gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Apoptosis is abundant in human atherosclerotic lesions, especially in inflammatory cells (macrophages and T cells), and may contribute to the accumulation of gruel and plaque instability. (1996)

Death of intimal tissue may lead to plaque rupture with thrombosis, which is the basis of the most severe clinical consequences of atherosclerosis. Little is known about the mechanisms that promote intimal cell death or its nature. This work was undertaken to elucidate the extent to which, the cell types in which, and where programmed cell death, apoptosis, might occur in atherosclerotic lesions. The material was fibrous or fibro-fatty non-ulcerated lesions from the human thoracic aorta and coronary arteries. Apoptosis was indicated by the in situ labeling of internucleosomally degraded DNA with the TUNEL technique, which has a preference for apoptosis as compared with cell necrosis and was combined with the immunohistochemical typing of cells. Apoptosis was corroborated by morphological criteria on the light and electron microscope levels and by the presence of an apoptosis-specific protein. It was common in the lesions and virtually absent in non-atherosclerotic regions. It occurred in smooth muscle cells subendothelially, in places of the fibrous cap, and in the underlying media, which may destabilize the plaque and promote rupture. Inflammatory cells, ie, macrophages and T cells, appeared abundantly subendothelially, in the fibrous cap, and in the shoulder regions, and apoptosis was common, maybe reflecting a means for quenching of the inflammatory reaction. Many macrophages contained abundant apoptotic material indicative of phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, but the occurrence of apoptosis, even in some of these cells, and of apoptotic material extracellularly and the very high numbers of apoptotic cells that were encountered may indicate insufficient mechanisms for the removal of apoptotic cells in the atherosclerotic lesion. It is not possible to decide as yet whether this is due to overloading with cellular material by inflammation and cell multiplication, to an increased frequency of apoptosis, to a reduction of the removal/degradation of apoptotic material by macrophages, or a combination of these factors.
Neuro-cognitive disorders on the rise. (1995)

It has been determined that five AIDS-related brain and nervous system diseases (toxoplasmosis, cryptococcal meningitis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, central nervous system lymphoma, and sensory neuropathies) are becoming growing problems for people with AIDS. These diseases, while being the initial AIDS-defining condition in only 5 to 10 percent of the cases, were a secondary complication in 40 to 60 percent of the cases. The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study found antiretroviral treatment did not reduce the incidence of HIV dementia, standing in contrast with other reports that have found the incidence of dementia falling in those treated with AZT, in particular. Results from a large post-mortem study presented at the American Academy of Neurology Annual Meeting in 1994 show that AZT treatment greatly reduces the risk of productive HIV infection of the brain and that early discontinuation of AZT leaves patients vulnerable to HIV encephalitis. The cause of HIV dementia remains unknown, but may occur through complex indirect pathways, which could involve cytokine and immunological deterioration.
The Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis (2018)

Preclinical and clinical studies have shown bidirectional interactions within the brain-gut-microbiome axis. Gut microbes communicate to the central nervous system through at least 3 parallel and interacting channels involving nervous, endocrine, and immune signaling mechanisms. The brain can affect the community structure and function of the gut microbiota through the autonomic nervous system, by modulating regional gut motility, intestinal transit and secretion, and gut permeability, and potentially through the luminal secretion of hormones that directly modulate microbial gene expression. A systems biological model is proposed that posits circular communication loops amid the brain, gut, and gut microbiome, and in which perturbation at any level can propagate dysregulation throughout the circuit. A series of largely preclinical observations implicates alterations in brain-gut-microbiome communication in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, and several psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Continued research holds the promise of identifying novel therapeutic targets and developing treatment strategies to address some of the most debilitating, costly, and poorly understood diseases.
Association of risk factors and body iron status to carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged Eastern Finnish men (1994)

High body iron stores have been proposed as a risk factor for advanced atherosclerosis. We investigated the prevalence of early atherosclerotic changes, and their relation to conventional CHD risk factors and body iron status. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 206 men aged 50 to 60 years (6% random population sample). Intima-media thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery was evaluated with high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography. Statistical analyses were performed separately for men with and without cardiovascular disease (CVD). Among all the study participants, 6.6% had IMT > 1.3 mm in the common carotid artery, whereas 53.8% had IMT > 1.5 mm in the carotid bifurcation. Respective values were 4.8% and 46.8% for those without CVD, and 8.5% and 62.2% for those with CVD. Mean IMT in the carotid bifurcation, the predilection site for atherosclerosis, was 1.85 mm (95% CI 1.72; 1.98) in the men with CVD, as compared to 1.65 mm (95% CI 1.56; 1.73) in the men free of CVD. Serum LDL cholesterol (beta = 0.26), saturated fat intake (beta = 0.20), blood haemoglobin (beta = -0.29), systolic blood pressure (beta = 0.21) and smoking (beta = 0.19), jointly explained 23% of the variance in the carotid bifurcation IMT in the men without CVD. Neither serum ferritin, transferrin nor dietary iron levels were associated with carotid bifurcation atherosclerosis. On the other hand, in the men with CVD, age (beta = 0.34) and physical activity (beta = -0.25) jointly explained 16.5% of the IMT variance in the carotid bifurcation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Prism signal processing for machine condition monitoring I: Design and simulation (2018)

An earlier study described a wireless acceleration sensor used to perform condition monitoring of rotating machinery, via off-line spectral analysis. In this paper, a new technique called Prism signal processing is applied to the same problem to provide sample-by-sample analysis of the machine rotation. The Prism has low design cost and low computational cost, and so is particularly suited to the flexible signal processing requirements for the Internet of Things. This paper provides an overview of the sensor and its experimental rig as well as the Prism-based signal processing scheme used to track the key components for diagnostic monitoring. The validity of the signal processing scheme is demonstrate via a simulation.
Methods of Assessing Risk for Periodontitis and Developing Multifactorial Models (1994)

In assessing risk for disease, periodontitis can be thought to be more like some of our common medical conditions: certain people are at higher risk than others, and efforts at prevention and intervention involve a combination of personal behaviors and professional practices. This paper presents some principles of designing risk assessment studies. In addition, the choices that must be made in deciding what is high risk and the type of model to be constructed are presented along with implications of each alternative. Terms such as risk indicators, risk factors, risk predictors, risk models, and prediction models are presented and discussed. To illustrate some of the issues, findings from the Piedmont 65+ Dental Study (a longitudinal study of oral health in older adults) indicate that: 1) indicators of risk developed from cross-sectional studies quite often are not confirmed as risk factors in longitudinal studies and longitudinal data implicate additional factors; 2) oral risk factors were important in explaining disease progression, but other categories of risk factors also played an explanatory role; 3) the risk models were able to predict who would experience attachment loss at some time during the 3-year period with a high degree of accuracy, but there was only moderate success at predicting who would not experience attachment loss; 4) including risk predictors in the models did improve the ability of one model to predict attachment loss, but the risk predictor masked the presence of an important risk factor; and 5) it is highly likely that adding measures of host defense mechanism to the study could result in improved models. J Periodontol 1994;65:468-478.
Two Cases of Calculus in the Bladder, in which Lithotripsy was Performed (1842)

as when added to the blood oxt of the body; it is not, however, necessary to brinlg forward any theory for their stupport; they have ceii found useful in prac- tise, and that is sufficienlt to recommenid them to aniy person willing to giv; his patieilts every chanle of recovery from a highly malignanit anld danigerous disease.
Common-sense pest control (1991)

This book provides information on solving and preventing pest problems, and includes : pests of the human body ; pests found in the interior and structure of the house ; pests of houseplants, lawns and gardens ; community-wide pests such as rats, flies, and mosquitoes.
Turning a Nonreducible into a Reducible Oxide via Nanostructuring: Opposite Behavior of Bulk ZrO<sub>2</sub> and ZrO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles Toward H<sub>2</sub> Adsorption (2016)

We show that hydrogen adsorption leads to completely different dissociation mechanisms on extended zirconia surfaces or on zirconia nanoparticles. The reaction of molecular hydrogen with various forms of tetragonal ZrO2 (bulk, regular (101), and stepped (156) surfaces and nanoparticles of 0.9–1.9 nm size) has been studied by means of density functional theory calculations. The heterolytic H2 splitting, in which Zr–H– and O–H+ bonds are formed, is energetically favorable on the extended surfaces. This mechanism does not lead to a chemical reduction of the oxide. Incorporation of the H species from the surface into the bulk results in the formation of a proton and an electron trapped at a Zr ion (Zr3+) but is energetically very unfavorable. Completely different is the behavior of zirconia nanoparticles where the reductive homolytic splitting, in which two OH bonds are formed and two electrons are transferred to Zr3+ sites, is the preferred adsorption mechanism (exothermic reaction). This shows that under-coordination and nanostructuring may have dramatic effects on the reactivity of this oxide toward hydrogen, turning the nonreducible bulk zirconia into a reducible material when prepared in form of nanoparticles.
The Performance of Concrete in a Marine Environment (2019)

This paper presents a summary of data from wide range of concretes following periods of marine exposure ranging up to 25 years. Data are presented from more than 100 different concrete mixtures. The various types of concrete include fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC), ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), concrete with a range of supplementary cementing materials (SCM such as fly ash, slag, and silica fume) and replacement levels (e.g. up to 58% fly ash and 80% slag), lightweight-aggregate concrete (LWAC) and concrete containing alkali-silica reactive aggregate. Testing included measuring chloride concentration profiles, electrochemical corrosion measurements (for steel-reinforced concrete), and various electrical and mechanical properties, in addition to the examination of the microstructure. The data invariably show the importance of the binder type in terms of resistance to chloride ingress and the protection conferred on embedded steel reinforcement, however, the overall performance of SCM concrete was equivocal as high replacement levels were observed to lead to increased surface deterioration (scaling) in some cases. The performance of UHPC was exemplary with little significant chloride penetration and no evidence of surface deterioration after up to 20 years exposure and an estimated 2,000+ freeze-thaw cycles. Expansion (and cracking) due to alkali-silica reaction was observed to be reduced by seawater exposure but, perhaps more significantly, render air-entrained concrete highly susceptible to freeze-thaw damage when the expansion exceeded a certain threshold value. The data are discussed in terms of code requirements and the need for appropriate performance testing. The importance of long-term monitoring of concrete on exposure sites is also discussed.
T-type Ca2+ current is expressed in hypertrophied adult feline left ventricular myocytes. (1993)

Macroscopic T-type Ca2+ currents, which are often observed in fetal and neonatal cardiac muscle cells, were not found in normal (0 of 17) adult feline ventricular myocytes. However, they were present in most (15 of 21) myocytes isolated from adult feline left ventricles with long-standing pressure-overload-induced hypertrophy. This is the first study to provide evidence in a large mammal, such as the cat, that T-type Ca2+ channels may be reexpressed in adults in association with hypertrophy resulting from slow progressive pressure overload. Importantly, this expression was stable for the duration of the hypertrophy process and was not associated with abrupt pressure overload. T-type Ca2+ currents were separated from L-type Ca2+ currents by exploiting the differences in their voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation. Depolarizations from -80 mV revealed a rapidly activating inward current that peaked in magnitude at -30 mV (-1.8 +/- 0.9 [mean +/- SD] pA/pF) and fully inactivated within 100 milliseconds in 15 of 21 hypertrophied myocytes studied. Further depolarizations activated progressively less T-type Ca2+ current, so that at +10 mV the L-type Ca2+ current predominated. In the hypertrophied myocytes that demonstrated both T-type and L-type Ca2+ currents, two distinct peaks occurred in their current-voltage relations. T-type Ca2+ currents were not evident in any of the 17 normal adult feline left ventricular myocytes studied. The purpose of T-type Ca2+ currents in hypertrophy is unclear. However, their presence may make hypertrophied myocardium more prone to spontaneous action potentials and increase the likelihood for arrhythmias in partially depolarized hypertrophied myocardium.
On the elastic moduli and compliances of transversely isotropic and orthotropic materials (2008)

The relationships between the elastic moduli and compliances of transversely isotropic and orthotropic materials, which correspond to different appealing sets of linearly independent fourth-order base tensors used to cast the elastic moduli and compliances tensors, are derived by performing explicit inversions of the involved fourth-order tensors.The deduced sets of elastic constants are related to each other and to common engineering constants expressed in the Voigt notation with respect to the coordinate axes aligned along the directions orthogonal to the planes of material symmetry.The results are applied to a transversely isotropic monocrystalline zinc and an orthotropic human femural bone.
POOR PENETRATION OF INFRA-RED AND HELIUM NEON LOW POWER LASER LIGHT INTO THE DERMAL TISSUE (1993)

The skin transmittance for low power laser light was studied in vitro. The penetration of both He-Ne and infra-red lasers was observed for only a few millimeters. The most important absorption was observed at the depth level of 0.4 and 0.5 mm. These results suggested that the dermal vascular plexus barrier seemed to decrease the penetration at that level. This finding should mean that the laser therapy did not have really direct effects on the deep tissues. However, the effects can be mediated by many different pathways.
Introduction to radiation therapy (1996)

An introduction to the study of radiation technology, this text explains the fundamentals and the multidisciplinary approach to cancer management, covers the technology and equipment used to treat cancer and deals with the essential aspects of treatment from a radiation therapist's perspective. Topics include cancer proliferation, radiosensitivity, time-dose relationships, cell cycle kinetics, the application of radiographic imaging, liner accelerations and Cobalt units.
HLMCC: A Hybrid Learning Anomaly Detection Model for Unlabeled Data in Internet of Things (2019)

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of distributed devices or sensors connected through the internet to allow gathering and sharing of data. The data generated by these devices is affected by anomalies or abnormal behaviour due to attack issues, or breakdown in devices, as examples. However, most current anomaly detection systems rely on labelled data, while the class labels for IoT data are usually unavailable. Furthermore, the manual labelling task is expensive and time-consuming to perform due to the need for domain experts. More importantly, the volume of data in the IoT is growing rapidly, creating a need to predict the classification labels for future data. This study proposes a Hybrid Learning Model which uses both Clustering and Classification methods (HLMCC) to automate the labelling process and detect anomalies in IoT data. The model consists of two practical phases, automatic labelling and detecting anomalies. First, the HLMCC groups the data into normal and anomaly clusters by adopting Hierarchical Affinity Propagation (HAP) clustering. Second, the labelled data obtained from the clustering phase is used to train the Decision Trees (DTs) and to classify future unseen data. The results show that the HLMCC is able to automate the labelling of data, which is beneficial to minimize human involvement. Moreover, HLMCC outperforms the DTs on the originally labelled datasets and the state-of-the-art model over a wide range of evaluation metrics based on the average ranks. HLMCC produces the highest average ranks against other models in terms of False Positive Rate (FPR), recall, precision and the Area Under the Precision-Recall curve (AUCPR) with 1.8, 1.6, 1.8 and 1.8, respectively.
Advanced Power Electronic Interfaces for Distributed Energy Systems Part 1: Systems and Topologies (2008)

This report summarizes power electronic interfaces for DE applications and the topologies needed for advanced power electronic interfaces. It focuses on photovoltaic, wind, microturbine, fuel cell, internal combustion engine, battery storage, and flywheel storage systems.
Genetic algorithm-based optimization of fuzzy logic controller using characteristic parameters (2002)

A novel optimization algorithm of fuzzy logic controller (FLC) using genetic algorithms (GAs) is proposed. To characterize the major design parameters of an FLC, characteristic parameters are defined which can greatly simplify the design procedure of the FLC. The characteristic parameters are encoded into a chromosome presented as an integer string. The chromosomes are then optimized by maximizing the evaluated fitness through genetic operations, and as a result, the optimized FLC can be obtained. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm has been verified through a series of simulations for a water level control system.
A Post-Matching Doherty Power Amplifier Employing Low-Order Impedance Inverters for Broadband Applications (2015)

This paper presents a modified Doherty configuration with extended bandwidth. The narrow band feature of the conventional Doherty amplifier is discussed in the view of the broadband matching. To extend the bandwidth, the post-matching architecture is employed in the proposed design. Meanwhile, broadband low-order impedance inverters are adopted to replace the quarter-wavelength transmission lines. Low-pass filter topologies are used to realize both the post matching network and the impedance inverters. A modified Doherty Power amplifier was designed and fabricated based on commercial GaN HEMT devices to validate the broadband characteristics of this configuration. The 6-dB backoff efficiencies of 47%-57% are obtained from 1.7 to 2.6 GHz (41.9% fractional bandwidth) and the measured maximum output power ranges from 44.9 to 46.3 dBm in the designed band. In particular, more than 40% efficiencies are measured at 10-dB backoff throughout the operation band.
Quantitative comparison between two phase contrast techniques: diffraction enhanced imaging and phase propagation imaging (2005)

Two x-ray phase contrast imaging techniques are compared in a quantitative way for future mammographic applications: diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) and phase propagation imaging (PPI). DEI involves, downstream of the sample, an analyser crystal acting as an angular filter for x-rays refracted by the sample. PPI simply uses the propagation (Fresnel diffraction) of the monochromatic and partially coherent x-ray beam over large distances. The information given by the two techniques is assessed by theoretical simulations and compared at the level of the experimental results for different kinds of samples (phantoms and real tissues). The imaging parameters such as the energy, the angular position of the analyser crystal in the DEI case or the sample to detector distance in the PPI case were varied in order to optimize the image quality in terms of contrast, visibility and figure of merit.
Interaction of vasoactive intestinal peptide with mouse lymphocytes: specific binding and the modulation of mitogen responses. (1984)

Binding of radioiodinated vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) to mouse lymphocytes has been investigated. Specific cell binding of 125I-VIP was demonstrated with lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes, subcutaneous lymph nodes, spleen, and Peyer's patches. The binding of VIP by these cells was accounted for by VIP binding sites upon T cells rather than non-T cells. In the presence of VIP, the in vitro response of lymphocytes to the T cell mitogens concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion, whereas that to the B cell mitogen lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was not. There was a close correlation between the potency of VIP and some structurally related peptides for inhibition of 125I-VIP binding and the effect of those peptides on T cell mitogen responses. These observations demonstrate that mouse T lymphocytes have specific VIP receptors and that VIP can modulate the response of T cells to mitogenic stimulation. VIP may be an important immunoregulatory molecule, and may be implicated in the regulation of T cell function in mucosal tissues innervated by VIP-containing neurons.