gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Practical application of full-feature alternating phase-shifting technology for a phase-aware standard-cell design flow (2001)

As the semiconductor industry enters the subwavelength era where silicon features are much smaller than the wavelength of the light used to create them, a number of “subwavelength” technologies such as Optical Proximity Correction (OPC) and PHase-Shifting Masks (PSM) have been introduced to produce integrated circuits (ICs) with acceptable yields. An effetive approach to subwavelength IC production includes a combination of these techniques, including OPC and PSM. Nevertheless, as we approach silicon features of 0.10 μ and below, Alternating PSM (AltPSM ICs must guarantee correct generation of AltPSM layouts, maintain or improve today's design productivity, and leverage existing tools and flows. The implementation of such a methodology becomes more complex as phase shifting is applied to all critical features, including those outside of transistor gates. In this paper, we present a methodology targeted for standard-cell or structured-custom design styles. We also present examples of designs that start from standard-cells created in a manner in which all issues regarding generation of AltPSM are effectively considered, and are used in a typical cell-based (synthesis-Automatic Place & Route) flow to produce design layouts that are ready for cost-effective silicon manufacturing.
Feynman's Tree Theorem and Loop-Tree Dualities (2010)

We discuss the duality theorem, which provides a relation between loop integrals and phase space integrals. We rederive the duality relation for the one-loop case and extend it to two and higher-order loops. We explicitly show its application to two- and three-loop scalar master integrals and discuss the structure of the occurring cuts.
Stabilizing Action of Glycerine on Hemagglutination of Egg-Adapted Mumps, Newcastle Disease and Influenza Viruses (1951)

(1) Experimental observations based on the behavior of two strains of mumps virus having hemagglutinins of markedly different stability show that the addition of glycerin has a marked stabilizing action on the nonagglutinating antigen. Without glycerine, at 37°C the H strain of mumps virus in buffered saline containing 0.1% formalin, loses its hemagglutinating activity overnight and the E strain in 3 to 4 weeks. In contrast, the H strain in 50 per cent glycerine suspension, also containing 0.1 formalin, maintained useable titers for 2 to 3 weeks at 37°C, and under the same conditions the E strain showed little or no loss of activity at the end of 16 weeks. (2) Glycerine concentrations as low as 10% markedly enhanced the stability of the E strain while the stability of hemagglutinating activity of the H strain was dependent to a much greater degree upon an increased concentration of glycerine. (3) The hemagglutinating activity of antigens prepared from suspensions of Newcastle disease virus and influenza virus (PR8) was similarly stabilized by the addition of 50% glycerine.
Konfokale Fluoreszenzmikroskopie in der Zellbiologie (1991)

Abstract Der Zellbiologe ist daran interessiert, spezifische Strukturen in Zellen sichtbar zu machen, urn mit dem Mikroskop die Morphologie zu untersuchen. Dabei macht er sich die Eigenschaften von Antikörpern zunutze, die bestimmte Moleküle innerhalb der Zelle erkennen und gezielt an ihnen binden. Um den Bindungsort der spezifischen Antikörper sichtbar zu machen, wird ein zweiter Antikörper zugefügt, der an die Oberfläche des ersten Antikörpers bindet. Dieser zweite Antikörper ist mit einem fluoreszierenden Molekül gekoppelt, das mit Licht einer kürzeren Wellenlänge angeregt wird und Licht einer längeren Wellenlänge wieder ausstrahlt (Abbildung 1). Mit Filtern lassen sich Anregung und Abstrahlung trennen, und die markierten Strukturen der Zelle leuchten in einem Fluoreszenzmikroskop hell auf. Die hier beschriebene Technik wird als indirekte Immunfluoreszenz bezeichnet, da erst der zweite Antikörper fluorochromiert ist.
A comparison of lipase‐catalysed ester and lactone synthesis in low‐water systems: Analysis of optimum water activity (2002)

We investigated the effects of the lyophilisation medium (enzyme plus buffer salt and additives) and of water activity (a(w)) on the catalytic properties of lipase from Chromobacterium viscosum (lipase CV) in organic solvents; catalysis of ester and lactone synthesis were compared and, despite the similarities of the reactive groups involved in these reactions, some interesting differences were observed. Including 2-[N-morpholino]ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer in the lyophilisation medium of lipase CV increased its catalytic activity in transesterification and lactonisation, although the buffer salt requirement for maximal activity differed between the two reactions. Sorbitol, glucose, lactose, 18-crown-6 (crown ether 18-C-6), beta-cyclodextrin and bovine serum albumin were employed as alternative additives in the transesterification reaction, but were not as effective as MES buffer. Salt hydrates were used to investigate the effect of a(w) on esterification and lactonisation reactions catalysed by lipase CV. The maximum rate of hexadecanolide synthesis in toluene occurred at a(w) = 0.48. The optimum a(w) for the transesterification reaction in heptane/alcohol mixtures depended on the alcohol substrate employed (1-heptanol, 2-heptanol, or 3-methyl-3-hexanol) but not on the acyl donor (p-NP acetate or caprylate). The optimum a(w) values for both reactions were unchanged when a common solvent system (toluene/1-heptanol) was employed, indicating that the dependence of enzyme activity on a(w) is an intrinsic property of the enzyme-catalysed reaction and not a function of the solvent or other additives.
ChemInform Abstract: A New C<sub>2</sub>‐Symmetric Chiral Bisphosphine Ligand Containing a Bioxazole Backbone: Highly Enantioselective Hydrosilylation of Ketones. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Development of antimalaria immunity in mice lacking IFN- <i>gamma</i> receptor. (1995)

IFN-gamma receptor deficient (IFN-gamma R-/-) mice, immunized with different developmental stages of malaria parasites, were used to define the mechanisms of protection against the various stages of this infection. IFN-gamma R-/- mice failed to develop protective immunity against Plasmodium yoelii sporozoites or liver stages, upon immunization with a single dose of irradiated sporozoites, whereas in immunized wild-type mice, parasite development was strongly inhibited. Immunized wild-type mice expressed high levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA in their liver, upon challenge with viable sporozoites, whereas only background levels of iNOS were detected in immunized IFN-gamma R-/- mice. In contrast, after immunization with multiple doses of irradiated sporozoites, both IFN-gamma R-/- and wild-type mice mounted an immune response, which strongly inhibited the development of liver stage parasites. In both types of mice, protection occurred in the absence of appreciable expression of liver iNOS mRNA. As for the course of the erythrocytic phase of infection by nonlethal malaria species, P. yoelii yoelii and P. chabaudi adami, we observed only a moderately prolonged parasitemia in IFN-gamma R-/- mice compared with wild-type mice, indicating that IFN-gamma may only play a modest role in immunity against erythrocytic stages. These results indicate that IFN-gamma is the main mediator of the protective mechanism that develops first upon immunization with sporozoites. However, the nature of the anti-parasite mechanism(s) changes in the course of immunization, so that multiple immunizing doses elicit additional protective mechanisms, which are independent of IFN-gamma and its receptor.
ChemInform Abstract: A Synthetic Approach to 3‐Substituted Cephalosporins: Carbon‐Carbon Bond Formation at C(3) of the Cephem via Organocuprate Chemistry. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
3D Chemical Image using TOF‐SIMS Revealing the Biopolymer Component Spatial and Lateral Distributions in Biomass (2012)

Show me inside: 3D time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) with a dual-beam mode allows the detection of the characteristic biopolymers from surface to subsurface in plant cell walls. Lateral and vertical distribution of major components can thereby be mapped to understand the structural architecture of plant cell walls at under sub-micrometer scales (see picture: green=cellulose, red=lignin). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Equilibria in complexes of N-heterocyclic molecules. Part 8. Reaction of tris(5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) cation with methoxide and ethoxide ions (1977)

Spectroscopic studies show that methoxide ion reacts reversibly with methanolic solutions of the tris(5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) cation, [RuL3]2+, via addition to the 2 position of each heterocyclic ligand. An analogous addition occurs with ethoxide ion in ethanol, except that with excess of [OEt]– the diethoxy-adduct is precipitated. The kinetics of addition of the first alkoxide ion have been examined in both cases. With methoxide ion the observed rate law, Rate =k1[Ru][OMe–]+k–1[Ru], allows evaluation of both forward and reverse rate constants. For ethoxide ion a simple second-order rate law, Rate =k1[Ru][OEt–], is observed. Comparison with similar data for the related additions of [OH]– and [CN]– ions to [RuL3]2+ shows the relative rate order [OEt]– > [OMe]–[OH]–[CN]–.
Inhibition of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (1987)

The hydrophobic carbodiimide dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) has been shown to inhibit the catalytic (C) subunit of adenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate dependent protein kinase (EC 2.7.1.3) in a time-dependent, irreversible manner. The rate of inactivation was first order and showed saturation kinetics with an apparent Ki of 60 microM. Magnesium adenosine 5'-triphosphate (MgATP) was capable of protecting against this inhibition, whereas neither a synthetic peptide substrate nor histone afforded protection. Mg alone afforded some protection. When the catalytic subunit was aggregated with the regulatory subunit in the holoenzyme complex, no inhibition was observed. The inhibition was enhanced at low pH, suggesting that a carboxylic acid group was the target for interaction with DCCD. On the basis of the protection studies, it is most likely that this carboxylic acid group is associated with the MgATP binding site, perhaps serving as a ligand for the metal. Efforts to identify the site that was modified by DCCD included (1) modification with [14C]DCCD, (2) modification by DCCD in the presence of [3H]aniline, and (3) modification with DCCD and [14C]glycine ethyl ester. In no case was radioactivity incorporated into the protein, suggesting that the irreversible inhibition was due to an intramolecular cross-link between a reactive carboxylic acid group and a nearby amino group. Differential peptide mapping identified a single peptide that was consistently lost as a consequence of DCCD inhibition. This peptide (residues 166-189) contained four carboxylic acid residues as well as an internal Lys.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
High temperature alkali corrosion of ceramics in coal gas. Quarterly progress report No. 2, December 1, 1991--February 29, 1992 (1992)

High temperature alkali corrosion has been known to cause premature failure of ceramic components used in advanced high temperature coal combustion systems such as gasification and clean-up, coal fired gas turbines, and high efficiency heat engines. The objective of this research is to systematically evaluate the alkali corrosion resistance of the most commonly used structural ceramics including silicon carbide, silicon nitride, cordierite, mullite, alumina, aluminum titanate, zirconia, and fireclay glass. The study consists of identification of the alkali reaction products (phase equilibria) and the kinetics of the alkali reactions as a function of temperature and time.
Capacity and Competence (1994)

Ideally, patient needs are carefully matched with nursing skills, but despite the use of tools such as patient classification systems, matching needs with capabilities remains problematic. To effectively confront this problem, hospitals have a model to manage professionals with disparate education, training and experience--the medical staff credentialing and privileging program. Although adaptation of this model requires a significant cultural change for most nursing departments, it offers the benefits of fostering professionalism and increasing accountability in addition to better meeting patient care needs. In return for their initial investment, nurse executives may see results that include a more responsive, professional staff and increased customer satisfaction, both internal and external.
A centralized energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks (2005)

Wireless sensor networks consist of small battery powered devices with limited energy resources. Once deployed, the small sensor nodes are usually inaccessible to the user, and thus replacement of the energy source is not feasible. Hence, energy efficiency is a key design issue that needs to be enhanced in order to improve the life span of the network. Several network layer protocols have been proposed to improve the effective lifetime of a network with a limited energy supply. In this article we propose a centralized routing protocol called base-station controlled dynamic clustering protocol (BCDCP), which distributes the energy dissipation evenly among all sensor nodes to improve network lifetime and average energy savings. The performance of BCDCP is then compared to clustering-based schemes such as low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), LEACH-centralized (LEACH-C), and power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems (PEGASIS). Simulation results show that BCDCP reduces overall energy consumption and improves network lifetime over its comparatives.
Superinduction of cytokine gene transcription by ciprofloxacin. (1994)

In addition to their antibacterial properties, certain antibiotics are also biologic response modifiers. The fluorinated 4-quinolone, ciprofloxacin, for example, up-regulates IL-2 and IFN-gamma production in PBLs stimulated in vitro. In the present study, ciprofloxacin was shown to increase the levels of mRNA for IL-1 alpha, IL-2 and its receptor, IFN-gamma, IL-3, IL-4, granulocyte-macrophage/CSF, TNF-alpha, and lymphotoxin. As investigated with different T cell mitogens and alloantigens, the up-regulation of IL-2 production by ciprofloxacin was found to be independent of the mode of stimulation. Analysis of transcription activity showed that ciprofloxacin enhances IL-2 gene induction. The concentrations of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT-1) and AP-1 were also found to be increased by ciprofloxacin. Thus, ciprofloxacin interferes with a regulative pathway common to several cytokines.
Three-dimensional silicon photonic crystals (2003)

Summary form only given. A three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystal is an optical analog of a semiconductor that is useful for controlling and manipulating the flow of light on a semiconductor chip. The realization of high efficiency sub-/spl mu/A edge-emitting-lasers, high speed tera-hertz optical switches and the routing of optical signal in all three-dimensions are but a few benefits of 3D photonic crystals. We report the realization of a series of silicon 3D photonic crystals operating in the IR, mid-IR, and most importantly the near-IR. The structure maintains its crystal symmetry throughout the entire 6-inches wafer and holds a complete photonic bandgap.
Early loss of astrocytes in herpes simplex virus–induced central nervous system demyelination (1991)

Immunohistochemistry was used to study herpes simplex virus type 1-induced central nervous system demyelination in the trigeminal root entry zone of mice inoculated with herpes simplex virus type 1 by the corneal route. There was no change in peripheral nervous system myelin as shown by immunostaining for P0 glycoprotein. Double immunoperoxidase staining for herpes simplex virus type 1 antigens and glial fibrillary acidic protein showed that most of the infected cells were astrocytes. Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunostaining was completely lost in the inferior medial portion of the trigeminal root entry zone at 6 days after herpes simplex virus type 1 inoculation, a time when central nervous system myelin was preserved as indicated by immunostaining for myelin basic protein. The pattern of glial fibrillary acidic protein staining did not change and herpes simplex virus type 1 antigens were no longer detected after day 8. There was a progressive loss of myelin basic protein staining within the area unstained by glial fibrillary acidic protein antisera on days 8 to 14. This pattern of astrocyte loss before central nervous system demyelination is strikingly different from the reactive astrocytosis seen in other demyelinating lesions, such as acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, or acute multiple sclerosis. Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in mice provides an unusual model of acute central nervous system demyelination preceded by a loss of astrocytes.
Identification and Analysis of Chromodomain-Containing Proteins Encoded in the Mouse Transcriptome (2003)

The chromodomain is 40-50 amino acids in length and is conserved in a wide range of chromatic and regulatory proteins involved in chromatin remodeling. Chromodomain-containing proteins can be classified into families based on their broader characteristics, in particular the presence of other types of domains, and which correlate with different subclasses of the chromodomains themselves. Hidden Markov model (HMM)-generated profiles of different subclasses of chromodomains were used here to identify sequences encoding chromodomain-containing proteins in the mouse transcriptome and genome. A total of 36 different loci encoding proteins containing chromodomains, including 17 novel loci, were identified. Six of these loci (including three apparent pseudogenes, a novel HP1 ortholog, and two novel Msl-3 transcription factor-like proteins) are not present in the human genome, whereas the human genome contains four loci (two CDY orthologs and two apparent CDY pseudogenes) that are not present in mouse. A number of these loci exhibit alternative splicing to produce different isoforms, including 43 novel variants, some of which lack the chromodomain. The likely functions of these proteins are discussed in relation to the known functions of other chromodomain-containing proteins within the same family.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Method for the Functionalization of Naked Amino Hydroxymethylenebisphosphonic Acids via a Carbamate Bond. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT KININOGEN SPECIFICALLY BLOCKS THROMBIN-INDUCED AGGREGATION BY INHIBITING PLATELET CALPAIN (1987)

We have previously shown that platelet-aggregation induced by alpha-thrombin (1.7 nM) involves complete cleavage of the surface membrane polypeptide, Mr = 100 kDa (MP 100) labeled by FSBA in intact platelets. The failure to cleave MP100 in membrane preparations or in platelets treated with metabolic inhibitors or leupeptin, suggested that thrombin was acting by activating platelet calpain. Since high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) is the most potent plasma inhibitor of calpain(s), we now report that HMWK inhibited thrombin-induced aggregation in a dose-dependent manner over a range of plasma concentrations. HMWK did not inhibit aggregation induced by ADP, collagen, U46619, A23187 and/or PMA. In order to study the action of HMWK in a plasma environment we utilized Y-thrombin. The aggregation induced by γ-thrombin (25 nM) in washed human platelets was also inhibited by HMWK. A much higher concentration of γ - thrombin (200 nM) was required to induce similar aggregation of platelets suspended in normal plasma. In contrast, γ -thrombin (50nM) induced complete aggregation of platelets suspended in plasma completely deficient in total kininogen indicating that a kininogen was predominently responsible for the inhibitory effect of plasma. When platelets were suspended in plasma deficient only in HMWK, aggregation required 75 nMY-thrombin. When plasma deficient in HMWK was supplemented with a physiological concentration of HMWK (0.67 μM) the aggregation of suspended washed platelets was similar to that in normal plasma. Finally, we found that purified platelet calpain-2 not only exposed fibrinogen binding sites and induced platelet aggregation, but also completely cleaved MP 100 in both intact platelets and membrane preparations. We conclude: a) Thrombin-induced platelet aggregation involves the indirect proteolytic cleavage of MP100 by activating calpain-2, and b) Inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation by HMWK involves specific inactivation of platelet calpain.
Response of No‐Tillage Corn Grown in Corn and Soybean Residues to Several Nitrogen Fertilizer Sources<sup>1</sup> (1986)

Abstract Proper management of different N fertilizer sources to reduce effects of ammonia volatilization, denitrification and N immobilization potentials is necessary for successful no‐tillage corn ( Zea mays L.) production. A 2‐yr study was conducted on a Canfield silt loam (fine‐loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Fragiudalf) to evaluate corn response to several N sources‐anhydrous ammonia, broadcast urea, and broadcast urea‐ammonium nitrate solution, when the crop was grown in two crop residues (corn or soybean [ Glycine max L. (Merr.)]. Nitrogen was applied at 112 and 168 kg N ha −1 at planting. In both years, urea produced lower yields than ammonia in corn residue but yields equivalent to ammonia in soybean residue. Urea‐ammonium nitrate solution produced (i) lower yields than ammonia in both years in corn residue; (ii) equal yields to ammonia in soybean residue in 1982, but (iii) lower yields than ammonia at the low N rate in soybean residue in 1983. It appears that N source selection for no‐tillage corn can be affected by residue conditions, with less potential for decreased yields when urea‐based N materials are used in soybean residue conditions.