gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure and defect structure of recent high T<sub>c</sub> superconductors (1989)

Defects in the new superconducting materials play an important role and the superconducting properties are often influenced by their presence. In this review we will not consider the “classical” 1-2-3 compounds since they will be treated in a separate contribution. The Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca n Cu n+1 O x compounds show a strong intergrowth of lamellae of each of the phases corresponding with different n-values. An experimental relationship has been established between the n-values and the critical temperature for superconductivity; n=0,1,2 corresponding respectively with Tc values of 20K, 80K and 110K. Each of these phases is moreover incommensurately modulated. The origin of this modulation is still not definitively elucidated but we have performed a number of experiments and substitutions in order to get more information on the nature of this distortion. Several models are compared; the most likely one being the presence of extra oxygen in the BiO layers and the subsequent relaxation of the atom positions.
Dicistroviruses (2009)

Dicistroviruses are members of a recently defined and rapidly growing family of picornavirus-like RNA viruses called the Dicistroviridae. Dicistroviruses are pathogenic to beneficial arthropods such as honey bees and shrimp and to insect pests of medical and agricultural importance. Our understanding of these viruses is uneven. We present highly advanced studies of the virus particle structure, remarkable mechanisms of internal ribosome entry in translation of viral RNA, and the use of dicistroviruses to study the insect immune system. However, little is known about dicistrovirus RNA replication mechanisms or gene function, except by comparison with picornaviruses. The recent construction of infectious clones of dicistrovirus genomes may fill these gaps in knowledge. We discuss economically important diseases caused by dicistroviruses. Future research may lead to protection of beneficial arthropods from dicistroviruses and to application of dicistroviruses as biopesticides targeting pestiferous insects.
Changes of plasma l-arginine levels in spontaneously hypertensive rats under induced hypotension (1999)

Nicardipine, a dihydropyridine type calcium channel blocker, was infused at two flow-rates into spontaneously hypertensive (SH) and control normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats (young, 6-week-old and adult, 23-week-old, n = 5) under pentobarbital anesthesia, to cause hypotension. Mean arterial blood pressure and the concentrations of plasma amino acids and norepinephrine (NE) were measured before infusion and at each step of the infusion. The reduction in blood pressure caused by nicardipine induced a decrease in plasma L-arginine concentration in both young and adult SH rats, this effect being larger in adult rats. There was no significant change in plasma levels of L-arginine in age-matched WKY rats. The concentration of other amino acids did not change in both rat strains. On the contrary, there was an increase in plasma NE concentration in both SH and WKY rats after infusion with nicardipine. Plasma L-arginine concentration showed a good inverse correlation with the logarithm of plasma NE concentration in SH and WKY rats and the correlation was expressed as Y = -alpha log(X) + m (Y, plasma L-arginine concentration (nmol/mL); X, plasma NE concentration (pmol/mL); alpha, a slope; and m, an intercept). alpha, 43.0 and 4.35 for 23-week-old SH and WKY rats, respectively, and 17.0 and 4.0 for 6-week-old SH and WKY rats, respectively. The present data together with previous data suggest a direct noradrenergic stimulation of the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine. The findings also indicate an impairment of the L-arginine metabolism or pools in SH rats compared with WKY rats. The deficiency of L-arginine increases with the age of SH rats and could be related to the development and maintenance of hypertension due to inefficient production of NO.
Silica Immobilization of an Enzyme through Genetic Engineering of the Diatom <i>Thalassiosira pseudonana</i> (2007)

Biosilica-Strukturen, die Fremdproteine mit gewünschten Funktionen enthalten, können molekulargenetisch hergestellt werden. Ein Enzym, das in Diatomeen-Siliciumoxid immobilisiert ist, war stabiler als gereinigte Hydroxylaminobenzol-Mutase in Lösung. Derartig immobilisierte aktive Biomoleküle könnten zur Herstellung von Sensormaterialien und wiederverwendbaren Katalysatoren genutzt werden.
Establishing a KSHV+ Cell Line (BCP-1) From Peripheral Blood and Characterizing Its Growth in Nod/SCID Mice (1998)

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV8) sequences are present in primary effusion lymphomas (PEL). KSHV+cell lines have been established from such lymphomas. Here we report the first description of the establishment of a KSHV+, EBV− cell line (BCP-1) from the peripheral blood of a patient with PEL. Using this cell line and a KSHV+, EBV+ PEL cell line (HBL-6) previously established from ascitic fluid, we investigated whether in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency disease (Nod/SCID) mice tumors representing PEL can be established. When injected intravenously (IV) into Nod/SCID mice, BCP-1 and HBL-6 infiltrated organs, with only occasional macroscopic tumor formation. Intraperitoneal injections (ip) led to the development of ascites and diffuse infiltration of organs, without obviously solid lymphoma formation, resembling the diffuse nature of human PEL. To investigate a possible mechanism for the peculiar phenotype of PEL, we examine the presence of adhesion molecules and homing markers on PEL cells before and after growing in mice. Both BCP-1 and HBL-6 cells lack expression of important cytoadhesion molecules including CD11a and CD18 (LFA1 α and β chains), CD29, CD31, CD44, CD54 (ICAM-1), and CD62L and E (L and E selectins).
Implicit Mean Value and Certainty Equivalence (1986)

This paper considers a generalized mean value m(p) defined implicitly for a probability measure p on the reals as the unique y for which J +(x, y) dp(x) = 0, where 0 is skewsymmetric and strictly increasing in its first argument. Conditions on m that are necessary and sufficient for the implicit characterization are given and its relationship to certainty equivalence is discussed.
A laboratory testing and driving system for AIROF microelectrodes (2005)

The charge-injection currents of AIROF (activated iridium oxide film) microelectrodes, which are subjected to charge-balanced biphasic pulsing or monophasic current pulsing, have to be limited such that the anodic and cathodic voltage excursions are kept within safe limits of operation. In earlier studies it has been shown that when using anodic bias asymmetry in the magnitude of the balanced biphasic waveform can be used to increase the charge injection capacity of AIROF electrodes. We present the design of a single-channel testing and driving system for laboratory testing and driving of AIROF microelectrodes within safe charge-injection limits.
A dual-polarity grappa kernel for the robust reconstruction of accelerated EPI data (2015)

The quality of high-resolution Echo Planar images of the human brain has improved greatly in recent years, enabled by novel multi-channel receiver coil arrays and parallel imaging. However, in regions with local field inhomogeneity, EPI artifacts limit which parts of the brain can be imaged successfully. In this work, we present evidence that certain image artifacts can be attributed to nonlinear phase errors that are present in regions of local susceptibility gradients and certain coil array elements. Because these phase errors cannot be corrected with conventional Nyquist ghost correction, we propose a new method that integrates ghost correction with parallel imaging reconstruction. The proposed Dual-Polarity GRAPPA method operates directly on raw EPI data to estimate k-space data from the under-sampled acquisition while simultaneously correcting inherent EPI phase errors. We present examples of this method successfully removing strong phase-error artifacts in high-resolution 7T EPI data.
Molecular evolution of receptors for eicosanoids (1995)

The amino acid sequences of the receptors for various prostaglandins, thromboxane and lipoxin, which belong to the rhodopsin family, were aligned, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed to infer the evolutionary history of the arachidonic acid cascade. The obtained tree suggested that the origin of the cyclooxygenase pathway was different from that of the lipoxygenase pathway. The receptors involved in the cyclooxygenase pathway constructed an independent cluster, but the lipoxin A4 receptor, which is involved in the lipoxygenase pathway, belonged to the cluster of peptide receptors. The primitive form of the cyclooxygenase pathway had been a signal transduction system composed of prostaglandin E2 and its receptor associated with cAMP metabolism.
A new method for comparing migration abilities of conductor systems based on conventional electroanalytical techniques (2002)

There are various metallization types, pure metals as well as alloys, showing very different abilities for migration. Their comparison is available only through empirical way. There are two main possibilities for getting information or comparison about the migration behavior of a sample: the water drop test and accelerated climatic tests. The results are generally uncertain showing large spreading and can only be interpreted with difficulties. Further problems are the undefined conditions and many subjective things with the Water Drop (WD) test while rather long periods of tests and special test chambers are necessary to perform climatic tests. A third method has been developed and will be presented in the paper for testing metallization systems based on a powerful technique; this is the very well known cyclic voltammetry used in the electroanalytical chemistry. The results indicate an effective method for making quick comparison between metallization systems in connection with their migration abilities.
Functional Analysis oftheHerpesSimplex Virus UL42Protein (1993)

Theherpes simplex virus UL42geneencodes a multifunctional polypeptide (UL42) thatisessential forvirus DNA replication. Tofurther understand therelationship between thestructure ofUL42andtherolethatit plays during virus replication, we analyzed an extensive setofmutantUL42proteins fortheability toperform thethree majorbiochemical functions ascribed totheprotein: binding toDNA,stably associating withthevirus DNA polymerase (Pol), andacting toincrease thelength ofDNA chains synthesized byPol.Selected mutants werealso assayed fortheir ability tocomplement thereplication ofaUL42null virus. Theresults indicated that theN-terminal 340aminoacids ofUL42were sufficient forallthree biochemical activities andcouldalso support virus replication. Progressive C-terminal truncation resulted intheloss ofdetectable DNA-binding activity before Polbinding, while several mutations neartheN terminus ofthepolypeptide resulted inan altered interaction withDNA buthadno apparent affect on Polbinding. Moredramatically, an insertion mutation atresidue 160destroyed theability tobindPolbuthadno effect on DNA binding. Thisaltered polypeptide alsofailed toincrease thelength ofDNA product synthesized byPol,andthemutantgenecould notcomplement thegrowth ofa UL42null virus, indicating that thespecific interaction between PolandULA2 isnecessaryforfull Polfunction andforvirus replication. Thisstudy confirms thevalidity ofthePol-UL42 interaction asa target forthedesign ofnovel therapeutic agents. Herpessimplex virus (HSV)provides an excellent model systemforthestudy ofDNA replication ineukaryotic cells inpartbecause itencodes many ifnotalloftheproteins that aredirectly required forreplication ofthevirus genome (6). HSV isalsoa ubiquitous humanpathogen whosecontrol relies primarily on antiviral drugs. Theultimate targetof mostofthesedrugsisthevirus-encoded DNA polymerase (Pol), although inprinciple, any oftheessential replication proteins could serveas an excellent target (8). TheUL42protein (product oftheUL42gene), another of theessential replication proteins, was originally identified as adouble-stranded DNA (dsDNA)-binding protein (40). More recently, ithasbecomeapparentthatthevirus Polinfact consists ofa heterodimer ofa catalytic subunit (product of theUL30gene) andUL42.Asfirst described forHSV-2(39, 44) and more recentlyforHSV-1 (11,17,20),the two
Expression Patterns of WSB-1 and USP-33 Underlie Cell-Specific Posttranslational Control of Type 2 Deiodinase in the Rat Brain (2007)

The type 2 deiodinase (D2) activates thyroid hormone and constitutes an important source of 3,5,3',-triiodothyronine in the brain. D2 is inactivated via WSB-1 mediated ubiquitination but can be rescued from proteasomal degradation by USP-33 mediated deubiquitination. Using an in silico analysis of published array data, we found a significant positive correlation between the relative mRNA expression levels of WSB-1 and USP-33 in a set of 56 mouse tissues (r = 0.08; P < 0.04). Subsequently, we used in situ hybridization combined with immunocytochemistry in rat brain to show that in addition to neurons, WSB-1 and USP-33 are differently expressed in astrocytes and tanycytes, the two main D2 expressing cell types in this tissue. Tanycytes, which are thought to participate in the feedback regulation of TRH neurons express both WSB-1 and USP-33, indicating the potential for D2 ubiquitination and deubiquitination in these cells. Notably, only WSB-1 is expressed in glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes throughout the brain. Although developmental and environmental signals are known to regulate the expression of WSB-1 and USP-33 in other tissues, our real-time PCR studies indicate that changes in thyroid status do not affect the expression of these genes in several rat brain regions, whereas in the mediobasal hypothalamus, changes in gene expression were minimal. In conclusion, the correlation between the relative mRNA levels of WSB-1 and USP-33 in numerous tissues that do not express D2 suggests that these ubiquitin-related enzymes share additional substrates besides D2. Furthermore, the data indicate that changes in WSB-1 and USP-33 expression are not part of the brain homeostatic response to hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.
<title>Superresolution signal processing and its applications</title> (1995)

A good portion of modern signal processing deals with statistical signal processing and array signal processing, in which models of both the signal and the noise are used to attain precise estimates of the underlying signal parameters. These parameters include frequencies of sinusoids, angles of arrival of wavefronts, scatterer location of radar targets, etc. The explicit use of a signal-noise model and the use of an optimal statistical estimator leads to an accuracy and resolution which is clearly superior to the fast Fourier transform (FFT). At low signal-to- noise ratios, the estimators can be made as robust as the FFT. We present applications of superresolution signal estimators to synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and inverse SAR imaging.
Using the HEMOCLOT direct thrombin inhibitor assay to determine plasma concentrations of dabigatran (2012)

The objective of the present study was to assess the suitability of an accurate, sensitive, standardized, chronometric blood coagulation test to determine the anticoagulation activity of dabigatran and to quantify concentrations of dabigatran in plasma. Dabigatran was spiked at increasing concentrations in pooled citrated normal human plasma to measure diluted thrombin time with the HEMOCLOT THROMBIN INHIBITOR assay. Calibration curve linearity, inter-assay and intra-assay precision, and assay accuracy were investigated. Dabigatran stability in plasma and the feasibility of lyophilized dabigatran standards for assay calibration were assessed. Data are presented as back-calculated plasma concentrations of dabigatran using regression analysis. Dabigatran's calibration curve for thrombin clotting time was linear over the concentration range 0-4000 nmol/l (0-1886 ng/ml). The R was 0.99. Total assay imprecision for dabigatran was 4.7-12.0% coefficient of variation, with 1.2-3.1% for intra-run imprecision, 4.0-10.0% for inter-run precision and 0.3-8.3% for between-day imprecision. Assay accuracy was determined at three dabigatran concentrations; deviation from sample target concentrations ranged from -20.7% (100 nmol/l; 47.15 ng/ml) to 5.6% (1500 nmol/l; 707.3 ng/ml). Assay robustness was determined by analysing identical dabigatran samples in two independent laboratories. The mean bias of dabigatran coagulation times between laboratories was 6.6%. The HEMOCLOT Thrombin Inhibitors assay is suitable for determining the anticoagulant activity and calculating plasma concentrations of dabigatran using simple and widely available chronometric coagulation devices. The use of this rapid, established, standardized and calibrated assay should provide accurate and consistent results when assessing the anticoagulant activity of dabigatran.
Simulation-based education: deceiving learners with good intent (2022)

The level of performance of every clinician and of the overall multiprofessional team relies on the skills and expertise they have individually and collectively acquired through education, training, self-directed learning, and reflection. Simulation-based education (SBE) is playing an increasingly important role in that respect, and it is sometimes said that it is an art to facilitate. Many explanations can justify this assertion. Although there is generally an emphasis on making everything as realistic or "high-fidelity" as possible, it is often futile and this is where the art of simulation comes into play with an element of modulation of realism linked to the intended learning objectives. The atmosphere created by the educators; how the learners are made to engage and interact; how physical, technical, and contextual elements are simulated or represented; and what type of technology is used need to be appropriately adapted to contribute to the immersiveness of any SBE activity. Although it inevitably carries a negative connotation, some form of "deception" is more commonly used than one may think for the benefit of learners during SBE. High levels of realism are sometimes achieved by making learners believe something works or reacts as would be expected in real life, whereas it is achieved in a totally different manner. Learners do not need to know, see, or understand these "tricks of the trade", shortcuts, or artistic or technological aspects, and this can be considered a form of benevolent deception. Similarly, information may be withheld to recreate a realistic situation and push learners to demonstrate specific learning outcomes, but it needs to be practised with caution and be justifiable. These forms of "positive" deception are part of most SBE activities and are used to help learners bridge the reality gap so they can suspend disbelief more easily, exercise critical thinking, and treat the simulation more realistically without damaging the trust they place in their educators. This article will discuss how aspects of SBE activities are often manipulated, modified, or hidden from learners to facilitate the learning experience and present a simulation fidelity model encompassing the environmental, patient, semantical, and phenomenal dimensions.
Formation of Selective Adsorption Cavity by Chemical Vapor Deposition of Molecular Sieving Silica Overlayer on Alumina using Molecular Template in the Presence of Acetic Acid (2005)

Abstract Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of tetramethoxysilane was carried out on alumina after the pre-adsorption of aldehyde as the molecular template, in order to form a molecular-sieving silica overlayer with controlled cavities. The adsorption of a molecule (1-naphthaldehyde) larger than the template was almost completely suppressed when acetic acid was added during CVD, showing a high selectivity based upon the shapes of the controlled cavity and the adsorbed molecule, while the selectivity was low when acetic acid was not used. The infrared (IR) spectrum and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of 29Si showed that the acetic acid enhanced the oligomerization of Si alkoxide via hydrolysis, probably by acid catalysis, resulting in the formation of a dense network of siloxane. Such a dense wall of silica is speculated to determine the shape of the adsorption cavity precisely, and to generate high selectivity.
Fitting line shapes in photoassociation spectroscopy of ultracold atoms: A useful approximation (1999)

Line shapes observed in photoassociation spectroscopy of ultracold $(T<1\mathrm{mK})$ atoms are asymmetric and the peak of the line is shifted by a temperature-dependent amount from the zero-temperature threshold. In principle, calculating the line shape requires a full knowledge of both the ground- and excited-state potentials. We demonstrate here that an approximation based on the Wigner threshold law for scattering yields a relatively simple expression which allows one to extract line positions and linewidths directly from the data. The formula contains a few parameters (threshold frequency, linewidth, temperature, height) and does not require a detailed knowledge of the molecular potentials involved. We illustrate the utility of this approach with examples for Na photoassociation at 500 \ensuremath{\mu}K and also discuss the limitations of the approach.
Kraft lignin in phenol formaldehyde resin. Part 1. Partial replacement of phenol by kraft lignin in phenol formaldehyde adhesives for plywood (1998)

The objective of this study was to investigate the potential for partially replacing phenol with kraft lignin in the phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin designed for application as an adhesive in the production of plywood. The kraft lignin, considered to be an environmentally friendly alternative to phenol, was precipitated from black liquor recovered from kraft pulping of softwood. Kraft lignin phenol formaldehyde (KLPF) resin was prepared in a one-step preparation with different additions of lignin. Replacing 50 wt% of the phenol with kraft lignin (50KLPF) was, under the conditions used, considered to be optimal with respect to resin viscosity, storage stability, and bonding ability. The resin consists of an integrated kraft lignin-phenol network. The hot-pressing time in the plywood manufacturing had to be increased by approximately 30% at 150°C for the 50KLPF resin compared with that normally used for PF resin, in order to comply with plywood standard demands. The mechanical properties of test samples made from KLPF resins were equal to or better than those of test samples made from PF resin only.
Recognizing creative thinking in graphical e-discussions using artificial intelligence graph-matching techniques (2009)

Many approaches to analyzing online argumentation focus on explicit reasoning and overlook the creative emergence of new ideas. The value of a dialogic analytic framework including creative emergence was tested through applying it to the coding and analysis of undergraduate synchronous e-discussions using a graphical interface within the EU funded project ARGUNAUT. Qualitative analysis found that critical reasoning functioned to 'deepen' the graph through unpacking assumptions whilst creative emergence of new perspectives produced 'widening' moves. This distinction between deepening and widening was successfully used as the basis for an artificial intelligence (AI) graph-matching algorithm. Given examples of deepening and widening from real e-discussions, the AI algorithm was able to successfully find other occurrences of such moves within new e-discussions. This supports our claim to distinguish between these two aspects of shared thinking and has the potential to provide awareness indicators as a support for e-moderation.