gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Why Do Female <I>Aedes aegypti</I> (Diptera: Culicidae) Feed Preferentially and Frequently on Human Blood? (2001)

Adult female Aedes aegypti (L.), the vector of dengue and yellow fever viruses, have an affinity for feeding on human blood and a tendency to forego feeding on sugar. This observation challenges two tenets of mosquito biology: (1) mosquitoes imbibe plant carbohydrates for synthesis of energy reserves and blood for reproduction and (2) egg production is reduced when mosquitoes feed on human blood compared with blood from other species. Sub-optimal amounts of the amino acid isoleucine in human blood (particularly free isoleucine in plasma) are thought to be responsible for lowered egg production when human blood is ingested. We tested the hypothesis that feeding on human blood is associated with a selective advantage for Ae. aegypti and is an underlying reason for this mosquito's intimate and epidemiologically important relationship with human beings. Our five experiments examined the effects of different isoleucine concentrations on accumulated energy reserves, frequency of host contact, survival, and egg production. When mosquitoes imbibed blood meals over a 7- to 10-d period and were not fed sugar, increased isoleucine concentration decreased energy reserves and did not increase egg production. Aedes aegypti took smaller but more frequent blood meals when feeding on a low-isoleucine human host daily compared with a high-isoleucine mouse host. Previous reports that isoleucine enhances egg production were confirmed only when females were fed sugar, an unusual behavior for most domestic Ae. aegypti populations. Females fed human blood and water had greater age-specific survival (l(x)), reproductive output (m(x)), and cumulative net replacement (R0) than cohorts fed human blood plus sugar or isoleucine-rich mouse blood with or without access to sugar. The unique isoleucine concentration of human blood is associated with Ae. aegypti's unusual propensity to feed preferentially and frequently on humans--a behavior that increases this mosquito's fitness, synthesis of energy reserves, and contact with human hosts, making it an especially effective disseminator of human pathogens.
Preparation and Compression Properties of Fe--C--Si--B--P--Cr--Mo--Al Bulk Metallic Glass (2006)

A new Fe-based bulk metallic glass Fe69C7.0Si3.5B4.8P9.6Cr2.1Mo2.0Al2.0 with maximum diameter of 5 mm was successfully prepared by copper mold casting technique using industrial raw materials. The thermal stability and crystallization behavior were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the glass transition temperature Tg,supercooled liquid region △TX(△TX = Tx-Tg), reduced glass transition temperature Trg(Trg = Tg/Tl) and glass-forming ability parameter γ(γ = Tx/(Tg+Tl)) were measured to be 784 K, 27 K, 0.601, 0.388, respectively. The double-stage crystallization process of the amorphous alloy is due to the first precipitation of single aaaaaaa-Fe phase followed by the precipitation of Fe3C, Fe2P, FeB and Fe2B phases simultaneously. The bulk glassy alloy exhibits very high fracture strength of about 3870 MPa, Young's modulus (E) of 177 GPa, elastic strain (ee) of 2.1% and plastic strain (ep) of 0.29%.
Clinical and histologic evaluation of submerged and nonsubmerged hydroxyapatite-coated implants: a preliminary study in dogs. (2000)

A clinical and histologic study was performed to evaluate the differences in the healing of submerged and nonsubmerged hydroxyapatite-coated 2-piece implants. Three foxhounds were used for this evaluation. Mandibular premolars 1, 2, 3, and 4 were extracted. Three months later, 2 submerged implants were placed on one side of the mandible, and 2 nonsubmerged implants were placed on the other side of the mandible. After 3 months of healing, the submerged implants were exposed, and a third implant was placed on each side of the mandible in a nonsubmerged procedure. Clinical parameters were recorded, the animals were sacrificed 6 months after placement of the first implants, and histologic and histometric analyses were performed. Results of the evaluation of the clinical parameters showed only minor differences among the different treatment groups. Regarding the percentage of bone-to-implant contact of the different treatment groups, the submerged implants showed a bone-to-implant contact of 63.4%, the nonsubmerged implants showed 70.3% contact, and the late nonsubmerged implants demonstrated a bone-to-implant contact of 58.7%. The average distance from the implant neck to the first bone-to-implant contact (fBIC) for submerged implants was 0.58 mm, for nonsubmerged implants it was 1.09 mm, and it was 1.13 mm for late nonsubmerged implants. The vertical distance between the gingival margin and the apical extent of the junctional epithelium (aJE) varied from 1.14 mm to 1.28 mm in the different groups. The distance from the aJE to fBIC was 1.00 mm for the submerged group, 1.08 mm for the nonsubmerged group, and 1.00 mm for the late nonsubmerged group. Generally, it can be concluded that the clinical and the histologic behavior of submerged or nonsubmerged 2-piece implants utilized in this experiment do not differ.
Use of Hyaluronidase in the Treatment of Granulomatous Hyaluronic Acid Reactions or Unwanted Hyaluronic Acid Misplacement (2005)

Hyaluronidase has a place in the treatment of allergic reactions to hyaluronic acid [corrected] and in the erroneous misplacement of the material.
Factors of Merit for Radiation Detectors* (1949)

In Part I, the need for a suitably defined factor of merit for comparing the sensitivity of different radiation detectors is explained (Section 1). Both the advantages and the very important limitations of such a factor of merit are discussed.In Section 2, separate factors of merit for Type I and Type II detectors are defined. The factor of merit for Type I detectors is defined as the ratio of the noise equivalent power given by the fundamental limit defined in Paper I to the noise equivalent power actually measured in the reference condition. The factor of merit for Type II detectors is similarly defined in terms of the actual noise equivalent power in the reference condition and the empirically determined minimum value for the noise equivalent power proposed by R. J. Havens. Section 3 contains a brief discussion of the significance of the factor of merit for the special case of the bolometer.In Part II, the noise equivalent power in the reference condition, and the factor of merit is determined for about fifty thermocouples and bolometers. The results are presented in Tables I and II, and in Figs. 1 and 2. A description of each detector is given in Section 5, along with a statement of any special calculations which were necessary.All of the results presented are based on measurements made by other persons; no measurements were performed by the writer. The sources of information are described in Section 3.An Appendix is provided whose purpose is to call attention to the wide variety of possibilities in the specification of the relevant properties of radiation detectors, and thereby to encourage precision in the statement of these properties in the future periodical literature.
A clinical review of bleomycin—a new antineoplastic agent (1973)

Bleomycin, a new antibiotic antineoplastic agent, has undergone extensive clinical trial. Data from 1,174 patients were reviewed and summarized by cell type. The most commonly used dose schedule was 15 mg/m2 twice a week intravenously. Significant response rates were achieved in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of various anatomical sites, lymphomas, and testicular carcinoma. Most responses were of 1 to 2 months' duration. Drug toxicities included significant skin and pulmonary complications and some degree of drug-induced pyrexia and nausea with vomiting. Rare insignificant bone marrow depression was encountered. The limitations of a retrospective clinical review of this type using uncontrolled pooled data from various patient populations were discussed. In conclusion, however, bleomycin appeared to be useful in the treatment of patients with specific tumors refractory to standard treatment and/or whose bone marrow status precluded the use of conventional chemotherapy. The final role of bleomycin in cancer chemotherapy awaits the results of controlled prospective clinical trials.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Weak Fields (1949)

The nuclear magnetic resonance for protons in water was observed in magnetic fields of 6 and 12 gauss corresponding to Larmor frequencies of 25 and 50 kc, respectively. The line width was found to be determined by the frequency of modulation and here was approximately 3 milligausses. The ratio of magnetic fields for resonance was found to agree with the ratio of Larmor frequencies within the experimental error, estimated at 0.01 percent.
<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Entomocidal Protoxin Gene Sequence and Gene Product Analysis (1986)

A 3778-bp DNA sequence of the insecticidal protoxin gene coding sequence and flanking regions from Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies berliner 1715 has been determined. The protoxin is composed of 1155 amino acids, deduced from the nucleotide sequence, and has a calculated molecular mass of 130,615 daltons. To determine the DNA portion that encodes toxicity, sequential deletions were constructed from the 3' end of the coding region using nuclease Bal-31. Using these mutants in an insect bioassay, we found that an amino-terminal 612-amino-acid peptide is toxic, whereas, a 603-amino-acid peptide is not toxic to insects. Ninety percent of the amino acid residues were homologous to the protoxins from closely related subspecies kurstaki HD-1-Dipel and sotto. The differences occurred both in the amino-terminal half, or toxic portion, and in the carboxy-terminal half. These differences were clustered in several regions. From comparative analysis of subspecies berliner and kurstaki, we propose a model whereby the protoxin molecule is divided into distinct structural and functional domains. These domains may be responsible for the differences in specific toxicities and spectra of insect host range among these subspecies.
Structure of the Archaeal Community of the Rumen (2008)

Members of the domain Archaea contribute about 0.3 to 3.3% of the microbial small subunit (16S and 18S) rRNA in the rumen (22, 39, 60). Archaea have a range of different metabolisms and are found in many habitats (6), but those known to exist in the rumen are strictly anaerobic methanogens. Yanagita et al. (59) observed that 2.8 to 4.0% of ruminal microorganisms displayed autofluorescence characteristic of F420, a methanogen cofactor, able to be seen under UV illumination during microscopy. Taken together with the small subunit rRNA abundance data, this suggests that a large part of the archaeal population is made up of methanogens. Most species of methanogens can grow using H2 and often formate as their energy sources and use the electrons derived from H2 (or formate) to reduce CO2 to CH4. Some species can grow with methyl groups, oxidizing some to CO2 to produce electrons that are used to reduce further methyl groups to methane. A few species can grow with acetate, effectively dissimilating acetate to CH4 and CO2. However, acetate is not metabolized to CH4 to any significant extent in the rumen (13). This is probably because the rate of passage of rumen contents through the rumen is greater than the growth rate of acetate-utilizing methanogens (53).

In a normally functioning rumen, proteins and polymeric carbohydrates, which usually make up the largest part of the incoming feed, are fermented by a mixed microbial community to volatile fatty acids (VFAs), NH4+, CO2, and H2. The hydrogen is metabolized by the methanogens. The VFAs are taken up by the animal across the rumen wall and serve as major carbon and energy sources for the ruminant. A part of the VFAs, undigested feed components, and microbial cells leave the rumen and enter the rest of the animal's digestive tract. The central role of H2 in the rumen fermentation (12) means that, although methanogenic archaea make up only a small part of the rumen microbial biomass, they play an important role in rumen function and animal nutrition. Efficient H2 removal leads to a nutritionally more favorable pattern of VFA formation and to an increased rate of fermentation by eliminating the inhibitory effect of H2 on the microbial fermentation (26, 53).

The rumen can be simplistically described as an open system with discontinuous solid (feed) and liquid (saliva and drinking water) inputs and multiple fractions that have different turnover rates (53). The methanogens in the rumen are found free in the rumen fluid, attached to particulate material and rumen protozoa, associated as endosymbionts within rumen protozoa, and attached to the rumen epithelium. The methanogens associated with these different fractions can be expected to have different growth rates since they will be removed from the rumen at different rates. In addition, the animal itself and the feed also influence the rate of passage of digesta through the rumen system (25). These different habitats may allow niche division among the methanogens and may explain some of the observed phylogenetic diversity of rumen archaea.
Structural Abnormalities in Neurons Are Sufficient To Explain the Clinical Disease and Fatal Outcome of Experimental Rabies in Yellow Fluorescent Protein-Expressing Transgenic Mice (2007)

Under natural conditions and in some experimental models, rabies virus infection of the central nervous system causes relatively mild histopathological changes, without prominent evidence of neuronal death despite its lethality. In this study, the effects of rabies virus infection on the structure of neurons were investigated with experimentally infected transgenic mice expressing yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) in neuronal subpopulations. Six-week-old mice were inoculated in the hind-limb footpad with the CVS strain of fixed virus or were mock infected with vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline). Brain regions were subsequently examined by light, epifluorescent, and electron microscopy. In moribund CVS-infected mice, histopathological changes were minimal in paraffin-embedded tissue sections, although mild inflammatory changes were present. Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling and caspase-3 immunostaining showed only a few apoptotic cells in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Silver staining demonstrated the preservation of cytoskeletal integrity in the cerebral cortex. However, fluorescence microscopy revealed marked beading and fragmentation of the dendrites and axons of layer V pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex, cerebellar mossy fibers, and axons in brainstem tracts. At an earlier time point, when mice displayed hind-limb paralysis, beading was observed in a few axons in the cerebellar commissure. Toluidine blue-stained resin-embedded sections from moribund YFP-expressing animals revealed vacuoles within the perikarya and proximal dendrites of pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. These vacuoles corresponded with swollen mitochondria under electron microscopy. Vacuolation was also observed ultrastructurally in axons and in presynaptic nerve endings. We conclude that the observed structural changes are sufficient to explain the severe clinical disease with a fatal outcome in this experimental model of rabies.
http://grdspublishing.org/index.php/people/article/view/129/119 (2017)

Society is changing rapidly and the United States is a global community in transition. The Arab Spring, home grown terrorism, geopolitical conflict, nationalistic politics and amebic ideological groups such as ISIS have fueled interest in American Muslims. This phenomenological qualitative study explored the lived experiences of Iraqi American Muslim immigrants as it relates to perceived employment discrimination. The study also explored whether or not such perceptions of employment discrimination impacted Detroit area American Muslims motivation to apply to future employment opportunities. The results of the exploratory research indicate that nearly half of Iraqi American Muslims felt that discrimination increased negative perceptions reduced their likelihood of applying to similar open positions in the future.
Systemic Mastocytosis: Bone Marrow Pathology, Classification, and Current Therapies (2005)

Mast cell disease (MCD) is characterized by the abnormal growth and accumulation of neoplastic mast cells (MC) in one or more organs. The diagnosis of systemic MCD is most commonly established by a thorough histological and immunohistochemical examination of a bone marrow (BM) trephine specimen. In cases with pathognomonic perivascular and -trabecular aggregates of morphologically atypical MC and significant BM involvement, the diagnosis may be relatively straightforward. In contrast, when a sparse, loose pattern of MC infiltration predominates, or when MCs are obscured by an associated non-MC hematological neoplasm, a high index of suspicion and use of adjunctive tests, including special stains, such as tryptase and CD25, may be necessary to reach a diagnosis. The updated classification for MCD clarifies the clinical and pathological criteria for categorizing patients into relatively discrete subgroups. Some cases, however, such those with Fip1-like-1-platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (FIP1L1-PDGFRA)(+) clonal eosinophilia associated with elevated serum tryptase levels, with features that overlap MCD and chronic eosinophilic leukemia, may not be easy to categorize on the basis of this classification. There is no standard therapy for MCD and treatment has to be tailored to the needs of the individual patient. MC-cytoreductive therapies, such as interferon-alpha and chemotherapy, are generally reserved for patients with progressive disease and organopathy. A subset of MCD patients with associated eosinophilia who carry the FIP1L1-PDGFRA oncogene will achieve complete clinical, histological, and molecular remissions with imatinib mesylate therapy, in contrast to those with c-kit D816V mutations. The BM pathology, consensus classification, and current therapies for MCD are further discussed in this article.
Hopf bifurcation and optimal control in a diffusive predator-prey system with time delay and prey harvesting (2012)

In this paper, we investigated the dynamics of a diffusive delayed predator-prey system with Holling type II functional response and nozero constant prey harvesting on no-flux boundary condition. At first, we obtain the existence and the stability of the equilibria by analyzing the distribution of the roots of associated characteristic equation. Using the time delay as the bifurcation parameter and the harvesting term as the control parameter, we get the existence and the stability of Hopf bifurcation at the positive constant steady state. Applying the normal form theory and the center manifold argument for partial functional differential equations, we derive an explicit formula for determining the direction and the stability of Hopf bifurcation. Finally, an optimal control problem has been considered.
Development of a low-temperature photoelectron spectroscopy instrument using an electrospray ion source and a cryogenically controlled ion trap (2008)

The ability to control ion temperatures is critical for gas phase spectroscopy and has been a challenge in chemical physics. A low-temperature photoelectron spectroscopy instrument has been developed for the investigation of complex anions in the gas phase, including multiply charged anions, solvated species, and biological molecules. The new apparatus consists of an electrospray ionization source, a three dimensional (3D) Paul trap for ion accumulation and cooling, a time-of-flight mass spectrometer, and a magnetic-bottle photoelectron analyzer. A key feature of the new instrument is the capability to cool and tune ion temperatures from 10 to 350 K in the 3D Paul trap, which is attached to the cold head of a closed cycle helium refrigerator. Ion cooling is accomplished in the Paul trap via collisions with a background gas and has been demonstrated by observation of complete elimination of vibrational hot bands in photoelectron spectra of various anions ranging from small molecules to complex species. Further evidence of ion cooling is shown by the observation of H2-physisorbed anions at low temperatures. Cold anions result in better resolved photoelectron spectra due to the elimination of vibrational hot bands and yield more accurate energetic and spectroscopic information. Temperature-dependent studies are made possible for weakly bonded molecular and solvated clusters, allowing thermodynamic information to be obtained.
Highlights of the GURI hydroelectric plant computer control system (1988)

The GURI power plant on the Caroni river in Venezuela has 20 generating units with a total capacity of 10000 MW, the largest currently operating in the world. The GURI computer control system (GCS) provides for comprehensive operation management of the entire power plant and the adjacent switchyards. It is designed to be highly reliable, with several levels of degraded operation in case of partial failure of their components. Some of the functions of this state-of-the-art system are discussed, covering the operating modes of the remote terminal units (RTUs), automatic start/stop of generating units, RTU closed-loop control, automatic generation and voltage control, unit commitment, operator training simulator, and maintenance management.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Bi-directional equalization technique for TDMA communication systems over land mobile radio channels (2002)

An adaptive equalization technique which uses information in the adjacent time slot in a time-division multiple access (TDMA) system and is able to estimate the location of a deep fade within a time slot is proposed. The aim is to improve the overall digital transmission system performance over time varying land mobile radio channels. Application of the technique to the proposed Telecommunications Industry Association Northern American digital cellular standards (IS-54) is investigated. The simulation results show that without diversity and with very low complexity, a signal to noise power ratio of only 16 dB (E/sub s//N/sub 0/), which is 6-dB lower than the specification, is needed to achieve the performance requirement of IS-54, 3% bit error rate at E/sub s//N/sub 0/ equal to 22 dB and vehicle speed equal to 60 mph.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Who should be routinely screened for testicular cancer (2009)

The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends against screening for testicular cancer (USPSTF "D" rating), noting there is at least moderate certainty that the service has no net benefit. The American Cancer Society recommends a testicular examination as a part of a periodic health exam, but does not recommend regular testicular self-exams for men unless they have specific testicular cancer risk factors. (SOR C, based on expert opinion.)
Liftgate Multiplexed Node (1996)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The liftgate multiplexed node is an integrated system which combines the liftgate wiper, liftgate lock/unlock actuator, and the liftglass release solenoid in a single multi-function motor employing Geneva mechanisms. Included is a multiplexed electronic module which communicates with a body controller to control the position of the multi-function motor and to actuate the heated backlight, license plate lamps, and the center high mount stop lamp. Advantages include improved reliability, reduced weight, lower system cost and assembly plant labor.</div>
Whither Infection Control in Community Hospitals? Musings About the Near Future (2008)

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