gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wet chemical etching of Al 0.65 Ga 0.35 N in aqueous KOH solutions (2009)

We have investigated wet chemical etching of Al0.65Ga0.35N in 20% (by weight) aqueous KOH solutions at 85, 95 and 102 °C. The etch rates were 0.48, 0.64 and 0.96 μm/min, respectively. Scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to characterize the surface morphology and stoichiometry before and after wet chemical etching. Experimental results show that aqueous KOH solutions can effectively etch Al<sub>0.65</sub>Ga<sub>0.35</sub>N. SEM results show that the root-mean-square (rms) roughness increased from 16.189 to 50.496 nm. Degradation in surface smoothness is attributed to selective anisotropic wet chemical etching. The AES measurements show that after the untreated sample was wet chemical treated in a 20% KOH solution at 85 °C for 15 seconds, the oxide formed in the surface was removed and a lower content of oxide layer near the surface was formed and the N content is higher. XPS measurements show that the banding energies of Ga 3d shifted to low energy direction after the untreated sample was successively wet chemical treated. It indicated that the atom Ga tended to form Ga-N rather than Ga-O bonding on the surface after KOH solution treatment. The damage and oxide layer induced by dry etching processes was effectively removed by wet chemical treatment and the damage surface was refreshed.
HIV in Southeast Asia. (1998)

This article explores the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Southeast Asia. Prostitution and injecting drug use are two major factors in the appearance of HIV/AIDS in a country. But, it is the correct social network that assures its transmission to epidemic proportions. Heterosexual transmission in Cambodia, Myanmar, and Thailand is linked with prevalence among female sex workers and their clients. In Malaysia, the Ministry of Health responded immediately, but the number of new infections continued to increase. The failures suggest the need for more effective, intensive health education programs, outreach by nongovernmental organizations, and peer education at the grassroots level and in remote areas. Public health officials need to promote political change. International agencies could play an important role, if countries such as Myanmar, Cambodia, and Viet Nam were open to international exchanges. In Myanmar, political unrest has a priority over the need for aggressive health interventions. In Indonesia, the Islamic influence prevents recognition of the country's significant sex industry or the existence of a homosexual community. In Cambodia, health officials warned about the high number of sexual partners, high mobility rate, and low condom use, but HIV spread rapidly in the 1990s. Thailand initiated a 100% condom campaign to combat HIV prevalence in the 1990s, and HIV prevalence declined among sex workers and military recruits. Risk factors for rapid transmission include mobility, the number of sexual partners/sex worker, the proportion engaging in commercial sex, and the rate of regular condom use among sex workers.
iPhone Cool Projects (2009)

This book is dedicated to my wife, children, and friends who never stop believing in me.Also, I want to thank my friend Greg Stanley, who taught me the importance of thinking positive
An Economic Assessment of Environmental Federalism: e Optimal Locus of Endangered Species Authority (2012)

Environmental policy in the United States is largely seen as the domain of the national government, but there are good reasons to consider devolving 
some responsibilities for environmental policy to lower levels of government 
and even to private stewards. Especially when resource management issues do 
not involve large areas and when knowledge about the resource is localized, 
devolution can make sense. For example, depending on the permeability of 
aquifers, groundwater management could be more or less localized; in cases 
where aquifers are impermeable, one user’s actions might only aect immediate neighbors, making devolution more viable. On the other hand, with air 
quality management, especially with emissions that travel long distances in 
the atmosphere, higher levels of governmental regulation may be necessary.
Cloning of the mouse homologue of the deleted in colorectal cancer gene (mDCC) and its expression in the developing mouse embryo. (1995)

Loss of DCC gene expression has now been demonstrated in a wide variety of metastatic cancers. Here we present the nucleotide sequence and predicted amino acid sequence of mouse DCC. Mouse and human DCC share 96% identity at the amino acid level. Analysis of DCC mRNA expression throughout the mid and late stages of gestation in the mouse, demonstrated that DCC mRNA is expressed at significantly higher levels in the developing mouse embryo than in any adult tissue. In addition, we show that an embryo-specific, alternatively spliced, form of DCC is expressed in day 9.5 through day 18.5 embryos. The expression of both alternatively spliced forms of DCC is developmentally regulated such that the embryonic form of DCC predominates in day 9.5 and 10.5 embryos. In the later stage embryos the expression of this alternatively spliced form of DCC is down-regulated with respect to that of the adult form. Whole-mount in situ hybridization of day 11.5 mouse embryos revealed that DCC mRNA is expressed at high levels in the developing brain and the neural tube. However, no DCC mRNA could be detected in any other embryonic tissue at this stage of development. These observations suggest that during embryogenesis DCC may play a pivotal role in the development of the central nervous system.
Case-Control Study of Enteropathogens Associated with Childhood Diarrhea in Dhaka, Bangladesh (1999)

The International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, is a major center for research into diarrheal diseases. The center treats more than 100,000 patients a year. To obtain useful information representative of all patients, a surveillance system in which a 4% systematic sample of all patients is studied in detail, including etiological agents of diarrhea, was installed in October 1979. The first paper on etiology for the surveillance patients was published in 1982, which identified a potential enteric pathogen in 66% of patients. In subsequent years, several new agents of diarrhea have been identified. To assess the importance of a broader spectrum of diarrheal agents including the ones identified relatively recently, we studied 814 children with diarrhea. The children were up to 5 years of age and were part of the surveillance system. They were matched with an equal number of community controls without diarrhea. The study was conducted from February 1993 to June 1994. A potential enteric pathogen was isolated from 74.8% of diarrheal children and 43.9% of control children (P = 0.0001). Even though the first study was not a case-control study, it identified rotavirus, Campylobacter jejuni, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Shigella spp. , and Vibrio cholerae O1 as major pathogens. The present study identified these pathogens as being significantly associated with diarrhea. In addition, the study also identified six additional agents, including enteropathogenic E. coli, Aeromonas spp., V. cholerae O139, enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium difficile, and Cryptosporidium parvum, as being significantly associated with diarrhea. Plesiomonas shigelloides, Salmonella spp., diffusely adherent E. coli, enteroaggregative E. coli, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia lamblia were not significantly associated with diarrhea. Enteroinvasive E. coli, enterohemorrhagic E. coli, and Cyclospora cayetanensis were not detected in any of the children. The major burden of diseases due to most pathogens occurred in the first year of life. As in the previous study, seasonal patterns were seen for diarrhea associated with rotavirus, V. cholerae, and enterotoxigenic E. coli, and infections with multiple pathogens were common. With a few exceptions, these findings are in agreement with those from other developing countries. This knowledge of a broader spectrum of etiological agents of diarrhea in the surveillance patients will help us plan studies into various aspects of diarrheal diseases in this population.
Optimizing the Cost for Resource Subscription Policy in IaaS Cloud (2014)

Cloud computing allow the users to efficiently and dynamically provision computing resource to meet their IT needs. Cloud Provider offers two subscription plan to the customer namely reservation and on-demand. The reservation plan is typically cheaper than on-demand plan. If the actual computing demand is known in advance reserving the resource would be straightforward. The challenge is how to make properly resource provisioning and how the customers efficiently purchase the provisioning options under reservation and on-demand. To address this issue, two-phase algorithm are proposed to minimize service provision cost in both reservation and on-demand plan. To reserve the correct and optimal amount of resources during reservation, proposed a mathematical formulae in the first phase. To predict resource demand, use kalman filter in the second phase. The evaluation result shows that the two-phase algorithm can significantly reduce the provision cost and the prediction is of reasonable accuracy.
Structural Proteins of Simian Virus 40 (1971)

Sodium dodecyl sulfate acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the solubilized proteins from purified simian virus 40 (SV40) virions revealed two major and two minor structural polypeptide components. The major components which comprise over 75% of the total virion were shown to be the capsid proteins by immunological and isoelectric focusing fractionation analysis. These two polypeptides have estimated molecular weights of 45,000 daltons as determined by gel electrophoresis. One of the two minor components was identified as the nucleocapsid protein and has an approximate molecular weight of 16,000. The other unidentified minor component has an average molecular weight of 29,000.
Third-Party Payment Problems and Countermeasures (2011)

As the middle part, online payment is the most concerned problem in e-commerce transactions. Represented by third-party payment, online payment largely eliminates the concerns of people in online transactions, promoting development of e-commerce in China. However, third-party payment in practice also exposes some risks, and it is necessary to build secure third-party payment system, and promote the healthy development of third-party payment.
Multiple Glass Transitions in Butadiene—Acrylonitrile Copolymers. II. Formation of Incompatible Phases during Copolymerization (1973)

Abstract Differential Thermal Analysis and Dynamic Mechanical measurements show that the presence of two glass transition temperatures in nitrile rubbers is not unusual. Two glass transition temperatures occur in all commercial non-crosslinked butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers of less than 35 per cent acrylonitrile even though they have gone previously undetected. We have investigated the changes in composition and glass transition temperatures during the course of the copolymerization. The composition versus conversion results were in agreement with previously published data. Fractionation and polymer-polymer compatibility experiments were used to demonstrate the presence of two incompatible phases of different acrylonitrile content, corresponding to the glass transitions of the original co-polymer. The mechanism for the formation of these two phases is discussed.
A Recursive Frame Analysis of Virginia Satir’s “Of Rocks and Flowers” Session (2015)

Utilizing both the transcript and video, this article tracks the analysis of the 1970s Virginia Satir therapy session “Of Rocks and Flowers” in which Satir is working with a family whose children have been physically abused. Readers can access the full transcript, video, and partial video of the session at (AVANTA, 1998; Golden Triad Films, 1986; PsychotherapyNet, 2014) respectively. The session depicts a family consisting of a husband, a wife who is expecting a child, and two young boys, who are the biological children of the husband. The wife fears that her husband’s biological children will harm her unborn child if she remains in the home. She would rather leave the family than risk this danger (AVANTA, 1998). Given Satir’s success with this common presenting family complaint, the authors utilized Recursive Frame Analysis (RFA) (Keeney, 1990) to analyze her systemic participation in assisting the family from moving from an impoverished problem-saturated context to a resourceful context. RFA was selected due to its lineal and circular focuses of analysis. It is lineal in the sense that it can assist in tracking lineal movement during a session by dissecting the session into frames, galleries, and/or acts (or therapeutic contexts). It is circular in that all elements of the interaction can be analyzed and dissected as a whole (Keeney, 1990; Keeney & Keeney, 2012). The readers will then be introduced to Satir’s therapeutic approach, RFA, and to utilizing both to enhance awareness of their own therapeutic behaviors and impact on clinical outcomes.
Point-of-care diagnostics: an advancing sector with nontechnical issues (2008)

The particular reasons for the relative lack in development of point-of-care (PoC) diagnostics in a business context were discussed in our sister journal, Expert Review of Medical Devices, over 2 years ago. At that time, it could be seen that the concept of PoC testing was being revisited for at least the fifth time in the last 20 years. There had been important advances in technology but, with changes in global healthcare structures and funding, the overall in vitro diagnostics sector has had sluggish growth. Only molecular diagnostics and PoC testing are growing strongly. PoC testing is now a quarter of the total global in vitro diagnostics market, but largely due to use in diabetes monitoring. An increased focus on areas other than glucose self-testing has created a disturbance in the market. An implementation issue from this disturbance is that of control between central laboratories and the proposed sites for PoC testing. Evidence is presented to show that the first step is likely to be increased use in clinics and outpatient facilities closely linked with the laboratory. The aim will be to control the quality of the test, maintenance of equipment and provide support for the clinician in interpretation. The major problem for effective PoC implementation will be the significant changes to patient pathways that are required. The changes will benefit the patient and clinical outcomes but will require healthcare professionals to change their work patterns. This will be an uphill task!
The Climatic Factors in the Etiology of Allergic Diseases (1965)

“Everybody talks about the weather, but nobody does anything about it.” This statement was made by Charlie Dudley Warner10 many years ago. It is no longer true, since science is studying every aspect of weather and climate. The definition of climate is the weather at a given place over a period of time. Climate is affected by the same physical conditions that affect weather: latitude, prevailing winds, ocean currents, mountains, and proximity to the sea. The climates of the fifty states vary a great deal because of the size of the country and its varied terrain.
The synthesis, conformation and hydrolytic stability of an N,S-bridging thiophosphoramidate analogue of thymidylyl-3′,5′-thymidine (2016)

A 3'-N,5'-S-bridging thiophosphoramidate analogue of thymidylyl-3',5'-thymidine was synthesised under aqueous conditions. (1)H NMR conformational measurements show that the 3'-N-substituted deoxyribose ring is biased towards the 'north', RNA-like conformation. Rate constants for hydrolysis of the analogue were measured at 90 °C in the pH range 1.3-10.9. The pH-log kobs profile displays a pH-independent region between approximately pH 7 and 10 (t1/2 ∼13 days). Under acidic conditions, kobs displays a first order dependence on [H3O(+)].
Mailed thermoluminescent dosimeter determination of entrance skin exposure and half-value layer in mammography (1978)

A method of providing in vivo measurement of entrance skin exposure for mammography using mailed thermoluminescent dosimeters has been developed. The dosimeters are calibrated to 137Cs (662 keV), and a correction is applied to account for energy response. A mailed dosimeter packet which can be used to measure the half-value layer at mammography energies is also described. The results for both systems agree well (to within 10%) with careful ion chamber determinations. These dosimeter measurements provide a simple. Inexpensive means to reliably determine exposure and to monitor machine parameters on a periodic basis.
State of Art in Multichannel Pulse Data Analysis (1969)

In many nuclear physics, biology and engineering experiments it is important to measure the probability distribution function of random processes. In this paper a survey and comparison of different measuring techniques are given. The following systems and their basic principles of operations are described: Single channel and multidiscriminator analyzers without memory. Systems with fast digital memories and computer oriented systems. Mean rate analyzer. Multiparameter analyzers. Analog memory analyzers with capacitors and with storage tubes. Associative megachannel analyzers. Most active zone encoder. Pseudo-random transformation mode megachannel analyzer. Window preselection. Event recording analyzers. Spectrum stabilization. Trends in probability distribution measurements.
A context-aware decision engine for content adaptation (2002)

Building a good content adaptation service for mobile devices poses many challenges. To meet these challenges, this quality-of-service-aware decision engine automatically negotiates for the appropriate adaptation decision for synthesizing an optimal content version.
A simple test for predicting pregnancy-induced hypertension. (1977)

One hundred thirty-one nulliparous patients between 28 to 34 weeks' gestation with no known history of renal disease or hypertension were placed in the left lateral recumbent position and their blood pressures were taken once and recorded. They then turned to the supine position where another blood pressure was taken within 2 minutes and also recorded. All these patients were then followed routinely throught their pregnancy, labor, delivery, and postpartum period. Of those patients whose diastolic blood pressure during the modified "roll-over" test rose less than 15 mmHg, only 2 of 99 developed pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). Of those whose roll-over test showed an increase of more than 15 mmHg, 23 of 32 developed PIH (P less than .000000001). Of those whose blood pressure during the roll-over developed PIH(P less than .00000001). Also, 10 of 11 patients whose diastolic blood pressure increased more than 25 mmHg during the roll-over test developed PIH (P less than .000000001).
A two-dimensional finite field processor for image filtering (2005)

The paper describes the design of a high speed two-dimensional digital convolver for use as a preprocessor element in a quality control inspection system. The preprocessor architecture is based on the concepts and structures associates with parallel finite field transforms that have been implemented with read-only-memory arrays. The transform is computed over two second-degree extension Galois Fields to achieve a dynamic range for the multidimensional convolver that is in excess of sixteen bits. A dedicated memory structure that can support a multiplexed 2D NTT butterfly is described. Image processing results obtained by simulating the finite field processor are presented.
OPTICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS: EXPERIMENT AND SIMULATION (2015)

This dissertation focuses on the charge transport of organic semiconductors, particularly in the presence of traps and defects. Rather than attempting to ultimately pure materials, intentional mixtures were made and studied. The materials were characterized by electrochemistry, UV/Vis spectroscopy and computational studies using density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent DFT (TDDFT). In experiment, the phthalocyanine films were prepared from solution. We explored how to improve the coatings of organic semiconductors on different substrates. Moreover, the effect of how intentionally introduced traps or barriers change the charge transport was studied using the spin-coated octabutoxy phthalocyanine and naphthalocyanine mixed films. It was found that the introduced barriers decreased the mobility. And a negative differential resistance was observed in the saturated region of the Field-effect-transistor (FET) measurements in the mixed films. In simulation, density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations were performed to predict optical and electrical parameters of the semiconducting materials. In the calculations of phthalocyanine molecules with different metal or ligand substitutions, it was found that the electrical and optical properties of the phthalocyanine semiconductors could be tuned more with different organic ligands than by modifying the metal centers. For the mixed valence (MV) bipyridine bridged triarylamine systems, the simulation perfectly predicted the absorption of the spectra and the blue-shift of the spectra with different solvents reported by our collaborator in experiments.
[Intravenous cannulae: complications arising from their use and analysis of their predisposing factors]. (1994)

The complication most frequent observed in intravenous cannulation was phlebitis, an entity which is generally not of an infectious nature. The risk of unspecific complications every day during catheterization is constant in the case of central peripheral vein cannulae as well as in peripheral cannulae which do show problems during the first 24 hours after placement. Insertion of the cannulae into the veins of the back of the hand, female sex, advanced age and intravenous administration of certain drugs influence in the development of phlebitis.
Flash-based logging for database updates (2011)

Flash Memories (FM) are gaining popularity because they are purely digital storage device, they do not have any mechanical latency, they are highly portable, and they are easy to use for accessing data especially for mobile units such as laptops, PDA, etc. For these reasons they have a much diversified application domain. Many vendors are replacing conventional Disk-Based memory with FM. With recent advancements in FM technology, they may soon be able to replace conventional disk drive for mobile database processing, at least for lightweight tasks. Although FMs are faster than conventional magnetic discs, there are still many issues to solve to improve their performance specifically the writing speed. In this paper we present a software solution to improve its performance for database activities. We refer to our scheme as “Flash-Based Logging for Database Updates.” The scheme optimizes the use of costly writing/erasing operations of FMs using log based delayed update techniques. We show that our scheme reduces the randomness of read/write queries by grouping techniques. We argue that our scheme has a potential of achieving significant performance gain in mobile database processing.
A PRESSING‐DEVICE TO MEASURE THE TEXTURE OF COOKED RICE (1981)

Cooked rice held between glass plates was pressed by dropping a 2.5 kg load from a predetermined height. A significant variation (1.90 to 3.45 cm 2 ) in the pressed area for raw cooked samples was found. Cooking methods exerted a significant influence on the pressed area. The pressed area of the cooked rice and the L/B ratio of uncooked samples correlated positively. This test significantly differentiated parboiled rices. The pressed area correlated negatively with the temperature of parboiling. Besides the varieties, the cooking methods and the testing time significantly influenced the pressed area of parboiled samples, thus indicating the reliability of this test even under varying testing conditions.