gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Principles of pharmaceutical digital strategy (2003)

Abstract The head of R&D of a large European pharmaceutical company described his first exposure to email, almost 20 years ago, as an ‘incredible surprise’. He immediately saw the opportunities to run efficient, rapid, global clinical trials, for scientific information to be widely and easily disseminated and for truly collaborative research endeavours. Now, at the end of his distinguished career, he confided that he was astonished that he was seen as technologically backward, just because, when presented with the latest in web technology or e-R&D, he found it impossible to demonstrate the same excitement that he did when he saw the first electronic communication on a flickering monochrome screen. Maybe he did not, as his young collaborators kept saying, ‘get it’. But his true belief in the role of digital technologies in the pharmaceutical industry was demonstrated when, following the dotcom crash, his enthusiasm and investment in Internet applications for R&D increased substantially.
Handbook of estimation methods in ecotoxicology and environmental chemistry (1998)

Introduction Estimation of Physical-Chemical Parameters Estimation of Critical Temperature, Boiling and Melting Points, Vapour Pressure, and Evaporation Rate Estimation of Solubility and Partition Coefficient Estimation of Henry's Constant, Adsorption Coefficients, and Exchange Coefficients Estimation of Rate Coefficients of Hydrolysis and Photolysis Application of Molecular Connectivity Index for Estimation of Physical-Chemical Parameters Estimation of Biological Parameters Estimation of Biodegradation Rate Estimation of Bioconcentration, Bioaccumulation, and Biomagnification Factor Estimation of Uptake Rate, Uptake Efficiency, and Excretion Rate Application of Structural Similarity by Estimation of Biological Properties of Chemical Compounds Application of Allometric Principles Estimation of Toxicological Parameters Estimation of LC50 and LD50 Values Estimation of EC, MAC, and NEC Values Estimation of Other Toxic Parameters Estimation of Toxicological and Biological Parameter by Use of Molecular Connectivity Indices Estimation of Toxicological Parameters by Structural Similarity The Application of Estimation Methods in Practice A Network of Estimation Methods Using WINTOX The Accuracy of WINTOX Estimations Ecotoxicological Management Appendices Appendix 1: Definitions Appendix 2: Properties and Characteristics of Benchmark Chemicals Appendix 3: Tables for Estimation of Physical-Chemical Parameters Appendix 4: Parameters for Various Photochemical Processes and Lw = F(latitude) References Index
Selective imaging in second-harmonic-generation microscopy by polarization manipulation (2007)

Second-harmonic-generation (SHG) has proved itself as an important contrast mechanism in microscopic applications. Its noninvasiveness, optical sectioning capability, and high-penetrability provide attractive features in observation of thick biological tissues. Fibrous proteins, such as myosin and collagen, are dominant SHG harmonophores in vertebrates. Due to their biophotonic crystal nature, SHGs from these proteins are known to exhibit specific polarization dependencies, reflecting local molecule arrangements. Here the authors demonstrate a scheme to distinguish SHG from myosin-based muscle fibers and intertwined collagenous perimysium through polarization selection, without complicated staining or sample/image processing required.
Improving Service Availability in 3GPP Generic Access Network &#40;GAN&#41; by Adaptive Keep-Alive Interval &#40;AKI&#41; (2010)

The Generic Access Network (GAN) developed by 3GPP extends services to unlicensed spectrum. A mobile station with multiple air interfaces can access 3GPP services through GAN and roam seamlessly between different radio access networks. However, resource management is a critical issue in GAN. To allocate GAN resources efficiently, we propose Adaptive Keep-alive Interval (AKI). By using AKI, an MS can send less signaling messages. In addition, AKI can increase system utilization by releasing unused resources. The proposed AKI is evaluated by extensive simulations. The results show that the proposed AKI can reduce signaling overhead and increase GAN utilization significantly.
A Survey of Matrix Computations (1990)

This chapter is a three-level introduction to the field of matrix computations. The first section is very informal and is designed to acquaint the reader with the basic tools of the trade. The tools range from the algorithmic (What is a Householder matrix, and how they can be used to solve the least square problem?) to the analytic (What happens to the solution of a least square problem if we perturb the data?). In the second section, we discuss the matrix factorizations that figure heavily in numerical linear algebra. For each factorization, we survey algorithms, associated mathematical properties, and applications. Sprinkled throughout this section are special topics that illustrate the power of the factorization paradigm. In the final section, we use one factorization (Cholesky) to illustrate various aspects of high performance matrix computations. Successful computing nowadays requires the design of codes that pay careful attention to the flow of data during execution. Our goal is to make the reader more aware of these data movement concerns.
Evaluation of Iranian Second-Grade High School English Textbook Based on Needs Analysis Approach (2015)

Needs investigation is imperative in English language not only for courses in English for particular purposes, but also for courses in general English. Instructive materials such as textbooks, which are used as an instrument for instructional purposes, must be inspected based on students’ language needs. Through a needs investigation approach, this article sought to investigate second-grade English text book widely applied to Iranian high school students. In the beginning, a questionnaire prepared on the students’ language needs and wants was distributed among 120 second-grade male high school students and then the researchers utilized the results of this investigation as the premise to survey the intended text book. The obtained results indicated that although all language abilities and elements were approximately significant for most of the learners, the text book couldn’t satisfy the students’ foreign language needs. At the end, it was proposed that the textbook needs to be improved or completed by means of other learning materials in order to be more efficient for the students.
Gait Analysis in Surgically Treated Clubfoot (1986)

Clubfoot, a congenital foot abnormality, has been successfully managed with surgical treatment. To assess gait in individuals with surgically treated clubfeet, the patterns of electromyographic activity for the medical gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles and the stride characteristics during gait were measured and compared with normal values. The duration of medial gastrocnemius activity was significantly greater than normal, whereas tibialis anterior activity, stride length, and single limb support times were not different. No correlation was found between the results of the gait analysis and the quality of the surgical result.
Field-flow fractionation of chromosomes (1993)

The first topic of this project involved the preparation, fractionation by sedimentation/steric Field Flow Fractionation (FFF), and modeling of metaphase chromosomes. After numerous unsuccessful attempts to prepare chromosomes, we have implemented a procedure (in collaboration with Los Alamos National Laboratory) to prepare metaphase chromosomes from Chinese hamster cells. Extensive experimentation was necessary to identify a suitable FFF channel surface to minimize chromosome adsorption and a carrier liquid to stabilize and disperse the chromosomes. Under suitable operating conditions, the Chinese hamster chromosomes were purified from cell debris and partially fractionated. The purified, preenriched chromosomes that can be prepared by sedimentation/steric FFF or produced continuously by continuous SPLITT fractionation provide an enriched feed material for subsequent flow cytometry. In the second project component, flow FFF permitted successful separations of single- from double-stranded circular DNA, double-stranded circular DNAs of various sizes, and linear double-stranded DNA fragments of various lengths. Diffusion coefficients extracted from retention data agreed well with literature data as well as predictions of major polymer theories. The capacity of FFF separations was evaluated to examine potential applications to long DNA chains.
The Influence of Environment on Envelope Properties Affecting Survival of Bacteria in Infections (1985)

Human coronavirus (HCoV) infection causes respiratory diseases with mild to severe outcomes. In the last 15 years, we have witnessed the emergence of two zoonotic, highly pathogenic HCoVs: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and ...Read More
The Expression and Clinical Significance of TGF-β1 and MMP2 in Human Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma (2009)

The expression and clinical significance of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) in human renal clear cell carcinoma (RCCC) were investigated. The intensity of TGF-beta1 and MMP2 expression in RCCC kidneys was significantly higher than that in normal kidneys. Expression of TGF-beta1 and MMP2 in RCCC tissues was positively correlated with pathological grade and clinical stage. There was also a significant correlation between TGF-beta1 and Msshese analyses indicate that upregulation of TGF-beta1 and MMP2 expression may occur during the progression of RCCC. Thus, TGF-beta1 and MMP2 may be useful molecular markers for evaluating prognosis in RCCC patients.
Assessment genetic variation and relationship of sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) in Indonesia based on specific expression gene (Wx genes) markers (2012)

Starch production of sago palm based on physical and chemical properties were observed in a large variation in the previous study. The important gene markers used forthe assessment of the genetic variation and relationships which is related to the starch production is wx gene markers. The generating data based on the Wx gene markers were described in 8 alleles and 14 genotypes on sago palm in Indonesia. The sizes of alleles range from 100 to 700 bp. Many vernacular names were given by local people where the population is located. However it has different names, but it is genetically the same. The vernacular names do not accurately describe the types of the sago palm. The genetic relationships of sago palm were observed in a higher variation in the level of individual sampling stages, then followed by the populations sampling and the islands sampling stages. Sago palm samples were clustered into four groups in the level of individuals, three groups in the level of populations, and two groups in the level of islands. The existence of the specific genotypes in both population, Serui in the Papua islands and Palopo in the Sulawesi islands are considered to be germplasm resources. The Papua islands have the largest genotype; therefore, it is proposed to be the center of genetic diversity of sago palm in Indonesia.

	 

	Key words: Sago palm, wx gene, population, genetic variation, genetic relationship.
Using clickstream data to enhance business‐to‐business web site performance (2010)

Purpose This paper is designed to illustrate how clickstream data, collected from a B2B web site and then analyzed using web analytics software, can be used to evaluate and improve B2B web site performance. A number of issues in the application of clickstream data and web analytics software are to be identified and discussed. Design/methodology/approach A case study approach is used to present some of the technical issues in the field of web analytics and to demonstrate their value in B2B web site management. Three field experiments, focusing on incorporating ways to discourage shopping‐cart abandonment and the use of two different free‐shipping promotions, were used as the basic research method for collecting the data. Web traffic conversion funnels are used to conduct the analysis and present the findings. Findings The analysis of clickstream data using web analytics procedures serves as a useful tool in the enhancement of a B2B web site by investigating how visitors move through the web site conversion process and complete their purchase. Improved sales result from each of the three field experiments. Research limitations/implications Researchers may use the paper as evidence that web analytics methods can be applied successfully in a B2B application for a technology‐oriented company. Practical implications The paper illustrates the use of clickstream data to measure the progression of web site visitors through the conversion process toward purchase. Originality/value Insight is provided into the usefulness of web analytics as a framework for performance measurement that is used to drive success for B2B web sites.
Styrene/(Styrene Derivative) and Styrene/(1‐Alkene) Copolymerization using Ph<sub>2</sub>Zn‐Additive Initiator Systems (2004)

Abstract Diphenylzinc‐metallocene‐MAO initiator systems have proven to be effective initiator systems for styrene and for substituted styrenes as well as for their styrene/(styrene‐derivative) copolymerization. Titanocene produced almost pure syndiotactic polymers while zirconocenes gave atactic polystyrene together with a low content, less than 20%, of syndiotactic polystyrene. Systems including a zirconocene, particularly ethenyl(bisindenyl)zirconium dichloride were effective initiators of 1‐alkene polymerization and of styrene/1‐alkene copolymerization. Conversion to polymer increases with the molecular size of 1‐alkene. Styrene derivative and styrene/(styrene derivative) polymerization was greatly influenced by the inductive effect of substituent and by steric hindrance due to the monomer.
Defective Post-replication Recovery and u.v. Sensitivity in a Simian Virus 40-transformed Indian Muntjac Cell Line (1986)

The responses to u.v. of two cell lines derived from the Indian muntjac are described. The u.v. sensitivity of the diploid cell falls within the range of most normal mammalian cells while the other, a heteroploid cell, transformed by SV40, is much more sensitive to killing. This hypersensitivity cannot be explained by defective excision repair: the two cell types are indistinguishable in this activity as judged by inhibitor-associated DNA break accumulation and unscheduled DNA synthesis. Rather, the SV40 transformed cells have a pronounced inability to recover normal DNA replication after u.v. These cells are, therefore, defective in a post-replication recovery mechanism and in this respect resemble the behaviour of the variant form of xeroderma pigmentosum. Their limited ability to recover normal levels of RNA synthesis after u.v. hints at the complexity of the phenotype.
Clinical practice guidelines: non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (1995)

Presently accepted therapies remain the mainstays in treating the NHLs; however, progressive therapeutic regimens, such as watching and waiting for intermediate-level disease progression or employing salvage, high-dose chemotherapeutic regimens, often with bone marrow transplantation, in intermediate- or high-grade disease stages, have yielded measurable successes in significant minorities of patients.
Double Logarithmic Arithmetic Technique for Low-Power 3-D Graphics Applications (2017)

An energy efficient double logarithmic arithmetic (DLA) technique is proposed for 3-D graphics applications. DLA manipulates the logarithmic arithmetic and improves the architecture for the realization of the transcendental functions and the advanced lighting model using energy efficient techniques. The DLA features complete elimination of multipliers in logarithmic domain by using successive logarithmic converters. DLA demonstrates up to 56% reduction in power consumption as compared to the existing techniques. The main advantage of this approach is the ability to perform the complex functions using power-efficient, area-efficient, as well as high frequency design. The proposed technique performs transcendental functions using multiplier free hardware architecture. Moreover, based on nonuniform subdivisions and piecewise linear approximation, novel logarithmic and antilogarithmic converters are also proposed. These converters achieve optimal power consumption as compared to several recent approaches. The proposed converters provide low relative error with less nonuniform subdivisions. Up to 19%, 12%, and 20% reduction in relative error, area, and power consumption are achieved, respectively.
Experience with implementation of multi-party video-conferencing application over packet networks (2002)

The increased speed of workstations and networks have made interactive multimedia communications between workstations across packet-switched networks possible. Transmission of real-time multimedia data over such networks has its limitations and problems. The basic problem pertaining to transmission of audio is synchronization whereas video coding is the main problem for video transmission. Application level framing (ALF) and the real-time transport protocol (RTP) provide a well defined framework for real-time multimedia communication over packet-switched networks. We develop a multi-party video-conferencing application, called VidZ, based on the "composable tools" approach which is extendable and provides for re-usability of the tools. We provide an overview of the issues involved in transmission of real-time audio and video over packet-switched networks, and relate our experience in the implementation of such an application.
Tuberculosis in Elderly Persons (1991)

As tuberculosis has been controlled in the western world, it has retreated into enclaves. The largest of these is among persons who are now over age 65, many of whom carry tubercle bacilli in dormant lesions implanted in earlier years and still capable of causing tuberculosis as life forces wane. The diagnosis is all too often not thought of in this age group; as a result, a patient with what was thought to be an episode of bronchitis or bronchopneumonia may die after having exposed a number of young health workers to tuberculosis in a country where it should have been eliminated several years ago. The purpose of this paper is to heighten the index of suspicion of tuberculosis among physicians caring for the elderly.
Impulsivity, time perception, emotion and reinforcement sensitivity in patients with orbitofrontal cortex lesions (2004)

Damage to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in humans has been associated with disinhibited or socially inappropriate behaviour and emotional changes. Some of the changes may be related to difficulty in responding correctly to rewards and punishers, in that these patients have difficulty in learning to correct their choice of a visual stimulus when it is no longer associated with reward. We extend this fundamental approach by investigating the relationship between frontal dysfunction and impulsive behaviour, the behavioural, emotional and personality changes seen in patients with prefrontal cortex damage, and thus in addition illuminate the cognitive and biological processes that are impaired in impulsive people. OFC patients (n = 23) performed more impulsively on both self‐report and cognitive/behavioural tests of impulsivity, reported more inappropriate ‘frontal’ behaviours, and performed worse on a stimulus–reinforcement association reversal task, than non‐OFC prefrontal cortex lesion control (n = 20) and normal control (n = 39) participants. Further, OFC patients experienced more subjective anger than non‐OFC and normal participants, and less subjective happiness than normals; and had a faster subjective sense of time (overestimated and underproduced time intervals) than normal controls, while non‐OFC patients did not differ from normals. Finally, both OFC and non‐OFC patients were less open to experience than normal participants. There were no differences between OFC patients, non‐OFC lesion patients and normal controls on all other personality traits, most notably extraversion. In a spatial working memory task, the non‐OFC group, most of whom had dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lesions, were impaired in that they repeatedly returned to previously chosen empty locations (‘within errors’), whereas OFC patients were not impaired on this measure. Thus there is a dissociation between the effects of OFC damage which does not affect this measure of spatial working memory but does affect impulsive and inappropriate behaviour, reversal, personality, time perception and emotion; and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex damage which does affect this measure of spatial working memory, but not impulsive and inappropriate behaviour, reversal, personality, time perception and emotion. The effects of OFC damage on impulsive and related behaviours described here have implications for understanding impulsive behaviour.
Application of a Big Data Platform in the Course of Java Language Programming (2016)

This study designs a big data teaching platform that adopts the big data technology of Hadoop as its core. The platform provides a method of searching teaching video data and integrates the technologies of data encryption and intelligent recognition. The teaching functions of this advanced platform include teaching audio–visual presentation, intelligent data recognition, data-mining sharing, and data storage sharing. The method of comparative teaching is adopted to test the actual effect of the teaching platform on teaching Java language programming to students majoring in computer. Results show that the platform exhibits good teaching applicability, significantly improves the examination achievements, learning interest, independent learning ability, and innovation ability of students, and therefore indicates a promising application prospect and research value.
The Brava External Tissue Expander: Is Breast Enlargement without Surgery a Reality? (2007)

Long-term breast enlargement without surgery is possible with an external tissue expander. The more it is used, the more the breasts grow. To avoid disappointments and drop-outs, women have to be well informed about the time and lifestyle commitment.