gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Silica-Hydroxyapatite Nanometric Composites (2002)

Composites of hydroxyapatite with silica are produced in a novel way. Using EDTA, a reservoir of calcium ions is made available and mixed with a sol typically used in the sol–gel technique. This allows the formation of the composite by refluxing. Size and morphology change with the pH of the reaction.
Encryption and decryption of informative image by key image using modified Hill cipher technique based on non-invertible matrices (2011)

Data security is the science and study of methods of protecting data in computer and communication system from disclosure to unauthorized users. The main aim of encoding is to make it worthless to everyone except for the party with the deciphering key. Only with the key, a party can decode the cipher text into a meaningful message. Hill cipher is a symmetric cryptosystem and a polygraph substitution cipher based on matrix multiplication. Hill cipher has several advantages in data encryption. Hill cipher requires inverse of the key matrix while decryption. In fact that not all the matrices have an inverse and therefore they will not be eligible as key matrices in the Hill cipher scheme. Furthermore, due to its linear nature, the basic Hill cipher succumbs to known-plaintext attacks. A modified Hill cipher that removes these drawbacks has been used in this paper. In today's world, the usual way of writing a message in text has been replaced by more efficient ways of conveying messages through images, audio, video etc. As long as an electronic file contains irrelevant information, it can be used as a cover to hide messages. In this paper, we encrypt the informative image using the modified Hill cipher technique and the key image. Then use the same key image to decrypt the encrypted image to obtain the image which contains the information.
Electrostatic Imaging and Recording (1960)

Simultaneous pickup and electrostatic storage of optical information are accomplished by using a transducer consisting of a pickup tube with a layer of photoconductor overlaid by a thin layer of highly insulating material. Recording is achieved by simultaneous optical exposure of the photoconductor and electronic beam contact to the insulator. A charge pattern corresponding to the optical pattern remains on the insulator. During the storage period, which may be for several days, the target is insensitive to light and radiation. When readout is desired, the charge image is read by an electron beam, as in a television pickup tube. The images may be stored on fixed targets or on a flexible tape.
Data Directed Estimation Techniques for Single-Tone HF Modems (1985)

This paper is concerned with data directed estimation (DDE) techniques for use in single-tone HF modems. The proposed scheme uses least-squares adaptive techniques for dealing with fading and multipath radio HF channels. The DDE is based on direct estimation of channel parameters and data blocks. Training data is imbedded into the transmission in the form of blocks of training bits alternated with blocks of source data at a fixed (though selectable) fraction of the transmission. Two DDE techniques, i.e., linear and nonlinear, are discussed in this paper. In the linear DDE, the source data block is estimated by a Levinson recursive algorithm. In the nonlinear DDE, only the end symbols of the data block are kept, quantized, and subtracted from the simultaneous equations. The symbols left in the block are estimated by a Levinson algorithm again, and so forth. The procedure described here is used recursively until all the known symbols are obtained. In both linear and nonlinear DDE techniques, the channel is estimated by a steepest-descent algorithm. As with a linear equalizer, the linear DDE lacks the ability to cope with the fading dispersive HF radio channels. However, the nonlinear DDE works well under the same channel conditions. The analysis shows that the nonlinear DDE can achieve performance similar to the decision-feedback equalization (DFE) technique with known channel conditions. The channel estimator used in the DDE techniques will converge faster than the DFE (see Section VII) if a similar adaptive algorithm is utilized.
Formulation and evaluation of press coated tablets of esomeprazole for colonic delivery (2012)

The present study was aimed to formulate press‐coated tablets of esomperazole magnesium trihydrate for colon specific delivery. Press coated tablets were formulated with an aim to prevent the gastric degradation of drug so as to improve the bioavailability of drug.Various polymers such as pH‐dependent (Eudragit L100, Eudragit S100), enzyme‐dependent (Pectin),and time‐dependent (HPMC K4M) were selected for press coating the drug‐incorporated core tablets. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis was performed to check the compatibility of drug and polymers. Core and coating materials were evaluated for pre‐compression parameters like bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, carrs index, and hausner’s ratio.Press coated tablets were evaluated for hardness, thickness, friability, tensile strength, drug content, and in vitro drug release. In vitro release studies were performed for 24 hours, first 2 hours in 0.1 N HCl, 3 hours in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), and then for 19 hours in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). In vitro drug release studies revealed that the tablets coated with pH‐dependent,enzyme‐dependent, and time‐dependent polymers showed no drug release in 0.1 N HCl, except for tablets coated with Pectin (25% and 50%, w/w). Kinetic modeling showed that the release exponent (n) value for all formulations was >0.89,indicating super case II transport to be the drug release mechanism. Press coated tablets for colonic delivery of esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate were successfully developed.
Stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase enzyme activity and mRNA levels are not different in subcutaneous adipose tissue from Angus and American Wagyu steers (1994)

We proposed that greater stearoyl coenzyme A (CoA) desaturase enzyme activity caused the elevated monounsaturated fatty acids observed in American Wagyu adipose tissue. Stearoyl CoA desaturase mRNA concentrations and enzyme activities were measured in subcutaneous adipose samples from Angus (n = 5) and American Wagyu (n = 5), fed to the Japanese market end point. A rat liver stearoyl CoA desaturase cDNA clone was used to measure the relative amounts of stearoyl CoA desaturase mRNA. Enzyme activities and mRNA concentrations, as measured by laser densitometry of slot-blot autoradiograms, were not significantly different between the two breeds at this stage of growth. This investigation has demonstrated that, at this stage of maturity, differences in fatty acid composition between Angus and American Wagyu steers cannot be attributed to differences in stearoyl CoA desaturase enzyme activity.
Fisher of Genes: Patentability of Expressed Sequence Tags (2007)

The patentability of Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs), small fragments of DNA that scientists use to identify genes, has been a topic of heated debate in intellectual property law and the scientific community. Much of the debate encompasses the far-reaching consequences of effectively placing control of thousands of ESTs into the hands of a few patent holders. In re Fisher, a recent Federal Circuit decision, was anticipated to settle the question of EST patentability, but may have failed to establish a decisive standard. A more workable standard calls for a clearer articulation of specific utility requirements as well as non-obviousness standards to determine EST patentability.
Human Natural Killer Cell Activity is Augmented by Interferon via Recruitment of ‘Pre‐NK’ Cells (1979)

Contact with various cell-line targets increases the natural killer (NK) activity of human lymphocytes. Supernatants of such 20 h co-cultures augment the NK activity of virgin lymphocyte populations, and the augmenting factor penetrates 0.2 micrometer Millipore filters. The supernatants also contain interferon, and partially purified human leucocyte interferon increases NK activity when added to 20 h assays with 51Cr-labelled K-562 target cells. Potent anti-interferon antiserum added to the co-cultures inhibits the target-cell-induced augmentation phenomenon. Both the target-cell contact and interferon-induced augmentation affect a population of human lymphocytes, from which the 'mature' NK cells have been removed by adsorption-elution using fetal fibroblasts as adsorbents. The activity of 'mature' NK cells is not enhanced, and we conclude that the augmentation is mediated by recruitment of 'pre-NK' cells.
Maximum entropy inverse reinforcement learning in continuous state spaces with path integrals (2011)

In this paper, we consider the problem of inverse reinforcement learning for a particular class of continuous-time stochastic systems with continuous state and action spaces, under the assumption that both the cost function and the optimal control policy are parametric with known basis functions. Our goal is to produce a cost function for which a given policy, observed in experiment, is optimal. We proceed by enforcing a constraint on the relationship between input noise and input cost that produces a maximum entropy distribution over the space of all sample paths. We apply maximum likelihood estimation to approximate the parameters of this distribution (hence, of the cost function) given a finite set of sample paths. We iteratively improve our approximation by adding to this set the sample path that would be optimal given our current estimate of the cost function. Preliminary results in simulation provide empirical evidence that our algorithm converges.
綜說(종설) : 五加皮(오가피)의 화학성분과 약리효능에 대한 한의학적 고찰 (2013)

Acanthopanax had .recently been a lot of interest, therefore we investigated its chemical component and efficacy by research of literatures. To study a relation pharmacological action of chemical component and effects as we consider medical effect. First we searched books, research paper, internet site. Second, Keywords were searched Acanthopanax, Acanthopanax Cortex Radicis, effects of acanthopanax, extract of acanthopanax (HPLC,LC-MS), chiisanoside, Lignan (sesamin, helioxanthin, savinin, taiwanin C, e1eutheroside E, acanthoside D), Pimaric acid, stigmasterol, syringing, hyperin, caffeic acid. Third, in this key word arranqement a medical effect paper. 1) effects of acanthopanax 2) chemical component of acanthopanax. Results obtained in this study that active components of Acanthopanax are chiisanoside, Lignan (sesamin, helioxanthin, savinin, taiwanin C, eleutheroside E, acanthoside D), Pimaric acid, stigmasterol, syringing, hyperin, caffeic acid. These components suggest that acanthopanax may be used in the clinical field against several diseases, such as antacid, anti-inflammatory, antitumor effect, anti-depressant, antiallergic, nephropathy, suppress of melanin pigment. We know that there are effect of oriental medicine and effect of Acanthopanax chemical compound. So, It studied efficacy`s of each compounds. First, pharmacological action of Acanthopanax are antioxidant effect, anti-cancer, antiallergic, suppress of melanin pigment, nephropathy, anti-depressant. Second, the reported that Lignan in Acanthopanax a component parts of sesamin have osteoporosis treatment effect, helioxanthin and savinin have liver protection effect, taiwanin C have anti-inflarnatory effect, eleutheroside E have robustness effectiveness, acantboside D have lipotropic effect. Third, the repored that Acanthopanax at component of Pimaric acid have antibacteria effect and anti- inflamatory effect, stigmasterol have immunosuppression effect, Syringin have liver protection and protection effect of a brain nerves. Fourth, in effects of Korean medicine of Acanthopanax on ``xinglxue action (行血作用), ``xiehuo action (瀉火 作用)``, ``zaoshi action 燥濕作用)``, ``buzhongyijing (補中益精)``, ``qingshennailao (輕身耐老)``, ``qufengshiYao (去風濕藥)`` efficacys concerned with anti-inflamatory, immunosuppression, anti-cancer, liver protection, boost the blood pressure.
Efficacy of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in modulating photosynthesis, peltate glandular trichomes and essential oil production and quality in Mentha piperita L. (2018)

Nanoparticles have an edge over normal elemental forms because of the novel physicochemical properties they possess, which enable them to act as plant growth promoters. The purpose of the present inquest was to investigate the effect of the Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) on the enzymatic activities, photosynthesis, nutrient acquisition and essential oil (EO) production in peppermint. Effect on the peltate glandular trichome density and diameter was also studied. Out of the different concentrations of TiO2 NPs (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg L−1) tested on the plant, 150 mg L−1 proved optimum for most of the parameters, if however, 100 and 150 mg L−1 were equally significant in some cases. A maximum increase of 17.7% and 19.1% was reported in the nitrate reductase and carbonic anhydrase activities respectively by 150 mg L−1 at 150 days after planting (DAP) compared to untreated plant. Chlorophyll fluorescence and net photosynthetic rate exhibited a maximum enrichment of 7.2% and 23.8% respectively by 150 mg L−1 over control. Furthermore, EO content and yield of the plant were also significantly enhanced by 39.4% and 105.1% respectively over control. The quality of the EO also improved as an increase of 9.6% and 124.1% was observed in the content and yield of menthol over control in the present study. Keywords: Essential oil, Stomatal conductance, Chlorophyll fluorescence, Menthol, Trichomes, Mentha piperita L.
Coupling erbium spins to a three-dimensional superconducting cavity at zero magnetic field (2016)

We experimentally demonstrate the coupling at zero magnetic field of an isotopically pure erbium-doped yttrium orthosilicate crystal ($^{167}\mathrm{Er}:\mathrm{YSO}$) to a three-dimensional superconducting cavity with a $Q$ factor of ${10}^{5}$. A tunable loop-gap resonator is used and its resonance frequency is tuned to observe the hyperfine transitions of the erbium sample. The observed spectrum differs from what is predicted by the published spin Hamiltonian parameters. The narrow cavity linewidth also enables the observation of asymmetric line shapes for these hyperfine transitions. Such a broadly tunable superconducting cavity (from 1.6 to 4.0 GHz in the current design) is a promising device for building hybrid quantum systems.
The Alzheimer Pandemic: Is Paracetamol to Blame? (2014)

F-AD is primarily a man-made condition with PA as its principal risk factor.
Interfacial spin-orbit splitting and current-driven spin torque in anisotropic tunnel junctions (2011)

Spin transport in magnetic tunnel junctions comprising a single magnetic layer in the presence of interfacial spin-orbit interaction (SOI) is investigated theoretically. Due to the presence of interfacial SOI, a current-driven spin torque can be generated at the second order in SOI, even in the absence of an external spin polarizer. This torque possesses two components, one in plane and one perpendicular to the plane of rotation, that can induce either current-driven magnetization switching from an in-plane to out-of-plane configuration or magnetization precessions, similar to spin transfer torque in spin valves. Consequently, it appears that it is possible to control the magnetization steady state and dynamics by either varying the bias voltage or electrically modifying the SOI at the interface.
Protein–Protein Interactions in Virus–Host Systems (2017)

To study virus-host protein interactions, knowledge about viral and host protein architectures and repertoires, their particular evolutionary mechanisms, and information on relevant sources of biological data is essential. The purpose of this review article is to provide a thorough overview about these aspects. Protein domains are basic units defining protein interactions, and the uniqueness of viral domain repertoires, their mode of evolution, and their roles during viral infection make viruses interesting models of study. Mutations at protein interfaces can reduce or increase their binding affinities by changing protein electrostatics and structural properties. During the course of a viral infection, both pathogen and cellular proteins are constantly competing for binding partners. Endogenous interfaces mediating intraspecific interactions-viral-viral or host-host interactions-are constantly targeted and inhibited by exogenous interfaces mediating viral-host interactions. From a biomedical perspective, blocking such interactions is the main mechanism underlying antiviral therapies. Some proteins are able to bind multiple partners, and their modes of interaction define how fast these "hub proteins" evolve. "Party hubs" have multiple interfaces; they establish simultaneous/stable (domain-domain) interactions, and tend to evolve slowly. On the other hand, "date hubs" have few interfaces; they establish transient/weak (domain-motif) interactions by means of short linear peptides (15 or fewer residues), and can evolve faster. Viral infections are mediated by several protein-protein interactions (PPIs), which can be represented as networks (protein interaction networks, PINs), with proteins being depicted as nodes, and their interactions as edges. It has been suggested that viral proteins tend to establish interactions with more central and highly connected host proteins. In an evolutionary arms race, viral and host proteins are constantly changing their interface residues, either to evade or to optimize their binding capabilities. Apart from gaining and losing interactions via rewiring mechanisms, virus-host PINs also evolve via gene duplication (paralogy); conservation (orthology); horizontal gene transfer (HGT) (xenology); and molecular mimicry (convergence). The last sections of this review focus on PPI experimental approaches and their limitations, and provide an overview of sources of biomolecular data for studying virus-host protein interactions.
Detection of Tenderness, Post-Rigor Age and Water Status Changes in Sheep Meat Using near Infrared Spectroscopy (2005)

The tenderness (objective measure is shear force) of sheep meat ( longissimus thoracis et lumborum) during post-rigor ageing at 15°C can be predicted using near infrared (NIR) analysis ( r 2 = 0.85). Measurements ( n = 260 from 65 lambs) were made at 0, 8, 24 and 72 h post-rigor using an interactance system operating over the spectral range from 400–1700 nm. There was no predictive power in the NIR models to segregate tenderness measurements made at any one particular post-rigor time. NIR measurements could segregate the post-rigor ages with good accuracy ( r 2 = 0.91). The OH combination band at 840 nm is the dominant feature of the predictive models and suggests that the underlying chemistry is related to the post-rigor changes in the water status of the meat. Observations on another similar data set ( n = 48 from 12 lambs), involving NIR and water content measurements, confirmed there are significant water changes in meat during aging. We speculate that the NIR models may be sensitive to the accumulation of free water arising from the degradation of cytoskeletal proteins during ageing, releasing the water normally tightly bound up in the tertiary protein structures.
Tunnel magnetoresistance versus micromagnetism in magnetic tunnel junctions (2000)

The impact of the micromagnetic configuration within the ferromagnetic layers on transport properties of hard/soft magnetic tunnel junctions is presented. An artificial ferrimagnetic (AFi) trilayer structure is used as a magnetically hard subsystem. Fluctuations in magnetization in the AFi affect the resistance of the tunnel junctions and are fully reflected in the shape and amplitude of the tunnel magnetoresistance signal.
Prioritization of test scenarios derived from UML activity diagram using path complexity (2012)

This paper presents a novel approach for prioritizing test scenarios generated from UML 2.0 activity graph using path complexity. Activity Diagram is used as it is available at an early stage of the software development life cycle allowing us to detect faults at early stages, hence reducing the overall time and effort required for testing. In the proposed approach, activity diagram is converted into control flow graph and then test scenarios are derived from it using basis path method. The methodology adopted for prioritizing test scenarios is based on path complexity using the concept of path length, information flow metric, predicate node and multiple condition coverage.
This Issue (2012)

This Issue George Brosi Harriette Simpson Arnow is a giant of Appalachian Literature, one of those rare writers whose work was artful, profound, and powerful in every dimension. We are proud to have Arnow's biographer, Sandra L. Ballard, as the guest editor for our coverage of Harriette Arnow. This section begins with a never-before-published story by Arnow. Then we present biographical essays by Ballard, by Arnow's son Thomas L. Arnow, and by Herb E. Smith, who prepared a documentary film about her. The next part features three essays on teaching Arnow followed by three articles on resources available for those who wish more information on Arnow. Then we present three essays of literary criticism from distinguished scholars. The section concludes with some of my own memories of Harriette. The featured photographer for this issue is Pat Arnow, a niece of Harriette and Harold Arnow. Now an acclaimed photographer in New York, she has shared with us intimate family photos as well as pictures taken during years of living in and visiting the Appalachian mountains. Another highlight of this issue is a conversation between Appalachian Heritage editor, George Brosi, and bell hooks, the nationally revered social critic. We anticipate more bell hooks conversations in future issues. The poets for this issue include four who we have previously published: Jane Sasser of Tennessee, Eric Trethewey of Virginia, David Wayne Hampton of North Carolina, and Marc Harshman of West Virginia. Our new poets are Grayson Jones from the North Georgia mountains, Janice Townley Moore and Lori Beth De Hertogh who both live in North Carolina, and Jeff DeBellis from Virginia. We celebrate the spring season in this issue with a charming memoir by Patti Capel Swartz, and the short story in this issue is the first story ever published by Adam Padgett, an American who lives in Seoul, South Korea, and who has led rock-climbing trips to Western North Carolina. Our book review also illustrates our international reach. Carmen Rueda-Ramos is a native of Spain who is a professor there specializing in American, especially Appalachian, literature. The book she reviews here, Burning Bright by Ron Rash, won the Frank O'Connor International Award as the finest short story book written in 2010 in the English language. [End Page 11] Copyright © 2012 Berea College
2D/3D convertible display with enhanced 3D viewing region based on integral imaging (2010)

We propose 2D/3D convertible display system with enhanced 3D viewing angle based on integral imaging. We use 3 LCD devices and a lens array in the proposed system. The LCD device 1is used for displaying an elemental image which turn into a 3D image through the lens array. The LCD device 2 is used as a polarization switcher to control the transparent and the opaque region of elemental image. The LCD device 3 is used as both mask pattern and 2D image displaying device. On the back glass of LCD device 3, we attach polarization-selective scattering film which makes LCD device 3 used as a mask pattern and a 2D display device at the same time. Behind of the LCD device 3, the lens array is located for displaying 3D image by the integral imaging method. The whole system is as compact as conventional integral imaging system. With the LCD device 2 and 3, the viewing angle of 3D image can be enhanced both vertically and horizontally according to the arrangement of elemental image. We prove the feasibility of proposed system by basic experiments.