gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Carbon on Platinum Substrates: From Carbidic to Graphitic Phases on the (111) Surface and on Nanoparticles (2009)

The formation of carbonaceous deposits on Pt(111) surfaces and Pt nanoparticles has been studied using suitable models and density-functional calculations. The study addresses a broad range of processes, from the very first stage of carbon deposition up to a final building of graphene monolayers (ML) defined as a 1:1 ratio of the number of C atoms to surface Pt atoms. A carbidic phase is formed below a coverage of ∼0.3 ML, when negatively charged carbon atoms are strongly adsorbed preferentially on fcc hollow sites. On Pt nanoparticles, the adsorption of carbon atoms seems to be enhanced near particle edges due to the special flexibility of defect sites. Above a coverage of ∼0.3 ML, the formation of small Cn aggregates becomes possible. Interestingly, thermodynamics favors the formation of C3 trimers at a coverage of 0.33 ML, whereas the formation of C2 dimers requires a higher coverage of 0.5 ML. The covalently bonded C2 species is supposed to be the key fragment for the formation of benzene-like rings at coverages above 0.6 ML. These rings are expected to be the building blocks for the graphene monolayer. However, the typical electronic structure of graphene is not observed until a coverage above ∼1.8 ML is reached. We corroborated the experimentally suggested carbon double-layer to be stable. It is proposed to consist of a monolayer of carbidic atoms C adsorbed on Pt with a graphene layer adsorbed on the carbidic layer. Some of the carbidic atoms serve as anchors for the graphene layer, with noticeably strong covalent bonds formed. This double-layer model would imply a much higher adhesion of the graphene layer than in the single-layer model.
An interactive system for mobile robot navigation (2005)

In this paper we discuss an approach, based on virtual reality application, to interactive prototyping and real-time controlling a mobile robot. It consists in construction of two robots: real one moving in actual world and virtual one existing in three dimensional reconstruction of the same environment. A teleoperation system, based on virtual images generated by 3D computer graphics, allows to compensate for delayed or incomplete data set from real world. The system hardware and multilayer software architecture is discussed. The performance of the developed system has been examined through experiments with a mobile platform. A method, based on Dijkstra's algorithm, for the shortest-route and collision-free navigation was also elaborated and described in the paper.
LSQ: a power efficient and scalable implementation (2006)

The load–store queue (LSQ) of modern superscalar processors is a critical and non-scalable component responsible for keeping the order of memory operations. As new architectures become more aggressive, the number of in-flight memory instructions increases, and the LSQ must satisfy higher capacity requirements. An efficient LSQ state filtering mechanism based on Bloom filtering is proposed, which, in conjunction with a dynamic or profiling-based predictor, provides significant energy reduction (up to 55% in the LSQ and 4% in the whole processor), and only incurs a small performance loss.
Regulation of MicroRNA Biogenesis: A miRiad of mechanisms (2009)

microRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that influence diverse biological functions through the repression of target genes during normal development and pathological responses. Widespread use of microRNA arrays to profile microRNA expression has indicated that the levels of many microRNAs are altered during development and disease. These findings have prompted a great deal of investigation into the mechanism and function of microRNA-mediated repression. However, the mechanisms which govern the regulation of microRNA biogenesis and activity are just beginning to be uncovered. Following transcription, mature microRNA are generated through a series of coordinated processing events mediated by large protein complexes. It is increasingly clear that microRNA biogenesis does not proceed in a 'one-size-fits-all' manner. Rather, individual classes of microRNAs are differentially regulated through the association of regulatory factors with the core microRNA biogenesis machinery. Here, we review the regulation of microRNA biogenesis and activity, with particular focus on mechanisms of post-transcriptional control. Further understanding of the regulation of microRNA biogenesis and activity will undoubtedly provide important insights into normal development as well as pathological conditions such as cardiovascular disease and cancer.
A New Anaerobic Bacillus and Its Relation to Botulism (1979)

Originally published as “Ueber einen neuen anaëroben Bacillus und seine Beziehungen zum Botulismus” in Zeitschrift für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten 26: 1–56, 1897.
Enhancement of the properties of austenitic stainless steel by nickel diffusion coatings (2003)

Austenitic stainless steels (ASS) have inadequate resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). There are several ways to minimise the risk of SCC. One method is to increase the nickel content of the ASS. Electroless and electroplated costings were applied to ASS, Type 304, in order to produce a thin layer of nickel on its surface. Also during the present study, a SCC test was carried out at constant load in a tensile‐testing machine. The results showed that a thin layer of austenitic phase that had a high concentration of nickel and chromium was produced. This layer had good corrosion resistance compared to that of the base material and contained lower concentrations of Cr and Ni. The results obtained in these experiments reveal that austenitic steel to which the electroless coating process had been applied showed improved resistance to SCC, due to the presence of precipitates of the hard phase, Ni 3 P, which retarded localised breakdown of the oxide film.
Bradykinin binding sites on isolated cultured dorsal root ganglion cells demonstrated with gold-labelled bradykinin (1996)

SummaryBradykinin is a powerful mediator to activate primary afferents that contain a great variety of neuropeptides. To study the distribution of bradykinin binding sites on cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells we used a recently developed non-radioactive method. Bradykinin that had been covalently linked to a small gold particle bound in a proportion of dorsal root ganglion cells. The binding was evenly distributed across the soma membrane. The proportion of cells that bound bradykinin markedly depended on the length of time in culture. After 18 hours, bradykinin bound to about 43% of the neurons. This proportion increased to about 85% after 1.75 days and slowly decreased to about 7% after 6.75 days. Bradykinin bound to cells of all sizes. In some cells a binding was also seen along the total length of their processes. The addition of specific B1 and B2 receptor ligands, separately or in combination with bradykinin, markedly reduced the binding indicating that most of the binding sites belong to the B2 and B1 subtype. The data allow to hypothesize that the transient increase in bradykinin receptor expression might be caused by cell injury due to disruption of the axon. Injury induced upregulation of the receptor in vivo could cause dramatic physiological reactions.
Mobile Electronic Signatures: Progression from Mobile Service to Mobile Application Unit (2007)

Since the electronic signature market in Europe got legal support in the form of EU Directive 1999/93/EC[1], various mobile signature service (MSS) architectures, which imply an intermediary role for MSS Providers, have been developed accordingly to those days' technical implementation possibilities. Today, the advanced level of mobile technology allows for more efficient architectures of mobile services and applications. In this paper, we propose a new architecture for mobile services which integrates the use of mobile signatures. This architecture comprises the whole mobile signature service as an application unit on mobile devices. We also discuss the integration rules of this unit in various mobile services and applications.
Acoustic Localization of Bragg Peak Proton Beams for Hadrontherapy Monitoring (2019)

Hadrontherapy makes it possible to deliver high doses of energy to cancerous tumors by using the large energy deposition in the Bragg-peak. However, uncertainties in the patient positioning and/or in the anatomical parameters can cause distortions in the calculation of the dose distribution. In order to maximize the effectiveness of heavy particle treatments, an accurate monitoring system of the deposited dose depending on the energy, beam time, and spot size is necessary. The localized deposition of this energy leads to the generation of a thermoacoustic pulse that can be detected using acoustic technologies. This article presents different experimental and simulation studies of the acoustic localization of thermoacoustic pulses captured with a set of sensors around the sample. In addition, numerical simulations have been done where thermo-acoustic pulses are emitted for the specific case of a proton beam of 100 MeV.
Antigen processing and immune regulation in the response to tumours (2016)

The MHC class I and II antigen processing and presentation pathways display peptides to circulating CD8<sup>+</sup> cytotoxic and CD4<sup>+</sup> helper T cells respectively to enable pathogens and transformed cells to be identified. Once detected, T cells become activated and either directly kill the infected / transformed cells (CD8<sup>+</sup> cytotoxic T lymphocytes) or orchestrate the activation of the adaptive immune response (CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells). The immune surveillance of transformed/tumour cells drives alteration of the antigen processing and presentation pathways to evade detection and hence the immune response. Evasion of the immune response is a significant event tumour development and considered one of the hallmarks of cancer. To avoid immune recognition, tumours employ a multitude of strategies with most resulting in a down-regulation of the MHC class I expression at the cell surface, significantly impairing the ability of CD8<sup>+</sup> cytotoxic T lymphocytes to recognize the tumour. Alteration of the expression of key players in antigen processing not only affects MHC class I expression but also significantly alters the repertoire of peptides being presented. These modified peptide repertoires may serve to further reduce the presentation of tumour-specific/associated antigenic epitopes to aid immune evasion and tumour progression. Here we review the modifications to the antigen processing and presentation pathway in tumours and how it affects the anti-tumour immune response, considering the role of tumour-infiltrating cell populations and highlighting possible future therapeutic targets.
Porins of Brucella species (1984)

The outer membrane of Brucella species contains two major proteins, denoted as group 2 and group 3 proteins (Verstreate et al., Infect. Immun. 35:979-989, 1982). We reconstituted proteoliposomes from the purified proteins and egg phosphatidylcholine and showed that group 2 proteins, but not a group 3 protein, had the porin activity. The influx rates of sugars of various sizes into the proteoliposomes indicated that the porin channels had apparent diameters in a range comparable to that of Escherichia coli OmpF porin and that the channels were predominantly open. Among different Brucella species, there were small but detectable differences in the channel diameter, and it was possible to explain the differential sensitivity of several Brucella species to diagnostic dyes on the basis of these observed differences.
The influence of prematurity and low birthweight on transplacental antibody transfer in a rural West African population (2001)

Materno--foetal transfer of antibodies is impaired in prematurity and LBW babies in this Gambian population. Reduction in antibody transfer may further predispose these already vulnerable neonates to bacteria and viral infections. Therefore, alternative vaccination strategies, including earlier vaccination schedules, are needed to provide better protection to these young infants.
An inhibitor of yeast cyclin-dependent protein kinase plays an important role in ensuring the genomic integrity of daughter cells. (1994)

The gene encoding a 40-kDa protein, previously studied as a substrate and inhibitor of the yeast cyclin-dependent protein kinase, Cdc28, has been cloned. The DNA sequence reveals that p40 is a highly charged protein of 32,187 Da with no significant homology to other proteins. Overexpression of the gene encoding p40, SIC1, produces cells with an elongated but morphology similar to that of cells with depleted levels of the CLB gene products, suggesting that p40 acts as an inhibitor of Cdc28-Clb complexes in vivo. A SIC1 deletion is viable and has highly increased frequencies of broken and lost chromosomes. The deletion strain segregates out many dead cells that are primarily arrested at the G2 checkpoint in an asymmetric fashion. Only daughters and young mothers display the lethal defect, while experienced mothers appear to grow normally. These results suggest that negative regulation of Cdc28 protein kinase activity by p40 is important for faithful segregation of chromosomes to daughter cells.
Reactive Behavior in Self-reconfiguring Sensor Networks (2002)

INTRODUCTION We wish to create more versatile information systems by using adaptive distributed sensor networks: hundreds of small sensors, equipped with limited memory and multiple sensing capabilities will autonomously organize and reorganize themselves as ad-hoc networks in response to task requirements and to triggers from the environment. Distributed adaptive sensor networks are reactive computing systems, well-suited for tasks in extreme environments, especially when the environmental model and the task specifications are uncertain and the system has to adapt to it. A collection of active sensor networks can follow the movement of a source to be tracked, for example a moving vehicle, it can guide the movement of an object on the ground, for example a surveillance robot, or it can focus attention over a specific area, for example a fire to localize its source and track its spread. We build on important previous work by [1], [5], [2] and examine in more detail reactive sensors th
Design on ESD protection scheme for IC with power-down-mode operation (2004)

This paper presents a new electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection scheme for IC with power-down-mode operation. Adding a VDD ESD bus line and diodes into the proposed ESD protection scheme can block the leakage current from I/O pin to VDD power line and avoid malfunction during power-down operation. The whole-chip ESD protection design can be achieved by insertion of ESD clamp circuits between VSS power line and both the VDD power line and VDD ESD bus line. Experiment results show that the human-body model (HBM) ESD level of this new scheme can be greater than 7.5 kV in a 0.35-/spl mu/m silicided CMOS process.
A generalized space-mapping tableau approach to device modeling (2001)

A comprehensive framework to engineering device modeling, which we call generalized space mapping (GSM) is introduced in this paper. GSM permits many different practical implementations. As a result, the accuracy of available empirical models of microwave devices can be significantly enhanced. We present three fundamental illustrations: a basic space-mapping super model (SMSM), frequency-space-mapping super model (FSMSM) and multiple space mapping (MSM). Two variations of MSM are presented: MSM for device responses and MSM for frequency intervals. We also present novel criteria to discriminate between coarse models of the same device. The SMSM, FSMSM, and MSM concepts have been verified on several modeling problems, typically utilizing a few relevant full-wave electromagnetic simulations. This paper presents four examples: a microstrip line, a microstrip right-angle bend, a microstrip step junction, and a microstrip shaped T-junction, yielding remarkable improvement within regions of interest.
Electric Machines: Theory, Operation, Applications, Adjustment, and Control (1991)

Magnetics, electromagnetic forces, generated voltage and energy conversion transformer principles transformer connections, operation and specialty transformers principles of three phase induction machines classification, performance, application and operation of three phase induction machines single-phase induction motors specialty machines synchronous motors synchronous generators (alternators) principles of direct-current machines direct-current motor characteristics and applications direct-current generator characteristics and operation control of electric motors appendixes answers to odd numbered problems.
An Analysis and Survey of the Development of Mutation Testing (2010)

Mutation Testing is a fault-based software testing technique that has been widely studied for over three decades. The literature on Mutation Testing has contributed a set of approaches, tools, developments, and empirical results. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis and survey of Mutation Testing. The paper also presents the results of several development trend analyses. These analyses provide evidence that Mutation Testing techniques and tools are reaching a state of maturity and applicability, while the topic of Mutation Testing itself is the subject of increasing interest.
Beneficial Effect of<i>Bupleurum</i>Polysaccharides on Autoimmune-Prone MRL-lpr Mice (2012)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease leading to inflammatory tissue damage in multiple organs. The crude polysaccharides (BPs) isolated from the roots of Bupleurum smithii var. parvifolium have anticomplementary activity and immunomodulatory functions on macrophages. To study its potential benefit on SLE, we examined effects of BPs on MRL-lpr mice, which have similar disease features to human SLE. MRL-lpr mice were treated orally with BPs 15, 30, or 60 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹ for 12 weeks and their SLE characteristics were evaluated. The results revealed that BPs elongated life span, improved kidney function, delayed lymphadenopathy, and reduced autoantibodies. It seemed to be mediated by inhibition of complement and macrophages activation and suppression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene expression in the kidney. These results implicate that BPs may be an immunomodulator for the treatment of autoimmune diseases like SLE.
An Economic Measure of Diversification Benefits (2003)

In this paper, we develop a utility based economic measure for diversification benefits, calculated as the maximum premium that an investor is willing to pay for holding a more diversified portfolio. The utility based economic measure allows one to evaluate the expansion of the investment opportunity set by combining the information in both risk and return properties. It also offers a flexible framework to examine how investors with different tolerances for risk may respond to the expansion of the investment opportunity set by combining the information in both risk and return properties. It also offers a flexible framework to examine how investors with different tolerances for risk may respond to the expansion of the investment opportunity set. This measure is contrasted with the results of mean-variance spanning tests. Empirical analysis shows that investors enjoy substantial diversification benefits by adding emerging stock markets and major bond markets to the existing portfolio of G7 stock markets. Investors' risk tolerance affects their evaluation of new assets. Short-sale constraints reduce, but do not eliminate, diversificaton benefits.
The Marine Biological Laboratory (1893)

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Primary Blast Traumatic Brain Injury in the Rat: Relating Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Behavior (2013)

The incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) among military personnel is at its highest point in U.S. history. Experimental animal models of blast have provided a wealth of insight into blast injury. The mechanisms of neurotrauma caused by blast, however, are still under debate. Specifically, it is unclear whether the blast shockwave in the absence of head motion is sufficient to induce brain trauma. In this study, the consequences of blast injury were investigated in a rat model of primary blast TBI. Animals were exposed to blast shockwaves with peak reflected overpressures of either 100 or 450 kPa (39 and 110 kPa incident pressure, respectively) and subsequently underwent a battery of behavioral tests. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), a promising method to detect blast injury in humans, was performed on fixed brains to detect and visualize the spatial dependence of blast injury. Blast TBI caused significant deficits in memory function as evidenced by the Morris Water Maze, but limited emotional deficits as evidenced by the Open Field Test and Elevated Plus Maze. Fractional anisotropy, a metric derived from DTI, revealed significant brain abnormalities in blast-exposed animals. A significant relationship between memory deficits and brain microstructure was evident in the hippocampus, consistent with its role in memory function. The results provide fundamental insight into the neurological consequences of blast TBI, including the evolution of injury during the sub-acute phase and the spatially dependent pattern of injury. The relationship between memory dysfunction and microstructural brain abnormalities may provide insight into the persistent cognitive difficulties experienced by soldiers exposed to blast neurotrauma and may be important to guide therapeutic and rehabilitative efforts.
An exploratory study of older adults' perceptions of DTCA for prescription medications (2004)

There are many arguments for and against Direct-To-Consumer-Advertising (DTCA) and their impact on the consumer. A study involving 97 older consumers was carried out to investigate their perceptions about long or short versions of written DTCA for arthritis or diabetes medication. The results indicate that even though the ads may improve doctor-patient discussion about medications, they would not necessarily empower them to make decisions. Some of the consumers also believed that DTCA might cause people to ask for inappropriate medicines, become confused and possibly stop seeking medical advice.
Structure and formation of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi>Ti</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>7</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>nanotubes in an alkali environment (2005)

The structure and growth of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$-type nanotubes have been studied by first-principle calculations. It is shown that the asymmetry in the distribution of hydrogen on the two sides of the surface layer of a ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ crystal plate provides a sufficient driving force for the formation of the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ nanotube. Hydrogen deficiency on one side of the surface layer of a ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ plate results in a surface tension that increases with increasing hydrogen deficiency and may eventually overcome the coupling from the layers beneath driving the surface layer to peel off from the crystal plate and roll into a tubular structure. While the radius of the resultant nanotube is determined mainly by the layer coupling energy, the thickness of the tube wall is determined by the residual charges on the peeled surface layer. Both the radius and the wall thickness may in principle be controlled via modifying the layer coupling strength and the net charges on the surface.