gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Combinatorial properties of frameproof and traceability codes (2001)

In order to protect copyrighted material, codes may be embedded in the content or codes may be associated with the keys used to recover the content. Codes can offer protection by providing some form of traceability (TA) for pirated data. Several researchers have studied different notions of TA and related concepts in previous years. "Strong" versions of TA allow at least one member of a coalition that constructs a "pirate decoder" to be traced. Weaker versions of this concept ensure that no coalition can "frame" a disjoint user or group of users. All these concepts can be formulated as codes having certain combinatorial properties. We study the relationships between the various notions, and we discuss equivalent formulations using structures such as perfect hash families. We use methods from combinatorics and coding theory to provide bounds (necessary conditions) and constructions (sufficient conditions) for the objects of interest.
A broadband power amplifier design based on the extended resonance power combining technique (2005)

A 4-to-10 GHz power amplifier based on a modified extended resonance power combining technique is presented. The 4-device power amplifier presented here has a small signal gain of 9.9 dB with a 2-dB bandwidth of 6.5 GHz. More importantly, this design demonstrates an output power level of 31.9 dBm at 1-dB compression with power combining efficiencies around 90% over most of the bandwidth of interest. The modified extended resonant combining technique enables the design of planar-circuit based power amplifiers with compact layout and broadband performance similar to the distributed power amplifiers with improved power combining efficiency.
The E2 Ubiquitin-conjugating Enzymes Direct Polyubiquitination to Preferred Lysines (2010)

The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway plays a crucial role in many cellular processes by degrading substrates tagged by polyubiquitin chains, linked mostly through lysine 48 of ubiquitin. Although polymerization of ubiquitin via its six other lysine residues exists in vivo as part of various physiological pathways, the molecular mechanisms that determine the type of polyubiquitin chains remained largely unknown. We undertook a systematic, in vitro, approach to evaluate the role of E2 enzymes in determining the topology of polyubiquitin. Because this study was performed in the absence of an E3 enzyme, our data indicate that the E2 enzymes are capable of directing the ubiquitination process to distinct subsets of ubiquitin lysines, depending on the specific E2 utilized. Moreover, our findings are in complete agreement with prior analyses of lysine preference assigned to certain E2s in the context of E3 (in vitro and in vivo). Finally, our findings support the rising notion that the functional unit of E2 is a dimer. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic indication for the involvement of E2 enzymes in specifying polyubiquitin chain assembly.
Experimental investigation of counterflow diffusion flames with oscillatory stretch (1996)

In most practical devices the aerodynamic stretch imposed on combustion zones is unsteady in nature. In this work a counterflow burner capable of inducing oscillatory stretch on nonpremixed reaction zones has been designed and constructed. Hot wire probe measurements made at the jet exits show the velocity oscillations to be nearly sinusoidal and reproducible. The effects of oscillatory stretch on flame extinction are investigated at various frequencies. Time dependent extinction measurements show that as the oscillation frequency is increased (shorter time scales), the peak strain rate can be extended further beyond the steady state extinction limit
Evaluation of protein <sup>15</sup>N relaxation times by inverse Laplace transformation (2003)

Relaxation times (T1, T2, T1rho) are usually evaluated from exponential decay data by least-squares fitting methods. For this procedure, the integrals or amplitudes of signals must be determined, which can be laborious with large data sets. Moreover, the fitting requires a priori knowledge of the number of exponential components responsible for the decay. We have adapted inverse Laplace transformation (ILT) for the analysis of relaxation data. Exponential components are resolved with ILT to reciprocal space on their corresponding relaxation rate values. The ILT approach was applied to 3D linewidth-resolved 15N HSQC experiments to evaluate 15N T1 and T2 relaxation times of ubiquitin. The resulting spectrum is a true 3D spectrum, where the signals are separated by their 1H and 15N chemical shifts (HSQC correlations) and by their relaxation rate values (R1 or R2). From this spectrum, the relaxation times can be obtained directly with a simple peak-picking procedure.
The Fermat-Steiner Problem (2002)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsShay GueronSHAY GUERON is a faculty member of the department of mathematics at the University of Haifa, Israel. His research interests are in applied mathematics (mathematical biology, and computations). He is also interested in problem solving and mathematical competitions, and has been the Israeli Team Leader for the International Mathematical Olympiad since 1994.Ran TesslerRAN TESSLER, a student of Shay Gueron, studies in a special gifted student enrichment program. He has won two silver medals in the International Mathematical Olympiad (2000, 2001) as a member of the Israeli team.
Proton magnetic resonance studies of specifically deuterated cyclohexane compounds. Part IV. 1,1‐Dimethylcyclohexane, 1,3‐ and 1,4‐di‐<i>t</i>‐butylcyclohexane (<i>cis</i> and <i>trans</i>), and <i>cis,cis</i>‐1,3,5‐tri‐<i>t</i>‐butylcyclohexane (1974)

Abstract This paper describes the preparation and a PMR investigation of a series of deuterium derivatives of 1,1‐dimethylcyclohexane, cis ‐ and trans ‐1,3‐ and 1,4‐di‐ t ‐butylcyclohexane, and cis,cis ‐1,3,5‐tri‐ t ‐butylcyclohexane. Accurate PMR parameters are obtained by the application of deuterium decoupling and computer simulation and iteration of the spectra. The coupling constants in trans ‐1,4‐di‐ t ‐butylcyclohexane show that the t ‐butyl sides of the ring are puckered to the same extent as in t ‐butylcyclohexane. In cis ‐1,3‐di‐ t ‐butylcyclohexane and cis,cis ‐1,3,5‐tri‐ t ‐butylcyclohexané the axial protons at the carbon atoms between the t ‐butyl groups are also bent towards the centre of the ring. The axial methyl group in 1,1‐dimethylcyclohexane is shown to cause a flattening of the ring. The chemical shifts of the ring protons provide further insight into the “anomalous” shift of 2‐axial protons in methylcyclohexane(s). The vicinal coupling constants of trans ‐1,3‐di‐ t ‐butylcyclohexane confirm that this compound exists for the greater part in a twist conformation.
Citrus Blight Found in Yucatan, Mexico (1997)

Citrus blight, a serious tree decline problem of unknown cause in humid citrus-growing areas such as Florida and Louisiana, South America, South Africa, and the Caribbean, has never been reported from Mexico. Citrus blight has no reliable visual symptoms, and physical and chemical tests have to be used for diagnosis. We used water injection into the trunk (2), zinc and potassium analysis of the outer trunk wood (3), and an immunological test for specific blight proteins in the leaves (1). Low uptake when water is injected into the trunk, and high zinc and potassium in the wood, compared with healthy trees, are characteristic of citrus blight (3). Water injection tests and wood analysis of four healthy and four declining trees in the Dzan, Yucatan, Mexico, area in August 1995, showed highly significant differences in water uptake (healthy trees 44.3 ml/min, declining trees 1.0 ml/min), little difference in wood zinc (healthy 2.8 μg/g, declining 3.0 μg/g) and 39% more potassium in the wood (healthy 0.147%, declining 0.204%). No leaf protein tests were done at this location. Tests on eight declining and five healthy trees in Seye, Yucatan, Mexico, in June 1996, showed significant (P = 0.01 to 0.05) differences in water uptake (healthy 12.9 ml/min, declining 0.6 ml/min), in wood zinc (healthy 2.0 μg/g, declining 7.0 μg/g) and potassium in the wood (healthy 0.156%, declining 0.251%). Leaf samples from all eight declining trees were positive for blight in a specific protein test (1). The visual symptoms of all declining trees tested were the same as those of blight-affected trees in Florida and Cuba: zinc deficiency symptoms in the leaves, thin foliage, wilt, and sprouting from the trunk and the main branches. The reasons for the lack of earlier reports of citrus blight from Mexico are apparently climatic and rootstock related. Many of Mexico's citrus-producing areas are dry and blight does not occur in dry areas such as the Mediterranean countries and California. Most of Mexico's citrus is grown on sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) rootstock that is highly resistant to citrus blight, but very susceptible to tristeza virus disease. In response to warnings that tristeza disease might appear in Yucatan, growers planted Valencia orange (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck) on Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco) rootstock in Dzan and on Volkamer lemon (C. limon (L.) N. L. Burm.) in Seye, both highly susceptible to citrus blight (4). Changes in rootstock to avoid one disease led to problems with another. References: (1) K. S. Derrick et al. Proc. Fla. State Hortic. Soc. 105:26, 1993. (2) R. F. Lee et al. Plant Dis. 68:511, 1984. (3) H. K. Wutscher and C. J. Hardesty. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 104:9, 1979. (4) R. H. Young et al. Proc. Fla. State Hortic. Soc. 91:56, 1978.
Elaboration of collisional-radiative models applied to Earth and Mars entry problems (2014)

Three Collisional-Radiative (CR) models are elaborated and tested in typical atmospheric entry conditions. The first CR model (CoRaM-AIR) is dedicated to the Earth atmospheric entry and is based on an electronically and vibrationally specific state-to-state description of N2-O2-Ar mixtures. The second CR model (CoRaM-MARS) is dedicated to the Mars atmospheric entry and treats the CO2-N2-Ar mixtures with a similar vibrationally and electronically specific approach. Since their implementation in a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code has not yet been performed, they are implemented in a 0D code giving the evolution in time of the excited states number density in constant pressure and temperature conditions similar to trajectory points at lower altitude. Nevertheless, such an implementation in a CFD code has been performed for a third CR model, specifically devoted to pure nitrogen flows (CoRaM-N2). The results show that the equilibrium is reached relatively slowly. In addition, the influence of radiation on the chemistry is weak.
Adenosine-Induced Vasoconstriction In Vivo (1996)

Adenosine, a vasodilator metabolite, is often produced in tissues where the demand for oxygen exceeds the supply. We have recently demonstrated in isolated cannulated arterioles that adenosine and its metabolite, inosine, can also cause vasoconstriction by stimulation of mast cells. Secondary release of histamine and thromboxane is responsible for the inosine-induced constriction in vivo. In the present study, we explored the vasomotor effects of adenosine in vivo and investigated the role of the A3 adenosine receptor in mediating vasoconstriction. In vivo, local application of adenosine (10-6 to 10-4 mol/L) to arterioles consistently caused dose-dependent vasodilation. A fraction of arterioles, however, exhibited a biphasic response, with constriction following dilation. This, too, was dose dependent; 37% of arterioles constricted by 12.7 +/- 4.3% of the initial diameter in response to 10-4 mol/L adenosine. In the presence of 8-(p-sulfophenyl)theophylline (8-SPT), an antagonist of A1 and A2 adenosine receptors, dilation in response to the same dose of adenosine was reduced, and constriction was enhanced; 85% of the tested arterioles constricted by -44.3 +/- 6.0% of the initial diameter. The A3 adenosine receptor has been shown to facilitate mediator release from mast cells, and its role was also examined. N6-(3-Iodo-4-aminobenzyl)adenosine (I-ABA), an agonist of A1 and A3 adenosine receptors, produced dose-dependent vasoconstriction. 1,3-Dipropyl-8-(4-acrylate)phenylxanthine (BW-A1433), an antagonist of A1, A2, and A3 receptors, significantly reduced the vasoconstrictor response to adenosine, which was unmasked during treatment with 8-SPT. In addition, both adenosine and I-ABA stimulated mast cell uptake of ruthenium red, indicating degranulation. The I-ABA-induced constriction was abolished by combined histamine and thromboxane receptor antagonists. We conclude that adenosine can cause vasoconstriction in vivo, which is often masked by A2 receptor-mediated vasodilation. Mast cells are stimulated in the course of the response, and the A3 adenosine receptor is involved in mediating constriction.
The Effect of Total-Body Irradiation on Murine Erythropoiesis (1968)

The injury, subsequent repair, and recovery of erythrocyte precursor cells in the sublethally irradiated rat have been described (1, 2, 6–8), but a careful review of the literature reveals that these events have not been described for the mouse. In the previously reported studies most of the efforts have been directed toward the evaluation of reincorporation of iron 59 as a means of measuring erythropoietic injury. A knowledge of the normal mouse erythropoiesis is important in the comparative physiology, erythropoietic stimulating factor assays, and proper evaluation of the abnormal erythropoiesis that occurs as a consequence of total-body irradiation. The present experiment was designed to evaluate the postradiation erythropoietic recovery in the BALB/c mouse when it is irradiated to a total-body dose dose of 150 rads and multiple erythro-kinetic parameters are utilized in evaluation of the effect. Material And Methods Mice: Weanling female (16 to 18 g) BALB/c mice from the Cumberland View Farms Production Colony were used in this work. They were maintained in plastic cages (10 per cage) and fed Purina Laboratory Chow, small, with water ad libitum. Radiation Technic: A 1,200-cycle, resonant transformer x-ray machine was used to irradiate the mice, with the following exposure factors: 280 kVp; added filtration of 0.2 mm Sn, 0.25 mm Cu, 1.0 mm Al; h.v.l. 1.8 mm Cu; 20 mA; source distance (to center of animal) 51.5 cm. The mice were exposed, one at a time, in a small Plexiglas mouse restraining cage placed on top of a 30 × 30 × 30 cm water tank and surrounded by plywood so that the top surface of the plywood was level with the top of the restraining cage. Rice was used as bolus to fill the air gaps between the rounded top surface of the restraining cage and the plywood. The mice were thus constrained in the center of the irradiation field to a half-cylindrical volume of 4 × 5-cm base with a 2.5-cm base-to-roof radius. A 20 × 20-cm diaphragm limited field was used to expose the center of the mouse to 150 R. The equipment was calibrated in air with a Victoreen 100 R condenser ionization chamber with appropriate correction factor traceable to N.B.S. standards. The output measured in air at 50 cm from the source was found to be 77.4 R/min. The exposure rate at the center of the mouse was calculated with a back-scatter factor of 1.415 and a percentage depth dose of 100.7 (11). The calculated exposure rate at the center of the mouse was 110 R/min. The mice were each exposed to a total of 150 R. The ratio of maximum to minimum exposure based on the data of Wood et al. (11) is less than 1.10.
ABSENCE OF MHC CLASS I ON TRANSPLANTED NOD ISLETS PREVENTS AUTOIMMUNE INJURY AND CAUSES INFILTRATING CD4+ T CELLS TO PRODUCE TH2-LIKE CYTOKINES IN DIABETIC NOD MICE. (2000)

Prange, Sean2; Zucker, Peter1; Singh, Bhagi1,2; Jevnikar, Anthony M.1,2,3,4 Author Information
Cooperative control between two position-controlled manipulators (2002)

This paper proposes a simple method for handling a single object by cooperation of two manipulators controlled by PID position controllers. Flexibility is essential to avoid excessive inner forces caused by the mutual positioning error between two manipulators. First, the way to design these flexible mechanisms is shown. Second, the closed loop structure consisting of two manipulators and the installed flexible mechanisms is kinematically analyzed. As an example, a cooperative system between a 6-DOF robot and a conventional crane is designed and an inverse kinematics algorithm is proposed. The method proposed here is also very effective for cooperation in distributed autonomous robotic systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Intra‐individual variation of circulating tumour DNA in lung cancer patients (2019)

Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) has been increasingly incorporated into the treatment of cancer patients. ctDNA is generally accepted as a powerful diagnostic tool, whereas the utility of ctDNA to monitor disease activity needs to be fully validated. Central to this challenge is the question of whether changes in longitudinal ctDNA measurements reflect disease activity or merely biological variation. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the intra-individual biological variation of ctDNA in lung cancer patients. We identified tumour-specific mutations using next-generation sequencing. Day-to-day and hour-to-hour variations in plasma concentrations of the mutant allele and wild-type cell-free DNA (cfDNA) were determined using digital PCR. The levels of the mutant alleles varied by as much as 53% from day to day and 27% from hour to hour. cfDNA varied up to 19% from day to day and up to 56% from hour to hour, as determined using digital PCR. Variations were independent of the concentration. Both mutant allele concentrations and wild-type cfDNA concentrations showed considerable intra-individual variation in lung cancer patients with nonprogressive disease. This pronounced biological variation of the circulating DNA should be investigated further to determine whether ctDNA can be used for monitoring cancer activity.
Immunological characteristics of PEP carboxylase from leaves of C3-, C4- and C3-C4 intermediate species of Alternanthera--comparison with selected C3- and C4- plants. (2001)

Immunological cross-reactivity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) in leaf extracts of C3-, C4- and C3-C4 intermediate species of Alternanthera (along with a few other C3- and C4- plants) was studied using anti-PEPC antibodies raised against PEPC of Amaranthus hypochondriacus (belonging to the same family as that of Alternanthera, namely Amaranthaceae). Antibodies were also raised in rabbits against the purified PEPC from Zea mays (C4- monocot-Poaceae) as well as Alternanthera pungens (C4- dicot-Amaranthaceae). Monospecificity of PEPC-antiserum was confirmed by immunoprecipitation. Amount of PEPC protein in leaf extracts of A. hypochondriacus could be quantified by single radial immunodiffusion. Cros- reactivity of PEPC in leaf extracts from selected C3-, C4-, and C3-C4 intermediate species (including those of Alternanthera) was examined using Ouchterlony double diffusion and Western blots. Anti-PEPC antiserum raised against A. hypochondriacus enzyme showed high cross-reactivity with PEPC in leaf extracts of A. hypochondriacus or Amaranthus viridis or Alternanthera pungens (all C4 dicots), but limited cross-reactivity with that of Zea mays, Sorghum or Pennisetum (all C4 monocots). Interestingly, PEPC in leaf extracts of Alternanthera tenella, A. ficoides, Parthenium hysterophorus (C3-C4 intermediates) exhibited stronger cross-reactivity (with anti-serum raised against PEPC from Amaranthus hypochondriacus) than that of Pisum sativum, Commelina benghalensis, Altenanthera sessilis (C3 plants). Further studies on cross-reactivities of PEPC in leaf extracts of these plants with anti-PEPC antisera raised against PEPC from leaves of Zea mays or Alternanthera pungens confirmed two points--(i) PEPC of C3-C4 intermediate is distinct from C3 species and intermediate between those of C3- and C4-species; and (ii) PEPC of C4-dicots was closer to that of C3-species or C3-C4 intermediates (dicots) than to that of C4-monocots.
Photosynthesis of peroxodisulphate with visible light at polycrystalline WO<sub>3</sub>anodes (1982)

LPI
Identification of novel human neuronal leucine-rich repeat (hNLRR) family genes and inverse association of expression of Nbla10449/hNLRR-1 and Nbla10677/hNLRR-3 with the prognosis of primary neuroblastomas. (2004)

To search for novel prognostic indicators, we previously cloned >2,000 novel genes from primary neuroblastoma (NBL) cDNA libraries and screened for differential expression between the subsets with favorable (stage 1 or 2 with a single copy of MYCN) and unfavorable (stage 3 or 4 with amplification of MYCN) prognosis. From them, we have identified 3 genes of human neuronal leucine-rich repeat protein (NLRR) family: Nbla10449/hNLRR-1, Nbla00061/hNLRR-2/GAC1 and Nbla10677/hNLRR-3. An additional family member, hNLRR-5, was also found by homology search against public database. NLRR family proteins have been proposed to function as a neuronal adhesion molecule or soluble ligand binding receptor like Drosophila toll and slit with multiple domains including 11 sets of extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-motifs. However, the functional role of the NLRR protein family has been elusive. Our present study shows that hNLRR mRNAs are preferentially expressed in nervous system and/or adrenal gland. In cancer cell lines, hNLRR-1, hNLRR-3 and hNLRR-5 are expressed at high levels in the neural crest-derived cells. Most remarkably, in primary NBLs, hNLRR-1 is significantly expressed at high levels in unfavorable subsets as compared to favorable ones, whereas the expression pattern of hNLRR-3 and hNLRR-5 is the opposite. In order to understand the function of these receptors, we have used newborn mouse superior cervical ganglion (SCG) cells which are dependent on nerve growth factor (NGF) for their survival. Expression of the mouse counterparts of hNLRR-2 and hNLRR-3 is up-regulated after NGF-induced differentiation and down-regulated after NGF depletion-induced apoptosis. On the other hand, expression of hNLRR-1 and hNLRR-5 is inversely regulated in the same system. These results have suggested that the regulation of the hNLRR family genes may be associated with NGF signaling pathway in both SCG cells and neuroblastoma. Our quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis using 99 primary NBLs has revealed that high levels of hNLRR-1 expression are significantly associated with older age (>1 year, p=0.0001), advanced stages (p=0.0007), low expression of TrkA (p=0.011), and MYCN amplification (p=0.0001), while those of hNLRR-3 expression are significantly correlated with the favorable prognostic indicators. Furthermore, multivariate analysis reveals that expression of hNLRR-1 is an independent prognostic indicator in human neuroblastoma. Thus, our results demonstrate that, despite being members of the same family, hNLRR-1 and hNLRR-3 may share different biological function among the NBL subsets, and that their expression level becomes novel prognostic indicators of NBL.