gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-Speed Quantum Random Number Generation Using CMOS Photon Counting Detectors (2014)

Optical quantum random number generators (QRNGs) are a special class of physical random data sources, whose randomness is established on elementary quantum optics processes. We present a QRNG based on a CMOS chip which overcomes the limitations of the commonly used optical QRNG and which achieves a random bit generation rate up to 200 Mb/s. The CMOS chip is based on an array of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) and digital counters. We prove the absolute randomness of the generated random data through statistical test suites and even more stringent correlation and bias tests applied to 32 Gbit streams. The QRNG passes all tests; hence, it proves to be one of the fastest and more reliable CMOS optical QRNGs currently available.
An inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopic investigation of the adsorption of ethene and propene on carbon (2000)

Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) spectra of ethene and propene adsorbed on carbon at ca. 20 K have been recorded and compared with the spectra of the solid alkenes. Differences between the alkenes in the INS spectra are attributed to the propene molecule experiencing less molecular recoil. Normal coordinate analysis reveals both alkenes to be present as physisorbed, disordered layers on carbon and that the interaction with the surface is weaker than in the corresponding crystal. On the basis of neutron powder diffraction measurements, the splitting in the C–CH3 torsion mode of solid propene is assigned to correlation field effects.
Wide bandgap power devices based high efficiency power converters for data center application (2014)

Wide band gap (WBG) power devices, such as Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Gallium Nitride (GaN) devices, have been innovatively applied in the data center power converters, which are based on the high voltage DC (HVDC) power distribution architecture, to evaluate the potential efficiency improvement. For the front-end AC-DC rectifier, a buck rectifier using SiC devices was implemented. The SiC devices were tested at first to obtain the static and switching characteristics. The number of devices in parallel, the switching frequency and the input/output filters were investigated. A prototype of 7.5 kW, 3 phase 480 VAC input, 400 VDC output front-end rectifier was built and tested. The peak efficiency reaches up to 98.55%, and the full load efficiency is 98.54%. For the intermediate DC-DC bus converter, the impact of the GaN devices on the LLC resonant converter efficiency was evaluated and compared with the Si counterparts. Based on the device loss analysis and the FEA simulation on the transformer winding loss, the GaN devices exhibited the reduced device loss, and also the capabilities to reduce the transformer winding loss. A 300 W, 400 VDC input, 12 VDC output GaN device based DC-DC bus converter was built and tested by 96.3% peak efficiency and 96.1% full load efficiency.
Heat/Mass Transfer from a Cylinder in the Strongly Oscillating Flow of a Pulse Combustor Tailpipe (1993)

Abstract This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on the mass transport from a sintered cylinder placed inside the tailpipe of a pulse combustor. Evaporation rates were measured at several different oscillating and mean flow conditions. Also measured were time resolved velocity profiles and high speed laser schlieren video at a single operating condition. Velocity data were taken in front of and behind the cylinder as well as through the cylinder boundary layer, providing quantitative information on the temporal flow behavior. Both the velocity data and schlieren video indicate that the momentum field is non-quasi-steady. Over the range and combination of operating conditions studied, the results show that mass transfer rates are strongly affected by the pressure amplitude, weakly affected by the mean flow Reynolds number and unnoticeably affected by frequency. KEYWORDS: pulsecombustionheatmasstransfercylinder
Fast Parallel Tree Codes for Gravitational and Fluid Dynamical N-Body Problems (1994)

Abstract : We discuss two physical systems from separate disciplines that make use of the same algorithmic and mathematical structures to reduce the number of operations necessary to complete a realistic simulation. In the gravitational N- body problem, the acceleration of an object is given by the familiar Newtonian laws of motion and gravitation. The computational load is reduced by treating groups of bodies as single multipole sources rather than individual bodies. In the simulation of incompressible flows, the flow may be modeled by the dynamics of a set of N interacting vortices. Vortices are vector objects in three dimensions, but their interactions are mathematically similar to that of gravitating masses. The multipole approximation can be used to greatly reduce the time needed to compute the interactions between vortices. Both types of simulations were carried out on the Intel Touchstone Delta, a parallel MIMD computer with 512 processors. Timings are reported for systems of up to 10 million bodies, and demonstrate that the implementation scales well on massively parallel systems. The majority of the code is common between the two applications, which differ only in certain physics modules. In particular, the code for parallel tree construction and traversal is shared.
Proposed Theory of Calculating the Energy of Negative-Ion Resonant Elastic Scattering States and of the Pre-Ionization States of Electronic Spectroscopy (1965)

In elastic electron-impact experiments, with the subsequent formation of negative ions and pre-ionization spectral theory, similar theoretical problems arise. In both, autoionizing states of lifetime 10−14 to 10−12 sec are of basic importance, and also the variation principle is not applicable to the problem of the calculation of the energy. We propose here an approximate variation principle for calculating their energies and wavefunctions. The ideas are based on physical and nonanalytic arguments and tested successfully on the problem of elastic scattering of electrons by the hydrogen molecule, with an explanation of the H2— resonances observed by Simpson et al. and the H— resonance observed by Schulz.
Topographical relationship between beta-amyloid and tau protein epitopes in tangle-bearing cells in Alzheimer disease. (1990)

Double-labeling immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the topographical relationship between beta-amyloid and tau protein epitopes present in cells bearing neurofibrillary tangles found in the hippocampal formation of patients with Alzheimer disease. An antiserum raised against the amino terminus of beta-amyloid stained numerous tangle-bearing cells and other bodies ("extracellular tangles"), but double labeling showed that the beta-amyloid staining is invariably peripheral to that of the tau-positive tangle proper. This and other results suggest that the extracellular amyloid plaques and the intracellular neurofibrillary tangles are biochemically distinct but may result from related pathological events that originate at the level of the nerve cell and lead to its degeneration.
Stimuli-responsive Novel Amphiphilic Polymers for Chemical and Biomedical Applications (2005)

Amphiphilic polymers are a class of polymers that self-assemble into different types of microstructure, depending on the solvent environment and external stimuli. Self assembly structures can exist in many different forms, such as spherical micelles, rod-like micelles, bi-layers, vesicles, bi-continuous structure etc. Most biological systems are basically comprised of many of these organised structures arranged in an intelligent manner, which impart functions and life to the system. We have adopted the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) technique to synthesize various types of block copolymer systems that self-assemble into different microstructure when subject to an external stimuli, such as pH or temperature. The systems that we have studied are: (1) pH responsive fullerene (C60) containing poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA-b-C60); (2) pH and temperature responsive fullerene containing poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (C₆₀-b-PDMAEMA); (3) other responsive water-soluble fullerene systems. By varying temperature, pH and salt concentration, different types microstructure can be produced. In the presence of inorganic salts, fractal patterns at nano- to microscopic dimension were observed for negatively charged PMAA-b-C60, while such structure was not observed for positively charged PDMAEMA-b-C60. We demonstrated that negatively charged fullerene containing polymeric systems can serve as excellent nano-templates for the controlled growth of inorganic crystals at the nano- to micrometer length scale and the possible mechanism was proposed. The physical properties and the characteristics of their self-assembly properties will be discussed, and their implications to chemical and biomedical applications will be highlighted.
Aqueous chlorination of resorcinol (1989)

Abstract An investigation of the aqueous chlorination (NaOCl) of resorcinol is reported. The following intermediates were detected in moderate to high yield at different pH values and varying percentages of chlorination: 2-chloro-, 4-chloro-, 2,4-dichloro-, 4,6-dichloro- and 2,4,6-trichlororesorcinol. Only trace amounts of the intermediates were detected when the chlorination was conducted in the presence of phosphate buffer. This result has significant implications since resorcinol in phosphate buffer has been used as a model compound in several recent studies on the formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons during chlorination of drinking water. Relative rates of chlorination were determined for resorcinol and several of the chlorinated resorcinols. Resorcinol was found to chlorinate only three times faster than 2,4,6-trichlororesorcinol. The structure 2,4,6-trichlororesorcinol was established as a monohydrate even after sublimation. A tetrachloro or pentachloro intermediate was not detected, suggesting that the ring-opening step of such an intermediate must be rapid.
The AvrM Effector from Flax Rust Has a Structured C-Terminal Domain and Interacts Directly with the M Resistance Protein (2009)

In plant immunity, recognition of pathogen effectors by plant resistance proteins leads to the activation of plant defenses and a localized cell death response. The AvrM effector from flax rust is a small secreted protein that is recognized by the M resistance protein in flax. Here, we investigate the mechanism of M-AvrM recognition and show that these two proteins directly interact in a yeast two-hybrid assay, and that this interaction correlates with the recognition specificity observed for each of the different AvrM variants. We further characterize this interaction by demonstrating that the C-terminal domain of AvrM is required for M-dependent cell death, and show that this domain also interacts with the M protein in yeast. We investigate the role of C-terminal differences among the different AvrM proteins for their involvement in this interaction and establish that M recognition is hindered by an additional 34 amino acids present at the C terminus of several AvrM variants. Structural characterization of recombinant AvrM-A protein revealed a globular C-terminal domain that dimerizes.
Comparison of SPME headspace analysis to U.S. EPA method 5030/8260B for MTBE monitoring (2005)

Abstract Methyl tert ‐butyl ether (MTBE) is one of the most common ground water contaminants in the United States. Ground water contaminated with MTBE is also likely to be contaminated with tert ‐butyl alcohol (TBA) because TBA is a component of commercial‐grade MTBE, can also be used as a fuel oxygenate, and is a biodegradation product of MTBE. In California, MTBE is subject to reporting at concentrations >3 μg/L, and TBA has a drinking water action level of 12 μg/L. We describe a simple, automated solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) method for the analysis of MTBE and TBA in water. The headspace (HS) of a water sample is extracted with a carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane SPME fiber and the MTBE and TBA are desorbed into a gas chromatograph (GC) and detected using a mass spectrometer (MS). The method is optimized for the routine analysis of MTBE and TBA, with a level of quantitation of 0.3 and 4 μg/L, respectively, in water. The lower level of detection for MTBE is 0.03 μg/L using this method. This HS extraction SPME is applicable to the measurement of both MTBE and TBA at concentrations below regulatory action levels. This method was compared with the certified U.S. EPA Method 5030/8260B (purge and trap/GC/MS) using split samples. Results from the SPME‐HS/GC/MS method were directly comparable to those from the U.S. EPA Method 5030/8260B. This method provides a simple, inexpensive, accurate, and sensitive alternative to the U.S. EPA Method 5030/8260B for the analysis of MTBE and TBA in water samples.
“Polyphenotypic” Tumors in the Central Nervous System: Problems in Nosology and Classification (1997)

In recent years, there is increasing recognition of polyphenotypic high-grade malignancies in the non-central nervous system (CNS) tumor literature. Some of these tumors have been regarded as variants of primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) or as extrarenal malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRTs). This report concerns two posterior fossa neoplasms, both of which displayed a "polyphenotypic" expression of neural, epithelial, myogenic, and glial markers, including synaptophysin, neurofilament, vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-100, neuron-specific enolase, desmin, S antigen, MIC2, cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, and carcinoembryonic antigen. One tumor showed complex intercellular junctions, cytoplasmic intermediate filaments, well-developed rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, cilia, and neurosecretory granules. The other neoplasm showed pools of glycogen, desmosomes, and tonofilaments. The histological and ultrastructural appearances were inconsistent with glioma, PNET, meningioma, ependymoma, choroid plexus carcinoma, sarcoma, germ cell tumor, and other tumors in the World Health Organization classification. Although the polyphenotype raises the issue that these may represent variants of MRT or the atypical teratoid-rhabdoid tumor, the morphologic findings in the two cases were very dissimilar. Our two cases underscore the problems in nosology and classification of polyphenotypic tumors of the CNS. This is particularly significant, as therapeutic protocols for PNET, MRT, and non-CNS polyphenotypic tumors are different. We review the literature on polyphenotypic tumors and reiterate the difficulties in precise classification of these complex tumors.
Analysis of the influence of input parameters of EDM on material removal rate and surface roughness for machining stainless steel 304 (2018)

Electrical discharge machining process is a material removing method that is based on the principle of erosion of work surface by electrical sparks produced by high-density current supply. The process is usually applied on the machining of difficult-to-machine metals with high electrical conductivity, which have some mechanical properties affecting machinability negatively, or on the machining of very complex shapes. These situations make it necessary to closely control the process and check the influence of parameters on the resulting output, which is usually in the form of material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness. The rate of material removal is the most important parameter as it directly influences the cost of machining and hence needs to be carefully analysed. Statistical analysis of the results obtained by experimental work is also an important part of the study as it determines the influence of input parameters on the behaviour of output response.
Face holding strength of threaded metal inserts in reconstituted wood products (1985)

Etude de la resistance a l'arrachement de vis pour divers types de panneaux de fibres et de particules
The Role of T Cell Costimulation via DNAM-1 in Kidney Transplantation (2016)

DNAX accessory protein-1 (DNAM-1, CD226) is a co-stimulatory and adhesion molecule expressed mainly by natural killer cells and T cells. DNAM-1 and its two ligands CD112 and CD155 are important in graft-versus-host disease, but their role in solid organ transplantation is largely unknown. We investigated the relevance of this pathway in a mouse kidney transplantation model. CD112 and CD155 are constitutively expressed on renal tubular cells and strongly upregulated in acutely rejected renal allografts. In vitro DNAM-1 blockade during allogeneic priming reduced the allospecific T cell response but not the allospecific cytotoxicity against renal tubular epithelial cells. Accordingly, absence of DNAM-1 in recipient mice or absence of CD112 or CD155 in the kidney allograft did not significantly influence renal function and severity of rejection after transplantation, but led to a higher incidence of infarcts in CD112 and CD155 deficient kidney allografts. Thus, DNAM-1 blockade is not effective in preventing transplant rejection. Despite of being highly expressed, CD112 and CD155 do not appear to play a major immunogenic role in kidney transplantation. Considering the high incidence of renal infarcts in CD112 and CD155 deficient grafts, blocking these molecules might be detrimental.
Hierarchical approach to the optimal design of camera spectral sensitivities for colorimetric and spectral performance (2003)

The optimal design of spectral sensitivity functions for digital color imaging devices has been studied extensively. This paper analyzed the important requirements for designing sensor sensitivity functions. A hierarchical approach is proposed to the optimal design of camera spectral sensitivity functions by incorporating spectral fitting, colorimetric performance and noise. The approach is directly based on the filter fabrication parameters to avoid approximation deviation. A six-channel camera is designed via this approach, with the first three channels aiming at colorimetric performance and the total six channels for spectral performance.
Associations between pain, function, and radiographic features in osteoarthritis of the knee (2005)

Studies exploring the associations between structural and symptomatic knee OA need to include an assessment of the patellofemoral compartment, and individual radiographic features rather than a global severity score should be considered in these studies.
Long-term outcomes of Gamma Knife radiosurgery in patients with vestibular schwannomas (2010)

Gamma Knife radiosurgery results in excellent local control rates with minimal toxicity for patients with VS. The authors recommend standardized follow-up to gain a better understanding of the long-term effects of GKRS.
PILOT-SCALE EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION FOR NOx ON MERCURY SPECIATION (2000)

Full-scale tests in Europe and bench-scale tests in the United States have indicated that the catalyst, normally vanadium/titanium metal oxide, used in the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO{sub x}, may promote the formation of Hg{sup 2+} and/or particulate-bound mercury (Hg{sub p}). To investigate the impact of SCR on mercury speciation, pilot-scale screening tests were conducted at the Energy & Environmental Research Center. The primary research goal was to determine whether the catalyst or the injection of ammonia in a representative SCR system promotes the conversion of Hg{sup 0} to Hg{sup 2+} and/or Hg{sub p} and, if so, which coal types and parameters (e.g., rank and chemical composition) affect the degree of conversion. Four different coals, three eastern bituminous coals and a Powder River Basin (PRB) subbituminous coal, were tested. Three tests were conducted for each coal: (1) baseline, (2) NH{sub 3} injection, and (3) SCR of NO{sub x}. Speciated mercury, ammonia slip, SO{sub 3}, and chloride measurements were made to determine the effect the SCR reactor had on mercury speciation. It appears that the impact of SCR of NO{sub x} on mercury speciation is coal-dependent. Although there were several confounding factors such as temperature and ammonia concentrations in the flue gas, two of the eastern bituminous coals showed substantial increases in Hg{sub p} at the inlet to the ESP after passing through an SCR reactor. The PRB coal showed little if any change due to the presence of the SCR. Apparently, the effects of the SCR reactor are related to the chloride, sulfur and, possibly, the calcium content of the coal. It is clear that additional work needs to be done at the full-scale level.
General Aviation Altimetry Errors for Collision Avoidance Systems (1979)

Altimetry data is the prime component of monitoring reliable vertical separation of aircraft. This report compiles raw data gathered in flight tests conducted by the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center of the Federal Aviation Administration. The compilation yields histograms of the errors in automatically reported altitude and errors in indicated altitude for general aviation aircraft in the U.S. The Federal Aviation Administration is currently considering two fully automatic collision avoidance systems: Automated Traffic Advisory and Resolution Service and Beacon-based Collision Avoidance System. Besides, the automatically reported altitude is being increasingly used in automation in the Air Traffic System, as exemplified by the current implementation of Conflict Alert in the en route air space. The magnitude of error in the transponder reported altitude affects the performance of any automated collision avoidance system. In this paper, the impact of the errors in reported altitude on expected alert rates for automatic collision avoidance systems are analysed. It is shown that acceptable collision avoidance service is feasible with a threshold criterion of vertical coincidence which is less than 500 ft. The quality of separation assurance protection from the general aviation population that an individual pilot may expect to receive is assessed as a function of the error in his own automatically reported altitude.
Anticoagulant Therapy in Coronary Artery Disease (1966)

Information available at the present time allows the following conclusions to be drawn: 1. Anticoagulant therapy is clearly effective in treating and preventing venous thrombosis and pulmonary emboli. 2. If used in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction, anticoagulant drugs may salvage 3 to 4% of the treated population. This small gain is probably achieved by the prevention of thromboembolic episodes. While only a small percentage of patients are benefited, the actual number of persons salvaged is relatively great because of the large size of the population at risk. In the considerable majority of treated patients who do not benefit from coumarin drugs, the therapy need do no harm, if proper safeguards are employed in the selection of patients and the administration and laboratory control of the drug. 3. In long-term therapy of patients who have recovered from acute myocardial infarction, it appears that men, especially below age 60, may be helped for the first 1 or 2 years after infarction. 4. More data are required to evaluate the role of anticoagulant treatment in patients with angina pectoris or coronary insufficiency. For the present, the physician may reasonably be influenced in the use of anticoagulant therapy by the recent onset of symptoms, the patient's age, and the family history. 5. Although appropriately controlled studies are lacking, it appears as though patients with peripheral emboli secondary to coronary artery disease may be benefited by anticoagulant therapy.