gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of camera captured text images with specular reflection (2013)

Specular reflection of light degrades the quality of scene images. Whenever specular reflection affects the text portion of such an image, its readability is reduced significantly. Consequently, it becomes difficult for an OCR software to detect and recognize similar texts. In the present work, we propose a novel but simple technique to enhance the region of the image with specular reflection. The pixels with specular reflection were identified in YUV color plane. In the next step, it enhances the region by interpolating possible pixel values in YUV space. The proposed method has been compared against a few existing general purpose image enhancement techniques which include (i) histogram equalization, (ii) gamma correction and (iii) Laplacian filter based enhancement method. The proposed approach has been tested on some images from ICDAR 2003 Robust Reading Competition image database. We computed a Mean Opinion Score based measure to show that the proposed method outperforms the existing enhancement techniques for enhancement of readability of texts in images affected by specular reflection.
Electric-field tuning of the Rabi splitting in a superlattice-embedded microcavity (2002)

We have demonstrated comprehensive electric field tuning of the Rabi splitting between the excitonic and photonic modes of a superlattice-embedded microcavity. Using photocurrent spectroscopy to measure the coupling between the modes, we have tuned the microcavity to the maximum possible splitting. We have observed a marked increase in the splitting from 4.5 to 11.5 meV, due to the electric-field enhancement of the superlattice exciton’s oscillator strength and the oscillator strength’s subsequent decrease due to the quantum confined Stark effect. As well, we have determined the oscillator strength for the exciton, finding good agreement with theoretical and experimental values.
Treat-to-target in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical and pharmacoeconomic considerations. Introduction. (2013)

The 12 previous volumes in this series are: 1999 – Combination DMARD therapy in rheumatoid arthritis 2000 – Bone mass in the rheumatic diseases 2001 – Controversies in COX-2 inhibitor therapy 2002 – Innovative therapies for spondyloarthritides 2003 – Early arthritis 2004 – Benefit/risk of new drugs for rheumatoid arthritis 2005 – Quantitative clinical assessment of rheumatic diseases 2006 – Remission in rheumatic diseases 2007 – Quality of care in rheumatology: opportunities and challenges 2008 – Mortality in rheumatic diseases 2009 – Rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis: similarities and differences 2010 – Methotrexate in rheumatic diseases 2011 – Low-dose glucocorticoids in rheumatic diseases
Fullerenated carbazole polymers via bromination (1994)

Abstract Surface‐substituted and homogeneous fullerenated polymers were produced by bromination followed by a Friedel‐Crafts reaction. Control over bonding patterns was provided by the bromination, which enabled the production of photodegradation‐resistant fullerenated polymers. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
P3–282: Population pharmacokinetic modeling of EVP‐6124 following oral administration (2013)

EVP-6124 is a potent partial agonist of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and has demonstrated enhanced cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease.[Prickaerts J et al., 2012;Hilt D et al., 2012] The population modeling approach was used to characterize EVP-6124 pharmacokinetics in humans. One- and 2-compartment disposition and first-order input models were fitted to plasma concentration-time data using NONMEM 7.2. Following base model identification, pre-specified demographics (age, sex, body size), dose, subject type and clinical laboratory parameters were tested in pharmacokinetic parameters using a linear or nonlinear function (continuous covariates) and a fractional function (categorical covariates). The effects of these covariates were assessed in stepwise procedures using likelihood ratio testing of nested models. Model goodness-of-fit and performance were evaluated by common diagnostic tools. Four hundred and sixty three subjects enrolled in eight Phase 1 and 2 clinical studies provided 4926 concentration values with a median of 4 per subject (range: 1–47). EVP-6124 was administered in solution and capsule formulations. A 1-compartment model with separate by-formulation estimates for absorption rate constant (Ka), absorption lag time (Alag) and residual variability (RV) most reasonably described the data. The final model estimated 27.5L/h for apparent clearance (Cl/F), 1050L for apparent volume of distribution (V/F), 0.323h -1 and 0.591h -1, respectively, for Ka in capsule and solution, and 0.373h and 0.241h, respectively, for Alag in capsule and solution. The inter-individual variability (IIV as CV) was estimated to be 32% for Cl/F, 16% for V/F, 69% and 63%, respectively, for Ka in capsule and solution. The correlation between Cl/F and V/F was estimated as 19%. RV was estimated as 33% for capsule and 12% for solution. Age, sex and subject type were significant covariates in Cl/F reducing the parameter's IIV by 9.6%. Sex and weight were significant covariates in V/F reducing the parameter's IIV by 5.3%. EVP-6124 Cl/F was decreased with increasing age; V/F was increased with increasing body weight; and females had a 30% lower Cl/F and a 20% smaller V/F than males did. Clinical relevance of these statistically-significant covariates will be further evaluated in the context of exposure-safety and efficacy relationships.
Evolutionary analysis of the 5'-terminal region of hepatitis G virus isolated from different regions in China. (1997)

We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the 5'-terminal region of the hepatitis G virus (HGV) genome in 11 hepatitis patients from three cities in China. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the Chinese isolates were genetically distinct from previously described West African isolates (type 1) and American, European and East African isolates (type 2), with a mean sequence divergence of approximately 10%. The mean divergence between isolates from Lanzhou, in the northwest of China, and those from Shanghai and Nanjing, on the east coast of China, was 5% (range 3-7%). The isolates from Shanghai and Nanjing were closely related to a common strain in Japan, while some of those from Lanzhou were closely related to a southeast Asian type 3 isolate. Thus, the Chinese isolates belong to the type 3 variant of HGV.
Evolution of droplet size distribution and composition in miniemulsions (2014)

ABSTRACT A fundamental understanding of the formation, degradation and polymerization of miniemulsions has been hindered by difficulties in quantifying their monomer droplet size distribution (DSD). In this work, particle sizing techniques including capillary hydrodynamic fractionation, acoustic attenuation spectroscopy, surfactant titration, and microscopy were adapted to characterize miniemulsion DSDs. The key ingredient in miniemulsions is the costabilizer, a low water solubility compound that limits monomer diffusion from the smaller to larger droplets (Ostwald ripening). The DSD evolution of styrene miniemulsions employing hexadecane (HD) as costabilizer was characterized. With less costabilizer, droplets were initially smaller, but increased in average size with time, and their DSDs broadened. These changes were slowed with addition of extra surfactant after homogenization. After several days, the average droplet size increased to about 150 nm regardless of the amount of HD or surfactant used. The HD content of separated portions of centrifuged miniemulsions was measured and showed significant Ostwald ripening within minutes after preparation. The further evolution of the DSD is attributed primarily to droplet coalescence. Less composition change occurred with either higher HD content or post‐homogenization surfactant addition, both of which led to minimization of free energy, increasing stability. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014 , 52 , 1529–1544
VHL Awareness Month. (2009)

Modified with permission from: Singh AD, Shields CL, Shields JA. Von Hippel-Lindau disease. Surv Ophthalmol 2001; 46: 117-142. 

The cover photograph is a drawing of fundus appearance of Otto Mayer, a patient of Eugen von Hippel reported by him to have “angiomatosis retinae” in 1904.1 The earliest observations on the retinal hemangioma date back …
MeCP2 DIRECTLY REGULATES INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN 3 EXPRESSION IN BRAINS (2006)

Objectives: Rett syndrome (RTT) is a major developmental degeneration characterized by mental retardation and specific autistic behavior. Mutations of the MeCP2 gene, encoding methyl-CpG binding protein 2, cause the disease. The pathomechanism of MeCP2 dysfunction leading to RTT phenotype is unknown. We discovered a novel MeCP2-downstream gene, which could be associated with the disease.
Image Quality Assessment via Segmentation of Breast Lesion in X-ray and Ultrasound Phantom Images from Fischer's Full Field Digital Mammography and Ultrasound (FFDMUS) System (2005)

Fischer has been developing a fused full-field digital mammography and ultrasound (FFDMUS) system funded by the National Institute of Health (NIH). In FFDMUS, two sets of acquisitions are performed: 2-D X-ray and 3-D ultrasound. The segmentation of acquired lesions in phantom images is important: (i) to assess the image quality of X-ray and ultrasound images; (ii) to register multi-modality images; and (iii) to establish an automatic lesion detection methodology to assist the radiologist. In this paper we developed lesion segmentation strategies for ultrasound and X-ray images acquired using FFDMUS. For ultrasound lesion segmentation, a signal-to-noise (SNR)-based method was adapted. For X-ray segmentation, we used gradient vector flow (GVF)-based deformable model. The performance of these segmentation algorithms was evaluated. We also performed partial volume correction (PVC) analysis on the segmentation of ultrasound images. For X-ray lesion segmentation, we also studied the effect of PDE smoothing on GVF's ability to segment the lesion. We conclude that ultrasound image qualities from FFDMUS and Hand-Held ultrasound (HHUS) are comparable. The mean percentage error with PVC was 4.56% (4.31%) and 6.63% (5.89%) for 5 mm lesion and 3 mm lesion respectively. The mean average error from the segmented X-ray images with PDE yielded an average error of 9.61%. We also tested our program on synthetic datasets. The system was developed for Linux workstation using C/C++.
Specific Mutations in Transmembrane Helix 8 of Human Concentrative Na<sup>+</sup>/Nucleoside Cotransporter hCNT1 Affect Permeant Selectivity and Cation Coupling (2007)

The Na+/nucleoside cotransporters hCNT1 (650 residues) and hCNT2 (658 residues) are 72% identical in amino acid sequence and contain 13 putative transmembrane helices (TMs). Both transport uridine and adenosine but are otherwise selective for pyrimidine (system cit) and purine (system cif) nucleosides, respectively. Previously, we used site-directed mutagenesis and functional expression in Xenopus oocytes to identify two pairs of adjacent residues in TMs 7 and 8 of hCNT1 (Ser319-Gln320 and Ser353-Leu354) that, when converted to the corresponding residues in hCNT2 (Gly-Met and Thr-Val, respectively), changed the permeant selectivity of the transporter from cit to cif. We now report an investigation of the effects of corresponding mutations in TM 8 alone and demonstrate unique S353T- and L354V-induced changes in nucleoside specificity and cation coupling, respectively. hCNT1 mutation S353T produced a profound decrease in cytidine transport efficiency (Vmax/Km ratio) and, in combination with L354V (S353T/L354V), resulted in a novel uridine-preferring transport phenotype. In addition, the L354V mutation markedly increased the apparent affinity of hCNT1 for Na+ and Li+. Both hCNT1 TM 8 residues exhibited uridine-protectable inhibition by p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonate when converted to Cys, suggesting that they occupy positions within or closely adjacent to a common cation/nucleoside translocation pore.
Sparse regularization for EIT reconstruction incorporating structural information derived from medical imaging (2016)

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) reconstructs the conductivity distribution of a domain using electrical data on its boundary. This is an ill-posed inverse problem usually solved on a finite element mesh. For this article, a special regularization method incorporating structural information of the targeted domain is proposed and evaluated. Structural information was obtained either from computed tomography images or from preliminary EIT reconstructions by a modified k-means clustering. The proposed regularization method integrates this structural information into the reconstruction as a soft constraint preferring sparsity in group level. A first evaluation with Monte Carlo simulations indicated that the proposed solver is more robust to noise and the resulting images show fewer artifacts. This finding is supported by real data analysis. The structure based regularization has the potential to balance structural a priori information with data driven reconstruction. It is robust to noise, reduces artifacts and produces images that reflect anatomy and are thus easier to interpret for physicians.
Effect of beam quality on the free-electron laser. Memorandum report (1986)

The effect of finite momentum spread on the free-electron laser amplifier is investigated for a configuration of a helical wiggler and an axial-guide magnetic field. A set of coupled nonlinear differential equations in three dimensions describing the evolution of the electron trajectories and the radiation field is derived and solved numerically for several sets of parameters. The initial beam distribution is defined external to the wiggler field and the adiabatic injection of the beam into the wiggler is modeled by allowing the wiggler amplitude to increase slowly from zero to a constant amplitude over several wiggler periods. While the efficiency is found to decrease rapidly with increasing momentum spread, resonant effects between the wiggler and guide magnetic fields are found to substantially decrease the sensitivity of the saturation efficiency to the beam emittance. In addition, a relatively sharp change in the slope of the efficiency versus beam momentum spread is identified with the transition between the cold and thermal beam regimes.
The role of immunoreconstitution in the management of refractory opportunistic fungal infections. (1998)

Systemic fungal infections are an increasingly important threat to immunocompromised patients. In particular, invasive disease due to Candida spp., Aspergillus spp. and other moulds is associated with high mortality rates in these patients, despite the many recent advances in antifungal chemotherapy. Recent studies examining the immunopathogenesis of these infections have provided increased insights into the relative importance of the different compartments of host immune defences for these fungi. In parallel, a number of cytokines have been discovered and studies of their involvement in antifungal host defences both in vitro and in experimental animal models of fungal infections have become possible. Due to their ability to upregulate phagocyte number and/or function, the cytokines of greatest interest are granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-gamma, interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Adjuvant use of these cytokines may be of value for some refractory fungal infections, as may reconstitution of immune response by transfusion of allogeneic phagocytes. Further evaluation of the safety and efficacy of these modalities of immunotherapy is a new and promising area for research.
Pharmacological management of Cronkhite–Canada syndrome (2003)

Cronkhite-Canada syndrome (CCS) is a rare, non-inherited gastrointestinal polyposis syndrome associated with characteristic ectodermal abnormalities. A number of potentially life-threatening complications including malnutrition, gastrointestinal bleeding and infection may occur in affected patients and CCS is fatal in many cases. The optimal therapy for CCS is not known but several treatment options have been described. Nutritional support, antibiotics, corticosteroids, anabolic steroids, histamine-receptor antagonists and surgical treatment have all been used with varying degrees of success. Unfortunately, controlled therapeutic trials have not been possible because of the rarity of the disease. Most recently, a combination regimen using histamine-receptor antagonists, cromolyn sodium, prednisone and suppressive antibiotics has been described. The reported treatment options and rates of success are reviewed.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorinated Tetrathiafulvalenes with Preserved Electron‐Donor Properties and Segregated Fluorous Bilayer Structures Based on F×××F Nonbonded Interactions. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Correction of laser tracking data for the effects of horizontal refractivity gradients (1977)

Pulsed laser ranging systems are being used to measure accurately the distance from the earth to retroreflector equipped satellites. At the lower elevation angles horizontal refractivity gradients can introduce centimeter level errors into the range measurements. A correction formula which compensates for the gradient effects is developed and evaluated using typical meteorological data obtained from weather stations located near Washington, D.C.
Finite Element Solution of the Fokker-Planck Equation for Optical Tomography (2010)

Light propagation is modeled with the Fokker-Planck equation which approximates the radiative transport equation when scattering is forward-peaked. The Fokker-Planck equation is solved with the finite element method.
The Dihydroxy Metabolite of the Teratogen Thalidomide Causes Oxidative DNA Damage (2017)

Thalidomide [α-(N-phthalimido)glutarimide] (1) is a sedative and antiemetic drug originally introduced into the clinic in the 1950s for the treatment of morning sickness. Although marketed as entirely safe, more than 10 000 babies were born with severe birth defects. Thalidomide was banned and subsequently approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma and complications associated with leprosy. Although known for more than 5 decades, the mechanism of teratogenicity remains to be conclusively understood. Various theories have been proposed in the literature including DNA damage and ROS and inhibition of angiogenesis and cereblon. All of the theories have their merits and limitations. Although the recently proposed cereblon theory has gained wide acceptance, it fails to explain the metabolism and low-dose requirement reported by a number of groups. Recently, we have provided convincing structural evidence in support of the presence of arene oxide and the quinone-reactive intermediates. However, the ability of these reactive intermediates to impart toxicity/teratogenicity needs investigation. Herein we report that the oxidative metabolite of thalidomide, dihydroxythalidomide, is responsible for generating ROS and causing DNA damage. We show, using cell lines, the formation of comet (DNA damage) and ROS. Using DNA-cleavage assays, we also show that catalase, radical scavengers, and desferal are capable of inhibiting DNA damage. A mechanism of teratogenicity is proposed that not only explains the DNA-damaging property but also the metabolism, low concentration, and species-specificity requirements of thalidomide.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Allylic Thioetherification: The Effect of Phosphoric Acid Diester on Iridium‐Catalyzed Enantioconvergent Transformations. (2013)

Abstract The effect of phosphate as a catalyst in combination with its properties as a leaving group is exploited in an enantioconvergent thioetherification of racemic allylic alcohols.
Radioiodinated N-(2-Aminoethyl)-2-chloro-4-iodobenzamide: A New Ligand for Monoamine Oxidase B Studies with Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography. (1994)

In developing monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B specific radioligands, N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-chloro-4-[125I]iodobenzamide ([125I]FIBA) was conveniently synthesized from its tributylstannyl precursor by an iododestannylation reaction using sodium [125I]iodide and hydrogen peroxide with high radiochemical yield. The method should be applicable for labeling with 123I, a suitable radioisotope for in vivo imaging with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). In vitro binding studies using mouse brain mitochondrial preparations showed that the specific binding of [125I]FIBA was saturable and of high affinity. Calculated values for KD and Bmax were 201 nM and 9.5 pmol/mg protein, respectively. The [125I]FIBA binding was effectively prevented by MAO-B specific inhibitors (l-deprenyl, Ro 16-6491, FIBA) or substrate (β-phenethylamine). However, MAO-A specific inhibitor (clorgyline) and substrate (serotonin) had no significant effect. After an intravenous injection into mice, [125I]FIBA showed high brain uptake (1.64% dose/g at 15-30 min post injection) and long retention (1.11% dose/g at 120 min post injection) in the brain. Good brain-to-blood radioactivity ratios of 2.19 and 2.41 at 60 and 120 min after injection, respectively, were obtained. The in vitro binding data and in vivo characteristics suggested that [125I]FIBA is potentially useful as a probe for biological studies including specific labeling of MAO-B in vivo as well as in vitro. Moreover, the 123I-labeled counterpart, [123I]FIBA, might be valuable for non-invasive imaging and mapping of MAO-B in the living brain with SPECT.
Site directed mutagenesis of an active site residue in <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> dehydroquinate synthase (1999)

Conference Abstract| February 01 1999 Site directed mutagenesis of an active site residue in Salmonella typhimurium dehydroquinate synthase MURRAY A. SKINNER; MURRAY A. SKINNER 1Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, London, SW7 2AZ, UK Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar KATHERINE A. BROWN KATHERINE A. BROWN 1Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, London, SW7 2AZ, UK Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem Soc Trans (1999) 27 (1): A47. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst027a047 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation MURRAY A. SKINNER, KATHERINE A. BROWN; Site directed mutagenesis of an active site residue in Salmonella typhimurium dehydroquinate synthase. Biochem Soc Trans 1 February 1999; 27 (1): A47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bst027a047 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Society Transactions Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1999 Biochemical Society1999 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.