gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pathophysiology and Prevention of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (2008)

BPD is the major respiratory complication of preterm delivery and is typified by chronic oxygen dependency and respiratory insufficiency beyond 36 weeks postconceptional age. It is caused by a combination of insults on the developing lung precipitated by preterm birth and its subsequent respiratory management. The common pathway linking the various causative factors is inflammation, which may be initiated prior to birth in the setting of maternal chorioamnionitis, or after birth by mechanical ventilation, infection or oxidative stress. Inflammation in the developing lung induces airways remodeling which adversely affects lung function. Multiple inflammatory mediators are implicated in this process and modifying the course of the disease has proven difficult. The emphasis of management should be directed towards prevention with strategies aimed at minimizing early lung injury and oxidative stress. These include delivery room stabilization and mechanical ventilation techniques that aim to avoid volutrauma and atelectotrauma. Drugs may also influence BPD progression and can broadly be divided into three categories; those administered prenatally to accelerate lung maturation, those administered postnatally to reduce initiation of inflammatory stimuli and those to modify any established inflammatory response. In this review we have examined recent evidence for each of these ventilatory and therapeutic strategies to prevent BPD. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of airways remodeling in BPD could have significant implications for future potential targeted interventions. Keywords: Vascular endothelial growth factor, Matrix metalloproteinases, Oxidative Stress, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, Permissive Hypercapnia
Dielectric behavior and resistivities of polyacrylonitrile and some pyrolyzates (1965)

Abstract Dielectric losses in polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and three pyrolyzates were studied between 1 Hz. and 300 kHz. Pure PAN has at 20°C. a very broad loss region with a maximum at 70 Hz. which is ascribed to CN groups. Powdered PAN was pyrolyzed in a nitrogen atmosphere at 170, 220, and 300°C. PAN‐170 has the same loss maximum as the unpyrolyzed polymer, but the maximum had disappeared in PAN‐220. This is attributed to formation of conjugated chains by linking of CN groups above 200°C. However, this does not enhance the conductivity until hydrogen is eliminated above 350°C.
Decoding neuronal firing and modelling neural networks (1994)

Biological neural networks are large systems of complex elements interacting through a complex array of connexions. Individual neurons express a large number of active conductances (Connors et al. 1982; Adams & Gavin, 1986; Llinás, 1988; McCormick, 1990; Hille, 1992) and exhibit a wide variety of dynamic behaviours on time scales ranging from milliseconds to many minutes (Llinás, 1988; Harris-Warrick & Marder, 1991; Churchland & Sejnowski, 1992; Turrigiano et al. 1994).
Wheelchair Cushions: A Historical Review (1985)

An important objective of occupational therapy practice is to maximise functional potential in patients who have physical disabilities. Pressure sores are a major complication in the medical course of these individuals. Therefore, prevention, or at least the proper management, of these sores becomes an important focus for occupational therapists who treat the physically disabled patient. Occupational therapists often prescribe wheelchair cushions to relieve pressure and reduce the risk of ulceration. Unfortunately, occupational therapy literature offers few articles dealing with this significant problem. This paper presents a historical review of wheelchair cushions and details some of the physiological and clinical research efforts that are the basis of prescription practice today.
A Step to Support Real-Time in Virtual Machine (2009)

Real-time is one of the unique requirements in embedded systems. In this paper, we perform a feasibility study on how to support real-time in an embedded virtual machine system. Firstly, we argue that the I/O model of the current virtual machine monitor like Xen is not suitable to support real-time applications because it lacks in predictability and it does not guarantee a deterministic I/O processing. We provide an alternative I/O model for virtualized embedded systems. Devices are categorized into four groups: dedicated, active, running, dynamic. Dedicated devices make a virtual machine simple because they do not need to be virtualized for isolation. However, dedication does not mean the performance isolation. Our experimental results with dedicated device show that traditional dedication cannot guarantee the timely responsiveness in heavy interrupt cases. Specifically, responsiveness of real-time OS degrades as interrupt load increases. Therefore, a proper interrupt control mechanism is required at virtual machine monitor level in order to support timely responsiveness. In addition, our result supports that (1) short and prioritized interrupt processing helps responsiveness in a virtual machine system; (2) smaller time quantum results in better responsiveness also.
Entwicklung von 3D-Widgets - Übersichtsvortrag. (1997)

Der Entwurf von 3D-Interaktionselementen (kurz 3D-Widgets) fur Benutzungsschnittstellenwird immer wichtiger, um komplexe 3D-Anwendungen, wie CAD-Systeme, zu bedienen.Insbesondere kann das Potential der direkten Manipulation bei 3D-Anwendungen nurgenutzt werden, wenn die modellbildenden Objekte Ein- und Ausgabefunktionalitat besit-zen. 3D-Widgets werden zunehmend auch fur Aufgaben, die traditionell mit 2D-Widgetsgelost werden angewendet. Da 3D-Widgets zudem attraktiv sind, ist die Beschaftigung mitdiesem Thema reizvoll. Dieser Beitrag bildet eine Ubersicht uber die Entwicklung von 3D-Widgets – einschlieslich eigener Ergebnisse – und uber offene Fragestellungen.
THE OPENING OF A PAIR OF COPLANAR GRIFFITH CRACKS UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE (1961)

This paper discusses the distribution of stress in the neighbourhood of a pair of coplanar Griffith cracks when these cracks are subjected to internal pressure. This is a ‘three-part’ boundary value problem and its solution is given by determining the coefficients in a pair of dual trigonometrical series. In the Bpecial case of uniform internal pressure, closed formulae are given for the resulting shape of the cracks and for the stresses in their neighbourhood. These formulae involve the well-tabulated elliptic integrals and some numerical results are given.
Uracil-Induced Down-Regulation of the Yeast Uracil Permease (1999)

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the FUR4-encoded uracil permease catalyzes the first step of the pyrimidine salvage pathway. The availability of uracil has a negative regulatory effect upon its own transport. Uracil causes a decrease in the level of uracil permease, partly by decreasing the FUR4 mRNA level in a promoter-independent fashion, probably by increasing its instability. Uracil entry also triggers more rapid degradation of the existing permease by promoting high efficiency of ubiquitination of the permease that signals its internalization. A direct binding of intracellular uracil to the permease is possibly involved in this feedback regulation, as the behavior of the permease is similar in mutant cells unable to convert intracellular uracil into UMP. We used cells impaired in the ubiquitination step to show that the addition of uracil produces rapid inhibition of uracil transport. This may be the first response prior to the removal of the permease from the plasma membrane. Similar down-regulation of uracil uptake, involving several processes, was observed under adverse conditions mainly corresponding to a decrease in the cellular content of ribosomes. These results suggest that uracil of exogenous or catabolic origin down-regulates the cognate permease to prevent buildup of excess intracellular uracil-derived nucleotides.
Electromagnetic Analysis and Design in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2018)

This book presents a comprehensive treatment of electromagnetic analysis and design of three critical devices for an MRI system - the magnet, gradient coils, and radiofrequency (RF) coils. Electromagnetic Analysis and Design in Magnetic Resonance Imaging is unique in its detailed examination of the analysis and design of the hardware for an MRI system. It takes an engineering perspective to serve the many scientists and engineers in this rapidly expanding field.Chapters present:an introduction to MRIbasic concepts of electromagnetics, including Helmholtz and Maxwell coils, inductance calculation, and magnetic fields produced by special cylindrical and spherical surface currentsprinciples for the analysis and design of gradient coils, including discrete wires and the target field method analysis of RF coils based on the equivalent lumped-circuit model as well as an analysis based on the integral equation formulationsurvey of special purpose RF coilsanalytical and numerical methods for the analysis of electromagnetic fields in biological objectsWith the continued, active development of MRI instrumentation, Electromagnetic Analysis and Design in Magnetic Resonance Imaging presents an excellent, logically organized text - an indispensable resource for engineers, physicists, and graduate students working in the field of MRI.
Polyazabenzo[a]pyrenes (1968)

12-Acylaminobenz[a]acridines have been cyclised to 6,11-diazabenzo[a]pyrenes. β-Naphthyl-α-aminonicotinic acids afforded 12-hydroxy-7,10-diazabenz[a]anthracenes which as their 1-acetyl or 1-carboxy-derivatives, or as the lactone formed from the latter hydroxy-acid, yielded 6,9,11-triazabenzo[a]pyrenes when heated in urea.
The role of Ca2+ on pH-induced hydrodynamic changes of bovine pancreatic deoxyribonuclease A. (1978)

DNase A studied by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 at pH 7.4 in 40 mM Tris-HCl buffer, behaves hydrodynamically as a spherical monomeric macromolecule of around 31,000 molecular weight, with a Stokes radius = 24.7 A, f/fo = 1.19, and D20,W = 8.69. Similar results were obtained by analytical dialysis using zinc chloride-modified cellophane membranes. The elution volume of DNase A decreases as the pH increases between pH 4.7 and pH 9.5. This effect has been attributed to a change in the tridimensional structure of the protein and interpreted as a modification in the axial ratio due to unfolding of the polypeptide chain with increase in the apparent Stokes radius. The addition of Ca2+ produce reversion of the pH-induced changes at pH 9.5. The transition occurs when Ca2+ binds to at least two binding sites (n = 1.66 in a Hill plot) with a Kd = 8.9 X 10(-5) M and the effect appears to be cooperative. These findings support the hypothesis that Ca2+-binding to DNase A causes a conformational change that maintains a more active structure of the enzyme, especially when the pH-induced unfolding reduces its activity.
On buoyancy-driven natural ventilation of a room with a heated floor (2001)

The natural ventilation of a room, both with a heated floor and connected to a cold exterior through two openings, is investigated by combining quantitative models with analogue laboratory experiments. The heated floor generates an areal source of buoyancy while the openings allow displacement ventilation to operate. When combined, these produce a steady state in which the air in the room is well-mixed, and the heat provided by the floor equals the heat lost by displacement. We develop a quantitative model describing this process, in which the advective heat transfer through the openings is balanced with the heat flux supplied at the floor. This model is successfully tested with observations from small-scale analogue laboratory experiments. We compare our results with the steady-state flow associated with a point source of buoyancy: for a given applied heat flux, an areal source produces heated air of lower temperature but a greater volume flux of air circulates through the room. We generalize the model to account for the effects of (i) a cooled roof as well as a heated floor, and (ii) an external wind or temperature gradient. In the former case, the direction of the flow through the openings depends on the temperature of the exterior air relative to an averaged roof and floor temperature. In the latter case, the flow is either buoyancy dominated or wind dominated depending on the strength of the pressure associated with the wind. Furthermore, there is an intermediate multiple-solution regime in which either flow regime may develop.
The Cross–linking of Cotton with Divinyl Ethers (1965)

Good smooth–drying properties are imparted to cotton by treatment with divinyl ethers in dimethylformamide in the presence of catalytic quantities of concentrated hydrochloric acid. The acetal cross–links responsible are stable to alkaline laundering, and this type of finish does not retain chlorine. Better crease recovery–strength relationships can be achieved in this way than by the use of dimethylolcyclicethyleneurea, the greatest improvement in crease recovery occurring at a degree of substitution which corresponds to 0–05 cross–links per anhydroglucose unit. Values of Smooth–drying Index correlate well with crease–recovery angles, whereas Monsanto Grades do not.
Supporting mixed initiative human-robot interaction: A script-based cognitive architecture approach (2008)

As complex indoor-robot systems are developed and deployed into the real-world, the demand for human-robot interaction is increasing. Mixed-initiative human-robot interaction is a good method to coordinate actions of a human and a robot in a complementary fashion. In order to support such interactions, we employ scripts that are rich, flexible, and extensible for a robotpsilas interactions in a variety of situations. Scripts are amenable for expressing knowledge in an applicable form, especially describing a sequence of actions in organizing tasks. In this paper, we propose a script-based cognitive architecture for collaboration, which is based on three-level cognitive models. It incorporates dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) to automatically govern action sequences in the scripts and detect userpsilas intention or goal. Starting from an understanding of user initiatives, our intelligent task manager suggests the most relevant initiatives for an efficient collaboration. DBN has been evaluated in real indoor task scenarios for its efficacy in interaction reduction, error minimization, and task satisfaction.
Epstein-Barr Virus Lymphoproliferative Disease Associated with Acquired Immunodeficiency (1991)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lymphoproliferative disease is seen in patients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies. Lymphoproliferative disease has been reported in 1 to 3% of renal transplant recipients. Most patients presented with solid tumor masses, rather than an infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome. About one third of cases had involvement of the renal allograft with tumor; the small intestine or central nervous system was also frequently affected. About half of the patients survived. The most frequent therapy used for survivors was decreasing the dose of immunosuppressive therapy and surgical resection of lymphoproliferative lesions. Compared with fatal cases, survivors more often had evidence of active EBV infection (primary or reactivated), received cyclosporine as the major immunosuppressive agent, had polyclonal lesions, and had B-cell hyperplasia rather than lymphoma. Lymphoproliferative disease has been described in 5 to 13% of heart transplant recipients. In our review, the cardiac allograft was not involved by disease in any patient; however, the lungs were involved in more than half of the cases. The soft tissues were frequent sites of lymphoproliferative disease. All patients had lymphoma or immunoblastic sarcoma on pathology and all had monoclonal lesions. While only 8% of patients survived, about half died from causes unrelated to lymphoproliferative disease. EBV lymphoproliferative disease has been reported in 9% of heart-lung transplant recipients. Most of the patients presented with pulmonary symptoms and the pulmonary allograft was involved in 80% of cases. The large and small intestine were frequently affected. About 60% of patients survived; survivors were treated with acyclovir and decreases in the dose of immunosuppressive drugs. Lymphoproliferative disease has been described in 2% of liver transplant recipients. In our review, the hepatic allograft was involved in one third of cases; the tonsils, kidneys, and small intestine were frequently affected. Half of the patients survived; survivors were most often treated with reduction in immunosuppressive therapy and surgical resection of lesions. Compared with fatal cases, survivors had fewer organs involved and fewer monoclonal lesions. Lymphoproliferative disease has been reported in 1 to 2% of bone marrow transplant recipients. Use of T-cell depleted bone marrow and infusion of anti-T-cell antibodies to prevent graft-versus-host disease increased the risk of EBV lymphoproliferative disease. In our review, the bone marrow was involved by lymphoproliferative disease in one third of cases; the liver, spleen, kidney, and lungs were frequently affected. About 16% of patients survived; 2 survivors were treated with infusions of monoclonal anti-B-cell antibodies and 1 received interferon alpha.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
[Historical research on international medical terminology]. (1989)

The history of medical terminology is part of the history of medicine. Historical study of medical terminology involves the following aims: 1. to investigate the role of Latin and Greek in medical terminology; 2. to study changes and trends in terminology, such as changes induced by better insight into certain phenomena, narrowing and broadening of the content of terms, development of models and of special means of word formation, fight against foreign elements in terminology, and the existence of synonyms and eponyms; 3. research into the origin and development of individual terms; 4. to establish the use of terms by individual authors; 5. to study trends towards unification of terminology; 6. to investigate theoretical views of physicians on medical terminology in the past. (Ref. 93.).
Community-Acquired <i>Clostridium difficile</i> Diarrhea Caused by Binary Toxin, Toxin A, and Toxin B Gene-Positive Isolates in Hungary (2004)

The aim of this work was to study the toxin types of Clostridium difficile isolates originating from different parts of Hungary. A PCR method was used for amplification of the two major toxin genes and the binary toxin gene and to detect the deletion or insertion in the 3' end of the toxin A gene. The findings were compared with the results of cytotoxicity assays on the HeLa cell line. One hundred twelve isolates were tested; the toxin A and toxin B genes were detected in 79 strains by the PCR method. All of the isolates that were positive by the PCR method were also positive by the cytotoxicity assay. All of the other strains (n = 33) were negative for the toxin A and toxin B genes; in these cases, cytopathic effects on the cell line were not observed. No tcdA-negative and tcdB-positive isolates were found by the PCR method. In two cases, the presence of a binary toxin gene was observed by PCR; both isolates that were isolated from diarrheal feces carried the tcdA and tcdB genes. No prior hospitalization had occurred in either case.
Hydrocarbon-Induced Alteration of Soils and Sediments (1996)

Hydrocarbon seeps in surficial marine sediments are of two types: active and passive. Active seeps occur where gas bubbles, pockmarks, or bright spots are visible on seismic profiles and where chemosynthetic communities are present in conjunction with large concentrations of migrated hydrocarbons (macroseeps). These generally occur where generation and migration of hydrocarbons from source rocks are ongoing today (at maximum burial) or where significant migration pathways have developed from recent tectonic activity. Passive seeps occur where concentrations of migrated hydrocarbons are usually low (microseeps) with few or no geophysical anomalies. These occur typically in areas where generation and expulsion is relict (no longer at maximum burial) or regional seals prevent significant vertical migration.The type of seepage controls the distribution of migrated hydrocarbons in the near-surface sediments and should dictate the sampling equipment and approach used to detect seeps. Active seeps are usually detected near the water-sediment interface, in the water column or at the sea surface, and at relatively large distances from major leak points. Most conventional sediment and water samplers can capture active seeps. The Gulf of Mexico, Santa Barbara Channel, and parts of the North Sea have active hydrocarbon seeps.Passive seeps can only be detected relatively far below the water-sediment interface and require samples to be collected near leak points. Sampling equipment must penetrate the zone of maximum disturbance or any shallow migration barriers. In areas where surficial sediments are coarse grained or compacted, conventional gravity corers will not work. Other options for subsurface sampling include vibracores, jet cores, and rotary cores. Precise location of samples (site-specific) using seismic profiles to locate leak points is critical to detect passive hydrocarbon seeps. The Beaufort and Bering seas, offshore Alaska, and parts of the North Sea contain passive seeps.
An 18-Gb/s, Direct QPSK Modulation SiGe BiCMOS Transceiver for Last Mile Links in the 70–80 GHz Band (2010)

This paper describes a single-chip, 70-80 GHz wireless transceiver utilizing a direct mm-wave QPSK modulator. The transceiver was fabricated in a 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS technology and can operate at data rates in excess of 18 Gb/s. The peak gain of the zero-IF receiver is 50 dB, the double sideband noise figure remains below 7 dB, while the 3-dB receive-chain bandwidth extends from DC to over 6 GHz. The differential transmitter achieves a maximum output power of +9 dBm. The total power consumption of the 1.9 mm × 1.1 mm transceiver is 1.2 W from 1.5, 2.5 and 3.3 V power supplies, including the 4 × 20-Gb/s PRBS generator.
ALBERT: An adaptive hierarchical nite element toolbox (2000)

ALBERT is an Adaptive multi-Level finite element toolbox using Bisectioning refinement and Error control by Residual Techniques. Its design is based on appropriate data structures holding geometric, finite element, and algebraic information. Using such data structures, abstract adaptive methods for stationary and time dependent problems, assembly tools for discrete systems, and dimension dependent tasks like mesh modifications can be provided in a library. This allows dimension–independent development and programming of a general class of applications. In ALBERT, hierarchical 2d and 3d meshes are stored in binary trees. Several sets of finite elements can be used on the same mesh, either using predefined ones, or by adding new sets for special applications. Depending on the currently used finite element spaces, all degrees of freedom are automatically managed during mesh modifications. Tools for assembling system matrices and right hand sides as well as (linear) system solvers are included.