gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Localization of proteolytic activity in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli (1979)

An enzyme in the cytoplasmic membrane, nitrate reductase, can be solubilized by heating membranes to 60 degrees C for 10 min at alkaline pH. A protease in the cell envelope has been shown to be responsible for this solubilization. The localization of this protease in the outer membrane was demonstrated by separating the outer membrane from the cytoplasmic membrane, adding back various forms of outer membrane protein to the cytoplasmic membrane, and following the increase in nitrate reductase solubilization with increasing amounts of outer membrane proteins. This solubilization is accompanied by the cleavage of one of the subunits of nitrate reductase and is inhibited by the protease inhibitor p-aminobenzamidine. Analysis of membrane proteins synthesized by cells grown in the presence of various amounts of p-aminobenzamidine revealed that p-aminobenzamidine affects the synthesis of the major outer membrane proteins but has little effect on the synthesis of cytoplasmic membrane proteins. When outer membrane is reacted with the protease inhibitor [3H]diisopropylfluorophosphate, a single protein in the outer membrane is labeled. Since the interaction with diisopropylfluorophosphate is inhibited by p-aminobenzamidine, it is suggested that this single outer membrane protein is responsible for the in vitro solubilization of nitrate reductase and the in vivo processing of the major outer membrane proteins.
Dendritic cells that have interacted with antigen are targets for natural killer cells. (1985)

Natural killer (NK) cells (poly I:C induced, x-ray resistant, nonadherent, Thy-1-, Ly-1.1-, Ly-2.1-, anti-asialo GM1-positive, and cytotoxic for YAC-1) suppressed T lymphocyte proliferation in mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and autologous MLR cultures. Dendritic cells (DC) were required for proliferation of lymphocytes in both responses. The question whether lymphocytes or DC were the targets for NK cells was resolved by taking advantage of the fact that NK cells, but not DC, lose activity after 24 h in culture. Three findings indicate that DC, not lymphocytes, are targets for NK cells. First, responses suppressed by NK cells were fully restored by adding small numbers of DC to cultures 24 h after NK cells had been added. Second, DC incubated alone with NK cells and antigen for 24 h did not stimulate proliferation of lymphocytes. Third, lymphocytes incubated alone with NK cells for 24 h proliferated normally when DC were added. Additional experiments showed that DC became targets only after interaction with antigen. Thus, we suggest that NK cells may regulate lymphocyte proliferation by monitoring antigen presentation by DC.
Ferromagnetic-a ntiferromagnetic phase transition in Mn2Sb(Sn) solid solutions (1992)

The results of comprehensive X-r ay, magnetic, and electrical studies on the alloys Mn2Sb1−ySny (y ≤ 0.3) in the range of the ferrimagnetic-a ntiferromagnetic phase transition are reported. A composition-t emperature magnetic phase diagram is plotted. [Russian text ignored]
Proton Circuits in Biological Energy Interconversions (1988)

Many bacterial clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems employ the dual RNA–guided DNA endonuclease Cas9 to defend against invading phages and conjugative plasmids by introducing site-specific ...Read More
VIRTUS: a new processor virtualization architecture for security-oriented next-generation mobile terminals (2006)

We propose a new processor virtualization architecture, VIRTUS, to provide a dedicated domain for pre-installed applications and virtualized domains for downloaded native applications. With it, security-oriented next-generation mobile terminals can provide any number of domains for native applications. VIRTUS features three new technologies: VMM asymmetrization, dynamic inter-domain communication and virtualization-assist logic, and it is first in the world to virtualize an ARM-based multiprocessor.
<title>Mercury environment monitoring</title> (1995)

We report a development of analytical techniques and a portable high selective analyzer for measuring mercury content in the atmosphere, water, soil and biological objects to use them in ecological monitoring and to control technological processes with mercury and the compounds thereof. Provision of mercury monitoring is made from background to maximum permissible concentration (MPC).
Oxidation of Silicon in the Presence of Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds (1978)

The need for higher manufacturing yields and improved operational reliability of semiconductor devices and circuits has led to a continuing scrutiny of all processing steps. Topic of the present paper is the effect of addition of chlorine or one of its compounds during silicon oxidation. After discussing oxidation kinetics in the presence of halogens and the metallurgical aspects of the process, a comprehensive review of the electrical effects is given. Attention is paid to the elimination of oxide charge centers and interface states, surface stabilization and enhanced dielectric behavior in MOS structures, and to the increased minority carrier lifetime in the silicon substrate. The improvements in device characteristics which have been attained using this method are summarized.
The Morphology of Anodic Films Formed on Aluminium in Oxalic Acid (1974)

SummaryElectron microscopy of carbon replicas taken from outer surfaces, sections and cell base patterns of anodic films, formed in oxalic acid, has enabled relationships between the main film parameters of barrier layer thickness, cell size and pore diameter to be quantified and related to the anodizing variables. In general, the barrier layer, cell and pore dimensions are all proportional to the forming voltage and are inter-related as a result of the forming mechanism involving field-assisted dissolution and growth of the film in the barrier layer region. If the forming voltage is allowed to rise during the anodizing run at constant current density, inversely funnelled pores are produced in which the pore diameter is smaller nearer the film surface than adjacent to the barrier layer. In order to maintain this morphology it is necessaiy to restrain the electrolyte aggressiveness by controlling the acid concentration and temperature below certain limits. Transmission electron micrographs of stripped thin films have provided information on film development and pore initiation and on the transition from these transient processes to the steady-state growth stages.
A broadcast and select WDM-PON and its protection (2005)

A broadcast and select WDM-PON is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for both dedicated and broadcast services. Group protection concept is used to increase the network reliability at relatively low cost. (2 pages)
Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test: An <i>in Vitro</i> Assay of Ocular Irritancy (1992)

Most of the published in vitro tests of ocular irritancy investigate a single parameter, generally cytotoxicity, using different cell types in culture. Although good correlations with in vivo data have been reported by some investigators, many of these studies examined only limited classes of products, mainly surfactants and cosmetic ingredients. To predict the irritant potential of compounds in development and process intermediates (which include a wide variety of chemical classes with variable physical characteristics), an assay which would allow great flexibility was needed. A recently published model of corneal opacity was appropriate for this purpose and therefore investigated. The method was substantially modified and extended to study, in the same assay, two important components of irritation, i.e., opacity and permeability. For opacity alone, values obtained for 44 common chemicals showed a correlation of r = 0.73 with published in vivo data. However, compounds like sodium lauryl sulfate and some medium-chain alcohols gave false-negative results, apparently because they produced destruction of corneal epithelium. Such an effect was quantified by the measure of corneal permeability to fluorescein, and changes observed were found to be consistent with the known irritant potential of the compounds. In combination, the measurement of these two end points thus appeared to be sufficient to accurately predict ocular irntancy. This was further verified with 15 process intermediates. In short, the bovine corneal opacity and permeability assay allows investigation of two important components of eye irritation, in a one-day experiment, using an ocular tissue. It represents a useful approach to assess ocular irritation at least for our needs.
Improved semiselective medium for isolation of Legionella pneumophila from contaminated clinical and environmental specimens (1981)

Eighteen types of media, all of which used charcoal yeast extract medium as a base, were tested for their ability to support the growth of a stock strain of Legionella pneumophila. Fifteen of these contained antimicrobial agents. Five antibiotic-containing media which performed best in growing the stock strain were then tested for the ability to grow L. pneumophila from clinical respiratory tract specimens. One of the media, BMPA alpha, which contained cefamandole, polymyxin B, anisomycin, an organic buffer, and alpha-ketoglutarate, performed from contaminated clinical specimens and, in conjunction with an acid wash treatment, facilitated recovery of the bacterium from potable water.
[Behaviors and environmental risk assessment of estrogenic endocrine disruptors in anaerobic domestic wastewater treatment]. (2009)

Solid phase extraction-LC/MS/MS detection method was applied to study the concentrations and sludge adsorptions of nine estrogenic endocrine disruptors (EEDs) in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and an anaerobic filter (AF). Nonylphenol equivalent quantity (NEQ) was calculated to evaluate the environmental risk of the EEDs. The results show anaerobic sludge adsorption has positive correlation with IgK(ow) and molecular length of EEDs. 17beta-estradiol (E2) and daidzein reached 83.2% and 90.4% removal rates in UASB, respectively. Genistein in AF is removed more than 80%. The sludge-water partition coefficient (K(p)) of nine EEDs ranged from 0.15-23.3 in UASB and 0.05-159.67 in AF. Biodegradation could be the main elimination pathway for daidzein, genistein, bisphenol A and estriol, by combining analysis of removal data and K(p) values. Environmental risk of EEDs was reduced after anaerobic treatment, as effluent NEQ was below the US EPA nonylphenol criteria (28 microg x L(-1), hour average concentration standard).
Stimulus-centric versus perception-centric relations in quality of experience assessment (2012)

Researchers as well as network providers are increasingly interested in how a network user's experience changes in relation to different quality of service (QoS) parameters, with many attempts being made to identify the general relationship between quality of experience (QoE) and QoS. Several relations in different function forms have been proposed. There are instances when this variety of proposed functions potentially results in one problem having completely dissimilar solutions at the same time. For example, the general correlation between QoE and QoS can be explained with two different function forms (i.e. logarithmic and also exponential) at the same time. The question then is which function form is the one that can better explain this relationship. To answer this question, it could be of help to compare the various existing relations, particularly by comparing two different definition types that lead to QoE-QoS dependency. First, the Weber-Fechner Law was reviewed. It is a psychophysics law showing a logarithmic function that can be used to explain the interdependency between QoE and QoS. Next, the IQX hypothesis was investigated, and it introduces an exponential relation between QoE and QoS. These two functions are grouped into stimulus-centric and perception-centric relations. The relation adopted from psychophysics goes into the stimulus-centric group, while the IQX-based relation falls into the perception-centric group. Later, a detailed explanation of the two groups is discussed, after which an experimentally supported comparison between them explores how they clarify QoE changes in relation to QoS parameter changes. Therefore, an appropriately successful relation can be selected from the theoretical comparison results as well as the experiment outcomes.
Near-infrared electro-optic modulator based on silicon-graphene hybrid structure (2015)

Graphene has strong electro-optic effect which can be used to enhance the modulation efficiency of nanoscale photonic circuit. This paper describes recent developments for near- infrared electro-optic modulator based on silicon-graphene hybrid structure.
Sensing Slip and Its Direction Using Quartz Resonators (2000)

It is considered that a person grasps an object efficiently by utilizing a critical force such that the object does not slip in the hand, and that regulation of the ‘grasp force’ based on slip information is useful for grasp control. Various slip sensors have been proposed for grasp control. Because many of the slip sensors and force sensors used in robots have analogue outputs, they are prone to being affected by electrical noise. Therefore they often require amplifiers, low pass filters and A-D converters. On the other hand, a force sensor using quartz resonators is robust to electrical noise since the output in this case is a frequency shift. This type of force sensor also has quick response time, high sensitivity, high resolution and wide bandwidth. Information on the grasp force, grasp position and slip and its direction is important for grasp control. Detection of grasp force and grasp position was reported in my previous paper. In this paper, a method of detecting slip and its direction by quartz resonators is reported. A principle for detecting slip and its direction, the results of changes in frictional force under various contact forces and slip speeds, and slip direction derived from two components of a frictional force are shown. It is demonstrated that an individual slip and its direction can be detected using quartz resonators, and that quartz resonators are useful in constructing a robot sensor.
Anodic Oxide Films on Hg1 − x Cd x Te (1979)

The formation of native oxides on by anodic oxidation in in methanol and in solutions of 90% ethylene glycol‐10% buffered aqueous solutions with pH varying from 6 to 10 is described. The anodic oxide films are characterized by optical properties such as refractive index and bandgap; electrical properties such as dielectric constant at room temperature and at 77°K and specific resistivity; and chemical properties such as their reactivity in various solvents. It is shown that the predominant constituent of the native oxide is .
U.S. Navy Shipboard Damage Control: Innovation and Implementation During the Interwar Period (2014)

The United States Navy adopted the fundamentals of modern shipboard damage control from the Germans at the end of World War I. The tremendous survivability of German warships as seen at Dogger Bank and Jutland led the U.S. Navy to study the German model of damage control and ultimately implement changes in ship design, crew training, and shipboard organization to closely mimic the German model. These changes remain largely intact today. With so much of the Navy's heritage rooted in British tradition and influence, it is remarkable that such an effective force multiplier for survival at sea was learned from the German Navy. This was a time in U.S. military history in which emulation of a former enemy could lead to such widespread and enduring results. The most recent shipboard disasters, those of USS George Washington, USS Cole, USS Samuel B. Roberts and USS Stark were all met with herculean efforts of men and women organized, trained, and equipped based on a system of damage control copied from the enemy and implemented nearly a century ago.
EXPRESSION OF HUMAN RECOMBINANT HIV-1 gp41 TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN IN E.coli (2000)

Objective To construct the prokaryotic expression plasmid of recombinant HIV 1 gp41 gene fragment of SF2 strain and express in Methods The target gene was amplified by PCR ,and the restricted inserting of the target gene into the prokaryotic expression vector pMAL p2 was finished by restricted endonuclease. The constructed recombinant prokaryotic expression plasmid was transformed into E.coli.DH5α., and the inserted gene was then expressed by inducing with IPTG and the prokaryotic expression products were analyzed by SDS PAGE electrophoresis. Results Recombinant prokaryotic expression plasmid was gained and the prokaryotic expression products of HIV 1 gp41 gene were acquired. Conclusion The constructed HIV 1 gp41 recombinant plasmid in pMAL p2 could be expressed in E.coli.DH5α. [
Theory and Operation of a Four-Quadrant Switched Reluctance Motor Drive With a Single Controllable Switch—The Lowest Cost Four-Quadrant Brushless Motor Drive (2005)

Low-cost motor drives are being sought for high-volume energy-efficient home appliances. Key to the realization of such low-cost motor drives is the reduction of the power electronic converter to the barest in terms of its components, particularly the active devices, finding the motor with the least complexity for manufacturing and a controller that can extract the desired performance from the machine and converter combination. These and other factors such as self-starting, speed control over a wide range, and, most of all, the crowning aspect of four-quadrant operation with a bare minimum number of controllable switches remain as formidable challenges for low-cost motor drive realization. An innovative four-quadrant switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive with only one controllable switch is realized in this paper, for the first time, in the opinion of the authors. The motor drive is realized using a two-phase machine and a single controllable switch converter. The theory and operation of the proposed four-quadrant SRM drive with the proposed control algorithm for its realization are described. The motor drive is modeled, simulated, and analyzed to verify its feasibility for self-starting, speed control, and for four-quadrant operation, and the simulation results are presented. Experimental results confirm the validity of the proposed control algorithm for four-quadrant control of the SRM drive. The focus of the paper is mainly directed toward the control algorithm for realizing the four-quadrant operation of the two-phase SRM drive with a single controllable switch converter.
Historical Perspectives on the Financial Crisis: Ivar Kreuger, the Credit-Rating Agencies, and Two Theories about the Function, and Dysfunction, of Markets (2009)

This Essay discusses two historical parallels between the current financial crisis and the financial crisis of the late 1920s and 1930s. First, financial innovation was at the core of both crises. In particular, the machinations of Ivar Kreuger illuminate how financial innovation tends to outstrip the ability, and perhaps the willingness, of investors and intermediaries to process information. Second, reliance on credit ratings began as a response to the 1929 crash and became a primary cause of the recent crisis. During the 1930s, regulators developed rules based on credit ratings; those rules are the ancestors of today's widespread regulatory reliance on ratings. Without financial innovation and overreliance on credit ratings, the recent crisis likely would not have occurred, and certainly would not have been as deep.
An Attenuated Strain of Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus as a Biological Control Agent against Pathogenic Viral Strains (2016)

Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), a member of the Tobamovirus genus, causes a severe disease of cucurbits. In the Moscow region of Russian Federation, the incidence of infection on cucumber plants in greenhouses is high; however, the virus is poorly studied. In this work, the full-length genomes of two pathogenic MC-1 and MC-2 strains of CGMMV isolated from cucumber plants grown in greenhouses in the Moscow region and the attenuated VIROG-43M strain were sequenced. Comparison of VIROG-43M nucleotide sequence with those of the pathogenic strains revealed three missense mutations. Their role in attenuation is discussed. For the first time, in a number of trials conducted under laboratory conditions and in commercial greenhouses, the efficiency of the attenuated VIROG-43M strain as a biocontrol agent for cucumber plant protection resulting in significant yield gain was demonstrated. Phylogenetic analysis with 83 full-length CGMMV coat protein genes isolated in 16 different countries showed that Russian strains are related to isolates from Spain, Greece, USA and Israel.
Study on surface tension and adhesion for flip chip packaging (2002)

In a flip chip package with underfill, adhesion of underfill to passivation and solder mask is critical to the reliability of the assembly. In this study, the three-liquid-probe method was used to investigate the surface properties of the solder mask and four different passivation materials, benzocyclobutene (BCB), polyimide (PI), silicon oxide (SiO/sub 2/), and silicon nitride (Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/), after different preparation procedures. A combination of both wet and dry clean processes was very effective for removal of contaminants from the surface. The oxygen atom, introduced during O/sub 2/ plasma treatment or UV/O/sub 3/ treatment, led to an increase of the base component of surface tension. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experiments confirmed the increase of surface oxygen concentration after UV/O/sub 3/ treatment. Wetting of underfill on passivation and solder mask was slightly improved at higher temperatures. Although UV/O/sub 3/ cleaning and O/sub 2/ plasma treatment significantly improved the wetting of underfill on passivation materials, they did not show improvement in adhesion strength. As such, the wetting was not the controlling factor in adhesion of the system studied.
A Memetic Algorithm for test data generation of Object-Oriented software (2007)

Generating test data for Object-Oriented (00) software is a hard task. Little work has been done on the subject, and a lot of open problems still need to be investigated. In this paper we focus on container classes. They are used in almost every type of software, hence their reliability is of utmost importance. We present novel techniques to generate test data for container classes in an automatic way. A new representation with novel search operators is described and tested. A way to reduce the search space for 00 software is presented. This is achieved by dynamically eliminating the functions that cannot give any further help from the search. Besides, the problem of applying the branch distances of disjunctions and conjunctions to 00 software is solved. Finally, Hill Climbing, Genetic Algorithms and Memetic Algorithms are used and compared. Our empirical case study shows that our Memetic Algorithm outperforms the other algorithms.
Motivation und Lernerautonomie (2001)

In diesem Aufsatz beschreibt der Autor ein Projekt mit einer Schulklasse an einer Berufsfachschule in Amsterdam. Den Schulerinnen und Schulern wurde im Rahmen des Projekts Verantwortung fur das eigene Lernen ubertragen, sie wurden zu aktivem und kooperativem Lernen angeregt und sie lernten Strategien fur ein erfolgreiches (mundliches) Prasentieren von Arbeitsergebnissen. Im Aufsatz werden praktische Erfahrungen mit dem Projekt, Arbeitsergebnisse der Schuler, eine Auswertung der Motivationseffekte und eine Auswertung des gesamten Projekts im Hinblick auf eine eventuelle Wiederholung beschrieben.