gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Patient dose and image quality from mega‐voltage cone beam computed tomography imaging (2007)

The evolution of ever more conformal radiation delivery techniques makes the subject of accurate localization of increasing importance in radiotherapy. Several systems can be utilized including kilo-voltage and mega-voltage cone-beam computed tomography (MV-CBCT), CT on rail or helical tomography. One of the attractive aspects of mega-voltage cone-beam CT is that it uses the therapy beam along with an electronic portal imaging device to image the patient prior to the delivery of treatment. However, the use of a photon beam energy in the mega-voltage range for volumetric imaging degrades the image quality and increases the patient radiation dose. To optimize image quality and patient dose in MV-CBCT imaging procedures, a series of dose measurements in cylindrical and anthropomorphic phantoms using an ionization chamber, radiographic films, and thermoluminescent dosimeters was performed. Furthermore, the dependence of the contrast to noise ratio and spatial resolution of the image upon the dose delivered for a 20-cm-diam cylindrical phantom was evaluated. Depending on the anatomical site and patient thickness, we found that the minimum dose deposited in the irradiated volume was 5-9 cGy and the maximum dose was between 9 and 17 cGy for our clinical MV-CBCT imaging protocols. Results also demonstrated that for high contrast areas such as bony anatomy, low doses are sufficient for image registration and visualization of the three-dimensional boundaries between soft tissue and bony structures. However, as the difference in tissue density decreased, the dose required to identify soft tissue boundaries increased. Finally, the dose delivered by MV-CBCT was simulated using a treatment planning system (TPS), thereby allowing the incorporation of MV-CBCT dose in the treatment planning process. The TPS-calculated doses agreed well with measurements for a wide range of imaging protocols.
The media and cultural monopoly (1983)

This evening I want to talk to you about the coming of cable TV to Britain, not only because it is important in itself but because it raises fundamental issues about the power of the undemocratic liberal elite which controls broadcasting in Britain - and because there are important implications for other countries, including Australia. The Hunt Report on cable TV and what to do about it has now been presented to the government, and decisions will shortly be taken. In my view, cable TV provides a radical Tory government with an unrepeatable opportunity to break out of the conventional straitjacket of British broadcasting and strike a decisive blow at cultural monopoly. Let me explain.
Continuous-scan vibrometry technique for broadband vibration measurements with high spatial detail. (2009)

Recent works by the author and others have shown that one can estimate the mode shapes of a structure with remarkable spatial detail in a short time by sweeping a laser vibrometer continuously over the surface of the structure in a periodic fashion. The highly detailed spatial shapes that this method identifies may aid in locating damage or in understanding mismatch between an analytical model and the experimental hardware. Previous works have developed continuous-scan vibrometry methods for transient response measurements and pure sinusoidal excitation. This work treats measurements from structures excited with a measured, broadband forcing function. The approach amounts to a non-parametric estimator for the state transition matrix (analogous to the transfer function) of the time-periodic system. The method is evaluated using simulated measurements from a time-periodic system and using continuous-scan vibrometer measurements from an air conditioner condenser fan.
Infrared optical constants of polycrystalline boron nitride (1993)

Effective optical constants of boron nitride have been determined at CO(2) laser wavelengths. Waveguiding losses are evaluated to be 3 x 10(-4) cm(-1) for a 2-mm-inner-diameter guide showing the suitability of boron nitride for waveguide laser construction.
Cycloadditions of α-aminonitrile diene (1985)

Cycloadditions of 2-(N-methylanilino)hexa-2,4-dienenitrile with the dienophiles maleic anhydride, N-phenylmaleimide, benzoquinone, or dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate led to methyldiarylamines after loss of hydrogen cyanide and oxidative aromatisation.
Application of data regularization techniques based on compressivesensing in 3D seismic data reconstruction (2016)

Summary In 2013, BGP conducted a 3Donshore seismic survey project in Liaohe Oilfield Company of PetroChina, which had lots of offset and skip shot points due to the limited surface conditions. In order to verify the effect of the data regularization approach, we first chose half of the shot points from the raw data in two ways: a) choosing every other SP regularly; b) extract half of the SPs randomly; and then the compressive sensing theory based data regularization algorithm was used to restore and reconstruct the incomplete seismic data. The comparison of the CMP gathers and PSTM sections demonstrates that the use of the data reconstruction algorithm can obtain a result similar to imaging quality of the raw data.
CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY IN OCULAR TISSUES AND FLUIDS (1950)

BECAUSE of recent advances in the knowledge of the functional importance of cholinesterase, it was considered advisable to investigate this enzyme from the ophthalmologic point of view. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature and to present new experimental data on the activity of cholinesterase in various ocular tissues and fluids, both in the experimental animal and in man. <h3>I. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE</h3><h3>A. GENERAL LITERATURE</h3> Since Loewi's<sup>1</sup>fundamental discovery in 1921 of a parasympathomimetic substance in the perfusion fluid passed through a dog's heart, literally thousands of papers have been published pertaining to this parasympathomimetic substance—acetylcholine—and its specific enzyme, cholinesterase. The existence of such an enzyme was first demonstrated by Loewi and Navratil,<sup>2</sup>and the Stedmans,<sup>3</sup>in 1932, gave it the present name of cholinesterase. The most important chemical and physiologic characteristics of cholinesterase have been well summarized in several review articles
System-oriented ecotoxicological research at Alterra (2000)

Follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) is a common endocrine malignancy with highly aggressive features. In this study, next-generation sequencing technology was used to identify aberrant expression of sialyltransferase (ST) family members in FTC. Aberrant high expression of alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 2 (ST6GAL2) was demonstrated to promote tumorigenesis of FTC <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. Furthermore, ST6GAL2 promoted tumorigenesis by inactivating the Hippo signaling pathway. Resveratrol is a native compound extracted from <i>Vitis</i> species, and many studies have confirmed its protective cardiovascular and antineoplastic effects. Here we found that resveratrol can inhibit the tumorigenesis of FTC by suppressing the expression of ST6GAL2, further activating the Hippo pathway. In summary, this study revealed the role of the ST6GAL2-Hippo signaling pathway in FTC tumorigenesis and indicated that resveratrol, a commonly found antineoplastic compound, could inhibit tumorigenesis of FTC by regulating the abovementioned pathways.
Purification and Regulatory Properties of Fructose 1,6-Diphosphatase from <i>Hydrogenomonas eutropha</i> (1974)

Fructose diphosphatase of Hydrogenomonas eutropha H 16, produced during autotrophic growth, was purified 247-fold from extracts of cells. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 170,000. The enzyme showed a pH optimum of 8.5 in both crude extracts and purified preparation. The shape of the pH curve was not changed in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The enzyme required Mg(2+) for activity. The MgCl(2) saturation curve was sigmoidal and the degree of positive cooperativity increased at lower fructose diphosphate concentrations. Mn(2+) can replace Mg(2+), but maximal activity was lower than that observed with Mg(2+) and the optimal concentration range was narrow. The fructose diphosphate curve was also sigmoidal. The purified enzyme also hydrolyzed sedoheptulose diphosphate but at a much lower rate than fructose diphosphate. The enzyme was not inhibited by adenosine 5'-monophosphate but was inhibited by ribulose 5-phosphate and adenosine 5'-triphosphate. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate did not affect the degree of cooperativity among the sites for fructose diphosphate. The inhibition by adenosine 5'-triphosphate was mixed and by ribulose 5-phosphate was noncompetitive. An attempt was made to correlate the properties of fructose diphosphatase from H. eutropha with its physiological role during autotrophic growth.
The trigger of the TOFUS detector (1992)

The TOFUS detector is a low-energy neutron detector based on double scattering and dedicated to cold fusion experiments. A solution has been found by means of the double scattering technique for neutron detection. The realized apparatus, the trigger, and the detector performance concerning the time resolution and the dead time are described. The authors have designed, built, and tested special logic circuits allowing a fast decision in a time less than 200 ns, and able to reduce the background signal to 0.035 trigger/s. Then a software analysis reduces this number of 0.007 events/s in the (2-3) MeV neutron energy range.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
In vivo spectroscopy and internal optics of leaves as basis for remote sensing of vegetation (1993)

Abstract In vivo reflection spectra of intact bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris) were measured between 400 and 800 nm under remote sensing conditions (illumination with white light, detection of a narrow angle of the reflected light) using the VIRAF spectrometer. The leaves with colours from yellow to green were chosen at different times during light-induced greening. The colours of the leaves were characterized by the chromaticity coordinates according to CIE 1931 calculated from the reflection spectra. The influence of the absorption of chlorophyll—the main pigment of green leaves—on the reflection spectrum of leaves is outlined. The shape of the in vivo reflection spectra is interpreted taking into account (a)the formation of pigment-protein complexes, (b) the sieve effect and the detour effect, as well as (c) the reflection, refraction and scattering of light inside the leaf tissue. Reflection signals at several distinct wavelengths and their ratios as well as the inflection point of the reflection rise from the far red towards the near-infrared were checked for linear correlation with the chlorophyll content per leaf area. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) exhibited a relatively bad correlation with the chlorophyll content. The best correlation was found for the logarithm of the ratio of the reflection signals at 800 and 550 nm. We suggest that this parameter is used, in combination with the detection of the inflection point, for remotely-detecting vegetation and for the estimation of its chlorophyll content.
Human Fibroblast Reprogramming to Pluripotent Stem Cells Regulated by the miR19a/b-PTEN Axis (2014)

Induction of pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) by defined transcription factors is the recognized canonical means for somatic reprogramming, however, it remains incompletely understood how individual transcription factors affect cell fate decisions during the reprogramming process. Here, we report induction of fibroblast reprogramming by various transcriptional factors is mediated by a miR19a/b-PTEN axis. cMyc, one of the four Yamanaka factors known to stimulate both somatic cell reprogramming and tumorigenesis, induced the expression of multiple mircoRNAs, miR-17 ∼ 92 cluster in particular, in the early stage of reprogramming of human fibroblasts. Importantly, miR-17 ∼ 92 cluster could greatly enhance human fibroblast reprogramming induced by either the four Yamanaka factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and cMyc, or 4F) or the first three transcriptional factors (Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4, or 3F). Among members of this microRNA cluster, miR-19a/b exhibited the most potent effect on stimulating fibroblst reprogramming to iPSCs. Additional studies revealed that miR-19a/b enhanced iPSC induction efficiency by targeted inhibition of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a renowned tumor suppressor whose loss-of-function mutations were found in multiple human malignancies. Our results thus demonstrate an important role of miR-19a/b-PTEN axis in the reprogramming of human fibroblasts, illustrating that the somatic reprogramming process and its underlying regulation pathways are intertwined with oncogenic signaling in human malignancies.
Perinatal Hypoxic‐Ischemic Encephalopathy (2010)

Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is an important cause of brain injury in the newborn and can result in long-term devastating consequences. Perinatal hypoxia is a vital cause of long-term neurologic complications varying from mild behavioural deficits to severe seizure, mental retardation, and/or cerebral palsy in the newborn. In the mammalian developing brain, ongoing research into pathophysiological mechanism of neuronal injury and therapeutic strategy after perinatal hypoxia is still limited. With the advent of promising therapy of hypothermia in HIE, this paper reviews the pathophysiology of HIE and the future potential neuroprotective strategies for clinical potential for hypoxia sufferers.
Evaluation of two detrending techniques for application in Heart Rate Variability (2007)

The performance of two different algorithms of detrending the RR-interval before Heart Rate Variability (HRV) analysis has been evaluated using both, simulated signals and real RR-interval time series. The first algorithm is based on the Smoothness Prior Approach (SPA) and the second algorithm is implemented using Wavelet Packet (WP) analysis. The calculated time and frequency domain parameters obtained from real signals after detrending and the results obtained from simulated signals suggest that the WP method performed better than the SPA. The WP method provided more attenuation of the slow varying trend and was able to preserve the other signal components better than the SPA method. Also the SPA method was computationally slower and it might be not appropriate with long signals.
The use of dARTMAP and fuzzy ARTMAP to solve the quality testing task in semiconductor industry (2003)

Research into the application of distributed ARTMAP (dARTMAP) and fuzzy ARTMAP neural networks to quality testing is presented. The aim of this work is the classification of faulty wafers into one of 22 known classes based on topological information extracted from the geometric allocation of the defective chips on the wafer. The classification abilities of dARTMAP and fuzzy ARTMAP were investigated in comparison with the results for counterpropagation networks (CPN). Experimental results show that ART algorithms can be successfully applied to solve this problem. Both of the ART networks classify significantly better than CPN networks.
Maximizing influence propagation in networks with community structure (2009)

We consider the algorithmic problem of selecting a set of target nodes that cause the biggest activation cascade in a network. In case when the activation process obeys the diminishing return property, a simple hill-climbing selection mechanism has been shown to achieve a provably good performance. Here we study models of influence propagation that exhibit critical behavior and where the property of diminishing returns does not hold. We demonstrate that in such systems the structural properties of networks can play a significant role. We focus on networks with two loosely coupled communities and show that the double-critical behavior of activation spreading in such systems has significant implications for the targeting strategies. In particular, we show that simple strategies that work well for homogenous networks can be overly suboptimal and suggest simple modification for improving the performance by taking into account the community structure.
Atypical epigenetic mark in an atypical location: cytosine methylation at asymmetric (CNN) sites within the body of a non-repetitive tomato gene (2011)

These results demonstrate a novel genomic distribution of CNN methylation, namely in the transcribed region of a protein-coding, non-repetitive gene, and the changes in those epigenetic marks that are caused by water stress. These findings may represent a general mechanism for the acquisition of new epialleles in somatic cells, which are pivotal for regulating gene expression in plants.
Preparation and Properties of Diethyleneglycol Dinitrate<sup>1,2</sup> (1927)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation and Properties of Diethyleneglycol Dinitrate1,2Wm H. RinkenbachCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1927, 19, 8, 925–927Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1927Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1927https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50212a025https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50212a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views91Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Peritoneal Dialysis: A Biological Membrane with a Nonbiological Fluid (2009)

During chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD), the peritoneal membrane undergoes structural and functional alterations that, in some patients, may eventually lead to loss of function as the 'dialysis membrane'. These alterations include loss of mesothelial cells, thickening of the submesothelial compact zone, and changes of vascularization. At least some of these effects are thought to be associated with chronic exposure to unphysiological PD fluids. On a cellular level, chronic PD is associated with the phenomenon of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) as well as premature aging and senescence of mesothelial cells. The present article discusses the potential mechanisms involved in these phenomena and reviews the current information derived from cell culture and animal studies.
8 ns CMOS 64 K*4 and 256 K*1 SRAMs (1990)

64 K*4 and 256 K*1 SRAMs with 8-ns access time and using a 1.0- mu m CMOS process are described. The circuits are designed with source-coupling techniques to achieve high-speed with small-signal swings, using only CMOS devices. A metal option permits selection of the 64 K*4 or 256 K*1 configuration. The same core architecture has also been used to generate *8 and *9 designs. One version achieves 3-ns output enable access time. SRAM speed-power ratio has traditionally been improved by array subdivision and address transition detection (ATD) to decrease current. However, for operation near 100 MHz, the advantage of ATD is diminished. The design described here removes ATD, allowing the row address to propagate statically. The resulting DC current is, countered with a strategy of (1) radically increasing array subdivisions and (2) exploiting small-signal techniques, preamplifiers, and current regulation. The core consists of 32 blocks with 128 rows and 64 columns per block.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Drug targeting delivery systems for treatment of Raf-1 induced lung tumors in mice (2007)

VEGFR: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, PDGFR: Platelet-derived growth factor receptor, FGFR: Fibroblast growth factor receptor, FLt-3: Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3, c-KIT: stem-cell growth and V599E is a mutant form of B-Raf.To examine sorafenib efficiency in blocking the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, the ERK phosphorylation was measured in several tumor cell lines, including those containing Ras mutations and B-Raf mutations, as well as in wt (wild-type) cells [26].The results demonstrated that sorafenib inhibited ERK phosphorylation in most of these cell lines, regardless of which mutation caused abnormal activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway [20,27].Sorafenib inhibition of p-ERK was also detected in human pancreatic (Mia PaCa and BxPC-3), colon (HCT 116 and HT-29) tumor cells and in the human melanoma (LOX) cell lines.More than 50 % inhibition of VEGFR-A previous pharmacokinetic study [29] using sorafenib (BAY 43-9006) were first performed in CD-1 mice.Sorafenib was rapidly absorbed after oral administration of various doses and showed a terminal t 1/2 between 3.2 and 4.2 h whereas t max was reported between 1 and 1.6 h.Furthermore, plasma concentrations correlated well with the various doses.The achieved levels of drug (> 50 M after a dose of 100 mg/kg) were significantly higher than the reported IC 50 for in vitro HCT 116 colon tumor cell inhibition (4.6 M), suggesting that oral administration of sorafenib was suitable for efficient drug delivery and cellular uptake.Once daily oral dosing of sorafenib revealed a broad spectrum antitumor activity in colon, breast and non-small-cell lung cancer xenograft models.In two of the three xenograft models examined, the immunohistochemistry showed a close association between