gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two year performance evaluation of different grid connected photovoltaic systems (2009)

The performance and energy produced by photovoltaic (PV) systems installed at any location depends to a great extent on the environmental conditions they are exposed to and their technology. This paper presents the two year evaluation of thirteen (13) different types of PV systems which have been evaluated under real conditions in Nicosia, Cyprus and Stuttgart, Germany. The fixed flat plate systems under test have shown an average annual energy yield (ac) of 1580 kWh/kW <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</sub> with a solar irradiation at the plane of array (POA) of 1997 kWh/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> for the first year of operation in Nicosia, whereas in Stuttgart the respective average energy yield (ac) was recorded to be 1194 kWh/kW <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</sub> and the solar irradiation at the POA was 1460 kWh/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . During the second year of operation, the fixed mounted average energy yield (ac) was 1609 kWh/kW <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</sub> (+1.8%) and 1066 kWh/kW <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</sub> (-10.7%) for the systems in Nicosia and Stuttgart respectively. The solar irradiation at the POA in Nicosia was 2050 kWh/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , an increase of 2.6% from the first year and in Stuttgart, 1306 kWh/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> showing a decrease of 10.5%. Accordingly the performance ratio (PR) on the ac side for the systems in Nicosia, was between 73% - 85% in the first year whereas in the second year between 70% - 84%. In Stuttgart the systems have shown higher ac PR than in Nicosia, in the range of 76.2% - 88.5% in the first year and 72.3% - 88.5% in the second year of operation.
Word level predicate abstraction and refinement for verifying RTL verilog (2005)

Model checking techniques applied to large industrial circuits suffer from the state space explosion problem. A major technique to address this problem is abstraction. The most commonly used abstraction technique for hardware verification is localization reduction, which removes latches that are not relevant to the property. However, localization reduction fails to reduce the size of the model if the property actually depends on most of the latches. This paper proposes to use predicate abstraction for verifying RTL Verilog, a technique successfully used for software verification. The main challenge when using predicate abstraction is the discovery of suitable predicates. We propose to use weakest preconditions of Verilog statements in order to obtain new predicates during abstraction refinement. This technique has not been applied to circuits before. On benchmarks taken from an industrial microprocessor, we successfully verified safety properties with more than 32,000 latches in the cone of influence. We compare the performance of our technique with a modern model checker that implements localization reduction.
Optimal Engine Torque Management for Reducing Driveline Clunk Using Time - Dependent Metamodels (2007)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Quality and performance are two important customer requirements in vehicle design. Driveline clunk negatively affects the perceived quality and must be therefore, minimized. This is usually achieved using engine torque management, which is part of engine calibration. During a tip-in event, the engine torque rate of rise is limited until all the driveline lash is taken up. However, the engine torque rise, and its rate can negatively affect the vehicle throttle response. Therefore, the engine torque management must be balanced against throttle response. In practice, the engine torque rate of rise is calibrated manually. This paper describes a methodology for calibrating the engine torque in order to minimize the clunk disturbance, while still meeting throttle response constraints. A set of predetermined engine torque profiles are calibrated in a vehicle and the transmission turbine speed is measured for each profile. The latter is used to quantify the clunk disturbance. Using the engine torque profiles and the corresponding turbine speed responses, a time-dependent metamodel is created using principal component analysis and Kriging. The metamodel predicts the turbine speed response due to any engine torque profile and is used in a subsequent optimization which minimizes a clunk disturbance measure while still meeting the throttle response target. The obtained optimal engine torque profile and the corresponding turbine speed were successfully validated experimentally. Compared with the production calibration, the clunk disturbance was reduced by thirty three percent and the throttle response was simultaneously improved by eleven percent.</div>
A combined phonetic-phonological approach to estimating cross-language phoneme similarity in an ASR environment (2006)

This paper presents a fully automated linguistic approach to measuring distance between phonemes across languages. In this approach, a phoneme is represented by a feature matrix where feature categories are fixed, hierarchically related and binary-valued; feature categorization explicitly addresses allophonic variation and feature values are weighted based on their relative prominence derived from lexical frequency measurements. The relative weight of feature values is factored into phonetic distance calculation. Two phonological distances are statistically derived from lexical frequency measurements. The phonetic distance is combined with the phonological distances to produce a single metric that quantifies cross-language phoneme distance.
Nahrungsbedingte Zufuhr von nicht-dioxinähnlichen polychlorierten Biphenylen (PCB) in Bayern. Ergebnisse von INES (Integrated Exposure Assessment Survey) (2009)

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were widely used in numerous industrial and commercial applications in high quantities in the past. Based on their persistence in the environment, their tendency to accumulate in the organism and their specific health effects, PCBs have to be assessed as critical substances. Because the dietary intake was assumed to be the main intake route, the Integrated Exposure Assessment Survey (INES) aimed to measure the recent exposure to PCBs in Germany. The study consisted of 10 female and 10 male participants living in Munich and surroundings. The participants collected dietary duplicates of all food consumed and prepared as for consumption over 7 consecutive days. Altogether the 6 non-dioxin-like PCB congeners 28, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180 ndl-PCB or, respectively, indicator PCB and furthermore the congener 118 were detected using a gas chromatographic method. Dietary intake was calculated using the amount of food eaten daily and the results from the duplicates. Using the sum of PCB 138, 153 and 180 multiplied by 4, the daily intake ranged from 4.0 to 24.1 ng/kg b.w. (median: 9.5 ng/kg b.w.). On the contrary, the daily intake was 2.9 to 20.6 ng/kg b.w. (median: 11.2 ng/kg b.w.) if the sum of the 6 indicator PCBs multiplied by factor 2 was used for quantification. No sex-related difference of the dietary intake was observable. Overall, it can be concluded that the dietary PCB intake has further decreased in the last years in Germany. At present, the toxicological database is not suitable to assess the risks coming solely from the non-dioxin-like PCBs because it is not possible to differentiate between non dioxin-like and dioxin-like effects in toxicological studies. Nevertheless, a further reduction of PCB exposure via food by searching for possible sources is needed.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemically Induced Chain Reactions: The Electrochemical Behavior of Nitrosobenzene in the Presence of Proton Donors in Tetrahydrofuran. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
NEURAL NE TWORKS FOR CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS (1991)

This paper is concerned with utilizing neural networks and analog circuits to solve constrained optimization problems. A novel neural network architecture is proposed for solving a class of nonlinear programming problems. The proposed neural network, or more precisely a physically realizable approximation, is then used to solve minimum norm problems subject to linear constraints. Minimum norm problems have many applications in various areas, but we focus on their applications to the control of discrete dynamic processes. The applicability of the proposed neural network is demonstrated on numerical examples
Electromigration Analysis of Power Modules by Electrical-Thermal-Mechanical Coupled Model (2019)

Abstract Power semiconductors and modules are basic components of electrical infrastructure and are currently widely used in applications such as power conversion devices, industrial equipment, railways, and automobiles. Power modules are being developed with the aim of downsizing and increasing power output. With the larger current densities and higher operating temperatures associated with downsizing and increasing power output, degradation of power modules can occur as a result of electromigration. Electromigration is a phenomenon where atoms move due to the momentum transfer between conducting electrons and metal atoms. In addition, atoms are also moved by mechanical stress gradients and temperature gradients, so it is necessary to take into consideration the combined effects of electrical, thermal, and mechanical stress. In this report, we describe an electrical-thermal-mechanical coupled analysis of electromigration in a bonding wire of a power module. First, the analysis is validated under the condition that the displacement of the wire surface is fixed. The distributions of vacancy concentrations and hydrostatic stress are almost equal to those in previous studies. Next, we present the influences of current density, temperature, and the displacement constraint on electromigration in a wire with a simplified shape. The analysis results confirm that the plasticity and creep should be taken into consideration in a bonding wire. This also confirm that vacancy concentration increase more rapidly by changing the displacement of the wire surface from the fixed condition to the free condition. Finally, we present analysis results for a bonding wire with the actual shape found in power modules. In this wire, a local concentration peak appear in the electrode terminal. The analysis results reveal that electromigration may affect not only void formation but also other failure phenomena in the bonding wire of power modules.
Some Recent Advances in Nonlinear Aeroelasticity: Fluid-Structure Interaction in the 21st Century (2010)

Aeroelasticity is the field that examines, models and seeks to understand the interaction of the forces from an aerodynamic flow and the deformation of an elastic structure. The forces produce deformation, but the structural deformation in turn changes the aerodynamic forces. This feedback between force and deformation leads to a variety of dynamic responses of the fluid and the structure including flutter (a Hopf bifurcation), limit cycle oscillations and sometimes chaos. Selected recent advances in nonlinear aeroelasticity and fluidstructure interaction are reviewed to identify and model the fundamental elements that they share. Topics discussed include the following.
Three critical, must win issues for class I locations (2003)

The trend for the petrochemical industry in the US is to still classify hazardous locations according to the Division system while Canadian users are moving rapidly to the Zone method of classification. What can be done to generate more interest in Zones in the US? One catalyst for incorporating the Zone method of classification into the North American electrical codes was to avoid the use of explosion proof seals. Despite the lack of confidence in the proper installation of seals, there is little that can be added to a quality control program to improve this situation. Efforts must, therefore, be intensified to develop a less expensive, more reliable method to install and pour scaling compound. Proper classification of unattended sites is still a challenge without more use of gas detectors and adequate ventilation.
Developmental apoptosis in health and disease (2005)

Animal development starts from a single fertilized cell which subsequently multiplies and grows into an elaborate adult body. Amid such massive growth, negative regulation of growth plays an important role in orchestrating the development of intricate body structures. Programmed cell death is an integral part of such negative regulation, important in sculpting body parts, eliminating unnecessary cells, controlling organ size and cell number, proper wiring of the nervous system, and development of the immune system.
Paraneoplastic cholestasis and hypercoagulability associated with medullary thyroid carcinoma. Resolution with tumor debulking (1994)

The authors report a 69-year-old woman with a hypercoagulable state manifesting as superior sagittal sinus thrombosis, thrombocytosis, right lower extremity deep venous thrombosis, and subsequent pulmonary embolus. The liver enzyme values were elevated in a cholestatic pattern. Carcinoembryonic antigen level was markedly elevated. Evaluation revealed that her longstanding "goiter" had slowly enlarged during the past 6 years. The serum calcitonin level was markedly elevated. Subsequent biopsy revealed medullary thyroid carcinoma. Surgical debulking of the tumor and lymph nodes resulted in substantial reduction of the calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen levels in a matter of days. Long-term follow-up revealed normalization of cholestasis and resolution of the hypercoagulable state. Review of the literature revealed no previously reported cholestasis or hypercoagulable state associated with medullary thyroid carcinoma. The literature on paraneoplastic cholestasis, carcinoembryonic antigen production, and hypercoagulable states is reviewed.
Relative potencies of different anti-herpes agents in the topical treatment of cutaneous herpes simplex virus infection of athymic nude mice (1979)

Thirteen established anti-herpes compounds have been directly compared in a single assay system for their effects on the development of herpetic skin lesions, and mortality associated therewith, in athymic nude (nu/nu) mice inoculated intracutaneously with herpes simplex virus type 1 (KOS). When applied topically (at 1% in a water-soluble ointment), phosphonoacetic acid, E-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine, acycloguanosine, and trisodium phosphonoformate emerged as the most active agents.
What should the user do? Inference structures and line drawing interpretation (2005)

It is widely accepted that automatic interpretation of drawings and documents are not achieved in the short to medium term and that manual digitisation is not an acceptable alternative. Despite this, there has been little systematic discussion of the role of the user in line drawing interpretation. We consider desirable properties of human interaction with line drawing interpretation systems, argue that descriptions are required of the inference structure of line drawing interpretation tasks and systems if appropriate and effective user involvement is to be achieved, and develop and compare the inference structures of two well-developed line drawing interpretation systems; one automatic, one interactive. Analysis of these representations highlights two areas in which interactivity could be improved. An interactive system addressing one of those areas is outlined and directions for future research are identified.
Coverage metrics for verification of concurrent SystemC designs using mutation testing (2010)

Design verification has grown to dominate the cost of electronic system design; however, designs continue to be released with latent bugs. A verification test suite developed for a sequential program is not adequate for a concurrent program. A major problem with design verification of concurrent systems is the lack of good coverage metrics. Coverage metrics are heuristic measures of the exhaustiveness of a test suite. High coverage, in general, implies fewer bugs. SystemC is the most popular concurrent system level modeling language used for designing SoCs in the industry. We propose to attack the verification quality problem for concurrent SystemC programs by developing novel mutation testing based coverage metrics. Mutation testing has successfully been applied in software testing and RTL designs. In this paper, we develop a comprehensive set of mutation operators for concurrency constructs in SystemC. Our approach is also unique in that we define a novel concurrent coverage metric considering multiple execution schedules that a concurrent program can generate. This metric allows us to adequately measure the coverage for concurrent programs. We performed experiments with various designs including a large industrial design and obtained favorable results on multiple applications.
New Methods for Tables of School Life, with Applications to U.S. Data from Recent School Years (1989)

Abstract Using current and retrospective school-enrollment data from October Current Population Surveys (CPS's) together with demographic accounts for the U.S. civilian noninstitutional population, this study specifies new methods for the estimation of school-life tables. The new methods combine multistate (increment—decrement) methods for those ages for which CPS data on enrollment flows are available together with prevalence-rate methods for other ages for which CPS data are available on enrollment stocks alone. Applying an algorithm to construct tables of school life for the 1969–1970, 1974–1975, 1979–1980, and 1984–1985 school years, it is found that, between the ages of 14 and 34, most sex-, race-, and school-year-specific groups have an average of 1.5 to 2.0 exits per person, from enrolled to not enrolled in school. These exits are interspersed by an average of .5 to 1.0 exits per person, from not enrolled to enrolled in school. Since prevalence-rate life-table methods arbitrarily constrain individuals to only one exit from school enrollment to not enrolled over the life course, this finding verifies the need for increment—decrement methods for the teenage and young-adult years. Several other findings regarding differentials in schooling life by sex and race and trends over time are discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (‐)‐trans‐Kumausyne. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Direct Observation of Polymer-Binding Site on Calcite Crystal by FE/SEM: Regulation of Binding Abilities by a Rotation of Amide Group in Poly(carboxylate) to CaCO3 Crystals (2004)

Abstract Poly{1-[(Z)-3-carboxyl-2-propenylaminomethyl]ethylene} binding on the edge of calcite crystals was observed directly by 13C CP/MAS NMR and FE/SEM measurements. Comparing the results taken both before and after the washing process, we were able to make these observation because the polymer ligand weakly bound to the CaCO3 crystals.
Selective determination of hydrogen peroxide by adduct formation with a dinuclear iron(<scp>iii</scp>) complex and flow injection analysis/tandem mass spectrometry (2002)

A highly selective method for the determination of hydrogen peroxide is presented. In a flow injection analysis (FIA) instrument, the analyte is brought into contact with a dinuclear heptadentate iron(III) complex. The formation of the peroxide adduct is quantified using electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Selected reaction monitoring (SRM) based on the transition from the triply charged peroxide adduct with m/z = 251.2 to the triply charged fragment ion of m/z = 240.5 is performed. The limit of detection for hydrogen peroxide is 10(-7) mol dm(-3), limit of quantification is 3 x 10(-7) mol dm(-3), and a linear range of 2.5 decades starting at the limit of quantification is observed.
Release of peptides from sustained delivery systems (microcapsules and microparticles) <i>in vivo</i> (1990)

Sustained delivery systems (microcapsules, microparticles, or implants) developed for once a month administration of peptides are efficacious and convenient. Long acting formulations of several bioactive peptides are based on microcapasules of a biodegradable polymer poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG), but a better understanding is required of the mechanism of the peptide release from the microcapsules, which is assumed to be primarily by diffusion through pores. In order to clarify this mechanism, microcapsules and microparticles of the agonist [D-Trp6]-LHRH and microcapsules of the LHRH antagonist SB-75 were given i.m. to rats 2 h and 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 21 days before histological and immunohistochemical investigation. Signs of biodegradation of the PLG matrix could be seen the first day after the injection, in a form of vacuole development in the interior of the particles and connected with the presence of macrophages within the matrix. The microcapsules showed excellent tissue-compatibility, and no significant foreign body reaction was detected. Immunohistochemical study on the microcapsules revealed no visible decrease in peptide concentration in the remnants of the matrix even 2 weeks after the injection. Evaluation of serum [D-Trp6]-LHRH showed that after an initial burst, both microcapsules and microparticles maintained elevated serum [D-Trp6]-LHRH levels for more than 3 weeks. Our results suggest that the previously proposed mechanisms do not reflect the experimental findings, particularly for the insoluble peptides. The peptide release from the PLG microcapsules or microparticles appears to be controlled mostly by the speed of the biodegradation of the polymer matrix and the diffusion of the peptides from the PGL is negligible.
Relationship between change in femoral neck bone mineral density and hip fracture incidence during treatment with strontium ranelate (2007)

In this post-hoc analysis of women undergoing 3 years of SR treatment, an increase in femoral neck BMD is associated with a decrease in hip fracture incidence.