gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The patterns of afferent innervation of the core and shell in the “Accumbens” part of the rat ventral striatum: Immunohistochemical detection of retrogradely transported fluoro‐gold (1993)

Recent data have emphasized the neurochemically distinct nature of subterritories in the accumbens part of the rat ventral striatum termed the core, shell, and rostral pole. In order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of how afferents are distributed relative to these subterritories, immunohistochemical detection of retrogradely transported Fluoro-Gold was carried out following iontophoretic injections intended to involve selectively one of the subterritories. The data revealed that a number of cortical afferents of the medial shell and core originate in separate areas, i.e., the dorsal peduncular, infralimbic, and posterior piriform cortices (to medial shell) and the dorsal prelimbic, anterior agranular insular, anterior cingulate, and perirhinal cortices (to core). The lateral shell and rostral pole are innervated by cortical structures that also project either to the medial shell or core. The orbital, posterior agranular insular, and entorhinal cortices, hippocampus, and basal amygdala were observed to innervate the accumbens in a topographic manner. Following core injections, strong bilateral cortical labeling was observed. Few labeled cortical cells were observed contralaterally following injections in the medial shell. Intermediate numbers of labeled neurons were observed in contralateral cortices following lateral shell injections. Robust subcortical labeling in a variety of structures in the ventral forebrain, lateral hypothalamus, deep temporal lobe, and brainstem was observed after shell injections, particularly those that involved the caudal dorsomedial extremity of the shell, i.e., its "septal pole." Selective ipsilateral labeling of subcortical structures in the basal ganglia circuitry was observed following injections in the core and, to a lesser extent, lateral shell. It was concluded that a number of afferent systems exhibit varying degrees of segregation with respect to the accumbal subterritories.
Nosocomial Candidemia: Risk Factors and Attributable Mortality (1995)

Over the past decade, the incidence of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections caused by Candida species has risen and the species associated with such infections have changed. The incidence of candidemia is dramatically higher in high-risk, critical-care units than in other parts of the hospital. Certain underlying physical conditions including acute leukemia, leukopenia, burns, gastrointestinal disease, and premature birth predispose patients to nosocomial candidemia. Independent risk factors include prior treatment with multiple antibiotics, prior Hickman catheterization, isolation of Candida species from sites other than the blood, and prior hemodialysis. In this article some of the challenges posed by the management of nosocomial candidemia are presented in three case studies. In addition, the results of several investigations of nosocomial candidemia at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics are reviewed.
Fertilization and Cleavage of Rhesus Monkey Oocytes in Vitro1 (1983)

Fertilization in vitro of rhesus oocytes has been performed in order to provide a model for the study of primate embryonic development. Rhesus monkeys were superstimulated by daily injections of pregnant mare’s serum gonadotropin (PMSG) for 12 days beginning Days 3–5 of menses. An injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was given 24 h after the last PMSG injection to induce oocyte maturation. Laparoscopic aspiration of 106 follicles approximately 30 h after hCG injection yielded 87 oocytes (82% recovery). Fifty-three of these oocytes (62%) were enclosed in loose (expanded) cumulus oophorus. Washed, ejaculated rhesus spermatozoa (20 × 106 /ml) were preincubated for 4–6 h in a modified Tyrode’s solution, then diluted (1/10) into 100-µ1 culture drops containing oocytes, and caffeine and dibutyryl cAMP (1 mM each). In later experiments, these chemicals were added to the sperm suspensions during the last 1.5 h of preincubation, so that they became diluted 1/10 (final concentrations 0.1 mM each) in the fertilization drops. Sperm and oocytes were coincubated for 18–24 h, then oocytes were either fixed or transferred to fresh culture medium. In 9 experiments a total of 70 rhesus oocytes were inseminated in vitro. Total results for 5 experiments were 13/30 oocytes (43%) showing signs consistent with fertilization (sperm in vitellus and/or more than 1 pronucleus or early stages of cleavage). Four more experiments yielded confirmatory evidence of fertilization. When oocytes were inseminated with live sperm that had been preincubated with caffeine and dibutyryl cAMP, 23/29 oocytes (79%) cleaved at least once; 20 of these developed to the 8-cell stage or further. A further 11 oocytes, randomly selected from the pool of available eggs in the 4 experiments, were inseminated under identical conditions with killed sperm. None of these oocytes showed activation, cleavage or fragmentation during culture for 48–73 h. Activation of oocytes and cleavage resulted only from interaction with live sperm, indicating that fertilization was in progress or had been completed.
Intraventricular vascular endothelial growth factor antibody increases infarct volume following transient cerebral ischemia. (1999)

Intraventricular injection of VEGF antibody increased the infarct volume after focal cerebral ischemia in rats, suggesting that expression of neuronal VEGF may be one of neuronal protective mechanisms.
Some possibilities for the compression of television signals by recoding (1953)

The paper describes first the excessive redundancy in television signals, using the term in the sense of communication theory. The information in a picture is largely contained in the edges and boundaries, but in practice these occupy a very small part of the total area. The unequal probabilities of signal elements lying in boundary and smooth surface regions are considered, together with the transition probabilities between adjacent elements. Compression is shown to be possible by making such probabilities more nearly equal, using a system of recoding.Such recoding may be achieved by a variable-velocity scanning system if the scan velocity is made high for all regions of the picture having low picture-detail and low for regions having high picture-detail. Picture-detail is defined precisely and measured values are given from observations on working programme material.Finally, compression is shown to be theoretically attainable in both the vertical and the horizontal directions. Correlation between successive line-scan waveforms is interpreted in terms of transition probabilities, and again a redundancy is seen to exist. Suggestions are made for reducing this by storage of every successive frame and scanning alternately in the horizontal and vertical directions, in both cases using a variable-velocity system. Finally, the paper should not be read as describing an existing working system, but purely as a discussion of possibilities.
Dual-frequency slotted triangular microstrip antenna with an inset microstrip-line feed (2000)

A novel design of a slotted triangular microstrip antenna for dual-frequency operation is proposed and experimentally studied. By embedding an inverted V-shaped slot close to the vertex of a triangular microstrip patch, dual-frequency operation of the microstrip antenna can be achieved using an inset microstrip-line feed. The two operating frequencies have parallel polarization planes and broadside radiation characteristics. Also, the frequency ratio, in the range 1.37–1.59, of the two frequencies can be controlled by the length of the embedded slot. Details of the obtained dual-frequency performances are presented and discussed. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 27: 318–320, 2000.
The Effect of Text Slides Compared to Visualizations on Learning and Appreciation in Lectures (2007)

Visual support of presentations generally consists of text or real visualizations, such as pictures and diagrams. Most speakers prefer text slides in a bullet layout. Yet their audiences like real visualizations better. The question is: which of these two types of presentation support is better in terms of learning effects? In a large-scale experiment (N=237), we tried to determine the most effective way to visually support a presentation. We used a real-life 15-minute lecture on the topic of persuasion strategies. The independent variable was the content of the slide. Regarding the slide content, we employed three variations: •no visual support•slides with text•slides with real visualizations (diagrams, pictures etcetera) The dependent variables were a multiple-choice questionnaire to measure the comprehension of the listeners, and a Likert-like questionnaire to measure the attitudes of the listeners regarding presentation and slides. The outcome of this experiment suggests that, from a learning point of view, text slides support a presentation at least as well as visualizations, and that text on the slides does not need to be concise. But although listeners learn more from text slides, they prefer the visual kind significantly.
Identifying and prioritizing gaming workers' health and safety concerns using mapping for data collection (2001)

Background This research was prompted by the clinical presentation of workers from a variety of gaming occupations with injuries and illnesses and multiple health and safety concerns. Methods Using participatory action research principles, 51 gaming workers in Ontario and 20 gaming workers in Manitoba were consulted during a series of focus group sessions. Mapping exercises were used to survey the participants about their health concerns, perceived occupational hazards and the impact of working conditions on their personal lives. Participants were then asked to prioritize their concerns and make recommendations for improvements. Results Gaming workers from both provinces identified similar health, hazard and psycho-social concerns. They prioritized the issues of stress, ergonomics, indoor air quality (including second-hand smoke and temperature), biological hazards, physical hazards and noise. Conclusions This study points to a need to more fully investigate and address health and safety issues in the gaming industry. It also demonstrates the effectiveness of a worker-driven, participatory consultation. Am. J. Ind. Med. 39:42–51, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Seated work postures for manual, visual and combined tasks (1999)

An awkward and static work posture has been recognized as a risk factor for work-related musculoskeletal problems. The objective of this study was to investigate some of the factors that can influence the posture adopted during work and in particular aspects of the task and how their influence is affected by work height. Three types of task were studied: a peg-hole assembly task, which was largely manual with very little visual component; a visual character identification task; and a combination of the two. Two levels of difficulty were included in each of the manual and visual elements. Postures of the head/neck, trunk and arm were recorded during performance of these tasks. The results showed that type and difficulty of task do influence the posture adopted, and that some of the postural responses (although complex) are predictable so that poor postures could be improved by adjusting task design in addition to workplace layout.
Accumulation Mechanisms of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cells in EBV-associated Gastric Carcinoma (2015)

Approximately 10% of gastric carcinomas are associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and are defined as EBV-associated gastric carcinomas (EBVaGCs). EBVaGCs are known to be accompanied by massive CD8(+) cytotoxic T cell (CTL) infiltration; however, adoptive cellular immunotherapy based on EBV-specific CD8(+) CTLs has been explored with limited success. Because regulatory T cells (Tregs) are regarded as a critical hurdle in anti-tumour immunity, we assessed the distribution of Tregs in 45 cases of EBVaGC and 45 cases of EBV-negative gastric carcinoma (EBVnGC) with matched clinicopathological parameters by immunohistochemistry. We showed that Tregs were significantly increased in EBVaGC compared to EBVnGC (15.92 ± 11.45/HPF vs. 8.45 ± 6.16/HPF, p = 0.001). In addition, we explored the accumulation mechanisms of Tregs in EBVaGC by using EBV (+) gastric carcinoma cell lines SNU719 and GT39 as ex vivo models. When peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were co-cultured with EBV (+) gastric carcinoma cell lines, the Treg frequency increased, and they underwent phenotypic and functional changes. The enhanced recruitment by CCL22 produced by EBVaGC cells, the decreased emigration due to CCR7 downregulation on the Treg surface, the higher proliferation rate, and the lower apoptosis rate of Tregs at tumour sites may promote the accumulation of Tregs in EBVaGC.
A myoelectric control evaluation and trainer system (1994)

A computer program, which was developed to train and assess child upper limb amputees in the use of myoelectric control, is described. The program permits a user to open and close a graphic hand using myoelectric control and automatically saves assessment results. The program was designed to be entertaining for children and easy to use for therapists. Preliminary testing of the program was done with 15 nonamputee adult volunteers. The results indicate that the program is a useful tool for myoelectric training and assessment. All subjects improved at myoelectric control, the improvement being greater at the beginning of a 10 day training period than at the end of it. The use of the dominant versus nondominant arm for control did not have any effect, and the error most commonly produced was undershooting.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A 1V, 1mW, 4GHz Injection-Locked Oscillator for High-Performance Clocking (2007)

Injection-locked clocking (ILC) has been proposed previously to improve the skew and jitter performance while reducing the power consumption in multi-gigahertz clock distribution networks. This paper presents a new design of the injection-locked oscillator (ILO) suitable for ILC applications. It uses a transformer to generate differential signals and then directly inject them into the ILO core. It also incorporates a switched-capacitor array for frequency tuning and hence digital deskew in ILC. A 4 GHz test chip was designed and fabricated in a 0.18 mum standard digital CMOS. It consists of four ILOs driven by a balanced H-tree. Each ILO consumes less than 1 mW from a 1 V power supply. 5-bit digital deskew achieves 55 ps delay tuning range and 1.8 ps resolution. Measurement shows that only 30 fs cycle-to-cycle jitter degradation was introduced and no phase noise degradation at frequency offset up to 600 kHz.
Novel functions of FoxM1: from molecular mechanisms to cancer therapy (2013)

FoxM1 is a member of the forkhead family of transcription factors. Since its identification 15 year ago, numerous studies have progressively contributed to our current understanding on FoxM1 functions. Early work showed that FoxM1 regulates the transcriptional program of the G2 phase of the cell cycle, and is essential for proper mitotic progression and genomic stability. Moreover, FoxM1 was found to be overexpressed in many different types of human cancer, suggesting a role of FoxM1 in tumor proliferation. In the past years, a significant number of studies have formally demonstrated the involvement of FoxM1 in different aspects of tumorogenesis, including angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. In addition to this, recent studies have placed FoxM1 in DNA damage response and senescence pathways, two pathways relevant to tumor progression and the response to cancer therapies. Here, we review and discuss the molecular mechanisms through which FoxM1 executes these new roles, and the implications for the potential use of FoxM1 as a therapeutic target in cancer.
Infiltration and Extravasation (2009)

Infiltration and extravasation are risks of intravenous administration therapy involving unintended leakage of solution into the surrounding tissue. Consequences range from local irritation to amputation. While immediate action using appropriate measures (ie, dilution, extraction, antidotes, and supportive treatments) can decrease the need for surgical intervention, many injuries may be prevented by following established policy and procedures. However, timely surgical intervention, when necessary, can prevent more serious adverse outcomes. Clinicians should be prepared to act promptly when an event occurs. Thorough incident documentation helps determine whether infusion care meets the standard of practice and is a keystone to medicolegal defense.
<i>N</i>-Trimethylsilyl Amines for Controlled Ring-Opening Polymerization of Amino Acid <i>N</i>-Carboxyanhydrides and Facile End Group Functionalization of Polypeptides (2008)

We report a new strategy that uses N-trimethylsilyl (N-TMS) amine to mediate controlled ring-opening polymerization of amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs). This polymerization proceeds via a unique, trimethylsilyl carbamate (TMS-CBM) propagating group that results from the cleavage of the Si-N bond of N-TMS amine followed by NCA ring opening. Propagation of the polypeptide chains proceeds through the transfer of the TMS group from the terminal TMS-CBM to the incoming monomer followed by the formation of a new TMS-CBM propagating group. Formation of the TMS-CBM was confirmed by MS and NMR. Polypeptides formed by the N-TMS amine-mediated polymerization have the expected molecular weights, narrow molecular weight distributions, and controlled functional groups at the C-termini of the polypeptides.
Pathophysiology of Graves’ Ophthalmopathy: The Cycle of Disease (2003)

Hyperthyroidism in Graves’ disease is due to the binding of stimulatory autoantibodies to the TSH receptor (TSHr) on thyroid follicular cells. The stimulation of this G proteincoupled receptor by autoantibodies leads to excessive and uncontrolled production of thyroid hormone. Our understanding of Graves’ disease has increased remarkably after the cloning in 1989 of TSHr (1–3). This achievement led to insights regarding TSHr biology, including the unique two-subunit structure of this receptor that may render it especially prone to autoimmune attack (4). In contrast, the pathophysiology of Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) and thyroid-associated pretibial dermopathy (PTD) is less well understood. However, studies by several groups have begun to unravel the many complex factors contributing to development of these ocular and dermal manifestations of Graves’ disease. The progression of GO and PTD from initiation to subclinical disease to fully developed ocular and dermal manifestations appears not to be a linear process. It seems rather to be a positive feedback cycle composed of mechanical, immunological, and cellular processes (Fig. 1). In this review each of the major components of this disease cycle will be examined with an eye toward understanding the limitations of current therapy and identifying targets for future therapy. Mechanical contributions to GO pathogenesis Many of the clinical symptoms and signs of GO can be explained on a mechanical basis by the increase in volume of intraorbital tissues characteristic of the disease (5). Although most individuals with GO have evidence of both extraocular muscle and orbital adipose tissue enlargement, some exhibit a predominance of either muscle or fat expansion (6). Individuals younger than 40 yr of age are considerably more likely to exhibit orbital fat expansion in the absence of muscle enlargement, whereas patients over 70 yr are more prone to severe, fusiform muscle enlargement without significant changes in orbital adipose tissue volume (7). Proptosis, the forward displacement of the globe, stems from this increase in orbital tissue volume within the unyielding confines of the bony orbit. Extraocular muscle dysfunction is caused, early in the disease, by swelling of the muscle bodies. Enlargement of the muscles at the apex of the orbit may lead to compressive optic neuropathy and visual loss. In later stages the extraocular muscles may become fibrotic and atrophic as a result of chronic inflammation and compression of the muscle fibers. Chemosis and periorbital edema appear to be caused primarily by decreased venous and lymphatic drainage from the orbit secondary to compression of these channels. Similarly, patients with severe PTD have compromise of low pressure lymphatics in the lower extremities (8), which probably contributes to the dependent edema seen in this condition. Histological examination of orbital adipose and extraoc
Photocleavage of plasmid DNA by dibenzothiophene<i>S</i>-oxide under anaerobic conditions (2007)

The ability of dibenzothiophene S-oxide (1) to photochemically induce strand breaks in plasmid DNA was studied under anaerobic conditions. DNA cleavage is monitored by the conversion of closed circular pUC19 DNA (form I) to the nicked (form II) and linear forms (form III) using densitometer digital imaging of ethidium stained gels. In buffered aqueous–acetonitrile (9:1) solutions the single-strand cleavage is efficient and does not require an alkaline reaction workup. Photodeoxygenation of 1 in buffered aqueous–acetonitrile (9{:}1) solutions containing benzene led to the production of phenol. The effect of solvent deuteration does not support the involvement of 1O2 from a sulfoxide dimerization reaction nor a sensitized photooxygenation reaction. The results are interpreted in terms of a sulfoxide photodeoxygenation via oxygen atoms [O(3P)] where oxidation of DNA can lead to single-strand breaks. Since the reaction of O(3P) atoms with water itself is endoergic, we propose that hydroxyl radicals do not intervene in the DNA cleaving reaction.
Architecture of Timing Synchronization for MIMO-OFDM WLAN Systems (2008)

In this paper, we present a timing synchronization scheme of the next generation IEEE 802.tin wireless LAN standard which is based on MIMO-OFDM technique. The proposed timing synchronization method takes two steps which consist of two modified auto-correlators. For coarse timing synchronization, a sliding window differentiator is used after a conventional auto-correlation in order to avoid plateau problem. The conjugate symmetry property of L-LTS is used for fine timing synchronization. Since cross-correlation based methods are not required, the computational complexity and the number of multiplier can be reduced. In order to reduce the hardware complexity, we have used sign comparators (SC) instead of using multipliers. Based on simulation results, the proposed method outperforms a conventional method. The proposed scheme can be applied to IEEE 802.1 In systems and can easily be expanded to frequency synchronization scheme.
Learning Correspondence Structures for Person Re-Identification (2017)

This paper addresses the problem of handling spatial misalignments due to camera-view changes or human-pose variations in person re-identification. We first introduce a boosting-based approach to learn a correspondence structure, which indicates the patchwise matching probabilities between images from a target camera pair. The learned correspondence structure can not only capture the spatial correspondence pattern between cameras but also handle the viewpoint or human-pose variation in individual images. We further introduce a global constraint-based matching process. It integrates a global matching constraint over the learned correspondence structure to exclude cross-view misalignments during the image patch matching process, hence achieving a more reliable matching score between images. Finally, we also extend our approach by introducing a multi-structure scheme, which learns a set of local correspondence structures to capture the spatial correspondence sub-patterns between a camera pair, so as to handle the spatial misalignments between individual images in a more precise way. Experimental results on various data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.