gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of boehmite AlOOH and γ-Al2O3 nanotubes via a soft solution route (2003)

The tubular form of crystalline boehmite AlOOH was fabricated using AlCl3·6H2O as the alumina precursor in the presence of N-cetyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide surfactant, and tubular γ-Al2O3 was obtained by calcination of boehmite AlOOH at 520 °C.
The Bottling Craze: Exposing the Environmental Effects of Bottled Vs. Tap Water (2012)

Americans take water for granted on a daily basis when they can go to the vending machine or grocery store and pick up a cold bottle of water to enjoy. What people do not normally consider is where this water comes from or what chemicals are used to make the plastic bottle. Some may believe that they are doing something noteworthy when choosing a brand like Poland Spring that boasts “30% less plastic” used in their product, along with choosing a brand that uses smaller labels to save paper. The Poland Spring website claims that they are “drop by drop…one of the most efficient users of water among the US beverage industry” and the interesting word choice here is “users.” Some critics of the bottling industry question whether the large companies are just “using” water or exploiting the natural resources and ruining business relations within the small town water sources. Water snobs also mention a different aftertaste in tap water from the purification by chlorination, but can one really tell the difference in a blind taste test? The water companies also disregard reusable options, such as Nalgene bottles that are useful for an on‐the-­go lifestyle instead of plastic that is recyclable but not always recycled.
Rapid decline of HIV-1 DNA and RNA in infants starting very early antiretroviral therapy may pose a diagnostic challenge (2018)

In infants initiated on ART within 8 days of life the combination of maternal ART, and early ART for prophylaxis and treatment contribute to rapid decline of HIV-1 infected cells to low or undetectable levels. However, rapid decline of HIV-1 RNA and DNA may complicate definitive diagnosis when confirmatory testing is delayed.
The Elastin-binding Protein of Staphylococcus aureus(EbpS) Is Expressed at the Cell Surface as an Integral Membrane Protein and Not as a Cell Wall-associated Protein (2002)

The elastin-binding proteins EbpS of Staphylococcus aureus strains Cowan and 8325-4 were predicted from sequence analysis to comprise 486 residues. Specific antibodies were raised against an N-terminal domain (residues 1-267) and a C-terminal domain (residues 343-486) expressed as recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. Western blotting of lysates of wild-type 8325-4 and Newman and the corresponding ebpS mutants showed that EbpS migrated with an apparent molecular mass of 83 kDa. The protein was found exclusively in cytoplasmic membrane fractions purified from protoplasts or lysed cells, in contrast to the clumping factor ClfA, which was cell-wall-associated. EbpS was predicted to have three hydrophobic domains H1-(205-224), H2-(265-280), and H3-(315-342). A series of hybrid proteins was formed between EbpS at the N terminus and either alkaline phosphatase or beta-galactosidase at the C terminus (EbpS-PhoA, EbpS-LacZ). PhoA and LacZ were fused to EbpS between hydrophobic domains H1-H2 and H2-H3, and distal to H3. Expression of enzymatic activity in E. coli showed that EbpS is an integral membrane protein with two membrane-spanning domains H1 and H3. N-terminal residues 1-205 and C-terminal residues 343-486 were predicted to be exposed on the outer face of the cytoplasmic membrane. The ligand-binding domain of EbpS is known from previous studies to be present in the N terminus between residues 14-34 and probing whole cells with anti-EbpS1-267 antibodies indicated that this region is exposed on the surface of intact cells. This was also confirmed by the observation that wild-type S. aureus Newman cells bound labeled tropoelastin whereas the ebpS mutant bound 72% less. In contrast, the C terminus, which carries a putative LysM peptidoglycan-binding domain, is not exposed on the surface of intact cells and presumably remains buried within the peptidoglycan. Finally, expression of EbpS was correlated with the ability of cells to grow to a higher density in liquid culture, suggesting that EbpS may have a role in regulating cell growth.
Enhancement of In Vivo Targeted Nucleotide Exchange by Nonspecific Carrier DNA (2004)

Targeted nucleotide exchange (TNE) is a process in which an oligonucleotide bearing sequence complementarity aligns with the sequence of a target gene and directs the alteration of a single base. This technique can be used to repair a point mutation or mediate site-specific mutagenesis. A critical factor in the development of this approach centers around the elevation and stabilization of the frequencies with which these events occur. Here we describe a protocol for increasing the frequency of TNE in the true yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, through the use of nonspecific, carrier oligonucleotides. These molecules, when added to the reaction, increase the TNE frequency up to 25-fold in some cases, perhaps by providing a molecular trap to bind factors, which may inactivate the specific targeting oligos.
The Use of La<sub>x</sub> Sr<sub>1-x</sub> MO<sub>3</sub> as Oxygen Reduction Catalysts in Alkaline Electrolytes (2009)

Abstract not Available.
Difference of Plasma Amino Acids Following Casein or Soy Protein Intake (1990)

There were significant differences of postprandial plasma concentrations for 8 amino acids (Cys, Val, Met, Leu, Tyr, Lys, Trp, and Arg) depending on whether pigs consumed a meal containing casein or isolated soy protein. The postprandial plasma amino acid pattern conformed with the amino acid composition of the dietary protein (except for Ser). The data, however, do not allow to conclude unambiguously, whether specific amino acids are responsible for the difference of serum cholesterol following casein or soy protein intake. Significant differences between casein- and soy-fed rats were observed regarding total and free plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations. This observation can explain the accompanying different serum cholesterol concentrations. The different thyroid hormone concentrations were not paralleled by differences in TSH levels suggesting that dietary proteins affect thyroid function at the thyroid gland.
Two-dimensional acoustic aerosol concentration (2003)

The detection of very dilute but dangerous biological and/or chemical aerosols can be significantly improved by densely concentrating the aerosols in a small air stream before they enter existing analyzers. Aerosol concentration can be accomplished by passing the sampled air stream through a chamber containing a sound field that forces aerosols to align themselves along a single line while the air continues to flow straight through the device. Several well-known physical mechanisms responsible for aerosol concentration include Stokes drag, Kings force, and nonlinear viscosity. However, these existing models assume one-dimensional acoustic fields and other simplifying approximations that are violated in most realistic situations. In this talk, a reformulation of the three physical mechanisms is presented that removes simplifying assumptions and describes aerosol concentration in a multi-dimensional sound field (cylindrical and Cartesian geometries). The influence of the boundary layer surrounding individual particles is included in the calculations. It was found that selective acoustic aerosol concentration (SAAC) is possible whereby aerosols in a specific particle size range can be concentrated and particles outside that size range can be excluded. Experiments will be described that convey the unique capabilities of SAAC that other methods, such as electrostatic aerosol concentration, cannot achieve.
The role of template in the synthesis of meso-hexamethyl- meso-hexaphenyl-calix[6]pyrrole: trihalogenated compounds as templates for the assembly of a host with a trigonal cavityElectronic supplementary data (ESI) available: Figs. 1 and 2 showing atom numbering. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b1/b106162n/ (2002)

Trihalogenated compounds act as effective and selective templates in the template-assisted synthesis of meso-hexaphenyl-calix[6]pyrrole.
Extraction of state function behaviour from large signal waveform measurements [pHEMTs] (2002)

The nonlinear state functions of the pHEMT (pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor) are fully extracted using dynamic measurements only. A systematic reverse waveform measurement technique combined with forward waveform measurements yield the intrinsic current and charge surface state functions. The reverse extraction results have been verified to be bias and power level independent and the resultant state functions obtained are confirmed to be unique. The technique shown is able to completely characterise state function behaviour and hence minimizes the extrapolation problems associated with existing state function extraction techniques.
Riboflavin and UV‐Light Based Pathogen Reduction: Extent and Consequence of DNA Damage at the Molecular Level (2004)

ABSTRACT We are developing a technology based on the combined application of riboflavin (RB) and light for inactivating pathogens in blood products while retaining the biological functions of the treated cells and proteins. Virus and bacteria reduction measured by tissue culture infectivity or colony formation with UV light alone and in combination with RB yield equivalent results. The effects of RB as a sensitizing agent on DNA in white cells, bacteria and viruses in combination with UV light exposure have been evaluated. UV‐mediated DNA degradation in Jurkat T cells and leukocytes in plasma as measured by the FlowTACS assay was significantly increased in the presence of RB. Agarose gel electrophoretic analysis of DNA in Escherichia coli and leukocytes in plasma demonstrated enhanced DNA degradation in the presence of RB. UV light in combination with RB prevented the reactivation of lambda phage compared with samples irradiated in the absence of RB. UV‐mediated oxidative damage in calf thymus DNA was also enhanced in the presence of RB. These observations clearly demonstrate that the presence of RB and UV light selectively enhances damage to the guanine bases in DNA. These data also suggest that the type and extent of damage to DNA for virus in the presence of RB and light make it less likely to be repaired by normal repair pathways available in host cells.
Do monoclonal antibodies Tü15 and Tü67 detect heterogeneity of human transferrin receptor molecules? (1984)

The possible molecular heterogeneity of human transferrin receptors was analyzed using two murine monoclonal antibodies, Tü15 and Tü67. Both reagents precipitated from lysates of 125I-labeled HL-60 cells a major component of 88 kDa which could be identified as the transferrin receptor by comparison with the proteins detected by monoclonal antibody OKT9. Although sequential immunoprecipitations appeared to demonstrate molecular heterogeneity of transferrin receptors, since the Tü15-reactive species were fully included in the Tü67-positive population, but not vice versa, the possible association of Tü15-reactive molecules with transferrin receptor is also discussed.
Functional Role of NADPH Oxidase in Activation of Platelets (2004)

Involvement of phagocyte NADPH oxidase in host defense response is well established. In contrast, little is known about the functional role of NADPH oxidase in platelets. In this study, we analyzed involvement of platelet NADPH oxidase in aggregation of human platelets and in amplification of production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by activated human neutrophils. Apocynin, a known NADPH oxidase inhibitor, as well as superoxide dismutase mimetic Mn(III)tetrakis(1-methyl-1-pyridyl)porphyrin, inhibited ROS generation by collagen-activated platelets, collagen-induced aggregation of platelets, as well as collagen-induced release of thromboxane B2. These data suggest the key role of intracellular ROS derived from NADPH oxidase in the control of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) production in platelets stimulated by collagen. Apocynin also inhibited thrombin-induced ROS production and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. Activation of neutrophils with latex resulted in an outburst of ROS that was inhibited by apocynin. ROS production by latex-stimulated platelets was modest and also inhibited by apocynin. However, when a mixture of platelets and neutrophils was stimulated with latex, ROS production was three to six times higher in comparison with activation of neutrophils alone. Platelet-dependent augmentation of neutrophil ROS production was abrogated by TXA2 synthase inhibitor (furegrelate, 1 microM) or by aspirin (300 microM). In summary, NADPH oxidase in platelets seems to play a major role as an intracellular signaling mechanism in the activation of platelets. However, in host defense response involving neutrophils and platelets, platelets enhance ROS production by neutrophils and possibly their cytotoxic potential via the release of TXA2, which in turn in platelets is not affected by the extracellular release of free radicals.
Utilization of Fatty Acids by <i>Agaricus Bisporus</i> in Commercial Culture (1986)

14C labeled fatty acids and sodium acetate were added to mushroom compost at the time of casing in a crop grown under commercial conditions. Sporophore tissue, casing material and compost were analyzed for incorporation of 14C into water soluble compounds and lipids.Incorporation of labeled material in sporophore lipid extracts was directed toward sterols and phospholipid from both acetate and fatty acid precursors. Incorporation of labelled material in mannitol from both acetate and fatty acid precursors indicated an active gluconeogenic pathway. It is suggested that acetate or a low molecular weight intermediate may be transported through the mycelial network by diffusion to the sites of synthesis of sporophore structural components.
Optimizing recovery from aplasia after high-dose therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (1996)

Objective. Discussion of the roles of hematopoietic growth factors and the role of stem cells in shortening aplasia after transplant. In addition, the role of the treatment regimen in determining the length of aplasia. Data Sources. A series of original research stud ies from H. Lee Moffitt Cancer center which was published from 1993 to the present. In addition, selected references were reviewed and quoted to support selective arguments. Study Selection. Since 1989 data from four allo cated, parallel, high-dose phase I/II trials conducted at H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Fla and include the following treatment regimens: (1) ifosfamide, carbo platin, and etoposide (ICE); (2) mitoxantrone and thio tepa (MITT); (3) busulfan and cyclophosphamide (BUCY2); and (4) Taxol, Novantrone, thiotepa (TNT). The results of hematopoietic recovery from consecutive patients allocated on these trials will be discussed. Data Extraction. Granulocyte engraftment was defined as having occurred when an absolute granu locyte count of 500/μL has been surpassed on 3 or more consecutive days. The period of aplasia was defined as the number of days from the day of stem cell infusion to the day of engraftment. The period of granulocyte engraftment and aplasia was examined comparatively as a function of the source of stem cells given to the patient at their initial reinfusion. Time to engraftment was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier Product Limit Method and probability curves were compared by logrank analysis. Data Synthesis. The duration of aplasia after high-dose therapy and stem cell transplantation deter mines the risk of opportunistic infection and the cost of the transplant. Prospective, randomized, controlled trials for both sargramostim and filgrastim have clearly demonstrated a significantly shorter period of aplasia produced by high-dose therapy by several days. From sequential comparison trials, it appears that filgrastim may be superior to sargramostim in shortening aplasia after bone marrow stem cell transplantation following high-dose therapy. Erythropoietin, while not shorten ing the period of aplasia, has been demonstrated to reduce erythrocyte transfusion requirements; whereas the question about cost-effectiveness remains to be unanswered. In comparing granulocyte recovery of bone marrow stem cell transplants with peripheral blood stem cell transplants, both perform similarly, especially, if collected under identical stimulatory conditions. Both the mobilizing regimen and the treatment regimen, but not the anatomic compart ment, are significant factors which determine the speed of engraftment after high-dose therapy and hematopoietic stem cells are transplanted. Conclusions. The purpose of high-dose therapy is to improve the cure rate for selected malignancies. Shortening aplasia can reduce the death rate from infections but only has a marginal impact on the cure rate as the death rate is relatively low. It behooves us, then, to develop the best treatment and with that regimen determine how best to shorten the period of aplasia.
<b>Enhancement of subjective pain experience and changes of brain function on sadness </b> (2012)

Pain is a multidimensional experience. Previous psychological studies have shown that a person's subjective pain threshold can change when certain emotions are recognized. We examined this association by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (15 healthy subjects) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) (19 healthy subjects). Subjects experienced pain stimuli in different emotional contexts induced by the presentation of sad, happy or neutral facial stimuli. They also rated their subjective pain intensity. We found: 1) The intensity of subjective pain ratings increased in the sad emotional context, 2) pain-related activation in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was more pronounced in the sad context, and we demonstrated amygdala to ACC connections during the experience of pain in the sad context, and 3) event-related desynchronization (ERD) of lower beta bands in the right hemisphere after pain stimuli was larger in the sad emotional condition. These results show that emotional stimuli can modulate neural responses to pain stimuli, and that it may be relevant to understanding the broader relationship between somatic complaints and negative emotion.
A MANOMETRIC METHOD FOR MEASURING THE ACTIVITY OF THE CL. WELCHII LECITHINASE AND A DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN PROPERTIES OF THIS ENZYME (1947)

A manometric method has been described for measurement of the activity of Cl. welchii lecithinase. The method depends on displacement of carbon dioxide from a bicarbonate-carbon dioxide-buffered medium by the phosphorylcholine liberated during the enzymatic hydrolysis.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON 3,5‐DIHYDROXY‐2‐METHYLPYRAN‐4‐ON (5‐HYDROXYMALTOL) (1971)

Abstract Bei der Oxidation des Dihydropyranons (I) mit milden Oxidationsmitteln wie 1‐Chlorbenzotriazol (II) wird in guter Ausbeute S‐Hydroxymaltol (III) erhalten.
Hospital mortality and resource use in subgroups of the Recombinant Human Activated Protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis (PROWESS) trial * (2004)

Reduction in hospital mortality with DrotAA in most of the subgroups of PROWESS is consistent with the reduction in 28-day and hospital mortality observed in the overall PROWESS population. Additional survivors created with DrotAA treatment did not increase per-patient resource use or intensive care unit or hospital length of stay.
Choosing the Correct Unit of Analysis in Medical Care Experiments (1984)

The statistical methodology of health research experiments published in Lancet, the New England Journal of Medicine, and Medical Care between 1975 and 1980 for the presence or absence of an error of experimental design and analysis was examined. The error is the result of inappropriately using patient-related observations as the unit of analysis to form conclusions about provider behavior or outcomes determined jointly by patients and providers. The error was present in 20 of 28 (71%) health care experiments addressing an issue of health provider professional performance. Its usual effect is to increase erroneously the power of an experiment to detect differences between experimental and control groups. It is likely that this type of error could be avoided by the explicit and prospective definition of hypotheses and the populations to which they are intended to pertain.
The magic of reading: Too many influences for quick and easy explanations. (2005)

Words are fundamental to reading and yet over a century of research has not masked the controversies around how words are recognized. We review some old and new research that disproves simple ideas such as words are read as wholes or are simply mapped directly to spoken language. We also review theory and research relevant to the question of sublexical influences in word recognition. We describe orthography and phonology, how they are related to each other and describe a series of new experiments on how these sources of information are processed. Tasks include lexical decision, perceptual identification, and naming. Dependent measures are reaction time, accuracy of performance, and a new measure, initial phoneme duration, that refers to the duration of the first phoneme when the target word is pronounced. Important factors in resolving the controversies include the realization that reading has multiple determinants, as well as evaluating the type of task, proper controls such as familiarity of the test items and accuracy of measurement of the response. We also address potential limitations with measures related to the mapping between orthography and phonology, and show that the existence of a sound-to-spelling consistency effect does not require interactive activation, but can be explained and predicted by a feedforward model, the Fuzzy logical model of perception.
Efficient growth of complex graph states via imperfect path erasure (2007)

Given a suitably large and well connected (complex) graph state, any quantum algorithm can be implemented purely through local measurements on the individual qubits. Measurements can also be used to create the graph state: path erasure techniques allow one to entangle multiple qubits by determining only global properties of the qubits. Here, this powerful approach is extended by demonstrating that even imperfect path erasure can produce the required graph states with high efficiency. By characterizing the degree of error in each path erasure attempt, one can subsume the resulting imperfect entanglement into an extended graph state formalism. The subsequent growth of the improper graph state can be guided, through a series of strategic decisions, in such a way as to bound the growth of the error and eventually yield a high-fidelity graph state. As an implementation of these techniques, we develop an analytic model for atom (or atom-like) qubits in mismatched cavities, under the double-heralding entanglement procedure of Barrett and Kok (2005 Phys. Rev. A 71 060310). Compared to straightforward post-selection techniques our protocol offers a dramatic improvement in growing complex high-fidelity graph states.