gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An adaptive multi-grid chemistry (AMC) model for efficient simulation of HCCI and DI engine combustion (2008)

There is a need to reduce the computational expense of practical multidimensional combustion simulations. Simulation of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine processes requires consideration of detailed chemistry in order to capture the ignition and combustion characteristics. Even with relatively coarse numerical meshes and reduced chemistry mechanisms, calculation times are still unacceptably long. For the simulation of Direct Injection (DI) engines, fine meshes are needed to achieve the resolution required by the spray and mixing models, and they are computationally expensive even with reduced chemistry. In addition, the increasing application of CFD for engine design optimization is pushing the demand to reduce computational time. In current design optimizations, depending on the size of the parametric space, hundreds of individual simulations are needed. This work presents an efficient Adaptive Multi-grid Chemistry (AMC) model that can be used in engine CFD codes for simulations of HCCI and DI engines with detailed chemistry. It was found that the number of cells computed with the chemistry solver can be reduced by two orders of magnitude for HCCI engines. The results predicted by the present KIVA AMC code are also consistent with those calculated by the original code using every cell. In the method, progressively coarser grids are used for cells with similar gas properties in the chemistry calculation (up to four neighbour levels) or in the global method, cells are grouped without regard for their locations in the cylinder. Averaged and gradient-preserving remapping techniques used in multi-zone engine simulations were also explored. A parametric study was conducted for determining the model variables, such as the degree of local homogeneity for the multi-grid solvers. The simulation results were compared with experimental data obtained from a Honda engine operated with n-heptane under HCCI conditions for which directly measured in-cylinder temperature and H2O mole fraction data are available. In addition, simulation results were found to agree well with experimental data from a DI diesel engine operated under PCCI conditions with ultra-high EGR rates. It was found that computer time was reduced by a factor of ten for HCCI cases and two to three for DI cases without losing prediction accuracy.
Elektronenstoß-induzierte Umlagerungen organischer Moleküle (1967)

Massenspektrometrische Fragmentierungen sind häufig von Wasserstoffwanderungen begleitet. Eine eingehende Untersuchung dieser Reaktionen, vorwiegend mit Deuteriummarkierung, hat wesentlich zum Verständnis elektronenstoß-induzierter Bindungsspaltungen beigetragen. Später wurde gefunden, daß auch andere Gruppen wie Alkyl, Aryl, Hydroxyl usw. nach einem Elektronenbeschuß wandern können. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz werden derartige Umlagerungen organischer Verbindungen diskutiert. Diese Beobachtungen sind nicht nur von spezifisch mechanistischem Interesse, sondern die genaue Kenntnis über das Eintreten solcher Wanderungsreaktionen ist entscheidend für die richtige Deutung von Massenspektren und zur Vermeidung von Fehlinterpretationen bei der „Element-Kartographie”︁.
Pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (2000)

Parkinson's disease (PD) has classically been considered a disease of motor dysfunction, but it also includes psychiatric symptoms. To better understand the symptoms and signs that accompany PD, the interrelationships of deep brain structures and cortical areas involved with this neurodegenerative disease must be investigated.Current models of basal ganglia/cortical physiology attempt to integrate motor and nonmotor physiology and describe the pathophysiology attributable to PD. The cortical areas comprising basal ganglia/cortical loops include frontal structures involved in motor program as well as more prefrontal structures likely subserving non-motor functions such as cognition. The etiology of PD is not clear, but studies have implicated oxidative stress from exogenous stressors or endogenous neurotoxins. A large number of PD patients have been found to exhibit mitochondrial dysfunction. Lewy bodies are seen within dopaminergic and other neuronal populations affected in PD, and they stain positive for ubiquitin and alpha-synuclein. The small percentage of familial PD has often been found to coincide with dominantly inherited mutations in the gene for alpha-synuclein, or with the recessive gene mutation for parkin, which is involved in the ubiquitination pathway. Selected neuronal populations are affected in PD, and the neurodegeneration may include dopaminergic neurons outside the substantia nigra pars compacta, as well and non-dopaminergic neurons. The loss of these neuronal populations within the basal ganglia-frontal circuits can have a profound effect upon the motor and neurobehavioral symptoms in PD. L-dopa remains the most effective pharmacologic therapy for PD, however as the disease progresses, the drug loses its efficacy and troublesome sideeffects often occur. The renewal of surgical interventions for PD has increased the insight into the pathophysiology of PD,and surgical lesions have shown that motor and cognitive fronto-subcortical circuits are seemingly segregated in patients with PD. Investigation into these circuits helps provides models underlying motor and cognitive pathophysiology of PD.
USE OF MULTIMEDIA IN COST EFFECTIVE ROCKET TESTING (UMCET) (2003)

Internet technology allows companies and individuals to overcome many of the physical constraints that often prevent them interacting from a distant. In the past several years, communication using data, audio, and video applications has become increasingly popular to overcome this burden. These applications help people to control/view their remote systems and to share ideas between employees and colleagues as if being in the same environment. In this study, an environment composed of video streaming, audio/text conferencing, and the local to remote user data transfer is implemented. This java based environment is capable of handling the text messaging, data transmission, and audio session initiation (ASI) that launches Robust Audio Tool (RAT) for audio conferencing between selected users. In order to stream video, a video capture card with two cameras is used.
Osmotically induced trehalose and glycine betaine accumulation improves tolerance to desiccation, survival and efficacy of the postharvest biocontrol agent<i>Pantoea agglomerans</i>EPS125 (2005)

The application of the biocontrol agent Pantoea agglomerans EPS125 to unwounded fruits was practically ineffective for control of postharvest blue mould caused by Penicillium expansum when the treatment and subsequent wounding and pathogen inoculation were separated by periods of unfavourable conditions. This was due to a rapid decrease in viability of the alocthonous introduced biocontrol agent in the intact peel surface. A system for osmoadaptation of the biocontrol agent was developed by combining saline osmotic stress and osmolyte amendment to the growth medium. Osmoadapted cells accumulated trehalose and glycine betaine (GB) intracellularly and showed a higher tolerance to desiccation than non-osmoadapted cells. Osmoadaptation in NaCl plus GB during inoculum preparation increased considerably survival on the peel surface of apple fruits. This effect was significant under low relative humidity (RH) and fluctuating RH conditions, but was not significant at high RH. Osmoadaptation significantly improved blue mould control under conditions where the standard biological control treatments were ineffective. The rot diameter was significantly reduced in apple fruits which were treated with EPS125 and incubated for several days under low, high or fluctuating RH, followed by wounding and inoculation of P. expansum. Growth of EPS125 with NaCl, either with or without the addition of GB, was an effective osmoadaptation treatment for improving blue mould rot control. However, the addition of GB to the NaCl amended growth medium increased 4-5-fold growth rate and OD of the cultures. This is an advantage for mass production of P. agglomerans EPS125 in a NaCl amended growth medium.
Asymmetric Field Inversion Gel Electrophoresis: A New Method for Detecting DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Mammalian Cells (1990)

Thomas D. Stamato, Nicholas Denko, Asymmetric Field Inversion Gel Electrophoresis: A New Method for Detecting DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Mammalian Cells, Radiation Research, Vol. 121, No. 2 (Feb., 1990), pp. 196-205
The Facts On File dictionary of atomic and nuclear physics (2003)

This dictionary contains over 2000 entries dealing with the terms used in atomic and nuclear physics. The entries are written in a concise style, with cross-references. The work covers modern research and discoveries in particle physics as well as questions of philosophical interest and applications for nuclear physics in nuclear energy and nuclear medicine. In addition, relevant material to the AP Physics course and the AP Chemistry course is included.
Measuring cardiac output in critically ill infants and children: Are we still “talking the talk” or can we now “walk the walk”?* (2008)

Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC Dr. Kocis is the cofounder and major stockholder of a new medical device company, REALTROMINS, Inc. This device has no apparent conflict with this cardiac output device. In addition, Dr. Kocis is a co-author of a manuscript that is in final review by Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, reporting the results of study of the pulse contour cardiac output device (PiCCO, Pulsion Medical Systems, Germany) in an animal model of hemorrhagic shock. The lead author (Mark Piehl, MD) was a fellow under Dr. Kocis' supervision during this study and received catheters and the central monitor for the study from Pulsion. Finally, another coauthor, Bruce Cairns, MD, was an invited speaker at two national meetings for which his travel expenses were paid by Pulsion. Dr. Olson has not disclosed any potential conflicts of interest.
New biocompatible polymeric micelles designed for efficient intracellular uptake and delivery (2015)

New amphiphilic block copolymers are easily synthesised by post-polymerisation modifications of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) chain derivatives. The obtained material, upon dispersion in water, is capable of self-assembling into robust micelles. These nanoparticles, which are also characterised by adaptable stability, were loaded with different thiophene based fluorophores. The photoluminescent micelles were administered to cultured cells revealing a high and rapid internalisation of structurally different fluorescent molecules by the same internalisation pathway. Appropriate pairs of chromophores were selected and loaded into the micelles to induce Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). The disappearing of the FRET phenomenon, after cell uptaking, demonstrated the intracellular release of the nanoparticle contents. The studied nanomaterial and the loaded chromophores have also shown to be biocompatible and non toxic towards the tested cells.
Development and comparison of DC grid model in powerfactory and Dymola for controller design (2013)

Dealing with large AC systems interfaced with DC grids through converters poses new challenges on simulation platforms. A linearized model is essential for many common control design procedures while various converter control mode implementations are required to emulate different operating conditions in the DC grid. Currently many of the domain specific tools are unable to provide such linearized model when the model contains DC Grid components. To overcome this limitation of the domain specific simulation platforms, it is proposed to use the general purpose modeling language Modelica and the tool Dymola to generate linear models to develop extensions for controller design while PowerFactory Digsilent is used for time domain simulations. In this way it is possible to validate the actual system performance of the controller which is designed based on the linearized model. In this paper VSC HVDC is considered for the DC grid.
Spontaneous Prebiotic Formation of a β-Ribofuranoside That Self-Assembles with a Complementary Heterocycle (2013)

The RNA World hypothesis is central to many current theories regarding the origin and early evolution of life. However, the formation of RNA by plausible prebiotic reactions remains problematic. Formidable challenges include glycosidic bond formation between ribose and the canonical nucleobases, as well as the inability of nucleosides to mutually select their pairing partners from a complex mixture of other molecules prior to polymerization. Here we report a one-pot model prebiotic reaction between a pyrimidine nucleobase (2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine, TAP) and ribose, which produces TAP-ribose conjugates in high yield (60-90%). When cyanuric acid (CA), a plausible ancestral nucleobase, is mixed with a crude TAP+ribose reaction mixture, micrometer-length supramolecular, noncovalent assemblies are formed. A major product of the TAP+ribose reaction is a β-ribofuranoside of TAP, which we term TARC. This nucleoside is also shown to efficiently form supramolecular assemblies in water by pairing and stacking with CA. These results provide a proof-of-concept system demonstrating that several challenges associated with the prebiotic emergence of RNA, or pre-RNA polymers, may not be as problematic as widely believed.
Picosecond pulse generator using delay lines (1993)

A passive circuit built with either high-quality coaxial cable of microstrip delay lines can convert a step signal with 25 ps rise time, from a conventional time-domain reflectometer, into a rectangular pulse of duration in the 50 ps-500 ns range, a separate delay line circuit being required for each pulse duration, The system provides an excellent probing signal for single rectangular pulse testing of analog pulse-shaping circuitry built to operate in the 2 Mb/s to 20 Gb/s range.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<i>Swift</i>X‐Ray Telescope Observations of the<i>Deep Impact</i>Collision (2006)

Comet 9P/Tempel 1was observed by the SwiftX-RayTelescope (XRT) for a total of 250,024 s. Soft X-ray emission, 0.2Y1.0 keV, was seen as a diffuse extended halowith an FWHMof 1:03; 105 km centered on the comet’s nucleus. The X-ray light curve indicates that the comet exhibited a prolonged soft X-ray outburst just after impact of the NASADeep Impact (DI) spacecraft and enhanced X-ray activity lasted for 12 days. The radial brightness distribution and X-ray spectrum are in excellent agreement with amodel of X-ray production inwhich highly chargedminor heavy ion species in the solar wind undergo charge exchange reactions with water group or carbon dioxide group molecules in the neutral coma of the comet. Using thismodel, we derive a simple expression for theX-ray emission and show that theX-rayflare is, in part, due to an increase in solar wind flux at the comet but is largely due to an enhanced molecule production rate. Assuming that the main outgassing constituent was water, the comet produced (2:9 0:4) ; 108 kg over the 12 day period postimpact. The quiescent water production was expected to inject 1:0; 108 kg into the coma over the same period so the observed X-ray flux indicates that an additional (1:9 0:4) ; 108 kg of water or, alternatively, (3:9 0:5) ; 108 kg of carbon dioxide were liberated by the DI impact. Subject headinggs: comets: general — comets: individual (9P/Tempel 1) Online material: color figures 1.
GDF-15 Secreted from Human Umbilical Cord Blood Mesenchymal Stem Cells Delivered Through the Cerebrospinal Fluid Promotes Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Synaptic Activity in an Alzheimer's Disease Model (2015)

Our previous studies demonstrated that transplantation of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) into the hippocampus of a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) reduced amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and enhanced cognitive function through paracrine action. Due to the limited life span of hUCB-MSCs after their transplantation, the extension of hUCB-MSC efficacy was essential for AD treatment. In this study, we show that repeated cisterna magna injections of hUCB-MSCs activated endogenous hippocampal neurogenesis and significantly reduced Aβ42 levels. To identify the paracrine factors released from the hUCB-MSCs that stimulated endogenous hippocampal neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, we cocultured adult mouse neural stem cells (NSCs) with hUCB-MSCs and analyzed the cocultured media with cytokine arrays. Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) levels were significantly increased in the media. GDF-15 suppression in hUCB-MSCs with GDF-15 small interfering RNA reduced the proliferation of NSCs in cocultures. Conversely, recombinant GDF-15 treatment in both in vitro and in vivo enhanced hippocampal NSC proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Repeated administration of hUBC-MSCs markedly promoted the expression of synaptic vesicle markers, including synaptophysin, which are downregulated in patients with AD. In addition, in vitro synaptic activity through GDF-15 was promoted. Taken together, these results indicated that repeated cisterna magna administration of hUCB-MSCs enhanced endogenous adult hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic activity through a paracrine factor of GDF-15, suggesting a possible role of hUCB-MSCs in future treatment strategies for AD.
Cost optimization of HPM systems (2008)

For fixed power density in the far field, what is the cost-optimum HPM system? We derive general relations for cost-optimal aperture and power. For linear dependence of capital cost on transmitter power and antenna area, minimum capital cost occurs when the cost is equally divided between antenna gain and radiated power. For non-linear power law dependence a similar simple division occurs. This is validated in cost data for many systems and is used as a rule-of-thumb in industry. Cost of pulsed cost-efficient transmitters can be estimated using these relations using current cost parameters ($/W, $/m2) as a basis.
Oral finasteride improved the quality of life of androgenetic alopecia patients (2010)

Although androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is not a systemic disease, some patients suffer from anxiety about the progression of their condition. This study was conducted in order to ascertain whether treatment by oral finasteride can improve the quality of life (QOL) of these patients. Twenty-seven male AGA patients aged 19-76 years (average, 33.8) answered the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), WHO/QOL-26 and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaires before and after the administration of finasteride (1 mg/day) for 6 months. Patients assessed by physicians as "excellent" or "good" were defined as "high responders"; those assessed as "moderate" or "no change" were "low responders". The changes in QOL before and after the treatment were statistically analyzed, and the improved value of each QOL index of the high responders and low responders from baseline were compared. There was a statistical difference in the VAS (P < 0.0001) and DLQI (P < 0.01) indices before and after the administration of finasteride. No significant changes occurred in the WHO/QOL-26 and STAI indices. Comparison of the high responders (11 cases) and low responders (16 cases) revealed no statistical difference in the improvement of VAS and DLQI scores. Oral finasteride improves the QOL of these patients, and VAS and DLQI are useful for the evaluation of patients' QOL because of the high sensitivity of these tests. However, oral finasteride did not alleviate the patients' anxiety nor did its efficacy correlate with the level of reported anxiety.
Effects of Boron and Germanium Base Profiles on SiGe and SiGe:C BJT Characteristics (2002)

We present results of an experiment with different boron and germanium profiles aimed at the optimization of the vertical profile in SiGe BJT. Simulation and experimental results show the importance of correct positioning of the germanium profile relative to boron profile to achieve maximum fTpeak. Introduction of the low-doped base region at the emitter side if well optimized improves the base current ideality and low-current fT without fTpeak reduction.
A theoretical proof on the error-bounded low-rank representation of integral operators for large-scale 3-D electrodynamic analysis (2012)

We theoretically prove that the minimal rank of the interaction between two separated geometry blocks in an integral-equation based analysis of general 3-D objects, for a prescribed error bound, scales linearly with the electric size of the block diameter. We thus prove the existence of the error-bounded low-rank representation of both surface and volume based integral operators for electrodynamic analysis, irrespective of electric size and scatterer shape. Numerical experiments have verified its validity. This work provides a theoretical basis for employing and further developing the low-rank matrix algebra to accelerate the computation of large-scale electrodynamic problems.
Heparin Dose Response Is Independent of Preoperative Antithrombin Activity in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Using Low Heparin Concentrations (2010)

Although enhancing AT activity is the primary mechanism by which heparin facilitates cardiopulmonary bypass anticoagulation, low preoperative AT activity is not associated with impaired response to heparin or to clinical outcomes when using target ACTs of 300 to 350 seconds.
Is Topical Anesthesia Useful in Noninvasive Skin Tightening Using Radiofrequency? (2005)

background The radiofrequency (RF) system has been applied to Asian skin for noninvasive skin tightening. The only drawback is the pain during the treatment. objective The relationships between the effectiveness of a topical anesthetic at various RF levels and the respective treatment results were compared and assessed after 3 months. subjects and methods Eighty-four females, ranging in age from 30 to 60 years, were divided into three groups of 28 subjects each. In all groups, the entire bilateral cheeks were treated. Group A underwent RF treatment (ThermaCool TC, Thermage, Hayward, CA, USA) with topical anesthesia and group B without anesthesia, and in group C, half of the face was treated with anesthesia and the other half was not. The degree of pain was recorded. Digital photographs of the patients pre- and post-treatment were objectively assessed by double-blinded physicians. Subjective assessment was performed with questionnaires. results The average treatment levels for groups A and B were 14.13 and 14.02, respectively. Although anesthesia was useful for pain reduction, it did not allow a significant energy upgrade. In group C, 8 (28.6%) patients showed a statistically insignificant difference in the treatment levels, but not in the results, between the anesthetized and the unanesthetized sides. conclusions The use of anesthesia did not affect the final efficacy of the treatment compared with no anesthesia.