gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrophilic aromatic substitution. 6. A kinetic study of the formylation of aromatics with 1,1-dichloromethyl methyl ether in nitromethane (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectrophilic aromatic substitution. 6. A kinetic study of the formylation of aromatics with 1,1-dichloromethyl methyl ether in nitromethaneFranklin P. DeHaan, Gerald L. Delker, William D. Covey, Anthony F. Bellomo, Julie A. Brown, Daro M. Ferrara, Richard H. Haubrich, Elliot B. Lander, Carol J. MacArthur, and Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1984, 49, 21, 3963–3966Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00195a016https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00195a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views509Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Structural Design Variations in Beetle Elytra (2021)

Abstract Beetles typically use their protective wing coverings or elytra to shield their membranous hindwings from the environment. Elytra in some terrestrial species have evolved a greater protective role capable of shielding the organism from powerful antagonistic predators. The structure–function relationships of these biological composites identify how architectural and chemical variations of the cuticle are tuned to create light‐weight, impact resistant composites. Specifically, the elytral structures of a tree dwelling beetle capable of flight, Trypoxylus dichotomus , and a terrestrial beetle incapable of flight, Phloeodes diabolicus , are compared to understand how their varied environmental needs forged the elytra to facilitate fight or resist fatal predator strikes. Mechanical and microstructural analysis reveals P . diabolicus has a harder, stiffer elytra that incorporate through‐thickness fibers to resist greater mechanical stresses imposed by bending and puncture. Conversely, the elytra of T . dichotomus have a compliant structure with large voids that facilitates localized deformation. Variations in flexural strength and puncture resistance remain attributed to P . diabolicus possessing a thicker cuticle with a greater degree of cross‐linking and an increased amount of endocuticular layers. These findings may provide useful insight into the design and manufacturing of composite materials for use in light‐weight or energy‐absorbing applications.
In Vivo and in Vitro Analysis of Transcriptional Activation Mediated by the Human Cytomegalovirus Major Immediate-Early Proteins (1993)

To define mechanistically how the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) major immediate-early (IE) proteins induce early-gene transcription, the IE1 72-kDa protein, the IE2 55-kDa protein, and the IE2 86-kDa protein were analyzed for their ability to activate transcription from an HCMV early promoter in vivo and in vitro. In transient-expression assays in U373MG astrocytoma/glioblastoma and HeLa cells, only the IE2 86-kDa protein was able to activate the HCMV early promoter to high levels. In HeLa cells, the IE1 72-kDa protein was able to activate the promoter to a low but detectable level, and the level of promoter activity observed in response to the IE2 86-kDa protein was increased synergistically following cotransfection of the constructs expressing both IE proteins. To examine the interaction of the HCMV IE proteins with the RNA polymerase II transcription machinery, we assayed the ability of Escherichia coli-synthesized proteins to activate the HCMV early promoter in nuclear extracts prepared from U373MG cells, HeLa cells, and Drosophila embryos. The results of the in vitro experiments correlated well with those obtained in vivo. The basal activity of the promoter was minimal in both the HeLa and U373MG extracts but was stimulated 6- to 10-fold by the IE2 86-kDa protein. With a histone H1-deficient extract from Drosophila embryos, the HCMV early promoter was quite active and was stimulated two- to fourfold by the IE2 86-kDa protein. Addition of histone H1 at 1 molecule per 40 to 50 bp of DNA template significantly repressed basal transcription from this promoter. However, the IE2 86-kDa protein, but none of the other IE proteins, was able to counteract the H1-mediated repression and stimulate transcription at least 10- to 20-fold. The promoter specificity of the activation was demonstrated by the inability of the IE2 86-kDa protein to activate the Drosophila Krüppel promoter in either the presence or absence of histone H1. These results suggest that one mechanism of transcription activation by the IE2 86-kDa protein involves antirepression.
Abstract 14218: Soluble Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 Serves as a Marker of Cardiovascular Risk in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients (2011)

Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a key role not only in angiogenesis but also in endothelial integrity. The soluble form of VEGF receptor-1 (sVEGFR-1/sFlt-1) is an endoge...
An Empirical Study of Malicious Threads in Security Forums (2019)

How useful is the information that a security analyst can extract from a security forum? We focus on threads of interest, which we define as: (i) alerts of worrisome events, such as attacks, (ii) offering of malicious services and products, (iii) hacking information to perform malicious acts, and (iv) useful security-related experiences. The analysis of security forums is in its infancy despite several promising recent works. Here, we leverage our earlier work in thread analysis, and ask the question: what kind of information do these malicious threads provide. Specifically, we analyze threads in three dimensions: (a) temporal characteristics, (b) user-centric characteristics (c) content-centric properties. We study threads pulled from three security forums spanning the period 2012-2016. First, we show that 53% of the users asking/selling malicious Services on average has 3 posts and initiate 1 thread and 1 day lifetime. Second, we argue that careful analysis can help to identify emerging threats reported in security forums through Services and Alerts threads and potentially help security analysts prevent attacks. We see this study as a first attempt to argue for the wealth and type of information that can be extracted from security forums.
A Simple Method for the Rapid Determination of Serum Albumin (1953)

Journal Article A Simple Method for the Rapid Determination of Serum Albumin Get access J. S. Bracken, M.D., J. S. Bracken, M.D. Departments of Pathology and Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago and Evanston, Illinois Dr. Bracken is Assistant Professor of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School and Dr. Klotz is Professor of Chemistry and Biology, Northwestern University. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar I. M. Klotz, Ph.D. I. M. Klotz, Ph.D. Departments of Pathology and Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago and Evanston, Illinois Dr. Bracken is Assistant Professor of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School and Dr. Klotz is Professor of Chemistry and Biology, Northwestern University. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar American Journal of Clinical Pathology, Volume 23, Issue 10_ts, September 1953, Pages 1055–1058, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/23.10_ts.1055 Published: 01 September 1953 Article history Received: 28 May 1953 Published: 01 September 1953
Questioning Mechanisms During Tutoring, Conversation, and Human-Computer Interaction (1993)

Abstract : One-to-one tutoring is more effective than alternative training methods, yet there have been few attempts to examine the process of naturalistic tutoring. This project explored dialogue patterns in two corpora: graduate students tutoring undergraduates in research methods, and high school students tutoring 7th graders in algebra. We analyzed pedagogical strategies, feedback mechanisms, question asking, question answering, and pragmatic assumptions during the tutoring process. One pervasive dialogue pattern was a five-step frame: (1) tutor asks question, (2) student answers question, (3) tutor gives short feedback on answer quality, (4) tutor and student collaboratively improve on answer quality, and (5) tutor assesses the student's understanding of the answer. Tutor questions were primarily motivated by curriculum scripts and the process of coaching students through exemplar problems -- rarely by attempts to diagnose and remediate the student's idiosyncratic knowledge deficits. Dialogue patterns were simulated by two computational models: a recurrent connectionist network and a recursive transition network. These models capture the systematicity in the sequential ordering of speech act categories. That is, to what extent does a model accurately predict the category of speech act N+1, given speech acts 1 through N?.... Question asking, Question answering, Tutoring, Learning.
CHLOROPHYLL ONE‐ELECTRON PHOTOCHEMISTRY: FLASH PHOTOLYSIS STUDIES OF THE CHLOROPHYLL‐QUINONE REACTION IN ALCOHOL SOLVENTS* (1971)

Abstract— Flash photolysis of chlorophyll a alone in CBE (cyclohexanol‐ t ‐butanol‐ethanol) yields a difference spectrum similar to those obtained upon steady illumination of chlorophyll a ‐quinone mixtures in this solvent. Decay kinetics in CBE and dimethylsulfoxide are faster at the Soret band than at 460–580 nm and red band regions. This difference is not obtained in other solvents (CHCI 3 , CCI 4 , t ‐butanol, ethanol), implying that two or more species are obtained in CBE and DMSO. β‐Carotene in CBE increases the rate of decay of the flash‐induced chlorophyll transients at 430 and 660 nm but only decreases the magnitude of the signal at 470 nm. This implies that the 470 nm absorbance is due to a product formed from the triplet state. This effect is not observed in ethanol. Adding quinone to chlorophyll solutions results in slowly decaying species being generated by flash excitation in CBE. Three components can be distinguished: the first ( t 1/2 ˜ 0.2 msec) corresponds to the triplet state; the second ( t 1/2 = 5–10 msec) is quinone concentration and species independent; the third ( t 1/2 = several seconds) is dependent upon quinone concentration and species (rate is faster for higher concentrations and lower potential quinones). The ESR signal decay rate is approximately equal to the third component flash decay rate when the chlorophyll and quinone concentrations are equal. With excess quinone, the flash decay rate becomes faster, and the ESR decay rate decreases slightly. These slowly‐decaying species are not produced when quinone is added to chlorophyll a in ethanol or t ‐butanol, or to pheophytin in CBE. One observes merely a decrease in signal height with no accompanying increase in decay rate. Mechanisms to account for all of these phenomena are presented which involve an initial chlorophyll triplet‐solvent reaction with the subsequent formation of several species of chloro‐phyll‐quinone radical complexes.
Evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antioxidant potentials of some edible oils and their fatty acid profiles (2011)

In the current study, the oils obtained from the nuts of Corylus avellana L. (hazelnut), Arachis hypogea L. (peanut, groundnut), Pinus pinea L. (umbrella nut), and Juglans regia L. (walnut) were tested for their antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and antimicrobial activity against the standard and isolated strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis as well as the fungi Candida albicans and C. parapsilosis by microdilution method, in which inhibition was expressed as minimum inhibition concentrations (MICs). Moreover, antiviral activity of the oils was determined using Herpes simplex (HSV) and Parainfluenza (PI-3). Their fatty acid analyses were performed by GC-MS technique. While the hazelnut and walnut oils showed the best antioxidant activity at 100 mg mL-1 (73.58% and 65.10%, respectively), the walnut oil had the most potent anti-PI-3 effect (16- < 0.25 \mug mL-1). The oils displayed inhibitory potentials towards the isolated strains of E. coli, S. aureus, and E. faecalis at 4, 8, and 8 \mug mL-1 concentrations, respectively.
Scintillation response of Xe gas studied by gamma-ray absorption and Compton electrons (2015)

In this study we report on the scintillation response of Xe gas under irradiation of gamma-rays in the energy range between 50 keV and 1.5 MeV. Xe gas was pressurized to 50 bar and tested as a detector for gamma spectroscopy. The gas was confined in a titanium vessel of 200 mm length and 101 mm diameter with 2.5 mm thick walls. The vessel was sealed with two 3 inch diameter UV transparent windows. The inner surface of the vessel was covered with a reflecting wavelength shifter. Two photomultipliers coupled to both windows at the end of the vessel allowed for registration of 3700 photoelectrons/MeV, which resulted in 7.0% energy resolution registered for 662 keV γ-rays from a 137Cs source. The non-proportionality of the photoelectron yield and intrinsic resolution was studied with gamma photoabsorption peaks. Due to the thickness of the detector vessel, the response of the Xe gas as a scintillator in the low energy range was performed by means of a Compton Coincidence Technique and compared with the gamma absorption results. The shape of the non-proportionality characteristics of Xe gaseous scintillator was compared to the results obtained for NaI:Tl, LaBr3:Ce and LYSO:Ce. A correlation between non-proportionality and intrinsic resolution of Xe gaseous scintillator was pointed out.
A poor prognosis ER and HER2-negative, nonbasal, breast cancer subtype identified through postneoadjuvant endocrine therapy tumor profiling (2008)

502 Background: Tumor estrogen receptor (ER) loss after neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (NET) was recently identified as an independent prognostic marker relapse (relative risk relapse 2.8 CI 1.2–6.4 P=0.02 and death from breast cancer RR 7.0 CI 2.4–20.9 P=0.0005 - SABCS 2007 Abstract 62). To investigate the switch from ER+ to ER- after NET we examined microarray gene expression data accrued from a multicenter Phase 2 study of neoadjuvant letrozole. Methods: Agilent 44K whole genome array data was generated from tumor specimens with >50% tumor prior to therapy (BL), and on treatment (OT) samples one month and/or surgery. 65 BL and OT pairs or triplets were obtained and a simple clustering algorithm was used to examine relationships between the BL and OT samples and reference samples (14 Basal [BAS] 6 HER2+ [HER2] and 4 Normal Breast). 50 genes were applied that have been identified as a minimal set capable of giving an intrinsic breast cancer subtype classification. Results: The BL clustering and central ER analysis revealed three false hormone receptor positive tumors, two ER- HER2- tumors that clustered with BAS cluster and one ER- HER2- tumor that strongly expressed the proliferation cluster (PLN) but not BAS or LUM markers. The OT clustering experiment revealed an additional 8 tumors in the ER- cluster that had HER2- /BAS-/LUM-/PLN+ characteristics with markedly poor Ki67 response (P=0.015). In BL samples these tumors were originally ER IHC+ and appeared in the LUM branch. These observations support the initial observation that about 10% of ER+ tumors transition to an ER- state early after the initiation of endocrine treatment (ET). Of the eight relapses that have occurred in the phase II letrozole trial population to date, three were tumors in the post treatment HER2-/BAS-/LUM-/PLN+ cluster and two were in the BL false ER+ group. Conclusions: Tumors that lose ER with neoadjuvant endocrine treatment lack both BAS and LUM gene expression. These unclassified proliferative tumors can exhibit a fulminant clinical course. ER expression should be tested soon after initiating NET (one month) to identify early ER loss so that treatment approaches can be adjusted to reflect the highly aggressive and ET resistant nature of this newly defined tumor subtype. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Expert Testimony Other Remuneration University Genomics
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses of HIV‐Protease Inhibitors Having a Peptide Moiety which Binds to GP120. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Selective transcatheter ablation of the fast and slow pathways using radiofrequency energy in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. (1992)

These data suggest that both fast and slow pathways can be selectively ablated for control of AVNRT: Slow pathway ablation, however, by obviating the risk of AV block, appears to be safer and should be considered as the first approach.
Pain measurement: an overview (1985)

The practice and theoretical basis of pain measurement is reviewed and critically examined in the areas of animal research, human subjects laboratory investigation and clinical study. The advantages and limitations of both physiological and behavioral methods are discussed in each area, and subjective report procedures are evaluated in human laboratory and clinical areas. The need for procedures that bridge these areas is emphasized and specific issues are identified. Progress in the technology of pain measurement over recent decades is reviewed and directions for future work are suggested.
A distinctive fraction of alkaline phosphatase in health and disease (1966)

An electrophoretic fraction of plasma alkaline phosphatase, which migrates more slowly than the main fraction, was present in one fifth of normal subjects, and in some patients with parenchymal liver disease. It was absent in patients with bone disease, uncomplicated biliary obstruction, and hepatic metastases. The electrophoretic and inhibition properties of this slow band were similar to those of intestinal phosphatase, and its significance is discussed. In a patient with hypophosphatasia this fraction was apparently not decreased.
ENDOR studies of methyl radicals in irradiated single crystals of CH3COOLi⋅2H2O (1976)

The methyl radicals trapped in single crystals of CH3COOLi⋅2H2O irradiated at 77 °K have been studied by ENDOR. The proton hyperfine coupling tensor was determined to be (−21.30, −20.57, −21.61) G. The absolute sign of the coupling was determined in referring to the nuclear dipole–dipole interaction. The deviation from axial symmetry indicates that the methyl radical undergoes hindered oscillation about the second axis in the radical plane in addition to rapid reorientation about the C3 axis. The superhyperfine coupling tensors were determined for all of the seven neighboring protons within 5 Å from the radical carbon atom. The nearest neighboring CH3 and water protons gave the tensors (3.07. 0.24, 0.26) and (2.01, −1.16, −1.00) G, respectively. The dipolar terms of these neighboring protons and others lead to the conclusion that the methyl radical is trapped in practically the same position with the same orientations as those of the methyl group in the undamaged molecule. The precise analysis suggests that the recoil displacement of the ĊH3 radical along the broken C–C bond is less than 0.3 Å. To facilitate analyses of the spectra, the second order effects on the ENDOR transition frequencies as well as the transition probabilities have been formulated in compact forms.
Impacts of the Porosity-Permeability Transform Throughout the Reservoir Modeling Workflow (2011)

Abstract Reservoir simulation history matching typically involves a process whereby reservoir rock, fluid properties and well-bore conditions are modified in some systematic way to match observed production rates and pressures. The degree to which initial reservoir and well parameters need to be modified can often be attributed to the amount and quality of hard data available and the integration of that data into the geocellular model. All too often, however, reservoir engineers find that they must modify reservoir parameters significantly in order to obtain a history match. Historically, porosity cut-offs have often been applied to fine-grid geocellular models during upscaling to obtain the reservoir simulation-scale model. Porosity cut-offs have typically been selected by inspection of the core-derived porosity-permeability (P&P) relationship(s) and selecting the porosity that falls below an a priori specified permeability cut-off. During subsequent history matching, a disconnection between upscaled geocellular model and history-matched permeabilities becomes apparent. Permeability modifiers of two or more often need be applied across the reservoir to match reservoir performance. Discrepancies between well-log-derived porosities and core-measured porosities due to the scale (averaging) effects of the logs have been long recognized and can be accounted for in various ways (Klein et al., 2006). However, the discrepancy in permeabilities between the initial upscaled geocellular and history-matched reservoir simulation models appears to be different. In 2007, Delfiner provided a very simple, yet elegant, explanation for this discrepancy and one potential solution to the problem. Simple examples are utilized to show how errors in the porosity-permeability transform can propagate throughout the model building and history matching process, resulting in a potentially significant underestimation of OOIP and recovery. In particular, the potential impacts of the porosity-permeability transform on net pay definition, liquid permeability, initial water saturation, relative permeability, fractional flow, production rate and ultimate recovery are discussed along with how the implementation of the suggested solution by Delfiner (2007), together with other approaches, can help mitigate these errors.