gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The impact of lead‐free soldering on electronics packages (2001)

This paper will review the challenges brought by lead‐free soldering and some preliminary experimental evaluation results will be discussed. The initial results show that the lead‐free soldering process with 260°C reflow peak temperature does not directly cause failures for bismaleimide‐triazine (BT)‐based fine pitch ball grid array (FPBGA) packages. However, the strict lead‐free soldering condition could degrade the integrity of weak interface joints and potentially damage the package in subsequent unbiased highly accelerated stress test (unbiased HAST) evaluation. The impacts of lead‐free soldering with high reflow temperature on concurrent available electronics components could be more severe than previously believed. In the future, new materials and design concepts should be applied to enhance the package reliability under strict lead‐free soldering conditions.
Oxidation of Phosphorus to a Pentavalent Form by Carbon Dioxide (1939)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOxidation of Phosphorus to a Pentavalent Form by Carbon DioxideP. H. Emmett and J. F. ShultzCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1939, 31, 1, 105–111Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1939Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1939https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50349a022https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50349a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views111Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Comparison of local infiltration of tenoxicam and intravenous tenoxicam for postoperative analgesia in herniorrhaphy. (1998)

Preoperative local infiltration of tenoxicam can decrease postoperative pain score significantly during the most painful period (24 h) in herniorrhaphy.
Design and scaling of BiCMOS circuits (2003)

A design procedure for sizing all devices in multi-input BiCMOS gates is presented. The notion of an equivalent inverter is introduced, and the optimal ratio of P to N MOSFETs in this inverter is observed to be a constant dependent only on the technology. The bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) are optimally sized for all multi-input gates using data generated only once for the equivalent inverter. Conventional BiCMOS, BiNMOS and CMOS gates are compared in the context of technology scaling. The conventional BiCMOS gate has a 1.4* advantage over CMOS for V/sub dd/ as low as 3.1 V when scaled 0.4- mu m devices are used. The BiNMOS gate overcomes the limitation to further scaling of the conventional gate and shows a 1.23-1.45* advantage over CMOS even for 0.25- mu m, 2.5-V technology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Field Measurements of Dynamic Moduli and Poisson's Ratios of Refuse and Underlying Soils at a Landfill Site (1990)

This paper briefly discusses the applicability of laboratory and field test methods commonly used to determine the dynamic moduli and Poisson's ratio of undisturbed soil and rock and soil-rock fill and refuse fill materials. Down-Hole geophysical methods were used to measure dynamic shear and compression wave velocities of municipal refuse fill and the underlying soils at a sanitary landfill. These data are used to compute the in situ elastic and shear moduli and Poisson's ratio of the materials at the landfill site and are compared with values reported in the literature. Finally, conclusions are drawn regarding the use of dynamic moduli and Poisson's ratios obtained with the Down-Hole test method.
Traveling wave CdSe optical parametric generator pumped by Er-laser pulses (1998)

Summary form only given. CdSe crystal has advantages of a wide transparency range, extremely low optical losses, the possibility of long crystals to be grown routinely, and a small birefringent walk-off. Recently, a CdSe optical parametric oscillator pumped by a 2.8-/spl mu/m Cr:Er:YSGG laser was reported, with a 39% quantum conversion efficiency and an idler beam tuning range of 8.5-12.3 /spl mu/m. Here, we report traveling wave (resonator-free) optical parametric generation for the first time in CdSe, where mid-IR pulses, continuously tunable in the range 8-13 /spl mu/m, with up to megawatt peak power were achieved. Such a device is of interest for molecular and solid-state spectroscopy.
Redox Flow Lithium Oxygen Batteries (2015)

Lithium-oxygen battery, because of its extremely high theoretical specific energy, has been intensively pursued as a potential solution for next generation energy storage. Despite numerous studies to date, it suffers from unbearable overpotential loss and poor cycling stability. To address the issues, research has been focused on the development of new cathode and catalysts, while limited success was made so far. The inevitable surface passivation and pore clogging of the cathode by insoluble Li 2 O 2 precipitation severely aggravate the cell performance especially upon relatively deep discharge. Inspired by the development of redox flow lithium-ion batteries 1,2 , here we introduce a catalyst-free redox flow lithium-oxygen battery (RFLOB) for large-scale energy storage. The new device enables the formation of Li 2 O 2 via redox targeting reactions 3 in a gas diffusion tank (GDT), spatially separated from the electrode. With ethyl viologen and iodide as the redox mediators, an integrated RFLOB was demonstrated which presented excellent performance even in the absence of catalysts on the cathode. Upon discharging, O 2 is reduced by dissolved viologen in the electrolyte, with which Li 2 O 2 is formed in the GDT tank in the presence of Li + . Upon charging, Li 2 O 2 in the GDT tank is oxidized by I 3 - , which releases O 2 . As such, the discharging product Li 2 O 2 could be remotely formed in the GDT tank and reversibly oxidized in the charging process without depositing onto the cathode inside the cell. Such decoupled reactions of Li 2 O 2 provide great flexibility to circumvent the issues confronted by the conventional Li-O 2 batteries. The surface passivation and pore clogging of the cathode resulted from Li 2 O 2 precipitations, which is inevitable in conventional cells, are essentially avoided under the new operation mode. In addition, the capacity of the cathode could be expanded by simply enlarging the size of GDT tank, which is however constrained by the pore volume of cathode and catalysts deposited on it in the conventional Li-O 2 batteries. Moreover, as the reaction of O 2 in GDT is far apart from the electrodes, the tolerance of the cell towards air would be enhanced as well. References: Q. Huang, et al., Reversible Chemical Delithiation/ Lithiation of LiFePO 4 : Towards A Redox Flow Lithium-ion Battery. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. , 15 (2013), 1793-1797. F. Pan, et al., Redox Targeting of Anatase TiO₂ for Redox Flow Lithium-ion Battery, Adv. Energy Mater. , 4 (2014), 1400567. Q. Wang, et al., Redox Targeting of Insulating Electrode Materials: A New Approach to High Energy Density Batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed ., 45 (2006), 8197-8200. Figure 1
Strong polarization selectivity in 780-nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers grown on misoriented substrates (1997)

We report that the 780 nm quantum well vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) grown on a 2° off misoriented (001) substrate toward (111)A exhibit a high polarization suppression ratio over a few hundred. The main polarization is always along the [−110] direction for all the lasers over the entire operating currents. To understand the physical origin of this polarization selectivity, the gain/loss difference between two competing polarization modes in VCSELs is investigated by measuring the subthreshold spectral linewidth. The obtained modal gain/loss difference is about 3.0 cm−1, which is sufficiently large for polarization stabilization and amounts to 4% of the threshold modal gain. Comparison with the subthreshold measurement and previous theoretical work shows significant discrepancy, which implies the possibility of other polarization selection mechanisms inducing such large gain/loss differences in 780 nm quantum wells grown on a misoriented substrate. In addition, it is found that the 780 nm VCSEL made of a bulk active medium grown on a misoriented substrate also shows a high polarization selectivity as quantum well lasers.
Fusarium Wilt of Banana (2015)

Banana (Musa spp.) is one of the world's most important fruits. In 2011, 145 million metric tons, worth an estimated $44 billion, were produced in over 130 countries. Fusarium wilt (also known as Panama disease) is one of the most destructive diseases of this crop. It devastated the 'Gros Michel'-based export trades before the mid-1900s, and threatens the Cavendish cultivars that were used to replace it; in total, the latter cultivars are now responsible for approximately 45% of all production. An overview of the disease and its causal agent, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, is presented below. Despite a substantial positive literature on biological, chemical, or cultural measures, management is largely restricted to excluding F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense from noninfested areas and using resistant cultivars where the pathogen has established. Resistance to Fusarium wilt is poor in several breeding targets, including important dessert and cooking cultivars. Better resistance to this and other diseases is needed. The history and impact of Fusarium wilt is summarized with an emphasis on tropical race 4 (TR4), a 'Cavendish'-killing variant of the pathogen that has spread dramatically in the Eastern Hemisphere.
<b>Steric Course and Specificity of α-Chymotrypsin-catalyzed Reactions. II</b> (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSteric Course and Specificity of α-Chymotrypsin-catalyzed Reactions. IIGeorge E. Hein and Carl. NiemannCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1962, 84, 23, 4495–4503Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1962https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00882a025https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00882a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views98Altmetric-Citations84LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Detached concern and death anxiety of first-year medical students: Before and after the gross anatomy course (1997)

The purpose of this study was to gather data from first-year medical students prior to their taking gross anatomy and again at the end of the course to determine if changes occur regarding death anxiety and detached concern toward patients. Chi-square and t-tests were used to assess statistical significance. From the 84 students for whom we had data both prior to and after gross anatomy, only the sociodemographic variable of sex was consistently related to the two dependent variables. Women reported more death anxiety prior to and after the gross anatomy course and were more likely to disagree with the need for detached concern.
A Keplerate Magnetic Cluster Featuring an Icosidodecahedron of Ni(II) Ions Encapsulating a Dodecahedron of La(III) Ions (2007)

A structurally fascinating Keplerate magnetic cluster featuring an icosidodecahedron of Ni(II) ions encapsulating a dodecahedron of La(III) ions was assembled under hydrothermal conditions starting with La(NO3)3, Ni(NO3)2, and iminodiacetic acid. The cage-like arrangement of the two distinct sets of metal ions manifests the beauty of symmetry as both ideally possess icosahedral (Ih) symmetry, the highest possible symmetry for molecules. The cluster constitutes a framework of Ni(II) centers with an unusual spin topology. Interesting ferromagnetic interactions between the Ni(II) ions upon lowering the temperature from 300 to 2 K were revealed.
自主创新 领跑市场——访博宇水族实业有限公司董事长余炳炎先生 (2009)

这次来到国内最大的水族器材产业基地饶平，真的被“博宇水族”这个当前国内水族器材行业里的领先企业既震撼了。车刚一进饶平城,路旁林立的博宇水族巨大广告牌立刻映入眼帘，蓝白相间的色彩清晰夺目，硕大的BOYU字样冲击着我的眼球，进入县城的一路上，车窗外不时就可见到BOYU的各种指示标志，足见博宇水族是当地企业的魁元之一。
How much is a Dollar Worth? Tipping versus Equilibrium Coexistence on Competing Online Auction Sites (2006)

The equilibrium model of Ellison, Fudenberg, and MÃ¶bius (2004) predicts that, if two competing auction sites are coexisting, then seller revenues and buyer-seller ratios on each site should be approximately equal. We examine these hypotheses using field experiments selling identical items on the eBay and Yahoo auction sites. We find evidence that is inconsistent with the equilibrium hypotheses, and suggest that the eBay-Yahoo market is in the process of tipping. Robust statistical tests indicate that revenues on eBay are consistently 20 to 70 percent higher than those on Yahoo. In addition, eBay auctions attract approximately two additional buyers per seller than equivalent Yahoo auctions. We also vary the Yahoo ending rule from a hard close to soft close but find no statistically or economically significant changes in revenue or numbers of bidders. Moreover, the magnitude of the revenue and buyer-seller ratio disparities remain inconsistent with the notion of equilibrium coexistence even after accounting for various differentiators between the sites.
Electrohydrodynamic deformation and bursts of liquid drops (1971)

Abstract In 60 Hz electric fields, liquid drops suspended in a second immiscible liquid deformed into prolate spheroids oriented in the direction of the field in 22 drop/medium combinations studied experimentally. In steady fields, oblate or prolate spheroids were formed depending upon the dielectric constants and resistivities of the drop and medium. In systems yielding oblate spheroids, a critical frequency existed at which the drop remained spherical at all field strengths. Electrohydrodynamic streaming near the surface of the drop occurred as predicted by Taylor. A theory, valid for both steady and alternating fields, was developed which predicts the conditions leading to oblate and prolate spheroids and which reduces to Taylor’s equations for conducting dielectrics in steady fields and to the equations for perfect dielectrics in steady and alternating fields. The theory explains the general types of deformation and electrohydrodynamic flow which were observed and predicts several interesting new modes of behaviour. In most cases the measured deformations were greater than calculated from the theory; various explanations for this discrepancy are advanced, but no definite conclusions are reached. At high field strengths the drops burst in two basically different ways which we have designated as electric and electrohydrodynamic burst, the first caused by electric stresses alone and the second by a combination of electric and hydrodynamic stresses.
The geochemistry of methane isotopologues (2017)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the \nWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution June 2017
A real-time control system methodology for developing intelligent control systems (1992)

This paper presents an approach to a Real-Time Control System (RCS) systems engineering methodology which complies with the RCS Reference Model Architecture developed by Robot Systems Division researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).We also offer software implementation examples within the context of this RCS Methodology approach.NIST has been conducting research in the area of hierarchical real-time control systems for automation and robotics, for more than a decade.NIST researchers, working in the Automated Manufacturing Research Facility (AMRF) and on a number of other agency projects, have defined a theoretical reference model architecture as a first step in establishing a framework for standards development.This paper represents a second step toward that goal.
Purification and partial characterization of Fusobacterium necrophorum haemolysin (1984)

Extracellular haemolysin of Fusobacterium necrophorum was partially purified by diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column chromatography and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. The purified preparation was shown to be homogenous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In sodiumdodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the haemolysin was divided into two bands. Their Mrs were approximately 54000 and 48000. It was heat-sensitive and oxygen-labile. Inactivated haemolysin in air could be reactivated by the dialysis with ammonium sulfate solution containing cysteine monohydrochloride.
Effect of selenium on the immunocompetence of patients with head and neck cancer and on adoptive immunotherapy of early and established lesions (2001)

Supplementation with 200 microg/day of sodium selenite during therapy for squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC) of the head and neck, e.g., surgery, radiation, or surgery and radiation, resulted in a significantly enhanced cell-mediated immune responsiveness. The enhanced responsiveness was evident during therapy and following conclusion of therapy. In contrast, patients in the placebo arm of the study showed a decline in immune responsiveness during therapy. The results from studies on mice inoculated with SQCC cells expressing the receptor for interleukin-2 (IL-2) and supplemented with Se (2.00 ppm) indicated that Se significantly retards the clinical appearance of tumors; peritumoral injections of 2,000 IU of IL-2 resulted in 50% reduction in the size of established tumors and 72% of early tumors. The combined data suggested that local immunotherapy with IL-2 in hosts supplemented with Se may represent an effective modality of treatment for the prevention of recurrences at the site of conventionally treated primary tumors.
Quantitative aspects of the cytochemical demonstration of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase with tetrazolium salts studied in a model system of polyacrylamide films. (1981)

The enzyme cytochemical demonstration of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) with several tetrazolium salts has been studied with an artificial model of polyacrylamide films in corporated with the enzyme, which enabled teh correlation of cytochemical and biochemical data. In the model films no formazan could be produced with BPST and NT in contrast to NBT and TNBT. The reason of this phenomenon is discussed. The concentration of acrylamide strongly influenced the retention of the enzyme activity in the model films. The best results were obtained with a film matrix composed of 12% (w/v) acrylamide plus 0.6% (w/v) bisacrylamide. In this kind of film the retention of the enzyme activity was 59.0 +/- 5.4 (% +/- S.D.; n = 9). It was found that the biochemical and cytochemical (with TNBT) assay as applied to the model films both behave according to the Lambert-Beer law and that there was a high correlation between th biochemical and cytochemical data (r = 0.995).
The Language of Space: A Silent Component of the Therapeutic Process (1972)

The concept of space as a silent message in communication and its relevance to the therapeutic process _ the author suggests that nurses must be sensitive to the spatial needs and cues of patients, and should be certain that their own spatial cues convey a message congruent with the Intended communication.
Modelling the effects of electronic excitations in ionic-covalent materials (2011)

High energy radiation events in ionic and covalent materials can lead to highly excited electronic configurations which, over time, relax to the ground state, either radiatively by emitting photons, or non-radiatively. Non-radiative relaxation involves the transfer of energy to the lattice and this can result in lattice heating, defect formation or even phase changes. The effects of the relaxation mechanisms on the atomic configuration are challenging to model accurately by standard methods. The situation is further complicated by interactions between electronic excitations and pre-existing defects, possibly created by other radiation events. In this paper we describe a range of mechanisms by which the electronic energy is transferred to the lattice and the resulting effects on the atomic configuration, along with the different techniques that are used to model these effects.
Conduction processes and threshold switching in amorphous Si films (1979)

Electrical conduction processes in a-Si films prepared by electron-beam evaporation in a Ti–Si–Ti sandwich structure are investigated following a switching sequence. The results show a Poole–Frenkel-type conduction above 104 V cm−1 but the ratio, βPF/βm(βm= measured coefficient), varied from 0.63 to 1.89 within the samples investigated and temperature range. A discrete activation energy of 0.21 eV was obtained in the region −75°C to +25°C. However, at very low temperature a T−1/4 dependence appropriate to the hopping conductance was obtained. Further support to the above was derived from the observed power-law dependence of ac conductivity on frequency and very low activation energy. The σαωs graph gave a value of s=2.28 which was unaffected by temperature. The higher than quadratic frequency dependence together with other few departures from theories prove that although the amorphous nature of the film is retained after ’’forming’’ the structure is significantly disturbed and both material and phase changes are likely. Finally, the observed opposite effects of low and high frequency on delay time is explained in terms of an electrothermal model for switching.