gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Syntheses of Pyrazino-Containing Sultines and Their Application in Diels−Alder Reactions with Electron-Poor Olefins and [60]Fullerene (2000)

The Diels-Alder reactions of heterocyclic o-quinodimethanes, generated in situ from 6,7-disubstituted quinoxalino[2,3-d]-[1, 2lambda(4)]oxathiine 2-oxides (6a-c), 2,3-disubstituted-8, 9-dihydro-6H-8lambda(4)-[1,2]oxathiino[4,5-g]quinoxalin-8-one (7a-c) (sultines), and pyrazinosultine (22), with electron-poor olefins and [60]fullerene are described. The heterocyclic-fused sultines 7a-c and 22 are readily prepared from the corresponding dibromides 9a-c and 24 with the commercially available Rongalite (sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate). When heated in the presence of electron-poor dienophiles and [60]fullerene, all of the sultines underwent extrusion of SO(2), and the resulting heterocyclic o-quinodimethanes (3a-d, 4a-c, and 25) were intercepted as the 1:1 adducts in good to excellent yields. The temperature-dependent (1)H NMR spectra of fullerene derivatives 31-38 show a dynamic process for the methylene protons. The activation free energies (DeltaG(c)()) determined for the boat-to-boat inversion of these pyrazino-containing C(60) compounds (31-34 and 38) are found to be in the range of 14.1-14.8 kcal/mol, but they are in the range of 15. 2 to >17.1 kcal/mol for adducts 35-37. The activation free energies (DeltaG(c)()) are significantly affected by (1) the orientations and (2) the substituents of the quinoxaline rings and (3) the extended benzannulation in the arenes of C(60) adducts (see Table 2), which implies that both electronic interactions and steric effects between the aromatic addends and C(60) are important. Tautomerization of methylquinoxaline to its enamine is invoked as a rationalization for the lowering of DeltaG(c)() in some of the fulleroadducts.
Endothelium-Independent Relaxation of Vascular Smooth Muscle by 17β-Estradiol (1999)

BACKGROUND: Estrogens directly dilate arteries, and this acute relaxation of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) may contribute to the cardioprotective effect of this important hormone. However, the mechanism by which estrogens relax VSM is not clear. METHODS AND RESULTS: Based on observations in isolated smooth muscle cells, we hypothesized that 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) causes dilation through receptor-mediated activation of K(+) channels in VSM cells. To test this hypothesis, E(2)-relaxation was studied in arteries from male Sprague-Dawley rats. We observed that the estrogen receptor antagonist, tamoxifen (3 µmol) attenuated E(2) relaxation, suggesting that at least a portion of the relaxation depends on activation of E(2) receptors. The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, Nomega-nitro-larginine (100 µmol) did not affect E(2) relaxation in either denuded or endothelium-intact arterial strips. Furthermore, inhibition of guanylyl cyclase with LY83583 (10 µmol) had no effect on the relaxation, suggesting that nitric oxide does not contribute to this relaxation. Vascular segments contracted with 90 mmol KCl to disrupt the K(+) gradient had a similar E(2) relaxation does not require K(+)-channel activation. Finally, E(2) pretreatment inhibited contraction of arterial segments depleted of intracellular calcium but in the presence of extracellular calcium. However, E(2) did not affect contraction of strips in calcium-free solution. CONCLUSIONS: These final experiments suggest that E(2) inhibits Ca(2+) influx but not intracellular calcium release. Together, these studies establish that E(2) causes receptor-mediated relaxation of peripheral resistance arteries through inhibition of calcium entry independent of nitric oxide production, guanylyl cyclase stimulation, and K(+)-channel activation.
GLP-1 gene delivery for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (2003)

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a potent insulinotrophic hormone, which makes GLP-1 an attractive candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, the short plasma half-life of the active forms of GLP-1 poses an obstacle to the sustained delivery of this peptide. In this study, we evaluated the effect of GLP-1 gene delivery both in vitro and in vivo using a new plasmid constructed with a modified GLP-1 (7-37) cDNA. This cDNA contains a furin cleavage site between the start codon and the GLP-1 coding region. The expression of the GLP-1 gene was driven by a chicken beta-actin promoter (pbetaGLP1). The level of the GLP-1 mRNA was evaluated by RT-PCR 24 h after transfection. The in vitro results showed a dose-dependent expression of GLP-1. Coculture assay of the GLP-1 plasmid-transfected cells with isolated rat islet cells demonstrated that GLP-1 increased insulin secretion by twofold, compared to controls during a hyperglycemic challenge. A single injection of polyethyleneimine/pbetaGLP1 complex into ZDF rats resulted in increasing insulin secretion and decreasing blood glucose level that was maintained for 2 weeks. This GLP-1 gene delivery system may provide an effective and safe treatment modality for type 2 diabetes.
Natural history of psoriasis in 61 twin pairs (1974)

The history of psoriasis in 95 twin individuals was compared with that of a matched control group of singleton (nontwin) psoriatics. The findings indicate that twin members with psoriasis do not differ from psoriatic singletons in the general population, with respect to clinical manifestations of the disease. Psoriasis in concordant monozygotic twin pairs tended to be similar, with respect to age of onset, distribution pattern, severity, and course. This pattern was not found in concordant dizygotic twin pairs. The striking difference in rate of concordance for psoriasis between monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs indicates that there is a heritable contribution to the etiology of psoriasis. The fact that not all monozygotic twin pairs are concordant suggests that environmental factors are also important and supports a theory of a multifactorial mode of inheritance for psoriasis.
Modeling of Silicon CVD into Agglomerates of Sub‐micrometer‐size Particles in a Fluidized Bed (2011)

Abstract The aim of the present study is to better understand the mechanisms involved during silicon deposition from silane, SiH 4 , into agglomerates of sub‐micrometer‐size particles treated by fluidized bed (FB)CVD. Two models of silicon deposition into agglomerates assumed either stable, or in permanent formation/desegregation, are developed. In the first case, classical equations of diffusion/reaction in a porous medium are solved, whereas in the second case, the multifluid Eulerian code, MFIX, is used. By comparison with experimental energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) data, modeling results show that the limiting step is not gaseous diffusion into the agglomerates. Very high local deposition rates near the silane entrance probably explain their formation. These results allow us to propose original deposition conditions involving much lower local deposition rates, which should limit agglomeration due to CVD.
The interpretation of GLC triglyceride data for the determination of cocoa butter equivalents in chocolate: A new approach (1984)

Abstract A new approach to interpret triglyceride data obtained by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) in order to determine cocoa butter equivalents (CBE) in chocolate is described. The approach is based on the known straight line relationship which exists between the C 50 and C 54 triglycerides of cocoa butter of different origins and the realization that, for currently available CBE conforming to CAOBISCO's criteria, a similar band relationship exists. The technique described enables the quantity of unspecified CBE in a chocolate containing an unknown cocoa butter to be determined to an accuracy of ±1.5% when present in chocolate at the 5% level. Nut oils (almond, walnut or hazelnut) are sometimes present in mainland European chocolates and, should CBE also be present, it is possible to calculate the combined percentages of nut oil and CBE in the chocolate. The method of interpretation described is not dependent on a particular GLC technique for determining triglycerides. Interpretation of other laboratories’ results obtained using different GLC instruments and procedures has shown that the method enables any CBE present in the fat under examination to be determined accurately. The method compensates for variations in the composition of CBE and for the differences between cocoa butters of different origin. A detailed knowledge of CBE compositions is not required and only a few cocoa butter/CBE standards are necessary. The method described is graphical, enabling small laboratories not equipped with microcomputers to utilize the method. The calculation can, however, be programmed for a computer.
Morphological Characteristics and Classification Analysis of Selected Population of Vaccinium oldhami Miq. (2012)

Vaccinium oldhami Miq. is a Korean native tree, which is deciduous and shrub tree with broad leaf. It grows 1~4m in height generally. Ecologically, this tree grows well in shady place even in barren soil. Also, the tree has resistance to cold and dry, which tend to form a little community. This research investigates quantitative morphological characteristics of leaf and fruit among the V. oldhami in South Korea and then considers its relationship on the basis of raw data among the 10 populations. This study will give us invaluable information about growing conditions, reasonable management and breeding by selection of V. oldhami in South Korea. The main results obtained from this study are summarized as follows; Leaf size of Mudeung population was larger than other populations. Naebyeon population was smaller in size of the leaf than other populations. Anmyeondo population was larger in fruit characteristics compared with other populations and Deogyu population was the smallest among populations. According to cluster analysis based on the leaf and fruit morphological characteristics, the natural V. oldhami populations were classified into four groups such as the first group of Kumo population, the second group of Mudeung population, the third group of Anmyundo, Daedun, Doolyun population and the fourth group of the other five populations.
An SDN-Based Architecture for Next-Generation Wireless Networks (2017)

With the increase of new devices and applications, the past decade has witnessed exponential growth of traffic volume in communication networks. This triggers much effort for designing NWNs in both academia and industry. To gain natural evolution and meet emerging requirements, it is widely agreed that NWNs shall be multi-tier with overlay coverage and small cell deployment. However, dense deployment of small cells introduces numerous challenges, including inconsistent interfaces, frequent handovers, and extensive backhauling. By decomposing the control plane and data plane, SDN offers a new direction to address the above challenges. In this article, by introducing SDNC, we propose an intelligent wireless network architecture for NWNs. In our architecture, virtual RATs design using interface sets is brought up to support diverse services. Along with our earlier handover approach, low handover latency between heterogeneous networks is achieved. Furthermore, we present SH mechanisms targeted at different failure cases in backhaul connections. With programmability provided by SDN, the aforementioned functions can be deployed as modules in the SDNC. Experimental results validate the efficiency of our proposal.
Deperoxidation of ethers. A novel application of self-indicating molecular sieves (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDeperoxidation of ethers. A novel application of self-indicating molecular sievesDavid R. BurfieldCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1982, 47, 20, 3821–3824Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00141a003https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00141a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views872Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Rofecoxib for rheumatoid arthritis (2002)

In patients with RA, rofecoxib demonstrates a greater degree of efficacy than placebo, while having a comparable safety profile. Rofecoxib demonstrates a similar degree of efficacy as naproxen, but with a significantly lower rate of ulceration and gastrointestinal bleeding. Rofecoxib was associated with a greater risk for MI, but the exact significance and pathophysiology of this possible relationship is unclear.
Effectiveness of Pulsed Electric Fields in Controlling Microbial Growth in Milk (2008)

A study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of pulsed electric field (PEF) inactivation of a heterogeneous community of microbes. The aim was to assess the impact of process parameters on an indigenous population of microbes present in milk, rather than pure cultures used in other studies. Tests over an electric field strength range of 10  40 kV/cm and 10 to 120 pulses per millilitre showed that high electric field strength and pulse number inactivated microbes by up to approximately 2 log. Inoculum size affected PEF effectiveness when only a few pulses were applied. A significant log-reduction was achieved against the indigenous microbes found in milk that were apparently recalcitrant to commercial pasteurization. Microbial inactivation was more extensive when E. coli was not added to the indigenous population, indicating that the added pure culture was more resistant than the indigenous microbes. The milk fat content had a significant negative effect on the extent of log-reduction for indigenous microbes, when 2% and 18% levels were compared.
PSST: The Planet Search Survey Telescope (2004)

The Planet Search Survey Telescope is an automated small-aperture CCD imaging photometer designed to search for transits by extrasolar planets across the disks of their parent stars. It simultaneously observes thousands of stars with apparent R magnitudes between 10 and 13 in a field approximately 6° × 6°. Stars in this brightness range are well within the capability of the high-precision radial velocity systems that have successfully detected over 100 extrasolar planets to date. The combination of the photometric transit depth and radial velocity amplitude can provide both the radius of the planet and a good estimate of its mass, since the orbit is nearly edge-on. As a result, estimates of the planet's density and other parameters can be obtained.
Multi-Scene Building Height Estimation Method Based on Shadow in High Resolution Imagery (2021)

Accurately building height estimation from remote sensing imagery is an important and challenging task. However, the existing shadow-based building height estimation methods have large errors due to the complex environment in remote sensing imagery. In this paper, we propose a multi-scene building height estimation method based on shadow in high resolution imagery. First, the shadow of building is classified and described by analyzing the features of building shadow in remote sensing imagery. Second, a variety of shadow-based building height estimation models is established in different scenes. In addition, a method of shadow regularization extraction is proposed, which can solve the problem of mutual adhesion shadows in dense building areas effectively. Finally, we propose a method for shadow length calculation combines with the fish net and the pauta criterion, which means that the large error caused by the complex shape of building shadow can be avoided. Multi-scene areas are selected for experimental analysis to prove the validity of our method. The experiment results show that the accuracy rate is as high as 96% within 2 m of absolute error of our method. In addition, we compared our proposed approach with the existing methods, and the results show that the absolute error of our method are reduced by 1.24 m–3.76 m, which can achieve high-precision estimation of building height.
EVALUATION OF DEVICES TO IMPROVE SHOULDER BELT FIT. FINAL REPORT (1994)

Dynamic HYGE sled tests were conducted to evaluate devices which are designed to reposition the shoulder belt to provide for improved fit or comfort. Three different devices, representative of those being marketed, were tested using the 3 and 6 year old and the 5th percentile female dummies. The FMVSS No. 213, Child Restraint Systems, test seat and test pulse/velocity were used. Tests comparing the use of a belt positioning booster seat with and without one of the devices were also conducted. Head Injury Criterion (HIC) values greater than 1000 were observed with the Child-Safer (trademark) and the SafeFit (trademark) devices during all tests with the 3 year old dummy, and during 5 of the 6 tests with the 5th percentile female dummy. Three ms chest clip values exceeded 60 g's during 2 of the 3 tests with the Child-Safer (trademark) used on the 6 year old dummy. Use of the SafeFit (trademark) device resulted in 1 of 2 tests with the 3 year old dummy exceeding 60 g's. All tests met the head and knee excursion criterion. The 3 year old in the booster seat/Child-Safer (trademark) combination exceeded both the HIC and chest injury criterion. Some of the belt fit devices kinematically effected the various sized occupants differently - one resulted in more torso rotation about the lap belt, one tended to delay submarining by the small female dummy until later in the crash event and, under certain test conditions, all devices contributed to the dummy's torso rolling-out of the shoulder belt.
Emerging methods in amide- and peptide-bond formation. (2006)

Amide bonds are the key chemical connections in proteins and peptides and have a long-established presence in small-molecule therapeutics. Despite their recognized importance, amide bond synthesis relies almost solely on variants of a single reaction: the dehydrative coupling of carboxylic acids and amines. While phenomenally successful in many applications, this process requires superstoichiometric quantities of expensive reagents and precludes chemoselective ligation reactions. This review summarizes emerging chemical alternatives to amide-bond formation with particular emphasis on the development of ligation reactions that permit the coupling of unprotected peptide fragments.
A New Approach to the Romanization of Written Mongol (1999)

This paper has grown from a joint project which the two authors initiated in late 1997 on the Romanization of the Mongol script. The authors first met earlier the same year at the Seventh International Congress of Mongolists in Ulan Bator, where they presented individual papers on related topics (Balk 1997, Janhunen 1997). Since it turned out that the two papers reflected an almost identical understanding of the fundamental issues of the problem, the authors decided to continue the work together in order to create a unified system of Romanization for Written Mongol with a potential for wider use in both scholarly and practical contexts. The final results of this work, as well as the detailed discussions which preceded them, will appear as separate publications, in which the history of the question will also be given due consideration. The purpose of the present paper is to give an introduction to the principal considerations and motivations underlying the new approach to the Romanization of Written Mongol. At the same time, the actual solutions proposed by the authors will also be illustrated.
Quality of Service aware Dynamic Source Routing Protocol in Ad hoc Networks: Proposal, Analysis and Comparison (2011)

A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a self-configured, infrastructure less network. Due to mobility of nodes routing is a very critical issue in MANETs. Finding and selecting an optimal and reliable path that can exist as long as possible is a complex task. Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol is an on demand or reactive, source driven routing protocol. By implementing Dynamic Source Routing, we can design a self configured, infrastructure less multi hop wireless ad hoc network which has dynamic topology with mobile nodes. DSR has low overheads and require less convergence time if an existing route is failed. In DSR protocol periodic routing updates or route advertisement are not disseminated by a node to its neighbors and DSR does not perform link status sensing, these features make DSR a protocol with less overhead. Basic model of Ad hoc network depends on “Best Effort” delivery and not provide any guarantee of Quality of Service constraints like minimum bandwidth requirement and maximum allowable delay. Basic frame work of DSR also does not support Quality of Service constraints. In this research paper we will propose a QoS aware DSR and we will analysis and compare our proposed QoS-DSR protocol with traditional Dynamic Source Routing protocol.
인지-행동적 집단상담이 노인의 우울과 고독감, 역기능적 태도에 미치는 효과 (2003)

본 연구는 인지-행동적 집단상담 프로그램이 우리나라 노인들의 우울과 고독감 그리고 역기능적 태도에 미치는 효과를 검증하기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 Abler(1990)가 노인을 위해 개발한 인지-행동적 집단상담 프로그램을 본 연구자가 우리 실정에 맞게 재구성한 것을 사용하였다. 프로그램은 경상북도 ‘A’시에 거주하는 65세에서 80세 남녀 노인을 대상으로 매 회기 90분간 주 2회씩 5주에 걸쳐 실시되었다. 연구에 참가한 대상은 한국판 간이정신진단검사(KMSE-K)에서 정상 인지상태로 간주되는 24점 이상을 받은 노인 24명이었으며, 이들은 실험집단과 대기자 통제집단에 각각 12명씩 무선적으로 배치되었다. 프로그램의 효과를 검증하기 위해 인지-행동 집단과 통제집단을 대상으로 프로그램 실시 전과 실시 후, 그리고 프로그램 종결로부터 2개월 후에 우울과 고독감 그리고 역기능적 태도 검사를 실시하였다. 자료의 처리는 집단 간의 차이를 검증하기 위한 공변량분석(ANCOVA)과 집단내의 시기별 변화를 알아보기 위한 단일요인 반복측정 변량분석(One-Factor Repeated Measures ANOVA)이 적용되었다. 분석 결과, 본 연구에서 실시한 인지-행동적 집단상담은 우리나라 노인들의 우울과 고독감 그리고 역기능적 태도를 감소시키는데 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 그 효과도 8주 후까지 비교적 안정적으로 지속되는 것이 확인되었다.
Performance analysis of an ISAR contrast-based autofocusing algorithm using real data (2004)

The ISAR imaging technique is a well consolidated method for target image reconstruction. One of the main critical steps for ISAR is image focusing. This operation consists of removing from the received signal a nonlinear phase term due to the motion of the target. As the target motion is not a priori known, motion parameters are typically estimated from the received data by means of autofocusing techniques. The novel contrast based autofocusing technique (CBAT) has already been proposed by the authors. The paper describes tests of CBAT on real data and compares it to a classic autofocusing technique, namely the "hot-spot" or prominent point processing (PPP) technique. In order to test also the flexibility of the technique, two types of targets with different motion characteristics have been selected, specifically, a "bulk loader" ship and a Boeing 737 airplane. The CBAT performance has been evaluated by comparing the ISAR images reconstructed by means of a simple range-Doppler technique to the images obtained by means of the PPP technique.