gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ethical and Epistemic Dilemmas of Behaviorism and the Identity Thesis (1971)

Jerome Shaffer’s argument against behaviorism and the identity theory assume that the wrongness of causing pain is constituted entirely by that effect. However, the intrinsic wrongness of such actions lies in the intentions of the agent, not in the physical responses of the victim.
High-performance transparent and flexible inorganic thin film transistors: a facile integration of graphene nanosheets and amorphous InGaZnO (2013)

Transparent and flexible thin film transistors (TFTs) with high performance based on solution processed graphene nanosheets (GNSs)–amorphous indium–gallium–zinc-oxide (a-IGZO) composites have been developed. A high electron mobility of 23.8 cm2 V−1 s−1 has been achieved, which is about thirty times higher than those of the pristine a-IGZO TFTs (0.82 cm2 V−1 s−1) and hydrogenated amorphous silicon (<1 cm2 V−1 s−1). The on/off current ratio remains in a high order of 106 demonstrating the sustainability of the TFT devices. In addition, transparent GNSs–a-IGZO TFTs with a Ta2O5 dielectric layer show superior resistance to mechanical bending with the variation of only 8% in mobility after 100 times of repeated cyclic bending compared with the degradation of more than 70% for the pristine a-IGZO device. Our results demonstrate that GNSs not only play an important role in forming a conducting network in the active matrix, but also enhance the mechanical bending stability of GNSs–a-IGZO composites. It therefore paves a key step to develop large-scale applications for next-generation transparent and flexible electronics.
Adv. Eng. Mater. 10/2009 (2009)

Evolution in orientation space of copper upon plastic deformation showing the development of coarse grains into texture as measured with synchrotron high energy X-rays. The color coded intensity distribution on the 111 Debye-Scherrer ring is plotted as a function of azimuthal angle and time respectively along the horizontal and vertical axis. The background image is mirrored vertically and the insert shows the same data in 3D looking backwards in time. A logarithmic intensity scale has been chosen. See the article by K. D. Liss, p. 771.
Transtympanic Aeration of the Middle Ear with Blocked Eustachian Tube (1965)

Despite all efforts for a causative treatment quite a number of cases of serous otitis media and glue ears does not heal within a reasonable time. This may cause adhesions and result in permanent damage of the subtile middle ear mechanism.The most important factor in therapy-resistant cases is the vicious cycle: malfunctioning of the Eustachian tube, irritation and swelling of the mucosa of middle ear and tube, increased tubal obstruction etc. Breaking of this vicious cycle by transtympanic aeration using a double knobbed polythene tube which is placed in a myringotomy incision is advocated. In the ENT department of the Leyden University Hospital this method has been used for over three years in over 200 ears with very satisfactory results.
Contact air abrasion. (1999)

The advantages of contact air abrasion techniques are readily apparent. The first, of course, is the greatly increased ease of use. Working with contact also tends to speed the learning curve by giving the process a more natural dental feel. In addition, as one becomes familiar with working with a dust stream, the potential for misdirecting the air flow is decreased. The future use of air abrasion for deep decay removal will make this the treatment of choice for the next millennium.
A PRT SYSTEM FOR EUROPEAN CITIES (1997)

The objective of the work of the Advanced Transport Group at the University of Bristol has been to define the principal features of a new personal urban transport system for the next century that will meet future needs for flexible personal transport and provide a major improvement to the urban environment. Bristol was taken as a test case throughout the study. The form of transport that emerged as best suited to meet future requirements for European cities was a modern version of personal rapid transit (PRT). This article describes the process of analysis and the system that has resulted.
Civil Liability Relief for Brownfields Redevelopers (2007)

The paper examines the extent to which state and federal governments in the United States seek to stimulate brownfields redevelopment by legislating immunity against third-party civil (common law) liability for "innocent" owners or operators who purchase contaminated land. Surveying developments in Alabama, California, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey and Virginia, it shows that such liability relief is uncommon, narrow, and largely unknown to brownfields lawyers. It concludes by identifying implications for Canadian lawmakers grappling with similar issues.
Combining ECC with modulation: performance comparisons (1991)

A technique for combining error correcting codes (ECCs) with modulation codes of the block type is described. Its performance is analyzed with respect to the traditional method in magnetic recording, which involves the concatenation of error-correcting code with a convolutional modulation code. Conditions are established under which the new method is superior to the concatenated scheme. For a fixed number of information bits, the total redundancy with the two methods is calculated and conditions are established under which the redundancy of the new method is smaller than the redundancy of the traditional method. In particular, performance with respect to the
Pulsed Current for Gas Shielded Arc Welding (1966)

Pulsed current systems, including simple contactor/commutator and/or semiconductor arrangements, are used to modulate the natural characteristics of welding arcs to enhance their properties, especially at low currents.
Action of Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Antagonists on Twitch Tension of the Rat Phrenic Nerve‐Diaphragm (1995)

Reactive oxygen species have been implicated in normal and pathological processes of many tissues, including skeletal muscle. I extended previous studies by examining the effect of these intermediates and eight of their antagonists (superoxide dismutase, catalase, deferoxamine, [Cu(II)]2(3,5-diisopropylsalicylate)4, 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-pyridone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-thiourea, N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)-glycine, vitamin E) on indirectly stimulated twitch tension of an in vitro neuroskeletomuscular preparation, the phrenic nerve-diaphragm of the rat. In the absence of exogenous reactive oxygen species, none of the antagonists potentiated twitch tension, and all but one (N-[2-mercaptopropionyl]-glycine) of the membrane-permeant antagonists attenuated twitch tension. The reactive oxygen intermediate-generating system of purine plus xanthine oxidase reduced indirectly stimulated twitch tension by 36% while having no effect on directly stimulated twitch tension. Catalase (but not superoxide dismutase or deferoxamine) eliminated the reduction in twitch tension, indicating that hydrogen peroxide played a role in the reduction. The membrane-permeant antagonists [Cu(II)]2(3,5-diisopropylsalicylate)4 and 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-pyridone also eliminated the reduction in twitch tension caused by reactive oxygen species, suggesting that hydrogen peroxide could have acted intracellularly through an iron-catalyzed Haber-Weiss reaction to produce hydroxyl radical, which in turn reacted with intracellular components, thereby reducing twitch tension.
Developing a Mixed Reality Assistance System Based on Projection Mapping Technology for Manual Operations at Assembly Workstations (2015)

Manual tasks play an important role in social sustainable manufacturing enterprises. Commonly, manual operations are used for low volume productions, but are not limited to. Operational models in manufacturing systems based on “x-to-order” paradigms (e.g. assembly-to-order) may require manual operations to speed-up the ramp-up time of new product configuration assemblies. The implications of manual operations in any production line may imply that any manufacturing or assembly process become more susceptible to human errors and therefore translate into delays, defects and/or poor product quality. In this scenario, virtual and augmented realities can offer significant advantages to support the human operator in manual operations. This research work presents the development of a mixed (virtual and augmented) reality assistance system that permits real-time support in manual operations. A review of mixed reality techniques and technologies was conducted, where it was determined to use a projection mapping solution for the proposed assistance system. According to the specific requirements of the demonstration environment, hardware and software components were chosen. The developed mixed reality assistance system was able to guide any user without any prior knowledge through the successful completion of the specific assembly task.
Six Years Follow‐up of the Levels of TNF‐<i>α</i> and IL‐6 in Patients with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 (2008)

In an earlier study, levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 are higher in blisters fluid from the complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS1) side obtained at 6 and 30 months (median) after the initial event. The aim of this follow-up study is to determine the involvement of these cytokines in long lasting CRPS1. Twelve CRPS1 patients, with median disease duration of 72 months, participated. The levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 were measured in blister fluid; disease activity was reevaluated by measuring pain and differences in temperature, volume, and mobility between both extremities. Differences in levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha and mobility between both sides were significantly decreased. Pain and differences in temperature and volume were not significantly altered. No correlation was found between the cytokines and the disease characteristics. These results indicate that IL-6 and TNF-alpha are only partially responsible for the signs and symptoms of CRPS1.
Extinction of light by highly nonspherical strongly absorbing colloidal particles: spectrophotometric determination of volume distributions for carbon blacks (1980)

Despite serious nonsphericity of the particulate entities involved, observed extinction spectra for dilute carbon black sols are fitted precisely by Mie theory for ensembles of spheres which it is shown must be quite nearly volume-equivalent to the actual colloidal carbon units. Hence volume distribution statistics are obtainable for carbon blacks by inversion of spectrophotometric data on suspensions.
Fabrication and Characterisation of Thin-Film Superconducting Nanowire Superinductors for Novel Quantum Devices (2014)

Cover: One of the chips fabricated and measured during the course of this work. This chip contains two superconducting nanowire superinductances, one 150 nm wide and one 250 nm wide.
Design of continuous-time fully integrated filters: a review (1989)

The paper summarises fundamental concepts and methods used for designing continuous-time (C-T) signal-processing circuits (‘filters’) in fully integrated form. The resulting filter structures can be integrated together with other parts of the system on the same chip, compatible with all IC technologies. A design procedure is discussed which leads to the minimal set of components that are theoretically required for the implementation of monolithic C-T filters. The problem of automatic tuning against fabrication tolerances and component drifts during operation is discussed. Examples are presented to illustrate the promising results that can be achieved when designing C-T fully integrated filters.
Two-Year Results After Exchange Shoulder Arthroplasty Using Inverse Implants (2004)

Exchange shoulder arthroplasty using inverse implants is a standardized procedure used to treat impingement, restricted range of motion, joint instability, and infection.
Transferrin receptor expression in the leukaemias and lymphoproliferative disorders (1987)

The expression of the transferrin receptor (TfR) was studied in the acute leukaemias and lymphoproliferative disorders by means of indirect immunofluorescence and/or the enhanced alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) techniques using monoclonal antibodies to the receptor. A total of 174 cases of acute leukaemia and lymphoproliferative disorder were studied. The results indicate that the receptor is expressed with increased density in the majority of positive cases of acute leukaemia. The lymphoproliferative disorders, however, only expressed the receptor in a minority of cases and did so with weak density. It is proposed that this weak expression in the lymphoproliferative disorders may be of use as an indicator of an increase in cell activity.
Respiratory changes in parasternal intercostal length (1984)

In an attempt to understand the role of the parasternal intercostals in respiration, we measured the changes in length of these muscles during a variety of static and dynamic respiratory maneuvers. Studies were performed on 39 intercostal spaces from 10 anesthetized dogs, and changes in parasternal intercostal length were assessed with pairs of piezoelectric crystals (sonomicrometry). During static maneuvers (passive inflation-deflation, isovolume maneuvers, changes in body position), the parasternal intercostals shortened whenever the rib cage inflated, and they lengthened whenever the rib cage contracted. The changes in parasternal intercostal length, however, were much smaller than the changes in diaphragmatic length, averaging 9.2% of the resting length during inflation from residual volume to total lung capacity and 1.3% during tilting from supine to upright. During quiet breathing the parasternal intercostals always shortened during inspiration and lengthened during expiration. In the intact animals the inspiratory parasternal shortening was close to that seen for the same increase in lung volume during passive inflation and averaged 3.5%. After bilateral phrenicotomy, however, the parasternal intercostal shortening during inspiration markedly increased, whereas tidal volume diminished. These results indicate that 1) the parasternal intercostals in the dog are real agonists (as opposed to fixators) and actively contribute to expand the rib cage and the lung during quiet inspiration, 2) the relationship between lung volume and parasternal length is not unique but depends on the relative contribution of the various inspiratory muscles to tidal volume, and 3) the physiological range of operating length of the parasternal intercostals is considerably smaller than that of the diaphragm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Experience with degarelix in the treatment of prostate cancer (2012)

Degarelix is a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist for the first-line treatment of androgen-dependent advanced prostate cancer. It has a direct mechanism of action that blocks the action of GnRH on the pituitary with no initial surge in gonadotrophin or testosterone levels. Degarelix is the most extensively studied and widely available GnRH antagonist worldwide. Clinical studies have demonstrated similar efficacy to the GnRH agonist leuprolide in achieving testosterone suppression in patients with prostate cancer. However, degarelix produces a faster suppression of testosterone and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), with no testosterone surge or microsurges, thus preventing the risk of clinical flare in advanced disease. Clinical trials have demonstrated that degarelix can offer improved disease control when compared with a GnRH agonist in terms of superior PSA progression-free survival (suggesting that degarelix likely delays progression to castration-resistant disease), and a more significant impact on bone serum alkaline phosphatase and follicle-stimulating hormone. Degarelix is generally well tolerated, with no reports of systemic allergic reactions in any clinical studies. In conclusion, degarelix offers clinicians a rational first-line hormonal monotherapy option for the management of advanced prostate cancer.
Synthesis of Arylethyl (E)-Styrylsulfones and Arylsulfones by One-Pot DIBAL-H/NaH-Mediated Reaction of β-Ketosulfones (2014)

A facile one-pot synthetic route for preparing a series of arylethyl (<i>E</i>)-styrylsulfones or arylethyl arylsulfones is developed. The efficient one-pot DIBAL-H/NaH-mediated route includes reduction of α-benzyl-β-arylketosulfones and retroaldol/aldol or retro­aldol reaction of the resulting intermediate. The DIBAL-H/NaH-mediated reaction mechanism has been discussed.
Investigation of a novel self-aligned dual gate MOSFET structure (2002)

The dual-gate approach to MOSFET scaling has been proposed for some time as a method of obtaining increased drive current, with potential simulated I/sub d/ values well in excess of twice that of single gate devices. In reality, approaches to fabricating such devices have suffered from an inability to align the two gates. Dual gate alignment is critical as the overlap capacitance is responsible for a large fraction of the gate delay due to the Miller effect. Alignment tolerance issues mean that the bottom gate of such a structure must be significantly oversized, and this contributes enormously to the delay through increased overlap capacitance. In this paper, a method for fabricating a dual-gate SOI MOSFET is proposed, which involves using ion cut techniques (Bruel, Electron. Lett. vol. 31, p. 1201, 1995) to bare the MOS for buried gate transistor underside processing, the use of a transparent quartz 'handle' wafer to which the delaminated structure is adhered, the use of the (now) bottom gate electrode as a hard mask for near-field lithography of the top gate, and using through-wafer illumination by g-line light to expose the poly resist. The paper presents an experimental feasibility study, as well as simulation studies to show that it is possible to expose through such a transistor stack and obtain alignment between top and bottom gates. This is then tested experimentally on patterned structures, and it is shown that it is indeed possible to obtain dual-gate alignments on repeated poly lines-and-spaces structures, with 0.3 /spl mu/m gates and 0.7 /spl mu/m spacings.
Parallel CRC generation (1990)

Theoretical aspects of encoding cyclic redundant codes (CRCs) are reviewed. A method of designing hardware parallel encoders for CRCs that is based on digital system theory and z-transforms is presented. It allows designers to derive the logic equations of the parallel encoder circuit for any generator polynomial. A few interesting application areas for hardware parallel encoders are pointed out.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Study of enzyme replacement therapy for Gaucher Disease: comparative analysis of clinical and laboratory parameters at diagnosis and after two, five and ten years of treatment (2014)

There are substantial and quick (within two years) laboratory and clinical responses to enzyme replacement therapy. These improvements continue as long as enzyme replacement therapy is administered every two weeks, as recommended by the literature.
The State of the Art in HDR Deghosting: A Survey and Evaluation (2015)

Abstract Obtaining a high quality high dynamic range (HDR) image in the presence of camera and object movement has been a long‐standing challenge. Many methods, known as HDR deghosting algorithms, have been developed over the past ten years to undertake this challenge. Each of these algorithms approaches the deghosting problem from a different perspective, providing solutions with different degrees of complexity, solutions that range from rudimentary heuristics to advanced computer vision techniques. The proposed solutions generally differ in two ways: (1) how to detect ghost regions and (2) what to do to eliminate ghosts. Some algorithms choose to completely discard moving objects giving rise to HDR images which only contain the static regions. Some other algorithms try to find the best image to use for each dynamic region. Yet others try to register moving objects from different images in the spirit of maximizing dynamic range in dynamic regions. Furthermore, each algorithm may introduce different types of artifacts as they aim to eliminate ghosts. These artifacts may come in the form of noise, broken objects, under‐ and over‐exposed regions, and residual ghosting. Given the high volume of studies conducted in this field over the recent years, a comprehensive survey of the state of the art is required. Thus, the first goal of this paper is to provide this survey. Secondly, the large number of algorithms brings about the need to classify them. Thus the second goal of this paper is to propose a taxonomy of deghosting algorithms which can be used to group existing and future algorithms into meaningful classes. Thirdly, the existence of a large number of algorithms brings about the need to evaluate their effectiveness, as each new algorithm claims to outperform its precedents. Therefore, the last goal of this paper is to share the results of a subjective experiment which aims to evaluate various state‐of‐the‐art deghosting algorithms.
Steam-oxygen oxidation of ammonia on a two-step catalyst under pressure (1984)

A process of steam-oxygen oxidation of ammonia at elevated pressure on a two-stage catalyst was investigated. The tests were run on an oversize laboratory, flow-type apparatus at constant linear gas velocity and pressures of 2, 4 and 6 at (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 MPa). Four contact platinoid grids 15 mm in diameter were taken as the first stage catalyst; the second stage catalyst, KN-2T had a basket cross section equal to the area of the grid and a layer height of 100 mm. The number of grids in the first stage and the height of the layer of nonplatinum catalyst were chosen on the basis of the experience with operating the two-stage catalyst on ammonia-air mixtures where a 25-30 mm height of catalyst layer corresponded to one platinoid grid. The vapors were dispensed by means of oxygen saturation. The contact temperature measured under the grids and also in the layer of catalyst was 920/sup 0/C. The temperature gradient along the layer of nonplatinum catalyst did not exceed 20-30/sup 0/C. The analyses were carried out by conventional gravimetric methods using evacuated flasks.