gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterisation of the non-starch polysaccharides (2000)

Non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) represent a group of heterogeneous compounds which differ considerably in chemical composition and physical properties both within and between plant sources. Simple-stomached animals rely essentially on microbial fermentation in the intestinal lumen for the digestion and utilisation of energy contained in the NSPs. For evaluating the effective energy content of feedstuffs, their digestible NSP content, as well as the fermentable and enzymatically digestible starch contents, should be considered. Dietary NSPs have considerable effects on the digestibility of other dietary nutrients, voluntary feed intake and the metabolism of nutrients during and after absorption. These effects can be attributed to the effects of NSPs on gut microflora, digesta viscosity and the water-holding capacity of the digesta, and to the ‘mechanical’ properties of NSP, for example abrasion of the intestinal surface and enclosing dietary nutrients. There are likely to be threshold values below which NSP levels do not affect animal performance. In fact, at low inclusion levels selected NSPs and oligosaccharides may stimulate digestive function and gut health. The standard current analytical techniques used to quantify NSP contents in feedstuffs (crude fibre, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre) are inadequate. It is recommended that analytical methods, such as those described by Englyst & Cummings (1988), be used to determine the total and soluble NSP contents in feedstuffs, as well as the monomeric sugar composition. The latter can be used to characterise the types of NSP that are present in feedstuffs. It is recommended to use in vitro assays to estimate the effects of NSP containing diets on digesta viscosity, in particular for poultry diets. Techniques need to be further developed to allow routine measurement of the digestible and physiologically soluble NSP content of feedstuffs and to routinely allow estimation of digesta viscosity (and water-holding capacity), in particular in mammalian monogastrics fed NSP containing diets.
Excimer laser projection etching of GaAs (1986)

We report the projection dry etching of GaAs using an excimer laser and HBr etching gas. Present experiments use photochemically generated reactants, which are spatially confined by gas phase collisions. Pattern transfer is accomplished by 1:1 imaging of the excimer laser light directly onto a GaAs substrate in a reaction cell filled with HBr gas. Resolution down to the laser beam image size is achieved through the addition of buffer gases.
History of Distributed Work (2002)

Technological advances and changes in the global economy are increasing the geographic distribution of work in industries as diverse as banking, wine production, and clothing design. Many workers communicate regularly with distant coworkers; some monitor and manipulate tools and objects at a distance. Work teams are spread across different cities or countries. Joint ventures and multiorganizational projects entail work in many locations. Two famous examples--the Hudson Bay Company's seventeenth-century fur trading empire and the electronic community that created the original Linux computer operating system--suggest that distributed work arrangements can be flexible, innovative, and highly successful. At the same time, distributed work complicates workers' professional and personal lives. Distributed work alters how people communicate and how they organize themselves and their work, and it changes the nature of employee-employer relationships.This book takes a multidisciplinary approach to the study of distributed work groups and organizations, the challenges inherent in distributed work, and ways to make distributed work more effective. Specific topics include division of labor, incentives, managing group members, facilitating interaction among distant workers, and monitoring performance. The final chapters focus on distributed work in one domain, collaborative scientific research. The contributors include psychologists, cognitive scientists, sociologists, anthropologists, historians, economists, and computer scientists.
Bioactive heterocyclic analogs of the antitumor drug, podophyllotoxin (1988)

Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxyphenol (sesamol) condenses with pyrrolidine and aromatic aldehydes to yield Mannich bases of type 4 . The Mannich bases react readily with ketonic reagents to form pyrrolidinylbenzopyran derivatives which provide a simple route to antimitotic and bioactive heterocyclic analogs of the anti‐cancer drug, podophyllotoxin.
Computed tomographic evaluation of the breast (1978)

Experience with a dedicated breast CT scanner (General Electric CT/M) using a contrast medium enhancement technique indicates that CT is superior to mammography, thermography, or physical examination for diagnosing both benign and malignant mammary disease especially in dense, thick, or fibrocystic breasts. CT is capable of diagnosing totally unsuspected early miniature carcinomas. It can identify and differentiate potential precancerous lesions from benign fibrocystic disease, and is the diagnostic tool of choice for evaluating and following severe fibrocystic disease. CT evaluation also affords definitive diagnostic help in instances where the mammographic, thermographic, and/or physical examinations are inconclusive. It can influence immediate surgical intervention or mitigate against an unnecessary biopsy. The study not only demonstrates morphologic changes in the breast but also accurately depicts an altered iodine pool in mammary tissues.
Nitridation of GaAs(110) using energetic N+ and N+2 ion beams (1993)

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to monitor surface stoichiometric and electronic changes that result from reactive nitrogen ion beam bombardment of GaAs(110) at room temperature. This treatment leads directly to the formation of a thin GaN reaction layer. The nitride layer thickness is found to depend on ion dose, incident energy (0.5–3 keV) and composition (N+, N+2) in a manner that suggests that the growth kinetics are limited by sputter desorption of the growth surface. A comparison of results is made between 1 keV Ar+ and 1 keV N+2 bombarded surfaces to distinguish to what extent changes in the surface composition and band bending are physical bombardment or chemically induced. We demonstrate that bombardment-induced crystal lattice imperfections are a dominant source of electronically active band gap acceptor states. From band bending measurements evidence is given that suggests N+2 ion bombardment yields a lower concentration of charge acceptor states in comparison to Ar+ ion bombardment. We attribute this behavior to the formation of strong GaN bonds that help to minimize the group V surface depletion and lattice disorder.
Surface-wave amplifier with improved geometry (1972)

A surface-wave amplifier is proposed, in which an array of transverse conducting bars couples a narrow semiconductor strip to a broad region of piezoelectric substrate.
Cause of acute tubular necrosis affects its prognosis. The Auriculin Anaritide Acute Renal Failure Study Group (1997)

Among patients with ATN, those in whom renal ischemia was causative had significantly higher mortality and lower dialysis-free survival than those whose ATN was purely nephrotoxic in origin. This difference in clinical outcomes was associated with a higher prevalence of serious commorbidities in the ischemic ATN group. Advancing age was associated with improved dialysis-free survival and a tendency toward reduced mortality in patients with ischemic ATN.
Red blood cell morphology (2013)

The foundation of laboratory hematologic diagnosis is the complete blood count and review of the peripheral smear. In patients with anemia, the peripheral smear permits interpretation of diagnostically significant red blood cell (RBC) findings. These include assessment of RBC shape, size, color, inclusions, and arrangement. Abnormalities of RBC shape and other RBC features can provide key information in establishing a differential diagnosis. In patients with microcytic anemia, RBC morphology can increase or decrease the diagnostic likelihood of thalassemia. In normocytic anemias, morphology can assist in differentiating among blood loss, marrow failure, and hemolysis-and in hemolysis, RBC findings can suggest specific etiologies. In macrocytic anemias, RBC morphology can help guide the diagnostic considerations to either megaloblastic or nonmegaloblastic causes. Like all laboratory tests, RBC morphologies must be interpreted with caution, particularly in infants and children. When used properly, RBC morphology can be a key tool for laboratory hematology professionals to recommend appropriate clinical and laboratory follow-up and to select the best tests for definitive diagnosis.
ChemInform Abstract: 4‐SUBSTITUIERTE BETA‐PHENYL‐AETHYLISOTHIOCYANATE (1972)

Abstract Durch Umsetzung der Amine (I) mit Thiophosgen in einem alkalischen Chloroform‐Wasser‐Gemisch wurden die Isothiocyanate (II) hergestellt.
<i>R</i> ‐Curve for a Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramic Obtained from Tensile Strength Tests with Knoop‐Damaged Specimens (2000)

A procedure was used that made it possible to determine the R ‐curve for piezoelectric ceramics from tensile strength tests conducted with Knoop‐damaged specimens. The resulting crack‐tip toughness K I0 was 0.6 MPa·m 1/2 , and the R ‐curve starting from this value increased to 1.4 MPa·m 1/2 within a 0.7 mm crack extension.
Ionic strength mediated hydrophobic force switching of CF3-terminated ethylene glycol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold (2007)

We have synthesised novel oligo(ethylene glycol), CF3-terminated switching self-assembled monolayers, which allow the force experienced by a hydrophobic object to be controlled via the ionic strength of the environment.
Surface-induced photorefractivity in twistable nematics: toward the all-optical control of gain (2008)

We report the first two-beam coupling investigation of the surface-induced photorefractive effect (SIPRE) in optically twistable nematic liquid crystal cell. The unique space-charge field of SIPRE is exploited to achieve optical tuning of the photorefractive gain. A reconfigurable photoaligning substrate is used to adjust the twist angle, which is proved to be a control parameter for the photorefractive gain. The amplitude of the optical modulation increases gradually with the twist. Its phase shift changes from 0 degrees to 90 degrees with the polarization state of the two interfering beams. These results pave the way to the all-optical control of the photorefractive gain.
Luminescent complexes of iridium(III) with 6′-phenyl-2,2′-bipyridine and 4′-aryl derivatives: N^C versus N^N coordination (2005)

The reaction of iridium terpyridyl trichloride, [Ir(tpy)Cl 3 ], with the following ligands has been investigated: 6′-phenyl-2,2′-bipyridine (HL 1 ), its 4′-tolyl-derivative (HL 2 ), and an annelated version of the latter incorporating an ethylene bridge between C5′ and the pendent phenyl ring (HL 3 ). Although all three are potentially C^N^N-coordinating ligands, none are found to bind in this way in the products isolated. Ligand HL 1 binds through its two nitrogen atoms only, leading to a dicationic complex [Ir(tpy)(HL 1 - N , N )Cl] 2+ , 1 , with an ‘N 5 Cl’ coordination sphere. In contrast, the presence of the 4′-tolyl group in HL 2 and HL 3 favours cyclometallation of the central pyridine ring through position C3′, leading to N^C-binding and to the monocationic complexes [Ir(tpy)(L 2 - C 3 ′, N )Cl] + , 2 , and [Ir(tpy)(L 3 - C 3 ′, N )Cl] + , 3 . The cyclometallated complexes 2 and 3 are intensely luminescent in solution at room temperature ( λ max = 541 and 562 nm; τ = 3.2 and 2.4 μs, respectively; ϕ = 0.16 for both, in degassed CH 3 CN at 295 K), probably arising from a state of primarily 3 MLCT character. In contrast, the N 5 -coordinated complex 1 is only weakly emissive under the same conditions. .
Prevention of Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes via Mucosal Tolerance: Is Mucosal Autoantigen Administration As Safe and Effective As It Should? (2000)

Mucosal immune response to an antigen leads to a state of attenuated systemic response to the same antigen, known as mucosal or oral tolerance. Thus, autoantigen administration via mucosal routes could be useful in the prevention of autoimmune diseases. Although in various models of autoimmune disease it is often effective, in some cases it is ineffective and in other cases even harmful. In these cases it is likely that, concomitantly with tolerance, a productive immune response is induced that exacerbates autoimmunity. Recent evidence suggests that induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes capable of destroying pancreatic beta cells may be an unavoidable consequence of mucosal administration of pancreatic beta-cell associated autoantigen. To improve the safety and efficacy of mucosal tolerance induction in the prevention of type 1 diabetes, further means to control the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and other potentially tissue-destructive immune effectors may be required.
Half-Bridges-in-Series Hybrid DC/DC Converter with Current Doubler Rectifier (2006)

This paper proposes a half-bridges-in-series hybrid converter with current doubler rectifier.The voltage stress of each main switch is only half of the input voltage.Whereas the Zero-Voltage-Switching(ZVS) for each lead-leg switch is achieved under wide load range by using the PSC PWM and the energy stored in the output inductances,the lag-leg switches commutate with ZCS at light load but can′t achieve ZVS at hard load.The secondary effective duty cycle loss is small.The output rectifier diodes commutate under zero-voltage condition.The principle and characteristics of the proposed converter are analyzed and verified on a 240W(24V/10A output) experimental prototype.The experimental results are given in the end.
A Formal Synthesis of (−)-Englerin A by Relay Ring Closing Metathesis and Transannular Etherification (2012)

A bicyclization approach to englerin A has culminated in a formal asymmetric total synthesis. Key transformations in the 10-step sequence are a regiospecific epoxide opening and a relay ene-yne-ene metathesis that converts linear substrates specifically to Δ(4,6)-guaiadiene-9,10 diol derivatives. Regiospecific functionalization of the diene moiety installs the oxygen bridge required for the englerin tricyclic core.
Polymerization Activity Prediction of Zirconocene Single-Site Catalysts Using 3D Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship Modeling (2012)

We have applied 3D-QSAR chemometric tools to analyze the polymerization activity of a series of analogous zirconocene catalysts with different substitution patterns in the cyclopentadienyl rings. The selection of the most stable conformers was performed by means of a conformational analysis of the different catalysts in a step previous to the QSAR study. The calculated QSAR model has been assessed in robustness following a progressive scrambling protocol that helps to check redundancy in the descriptor space. This model presents a good predictive ability as tested with a set of four catalysts. The final model is controlled mostly by steric contributions, which can be related to the weakness of the catalyst–cocatalyst interaction.
The Quantification of Crystalline Phases in Materials: Applications of Rietveld Method (2012)

The materials have their properties defined by the chemical composition and the microstructure presented on them. The quantification of crystalline phases is a key step in determining the structure, properties and applications of a given material. Therefore, the study of the amount of crystalline phases present in a material represents an important parameter to control the microstructure and the correlation of the properties associated with the developed stage in the process. The distribution of phases or microstructure depends on the manufacturing techniques, sintering process, raw materials used, equilibrium reactions, kinetics and phase changes. The characterization of crystalline microstructure, regarding the density, atomic distribution and unit cell dimensions, contributes to the control of the manufacturing process. It is also the basis for phase identification, structure, porosity and evaluating the performance of materials. Within this context, the book's chapter entitled Quantification of Crystalline Phases in Materials: Applications of the Rietveld Method aims to present and discuss some topics related to methods for quantification of crystalline phases in materials using the technique of X-ray diffraction, especially in the case of ceramic materials. It will examine various methods of quantification of crystalline phases described in the literature, but the focus will be applications of the Rietveld Method.
Redox Signaling and Regulation in Biology and Medicine (2009)

Introduction Biological Systems Relevant for Redox Signaling and Control Cellular Generation of Oxidants: Relation to Oxidative Stress The Chemical Basis of Biological Redox Control Protein Glutathiolation Structure and Function of the Human Peroxiredoxin-Based Antioxidant System: the Interplay between Peroxiredoxins, Thioredoxins, Thioredoxin Reductases, Sulfiredoxins and Sestrins Hydrogen Peroxide and Cysteine Protein Signaling Pathways Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases as Mediators of Redox Signaling Hypoxia-Induced Gene Regulation through Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1a Eicosanoid-Based Signaling Redox-Controlled Transcription Factors and Gene Expression Nitric Oxide Regulation in Redox Signaling Is Hydrogen Sulfide a Regulator of Nitric Oxide Bioavailability in the Vasculature? Aspects of Nox/Duox Signaling Photodynamic Therapy with Aminolevulinic Acid and Iron Chelators: A Clinical Example of Redox Signaling Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis Redox Regulation of Apoptosis in Immune Cells Redox Control in Human Disease with a Special Emphasis on the Peroxiredoxin-Based Antioxidant System Free Radicals and Mammalian Aging
Stemming the risk of capitated contracts: what providers should consider when buying stop loss insurance. (1995)

Whether an organization decides to purchase stop loss insurance from an HMO or a stop loss specialist, the decision-makers should read and understand each proposal. This information is best obtained by working with a qualified insurance expert who understands stop loss insurance and managed care and health care contracting practices. The stop loss carrier's overall commitment to the organization purchasing its policy should be to provide the best possible service and protection against the financial consequences of catastrophic claims.
The Trajectory Synthesizer Generalized Profile Interface (2010)

The Trajectory Synthesizer is a software program that generates aircraft predictions for Air Traffic Management decision support tools. The Trajectory Synthesizer being used by researchers at NASA Ames Research Center was restricted in the number of trajectory types that could be generated. This limitation was not sufficient to support the rapidly changing Air Traffic Management research requirements. The Generalized Profile Interface was developed to address this issue. It provides a flexible approach to describe the constraints applied to trajectory generation and may provide a method for interoperability between trajectory generators. It also supports the request and generation of new types of trajectory profiles not possible with the previous interface to the Trajectory Synthesizer. Other enhancements allow the Trajectory Synthesizer to meet the current and future needs of Air Traffic Management research.
Exaptation and synanthropic insects: A diachronic interplay between biology and culture (2013)

Since 1982, Stephen J. Gould and Elisabeth Vrba's concept of exaptation has been adopted, to varying degrees, by a number of biological and social science disciplines. However, it remains a missing term in the study of archaeologically recovered insect remains and entomologically related artefacts. Exaptation refers to the process by which a characteristic acquires a function for which it was not originally adapted. The application of Gould and Vrba's concept to the field of archaeoentomology could enhance our perception of past social, environmental, and climatic conditions as well as interactions. Herein, biological and technological examples of the enduring relationship between synanthropic insects and humans are explored using the concept of exaptation.
Design of Circular Signal Constellations in the Presence of Phase Noise (2008)

In order to save the limited bandwidth resource, high-order M-ary amplitude and phase shift keying (APSK) signal constellation as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is widely employed in modern bandwidth-limited communication and broadcasting systems. However, such dense constellation is very sensitive to the disturbance of noise, including not only white Gaussian noise but also phase noise which is caused by many nonideal factors in transmitter, receiver and channel. This paper proposed a design method of circular signal constellations which are extremely robust in the presence of phase noise. As for 64 points, the circular constellation we proposed performs at least 5 dB better than the square QAM at the error rate of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> under the phase noise of 0.1 rad. And compared with the existing patent constellation designed to mitigate phase noise's effect, the proposed circular constellation not only performs 1 dB better in phase noise of 0.1 rad, but also sacrifices no error performance under white Gaussian noise only. And since the circular constellation is with small amplitude fluctuation, it can be further used to mitigate the requirement of power amplifier's linear range in certain systems. Further, a reliable and easy-to-implement demodulation method is also presented.
Effects of Tongxinluo and Cilostazol on the Treatment of Patients with Cerebral Infarction (2010)

Objective To investigate the effects of Tongxinluo and cilostazol on the treatment of patients with cerebral infarction who had aspirin resistance(AR).Methods A total of 60 patients with Cerebral Infarction who had AR were recruited.They were randomly assigned into group A who were treated with aspirin,group B who were treated with aspirin combination with Tongxinluo capsule,group C who were treated with aspirin combination with cilostazol.The platelet aggregation function and TXB2 level were measureed before and after 1 month treatment.Results ①The platelet aggregation function were signifi cantly lower than before treatment both in group B and in group C,and the changes in group C was more manifest than that in group B.② The TXB2 level were signifi cantly lower than before treatment both in group B and in group C.Post-treatment the TXB2 level in group B and group C were lower than that in group A.The level of TXB2 in group C was lower than that in group B,but it could'not make statistics signifi cance.Conclusion Our results indicate that Tongxinluo and cilostazol both have benefi cial effects on inhibiting platelet activation in Cerebra l Infarction patients with AR.
HAP: Hybrid Authentication Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (2014)

In vehicular ad hoc networks clever traffic services are efficient if they are connected with method that supervise and create trust among service providers and vehicles. Consequently, the authentication of the providers of traffic condition information and the authorization of entity’s to admittance this information is crucial. Consequently it’s essential to extend a innovative security scheme for VANETs protocol. General Terms In this paper we proposed improves the security of location-based routing (LBR) protocols. This clarification can defy nearly each of the attacks, still those attacks which at present accessible security protocol can’t treaty among, such as the maliciously drop-packets-attack like black hole attack, a system is proposed to improve the security concert of LBR protocols.. This method has prove efficiency and has better security.