gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pattern of Fatal Motorized Two-wheeler Crash Injuries in Northern India: Is Safety Helmet Adequate Prevention (2007)

This retrospective study sought to collect a representative sample of motorized two-wheeler crashes having fatal outcome with reference to their age, sex, riding position, type of vehicle, nature of accident, pattern of injuries etc. among the helmeted and non-helmeted riders. We examined the pattern of fatal injuries between the helmeted and non-helmeted motorized two-wheeler crash victims in 134 cases subjected to autopsy during five years from 2000 to 2004. Young adults of the age-group 21-25 years constituted the majority of the victims, 48 (36%) and the 16-30 year age group accounted for 98 (73%) motorized two wheeler deaths. The overall male: female ratio was 1.6:1. Motorcyclists were exclusively male. The male: female ratio of scooterists was 1.7:1, however, among the moped crash victims, this ratio was 1:2.2. Scooterists accounted for the majority of crash victims, 70 (52%) and drivers in all the three categories, 88 (66%), outnumbered the pillion riders, 46 (34%). Sixty-two (46%) victims were helmeted, of which males, 49 (79%), were the majority. Of all the three categories of motorized two wheeler users, non-helmeted victims were far more than the helmeted ones in the moped users, the ratio of helmeted: non-helmeted users being 1:2.4; again in this category, the male: female ratio was 1:4.7. Motorized heavy vehicles were responsible for majority of deaths, 53(40%) while slips on roads etc. accounted for 15 (11%) deaths. All the non-helmeted victims sustained scalp injuries, with 70 (97%) of them suffering fractures to the skull, as compared to 18 (29%) of the helmeted ones. However, as regards the injuries to the thorax and abdomen, the helmeted: non-helmeted victim ratio was 4.3:1. Of the victims who died within one hour of the accidents, 36 (75%) were non-helmeted. Helmets prevent and/or reduce the deaths due to head injury, however in majority of cases, there being multiple injuries, other road safety and injury prevention measures need to be devised and implemented. However the implications for safety measures also deserve consideration.
Visual Secret Sharing Scheme with (k, n) Threshold Based on QR Codes (2016)

In this paper, a novel visual secret sharing (VSS) scheme with using QR codes is investigated. The proposed visual secret sharing scheme based on QR codes(VSSQR) can visually reveal secret image by stacking k or more shares (shadow images) from all the n QR codes as well as scan the QR code by a QR code reader. Our VSSQR exploits the error correction mechanism in the QR code structure, to embed the bits corresponding to shares generated by VSS from a secret bit into the same locations of QR codes in the processing of encoding QR. Each output share is a valid QR code, which may reduce the likelihood of attracting the attention of potential attackers, that can be scanned and decoded utilizing a QR code reader. The secret image can be recovered by stacking for case (k, n) based on the human visual system without any computation. In addition, it can assist alignment for VSS recovery. The experiment results show the effectiveness of our scheme.
Timbre Interfaces Using Adjectives And Adverbs (2006)

How can we provide interfaces to synthesis algorithms thatwill allow us to manipulate timbre directly, using the sametimbre-words that are used by human musicians to communicate about timbre? This paper describes ongoingwork that uses machine learning methods (principally genetic algorithms and neural networks) to learn (1) to recognise timbral characteristics of sound and (2) to adjust timbral characteristics of existing synthesized sounds.
Jamming Attacks and Anti-Jamming Strategies in Wireless Networks: A Comprehensive Survey (2022)

Wireless networks are a key component of the telecommunications infrastructure in our society, and wireless services become increasingly important as the applications of wireless devices have penetrated every aspect of our lives. Although wireless technologies have significantly advanced in the past decades, most wireless networks are still vulnerable to radio jamming attacks due to the openness nature of wireless channels, and the progress in the design of jamming-resistant wireless networking systems remains limited. This stagnation can be attributed to the lack of practical physical-layer wireless technologies that can efficiently decode data packets in the presence of jamming attacks. This article surveys existing jamming attacks and anti-jamming strategies in wireless local area networks (WLANs), cellular networks, cognitive radio networks (CRNs), ZigBee networks, Bluetooth networks, vehicular networks, LoRa networks, RFID networks, GPS system, millimeter-wave (mmWave) and learning-assisted wireless systems, with the objective of offering a comprehensive knowledge landscape of existing jamming and anti-jamming strategies and therefore stimulating more research efforts to secure wireless networks against jamming attacks. Different from prior survey papers, this article conducts a comprehensive, in-depth review on jamming and anti-jamming strategies, casting insights on the design of jamming-resilient wireless networking systems. An outlook on promising anti-jamming techniques is offered at the end of this article to delineate important research directions.
Conceptual design of mechanisms based on polychromatic sets (2007)

This paper first establishes a formalised function model of mechanisms conceptual design, which is mathematically described and reasoned from design requirements to primitive products. A manipulator's hand is used to illustrate modelling steps and reasoning algorithm. Secondly, mechanism synthesis rules and algorithms are proposed. Entities and Cartesian product are obtained to generate all possible mechanism chains and graphs. Watt-chain, a mechanism of manipulator's hand, is provided for further explanation and validation of this methodology. Finally, scheme reasoning technology and mechanism synthesis methodology are united and a process model of design schemes generation is advanced based on polychromatic set theory.
Active clamp forward converter with MOSFET synchronous rectification (2002)

The MOSFET synchronous rectification in the active clamp forward converter is presented. The active clamp forward converter has little dead time during the OFF time of the main switch and it is suitable for MOSFET synchronous rectification compared with other forward converter topologies. Using the MOSFET synchronous rectification on the active clamp forward converter with 3.3 V output and 500 kHz switching frequency, the improvement of efficiency is achieved from a light load to a heavy load compared with the conventional synchronous rectification forward converter using a third winding reset scheme.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
New target against inflammatory diseases: transglutaminase 2. (2004)

Transglutaminase (TGase)2 is an enzyme that is widely used in many biological systems for generic tissue stabilization or immediate defense for wounds. Many reports showed that TGase 2 is aberrantly activated in tissues and cells and contributes to a variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases and autoimmune diseases. In most cases, TGase 2 appears to be a factor in the formation of inappropriate proteinaceous aggregates that may be cytotoxic. However, in other cases, such as celiac disease, arthritis, lupus, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, TGase 2 is involved in the generation of autoantibodies. This suggests the possibility that inappropriate expression and/or presentation of TGase 2 to T cells might contribute to these diseases in genetically predisposed individuals. We and others have found that TGase 2 expression is also increased in the inflammation process. Furthermore, we also demonstrated a reversal of inflammation by Tgase inhibition. This review will examine a possibility of TGase inhibitors as therapeutic agents in a variety of inflammatory diseases.
Prefrontal neuronal circuits of contextual fear conditioning (2014)

Over the past years, numerous studies have provided a clear understanding of the neuronal circuits and mechanisms involved in the formation, expression and extinction phases of conditioned cued fear memories. Yet, despite a strong clinical interest, a detailed understanding of these memory phases for contextual fear memories is still missing. Besides the well-known role of the hippocampus in encoding contextual fear behavior, growing evidence indicates that specific regions of the medial prefrontal cortex differentially regulate contextual fear acquisition and storage in both animals and humans that ultimately leads to expression of contextual fear memories. In this review, we provide a detailed description of the recent literature on the role of distinct prefrontal subregions in contextual fear behavior and provide a working model of the neuronal circuits involved in the acquisition, expression and generalization of contextual fear memories.
Avian Inflammatory Response: Mediation by Macrophages (1991)

The inflammatory response is one of the best defined components of nonspecific immunity in birds. Introduction of an immunogen into the skin or peritoneal cavity results in a characteristic series of local and systemic responses. Initially, locally produced chemotactic substances cause heterophils and monocytes to emigrate from the blood through postcapillary venules to the site of immunogen. Monocytes and heterophils phagocytize the immunogen and monocytes can initiate specific immunity mediated by lymphocytes. Monocytes release a variety of hormone-like substances (monokines) that act locally to coordinate the localized inflammatory response and facilitate lymphocyte responses. These same monokines can gain entrance into the circulation and act systemically to orchestrate the acute phase response. Monokine activities characterized to date are similar to mammalian interleukin-1, interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor, and granulocyte-stimulating factor. The inflammatory response is active in the embryo midway through incubation and is probably instrumental in protection of the embryo. Inappropriate or overexuberant inflammatory responses can lead to a variety of pathologies in the chicken, demonstrating the importance of precise regulation of the inflammatory response.
A 1.52 uJ/classification patient-specific seizure classification processor using Linear SVM (2013)

This paper presents an 8-channel electroencephalograph (EEG) classification processor for seizure detection and recording. To integrate 8 channels, an area- and energy-efficient filter architecture using Distributed Quad-LUT (DQ-LUT) is proposed, which reduces area by 64.2% with minimal overhead in power-delay product. The on-chip patient specific classification with a Linear Support-Vector Machine (SVM) results in 82.7% seizure detection accuracy with a 2 second latency using the CHB-MIT EEG database [1]. The overall energy efficiency is measured as 1.52μJ/classification while operating at 8 channel mode.
The Tripropynylcarbonium Ion. Charge Delocalization in Ethynyl- and Propynylcarbonium Ions (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Tripropynylcarbonium Ion. Charge Delocalization in Ethynyl- and Propynylcarbonium IonsHerman G. Richey Jr., Leonard E. Rennick, Arthur S. Kushner, Jane M. Richey, and J. Christopher PhilipsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1965, 87, 17, 4017–4019Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01095a065https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01095a065research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views64Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Simple Explanation of the Sobolev Gradient Method (2006)

We have observed that the term ’Sobolev gradient ’ is used more often than it is understood. Also, the term is often used with no apparent awareness of its origin. This short note is an attempt to correct both of these situations. 1
Spinal distribution and collateral projections of rat spinomesencephalic tract cells (1991)

The distribution of cells belonging to the rat spinomesencephalic tract was studied by means of the retrograde transport of fluorescent dyes. Bilateral midbrain injections of cytoplasmic and nuclear tracers were made in order to evaluate the location of ipsilateral, contralateral, or bilaterally projecting cells. Spinal neurons with ascending projections to midbrain and descending propriospinal projections were identified by midbrain and spinal injections of different cytoplasmic labels. The locations of spinomesencephalic tract cells included seven regions of the spinal gray matter: marginal zone, lateral neck of the dorsal horn, nucleus proprius, the region around the central canal, the lateral cervical and spinal nuclei and the ventral horn. Cells projecting to the ipsilateral or contralateral midbrain had similar distributions and were frequently found in clusters with overlapping dendritic fields. Approximately 75% of spinomesencephalic cells projected to the contralateral midbrain. The largest contribution to the spinomesencephalic tract cell population was found in cervical cord segments 1-4. Cells with bilateral projections accounted for nearly 2% of all labeled cells, whereas 5% had both ascending and descending projections. Spinomesencephalic cells were found to have varying dendritic fields and morphology, e.g. fusiform, pyramidal, round/oval, and multipolar. The results of the present study lend further support to the view that the spinomesencephalic tract is a multi-component pathway with varied origins and projection targets.
The Evolution of the Normal Distribution (2006)

(2006). The Evolution of the Normal Distribution. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 79, No. 2, pp. 96-113.
Functional Impact of Relative Versus Absolute Sarcopenia in Healthy Older Women (2007)

The results suggest that relative sarcopenia with ASM adjusted for body mass is a better mobility predictor, with absolute sarcopenia a better indicator of isolated muscle group function in healthy postmenopausal women receiving estrogen replacement.
A 4PAM/2PAM Coaxial Cable Receiver Analog Front-end Targeting 40Gb/s in 90-nm CMOS (2008)

A 4-PAM/2-PAM receiver analog front-end (AFE) targeting 20GSymbol/s for use with coaxial cable channels is presented. Behavioral simulations incorporate a transmitter, scalable coaxial cable model, and the proposed receiver architecture, targeting cable loss of 32dB at 10GHz. To accommodate links of varying lengths, the AFE includes a variable-gain amplifier (VGA) and analog peaking equalizer. The input preamplifier is important for achieving the required input sensitivity. A DC bias current is introduced through the feedback resistor in a conventional shunt-shunt feedback nMOS transimpedance amplifier (TIA) to level-shift the output, obviating a following level-shifting stage. The fabricated AFE occupies 0.89mm2 in a 90-nm CMOS process and dissipates 138mW from a 1.3V supply. The AFE amplifies and opens the eye pattern of a 20-Gb/s 2-PAM data stream transmitted over coaxial cable with 7.5dB loss at 10GHz.
Capacity Analysis of Two-Hop Virtual MIMO Systems in a Poisson Field of Nodes (2009)

In this paper we investigate the performance of two-hop virtual multiple-input-multiple-output systems with random location of nodes. In the scenario we consider the communication between source and destination through the use (following a decode-and-forward approach) of a relay node. A number of ancillary nodes, distributed according to a Poisson point process, are supposed to be distributed around source, relay and destination, with the possibility to create clusters of cooperating nodes. Random fluctuations are accounted for in the channel model which considers both slow and fast fading. Performance is evaluated in terms of outage probability, defined as the probability that the achieved capacity between source and destination is smaller than a given threshold. Finally, the total power consumed by the network for delivering the data is evaluated. Results obtained in the two-hop communication protocol are compared with the single-hop case.
A nonvolatile ferroelectric memory device with a floating gate (1996)

An adaptive ferroelectric field-effect transistor (FET) with a floating gate has been developed using a thin film of lead titanate ( PbTiO3) deposited on a n/p+ substrate by rf sputtering. This device utilizes the charge storage on the floating gate to control the n layer conductivity of a n/p+ Si substrate and performs a memory function, in which the drain conductance changes in proportion to the charge storage density on the floating gate. The device is a bulk channel field transistor structure and different from the conventional surface channel-type floating gate memory device. Thus, it possesses higher mobility and fast access time (&lt;160 ns). The FET has low write/erase voltages (≤10 V) and its write/erase cycles are more than 106.
The Narrowing of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra by Molecular Rotation in Solids (1958)

Molecular rotation in a solid causes a narrowing of the spectrum and a consequent reduction of its second moment. It is shown that the rotation also produces weak side-spectra, which are usually unobservable. If these side-spectra are included the second moment of the entire spectrum is the same as that for the rigid solid, thus preserving the invariance of the second moment. The cases of rotating and randomly reorienting pairs of nuclei are discussed in detail. The fourth moment of the entire spectrum is found to be increased by the motion, though that of the observable central portion is diminished.
L'institution scolaire et la scolarisation: Une perspective d'ensemble (1993)

Briand Jean-Pierre, Chapoulie Jean-Michel. L'institution scolaire et la scolarisation : une perspective d'ensemble. In: Revue française de sociologie, 1993, 34-1. Sur la scolarisation. pp. 3-42.
Crocodile Oil Enhances Cutaneous Burn Wound Healing and Reduces Scar Formation in Rats (2012)

Our results showed that crocodile oil could enhance cutaneous burn wound healing and reduce scar formation in rats, which might be related to TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling.
Optimization of Interdigital Capacitors (1979)

The variation of Q and capacitance slope for series- and shunt-connected interdigital capacitors is shown. A theory suitable for interactive design of capacitors is given.
Measurement of photonic nanojet generated by square-profile microstep (2015)

It was numerically and experimentally shown that square-profile microsteps with width of 0.4 μm, 0.5 μm, 0.6 μm, 0.8 μm and height of 500 nm illuminated by linearly polarized laser light with wavelength λ = 633 nm formed near its’ surface photonic nanojets with intensity that is 6 times higher than the intensity of incident light. Experimentally measured diameters of photonic nanojets were equal to 0.44λ, 0.43λ, 0.39λ and 0.47λ (less than the diffraction limit 0.51λ).
Adaptation techniques for ubiquitous Internet multimedia (2001)

Abstract We identify the importance of adaptation for the ubiquitous access to Internet multimedia content. The variety of media types combined with the diversity of Internet connection characteristics raises momentous challenges to the achievement of this goal. With adaptation, the characteristics of various media can be adjusted to better match those of the network path and the end device. As a result, adaptive streams enjoy superior robustness and provide substantially better presentation quality than traditional, non‐adaptive ones, especially in variable, capacity‐limited environments. We examine several important factors that influence the design and optimization of the adaptation architecture. First, the location of the adaptation mechanism on the end‐to‐end path must be chosen. Second, the adaptation policy, i.e., the agility in adapting to variations in network path performance, must be specified. Third, the adaptation mechanism needs to be aware of the value of the perceptual quality that the different representations of each medium and the necessary resources to sustain it. Finally, we emphasize the role of supporting mechanisms in enhancing the adaptation process, namely, prioritization, admission control and hand‐off notifications. Based on the aforementioned criteria, we classify existing research approaches and present some of them as case studies. We also describe current commercial solutions and, finally, we discuss future trends in application adaptation in conjunction with recent developments towards wireless access to the Internet. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Westford Water Vapor Experiment: Use of GPS to Determine Total Precipitable Water Vapor (1996)

Anthea Coster is a staff member at the M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory where she works in the satellite tracking program at the Millstone Hill Radar. She received a BA in mathematics from the University of Texas at Austin and an MS and PhD in space physics and astronomy from Rice University. Arthur Niell is a research scientist at the M.I.T. Haystack Observatory specializing in geodetic measurements using GPS and very long baseline interferometry (VLBI). He received a BS in physics from Caltech and a PhD in applied physics from Cornell University.
Low-temperature sterilization alternatives in the 1990s (1994)

Vapor phase hydrogen peroxide, gas plasma, ozone, and peracetic acids have been commercialized as alternative technologies for low-temperature sterilization. None are viewed as a total replacement for ethylene oxide for on-site sterilization of reusable, heat-sensitive medical materials in healthcare facilities.
Crack Detection on Metal Surfaces with an Array of Complimentary Split Ring Resonators (2015)

In this paper, an advanced sensor based on an array of Complementary Split Ring Resonators (CSRRs) has been presented for detecting metal fatigue, operating around at 10 GHz. The scanning mechanism of advanced sensor is based on perturbing the electromagnetic field in the vicinity of a negative effective dielectric permittivity, thus causing a large shift in resonant frequency. A metal fatigue is detected by using a periodic structure of CSRRsa concept introduced here for first time-etched on ground plane. The electric field generated by the current on metal surface affects the transmission coefficient due to variation in lumped parameters of CSRR and leads to high sensitivity in detecting anomalies such as cracks in the Surface. The electromagnetic interaction of CSRR with small sized crack is analyzed with electromagnetic solver. In this paper, the shifting of transmission coefficient is observed by varying the width of the crack in the range of 25 m -200 m. The simulated results show the feasibility of detecting very small cracks such as 25 m crack width, in the metallic surfaces.