gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Complete guide to securities transactions : enhancing investment performance and controlling costs (1989)

Institutional investors are under increasing pressure to control transaction costs and execute trades more quickly and efficiently. This book, which contains contributions by many well-known investment practitioners as well as some leading academics, explains how securities transactions are processed, reveals the true impact of transaction costs on investment performance, and describes new trading methods that have been developed in recent years, including passive trading, basket trading, crossing networks, sunshine trading, and electronic trading. A critical examination of proposed alternative market structures is also included. The text will be of interest to institutional investors, portfolio managers, financial industry professionals, students and academics.
Jitter minimization with genetic algorithms (2002)

Transmission network induced jitter in periodic control variables is a known problem on field bus based distributed systems for embedded control applications. This jitter can be reduced or eliminated if adequate release instants are imposed to the periodic messages transmitted. In this paper, jitter reduction is achieved testing a variant genetic algorithm that determines an adequate initial phasing. This algorithm can be used progressively, i.e. it can work first on a subset of the messages, thus finding solutions for the higher priority ones, and later including the other messages until the whole set is considered. Experimental results obtained with two well-known and widely used benchmarks, the PSA, coming from automotive industries, and the SAE from Automatically Guided Vehicles, show complete elimination or a significant decrease of jitter when compared to non-optimized systems.
Using HTS-ELISA method to make anti-aflatoxin M1 monoclonal antibody (2010)

[objective] To prepare high-affinity anti-aflatoxin M1 monoclonal antibodies by High Throughput Screening ELISA(HTS-ELISA) [Methods] Balb /C mice were immunized by aflatoxin M1-bovine serum albumin conjugate,and screen secret anti-aflatoxin M1 monoclonal antibody hybridoma by HTS-ELISA.The antibody was characterized.[Results] Fourteen hybridoma cell lines which could secret high activity anti-aflatoxin M1 monoclonal antibodies were obtained.The affinity of the purified monoclonal antibody was 5.5 × 10-10 mol /L.The cross-reactivity of the monoclonal antibody clone against aflatoxin M1,aflatoxin M2,aflatoxin B1,aflatoxin B2,aflatoxin G1,aflatoxin G2,deoxynivalenol and BSA was 100%,4.5%,21.5%,1.0%,16.6%,1.0%,0%,0%,respectively.The sensitivity of the anti-AFM1 monoclonal antibody binding to aflatoxin M1 was 0.01 μg /L and the linear range for developed indirect competitive ELISA was 0.1-10 μg /L aflatoxin M1.The binding inhibition IC50 of the anti-aflatoxin M1 monoclonal antibody was 0.82 μg/L.Assays of milk samples mixed with AFM1 ranging in concentration from 0.25 to 5.0 μg /L gave mean indirect competitive ELISA recovery of 60.3%-152.8%.[Conclusion] HTS-ELISA can be used for the preparation of the high-affinity anti-aflatoxin M1 monoclonal antibodies.The anti-aflatoxin M1 monoclonal antibody could be provided as the high quality material in the system of aflatoxin M1 immune detection.
Recent Advances in Drugs and Prodrugs Design of Chitosan (2008)

The aim of this review is to outline the recent advances in chitosan molecular modeling, especially its usage as a prodrug or drug in a field of antibacterial, anticarcinogenic and antioxidant activity. Polymeric materials like peptides, polysaccharides and other natural products have recently attracted attention as biodegradabile drug carriers. They can optimize clinical drug application, minimize the undesirable drug properties and improve drug efficiency. They are used for the slow release of effective components as depot forms, to improve membrane permeability, solubility and site-specific targeting. Chitosan is such a prospective cationic polysaccharide which has shown number of functions in many fields, including bio medicinal, pharmaceutical, preservative, microbial and others. This article discusses the structure characteristics of chitosan, a number of factors such as degree of polymerization, level of deacetylation, types of quarternisation, installation of various hydrophilic substituents, metal complexation, and combination with other active agents. Biodegradable, non-toxic and non-allergenic nature of chitosan encourages its potential use as a carrier for drug delivery systems in all above mentioned targets. The use of chitosan prodrug conjugates is aimed at the site-specific transport to the target cells use, for example, a spacer tetrapeptide Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly, promotion of drug incorporation into cells via endocytosis, hybridization or synergism of two types of drugs or a drug with a bioactive carrier. The design of chitosan macromolecule prodrugs is also discussed.
Curcumin-loaded mixed micelles: preparation, optimization, physicochemical properties and cytotoxicity<i>in vitro</i> (2014)

Although curcumin (CUR) can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of tumors, the poor water solubility restricted its clinical application. The aim of this study was to improve the aqueous solubility of CUR and make more favorable changes to bioactivity by preparing curcumin-loaded phospholipid-sodium deoxycholate-mixed micelles (CUR-PC-SDC-MMs). CUR-PC-SDC-MMs were prepared by the thin-film dispersion method. Based on the results of single factor exploration, the preparation technology was optimized using the central composite design-response surface methodology with drug loading and entrapment efficiency (EE%) as indicators. The images of transmission electron microscopy showed that the optimized CUR-PC-SDC-MMs were spherical and well dispersed. The average size of the mixed micelles was 66.5 nm, the zeta potential was about -26.96 mV and critical micelle concentration was 0.0087 g/l. CUR was encapsulated in PC-SDC-MMs with loading capacity of 13.12%, EE% of 87.58%, and the solubility of CUR in water was 3.14 mg/ml. The release results in vitro showed that the mixed micelles presented sustained release behavior compared to the propylene glycol solution of CUR. The IC50 values of CUR-loaded micelles and free drug in human breast carcinoma cell lines were 4.10 μg/ml and 6.93 µg/ml, respectively. It could be concluded from the above results that the CUR-PC-SDC-MMs system might serve as a promising nanocarrier to improve the solubility and bioactivity of CUR.
The identification of pollen grains using cathodoluminescence in the scanning electron microscope (1983)

Abstract A scanning electron microscope fitted with a sensitive cathodoluminescence detector system has been used for the identification of pollen grains stained with acridine orange or unstained. This approach provides a means of identifying and studying the morphological details of pollens. Cathodoluminescence detection can, in principle, extend the limits of resolution beyond those obtainable with the fluorescence microscope.
The Benefits of Using Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) (2017)

The goal of this document is to describe the potential benefits of
applications using a transport that enables Explicit Congestion
Notification (ECN). The document outlines the principal gains in terms
of increased throughput, reduced delay, and other benefits when ECN is
used over a network path that includes equipment that supports
Congestion Experienced (CE) marking. It also discusses challenges for
successful deployment of ECN. It does not propose new algorithms to
use ECN nor does it describe the details of implementation of ECN in
endpoint devices (Internet hosts), routers, or other network devices.
[Incidence and features of neuroinfections induced by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus]. (1986)

A follow-up examination of blood sera and cerebrospinal fluid was carried out in 413 patients with various neuroinfections and related diseases. The modern immunological methods were employed: the complement fixation test, the fluorescent antibody test as well as immuno-enzymic and radioimmunoassays. It was established that 8.5% of serous meningitides and 12% of encephalitides were induced by lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus. The verified diseases were subjected to a clinical analysis. It is emphasized that the immunological examination of the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with LCM infection contributes to a more detailed study of the pathogenesis of the disease.
Genetics of Resistance and Pathogenicity in the Maize/Setosphaeria turcica Pathosystem and Implications for Breeding (2017)

Northern corn leaf blight (NCLB), the most devastating leaf pathogen in maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.), is caused by the heterothallic ascomycete <i>Setosphaeria turcica</i>. The pathogen population shows an extremely high genetic diversity in tropical and subtropical regions. Varietal resistance is the most efficient technique to control NCLB. Host resistance can be qualitative based on race-specific <i>Ht</i> genes or quantitative controlled by many genes with small effects. Quantitative resistance is moderately to highly effective and should be more durable combatting all races of the pathogen. Quantitative resistance must, however, be analyzed in many environments (= location × year combinations) to select stable resistances. In the tropical and subtropical environments, quantitative resistance is the preferred option to manage NCLB epidemics. Resistance level can be increased in practical breeding programs by several recurrent selection cycles based on disease severity rating and/or by genomic selection. This review aims to address two important aspects of the NCLB pathosystem: the genetics of the fungus <i>S. turcica</i> and the modes of inheritance of the host plant maize, including successful breeding strategies regarding NCLB resistance. Both drivers of this pathosystem, pathogen, and host, must be taken into account to result in more durable resistance.
GeoTrie: A scalable architecture for location-temporal range queries over massive geotagged data sets (2016)

The proliferation of GPS-enabled devices leads to the massive generation of geotagged data sets recently known as Big Location Data. It allows users to explore and analyse data in space and time, and requires an architecture that scales with the insertions and location-temporal queries workload from thousands to millions of users. Most large scale key-value data storage solutions only provide a single one-dimensional index which does not natively support efficient multidimensional queries. In this paper, we propose GeoTrie, a scalable architecture built by coalescing any number of machines organized on top of a Distributed Hash Table. The key idea of our approach is to provide a distributed global index which scales with the number of nodes and provides natural load balancing for insertions and location-temporal range queries. We assess our solution using the largest public multimedia data set released by Yahoo! which includes millions of geotagged multimedia files.
Formation and transformation of pigments during the fruit ripening of Capsicum annuum Cv. Bola and Agridulce (1994)

The photosynthetic pigments of the Capsicum annuum cv. Bola and Agridulce were monitored during\nripening. Whereas the chlorophyllic pigments, as well as lutein and neoxanthin, disappeared, @-carotene\nand violaxanthin increased in concentration and other carotenoid pigments were formed de novo:\nzeaxanthin, capsanthin, capsorubin,@ -cryptoxanthina, nd capsolutein. The biosynthesis of cryptocapsin\nwas not detected. The concentration increase of the carotenoids was always greater in the Agridulce\nvariety at the totally ripe stage, but the concentration decreases in bothvarieties with successive harvests.\nThose pigments that are the final products of the biosynthetic pathway (red pigments) represent a lower\npercentage of the total pigments in the last harvest, compared with other pigments such as @-carotene,\nviolaxanthin, and @-cryptoxanthin, which, as intermediates in the synthesis of the red pigments, are\npresent in somewhat higher percentages, and for this reason the provitamin A value increased with\nsuccessive harvests in each variety.
Electrochemical Wastewater Disinfection: Identification of Its Principal Germicidal Actions (2004)

Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the mechanisms of electrochemical (EC) wastewater disinfection. Artificial wastewater contaminated by Escherichia coli (E. coli) culture, and which contained different salts of NaCl, Na2SO4, and NaNO3, was used as the test medium. The experimental results do not favor the hypotheses that the EC bactericidal action was due to cell destruction by the electric field and the production of persulfate. In comparison to direct chlorination, the EC process displayed a much stronger disinfecting capability than that of electrochlorination assumed for EC disinfection. Observations with scanning electron microscopy on the E. coli bacteria of wastewater treated by different means of disinfection suggested that the cells were likely killed during the EC treatment by chemical products with oxidizing and germicidal powers similar to that of ozone and much stronger than that of chlorine. All of the findings support the theory that the major killing function of EC disinfection is provided by short-lived and high-energy intermediate EC products, such as free radicals.
On the Detectability of Density Distributions of Asteroids and SAGD Reservoirs Using Gravimetry and Muon Tomography (2018)

In this thesis, the procedures of modelling density distributions for different targets are investigated. In the process of evaluating density distributions of asteroids, gravity forward modelling shows that homogeneous and heterogeneous distributions are distinguishable. Also, this study demonstrates that muon tomography forward and inversion modelling of SAGD reservoirs could be used for monitoring fluid migration and bitumen depletion in the subsurface. \n\nTwo different asteroids and spherical models with homogeneous and heterogeneous density distributions are investigated and the resulting surface gravitational accelerations are calculated. The asteroid forward modelling assists in the analysis of surface gravimetry sensitivity, by studying the heterogeneity of asteroids and surface boulder detectability. Results indicate that asteroids with heterogeneous and homogeneous density distributions are distinguishable. However, a gravimeter with sub-mGal accuracy is needed to sense asteroid surface gravity. Results show that a boulder of 8 m3 causes gravitational accelerations on the order of µGal and is not detectable using gravimetry with sub-mGal accuracy. \n\nA real SAGD density model is used at two time steps and forward modelled using muon tomography. This results in maps of opacity and muon count in a 2D plane view of the reservoir. The forward modelled 2D image arrays, used to construct the 2D reservoir plane view at surface, estimate bitumen depletion around wellbores during the raising phase and the spreading phase. The depletion patterns in the reservoir are studied by testing different arrays of muon sensors in the in-line and cross-line directions. Results show that depletion trends can be resolved with high resolution by using 120 sensors and also when using 60 sensors with a reduced resolution. In the inversion modeling approach, 3D density change models are estimated using 2D opacity image arrays as observations. The depletion trends around wellbores are determined individually until the reservoir reaches the spreading phase when depletion areas become interconnected.
Screening for Xenobiotic Electrophilic Metabolites Using Pulsed Ultrafiltration-Mass Spectrometry (1999)

A pulsed ultrafiltration-mass spectrometric screening assay has been developed to generate and identify electrophilic metabolites of xenobiotic compounds formed by hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes. This assay would be suitable for the early identification of potentially toxic compounds during the initial phase of drug development. Rat liver microsomes were trapped by an ultrafiltration membrane in a stirred flow-through chamber, and substrates for microsomal cytochrome P450 including hydroxychavicol, 3-methylindole, cyproheptadine and 2-tert-butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol were flow-injected individually through the chamber along with the cofactors, NADPH and glutathione. Metabolites and glutathione conjugates were detected on-line using electrospray mass spectrometry. Alternatively, the ultrafiltrate was concentrated on a reversed phase HPLC column and analyzed using electrospray LC-MS or LC-MS-MS to separate and characterize isomeric metabolites and metabolites present at low concentration. Enzymatic activation of each xenobiotic substrate produced highly electrophilic metabolites such as quinones, quinone methides and imine methides that reacted with glutathione on-line to produce glutathione conjugates which were detected by using electrospray mass spectrometry. Although epoxides such as cyproheptadine epoxide were generated, it is likely that these compounds were insufficiently reactive to form glutathione conjugates in the absence of cytosolic glutathione S-transferases. Pulsed ultrafiltration-electrospray mass spectrometry offers an efficient method for in vitro formation and mass spectrometric characterization of activated microsomal drug metabolites and is suitable for use during the drug discovery process for the early identification and screening out of potentially toxic lead compounds.
Rhinovirus Infection of the Normal Human Airway (1995)

Selected events in rhinovirus infection of the normal human airway can be regarded as occurring sequentially. Initial steps in rhinovirus pathogenesis are believed to include viral entry into the nose, mucociliary transport of virus to the posterior pharynx, and initiation of infection in ciliated and non-ciliated epithelial cells of the upper airway. Viral replication peaks on average within 48 h of initiation of infection and persists for up to 3 wk. Infection is followed by activation of several inflammatory mechanisms, which may include release or generation of interleukins, bradykinins, prostaglandins, and possibly histamine and stimulation of parasympathetic reflexes. Pathophysiologic processes are initiated, which include vasodilatation of nasal blood vessels, transudation of plasma, glandular secretion, and stimulation of nerve fibers, causing pain and triggering sneeze and cough reflexes. The resultant clinical illness is a rhinosinusitis, pharyngitis, and bronchitis, which, on average, lasts 1 wk.
A Cognitive Control-Inspired Approach to Object Tracking (2016)

Under a tracking framework, the definition of the target state is the basic step for automatic understanding of dynamic scenes. More specifically, far object tracking raises challenges related to the potentially abrupt size changes of the targets as they approach the sensor. If not handled, size changes can introduce heavy issues in data association and position estimation. This is why adaptability and self-awareness of a tracking module are desirable features. The paradigm of cognitive dynamic systems (CDSs) can provide a framework under which a continuously learning cognitive module can be designed. In particular, CDS theory describes a basic vocabulary of components that can be used as the founding blocks of a module capable to learn behavioral rules from continuous active interactions with the environment. This quality is the fundamental to deal with dynamic situations. In this paper we propose a general CDS-based approach to tracking. We show that such a CDS-inspired design can lead to the self-adaptability of a Bayesian tracker in fusing heterogeneous object features, overcoming size change issues. The experimental results on infrared sequences show how the proposed framework is able to outperform other existing far object tracking methods.
On NGN architecture and evolution strategy (2008)

High-speed switching, QoS provisioning, security, and mobility are main challenges faced with existing networks and to be confronted by NGN researchers and developers. This paper promotes a BSF-OES strategy (Backbone Substrate First, Outwards Expansion Second) towards NGN with a redefined out-of-band concept. In other words, we shall first focus on the backbone subnetwork with an emphasis on building a highly efficient, high-speed switching substrate with embedded QoS and Security mechanisms. An "outwards expansion"from the backbone can take place only when further simplification and refinement to control and management platforms are ready for migration. As an example of the first stage development, a framework of SUPA and its key switching technique called EPFTS are presented and smooth migration issues from Internet to SUPANET are also briefly discussed.
Lung Cancer Screening (2006)

폐암연구의 중요한 목표는 생존률 향상에 있다. 지 난 10년간 일반적 치료인 방사선, 항암화학, 수술적 요법들에 대한 연구가 있었지만 폐암의 생존률 향상 은 기대 이하인 실정이다. 전립선암. 유방암. 대장암과 같은 암들이 조기 선별검사로 생존률 향상을 가져온 데 반하여 1970-1980년대 미국 국립 암센터(NCI)와 여러 나라에서 객담검사와 흉부단순 촬영을 가지고 시행된 7개의 대규모 연구에서는 비록 초기 병기에 발견하는 경우는 많았으나 사망률 감소 효과가 없었 다(Figure 1) 1 . 이러한 기대 이하의 보고에도 불구하 고 폐암의 조기진단의 필요성이 꾸준히 제기되어 왔 는데 이는 전 세계적으로 암과 관련된 사망의 수위를 차지하는 질환으로 진행된 폐암의 경우 5년 생존률이 15%미만이라는 점과 완치를 기대할 수 있는 증상이 없는 I, II 병기의 환자가 전체 환자의 30%이하라는 점 때문이었다. 초기 대규모 연구들이 여러 bias(overdiagnosis, leadtime, length time)문제 뿐만 아니라, 암이 있다고 하여도 조기폐암의 경우, 객담검사 및 단순 흉부 촬영 의 민감도가 높지 못하여 생긴 결과로 여기고 있다. 이에 1990년대 후반부터, 최근 발달한 분자생물학(객 담, 혈액, 날숨), 방사선학(저선량 나선식 CT), 형광 기관지 내시경을 이용한 폐암의 조기 발견을 위한 연 구들이 있어왔고 현재도 계속 진행 중에 있다. 최근에 폐암조기진단을 위한 방법들이 제시되었는 데, 저선량 나선식 CT, 형광기관지경 및 객담을 이용 한 검사들이 가장 유용한 방법으로 보고되고 있다 28,29 . 저선량 나선식 CT의 경우 단순 흉부 방사선 촬영 에서는 발견 할 수 없는 폐 주변부의 작은 크기의 결 절을 확인 할 수 있고, 폐 중심부 기도의 경우는 기존 의 객담 세포진 검사에 더하여, 조기 전암성 내지 암 성 병변 시 확인되는 각종 분자 유전 생물학적 표지자 (tumor marker)를 확인하는 과정을 통하여, 자가 형 광 기관지 내시경의 경우(Autofluorescence bronchoscopy; 이하 AFB)는 객담검사와 함께 저선량 나 선식 CT에서는 확인 할 수 없는 기도내 미세병변을 확인할 수 있어 조기 발견율을 향상시킬 수 있다고 보 고되고 있다. 이에 본 글에서는 폐암의 조기 발견을 위한 Low dose spiral CT, Autofluorescence bronchoscopy 및 객담에서의 MAGE (melanoma antigen gene)등을 이 용한 연구들에 대해서 소개하고자 한다.
Major histocompatibility complex and microsatellite variation in two populations of wild gorillas (2004)

In comparison to their close relatives the chimpanzees and humans, very little is known concerning the amount and structure of genetic variation in gorillas. Two species of gorillas are recognized and while the western gorillas number in the tens of thousands, only several hundred representatives of the mountain gorilla subspecies of eastern gorillas survive. To analyse the possible effects of these different population sizes, this study compares the variation observed at microsatellite and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci in samples of wild western and mountain gorillas, collected using a sampling scheme that targeted multiple social groups within defined geographical areas. Noninvasive samples proved a viable source of DNA for sequence analysis of the second exon of the DRB loci of the MHC. Observed levels of variation at the MHC locus were similar between the two gorilla species and were comparable to those in other primates. Comparison of results from analysis of variation at multiple microsatellite loci found only a slight reduction in heterozygosity for the mountain gorillas despite the relatively smaller population size.