gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Indoles. Part I. The formylation of indole and some reactions of 3-formylindole (1954)

The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract.
Conversion and Storage of NMEA 2000 PGN Data into IEC 61162-4 Tag Format (2010)

선박에서 발생되는 다양한 형태의 디지털 정보를 그 특성에 따라 적절하게 처리하기 위해서는 용도에 적합한 네트워크의 구성이 필요하다. 이러한 필요성에 부합하는 표준으로 NMEA 2000과 IEC 61162-4가 있다. NMEA 2000은 실시간 데이터의 처리에 적합한 표준이고, IEC 61162-4는 데이터의 통합 관리에 적합한 표준이다. 따라서, NMEA 2000 데이터를 통합하여 관리하기 위해서는 IEC 61162-4 포맷으로 변환하여야 한다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 변환을 위한 참조화일 및 알고리즘을 제시하고 그 구현 결과를 기술한다.
Studies of Three New Genes, Linkage, and Epistasis in Lettuce (1989)

Abstract Three new lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) genes were described and named: shiny green ( Sgsg ), salmon ( Sasa ), and apple green ( Agag ). Plump involucre and male sterile are linked, with p = 0.345. Plump involucre and Early flowering are linked closely, with p approaching zero. Twenty-five gene pairs tested for linkage were independently inherited. In achene color, the order of recessive epistasis is white > yellow > brown . The double-recessive combination vivicd-2cd-2 ( virescent and chlorophyll deficient ) is phenotypically virescent and partially lethal.
Neural network classification based on quantification of uncertainty (2009)

This thesis deals with feedforward backpropagation neural networks and interval neutrosophic sets for the binary and multiclass classification problems. Neural networks are used to predict “true” and “false” output values. These results together with the uncertainty of type error and vagueness occurred in the prediction are then represented in the form of interval neutrosophic sets. Each element in an interval neutrosophic set consists of three membership values: truth, indeterminacy, and false. These three membership values are then used in the classification process. For binary classification, a pair of neural networks is first applied in order to predict the degrees of truth and false membership values. Subsequently, bagging technique is applied to an ensemble of pairs of neural networks in order to improve the performance. For multiclass classification, two basic multiclass classification methods are proposed. A pair of neural networks with multiple outputs and multiple pairs of binary neural network are experimented. A number of aggregation techniques are proposed in this thesis. The difference between each pair of the truth and false membership values determines the vagueness value. Error occurred in the prediction are estimated using an interpolation technique. Both vagueness and error then form the indeterminacy membership. Two and three dimensional visualization of the three membership values are also presented. Ten data sets obtained from UCI machine learning repository are experimented with the proposed approaches. The approaches are also applied to two real world problems: mineral prospectivity prediction and lithofacies classification.
On the Improvement of COAMPS Weather Forecasts Using an Advanced Radiative Transfer Model (2008)

Abstract Fu–Liou’s delta-four-stream (with a two-stream option) radiative transfer model has been implemented in the U.S. Navy’s Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS)1 to calculate solar and thermal infrared fluxes in 6 shortwave and 12 longwave bands. The model performance is evaluated at high resolution for clear-sky and overcast conditions against the observations from the Southern Great Plains of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program. In both cases, use of the Fu–Liou model provides significant improvement over the operational implementation of the standard Harshvardhan radiation parameterization in both shortwave and longwave fluxes. A sensitivity study of radiative flux on clouds reveals that the choices of cloud effective radius schemes for ice and liquid water are critical to the flux calculation due to the effects on cloud optical properties. The sensitivity study guides the selection of optimal cloud optical properties for use in the Fu–Liou parameterization as implemented in COAMPS. The new model is then used to produce 3-day forecasts over the continental United States for a winter and a summer month. The verifications of parallel runs using the standard and new parameterizations show that Fu–Liou dramatically reduces the model’s systematic warm bias in the upper troposphere in both winter and summer. The resultant cooling modifies the atmospheric stability and moisture transport, resulting in a significant reduction in the upper-tropospheric wet bias. Overall ice and liquid water paths are also reduced. At the surface, Fu–Liou reduces the negative temperature and sea level pressure biases by providing more accurate radiative heating rates to the land surface model. The error reductions increase with forecast length as the impact of improved radiative fluxes accumulates over time. A combination of the two- and four-stream options results in major computational efficiency gains with minimal loss in accuracy.
Total Synthesis of (±)-Kellermanoldione: Stepwise Cycloaddition of a Functionalized Diene and Allenoate (2009)

The total synthesis of the diterpene kellermanoldione 1 is reported. Stepwise [4 + 2] cycloaddition of the ketal diene 8 and the allenoate 3 afforded the exo adduct 10x as the major product. It was converted into 1 via six steps, among them a key nonconjugative hydrolysis of a gamma-methylene silyl enol ether.
Ultrasound Assessment of the Cervix (2003)

BERGHELLA, VINCENZO MD; BEGA, GEORGE MD; TOLOSA, JORGE E. MD; BERGHELLA, MICHELE MD Author Information
Short-term single treatment of chemotherapy results in the enrichment of ovarian cancer stem cell-like cells leading to an increased tumor burden (2013)

Over 80% of women diagnosed with advanced-stage ovarian cancer die as a result of disease recurrence due to failure of chemotherapy treatment. In this study, using two distinct ovarian cancer cell lines (epithelial OVCA 433 and mesenchymal HEY) we demonstrate enrichment in a population of cells with high expression of CSC markers at the protein and mRNA levels in response to cisplatin, paclitaxel and the combination of both. We also demonstrate a significant enhancement in the sphere forming abilities of ovarian cancer cells in response to chemotherapy drugs. The results of these in vitro findings are supported by in vivo mouse xenograft models in which intraperitoneal transplantation of cisplatin or paclitaxel-treated residual HEY cells generated significantly higher tumor burden compared to control untreated cells. Both the treated and untreated cells infiltrated the organs of the abdominal cavity. In addition, immunohistochemical studies on mouse tumors injected with cisplatin or paclitaxel treated residual cells displayed higher staining for the proliferative antigen Ki67, oncogeneic CA125, epithelial E-cadherin as well as cancer stem cell markers such as Oct4 and CD117, compared to mice injected with control untreated cells. These results suggest that a short-term single treatment of chemotherapy leaves residual cells that are enriched in CSC-like traits, resulting in an increased metastatic potential. The novel findings in this study are important in understanding the early molecular mechanisms by which chemoresistance and subsequent relapse may be triggered after the first line of chemotherapy treatment.
Effects of cochlear implant processing and fundamental frequency on the intelligibility of competing sentences (2007)

Speech perception in the presence of another competing voice is one of the most challenging tasks for cochlear implant users. Several studies have shown that (1) the fundamental frequency (F0) is a useful cue for segregating competing speech sounds and (2) the F0 is better represented by the temporal fine structure than by the temporal envelope. However, current cochlear implant speech processing algorithms emphasize temporal envelope information and discard the temporal fine structure. In this study, speech recognition was measured as a function of the F0 separation of the target and competing sentence in normal-hearing and cochlear implant listeners. For the normal-hearing listeners, the combined sentences were processed through either a standard implant simulation or a new algorithm which additionally extracts a slowed-down version of the temporal fine structure (called Frequency-Amplitude-Modulation-Encoding). The results showed no benefit of increasing F0 separation for the cochlear implant or simulation groups. In contrast, the new algorithm resulted in gradual improvements with increasing F0 separation, similar to that found with unprocessed sentences. These results emphasize the importance of temporal fine structure for speech perception and demonstrate a potential remedy for difficulty in the perceptual segregation of competing speech sounds.
Distillation Techniques in the Fruit Spirits Production (2017)

During the distillation of the fermented fruit mash or juice, ethanol and water are the carriers of a huge number of the other volatile aroma compounds. Unique and distinctive flavour of the final spirits depends on their quantity and quality. Fruit spirits have higher concentration of almost all types of volatile compounds with comparing to other types of distilled spirits. The art of distillation run is to obtain the best balance between congeners present. Two different types of distillation equipment are used for the production of fruit spirits: copper Charentais alembic and batch distillation columns. Although both distillation methods are based on the same theoretical principles, a different quantity of the flavour compounds of the final spirits is produced by using different distillation equipment. The main difference was shown in different distributions of the methanol, n-propanol, higher alcohols and fatty acid esters. Distillation methods need to be adjusted for each fruit spirits regardless to distillation equipment employed because fermented mash of different fruit varieties has a different requirement for distilling. Alembic stills yield better aroma and more characteristic fruit distillates but are slow and require more labour. Column still cleans the distillate giving a decent aroma and higher concentration of alcohol.
Type 2 Diabetes, APOE Gene, and the Risk for Dementia and Related Pathologies (2002)

Type 2 diabetes may be a risk factor for dementia, but the associated pathological mechanisms remains unclear. We evaluated the association of diabetes alone or combined with the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene with incident dementia and neuropathological outcomes in a population-based cohort of 2,574 Japanese-American men enrolled in the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, including 216 subjects who underwent autopsy. Type 2 diabetes was ascertained by interview and direct glucose testing. Dementia was assessed in 1991 and 1994 by clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging and was diagnosed according to international guidelines. Logistic regression was used to assess the RR of developing dementia, and log-linear regression was used to estimate the incident rate ratio (IRR) of neuropathological outcomes. Diabetes was associated with total dementia (RR 1.5 [95% CI 1.01-2.2]), Alzheimer's disease (AD; 1.8 [1.1-2.9]), and vascular dementia (VsD; 2.3 [1.1-5.0]). Individuals with both type 2 diabetes and the APOE epsilon4 allele had an RR of 5.5 (CI 2.2-13.7) for AD compared with those with neither risk factor. Participants with type 2 diabetes and the epsilon4 allele had a higher number of hippocampal neuritic plaques (IRR 3.0 [CI 1.2-7.3]) and neurofibrillary tangles in the cortex (IRR 3.5 [1.6-7.5]) and hippocampus (IRR 2.5 [1.5-3.7]), and they had a higher risk of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (RR 6.6, 1.5-29.6). Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for AD and VsD. The association between diabetes and AD is particularly strong among carriers of the APOE epsilon4 allele. The neuropathological data are consistent with the clinical results.
Serendipity and information seeking: an empirical study (2003)

“Serendipity” has both a classical origin in literature and a more modern manifestation where it is found in the descriptions of the problem solving and knowledge acquisition of humanities and science scholars. Studies of information retrieval and information seeking have also discussed the utility of the notion of serendipity. Some have implied that it may be stimulated, or that certain people may “encounter” serendipitous information more than others. All to some extent accept the classical definition of serendipity as a “fortuitous” accident. The analysis presented here is part of a larger study concerning the information‐seeking behaviour of interdisciplinary scholars. This paper considers the nature of serendipity in information‐seeking contexts, and reinterprets the notion of serendipity as a phenomenon arising from both conditions and strategies – as both a purposive and a non‐purposive component of information seeking and related knowledge acquisition.
Heuristic algorithms for the unconstrained binary quadratic programming problem (1998)

In this paper we consider the unconstrained binary quadratic programming problem. This is the problem of maximising a quadratic objective by suitable choice of binary (zero-one) variables. We present two heuristic algorithms based upon tabu search and simulated annealing for this problem. Computational results are presented for a number of publically available data sets involving up to 2500 variables. An interesting feature of our results is that whilst for most problems tabu search dominates simulated annealing for the very largest problems we consider the converse is true. This paper typifies a &quot;multiple solution technique, single paper&quot; approach, i.e. an approach that within the same paper presents results for a number of different heuristics applied to the same problem. Issues relating to algorithmic design for such papers are discussed. Keywords: unconstrained binary (zero-one) quadratic programming
Synthesis and analgesic activity of 1-(N-methylanilinoethyl)indoles. (1991)

The synthesis of two series of 1-(N-methylanilinoethyl)indoles is reported. The first arises from the N-alkylation of indole-3-acetic acid or its methylester, while the second was prepared by means of the Witting reaction on the appropriate aldehyde. The compounds were tested in mice (hot plate test and phenyl-p-benzoquinone induced writhing test) for their analgesic activity. None of the compounds was significantly active in the hot plate test. However, N-methylanilinoethyl 1-(N-methylanilinoethyl)-3-indolylacetate (7) was the most active one in the phenyl-p-benzoquinone induced writhing test, which indicates that 7 has a peripheral analgesic effect.
Measuring the rate of progression and estimating the preclinical period of Parkinson's disease with [18F]dopa PET (1998)

Estimation of mean rate of progression varies according to the sensitivity of a functional imaging method to clinical severity. Sensitivity and reproducibility of method must be considered when designing studies of disease progression and neuroprotection. The mean preclinical period in Parkinson's disease is unlikely to be longer than seven years.
Elevated C-reactive protein in the diagnosis, prognosis, and cause of cancer (2011)

The aim of this review is to summarize present evidence of an association between circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and cancer risk, and to evaluate whether elevated circulating CRP levels cause cancer. Additionally, the review provides background information on the acute-phase response, chronic inflammation, the molecular biology, function and measurement of CRP, circulating levels of CRP in health and disease, the principle of Mendelian randomization, the association between circulating levels of CRP and cancer prognosis, and cancer biomarkers. In the Copenhagen General Population Study of approximately 63,500 individuals, the distribution of circulating levels of CRP was markedly skewed to the right with 97% of the participants having CRP levels<10 mg/L. The median plasma CRP concentration was 1.53 mg/L (IQR, 1.14-2.51) and 34% of the participants had circulating CRP levels of ≥2 mg/L. Epidemiologic studies suggest that in patients with several types of solid cancers, elevated circulating levels of CRP are associated with poor prognosis, whereas in apparently healthy individuals from the general population, elevated levels of CRP are associated with increased future risk of cancer of any type, lung cancer, and possibly colorectal cancer, but not breast or prostate cancer. The robust association between circulating levels of CRP and cancer risk may be due to (1) causality: elevated CRP levels cause cancer, (2) reverse causality: occult cancer increases CRP levels, (3) or confounding: a third factor, e.g. inflammation, increases both CRP levels and the risk of cancer. Genetic epidemiologic studies (Mendelian randomization studies), which have examined the association between genetic polymorphisms influencing circulating levels of CRP and cancer risk suggest that circulating levels of CRP do not cause cancer. A lack of causality between elevated CRP levels and increased cancer risk does, however, not invalidate the potential clinical use of slightly increased CRP levels to predict risk of certain cancer types, and to improve staging and treatment allocation in patients diagnosed with cancer. Indeed, in a study of the general population, individuals with CRP levels in the highest versus the lowest quintile had a 1.3-fold increased risk of cancer of any type and a 2-fold increased risk of lung cancer. Among individuals diagnosed with cancer during the study period, individuals with a high baseline CRP (>3 mg/L) had an 80% greater risk of early death compared with those with low CRP levels (<1 mg/L). Accordingly, patients with invasive breast cancer and CRP levels>3 mg/L at diagnosis had a 1.7-fold increased risk of death from breast cancer compared to patients with CRP levels<1 mg/L at diagnosis.
Reduced complexity Chase-Pyndiah decoding algorithm for turbo product codes (2011)

Turbo product codes (TPC) are very suitable for applications requiring a large code length, a high code-rate, and good error performance. In the Chase decoding algorithm, normally a few least reliable positions are selected and the test sequences are generated from these positions. This paper proposes two methods to lower the complexity of the Chase-Pyndiah decoding algorithm. The first scheme reduces the number of least reliable positions by excluding those having relatively low error probabilities. The other one minimizes computations on unnecessary positions in an algebraic decoder. With these methods, we can significantly reduce the number of test sequences and lower the number of utilized positions for constructing an extended candidate codeword set. We show the simulation results with a squared (64, 57, 4) extended Hamming code-based TPC.
Uniaxial and biaxial anisotropy in thin-film optical waveguides (1974)

A formalism is developed for the numerical calculation of mode behavior in thin-film optical waveguides where the substrate, film, and cover materials are isotropic, uniaxial, or biaxial single crystals, each with its own arbitrary orientation and used in any combination. A digital plotter is utilized to illustrate the evolving magnetic and electric fields inside waveguides for which the field profiles are not simple standing-wave patterns but which demonstrate complicated distributions, such as elliptic polarizations and twisting spirals. An effort is also made to relate the results of the present approach to those obtained by others, e.g., TE–TM mode conversion manifests itself in the present theory as an interference phenomenon between two oppositely rotating, roughly circularly polarized waveguide modes, a behavior similar to that found in the rotation of a linear polarization within optically active crystals.
An application of an LMS adaptive algorithm for a digital AC bridge (1987)

This paper describes a new microprocessor controlled ac bridge method using an LMS adaptive algorithm. The main advantages of the method include: (i) the algorithm is simple to implement because no complex computations are actually involved, and (ii) slowly time varying impedances may also be measured or monitored. A realtime implementation of the bridge has been made and test results obtained have been incorporated in the paper.
Factorial analyzes of the Brazilian version of the CSAI-2: Preliminary findings (2009)

"The instrument CSAI-2 (Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2) is frequently used in studies to verify the state of competitive anxiety. It is composed by three main factors: cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self-confidence. The objective of this study was to verify the internal consistency of the three CSAI-2 factors (alpha of cronbach) in Brazilian athletes. The instrument was administered to one hundred and ninety athletes in two sporting modalities (jiu-jitsu and surfing), an hour before competition. Factorial analysis, in conjunction with a Varimax rotation, suggested the maintenance of the three factors as in the original model, although an item appeared isolated from the three main components ("I am concerned about this competition"). Findings from this study showed a good internal conscience for the cognitive anxiety and self-confidence factors, but insufficient for the somatic anxiety factor. Although the results are preliminary, they provide initial support for the validity and reliability of the instrument in the Brazilian culture. We will carry on the study with a heterogeneous and more numerous samples, including other sporting modalities, to finalize the validation procedures."
Molluscum contagiosum and warts. (2003)

Molluscum contagiosum and warts are benign epidermal eruptions resulting from viral infections of the skin. Molluscum contagiosum eruptions are usually self-limited and without sequelae, although they can be more extensive in immunocompromised persons. Spontaneous disappearance of lesions is the norm, but treatment by local destruction (curettage, cryotherapy, or trichloroacetic acid) or immunologic modulation can shorten the disease course, possibly reducing autoinoculation and transmission. Warts result from a hyperkeratotic reaction to human papillomavirus infection; nongenital warts are classified as common, periungual, flat, filiform, or plantar, based on location and shape. Warts are treated by local destruction (acids, cryotherapy, electrodesiccation-curettage), chemotherapy, or immunotherapy. The choice of treatment varies with the age and wishes of the patient, the potential side effects of the treatment, and the location of the lesions.
국가직무능력표준(NCS)에 따른 보육분야 3ㆍ4수준 교사양성 방향성 모색 (2014)

본 논문은 보육교사 2급 자격을 취득하기 위해 필요한 교과목 이수 기준이 국가에서 제시한 '보육'과 관련된 국가직무능력표준(NCS)을 갖추는데 적절한지 살펴보고 이를 토대로 보다 우수한 보육서비스를 제공할 수 있는 예비보육교사 양성과정 방향성을 모색하였다. 첫째, 국가직무능력표준(NCS)에서 제시하는 '보육' 직무능력의...