gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The deprotonation and rearrangement of <i>N</i>-methyl methylphosphazenium quaternary salts: a novel synthetic route to cyclic azaphosphorins (1977)

The N-methyl methylphosphazenium salts (NPMe 2 ) 3,4 •MeI and N 3 P 3 Ph 4 Me 2 •MeI can be deprotonated by a variety of bases to yield the novel azaphosphorins Me 2n−1 (NHMe)P n N n−1 CH (n = 3,4) and Me(NHMe)Ph 4 P 3 N 2 CH, formed by a rearrangement in which the methylated nitrogen atom is displaced from the PN ring by the initially produced exocyclic methylene group. The 1 H nmr spectra of the azaphosphorins indicate a rapid proton exchange between the endocyclic carbon and the exocyclic nitrogen, which can be slowed by the addition of an auxiliary base. When KO-t-Bu reacts with the quaternary salts, nucleophilic attack competes with proton removal, and the linear oxides (NHMe)(PMe 2 N) n PMe 2 O (n = 2−4) have been isolated from these reactions. The azaphosphorins Me 2n−1 (NHMe)P n N n−1 CH (n = 3, 4) are hydrolysed in aqueous ethanol to give the cyclic oxides Me 2n−1 (O)P n N n−1 CH 2 , and react with methyl iodide by a proton transfer reaction to give the hydroiodides Me 2n−1 (NHMe)P n N n−1 CH•HI. Their reaction with benzoyl chloride leads to the derivatives Me 7 (NHMe)P 4 N 3 CCOPh and Me 7 (NMeCOPh)P 3 N 2 CCOPh, the initial substitution on carbon indicating that it is the primary basic centre. Model calculations of π-electron energies suggest that both the azaphosphorin rearrangement and the proton exchange reactions depend on the relative orbital electronegativity of the ring and exocyclic atoms, the less electronegative atom being more stable in the endocyclic position.
Use of Boehmite Films For Corrosion Protection of Aluminum (1962)

Investigations were made to study the formation of and corrosion resistance of aluminum oxide films formed by reaction between aluminum and water (or wet steam) at 98-155 C. Attention was centered largely on boehmite films. Methods used for investigation of hydrated oxide films on aluminum surfaces (involving dissolution of films or underlying metal) are outlined. A description is given of analytical methods used for determining oxide film thickness and composition. Considerable importance is attached to the influence of metal purity and water purity on boehmite film corrosion resistance. Other topics discussed include influence of pretreatment, commercial applications of boehmite film to protect foodstuff and other containers, and resistance of boehmite films to tap water and lightly aggressive media. It was concluded that 0.01-0.1 N triethanolamine was the filming solution producing the boehmite films with the best overall stability under varied conditions. Maximum stability was achieved with this agent after 4 hours’ boiling time, but even 5 minutes’ boiling time gave films adequate to protect aluminum cans. Boehmite films could be of great practical importance in making aluminum cans suitable for the packaging of beer, milk and other goods for which lacquered cans are unsatisfactory. Considerable data are reported relative to the growing of boehmite films. Extensive reference is made throughout the paper to work done by other investigators on the general subject of hydrated aluminum oxide films. 5.9.4, 6.4.2
An analog patient model derived from computed tomograms for three-dimensional radiotherapy planning. (1980)

An analog model of the part of a patient's body containing a tumor is constructed by drawing anatomical contours obtained from computed tomograms on a set of transparent plastic sheets. The coverage of radiotherapy fields in the patient is visualized in three dimensions using the model and the light beam from the radiotherapy machine or a simulator. A clinical example is presented.
Erratum: The ITS Region of Nuclear Ribosomal DNAZ: A Valuable Source of Evidence on Angiosperm Phylogeny (1996)

Bruce G. Baldwin, Michael J. Sanderson, J. Mark Porter, Martin F. Wojciechowski, Christopher S. Campbell, Michael J. Donoghue, Erratum: The ITS Region of Nuclear Ribosomal DNAZ: A Valuable Source of Evidence on Angiosperm Phylogeny, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 83, No. 1 (1996), p. 151
A demonstration IC for the P1149.4 mixed signal test standard (2002)

The P1149.4 mixed-signal boundary scan standard is demonstrated with a CMOS integrated circuit. Design issues and characterization data are presented.
Third-order orbital gyrocompass heading reference. (1966)

Covers advancements in spacecraft and tactical and strategic missile systems, including subsystem design and application, mission design and analysis, materials and structures, developments in space sciences, space processing and manufacturing, space operations, and applications of space technologies to other fields.
Simultaneous Localization of Multiple Unknown and Transient Radio Sources Using a Mobile Robot (2012)

We report system and algorithm developments that utilize a single mobile robot to simultaneously localize multiple unknown transient radio sources. Because of signal source anonymity, short transmission durations, and dynamic transmission patterns, the robot cannot treat the radio sources as continuous radio beacons. To deal with this challenging localization problem, we model the radio source behaviors using a novel spatiotemporal probability occupancy grid that captures transient characteristics of radio transmissions and tracks posterior probability distributions of radio sources. As a Monte Carlo method, a ridge walking motion planning algorithm is proposed to enable the robot to efficiently traverse the high-probability regions to accelerate the convergence of the posterior probability distribution. We also formally show that the time to find a radio source is insensitive to the number of radio sources, and hence, our algorithm has great scalability. We have implemented the algorithms and extensively tested them in comparison with two heuristic methods: a random walk and a fixed-route patrol. The localization time of our algorithms is consistently shorter than that of the two heuristic methods.
An approach for detection and family classification of malware based on behavioral analysis (2016)

Malware, i.e., malicious software, represents one of the main cyber security threats today. Over the last decade malware has been evolving in terms of the complexity of malicious software and the diversity of attack vectors. As a result modern malware is characterized by sophisticated obfuscation techniques, which hinder the classical static analysis approach. Furthermore, the increased amount of malware that emerges every day, renders a manual approach inefficient. This study tackles the problem of analyzing, detecting and classifying the vast amount of malware in a scalable, efficient and accurate manner. We propose a novel approach for detecting malware and classifying it to either known or novel, i.e., previously unseen malware family. The approach relies on Random Forests classifier for performing both malware detection and family classification. Furthermore, the proposed approach employs novel feature representations for malware classification, that significantly reduces the feature space, while achieving encouraging predictive performance. The approach was evaluated using behavioral traces of over 270,000 malware samples and 837 samples of benign software. The behavioral traces were obtained using a modified version of Cuckoo sandbox, that was able to harvest behavioral traces of the analyzed samples in a time-efficient manner. The proposed system achieves high malware detection rate and promising predictive performance in the family classification, opening the possibility of coping with the use of obfuscation and the growing number of malware.
CORRELATION OF ION-CLUSTER STRUCTURE WITH BULK VISCOSITY AND DENSITY OF TiO_2-BEARING MOLTEN SLAG (1992)

An approach was made to correlate the proposed model of ion-cluster structure and structural parameter of TiO_2-bearing pentan system of molten slag with properties.Re- sults showed that an increase of ions with 4-coordination number in molten slag makes the increase of bulk viscosity and the decrease of density,while ions with 6-coordination number are the contrary.The structural parameter proposed is so fairly interrelated to the properties of slag,that it may be available for the prediction about properties.In comparison with ions of 4-coordination number.Ti is more effective than Al and Si.
Recognising electronic symbols using neural networks (1999)

Neural networks are being implemented for the recognition of electronic symbols with the objective of carrying out a comparative study with the performance of other techniques including template matching, chain vectors and Hough transform. Whilst the error back propagation is commonly used for training, it is a well known fact that an very large number of iterations are required before the network is properly trained. Another disadvantage of this method is that it is highly susceptible to being trapped in a local minimum of the error hypersurface. Various methods of training will be investigated. The neural network techniques will be integrated with a Circuit Diagram Interpreter (CDI) for the understanding of scanned schematics. The symbols will be in one of eight orientations, and further investigations will be carried out on the effects of the pose of the symbol with respect to the performance of the recognition module.
Process mining of train describer event data and automatic conflict identification (2012)

Data records from train describer systems are a valuable source of information for analysing railway operations performance and assessing railway timetable quality. This paper presents a process mining tool based on event data records from the Dutch train describer system TROTS, including algorithms developed for the automatic identification of route conflicts with conflicting trains, arrival and departure times/delays at stations, and train paths on track section and blocking time level. Visualisations of the time-distance diagrams and blocking time diagrams support the analysis of incidents, track obstructions, disruptions, and structural errors in the timetable design.
Lytic effects of plastic surfaces on erythrocytes (1971)

Abstract Twenty‐one commercial plastics were exposed to 10% red blood cell suspension in buffered saline and their hemolytic effect was determined. The depression in surface tension of physiological saline solution exposed to the plastic surfaces was recorded and brought into relationship with their hemolytic behavior. It has been shown that both effects occur simultaneously. It is proposed to use the depression in surface tension of saline exposed to prospective plastic applicants as a bloodcindependent screening test for evaluation of plastics which are intended to be exposed to a cardiovascular environment.
A page‐shift transformation format of ISO 10646 (2001)

Abstract ISO 10646 Universal Character Set (UCS) or Unicode covers symbols in most of the World's written languages. There are various UCS transformation formats (UTF). UTF‐8 is compatible with systems that assume 8‐bit characters. One of the problems with UTF‐8 is its space efficiency. For files containing most Asian characters such as Han ideographs, the file sizes increase by about 50% by using UTF‐8. Although the Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode (SCSU) can compress Unicode strings to the size of a locale‐specific character set, it is complicated and is not intended to serve as a general purpose interchange format. This paper proposes a page‐shift transformation format of ISO 10646, called UTF‐S. There are four pages: 1‐byte, 2‐byte, 3‐byte and 4‐byte. Shift to page 0 uses a special code $00_{16}$ ; shift to page 1, 2, and 3 uses ISO 2022 shift codes SO, SS2, and SS3, respectively. We test several text files and compare these UTF with Big5, a locale‐specific character set. The result shows that the space efficiency of UTF‐S is better than that of UTF‐16 and UTF‐8 and is close to that of SCSU. UTF‐S is suitable for replacing locale‐specific character sets with ISO 10646 in Internet applications, such as the World Wide Web. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling Short-Channel Effect of Elliptical Gate-All-Around MOSFET by Effective Radius (2011)

Gate-all-around (GAA) MOSFETs with elliptical cross section are studied in this letter. From the solution of the Poisson equation, an effective radius concept ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff</sub> ) is proposed to convert elliptical GAA MOSFETs into equivalent circular GAA MOSFETs for the study of short-channel effect. The <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff</sub> approach is used to estimate the subthreshold swing, drain-induced barrier lowering, and <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> / <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</sub> ratio of elliptical GAA MOSFETs. The predictions are validated by numerical 3-D TCAD simulations, and good agreement is achieved. <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff</sub> is also simplified to an area-to-perimeter ratio of the channel under some special conditions, and its physical meaning is explained.
Application of Mathematical Modeling in Potentially Survivable Blast Threats in Military Vehicles (2008)

Crew injuries and fatalities of military personnel in vehicles are a significant concern in the U.S operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. And the predominant cause is Improvised Explosive Device (IED) attacks on vehicles. A computational model using MADYMO, a mathematical dynamics modeling software, which utilizes lumped parameter, rigid body and finite element methodologies, was developed for the study. MADYMO simulations were performed with the correlated MADYMO model to understand the occupant injury values under the influence of various generic mine blast pulses and seat system energy management design parameters. In addition, the concepts of Effective G and Delta V to relate structural performance to occupant injury risk were investigated.
3 GHz wide frequency model of ferrite bead for power/ground noise simulation of high-speed PCB (2003)

A reliable electrical model of a ferrite bead used in a real application field is crucially required by EMI field engineers for proper design of power supply and noise isolation. Especially, the model is needed for the power/ground noise simulation of multi-layer PCBs. In this paper a precise high-frequency model of a ferrite bead is reported up to 3 GHz. The proposed model was successfully verified with excellent agreement to experiment in terms of magnitude and phase of S-parameters, and Smith chart.
The Water Use Efficiency of Larix principis-rupprechtii Plantation in the Northern Liupan Mountain (2011)

In order to quantitatively study the characteristics of water use of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation,from May to October in 2010,tree radial growth,leaf area index,the increment in herb biomass,sap flow,interception of trees and so on were simultaneously measured and to be used to estimate the productivity,water consumption and water use efficiency(WUE) of L.principis-rupprechtii plantation,which was located in the Diediegou catchment in the northern Liupan Mountains,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.The results showed that the total productivity of the plantation was 11.76 t/hm2.The productivity of canopy layer accounted for 75.2% of the total,while the productivity of herb layer accounted for 24.8%.In the growing season,the total productivity increased in the early-and mid-season and then decreased in the late season.Total evapotranspiration of the plantation was 433.9 mm,and the water consumption in tree canopy and herbaceous layer(including soil evaporation) accounts for 50.5% and 49.5% of the total evapotranspiration,respectively.And the evapotranspiration followed a temporal change pattern which was high in the early season and low in the late season.Throughout the growing season,WUE of L.principis-rupprechtii plantation was 2.71 g/kg,and WUE of tree layer was 4.04 g/kg,while WUE of herbaceous layer was 1.36 g/kg.The seasonal change of WUE in the whole plantation was similar to that of tree layer,suggesting that the tree layer has a strong influence on the determining WUE in the plantation.
Prediction of Strip Profile in Rolling Process Using Influence Coefficients and Boussinesq’s Equations (1997)

A simplified numerical method is proposed in this article to predict strip profile. The mill is simulated by beams (rolls) on the infinite elastic half space (between rolls and strip). The roll deflection and indentation are calculated using the influence coefficients and Boussinesq’s equations respectively. The roll contours in the contact zone can be expressed in terms of the influence coefficient and indentation matrices. Compatibility equations are derived by matching two surface profiles in the contact zone. Equilibrium equations ensure force and moment balance of the strip and each roll. A complete linear system is established by assembling compatibility and equilibrium equations. The contact rolling pressure distribution and the rigid motion of the roll chocks can be solved. Roll surface contours and strip profiles can be further calculated accordingly.
Headlight Prefetching and Dynamic Chaining for Cooperative Media Streaming in Mobile Environments (2008)

Media streaming in mobile environments is becoming more and more important with the proliferation of 3G technologies and the popularity of online media services such as news clips, live sports, and hot movies. To avoid service interruptions, proper data management strategies must be taken by all parties. We propose a two-level framework and cooperative techniques for mobile media streaming. Headlight prefetching is for the cooperation of streaming access points to deal with unpredictable client movement and seamless hand-off. For each user, we maintain a virtual fan-shaped prefetching zone along the direction of movement similar to a vehicle headlight. The overlapping area and accumulated virtual illuminance of the headlight zone on a particular cell determine the degree and volume of prefetching on that cell. Dynamic chaining facilitates cooperation among users to maximize cache utilization and streaming benefit. On receiving a request from a client, the streaming access point starts a search for supplying partners before attempting to a remote media server. If a qualified partner is found, the client is chained to the partner and receives subsequent segments without server intervention. The client can itself be a supplying partner for other clients and naturally form a chain of users that are viewing and sharing the same media. Simulation results demonstrate that headlight prefetching and dynamic chaining can significantly decrease streaming disruptions, reduce bandwidth consumption, increase cache utilization and improve service response time.
"Is There Life Without Parole?": A Capital Defendant's Right to a Meaningful Alternative Sentence (1993)

Finally, special thanks to Verina Wilkins for her superb word processing and organizational assistance.1. See Woodson v. North Carolina, 428 U.S. 280, 291-93 (1976) (plurality opinion) (discussing gradual abolition of mandatory death penalty schemes in United States).2. Id. at 292-99.3. It is the policy of the Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review to use gender neutral language.However, the Review has chosen to respect the author's preferences in this regard, based on the fact that the vast majority of capital defendants and death row inmates are males.4. Woodson, 428 U.S. at 293; see also Sumner v. Shuman, 483 U.S. 66, 85 n.13 (1987) (discussing jury nullification under mandatory sentencing statutes).5. See generally Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 249-57, 250 n.15 (1972) (Douglas, J., concurring) (discretionary death penalty statutes selectively applied by juries are means of perpetuating racial discrimination).gia, 6 that the application of the death penalty under the then-existing statutes was unconstitutionally arbitrary and capricious. 7In the now familiar words of Justice White, there was "no meaningful basis for distinguishing the few cases in which it is imposed from the many cases in which it is not."' Thus, every death penalty statute in the United States was struck down, and 558 death row inmates had their sentences commuted to life imprisonment. 9 Furman did not, however, hold that the death penalty was per se unconstitutional, and those states that wished to continue utilizing it were left with the task of fashioning statutes that would avoid the problems identified in Furman.Those states followed basically two paths.Some, like Florida, Georgia and Texas, enacted new statutes that provided guidance to the judge or jury in making the sentencing decision. 10These "guided discretion" statutes, which required a finding of certain aggravating factors before the death penalty could be imposed, and which allowed presentation of aggravating and mitigating evidence in a separate sentencing proceeding, were upheld by the Supreme Court in 1976.11Other states, like Louisiana and North Carolina, enacted statutes that attempted to avoid the problems identified in Furman by once again making death mandatory for certain crimes. 12Holding that 6. 408 U.S. 238 (per curiam).7. Id. at 239-40.In some states, death penalty statutes already had been declared unconstitutional under state constitutional provisions analogous to the Eighth Amendment.The California Supreme Court, for example, struck California's death penalty statute prior to Furman on the ground that it violated article I, 6 of the California Constitution's prohibition of "cruel or unusual punishments."People v. Anderson, 6 Cal.3d 628,
RANet: Ranking Attention Network for Fast Video Object Segmentation (2019)

Despite online learning (OL) techniques have boosted the performance of semi-supervised video object segmentation (VOS) methods, the huge time costs of OL greatly restricts their practicality. Matching based and propagation based methods run at a faster speed by avoiding OL techniques. However, they are limited by sub-optimal accuracy, due to mismatching and drifting problems. In this paper, we develop a real-time yet very accurate Ranking Attention Network (RANet) for VOS. Specifically, to integrate the insights of matching based and propagation based methods, we employ an encoder-decoder framework to learn pixel-level similarity and segmentation in an end-to-end manner. To better utilize the similarity maps, we propose a novel ranking attention module, which automatically ranks and selects these maps for fine-grained VOS performance. Experiments on DAVIS16 and DAVIS17 datasets show that our RANet achieves the best speed-accuracy trade-off, e.g., with 33 milliseconds per frame and J&F=85.5% on DAVIS16. With OL, our RANet reaches J&F=87.1% on DAVIS16, exceeding state-of-the-art VOS methods. The code can be found at https://github.com/Storife/RANet.