate that (i) the two large terminal repeats (LTRs) present in PATV-6, are different sizes, (ii) pATV-8 and pATV-9 contain only one LTR, (iii) pATV-7 contains an inversion of 0.6 kilobase in the env gene and a deletion of the U3 region and the src gene, and (iv) the src gene is deleted in pATV-6 and pATV-9. Circle formation from linear molecules was also examined in several of the clones by DNA sequencing through the circle joint. pATV-6 is an example of one class of circular molecules and contains a partially repeated LTR similar to that reported by Ju and Skalka (Cell 22:379-386, 1980). A second class of circles was exemplified by pATV-8 and pATV-9, which contain a single copy of the LTR with no base changes or deletions. This is in contrast to a class of circles containing a complete double LTR structure described by Swanstrom et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78:124-128, 1981) and suggests that circles containing a single intact LTR may be formed by a homologous recombinational event in which an entire LTR or complementary regions from both LTRs are removed from the linear DNA molecule during circularization.
Fabrication of core–shell, yolk–shell and hollow Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@carbon microboxes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries (2017)

Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@C microboxes with core–shell, yolk–shell and hollow structures were synthesized, the core–shell microboxes exhibited high specific capacity, good rate performance, and exceptional cycling stability.
Hydrogen bonding between aromatic H and F groups leading to a stripe structure with<i>R</i>- and<i>S</i>-columns: the crystal structure of (2,7-dimethoxynaphthalen-1-yl)(3-fluorophenyl)methanone and comparison with its 1-aroylnaphthalene analogues (2015)

In the molecule of (2,7-dimethoxynaphthalen-1-yl)(3-fluorophenyl)methanone, C19H15FO3, (I), the dihedral angle between the plane of the naphthalene ring system and that of the benzene ring is 85.90 (5)°. The molecules exhibit axial chirality, with either an R- or an S-stereogenic axis. In the crystal structure, each enantiomer is stacked into a columnar structure and the columns are arranged alternately to form a stripe structure. A pair of (methoxy)C-H...F hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions between the benzene rings of the aroyl groups link an R- and an S-isomer to form a dimeric pair. These dimeric pairs are piled up in a columnar fashion through (benzene)C-H...O=C and (benzene)C-H...OCH3 hydrogen bonds. The analogous 1-benzoylated compound, namely (2,7-dimethoxynaphthalen-1-yl)(phenyl)methanone [Kato et al. (2010). Acta Cryst. E66, o2659], (II), affords three independent molecules having slightly different dihedral angles between the benzene and naphthalene rings. The three independent molecules form separate columns and the three types of column are connected to each other via two C-H...OCH3 hydrogen bonds and one C-H...O=C hydrogen bond. Two of the three columns are formed by the same enantiomeric isomer, whereas the remaining column consists of the counterpart isomer. In the case of the fluorinated 1-benzoylated naphthalene analogue, namely (2,7-dimethoxynaphthalen-1-yl)(4-fluorophenyl)methanone [Watanabe et al. (2011). Acta Cryst. E67, o1466], (III), the molecular packing is similar to that of (I), i.e. it consists of stripes of R- and S-enantiomeric columns. A pair of C-H...F hydrogen bonds between R- and S-isomers, and C-H...O=C hydrogen bonds between R(or S)-isomers, are also observed. Consequently, the stripe structure is apparently induced by the formation of R...S dimeric pairs stacked in a columnar fashion. The pair of C-H...F hydrogen bonds effectively stabilizes the dimeric pair of R- and S-enantiomers. In addition, the co-existence of C-H...F and C-H...O=C hydrogen bonds makes possible the formation of a structure with just one independent molecule.
In Vitro Biomechanical Properties of Linear, Circular, and Hybrid External Skeletal Fixation Devices for Use in Large Ruminants (2007)

A hybrid ESF developed using mild steel is sufficiently strong and economical and may prove useful for fixation of long bone fractures in large ruminants (weighing<or=300 kg).
PRODUCTS FROM THE DEGRADATION OF LIGNIN BY SODIUM HYDROSULFIDE (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPRODUCTS FROM THE DEGRADATION OF LIGNIN BY SODIUM HYDROSULFIDEDavid L. Brink, Ralph L. Hossfeld, and W. M. SandstromCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 6, 2275Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01174a537https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01174a537research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views77Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Rapid thermal curing of BCB dielectric (1993)

The feasibility of rapid thermal curing (RTC) of benzocyclobutene (BCB) thin films using an infrared belt furnace is demonstrated. The effects on film properties resulting from a dramatic reduction in cure time (5 h to 5 min) are summarized. The extent of cure was determined by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) methods and was subsequently modeled as a function of reaction kinetics using the measured temperature profiles. FTIR spectra from the RTC films were identical to those obtained using a conventional inert gas oven and a convectively heated belt furnace, indicating that the polymerization mechanisms and the resulting polymer network structure are identical and that no chemical enhancement of the curing occurs due to the absorption of infrared radiation. There are no statistically significant differences in the resulting stress and adhesion properties for samples cured by the RTC process versus the conventional process for film thicknesses ranging from 1 to 24 mu m. Planarization measurements, made on isolated features up to 100 mu m in width, also indicate no differences in the cured films.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
ChemInform Abstract: Planar Chiral Ligands Based on [2.2]Paracyclophanes (2010)

Abstract Review: 11 refs.
Preparation and catalytic properties of single phase Ni–Sn intermetallic compound particles by CVD of Sn(CH3)4 onto Ni/silica (1998)

Particles of each of the single phase Ni–Sn intermetallic compounds Ni3Sn, Ni3Sn2 and Ni3Sn4 have been formed on silica by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of Sn(CH3)4 onto Ni/SiO2 and used as catalysts for cyclohexane dehydrogenation.
Life Science Applications Utilizing Radiocarbon Tracing (2013)

Radiocarbon-based accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) facilities at Uppsala University include a measurement center for archaeological applications and a separate entity dedicated to life science research. This paper addresses the latter, with the intention of giving a brief description of the biomedical activities at our laboratory, as well as presenting new data. The ultra-small sample preparation method, which can be used down to a few μg C samples, is outlined and complemented with new results. Furthermore, it is shown that the average secondary ion current performance for small samples can be improved by increasing the distance between the cathode surface and the pressed graphite surface. Finally, data is presented for a new application: Amyloidoses are a group of diseases where the conformational changes in specific proteins' structure lead to the formation of extracellular deposits that spread and increase in mass and eventually may lead to total organ failure and death. The formation timeframe is unknown and yet it is an important clue for the elucidation of the mechanism. We present results on bomb-peak dating of 4 different types of purified amyloid proteins from human postmortem heart and spleen samples. The data indicates that the average measured age of the carbon originating from the systemic amyloid types studied here correspond to a few years before the death of the subject. This suggests that a major part of the fibril formation takes place during the last few years before death, rather than as an accumulation of amyloid deposits over decades.
Effect of Retinoids on Rheumatoid Arthritis, a Proliferative and Invasive Non‐Malignant Disease (1985)

In rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue proliferates and destroys articular cartilage, bone and tendons. Collagenase is a major mediator of the connective tissue degradation. This enzyme is produced in large quantities by rheumatoid tissue and its synthesis can be inhibited by retinoids. However, knowledge of mechanisms controlling retinoid inhibition of collagenase production and of factors possibly controlling synovial cell proliferation is limited. We found that transforming growth factor beta in combination with epidermal growth factor, epidermal growth factor alone and immune interferon increased proliferation of cultured human and rabbit synovial fibroblasts. Only transforming growth factor beta caused a piling up of cells into foci resembling those seen in primary cultures of human rheumatoid tissue. All the factors were antagonized by retinoids but not by glucocorticoids or indomethacin. Adding retinoids or glucocorticoids to collagenase-producing cells decreased hybridizable collagenase mRNA by 50% within 24 h. Oral administration of retinoids to rats with experimental arthritis decreased clinical disease without toxicity, and inhibited collagenase synthesis by synovial cells taken from treated animals. Retinoids are both antiproliferative and anti-invasive, and therefore may be potential therapeutic agents in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Utilization of serology for the diagnosis of suspected Lyme borreliosis in Denmark: Survey of patients seen in general practice (2010)

A detailed description of the utilization of serology for Lyme borreliosis with rates of seropositivity according to clinical symptoms is presented. Low rates of seropositivity in certain patient groups indicate a low pretest probability and there is a notable risk of false positive results. 38% of all patients tested were suspected of EM, although this is not a recommended indication due to a low sensitivity of serological testing.
LABELLED PROTEINS IN RABBIT VAGUS NERVE BETWEEN THE FAST AND SLOW PHASES OF AXONAL TRANSPORT (1976)

Abstract —The profile of axonally transported [ 3 H]leucine‐labelled proteins in motor fibres of rabbit cervical vagus nerve was studied at time intervals after the appearance of fast‐phase and before the slow‐phase proteins, viz. 16 h after labelling of the cell bodies. No moving peak of radioactivity was seen. The transport blocking agents colchicine and vinblastine in vitro showed no difference in the mechanisms of anterograde transport between fast‐phase and later‐phase proteins, but differed in their effects on the retrograde flow. Double‐ligature experiments in vitro indicated the presence of rapidly‐migrating labelled proteins in cervical vagus up to 23.5 h after labelling and demonstrated the retrograde redistribution of proteins from nerve terminals and from a ligature. There was no evidence for an intermediate rate of protein transport.
Study of an adaptive reconfigurable control scheme for tailless advanced fighter aircraft (TAFA) in the presence of wing damage (2002)

We describe the implementation of the multiple model-based failure detection and identification (FDI) and adaptive reconfigurable control (ARC) algorithms of Boskovic and Mehra (see Proceeding of the 1998 Conference on Decision and Control, Tampa, FL, 1998) anf of Boskovic, Li, Rago and Mehra (see Technical report, Scientific Systems Co., Inc., 1999) in the nonlinear 6 DOF TAFA simulation. Due to the nonlinear nature of the simulation, the implementation and tuning of the algorithms is substantially more complicated than their counterparts in linear simulations. However, the well tuned FDI-ARC achieved excellent performance despite severe flight-critical variations in the aircraft dynamics.