gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nrf2 as a Master Redox Switch in Turning on the Cellular Signaling Involved in the Induction of Cytoprotective Genes by Some Chemopreventive Phytochemicals (2008)

A wide array of dietary phytochemicals have been reported to induce the expression of enzymes involved in both cellular antioxidant defenses and elimination/inactivation of electrophilic carcinogens. Induction of such cytoprotective enzymes by edible phytochemicals largely accounts for their cancer chemopreventive and chemoprotective activities. Nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays a crucial role in the coordinated induction of those genes encoding many stress-responsive and cytoptotective enzymes and related proteins. These include NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1, heme oxygenase-1, glutamate cysteine ligase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin, etc. In resting cells, Nrf2 is sequestered in the cytoplasm as an inactive complex with the repressor Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). The release of Nrf2 from its repressor is most likely to be achieved by alterations in the structure of Keap1. Keap1 contains several reactive cysteine residues that function as sensors of cellular redox changes. Oxidation or covalent modification of some of these critical cysteine thiols would stabilize Nrf2, thereby facilitating nuclear accumulation of Nrf2. After translocation into nucleus, Nrf2 forms a heterodimer with other transcription factors, such as small Maf, which in turn binds to the 5'-upstream CIS-acting regulatory sequence, termed antioxidant response elements (ARE) or electrophile response elements (EpRE), located in the promoter region of genes encoding various antioxidant and phase 2 detoxifying enzymes. Certain dietary chemopreventive agents target Keap1 by oxidizing or chemically modifying one or more of its specific cysteine thiols, thereby stabilizing Nrf2. In addition, phosphorylation of specific serine or threonine residues present in Nrf2 by upstream kinases may also facilitate the nuclear localization of Nrf2. Multiple mechanisms of Nrf2 activation by signals mediated by one or more of the upstream kinases, such as mitogen-activated protein kinases, phosphatidylionositol-3-kinase/Akt, protein kinase C, and casein kinase-2 have recently been proposed. This review highlights the cytoprotective gene expression induced by some representative dietary chemopreventive phytochemicals with the Nrf2-Keap1 system as a prime molecular target.
Sequence Motifs Involved in the Regulation of Discontinuous Coronavirus Subgenomic RNA Synthesis (2003)

Coronavirus transcription leads to the synthesis of a nested set of mRNAs with a leader sequence derived from the 5' end of the genome. The mRNAs are produced by a discontinuous transcription in which the leader is linked to the mRNA coding sequences. This process is regulated by transcription-regulating sequences (TRSs) preceding each mRNA, including a highly conserved core sequence (CS) with high identity to sequences present in the virus genome and at the 3' end of the leader (TRS-L). The role of TRSs was analyzed by reverse genetics using a full-length infectious coronavirus cDNA and site-directed mutagenesis of the CS. The canonical CS-B was nonessential for the generation of subgenomic mRNAs (sgmRNAs), but its presence led to transcription levels at least 10(3)-fold higher than those in its absence. The data obtained are compatible with a transcription mechanism including three steps: (i) formation of 5'-3' complexes in the genomic RNA, (ii) base-pairing scanning of the nascent negative RNA strand by the TRS-L, and (iii) template switching during synthesis of the negative strand to complete the negative sgRNA. This template switch takes place after copying the CS sequence and was predicted in silico based on high base-pairing score between the nascent negative RNA strand and the TRS-L and minimum DeltaG.
On secret sharing communication systems with two or three channels (1986)

The source coding problem is considered for secret sharing communication systems (SSCS's) with two or three channels. The SSCS, where the information <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X</tex> is shared and communicated through two or more channels, is an extension of Sbannon's cipher communication system and the secret sharing system. The security level is measured with equivocation; that is, <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(1/N)H(X|W_{i}), (1/N)H(X|W_{i}W_{i})</tex> , etc., where <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">W_{i}</tex> and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">W_{j}</tex> are the wire-tapped codewords. The achievable rate region for the given security level is established for the SSCS's with two or three channels.
Physiology of Tuberization in <i>Solanum tuberosum</i> L (1978)

Using high pressure liquid chromatography, the cucumber cotyledon bioassay, and mass spectrometry a cytokinin isolated from Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Katahdin plant tissues has been identified as cis-zeatin riboside. Zeatin riboside (ZR) levels in plants grown under inducing conditions (28 C day and 13 C night with a 10-hour photoperiod) were significantly higher than those in plants grown under noninducing conditions (30 C day and 28 C night with an 18-hour photoperiod). The highest level of ZR was noted in below-ground tissue after 4 days exposure to inducing conditions, with tuber initiation observed after 8 days. A companion study conducted to determine the effect of ZR on in vitro tuberization of noninduced rhizomes revealed that after 1 month in culture, controls exhibited 0% tuberization, while ZR treatments of 0.3 and 3.0 milligrams per liter showed 39 and 75% tuberization, respectively.
중,저가 관광호텔의 활성화 방안에 관한 연구 (2004)

This study is focusing on small and medium-sized hotels which have gradually had a difficulty to manage themselves although they have considerably contributed to local and whole economic development and also to leasure activity of people as a hub of local tourism industry.
In fact, these hotels have been in financial difficulties since the 1990`s due to negative understanding of people to them, the IMF`s crisis in Korea, war in Iraq, and spreading-out of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in Asian countries.
From now on, it is necessary to find the niche marketing escaping from a massive and high quality hotel strategy and activate small and medium-sized hotels in order to developing domestic hotel industry. On the other hand, the government has to reform the special hotel oriented-system and narrow the gap between special hotels and small and medium-sized hotels as a way to prepare market openness of hotel accommodations.
A framework for ordering composite beliefs in belief networks (1995)

Given a belief network with evidence, the task of finding the l most probable explanations (MPE) in the belief network is that of identifying and ordering the l most probable instantiations of the nonevidence nodes. Although many approaches have been proposed for solving this problem, most work only for restricted topologies (e.g., singly connected belief networks). In this paper we will present a framework, optimal factoring, for finding the l MPEs in arbitrary belief networks. Under this framework, efficiently finding the MPE in a belief network can be considered as the problem of finding an ordering of the distributions of the belief network and efficiently combining them. We will discuss the essence of the problem of finding the MPE, and present an optimal algorithm for singly connected belief networks and an efficient algorithm for multiply connected belief networks. We will also discuss the problem of finding the MPE for a subset of variables of a belief network under this framework.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Taxonomy of free Network Sniffers for teaching and research (2005)

Today's networking environment has become very complex. Networks have been growing in size rapidly and have come to support more complex applications. As result, troubleshooting and maintaining networks has become cumbersome and has created the need for new specialized tools such as Protocol Analyzers, better known as Network Sniffers.Network Sniffers have become critical tools in today's networking management and troubleshooting processes. They enable network managers to evaluate and examine the data running through their network by troubleshooting network performance problems and identifying certain network faults. Sniffers can help identify network attacks and detect security threats; they can be used in intrusion detection systems.Besides their usage in the technical environment, network sniffers can be used for educational and research purposes. They can be used to help understand packets' architecture and traffic patterns generated by common network applications. Sniffers can also be used to evaluate protocol performance and assist in protocol development. Despite their usefulness, network sniffers can be harmful when used by hackers. With network sniffers, hackers can capture data and steal information from targeted networks.This study consists of two major efforts. The first major effort entails researching and determining a set of criteria to use in evaluating and comparing network sniffers. The second major effort involves using the criteria to evaluate and compare three free network sniffers, thus building a taxonomy. The three free network sniffers used in this study were Ethereal, EtherSnoop and Packetyzer. Each of these three sniffers was evaluated and tested. Then their features and capabilities were compared.
Challenges of TB diagnosis and treatment in South Africa (2007)

It is estimated that 2 billion of the world\'s population are latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) with a resultant 8 - 9 million cases of active tuberculosis (TB) and 1.6 million deaths annually.1 The tools used for diagnosis of TB have remained largely unchanged since the 1880s when sputum microscopy, Mtb culture on solid media, tuberculin skin testing and chest radiology were initially developed. In 1991 the World Health Assembly set targets to be reached in 2005 for 70% case finding of smear-positive TB, which represents 6 million cases to be identified per annum.2 A second target was that 80% (5 million) of those identified cases should complete anti-TB treatment.2 Subsequently the millennium development goals of 2000 set a target of halving the prevalence of TB disease from 300/100 000 to 150/100 000 and deaths from 30/100 000 to 15/100 000 by 2015.3 While progress toward these targets was being made in countries with established market economies there was a quadrupling of TB incidence between 1990 and 2005 in most African countries. In 2005 the World Health Organization Regional Committee for Africa declared TB an emergency for the African region.4 In South Africa in 2005 the WHO estimated that of 284 592 TB cases 270 360 were notified to the national TB control
programme, representing a somewhat ambitious reported case finding proportion of 95%.5 The proportion treated under the directly observed treatment (DOTS) programme is 94%, and HIV prevalence among notified cases was 58% (97.5% confidence interval (CI) 49 - 65%). South Africa is a middle-income country and is relatively well provided with 143 laboratories performing sputum smears, and 18 culture laboratories also capable of performing drug sensitivity testing.5 Multidrug resistance (MDR) in new TB cases varies between provinces from 0.9% to 3.6%, while MDR is higher among retreatment cases,
with prevalence rates varying between 1.8% to 13.7% in different provincial surveys. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine Vol. 8 (2) 2007: pp. 44-48
Isolation and Structure of Eucosterol and 16 β‐Hydroxyeucosterol, Two Novel Spirocyclic Nortriterpenes, and of a New 24‐ Nor‐5α‐chola‐8, 16‐diene‐23‐oic Acid from Bulbs of Several <i>Eucomis</i> Species (1976)

Abstract Eucosterol and 16 β‐hydroxy‐eucosterol which have been isolated from several Eucomis species have been shown to be (23 S )‐17,23‐epoxy‐3β,31‐dihydroxy‐27‐nor‐5α‐lanost‐8‐ene‐15,24‐dione ( 1 ) and (23 S )‐17,23‐epoxy‐3β,16β,31‐trihydroxy‐27‐nor‐5α‐lanost‐8‐ene‐15,24‐dione ( 2 ) by chemical transformations and spectral data. The spiro‐fused furanoic ether linkage of both metabolites represents a novel structural element for natural nortriterpenes. The structure of another metabolite ( 16 ), 3β‐hydroxy‐4β‐hydroxymethyl‐4,14α‐dimethyl‐15‐oxo‐24‐nor‐5α‐chola‐8,16‐diene‐23‐oic acid, from Eucomis autumnalis (Mill.) Chitt. was elucidated by chemical correlation of its methyl ester 17 with a degradation product of eucosterol ( 1 ).
Use of a permeation sampler for determination of volatile priority pollutants (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUse of a permeation sampler for determination of volatile priority pollutantsRoger D. Blanchard and James K. HardyCite this: Anal. Chem. 1984, 56, 9, 1621–1624Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1984https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00273a019RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views48Altmetric-Citations43LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (460 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Standardization of the One-stage Assay for Factor VIII (Antihemophilic Factor) (1978)

Although considerable progress has been made in perfecting the one-stage assay for factor VIII (antihemophilic factor), there remain variables that influence test results within laboratories as well as reproducibility between laboratories which have not been adequately evaluated. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate certain aspects of this assay that have not received adequate consideration and to describe the authors' assay method in order to provide a basis for comparison with results from other laboratories. It appears that variability results from: (1) differences in coagulability of different batches of substrate plasma obtained at different times from the same individual; (2) instability of some batches of stored substrate or standard plasmas; (3) variation in coagulability among vials of stored substrate or standard plasma from the same batch; (4) variation due to non-plasma reagents and instrumentation used to execute the test.
SEChecker: A Sequential Equivalence Checking Framework Based on ${K}$th Invariants (2009)

In recent years, considerable research efforts have been devoted to utilizing circuit structural information to improve the efficiency of Boolean satisfiability (SAT) solving, resulting in several efficient circuit-based SAT solvers. In this paper, we present a sequential equivalence checking framework based on a number of circuit-based SAT solving techniques as well as a novel invariant checker. We first introduce the notion of kth invariants. In contrast to the traditional invariants that hold for all cycles, k th invariants are guaranteed to hold only after the kth cycle from the initial state. We then present a bounded model checker (BMChecker) and an invariant checker (IChecker), both of which are based on circuit SAT techniques. Jointly, BMChecker and IChecker are used to compute the kth invariants, and are further integrated in a sequential circuit SAT solver for checking sequential equivalence. Experimental results demonstrate that the new sequential equivalence checking framework can efficiently verify large industrial designs that cannot be verified by existing solutions.
Functional–structural plant modelling: a new versatile tool in crop science (2009)

Plants react to their environment and to management interventions by adjusting physiological functions and structure. Functional-structural plant models (FSPM), combine the representation of three-dimensional (3D) plant structure with selected physiological functions. An FSPM consists of an architectural part (plant structure) and a process part (plant functioning). The first deals with (i) the types of organs that are initiated and the way these are connected (topology), (ii) co-ordination in organ expansion dynamics, and (iii) geometrical variables (e.g. leaf angles, leaf curvature). The process part may include any physiological or physical process that affects plant growth and development (e.g. photosynthesis, carbon allocation). This paper addresses the following questions: (i) how are FSPM constructed, and (ii) for what purposes are they useful? Static, architectural models are distinguished from dynamic models. Static models are useful in order to study the significance of plant structure, such as light distribution in the canopy, gas exchange, remote sensing, pesticide spraying studies, and interactions between plants and biotic agents. Dynamic models serve quantitatively to integrate knowledge on plant functions and morphology as modulated by environment. Applications are in the domain of plant sciences, for example the study of plant plasticity as related to changes in the red:far red ratio of light in the canopy. With increasing availability of genetic information, FSPM will play a role in the assessment of the significance towards plant performance of variation in genetic traits across environments. In many crops, growers actively manipulate plant structure. FSPM is a promising tool to explore divergent management strategies.
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF MODELS FOR CONCEPTUALIZING THE ECO-SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT (2014)

Currently, in the context of operating tourism activities on the impact of protection, conservation and regeneration of environmental resources, of ecological, research, establish and applying models is a necessity in terms of sustainable development. The evolutionary process of performing tourism activities allow a clearer definition of some applicable model types that will lead to deep perception of tourism phenomenon on eco-sustainable development path. The circumstances created around the concept of eco-sustainable tourism development leads to emphasize on models for operating and forecasting tourism activities; such as assessment of its economic impact. These objectives established and achieved during the article outlined the premise of a research that can constitute a starting point for the future approaches of models, that will lead to their comprise in the practical plan of strategies for ecosustainable development of tourism.
Correlation of Charged Fluids Separated by a Wall (1996)

It is shown that the concentration profile of a charged fluid, in contact with a planar electrode, is correlated with the charged fluid on the other side of the electrode.Received 29 May 1996DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.4019©1996 American Physical Society
KanBIM Workflow Management System: Prototype implementation and field testing (2013)

Research Question: can a BIM-based workflow information system help construction personnel implement lean pull flow strategies? If so, how, and to what extent? Purpose: to test a prototype system in the field, measure and monitor its impact, and evaluate and discuss the implications. Research Method: we have implemented an early prototype of a novel workflow management information system for construction, called ‘KanBIM’, and tested it on a large residential construction site in three stages. Findings: the main significance of the results lies in the site personnel’s positive experience with the system and their observations of the ways in which it could influence the behavior and productivity of crews. These included recognition of the effect the system had in encouraging well-informed discussion and negotiation between crews concerning coordination of work. Limitations: although PPC and other quantitative measures were collected, the duration of the field tests and the depth of integration in company information systems insufficient to provide conclusive results. Implications: while the results are positive and indicate the value of BIM-enabled process flow control, further development and testing is needed. Value for researchers and practitioners: the prototype and the findings are an essential guide for future development of lean process flow control systems. We identify specific benefits a full implementation could bring to subcontractor trade managers, superintendents and other project management functions.
Neurophysiology of<i>Drosophila</i>Models of Parkinson’s Disease (2015)

We provide an insight into the role Drosophila has played in elucidating neurophysiological perturbations associated with Parkinson's disease- (PD-) related genes. Synaptic signalling deficits are observed in motor, central, and sensory systems. Given the neurological impact of disease causing mutations within these same genes in humans the phenotypes observed in fly are of significant interest. As such we observe four unique opportunities provided by fly nervous system models of Parkinson's disease. Firstly, Drosophila models are instrumental in exploring the mechanisms of neurodegeneration, with several PD-related mutations eliciting related phenotypes including sensitivity to energy supply and vesicular deformities. These are leading to the identification of plausible cellular mechanisms, which may be specific to (dopaminergic) neurons and synapses rather than general cellular phenotypes. Secondly, models show noncell autonomous signalling within the nervous system, offering the opportunity to develop our understanding of the way pathogenic signalling propagates, resembling Braak's scheme of spreading pathology in PD. Thirdly, the models link physiological deficits to changes in synaptic structure. While the structure-function relationship is complex, the genetic tractability of Drosophila offers the chance to separate fundamental changes from downstream consequences. Finally, the strong neuronal phenotypes permit relevant first in vivo drug testing.