gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The use of methylmethacrylate for vertebral-body replacement and anterior stabilization of pathological fracture-dislocations of the spine due to metastatic malignant disease. (1981)

Metastatic malignant lesions involving the spine occasionally cause severe enough vertebral-body collapse to result in either spinal instability or neural compression, or both. Conventional decompressive laminectomy in such cases rarely results in neural improvement. It may, however, cause local instability of the spine, leading to a progressive kyphotic deformity and an increasing neural deficit. Anterior decompression allows excision of the focus of tumor and direct neural decompression. However, anterior stabilization by bone grafts usually does not succeed, as postoperative irradiation in dosages sufficient for tumor control may interfere with incorporation of the graft. Over a four and one-half-year period, fourteen patients with spinal instability secondary to metastatic pathological fractures of one or more vertebrae received anterior stabilization by replacement of the affected vertebral bodies with methylmethacrylate polymerized in situ. No postoperative external support was required, and the acrylic fixation achieved by this method was not affected adversely by subsequent irradiation averaging 4375 rads. There was only one soft-tissue infection, which did not involve the anterior stabilization. Twelve patients had major neural impairment preoperatively and required spinal cord or nerve-root decompression anteriorly prior to fixation. Nine had complete neural recovery postoperatively, two others were improved significantly, and one remained unchanged. None deteriorated neurologically. Five patients had undergone decompressive laminectomy before the anterior stabilization was attempted. None had improved neurologically, and all had increased spinal instability. There was one failure of fixation. The remaining thirteen patients had excellent relief of pain and restoration of spinal stability which did not deteriorate during the follow-up period, ranging from thirteen to forty-five months postoperatively.
Effects of phosphodiesterase isoenzyme inhibitors on cutaneous inflammation in the guinea‐pig (1994)

1. Inflammation is central to the pathophysiology of asthma. The recent findings that different inflammatory cells may express different phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoenzymes have centered attention on inhibitors of these isoenzymes as new drugs for the treatment of asthma. In this study, we investigated the effect of different PDE isoenzyme inhibitors on the accumulation of 111In-labelled eosinophils and local oedema formation at sites of allergic- and mediator-induced inflammation in guinea-pig skin. 2. Systemic treatment with SK&F 94120, a type III PDE inhibitor, or zaprinast, a type V PDE inhibitor, had no effect on the 111In-eosinophil accumulation and oedema formation induced by i.d. injection of zymosan-activated plasma (ZAP), PAF, histamine or in a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction. 3. Systemic treatment with rolipram, a type IV PDE inhibitor, effectively inhibited 111In-eosinophil accumulation induced by ZAP, PAF, histamine and in a PCA reaction. However, oedema formation measured in the same sites was not affected. Systemic administration of higher doses of theophylline produced similar results. In contrast, 111In-neutrophil accumulation induced by ZAP or in a PCA reaction was not altered by systemic treatment with rolipram. 4. Locally-injected rolipram had little effect on 111In-eosinophil accumulation and oedema formation induced by histamine, PAF and in a PCA reaction. 5. These data show that systemic, but not local, treatment with rolipram effectively inhibits allergic- and mediator-induced 111In-eosinophil accumulation but not oedema formation or 111In-neutrophil accumulation. This, taken together with the potent inhibitory effects of PDE type IV inhibitors on eosinophil function in vitro, suggest that this class of drugs may be beneficial in disease states such as asthma where eosinophils are thought to play a major pathophysiological role.
Genetics of Leptin and Obesity: A HuGE Review (2005)

Leptin is an important regulator of the mass of adipose tissue and of body weight; it operates by inhibiting food intake and stimulating energy expenditure. Some polymorphic genes involved in the regulation of leptin-the leptin gene (LEP A19G), the leptin receptor gene (LEPR Q223R, K109R, and K656N), and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma gene (PPARG P12A and C161T)--have been investigated as possible factors associated with obesity. Allelic frequencies of these polymorphisms show ethnic variation. The authors performed a meta-analysis of the available data on the association between these polymorphisms and obesity based on case-control studies. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for obesity associated with leptin polymorphisms were calculated by using both fixed- and random-effects models. Results suggest no evidence of association between the genes under study and obesity. The lack of association could be due to the complex pathogenesis of obesity, which involves a number of genetic and environmental factors. Large studies including testing of multiple genes in both obese and lean subjects, with epidemiologic data on dietary habits in different ethnic groups, are necessary to better understand the role of leptin in regulating weight in human populations.
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS OF A PYRIDO(3,4‐D)PYRIMIDINE ANALOG OF PTEROIC ACID (1979)

Abstract Die Kondensation zwischen den Acetamiden (II) und dem Diketoester (I) liefert die Pyridone (III), die mit Phosphoroxychlorid zu (IV) führen und zu (V) dechloriert werden.
Viscosity of Whey Protein Solutions. (1994)

The apparent viscosity of whey protein solutions is studied as a function of shear rate, temperature and shearing time (at pH 6.5), using a coaxial cylinder and cone &amp; plate viscometer (Hawke VT500). Aqueous solutions containing up to 54 wt%whey are subjected to sheer rates between t0 and 3200 sec &apos; 1. For concentration up to 25 wl % the viscosity is independent of the shear rate and time. For whey concentrations of 30 wt % and above, the viscosity decrease asymptotically with an increasing shear rate. The power law Index is approximately constant over the range 30-40 wt % whey. The viscosity of 30-35 wt % solutions is independent of time of shearing, but is dependent on time for solutions of 40 wt % and greater. A thixotropic hysteresis effect (for T &lt; 50°C) and a rheopectic hysteresis effect (for T=52°C) are observed for solutions of 40 wt % and greater.
The Zinc-finger factor Insm1 (IA-1) is essential for the development of pancreatic β cells and intestinal endocrine cells (2006)

The pancreatic and intestinal primordia contain epithelial progenitor cells that generate many cell types. During development, specific programs of gene expression restrict the developmental potential of such progenitors and promote their differentiation. The Insm1 (insulinoma-associated 1, IA-1) gene encodes a Zinc-finger factor that was discovered in an insulinoma cDNA library. We show that pancreatic and intestinal endocrine cells express Insm1 and require Insm1 for their development. In the pancreas of Insm1 mutant mice, endocrine precursors are formed, but only few insulin-positive beta cells are generated. Instead, endocrine precursor cells accumulate that express none of the pancreatic hormones. A similar change is observed in the development of intestine, where endocrine precursor cells are formed but do not differentiate correctly. A hallmark of endocrine cell differentiation is the accumulation of proteins that participate in secretion and vesicle transport, and we find many of the corresponding genes to be down-regulated in Insm1 mutant mice. Insm1 thus controls a gene expression program that comprises hormones and proteins of the secretory machinery. Our genetic analysis has revealed a key role of Insm1 in differentiation of pancreatic and intestinal endocrine cells.
The SbcCD nuclease of <i>Escherichia coli</i> is a structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) family protein that cleaves hairpin DNA (1998)

Hairpin structures can inhibit DNA replication and are intermediates in certain recombination reactions. We have shown that the purified SbcCD protein of Escherichia coli cleaves a DNA hairpin. This cleavage does not require the presence of a free (3' or 5') DNA end and generates products with 3'-hydroxyl and 5'-phosphate termini. Electron microscopy of SbcCD has revealed the "head-rod-tail" structure predicted for the SMC (structural maintenance of chromosomes) family of proteins, of which SbcC is a member. This work provides evidence consistent with the proposal that SbcCD cleaves hairpin structures that halt the progress of the replication fork, allowing homologous recombination to restore DNA replication.
Polynitroalykyl ethers (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolynitroalykyl ethersVytautas GrakauskasCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1973, 38, 17, 2999–3004Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00957a017https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00957a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views91Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
High Dynamic Range Image rendering of color in chameleons' camouflage using optical thin films (2008)

High Dynamic Range Image (HDRI) rendering and animation of color in the camouflage of chameleons is developed utilizing thin film optics. Chameleons are a lizard species, and have the ability to change their skin color. This change in color is an expression of the physical and physiological conditions of the lizard, and plays a part in communication. The different colors that can be produced depending on the species include pink, blue, red, orange, green, black, brown and yellow. The modeling, simulation, and rendering of the color, which their skin incorporates, thin film optical stacks. The skin of a chameleon has four layers, which together produce various colors. The outside transparent layer has chromatophores cells, of two kinds of color, yellow and red. Next there are two more layers that reflect light: one blue and the other white. The innermost layer contains dark pigment granules or melanophore cells that influences the amount of reflected light. All of these pigment cells can rapidly relocate their pigments, thereby influencing the color of the chameleon. Techniques like subsurface scattering, the simulation of volumetric scattering of light underneath the objects surface, and final gathering are defined in custom shaders and material phenomena for the renderer. The workflow developed to model the chameleon's skin is also applied to simulation and rendering of hair and fur camouflage, which does not exist in nature.
The Impact of a One-Year Teacher Training Programme in Uganda (2007)

Education for all, life-long learning, and other associated developments are placing great pressure on Uganda to provide enhanced access for education to its schoolage and adult populations. This requires innovation in the provision of education. Distance education (DE) is expanding rapidly, especially in the training of teachers. However there are limited numbers of experienced and qualified practitioners to deliver and manage such innovative distance education initiatives. Kyambogo University, Uganda, in collaboration with the International Extension College (IEC) of the United Kingdom, designed a one-year study programme on introductory aspects of distance education delivery and management, and availed this to selected groups of inexperienced and unqualified practitioners of the DE mode of delivery. This study programme was delivered by the distance mode. A research exercise was undertaken to assess the impact of this one-year study programme on the participants: on their understanding of DE issues and on the nature of their continuing work in supporting, delivering, and managing DE. This article discusses the main findings from the research and the clearly positive impact that such an applied study programme has had-most importantly on sensitizing participants to the unique cultural needs and study contexts of the distance learner.
The Herpes Simplex Virus vhs Protein Induces Endoribonucleolytic Cleavage of Target RNAs in Cell Extracts (1999)

The herpes simplex virus virion host shutoff (vhs) protein (UL41 gene product) is a component of the HSV virion tegument that triggers shutoff of host protein synthesis and accelerated mRNA degradation during the early stages of HSV infection. Previous studies have demonstrated that extracts from HSV-infected cells and partially purified HSV virions display vhs-dependent RNase activity and that vhs is sufficient to trigger accelerated RNA degradation when expressed as the only HSV protein in an in vitro translation system derived from rabbit reticulocytes. We have used the rabbit reticulocyte translation system to characterize the mode of vhs-induced RNA decay in more detail. We report here that vhs-dependent RNA decay proceeds through endoribonucleolytic cleavage, is not affected by the presence of a 5' cap or a 3' poly(A) tail in the RNA substrate, requires Mg(2+), and occurs in the absence of ribosomes. Intriguingly, sites of preferential initial cleavage were clustered over the 5' quadrant of one RNA substrate that was characterized in detail. The vhs homologue of pseudorabies virus also induced accelerated RNA decay in this in vitro system.
License Plate Detection Based on Sparse Auto-Encoder (2015)

In modern society, automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) plays an important role in the field of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). In order to recognize the license plate efficiently, the location of the license plate must be detected first. In consequence, the detection of the license plate becomes a crucial stage in an ALPR system, affecting the performance of the whole system enormously. In this paper, we propose a novel method based on Sparse Auto-Encoder (SAE) to detect the vehicle license plate. The proposed method consists of three main stages: (1) A block-based image segmentation technique used for dividing the image into several blocks. (2) Deep learning model (SAE) trained for candidate block selection. (3) Accurate extraction of the license plate. Unlike other existing license plate detection methods, the proposed algorithm use a deep learning model to learn the features of the license plate. Experiment results demonstrate that our method can detect various types of license plates with a high accuracy and a relatively short running time.
Targeting repair pathways with small molecules increases precise genome editing in pluripotent stem cells (2018)

A now frequently used method to edit mammalian genomes uses the nucleases CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR/Cpf1 or the nickase CRISPR/Cas9n to introduce double-strand breaks which are then repaired by homology-directed repair using DNA donor molecules carrying desired mutations. Using a mixture of small molecules, the "CRISPY" mix, we achieve a 2.8- to 7.2-fold increase in precise genome editing with Cas9n, resulting in the introduction of the intended nucleotide substitutions in almost 50% of chromosomes or of gene encoding a blue fluorescent protein in 27% of cells, to our knowledge the highest editing efficiency in human induced pluripotent stem cells described to date. Furthermore, the CRISPY mix improves precise genome editing with Cpf1 2.3- to 4.0-fold, allowing almost 20% of chromosomes to be edited. The components of the CRISPY mix do not always increase the editing efficiency in the immortalized or primary cell lines tested, suggesting that employed repair pathways are cell-type specific.
Gold Coast Swept Prism - Limits (1983)

A broad scale view in both space and time of the reworking of the prism of sand which represents the Gold Coast is discussed. The main area of concern to coastal engineers or planners is the extreme erosional events.
The future of the NHS belongs to the patient (1996)

Although the general election could change everything, England's chief nursing officer believes that the goverment's latest White Paper on the NHS holds the key to its future
Vinyl epoxide hydrolysis reactions (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTVinyl epoxide hydrolysis reactionsAngela M. Ross, Terese M. Pohl, Kathryn Piazza, Michael Thomas, Bonnie Fox, and Dale L. WhalenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 6, 1658–1665Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00370a035https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00370a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views688Altmetric-Citations45LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Patterns and Predictors of Participation and Consumption of Supplement in An Intervention Study in Rural Guatemala (1992)

Children's participation and supplement intake patterns in an eight-year, community-based intervention trial in Guatemala are presented. The supplements were either high-energy, high-protein atole or low-energy, no-protein fresco. Participation rates were between 65% and 85%, with few differences by village (N = 4) or child age (0–7 years). The percentage of days of attendance at the supplementation centre and the volume of supplement consumed, however, were significantly higher in villages that were given atole for children under flour years old. After the age of four, children who received fresco consumed more volume. Supplement energy was significantly greater for children receiving atole at all ages. Proximity to the supplementation centre and larger family size were significant predictors of attendance for both supplements. Low socio-economic status was highly associated with increased attendance for children consuming atole, but not fresco. Analyses using these data should consider the possible biases introduced by differential self-selection between supplement types, particularly those that were potentially confounded by attendance or socioeconomic status.
The Design and Performance of High-Pressure Injectors as Gas Jet Boosters (1970)

Injectors have a large potential application as jet boosters in gas distribution networks by using the gas from high-pressure supplies to boost the pressure of gas from low-pressure holders to that required by the distribution system. A theoretical study of the design and performance of injectors for this purpose is described. A one-dimensional theory which takes friction into account is proposed for predicting the performance of injectors with driving pressure ratios up to 14:1. Optimization of the theoretical equations is carried out so that the most suitable dimensions can be chosen for any specified performance. Alternatively, the best operating conditions for a given geometry may be predicted. Experimental results compared well with predictions from the proposed theory particularly in the region close to the optimum working point. Where deviations did occur these are explained by the excessive recirculation of the driving gas at the inlet to the mixing throat, when operated away from the optimum working point at low injection ratios and high pressure lifts. By moving the driving nozzle closer to the inlet of the throat and dispensing with the inlet cone, marked improvements in performance could be obtained at these off-optimum operating conditions.
Classification and Assessment of Telecommunication Services in Broad-Band Networks (1975)

Communication systems have become a fundamental utility for many facets of private and public life. Increasing system capabilities and advances in technology stimulate expectations of the public for new telecommunication services. Quite a variety of new services have been proposed which will have to be analyzed as to their utility, customer acceptance, and feasibility of implementation. In this paper an analytical approach is selected to assess these services by defining their communication structure and arranging them into classes corresponding to information flow, mode of information exchange, and communication pattern. Services requiring considerable technical expenditures and having a significant impact on future network configurations are pointed out. These services reqmre subscriber-individual and broad-band communication channels. For selected classes of services, a conceptual implementation in three types of networks is presented. It is recommended that several new services be implemented by using facilities of the existing public telecommunication network.