gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the Unsaturation of Butyl Rubbers by the Iodine Index Method (1994)

Abstract Iodine index is used in the rubber industry to measure the unsaturation of butyl polymers. The procedure involves a complex mixture of iodine, mercuric acetate, and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), and requires an empirical calibration to convert the iodine index to the degree of unsaturation. In this paper, the chemistry of the iodine index test is discussed and, the factors affecting the measurement, are detailed. Acetyl hypoiodite formed in situ by the reaction of I 2 and Hg(OAc)2 is postulated to be the reactive species which iodinates the unsaturation in butyl rubber. Mercuric acetate is not a catalyst, as usually believed, but is consumed in stoichiometric amounts. Hence, care has to be exercised not to use too little of the mercuric acetate when determining the iodine index of polymers with high levels of unsaturation. A large excess of mercuric acetate must also be avoided, as it may form complexes with iodine and, thereby, lower the effective concentrations of both the reactive reagents.
A One-GHz Ferroelectric Limiter (1967)

The design and analysis of a 1-GHz limiter which uses voltage variation of the dielectric constant of a ferroelectric material to achieve limiting is described. An RF electric field derived from the input power is used to change the relative dielectric constant /spl epsiv//sub r/ of the material; the resulting nonlinear change of capacitance of a small element of the material is used to change the condition of a tuned circuit. The tuned circuit terminates a quarter-wavelength stub which shunts the main transmission line, thereby providing a power-dependent mismatch at the junction of the two transmission lines. The degree of this mismatch is controlled by the condition of the tuned circuit and, therefore, the magnitude of the input power. Theoretical analysis and experimental results for small signal and large signal operation are presented. Limiter analysis is based on the measured change of ferroelectric (nonlinear) capacitance as a function of dc electric field. The ferroelectric element is 0.011 by 0.013 by 0.020 (inches) machined from polycrystalline (Pb/sub 0.315/-Sr/sub 0.685/) TiO/sub 3/ material.
Studies of the in vivo entry of Ga-67 into normal and malignant tissue. (1981)

Previous studies of the effect of scandium on the tissue distribution of Ga-67 suggest that Ga-67 makes its initial in vivo entry into normal and malignant tissues by different routes. (Scandium blocking of plasma protein Ga-67 binding increased Ga-67 excretion, decreased its uptake in normal tissues, but had little effect on rodent tumors.) In further studies we have used other methods to alter the plasma binding of Ga-67. Iron saturation of plasma produced effects on Ga-67 tissue distribution similar to those observed with scandium. On the other hand, increasing Ga-67 plasma binding through induction of anemia and administration of apotransferrin produced the reverse of the effects observed with scandium and iron. We conclude that the initial in vivo entry of Ga-67 into tumor tissue involves mainly an unbound or loosely bound form of Ga-67, whereas its uptake by normal soft tissues is strongly promoted by its binding to transferrin.
LC‐MS characterization of efficacy substances in serum of experimental animals treated with <i>Sophora flavescens</i> extracts (2007)

Anti-DHBV (duck hepatitis B virus) activity was found in the aqueous extracts of Sophora flavescens Ait. in vivo. Liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry was applied to characterize the components in duck serum after oral administration of S. flavescens extract. Oxymatrine (1), sophoranol (2), sophoridine (3) and matrine (4) were identified in the serum. Further research on the four compounds was evaluated for their antiviral activity against HBV (hepatitis B virus) in cell culture. The results suggested that oxymatrine, sophoranol and matrine were the efficacy substances for anti-HBV activity in aqueous extracts of S. flavescens Ait.
Protein Engineering of a Novel Constitutively Active Hormone-Receptor Complex (1996)

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone consisting of an alpha and a beta subunit that stimulates intracellular levels of cAMP via a G protein-coupled receptor. Herein we report the engineering and characterization of a novel molecule in which the receptor and its heterodimeric ligand were covalently linked in a single polypeptide chain. The hormone-receptor complex was expressed in cells transfected with this construct, but the cells were unable to bind significant amounts of exogenous hCG. However, cleavage of the hormone with a site-specific protease rendered the receptor accessible to exogenously added hormone. Cells transfected with the hCG-receptor construct contained elevated basal levels of cAMP; moreover, addition of hormone had no significant effect. These results are consistent with a strong and stable interaction between the single-chain hormone and its covalently linked receptor that results in a constitutively active complex.
Genetic transformation in <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> requires a peptide secretion–like apparatus (2000)

Competence for genetic transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus gordonii involves the ComAB secretion apparatus, which is thought to export the competence-stimulating peptide. Homologous secretory systems are also used for the export of certain bacteriocins and bacteriocin-like peptides. In this study, a similar secretory apparatus was found in the Streptococcus mutans genome, and its role in transformation was investigated. Gene inactivation resulted in a mutant deficient in transformability. We suggest that secretion of a peptide, possibly the competence-stimulating peptide itself, is involved in competence induction also in S. mutans.
Streaming electrification dynamics in oil/cellulose systems (2002)

Streaming electrification phenomena have been blamed for the failure of over two dozen large power transformers, and the list continues to grow. While streaming electrification actually occurs in all oil filled transformers to one degree or another, the occurence of failures as a result of this effect has been sporadic and very difficult to predict. One commonality among most of these failures is the occurrence of the failure within several hours of the initiation of forced flow. This suggests that for predicting and avoiding failure modes, the electrification dynamics may be much more important than steady-state conditions. In consideration of that fact, a study was undertaken to investigate the dynamics of streaming electrification. That study, the results of which are presented in this paper, revealed the existence of at least two dynamics. Data is presented and the natures of the dynamics, together with the implication of the findings, are discussed.
Fast, automated thermal simulation of three-dimensional integrated circuits (2004)

Three-dimensional (3D) stacked integrated circuits (ICs) can significantly improve circuit performance and offer the promise of integrating various technologies (memory, logic, RF, mixed-signal, optoelectronics) within a single block. Lack of 3D design tools and heat dissipation from vertically stacked multiple layers are the crucial problems in their development. To address these issues, CFD Research Corporation (CFDRC) is developing methodologies and tools to analyze and assess coupled electrical and thermal performance of 3D ICs, including calculation of realistic full-chip thermal distributions and determining from them signal delay/distortion. Due to the stacking technology, extensive localized heating can occur. Analysis to minimize these hot spots using thermal vias is demonstrated. Our Python-script based framework allows to drive and control all the aspects of the 3D model building (directly from layouts), thermal simulations, and results extraction/post-processing. Hence, it is a good basis for coupling with Electronic Design Automation (EDA) systems. We present results of automated, fast, but detailed thermal simulations of 3D stacked integrated circuits. In addition, procedures for automatic extraction of reduced and compact thermal-resistance-based 3D models have been implemented. These techniques greatly reduce required computational time, and allow for very fast parametric modeling analysis of 3D IC design configurations and temperature extraction. From these thermal resistance models, equivalent SPICE netlists may be generated and used for independent or coupled thermal analysis.
Monosaccharide inhibition of human intestinal lactase. (1971)

Abstract Lactase has been partially purified from human intestinal mucosa. Lactase was inhibited by glucose, galactose, and fructose with the use of a radioisotopic assay; sucrase was inhibited by glucose and fructose; and maltase was inhibited by glucose alone. However, the K i for glucose was the same (about 30 mM) for all 3 enzymes. No obvious structural requirements could be determined for inhibition of lactase, but naturally occurring sugars were the best inhibitors. inhibition by sugars of all disaccharidases was pH dependent, with a pH optimum of 6. It was suggested that inhibition of lactase by sugars might be physiologically important and provide one mechanism for the production of lactose intolerance.
Neutral and Cationic Aluminum Complexes Supported by Sterically Bulky Amidinate Ligands (2002)

Aluminum complexes supported by sterically bulky amidinate ligands containing terphenyl substituents on the backbone carbon atoms are described. Three amidinate ligands featuring differing substituents at the ortho positions of the 2,6-phenyl rings have been employed: [2,6-(2,4,6-Me3Ph)2Ph]C(NH-i-Pr)N-i-Pr (LMeH), [2,6-(2,4,6-i-Pr3Ph)2Ph]C(NH-i-Pr)N-i-Pr (LPrH), and [2,6-(4-t-BuPh)2Ph]C(NH-i-Pr)N-i-Pr (LBuH)]. Monoamidinate dialkyl complexes were generated (LRAlMe2), and their reactions with methide abstraction reagents to yield cationic aluminum alkyl species were studied. Additionally, an amidinate aluminum dichloride was synthesized (LMeAlCl2), with concomitant formation of an unexpected amidinium salt, [LMeH2][EtAlCl3]. The crystal structures of representative dimethyl and dichloro species, as well as the latter salt, are presented.
Phentolamine and structurally related compounds selectively antagonize the vascular actions of the K<sup>+</sup>channel opener, cromakalim (1989)

1. The effects of cromakalim, a novel vasodilator agent believed to open K+ channels, were studied in a range of large and small arteries in vitro. In dog isolated coronary artery, precontracted with U46619 (a thromboxane A2-mimetic), cromakalim caused concentration-dependent relaxation which could be inhibited by phentolamine (10-100 microM). 2. The ability of phentolamine to antagonize cromakalim was selective since it did not affect responses to a number of other vasodilators including isoprenaline, nitroprusside or nicorandil. 3. The effect of phentolamine was not related to its alpha-adrenoceptor blocking actions since other alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists (prazosin 10 microM, rauwolscine 10 microM and phenoxybenzamine 1 microM) failed to influence the action of cromakalim. 4. A number of compounds structurally related to phentolamine were also able to block the vaso-relaxant response to cromakalim in the dog isolated coronary artery. The rank order of potency was alinidine = phentolamine = ST91 greater than tramazoline = naphazoline. Clonidine and tolazoline were inactive. The most potent compounds (alinidine and phentolamine) were effective only at concentrations above 1 microM. 5. Electrophysiological studies, in which resting membrane potential and tension were measured simultaneously, were carried out on rat isolated femoral artery. Phentolamine (30 microM) antagonized both the vasorelaxation and hyperpolarization caused by cromakalim. 6. These results suggest that phentolamine and some structurally related compounds, may inhibit K+ channel opening, an action which would account for their ability to antagonize the actions of cromakalim. Such compounds may prove useful in determining the role of K+ channels in regulating vascular smooth muscle tone in vivo and in vitro.
Ensemble Methods for Personality Recognition (2021)

An important bottleneck in the development of accurate and robust personality recognition systems based on supervised machine learning, is the limited availability of training data, and the high cost involved in collecting it. In this paper, we report on a proof of concept of using ensemble learning as a way to alleviate the data acquisition problem. The approach allows the use of information from datasets from different genres, personality classification systems and even different languages in the construction of a classifier, thereby improving its performance. In the exploratory research described here, we indeed observe the expected positive effects.
Including user-defined timing exception support in FRTL (2002)

In previous papers, we have presented both a new framework for building flexible hard real-time systems (FRTS) and a corresponding run-time support system, called Flexible Real-Time Linux (FRTL). This paper presents how timing exception support can be integrated in both the framework and the run-time system. In particular, the paper proposes detecting and handling two types of timing exceptions: tasks overrunning their worst-case execution times (wcets) and tasks missing their deadlines. This paper shows that the support for these two types of exceptions is required in order to deal with excessive CPU consumption of the application tasks and the kernel itself, respectively. The handling mechanism for wcet exceptions incorporates the possibility of attaching a user-defined handler to each application task. Handlers are defined to be scheduled as either mandatory or optional components at any priority. The specific overhead related to all these mechanisms has been incorporated into the system's complete feasibility test, which is also presented.
An efficient and scalable approach to CNN queries in a road network (2005)

A continuous search in a road network re-trieves the objects which satisfy a query con-dition at any point on a path. For example, return the three nearest restaurants from all locations on my route from point s to point e. In this paper, we deal with NN queries as well as continuous NN queries in the context of moving objects databases. The performance of existing approaches based on the network distance such as the shortest path length de-pends largely on the density of objects of in-terest. To overcome this problem, we propose UNICONS (a unique continuous search algo-rithm) for NN queries and CNN queries per-formed on a network. We incorporate the use of precomputed NN lists into Dijkstra’s algo-rithm for NN queries. A mathematical ratio-nale is employed to produce the final results of CNN queries. Experimental results for real-life datasets of various sizes show that UNI-CONS outperforms its competitors by up to 3.5 times for NN queries and 5 times for CNN queries depending on the density of objects and the number of NNs required. 1
Endothelial glycocalyx as a critical signalling platform integrating the extracellular haemodynamic forces and chemical signalling (2017)

The glycocalyx covers the human mammalian cells and plays important roles in stroke, inflammation and atherosclerosis. It has also been shown to be involved in endothelial mechanotransduction of shear stress. Shear stress induces the remodelling of the major component of the glycocalyx including glypican-1, a cell membrane heparan sulphate proteoglycan. Other factors, such as sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), protect the glycocalyx against syndecan-1 ectodomain shedding and induce the synthesis of heparan sulphate. In this study, we reviewed the role of shear stress and S1P in glycocalyx remodelling and revealed that the glycocalyx is a critical signalling platform, integrating the extracellular haemodynamic forces and chemical signalling, such as S1P, for determining the fate of endothelial cells and vascular diseases. This review integrated our current understanding of the structure and function of the glycocalyx and provided new insight into the role of the glycocalyx that might be helpful for investigating the underlying biological mechanisms in certain human diseases, such as atherosclerosis.
Gait Modification to Treat Knee Osteoarthritis (2011)

By changing pathological joint mechanics, gait modification may have disease modifying potential for medial compartment knee OA. The most effective gait modification methods may well be a combination of an assisted modification and a learned modification taught via a real-time feedback system—for example, variable stiffness shoes with medial thrust gait. Addition of other holistic elements such as strength or flexibility training may be valuable as well. Determination of the best target quantity will be critical for gait modification to make a positive clinical impact.
Optical study of the full photonic band gap in silicon inverse opals (2002)

An optical study of the band structure of both silicon–silica composite and silicon inverse opals is presented. The study is aimed at demonstrating the development of a full photonic band gap for a system already revealed as paradigmatic. The characterization is based on the comparison between the band structure calculations and optical reflectance spectroscopy experiments. This study is carried out for various symmetry points in the Brillouin zone, some never explored before as K, (110) and W, (210). The results show that, in accordance with the band structure, there is a certain frequency range that produces a reflectance peak regardless of orientation and can be assigned to the band gap. Similarly all other reflectance peaks can be accounted for by other band structure features.
A Catalytic Enantioselective Aza‐Michael Reaction: Novel Protocols for Asymmetric Synthesis of β‐Amino Carbonyl Compounds (2005)

Abstract β‐Amino carbonyl functionalities are ubiquitous motifs in natural and nonnatural products such as alkaloids and poly‐ketides. Among the reactions for the synthesis of β‐amino car‐bonyl compounds and β‐substituted β‐amino acids, aza‐Michael reactions using catalytic amounts of chiral Lewisacids might provide the best methods for the generation of optically active β‐amino carbonyl compounds. During the last five years, the asymmetric aza‐Michael reaction has emerged as a very powerful tool for the synthesis of chiral β‐amino carbonyl compounds, as will be discussed in this microreview. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Metal salts as promoters of in vitro morphological transformation of hamster embryo cells initiated by benzo(a)pyrene. (1981)

The hamster embryo cell bioassay has been used to study the effect of metal salts on morphological transformation. A synergistic enhancement of the transformation frequency was found for the combined treatment with organic carcinogens [benzo(a)pyrene, N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide] and nickel sulfate, cadmium acetate, or potassium chromate. Chromic chloride and zinc chloride did not induce transformation themselves, and they had no effect on the transformation frequency when tested in combination with benzo(a)pyrene. The synergistic effect between benzo(a)pyrene and nickel sulfate or cadmium acetate was also apparent when the cells were treated sequentially with the chemicals. When the cells were first exposed to benzo(a)pyrene, both nickel sulfate and cadmium acetate showed a promotion-like effect similar to that obtained with the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Moreover, when 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate or benzo(a)pyrene were used as promoting agents, both nickel sulfate and cadmium acetate were able to initiate morphological transformation. The data suggest that the metal salts are more potent as promoters than they are as initiators. The present findings may be of importance in relation to carcinogenicity of metal compounds to humans.
[post-traumatic stress disorder in the elderly]. (2005)

Diagnosis of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) requires a past history of psychic traumatism and characteristic psychotraumatic symptoms like re-experiencing of the traumatic event, avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event and increased arousal. In the elderly, PTSD prevalence rate is about 0.9% after 60 years of age. Clinical features are almost identical to those observed in younger patients. However there are various types of PTSD: PTSD de novo, occurring after exposure to extreme trauma in old age; chronic PTSD when symptoms persist since the time of the trauma; delayed-onset PTSD when patients exhibit signs of the disorder decades after the trauma; complex PTSD, generated by exposure to repeated traumatisms in early development, who could be linked up to changes in personality in older exposed to repeated traumatisms. Pharmacological and psychotherapic interventions used in younger populations can be applied for treatment to older adults, when taking into account the pharmacodynamic and psychic changes associated with aging.
Development of 1232°C (2250°F) Erosion and Impact Tests for Thermal Barrier Coatings (1998)

High temperature erosion and impact texts were developed for evaluation of thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems that are being generated for the High-Speed Civil Transport supersonic aircraft under NASA's Enabling Propulsion Materials program. The TBC-coated test specimen is a 6.1-mm (0.24-inch) diameter cylindrical pin. Twelve pins are mounted on a carousel with a pitch diameter of 46 mm (1.813 inch). This carousel is rotated at 500 rpm, 50 mm (two inches) from the combustor exhaust of a burner rig, while the TBC temperature is controlled at 1232°C (2250°F) using a pyrometer. The particulate is injected radially into the combustor in two horizontally opposed positions. Two separate types of particulate are used in the tests: 50-micron and 560-micron crushed alumina. The effects of the 50-micron erosion and 560-micron impact tests are quite different, but in each case excellent similarity is seen between damage to test specimens and that of commercial engine service hardware. The temperature of the impinging particulate is above 1450°C (2642°F), and the particulate velocities were determined to be. 174 and 9 meter/second (570 and 30 feel/second), respectively, for the 50-micron and 560-micron materials. A mathematical expression was developed for erosion wear as a function of particle size, velocity, hardness and density. The ranges over which these parameters were varied are particle size 10 to 180 micron, velocity 107 to 332 meter per second, hardness 820 to 2100 kg/mm2 Knoop, density 2.2 to 5.7 gram/cc. Erosion wear is linear with the accumulated mass of eroding particulate used. Impact wear caused by 560-micron alumina is distinctly nonlinear.
PLASMA DOPAMINE-BETA-HYDROXYLASE ACTIVITY IN TOURETTE'S DISORDER AND CHRONIC MOTOR TIC DISORDER (1995)

To elucidate the biochemical etiology. 1) plasma dopemine-beta-hydroxylase activity was measured and 2) the correlation between age and DBH activity was examined in 30 Tourette's disorder, 19 chronic motor tic disorder, and 24 controls. The results are summarized as follows : 1) The mean plasma DBH activity in Tourette's disorder was significantly elevated compared to normal groups, but significant differences in DBH activity between Tourette's disorder and chronic motor tic disorder, and between chronic motor tic disorder and normal control group were not found. 2) In all three groups, the significant positive correlations between age and plasma DBH activity found. These findings support the hypothesis of a possible involvement of brain catecholamine dysfunction in the production of Tourette's disorders, and this dysfunction might be due to the increased dopaminergic and decreased noradrenergic function. Future research should be focused on the mechanism of functional abnormalities of DBH.