gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermally conductive boron nitride/SEBS/EVA ternary composites: “Processing and characterization” (2009)

Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of hexagonal boron nitride (BN) particle shape/size and loading level on the thermal, mechanical, electrical properties, and morphology of styrene‐ethylene‐butylene‐styrene terpolymer (SEBS)/poly(ethylene‐ co ‐vinyl acetate) (EVA) blends to be used as thermal interface materials (TIM). It is observed from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of BN powders that each type has a characteristic particle size distribution and particle shape. SEM analysis conducted on matrices (i.e. SEBS/EVA blends) does not indicate any sign of interfacial delamination or phase separation between components. The surface energy measurements and subsequent wettability coefficient calculations point out that the dispersion of BN in SEBS is thermodynamically more favorable than that of BN in EVA. In other words, SEBS tends to encapsulate BN particles in comparison to EVA. Thermal conductivity of composites increases with increasing filler loading level regardless of filler size and shape. It is found that the composites with smaller BN particles (i.e. high aspect ratio and plate‐like particles) shows higher thermal conductivity than that of the composites with larger particles at the same filler content. The tensile strength of the composites reduces with the incorporation of BN regardless of BN content and matrix composition. The increasing content of BN in the matrix gradually improves the moduli of the composites. The hardness of composites enhances with BN loading level and SEBS/EVA ratio regardless of filler type. The increasing amount of EVA in the composites results in a decrease in dielectric constant of neat matrices and composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 31:1398–1408, 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Photocatalytic Degradation of 2-Chlorophenol in TiO<sub>2</sub> Aqueous Suspension:  Modeling of Reaction Rate (1997)

The photoassisted oxidation of a dilute aqueous solution of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) was investigated, over a heterogeneous catalyst of TiO2 (anatase), in an annular photocatalytic reactor. The effects of some physical and chemical parameters such as 2-CP concentration, catalyst concentration, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, temperature, and absorbed light intensity were studied in order to optimize the process. The experiment, carried out in the presence of electron scavengers such as metallic ions, shows that the reaction rate is significantly higher than that obtained when oxygen is used alone. The results obtained in this study have led us, on the basis of experimentally determined adsorption, to propose a kinetic approach in which the rate-determining step is the reaction of OH• radicals, identified by a spin trapping technique (EPR), with adsorbed 2-CP. A kinetic model proposed was based on a Langmuir type adsorption involving a competition between solvent and substrate with a supplementary assumption that the further oxygen adsorption sites were different from those of 2-CP and the oxygen adsorption obeys the Freundlich isotherm. This model is able to justify the observed dependence of the pollutant disappearance rate on dissolved 2-CP concentration, oxygen partial pressure, and absorbed light intensity.
Simultaneous immunoenzyme double labelling using two different enzymes linked directly to monoclonal antibodies or with biotin‐avidin (1986)

SUMMARY A novel and rapid method for immunoenzyme double staining with monoclonal antibodies (McAb) is described. The principles of this method are the simultaneous application of primary antibodies and the unrelatedness of the two detection systems. One McAb is directly labelled with horseradish peroxidase and the other McAb is labelled with biotin. This second McAb is thereafter detected using an avidin‐alkaline phosphatase conjugate. This conjugate was prepared by a new method using a heterobifunctional reagent. Double staining of cell surface membranes of human tonsil was studied in cryosections using various combinations of McAbs to lymphoid cell markers. As expected, suppressor T cells were found to be contained within the pan T cell population on the basis of the distinguishable intermediate colour produced. Similarly, it was shown that most of the suppressor T cells were not HLA‐DR activated in this tonsil. In cryostat sections of human skin T6 positive Langerhans cells in the epidermis were shown to carry the HLA‐DR antigen.
Introduction (1969)

Many technical papers, lectures, and magazine articles have extolled the significant technological accomplishments and the progress achieved by the ferrous castings industry through years of metallurgical investigation and process development. However, design engineers, castings buyers, and purchasing agents, as well as potential users of cast parts, generally, are not always aware of the strides that have been made and the increasing usefulness of castings as reliable engineered components for sophisticated structures. Research—both fundamental and applied—has broadened our scientific knowledge, many new manufacturing methods have been introduced, and more efficient production equipment has been developed, all resulting in better products and wider product acceptance by our customers. Neither ductile, gray, nor malleable iron should be thought of in terms of representing a single material of construction, rather, each is a collective noun for a family of alloys specifically designed to satisfy certain engineering requirements. Casting high-carbon ferrous materials ceased to be an art quite a few years ago. It is now a science, and one of the major purposes of this publication is to demonstrate this fact. Ferrous castings, if properly designed, have many characteristics which make them desirable for components that are used in transportation, communication, agriculture, construction, power generation and transmission, and in industry, generally. It is recognized that, among the manufacturing processes available, metal casting provides engineers with one of the most versatile of all methods for shaping metals. Castings offer an immense variety of engineering design opportunities and metallurgical properties. In support of this contention, the present book is submitted.
Auto-KWS 2021 Challenge: Task, Datasets, and Baselines (2021)

Auto-KWS 2021 challenge calls for automated machine learning (AutoML) solutions to automate the process of applying machine learning to a customized keyword spotting task. Compared with other keyword spotting tasks, Auto-KWS challenge has the following three characteristics: 1) The challenge focuses on the problem of customized keyword spotting, where the target device can only be awakened by an enrolled speaker with his specified keyword. The speaker can use any language and accent to define his keyword. 2) All dataset of the challenge is recorded in realistic environment. It is to simulate different user scenarios. 3) Auto-KWS is a "code competition", where participants need to submit AutoML solutions, then the platform automatically runs the enrollment and prediction steps with the submitted code.This challenge aims at promoting the development of a more personalized and flexible keyword spotting system. Two baseline systems are provided to all participants as references.
Internet Censorship: The Debate Rages On (2010)

There would be few who would disagree with this statement from Senator Stephen Conroy, who became Minister for Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy after Labor won the November 2007 federal election. Yet a fierce debate rages in Australia over the best way to tackle the problem of harm, both real and potential, from internet use. Leave the 'protection' of children to the supervision of parents and teachers? Make adoption of content filters voluntary? Use home-based filters or those at the internet service provider (ISP) level? Invest more in the policing of illegal activities (such as child pornography and identity theft)? Increase education programs for children, parents and teachers about online safety? A combination of these things? Nothing at all? The government's proposal, which is outlined in detail below, is a controversial one. Rather than filtering all prohibited content for those homes with children (the plan in 2007), the filter is mandatory for all web users and only filters out some content that is currently prohibited under legislation. Either way, 2010 was meant to be the year of action on internet filtering. However, with a federal election now called for August, the government has announced that nothing will be done on the issue until 2011.
Comparative phytochemical study on rhizome and tissue culture of Ruscus aculeatus L (2007)

Ruscus aculeatus L. (Ruscaceae), butcher's broom, is a known medicinal plant used in the treatment of venous diseases such as varicose veins and hemorrhoids [1]. It contains steroidal saponins having as aglycons ruscogenin and neoruscogenin [1,2]. Our study was focused on quantitative determination of steroidal sapogenins resulted by acid hydrolysis [3] of 7 samples of R. aculeatus from wild flora of South-Western Romania (Dealurile Lipovei). These were: rhizomes with roots, rhizome, roots, alcoholic extract (1:1) from rhizome with roots and shoots, callus and callus with roots obtained by in vitro tissue culture. The quantitative analysis has been carried out by HPLC-MS/MS, using ruscogenin and neoruscogenin as external standards. Chromatographic separation was performed on reverse phase SB-C18 column (Agilent). The mass spectrometer was operated using an ESI source in the positive mode and was set for isolation and fragmentation of sodium-dehydrated adduct ions of ruscogenin and neoruscogenin respectively, with m/z=431.3 and 429.3. The HPLC-MS/MS assay showed that the highest sapogenin concentration is present in the rhizome samples (0.11% ruscogenin and 0.17% neoruscogenin) and among the in vitro tissue culture samples the highest sapogenin concentration is present in shoots (0.017% ruscogenin and 0.075% neoruscogenin). On the other hand, all samples contain more neoruscogenin than ruscogenin.
METRIC DESIGN: IT'S REAL (1993)

Metric construction is coming out of the ground in the U.S. as well as in the rest of the world. It’s no longer something to be considered someday, somewhere. Metric—the Systeme International (SI)—is here. Prime mover in the conversion from inch-pound to mm-meter is the General Services Administration, which acts as owner on behalf of various federal agencies. While other arms of the federal government issue press releases about future highway signs in kilometers and milk in liters, GSA is issuing bid documents. In Congress and elsewhere, stiff resistance to legislation requiring full metric compliance by September 1992 led to new deadline of Jan. 1, 1994. GSA is $11 billion ahead of that deadline, according to Otto Schick, project manager in the agency’s Philadelphia office. He counts projects that are in stages from planning onwards as “in design and construction,” and says that the agency is adding $200 million a month to that total. Almost every federal agency is in the process of converting. Schick, who spends half his time aiding other federal agencies, gives the three rules: 1) 95% of a project is physically the same as it was before; only 5% involves “hard metrics.”2) No dual dimensioning is allowed. 3) Professional roundings are required such as 2700 mm instead of the exact conversion of 2735 mm for an existing 9 ft door. GSA ia compiling a directory of US manufacturers who are or can produce products in hard metric sizes. Engineers, architects and contractors who have worked in metric say that there is no cost penalty involved.
Crop evapotranspiration : guidelines for computing crop water requirements (1998)

(First edition: 1998, this reprint: 2004). This publication presents an updated procedure for calculating reference and crop evapotranspiration from meteorological data and crop coefficients. The procedure, first presented in FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 24, Crop water requirements, in 1977, allows estimation of the amount of water used by a crop, taking into account the effect of the climate and the crop characteristics. The publication incorporates advances in research and more accurate procedures for determining crop water use as recommended by a panel of high-level experts organised by FAO in May 1990. The first part of the guidelines includes procedures for determining reference crop evapotranspiration according to the FAO Penman-Monteith method. These are followed by updated procedures for estimating the evapotranspiration of different crops for different growth stages and ecological conditions.
QS-21 Adjuvant (2003)

QS-21 is an immunological adjuvant derived from a natural source: the bark of the South American tree Quillaja saponaria Molina. Crude extracts of Quillaja saponaria bark were found to have adjuvant activity in foot-andmouth disease vaccines in cattle (). These extracts consisted of a complex mixture of tannins, polyphenolics, and triterpene glycoside “saponins.” The adjuvant activity was determined to be in the saponin fraction (). This was later fractionated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) into at least 23 different triterpene glycoside saponins with a varying range of biological activity for adjuvanticity, surfactant properties, and toxicity (). QS-21 was identified as a saponin with potent adjuvant activity and low toxicity (). It can be purified to near homogenity via preparative HPLC. The high level of purity and standardization of the QS-21 saponin adjuvant has enabled evaluation of this compound in clinical trials of experimental vaccines.
The Nutritional Status of Elderly Bed-ridden Patients Receiving Tube Feeding. (2001)

Long-term enteral feeding by tube has become a frequently used procedure in elderly patients. However, only a few studies dealing with the nutritional assessment of such patients are currently available. This study was designed to clarify this issue. Anthropometric and biochemical variables, energy expenditure and dietary intake were investigated in 44 hospitalized bed-ridden patients with and without tube feeding over 65 years of age and 41 age-matched free-eating elders in a nursing home. All patients with tube feeding received enteral nutrition by nasogastric tube. The body weight, body mass index, mid-upper-arm circumference, arm muscle circumference and serum level of albumin were significantly lower in the patients with and without tube feeding, compared with free-eating elders of both genders (p<0.05). Energy intakes of the patients with tube feeding were 1,171+/-286 kcal/d (about 26 kcal/kg/d), which is comparable to the predicted total energy expenditure (1.2 x basal energy expenditure). Protein intake was 44.9+/-13.1 g/d (about 1.0 g/kg/d) and the percentage of protein per total energy was 15%. These intakes are generally considered to be optimal for bed-ridden patients receiving tube feeding. However, the incidence of protein-malnutrition, as evidenced by decreased arm muscle circumference (<80% of normal) and hypoalbuminemia (<35 g/L), in the patients with tube feeding was significantly higher than that in the healthy elders. In addition, the orally fed bed-ridden patients were also malnourished, suggesting that the bed-ridden patients easily became malnourished even if they were fed energy and protein which approximated calculated predicted values. These findings raise a problem concerning nutritional management of bed-ridden patients.
Highly Porous Fibers by Electrospinning into a Cryogenic Liquid (2006)

Highly porous fibers of various polymers were created by electrospinning with a modified collector. A bath of liquid nitrogen was used to freeze the fibers, inducing a phase separation between the polymer and the solvent. When the solvent was removed in vacuo, highly porous fibers were obtained. Poly(styrene), poly(acrylonitrile), poly(vinylidene fluoride), and poly(epsilon-caprolactone) were all electrospun into porous fibers using this simple method. These porous fibers have a range of potential applications in encapsulation, controlled release, superhydrophobic coating, and lightweight reinforcement.
Satellite passive intermodulation: systems considerations (1996)

Passive intermodulation (PIM) occurring in multicarrier transmission systems can have deleterious effects on system performance by significantly increasing the noise level. An argument is presented for system-level testing for PIM, particularly for high-power communications satellites. In the past, two-carrier, component-level tests were employed to ensure that PIM would not degrade system S/N performance.
Emerging multiple sclerosis oral therapies (2009)

Currently, patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic demyelinating disorder of the CNS, must be injected with medication to provide modest relief for their symptoms. Five orally available therapies are being evaluated in phase II/III clinical trials. If these therapies prove safe and tolerable, oral compounds may improve patient endorsement and compliance. Fingolimod, a novel immunosuppressant, significantly lowered annual relapse rates in phase II/III trials. Laquinimod, an immunomodulator, reduced the cumulative number of active lesions at the highest dose tested (0.6 mg/d) in a phase II trial. Cladribine, another immunomodulator, reduced annual relapse rates by >50% and gadolinium-positive lesions by >70% at both doses tested in a phase III trial. Oral fumarate, with immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties, also lowered the number of lesions in a phase II trial. Finally, teriflunomide, an immunomodulator, significantly reduced MRI lesion activity and reduced annual relapse rates in a phase II trial. In this report, we weigh the beneficial outcomes of these compounds against their risks of adverse effects.
Maintenance of surfactant protein A and D secretion by rat alveolar type II cells in vitro (2002)

Secretion of surfactant proteins A and D (SP-A and SP-D) has been difficult to study in vitro because a culture system for maintaining surfactant secretion has been difficult to establish. We evaluated several growth factors, corticosteroids, rat serum, and a fibroblast feeder layer for the ability to produce and maintain a polarized epithelium of type II cells that secretes SP-A and SP-D into the apical medium. Type II cells were plated on a filter insert coated with an extracellular matrix and were cultured at an air-liquid interface. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) stimulated type II cell proliferation and secretion of SP-A and SP-D more than fibroblast growth factor-10 (FGF-10), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), or heparin-binding epidermal-like growth factor (HB-EGF). Cells cultured in the presence of KGF and rat serum with or without fibroblasts had high surfactant protein mRNA levels and exhibited a high level of SP-A and SP-D secretion. Dexamethasone inhibited type II cell proliferation but increased expression of SP-B. In the presence of KGF, rat serum, and dexamethasone, the mRNAs for the surfactant proteins were maintained at high levels. Secretion of SP-A and SP-D was found to be independent of phospholipid secretion.
Evidence that adjuvant arthritis in the rat is associated with chronic pain (1987)

The paper reviews evidence that adjuvant arthritis in the rat is associated with chronic pain and discusses the time course and measurement of this putative pain. The available evidence is consistent with the view that arthritic rats suffer pain, but it appears difficult to formally establish the occurrence of chronic pain in animals. The data suggest the pain to be severe during weeks 2 and 3 and to persist during weeks 4 and 5 after inoculation. The continuing inflammation of joints likely results in movement-induced acutely elicited pains that may persist till about the 8th week. The severe pain during weeks 2 and 3 may be associated with a depression of some drives, and the entire week 2-8 period is likely associated with varying levels of chronic stress. Neurochemical and neurophysiological studies indicate that adjuvant arthritis profoundly influences several of the neurotransmission and neuroendocrine functions of brain and spinal cord; among the affected systems are substance P-ergic, serotonergic and endorphinergic systems. Adjuvant arthritis in the rat constitutes the only laboratory animal model of chronic pain that has been validated to a significant extent. It is suggested that the model be examined further and that additional animal models of chronic pain be developed.
Recent advances in chemical beam epitaxy (2003)

Chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) continues to make very important advances in several areas: (1) large-area material uniformity and process control, (2) new precursors and gas source doping and (3) device applications. Recent developments in InP-based CBE are reviewed here. Very significant progress has also been made in GaAs-based CBE, especially the great success of C-doped HBT circuits, which firmly established the importance of CBE for GaAs electronic applications. Judging from the rapid progress and the high quality of materials and devices prepared by CBE, it is expected that CBE will be a technologically important epitaxial growth technique.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Reputation model for B2C e-commerce: A trust flow based on social networks (2011)

Trust and reputation systems enable customers to reliably assess the quality of services and reliability of entities. The aim of reputation system is to let parties rate each other and to help in deciding whether or not to transact with a given party in online environment. In current reputation systems, users have to trust unreliable information sources and anonymous people. There is a need to improve current reputation systems by allowing users to make decision in buying online based on reliable information sources. Therefore this paper proposes a trust flow through sharing of knowledge and experience in reputation systems by utilizing social networks. This can assist users to access trustworthy information sources by knowing the experience and feedback of their friends in the social networks. This approach will improve the motivation of users for buying online and make the experience more enjoyable.
Wandering between contexts (2019)

As I sat down to reflect on my contributions to entrepreneurship research and what motivated them, I quickly realized that I needed to examine my own academic upbringing and early research activities. Looking back, my research ideas have been formed both by what I studied and by the variety of contexts to which my subsequent work has taken me. And my context ideas have also been formed by all the scholars, practitioners and policy makers from around the world I have been fortunate enough to be inspired by and to work with. Across what otherwise seems a diverse - perhaps even too diverse - list of research interests, the notion of context provides a common thread and unifying theme. I believe it is the great variety of contexts in which I had the opportunity to work that has greatly sensitized me to the role of context in creating the differences that make both the world and good theory interesting. The great variety of contexts has also made me intolerant of “universalizing” claims that endorse the belief that entrepreneurship is the same as we move through time or across places. My work has tried to appreciate that understanding differences are important both for building both theory and policy. In the following, I will relate in more detail how the context theme started to emerge throughout my studies and early research career and how a whole array of different research streams over time have fed into my understanding and appreciation of that, how and why context matters and what to do with this insight.