gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Radiobiological mechanisms of stereotactic body radiation therapy and stereotactic radiation surgery (2015)

Despite the increasing use of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and stereotactic radiation surgery (SRS) in recent years, the biological base of these high-dose hypo-fractionated radiotherapy modalities has been elusive. Given that most human tumors contain radioresistant hypoxic tumor cells, the radiobiological principles for the conventional multiple-fractionated radiotherapy cannot account for the high efficacy of SBRT and SRS. Recent emerging evidence strongly indicates that SBRT and SRS not only directly kill tumor cells, but also destroy the tumor vascular beds, thereby deteriorating intratumor microenvironment leading to indirect tumor cell death. Furthermore, indications are that the massive release of tumor antigens from the tumor cells directly and indirectly killed by SBRT and SRS stimulate anti-tumor immunity, thereby suppressing recurrence and metastatic tumor growth. The reoxygenation, repair, repopulation, and redistribution, which are important components in the response of tumors to conventional fractionated radiotherapy, play relatively little role in SBRT and SRS. The linear-quadratic model, which accounts for only direct cell death has been suggested to overestimate the cell death by high dose per fraction irradiation. However, the model may in some clinical cases incidentally do not overestimate total cell death because high-dose irradiation causes additional cell death through indirect mechanisms. For the improvement of the efficacy of SBRT and SRS, further investigation is warranted to gain detailed insights into the mechanisms underlying the SBRT and SRS.
Alternative Approaches to Creating Disposition Flow Diagrams (2011)

The description of subject screening, enrollment, randomization, completion and discontinuation is generally referred to as ‘subject disposition’. Subject disposition tends to be reported in tabular format, providing frequency counts in various disposition categories, occasionally supplemented by ‘time-to-event’ graphs for subject discontinuation. However, since disposition basically describes how subjects ‘flow’ though the life of the project, the clearest and most intuitive means of presenting is with a flow diagram. The problem is that there is no SAS procedure especially well-suited for creating flow diagrams, probably because the layout and content of flow diagrams is highly variable and unpredictable. This paper illustrates and discusses the pros and cons of three alternative methods for creating disposition flow diagrams: ∞ Creating flow diagrams using only the Annotate facility ∞ Creating flow diagram elements using Annotate, and arranging and linking them in Excel ∞ Using Windows scripting to transcribe values into a template or mock-up.
Modeling of electromagnetic fields and electrical circuits with lumped and distributed elements by the WETD method (1999)

The Whitney-elements time-domain (WETD) method is a very powerful full-wave EM field solver in the time domain. The WETD method is here applied to solve a coupled problem of EM fields and circuits, which are characterized by lumped elements, distributed elements and independent sources. The method consists in the variation of the finite element functional to include circuit elements in the computational domain. By locating the terminals of the lumped elements in two nodes delimiting an edge of the FEM mesh, a simple computational procedure is obtained. The distributed elements are modeled as a series of lumped elements. The proposed full-wave method is a suitable tool to analyze electrical circuits and EM fields in complex configurations.
One-step synthesis of water-dispersible ultra-small Fe3O4 nanoparticles as contrast agents for T1 and T2 magnetic resonance imaging (2013)

Uniform, highly water-dispersible and ultra-small Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized via a modified one-step coprecipitation approach. The prepared Fe3O4 nanoparticles not only show good magnetic properties, long-term stability in a biological environment, but also exhibit good biocompatibility in cell viability and hemolysis assay. Due to the ultra-small sized and highly water-dispersibility, they exhibit excellent relaxivity properties, the 1.7 nm sized Fe3O4 nanoparticles reveal a low r2/r1 ratio of 2.03 (r1 = 8.20 mM(-1) s(-1), r2 = 16.67 mM(-1) s(-1)); and the 2.2 nm sized Fe3O4 nanoparticles also appear to have a low r2/r1 ratio of 4.65 (r1 = 6.15 mM(-1) s(-1), r2 = 28.62 mM(-1) s(-1)). This demonstrates that the proposed ultra-small Fe3O4 nanoparticles have great potential as a new type of T1 magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Especially, the 2.2 nm sized Fe3O4 nanoparticles, have a competitive r1 value and r2 value compared to commercial contrasting agents such as Gd-DTPA (r1 = 4.8 mM(-1) s (-1)), and SHU-555C (r2 = 69 mM(-1) s(-1)). In vitro and in vivo imaging experiments, show that the 2.2 nm sized Fe3O4 nanoparticles exhibit great contrast enhancement, long-term circulation, and low toxicity, which enable these ultra-small sized Fe3O4 nanoparticles to be promising as T1 and T2 dual contrast agents in clinical settings.
The new millennium: wireless technologies for a truly mobile society (2002)

Universal access to a wide range of telecommunication services, from speech over multimedia to navigation and mobile computing, must be provided for the mobile society of the next millennium. The backbone of this scenario is a worldwide high-bandwidth wireless system. The wireless terminals of the next millennium, comprising all conceivable services in small size with long operating time require significant improvements in all underlying technologies as well as new architectures and new development strategies and design tools. The computing power needed from several tens of millions transistors at high clock rates requires new approaches simultaneously to allow maximum performance and minimum leakage current. Revived conversion principles like direct downconversion start to be seen in volume production. These concepts put most selection into baseband, avoiding a SAW filter and drastically reducing the number of RF blocks. Power amplifiers still use expensive GaAs HBTs. New concepts will improve power-added efficiency and give GaAs a push. For low-transmit-power applications, silicon PAs with higher performance and lower cost soon will be feasible. MEMS technologies will allow integration of mechanical antenna switches as well as other discrete RF circuitry. The remaining discretes will be integrated by advanced packaging technologies such as subsystem assembly, multi-chip or system module packages. With present growth rates, the sales of wireless terminals will exceed those of computers and internet nodes. These terminals will drive CMOS technology.
Asservissement d'un champ magnétique statique, dans la gamme 0,1 à 2 T, par R.M.N. impulsionnelle ; optimalisation des performances (1979)

L'asservissement d'un champ magnétique statique, dans la gamme de 0,1 à 2 T, a été construit et optimalisé par un choix convenable des temps de relaxation de l'échantillon capteur et par l'utilisation de séquences d'asservissement à multiples impulsions. Des stabilités Δ B0/B0 de 10-7 à 10-8 ont été obtenues dans toute la gamme de variation du champ.
Contactless energy transfer (CET) systems &#x2014; A review (2012)

The aim of this paper is review of power electronics based contactless energy transfer (CET) systems. Various techniques of the CET systems are divided according to a medium used for energy transfer and presented in the following groups: acoustic based CETs, light based CETs, capacitive based CETs, and the largest group of inductive coupled CET systems. The basic principles and the latest developments of these techniques with special focus on inductively coupled solutions have been systematically described in this paper. The advantages and limitations have been briefly examined, and the application field where each technique is particularly suited has been indicated. Some oscillograms that illustrate properties of the discussed inductive CET techniques are shown.
A small footprint i-vector extractor. (2012)

Both the memory and computational requirements of algorithms traditionally used to extract i-vectors at run time and to train i-vector extractors off-line scale quadratically in the ivector dimensionality. We describe a variational Bayes algorithm for calculating i-vectors exactly which converges in a few iterations and whose computational and memory requirements scale linearly rather than quadratically. For typical i-vector dimensionalities, the computational requirements are slightly greater than those of the traditional algorithm. The run time memory requirement is scarcely greater than that needed to store the eigenvoice basis. Because it is an exact method, the variational Bayes algorithm enables the construction of i-vector extractors of much higher dimensionality than has previously been envisaged. We show that modest gains in speaker verification accuracy (as measured by the 2010 NIST detection cost function) can be achieved using high dimensional i-vectors.
Posaconazole or Fluconazole for Prophylaxis in Severe Graft-versus-Host Disease (2007)

Posaconazole was similar to fluconazole for prophylaxis against fungal infections among patients with GVHD. It was superior in preventing invasive aspergillosis and reducing the rate of deaths related to fungal infections. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00034645 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
Kalman Filter (2014)

The structure of the KF is determined using the internal model principle. The KF contains the system model of the system driven by the residual, and the resulting closed-loop system is stabilized by feedback of the residual. The feedback gain, that is, the Kalman gain, minimizes the covariance of the state estimation error by fusing the a posteriori information provided by the residual and the a priori information contained in the model. The residual is zero mean white noise process if and only if the model is accurate. The state estimates are orthogonal to state estimation errors.
상가건물 임대차보호법 제10조 제②항의 개정에 따른 상가권리금 감정평가에 관한 연구 (2019)

2018년 10월에 「상가건물 임대차보호법(상임법)」 제10조 제②항 임차인의 계약갱신 요구권의 기간이 5년에서 10년으로 연장되었다. 이로 인하여 상가권리금 감정평가에서도 이에 대한 반영이 필요한 가에 대한 논란이 야기되었다. 본 연구에서는 실제 감정평가 된 상가권리금 사례를 이용하여 계약 갱신 요구기간의 연장이 상가권리금 감정평가에 미치는 영향을 민감도분석을 통하여 분석하였으며, 시나리오별로 문제점과 대응방안을 검토하였다. 분석결과, 현행 감정 평가방법을 유지하는 경우에 비하여 「상임법」에 따라 할인기간을 10년으로 증가시킨 경우에는 권리금이 약 60% 과대평가되었으며, 할인기간에 연동하여 무형재산 귀속 영업이익비율의 분모기간도 같이 증가시킨 경우에는 권리금이 약 20% 과소평가 되었다. 할인기간, 무형재산 귀속 영업이익 비율을 변경하고, 할인율을 조정하는 경우에는 약 5%정도의 할인율이 감소되어야 원래의 권리금 감정평가액 수준을 회복할 수 있었다. 이에 따라, 「상임법」 상 임차인의 계약갱신 요구기간에 맞추어 수익환원법 상의 할인기간을 조정하게 되면, 할인율을 감소시키지 않는 한 상가권리금의 과대, 과소평가가 발생할 수밖에 없다. 따라서 상가권리금 감정평가에서 과소, 과대평가의 가능성을 배제하기 위하여 새로운 평가 기준이나 평가기법이 확립되기 전까지는 현행의 감정평가 방법을 유지하면서, 할인기간의 근거를 재정립할 필요가 있다.
The reaction of certain heterocyclic azides with triphenylphosphine (1968)

Abstract Azidobenzothiazole and azidobenzimidazole and certain of its derivatives react with triphenyl‐phosphine to give isolatable adducts which decompose thermally to give the corresponding phosphinimines. 2‐Azidobenzoxazole gives an adduct which loses nitrogen at 15–20° and gives the phosphinimine directly. Methylation of the phosphinimines occurs at the hetero nitrogen, whereas benzoylation occurs at the exo nitrogen atom. The structures of the alkylation and aroylation products of the phosphinimines were established.
Diffusion weighted imaging with circularly polarized oscillating gradients (2014)

CP-OGSE can be an important contribution for making OGSE imaging more effective in clinical imaging settings with limited gradient strength. Furthermore, the improved diffusion weighting can also be used to expand the investigated frequency range.
English Justice between the Norman Conquest and the Great Charter, 1066-1215 (1965)

English Justice Between the Norman Conquest and the Great Charter, 1066–1215 Get access Stenton Doris M., English Justice Between the Norman Conquest and the Great Charter, 1066–1215 (Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 60, Foreword by Albert C. Baugh). Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1964, 219 pp., $2.50. Earl Finbar Murphy Earl Finbar Murphy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar American Journal of Legal History, Volume 9, Issue 2, April 1965, Pages 179–181, https://doi.org/10.2307/844274 Published: 01 April 1965
Electrophysiological Basis and Genetics of Brugada Syndrome (2005)

Brugada syndrome is a primary arrhythmic syndrome arising in the structurally normal heart. Any proposed mechanism should account for the major features of the syndrome: localization of the ST segment and T-wave changes to the right precordial leads, association of conduction slowing at several levels, precipitation or aggravation of the major ECG changes by sodium channel-blocking drugs and the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation. Heterogeneity of repolarization across the ventricle wall plays a major role. Any agency that shifts the net current gradient during phase I outward would exaggerate the normal heterogeneity of repolarization and result in the ST segment and T-wave changes characteristic of the syndrome. When the outward current shift is marked, premature repolarization may occur in epicardial zone and the resulting gradient may precipitate reentry. The syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant. However, 75% of clinically affected individuals are males. In 20% of cases, the syndrome is associated with mutations of the cardiac sodium channel gene SCN5A. The mutations result in a loss-of-function as a result of the synthesis of a non-functional protein, altered protein trafficking, or change in gating. Agencies that reduce the sodium current may precipitate the characteristic ECG changes, for example, sodium channel blockers and membrane depolarization by hyperkalemia. Sympathetic stimulation may reverse the ECG changes and reduce arrhythmia recurrence. By its nonspecific potassium channel blocking action, quinidine may also reduce arrhythmia recurrence. We still do not know the basis for defect in the majority of patients with Brugada syndrome.
Productivity growth in European banking (2005)

This article analyzes productivity growth for European banks over the 1995–2001 period. In 
contrast to previous literature, the study encompasses the overwhelming majority of current European Union (EU) countries—all excepting Greece and those joining the EU in 2004. In addition, 
we use resampling methods so as to gain statistical precision, which turns out to be especially 
important due to the limitations of the database. In a second stage, additional nonparametric 
methods—in an attempt to be fully consistent—are used to disentangle some reasons as to why 
productivity differentials might exist. Results show that productivity growth has occurred in 
most countries, mainly due to improvement in production possibilities. The bootstrap analysis 
yields further evidence, as for many firms and countries productivity growth, or decline, is not 
statistically significant. The two-stage analysis provides some additional insights, suggesting that 
the relevance of environmental variables found in other studies focusing on efficiency could be 
lessened when focusing on productivity
Regularized iterative reconstruction for undersampled BLADE and its applications in three-point Dixon water-fat separation (2011)

In MRI, the suppression of fat signal is very important for many applications. Multipoint Dixon based water-fat separation methods are commonly used due to its robustness to B(0) homogeneity compared with other fat suppression methods, such as spectral fat saturation. The traditional Cartesian k-space trajectory based multipoint Dixon technique is sensitive to motion, such as pulsatile blood flow, resulting in artifacts that compromise image quality. This work presents a three-point Dixon water-fat separation method using undersampled BLADE (aka PROPELLER) for motion robustness and speed. A regularized iterative reconstruction method is then proposed for reducing the streaking artifacts coming from undersampling. In this study, the performance of the regularized iterative reconstruction method is first tested by simulations and on MR phantoms. The performance of the proposed technique is then evaluated in vivo by comparing it with conventional fat suppression methods on the human brain and knee. Experiments show that the presented method delivers reliable water-fat separation results. The reconstruction method suppresses streaking artifacts typical for undersampled BLADE acquisition schemes without missing fine structures in the image.
Scientific visualization in computational aerodynamics at NASA Ames Research Center (1989)

Tools specifically oriented toward flow analysis problems are described. The approach is oriented toward performing graphics calculations on the supercomputer and using high-end workstations as rendering engines to display flow fields generated by aircraft flight. A suite of software provides both display and interactive analysis capability. Also described is animation hardware featuring Winchester disk technology, which allows the storage of more than one gigabyte of data and supports editing, special effects, and video output.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Tensile strength and elongation of laser‐welded Ti and Ti‐6AL‐7NB (2004)

This study established data demonstrating the possible laser-welded strengths of cast Ti and Ti-6Al-7Nb and compared them to those of two dental-casting alloys. Cast plates of Ti, Ti-6Al-7Nb, gold, and Co-Cr alloy were prepared. After polishing the surfaces to be welded, two plates were abutted and welded using an Nd:YAG laser at a pulse duration of 10 ms, spot diameter of 1 mm, and voltage of 200 V. Five specimens were prepared for each metal by welding either three or five spots unilaterally or bilaterally. The fracture load and percent elongation were measured at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min. The bilaterally welded specimens performed significantly greater than unilaterally welded specimens in both fracture load and elongation whether they were welded with three or five spots per side. The bilaterally welded Ti and Ti-6Al-7Nb specimens were nearly as strong as their corresponding control specimens, whereas the gold and Co-Cr specimens were approximately half as strong. When a large proportion of the cross-sectional area of the joint is laser welded, the strength of the laser-welded portion of the cast Ti and Ti-6Al-7Nb may approach or equal that of the nonwelded metal frameworks.
Analysis and DSP-based implementation of modulation algorithms for AC-AC matrix converters (2002)

The paper presents two control strategies for a matrix converter. Novel and computationally-efficient real-time control algorithms were developed and implemented using a digital signal processor. A 2 kVA prototype IGBT-based matrix converter supplying an R-L load was constructed. The matrix converter was tested and good performances were achieved using both the real-time modulators. Experimental converter waveforms and their respective harmonic spectra are compared. Key features of each modulator are highlighted.
Radioimmunoassay of serum myoglobin in screening for acute myocardial infarction. (1981)

Over an 8-month period 289 patients consecutively admitted to a coronary care unit were studied to assess the value of serum myoglobin determinations by radioimmunoassay in screening for acute myocardial infarction. Of the 289 patients 127 (44%) had an infarction. It was found that when blood sampling was done within 5 to 15 hours after the onset of chest pain this assay had a sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of more than 97%. In this study healthy young adults had a mean serum myoglobin level of 37 +/- 11 (standard deviation) ng/ml, and values above 80 ng/ml were considered positive for acute myocardial infarction. False-positive results can be due to stock, vigorous exercise, skeletal muscle damage and several renal failure, but, except for the last one, these conditions also caused an increase in the serum level of the creatine kinase isoenzyme CK-MB.
Determination of magnetic properties of ultrathin iron films using microwave stripline technique (2000)

Microwave microstrip line technique is utilized to determine the magnetic properties of ultrathin iron (Fe) films. Wideband tunable microwave filters are fabricated, either in integrated or flip-chip type, on ultrathin Fe films grown on GaAs substrates using molecular beam epitaxy. Taking advantage of the ferromagnetic resonance effects of the Fe films, four-fold variation of the resonance frequency is found to relate directly to the tetragonal symmetry of in-plane anisotropy. As a result, effective magnetization 4πMeff, four-fold in-plane anisotropy K1, second order term of perpendicular uniaxial anisotropy Ku⊥, and the Gilbert damping factor of the ultrathin films are derived from Landau–Lifshitz equation and transmission characteristics of the microwave filters involved.
Finding Canada's Healthcare Equilibrium (2012)

Economic equilibrium, in which demand for health services is in balance with supply, is an elusive phenomenon in advanced healthcare systems worldwide, yet some countries have come closer to economic stasis than Canada. In 2008, the Euro-Canada Health Consumer Index ranked Canada 30th out of 30 countries studied for value for money. Wait times were Canada's weakest spot, and, in terms of system design, context, and economics, there was clear evidence that Canada's healthcare system was out of equilibrium. Canadians can learn from Austria. If Canada expects better value for its healthcare dollar, then cost drivers need to be addressed in a design overhaul. Only then will Canada approach equilibrium.
Magnetic domains in epitaxial ordered FePd(001) thin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (1997)

Small magnetic domains (70 nm) have been observed by magnetic force microscopy in ordered FePd thin films grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. The layers exhibit a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy induced by uniaxial ${\mathrm{L}1}_{0}$ [CuAu(I)-type] chemical ordering. The magnetization curves show that the easy magnetization axis is perpendicular to the film plane and their interpretation with a micromagnetic model leads to the correct size of the domains.
Selenophens from diacetylenes (1968)

R. F. Curtis, S. N. Hasnain and J. A. Taylor, Chem. Commun. (London), 1968, 365a DOI: 10.1039/C1968000365A
Effect of Ionizing Radiation on the Quantification of Genetically Modified Foods (2008)

The rapid spread of Genetically Modified (GM) crops globally and the mandatory labeling of GM food and feed imposed by many countries has led to the development of relevant detection techniques. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) – based methods are presently the most effective and reliable for GM detection even in processed food products. This study evaluated the effect of electron beam irradiation, used for food pasteurization, on the detection and quantification of dry GM soyabean and maize products; qualitative and quantitative (real-time TaqManTM probe) PCR analysis showed that electron beam irradiation treatment, even at a high dose (10 kGy), did not affect the traceability of transgenes.