gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cationic dialkylarylphosphates: a new family of bio-inspired cationic lipids for gene delivery (2014)

In this work that aims to synthesize and evaluate new cationic lipids as vectors for gene delivery, we report the synthesis of a series of cationic lipids in which a phosphate functional group acts as a linker to assemble on a molecular scale, two lipid chains and one cationic polar head. The mono or dicationic moiety is connected to the phosphate group by an aryl spacer. In this work, two synthesis strategies were evaluated. The first used the Atherton-Todd coupling reaction to introduce a phenolic derivative to dioleylphosphite. The second strategy used a sequential addition of lipid alcohol and a phenolic derivative on POCl3. The two methods are efficient, but the latter allows larger yields. Different polar head groups were introduced, thus producing amphiphilic compounds possessing either one permanent (N-methyl-imidazolium, pyridinium, trimethylammonium) or two permanent cationic charges. All these cationic lipids were formulated as liposomal solutions and characterized (size and zeta potential). They formed stable liposomal solutions both in water (at pH 7.0) and in a weakly acidic medium (at pH 5.5). Finally, this new generation of cationic lipids was used to deliver DNA into various human-derived epithelial cells cultured in vitro. Compared with Lipofectamine used as a reference commercial lipofection reagent, some cationic dialkylarylphosphates were able to demonstrate potent gene transfer abilities, and noteworthily, monocationic derivatives were much more efficient than dicationic analogues.
The organization of retinal projections to the diencephalon and pretectum in the cichlid fish, <i>Haplochromis burtoni</i> (1985)

The organization of retinofugal projections was studied in a cichlid fish by labelling small groups of retinal ganglion cell axons with either horseradish peroxidase or cobaltous lysine. Two major findings resulted from these experiments. First, optic tract axons show a greater degree of pathway diversity than was previously appreciated, and this pathway diversity is related to the target nuclei of groups of axons. The most striking example is the formation of the medial optic tract. Fibers that will become the medial optic tract move abruptly away from their neighbors, at about the level of the optic chiasm, and coalesce at the dorsomedial edge of the marginal optic tract. The medial optic tract projects to the thalamus, the dorsal pretectum, and the deep layer of the optic tectum. The axial optic tract is a group of fibers which segregates from the most medial portion of the marginal optic tract, at about the level of the optic chiasm. The axial tract stays medial to the marginal optic tract for a few hundred microns and then curves laterally to rejoin the marginal optic tract. At least some axial trat axons terminate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Within the marginal optic tract, retinal ganglion cell axons from a given retinal quadrant are always segregated into at least two groups. The smaller group projects to the superficial pretectal nucleus. The larger group projects to the superficial layer of the optic tectum. Second, each nontectal retinal termination site receives a unique pattern of retinal input. Within the pretectum the parvocellular superficial pretectal nucleus receives a highly retinotopically organized input from all retinal regions; the basal optic nucleus receives a roughly retinotopically organized input from all retinal regions; the dorsal pretectum receives an input from all retinal regions; and the central pretectal nucleus receives input only from the ventral hemiretina. Within the diencephalon the thalamus receives an input from all retinal regions, but this input is not retinotopically organized; the suprachiasmatic nucleus receives input from the region of central retina that lies just dorsal to the optic nerve head, via the axial optic tract. The accessory optic nucleus receives input from the dorsal hemiretina.
Towards Automatic Photometric Correction of Casually Illuminated Documents (2007)

Creating uniform lighting for archival-quality document acquisition remains a non-trivial problem. We propose a novel method for automatic photometric correction of non-planar documents by estimating a single, point light-source using a simple light probe. By adding a simple piece of folded white paper with a known 3D surface to a scene, we are able to extract the 3D position of a light source, automatically perform white balance correction, and determine areas of poor illumination. Furthermore, this method is designed with the purpose of adding it to an already implemented document digitization pipeline. To justify our claims, we provide an accuracy analysis of our correction technique using simulated ground-truth data which allows individual sources of error to be determined and compared. These techniques are then applied on real documents that have been acquired using a 3D scanner.
The effects of prostaglandin E1 on the pepsin activities in gastric mucosa and juice. (1987)

Prostaglandin E1 elevated pepsin activity in gastric mucosa but lowered pepsin activity in the gastric juice of rats treated by pylorus ligation and intragastric administration of hydrochloric acid. In these animals zymogen granules with low electron density were numerous in the gastric chief cells following prostaglandin E1 treatment. The prostaglandin E1-induced increase in mucosal pepsin activity was slightly inhibited by actinomycin D and there was no apparent increase in 3H-thymidine incorporation into gastric mucosa following treatment with prostaglandin E1. It is suggested that prostaglandin E1 causes an elevation of pepsin activity in the gastric mucosa by stimulating pepsin synthesis and perhaps also by facilitating pepsin release from zymogen granules. However, it also appears to inhibit pepsin release from the mucosa into the gastric cavity judging by the decrease of pepsin activity in gastric juice. The reduced pepsin activity in gastric juice may account, in part, for the reported anti-ulcerative action of prostaglandin.
The adoption of good laboratory practice principles by Italian test facilities. (1994)

The principles of good laboratory practice (GLP) can be considered as a code of general behaviour potentially applicable to all experimental studies, although they were first conceived for harmonizing the conduct and assessment of toxicological tests designed to evaluate the impact of chemical substances on human health and the environment. From a general standpoint, therefore, GLP criteria aim at generating credible, comparable and cost-effective experimental information that can in turn make the decision-making process easier and sounder. On the other hand, of equal importance at the global level is the availability of and access to the wealth of critically assessed, self-consistent chemical data thus produced. Under both respects a key role is played by the activities undertaken under the aegis of international bodies such as the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the Commission of the European Union (CEU) and the International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals of the United Nations Environment Programme (IRPTC-UNEP). This cultural and scientific humus has been incorporated into legal provisions by most industrial countries to regulate production and commercialization of chemical substances. As regards Italy, the act DLvo no. 120 of 27 January 1992 focuses on the adoption of GLP principles by national test facilities and covers all possible categories of chemicals, namely industrial substances, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, pesticides, food additives and still others. Accordingly, the compliance status with GLP principles of a test facility is ascertained by inspections carried out by public officers following a detailed procedure which will eventually result in the above acknowledgement provided that no major deviations in the laboratory performance are detected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Improved fiber probe for laser tissue ablation with integrated distributed temperature sensor (2016)

The paper presents a new all-fiber probe for laser induced thermal ablation of solid tumor cells that integrates a beam delivery fiber with nanostructured surface to shape the laser irradiation pattern and a chirped grating to allow real-time monitoring of the temperature profile. A theoretical model of the sensor to study the temperature profile recovery algorithm and experimental validations using phantoms are discussed.
Eftects of Particle Size on Sintering and Electrical Characteristics of Ni Powder for Internal Electrode of MLC. (2001)

We evaluated the characteristics of Ni powder used in the fabrication of internal electrodes of multilayer ceramic chip capacitors (MLCs). The effects of particle diameter on the sintering characteristics of Ni powder for use as electrode films were studied. A high tapping density was obtained for all pulverized Ni powders with on average particle diameter of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4μm. The experimental results revealed that pulverized Ni powders were homogeneously dispersed in the paste. From shrinkage measurements in Ni electrode films with thickness of approximately 200μm, which were formed by an applicator and sintered at temperatures from 400 to 1000°C, it was observed that films composed of 0.1μm and 0.2μm Ni powders showed a larger shrinkage than that from 0.4μm Ni powder. A similar result has been observed for the microstructure of sintered electrode films.
Studies on Fungal Polysaccharides: The Immunological Determinant of the Serologically Active Substances from Absidia cylindrospora, Mucor hiemalis and Rhizopus nigricans (1979)

Six manno-oligosaccharides were isolated from the partial acid hydrolysate of pronase-treated extracellular glycan (pt-ACE-11) of Absidia cylindrospor by gel filtration on Bio Gel P-2 and descending paper chromatography. The pentasaccharide and the higher molecular weight oligosaccharides significantly inhibited the precipitation reaction of intracellular glycans from Absidia cylindrospora (ACI-B), Mucor hiemalis (MhI-B) and Rhizopus nigricans (RnI-B) with anti-ACE serum. Structural analysis showed that these six oligosaccharides were composed of linear (1·6)-α-linked mannopyranosyl residues.
Dark adaptation in vertebrate photoreceptors (1996)

Exposure of the eye to bright light bleaches a significant fraction of the photopigment in rods and cones and produces a prolonged decrease in the sensitivity of vision, which recovers slowly as the photopigment is regenerated. This sensitivity decrease is larger than would be expected merely from the decrease in the concentration of the pigment. Recent experiments have shown that the decrease in sensitivity is produced largely by an excitation of the phototransduction cascade by bleached pigment; even in darkness, it produces an equivalent background similar to that produced by real steady background illumination. Thus, excitation produced by a form of rhodopsin thought previously to be inactive has a profound effect on the physiology of the photoreceptor. This raises the possibility that forms of other G protein-coupled receptors thought to be inactive might also play an important role in signal transduction and disease.
Modeling of an Electronic Noise and Media in a Magnetic Recording Read Channel Using VHDL (2007)

This paper presents a modeling and simulation methodology of two challenging aspects of a partial response maximum likelihood (PRML) magnetic recording read channel: electronic noise and magnetic media. The methodology is based on an event-driven simulator that supports real-valued signals, such as standard VHDL. A few examples are presented for the noise source, PLL jitter/wander modeling, and magnetic media waveform creation. Success of this methodology has been demonstrated through a commercial 550 MHz PRML read channel IC. The read channel IC is of a mixed-signal design type with 30% analog and 70% digital content.
Efficacy of feeding finishing-pigs to heavier weights on two protein sequences (1976)

Eighty-four pigs averaging 75 lbs. were used to evaluate feeding finishing hogs to 230, 260, or 290 lbs. on two protein regimes. Rate of gain declined after the pigs reached 200 lbs. regardless of protein level, which resulted in an increase of approximately 20 to 25 days required for each pen of pigs to average 30 lbs. of gain. Feed costs increased with the increased pounds of feed required per pound of gain for the heavier weights. Pigs fed the lower protein level from 200 lbs. to final weight required more feed per pound of gain, yielded carcasses with slightly more backfat thickness and significantly smaller loin eye areas than pigs fed more protein.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 11, 1976
Antifungal power of citrus essential oils against potato late blight causative agent (2014)

International audience
Munumbicins, wide-spectrum antibiotics produced by Streptomyces NRRL 30562, endophytic on Kennedia nigriscans a aThe GenBank accession number for the sequence determined in this work is AY127079. (2002)

Munumbicins A, B, C and D are newly described antibiotics with a wide spectrum of activity against many human as well as plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria, and a Plasmodium sp. These compounds were obtained from Streptomyces NRRL 3052, which is endophytic in the medicinal plant snakevine (Kennedia nigriscans), native to the Northern Territory of Australia. This endophyte was cultured, the broth was extracted with an organic solvent and the contents of the residue were purified by bioassay-guided HPLC. The major components were four functionalized peptides with masses of 1269.6, 1298.5, 1312.5 and 1326.5 Da. Numerous other related compounds possessing bioactivity, with differing masses, were also present in the culture broth extract in lower quantities. With few exceptions, the peptide portion of each component contained only the common amino acids threonine, aspartic acid (or asparagine), glutamic acid (or glutamine), valine and proline, in varying ratios. The munumbicins possessed widely differing biological activities depending upon the target organism. For instance, munumbicin B had an MIC of 2.5 microg x ml(-1) against a methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus, whereas munumbicin A was not active against this organism. In general, the munumbicins demonstrated activity against Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus anthracis and multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, the most impressive biological activity of any of the munumbicins was that of munumbicin D against the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum, having an IC(50) of 4.5+/-0.07 ng x ml(-1). This report also describes the potential of the munumbicins in medicine and agriculture.
Photoluminescence of single, site-selected, InAs∕InP quantum dots in high magnetic fields (2005)

Photoluminescence measurements in magnetic fields up to 16T are reported from single InAs∕InP quantum dots nucleated at the apex of individual InP pyramidal nanotemplates. Clear Zeeman splitting and diamagnetic shifts of the s-shell exciton peak are observed and are correlated with the quantum-dot dimension. This behavior is interpreted in terms of a template-controlled quantum-dot diameter and is corroborated by the observed diamagnetic shifts.
Nitrate Accumulation in Table Beets and Spinach as Affected by Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Nutrition and Light Intensity<sup>1</sup> (1973)

Abstract The objective of this research was to determine the effects of varying levels of N, P, and K fertilizer and light intensity on nitrate accumulation in species grown for human consumption. In greenhouse experiments, table beets ( Beta vulgaris L.) and spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) were grown in fine sandy loam soil at three levels of N, P, and K fertilizer in a 3 3 factorial design. Plants were grown under two light intensities, 1.08 ✕ 10 4 lux or 3.23 ✕ 10 4 lux. Nitrate, total N, P, and K were determined on freeze dried table beet leaf blades and roots and on spinach leaves. Fertilizer N had the greatest influence on NO 3 accumulation in all three tissues studied. Varying the rate of fertilizer P had no effect on NO 3 accumulation. Plants of both species grown with the highest rate of K and under the lower light intensity accumulated significantly more NO 3 ‐N than other plants receiving less K. Table beet leaf blades contained three times more NO 3 than roots. Lowering the light intensity from 3.23 to 1.08 ✕ 10 4 resulted in a significant increase in NO 3 ‐N in all tissues tested. Total N concentration increased in all tissues with an addition of N fertilizer or by a reduction in light intensity. In spinach, total N was lower in plants receiving K fertilizer. P and K were lower in beet and spinach leaves that received N fertilizer. Light intensity had no influence on P concentration, while all tissues grown at 1.08 ✕ 10 4 lux contained more K than tissue grown at 3.23 ✕ 10 4 lux. Any factor which increased the total N concentration of the tissue resulted in a corresponding increment in the NO 3 concentration.
Acute biological response to laser balloon angioplasty in the atherosclerotic rabbit (1994)

Laser balloon angioplasty with Nd:YAG energy has been proposed as a method to seal intimal dissection and prevent elastic recoil after balloon angioplasty. To better define the vessel response to laser balloon angioplasty, its effects on luminal diameter, Indium-111 labelled platelet deposition, and histology were studied in 10 atherosclerotic rabbits. Balloon angioplasty was performed in both iliac arteries and was followed by laser balloon angioplasty in only one iliac artery. The nonlased artery served as a control. Single (15-35 W for 20 sec) or repetitive laser pulses (12-25 W for 20 sec x 3) were used. Platelet deposition was quantified 2 hr after the intervention. Lumen diameter (mm) increased following balloon angioplasty from 0.99 +/- 0.47 (mean +/- SD) to 1.92 +/- 0.43 and 0.89 +/- 0.46 to 1.99 +/- 0.57 in the balloon and laser-treated arteries, respectively (P < 0.001 for both groups for comparisons to baseline, P = NS for between groups comparison). Laser balloon angioplasty resulted in a further increase in luminal diameter to 2.42 +/- 0.53 (P < 0.02) when compared to the post balloon angioplasty diameter. Platelet deposition (10(6)/cm vessel) was higher following laser balloon angioplasty (26.9, 10.2-189; median range) than after balloon angioplasty (10.6, 3.4-30), P < 0.001. Histologic evidence of laser "sealing" was present in only one artery. Thus although laser balloon angioplasty results in an improved lumen diameter, it is accompanied by increased platelet deposition. In the atherosclerotic rabbit model, abolition of vascular recoil rather than "sealing" seems to be the most important advantage of laser balloon angioplasty over conventional balloon angioplasty.
Early Expressed Clb Proteins Allow Accumulation of Mitotic Cyclin by Inactivating Proteolytic Machinery during S Phase (2001)

Periodic accumulation and destruction of mitotic cyclins are important for the initiation and termination of M phase. It is known that both APC(Cdc20) and APC(Hct1) collaborate to destroy mitotic cyclins during M phase. Here we show that this relationship between anaphase-promoting complex (APC) and Clb proteins is reversed in S phase such that the early Clb kinases (Clb3, Clb4, and Clb5 kinases) inactivate APC(Hct1) to allow Clb2 accumulation. This alternating antagonism between APC and Clb proteins during S and M phases constitutes an oscillatory system that generates undulations in the levels of mitotic cyclins.
Equilibrium Free Energies from Nonequilibrium Metadynamics (2006)

In this Letter we propose a new formalism to map history-dependent metadynamics in a Markovian process. We apply this formalism to model Langevin dynamics and determine the equilibrium distribution of a collection of simulations. We demonstrate that the reconstructed free energy is an unbiased estimate of the underlying free energy and analytically derive an expression for the error. The present results can be applied to other history-dependent stochastic processes, such as Wang-Landau sampling.
Stellungnahme: Eckpunkte für eine Heidelberger Praxis der Ganzgenomsequenzierung (2015)

Die von Wissenschaftlern unterschiedlicher Disziplinen erarbeiteten „Eckpunkte für eine Heidelberger Praxis der Ganzgenomsequenzierung“ erscheinen in einer zweiten, aktualisierten Auflage. Nach ihrer Erstveröffentlichung im Jahr 2013 hatten sie maßgeblich zu einer kritischen Auseinandersetzung mit ethischen und rechtlichen Fragen zur Analyse des Erbguts sowohl in den öffentlichen Medien als auch in der akademischen Gemeinschaft beigetragen. Die Publikation, die aus dem am Marsilius-Kolleg der Universität Heidelberg angesiedelten Projekt „Ethische und rechtliche Aspekte der Totalsequenzierung des menschlichen Genoms“ (EURAT) hervorgegangen ist, berücksichtigt in ihrer Neuauflage die jüngsten Entwicklungen in dieser Diskussion.
Hyperammonemia decreases body fat content in rat (1989)

We have developed an animal model of hyperammonemia consisting of feeding rats a diet containing 20% (w/w) ammonium acetate. Ingestion of this diet markedly affects carcass composition, with a 46% reduction in lipid content. The ammonium diet alters levels of several key compounds involved in lipid metabolism. Long-chain acylcarnitine is increased in liver by approx. 60% while free carnitine and acetylcarnitine are unaffected. The hepatic content of acetyl-CoA increases by approx. 50%. The level of ketone bodies in blood increases by 32% but remains unchanged in liver. Our data indicate that hyperammonemia alters lipid metabolism and results in a significant decrease in body lipid content.
The Creation of a Database of Odorous Compounds Focused on Molecular Rigidity and Analysis of the Molecular Features of the Compounds in the Database (2002)

It is important to select odorous molecules for experiments on olfaction and for the development of an electronic nose. Odorous molecules having a small number of conformers, namely structurally rigid molecules, are assumed to interact with a small number of types of olfactory receptor proteins or to interact with the proteins in a simpler manner than that of fairly flexible molecules. Focusing on the rigidity of molecular structures, we collected 287 odorous molecules from data sources, which included 1205 chemicals in total and a database of the 287 odorous molecules (DB_odMOL) was created using CS ChemFinder Pro (version 5.0). The logarithmic value of the octanol/water partition coefficient (log P) and melting point, boiling point and vapour pressure of the molecules were estimated using CS Chem3D Pro. The database DB_odMOL accumulates these estimated data in addition to literature values for odour quality, odour detection thresholds and the safety of molecules. The rigidity of the 287 molecules was further analysed by conformational analysis performed by molecular mechanics using Conformer in CS Chem3D Pro (version 5) and 72 rigid odorous molecules were selected. The 287 molecules were also analysed based on atomic composition, substructure and molecular size. Sixty-two odorous molecules among the 72 rigid odorous molecules were further selected based on their atomic composition. The 62 rigid molecules with simple atomic composition that were finally selected should be useful for researchers in choosing odorous molecules for the study of olfaction, including the fields of molecular biology, physiology, structure-odour relationships and other fields of the study concerning odour.