gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Long Way Coming: Designing Centralized Markets with Privately Informed Buyers and Sellers (2015)

We discuss the economics literature relevant to the design of centralized two-sided market mechanisms for environments in which both buyers and sellers have private information. The existing literature and the history of spectrum auctions, including the incentive auction currently being designed by the FCC, can be employed to analyze such mechanisms. We compare the revenue– efficiency trade-off in an environment with private information on one side of the market versus the trade-off with private information on both sides of the market; we provide an impossibility theorem for the efficient allocation of goods using a deficit-free mechanism when there is private information on both sides of the market; we discuss practical deficit-free mechanisms for various environments with two-sided private information; and we provide a synthesis to guide market design efforts and related research going forward. (JEL D44, D47, D82, H82)
Oral tolerance: is it all retinoic acid? (2007)

Oral tolerance has been argued to depend on "special" presentation of antigen in the gut. New studies support this idea by showing that the catalysis of vitamin A into retinoic acid (RA) in gut-associated dendritic cells (DCs) enhances the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta-dependent conversion of naive T cells into regulatory T (T reg) cells and also directs T reg cell homing to the gut. These results reveal new tolerance mechanisms that will aid the use of T reg cells in the clinic.
Mouse strain differences in resident peritoneal cells: a flow cytometric analysis (1990)

A flow-cytometric study of resident peritoneal cells among 8 mouse strains showed a more than twofold variation in the ratio of macrophages to macrophages plus lymphocytes, ranging from 27% in A/J to 62% in C57B/L10, with significant strain differences in a number of other cellular parameters. There was a particular deficiency of lymphocytes in strain CBA/N, which carries the xid mutation. Studies of the phagocytosis of fluorescent beads also revealed large differences in the number of beads taken up, ranging from 0.99 per cell in MFI to 1.64 per cell in BALB/c mice in a 20-min period. The total number of peritoneal cells collected also varied between strains, ranging from 2.75 x 10(6) in CBA/Ca to 5.85 x 10(6) in MF1. The total yield of macrophages per mouse ranged from 0.93 x 10(6) in A/J to 3.16 x 10(6) in C57BL/10. These differences should be taken into account when designing experiments which use resident peritoneal cells.
Brownian Motion of a Quantum Oscillator (1961)

An action principle technique for the direct computation of expectation values is described and illustrated in detail by a special physical example, the effect on an oscillator of another physical system. This simple problem has the advantage of combining immediate physical applicability (e.g., resistive damping or maser amplification of a single electromagnetic cavity mode) with a significant idealization of the complex problems encountered in many-particle and relativistic field theory. Successive sections contain discussions of the oscillator subjected to external forces, the oscillator loosely coupled to the external system, an improved treatment of this problem and, finally, there is a brief account of a general formulation.
Vestibular Asymmetry: Some Theoretical and Practical Considerations (1983)

Pathological vestibular asymmetry can be divided into static and dynamic types. Static asymmetry results from a unilateral change of the resting neural input. Acute, chronic, and recovery stages can be recognized if one interprets the direction and intensity of the resultant spontaneous nystagmus relative to the clinical picture. Static asymmetry is additive with induced asymmetry and manifests itself as directional preponderance or as the direction-fixed or direction-changing feature of positional nystagmus. Dynamic asymmetry refers to abnormal asymmetry induced by normal head movements. For example, with unilateral hypofunction, a greater gain is observed with head movement toward the unaffected side, suggesting nonlinearity as specified by Eswald's second law. Visually induced vestibular asymmetry is a form of dynamic asymmetry generated by convergence of visual-vestibular information, and causing symptoms in certain "motion-active" visual environments.
Context driven content centric networking for smart buildings (2016)

Content centric networking (CCN) is a novel and increasingly popular paradigm for data dissemination. In contrast to host centric IP networking, CCN is more suitable to Internet of things (IoT) scenario. Smart building is one of the special scenarios of IoT and many CCN architectures have been proposed in literature to exploit CCN’s data dissemination capability. However, it is less studied to use CCN in supporting clients to control sensor devices and to continually send interest packets get sensors’ reading. This paper describes a general service centric smart building architecture using a Context Driven Content Centric Network (CD-CCN) scheme, which can handle the diversity of devices, services, applications and context. Especially, this paper focuses on building an overall smart building network topology, routing and naming structures, to fit CD-CCN into a building network. The simulation results show that CD-CCN outperforms the conventional TCP/IP structure in terms of round-trip delay, due to CCN’s storage and broadcast characteristic, especially in scenarios such as message delivering and content sharing
Beam hardening errors in post‐processing dual energy quantitative computed tomography (1995)

A computer simulation study was performed to assess the errors due to x-ray beam hardening in the fat and bone estimates of a post-processing dual-energy quantitative computed tomography technique. The "central" calibration method was employed in which calibration standards are inserted within a torso phantom of a size similar to that of the "patient." Although beam hardening errors are reduced with this method, they still occur as a result of mismatches between the torso phantom and patient body sizes. Two mismatch situations were investigated. In one, a single torso phantom was used for all subject sizes (i.e., one-size-fits-all). In the other, closest matches were made from a set of three different sized torso phantoms (small, medium, and large). In all cases, the compositions of the calibration standards that were inserted into the torso phantoms consisted of bone, fat (glycerol trioleate), and an average fat-free red marrow. Fifteen patient sizes were simulated ranging from 20 to 34 cm in diameter. There were 21 patients of each size. The vertebrae in these subjects contained known amounts of bone mixed in marrows of composition determined from chemical analyses of cadaver marrow samples. Vertebrae consisting of mixtures of the calibration standard materials were also studied. The computed effective x-ray beam energies at the vertebra location for the various subject sizes ranged from 54.3 to 56.4 keV at 80 kVp and from 74.4 to 78.8 keV at 140 kVp.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Molecular dynamics simulations of RNA kissing-loop motifs reveal structural dynamics and formation of cation-binding pockets (2003)

Explicit solvent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out for three RNA kissingloop complexes. The theoretical structure of two base pairs (2 bp) complex of H3 stemloop of Moloney murine leukemia virus agrees with the NMR structure with modest violations of few NMR restraints comparable to violations present in the NMR structure. In contrast to the NMR structure, however, MD shows relaxed intermolecular G-C base pairs. The core region of the kissing complex forms a cationbinding pocket with highly negative electrostatic potential. The pocket shows nanosecond-scale breathing motions coupled with oscillations of the whole molecule. Additional simulations were carried out for 6 bp kissing complexes of the DIS HIV-1 subtypes A and B. The simulated structures agree well with the X-ray data. The subtype B forms a novel four-base stack of bulged-out adenines. Both 6 bp kissing complexes have extended cation-binding pockets in their central parts. While the pocket of subtype A interacts with two hexacoordinated Mg 2+ ions and one sodium ion, pocket of subtype B is lled with a string of three delocalized Na + ions with residency times of individual cations 12 ns. The 6 bp complexes show breathing motions of the cation-binding pockets and loop major grooves.
The Lyme Disease Vaccine: Conception, Development, and Implementation (2000)

In the past 20 years, remarkable strides have been made toward understanding and preventing Lyme disease in humans. In December 1998, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a recombinant outer surface protein A vaccine against Lyme disease (LYMErix, SmithKline Beecham, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). The vaccine, which is derived from a lipidated outer surface protein of the causative spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, is important because it may decrease the morbidity and financial costs associated with Lyme disease. Its mechanism is unique because it works inside the tick vector itself, preventing the human from becoming infected.
Microwave‐Assisted Aminocarbonylation of Ynamides by Using Catalytic [Fe<sub>3</sub>(CO)<sub>12</sub>] at Low Pressures of Carbon Monoxide (2011)

The microwave-assisted aminocarbonylation of ynamides at low pressures of CO is reported. A new class of (E)-acrylamides that are potentially suitable for several applications has been regioselectively synthesized after microwave irradiation for only 20 min by using eco-friendly [Fe(3)(CO)(12)] as the catalyst precursor and triethylamine as the ligand. This transformation is atom economic as all reactants are used in stoichiometric quantities. Furthermore, the transformation is efficiently applied to the alkoxycarbonylation of alkynes as well. Moreover, running these reactions under microwave irradiation allows the simplification of the reaction conditions with remarkable reductions in time, temperature and gas pressure.
Orientation Modulation for Data Hiding in Chrominance Channels of Direct Binary Search Halftone Prints (2016)

In this article, we propose a joint halftoning and data hiding technique for color images. To ensure high quality of the printed image, the color direct binary search (CDBS) iterative halftoning algorithm is used. The proposed approach uses the commonly available cyan, magenta and yellow colorants to hide data in the chrominance channels. Orientation modulation is used for data embedding during the iterative CDBS halftoning stage. The detector is using PCA-learned components to extract the embedded data from the scanned image. Experimental results show that this proposed CDBS-based data hiding method offers both higher data hiding capacity and higher robustness to the print-and-scan channel when compared to the state-of-the-art grayscale counterpart method. The relatively high correct detection rate make this approach suitable for applications which require exact extraction of embedded data in prints.
Surfaces, interfaces, and colloids: principles and applications (1999)

Surfaces and Colloids: The Twilight Zone. Surfaces and Interfaces: General Concepts. Surface Activity and Surfactant Structures. Attractive Forces. Electrostatic Forces and the Electrical Double Layer. Capillarity. Solid Surfaces. Liquid-Fluid Interfaces. Adsorption. Colloids and Colloidal Stability. Emulsions. Foams. Aerosols. Polymers at Interfaces. Association Colloids: Micelles, Vesicles, and Membranes. Solubilization, Micellar Catalysis, and Microemulsions. Wetting and Spreading. Friction, Lubriation, and Wear. Adhesion. Bibliography. Index.
Short-Term Fairness Analysis for the Renewal Access MAC Protocol (2012)

As the demands for better quality of service (QoS) increases, requirements for high fairness performance for a short periods of time are also arisen in the Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). Although the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) is the most widely used in WLAN, relatively little attention have been paid to improve the short-term fairness of the IEEE 802.11 DCF. In this study, we propose a simple random access protocol as an alternative of the IEEE 802.11 DCF, called the renewal access protocol, where each terminal selects a back off counter value from a priori probability distribution, called the selection distribution. We mathematically model the successful packet transmission behavior by delayed renewal process. And then we use this modeling and the Jain’s fairness index to measure the extent of short-term fairness. We conjecture that the short-term fairness is considerably affected by the variance value of selection distribution. This behavior is verified through numerical and simulation studies.
Hand region extraction and gesture recognition from video stream with complex background through entropy analysis (2005)

Hand gesture recognition utilizing image processing relies upon recognition through markers or hand extraction by colors, and therefore is heavily restricted by the colors of clothes or skin. We propose a method to recognize band gestures extracted from images with a complex background for a more natural interface in HCI (human computer interaction). The proposed method obtains the image by subtracting one image from another sequential image, measures the entropy, separates hand region from images, tracks the hand region and recognizes hand gestures. Through entropy measurement, we have color information that has near distribution in complexion for regions that have big values and extracted hand region from input images. We could draw the hand region adaptively in variable lighting or individual differences because entropy offers color information as well as motion information at the same time. The detected contour using chain code for the hand region is extracted, and present centroidal profile method that is improved little more and recognized gesture of hand. In the experimental results for 6 kinds of hand gesture, it shows the recognition rate with more than 95% for person and 90-100% for each gesture at 5 frames/sec.
Software Artifact Prioritization based on the Frequency of Use (2009)

Whenever there is more work to do than resources to overcome it, engineers usually tend to devise some kind of prioritization that ensures that effort is applied to the most important tasks. This is what Barry Boehm called the "value-based" approach. We propose a value-based methodology that prioritizes software artifacts taking into account the frequency of use. The main idea is to provide to maintainers with a "partial view" of the system containing only the code corresponding with the functionality that is really used by users, and thus to "ignore" the code which is not use. The objective of our proposal is to minimize the maintenance effort needed to maintain large systems, by means of reducing the size and complexity of such software. This process that we called "software reduction" is explained in detail in this paper.
An adaptive edge detection based colorization algorithm and its applications (2005)

Colorization is a computer-assisted process for adding colors to grayscale images or movies. It can be viewed as a process for assigning a three-dimensional color vector (YUV or RGB) to each pixel of a grayscale image. In previous works, with some color hints the resultant chrominance value varies linearly with that of the luminance. However, it is easy to find that existing methods may introduce obvious color bleeding, especially, around region boundaries. It then needs extra human-assistance to fix these artifacts, which limits its practicability. Facing such a challenging issue, we introduce a general and fast colorization methodology with the aid of an adaptive edge detection scheme. By extracting reliable edge information, the proposed approach may prevent the colorization process from bleeding over object boundaries. Next, integration of the proposed fast colorization scheme to a scribble-based colorization system, a modified color transferring system and a novel chrominance coding approach are investigated. In our experiments, each system exhibits obvious improvement as compared to those corresponding previous works.
Performance Characteristics of a Hydrophilic Concentric Bifocal Contact Lens (1985)

Hydrophilic bifocals designed to achieve simultaneous vision with a central distance zone and annular add zone were evaluated on 15 presbyopic subjects. Simultaneous vision was demonstrated for distance zone diameters from 2.25 to 3.25 mm. Both zones affected over-refraction at distance and near resulting in extra minus required for distance and extra plus required for near. On average, visual acuity was worse than with equivalent spectacle correction. Effects of a night viewing simulation were also studied.
User Intent Classification using Memory Networks: A Comparative Analysis for a Limited Data Scenario (2017)

In this report, we provide a comparative analysis of different techniques for user intent classification towards the task of app recommendation. We analyse the performance of different models and architectures for multi-label classification over a dataset with a relative large number of classes and only a handful examples of each class. We focus, in particular, on memory network architectures, and compare how well the different versions perform under the task constraints. Since the classifier is meant to serve as a module in a practical dialog system, it needs to be able to work with limited training data and incorporate new data on the fly. We devise a 1-shot learning task to test the models under the above constraint. We conclude that relatively simple versions of memory networks perform better than other approaches. Although, for tasks with very limited data, simple non-parametric methods perform comparably, without needing the extra training data.
Procoagulant Activity of Endothelial Cells after Infection with Respiratory Viruses (2000)

Influenza virus epidemics are associated with excess mortality due to cardiovascular diseases. There are several case reports of excessive coagulation during generalised influenza virus infection. In this study, we demonstrate the ability of respiratory viruses (influenza A, influenza B, parainfluenza-1, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, cytomegalovirus) to infect lung fibroblasts and human umbilical vein endothelial cells in culture. All viral pathogens induced procoagulant activity in infected endothelial cells, as determined in a one-stage clotting assay, by causing an average 55% reduction in the clotting time. When factor VII deficient plasma was used clotting time was not reduced. The induction of procoagulant activity was associated with a 4- to 5-fold increase in the expression of tissue factor, as measured by the generation of factor Xa. Both experiments indicate that the procoagulant activity of endothelial cells in response to infection with respiratory viruses is caused by upregulation of the extrinsic pathway. Although both enveloped viruses and a non-enveloped virus (adenovirus) induced procoagulant activity in endothelial cells by stimulating tissue factor expression, the role of the viral envelope in the assembly of the prothrombinase complex remains uncertain. We conclude that both enveloped and non-enveloped respiratory viruses are capable of infecting cultured human endothelial cells and causing a shift from anticoagulant to procoagulant activity associated with the induction of tissue factor expression.
The Cervex: an ectocervical brush sampler (1990)

The performance of a new ectocervical brush sampler--the Cervex--was compared with the Ayre spatula in 280 paired cervical smears. The Cervex smears were superior in quality of spread, transformation zone sampling in all degrees of cervical patency and in detection of histologically proven epithelial abnormalities, with a false negative rate of 10.9% compared with 20% for the Ayre. Improvement in predictive value was noted in atrophic samples, with increased cellularity and transformation zone representation. Difficulty has been encountered in obtaining adequate samples from the older woman and from those with iatrogenic scarring of the cervix. Although two-sampler techniques may be used, submission of high quality pan-cervical material from a single sampler onto one slide is economically and organizationally attractive. The Cervex seems capable of producing such samples and deserves further evaluation for routine screening.
Systemic treatment of psoriasis with an oral retinoic acid derivative (Ro-10-9359) Tigason. (1981)

In an open trial, eight patients with psoriasis took part in a four-month study to evaluate the effect of a new oral synthetic retinoid Ro-10-9359 (Tigason). All patients improved on the treatment, although one had side effects severe enough to force dosage reduction with less satisfactory control.
Mis-match characterization of 1.8 V and 3.3 V devices in 0.18 μm mixed signal CMOS technology (2002)

This paper studies the mis-match characteristics of 1.8 V and 3.3 V multiple threshold voltage devices, including nominal V/sub t/, medium V/sub t/ and native devices in 0.18 /spl mu/m mixed signal CMOS technology for precision analog design. Three test structures, cross couple, stripe pair and parallel patterns, are presented to investigate the structure dependent mismatch behaviour. Matching characteristics of four analog parameters: V/sub t/, I/sub dsat/, /spl beta/ and G/sub ds/, are investigated in terms of device size, layout configuration and process condition. An additional analytical model of current mis-match including V/sub t/, /spl beta/, source and drain series resistance and carrier velocity factor has been verified, in addition to global distortion of gate oxide thickness and substrate doping concentration.
Automatic Time Series Forecasting: The<b>forecast</b>Package for<i>R</i> (2008)

Automatic forecasts of large numbers of univariate time series are often needed in business and other contexts. We describe two automatic forecasting algorithms that have been implemented in the forecast package for R. The first is based on innovations state space models that underly exponential smoothing methods. The second is a step-wise algorithm for forecasting with ARIMA models. The algorithms are applicable to both seasonal and non-seasonal data, and are compared and illustrated using four real time series. We also briefly describe some of the other functionality available in the forecast package.
Electrophysiological responses of canine atrial endocardium and epicardium to acetylcholine and 4-aminopyridine (1999)

(1) ACh exerts direct effects on atrial epicardial and endocardial AP; (2) 4-AP-sensitive transient outward current (Itol) is expressed both in canine atrial epicardial and endocardial cells; (3) differential response of epicardial and endocardial APD to ACh may alter the gradient of repolarization across the atrial wall and contribute to vagally induced atrial flutter and fibrillation.