gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Robust Audio Watermarking Scheme Using Mean Quantization in the Wavelet Transform Domain (2007)

In this paper, we present a mean quantization based audio watermarking scheme in the wavelet transform domain. The watermark data was embedded by quantizing the means of two selected bands of the wavelet transform of the original audio signal. One of the bands was in the lower frequency and the other one in the higher frequency ranges. Adaptive step sizes were used to achieve robustness and good transparency. As a result of selecting high and low frequency bands, this scheme is robust to both high- pass and low-pass attacks. The decoder detects the watermark data without any need to the original signal. The simulation results show that this watermarking scheme performs better than many recently proposed methods regarding robustness against common attacks such as MP3 compression, adding white Gaussian noise, filtering, resampling, etc.
1-(2,4,6-Tri-<i>tert</i>-butylphenyl)-3-methylphosphole:  A Phosphole with a Significantly Flattened Phosphorus Pyramid Having Pronounced Characteristics of Aromaticity (1997)

Single-crystal X-ray analysis of 1-(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)-3-methylphosphole, synthesized to test the effect of the strongly sterically demanding P-substituent on the geometry of the molecule, revealed that the phosphorus pyramid was drastically flattened; the normal out of plane angle of 65° (formed between the P-substituent and the ring C2−P−C5 plane) was reduced to 45.9°. Consistent with strong electron delocalization, the C3−C4 bond length was dramatically shortened relative to that for other phospholes, and the Bird index of aromaticity was 56.5, almost the equivalent of that in pyrrole (59). The phosphole ring, normally resisitant to electrophilic substitutions, underwent reaction with acetyl chloride−aluminum chloride, consistent with considerable cyclic electron delocalization.
Plant operating schedule and production rate for nuclear chemical mining of copper (1973)

functions of ore particle size, solution composition, pH, and liquid/solid ratio. The distribution of radionuclides between solid and liquid phases was determined. In general, the solids continue to concentrate the radioactivity from the liquid for long periods of time, as the ore and gangue surfaces change in the complex chemical and physical processes of leaching. Solid phases in a nuclear chemical mine would therefore effectively decontaminate the leach liquor. Leaching time and pH are variables that could be used to control the level of activity in solution. (auth)
Purification of Animal Neurotoxins (1970)

The purification of eleven neurotoxins from the venom of three scorpions ( Androctonus australis Hector, Buthus occitanus tunetanus and Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatus ) has been performed by Sephadex G‐50 filtration (with and without recycling) and equilibrium chromatography on Amberlite CG‐50, CM‐Sephadex C‐50 and DEAE‐Sephadex A‐50. All the chromatographic steps were carried out in ammonium acetate buffers. Purity of the neurotoxins was assessed by amino acid analysis and zone electrophoresis. All have a molecular weight of about 7000 daltons and do not contain methionine. As shown by amino acid composition and chain length scorpion neurotoxins show a high degree of homology.
Flexible Filter‐Free Narrowband Photodetector with High Gain and Customized Responsive Spectrum (2017)

Conventional narrowband photodetection is enabled by coupling broadband photodetectors with complex optical filters. The recently reported charge collection narrowing, an alternative filter‐free strategy, attains very narrowband photodetection at the sacrifice of sensitivity. Herein, a new strategy is proposed to customize the responsive spectrum with high gain by using dye molecules with intrinsically versatile and narrowband absorption. The device configuration is organic dye/Zn 0.9 Mg 0.1 O nanoparticles/graphene, where the organic dye serves as the narrowband absorber, graphene serves as the fast carrier transport channel, and Zn 0.9 Mg 0.1 O nanoparticles play a triple role of enhancing dye loading, suppressing dye aggregation and blocking charge back recombination. A high responsivity of 8 × 10 3 A W −1 is thus obtained at a 530 nm response peak with a 60 nm full‐width at half maximum, a four orders of magnitude increase in sensitivity compared to the best narrowband photodetectors reported to date under the comparable electric field. Organic dyes with dual‐band absorption to demonstrate narrowband photodetectors with customized responsive spectrum are further implemented. The approach opens the way to the realization of efficient flexible narrowband photodetection for electronic skin and wearable electronic applications.
Synaptic mechanisms underlying interictal spike initiation in a hippocampal network (1983)

The intrinsic bursting capability of hippocampal neurons is well established. Recent experimental data also imply that CA3 neurons have mutual chemical excitatory interactions. Our previous simulations have shown how these two properties of the hippocampal CA3 region suffice to account for the synchronized burst discharges that occur in the presence of penicillin. Electrotonic interactions via gap junctions have also been described in the CA3 region, but their contribution to synchronization is not clear. We now show that a network of cells connected only by electrotonic junctions does not reproduce the experimental data on synchronization. In combination with chemical synapses, electrotonic junctions can prevent synchronized discharge, increase the degree of synchronization, or prolong the latency from stimulus to discharge. The effect electrotonic junctions have on synchronization of cellular bursting depends intimately on the density and strength of the chemical synapses.
Shake Well Before Use: Intuitive and Secure Pairing of Mobile Devices (2009)

A challenge in facilitating spontaneous mobile interactions is to provide pairing methods that are both intuitive and secure. Simultaneous shaking is proposed as a novel and easy-to-use mechanism for pairing of small mobile devices. The underlying principle is to use common movement as a secret that the involved devices share for mutual authentication. We present two concrete methods, ShaVe and ShaCK, in which sensing and analysis of shaking movement is combined with cryptographic protocols for secure authentication. ShaVe is based on initial key exchange followed by exchange and comparison of sensor data for verification of key authenticity. ShaCK, in contrast, is based on matching features extracted from the sensor data to construct a cryptographic key. The classification algorithms used in our approach are shown to robustly separate simultaneous shaking of two devices from other concurrent movement of a pair of devices, with a false negative rate of under 12 percent. A user study confirms that the method is intuitive and easy to use, as users can shake devices in an arbitrary pattern.
Early Turn Formation and Chain Collapse Drive Fast Folding of the Major Cold Shock Protein CspA of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2012)

The folding mechanism of the β-sheet protein CspA, the major cold shock protein of Escherichia coli, was previously reported to be a concerted, two-state process. We have reexamined the folding of CspA using multiple spectroscopic probes of the equilibrium transition and laser-induced temperature jump (T-jump) to achieve better time resolution of the kinetics. Equilibrium temperature-dependent Fourier transform infrared (1634 cm(-1)) and tryptophan fluorescence measurements reveal probe-dependent thermal transitions with midpoints (T(m)) of 66 ± 1 and 61 ± 1 °C, respectively. Singular-value decomposition analysis with global fitting of the temperature-dependent infrared (IR) difference spectra reveals two spectral components with distinct melting transitions with different midpoints. T-jump relaxation measurements of CspA probed by IR and fluorescence spectroscopy show probe-dependent multiexponential kinetics characteristic of non-two-state folding. The frequency-dependent IR transients all show biphasic relaxation with average time constants of 50 ± 7 and 225 ± 25 μs at a T(f) of 77 °C and almost equal amplitudes. Similar biphasic kinetics are observed using Trp fluorescence of the wild-type protein and the Y42W and T68W mutants, with comparable lifetimes. All of these observations support a model for the folding of CspA through a compact intermediate state. The transient IR and fluorescence spectra are consistent with a diffuse intermediate having β-turns and substantial β-sheet structure. The loop β3-β4 structure is likely not folded in the intermediate state, allowing substantial solvent penetration into the barrel structure.
Pyrocystis noctiluca represents an excellent bioassay for shear forces induced in ground-based microgravity simulators (clinostat and random positioning machine) (2017)

Ground-based facilities, such as clinostats and random positioning machines aiming at simulating microgravity conditions, are tools to prepare space experiments and identify gravity-related signaling pathways. A prerequisite is that the facilities are operated in an appropriate manner and potentially induced non-gravitational effects, such as shearing forces, have to be taken into account. Dinoflagellates, here <i>P. noctiluca</i>, as fast and sensitive reporter system for shear stress and hydrodynamic gradients, were exposed on a clinostat (constant rotation around one axis, 60 rpm) or in a random positioning machine, that means rotating around two axes, whose velocity and direction were chosen at random. Deformation of the cell membrane of <i>P. noctiluca</i> due to shear stress results in a detectable bioluminescence emission. Our results show that the amount of mechanical stress is higher on an random positioning machine than during constant clinorotation, as revealed by the differences in photon counts. We conclude that one axis clinorotation induced negligible non-gravitational effects in the form of shear forces in contrast to random operation modes tested. For the first time, we clearly visualized the device-dependent occurrence of shear forces by means of a bioassay, which have to be considered during the definition of an appropriate simulation approach and to avoid misinterpretation of results.
Flavokawain B, the hepatotoxic constituent from kava root, induces GSH-sensitive oxidative stress through modulation of IKK/NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways (2010)

Kava (Piper methysticum Foster, Piperaceae) organic solvent-extract has been used to treat mild to moderate anxiety, insomnia, and muscle fatigue in Western countries, leading to its emergence as one of the 10 best-selling herbal preparations. However, several reports of severe hepatotoxicity in kava consumers led the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and authorities in Europe to restrict sales of kava-containing products. Herein we demonstrate that flavokawain B (FKB), a chalcone from kava root, is a potent hepatocellular toxin, inducing cell death in HepG2 (LD(50)=15.3 ± 0.2 μM) and L-02 (LD(50)=32 μM) cells. Hepatocellular toxicity of FKB is mediated by induction of oxidative stress, depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH), inhibition of IKK activity leading to NF-κB transcriptional blockade, and constitutive TNF-α-independent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, namely, ERK, p38, and JNK. We further demonstrate by noninvasive bioluminescence imaging that oral consumption of FKB leads to inhibition of hepatic NF-κB transcriptional activity in vivo and severe liver damage. Surprisingly, replenishment with exogenous GSH normalizes both TNF-α-dependent NF-κB as well as MAPK signaling and rescues hepatocytes from FKB-induced death. Our data identify FKB as a potent GSH-sensitive hepatotoxin, levels of which should be specifically monitored and controlled in kava-containing herb products.
Prosodic adaptation in human-computer interaction (2003)

State-of-the-art speech recognizers are trained on predominantly normal speech and have difficulties handling either exceedingly slow and hyperarticulated or fast and sloppy speech. Explicitly instructing users on how to speak, however, can make the human-computer interaction stilted and unnatural. If it is possible to affect users&apos; speaking rate while maintaining the naturalness of the dialogue, this could prove useful in the development of future human-computer interfaces. Users could thus be subtly influenced to adapt their speech to better match the current capabilities of the system, so that errors can be reduced and the overall quality of the human--computer interaction is improved. At the same time, speakers are allowed to express themselves freely and naturally. In this article, we investigate whether people adapt their speech as they interact with an animated character in a simulated spoken dialogue system. A user experiment involving 16 subjects was performed to examine whether people who speak with a simulated dialogue system adapt their speaking rate to that of the system. The experiment confirmed that the users adapted to the speaking rate of the system, and no subjects afterwards seemed to be aware they had been affected in this way. Another finding was that speakers varied their speaking rate substantially in the course of the dialogue. In particular, problematic sequences where subjects had to repeat or rephrase the same utterance several times elicited slower speech.
Vicinal α,β‐Functionalizations of Amines: Cyclization Versus Dehydrogenative Hydrolysis (2015)

Direct vicinal α,β-difunctionalization of tertiary cyclic amines is achieved in the presence of ruthenium or iridium transition-metal complexes featuring phosphine-sulfonate chelates. By varying the reaction conditions, α-alkylated lactams were obtained by a formal dehydrogenative hydrolysis in which one molecule of hydrogen is generated from water.
Mononuclear Five- and Six-Coordinate Iron Hydrazido and Hydrazine Species (2012)

This article describes the synthesis and characterization of several low-spin iron(II) complexes that coordinate hydrazine (N(2)H(4)), hydrazido (N(2)H(3)(-)), and ammonia. The sterically encumbered tris(di-meta-terphenylphosphino)borate ligand, [PhBP(mter)(3)](-), is introduced to provide access to species that cannot be stabilized with the [PhBP(Ph)(3)](-) ligand ([PhBP(R)(3)](-) = PhB(CH(2)PR(2))(3)(-)). Treatment of [PhBP(mter)(3)]FeMe with hydrazine generates the unusual 5-coordinate hydrazido complex [PhBP(mter)(3)]Fe(η(2)-N(2)H(3)) (1), in which the hydrazido serves as an L(2)X-type ligand. Upon coordination of an L-type ligand, the hydrazido shifts to an LX-type ligand, generating [PhBP(mter)(3)]Fe(L)(η(2)-N(2)H(3)) (L = N(2)H(4) (2) or NH(3) (3)). In contrast, treatment of [PhBP(Ph)(3)]FeMe with hydrazine forms the adduct [PhBP(Ph)(3)]Fe(Me)(η(2)-N(2)H(4)) (5). Complex 5 is thermally unstable to methane loss, generating intermediate [PhBP(Ph)(3)]Fe(η(2)-N(2)H(3)), which undergoes bimolecular coupling to produce {[PhBP(Ph)(3)]Fe}(2)(μ-η(1):η(1)-N(2)H(4))(μ-η(2):η(2)-N(2)H(2)). The oxidation of these and related hydrazine and hydrazido species is also presented. For example, oxidation of 1 or 5 with Pb(OAc)(4) results in disproportionation of the N(2)H(x) ligand (x = 3, 4), and formation of [PhBP(R)(3)]Fe(NH(3))(OAc) (R = Ph (9) and mter (11)).
Gender Differences in the Reading of E-books: Investigating Children's Attitudes, Reading Behaviors and Outcomes (2013)

As indicated by some studies, the problem of “falling behind” often exists when using computer-assisted learning with children, and gender may be a factor in this. While digital contents presented on various e-readers are promising replacements for paper-and-ink books, the question arises as to whether this emerging technology will have the same effect with boys and girls? Conventionally, boys are believed to have more aptitude for using computer and information technologies, and it is of interest to see if this is true when using e-books in an educational context. In this study, two investigations were conducted to explore children’s attitudes, reading behaviors and outcomes in order to find out if there were any gender differences in the reading of e-books. The first investigation was conducted with 166 elementary school students to evaluate their attitudes towards reading with an Interactive E-book Learning System (IELS), a tailor-made e-book learning environment for children. The results showed that the gendered attitudes in terms of the Satisfaction dimension and the expectation for the usable functions were different. Twenty-three sixth-grade children then participated in the second investigation, in which they silently read two e-books in the IELS with a reading behavior tracking technique, and a retrieval test was conducted to assess the reading outcome for each e-book. The results show that while the girls mostly had the behavior of Skimming during the reading process, they outscored the boys in the retrieval tests. Although the application of personalized reading technologies in education, such as reading e-books with IELS, tends to diminish the gap in technology adaptation between the genders, however, the gender differences, as revealed in this work, are still substantial and considerable to factor in children’s reading of e-books. In practice, the results of this study suggest that these differences may create reading barriers for some children, and thus should be taken into account when e-books are used for formal learning.
User-level performance evaluation of VoIP using ns-2 (2007)

Voice over IP (VoIP) is gaining an ever increasing popularity. As such, it nowadays represents one of the most studied test applications in the performance evaluation of wireline and wireless networks. However, a sound performance analysis of VoIP communications should be carried out at the user level, by computing perceptive metrics like the Mean Opinion Score (MOS) or the E-Model. In this paper, we present enhancements to the popular Network Simulator 2 (ns-2) that allow a reliable VoIP user-level performance analysis to be carried out through simulation. We show that computing performance measures at the IP level, which is usually done in ns-2, often leads to inaccurate results. Our code is publicly available at http://info.iet.unipi.it/~cng/ns2voip/.
Control-Oriented Model of Molar Scavenge Oxygen Fraction for Exhaust Recirculation in Large Diesel Engines (2016)

Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems have been introduced to large marine engines in order to reduce NOx formation. Adequate modeling for control design is one of the bottlenecks to design EGR control that also meets emission requirements during transient loading conditions. This paper therefore focuses on deriving and validating a mean-value model of a large two-stroke crosshead diesel engine with EGR. The model introduces a number of amendments and extensions to previous, complex models and shows in theory and practice that a simplified nonlinear model captures all essential dynamics that is needed for EGR control. Our approach is to isolate and reduce the gas composition part of the more complex models using nonlinear model reduction techniques. The result is a control-oriented model (COM) of the oxygen fraction in the scavenge manifold with three molar flows being inputs to the COM, and it is shown how these flows are estimated from signals that are commonly available. The COM is validated by first comparing the output to a simulation of the full model, then by comparing with measurement series from two engines. The control-oriented nonlinear model is shown to be able to replicate the behavior of the scavenge oxygen fraction well over the entire envelope of load and blower speed range that are relevant for EGR. The simplicity of the new model makes it suitable for observer and control design, which are essential steps to meet the emission requirements for marine diesel engines that take effect from 2016.
Pentaerythritol Derivatives. II. 3-Halomethyl-3-hydroxymethyl Oxetanes<sup>1</sup> (1956)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPentaerythritol Derivatives. II. 3-Halomethyl-3-hydroxymethyl Oxetanes1COSTAS H. ISSIDORIDES, RIZA C. GULEN, and NAZAR S. APRAHAMIANCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1956, 21, 9, 997–998Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1956Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1956https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01115a018https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01115a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views419Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
CHIRAL SEPARATION OF SEVERAL THIOBARBITURATES ON A CELLULOSE TRIS(4-METHYLBENZOATE) PHASE UNDER REVERSED-PHASE CONDITIONS (2001)

The chiral separation of several thiobarbiturates on a tris(4-methylbenzoate) phase (Chiralcel OJ-R, 15 × 0.46 cm and Chiralcel OJ-R 15 × 0.20 cm) under reversed-phase conditions is described. The separation properties of a normal sized and a newly developed narrow-bore column were compared. The influence of buffer and organic modifiers on enantioselectvity was investigated. The three mobile phases used were water/acetonitrile (70:30,v/v), water/acetonitrile/methanol (50:25:25, v/v), and water/acetonitrile/methanol (55:15:30, v/v). Of seven thiobarbiturates investigated, five have been resolved. The values of α (1.11–1.85) and R s (0.71–5.75) have been reported.
Low complexity optimization and implementation of pulse shapes for BFDM systems (2013)

In this paper, we investigate low complexity numerical optimization, implementation and performance evaluation of biorthogonal pulses for Biorthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (BFDM) systems over doubly dispersive channel. In our previous works, we have proposed optimal pulses design based on a numerical maximization of Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) exact expression. In this paper, in order to accelerate the optimization procedure, we undertake the pulse shapes optimization with an approximate expression of the SIR, instead of the exact one. Our approximation of the SIR uses Taylor series of interference and desired signal mean powers. We show through simulations that our new pulses are very close to our previous ones and that they lead to a SIR subtantially equivalent to the exact one. For a performance evaluation of these pulses, we propose to verify if the SIR computed through system level simulation is in conformance with the numerically optimized SIR. More precisely, we simulate a multicarrier transmission system using the optimized pulses. For this aim, we propose an efficient implementation of both the modulator and the demodulator of the system and a simple and efficient method to find out the resulting SIR. Simulations show that the SIR computed through system level simulation matches the maximum achievable SIR obtained through pulses optimization.