gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection salvage technique for ulcerative early gastric cancer. (2014)

Endoscopic submucosal dissection is an effective treatment modality for early gastric cancer (EGC), though the submucosal fibrosis found in ulcerative EGC is an obstacle for successful treatment. This report presents two cases of ulcerative EGC in two males, 73- and 80-year-old, with severe fibrosis. As endoscopic ultrasonography suggested that the EGCs had invaded the submucosal layer, the endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection salvage technique was utilized for complete resection of the lesions. Although surgical gastrectomy was originally scheduled, the two patients had severe coronary heart disease, and surgeries were refused because of the risks associated with their heart conditions. The endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection salvage technique procedures described in these cases were performed under conscious sedation, and were completed within 30 min. The complete en bloc resection of EGC using endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection salvage technique was possible with a free resection margin, and no other complications were noted during the procedure. This is the first known report concerning the use of the endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection salvage technique salvage technique for treatment of ulcerative EGC. We demonstrate that endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection salvage technique it is a feasible method showing several advantages over endoscopic submucosal dissection for cases of EGC with fibrosis.
Biology and Ecology of Toxic Pufferfish (2017)

This is the first comprehensive book on the biology and ecology of pufferfish, also known as blowfish, swellfish, and globefish. Covering 197 species of pufferfish recorded so far from the marine, brackish, and freshwater ecosystems of the world, this important volume expounds on the toxins and associated poisonings of pufferfish. Importantly, the volume also explores the many uses of pufferfish, such as in aquariums, for their nutritional and culinary value, and for their emerging uses in the treatment of pain. Topics covered include: biology and ecology of pufferfish profiles of the world’s marine, brackish, and freshwater pufferfish species characteristics of TTX (tetrodotoxin) and STX (saxitoxin) of pufferfish pufferfish poisoning and symptoms: treatment and management aquarium uses of pufferfish nutritional and pharmaceutical values of pufferfish diseases and parasites of pufferfish and their management
Thermionic field emission in <i>p</i> -barrierenhanced InP/InGaAs/InP HEMTs (1996)

A model for thermionic field emission in p-barrier enhanced InP HEMTs is presented indicating that a reduction in the gate leakage of those devices is related to an increase in effective barrier thickness. Good agreement between this model and our experimental data is obtained.
Tea Chemistry (1997)

Abstract The chemistry of tea as a beverage is reviewed in depth, covering both historical and current chemical perspectives. Special attention is given to the polyphenols in tea, although the general composition and properties are also treated. Current trends in tea science, particularly in the area of polyphenol complexation and antioxidant properties, are also covered. The need for a chemically based understanding, rather than one hypothesized from generalized and indirect observation, is stressed.
A Hyperstable Miniprotein: Additive Effects of D- and L-Ala Substitutions (2008)

Abstract The effects of alanine substitutions in each helical segment of the structure, and Gly to D-Ala mutations at sites where glycines have positive phi angles in the Trp-cage miniprotein are reported. The effects of the stabilizing mutation were additive, yielding a 20-residue construct (Tm = 83^o^C). Gly to L-Ala substitutions were uniformly destabilizing ([DELTA][DELTA]G~F~ &gt; 11 kJ/mol): the preference for a D-Ala can be as large as 16 kJ/mol. Glycine to D-Ala mutations are validated as a strategy for the design of hyperstable miniprotein scaffolds suitable for stereospecific pharmacophore display.
Radiation of printed antennas with a coplanar waveguide feed (1995)

This paper presents an analysis of conductor-backed aperture antennas with multilayered substrate. These printed antennas are fed by a coplanar waveguide (CPW). The theoretical approach taken is to develop an integral equation over the aperture region and apply Galerkin's procedure in the spectral domain. The properties of printed antennas with a CPW feed are characterized. Numerical results include the scattering parameters, antenna pattern, and radiation efficiency. The reflection coefficient, input impedance, and far-field pattern are also compared with measurements and good agreement is observed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Theatrical Place in a 3D CVE: An Online Performance of Plato's Allegory of the Cave in a Distributed 3D CVE (2007)

This paper discusses a theatrical performance in a 3D collaborative virtual environment (3D CVE). Place in a performative 3D CVE is contingent on immersion and presence generated by social interaction. It discusses the production of an online performance of Plato's Allegory of the Cave involving students from three different continents. It was found that theatrical activities in a 3D CVE share some of the characteristics of both cinema and traditional theatre. The paper identifies different types of places in 3D CVE and discusses their role in an educational context.
P1H-6 Picosecond Ultrasonics as a Helpful Technique for Introducing a New Electrode Material in BAW Technology: The Iridium Case (2007)

We present picosecond ultrasonic characterizations on e-beam evaporated Ir thin films and on AlN films deposited by pulsed DC reactive sputtering on Ir. Picosecond ultrasonics is an optical technique which uses ultrashort laser pulses to generate and detect very short acoustic pulses. We first investigate the properties of the Ir films by measuring samples of various thicknesses and deposition parameters. It permits to extract the longitudinal sound velocity, the acoustic impedance and the acoustic losses in the Ir electrode. Second, we focus on AlN on Ir films. We measure the thickness and the sound velocity of an AlN thin layer deposited on an Ir electrode. This work illustrates how useful the picosecond ultrasonic technique can be for introducing a new material in bulk acoustic wave technology.
FT-IR study of liquid crystal molecules on alignment layers (1994)

Abstract Alignment control at the molecular level is crucial for realizing high-performance LCDs. In particular, the structure of the interface between the liquid crystal and the alignment layer must be clarified. By utilizing RAS (reflection-absorption spectroscopy), a highly sensitive FT-IR spectroscopic technique, we have obtained the following information about the orientation of liquid crystal molecules; (1) the cyano group in a liquid crystal molecule behaves like an electron donor with respect to an SiO layer, but like an electron acceptor with respect to a polyimide layer; (2) with the use of polarized IR spectroscopy, it was discovered that the liquid crystal 8CB is aligned with a slant away from the aligning direction, regardless of the type of alignment layer. The angle between the molecular short axis within the plane of the core and the surface normal was found to be smaller on polyimide layers than on SiO layers.
Whole-body Vibration at Thoracic Resonance Induces Sustained Pain and Widespread Cervical Neuroinflammation in the Rat (2015)

Although WBV is a major issue affecting the military population, there is little insight about its mechanisms of injury and pain. The neuroimmune responses produced by WBV are similar to other pain states, suggesting that pain from WBV may be mediated by similar mechanisms as other neuropathic pain conditions. This mechanistic insight suggests WBV-induced injury and pain may be tempered by antiinflammatory intervention.
Luteinizing hormone but not endothelin can induce a calcium signal in the chicken granulosa cell. (1990)

Using the fluorescent calcium-indicator Indo-1 we demonstrated a rapid transient increase of cytosolic calcium level in dispersed chicken granulosa cells in response to 10-100 ng/ml ovine luteinizing hormone (LH). The magnitude of the signal was dose-dependent, it lasted for about 30 seconds and could be provoked even when the extracellular calcium had been chelated by EGTA. A high, 100 ng/ml concentration of LH abolished completely the responsiveness of these cells to a second exposure to the agonist. We conclude, that LH can mobilize calcium ions from internal store(s) via a desenzitizable mechanism. Finally, endothelin--a vasoactive peptide with Ca2(+)-mobilizing activity in glomerulosa cells--was shown to have no effect on the concentration of cytosolic Ca2+ in chicken granulosa cells.
Nonuniform site-charge distribution and fluctuations of charge order in the metallic state of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>α</mml:mi><mml:mtext>−</mml:mtext><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>BEDT-TTF</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mtext>I</mml:mtext><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2010)

We present the site-charge distribution in the charge-ordered and metallic states of $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{(\text{BEDT-TTF})}_{2}{\text{I}}_{3}$, based on the assignment of the $\text{C}\text{C}$ stretching modes ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$, ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3}$, and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{27}$ of $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{(\text{BEDT-TTF})}_{2}{\text{I}}_{3}$ with the aid of $^{13}\text{C}$- and deuterium-substituted compounds. The nonuniform site charges in both the metallic and insulating phases were consistent with those determined by a recent x-ray diffraction study. Comparing the line shapes of the charge-sensitive vibrational modes of $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{(\text{BEDT-TTF})}_{2}{\text{I}}_{3}$ with those of isostructural $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{(\text{BEDT-TTF})}_{2}{\text{NH}}_{4}\text{Hg}{(\text{SCN})}_{4}$, we propose a thermally activated fluctuation of charge order in the metallic phase of $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{(\text{BEDT-TTF})}_{2}{\text{I}}_{3}$. This fluctuation was considerably suppressed above 0.65 GPa. The optical conductivity in the metallic phase shows no Drude response.
Partial discharge pulse phase patterns on operating motors and generators (2002)

Many hundreds of partial discharge test results on about 100 operating motors and generators have been reviewed. In the majority of results, the position of the partial discharges with respect to the 600 Hz phase angle was as expected from conventional partial discharge theory, as well as laboratory experiments. However, perhaps 25490 of the PPA plots were "abnormal" in some way. Yet these patterns are real, and are not due to noise, nor are they artifacts of the measurement system. Researchers developing pattern recognition techniques for PD pulses should be aware that patterns from operating high voltage equipment may be much more complex than the patterns obtained in laboratory apparatus.
A search engine for QoS-enabled discovery of semantic web services (2006)

Directory services are a genuine constituent of any distributed architecture which facilitate binding attributes to names and then querying this information, that is, announcing and discovering resources. In such contexts, especially in a business environment, Quality of Service (QoS) and non-functional properties are usually the most important criteria to decide whether a specific resource will be used. To address this problem, we present an approach to the semantic description and discovery of web services which specifically takes into account their QoS properties. Our solution uses a robust trust and reputation model to provide an accurate picture of the actual QoS to user. The search engine is based on an algebraic discovery model and uses adaptive query-processing techniques to parallelise expensive operators. Architecturally, the engine can be run as a centralised service for small-scale environments or can be distributed among any number of cooperating registry providers.
An <i>in vitro</i> system for studying insulin release: effects of glucose and glucose‐6‐phosphate (1977)

1. Investigation of the ionic requirements of the in vitro insulin release system, which consists of cod islet plasma membrane and rabbit islet granules incubated at pH 6.5, showed that the presence of Ca 2+ was obligatory for the system to operate. 2. Glucose‐initiated insulin release was as effective in the presence of β‐γ‐methylene ATP, as it was in the presence of ATP. This analogue of ATP is a substrate neither for adenylate cyclase nor for any known animal membrane proteases. The effect of ATP on glucose mediated release is allosteric. 3. Glucose (16 m M )‐initiated insulin release was slower than that induced by glucose‐6‐phosphate (4 m M ); 150 and 120 sec, respectively. 4. The lag found with glucose‐mediated insulin release was dependent upon glucose concentration. The lower the glucose concentration, the longer the lag. With 1 m M glucose the lag extended to 30 min. 5. Once insulin release was initiated, the rate and amount of insulin release was independent of the glucose concentration. 6. Pre‐incubation of membranes with Ca 2+ , glucose and ATP prior to the addition of granules, abolished the extended lag that had been obtained with 1 m M glucose. Events in the plasma membrane are the major contributor to the generation of the extended lag. 7. The glucose analogue 5′thio‐ D ‐glucose, although not able to release insulin, was shown to compete with glucose for the glucoreceptor. By increasing the ratio of analogue to glucose the lag time increased. Thus, the lag time is dependent upon the ‘effective’ external glucose concentration. 8. The max. amount of insulin released by 4 ng of membrane in the presence of glucose (16 m M ) was 300 ng. The fact that membranes became refractory to glucose after this max. amount of insulin was released showed that recycling of release sites was not taking place in vitro and that granule: granule interactions were not occurring. 9. The 120 sec lag before glucose‐6‐phosphate‐initiated release was independent of glucose‐6‐phosphate concentration. The rate of insulin release with glucose‐6‐phosphate was concentration dependent. 10. Glucose‐6‐phosphate did not cause further insulin release from a membrane that had released the max. amount of insulin it was capable of in the presence of glucose. The addition of tolbutamide (10 m M ) to such a membrane did cause insulin release. This suggests that glucose and glucose‐6‐phosphate share a final common pathway. 11. Adrenaline and somatostatin did not inhibit glucose‐mediated insulin release.
Changes in sulfated proteoglycan production after activation of rat liver macrophages (1991)

Production of extracellular matrix proteins-in particular, the proteoglycans-by macrophages is important in many of their functions, including cell-cell recognition, adhesion and phagocytosis. In this study, we characterized changes in sulfated proteoglycan production by hepatic macrophages following in vivo activation with lipopolysaccharide. We found that both resident Kupffer cells and liver macrophages from lipopolysaccharide-treated rats incorporated [35S]sulfate into proteoglycans. Lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages incorporated two to three times more of the label than did resident Kupffer cells. In addition, although both cell types produced chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate, resident Kupffer cells synthesized more chondroitin sulfate whereas lipopolysaccharide-activated cells produced more heparan sulfate. Using specific antibodies and flow cytometry, we also found that hepatic macrophages produced chondroitin-4-sulfate, chondroitin-6-sulfate and chondroitin-O-sulfate. Lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages contained more chondroitin-4-sulfate and chondroitin-O-sulfate and less heparan sulfate than did resident Kupffer cells. Both tunicamycin and beta-D-xylosides, inhibitors of sulfated proteoglycan biosynthesis, were found to block phagocytosis by the cells. Taken together, these results suggest that sulfated proteoglycans are important in activation and functional responsiveness of liver macrophages.
CLASSIFICATION OF AMBLYOPIA (1959)

ALTHOUGH amblyopia was recognized in ancient times, it began to be treated only during the 18th century by Buffon (1746), whose pioneer work was not followed up because of the prevailing idea that squint was secondary to amblyopia, which was consequently thought to be essential and congenital.
[Myocardial dissection in infarction of the right ventricle. Clinical echocardiographic and pathological aspects]. (1992)

Dissection of the inferior wall of the right ventricle during the acute phase of myocardial infarction with right ventricular involvement is a mechanical complication which has been recently identified, the diagnosis being almost exclusively post-mortem. The authors report the clinical, echocardiographic and pathological features of myocardial dissection in four patients. Between 1985 and 1988, the diagnosis of myocardial dissection was made by echocardiography in 4 patients aged 77 to 80 years, admitted to hospital for an acute inferior wall myocardial infarction. All 4 patients had signs of acute right ventricular failure indicating right ventricular necrosis and a loud systolic murmur at the left sternal border; 2 patients were in shock. The ECG showed signs of inferior wall infarction with, in 2 patients, electrical changes suggestive of right ventricular involvement. Echocardiography showed dissection of the inferior wall of the right ventricle as a pulsatile, echo-free space in the diaphragmatic wall of the right ventricle which appeared to obstruct right ventricular ejection in end systole to a variable degree. The outcome was fatal in all cases with death resulting from refractory myocardial failure. Pathological analysis confirmed biventricular inferior wall infarction also involving the posterior part of the interventricular system, the site of a small tear on the left side which communicated with a neo-cavity dissecting the RV posterior wall. The right coronary artery was totally occluded in all cases. The anatomical lesions were fully concordant with the echocardiographic data: the dissection filled with blood from the left ventricle at each systole creating a pulsatile space in the diaphragmatic wall of the ventricle obstructing ejection.
Metabolic Changes in the Corneal Epithelium Resulting from Hard Contact Lens Wear (1992)

The metabolic state of rabbit corneas was monitored in vivo using the noninvasive method of corneal redox fluorometry. The autofluorescence signals of reduced pyridine nucleotides (PN) and oxidized flavoproteins (Fp) were measured in the corneal epithelium with and without contact lens wear. The PN/Fp ratio, which is related to the metabolic status of the tissue, was then calculated for each of these conditions. After application of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) contact lenses having an oxygen transmissibility (Dk) of less than 0.1, the PN signal increased and the Fp signal decreased. The PN/Fp ratio, generally a more precise indicator of metabolic state than either of these two quantities alone, was 1.93 +/- 0.78 without contact lenses, and increased to 2.78 +/- 0.86 (p less than 0.0001) with contact lenses. When oxygen-permeable silicon contact lenses (Dk = 12.5) were placed on the corneas, the PN/Fp ratio was found to increase slightly, but not as much as with the PMMA lenses. Newly developed highly oxygen-permeable contact lenses (Dk = 58.8) did not increase this ratio. Our findings indicate that redox fluorometry can be valuable in determining the effects of contact lens wear on corneal metabolism.
Economic plantwide control of the ethyl benzene process (2012)

Systematic plantwide control system design for economically optimal operation of the ethyl benzene process over a large throughput range is studied. As throughput is increased, constraints progressively become active with the highest number of active constraints at maximum throughput. An economic plantwide control system (CS1) is designed for operation at this most constrained operating point using a novel “top‐down” pairing approach with higher prioritization to the economic objectives over regulatory objectives. This structure is adapted for near optimal low throughput operation with constraints that go inactive taking up additional economic variable control. For comparison, a conventional plantwide control structure (CS2) with the throughput manipulator at a fresh feed and “bottom‐up” pairing for the control objectives is also synthesized. Four overrides are needed in CS2 to handle the hard equipment capacity constraints at maximum throughput. Rigorous dynamic simulations show that CS1 is dynamically and economically significantly superior to CS2. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 1996–2014, 2013
Hydroxyapatite in Total Hip Arthroplasty (1998)

Surgeons who perform arthroplasties have posed some critical questions about hydroxyapatite. Does hydroxyapatite coating enhance bone ingrowth or ongrowth? Will hydroxyapatite lead to increased polyethylene wear or an increased incidence of osteolysis? Will the hydroxyapatite coating disappear, and if so, what will be left to maintain implant fixation? A multicenter study of 316 hips (282 patients) with a proximally hydroxyapatite coated stem and either a hydroxyapatite or porous coated cup were followed up 8.1 years (range, 5.6-9.9 years). The average patient age was 50 years (range, 16-81 years), and 61% of the patients were male. One (0.3%) stem, three (2.7%) porous coated cups, and 25 (11.9%) hydroxyapatite coated cups were revised for aseptic loosening. Disappointing results on the acetabular side indicate that substrate design is critical. There were no cases of intramedullary femoral osteolysis, and the incidence of acetabular and proximal femoral osteolysis- and polyethylene wear was no greater than that seen with other cementless or cemented components. Based on these clinical results and a critical review of the literature, it is concluded that hydroxyapatite coated hip components do enhance ingrowth or ongrowth with no increased incidence of osteolysis for as many as 10 years. Concern about the disappearance of the hydroxyapatite coating with time seems moot in light of the above clinical findings.
A Study of the Low-temperature Oxidation of Cumene in the Presence of Triphenylsulfonium Chloride. Propagation and Termination Steps (1969)

Abstract The low-temperature liquid-phase oxidation of cumene using triphenylsulfonium chloride was-studied in order to establish the nature of the activity of sulfonium catalysts and the oxidation mechanism. The oxidation occurs in an autocatalytic fashion below 70°C, while it proceeds in an-auto-retarding fashion above 85°C. This is a characteristic feature of this oxidation. The cause of the deactivation at higher temperatures is mainly the deoxygenation of the assumed complex (Cat.···O2). The decomposition of cumene hydroperoxide and the subsequent formation of α-cumyl alcohol, acetophenone, and dicumyl peroxide were seriously affected by the presence of sulfonium salts. The formation of acetophenone was accelerated thermally, while that of a-cumyl alcohol was not accelerated much, though it was accelerated by the catalyst-oxygen complex. Dicumyl peroxide, once formed in an appreciable amount, was gradually decomposed, both thermally and catalytically. The catalyst was deactivated by the product formed. This phenomenon was attributed to the masking action of oxygen-containing products. The mechanism oxidation was discussed on the basis of these observations.