gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
HSP78 encodes a yeast mitochondrial heat shock protein in the Clp family of ATP-dependent proteases. (1993)

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear gene for a 78-kDa mitochondrial heat shock protein (hsp78) was identified in a lambda gt11 expression library through immunological screening with an hsp78-specific monoclonal antibody. Sequencing of HSP78 revealed a long open reading frame capable of encoding an 811-amino-acid, 91.3-kDa basic protein with a putative mitochondrial leader sequence and two potential nucleotide-binding sites. Sequence comparisons revealed that hsp78 is a member of the highly conserved family of Clp proteins and is most closely related to the Escherichia coli ClpB protein, which is thought to be an ATPase subunit of an intracellular ATP-dependent protease. The steady-state levels of HSP78 transcripts and protein varied in response to both thermal stress and carbon source with an approximately 30-fold difference between repressed levels in cells growing fermentatively on glucose at 30 degrees C and derepressed levels in heat-shocked cells growing on a nonfermentable carbon source. The response to heat shock is consistent with the presence of a characteristic heat shock regulatory element in the 5'-flanking DNA. Submitochondrial fractionation showed that hsp78 is a soluble protein located in the mitochondrial matrix. Cells carrying disrupted copies of HSP78 lacked hsp78 but were not impaired in respiratory growth at normal and elevated temperatures or in the ability to survive and retain mitochondrial function after thermal stress. The absence of a strong mitochondrial phenotype in hsp78 mutants is comparable to the nonlethal phenotypes of mutations in other Clp genes in bacteria and yeast. HSP78 is the third gene, with SSC1 and HSP60, known to encode a yeast mitochondrial heat shock protein and the second gene, with HSP104, for a yeast ClpB homolog.
Low Molecular Weight Z-Tetraol Boundary Lubricant Films in Hard Disk Drives (2012)

Lower molecular weight Z-Tetraol films exhibit increased mechanical spacing in the slider-disk interface due to a lower z-profile. An increased resistance to lubricant disturbance on the disk surface (e.g., lube moguls) with decreasing film thickness is attributed to an increasing contribution from the polar component of the disjoining pressure. Evaporative loss at temperatures typically encountered in a hard-disk drive also increases with decreasing molecular weight but is strongly dependent on the initial bonded fraction.
Eliminating distinctions of class (2006)

In mainstream OO languages, inheritance can be used to add new methods, or to override existing methods. Virtual classes and feature oriented programming are techniques which extend the mechanism of inheritance so that it is possible to refine nested classes as well. These techniques are attractive for programming in the large, because inheritance becomes a tool for manipulating whole class hierarchies rather than individual classes. Nevertheless, it has proved difficult to design static type systems for virtual classes, because virtual classes introduce dependent types. The compile-time type of an expression may depend on the run-time values of objects in that expression.We present a formal object calculus which implements virtual classes in a type-safe manner. Our type system uses a novel technique based on prototypes, which blur the distinction between compile-time and run-time. At run-time, prototypes act as objects, and they can be used in ordinary computations. At compile-time, they act as types. Prototypes are similar in power to dependent types, and subtyping is shown to be a form of partial evaluation. We prove that prototypes are type-safe but undecidable, and briefly outline a decidable semi-algorithm for dealing with them.
A high-speed single-phase-clocked CMOS priority encoder (2002)

The maximum operating frequency of a priority encoder is usually limited by the long propagation delay of the priority token, and the delay will increase as the number of bit of the priority encoder increases. The concept of look-ahead can be applied to improve the performance. In this paper, the design of a high-speed priority encoder is presented. The main idea of this new design is a multi-level look-ahead structure, which can be realized efficiently by the single-phase-clocked dynamic CMOS logic. A 32-bit priority encoder is implemented in a 3 V, 0.6 /spl mu/m CMOS technology to evaluate the performance of proposed techniques. The new priority encoder uses a 3-level look-ahead structure. As compared with the conventional design, the new design achieves 57% speed improvement with 5% layout area reduction.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE 11S GLOBULIN FROM AMARANTH SEEDS (1997)

Globulins of Amaranthus hypochondriacus were extracted with two different buffer systems which varied in ionic strength. SDS-PAGE analysis demonstrated that subunit patterns were different between the two extracting systems. Amarantin, the native 11S globulin of amaranth, and its subunits were purified by gel filtration chromatography and preparative electrophoresis. The native amarantin exhibited two heterogeneous forms of MW 330 and 400 kDa, which yielded the same subunit composition after reduction. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that prior to reduction, the 50–52 kDa subunit was the major band, and that after reduction, two new bands of 32–34 kDa and 22–24 kDa appeared. This is a typical characteristic of 11S proteins whose subunits consist of an acidic polypeptide (27–37 kDa) and a basic polypeptide (20–24 kDa) linked by a disulfide bond. Ultracentrification analysis showed that amarantin has a 11.9S sedimentation coefficient whereas DSC demonstrated that the denaturation temperatures in the presence of H2O, Tris-HCl and K2HPO4-KH2PO4 are 99C, 99.8C and 103C, respectively.
"Elemental sulphur" formation in natural gas transmission pipelines (2005)

[Truncated abstract] The ‘elemental sulphur’ deposition problem is a fairly recent phenomenon for gas transmission pipelines. Although known for a number of decades to cause plugging in reservoir wellhead facilities, it is since about 1990 that ‘elemental sulphur’ deposition has openly been acknowledged as a problem in natural gas pipelines and other facilities downstream of gas processing plants. Within the past ten years this formation / deposition process has progressively been more widely observed. The increasing trend to have transmission pipeline systems operating at higher pressures is a significant contributing factor in the formation of “elemental sulphur”. This research project has been able to identify the principles and mechanisms associated with the formation and deposition ‘sulphur vapour map’ concept, that only sub ppm levels of sulphur vapour within the gas stream is required to initiate the “elemental sulphur” formation / deposition process. The ‘sulphur vapour map’ can be used in predicting the degree of sulphur vapour desublimation that will occur for given pipeline operating conditions of pressure, temperature and gas composition. This, in turn, will assist in the minimization of the deposition process through the ability to make simple, yet appropriate, modifications to the design of the required pipeline pressure regulation stage. A significant number of other potential contributing factors to this pipeline particle formation and deposition process have also been identified through this research work. From these findings a number of additional recommendations have been made that will assist pipeline operators in minimizing the impact of this deposition problem. These recommendations are based on the operation of the pipeline, and particularly the control of the entry of liquids and other contaminants into the pipeline system. Recommendations for further research
Microbiological Quality of Fresh Produce from Open Air Markets and Supermarkets in the Philippines (2014)

This study is the first in the Philippines to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the prevalence of bacterial pathogens and somatic phages in retailed fresh produce used in salad preparation, namely, bell pepper, cabbage, carrot, lettuce, and tomato, using culture and molecular methods. Out of 300 samples from open air and supermarkets, 16.7% tested positive for thermotolerant Escherichia coli, 24.7% for Salmonella spp., and 47% for somatic phages. Results show that counts range from 0.30 to 4.03 log10 CFU/g for E. coli, 0.66 to ≥ 2.34 log10 MPN/g for Salmonella spp., and 1.30 to ≥ 3.00 log 10 PFU/g for somatic phages. Statistical analyses show that there was no significant difference in the microbial counts between open air and supermarkets (α = 0.05). TaqMan and AccuPower Plus DualStar real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to confirm the presence of these organisms. The relatively high prevalence of microorganisms observed in produce surveyed signifies reduction in shelf-life and a potential hazard to food safety. This information may benefit farmers, consumers, merchants, and policy makers for foodborne disease detection and prevention.
Adams County in "The Splendid Little War," April through August 1898 (1998)

The Spanish American War lasted less than four months (April 25 to August 13, 1898). For the entire war, American casualties totaled less than 2,000 men, among them 345 killed or mortally wounded. Many more, however, died of disease (about 2000). Over the years, the war has been remembered as an event in which American interests and yellow journalism led to a conflict where the outcome was never in doubt. The nation of Spain, embroiled in internal dispute and civil unrest, was ripe for the picking and could do little to organize a defense of her colonies against a nation that was quickly becoming one of the world's superpowers. Today, using hindsight, it is easy for us to view the war in this fashion, but the men involved had no such insights. In this, the centennial of the Spanish American War, it is important to take a fresh look at the struggle through the eyes of the men who witnessed the events firsthand. These men had no idea that the war would be over so quickly or that American forces would be so successful. Like the men of other wars, they did their duty and deserve to be remembered. [excerpt]
PRIMARY SUPERFICIAL BLADDER CANCER RISK GROUPS ACCORDING TO PROGRESSION, MORTALITY AND RECURRENCE (2000)

Risk group classification based on prognostic factors defines progression, mortality and recurrence rates in primary superficial bladder cancer. It may be useful for designing treatment and followup strategies.
[Efficacy of radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of liver neoplasms and its influencing factors]. (2005)

肝细胞癌(HCC)及肝转移癌(MLC)是两种最常见的肝脏恶性肿瘤,预后很差,如不治疗5年死亡率基本为100%[1].已证实,包括全身放疗及化疗在内的常规治疗效果欠佳,手术切除肿瘤被认为是惟一可能取得治愈效果的手段[2-4].然而,很多因素限制了外科切除的广泛应用,并且术后复发率较高.近十年来局部微创治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤的方法发展很快,临床应用日趋广泛.其中射频消融由于具有能预测、掌握治疗范围,反馈局部温度,可随肿瘤复发转移重复治疗等优点,经临床应用获得较好的疗效而受到重视.1999年Livraghi等[5]报道了86例112个小于3cm肝细胞癌射频及酒精注射的对比研究,术后至少4个月增强CT评价结果显示,射频组52个肿瘤中47个(90%)、酒精注射组60个肿瘤中48个(80%)呈完全坏死.证实射频治疗更优于酒精注射(PEI)消融.对射频治疗结果的报道差异较大,众多文献报道观察射频后局部疗效、生存率以及相关影响因素,将有助于评价该治疗方法.本文通过使用Pub-Med及CNKI 等网上及光盘数据库,检索1996至2004年射频消融治疗肝肿瘤的中英文文献,重点收集大样本或随访时间较长的代表性研究结果和各组临床数据,我们结合作者经验分析并总结影响局部疗效及整体生存期的相关因素.不同研究者报告肝肿瘤射频消融的总成功率各不相同(20.6%～98.2%)[6-10].已报道的成功率之间的差异受多种因素影响,除了患者选择、操作者经验及所使用的设备之外还可能与以下因素有关。
Resonant Raman effect in cinnabar (1980)

In $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-HgS, cinnabar, grown by chemical vapor transport, a sharp photoluminescence feature is found at an energy $E({X}_{1})=1.873$ eV. Absorption measurements show that this peak is due to resonance fluorescence associated with an electronic transition. When the Raman spectrum of such samples is excited with laser energy $\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{L}$ in the range 1.865-1.885 eV provided by a dye laser, new Raman lines appear at 21, 33.5, 67, and 101 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. These lines exhibit a pronounced resonance in the spectral dependence of their scattering intensity. The 33.5- and 67-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ lines, for which we have a complete spectral dependence, show a resonance peak at $\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{L}=E({X}_{1})$ as well as for $\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{L}=E({X}_{1})$+the phonon energy. The shape of their resonance curves agrees well with that predicted by the theory of the resonance Raman effect. These resonance curves also exhibit a peak at $\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{L}=E({Z}_{1})$+the phonon energy, where $E({Z}_{1})=1.870$ eV. The 33.5-, 67-, and 101-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ Raman lines are ascribed to the first, second, and third harmonics of a Raman inactive ${A}_{2}$ (TO) mode, activated under resonance conditions as a result of a breakdown of the usual selection rules. The 21-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ line can be interpreted as an "in-band resonant mode." The zone-center Raman-active phonons at 43 and 48 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, of ${A}_{1}$ and $E$ symmetry, respectively, also show a resonance enhancement for $\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{L}=E({X}_{1})$.
Simplifying Ajax-Style Web Development (2006)

Conventional browser-based Web applications require the user to submit a request to the server, wait for the server to process the request and generate a response, and then wait for the browser to update the interface with the results. This request-wait-response-wait pattern is extremely disruptive and lowers productivity. High network latency and interface complexity and slow server responsiveness can further impair the user experience, resulting in decreased customer satisfaction, shorter and less frequent Web site visits, and, ultimately, reduced revenue to e-businesses. In this article the author describes asynchronous JavaScript and XML, a standards-based programming technique designed to make Web-based applications more responsive, interactive, and customizable - in short, to recreate the seamless user experience of most other desktop applications.
Proximal Femoral Osteotomy in Neurologic Pediatric Hips Using the Locking Compression Plate (2010)

The LCP system may be used for a wide range of indications if precise preoperative planning was achieved. Rigid primary fixation allows early mobilization and weight bearing in ambulant patient. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE LEVEL IV: Therapeutic study investigating the results of a treatment studying a case series.
Multistate Equilibrium Unfolding of <i>Escherichia coli</i> Dihydrofolate Reductase:  Thermodynamic and Spectroscopic Description of the Native, Intermediate, and Unfolded Ensembles (2000)

The thermodynamic and spectroscopic properties of a cysteine-free variant of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (AS-DHFR) were investigated using the combined effects of urea and temperature as denaturing agents. Circular dichroism (CD), absorption, and fluorescence spectra were recorded during temperature-induced unfolding at different urea concentrations and during urea-induced unfolding at different temperatures. The first three vectors obtained by singular-value decomposition of each set of unfolding spectra were incorporated into a global analysis of a unique thermodynamic model. Although individual unfolding profiles can be described as a two-state process, a simultaneous fit of 99 vectors requires a three-state model as the minimal scheme to describe the unfolding reaction along both perturbation axes. The model, which involves native (N), intermediate (I), and unfolded (U) states, predicts a maximum apparent stability, DeltaG degrees (NU), of 6 kcal mol(-)(1) at 15 degrees C, an apparent m(NU) value of 2 kcal mol(-)(1) M(-)(1), and an apparent heat capacity change, DeltaC(p)()(-NU), of 2.5 kcal mol(-)(1) K(-)(1). The intermediate species has a maximum stability of approximately 2 kcal mol(-)(1) and a compactness closer to that of the native than to that of the unfolded state. The population of the intermediate is maximal ( approximately 70%) around 50 degrees C and falls below the limits of detection of > or =2 M urea or at temperatures of <35 or >65 degrees C. The fluorescence properties of the equilibrium intermediate resemble those of a transient intermediate detected during refolding from the urea-denatured state, suggesting that a tryptophan-containing hydrophobic cluster in the adenosine-binding domain plays a key role in both the equilibrium and kinetic reactions. The CD spectroscopic properties of the native state reveal the presence of two principal isoforms that differ in ligand binding affinities and in the packing of the adenosine-binding domain. The relative populations of these species change slightly with temperature and do not depend on the urea concentration, implying that the two native isoforms are well-structured and compact. Global analysis of data from multiple spectroscopic probes and several methods of unfolding is a powerful tool for revealing structural and thermodynamic properties of partially and fully folded forms of DHFR.
Uncertainty implications in azimuthal velocity analysis (2007)

Commercial methodologies of azimuthal velocity analysis fall into two categories: 1) azimuth sectoring and 2) no azimuth sectoring. A wide‐azimuth seismic survey was processed independently by two processing contractors ‐ one using azimuthal sectoring, the other using no azimuth sectoring. A comparison of the corresponding azimuthal interval velocity maps revealed little similarity between the two approaches. Several possible reasons were examined to account for the differences. I conclude that the azimuth sectoring approach for the data and target zone considered here yields seemingly plausible, but meaningless results. The non‐azimuth sectoring approach is statistically far more robust and provides azimuthal velocity data that are consistent with other observations. Azimuthal velocity analysis via azimuthal sectoring should be avoided except for very thick layers, and then should only be considered after careful modeling of the impact of rms velocity uncertainty.
Localization of the 5S and 45S rDNA Sites and cpDNA Sequence Analysis in Species of the Quadrifaria Group of Paspalum (Poaceae, Paniceae) (2005)

The subdivision found with FISH is consistent with the clades recovered with cpDNA data and both analyses suggest that the Quadrifaria group, as presently defined, is not monophyletic and its species belong in at least two clades.
Toward a Framework for the Discovery and Acquisition of Mobile Applications (2010)

Mobile application development is a field that has gone through rapid change during the past two decades. Although, in the past, the development and control of mobile devices was performed by phone manufacturers and network carriers, and development was done ‘in house’, the evolution of mobile device capabilities has expanded the potential for mobile application developers. This evolution has created four main actors in the world of mobile applications: the network carrier, the phone manufacturer, the service provider, and the application developer. The application developer must run through a gauntlet of important decisions and choices to create a successful and marketable application. In this paper we investigate and analyze the challenges mobile developers face. A framework for the aggregation of major mobile application distribution channels is introduced with the aim of providing an efficient way to locate, purchase, and download a mobile application onto a mobile device.
Understanding the Charge Transfer at the Interface of Electron Donors and Acceptors: TTF–TCNQ as an Example (2017)

Charge transfer between an electron donor and an electron acceptor is widely accepted as being independent of their relative configurations if the interaction between them is weak; however, the limit of this concept for an interacting system has not yet been well established. Our study of prototypical electron donor-acceptor molecules, tetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane, using density functional theory based on an advanced functional, clearly demonstrates that for interacting molecules, their configurational arrangement is as important as their individual electronic properties in the asymptotic limit to determine the charge transfer direction. For the first time, we demonstrate that by changing their relative orientation, one can reverse the charge transfer direction of the pair, causing the molecules to exchange roles as donor and acceptor. Our theory has important implications for understanding the interfacial charge-transfer mechanism of hybrid systems and related phenomena.
원저(原著) : 고칼슘 플라이애시를 활용한 온돌 바닥 마감용 모르타르 물성 (2013)

This study is regarding the property evaluation of mortar for ‘ONDOL’ floor (Korean floor heating system) finishing with reduced drying and shrinking properties to use it in the form of ready-mixed concrete mortar. The mortar utilized furnace slag based inorganic binding agent NSB, which has the characteristic of CaO included in HCFA generated from the fluidized-bed-firing power plant. Based on the test results, it is judged that mortar for ‘ONDOL’ floor finishing based on NSB including HCFA can be used in the form of ready-mixed concrete. According to site test construction, the flow property was relatively poor because fine gravel at ready-mixed concrete factory was used. However, since finishing property, crack resistance and water content are good, it is believed that it can be used at construction site in the form of ready-mixed concrete mortar. More study on adhesion property with floor plate would be required in the future.
Utilizing Smartphones as a Multi-Device Single Display Groupware to Design Collaborative Games (2017)

Nowadays, it is easy to find concepts for connecting mobile devices and looking at photos together. Despite the increasing interest in multi-device single display groupware (multi-device SDG), most of the existing research is limited to using a rectangular form array to enlarge the display. In this paper, we suggest a new way of assembling mobile devices to create unique forms, such as ring, bar, rectangle and radial shape displays, and investigate their inter-device interaction characteristics. We conducted generative workshops on a game domain to understand the characteristics of those interfaces. Directionality, inter-device space, and tangible interactions were extracted. By applying the derived characteristics, we have developed three different collaborative games using different types of interfaces. Through user studies of the developed games, we refined the characteristics and found additional design issues. The inter-device interaction characteristics and issues of multi-device SDG obtained from this study could be generally applied to collocated multi-mobile interactions.