gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gravitational Microlensing Results from MACHO (1996)

The MACHO project is searching for dark matter in the form of massive compact halo objects (Machos), by monitoring the brightness of millions of stars in the Magellanic Clouds to search for gravitational microlensing events. Analysis of our first 2.3 years of data for 8.5 million stars in the LMC yields 8 candidate microlensing events, well in excess of the $\approx 1$ event expected from lensing by known low-mass stars. The event timescales range from 34 to 145 days, and the estimated optical depth is $\sim$ 2 x 10^{-7}, about half of that expected from a `standard' halo. Likelihood analysis indicates the typical lens mass is $0.5^{+0.3}_{-0.2} \Msun$, suggesting they may be old white dwarfs.
Metrology of 3D IC with X-ray Microscopy and nano-scale X-ray CT (2009)

Metrology of 3D integrated circuits (IC) have presented new challenges to existing metrology technologies, particularly in cases where the 3D structure of the sample must be measured non-destructively. X-ray microscopy, on the other hand, offers very deep penetration and better than 50 nm resolution, as well as ability to distinguish different elemental compositions. When combined with computed tomography (CT) technology, the full 3D structure of an IC an be obtained non-destructively at tens of nanometer accuracy, thus making x-ray nano-CT well suited for both metrology and failure analysis (FA) applications with 3D IC.
Introduction (2005)

Introduction Paul Patton and Michael J. Shapiro, co-editors We begin this issue with a symposium of tributes to Jacques Derrida with Simon Critchley’s homage. Other essays by some of the most influential commentators on his work are by: Richard Beardsworth, Geoffrey Bennington, Penelope Deutscher, Marc Goldschmit and Michael Naas. All focus on his contribution to philosophy, with particular reference to his impact on political thought. Together, these essays constitute a comprehensive and in some cases moving tribute to Derrida’s impact upon political, ethical and feminist theory. In some cases, notably Beardsworth and Deutscher, they open up significant issues that will figure prominently in the debate to come over the uses and limitations of deconstructive thought in the political domain. In others, notably Naas and Goldschmit, they focus on Derrida’s last published essays (Rogues, translated by Pascale-Anne Brault and Michael Naas, Stanford 2005). An article already accepted for publication before this symposium was conceived, by Sam Haddad, adds a further dimension to the emerging discussion of Derrida’s final political essays. Haddad undertakes a careful commentary on Derrida’s aporetic analysis of inheritance and its application to the concept of democracy, with a view to teasing out the implications of democracy to come. The other essays in this issue review critically and expand on the work of various thinkers. Manisha Basu focuses on William Spanos’s book, The Errant Art of Moby Dick: the Canon, the Cold War and the Struggle for American Studies and turns to the homologies between the necropolitics of the Melville text and that of the cold war; Stuart Elden, does a critical commentary on Judith Butler’s, Antigone’s Claim: Kinship Between Life and Death and offer’s a neo-Heideggerian treatment of the concept of the polis, which requires a rethinking of the problematic of ‘the political’; Andrew Norris explores the political implications of Stanley Cavell’s “claim to community” within the context of Cavell’s skeptical epistemology; and Mark Young offers a critical review of Robert Kagan’s Of Paradise and Power, contesting the canonical theory frame within which the U.S. - Europe polarity in the international arena can be understood. In the Reviews section: Martin Coward reviews two books dealing with contemporary imperialism: David Harvey’s The New Imperialism and Michael Mann’s Incoherent Empire. Joanne Faulkner reviews Alenka Zupancic’s The Shortest Shadow: Nietzsche’s Philosophy of the Two Sankaran Krishna reviews Urvashi Butalia’s The Other Side of Silence: Voices from the Partition of India Antonio Y. Vazquez-Arroyo reviews Giorgio Agamben’s Means Without End: Notes on Politics and Jacques Derrida’s Of Hospitality. Copyright © 2005 The Johns Hopkins University Press
Semantic-Based Resource Retrieval using Non-Standard Inference Services in Description Logics. (2005)

Retrieval of resources semantically annotated is a problem that is gaining interest as more and more documents and services expose descriptions based on languages developed in the framework of Semantic Web. In a semanticenabled resource retrieval process, given a request, a ranking of compatible resources should be provided. Obviously having semantically annotated resources, the ranking sholud be based on some semantic-based parameters. Furthermore, the availability of such descriptions makes explanation of rank possible and can provide useful information in order to modify or refine the original request in a principled way. In this work we briefly present results obtained and ongoing activity on these challenging topics.
Action of some retinol derivatives and their provitamins on microsome‐catalyzed formation of benzo[a]pyrene‐DNA adduct (1992)

Several vitamin A compounds have been tested for their ability to suppress formation of DNA adduct by the carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in an in vitro reaction catalyzed by rat liver microsomes. Retinol, retinal, 3-dehydroretinol and 3-hydroxyretinol were found to be effective inhibitors of adduct formation. Certain carotenoids that are precursors of these retinoids also displayed considerable inhibitory capacity. Carotenoids and the 3-substituted retinoids appeared to modulate the DNA adduct formation exclusively through their action on microsomal enzymes, since an effective inhibition in each case was observed on the formation of B[a]P-7,8-diol, a proximate carcinogenic metabolite of B[a]P. Unsubstituted retinoids, on the other hand, had marginal effect on enzymes but were found effective in accelerating inactivation of B[a]P-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide, the ultimate carcinogenic metabolite that binds to DNA.
Centralized Control for Parallel Operation of Distributed Generation Inverters in Microgrids (2012)

This paper presents a centralized control system that coordinates parallel operations of different distributed generation (DG) inverters within a microgrid. The control design for the DG inverters employs a new Model Predictive Control algorithm that allows faster computational time for large power systems by optimizing the steady-state and the transient control problems separately. An overall energy management system is also implemented for the microgrid to coordinate load sharing among different DG units during both grid-connected and islanded operations. The design concept of the proposed control system is evaluated through simulation studies under different test scenarios. The impact of the increased penetration of DG units on the distribution grid is also investigated using the proposed microgrid. The simulation results show that the operations of the DG units within the microgrid can be coordinated effectively under the proposed control system to ensure stable operation of the overall microgrid.
A comparative study of methods used for analysis of specific precipitates in quantitative immunochemistry. (1956)

Summary 1.A comparison of the sensitivity and precision of the biuret, ultraviolet absorption, Folin-Ciocalteu and ninhydrin methods for the analysis of specific precipitates has been made, and the uses and limitations of each have been discussed. 2.The ultraviolet absorption of samples in 0.25 N acetic acid and the biuret methods were found to be simple and accurate, the limits of 2 S. D. being ±5 to 10%. The former may be used for samples containing as little as 5 μg nitrogen whereas the lower limit of the latter is about 20′ μg nitrogen. 3.The Folin-Ciocalteu method may be used for samples as small as 5 μg nitrogen and 2 S.D. equals ±15%. 4.The ninhydrin method has a sensitivity making it capable of determining as little as one microgram of protein nitrogen but for reproducible results should probably not be employed without the use of a standard.
Nucleophilic substitution of vinylic halogens in 3-halomethacrylonitriles. Some observations on olefin stabilities (1970)

3-Chloro- and 3-bromomethacrylonitrile (E- and Z-) have been shown to undergo nucleophilic substitution at C-3 with > 95% retention of configuration. The configuration of each product has been established by the use of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The thermodynamic position of equilibrium for each pair of E–Z isomers has been determined and the factors which affect this equilibrium are discussed. Some form of cis interactions, non-steric in origin, dominates in determining the equilibrium positions.
Endothelium-dependent and -independent hepatic artery vasodilatation is not impaired in a canine model of liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (2007)

We investigated whether hepatic artery endothelium may be the earliest site of injury consequent to liver ischemia and reperfusion. Twenty-four heartworm-free mongrel dogs of either sex exposed to liver ischemia/reperfusion in vivo were randomized into four experimental groups (N = 6): a) control, sham-operated dogs, b) dogs subjected to 60 min of ischemia, c) dogs subjected to 30 min of ischemia and 60 min of reperfusion, and d) animals subjected to 45 min of ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion. The nitric oxide endothelium-dependent relaxation of hepatic artery rings contracted with prostaglandin F2a and exposed to increasing concentrations of acetylcholine, calcium ionophore A23187, sodium fluoride, phospholipase-C, poly-L-arginine, isoproterenol, and sodium nitroprusside was evaluated in organ-chamber experiments. Lipid peroxidation was estimated by malondialdehyde activity in liver tissue samples and by blood lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities. No changes were observed in hepatic artery relaxation for any agonist tested. The group subjected to 45 min of ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion presented marked increases of serum aminotransferases (ALT = 2989 +/- 1056 U/L and AST = 1268 +/- 371 U/L; P < 0.01), LDH = 2887 +/- 1213 IU/L; P < 0.01) and malondialdehyde in liver samples (0.360 +/- 0.020 nmol/mgPT; P < 0.05). Under the experimental conditions utilized, no abnormal changes in hepatic arterial vasoreactivity were observed: endothelium-dependent and independent hepatic artery vasodilation were not impaired in this canine model of ischemia/reperfusion injury. In contrast to other vital organs and in the ischemia/reperfusion injury environment, dysfunction of the main artery endothelium is not the first site of reperfusion injury.
Tau Biology, Tauopathy, Traumatic Brain Injury, and Diagnostic Challenges (2018)

There is considerable interest in the pathobiology of tau protein, given its potential role in neurodegenerative diseases and aging. Tau is an important microtubule associated protein, required for the assembly of tubulin into microtubules and maintaining structural integrity of axons. Tau has other diverse cellular functions involving signal transduction, cellular proliferation, developmental neurobiology, neuroplasticity, and synaptic activity. Alternative splicing results in tau isoforms with differing microtubule binding affinity, differing representation in pathological inclusions in certain disease states, and differing roles in developmental biology and homeostasis. Tau haplotypes confer differing susceptibility to neurodegeneration. Tau phosphorylation is a normal metabolic process, critical in controlling tau's binding to microtubules, and is ongoing within the brain at all times. Tau may be hyperphosphorylated, and may aggregate as detectable fibrillar deposits in tissues, in both aging and neurodegenerative disease. The hypothesis that p-tau is neurotoxic has prompted constructs related to isomers, low-n assembly intermediates or oligomers, and the "tau prion". Human postmortem studies have elucidated broad patterns of tauopathy, with tendencies for those patterns to differ as a function of disease phenotype. However, there is extensive overlap, not only between genuine neurodegenerative diseases, but also between aging and disease. Recent studies highlight uniqueness to pathological patterns, including a pattern attributed to repetitive head trauma, although clinical correlations have been elusive. The diagnostic process for tauopathies and neurodegenerative diseases in general is challenging in many respects, and may be particularly problematic for postmortem evaluation of former athletes and military service members.
Easy Daylight Fabricated Hydrogel Array for Colorimetric DNA Analysis (2014)

The fabrication of 3D hydrogel microarrays for DNA analytics that allow simple visual signal readout for on-site applications is described. A convenient one-step polymerization of the hydrogel including in situ capture oligonucleotide immobilization is accomplished by using N,N'-dimethylacrylamide/polyethylene glycol (PEG1900 )-bisacrylamide monomers. The implementation of an acylphosphine-oxide photoinitiator even allows polymerization at daylight, whereas other approaches require exposure with light in the UV-range. This minimizes the risk of UV-caused DNA damages within the capture DNA-strand that could adversely affect the subsequent hybridization step. The porous network of these gel segments allows DNA as well as protein penetration. Thus, the successful in-gel DNA hybridization is monitored by the deposition of silver nanoparticles. These metal particles allow naked eye signal readout.
The Sheffield data collection system (1987)

Because of the intrinsically low sensitivity of any surface potential measurement to resistivity changes within a volume conductor, any data collection system for impedance imaging must be sensitive to changes in the peripheral potential profile of the order of 0.1%. For example, whilst the resistivity changes associated with lung ventilation and the movement of blood during the cardiac cycle range from 3 to 100% the changes recorded at the surface are very much less than this. The Sheffield data collection system uses 16 electrodes which are addressed through 4 multiplexers. Overall system accuracy is largely determined by the front-end equivalent circuit which is considered in some detail. This equivalent circuit must take into account wiring and multiplexer capacitances. A current drive of 5 mA p-p at 5 kHz is multiplexed to adjacent pairs of electrodes and peripheral potential profiles are recorded by serially stepping around adjacent electrode pairs. The existing Sheffield system collects the 208 data points for one image in 79 ms and offers 10 image data sets per second to the microprocessor. For a homogeneous circular conductor the ratio of the maximum to minimum signals within each peripheral potential profile is 45:1. The temptation to increase the number of electrodes in order to improve resolution is great and an achievable performance for 128 electrodes is given. However, any improvement in spatial resolution can only be made at the expense of speed and sensitivity which may well be the more important factors in determining the clinical utility of APT.
Gas-phase proton NMR studies of keto-enol tautomerism of acetylacetone, methyl acetoacetate, and ethyl acetoacetate (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGas-phase proton NMR studies of keto-enol tautomerism of acetylacetone, methyl acetoacetate, and ethyl acetoacetateMichael M. Folkendt, Boris E. Weiss-Lopez, J. Paul Chauvel Jr., and Nancy S. TrueCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1985, 89, 15, 3347–3352Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100261a038https://doi.org/10.1021/j100261a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5250Altmetric-Citations133LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Expert systems in the UK (1990)

A brief background on British involvement in computer science is given, focusing on the Alvey Project. This was a five-year, $1-billion research-and-development program for information technology begun in response to Japan's Fifth Generation Computer Systems initiative, which highlighted expert systems as a major opportunity area. Britain's manpower in the area is examined. Marketplace factors are cited to explain why the British are particularly prominent in logic and human-computer interaction. Interactions among people in developing expert systems and the influence of hiring practices are examined. British projects and European Economic Community practices in which Europe is involved are reviewed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Is Ladies' Night Really Sex Discrimination?: Public Accommodation Laws, De Minimis Exceptions, and Stigmatic Injury (2006)

De minimis non curat lex: the law does not concern itself
Race, sex, and the regulation of urine osmolality: observations made during water deprivation (2010)

A more concentrated urine is excreted by blacks than whites and by men than women. The purpose of this study was to explore the physiological bases for the race and sex effects during water deprivation when osmoregulation is challenged and differences are amplified. Drinking water was withheld from 17 blacks (10 men) and 19 whites (9 men) for 24 h. Vasopressin (VP) levels and osmolality in plasma (P(osmol)) and urine (U(osmol)) were measured basally and then every 4 h. U(osmol) was higher in blacks at baseline (P = 0.01) and during water deprivation (P = 0.046). Before and during water deprivation, no differences were seen in levels of VP, P(osmol), or the VP-U(osmol) relationship between blacks and whites. Although VP levels were initially higher in men (P < 0.02 for samples collected over the first 12 h), over the last 12 h of water deprivation, U(osmol) was higher (P = 0.027) and more responsive to the level of VP (in terms of slopes, P = 0.0001) in women than men. Our results suggest that, after a period of water deprivation, there develops a sensitivity of the collecting duct to VP that is greater in women. Although U(osmol) is higher in blacks, the race difference in water conservation did not appear to result from differences in the level of VP or the sensitivity of the collecting duct to VP. Upstream effects such as Na(+) uptake in the thick ascending limb, with its ensuing effects on water reabsorption, need to be considered in future studies of the relationship of race to water conservation.
Inhibitoren der Korrosion (9) Nachweis der Sekundärinhibitoren bei einigen Sulfoxiden, Triphenylarsinoxid und einigen Sulfoniumsalzen (1971)

Abstract Die Schutzwerte von Dibenzylsulf‐oxyd und strukturell verwandten Ver‐bindungen sowie von Triphenylarsin‐oxyd werden bestimmt. Sulfoxyde und Arsinoxyde werden (a) nach Protonierung in die kathodischen Bereiche geführt und (b) nach Elektronenaufnahme in die ko‐ordinationsfähigen Sekundärinhibitoren (Thioather und tert. Arsine) umgewan‐delt. Die Sekundärinhibitoren ziehen entweder auf das Metall auf und unter‐drücken dann die Auflösung des Eisens oder werden nicht am Metall fixiert (z. B. Diphenylsulfid) und entfalten dann keinen Schutz. Im Falle des Dibenzyl‐sulfoxyds können ca. 90% des einge‐setzten Dibenzylsulfoxyds als Dibenzyl‐sulfid vom Eisen abgelöst werden; 16% an unverändertem Dibenzylsulfoxyd sind noch in der Lösung vorhanden. Beim Triphenylarsinoxyd befinden sich 70% als Triphenylarsin auf der Eisenober‐fläche, der Rest als protoniertes Tri‐phenylarsinoxyd in Lösung. Von vier untersuchten Sulfoniumsalzen wird nur Tribenzylsulfoniumhydrogensulfat (3) in größerem Umfang reduktiv abgebaut. Die drei anderen Sulfoniumsalze kön‐nen aus dem Korrosionsansatz in Aus‐ beuten von 90% in unveränderter Form isoliert werden. Beim Diphenyl‐allyl‐sulfonium‐tetrafluoroborat bilden sich im Korrosionsansatz als Ergebnis eines re‐duktiven Abbaus 1 bis 2% eines Ge‐misches an Propen und Propan.
Synthesis of Phenistidine and Derivatives<sup>1</sup> (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of Phenistidine and Derivatives1M. K. Stanfield and D. W. WoolleyCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1965, 30, 5, 1548–1550Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01016a051https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01016a051research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views52Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Monoclonal Antibody Technology Program (1989)

The U.S. Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials Agency (USATHAMA) has sponsored the development of methods for analysis of tetryl, dieldrin, benzene, and p-chlorophenylmethylsulfone using monoclonal antibodies. While the work with tetryl has resulted in a test with a detection limit of approximately 2 ppm, work is still in progress to develop methods for the other three analytes.
Chronic exertional compartment syndrome: diagnosis and management. (2005)

During exercise, muscular expansion and swelling occur. Chronic exertional compartment syndrome represents abnormally increased compartment pressures and pain in the involved extremity secondary to a noncompliant musculofascial compartment. Most commonly, it occurs in the lower leg, but has been reported in the thigh, foot, upper extremity, and erector spinae musculature. The diagnosis is obtained through a careful history and physical exam, reproduction of symptoms with exertion, and pre- and post-exercise muscle tissue compartment pressure recordings. It has been postulated that increased compartment pressures lead to transient ischemia and pain in the involved extremity. However; this is not universally accepted. Other than complete cessation of causative activities, nonoperative management of CECS is usually unsuccessful. Surgical release of the involved compartments is recommended for patients who wish to continue to exercise.