gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Concentration and Type of Plasticizer on the Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Organic-Inorganic Hybrids (2012)

The Effect of Concentration and Type of Plasticizer on the Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Organic-Inorganic Hybrids
Response of Plasma Prolactin to Changes in Ambient Temperature and Humidity in Man (1981)

The present study examined the relationship between plasma PRL and ambient temperature and relative humidity (RH) in man. Six normal men sat in an environmental room on four occasions. On each occasion, a thermoneutral control period at 27 C dry bulb (db)/16 C wer bulb (wb; 32% RH) was followed by a 90-min exposure to 27 C db/16 C wb, 13 C db/9 C wb, 45 C db/26 C wb, or 27 C db/26 C wb (92% RH) and a recovery period. Blood was drawn at 30-min intervals. Plasma PRL rose 53% (P < 0.05) in the heat and fell 37% (P < 0.05) in the cold in comparisons with control levels. No changes occurred during increased RH alone. Maximum PRL changes were associated with an increase in mean skin temperature of 3.0 C in the heat and a decrease of 4.3 C in the cold. Corresponding changes in auditory meatal temperature were +1.0 and -0.2 C, respectively. Plasma osmolality and serum Na+ and K+ levels did not change, except in the cold where serum K+ rose 0.6 meq/liter (P < 0.01). These data suggest an association between ambient temperature and plasma PRL in man which is not associated with changes in water and electrolyte status.
Adaptive Compensation of Bandwidth Narrowing Effect for Coherent In-Phase Quadrature Transponder through Finite Impulse Response Filter (2019)

Coherent in-phase quadrature (IQ) transponders are ubiquitous in the long-haul and the metro optical networks. During the transmission, the coherent signal experiences a bandwidth narrowing effect after passing through multiple reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers (ROADMs). The coherent signal also experiences a bandwidth narrowing effect when electrical or optical components of the coherent IQ transponder experience aging. A dynamic method to compensate the bandwidth narrowing effect is thus required. In the coherent optical receiver, signal bandwidth is estimated from the raw analog-to-digital converter (ADC) outputs. By adaptively adjusting the tap coefficients of the finite impulse response (FIR) filter, simple post-ADC FIR filters can increase the resiliency of the coherent signal to the bandwidth narrowing effect. The influence of chromatic dispersion, polarization mode dispersion, and polarization dependent loss are studied comprehensively. Furthermore, the bandwidth information of the transmitted analog signal is fed back to the coherent optical transmitter for signal optimization, and the transmitter-side FIR filter thus changes accordingly.
Development of 30 &#x03BC;m pitch Cu/Ni/SnAg micro-bump-bonded chip-on-chip (COC) interconnects (2010)

In this study, the assembly processes and reliability performance of interconnects with 30 μm pitch Cu/Ni/SnAg joints are evaluated, Plasma was treated on the both upper and lower chips before bonding, then fine gap control bonding process was applied to minimize the solder squeezing phenomenon which causes the adjacent joints bridged. Two kinds of underfills were used to fill the gap of around 20 urn between the upper and lower chips Pre-conditioning test and Temperature cycling test and -55 ~ 125 TCT for 5,000 cycles was performed on the chip-on-chip (COC) interconnects. The characteristics of micro joints with different underfills were investigated during the reliability test. The results of electrical test and microstructure analysis of the micro-bump interconnects showed that the micro joints were well-bonded in such kind of method. Fine gap filling capability of the selected underfill materials was also confirmed. The higher filler content and viscosity may cause the void issue during the encapsulation process. The major failure modes were found after the failure analysis. One is crack occurred at the center of the joint which relate to underfill's capability, another is void formation in the joint which relate to volume shrinkage of the inter-metallic-compound (IMC) transformation from the remained solder. The micro bump assembly technology was established, quality check methods were demonstrated and the failure modes for the bonded-micro-joint with different underfills were investigated at this study.
Challenges in Assessing Intent to Die: Can Suicide Attempters Be Trusted? (2007)

Assessing a person's intent to die in a suicide attempt is crucial for risk assessment and research, yet suicidal intent is notoriously difficult to measure. People who intended to die when they hurt themselves may deny it, and others may feign intent for secondary gain. Additionally, ambivalence, memory gaps, impulsivity, and fluidity of intent can hinder accurate assessment of intent. Circumstantial evidence, such as a suicide note, may illuminate true intentions but also has substantial limitations. This article summarizes disparate challenges to the measurement of suicidal intent; describes strengths and weaknesses of circumstantial indicators; reviews evidence from studies using the Suicide Intent Scale to show that subjective and circumstantial indicators do not strongly correlate with each other; and concludes with a call to place more trust in individuals whose disclosures of suicidal intent are questionable, even if the possibility for manipulation exists.
Characteristics of High-T<sub>c</sub> Nb<sub>3</sub>Ge Films Prepared by Chemical Vapor Deposition (1984)

The properties of Nb–Ge films prepared by chemical vapor deposition have been studied in order to clarify the characteristics of high- T c Nb 3 Ge. The effects of the deposition temperature and film composition on the transition temperature, residual resistance ratio, residual resistivity, A15 lattice parameter and growth of the A15 and non-A15 phases are described. The characteristics of the high- T c phase are discussed in terms of correlations between the transition temperature, A15 lattice parameter and film composition. For films with transition temperatures around 20 K, the A15 lattice parameter is ∼5.140 Å, and the film composition (Nb/Ge ratio) falls in the range 2.5–3.0. Micrographs of some films, taken by scanning electron microscopy, reveal that the growth morphology of films changes markedly as the deposition temperature varies from 750 to 900°C.
Status of Biomass Derived Carbon Materials for Supercapacitor Application (2017)

Environmental concerns and energy security uncertainties associated with fossil fuels have driven the world to shift to renewable energy sources. However, most renewable energy sources with exception of hydropower are intermittent in nature and thus need storage systems. Amongst various storage systems, supercapacitors are the promising candidates for energy storage not only in renewable energies but also in hybrid vehicles and portable devices due to their high power density. Supercapacitor electrodes are almost invariably made of carbon derived from biomass. Several reviews had been focused on general carbon materials for supercapacitor electrode. This review is focused on understanding the extent to which different types of biomasses have been used as porous carbon materials for supercapacitor electrodes. It also details hydrothermal microwave assisted, ionothermal, and molten salts carbonization as techniques of synthesizing activated carbon from biomasses as well as their characteristics and their impacts on electrochemical performance.
The Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer %28LADEE%29: Initial Science Results (2014)

On September 6, 2013, a near-perfect launch of the first Minotaur V rocket successfully carried NASA's Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) into a high-eccentricity geocentric orbit. LADEE arrived at the Moon on October 6, 2013, dur-ing the government shutdown. The spacecraft impact-ed the lunar surface on April 18, 2014, following a completely successful mission. LADEE's science objectives were twofold: (1) De-termine the composition and variability of the lunar atmosphere; (2) Characterize the lunar exospheric dust environment, and its variability. The LADEE science payload consisted of the Lunar Dust Experiment (LDEX), which sensed dust impacts in situ, for parti-cles between 100 nm and 5 micrometers; a neutral mass spectrometer (NMS), which sampled lunar exo-spheric gases in situ, over the 2-150 Dalton mass range; an ultraviolet/visible spectrometer (UVS) ac-quired spectra of atmospheric emissions and scattered light from tenuous dust, spanning a 250-800 nm wave-length range. UVS also performed dust extinction measurements via a separate solar viewer optic. The following are preliminary results for the lunar exosphere: (1) The helium exosphere of the Moon, first observed during Apollo, is clearly dominated by the delivery of solar wind He++. (2) Neon 20 is clearly seen as an important constituent of the exosphere. (3) Argon 40, also observed during Apollo and arising from interior outgassing, exhibits variations related to surface temperature-driven condensation and release, and is also enhanced over specific selenographic longi-tudes. (4) The sodium abundance varies with both lu-nar phase and with meteoroid influx, implicating both solar wind sputtering and impact vaporization process-es. (5) Potassium was also routinely monitored and exhibits some of the same properties as sodium. (6) Other candidate species were seen by both NMS and UVS, and await confirmation. Dust measurements have revealed a persistent shroud of small dust particles between 0.7 and sev-eral micrometers in size, present over the pre-dawn and morning sector of the Moon. This tenuous dust exosphere, with densities of approximately 10(exp -5) m(exp -3), appears to be sustained by the ejecta of micrometeoroid impacts.
Fragmentation of negative ions from carbohydrates: Part 2. Fragmentation of high-mannose <i>N</i>-linked glycans (2005)

[M + NO3]- And [M + (NO3)2]2- ions were produced by electrospray from neutral high-mannose ([Man](5-9)[GlcNAc]2, [Glc](1-3)[Man](4-9)[GlcNAc]2) N-linked glycans and their 2-aminobenzamide derivatives sprayed from methanol:water containing ammonium nitrate. Low energy collision-induced decomposition (CID) spectra of both types of ions were almost identical and dominated by cross-ring and C-type fragments, unlike the corresponding spectra of the positive ions that contained mainly B- and Y-type glycosidic fragments. This behavior could be rationalized by an initial proton abstraction from various hydroxy groups by the initially-formed anionic adduct. These negative ion spectra were more informative than the corresponding positive ion spectra and contained prominent ions that were diagnostic of structural features such as the composition of individual antennas that were not easily obtainable by other means. C-ions defined the sequence of the constituent monosaccharide residues. Detailed fragmentation mechanisms are proposed to account for many of the diagnostic ions.
Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance in <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>: Urgent Need to Strengthen Prevention Strategies (2008)

Prevention and control of gonorrhea is an important public health concern due to the high burden of disease, the recent increase in reported infection rates, and the reproductive and economic consequences of infection. Effective antibiotic treatment is one essential component of an integrated approach to gonorrhea control. Over the past 60 years, however, development of resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae to multiple antimicrobial classes challenges this component of gonorrhea control. An integrated, comprehensive prevention strategy should include enhancement of national and international surveillance systems to monitor antimicrobial resistance and new strategies to maximize the benefit and prolong the utility of antimicrobials, including combination regimens, implementation of screening recommendations for individuals at high risk for infection, and the assurance of prompt and effective treatment for infected persons and their sexual partners. Progress in controlling the epidemic and avoiding a resurgence as treatment options wane will require careful attention to all components of a comprehensive prevention strategy.
A broadband multimedia collaborative system for advanced teleradiology and medical imaging diagnosis (1998)

This paper presents a new telemedicine system currently in routine clinical usage, developed within the European Union (EU) ACTS BONAPARTE project (1). The telemedicine system is developed on an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) multimedia hardware/software platform comprising the following set of telemedicine services: synchronous cooperative work, high-quality video conference, multimedia mail, medical image digitizing, processing, storing and printing, and local and remote transparent database access. The medical information handled by the platform conforms to the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) 3.0 medical imaging standard. The telemedicine system has been installed for clinical routines in three Spanish hospitals since November 1997 and has been used in an average of one/two clinical sessions per week. At each clinical session, a usability and clinical evaluation of the system was carried out. Evaluation is carried out through direct observation of interactions and questionnaire-based subjective data. The usability evaluation methodology and the results of the system usability study are also presented in this article. The experience gained from the design, development, and evaluation of the telemedicine system is providing an indepth knowledge of the benefits and difficulties involved in the installation and clinical usage of this type of high-usability and advanced multimedia telemedicine system in the field of teleradiology and collaborative medical imaging diagnosis.
Khayyam: a second generation tunable spatial heterodyne spectrometer for broadband observation of diffuse emission line targets (2011)

We report on progress toward development of a second-generation tunable spatial heterodyne spectrometer (TSHS) at the fixed focus of the Coudé Auxiliary Telescope (CAT) in the Shane observatory at Lick Observatory (Khayyam). SHS instruments are a class of interferometric sensor capable of providing a combination of large étendue, high resolving power (R=λ/dλ~ 10<sup>5</sup>) and wide field of view (FOV~0.5 degree) at Optical and NUV wavelengths in a compact format. The TSHS implementation addresses the bandpass limitation of the basic SHS through controlled rotation of pilot mirrors in the interferometer. The use of a single grating as both a dispersing and beam-splitting element in the all-reflective SHS greatly relaxes the precision required in the alignment of the other optical elements relative to a more typical scanning Fourier Transform Spectrometer and allows the TSHS implementation to be accomplished with low-cost commercial rotation stages. The new design builds on a previous design originally tested in 2007, and will address several issues identified with the input beam, output imaging, and grating efficiency (Dawson and Harris, 2009). Here we will discuss the design considerations going into this new system and the initial results of the installation and testing of the TSHS and the future plans.
Effect of Cis-Trans Ratio on the Physical Properties of 1,4 Polybutadienes (1957)

Abstract The physical properties of vulcanized 1,4 polybutadienes, prepared by heterogeneous catalysis and ranging from 95 per cent cis to nearly 100 per cent trans configuration, were investigated in gum and tread formulations. Comparisons were made at equal effective (physical) degree of crosslinking for both gum- and carbon black-reinforced stocks and for black stocks at equal 300 per cent modulus. In general, as polybutadienes require less sulfur for adequate vulcanization than trans polybutadienes. Vulcanizates of all 1,4 polybutadienes exceeding 15 per cent in cis content are completely rubbery at ordinary temperatures. Polybutadiene of 93 per cent trans content yields tough, leathery, crystalline vulcanizates at 80° F, which become rubbery at moderately elevated temperatures. Without exception the important physical properties change little between 25 and 80 per cent cis content. At both ends of this range the tensile strength of both gum and black stocks rises as a consequence of increasing chain regularity. However, in gum tensile strength not even the highest cis polybutadienes are equivalent to natural or synthetic cis -polyisoprenes. Black stocks of very good tensile strength with elongations ranging from 500 to 700 per cent are obtained with both cis - and trans -polybutadienes. At the crosslinking level for optimum tensile strength, modulus increases with trans content. The cis -polybutadienes have excellent resilience and low hysteresis and maintain their resilience to temperatures as low as −40° F. The latter is true even of the highest as polymers which crystallize at these temperatures. The tendency to crystallize rapidly at low temperatures disappears between 87 and 82 per cent cis content so that polymers of moderately high cis unsaturation have exceptional low-temperature characteristics. These polymers remain completely rubbery down to their brittle point (ca. −85° C). The excellent resilience of cis -polybutadiene is particularly apparent in carbon black-reinforced stocks. Because of the inherently low modulus of these stocks and their low sulfur requirement, these may be vulcanized to rather high degrees of crosslinking. This results in further improvements in resilience and heat build-up with only moderate sacrifices in tensile strength and ultimate elongation. Vulcanizates of 70 to 80 per cent trans -polybutadienes exhibit evidence of crystallinity over a wide range of temperatures and are probably not completely melted at room temperature. Although their resilience is less than that of the high cis -polybutadienes, it is still somewhat better than that of SBR, particularly at low temperatures. The 1,4 polybutadienes are more resistant to oxidative scission than emulsion polybutadiene or SBR and are greatly superior to natural rubber in this respect. The dominant effect in the aging of 1,4 polybutadienes is crosslinking. Because of their low sulfur requirements the cis polybutadienes offer a particular advantage in aging resistance. None of the polybutadienes exhibits ozone resistance comparable to Hevea.
Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis (2002)

The extent of heterogeneity in a meta-analysis partly determines the difficulty in drawing overall conclusions. This extent may be measured by estimating a between-study variance, but interpretation is then specific to a particular treatment effect metric. A test for the existence of heterogeneity exists, but depends on the number of studies in the meta-analysis. We develop measures of the impact of heterogeneity on a meta-analysis, from mathematical criteria, that are independent of the number of studies and the treatment effect metric. We derive and propose three suitable statistics: H is the square root of the chi2 heterogeneity statistic divided by its degrees of freedom; R is the ratio of the standard error of the underlying mean from a random effects meta-analysis to the standard error of a fixed effect meta-analytic estimate, and I2 is a transformation of (H) that describes the proportion of total variation in study estimates that is due to heterogeneity. We discuss interpretation, interval estimates and other properties of these measures and examine them in five example data sets showing different amounts of heterogeneity. We conclude that H and I2, which can usually be calculated for published meta-analyses, are particularly useful summaries of the impact of heterogeneity. One or both should be presented in published meta-analyses in preference to the test for heterogeneity.
Introduction to fields and circuits (1993)

Fundamental electromagnetism direct current circuits alternating currents resonance electromagnetics pulses and transients two-part networks distributed networkd electromagnetic compatibility. Appendix: Answers to problems.
Pyroelectric-Based Solar and Wind Energy Harvesting System (2013)

Inherent scarcity of thermal sources with a time varying temperature profile is the reason why the pyroelectric-based energy harvesting is not as prominent as its counterpart, thermoelectric generators, in the thermal energy harvesting domain. In this paper, a practical solution for generating thermal oscillations required for sustainable pyroelectric-based energy harvesting from the solar and wind energies, is presented. The main focus of the work is to modulate the concentrated solar radiation using a vertical axis wind turbine for producing higher rate of change of temperature on the pyroelectric material. The maximum energy and power density produced by the prototype device using PZT-5H as pyroelectric material are 6.927 mJ/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> /cycle and 421.18 μW/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> , respectively, and on average it can produce a power density of 304.78 μW/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> , which concurs with the theoretical model.
The role of free radicals in ethiopathogenesis of diseases (2008)

Free radicals can be defined as atoms or molecules containing one or more unpaired electrons in their orbitals. Their formation occurs continuously in the cells as a consequence of both enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions. It has been estimated that the average person has around 10000–20000 free radicals attacking each body cell each day. Some free radicals are good in that they enable your body to fight inflammation, kill bacteria, and control the tone of smooth muscles, which regulate the working of internal organs and blood vessels. On the other hand increased or uncontrolled free radical activity might combine with other factors to cause some diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, heart disease, cancers etc. The balance between the production of free radicals and the antioxidant defences in the body has important health implications. Under the normal conditions the antioxidant defense system within the body can easily handle free radicals that are produced. If there are too many free radicals produced and too few antioxidants, this may cause chronic damage. The aim of this study is review the data on diseases which may be linked to free radicals in order to clarify the role of them in ethiopathogenesis of these diseases.