gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analgesic Potential of Essential Oils (2015)

Pain is an unpleasant sensation associated with a wide range of injuries and diseases, and affects approximately 20% of adults in the world. The discovery of new and more effective drugs that can relieve pain is an important research goal in both the pharmaceutical industry and academia. This review describes studies involving antinociceptive activity of essential oils from 31 plant species. Botanical aspects of aromatic plants, mechanisms of action in pain models and chemical composition profiles of the essential oils are discussed. The data obtained in these studies demonstrate the analgesic potential of this group of natural products for therapeutic purposes.
China In The New World Economic Setting (2014)

The experience of the last few years during which we have witnessed an emphasis of the globalization phenomenon has demonstrated that the countries which have strongly connected to the global economy have had significantly higher growth rates than the countries which have opted for autarchic growth. Through the substantial imports and exports which have been realized by China, through the attracted foreign direct investments, etc, China has become a first ranked player in the global economy. All the aspects which have determined this evolution and the way in which the Chinese government is responding to the current global challenges were captured in this paper.
Contraception in the later reproductive years: a valid aspect of preventive health care. (1995)

Women 30 years or older have 4 reversible contraceptive methods that are at least as effective as sterilization: oral contraceptives (OCs), the IUD, Norplant implants, and the injectable, Depo-Provera. Physicians have not done a good job educating women about these contraceptive options. 80-95% of women do not know about the key noncontraceptive benefits of OCs. Women delay childbearing longer than did their predecessors. Women who have completed their families and have not reached menopause face 4 key issues about contraceptive selection: risk for unplanned pregnancy, increase in incidence and severity of many gynecologic problems (e.g., irregular bleeding), increased risk of breast cancer and/or ovarian and endometrial cancers; and reduced bone mass with decline in ovarian function. Each woman of advanced reproductive age should be fully aware of all contraceptive options, the benefits and risks linked to each, and the effect of each on her future health, when she chooses her own contraceptive method. Women in their late 20s or early 30s who are not 100% sure that they do not want anymore children should not choose tubal sterilization because it is more or less permanent. Physicians should provide to women considering sterilization information about reversible methods as well. Healthy, nonsmoking women over 40 can safely use OCs. They also derive noncontraceptive health benefits from OC use, e.g., reduced incidence of endometrial and ovarian cancers and of severe rheumatoid arthritis and good menstrual cycle control. The IUD is an option for smokers 35 and older. A copper IUD can be used for up to 10 years. Long-acting progesterone methods (implants and injectables) are linked to an increase of clinical side effects. Depo-Provera is associated with a reduced risk of endometrial cancer. Motivation is required for condom use and periodic abstinence.
Calcitriol/calcifediol ratio: An indicator of vitamin D hydroxylation efficiency? (2015)

Calcifediol (25D) availability is crucial for calcitriol (1,25D) synthesis, but regulation of vitamin D hydroxylases is majorly responsible for 1,25D synthesis. The net efficiency of vitamin D hydroxylases might be informative. We assume that the ratio between calcitriol and calcifediol (25D/1,25D) serum concentrations could suggest the vitamin D hydroxylation efficiency. We evaluated 25D/1,25D in different patient populations: hemodialysis (HD, n = 76), CKD stage 2–5 (n = 111), renal transplant (TX, n = 135), patients with no renal disease (No-CKD, n = 290), and primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP, n = 20). The geometric mean of 1,25D/25D (pg/ng) averaged 1.11 (HD), 1.36 (CKD), 1.77 (TX), 2.22 (No-CKD), and 4.11 (PHP), with a progressive increment from HD to PHP (p-value for the trend <0.001). Each clinical condition elicited a significant effect on 25D/1,25D (p < 0.0001) and adjusted multivariate analysis indicated levels of Cas, Ps, PTH, and 25D as predictors of 25D/1,25D. Both in vitamin D deficient and replete subjects (25D< or ≥20 ng/ml) 25D/1,25D associated with each clinical condition (p < 0.0001) and mean values increased progressively from HD to PHP (p-values for the trend <0.0001). Regression analysis between 25D (substrate) and 25D/1,25D (efficiency) revealed an exponential negative correlation in No-CKD (r2Exp = 0.53, p < 0.001) with sharp increments of 25D/1,25D when 25D values are <20 ng/ml. At variance, in CKD (r2lin = 0.19) and in TX (r2lin = 0.32) the regression was linear as if, in case of deficit, some inhibition of the system were operating. In conclusion 1,25D/25D can reflect the efficiency of vitamin D hydroxylases more than separate evaluation of 25D and 1,25D and can facilitate the therapeutic choices in different patient populations.
Binder Distributions in Water-Based and Organic-Based LiCoO2 Electrode Sheets and Their Effects on Cell Performance (2011)

The concentration distributions of binders in dried water-based and organic-based LiCoO2 electrode sheets are studied, and the effects of binder distributions on the physical, electrical and electrochemical properties of electrodes are also discussed. When the LiCoO2 slurry is prepared with an organic-based process, the non-uniform distributions of the binder, poly(vinylidene fluoride), and a conductive agent, graphite, are markedly observed in the dried electrode sheet. Nevertheless, these non-uniform distributions of constituents are less significant for the electrode sheet prepared by a water-based process that uses a blend of styrene butadiene rubber and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as the binder. Beside the experimental results, the binder distributions in the dried electrodes can be accurately predicted via a theoretical calculation based on a migration-controlled drying kinetics. The calculated results show that the organic-based electrode sheet has much higher non-uniformity of binder distribution than the water-based one. Because of the higher non-uniform distributions of binder, the organic-based electrode sheet displays properties of weaker adhesion and higher electrical resistance. Moreover, the electrochemical performance shows that the IR-drop of the organic-based electrode is larger than the water-based one, which has to be reduced by the compression process of electrode sheets.
FeCl<sub>3</sub>‐Mediated Arylation of α‐Hydroxyphosphonates with Unactivated Arenes: Pseudo‐Umpolung in Allylic Phosphonates (2012)

Abstract An FeCl 3 ‐mediated regio‐ and stereoselective Friedel–Crafts‐type arylation of α‐hydroxy phosphonates with unactivated arenes has been developed in which the unstable allylphosphonate cations generated are stabilized by extended conjugation. The approach provides a simple, efficient and economic approach to highly demanding stereoselective γ‐aryl‐substituted vinylphosphonates and dialkyl (diarylmethyl)phosphonates with good regioselectivity. These reactions proceed under mild conditions and proceed in the absence of any additional solvent.
Review. Literature and Science. Proceedings of the Sixth Triennial Congress, Oxford, 1954 (1956)

REVIEWS Get access Literature and Science. Proceedings of the Sixth Triennial Congress, Oxford, 1954. (International Federation for Modern Languages and Literatures). Oxford: Blackwell. 1955. xiii+330 pp. H. W. LAWTON H. W. LAWTON SHEFFIELD Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar French Studies, Volume X, Issue 4, October 1956, Pages 347–349, https://doi.org/10.1093/fs/X.4.347 Published: 01 October 1956
Business Rules in e-Government Applications (2009)

The introduction of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) into public administrations has been radically changing the way organizations cooperate and, more generally, the way to think about business processes over organizational boundaries. In this paper we describe our approach to combining business processes with business rules in order to integrate effectively single units in an inter- or intra-organizational cooperation. Business rules represent the knowledge that an administration has about its business; with regard to this, they can express strategies, contracts and can influence not only staff relations, but, finally, citizen relations, as well. In other words, business rules are the core of an administration and affect either the business processes or the behaviours of the system participants. They are typically expressed implicitly in business contracts and they are embedded within the source code of many application modules. So a concise and declarative statement of business behaviour is converted into a set of programming instructions, which are spread widely throughout the whole information system. In this way, business rules are difficult to change and keep consistent over the time. For this reason, it is necessary to reengineer the system in order to logically and perhaps physically externalize rules from the application code. In our proposed approach, we describe a cooperation as a collection of tasks combined in certain ways according to the organization logic specified by business rules. Our rule-driven methodology has the goal to make the business process design more adaptable to the changes of internal or external environment.
Isentropic and Volumetric Efficiencies for Compressors with Economizer Port (2008)

The economizer principle is a well-known method to reduce the expansion losses of a refrigeration system.Since the beginning of the last century, compressors with an additional suction port for the admission of gas at higher pressure than suction pressure have been in use.A comprehensive literature review has shown that no definitions of efficiencies for this type of compressor are available.However, for the communication of the compressor's behaviour in science and applications, such efficiencies are of value.In this paper, several thermodynamic ideal reference processes of the compression process with gas admission are presented.Based on these ideal processes, efficiencies are defined.
Evaluation of the in vitro antibacterial activity of the solvent fractions of the leaves of Rhamnus prinoides L’Herit (Rhamnaceae) against pathogenic bacteria (2016)

The methanol and chloroform fractions demonstrated significant antibacterial activities against the growth of pathogenic bacteria but the aqueous fraction did not reveal antibacterial activity against any of the test bacteria.
The Role of Zinc in Life: A Review (2006)

Zinc is a common element in human and natural environments and plays an important part in many biological processes. Zinc, which is defined as an essential trace element, or a micronutrient, is essential for the normal growth and the reproduction of all higher plants and animals, and of humans. In addition, it plays a key role during physiological growth and fulfills an immune function. It is vital for the functionality of more than 300 enzymes, for the stabilization of DNA, and for gene expression. This review summarizes the role and manifestations of zinc in the environment and its importance for human health and metabolism, as well as its physiological role. Toxicity, teratogenicity, carcinogenicity, and immunological functions of zinc are outlined with particular reference to the properties of zinc as an antioxidant, and its role in cancer prevention.
Genetic Identification of Horse Mackerel and Related Species in Seafood Products by Means of Forensically Informative Nucleotide Sequencing Methodology (2011)

In the present study, a methodology based on the amplification of a fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome b and subsequent phylogenetic analysis (FINS: forensically informative nucleotide sequencing) to genetically identify horse mackerels have been developed. This methodology makes possible the identification of more than 20 species belonging to the families Carangidae, Mullidae, and Scombridae. The main novelty of this work lies in the longest number of different horse mackerel species included and in the applicability of the developed methods to all kinds of processed products that can be found by consumers in markets around the world, including those that have undergone intensive processes of transformation, as for instance canned foods. Finally, the methods were applied to 15 commercial samples, all of them canned products. Therefore, these methods are useful for checking the fulfillment of labeling regulations for horse mackerels and horse mackerel products, verifying the correct traceability in commercial trade, and fisheries control.
Erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. (1988)

In parallel with the increased recognition of organic causes of erectile dysfunction, several new physical methods of treatment have been developed for this problem. These include intracavernosal injections of vasodilators, penile prostheses, vascular surgery, vacuum condoms, and medication. However, psychological treatment approaches are still of considerable importance in the treatment of both erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation.
The Growth Rate of Balanus balanoides (L.) (1955)

A detailed study has recently been made on the growth rate of the two common barnacles, Balanus balanoides and B. crenatus, (BARNES and POWELL, 1953, q.v. for a review of data on the growth rates of these two species). When individuals are grown on panels which are kept free from other organisms, and which are maintained continuously submerged, the observed growth rates are far greater than those found for animals in their normal habitat. For example, under the above experimental conditions, B. crenatus virtually reaches its maximum adult size (20-25 mm rostro-carinal diameter) in its first season; B. balanoides, although still increasing in size a little during the second season does reach some 17 mm in the first season's growth. In their natural habits both species are only some 3-5 mm diameter (varying according to local conditions) at the end of the first summer. Total submersion is in part responsible for the enhanced growth rate in the intertidal species, B. balanoides, but even on experimental panels at 7.2 ft. above Chart Datum a size of 12 mm was reached in the first season; it was also found that there was little difference in growth rate at any point below this level when compared with that for continuous immersion. In the case of both species, therefore, there is some important factor, as yet undefined, which gives rise to an enhanced growth rate under the experimental conditions. The above observations relate to individuals growing on panels that were carefully cleaned at short intervals (3-4 weeks) and kept relatively free from other sedentary organisms throughout the whole period of the observations; algae were carefully removed not only from the panels but also as far as possible from the barnacles themselves. The greatly enhanced growth rates under these conditions suggest that the presence of other organisms and in particular heavy algal growth is an important factor in restricting the growth rate under natural conditions. 8 OIKOS 6:11, Copenhagen 1955
Synthesis of Compounds with a Possible Ca‐Antagonist and β‐Blocking Activity (1988)

Abstract A series of new compounds structurally related to propranolol and cinnarizine were synthesized and evaluated for their possible activity as Ca‐antagonist on the rabbit mesenteric artery. – In addition, the affinity of the compounds for β 1 ,‐adrenoceptors was estimated by receptor binding experiments in rat atrium membrane preparations. No Ca‐antagonist activity was detected by the assay conducted on the test drugs, whereas some of them ( 14 and 16 ) showed affinity for atrial β 1 ‐adrenoceptors.
Secreted amyloid precursor protein and holo‐APP bind amyloid β through distinct domains eliciting different toxic responses on hippocampal neurons (2010)

Amyloid beta (Abeta) is a metabolic product of Abeta precursor protein (APP). Deposition of Abeta in the brain and neuronal degeneration are characteristic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Abeta induces neuronal degeneration, but the mechanism of neurotoxicity remains elusive. Increasing evidence implicates APP as a receptor-like protein for Abeta fibrils (fAbeta). In this study, we present further experimental support for the direct interaction of APP with fAbeta and for its involvement in Abeta neurotoxicity. Using recombinant purified holo-APP (h-APP), we have shown that it directly binds fAbeta. Employing deletion mutant forms of APP, we show that two different sequences are involved in the binding of APP to fAbeta. One sequence in the n-terminus of APP is required for binding of fAbeta to secreted APP (s-APP) but not to h-APP. In addition, the extracellular juxtamembrane Abeta-sequence mediates binding of fAbeta to h-APP but not to s-APP. Deletion of the extracellular juxtamembrane Abeta sequence abolishes abnormal h-APP accumulation and toxicity induced by fAbeta deposition, whereas deletions in the n-terminus of APP do not affect Abeta toxicity. These experiments show that interaction of toxic Abeta species with its membrane-anchored parental protein promotes toxicity in hippocampal neurons, adding further support to an Abeta-receptor-like function of APP directly implicated in neuronal degeneration in AD.
An evaluation of feature extraction methods for vehicle classification based on acoustic signals (2010)

Classification of ground vehicles based on acoustic signals can be employed effectively in battlefield surveillance, traffic control, and many other applications. The classification performance depends on the selection of signal features that determine the separation of different signal classes. In this paper, we investigate two feature extraction methods for acoustic signals from moving ground vehicles. The first one is based on spectrum distribution and the second one on wavelet packet transform. These two methods are evaluated using metrics such as separability ratio and the correct classification rate. The correct classification rate not only depends on the feature extraction method but also on the type of the classifier. This drives us to evaluate the performance of different classifiers, such K-nearest neighbor algorithm (KNN), and support vector machine (SVM). It is found that, for vehicle sound data, a discrete spectrum based feature extraction method outperforms wavelet packet transform method. Experimental results verify that support vector machine is an efficient classifier for vehicles using acoustic signals.
Biochemical characteristics of a palmitoyl acyl carrier protein thioesterase purified from Iris pseudoacorus. (1996)

The palmitoyl acyl carrier protein (ACP) specific thioesterase (EC 3.1.2.14) from Iris pseudoacorus was purified and characterized. The thioesterase which was very unstable in relatively high salt concentrations was eluted using a co-gradient of Triton X-100 and low concentration of KCl or Na-phosphate from Q-Sepharose, DEAE-Sepharose, and hydroxyapatite chromatography. SDS-PAGE analysis showed a single band with a molecular weight of 35,000. The native molecular weight of approximately 37,000 was estimated by Sephacryl S-200 chromatography, indicating that the enzyme is a monomer. The thioesterase activity was inhibited about 75% and 50% by N-ethylmaleimide (2 mM) and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (2 mM). respectively. The N-ethylmaleimide-inactivation was protected by sodium palmitate but the inactivation with phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride was not protected. Oxidation of thiols by 2 mM 5.5'-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) resulted in 65% inactivation of the enzyme. These results suggest that a cysteinyl residue is essential to the catalytic reaction of the enzyme. The enzyme activity was increased by sodium citrate and also by
Analysis of a GaAs E-D inverter chain (2003)

Analytic formulas for the noise margins and pull-up and pull-down delays due to an input pulse with finite rise and fall times (rather than a step) of a GaAs enhancement-depletion (E-D) inverter and, by extension, of an inverter chain are derived. The formulas relate the DC and speed performance of an inverter to the current-voltage characteristics of the transistors, and indirectly to the device parameters. It is shown that for an inverter chain to be self-restoring, the logical-high and logical-low levels of the output voltage cannot be arbitrarily specified, that noise margins can be improved only logarithmically as the width ratios of the transistors are adjusted, and that the pull-up and pull-down delays are, to first order, proportional to the risetime of the input.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Subpopulation of Hyperresponsive Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils in Patients with Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Role of Cytokine Production (1992)

To gain further insight into the pathogenesis of the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), we studied possible relationships among the activation status of circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), cytokine levels, and the severity of lung injury in 31 patients: 15 with ARDS, nine with severe pneumonia uncomplicated by ARDS, and seven mechanically ventilated with neither ARDS nor pneumonia. Nine healthy subjects served as controls. Using flow cytometry, we identified a subpopulation of PMN with an increased capacity to generate hydrogen peroxide after stimulation ex vivo in all three patient groups; significantly higher values were found in those with ARDS. The PMN stimulation index, a reflection of the degree of hyperresponsiveness, correlated with elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) in plasma, and both spontaneous and lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF alpha production by cultured monocytes. These biologic expressions of PMN activation and cytokine generation both correlated with indices of the severity of lung injury, but not with the overall clinical severity. In contrast, IL-6 and IL-1 beta showed little or no relationship with either the degree of lung injury or PMN hyperresponsiveness. We conclude that TNF-alpha-primed PMN may play a major role in the pathogenesis of ARDS-associated lung injury.
Multiple-input multiple-output 3D imaging laser radar (2015)

A 3D (angle-angle-range) imaging laser radar (LADAR) based on multiple-input multiple-output structure is proposed. In the LADAR, multiple coherent beams are randomly phased to form the structured light field and an APD array detector is utilized to receive the echoes from target. The sampled signals from each element of APD are correlated with the referenced light to reconstruct the local 3D images of target. The 3D panorama of target can be obtained by stitching the local images of all the elements. The system composition is described first, then the operation principle is presented and numerical simulations are provided to show the validity of the proposed scheme.