gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>CHOOCH</i>: a program for deriving anomalous-scattering factors from X-ray fluorescence spectra (2001)

A Fortran program CHOOCH , which derives experimental values of the anomalous-scattering factors f ′′ and f ′ from X-ray fluorescence spectra, is described. The program assumes knowledge of theoretical values for the imaginary term, f ′′, of the anomalous-scattering factor away from the absorption edge to scale the experimental fluorescence spectrum and thus derive values of f ′′ near the absorption edge, where tabular data are inappropriate. The Kramers–Kronig relation is used to calculate the real part, f ′, of the anomalous-scattering factor. The program aids the decision-making process in macromolecular crystallographic experiments where optimal wavelength selection is required. Magnitudes of f ′ and f ′′ at selected wavelengths can later be used as starting values for heavy-atom refinement with crystallographic phasing programs.
Approach Lighting System Safety (2010)

This article reviews the current standards and criteria used to implement approach lighting systems (ALS). These are usually based on the number of aircraft operations, the type of airport operations, and the design criteria of runway operations. The authors note that these criteria do not address issues such as the safety of passengers and rescue personnel after an aircraft accident/incident. ALS provide a critical component of the runway safety systems to allow a pilot to transition from instrument to visual flight during landing. In the United States, there are 2100 runway ends which are equipped with ALS. The article explores how these systems, while critical for safe landing, also provide a potential issue in the case of an undershoot or overrun on a landing. An aircraft landing in an ALS field is in an environment which has both electrical equipment and structures. There is great potential for damage to the aircraft, injury to passengers and problems for the first responders. Topics include mitigation recommendations; the role of group or committee review; the use of cross-training between airport operations, the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA), and agency response personnel; the establishment of an in-house reference guide; and ALS access planning. The authors conclude by calling for improved reporting processes to gather better data on safety concerns regarding ALS. Additional research is also required to identify potential technology needed to de-energize the ALS when an incident occurs and to warn first response personnel.
The hepatic flaviviridae: summary (1999)

Hepatitis C envelope proteins (E1, E2) induce protective neutralizing antibodies. The extent of sequence diversity reflects the host's ability to control viral populations and the response to antiviral therapy. Attempts to prepare effective vaccines against HCV are foiled by lack of prolonged protective immunity. Plasmid vaccines and the use of uninfectious virus-like particles are being developed. HCV induces a cellular humoral immune response, but this is inadequate to clear the virus and the disease becomes chronic. In any patient, the natural history of HCV infection depends on the age when infected, and the presence of other diseases. The transfusion-related disease has a worse prognosis than that transmitted by syringes and needles. The outlook in 'healthy blood donors' is uncertain. Interferon therapy for 3 or preferably 6 months results in a sustained response in about 30% of patients. Negative serum HCV RNA and normal AST values after 3 months of therapy indicates that there may be a sustained response. Whether or not to stop treatment at that time if HCV is still positive remains a matter of debate. The role of interferon treatment in preventing progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer is still uncertain. Ribavirin therapy alone reduces transaminases and hepatic histology improves. Improved results follow the combination of ribavirin with interferon. Ribavirin may have immuno-modularity and anti-inflammatory actions. Hepatitis G virus (HGV) is unlikely to play a significant role in liver disease in man.
Simple design of slanted grating with simplified modal method (2014)

A simplified modal method (SMM) is presented that offers a clear physical image for subwavelength slanted grating. The diffraction characteristic of the slanted grating under Littrow configuration is revealed by the SMM as an equivalent rectangular grating, which is in good agreement with rigorous coupled-wave analysis. Based on the equivalence, we obtained an effective analytic solution for simplifying the design and optimization of a slanted grating. It offers a new approach for design of the slanted grating, e.g., a 1×2 beam splitter can be easily designed. This method should be helpful for designing various new slanted grating devices.
Maternal and Neonatal Outcome of Twin Pregnancies after in vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer (2003)

Purpose : To examine various neonatal outcomes and perinatal factors resulting from assisted reproduction compared to that of spontaneous conception. Methods : This is a retrospective study. The control cases were all twins of spontaneous conception born between periods from January 1995 to June 2000. The study cases were identified from twins conceived by assisted reproduction in the same time peried. A total of 460 sets of twins consisted of 250 twins of spontaneous conception and 156 twins of assisted reproduction were studied. The primary outcomes were neonatal morbidity and mortality and the secondary outcomes were perinatal factors including number, length and cost of hospitalization for the delivery. Results : No differences were seen in various neonatal factors including gestational age, birth weight and incidences of respiratory distress syndrome, patent ductus arteriosus, necrotizing enterocolitis, hyperbilirubinemia, sepsis, intraventricular hemorrhage and the length of hospitalizations. Lower one minute and five minute Apgar scores and frequently encountered electrolyte abnormalities were observed in neonates of assisted reproduction. In general, the second twin of assisted reproduction had increased incidences of respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis than the first twin. Increased frequencies of preterm labor, hospitalization and elective cesarean section were seen among mothers who underwent artifical conception. However, overall hospital costs in terms of mothers hospitalization for the delivery and neonates hospitalization did not show differences. Conclusion : Assisted reproduction twins had similar neonatal morbidities, mortalities and perinatal morbidities compared to those born by spontaneous conception. (J Korean Pediatr Soc 2003;46:224229)
Camera calibration: a quick and easy way to determine the scale factor (1991)

The author presents a quick and easy solution to the camera calibration problem of finding the scale factor that arises because of a difference between the scanning frequency of the camera sensor plane and the scanning frequency of the image capture board frame buffer. The method presented is based on the observation that the scale factor is related to the distortion in an image of a circle: this is a distortion that can easily be measured by considering the occluding boundary of a precisely fabricated sphere, such as a ball bearing. Implementation results are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Growth and Reproductive Traits in Beef Heifers Implanted with Zeranol (1983)

Weaned replacement heifers were implanted with zeranol at 8 and 11 mo of age in two trials to evaluate growth and reproductive traits. Approximately 100 beef heifers were used in each trial, and the heifers were divided into categories of heavier than average (H) and lighter than average (L) weaning weight. Weight categories were further divided into control (HC and LC) and zeranol-implanted (HI and LI) groups. Heifers were kept in drylot from weaning to just before the start of the breeding season and were fed to reach a predetermined body weight by the start of the breeding season and were fed to reach a predetermined body weight by the start of the breeding season. Rates of gain in the drylot were greater in implanted than in control heifers in both trial 1 (.53 vs .48 kg/d; P less than .09) and trial 2 (.70 vs .63 kg/d; P less than .01). Pelvic areas were greater (P less than .01) in implanted than in control heifers of both trial 1 (175 vs 159 cm2) and trial 2 (175 vs 164 cm2). This increase in pelvic size was still present at the end of the summer pasture period, which followed the drylot period. Zeranol had no major effect (P greater than .10) on age of weight at puberty. Fall pregnancy rate was 16% lower in implanted heifers than in control heifers in trial 1 (62 vs 78%, P = .08) but did not differ in trial 2 (88 vs 87%, I and C, respectively).
Retinoic acid as antileukemic therapy in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia and Aspergillus pneumonia (1986)

A patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and laboratory evidence of fibrinolysis who could not be treated with aggressive cytostatic regimens because of Aspergillus pneumonia was treated with cis-retinoic acid (RA), a substance that can induce differentiation and maturation of APL cells. After seven weeks of daily oral treatment, he went into complete remission, and signs of coagulopathy disappeared. Meanwhile, the Aspergillus pneumonia could be treated adequately. Based on the experience in this single patient, RA deserves further evaluation in the treatment of APL.
Receptors for Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH) in Dunning R3327 Prostate Cancers and Rat Anterior Pituitaries after Treatment with a Sustained Delivery System of LHRH Antagonist SB-75* (1990)

Membrane receptors for LHRH were evaluated in Dunning R3327 prostate cancers and rat anterior pituitaries. The receptors were characterized both in untreated animals and after in vivo treatment with microcapsules of the agonist D-Trp6-LHRH and a sustained delivery system releasing different doses (23.8, 47.6, 71.4 micrograms/day) of LHRH antagonist [Ac-D-Nal(2)1-D-Phe(4Cl)2-D-Pal(3)3,D-Cit6, D-Ala10]-LHRH (SB-75). The therapy, which lasted 8 weeks, strongly inhibited tumor growth. A group of normal Sprague-Dawley male rats was also treated for 6 weeks with microcapsules of SB-75 releasing 25 micrograms/day. In the Dunning tumors from the control group, ligand [125I, D-Trp6]-LHRH was bound to two classes of binding sites [dissociation constant, class a (Kda) = 1.01 +/- 0.30 x 10(-9) M; Kdb = 1.71 +/- 0.41 x 10(-6) M; maximal binding capacity of receptors, class a (Bmaxa) = 48.66 +/- 22.13 fmol/mg of protein; Bmaxb = 92.10 +/- 29.40 pmol/mg of protein] in both kinetic and equilibrium studies. Treatment with D-Trp6-LHRH produced down-regulation of membrane receptors for LHRH in Dunning tumors. Microcapsules of SB-75 resulted in dose-dependent up-regulation of binding sites for LHRH in Dunning tumors. Analysis of the binding data showed that interaction of labeled D-Trp6-LHRH with binding sites in anterior pituitaries was consistent with the presence of a single class of noncooperative receptors (Kd = 43.75 x 10(-9) M; Bmax = 5.25 pmol/mg membrane proteins). Prolonged treatment with microcapsules of D-Trp6-LHRH reduced both Bmax and Kd. Lower doses of SB-75 (23.8 and 47.6 micrograms/day) produced up-regulation, whereas the highest dose (71.4 micrograms/day) resulted in down-regulation of binding sites for LHRH in rat pituitaries. In normal Sprague-Dawley rats, treatment with microcapsules of SB-75 (25 micrograms/day) for 6 weeks produced a slight increase in the number of available binding sites (Bmax = 2.35 +/- 0.82 pmol/mg membrane protein) and a moderate decrease in affinity (Kd = 35.10 +/- 15.19 x 10(-9) M) of pituitary membrane receptors for LHRH. The findings provide additional support for the view that LHRH analogs exert direct effects on tumor cells. Our findings indicate that prolonged treatment with high doses of modern LHRH antagonists produces down-regulation of pituitary receptors. Our work in tumors also implies that some differences may exist between LHRH receptors, even in the same tissue, leading to the concept of subclassification of LHRH receptors.
Extremely low threshold (AlGa)As graded-index waveguide separate-confinement heterostructure lasers grown by molecular beam epitaxy (1982)

Extremely low threshold GRIN-SCH lasers with single and double active layers were prepared by molecular beam epitaxy as a result of an increased optical confinement, a significant reduction in the internal loss αi, and the increased gain constant β. Averaged Jth 250 A/cm2 and 160 A/cm2 for broad-area Fabry–Perot diodes of cavity lengths 380 and 1125 μm, respectively, and averaged external differential quantum efficiency ηD of 65–80 % were obtained.
Advantage of HTS DC power transmission (2009)

High T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> superconducting (HTS) cables and their application to build a DC power transmission system with the advantages of high transport current capability and no resistive transmission loss have been studied. Technical assessments of the DC electrical power transmission system behaviors with the use of the HTS DC cable technology have been carried out. The HTS DC cable and its DC power transmission system models have been built, and the analysis results obtained mainly include the magnetic field distribution of the HTS cable and the HTS DC power transmission system performances.
Uptake, Storage, and Utilization of Soil-applied Nitrogen by Thompson Seedless as Affected by Time of Application (1989)

A grapevine9s need for nitrogen (N) is most critical during the period of rapid shoot growth in spring through bloom and early berry development. Timing of fertilizer applied to the soil necessary to maximize nitrogen in leaf tissue during this period was evaluated in two mature Thompson Seedless vineyards. Application periods, using labeled ammonium sulfate, included budbreak, July, and post harvest in late September. Application in July and September resulted in the highest content of labeled nitrogen in dormant storage tissue, and in leaf tissue during rapid spring growth and at bloom. It is apparent that labeled nitrogen stored in roots, trunk, and canes during dormancy was redistributed to support early spring growth. Nitrogen applied at budbreak had insufficient time for uptake to become a significant fraction of total N in leaf tissue by bloom.
A higher-order method for finding vortex core lines (1998)

This paper presents a novel method to extract vortical structures from 3D CFD (computational fluid dynamics) vector fields automatically. It discusses the underlying theory and some aspects of the implementation. Making use of higher-order derivatives, the method is able to locate bent vortices. In order to structure the recognition procedure, we distinguish locating the core line from calculating attributes of strength and quality. Results are presented on several flow fields from the field of turbomachinery.
Development of Formable All‐Metal Sandwich Sheets for Automotive Applications (2005)

This paper describes the development of thin all‐metal sandwich sheets. Sandwich sheets are used in various engineering applications, but the lack of formability and weldability has prevented their wide spread use in the automotive industry. The failure modes of state‐of‐the‐art sandwich sheets in forming operations have been analyzed in detail. Based on theoretical analysis, a formable prototype sandwich sheets has been designed. A draw bending experiment has been performed to demonstrate the formability of this prototype sheet.
Lung deposition of budesonide from Turbuhaler is twice that from a pressurized metered-dose inhaler P-MDI (1994)

The pulmonary and systemic availability of budesonide after inhalation from a dry powder inhaler, Turbuhaler, and from a pressurized metered-dose inhaler (P-MDI) were compared in healthy volunteers. Two different methods were used to assess pulmonary availability: 1) calculated from the systemic availability corrected for an oral availability of 13% (n = 24); and 2) after blocking of gastrointestinal absorption by administration of a charcoal suspension (n = 13). An intravenous infusion of budesonide was used as a reference. The systemic availability of budesonide, calculated as a geometric mean and expressed as percentage of the metered dose, was 38% for Turbuhaler and 26% for P-MDI. The pulmonary availability, calculated using the first method, was 32% and 15% for Turbuhaler and P-MDI, respectively; and, using the second method, 32% and 18%, respectively. The results of the present study indicate that administration of budesonide via Turbuhaler gives rise to a lung deposition which is approximately twice that of a P-MDI, with less variability, but that systemic availability is only increased by approximately 50%. Thus, the present data suggest that by administrating budesonide via Turbuhaler, instead of a P-MDI, the same degree of asthma control can be achieved with a lower dose, which, in turn, reduces the risk of undesired systemic effects.
Cascade optical chromatography for sample fractionation (2009)

Optical chromatography involves the elegant combination of opposing optical and fluid drag forces on colloidal samples within microfluidic environments to both measure analytical differences and fractionate injected samples. Particles that encounter the focused laser beam are trapped axially along the beam and are pushed upstream from the laser focal point to rest at a point where the optical and fluid forces on the particle balance. In our recent devices particles are pushed into a region of lower microfluidic flow, where they can be retained and fractionated. Because optical and fluid forces on a particle are sensitive to differences in the physical and chemical properties of a sample, separations are possible. An optical chromatography beam focused to completely fill a fluid channel is operated as an optically tunable filter for the separation of inorganic, polymeric, and biological particle samples. We demonstrate this technique coupled with an advanced microfluidic platform and show how it can be used as an effective method to fractionate particles from an injected multicomponent sample. Our advanced three-stage microfluidic design accommodates three lasers simultaneously to effectively create a sequential cascade optical chromatographic separation system.
Multilevel Peukert equations based residual capacity estimation method for lead-acid battery (2008)

In this paper, a residual capacity estimation method based on the multilevel Peukert equations is proposed for the lead-acid battery. Multilevel Peukert equations and ampere hour accumulation are used in this paper to estimate residual capacity of the battery, and several Peukert equations are used for different range of discharge current to improve the accuracy of the conventional Peukert methods. The residual capacity of the battery is estimated during each discharge cycle by measuring the battery voltage and current. The salient features of the proposed method are that no complicated measurement is required in the proposed residual capacity estimation method. To verify the proposed residual capacity estimation method, experiments for lead-acid batteries are developed. The experimental results show that the proposed residual capacity estimation method provides the expected results.
Rotor Current and Magnetic Field Variations in Induction Motors with Skewed Rotors (1972)

Published methods of calculating induction motors do not reflect the effect of skew on the magnetic field in the air gap. The rotor bar current as affected by skew alters the total mutual field. This paper determines the voltages induced in both the rotor bar and the primary winding as affected by the said modified field and provides equations to calculate its effect on performance. This paper also analyzes the field resulting from non-skewed stator conductors carrying line current and skewed rotor conductors carrying rotor bar current. Rotor current is calculated in terms of individual bar currents; present techniques use uniform current sheet distribution. Equations are given to calculate motor performance reflecting the effect of skew on the mutual field.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF SOME PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS FOR CEREBRAL DAMAGE (1965)

1 Neurosensory Center and Departments of Neurology and Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City. This paper was presented at the 36th Annual Meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association. St. Louis, April 1964. The preparation of this review was supported by Program Project Grant NB-03354 from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, U.S.P.H.S Neurosensory Center Publication No. 48.
Lysosomal enzymes from polymorphonuclear leukocytes and proteinase inhibitors in patients with cystic fibrosis. (1986)

In serum and sputum samples from 15 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) suffering from chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infections, concentrations and/or activities of elastase derived from polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), cathepsin G, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as concentrations of the proteinase inhibitors alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1-PI) and alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2-M), were determined. High enzyme concentrations compared with those in normal control subjects were found for PMN elastase (mean, 96.1 +/- 91.7 micrograms/ml), cathepsin G (mean, 5.9 +/- 6.0 micrograms/ml), and MPO (mean, 138.0 +/- 177 micrograms/ml) in patients' sputum samples. Superoxide dismutase was not detectable in any of the sputum specimens (below 1 ng/ml). Proteinase inhibitor concentrations were elevated in serum samples (alpha 1-PI: mean, 3,457 +/- 1,084 micrograms/ml; alpha 2-M: mean, 4,835 +/- 1,334 micrograms/ml). Means of 61 +/- 38 micrograms/ml alpha 1-PI and 29 +/- 31 micrograms/ml alpha 2-M were present in the sputum specimens. Both proteinase inhibitors were functional in the serum samples. However, sputum alpha 1-PI was proteolytically degraded, as shown by western blot technique, and was not able to bind 125I-labeled PMN elastase, as shown by autoradiography. Only 10.9 +/- 8.5% of the total alpha 1-PI in the sputum samples was complexed to PMN elastase and 3.6 +/- 3.2% to cathepsin G. On the other hand, 96.2 +/- 96.8% of the total PMN elastase and 78.0 +/- 100% of cathepsin G were unbound in the sputum samples. The study suggests that the imbalance between PMN proteinases and their inhibitors is due to inactivation of alpha 1-PI in the sputum caused by proteolytic or oxidative attack from PMN enzymes.
Effects of extremely low frequency pulsed magnetic fields on diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin-treated rats (2016)

Both positive and negative effects of ELFPMF on the development of DN in diabetic rats were observed. The positive effect induced by ELFPMF might play a dominant role in the procession of DN in diabetic rats, and it is suggested that the positive effect should be derived from the correction of pathogenic diabetes-induced mediators.
Favorable support threshold recommendation for multidimensional association mining using user preference ontology (2009)

The classical algorithms for mining association rule require the user to specify a support threshold to determine if an itemset is frequent or not. Unfortunately, the setting of support threshold is subjective without clear standard and has great influence on the mining results. In this paper we propose an intelligent minimum support suggestion framework with the help of the user preference ontology. The user preference ontology maintains the frequently used mining queries extracted from the mining log. The system finds the most similar queries to the user's mining intension, aggregates them and obtains the favorable support range for the user to refer. In this paper we describe briefly the construction of the user preference ontology and focus on the methodology for query similarity comparison.