gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical oversampled analog-to-digital conversion (1992)

A new approach to optical analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion based on oversampling and interpolative coding techniques is described, and both interferometric and noninterferometric architectures based on this method are presented. This new approach combines the high resolution of classical oversampled A/D conversion with the high speed of optical processing technology to extend the resolution and conversion rates beyond that currently possible with other electronic or optical converters. The proposed optical converters are simple, consisting of multiple quantum well self-electro-optic effect devices, photodetectors, and common optical components that are capable of operating at sampling rates of up to 15 Gbits/s and that can provide scalable resolutions of 16 and 8 bits at a conversion rate of 117 and 938 MHz, respectively.
Femtosecond Laser Writing: Low Power Reconfigurability and Reduced Crosstalk in Integrated Photonic Circuits Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser Micromachining (Laser Photonics Rev. 14(10)/2020) (2020)

Femtosecond laser micromachining allows rapid and cost-effective fabrication of thermally-reconfigurable photonic integrated circuits with unique 3D geometries. In article number 2000024, Francesco Ceccarelli and co-workers exploit thermally-insulating 3D microstructures to decrease the power needed to induce a 2π phase shift down to 37 mW and to reduce the thermal crosstalk to a few percent for an inter-waveguide separation down to 80 μm.
Intensity and Distribution of Hybrid-Mode Fields in Dielectric-Loaded Waveguides (1985)

Plots of the intensity and distribution of the electric and magnetic fields of several propagating and evanescent hybrid modes in dielectric-loaded circular waveguides are derived and presented. These plots have not been reported in the literature before, and can be very valuable in applications using dielectric-loaded waveguides and resonators, including microwave, millimeter-wave, and optical guiding structures.
Interface Reactions Between Metals and Ceramics: I, Sapphire‐Nickel Alloys (1962)

The mechanism of bond formation between alloys of Ni and single‐crystal alumina (sapphire) was investigated. Ni‐Ti and Ni‐Cr powder mixtures were melted individually on the sapphire surface at 1500°C under a pressure of 10 −4 mm of Hg. Interfacial energy was measured by the sessile‐drop method. Two basic mechanisms were involved in the bond formation, viz., solute metal segregation at the interface and an interfacial reaction. The selective adsorption and segregation of the solute atoms at the interface was confirmed by X‐ray fluorescence analysis and by interfacial tension measurements. X‐ray diffraction studies on the interface produced definite evidence of the formation of α‐Ti 2 O 3 in the Ni‐Ti and sapphire system. Although green coloration of the sapphire crystal adjacent to the interface with Ni‐Cr suggested the diffusion of Cr in Al 2 ,O 3 , no compound or oxide of Cr could be identified.
The Two-Dimensional Modulation in Bulk and Thin-Film Au2 +xCd1 –x (1990)

The two-dimensional modulation of Au2 + xCd1 – x (−0.05 ≦ x ≦ 0.16) is characterized by normal mode symmetry analysis, super-space group description, and dualistic notation. These approaches, giving triple q(T1) state, P and , are compared and the displacive and occupational modulations discussed. Evaporated thin films of the same alloy are prepared and their characteristics compared to the ones of the bulk within the same compositional region. Die Zweidimensionale Modulation von Au2 + xCd1 – x (−0,05 ≦ x ≦ 0,16) wird mittels Normalmodensymmetrieanalyse, Super-Raumgruppenbeschreibung und dualer Bezeichnung charakterisiert. Diese Verfahren, die einen Triplett-q̄(T1)-Zustand ergeben, P, and , werden verglichen und die Versetzungs- und Besetzungsmodulationen diskutiert. Aufgedampfte dünne Schichten derselben Legierung werden hergestellt und ihre Charakteristiken mit denen des Volumenmaterials in demselben Zusammensetzungsbereich verglichen.
Structure‐Activity Relationship in a Cobalt Aluminate Nanoparticle Cocatalyst with a Graphitic Carbon Nitride Photocatalyst for Visible‐Light Water Oxidation (2020)

Abstract Development of a visible‐light‐driven water oxidation system utilizing a photocatalyst that consists only of earth‐abundant elements is a challenge in artificial photosynthesis. Here the structure of nanoparticulate cobalt aluminate spinel (CoAl 2 O 4 ) dispersed on a graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C 3 N 4 ) photocatalyst was studied by electron microscopy and X‐ray absorption fine‐structure spectroscopy. The CoAl 2 O 4 nanoparticle, which is a good cocatalyst for visible‐light water oxidation on the g‐C 3 N 4 photocatalyst, was loaded onto the photocatalyst by a reverse micelle method using Co(NO 3 ) 2 ⋅ 6H 2 O and Al(NO) 3 ⋅ 9H 2 O as precursors, followed by heating at elevated temperatures in air. The O 2 evolution activity was enhanced with increasing the heating temperature, reaching a plateau at 573–673 K, beyond which it decreased. Physicochemical analyses indicated that the formation of CoAl 2 O 4 spinel nanoparticles with a minimal extent of aggregation was the key factor to obtain high water oxidation activity.
A Life Model for Supercapacitors (2015)

Supercapacitors provide high-power energy storage for electrical systems. The expected useful life of a supercapacitor is related to the oxidation of functional groups on the graphite electrode surface during usage, and it is highly dependent on operational voltage and temperature. In this paper, a life model is developed for commercial supercapacitors. The model incorporates a new voltage multiplier to describe the combined effects of temperature and voltage on supercapacitor life. Accelerated testing was conducted to obtain the time to failure of supercapacitors over a range of voltage and temperature conditions, validate the life model, and compare the model with two previously established capacitor life models. Failure was defined by a 30% decrease in capacitance or a 100% increase in equivalent series resistance.
Benchmarking of Uranium-238 Evaluations against Spherical Transmission and (n,xn)-Reaction Experimental Data (2005)

The double differential cross sections for the U(n,xn) reaction at 14 MeV and neutron leakage spectra from the uranium sphere of 24 cm outer and 8 cm inner diameters with the central T‐D and 252Cf neutron sources measured at the Institute of Physics and Power Engineering were used for benchmarking the evaluated cross sections from ENDF‐B6, JEFF‐3.0, and “Maslov” libraries and preliminary versions of JEFF‐3.1 and ENDF‐B7 evaluations for 238U.
Modeling the Distance-Dependent Blurring in Transmission Imaging in the Ordered-Subset Transmission (OSTR) Algorithm by Using an Unmatched Projector/Backprojector Pair (2006)

In SPECT, accurate emission reconstruction requires attenuation compensation with high-quality attenuation maps. Resolution loss in transmission maps could cause blurring and artifacts in emission reconstruction. For a transmission system employing parallel-hole collimators and a sheet source, distance-dependent blurring is caused by the non-ideal source and camera collimations, and the finite intrinsic resolution of the detector. These can be approximately modeled by an incremental-blurring model. To compensate for this blurring in iterative transmission reconstruction, we incorporated the incremental blurring model in the forward projector of the OSTR algorithm but did not include the blur in the backprojector. To evaluate our approach, we simulated transmission projections of the MCAT phantom using a ray-tracing projector, in which the rays coming out from a source point form a narrow cone. The geometric blurring due to the non-ideal source and camera collimations was simulated by multiplying the counts along each cone-beam ray with a weight calculated from the overall geometric response function (assumed a two-dimensional Gaussian function), and then summing the weighted counts into projections. The resulting projections were convolved with the intrinsic response (another two-dimensional Gaussian) to simulate the total system blurring of transmission imaging. Poisson noise was then added to the projection data. We also acquired two sets of transmission measurements of an air-filled Data Spectrum Deluxe SPECT phantom on a Prism 2000 scanning-line-source transmission system. We reconstructed the simulations using the OSTR algorithm, with and without modeling of the incremental blur in the projector. The scaling parameter of the penalty prior was optimized in each case by minimizing the root-mean-square error (RMSE). Reconstructions showed that modeling the incremental blur improved the resolution of the attenuation map and quantitative accuracy
Effect of protozoa on rumen protein degradation in sheep (1985)

We have studied the contribution of ciliate protozoa to the degradation of dietary protein, utilizing 5 defaunated and 6 faunated sheep. Rumen samples from these animals were used as inocular for in vitro determination of the degradability of different protein sources: lupine grain, peanut and soybean cake, and fish meal. We also applied the in sacco method to measure the digestibility of soybean proteins. Two pore sizes (50 and 100 microns) were used in the in sacco study. The nitrogen degradation curve was constructed according to the mathematical model: P(t) = a + b (1-e-ct), and the parameters a, b, and c were determined for both faunated and defaunated animals. The proteolytic activity of the rumen contents was also determined using azocasein. The in vitro degradability of proteins was significantly less in defaunated than in faunated animals: 17, 19, 28 and 64% with lupine grain, peanut cake, soybean cake and fish meal proteins, respectively. The protozoal effect was greater when protein solubility was low. The in sacco study showed that neither the protozoa nor bag pore size had any effect on the protein fraction (a) immediately soluble in the rumen juice. However, both factors increased the insoluble, potentially degradable fraction "b" (P less than or equal to .01). Protozoa had a positive effect on the rate of degradation (c) of the fraction b. This effect was most clear with the 100 micron bags. The significant interaction between protozoa and pore size on factor "c" showed that large ciliate protozoa (100 microns) were directly involved in determining this parameter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The effect of polyester fibres on quality of hand-knotted carpets (2005)

Abstract Polyester fibres sometimes may be used in the warp and/or weft of hand-knotted carpets. Usage of polyester fibres could generate some problems. To study the effect of polyester fibres in hand-knotted carpets, four different carpet samples of hand-knotted carpet were woven with four different kinds of warp and thin weft yarns, including 100% cotton yarn and a blend of polyester/ cotton (80/20) yarn for the warp, and 100% polyester yarn and 100% cotton yarn for the thin weft. The samples were then treated in different temperatures and humidities. The dimensional changes, surface deformation and bending length of the carpet samples were measured. The results showed that the samples with polyester/cotton yarn in the warp had greater shrinkage than the sample with 100% cotton yarn in the warp when treated in warm and moist conditions. The results also indicated that irregular heating of samples with polyester/cotton warp causes variation in dimensions ten times greater than samples with 100% cotton warp. The surface deformation of samples with polyester fibres in the warp and weft yarns increases when irregular heating is applied to the carpet. The bending length of the samples in the warp and weft directions after washing decreases significantly. The bending lengths in the warp direction of samples with polyester/cotton yarn warp were 18% greater than those of samples with 100% cotton warp, after a second washing. Also in the weft direction, polyester yarn as thin weft causes a 7% increase in bending length.
Immunoglobulin treatment in recurrent spontaneous abortion (1994)

SummarySummaryWe used intravenous immunoglobulin treatment (human monomeric IgG) in six patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion and ABO-incompatibility or raised anticardiolipin IgG antibody levels.All six patients achieved a live baby.
Short-term Recovery - Impact Of Antioxidant Vitamins, Protein Supplement, Ibuprofen, And Ice (2005)

Short-term recovery is crucial for elite athletes in general and for sports with heats and finals particularly. Athletes are expected to recover in a short time between heats and finals, and to recover in an even shorter time between two events in one session. Different methods have been employed to enhance short-term recovery. Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 4 commonly used recovery techniques and treatments on 2-min upper-body power performance, and muscle damage. Methods Division I college swimmers, 5 females (67.7 ± 5.18 Kg) and 7 males (77.27 ± 5.36 Kg), performed two sessions of modified upper-body Wingate tests with 6hrs rest between sessions. Each session consisted of two upper-body Wingate tests with 40 min rest in between with a resistance of 4% of BW for males and 3.5% of BW for females. A combination of Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Ibuprofen, 23 g protein drink, and ice packs (COMB) were tested for possible effect in enhancing recovery compared to control. Criterion for recovery were restoration of peak power (PP), mean power (MP), fatigue index (FI), heart rate (HR), and reduced muscle disruption marker Creatine Kinase levels (CK). Blood samples were obtained before first performance, six hours later (6hrs), and next morning (24hrs) for serum CK levels. Results There were no significant differences (p>.05) between COMB (2.8W/Kg) and control (2.9W/Kg) in MP. However, FI was significantly lower (p=0.000) in the COMB group (37.4%) compared to control (50.5%). PP was higher in the control group (5.0W/kg) compare to (3.8W/Kg) in COMB group. CK changes were not statistically different between COMB and control after 6 and 24 hours. Seven subjects (5m & 2f) reported to the lab on a second occasion one week later (W2) and performed the same protocol using the same methods in a counter-balanced manner. We found that MP was significantly higher in W2. In addition, MP was higher (p=.007) in the control conditions compare to the COMB conditions; there were no significant effects for the COMB on any of the other parameters in the study (PP, FI, and CK). FI was 40.4% for both COMB and control conditions. Conclusion Common recovery approaches used by swimmers were not helpful in protecting from reductions in performance, since FI was not verified in the repeated measures. The assumed protective effect of antioxidant vitamins and ibuprofen were not seen under the conditions of this study.
Di‐ and Trifluoro‐Substituted Dilithium Compounds for Organic Syntheses (1986)

An unexpected stability toward fluoride elimination is exhibited by the dilithium derivatives 1, as well as 1 with F3C, instead of F2HC, and 3 (>90% ee, (R)-form). They can be prepared in tetrahydrofuran at low temperatures and converted with carbonyl compounds and alkylating reagents into 2 (X  H, F) and 4, respectively, in yields of 50%.
The mucosa-associated bacteria from the sigmoid colon of nine healthy 60 years old individuals, identified by bacterial 16S rDNA (2003)

The bacterial flora of the gastro intestinal (GI) tract may be involved in chronic inflammation and colon cancer and affected by antibiotics, cytotoxic drugs and radiotherapy, trauma and intensive care therapy. It is important to map the mucosa-associated flora in healthy individuals to clarify the pathogenic risk under stressed conditions. The aim was to achieve an overview of the mucosa-associated bacterial flora in the sigmoid colon by direct 16S rDNA identification by sampling nine 60-years old volunteers, without clinical symptoms or medication. The bacterial flora was estimated by sequence analysis of cloned 16S rDNA as enriched by PCR from biopsies. 26% of the clones had ≥99% similarity to known species (36% had ≥98% similarity). The largest number of identified clones was related to Escherichia coli, Bacteroides vulgatus and Ruminicoccus torques. Most frequently distributed between the volunteers were Bacteroides uniformis and Bacteroides vulgatus (7 individuals). Bacteroides caccae, Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides putredinis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Ruminicoccus torques were found in 5 persons. Opportunistic pathogens found in more than one individual were Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli and Bilophila wadsworthia. Acinetobacter baumannii, Brachyspira aalborgi, Cardiobacterium hominis, Clostridium perfringens, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Veillonella parvula were found in single individuals. A majority of the individuals had a heterogeneous flora but in one person, 91% of the clones were related to E. coli. The GI-flora differs between healthy individuals in respect to both composition and diversity, and it can include several opportunistic pathogens.
A Twist Grain Boundary-like Twisted Smectic Phase in Monodisperse Poly(γ-benzyl α,<scp>l</scp>-glutamate) Produced by Recombinant DNA Techniques (1998)

Smectic ordering has been observed in perfectly monodisperse poly(γ-benzyl α,L-glutamate) (PBLG) which was synthesized using recombinant DNA technology. These PBLG molecules form rigid α-helical rods 11.45 nm in length. In the present study, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron diffraction reveals a banded morphology with an approximately 120 nm period which provides strong evidence for helical rotation of the director field as in a cholesteric or twisted smectic. Detailed examination of the relative orientation of the banding in the morphology images and the reflections in the electron diffraction patterns, indicating interchain and intrachain correlations, leads to the conclusion that the structure observed is a twisted smectic phase. The relationship between the twist and the layering is found to be that of the twist grain boundary (TGB) phase. However, our data does not allow us to determine whether the monodisperse PBLG structure is blocky with discrete twist boundaries as in a true TGB or is a more continuously twisting structure. Thus, we will refer to the phase as TGB-like. Conventional, polydisperse PBLG is well-known to form cholesteric phases as a result of the chirality of the helical rod. The formation of a TGB-like phase in monodisperse PBLG is consistent with the superposition of a smectic-A layering resulting from the uniform rod length on the twisted texture present in the cholesteric.
Manipulation of lymphoid microenvironments in nonhuman primates by an inhibitor of the lymphotoxin pathway (2002)

Reticular networks in lymphoid organs play critical roles in the organization of local microenvironments. A number of these elements are maintained by continual signaling through the lymphotoxin system. Evaluation of the lymphotoxin (LT) pathway in primates using a fusion protein decoy provides a unique opportunity to assess modulation of splenic microenvironments in a species with considerably greater background immunological activity compared with rodents. Within the germinal center microenvironment, treatment resulted in a collapse of follicular dendritic cell (FDC) networks and in the disappearance of a ringlike network of immune complex–carrying cells, although some other attributes of the germinal center appeared to be unaltered. Treatment also resulted in changes in the splenic marginal zone, a microenvironment where the architecture is notably different from that of the rodent. Cessation of treatment and recovery allowed us to monitor reemergence of these cell types and revealed that FDCs rely on LT-dependent signals to recompact into appropriately positioned tight networks. Despite the loss of FDC networks, the primary Ab response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin was unaltered over a 20-day period. Manipulation of these microenvironments may represent a novel approach to modulating immune function in human disease.
Opioidergic control of the spinal release of neuropeptides. Possible significance for the analgesic effects of opioids (1994)

Several neuropeptides play a key role in the transfer (substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, etc) and control (enkephalins, cholecystokinin, etc) of nociceptive messages from primary afferent fibres to spino-thalamic neurones in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. This first relay in nociceptive pathways has been shown to be a major target for opioids such as analgesic drugs, and the effects of exogenous (mainly morphine) and endogenous opioids on the release of neuropeptides within the dorsal horn are reviewed here for a better understanding of the cellular mechanisms responsible for their antinociceptive action. Complex modulations of the in vitro (from tissue slices) and in vivo (in halothane-anaesthetized rats whose intrathecal space was perfused with an artificial cerebrospinal fluid) release of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide by opioids have been reported, depending on the opioid receptor (mu, delta, kappa, and their subtypes) stimulated by these compounds. In particular, the inhibition by delta agonists of substance P release from primary afferent fibres, and that by the concomitant stimulation of mu and kappa receptors of the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide are very probably involved in the analgesic action of specific opioids and morphine at the level of the spinal cord. Furthermore, the negative modulation (through presynaptic opioid autoreceptors) by delta and mu agonists of the spinal release of met-enkephalin, and the complex inhibitory/excitatory influence of delta, mu and kappa receptor ligands on the release of cholecystokinin within the dorsal horn very likely also contribute to the antinociceptive action of these drugs and morphine. The reviewed data strongly support the existence of functional interactions between mu and kappa receptors within the spinal cord, and their key role in the analgesic action of non specific opiates (acting on mu, delta and kappa receptors) such as morphine.
Graphene as a diffusion barrier for Al and Ni/Au contacts on silicon (2012)

The insertion of chemically vapor deposited graphene layers between Al metallization and Si substrates and between Au and Ni metal layers on Si substrates is shown to provide a significant reduction in spiking and intermixing of the metal contacts and reaction with the Si, where the bilayer graphene was transferred to the samples after the Cu-foil was etched. The graphene prevents reaction between Al and Si up to the temperatures of 700 °C and the intermixing of Au and Ni up to the temperatures of at least 600 °C. The outstanding performance of the graphene as a metal diffusion barrier will be very useful to improve the stability of the metallizations at elevated temperatures.
ChemInform Abstract: ENOL DERIVATIVES IN THE CHLOROPHYLL SERIES. 132‐DESMETHOXYCARBONYL‐173‐DESOXY‐132,173‐CYCLOCHLOROPHYLLIDE A ENOL AND A METHOD FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF MAGNESIUM INTO PORPHINOID LIGAND SYSTEMS UNDER MILD CONDITIONS (1976)

Abstract Der Einbau von Mg in porphinoide Systeme wie Methylphäophorbid a (I) [ ‐ Methylchlorophyllid a (II)] gelingt mittels des Komplexierungsreagenzes (III); analog werden Methylpyrophäophorbid a und Octaäthylporphyrin in die entsprechenden Mg‐Komplexe übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: ELEKTROPHILE ADDITION VON DISCHWEFELDICHLORID AN ALKINE 3. MITT. UMSETZUNG ASYMMETRISCH SUBSTITUIERTER ALKINE MIT DISCHWEFELDICHLORID (1974)

Abstract Die bei der elektrophilen Addition von Dischwefeldichlorid an asymm. Alkine gebildeten Vinylsulfide sind Konstitutionsisomere.