gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TRYPTAMINES, CARBOLINES, AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: PART VII. INTERNUCLEAR CYCLIZATION ONTO A PYRIDINE RING (1960)

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Use of 3D Printing in Complex Spinal Surgery: Historical Perspectives, Current Usage, and Future Directions (2016)

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has been used in complex spinal surgical planning since the 1990s and is now increasingly utilized to produce surgical guides, templates, and more recently customized implants. Surgeons report beneficial impacts using 3D-printed biomodels as a preoperative planning aid as it generally provides for a better representation of the patient’s anatomy than on-screen viewing of computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Furthermore, it has proven to be very beneficial in surgical training, and in explaining complex deformity and surgical plans to patients/parents. This paper reviews the historical perspective, current use, and future directions in using 3D printing in complex spinal surgery cases. This review reflects the authors’ opinion of where the field is moving in light of the current literature. Despite the reported benefits of 3D printing for surgical planning in the recent years, it remains a highly niche market. This review raises the question as to why the use of this technology has not progressed more rapidly despite the reported advantages—decreased operating time, decreased radiation exposure to patients intraoperatively, improved overall surgical outcomes, preoperative implant selection, as well as being an excellent communication aid for all medical and surgical team members. Increasingly, the greatest benefits of 3D-printing technology in spinal surgery are custom designed drill guides, templates for pedicle screw placement, and customized patient-specific implants. With applications such as these, 3D-printing technology could potentially revolutionize health care in the near future.
Penetration of Moxifloxacin into Bone Evaluated by Monte Carlo Simulation (2009)

Moxifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone with a broad spectrum of activity and good penetration into many tissues, including bone. Penetration of moxifloxacin into bone has not yet been studied using compartmental modeling techniques. Therefore, we determined the rate and extent of bone penetration by moxifloxacin and evaluated its pharmacodynamic profile in bone via Monte Carlo simulation. Twenty-four patients (10 males, 14 females) undergoing total hip replacement received 400 mg moxifloxacin orally 2 to 7 h prior to surgery. Blood and bone specimens were collected. Bone samples were pulverized under liquid nitrogen by a cryogenic mill, including an internal standard. Drug concentrations were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. We used ADAPT II (results reported), NONMEM, and WinBUGS for pharmacokinetic analysis. Monte Carlo simulation was performed to reverse engineer the necessary area under the free concentration-time curve fAUC(SERUM)/MIC in serum and total AUC(BONE)/MIC in bone for a successful clinical or microbiological outcome. The median (10% to 90% percentile for between-subject variability) of the AUC in bone divided by the AUC in serum (AUC(BONE)/AUC(SERUM)) was 80% (51 to 126%) for cortical bone and 78% (42 to 144%) for cancellous bone. Equilibration between serum and bone was rapid. Moxifloxacin achieved robust (> or = 90%) probabilities of target attainment (PTAs) in serum, cortical bone, and cancellous bone up to MICs of < or = 0.375 mg/liter based on the targets fAUC(SERUM)/MIC > or = 40 and AUC(BONE)/MIC > or = 33. Moxifloxacin showed high bone concentrations and a rapid equilibrium between bone and serum. The favorable PTAs compared to the 90%-inhibitory MIC of Staphylococcus aureus warrant future clinical trials on the effectiveness of moxifloxacin in the treatment of bone infections.
Aeroservoelasticity Analysis Method Based on an Error Analytical Form Applied on a Business Aircraft (2008)

Aeroservoelasticity is a multidisciplinary study that combines the following disciplines: aerodynamics, aeroelasticity and servo-controls. For aeroelasticity studies, the Doublet Lattice Method (DLM) is used to calculate the aerodynamic unsteady forces for a set of reduced frequencies k and Mach numbers M on a business aircraft in the subsonic flight regime. There are three classical methods in the aeroservoelasticity used to approximate these forces Q (k, M) by rational functions in the Laplace domain Q(s): Least Square (LS), Matrix Padé (MP) and Minimum State (MS). A new method called Corrected Least Square (CLS) is presented. This new method uses an analytical form of the error as a function of Laplace variable similar to the analytical form of the aerodynamic forces calculated by use of the LS method. The new CLS method does not take additional time to the computation of the unsteady aerodynamic forces when compared to the LS method, and the aerodynamic forces calculated with the CLS method are closer to the aerodynamic forces data in the frequency domain than the aerodynamic forces calculated by the standard LS method. The new CLS method applied on a business aircraft gives better results (flutter speeds and frequencies) and faster (as it uses smaller number of lag terms) than the LS method.
Model-based probe set optimization for high-performance microarrays (2008)

A major challenge in microarray design is the selection of highly specific oligonucleotide probes for all targeted genes of interest, while maintaining thermodynamic uniformity at the hybridization temperature. We introduce a novel microarray design framework (Thermodynamic Model-based Oligo Design Optimizer, TherMODO) that for the first time incorporates a number of advanced modelling features: (i) A model of position-dependent labelling effects that is quantitatively derived from experiment. (ii) Multi-state thermodynamic hybridization models of probe binding behaviour, including potential cross-hybridization reactions. (iii) A fast calibrated sequence-similarity-based heuristic for cross-hybridization prediction supporting large-scale designs. (iv) A novel compound score formulation for the integrated assessment of multiple probe design objectives. In contrast to a greedy search for probes meeting parameter thresholds, this approach permits an optimization at the probe set level and facilitates the selection of highly specific probe candidates while maintaining probe set uniformity. (v) Lastly, a flexible target grouping structure allows easy adaptation of the pipeline to a variety of microarray application scenarios. The algorithm and features are discussed and demonstrated on actual design runs. Source code is available on request.
The tumour necrosis factor-sensitive pool of sphingomyelin is resynthesized in a distinct compartment of the plasma membrane (1998)

Sphingomyelin (SM) biosynthesis is believed to occur in the early Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane and recycling endosomes. In the present study, the localization of the SM synthesis that follows its hydrolysis upon activation of the SM signal-transduction pathway was investigated in human skin fibroblasts treated with tumour necrosis factor (TNF) alpha. After TNFalpha-induced degradation, the intracellular SM levels returned to baseline levels within 30-60 min in cells treated at 37 degrees C. Pretreatment or co-incubation of cells with bacterial sphingomyelinase or phospholipase C, decreasing the SM and phosphatidylcholine content in the external leaflet of the plasma membrane respectively, did not inhibit SM resynthesis. However, SM resynthesis was not observed when TNFalpha-treated cells were continuously exposed to exogenous sphingomyelinase, suggesting that under these particular conditions the resynthesized SM becomes accessible to the enzyme. Furthermore, whereas inhibition of vesicular traffic/endocytosis at 4 degrees C blocked exoplasmic SM resynthesis, it did not alter SM resynthesis in TNFalpha-treated fibroblasts, negating the role of endosomes and the Golgi apparatus. This was further evidenced by the finding that after SM resynthesis, TNFalpha was again able to promote SM turnover, even at 4 degrees C. In addition, when the exoplasmic leaflet SM was hydrolysed by treating fibroblasts with bacterial sphingomyelinase, resynthesis of SM occurred at 37 degrees C much more slowly than after TNFalpha treatment. These findings support strongly the conclusion that the SM, which is resynthesized after TNFalpha-induced hydrolysis, resides in the cytosolic leaflet of the plasma membrane, and that the process involved in this resynthesis displays characteristics different from those of the previously described SM synthases.
Living Carbocationic Polymerization. Li. Living Carbocationic Copolymerization of Indene and<i>p</i>-Methylstyrene. 1. Demonstration of the Living and Random Copolymerization of Indene and<i>p</i>-Methylstyrene (1993)

Abstract The living carbocationic polymerization and copolymerization of indene (Ind) and p-methylstyrene (pMeSt) have been investigated by the use of the 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane (TMPCl)/TiCl4 and the 2-chloro-2-propylbenzene (cumyl chloride, CumCl)/BCl3 initiating systems in the presence of triethylamine (Et3N) as electron donor and CH3Cl or CH3Cl/QH14 mixed solvents at −80°C. The TMPCl/TiCl4 initiating system gives essentially living copolymerization with slow initiation up to M n ≈ 20,000. The CumCl/BCl3 initiating system also induces living Ind homopolymerization up to at least M n ≈ 13,000. The homopolymerization of pMeSt with the latter initiating system, however, is not living as it shows evidence for a large amount of chain transfer. Thus, with the CumCl/BCl3 combination a small amount of chain transfer has apparently been observed in the presence of 50% of pMeSt in the charge. Reactivity ratio studies, fractionation, 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, and glass transition temperature (Tg ) investigations indicate that virtually random Ind-co-pMeSt copolymers of M n ≈ 20,000 can be obtained under suitable conditions. The Tg of the copolymers can be controlled between ≈115°C (the Tg of PpMeSt) and ≈194°C (the Tg of PInd) by the relative composition of the two monomers in the charge.
EGTA Enhancement of Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer to Mouse Tracheal Epithelium <i>in Vivo</i> (2001)

Administration of recombinant adenoviral (AdV) vectors to animals can lead to inflammatory and immune responses. For therapeutic indications in which repeated treatment is necessary, such as cystic fibrosis (CF), these responses can limit the therapeutic usefulness of the vector. In principle, the utility of the vector can be improved by increasing its therapeutic index, that is, by either increasing its efficacy or decreasing its toxicity. A strategy that would enhance the efficacy of an adenoviral approach would allow the use of fewer virus particles to achieve a given level of transgene expression, and thereby also reduce unwanted effects such as immune responses. Following up on our observation that treating polarized normal human bronchial epithelial cells with calcium (Ca(2+))-free medium or the calcium chelator ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) significantly enhanced the subsequent transfection of these cells with cationic lipid:pDNA complexes, we have now asked whether such a treatment protocol might also improve the ability of AdV to infect these cells. Treating polarized airway epithelial cells with EGTA led to a dramatic increase in AdV-mediated transduction, as demonstrated by an approximately 50-fold increase in transgene expression. This strategy was also tested in vivo and resulted in substantial increases (up to 50-fold) in the ability of AdV vectors to infect mouse tracheal epithelium. Transfection of mouse trachea with an AdV aerosol was also significantly increased by pretreatment with EGTA. The enhancing effects of EGTA could not be duplicated with hypo- or hyperosmotic treatments. Light microscopy of mouse trachea that had been EGTA treated and then infected with AdV demonstrated an EGTA-mediated AdV infection of airway epithelial cells. The apparent enhanced potency of AdV for airway cells resulting from this strategy provides a significant increase in the therapeutic index of this gene delivery vector, and may increase the likelihood that it can be used for clinical indications requiring chronic administration of the vector.
Pharrnacokinetics of nalidixinic acid and oxolinic acid in healthy wornen (1976)

The pharmacokinetics of oral nalidixic acid (NA, 1 gm 4 times a day) and oxolinic acid (OA, 750 mg 2 times a day) administered for 7 days were studied in the same 10 healthy women on the first, third, and seventh days of the treatment. The peak concentrations of NA + OH-NA (hydroxynalidixinic acid) in serum at 2 to 3 hr were 34 mug/ml (total) and 23 mug/ml (unconjugated) on the first day and nearly two times higher on the third and seventh days; 82% to 85% of these amounts were NA. The protein-free fraction of NA + OH-NA was 8.8% to 18.3%. The total concentration of NA + OH-NA in urine was 1,220 to 2,700 mug/ml, the unconjugated concentration, 250 to 350 mug/ml, and the chemotherapeutically active concentration, 55 to 75 mug/ml. In steady state the 24-hr recovery of the total drug was 79% of the daily dose. The excretion rate in urine was 591 to 853 mg/6 hr. The OA concentration in serum was very low on the first day of the treatment, but increased to 4- to 5-fold on the third and seventh days: 6.2 to 6.4 mug/ml (total) and 3.3 to 3.6 mug/ml (unconjugated). The protein-free OA represented 19% to 23% of the total amount. The modest initial serum concentrations of OA were confirmed by the low urine concentrations on the first day. In steady state the OA concentration in urine was 570 mug/ml (total) and 35 mug/ml (unconjugated), and the 24-hr recovery, 49% and 3%, respectively. The microbiologic assay gave somewhat higher concentrations of the active drug than did the chemical assay. When taken with food, the excretion of OA in urine was retarded by 6 hr but the 48-hr recovery was not decreased.
Pedogenesis on the Edwards Plateau, Texas: I. Nature and Continuity of Parent Material (1986)

Abstract Of 15 pedons sampled on the Edwards Plateau of Texas, four were evaluated to determine the relative contribution of limestone weathering and airborne dust additions to soil formation. Although dusts were collected at measurable rates, silt grain morphology by scanning electron microscopy indicates that dusts are not accumulating on stable land surfaces. Euhedral, prismatic quartz grains were prominent components of residues from hard crystalline limestones. These grains were used as marker minerals in identifying parent material discontinuities. Quartz grain morphology, particle size distribution, elemental assay, and mineralogical data indicate lithologic discontinuities between the solum and subjacent limestone. Noncarbonate residues from petrocalcic horizons show varying degrees of similarity to the overlying sola and subjacent limestone. These soils appear to have formed from overlying limestone residuum, rather than from the underlying rock, which is different in character.
FOVEA-SPARING RETINAL DETACHMENTS (2011)

Retina Center of Hawaii Honolulu, HI Original study reprint requests: William E. Smiddy, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, 900 NW 17th St, Miami, FL 33136. E-mail address: [email protected].
Measurement of the width, shift and asymmetry of the sodium D lines broadened by noble gases (1980)

The impact broadening and shift of the sodium resonance lines by noble gases have been redetermined with improved instrumentation and data reduction allowing for asymmetries. An increase of width, shift and asymmetry with the heavy noble gases is noted, as is a D2 to D1 width ratio greater than one for helium and neon, but less than one for argon, krypton and xenon. Comparisons are drawn with different published calculations to show that the widths are accounted for by the Pascale-Vandeplanque potential whether with a fully quantal or a semiclassical impact broadening theory. On the other hand, the Nikitin-Roueff potential does not work well in this case. Available calculations of the shift are less satisfactory and no predictions of the observed asymmetries have been made.
Divinyl Sulfone (2001)

[77-77-0] C4H6O2S (MW 118.17) InChI = 1S/C4H6O2S/c1-3-7(5,6)4-2/h3-4H,1-2H2 InChIKey = AFOSIXZFDONLBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N (bifunctional Michael acceptor that gives six-membered ring heterocycles with primary amines1 or analogous reagents;2 furnishes γ-diketones in the reaction with aldehydes and a thiazolium salt (Stetter reaction);3 reasonably powerful dienophile4) Physical Data: bp 233–234 °C; bp 90–92 °C/8mmHg; mp ca. −26 °C; d 1.177 g cm−3. Form Supplied in: colorless liquid; commonly stabilized with hydroquinone; widely available. Preparative Methods: by dehydration of bis-β-hydroxyethyl sulfone with phosphoric acid at 280 °C or by pyrolysis of bis-β-acetoxyethyl sulfone at 500 °C.5 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: toxic, corrosive liquid; vesicant and mild lachrymator; to be handled with care; use in a fume hood.
Facile and Selective Nanoscale Labeling of Peptides in Solution by Using Photolabile Protecting Groups (2003)

For the selective labeling of peptides, a novel strategy was developed that combines the advantages of solid-phase peptide synthesis with the flexibility of labeling reactions in solution. To direct a label at a distinct position within the peptide sequence, other reactive positions are blocked with photolabile protecting groups that could be easily removed after the labeling reaction. Therefore selective labeling may become feasible for the first time even in nanomol amounts.
Induced coherence and stable soliton spiraling (2003)

Summary form only given. We develop a theory of soliton spiraling in a saturable bulk nonlinear medium and reveal a new physical mechanism: periodic power exchange via induced coherence, which can lead to stable spiraling and the formation of dynamical soliton bound states. We show theoretically and experimentally that soliton spiraling can be controlled by the degree of mutual initial coherence.
Improved syntheses of aldosterone (1975)

A convenient synthesis of 1,2-didehydroaldosterone acetate, from 11β-hydroxypregna-1,4-dien-3-one, is described. Photolysis of the 11-nitrite of the latter compound gives only the desired attack at C-18. The resulting 18-oxime is cyclised to the nitrone, and the oxidation level of the latter is conveniently used for the introduction of a 21-acetoxy-group. Similar experiments with 11β-hydroxypregna-1,4,6-trien-3-one afford 1,2,6,7-tetradehydroaldosterone acetate. Selective hydrogenation of 1,2-didehydro- or of 1,2,6,7-tetradehydroaldosterone acetate gives aldosterone acetate in unlabelled or labelled (tritium) form.An interesting cleavage of steroid 18,20-nitrones with chromic acid (Jones reagent) has been discovered and shown to regenerate the masked aldehyde function of aldosterone-type compounds.A systematic study of the photolysis of 11β-nitrites has defined the best solvent and other conditions for this reaction.
STIS Observations of the Disk and Outflow of the Herbig Ae Star HD163296 (2001)

Coronagraphic imaging with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph on board the Hubble Space Telescope reveals a approx. 450 AU radius circumstellar disk around the Herbig Ae star HDI63296. The disk includes an annulus of reduced scattering at 325 AU and exhibits a flat trend of surface brightness in to 180-222 AU, consistent with a cleared central zone. The disk is accompanied by a chain of nebulosities (knots) oriented roughly perpendicular to the disk. Followup spectroscopy in the visible and the far ultraviolet confirms the Herbig-Haro nature of the observed knots. The FUV data in particular reveal the presence of a collimated, bipolar outflow, with a blue-shifted Lyman alpha jet that can be traced to within 0.06 arcseconds (7.3 AU) of HD163296 and a red-shifted Lyman alpha component that may be due to infall or to a poorly collimated wind. If the estimated age of this system is correct, these data indicate that protostellar outflows may last up to 10 times longer than previously believed.
Secondary Structure of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor:Implications for Structural Models of a Ligand-Gated Ion Channel (1994)

The secondary structure and effects of two ligands, carbamylcholine and tetracaine, on the secondary structure of affinity-purified nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) from Torpedo has been studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). FTIR spectra of the nAChR were acquired in both 1H2O and 2H2O buffer and exhibit spectral features indicative of a substantial alpha-helical content with lesser amounts of beta-sheet and random coil structures. The resolution enhancement techniques of Fourier self-deconvolution and Fourier derivation reveal seven component bands contributing to both the amide I band and amide I' band contours in 1H2O and 2H2O, respectively. Curve-fitting estimates of the nAChR secondary structure are consistent with the qualitative analysis of the FTIR spectra as follows: 39% alpha-helix, 35% beta-sheet, 6% turn, and 20% random coil. Of particular interest is the estimated alpha-helical content as this value places restrictions on models of the nAChR transmembrane topology and on the types of secondary structures that may contribute to functional domains, such as the ligand-binding site. The estimated alpha-helical content is sufficient to account for four transmembrane alpha-helices in each nAChR subunit as well as a substantial portion of the extracellular and/or the cytoplasmic domains. FTIR spectra were also acquired in the presence and absence of 1 mM carbamylcholine and 5 mM tetracaine to examine the effects of ligand binding on the secondary structure of the nAChR. The similarity of the spectra, even after spectral deconvolution, indicates that the secondary structure of the nAChR is essentially unaffected by desensitization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Vascular Closure After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Interventions—The Current State of Play (2012)

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is an effective way to treat patients with symptomatic aortic stenosis when open surgical repair is not feasible or considered too high risk. Large bore vascular access is required (18F-24F), and successful management of this arterial access is the key to overall procedural success. We review the current state of play with regard to vascular closure following retrograde transfemoral TAVI.
Analysis of Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) Data (2010)

The main advantage of the proposed method is that it does not require any user intervention for tuning up the deconvolution process. Thus, we believe this method will facilitate the translation of FLIM to online applications, including real-time clinical diagnosis.
ChemInform Abstract: SAEUREKATALYSIERTE UMWANDLUNG VON 1‐AROYL‐3,4‐DIHYDRO‐ISOCHINOLINEN IN NEUE POLYCYCLISCHE HETEROCYCLEN (1971)

Abstract Die 1‐Aroyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐isochinoline (I) kondensieren in Gegenwart von Säure (Eisessig) bei Raumtemperatur mit sich selbst in Ausbeuten von 60 ‐ 80% zu den 5,6,13,14‐Tetrahydro‐diisochino(1,2‐c)(2,1‐a)imidazoliumsalzen (II), die eine starke Fluoreszenz (λmax 338 nm) aufweisen.