gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Beitrag zur Klinik der R??ckenmarks- und Wirbeltumoren (1898)

It was the intention of the author to write a monograph on spinal tumors, but the work of Bruns, which appeared before this plan could be carried into effect, rendered such an undertaking unnecessary.Schlesinger, however, has had at his command the records of necropsies performed in the great hospital in Vienna, and his conclu¬ sions are based on the examination of a material which in value and extent can hardly be excelled.Thirty-five thousand necropsies, of which 151 were in cases of tumor of the cord or its envelopes, re¬ ported during the last eighteen years, afford an immense field of re¬ search.The volume of 209 pages contains a brief introduction, which is followed by chapters devoted to the pathological anatomy, etiology and clinical signs of tumors of the vertebrae and spinal cord.Fiftysix new cases are reported and 589 references to the literature are given.The book is well illustrated.Those who are familiar with Schtesinger's monograph on syringomyelia will expect to find a vol¬ ume on spinal tumors equally well written, and we believe they will not be disappointed.A tumor may arise externally to the vertebra: and grow into the canal through the intervertebral foramina, or it may develop within the bodies of the vertebra-, or within the canal and external to the dura, or within the membranes, or within the cord itself.Schlesinger finds that the vertebral tumors with consecutive involvement of the spinal cord are by far the most numerous, whereas tumors within the cord substance occur about as frequently as those within the meninges.In 400 cases of "intervertebral" tumors taken from the literature (by which we suppose tumors within the vertebral canal are meant) sur¬ gical interference could have been of benefit only in about 150, and if the vertebral tumors are added the percentage of operable cases is much lessened.Unusual forms of tumor are most common in the conus terminalis.Tuberculosis of the spinal cord is treated quite fully, and we are informed that primary tuberculosis of the spinal cord has never been observed.The tuberculous growths resemble the syphilitic very closely, and the absence of the bacillus is by no means proof of the syphilitic nature of the process.Schlesinger has collected the reports of nineteen cases-including two new ones of his own and four rather doubtful cases-of gumma of the cord.He calls attention to the fact that in a number of cases in which the gumma was large secondary degeneration was almost entirely absent.Considerable space is devoted to glioma, but the author's opin¬ ions on this subject are already well known.Diffuse sarcomatous infiltration of the meninges, and even of the • spinal cord, extending a considerable distance, is a recognized and interesting form of new growth.Schlesinger has collected the reports of thirteen cases of primary sarcoma of the cord without involvement
Cortical or Reflex Control of Respiration dnring Muscular Work? (1943)

Summary. In experiments with voluntary and electrically induced work on a normal subject and on a patient (tabes dorsalis) in whom all the ordinary kinesthetic sensations were completely extinguished, the pulmonary ventilation increased during both kinds of work in the normal way i.e. corresponding to the oxygen consumption, in spite of the fact, that the cortical innervation during the electrically induced work was substituted by the apparatus for electrical stimulation. Prom these experiments it is concluded, that the nervous impulses which increase the excitability of the respiratory centre, thus causing the rise in the ventilation during work, are not of cortical origin, but most probably must be brought about reflexly from the working muscles. The experiments with the patient suffering from tabes dorsalis show further, that the reflex impulses must be carried to the centre through nerve paths outside the posterior fascicles, which are known to be destroyed in this disease.
Further studies on homopolymers and copolymers resulting from the reaction of polymaleic anhydride with alcohols and amines (1990)

Abstract Polymaleic anhydride prepared by γ‐rays irradiation of maleic anhydride was used as a reactive polymer and reacted with certain long‐chain aliphatic amines and/or alcohols as well as with the mesogenic biphenylamine. The homopolymers and copolymers that were prepared, i.e., derivatives of N ‐alkyl polymaleamic acid, monoesters of polymaleic acid, or mixed amide‐ester derivatives, were primarily investigated as far as their property to show thermotropic liquid crystalline character is concerned. By this investigation the structural features for the exhibition of mesomorphism by these polymers were determined.
Genetic and developmental regulation of mouse liver alcohol dehydrogenase. (1982)

Alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1; alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase) activity varies 2-fold in liver extracts prepared from different inbred mouse strains. The strain-specific variation is not present in kidney extracts of male mice and is developmentally specific in the liver, occurring in mice 25 days of age and older. Neither electrophoretic nor heat lability properties of the enzyme from 15-day-old animals are different from the enzyme in adult mice. Analysis of genetic crosses and recombinant inbred lines confirms that a single genetic locus, designated Adh-1-t, with additive alleles has a major effect in controlling the temporal difference in enzyme activity between strains. This enzyme has been purified from mouse liver, and antibodies to the enzyme have been produced in a goat. Quantitative immunoprecipitation reveals that a given quantity of antibody immunoprecipitates equivalent protein and enzyme activity from liver extracts prepared from high and low strain mice and from 5-day-old and adult mice. Enzyme from high and low strains can be purified to the same specific activity and has indistinguishable electrophoretic and heat denaturation properties. This evidence supports the hypothesis that the high liver activity in C57BL/6 mice is due to the presence of more enzyme molecules/g of liver than is found in low activity mice. Using radiolabeling and specific immunoprecipitation of alcohol dehydrogenase, it has been established that high level mice (C57BL/6) have a 2-fold greater relative rate of synthesis of liver alcohol dehydrogenase than is found in low strain mice (C3H). Thus, the action of the Adh-1-t locus in the mouse is to control the level of alcohol dehydrogenase protein in the liver by controlling the rate of synthesis of this enzyme.
The presence of Lewis a epitopes in Arabidopsis thaliana glycoconjugates depends on an active  4-fucosyltransferase gene (2002)

The presence of an alpha4-fucosyltransferase in plants was first deduced from the characterization of Lewis-a glycoepitopes in some N-glycans. The first plant gene encoding an alpha4-fucosyltransferase was recently cloned in Beta vulgaris. In the present paper we provide evidence for the presence of an alpha4-fucosyltransferase in A. thaliana by measurement of this glycosyltransferase activity from a purified microsomal preparation and by immunolocalization of Le(a) epitopes on glycans N-linked to glycoproteins located to the Golgi apparatus and on the cell surface. The corresponding gene AtFT4 (AY026941) was characterized. A unique copy of this gene was found in A. thaliana genome, and a single AtFT4 transcript was revealed in leaves, in roots, and at a lower extent in flowers. The coding sequence of AtFT4 gene is interrupted by two introns spanning 465 bp and 84 bp, respectively. The putative 393-amino-acid protein (44 kDa, pI: 6.59) contains an N-terminal hydrophobic region and one potential N-glycosylation site, but AtFT4 has poor homology (less than 30%) to the other alpha3/4-fucosyltransferases except for motif II. When expressed in COS 7 cells the protein is able to transfer Fuc from GDP-Fuc to a type 1 acceptor substrate, but this transferase activity is detected only in the culture medium of transfected cells
Keynote Address: The Humanity of Orthopaedics (2009)

Learning Objectives Understand the role of a hospital ship as a platform for delivery of humanitarian aid in disaster relief and how lessons learned can improve the delivery of health care Create an awareness of the need for volunteer surgeons to provide total joint arthroplasty in developing countries and understand how Operation Walk fulfills this need
Migraine: imaging the aura (2000)

We currently conceive of a migraine attack as originating in the brain. Triggers of an attack initiate a depolarizing neuroelectric and metabolic event likened to the spreading depression of Leao. This event activates the headache and associated features of the attack by mechanisms that remain to be determined, but appear to involve either peripheral trigeminovascular or brainstem pathways, or both. The excitability of cell membranes, perhaps partly genetically determined, is the brain's susceptibility to attacks. Factors that increase or decrease neuronal excitability constitute the threshold for triggering attacks. Using a model of visual stress-induced migraine or by studying spontaneous attacks and applying advanced imaging and neurophysiological methods, results have been obtained that support spreading neuronal inhibition as the basis of aura. This neuroelectric event is accompanied by hyperoxia of the brain, possibly associated with vasodilation. Evidence has also been obtained that the spreading cortical event can activate the subcortical centers possibly involved in nociception and associated symptoms of the migraine attack. Susceptibility to migraine attacks appears to be related to brain hyperexcitability. These newer techniques of functional neuroimaging have confirmed the primary neural basis of the migraine attack with secondary vascular changes, reconciling previous theories into a neurovascular mechanism.
Antenatal coffee and tea consumption and the effect on birth outcome and hypertensive pregnancy disorders (2017)

Daily caffeine consumption of more than 300mg is possibly associated with an increase in gestational age at birth. A possible relation between high tea consumption and increased risk for pregnancy induced hypertension warrants further research. For most outcomes, we found no significant associations with coffee or tea intake.
Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using <em>In Utero</em> Electroporation (2011)

The ability to manipulate gene expression is the cornerstone of modern day experimental embryology, leading to the elucidation of multiple developmental pathways. Several powerful and well established transgenic technologies are available to manipulate gene expression levels in mouse, allowing for the generation of both loss- and gain-of-function models. However, the generation of mouse transgenics is both costly and time consuming. Alternative methods of gene manipulation have therefore been widely sought. In utero electroporation is a method of gene delivery into live mouse embryos1,2 that we have successfully adapted3,4. It is largely based on the success of in ovo electroporation technologies that are commonly used in chick5. Briefly, DNA is injected into the open ventricles of the developing brain and the application of an electrical current causes the formation of transient pores in cell membranes, allowing for the uptake of DNA into the cell. In our hands, embryos can be efficiently electroporated as early as embryonic day (E) 11.5, while the targeting of younger embryos would require an ultrasound-guided microinjection protocol, as previously described6. Conversely, E15.5 is the latest stage we can easily electroporate, due to the onset of parietal and frontal bone differentiation, which hampers microinjection into the brain. In contrast, the retina is accessible through the end of embryogenesis. Embryos can be collected at any time point throughout the embryonic or early postnatal period. Injection of a reporter construct facilitates the identification of transfected cells. To date, in utero electroporation has been most widely used for the analysis of neocortical development1,2,3,4. More recent studies have targeted the embryonic retina7,8,9 and thalamus10,11,12. Here, we present a modified in utero electroporation protocol that can be easily adapted to target different domains of the embryonic CNS. We provide evidence that by using this technique, we can target the embryonic telencephalon, diencephalon and retina. Representative results are presented, first showing the use of this technique to introduce DNA expression constructs into the lateral ventricles, allowing us to monitor progenitor maturation, differentiation and migration in the embryonic telencephalon. We also show that this technique can be used to target DNA to the diencephalic territories surrounding the 3rd ventricle, allowing the migratory routes of differentiating neurons into diencephalic nuclei to be monitored. Finally, we show that the use of micromanipulators allows us to accurately introduce DNA constructs into small target areas, including the subretinal space, allowing us to analyse the effects of manipulating gene expression on retinal development.
Basic testing techniques (2001)

In this chapter the basic techniques for high voltage testing were discussed. It includes a discussion on test voltages, impulse current and tests conditions. The following sections are only related to high voltage testing requirements and recommendations for type and routine tests, without any consideration of regulations by law, mutual agreement on technical specifications and economic factors.
Oat improvement - in silico (2004)

Oat improvement is driven by information and ideas. Broadly speaking, bioinformatics is a field dedicated to the exchange and interpretation of information. The purpose of this study was to describe and evaluate various bioinformatics tools (programs and databases) based on their relevance to oat improvement. An inventory of bioinformatics tools was developed, and these were described and evaluated based on their relevance to a traditional cycle of oat improvement. This inventory includes tools developed by the authors, as well as many other tools that are freely available on the Internet. The primary components of the traditional oat improvement cycle include (1) Parent selection and population development, (2) germplasm selection, and (3) variety evaluation. Tools associated with parent selection include germplasm databases, a newly developed oat pedigree database, databases containing results of screening tests, and databases of marker allele surveys. We report a new tool, Gelato , for building and maintaining inventories of marker surveys. Tools associated with variety screening are the most numerous, since these include all tools related to molecular marker development and QTL association. We report a new database that allows simple and systematic queries of QTLs identified in oat. Tools associated with variety evaluation include databases that can facilitate detailed studies of cultivar adaptation and end-use quality. We report a new database and query tool that can facilitate assimilation and data mining of multi-trait, multi-environment variety trials. References: Links to databases described in this study are maintained at: http://gnomad.agr.ca/oat/
A meso‐scale analysis of lipid bilayers with the dissipative particle dynamics method: Thermally fluctuating interfaces (2007)

Abstract We present a meso‐scale simulation of lipid bilayers with the dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) method. The spectrums of the thermal undulation are analysed and the bending rigidity of the lipid bilayers is calculated. In order to define the position of the membrane, we apply a definition of the interface which has been newly proposed by Kikugawa et al . ( Comput. Fluids 2007; 36 :69–76). We show the applicability of this method to the lipid bilayer system. By means of this definition, the roughness of the extracted interface can be varied and this effect is investigated. The spectral intensity is shown as a function of the undulatory wavenumber q . The spectral intensity in large‐ q regions is affected by the roughness of the interface. However, we find that the spectral intensity in small‐ q regions, where the bending rigidity can be calculated, is hardly affected. Moreover, the undulation spectrums show q −4 behaviour in small‐ q regions, which agrees with the theoretical prediction. The effects of the size of the computational cell are also investigated. All spectrums obtained in the differently sized cells agree well, although the observable range of the wavenumber depends on the cell size. The bending rigidity calculated by spectral intensity from the largest cell is in good agreement with experiments and molecular dynamics simulations in the literature. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Chemical Composition and Properties of Fuels for Jet Propulsion.Ya. M. Paushkin. Translated by W. E. Jones and edited by B. P. Mullins. Pergamon Press, London. 1962. 480 pp. Illustrated. £5 0s. 0d. (1963)

The Chemical Composition and Properties of Fuels for Jet Propulsion.Ya. M. Paushkin. Translated by W. E. Jones and edited by B. P. Mullins. Pergamon Press, London. 1962. 480 pp. Illustrated. £5 0s. 0d. - Volume 67 Issue 629
Septal Modulation of Excitatory Transmission in Hippocampus (2003)

Application of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine to conventional hippocampal slices caused a significant reduction of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) elicited by single pulse stimulation to the medial perforant path. Similar but smaller effects were obtained in the lateral perforant path and other excitatory pathways within hippocampus. The reductions were blocked by atropine, were not accompanied by evident changes in the EPSP waveform, and were eliminated by lesions to the cholinergic septo-hippocampal projections. Antidromic responses to mossy fiber stimulation, recorded in stratum granulosum, were not affected by the drug. However, paired-pulse facilitation was reliably increased, indicating that the depressed synaptic responses were secondary to reductions in transmitter release. The absence of cholinergic axo-axonic connections in the molecular layer suggests that physostigmine reduces presynaptic release by increasing retrograde signaling from the granule cells. In accord with this, an antagonist of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor eliminated the effects of physostigmine on synaptic responses, while an antagonist of the presynaptically located m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor did not. This is in contrast to previously reported effects involving application of cholinergic agonists, in which presynaptic inhibition likely results from direct activation of presynaptically located muscarinic receptors. In summary, it is proposed that the cholinergic inputs from the septum to the middle molecular layer modulate, via endocannabinoid release, the potency of the primary excitatory afferent of hippocampus.
Isolation of Mouse Mononuclear Cells (2000)

This unit covers techniques for preparing lymphoid cell suspensions and removing red blood cells and dead cells. These basic manipulations are required for most of the subsequent protocols in this chapter, i.e., measuring functional responses of mouse lymphocytes.
Use of cardiopulmonary bypass in lung cancer surgery: focus on extended pulmonary resections for T4 non-small cell lung cancer (2018)

The use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in lung cancer surgery has become more prevalent and accepted over time. The original concerns of CPB induced pulmonary failure, tumor dissemination and immunocompromise remain unresolved up to today. The initial experience with combined cardiac and lung cancer resection procedures utilizing CPB may have laid the foundation for its use in the treatment of local regionally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This chapter will focus on the use of CPB in the surgical resection of stage T4 NSCLC. A literature review demonstrates a published improved late survival in this setting with reasonable operative morality and complications. The surgical approach for involvement of specific anatomic structures including the carina, aorta, pulmonary veins/left atrium, right sided major veins/right atrium and main pulmonary arteries will be discussed. The specific situation of iatrogenically created “pseudo” T4 stage when NSCLC may invade a previously placed left internal mammary artery (LIMA) graft will also be presented. Finally, we will briefly discuss two other situations. That includes first the use of CPB when combined cardiac procedures and pulmonary resection are planned. Second we will address the use of CPB in the emergent setting of NSCLC resection.
Cezanne regulates E2F1-dependent HIF2α expression (2015)

Mechanisms regulating protein degradation ensure the correct and timely expression of transcription factors such as hypoxia inducible factor (HIF). Under normal O2 tension, HIFα subunits are targeted for proteasomal degradation, mainly through vHL-dependent ubiquitylation. Deubiquitylases are responsible for reversing this process. Although the mechanism and regulation of HIFα by ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation has been the object of many studies, little is known about the role of deubiquitylases. Here, we show that expression of HIF2α (encoded by EPAS1) is regulated by the deubiquitylase Cezanne (also known as OTUD7B) in an E2F1-dependent manner. Knockdown of Cezanne downregulates HIF2α mRNA, protein and activity independently of hypoxia and proteasomal degradation. Mechanistically, expression of the HIF2α gene is controlled directly by E2F1, and Cezanne regulates the stability of E2F1. Exogenous E2F1 can rescue HIF2α transcript and protein expression when Cezanne is depleted. Taken together, these data reveal a novel mechanism for the regulation of the expression of HIF2α, demonstrating that the HIF2α promoter is regulated by E2F1 directly and that Cezanne regulates HIF2α expression through control of E2F1 levels. Our results thus suggest that HIF2α is controlled transcriptionally in a cell-cycle-dependent manner and in response to oncogenic signalling.
Multitarget tracking using acoustic arrays. (2008)

A tracking system has been developed, which consists of three or more five-microphone arrays. In previous experiments, these arrays have been deployed and used to track broadband, high-speed (subsonic) airborne, acoustic sources. Recent developments to this system have been made so that multiple acoustic sources can be tracked simultaneously. A field test was conducted this past year, which demonstrated this capability by tracking two low-flying learjets. The tracking system consisted of six acoustic arrays spaced approximately 400 m apart. The bearing angles from each array to the acoustic sources were determined from the blind source separator (BSS) algorithm. The BSS utilizes a mathematical propagation model along with an optimization technique, which minimizes the difference between the model and the measured data to yield a bearing to the target. The bearing angles from two or more arrays are transmitted to a master node, which uses this information to estimate the position, speed, and heading of the targets using a tracking algorithm based on the extended Kalman filter algorithm. The field test will be described and the results will be presented and discussed.