gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Simulated annealing: An introduction (1989)

Simulated annealing is a general approach for approximately solving large combinatorial optimization problems. The algorithm is based on an intriguing combination of ideas from at first sight completely unrelated fields of science, viz. combinatorial optimization and statistical physics. On the one hand the algorithm can be viewed as an analogue of an algorithm used in statistical physics for computer simulation of the annealing of a solid to its minimum–energy state, on the other hand it can be considered as a generalization of the well–known iterative improvement approach to combinatorial optimization problems. In this introductory paper we give a mathematical description of the simulated annealing algorithm and discuss its behaviour from both a theoretical and a practical point of view. The latter is illustrated by applying the algorithm to the travelling salesman problem. This paper was written to familiarize the readers of Statistica Neerlandica with simulated annealing. It is a summary of papers written earlier by the authors and does not contain any new material.
Synthesis of Carbazoles from Ynamides by Intramolecular Dehydro Diels—Alder Reactions. (2005)

A new approach to carbazoles and benzannulated carbazoles by means of intramolecular dehydro Diels−Alder reactions of ynamides is\nreported. By using this approach, carbazoles and benzo[<i>b</i>]-, tetrahydrobenzo[<i>b</i>]-, naphtho[1,2-<i>b</i>]-, naphtho[2,1-<i>b</i>]-, and dibenzo[<i>a,c</i>]carbazoles\nhave been prepared in moderate-to-good yields.
Protocols for quality of service management on Internet (2002)

In this paper actual trends and parameters relevant for protocol usage in assurance of Internet quality of service (QoS) are considered. The emphasis is on protocols as well as in architectures in which those protocols are used.
Birth of American Soaring Flight: A New Technology (2004)

SOARING provides man the closest approach to the capabilities of the birds.  For some 4000 years, men looked at soaring birds, longing to imitate them, to fly without the use of an engine or muscular power. In the prehistory of aviation, when no engines were available to sustain an aircraft in the air, soaring was the means for heavier-than-air experimenters to keep their planes in the air for a prolonged period.  So, where and when did soaring start?  Historians and aeronautical engineers tend to agree that Otto Lilienthal of Germany should receive credit for being the first pilot to recognize, attempt and achieve soaring flight, but who can take credit for this in the United States? 1) The technology and practice of soaring flight and the emulation of the feats of the birds has been demonstrated and has become a fact during the past century. As with every field of technological achievement, the evolution of powerless flying is a continuing process. 2) Contemporary literature and photos indicate that William Avery and Augustus Moore Herring, associates of Octave Chanute, were airbome and extending otherwise shorter gliding flights to soaring flights of just over 10 s in September 1896. Possible, but not proven conclusively, was Herring's 48 s soaring flight in October 1896. For them, every second of prolonged flight gave extra time to learn about the mechanics of flight and the art of flying. The first glider flying experiments by the Wright Brothers, prior to December 1903, were a continuation of this evolution process. They succeeded to stretch their flying time to more than one minute with a more manageable glider, which enabled controlled turns. The extra flying time helped them learn how to fly the planes they designed. 3) The Wrights continued their research, improving their aircraft design for better stability and control. As part of these experiments, Orville Wright achieved the 9 min 45 s soaring flight with their 1911 glider. 4) Since then, many devices related to stability and control were first discovered or introduced using gliders. By using motorless craft, stability and control problems can be investigated simply, uninfluenced by turbulence and the effects of power. Methods to improved aerodynamic performance have been particularly studied and explored with and on sailplanes with good results, especially in the increase of aerodynamic efficiency. Sailplanes continue to be used as a practical laboratory tool for low-speed aerodynamic research. 5) In addition to its technological usefulness, the experimenters in gliding and soaring, as early as 1896, recognized the sporting attraction of soaring flight.
Investigation of the Steady-State Response of a Dual-Rotor System With Inter-Shaft Squeeze Film Damper (1985)

This paper presents an analysis of the steady-state unbalance response of a dual-rotor gas turbine engine with a flexible intershaft squeeze film damper using a simplified transfer matrix method. The simplified transfer matrix method is convenient for the evaluation of the critical speed and response of the rotor system with various supports, shaft coupling, intershaft bearing, etc. The steady-state unbalance response of the rotor system is calculated for different shaft rotation speeds. The damping effects of an intershaft squeeze film damper with different radial clearances under various levels of rotor unbalance are investigated.
Elongation activity of poliovirus RNA polymerase derived from Sabin type 1 sequence is not temperature sensitive (1995)

Determinants of attenuation in the Sabin type 1 strain of poliovirus are located in the 5' noncoding region, the capsid coding region and the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (3Dpol) coding region. These mutations also contribute to a temperature sensitive pheno-type of virus replication. We have cloned and expressed the Sabin 1 virus 3Dpol) protein which contains three amino acid differences from the wild-type (Mahoney) sequence, as well as a wild- type polymerase containing only a single Sabin amino acid substitution at nt 6203. These enzymes have been examined and compared for temperature sensitive polymerase activity. Wild-type and mutated polymerases demonstrated identical specific activities at 30, 35 and 39 degrees C. All three showed the same kinetics of heat inactivation after pre-incubation at elevated temperatures. Thus the contribution of Sabin 3Dpol sequences to the inability of the virus to grow at elevated temperatures must lie in a function or activity of the enzyme other than RNA polymerization. A likely reaction is the initiation step of RNA chain synthesis.
Effects of hemorrhage on cytokine gene transcription. (1993)

Injury and blood loss are often followed by infection and the rapid development of organ system dysfunction, frequently involving mucosal sites, such as the lung and intestine. To examine possible mechanisms contributing to these conditions, we used semiquantitative polymerase chain reactions to determine cytokine mRNA expression among cellular populations isolated from mucosal and systemic anatomic sites of mice at predetermined time points following 30% blood volume hemorrhage with resuscitation 1 hr later. Within 1 hr after hemorrhage, significant increases were observed in mRNA levels for IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-5, and TGF-beta in intraparenchymal pulmonary mononuclear cells. The levels of TGF-beta transcripts among alveolar macrophages were increased 1 hr following blood loss, and increase in IL-1 alpha transcripts was found starting 2 hr posthemorrhage. Cells from Peyer's patches showed significant increases in mRNA levels for IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IFN-gamma, and TGF-beta during the 4 hr following hemorrhage. Significant increases in mRNA levels for IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and TGF-beta were present within 4 hr of blood loss among cells isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes. The expression of mRNA for most cytokines was not significantly altered in splenocytes or peripheral blood mononuclear cells at any time point following hemorrhage. These experiments demonstrate that blood loss, even if resuscitated, produces significant increases in proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokine gene transcription as early as 1 hr following hemorrhage. These posthemorrhage alterations in cytokine mRNA expression were particularly prominent at mucosal sites, suggesting a mechanism for the increased incidence of pulmonary and intestinal involvement in organ system failure following severe blood loss and injury.
Substance Use in Maltreated Youth: Findings From the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (2007)

The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics associated with different levels of substance use in a national probability sample of maltreated 11- to 15-year-olds (n = 1,179). Bivariate (chi-square tests) and multivariate (logistic regression) analyses were used to examine the association of adolescent substance use with demographics, placement type, and youth and family characteristics. Seventy-one percent of youth reported no use, 20% reported low levels of substance use, and approximately 9% reported moderate to high levels of use. Youth substance use was similar across placement types. Conduct problems and low caregiver relatedness were more prevalent for youth reporting higher levels of substance use. High levels of conduct problems increased the odds of substance use, whereas high caregiver monitoring decreased the odds of substance use. Caregiver monitoring may be a key tactic in attempts to reduce the likelihood of substance use in maltreated youth, regardless of placement type.
Electrically-activated, normally-closed diaphragm valves (2002)

Electrically activated, normally closed diaphragm valves have been fabricated using heated bimetallic diaphragms to provide the operating force. These valves have been designed to provide fully proportional control of flows in the range of 0-150 cm/sup 3//min at input pressures between 1 and 50 PSIG. The valves are batch-fabricated using silicon micromachining techniques. By combining these valves with pressure or flow sensing elements, closed-loop pressure or flow control is easily accomplished.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Filterbank optimization with convex objectives and the optimality of principal component forms (2001)

This paper proposes a general framework for the optimization of orthonormal filterbanks (FBs) for given input statistics. This includes as special cases, many previous results on FB optimization for compression. It also solves problems that have not been considered thus far. FB optimization for coding gain maximization (for compression applications) has been well studied before. The optimum FB has been known to satisfy the principal component property, i.e., it minimizes the mean-square error caused by reconstruction after dropping the P weakest (lowest variance) subbands for any P. We point out a much stronger connection between this property and the optimality of the FB. The main result is that a principal component FB (PCFB) is optimum whenever the minimization objective is a concave function of the subband variances produced by the FB. This result has its grounding in majorization and convex function theory and, in particular, explains the optimality of PCFBs for compression. We use the result to show various other optimality properties of PCFBs, especially for noise-suppression applications. Suppose the FB input is a signal corrupted by additive white noise, the desired output is the pure signal, and the subbands of the FB are processed to minimize the output noise. If each subband processor is a zeroth-order Wiener filter for its input, we can show that the expected mean square value of the output noise is a concave function of the subband signal variances. Hence, a PCFB is optimum in the sense of minimizing this mean square error. The above-mentioned concavity of the error and, hence, PCFB optimality, continues to hold even with certain other subband processors such as subband hard thresholds and constant multipliers, although these are not of serious practical interest. We prove that certain extensions of this PCFB optimality result to cases where the input noise is colored, and the FB optimization is over a larger class that includes biorthogonal FBs. We also show that PCFBs do not exist for the classes of DFT and cosine-modulated FBs.
Clinical application of white blood cells filter (2006)

Objective To compare relative parameters and clinical transfusion reaction of donors blood with filtered whole blood.Methods 3 mL of sample was taken from blood before and after filtered respectively.Relative parameters such as red blood cell,hemoglobin,platelet were counted with blood counter.White blood cells were counted under microscope.At the same time,transfusion reaction was observed.Measurement data were analyzed by t-test.Numeration data were analyzed by chi-square test.Correlation between recovery of red blood cells,removal rate of white blood cells and platelets were analyzed by linear regression.Results After filtered,removal rate of white blood cells was 98.4%,recovery of red blood cells was 99.1%,removal rate of platelets was 96.3%,hemoglobin was decreased.The relative modulus were 0.173(P 0.05)and 0.139(P 0.05).There was no difference.Transfusion reaction rate between two groups was analyzed by chi-square test(χ2=76.1x0.012=6.63,P 0.01).There was significant difference.The former was much lower than the latter.Conclusion Transfusing blood in which white blood cells were filtered is effective method,which can prevent patients from infection after blood transfusion.The filtered-blood transfusion should become routine way and be extensively applied.
The Microstructure Characterization and the Mechanical Properties of Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile-Based Nanofibers (2011)

The Microstructure Characterization and the Mechanical Properties of Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile-Based Nanofibers
Controlled Jamming of Particle-Laden Interfaces Using a Spinning Drop Tensiometer (2009)

When particles adsorb at a fluid/fluid interface at a sufficiently high concentration, the interface loses mobility and displays solidlike characteristics, a phenomenon called "interfacial jamming". Jamming can arrest interfacial tension-driven morphological coarsening in liquid/liquid or gas/liquid systems and therefore stabilize two phase morphologies with unusual interfacial shapes, for example, nonspherical drops and bubbles, and bijels. Here, we conduct a systematic study of interfacial tension-driven jamming of a particle monolayer using a spinning drop tensiometer (SDT). A drop of mineral oil surrounded by ethylene glycol was spun into a cylindrical shape in a SDT. With decreasing rotational rate, the cylindrical drop retracted due to interfacial tension, thus reducing the interfacial area. In the case of particle-covered drops, drop retraction caused an increase in interfacial particle concentration. Accordingly, when the specific interfacial area became comparable to that of a close packing of particles, interfacial jamming occurred and drop retraction was arrested. Fast interfacial contraction or low particle loadings led to less compact jammed monolayers, that is, with a larger specific interfacial area. There was also significant hysteresis between compressing versus expanding the jammed monolayer, suggesting that a certain minimum stress is required for unjamming. Limited experiments with the same particles at a mineral oil/silicone oil interface showed altogether different behavior. In this case, particles did not spread at the interface and a particle-free portion of the interface coexisted with a particle-covered portion. This suggests that the monolayer behavior at this nonpolar/nonpolar interface is dominated by interparticle attraction.
Trypsin protein esterase in relation to ozone-induced vascular damage. (1972)

A longitudinal study of the serum trypsin protein esterase of rabbits exposed to 0.4 ppm of ozone for a calendar period of ten months showed that its concentration was slowly but steadily rising. After the animals were killed, microscopic examinations revealed that the wails of the small pulmonary arteries were thickened. It is inferred that the gradual rise of serum trypsin protein esterase values may have reflected this chronic process. The simple esterase method can serve as a substitute for the quantitative determination of the α2-macroglobulin in serum.
Fault Diagnosis Using Improved Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise and Power-Based Intrinsic Mode Function Selection Algorithm (2018)

In the fault diagnosis system using empirical mode decomposition (EMD), it is important to select the intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) which contain as much fault information as possible and to alleviate the problems of mode mixing and spurious modes. An effective solution to these problems in the decomposition process can help to determine significant IMFs and to improve the performance of the fault diagnosis system. This paper describes a novel power-based IMF selection algorithm and evaluates the performance of the proposed fault diagnosis system using improved complete ensemble EMD with adaptive noise and a multi-layer perceptron neural network.
How to Promote Clinical Services Ethically and Effectively (1988)

In spite of an increasingly competitive environment, physicians remain reluctant to engage in consumer advertising. This reluctance stems from misperceptions of advertising, cost considerations, and fear of image erosion. This article offers alternatives to traditional modes of consumer advertising in the electronic and print media. These alternatives are consistent with physicians' desires to attract more patients, yet at the same time, accomplish this in an ethical and cost effective manner.
Leaflet geometry and function in porcine bioprostheses (1991)

The leaflet geometry and hydrodynamic function of five porcine bioprostheses have been studied and compared to a fresh tissue porcine valve. The neutral leaflet geometries in two high pressure fixed valves (Carpentier Edwards and Hancock) and two low pressure fixed valves (Carpentier Edwards Supra-Annular and Hancock 2) had been modified during fixation and mounting. The leaflets were extended or displaced downwards towards the base of the valve, producing a higher ratio of circumferential leaflet length to inter-commissural spacing than in the fresh tissue valve. This produced high bending strains in the commissural area of the open leaflet in hydrodynamic tests. The leaflet geometry of the fresh tissue porcine valve studied was defined by a cylindrical shell inclined at approximately 27 degrees to the base of the valve and showed reduced open leaflet bending strains. Leaflet opening at low flows was dependent on leaflet geometry. Geometrical changes which are induced during mounting and fixation produced higher bending strains in the commissural area of the open leaflets. These may be contributing factors to tissue degeneration and calcification in this area.
Tales from the Kingdom of Tut (1980)

Editor's Note: Palindromist James Rambo, known by the pseudonym of 'Tut' in the National Puzzlers' League, died on July 27, 1980. Word Ways readers will remember him best for his transposition poems based on well-known phrases such as 'Fools rush in where angels fear to treat' and 'Discretion is the better part of valor'. The stories below, three of which first appeared in The Enigma (July 1972, April 1974, February 1975), show that he was interested in other forms of word-play as well.
A novel symmetric cryptography based on the hybrid Haar wavelets encoder and chaotic masking scheme (2002)

In this scheme, the authors use the seven chaotic parameters (a,/spl beta/,a,b,x/sub 0/,y/sub 0/,z/sub 0/) and the dimension of Haar wavelet encoder matrix H/sub n/, the combining form of H/sub n/ with subwavelet basis {h/sub 0/,h/sub 1/,...,h/sub n-1/}, the prespecified time span t/sub s/, as well as the coefficients a/sub i/,i=1,...,n, and the prime number k of the collision-free one-way function to serve as the "encryption keys." The security property of the proposed cryptosystem results from two main parts: first, the high sensitivity of synchronization versus parameter or initial condition with small variation. It is sensitive enough to make the state trajectories separate from each other at an exponential rate. The second part depends on the Haar wavelets encoder H/sub n/ with its various combining form from the subwavelets basis {h/sub 0/,h/sub 1/,...,h/sub n-1/}; it is composed the same way as the lottery. Furthermore, due to the collision-free one-way function, the chaotic behavior control parameters are always different. Therefore, the system can be secured as long as the first chaotic parameters are kept secret. Moreover, the transmitting error-detection function of the proposed cryptosystem is also addressed.
[History of "special therapeutic directions": the example of homeopathy]. (1996)

As for generally accepted therapeutic methods, the "special methods" may appear to be effective due to spontaneous recovery provided by nature. A great number of sceptical physicians are aware of this fact. The pharmacologist works continuously to differentiate effects directly caused by medical treatments - mainly drugs - from effects resulting from spontaneous recovery. This is one of the most difficult problems in medical treatment. As a representative example of all "special methods", we concentrate here on the history of homeopathy. As is generally known, there is no conformity in homeopathy, for example monotherapy versus therapy with complex homeopathic products; refusing the simile-rule; treatment with high potencies versus treatment with low potencies; classic versus scholastic homeopathy. The number of homeopathies really equals the number of homeopathic physicians. For this reason, instruction in homeopathy on the academic level is impossible. In addition, we have to forget all natural laws only to prove that "potentiation" may be true. Therapeutic success due purely to chance may be explained rationally and is occasionally seen in all other "special methods". The theories of homeopaths for the action with homeopathic products are neither in accordance with our natural laws nor comply with a rational philosophy.
3D Architecture Materials Made of NiCoAl‐LDH Nanoplates Coupled with NiCo‐Carbonate Hydroxide Nanowires Grown on Flexible Graphite Paper for Asymmetric Supercapacitors (2014)

Asymmetric supercapacitors featuring both high energy and power densities as well as a long lifespan are much sought after and may become a reality depending on the availability of cheap yet highly active electrode materials. Here, a novel flexible architecture electrode made of NiCoAl‐layered double hydroxide (NiCoAl‐LDH) nanoplates coupled with NiCo‐carbonate hydroxide (NiCo‐CH) nanowires, grown on graphite paper via an in situ, one‐step, hydrothermal method is reported. The nanowire‐like NiCo‐CH species in the nanoplate matrix function as a scaffold and support the dispersion of the NiCoAl‐LDH nanoplates, resulting in a relatively loose and open structure within the electrode matrix. Asymmetric supercapacitors fabricated using the nanohybrids as the positive electrode and a typical activated carbon (AC) as negative electrode show a high energy density of 58.9 Wh kg −1 at a power density of 0.4 kW kg −1 , which is based on the total mass of active materials at a voltage of 1.6 V. An energy density of 14.9 Wh kg −1 can be retained even at a high power density of 51.5 kW kg −1 . Our asymmetric supercapacitor also exhibits an excellent long cycle life, whereby a specific capacitance of 97% is retained even after 10 000 cycles.