gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Separation of Germanium-68 from irradiated targets (2012)

1482 Objectives Germanium-68 has a half life of 270 days and decays to gallium-68 with a half life of 1.13 hours which makes the two isotopes ideal for a medical isotope generator. The short half life of gallium-68 allows preparation, purification and imaging of small molecules and peptides and the generator can be eluted multiple times in a day for patient imaging. The germanium-68 produced at Brookhaven Linac Isotope Producer from proton irradiation of liquid gallium metal targets has been purified in the past by liquid-liquid extraction using organic solvents such as carbon tetrachloride or toluene. The FDA has listed these solvents as Q3C - class 1 and 2 solvents in its Guidance for Industry documentation. This FDA classification places the solvents in a category that should not be employed in manufacturing of drugs due to unacceptable toxicity. Methods A new separation process utilizing a common buffer system and commercially available resin was developed to separate germanium-68 from the irradiated gallium target. The soluble gallium allows a separation time of less than 3 hours. Results The new process results in 82-99% recovery of germanium-68 with minimal to no zinc-65 and cobalt in the final product. The concentration of gallium in the final product in the new separation process is ~24 ppm which is half the amount of the concentration of gallium in the final product by organic extraction (~40 ppm average). Conclusions The new process is being adapted for use in hot cells for production and purification of Ci amounts of germanium-68 to meet cGMP requirements. Research Support U.S. Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Physic
Transcriptomic Analyses Elucidate Adaptive Differences of Closely Related Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Fuel (2017)

<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> can utilize hydrocarbons, but different strains have various degrees of adaptation despite their highly conserved genome. <i>P. aeruginosa</i> ATCC 33988 is highly adapted to hydrocarbons, while <i>P. aeruginosa</i> strain PAO1, a human pathogen, is less adapted and degrades jet fuel at a lower rate than does ATCC 33988. We investigated fuel-specific transcriptomic differences between these strains in order to ascertain the underlying mechanisms utilized by the adapted strain to proliferate in fuel. During growth in fuel, the genes related to alkane degradation, heat shock response, membrane proteins, efflux pumps, and several novel genes were upregulated in ATCC 33988. Overexpression of <i>alk</i> genes in PAO1 provided some improvement in growth, but it was not as robust as that of ATCC 33988, suggesting the role of other genes in adaptation. Expression of the function unknown gene PA5359 from ATCC 33988 in PAO1 increased the growth in fuel. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that PA5359 is a predicted lipoprotein with a conserved Yx(FWY)xxD motif, which is shared among bacterial adhesins. Overexpression of the putative resistance-nodulation-division (RND) efflux pump PA3521 to PA3523 increased the growth of the ATCC 33988 strain, suggesting a possible role in fuel tolerance. Interestingly, the PAO1 strain cannot utilize <i>n</i>-C<sub>8</sub> and <i>n</i>-C<sub>10</sub> The expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of <i>alkB</i> promoters confirmed that <i>alk</i> gene promoter polymorphism affects the expression of <i>alk</i> genes. Promoter fusion assays further confirmed that the regulation of <i>alk</i> genes was different in the two strains. Protein sequence analysis showed low amino acid differences for many of the upregulated genes, further supporting transcriptional control as the main mechanism for enhanced adaptation.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> These results support that specific signal transduction, gene regulation, and coordination of multiple biological responses are required to improve the survival, growth, and metabolism of fuel in adapted strains. This study provides new insight into the mechanistic differences between strains and helpful information that may be applied in the improvement of bacterial strains for resistance to biotic and abiotic factors encountered during bioremediation and industrial biotechnological processes.
MscL of <b> <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> </b> prevents selective release of cytoplasmic proteins in a hypotonic environment (2009)

Bacillus subtilis serves as an excellent model to study protein secretion at a proteomic scale. Most of the extracellular proteins are exported from the cytoplasm via the secretory (Sec) pathway. Despite extensive studies, the secretion mechanisms of about 25% of the extracellular proteins are unknown. This suggests that B. subtilis makes use of alternative mechanisms to release proteins into its environment. In search for novel pathways, which contribute to biogenesis of the B. subtilis exoproteome, we investigated a possible role of the large conductance mechanosensitive channel protein MscL. We compared protein secretion by MscL deficient and proficient B. subtilis cells. MscL did not contribute to secretion under standard growth conditions. Unexpectedly, we discovered that under hypo-osmotic shock conditions specific, normally cytoplasmic proteins were released by mscL mutant cells. This protein release was selective since not all cytoplasmic proteins were equally well released. We established that this protein release by mscL mutant cells cannot be attributed to cell death or lysis. The presence of MscL, therefore, seems to prevent the specific release of cytoplasmic proteins by B. subtilis during hypo-osmotic shock. Our unprecedented findings imply that an unidentified system for selective release of cytoplasmic proteins is active in B. subtilis.
Toll‐Like Receptor Modulation of Murine Cerebral Malaria Is Dependent on the Genetic Background of the Host (2007)

Infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA is a well-established model of human cerebral malaria (CM). We show herein that Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling influences the development of lethal CM in P. berghei ANKA-infected mice. Modulation of outcome was dependent on genetic background, such that deletion of myeloid differentiation factor (MyD) 88 on the susceptible C57BL/6 background resulted in resistance to CM, whereas deletion of MyD88 on the resistant BALB/c background led to increased mortality. Our data show that MyD88 influenced the production of T helper-polarizing cytokines, including interferon (IFN)- gamma, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-17, as well as the total number of Foxp3(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells in a manner dependent on host genetic background. In addition, mRNA levels of IFN- gamma, CXCL10, and CXCL9 were strongly up-regulated in the brains of susceptible wild-type but not MyD88(-/-) infected mice. These results suggest that TLR signaling and host genetic background influences the pathogenesis of CM via modulation of cytokine production and T(reg) cell numbers.
Design of a Disturbance Reduction Controller for a Class of Nonlinear Systems with Multiple State and Input Delays (2005)

To cope with the unmeasurable external disturbance having known waveform but unknown magnitudes, a disturbance compensator is designed for a class of nonlinear systems with multiple state and input time-variant delays. When the unbounded disturbance enters the time-delay systems, the systems state variables will go out of control. Thus it is necessary to design a reduction controller to compensate or minimize the effects of the disturbance. In order to obtain the estimation of state and disturbance, an augmented system is constructed by the nonlinear system and the disturbance system, and a time-delay composite state observer is designed to give the estimation of state and disturbance. Hence, the disturbance reduction controller is derived and the systems state variables are kept in control. An illustrative example shows the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
A Development of Contactless Measurement Method of a Transmission Line Surge Voltage Waveform (2000)

This paper proposes a contactless method to measure a surge voltage waveform on an overhead transmission line and on a cable sheath enclosed in a corrosion-proof layer. To measure surge voltage and current waveforms on the overhead line, the method is based on electro-magnetic coupling between the overhead line and a surge sensor, composed of a closed loop which is a distributed parameter line. The surge waveform is estimated from the induced voltage to the closed loop and from a Z-parameter theory. To measure a cable sheath voltage waveform, the method is based on electro-static coupling between the sheath and a detecting electrode, which is portable and detachable, and is composed of quite simple components and its potential dividing ratio is adjustable by a lumped capacitor. The proposed method is inexpensive and easy to measure surge waveforms with reasonable accuracy, and also is applicable to a surge measurement on a live line because of its contactless nature.
<title>Influence of sheath properties on the profile evolution in reactive ion etching processes</title> (1991)

The ion transport through the sheath as the process that primarily determines the energy and angular distributions of ions striking the substrate is simulated with Monte-Carlo methods. The effect of pressure on these distributions is known to be characterized by the proportion of mean free path to sheath thickness while the influence of frequency on the energy and angular distributions may be characterized by the proportion of the period of the applied voltage to the time the ion spents in the sheath. The even at high frequencies frequently observed double-peaked shape of the energy spectra is investigated and the dependence of the angular distribution on energy is shown to be contingent on the influence of collisions within the sheath. Finally the influence of the divergence of the ion stream represented by the ion angular distribution on the final profile evolution is demonstrated with the SPEED-Simulator (Simulation of profile evolution with etching and deposition)14.
On the estimation of spatial length scales in a vessel stirred by a rushton turbine (2005)

A two-point LDA technique has been employed to obtain direct measurements of the integral (Lambda), Taylor (lambda) and Kolmogorov (eta) length scales in the impeller region of a vessel stirred by a Rushton turbine. Accurate knowledge of the Taylor and Kolmogorov length scales is essential to obtain an estimation of the dissipation rate (epsilon) which is a key parameter for mixing in stirred reactors. Furthermore, an investigation has been carried out to determine to what extent the Taylor length scale varies with Re and with the blade angular position phi.
<i>A Noise Survey of Manufacturing Industries</i> (1953)

(1953). A Noise Survey of Manufacturing Industries. American Industrial Hygiene Association Quarterly: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 235-263.
Analyzing Qualitative/Categorical Data: Log-Linear Models and Latent Structure Analysis. (1980)

In this book, originally published in 1978 by Abt Books, author Leo Goodman presents new methods for causal analyses of qualitative variables, for scaling response patterns, for latent structure analysis, and for analyzing and comparing various kinds of cross-classification tables. Edited by Jay Magidson, this volume includes contributions from James A. Davis and Jay Magidson.
Non-destructive evaluation of cylindrical composite structures using photothermal radiometry (2005)

Thermal-wave diagnostics by means of infrared photothermal radiometry (PTR) has been used for quantitative non-destructive evaluation of cylindrical composite structures. To quantitatively evaluate the thermal-wave field of a cylindrical composite material, the Green function corresponding to the composite structure has been developed and subsequently the thermal-wave field has been derived. Furthermore, the characteristics of the thermal-wave field for a cylindrical material with a surface coating are discussed. Experimental results from a stainless steel (AISI 302) tube are used to validate the theoretical model.
Performance of Graphite Foam Evaporator for Use in Thermal Management paper presents the results of an investigation of the thermal performance of a (2005)

graphite foam thermosyphon evaporator and discusses the foam’s potential for use in the thermal management of electronics. The graphitized carbon foam used in this study is an open-cell porous material that consists of a network of interconnected graphite ligaments whose thermal conductivities are up to five times higher than copper. While the bulk graphite foam has a thermal conductivity similar to aluminum, it has one-fifth the density, making it an excellent thermal management material. Furthermore, using the graphite foam as the evaporator in a thermosyphon enables the transfer of large amounts of energy with relatively low temperature difference and without the need for external pumping. Performance of the system with FC-72 and FC-87 was examined, and the effects of liquid fill level, condenser temperature, and foam height, width, and density were studied. Performance with FC-72 and FC-87 was found to be similar, while the liquid fill level, condenser temperature, geometry, and density of the graphite foam were found to significantly affect the thermal performance. The boiling was found to be surface tension dominated, and a simple model based on heat transfer from the outer surface is proposed. As much as 149 W were dissipated from a 1c m 2 heated area. fDOI: 10.1115/1.1871193g
Security Coordinated Maintenance Scheduling in Deregulation Based on Genco Contribution to Unserved Energy (2008)

This paper presents a new approach to security coordinated maintenance scheduling in deregulation wherein the independent system operator (ISO) does not generate a maintenance schedule by itself, but calls for maintenance scheduling plans from individual gencos. The maintenance scheduling plans, when incorporated in a medium-term security constrained production scheduling program, can result in unserved energy at one or more buses. Based on the information on bus-wise unserved energy, the ISO generates corrective signals for the genco(s), and directs them to alter their maintenance plans in specific periods and resubmit. The proposed scheme exploits the concept of commons and domains to derive a novel factor to allocate the unserved energy at a bus to a set of generators responsible. Iterations between the gencos and ISO continue until the coordination program has converged, and there is no unserved energy at any period in the system.
Compositional trends in tourmaline from intragranitic NYF pegmatites of the Trebic pluton, Czech Republic: an electron microprobe, Mossbauer and LA-ICP-MS study (2011)

Tourmalines (dravite-schorl-uvite-povondraite) from
intragranitic pegmatites of the Třebic Pluton (porphyric,
amphibole-biotite melasyenite to quartz
melasyenite-melagranite) were examined using electron
microprobe, Mossbauer spectroscopy and laser ablation
inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (LA-ICP-MS). Black
tourmaline occurs in several distinct morphological,
paragenetic and textural types with very high variability in
zoning; however, the morphological types of tourmaline do not
differ in the chemical composition. Tourmalines generally show
two trends distinct for the allanite-type and euxenite-type
pegmatites and for the euxenite-type pegmatite Klucov I.
Numeric Definition of the Clinical Performance of the Nested Reverse Transcription-PCR for Detection of Hematogenous Epithelial Cells and Correction for Specific mRNA of Non-Target Cell Origin as Evaluated for Prostate Cancer Cells (2003)

Repeated nested PCR tests for PSA and appropriate handling of the data allow numeric quantification of the performance of the assay and differentiation between analytical false and true positives at a predefined accuracy. This new approach may contribute to introduction of PSA RT-PCR assays in clinical practice.
Comparison of Extraction Procedures for Parthenolide inTanacetum parthenium (1996)

A comparison has been made of the efficiency of high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) protocols and a human platelet-based bioassay to quantify parthenolide, a pharmacologically active sesquiterpenoid in Tanacetum parthenium (Feverfew). The optimum protocol, in terms both of concentration of parthenolide measured and of reproducibility of results, involved re-suspension of an acetone extract of the plant material in 100% ethanol prior to isocratic HPLC. The mean parthenolide concentration in a leaf extract dissolved in ethanol from a glasshouse-grown clone (1.52±0.13%; n=10) was significantly greater (P=0.01) than in an extract dissolved in acetonitrile (1.23±0.25%; n=10). Progressive reduction of the organic phase in the re-extraction solvent by replacement with phosphate-buffered saline resulted in concomitantly less parthenolide being measured in the samples. The mean parthenolide concentration measured by HPLC in extracts employing 3% ethanol in phosphate-buffered saline as re-extracting solvent, as used previously in bioassays, was significantly (P<0.0001) lower than obtained with 100% ethanol. Parthenolide concentrations in extracts with 3% ethanol were also highly variable as reflected by coefficients of variance of up to 15%. The protocol using 100% ethanol as re-extracting solvent was optimal for rapid and reproducible assessments of parthenolide content in small (>20 mg dry weight) samples from glasshouse-grown and in vitro cultured materials of Feverfew.
Catheter ablation of atrioventricular junction using radiofrequency current in 17 patients. Comparison of standard and large-tip catheter electrodes. (1991)

We conclude that catheter-delivered radiofrequency current effectively produces complete atrioventricular block (94%) without requiring general anesthesia or the risk of ventricular dysfunction or cardiac perforation. The large-tip electrode allows a threefold increase in delivered power and markedly decreases the number of pulses and time required to produce atrioventricular block.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Usefulness of clinical signs, bronchoalveolar lavage, and lung biopsy as diagnostic and prognostic aids. (1992)

We examined 18 horses with clinical signs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using physical examination, cytological and bacteriological evaluation of bronchoalveolar fluid, and percutaneous lung biopsy. In 16 cases, histological examination of lung tissue confirmed the diagnosis of COPD. Two horses were excluded: one had uncomplicated bacterial pneumonia and in the other a satisfactory lung biopsy could not be obtained. In horses with COPD, the most common historical complaint was coughing, which was reported in 88%. The most frequently detected abnormal finding on physical examination was abnormal lung sounds; these were detected in 69% of horses at rest and in 88% of horses breathing deeply into a bag. A novel finding was that 29% of horses had lung sounds that were quieter than would be expected for the degree of respiratory effort. Horses with COPD had increased percentages of neutrophils and decreased percentages of lymphocytes and macrophages in their bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Bronchiolar neutrophil infiltration and peribronchiolar mast cell accumulation in lung biopsy tissue had the highest correlation with clinical condition. The severity of pathological changes in biopsies of lung did not predict whether the horse would die in the two to four year follow-up period. Horses that died in the follow-up period were more severely affected clinically at initial presentation than horses that were alive at the end of the follow-up period.
Gene Expression Analysis Reveals a Gene Set Discriminatory to Different Metals in Soil (2010)

Environmental pollution is a worldwide problem, and metals are the largest group of contaminants in soil. Microarray toxicogenomic studies with ecologically relevant organisms, such as springtails, supplement traditional ecotoxicological research but are presently rather descriptive. Classifier analysis, a more analytical application of the microarray technique, is able to predict biological classes of unknown samples. We used the uncorrelated shrunken centroid method to classify gene expression profiles of the springtail Folsomia candida exposed to soil spiked with six different metals (barium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, lead, and zinc). We identified a gene set (classifier) of 188 genes that can discriminate between six different metals present in soil, which allowed us to predict the correct classes for samples of an independent test set with an accuracy of 83% (error rate = 0.17). This study shows further that in order to apply classifier analysis to actual contaminated field soil samples, more insight and information is needed on the transcriptional responses of soil organisms to different soil types (properties) and mixtures of contaminants.
Third harmonic flow of charged particles in Au<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:math>Au collisions at<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msqrt><mml:msub><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">NN</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:msqrt><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>200</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math> GeV (2013)

We report measurements of the third harmonic coefficient of the azimuthal anisotropy, ${v}_{3}$, known as triangular flow. The analysis is for charged particles in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{{s}_{\mathit{NN}}}=200$ GeV, based on data from the STAR experiment at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. Two-particle correlations as a function of their pseudorapidity separation are fit with narrow and wide Gaussians. Measurements of triangular flow are extracted from the wide Gaussian, from two-particle cumulants with a pseudorapidity gap, and also from event plane analysis methods with a large pseudorapidity gap between the particles and the event plane. These results are reported as a function of transverse momentum and centrality. A large dependence on the pseudorapidity gap is found. Results are compared with other experiments and model calculations.
Fluidized‐Bed Membrane Reactors (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Modeling of the Distributed Reactant Dosage in Fluidized Beds Experimental Conclusions Special Notation not Mentioned in Chapter 2 Latin Notation Greek Notation Subscripts and Superscripts References
Radical reactions in synthesis: intramolecular SH2? macrocyclisations (1990)

The synthesis of 10–15 membered α-methylene lactones 1 from the functionalised allyl stannanes 2 occurs cleanly in moderate to high yield under free radical conditions via an intramolecular SH2′ reaction.
A dynamic path planning algorithm for UAV tracking (2009)

A dynamic path-planning algorithm is proposed for UAV tracking. Based on tangent lines between two dynamic UAV turning and objective circles, analytical optimal path is derived with UAV operational constraints given a target position and the current UAV dynamic state. In this paper, we first illustrate that path planning for UAV tracking a ground target can be formulated as an optimal control problem consisting of a system dynamic, a set of boundary conditions, control constraints and a cost criterion. Then we derive close form solution to initiate dynamic tangent lines between UAV turning limit circle and an objective circle, which is a desired orbit pattern over a target. Basic tracking strategies are illustrated to find the optimal path for UAV tracking. Particle filter method is applied as a target is moving on a defined road network. Obstacle avoidance strategies are also addressed. With the help of computer simulations, we showed that the algorithm provides an efficient and effective tracking performance in various scenarios, including a target moving according to waypoints (time-based and/or speed-based) or a random kinematics model.