gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intrinsic resputtering—theory and experiment (1990)

This study examines a type of resputtering that attends the deposition of sputtered materials under elementary conditions—sputtering with a single ion beam at pressures below 0.01 Pa. Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe were employed to sputter nine simple metals ranging in mass from Al to Au. Comparative weight gains on planar and concave substrates revealed the magnitude of resputtering, which varied from about 3.5% for light metals sputtered with heavier ions to over 20% for gold sputtered with neon. The results define a universal curve that appears constant at mass ratios less than unity but increases steeply beyond a mass ratio intercept slightly greater than unity. A theoretical analysis is developed that predicts the striking universality, relates the observed intercept to the existence of finite sputtering threshold energies, and fits the full range of experimental data with one adjustable parameter having a derived value of unity.
Trapping and Analysis of the Gas Phase of Cigarette Smoke/Zur Gewinnung und Behandlung frischer Gasphase aus Cigarettenrauch (1965)

Abstract The gaseous part of cigarette smoke was brought into contact with the surfaces of different materials such as glass, stainless steel, silicone rubber, and condensed gas phase. Subsequent analysis by gaschromatography shows that the gas phase may be even less stable than is generally assumed. Inert as well as reactive components are reduced by a short surface contact, the former up to 50, the latter up to 300 %. Using a specially designed large syringe made of teflon and steel we observed the lowest loss of smoke constituents caused by trapping the gas phase at room temperature.
Light scattering by closely spaced parallel cylinders embedded in a finite dielectric slab (1999)

A theory of light scattering by closely spaced parallel radially stratified cylinders embedded in a finite dielectric slab is presented. The refractive indices of the slab and the half-spaces on both sides of the slab are assumed to be real but arbitrary. No restriction is placed on the polarization and the propagation direction of the incident wave, the diameter of the cylinders, the intercylinder spacing, and the wavelength of the incident radiation. Each cylinder can have any number of concentric layers of stratification, and the complex refractive index of each layer can be different. A rigorous solution of Maxwell’s equations is developed by accounting for depolarization effects that are due to oblique incidence on the cylinders, refraction of scattered waves at the slab boundaries, and coherent scattering between the cylinders. The scattering characteristics of a slab containing a specific configuration of cylinders are examined by numerical data for several combinations of refractive indices of the slab and the half-spaces. In addition, the present scattering theory is applied to obtain the solutions for the cases of cylinders embedded in a semi-infinite medium, cylinders located in front of a reflecting–transmitting plane, and cylinders in an infinite homogeneous medium.
Location-based spatial data management in navigation systems (2003)

We describe an embedded system for vehicle navigation. We use an Internet-based connection to download data stored on a distant server and a Java-enabled Web browser interface to visualize them locally. Data management is based on vehicle location. All data are transferred as the result of queries defined on the client side and executed on the data server. The request management on client side uses a data cache and takes into account spatial aspect of data and client location. We also introduce spatial query restrictions in order to reduce the selected data only to the data set relevant to the actual location of the mobile user. The vehicle is located by defining several map-matching algorithms to perform in real time integration of vehicle location in digital maps.
Mechanisms of silica exacerbated systemic autoimmune disease in New Zealand mixed mice (2004)

Silica exposure has been associated with formation of autoantibodies and development o f several autoimmune diseases, however, mechanisms leading to these events are unknown. Therefore, the effect o f silica on autoimmune disease progression in autoimmune-prone New Zealand mixed mice was studied. Following silica exposure, NZM mice developed high levels o f proteinuria and died prematurely due to immune complex and complement deposition within the glomerulus o f the kidney as compared to saline and TiOa exposed mice. Further, silica exposure resulted in higher levels of autoantibodies to nuclear antigen, specifically histones, than saline or TiOa exposed mice. These effects were mediated in part by the migration of high numbers o f CD4+ T cells and B la B cells to local lymph nodes as well as the decrease in the number of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Silica exposure induced a shift in the Thl/Th2 balance in favor o f a Thl response as measured by alterations in immunoglobulin isotypes. The increase in autoantibodies following silica exposure in NZM mice involved autoantibodies which preferentially recognized apoptotie cells. Following silica exposure, alveolar macrophages from NZM mice were shown to have increased gene expression levels of several apoptosis genes. Most prominent was an increase in proapoptotic protein kinase C6 in alveolar macrophages from silica exposed NZM mice. Using an in vitro model, PKC6 was found to mediate apoptosis in silica treated bone marrow derived macrophages. Further, TNF-a was found to be chronically elevated in lung lavage fluid possibly adding to the induction of apoptosis. Inhibiting the apoptotie response induced by silica in alveolar macrophages using an inhibitor o f PKC6 in vivo significantly reduced silica exacerbated systemic autoimmune disease. Inhibition of PKC5 in vivo resulted in decreased proteinuria, kidney disease and anti-histone autoantibodies. These results suggest that silica exposure resulted in apoptosis o f alveolar macrophages and by blocking apoptosis through PKC6 the exacerbation o f systemic autoimmune disease in NZM mice was inhibited. These data taken together may provide insights into mechanisms by which xenobiotics induce apoptosis and the role apoptosis may play in the progression of systemic autoimmune disease.
Assessing Physical Activity Using Wearable Monitors (2011)

Future development of sensors and analytical techniques for assessing physical activity should focus on the dynamic ranges of sensors, comparability for sensor output across manufacturers, and the application of advanced modeling techniques to predict energy expenditure and classify physical activities. New approaches for qualitatively classifying physical activity should be validated using direct observation or recording. New sensors and methods for quantitatively assessing physical activity should be validated in laboratory and free-living populations using criterion methods of calorimetry or doubly labeled water.
Gestures (2013)

Gestures are patterns of movement made by the user interacting with the device: tapping, double-tapping, tap-and-hold, flicking (quick linear movements in one direction), panning (dragging), pinching (multi-touch where two points are dragged together), zooming (multi-touch where two points are dragged apart), and rotating (multi-touch where two points are moved to describe a new angle).
Achieving Global Optimality for Weighted Sum-Rate Maximization in the K-User Gaussian Interference Channel with Multiple Antennas (2012)

Characterizing the global maximum of weighted sum-rate (WSR) for the K-user Gaussian interference channel (GIC), with the interference treated as Gaussian noise, is a key problem in wireless communication. However, due to the users' mutual interference, this problem is in general non-convex and thus cannot be solved directly by conventional convex optimization techniques. In this paper, by jointly utilizing the monotonic optimization and rate profile techniques, we develop a new framework to obtain the globally optimal power control and/or beamforming solutions to WSR maximization problems for the GICs with single-antenna transmitters and single-antenna receivers (SISO), single-antenna transmitters and multi-antenna receivers (SIMO), or multi-antenna transmitters and single-antenna receivers (MISO). Different from prior work, this paper proposes to maximize the WSR in the achievable rate region of the GIC directly by exploiting the facts that the achievable rate region is a "normal" set and the users' WSR is a strictly increasing function over the rate region. Consequently, the WSR maximization is shown to be in the form of monotonic optimization over a normal set and thus can be solved globally optimally by the existing outer polyblock approximation algorithm. However, an essential step in the algorithm hinges on how to efficiently characterize the intersection point on the Pareto boundary of the achievable rate region with any prescribed "rate profile" vector. This paper shows that such a problem can be transformed into a sequence of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) feasibility problems, which can be solved efficiently by applying existing techniques. Numerical results validate that the proposed algorithms can achieve the global WSR maximum for the SISO, SIMO or MISO GIC, which serves as a performance benchmark for other heuristic algorithms.
Untersuchungen zur Bedeutung von Natürlichen Killerzellen und T-Zellen in einem murinen Spontan-Tumormodell (2010)

Mit der insbesondere in der westlichen Welt zunehmenden Lebenserwartung der Bevölkerung nimmt auch die Inzidenz vieler Tumorerkrankungen zu. Auch die Inzidenz von Non-Hodgkin-Lymphomen nimmt zu und ist vor allem im fortgeschrittenen Lebensalter sehr hoch. Trotz vieler Fortschritte in der Therapie von Lymphomerkrankungen und eines Anstiegs der 5-Jahres-Überlebensraten auf inzwischen fast 70 % ist noch immer keine zufriedenstellende Therapie für alle Patienten möglich. Zur Entwicklung von daher benötigten neuen Behandlungskonzepten könnte ein besseres Verständnis der Tumorgenese und der Reaktion des Immunsystems auf sich entwickelnde Tumoren beitragen. Bisherige experimentelle Ansätze zur Erforschung der Tumorimmunologie greifen aber oft auf Tiermodelle mit transplantierbaren Tumoren zurück und sind nicht in der Lage, die Interaktion zwischen Immunsystem und sich langsam entwickelndem Tumor adäquat wiederzugeben. Daher wurde in dieser Arbeit die Bedeutung von Teilen des angeborenen und adaptiven Immunsystems in einem SpontanTumormodell untersucht, welches eine realitätsnähere Untersuchung dieser Zusammenhänge erlaubt. Die verwendeten Mäuse tragen das Protoonkogen c-myc unter einem B-Zell-spezifischen Verstärkerelement und entwickeln ab einem Alter von ungefähr 12 - 16 Wochen autochthon B-Zell-Lymphome, die mit dem Burkitt-Lymphom des Menschen vergleichbar sind. Zu den Eigenschaften der sich entwickelnden Tumoren gehört, dass die Lymphomzellen „fehlendes Selbst“, also eine verminderte Expression von MHC-Klasse-I-Molekülen, aufweisen und im Tumorverlauf hohe Expressionsraten von Liganden für NKG2D zeigen. Ein Schwerpunkt der durchgeführten Untersuchungen lag auf den NK-Zellen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Zahl der NK-Zellen in tumorösen Lymphknoten stark zunimmt. Auch war eine Aktivierung von NK-Zellen festzustellen, die mit der Abnahme von MHC-I auf den Tumorzellen korrelierte. Trotz einer phänotypisch stark ausgeprägten Aktivierung und veränderter Expression verschiedener aktivierender und inhibierender Oberflächenrezeptoren waren die NK-Zellen aus dem Spontan-Tumormodell nicht mehr in der Lage, ihre Effektorfunktionen auszuüben. Es konnte in der vorliegenden Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass NK-Zellen aus erkrankten Tieren sowohl ein Defizit in der Produktion und Freisetzung von IFN-γ haben, als auch nicht mehr in der Lage waren, ihre lytische Aktivität gegenüber Tumorzellen zu entfalten.
Eighteen months contraception following subdermal insertion of silastic capsules containing norgestrienone. (1978)

The contraceptive effect of 6 subdermal silastic implants containing norgestrienone was investigated in 659 women of reproductive age for a period of 2 years. 402 subjects completed 1 year of use 315 women completed 18 months of use and 283 completed 2 years of use. A total of 8942 woman-months were recorded. 20 pregnancies occurred. 12 pregnancies occurred after 18 months of use. Only 4 pregnancies occurred during the 1st year of use when 7022 woman-months were recorded. The Pearl Index for the 1st year was .6. For 18 months the Pearl Index rose to 1.2 and for the 2nd year to 2.6. Most important side effects were bleeding irregularities. 23% of subjects missed the 1st expected period following the insertion of the capsules and approximately 20% of all subjects had at least 1 nonbleeding interval longer than 45 days. The incidence of amenorrhea diminished towards the end of the treatment to attain 10% at 1 year and only 5% at 18 months. 361 women (54%) had regular bleeding episodes with mean interval of 29.5 days (standard deviation 1 /SD/ 1 = 3.9) and a duration of 2-6 days (mean 4 SID = 1.9). Intermenstrual bleeding was reported by 8% of the subjects during the 1st month but only 2% after the 3rd month of use.(AUTHORS ABSTRACT)
CD4+ T Cells Expressing Latency-Associated Peptide and Foxp3 Are an Activated Subgroup of Regulatory T Cells Enriched in Patients with Colorectal Cancer (2014)

Latency-associated peptide (LAP) - expressing regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important for immunological self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. In order to investigate the role of LAP in human CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ Tregs, we designed a cross-sectional study that involved 42 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. The phenotypes, cytokine-release patterns, and suppressive ability of Tregs isolated from peripheral blood and tumor tissues were analyzed. We found that the population of LAP-positive CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ Tregs significantly increased in peripheral blood and cancer tissues of CRC patients as compared to that in the peripheral blood and tissues of healthy subjects. Both LAP⁺ and LAP⁻ Tregs had a similar effector/memory phenotype. However, LAP⁺ Tregs expressed more effector molecules, including tumor necrosis factor receptor II, granzyme B, perforin, Ki67, and CCR5, than their LAP⁻ negative counterparts. The in vitro immunosuppressive activity of LAP⁺ Tregs, exerted via a transforming growth factor-β-mediated mechanism, was more potent than that of LAP⁻ Tregs. Furthermore, the enrichment of LAP⁺ Treg population in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of CRC patients correlated with cancer metastases. In conclusion, we found that LAP⁺ Foxp3⁺ CD4⁺ Treg cells represented an activated subgroup of Tregs having more potent regulatory activity in CRC patients. The increased frequency of LAP⁺ Tregs in PBMCs of CRC patients suggests their potential role in controlling immune response to cancer and presents LAP as a marker of tumor-specific Tregs in CRC patients.
<i>The Social Teachings of the Canadian Churches: Protestant, the Early Period before 1850</i> (1965)

Find information about UTP Journals. University of Toronto Press is Canada’s leading academic publisher and one of the largest university presses in North America, with particular strengths in the social sciences, humanities, and business. The Book Publishing Division is widely recognized in Canada for its strength in history, political science, sociology, Indigenous studies, and cultural studies. Internationally, UTP is a leading publisher of medieval, Renaissance, Italian, Iberian, Slavic, and urban studies, as well as studies in book and print culture.
Servers, processes and subprocesses: a critical evaluation (2002)

Distributed operating systems are often structured in a server-oriented way, with some system tasks being performed by server processes. An extended analysis of the servers' structure is provided along with its implications for the communication system. Small examples, which start from simple servers and become gradually more complex, illustrate the problems encountered when servers are written using a classical sequential process structure. Processes with several threads of control that execute the same code are used to overcome the problems encountered. The Hermix distributed operating system is used as an example to illustrate the use of such a process structure.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Facile Synthesis of 1,3-Thiazole-4-sulfonyl Chlorides (2012)

Abstract A four-step preparative-scale synthesis of eight 2-alkyl- and arylsubstituted thiazole-4-sulfonyl chlorides from chloralamides is reported. Good yields and easy availability of starting materials are valuable advantages of the procedure that gives access to formerly unattainable building blocks.
Triethylaluminum as a concentration‐dependent coinitiator and chain‐transfer agent of free‐radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of benzoquinone (1977)

Abstract Yields in methyl methacrylate (MMA) polymerization as a function of triethylaluminum (TEA) concentration have been determined at a constant benzoquinone (BQ) concentration. The polymerization is negligible at [TEA]/[BQ] concentration ratios smaller than 1, but reaches a maximum yield and then decreases for larger TEA concentrations. Molecular weight measurements show a similar trend, although the maximum is shifted with respect to that corresponding to polymer yield. The existence of two reaction mechanisms is shown by rate measurements at constant initial concentrations. One is a fast reaction, over in a few minutes, which accounts for most of the yield after 30 min reaction time. The other is a slower photoinitiated reaction of the products of the fast reaction. The mechanism proposed is based on a chain‐transfer reaction between the inhibitor radical, formed by the addition of the polymer radical (M·) to BQ and TEA, giving a reactive ethyl radical: The competition between a pair of reactions of TEA and BQ, i.e., a free‐radical reaction corresponding to the conjugate addition and a molecular reaction leading to the BQ reduction product, is held responsible for the observed yield maximum, since the molecular reaction prevails at larger TEA concentrations. The observed drop in the molecular weight is the result of a chain‐transfer reaction on TEA, i.e., the substitution of an ethyl group by the growing polymer radical.
Src Regulates Golgi Structure and KDEL Receptor-dependent Retrograde Transport to the Endoplasmic Reticulum (2003)

The tyrosine kinase Src is present on the Golgi membranes. Its role, however, in the overall function and organization of the Golgi apparatus is unclear. We have found that in a cell line called SYF, which lacks the three ubiquitous Src-like kinases (Src, Yes, and Fyn), the organization of the Golgi apparatus is perturbed. The Golgi apparatus is composed of collapsed stacks and bloated cisternae in these cells. Expression of an activated form of Src relocated the KDEL receptor (KDEL-R) from the Golgi apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum. Other Golgi-specific marker proteins were not affected under these conditions. Because of the specific effect of Src on the location of KDEL-R, we tested whether protein transport between ER and the Golgi apparatus involves Src. Transport of Pseudomonas exotoxin, which is transported to the ER by binding to the KDEL-R is accelerated by inhibition or genetic ablation of Src. Protein transport from ER to the Golgi apparatus however, is unaffected by Src deletion or inhibition. We propose that Src has an appreciable role in the organization of the Golgi apparatus, which may be linked to its involvement in protein transport from the Golgi apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Delayed Reproductive Death in X-irradiated Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells (1991)

The cytotoxic effects of X-irradiation may be delayed for many generations of replication in mammalian cells. In addition to a reduced cloning efficiency, progeny of surviving Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells isolated after 12-34 population doublings postirradiation showed a variety of abnormalities including lower attachment ability to culture dishes and slower cell cycle progression. When these progeny were seeded as single cells 12-23 generations after irradiation, they formed a higher fraction of abortive colonies and of non-homogeneous colonies containing giant cells. All of these characteristics were evident whether progeny cells were subcultured by trypsinization or by mitotic selection. These results suggest that residual damage may be carried by surviving progeny of irradiated cells over many mitotic cycles; this damage is eventually expressed in terms of pleomorphic changes leading to delayed reproductive failure.
Estimating a Gamma Distribution (2002)

This note derives a fast algorithm for maximum-likelihood estimation of both parameters of a Gamma distribution or negative-binomial distribution. 1
Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Scaffolds for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2008)

The influence of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) architectures for facilitating charge transport in mesoscopic semiconductor films has been probed using a TiO2/Ru(II) trisbipyridyl complex system. Both transient absorption and emission measurements indicate that the SWCNT network in the film has no noticeable influence on the charge injection process from the excited Ru(II) trisbipyridyl complex into TiO2 particles. However, it plays an important role in improving the charge separation, as the rate of back electron transfer between the oxidized sensitizer (Ru(III)) and the injected electrons becomes slower in the presence of the SWCNT scaffold. The beneficial aspect of charge collection by SWCNT has been further explored by carrying out photoelectrochemical measurements. The dye-sensitized solar cells constructed using this SWCNT scaffold show an improvement in the photocurrent generation. However, this improvement in photocurrent generation is neutralized by a lower photovoltage as the apparent Fermi level of the TiO2 and SWCNT composite becomes more positive than that of pristine TiO2.
Techniques of frequency synthesis (1973)

A brief outline of the initial development of synthetiser techniques is followed by a description of two early types, and reference is given to a comprehensive survey in the late 1960s. The concurrent advance in solid-state technology has had a major impact on synthetiser development, mainly in regard to divider- and voltage-controlled-oscillator techniques, resulting in improved performance combined with reductions in size, weight, power consumption and cost. For economic viability, synthetisers must be designed for specific systems, and a section is devoted to the requirements for several systems. To meet such requirements, descriptions are given of the techniques used in a number of synthetisers, both variable-divider/voltage-controlled oscillator types and others. Although mainly in the h.f. band, examples are also given in the audio, v.h.f. and u.h.f. bands. Economic aspects are considered in regard to relative performance and to equipment replaced by synthetisers. As all synthetiser output frequencies are derived from a single master source, the reliability of this oscillator is of paramount importance. Finally, it is noted that miniaturisation has tended to reduce v.c.o. output to a level which makes noise-performance requirements difficult to achieve.