gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DETERMINATION OF STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS FOR JOINTED BRITTLE ROCK MEDIUM USING ELEMENT FREE GALERKIN METHOD (2008)

Various numerical techniques such as finite element and boundary element methods are commonly used to analysis engineering problems. These methods encounter mesh-related difficulties in dealing with fracture mechanics problems. To overcome these difficulties, a number of meshless methods have been developed in recent years. In this paper the Element Free Galerkin method based on the linear elastic fracture mechanics is used to model the jointed rock medium under axial loads. The stress intensity factors are calculated on the tip of the joints by using J-integrals. The visibility criterion and a cubic spline weight function are applied to model rock fractures. In addition, the Lagrange multipliers method is employed to enforce the boundary conditions. To verify the computational capability and accuracy of the method, a couple of examples of jointed samples in mode I as well as mixed mode are considered and the stress intensity factors are determined. The obtained results by this technique, in comparison with analytical methods, show a good accuracy and denote that the Element Free Galerkin method can be used as a proper tool in rock fracture mechanics.
Biopotential signals of breast cancer versus tumor types and proliferation stages (2012)

Clinical studies have shown compelling data of elevated biopotential signals recorded noninvasively from the breasts of women with breast cancer. While these data are compelling and show a strong potential for use in the noninvasive early detection of breast cancer, there remains significant knowledge gaps which must be addressed before this technology can be routinely used for breast cancer detection. A diffusion-drift model is developed to study the spatial and temporal characteristics of the biopotential signals of breast tumors taking into account the morphology and cell division stages. The electric signals of the most common tumor types-papillary, compact, and comedo-are also considered. The largest biopotential signal is observed from the compact tumor, while the smallest signal is observed from the papillary type. The results also show an increase in the time duration of the generated biopotential signals when cancer cells start their transitions at different time instants. The spatial and temporal variations of the biopotential signals are correlated with the tumor pattern which can have important implications for breast cancer detection.
Flexible Piezoresistive Sensors Embedded in 3D Printed Tires (2017)

In this article, we report the development of a flexible, 3D printable piezoresistive pressure sensor capable of measuring force and detecting the location of the force. The multilayer sensor comprises of an ionic liquid-based piezoresistive intermediate layer in between carbon nanotube (CNT)-based stretchable electrodes. A sensor containing an array of different sensing units was embedded on the inner liner surface of a 3D printed tire to provide with force information at different points of contact between the tire and road. Four scaled tires, as well as wheels, were 3D printed using a flexible and a rigid material, respectively, which were later assembled with a 3D-printed chassis. Only one tire was equipped with a sensor and the chassis was driven through a motorized linear stage at different speeds and load conditions to evaluate the sensor performance. The sensor was fabricated via molding and screen printing processes using a commercially available 3D-printable photopolymer as 3D printing is our target manufacturing technique to fabricate the entire tire assembly with the sensor. Results show that the proposed sensors, inserted in the 3D printed tire assembly, could detect forces, as well as their locations, properly.
Circuit Resonance Energy:  A Key Quantity That Links Energetic and Magnetic Criteria of Aromaticity (2006)

Energetic and magnetic criteria of aromaticity are different in nature and sometimes make different predictions as to the aromaticity of a polycyclic pi-system. Thus, some charged polycyclic pi-systems are aromatic but paratropic. We derived the individual circuit contributions to aromaticity from the magnetic response of a polycyclic pi-system and named them circuit resonance energies (CREs). Each CRE has the same sign and essentially the same magnitude as the corresponding cyclic conjugation energy (CCE) defined by Bosanac and Gutman. Such CREs were found to play a crucial role in associating the energetic criteria for determining the degree of aromaticity with the magnetic ones. We can now interpret both energetic and magnetic criteria of aromaticity consistently in terms of CREs. Ring-current diamagnetism proved to be the tendency of a cyclic pi-system to retain aromatic stabilization energy (ASE) at the level of individual circuits.
Cerium(III) Chloride Catalyzed Michael Reaction of 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds and Enones in the Presence of Sodium Iodide Under Solvent-Free Conditions (1999)

Cerium(III) chloride heptahydrate in the presence of sodium iodide catalyses the Michael addition of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds to α,β-unsaturated ketones and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with extraordinary efficiency. The very mild conditions allow high chemoselectivity as shown by the absence of the typical side reactions, which can be observed in the conventional base-catalyzed processes. More interestingly, when at least one of the starting materials is liquid at room temperature, the reaction can also be performed without solvents. The CeCl3· 7 H2O/NaI catalyst system can be easily separated from the reaction mixture and it can be reused without an appreciable loss of activity. Advantages of the present procedure, which utilizes cheap and “friendly” reagents, over the previously reported ones, are discussed.
Heavy Oil−Water Interfacial Properties and Emulsion Stability: Influence of Dilution (2008)

We have performed a study of dynamic interfacial tension and rheology of interfaces between water and either crude oil diluted in toluene or in a model oil consisting of toluene, in which pentane-extracted asphaltenes were redissolved. We show that the break point of the curve interfacial tension versus asphaltene concentration is not related to an eventual critical aggregation concentration but rather to the collapse of the asphaltene surface layer. As for other amphiphilic species that adsorb irreversibly at an oil−water interface, the corresponding emulsion stability increases with the amphiphile concentration, even above the collapse point. The behavior of diluted crude oil and model oil are quite similar. However, the surface layers evolve over longer time scales in the case of diluted crude oil, probably because of the contribution of resins that form less polar aggregates with asphaltenes. This results in less stable emulsions, especially before the collapse point.
Self test using unequiprobable random patterns (1987)

In this paper we present a module generating unequiprobable random patterns, which can also perform signature analysis and work like a normal register similar to the well known BILBO. The hardware overhead of this module has the same magnitude as a conventional BILBO. Thus the class of self testable circuits is enlarged without additional costs.
El futuro del Derecho Privado europeo (2008)

Este articulo se propone presentar el estado actual de las cosas, indicar y evaluar posibles opciones para un futuro desarrollo del Derecho privado europeo y llamar la atencion sobre la necesidad de un Instituto Legal Europeo.
Robust double exposure flow for memory (2006)

Rapidly decreasing critical dimension is demanding new RET technologies like PSMgate, customized strong off-axis, and Double Exposure. Among them, Double Exposure is becoming a stronger candidate as throughput issue is getting better because of exposure tool's enhancement. Indeed, immersion is not fully ready and many semiconductor manufacturing companies want to extend their exposure tools for sub 55nm process. So, Double Exposure has been studied for a long time and suggested by many lithographers for sub 55nm process. For Logic device, it has many challenges to make Double Exposure work like need for model based layer decomposition. But for Memory device such as DRAM and FLASH, there is a good way to make Double Exposure flow robust because its design is not that random like Logic Device. In this paper, we will investigate and show how to implement robotic Double Exposure using two typical Double Exposure illumination combinations, Dipole-Ann and Double Dipole.
End-to-end learning for lane keeping of self-driving cars (2017)

Lane keeping is an important feature for self-driving cars. This paper presents an end-to-end learning approach to obtain the proper steering angle to maintain the car in the lane. The convolutional neural network (CNN) model takes raw image frames as input and outputs the steering angles accordingly. The model is trained and evaluated using the comma.ai dataset, which contains the front view image frames and the steering angle data captured when driving on the road. Unlike the traditional approach that manually decomposes the autonomous driving problem into technical components such as lane detection, path planning and steering control, the end-to-end model can directly steer the vehicle from the front view camera data after training. It learns how to keep in lane from human driving data. Further discussion of this end-to-end approach and its limitation are also provided.
DiRec: Diversified recommendations for semantic-less Collaborative Filtering (2011)

In this demo we present DiRec, a plug-in that allows Collaborative Filtering (CF) Recommender systems to diversify the recommendations that they present to users. DiRec estimates items diversity by comparing the rankings that different users gave to the items, thereby enabling diversification even in common scenarios where no semantic information on the items is available. Items are clustered based on a novel notion of priority-medoids that provides a natural balance between the need to present highly ranked items vs. highly diverse ones. We demonstrate the operation of DiRec in the context of a movie recommendation system. We show the advantage of recommendation diversification and its feasibility even in the absence of semantic information.
Implementation of an integrated battery-charger for an electric-propulsion system (2014)

This paper proposes an integrated battery-charger for an electric-propulsion system. The system includes a rectifying diode bridge, an inverter, a motor, a digital signal processor, a battery set, and three relays. By suitably controlling the three relays and the switching states of the inverter, the proposed system can be operated either an electric propulsion system or a charger. Moreover, the charger can be operated as a boost converter or a buck converter. The input power factor is higher than 0.9, which can meet the IEC 1000-3-2 standard. Only three additional relays are required and the windings of the motor are connected. A digital signal processor, TMS-320-F-2808, is used to execute all of the control algorithms. As a result, the hardware circuit is quite simple. The volume and cost of the proposed system can be reduced when compared the traditional charger with a traditional propulsion system. Experimental results can validate the theoretical analysis and show the correctness and feasibility of the proposed method.
The Selective Release of Volatile Acids from Butterfat by Microbial Lipases (1955)

The lipases of microorganisms have been studied extensively from the aspects of occurrence in individual species and factors affecting enzyme production and activity. These lipases exhibit different patterns of substrate hydrolysis which can be attributed in part to the source of the enzyme and the nature of the substrate
Environment dependent noise tracking for speech enhancement (2012)

Numerous efforts have focused on the problem of reducing the impact of noise on the performance of various speech systems such as speech recognition, speaker recognition, and speech coding. These approaches consider alternative speech features, improved speech modeling, or alternative training for acoustic speech models. This study presents an alternative viewpoint by approaching the same problem from the noise perspective. Here, a framework is developed to analyze and use the noise information available for improving performance of speech systems. The proposed framework focuses on explicitly modeling the noise and its impact on speech system performance in the context of speech enhancement. The framework is then employed for development of a novel noise tracking algorithm for achieving better speech enhancement under highly evolving noise types. The first part of this study employs a noise update rate in conjunction with a target enhancement algorithm to evaluate the need for tracking in many enhancement algorithms. It is shown that noise tracking is more beneficial in some environments than others. This is evaluated using the Log-MMSE enhancement scheme for a corpus of four noise types consisting of Babble (BAB), White Gaussian (WGN), Aircraft Cockpit (ACN), and Highway Car (CAR) using the Itakura-Saito (IS) (Gray et al. in IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process. 28:367–376, 1980) quality measure. A test set of 200 speech utterances from the TIMIT corpus are used for evaluations. The new Environmentally Aware Noise Tracking (EA-NT) method is shown to be superior in comparison with the contemporary noise tracking algorithms. Evaluations are performed for speech degraded using a corpus of four noise types consisting of: Babble (BAB), Machine Gun (MGN), Large Crowd (LCR), and White Gaussian (WGN). Unlike existing approaches, this study provides an effective foundation for addressing noise in speech by emphasizing noise modeling so that available resources can be used to achieve more reliable overall performance in speech systems.
Labetalol in the treatment of angina pectoris. (1987)

The present review shows that labetalol has many advantageous properties in the treatment of patients suffering from angina pectoris with or without hypertension. These patients respond with vasoconstriction to a variety of internal and external influences. The selective alpha 1-blocking component in addition to the non-selective beta-blockade of labetalol attenuates the increased coronary vascular resistance and improves coronary haemodynamics especially under stress in a manner which should be favourable in myocardial ischaemia. In addition, the alpha 1-blocking component may prevent different kinds of arrhythmias generated by alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation. Labetalol has no effect on renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, plasma electrolyte concentrations, glucose tolerance, lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, uric acid levels, or on platelet aggregation. Intravenously administrated labetalol has proved to be effective in patients with acute myocardial infarction, especially if associated with hypertension. In order to avoid postural hypotension, oral treatment should be started with a low dose of 100 mg twice daily. The usual dosage in patients without hypertension is 200 mg twice daily, but in patients with hypertension doses up to 1200 mg or even more have been used. In low doses up to 400 mg daily, the unwanted effects are few and often self-limited. High doses can cause side effects related to both beta- and alpha-blocking properties of labetalol. As an antianginal agent labetalol has proved to be at least as effective as selective or non-selective beta-blockers.
ROOT INTRUSION IN TOOTH-IMPLANT COMBINATION CASES (1993)

The various proposed etiologies for root intrusion in tooth-implant combination cases are discussed. Clinical examples of root intrusion are illustrated. Advantages and disadvantages of nonrigid connector and coping/suprastructure techniques are presented.
A Study on the Difference in Expectation-Performance of Service Recovery Measurement Scale's 4 Dimensions both Korean Native Cattle Beef and Imported Beef Restaurant (2008)

A considerable amount of research has focused on the dimensionality of service failure and recovery construct. This paper is focused on service failure and recovery in the Korean native cattle and imported beef restaurant industry in the Korea. So, this paper has adapted Kau and Loh's Service recovery measurement scale so that restaurant managers can use it to determine how customers perceive the service quality in Korean native cattle beef restaurant and imported beef restaurant. The purpose of this research is to test the difference in pre-purchase expectation and post-purchase actual performance of 4 dimensions between the restaurants that sell the beef of Korean native cattle and imported cattle. The paired t -test is used to test difference of pre-purchase expectation and post-purchase actual performance for service recovery measurement scale's 4 dimensions of the 2 restaurant types. But, there is significant difference between pre-purchase expectation and post-purchase actual performance in the 2 restaurant types.
Surface modification of charcoal by glow-discharge: The effect on blood cells (1987)

Glow discharge polymerization of hexamethyldisiloxane was carried out on activated charcoal granules through the application of capacitively coupled RF plasma. The coats were examined with Auger and IR spectroscopies, and with SEM. The surface topography and the tenacity of samples coated with plasma were compared with that of the solution-coated ones. Mercury porosimetry was used to study the effect of the coat on pore size distribution. The effect of contact with blood on the number of blood cells were studied.
Glycosphingolipids of rabbit endometrium and their changes during pregnancy (1992)

The glycolipids of nonpregnant and pregnant rabbit endometrium were characterized using a combination of biochemical and immunochemical techniques. Quantitative analyses indicated a 70% decline in acidic glycolipid (ganglioside) content during early pregnancy (day 6), and a 2.5-fold increase in neutral glycolipid content during later pregnancy (day 26). The major gangliosides of rabbit endometrium were identified by thin-layer chromatography as GM3 and GD3, with minor amounts of GM1, GD1a and GT1b. The major neutral glycolipids were identified similarly as globo-series structures Gb3 and Gb4. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed to glycolipid antigens permitted the detection of additional glycolipid species, including sialylated, sulfated and fucosylated lacto-series structures. Difucosyl Ley structure (defined by mAb AH-6) and sulfated-galactosyl structure (defined by mAb VESP 6.2) were identified by indirect immunofluorescence along the luminal surface of the endometrium during the implantation period. Rapid changes in the glycolipid composition of endometrial cells during early pregnancy may facilitate embryo adhesion and trophectoderm outgrowth during implantation.
The Helium-3 Shortage: Supply, Demand, and Options for Congress (2010)

The world is experiencing a shortage of helium-3, a rare isotope of helium with applications in homeland security, national security, medicine, industry, and science. Federal officials have testified that the shortage is acute and, unless alternatives are found, will affect federal investments in homeland security, scientific research, and other areas. This report discusses the nature of the shortage; federal actions undertaken so far to address it; current and potential sources of helium-3 and options for increasing the supply; current and projected uses of helium-3 and options for reducing the demand; and options for allocating the supply if it continues to fall short of demand.
Efficient Finite-Difference Model for Flow in a Reservoir With Multiple Length-Scale Fractures (2000)

Summary In this paper we describe a hierarchical approach for modeling fluid flow in a naturally fractured reservoir with multiple length-scale fractures. Based on fracture length relative to the finite-difference grid size, fractures are classified as short disconnected fractures, medium-length fractures, and long fractures. Effective grid-block permeabilities, associated with the short-and medium-length fractures, are used as input to a finite-difference simulator. We also present a separate transport equation for flow through long fractures to capture effects of large-scale high permeability pathways. Simulation results from the new hierarchical approach are compared with those from the conventional dual porosity/permeability model.
The Precambrian gneiss complex of Ness, Lewis, in relation to the effects of Laxfordian regeneration (1969)

Synopsis The Lewisian gneisses of Ness, at the northern tip of the Outer Hebrides, contain abundant metasedimentary relics including calc-gneisses, quartzites, pelites and semi-pelites. These rocks were partially migmatised during the earliest recognisable metamorphic episode and subsequently developed a characteristic flaggy structure and fine-grained texture during two later episodes of deformation associated with incomplete recrystallisation. An irregular belt of anorthosite, at least five kilometres in length, was probably emplaced before migmatisation. It is inferred, from the age-relationships of Late Laxfordian pegmatites and of metadolerites comparable with the post-Scourian basic suite of the Outer Hebrides, that the early migmatisation was Scourian and that the two later tectonic episodes were Laxfordian. The style of Laxfordian regeneration contrasts with that of the ‘grey gneisses’ in adjacent parts of Lewis and it is suggested that this difference depended partly on the operation of temperatures and pressures rather lower than those of most other regions and partly on the inherited effects of lithological and structural contrasts established in Scourian times.
Etidronate disodium in postmenopausal osteoporosis (1976)

Calcium‐balance, calcium‐kinetic, and physiologic observations were made in 10 osteoporotic patients treated for 6 to 12 mo with disodium etidronate (EHDP) in oral doses of 20 mg/kg/day. Absorption of EHDP averaged 10%, and effective retained dose was approximately 1.6 mg/kg/day. Patient acceptance was excellent, and there were no detectable clinical or biochemical untoward effects of treatment. Serum phosphorus was elevated an average of 1.1 mg/100 ml, and serum calcium, 0.4 mg/100 ml. EHDP reduced bone resorption by about 50% and depressed bone mineralization by almost as much. Both the total miscible calcium pool and its component compartments were sm aller on EHDP, presumably because of a combination of interference with bone mineral reactivity and the decrease in mineralization rate. Urine calcium was increased by a small, but highly significant, amount, and gastrointestinal calcium absorption was also significantly increased. Calcium balance shifted slightly but significantly in the positive direction. The magnitude of these changes correlated with the urinary level of EHDP.
Chick Ovalbumin Upstream Promoter-Transcription Factors (COUP-TFs): Coming of Age* (1997)

I. Introduction II. The COUP-TF Gene Family A. Homology to other members of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily B. Sequence homology within the COUP-TF gene family III. Biochemical Characteristics A. DNA-binding sites B. Molecular mechanism of COUP-TFs action 1. Competition for occupancy of the binding sites 2. Competition for RXR 3. Active repression 4. Transrepression 5. The role of COUP-TFs in transactivation IV. Expression Patterns of COUP-TFs During Development A. Expression patterns in zebrafish and Xenopus B. Expression patterns in mouse and chick V. Physiological Function of COUP-TFs A. Ectopic expression of svp in Drosophila B. Ectopic expression of COUP-TFI in Xenopus embryos C. Loss of function of COUP-TFI in mice D. Loss of function of COUP-TFII in mice VI.