gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bottom-up evaluation of logic programs using binary decision diagrams (2002)

Binary decision diagram (BDD) is a data structure to manipulate Boolean functions and recognized as a powerful tool in the VLSI CAD area. We consider that compactness and efficient operations of BDDs can be utilized for storing temporary relations in bottom-up evaluation of logic queries. We show two methods of encoding relations into BDDs, called logarithmic encoding and linear encoding, define relational operations on BDDs and discuss optimizations in ordering BDD variables to construct memory and time efficient BDDs. Our experiments show that our BDD-based bottom-up evaluator has remarkable performance against traditional hash table-based methods for transitive closure queries on dense graphs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Decision Making Support Model of Work Item-based Adaptation Strategy for RFID-based Construction Logistics and Progress Management (2009)

As building construction projects have been more higher and bigger in scale, the needs for cost reduction, productivity improvement, and reducing of work terms have rapidly increased in recent years. There has been, accordingly, a great emphasis on the necessity of logistics and progress management by well-organized system developed based on the appliance of different management theories. Although highly developed IT technology has contributed to the efficiency and effectiveness in information research and project management, RFID has been merely applied to a single progress or a few types of materials in current management studies, not to the overall process of the projects. This research proposes a consistent and systemized approach for decision making in adopting RFID technology in a construction project to support construction logistics and progress management. With a decision making model that consists of process model and template developed in this research, risks in cost, time, and error in building RFID-based construction logistics and progress management could be minimized.
Light and Dark Adaptation and the Perception of Color* (1952)

A description is given of an apparatus which has been constructed for the purpose of investigating, by means of the binocular matching technique, the changes in color perception which arise when the state of adaptation of the eye is altered.The changes in color perception, consequent upon changes in the intensity of the adapting light in seven steps from zero to 100 candles per square foot, have been investigated for two observers. The adapting field size was 60°; the test-field size was 20°.There was found a gradual decrease in the saturation of colors as the adapting light intensity was lowered. At low levels, the saturation increased with increasing test-color intensity; but at high levels, increasing test-color intensity caused most colors to become bluer. The sensation corresponding to dim light seen by the dark-adapted eye was found to be pale blue, and not colorless.A final section considers the problem of how the activity of a fourth “white” receptor mechanism might be reconciled with trichromatic matching, and in particular with the constancy of monocular color matches with changes in adaptation.
An Efficient Coding Method for Spike Camera Using Inter-Spike Intervals (2019)

Recently, a novel bio-inspired spike camera has been proposed, which continuously accumulates luminance intensity and fires spikes once the dispatch threshold is reached. It has shown great advantages in capturing fast-moving scene in a frame-free manner with full texture reconstruction capabilities. However, it is difficult to transmit or store the large amount of spike data. By investigating the spatiotemporal distribution of the spikes, we propose an intensity-based measurement for spike train distance and design an efficient coding method to meet the challenge. First, the spike train is transformed into inter-spike intervals (ISIs), and ISIs are adaptively partitioned into multiple segments in temporal. Then, intra-and inter-pixel prediction are performed to find the best reference candidate. The prediction residuals are quantized to achieve lossy compression. Finally, the quantized residuals are fed into an adaptive context-based entropy coder. Overall, to achieve the best performance, each prediction mode will be tried and the one with minimum rate-distortion cost is chosen.
Self-Assembly and Selective Guest Binding of Three-Dimensional Open-Framework Solids from a Macrocyclic Complex as a Trifunctional Metal Building Block (2001)

The nickel(II) hexaazamacrocyclic complex (1) containing pendant pyridine groups has been synthesized by the one-pot template condensation reaction of amine and formaldehyde. From the self-assembly of 1 with deprotonated cis,cis-1,3,5-cyclohexanetricarboxylic acid, H2CTC- and CTC3-, three-dimensional supramolecular open-frameworks of [Ni(C20H32N8)][C6H9(COOH)2(COO)]2 x 4H2O (2) and [Ni(C20H32N8)]3[C6H9(COO)3]2 x 16H2O (3), respectively, have been constructed. The solids 2 and 3 are insoluble in all solvents. X-ray crystal structure of 2 indicates that each nickel(II) macrocyclic complex binds two H2CTC- ions in trans position and two pendant pyridine groups of the macrocyclic complex are involved in hydrogen-bonding interactions with the hydroxy groups of H2CTC- belonging to the neighboring macrocyclic complexes, which provides the beltlike one-dimensional chain composed of rectangular synthons. The one-dimensional chains are linked together through lattice water molecules by the hydrogen-bonding interactions to generate two-dimensional networks, which are again connected to each other by the offset pi-pi stacking interactions between the pendant pyridine rings to give rise to a three-dimensional structure in which channels are present. The X-ray crystal structure of 3 indicates that each nickel(II) macrocyclic unit binds two CTC3- ions in trans position and each CTC3- ion coordinates three nickel(II) macrocyclic complexes to form a two-dimensional layer, in which pendant pyridine rings are involved in the hydrogen bonding and the herringbone pi-pi interaction. Between the layers, the pendant pyridine rings belonging to the neighboring layers participate in the offset pi-pi stacking interactions, which gives rise to a three-dimensional network structure. The network creates channels running parallel to the a, b, and c axes, which are filled with guest water molecules. The X-ray powder diffraction patterns indicate that the frameworks of 2 and 3 are deformed upon removal of water guests but restored upon rebinding of water. The host solids 2 and 3 bind [Cu(NH3)4](ClO4)2 in MeCN with a binding constant (Kf) of 210 M(-1) and 710 M(-1), respectively, while they do not bind [Cu(en)2](ClO4)2 (en = ethylenediamine). The dried solids of 2 and 3 do not interact with benzene and toluene, but they differentiate methanol, ethanol, and phenol in toluene solvent with the Kf values of 42, 14, and 12 M(-1), respectively, for 2, and 13, 8.2, and 8.9 M(-1), respectively, for 3. In terms of binding sites for guest molecules, the solid 3 has greater capacity than the solid 2.
Metabolic Control Analysis of <i>Aspergillus niger</i><scp>l</scp>‐Arabinose Catabolism (2005)

A mathematical model of the L-arabinose/D-xylose catabolic pathway of Aspergillus niger was constructed based on the kinetic properties of the enzymes. For this purpose L-arabinose reductase, L-arabitol dehydrogenase and D-xylose reductase were purified using dye-affinity chromatography, and their kinetic properties were characterized. For the other enzymes of the pathway the kinetic data were available from the literature. The metabolic model was used to analyze flux and metabolite concentration control of the L-arabinose catabolic pathway. The model demonstrated that flux control does not reside at the enzyme following the intermediate with the highest concentration, L-arabitol, but is distributed over the first three steps in the pathway, preceding and following L-arabitol. Flux control appeared to be strongly dependent on the intracellular L-arabinose concentration. At 5 mM intracellular L-arabinose, a level that resulted in realistic intermediate concentrations in the model, flux control coefficients for L-arabinose reductase, L-arabitol dehydrogenase and L-xylulose reductase were 0.68, 0.17 and 0.14, respectively. The analysis can be used as a guide to identify targets for metabolic engineering aiming at either flux or metabolite level optimization of the L-arabinose catabolic pathway of A. niger. Faster L-arabinose utilization may enhance utilization of readily available organic waste containing hemicelluloses to be converted into industrially interesting metabolites or valuable enzymes or proteins.
Natural hybrid orbitals (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNatural hybrid orbitalsJ. P. Foster and F. WeinholdCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 24, 7211–7218Publication Date (Print):November 19, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 19 November 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00544a007https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00544a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views6624Altmetric-Citations4412LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Effect of impaired vasa vasorum flow on the structure and mechanics of the thoracic aorta: implications for the pathogenesis of aortic dissection (2000)

Impairment of blood supply to the thoracic aorta leads to abnormal morphology of elastin and collagen fibers of the outer media, resulting in increased aortic stiffness under a wide range of stresses. In the clinical setting, decreased vasa vasorum flow, reportedly occurring in arterial hypertension, may increase the stiffness of the outer media of the thoracic aorta and produce interlaminar shear stresses, contributing to the development of aortic dissection.
Preparation of superabsorbent slow release nitrogen fertilizer by inverse suspension polymerization (2006)

Abstract A superabsorbent, slow release nitrogen fertilizer (SSRNF) was prepared by inverse suspension polymerization of partially neutralized acrylic acid using N , N ′‐methylene bisacrylamide as a crosslinker and ammonium persulfate as an initiator in the presence of urea. The polymer was characterized using infrared spectral analysis, and network structural parameters such as molecular weight between crosslinks ( M c ) and crosslink density ( q ) were calculated. The effects of reaction conditions, such as reaction time, reaction temperature, initiator, crosslinker and the degree of neutralization of acrylic acid, on water absorbency were investigated. The nitrogen content of SSRNF synthesized under optimal conditions was 22.7%, and the water absorbencies were about 965 g g −1 in distilled water and 185 g g −1 in tap water. The nitrogen slow release behaviors of the SSRNF in water and water retention capacity of soil with the SSRNF were also investigated. A possible slow release mechanism was proposed and the release rate constant K and the diffusion coefficient D of urea in the hydrogel was calculated. The results showed that the product not only had good slow release properties but also excellent soil moisture preservation capacity, which could effectively improve the utilization of fertilizer and water resources simultaneously. Therefore, the SSRNF is a multifunctional water managing material, which would find application in agriculture and horticulture, especially in drought‐prone areas where the availability of water is limited. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
ATP oscillations mediate inductive action of FGF and Shh signalling on prechondrogenic condensation (2012)

Skeletal patterns are prefigured by prechondrogenic condensation. Morphogens such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and sonic hedgehog (Shh) specify the skeletal patterns in limb development. However, how morphogens regulate prechondrogenic condensation has remained unclear. Recently, it was demonstrated that synchronized Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) oscillations play a critical role in prechondrogenic condensation. Thus, the present study has focused on whether ATP oscillations mediate the actions of major developmental morphogens such as FGF and Shh on prechondrogenic condensation. It has been shown that both FGF and Shh signalling promoted cellular condensation but not chondrogenic differentiation and also induced ATP oscillations. In addition, blockage of FGF and Shh signalling prevented both ATP oscillations and prechondrogenic condensation. Furthermore, it was found that inhibition of ATP oscillations suppressed FGF/Shh-induced prechondrogenic condensation. These results indicate that ATP oscillations mediate the actions of FGF and Shh signalling on prechondrogenic condensation. This study proposes that morphogens organize skeletal patterns via ATP oscillations.
Androgens in Pubertal Males with Addison's Disease* (1980)

The time of onset and progression of pubertal development has been documented in seven male patients with Addison's disease. Two patients developed associated autoimmune problems before puberty and were excluded from further study. The mean age of the onset of puberty among the remaining five patients was 12.3 +/- 0.4 yr, not different than the 11.4 +/- 0.4 yr reported for normal American boys. Integrated plasma levels of testosterone, androstenedione, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone were also determined in three Addisonian patients who had no associated autoimmune disease before puberty and their study date. Results were compared with integrated plasma levels from three other groups: four agonadal males, four normal adult males, and three pubertal boys. Integrated plasma levels of these steroids confirm that in a male, testosterone is essentially testicular in origin, dehydroepiandrosterone is mainly adrenal in origin, and androstenedione and 17-hydroxyprogesterone are derived from both sources.
Toner to Photoconductor Adhesion (2001)

The forces needed to remove monodisperse spherical toner particles from an organic photoconductor were determined using electrostatic detachment for a series of particles having diameters between 2 μm and 12 μm. It was found that the removal force varied linearly with particle radius, as predicted by JKR (Johnson, Kendall and Roberts, Ref. 19). This result is inconsistent with the predictions of models that assume that the detachment forces are dominated by either a uniform charge distribution over the surface of the particle or localized charged patches. Moreover, reasonable works of adhesion are obtained if one assumes that the removal forces are dominated by surface, rather than electrostatic, forces. These results seem to suggest that, for spherical toner particles in this size range, adhesion may be dominated by van der Waals interactions.
Ueber Vinylamin (1895)

Als man das ersteDestillat A unter Kiiblung mit festem Kali versetzte, stieg ein farbloses, leicbt beweglicbes Oel an die Oberfliiche, dessen Menge nach dem 24stundigen Trocknen mit festem Kali etwa 4.8 g betrug.Die i n dirser Weisr aus zusammen 200 g rohem Bromathylaminbromliydrat grworinenen Oelschichten wiirden fractionirt, wobei (I) 16 p ewischen 54 -67O, (11) 6 p zwiscben 67 -100° und (111) ca. 2 g wenig iiber 1000 iibergingen.Die beiden letzteren Fractionen, in welcheii sich die Anwesenheit der auch in den spateren wassrigen Destillaten (8.oben) vorhandenen Base durch die FPbipkeit, ein krystallisirtes schwerl6sliches Gold-und pikrinsaures Salz zu bilden, verrath,
Carbohydrate‐based polyurethanes: A comparative study of polymers made from isosorbide and 1,4‐butanediol (2011)

Abstract A set of linear polyurethanes containing isosorbide units were synthesized by polymerization in solution from HDI and MDI diisocyanates and 1,4‐butanediol (BD), isosorbide (Is) or diisosorbide diurethanes (Is 2 HDI and Is 2 MDI) as diols. The thermal transitions, thermal stability, and crystal structure of the polyurethane homopolymers and copolymers containing isosorbide were evaluated and compared with those displayed by their polyurethane analogues entirely made of BD. It was found that incorporation of Is units in the polyurethane chain produced significant changes in T g , T m , and T d but no significant differences were noticed between copolymers made from Is or Is 2 monomers. Degradation assays revealed that the presence of Is units increased slightly the hydrolysis rate of polyurethanes. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Modern Control System Theory and Design (1992)

From the Publisher:
Modern Control System Theory and Design, Second Edition offers the most comprehensive treatment of control systems available today. Its unique text/software combination integrates classical and modern control system theories, while promoting an interactive, computer-based approach to design solutions. The sheer volume of practical examples, as well as the hundreds of illustrations of control systems from all engineering fields, make this volume accessible to students and indispensable for professional engineers.
Endoscopic carpal tunnel release using the subligamentous two-portal technique. (1991)

The surgical treatment for entrapment neuropathy of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel is varied. Recent publications have demonstrated a closed, endoscopic method for release of the carpal tunnel using a two-portal technique. In this report, a surgical technique for performing a subligamentous modification of this two-portal procedure is discussed, and the special tools used in this approach are demonstrated. In the early portion of this series of 75 symptomatic hands in 65 patients, 8% (6/75 hands) developed transient postoperative ulnar nerve neuropraxia. One patient experienced an iatrogenic laceration of the median nerve. Following the institution of the subligamentous approach, no postoperative nerve complications occurred. The majority of the patients experienced a significant decrease in their median nerve symptoms. This procedure has been found to be safe and is equally as effective as open surgical treatment of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome.
Windows 7 : the definitive guide (2010)

This book provides everything you need to manage and maintain Windows 7. You'll learn all of the features and enhancements in complete detail, along with specifics for configuring the operating system to put you in full control. Bestselling author and Windows expert William Stanek doesn't just show you the steps you need to follow, he also tells you how features work, why they work, and how you can customize them to meet your needs. Learn how to squeeze every bit of power out of Windows 7 to take full advantage of its features and programs. Set up, customize, and tune Windows 7-Optimize its
Automatically Derived Units in the Speech Processing (1999)

Current systems for recognition, synthesis, very low bit-rate (VLBR) coding and text-independent speaker verification rely on sub-word units determined using phonetic knowledge. This paper presents an alternative to this approach - determination of speech units using AUSP (Automatic Language Independent Speech Processing) tools. Experimental results for speaker-dependent VLBR coding are reported on two databases: average rate of 120 bps for unit encoding was achieved. In verification, this approach was tested during 1998's NIST-NSA evaluation campaign with a MLP-based scoring system.
Incorporation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag proteins into murine leukemia virus virions (1993)

The retroviral Gag polyprotein is necessary and sufficient for assembly and budding of viral particles. However, the exact inter- and intramolecular interactions of the Gag polyproteins during this process are not known. To locate functional domains within Gag, we generated chimeric proviruses between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and murine leukemia virus (MuLV). In these chimeric proviruses, the matrix or capsid proteins of MuLV were precisely replaced with the matrix or capsid proteins of HIV-1. Although the chimeric proviruses were unable to efficiently assemble into mature viral particles by themselves, coexpression of wild-type MuLV Gag rescued the HIV proteins into virions. The specificity of the rescue of HIV proteins into MuLV virions shows that specific interactions involving homologous matrix or capsid regions of Gag are necessary for retroviral particle formation.
Regulatory decisions and consumers. (1986)

Consumers expect regulatory authorities to evaluate the risks and benefits of non-narcotic analgesics both before marketing and throughout their marketing life. In making their evaluation, regulatory authorities attempt to ensure that before a product is marketed it is of satisfactory quality, is efficacious, tested for likely toxicological hazards and that prescribers are provided with appropriate, objective information. After marketing of a drug, regulatory authorities use spontaneous adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting systems as their principal monitoring technique and use the data collected to help identify risk factors for human toxicity.
Statistical behavior and consistency of classification methods based on convex risk minimization (2004)

We study how closely the optimal Bayes error rate can be approximately reached using a classification algorithm that computes a classifier by minimizing a convex upper bound of the classification error function. The measurement of closeness is characterized by the loss function used in the estimation. We show that such a classification scheme can be generally regarded as a (nonmaximum-likelihood) conditional in-class probability estimate, and we use this analysis to compare various convex loss functions that have appeared in the literature. Furthermore, the theoretical insight allows us to design good loss functions with desirable properties. Another aspect of our analysis is to demonstrate the consistency of certain classification methods using convex risk minimization. This study sheds light on the good performance of some recently proposed linear classification methods including boosting and support vector machines. It also shows their limitations and suggests possible improvements.