gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
WE‐E‐M100F‐04: Commissioning and Validation of a Beam Model for Calculating Megavoltage CT Dose From Imaging with a Helical Tomotherapy Unit (2007)

Purpose: To commission and validate an MVCT beam model that allows for the calculation of dose received by patients due to megavoltage imaging on a helical tomotherapy unit (Tomotherapy, Inc., Madison, WI). Method and Materials: Percent depth dose and profile data were collected in order to commission a new MVCT beam model. The fluence output for the beam model was adjusted to match the measured dose in phantom. The model was then verified through a series of absorbed dose measurements in three phantoms (20‐cm cylindrical phantom, CIRS anthropomorphic phantom, and 30‐cm “cheese” phantom). The multiple scan average dose was recorded for all three phantoms with various changes to CT collimator pitch and ion chamber location (central versus peripheral points). Results: The delivered doses and the computed doses were on average within 1.5% for all three phantoms, when the ion chamber was centrally located; and within 3.5%, when the chamber was located on the peripheral edge of the phantoms. The measured dose in the anthropomorphic phantom was 2.3 cGy with a pitch of 1.0 (4 mm couch movement per gantry rotation), 1.4 cGy with a pitch 2.0, and 0.90 cGy with a pitch of 3.0, these matched within 1% to the calculated dose. The computed versus measured dose was also within 1% when calculating dose in different tissue densities (lung and bone). Conclusion: This study has shown that with the development of a new MVCT beam model, dose delivered from MVCT imaging can be calculated. Validation measurements, in phantom, have verified that the computed dose can be reported to within 1.5% of the measured dose. The rationale for implementing this MVCT beam model is to provide a future method for calculating patient‐specific MVCT dose. Conflict of Interest: Co‐authors are either funded by a research grant or employed by TomoTherapy, Inc.
Nuclear-localization-signal-dependent and nuclear-export-signal-dependent mechanisms determine the localization of 5-lipoxygenase (2002)

5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) metabolizes arachidonic acid to leukotriene A4, a key intermediate in leukotriene biosynthesis. To explore the molecular mechanisms of its cell-specific localization, a fusion protein between green fluorescent protein (GFP) and human 5-LO (GFP-5LO) was expressed in various cells. GFP-5LO was localized in the cytosol in HL-60 cells and in both the nucleus and the cytosol in RBL (rat basophilic leukaemia) cells, similarly to the native enzyme in these cells. The localization of GFP fusion proteins for mutant 5-LOs in a putative bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS), amino acids 638-655, in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 and Swiss3T3 cells revealed that this motif is important for the nuclear localization of 5-LO. A GFP fusion protein of this short peptide localized consistently in the nucleus. Leptomycin B, a specific inhibitor of nuclear export signal (NES)-dependent transport, diminished the cytosolic localization of 5-LO in HL-60 cells and that of GFP-5LO in CHO-K1 cells, suggesting that an NES-system might also function in determining 5-LO localization. Analysis of the localization of 5-LO during the cell cycle points to a controlled movement of this enzyme. Thus we conclude that a balance of NLS- and NES-dependent mechanisms determines the cell-type-specific localization of 5-LO, suggesting a nuclear function for this enzyme.
The tetrakis(hydrogen phosphato)dimolybdenum ion, [Mo2(HPO4)4]2-. Compounds with a metal-metal triple bond which are easily prepared and permanently stable in air (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe tetrakis(hydrogen phosphato)dimolybdenum ion, [Mo2(HPO4)4]2-. Compounds with a metal-metal triple bond which are easily prepared and permanently stable in airAvi Bino and F. Albert CottonCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1979, 18, 12, 3562–3565Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50202a053https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50202a053research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views292Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Von klassischen zu nichtklassischen Metall-Bor-Bindungen: Synthese und Struktur eines neuartigen Metallaborans Diese Arbeit wurde von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, dem Fonds der Chemischen Industrie, dem EPSRC und der Royal Society unterstützt. Wir danken dem Rechenzentrum der RWTH Aachen für großzügige Überlassung von Rechenzeit. H.B. dankt Professor T. P. Fehlner (Notre Dame) für hilfreiche Diskussionen. (2002)

Vom Komplex zum Cluster: Eine präparative Verknüpfung zwischen elektronenpräzisen Borylenkomplexen wie 1 und elektronendefizienten Metallaboranen gelingt mit der Synthese von 2. Zugleich wurde damit die Chemie der Metallaborane um zwei Aspekte erweitert: unverbrückte B2Hal2-Einheiten (Hal=Halogen) und die vierkernige nido-„Schmetterlings“-Struktur.
Modification of Shellac Varnish by Nanoparticles and a Perfluoropolyether based Polymer (2012)

Shellac has been widely used as a protective material for wooden furniture and musical instruments, due to its remarkable properties such as ease of application, high adhesion to the wood surface and protective properties along with its nonpoisonous nature. However, shellac varnishes have also some limitations such as softness of the coating, photodegradation, and sensitivity to alcoholic solvents and to pH variations. In the present study, de-waxed natural shellac (food quality shellac from Kremer-Pigmente) was selected and modified by introducing different inorganic nanoparticles as well as a fluorinated polymer. Silicates nanoparticles were added with the aim of improving the film hardness, while ZnO nanoparticles were expected to reduce photodegradation of the shellac matrix and finally, fluorinated polymer was considered with the aim of increasing chemical resistance and water repellent character of the resulting material. Four different shellac materials were prepared for these purposes by dispersing nanoparticles (silica, montmorillonite, zinc oxide) and perfluoropolyether in alcoholic solutions of shellac. Different experimental analyses were performed on both modified shellac films and maple wood specimens treated by brushing. Characteristics of modified shellac materials were investigated by performing hardness test, contact angle measurements, evaluation of chromatic variation after UV ageing, solubility and alkali resistance tests.  SEM-EDS analyses were also carried out on films and treated wood specimens. Quality and thickness of the coating are important parameters when products are developed for real case applications. Both native shellac and modified shellac treatments on wood specimens provided good quality coatings whose thickness was very close to real applications (about 25 µm, see Figure 1). Hardness measurements performed by international standard test indicated that the presence of silica or montmorillonite nanoparticles in shellac improves the hardness of the resulting coating. In addition, SiO2-shellac applied on wood specimens afforded an improvement of hydrophobic properties (see Figure 2), while Montmorillonite-shellac increased the base resistance property with respect to the native shellac.  ZnO-shellac treatment preserved almost unaltered the chromatic properties (L*, a* and b* coordinates of the CIELAB space) with respect to native shellac, even after UV ageing (750 h). Shellac modified by perfluoropolyether showed an improvement of hydrophobic behaviour and photo-stability after artificial ageing. Acknowledgement: The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Claudio Canevari (Civica Scuola di Liuteria, Milan, Italy) for supplying different shellac batches, wood samples and also kind guidance for the research work.
Catechol- <i>O</i> -Methyltransferase: Thermolabile Enzyme in Erythrocytes of Subjects Homozygous for Allele for Low Activity (1979)

Low catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity (less than 8 units per milliliter) in the human erythrocyte is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait (COMTL). The average half-life of COMT in erythrocyte lysates incubated at 48 degrees C was significantly shorter in lysates from three subjects with low enzyme activity than in lysates from three subjects with high enzyme activity (12.5 +/- 0.9 minutes compared with 21.2 +/- 1.4 minutes, P less than .01). When the ratios of COMT activities in lysates heated at 48 degrees C for 15 minutes to enzyme activities in unheated samples were used as a measure of enzyme thermostability in blood samples from 316 randomly selected subjects, the ratios were significantly less for subjects with low enzyme activity than for subjects with higher enzyme activity. The presense of thermolabile COMT in blood of individuals homozygous for COMTL raises the possibility that the locus COMT may represent the structural gene for the human enzyme.
Short reports Transient cerebeliopontine demyelinisation revealed by MRI in acute cerebellar ataxia (1990)

An eight year old boy was ad- mitted to our ward with a history of ab- rupt onset of rapidly progressive gait dis- order, nausea, vertigo and vomiting. The clinical as well as the labortory findings suggested the diagnosis of acute cerebel- lar ataxia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MR/), however, showed marked de- myelinisation in the cerebellar region and visual evoked potentials were pa- thologic. After immunosuppressio n the patient promptly improved clinically and the lesions depicted by MRI disap- peared almost completely
The measured cost of copying garbage collection mechanisms (1997)

We examine the costs and benefits of a variety of copying garbage collection (GC) mechanisms across multiple architectures and programming languages. Our study covers both low-level object representation and copying issues as well as the mechanisms needed to support more advanced techniques such as generational collection, large object spaces, and type segregated areas.Our experiments are made possible by a novel performance analysis tool, Oscar . Oscar allows us to capture snapshots of programming language heaps that may then be used to replay garbage collections. The replay program is self-contained and written in C, which makes it easy to port to other architectures and to analyze with standard performance analysis tools. Furthermore, it is possible to study additional programming languages simply by instrumenting existing implementations to capture heap snapshots.In general, we found that careful implementation of GC mechanisms can have a significant benefit. For a simple collector, we measured improvements of as much as 95%. We then found that while the addition of advanced features can have a sizeable overhead (up to 15%), the net benefit is quite positive, resulting in additional gains of up to 42%. We also found that results varied depending upon the platform and language. Machine characteristics such as cache arrangements, instruction set (RISC/CISC), and register pool were important. For different languages, average object size seemed to be most important.The results of our experiments demonstrate the usefulness of a tool like Oscar for studying GC performance. Without much overhead, we can easily identify areas where programming language implementors could collaborate with GC implementors to improve GC performance.
Antigen-Specific T Helper Cell Function (2000)

Distinguishing between the development of functional potential in antigen-specific T helper (Th) cells and the delivery of these specialized functions in vivo has been difficult to resolve. Here, we quantify the frequency of cytokine-producing cells within the primary and memory B10.BR Th cell response to pigeon cytochrome c (PCC). In vitro analysis of acquired functional potential indicated no Th1/Th2 cytokine polarity at the peak of the primary response with surprisingly little evidence for the selective preservation of interleukin (IL)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-4, and interferon (IFN)-gamma potentials into the memory compartment. However, the expression of these functional potentials appears tightly regulated in vivo. The staggered appearance of primary response cytokines directly ex vivo contrasts markedly with their rapid coordinate expression in the memory response. Frequencies of IL-2-, TNF-alpha-, IFN-gamma-, and IL-10-expressing memory responders increased over their primary response counterparts, but were still markedly lower than revealed in vitro. IL-4-, IFN-gamma-, and IL-10-expressing Th cells remained at low but stable frequencies over the first 6 d of the memory response. Analysis of T cell receptor beta chain sequences of IL-4- and TNF-alpha-expressing PCC-specific Th cells provides evidence for early functional commitment among clonal progeny. These data indicate that the development of functional potential is a consequence of initial antigen experience, but delivery of specialized functions is differentially regulated in primary and memory immune responses.
Integrated Arrays of Low Power SOS Chip-to-Chip Interconnects for Efficient Parallel Communication in CMOS (2003)

In this paper we present an array silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) interconnects for high speed, low power communication between CMOS integrated circuits. We demonstrate integrated 1Gbps links with total power consumption below 25 mW per channel.
The Diaphragm: Two Muscles (1981)

The costal and crural parts of the diaphragm were separately stimulated in anesthetized dogs. Stimulation of the costal part increased the dimensions of the lower rib cage, whereas stimulation of the crural part decreased the dimensions of the lower rib cage. It is concluded that the diaphragm consists of two muscles that act differently on the rib cage.
Dynamic Model for Predicting Death Within 12 Months in Patients With Primary or Post–Polycythemia Vera/Essential Thrombocythemia Myelofibrosis (2009)

Blood or bone marrow blasts >or= 10%, platelets less than 50 x 10(9)/L, and chromosome 17 aberrations defined AP in patients with MF. Patients in AP should be candidates for intensive therapeutic interventions.
Asymmetrically-applied hot and cold stimuli gives perception of constant heat (2017)

This study investigated how the perception of skin temperature is affected by asymmetrically changing hot and cold stimuli applied to nearby sections of the skin. In the first part of the study, different rates and starting temperatures were applied to evaluate the time at which the temperature change was first noticed. In the second part, a method of asymmetrically-applied hot and cold stimuli was tested on the participants to generate a constant heating sensation without changing the average temperature of the skin. This method applies a combination of fast heating and slow cooling rates using multiple thermal actuators. The slow cooling rate is under the perceptual threshold level, hence it is not perceived. The fast heating rate, however, is perceived, which creates the feeling that the temperature is warmer than it actually is. The results showed that participants were able to perceive a constant heating effect at normal skin temperature as hypothesized. This effect was most effective at normal skin temperatures and became less effective at higher baseline temperatures.
Versatile on-chip read-out for compound-eye image sensor array (2006)

Compound-eye image sensors offer the possibility to fabricate ultra-thin (<0.5mm) image sensors, that integrate micro-optics, photo-sensing elements and processing-circuitry on a single chip. Modeled after the compound eye found in insects and in many other arthropods, the compound-eye sensor has the possibility to generate a high resolution image from the simultaneous acquisition of a mosaic of low resolution images. In this paper, we propose a versatile read-out strategy enabling to view the scene from only a subset of microlenses. We demonstrate that this feature is very attractive in terms of power consumption and read-out speed, especially when the intended application does not require high resolution imaging. Simulation results are presented to validate the functionality of the circuit, using AMI 0.35μm CMOS technology.
Evolutionary rewiring of bacterial regulatory networks (2015)

Bacteria have evolved complex regulatory networks that enable integration of multiple intracellular and extracellular signals to coordinate responses to environmental changes. However, our knowledge of how regulatory systems function and evolve is still relatively limited. There is often extensive homology between components of different networks, due to past cycles of gene duplication, divergence, and horizontal gene transfer, raising the possibility of cross-talk or redundancy. Consequently, evolutionary resilience is built into gene networks - homology between regulators can potentially allow rapid rescue of lost regulatory function across distant regions of the genome. In our recent study [Taylor, <i>et al.</i> Science (2015), 347(6225)] we find that mutations that facilitate cross-talk between pathways can contribute to gene network evolution, but that such mutations come with severe pleiotropic costs. Arising from this work are a number of questions surrounding how this phenomenon occurs.
Requirement for binding multiple ATPs to convert a GroEL ring to the folding-active state (2008)

Production of the folding-active state of a GroEL ring involves initial cooperative binding of ATP, recruiting GroES, followed by large rigid body movements that are associated with ejection of bound substrate protein into the encapsulated hydrophilic chamber where folding commences. Here, we have addressed how many of the 7 subunits of a GroEL ring are required to bind ATP to drive these events, by using mixed rings with different numbers of wild-type and variant subunits, the latter bearing a substitution in the nucleotide pocket that allows specific block of ATP binding and turnover by a pyrazolol pyrimidine inhibitor. We observed that at least 2 wild-type subunits were required to bind GroES. By contrast, the triggering of polypeptide release and folding required a minimum of 4 wild-type subunits, with the greatest extent of refolding observed when all 7 subunits were wild type. This is consistent with the requirement for a "power stroke" of forceful apical movement to eject polypeptide into the chamber.
Experimental demonstration of quantum correlations over more than 10 km (1998)

Energy and time entangled photons at a wavelength of 1310 nm are produced by parametric down-conversion in a ${\mathrm{KNbO}}_{3}$ crystal and are sent into all-fiber interferometers using a telecommunications fiber network. The two interferometers of this Franson-type test of the Bell inequality are located 10.9 km apart from one another. Two-photon fringe visibilities of up to 81.6% are obtained. These strong nonlocal correlations support the nonlocal predictions of quantum mechanics and provide evidence that entanglement between photons can be maintained over long distances.
Morphology and Properties of Polyethylene/Clay Nanocomposite Drawn Fibers (2007)

Abstract The influence of an elongational flow on the morphology of PE/clay nanocomposite drawn fibers was studied. An increase of the elastic modulus and the tensile strength as well as a decrease of the elongation at break are observed with increasing draw ratio. The applied elongational gradient orients the polymer chains and the clay particles along the spinning direction. When the applied flow results in the formation and the orientation of exfoliated nanoparticles, a pronounced increase of the mechanical properties is observed. The dispersed clay particles can be broken and oriented by the extensional flow, which might indicate a flow‐induced intercalated/exfoliated morphology transition. magnified image
Some Like It Hot: The Influence and Implications of Climate Change on Coffee Berry Borer (Hypothenemus hampei) and Coffee Production in East Africa (2011)

The negative effects of climate change are already evident for many of the 25 million coffee farmers across the tropics and the 90 billion dollar (US) coffee industry. The coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei), the most important pest of coffee worldwide, has already benefited from the temperature rise in East Africa: increased damage to coffee crops and expansion in its distribution range have been reported. In order to anticipate threats and prioritize management actions for H. hampei we present here, maps on future distributions of H. hampei in coffee producing areas of East Africa. Using the CLIMEX model we relate present-day insect distributions to current climate and then project the fitted climatic envelopes under future scenarios A2A and B2B (for HADCM3 model). In both scenarios, the situation with H. hampei is forecasted to worsen in the current Coffea arabica producing areas of Ethiopia, the Ugandan part of the Lake Victoria and Mt. Elgon regions, Mt. Kenya and the Kenyan side of Mt. Elgon, and most of Rwanda and Burundi. The calculated hypothetical number of generations per year of H. hampei is predicted to increase in all C. arabica-producing areas from five to ten. These outcomes will have serious implications for C. arabica production and livelihoods in East Africa. We suggest that the best way to adapt to a rise of temperatures in coffee plantations could be via the introduction of shade trees in sun grown plantations. The aims of this study are to fill knowledge gaps existing in the coffee industry, and to draft an outline for the development of an adaptation strategy package for climate change on coffee production. An abstract in Spanish is provided as Abstract S1.
Circuit Analysis and Optimization Driven by WorstCase Distances (2009)

In this paper, a new methodology for integrated circuit design considering the inevitable manufacturing and operating tolerances is presented. It is based on a new concept for specification analyse that provides exact worst-case transistor model parameters and exact worst-case operating conditions. Corresponding worst-case distances provide a key measure for the performance, the yield, and the robustness of a circuit A new deterministic method for parametric circuit design that is based on worst-case distances is presented: It comprises nominal design, worst-case analysis, yield optimization, and design centering. In contrast to current approaches, it uses standard circuit simulators and at the same time considers deterministic design parameters of integrated circuits at reasonable computational costs. The most serious disadvantage of geometric approaches to design centering is eliminated, as the method's complexity increases only linearly with the number of design variables.