gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of positive end-expiratory pressure and body position in unilateral lung injury (1982)

Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), by increasing lung volume in acute lung injury, may recruit terminal air spaces in the involved regions, but may also distend noninvolved regions increasing extravascular lung water and worsening gas exchange. We investigated the effect of increasing levels of PEEP on arterial oxygenation in 26 anesthesized dogs with unilateral acid pneumonitis and studied the influences of gravity and distribution of the injury on this effect. Arterial PO2 was consistently higher when the noninjured lung was dependent than in the supine or injured lung-dependent positions. Low levels of PEEP (5, 10 cmH2O) improved arterial oxygenation and reduced intrapulmonary physiological shunt. However, 15 cmH2O PEEP resulted in worsening of gas exchange, increased dead space ventilation, and diminished static compliance. The adverse effects of high levels of PEEP on arterial oxygenation were similar whether the injured lung was dependent or not and were evident a lower levels of PEEP in one group of dogs in which the unilateral injury was more diffuse and in which the upper and middle lobes were also involved. Thus, the compressive effects of high levels of PEEP on alveolar capillaries in the noninjured lung are influenced by the extent and distribution of injury in the injured lung, but not by local forces governing regional blood flow distribution.
Fabrication of Aluminum Powder Disk by a Template Method and Its Etching Condition for an Electrode of Hybrid Supercapacitor (2003)

전해 캐패시터와 supercapacitor의 특성을 함께 가지는 하이브리드 캐패시터의 용량은 표면이 산화물로 피복된 양극에 의해서 좌우된다 본 연구에서는 고전압 하이브리드 슈퍼캐패시터의 제조를 위해 양극의 용량 최적화를 수행하였다. <TEX>$40{\mu}m$</TEX>의 입자경을 갖는 알루미늄 분말과 NaCl분말을 4:1의 무게비로 혼합하여 디스크 형태의 전극을 만들고 열처리를 하였다. 열처리 후 <TEX>$50^{\circ}C$</TEX>의 증류수에서 NaCl을 용해시켜 열처리 온도에 따른 용량과 저항을 비교하였다. 최적의 열처리 과정을 거친 후 electropolishing 및 화학처리, 1차 및 2차 에칭을 단계별로 행하였고 각각의 단계에서 최적의 조건을 조사하였다 각각의 단계에서의 용량과 저항은 ac impedance analyzer를 사용하여 측정하였으며 전극의 표면은 SEM을 이용하여 관찰하였다. 2차 에칭 후 내전압이 300V급인 전극으로 만들기 위하여 365V로 양극산화 시켰으며, 산화된 알루미늄 디스크 전극을 사용하여 단위 셀을 제조하여 주파수에 따른 용량과 저항 특성을 기존의 300V급 알루미늄 전해 캐패시터와 비교하였다. Capacitance of a hybrid capacitor that has characteristics of both electrolyte capacitor and supercapacitor is determined by anode surface covered with oxide layer. In this study, optimal condition processes for anode to fabricate a high voltage hybrid capacitor was investigated. We mixed aluminum powder having mean particle size of <TEX>$40{\mu}m$</TEX> with NaCl powders at weight ratio of 4 : 1 and prepared a disk type electrode after annealing at various temperature. After dissolving NaCl in <TEX>$50^{\circ}C$</TEX> distilled water, heat treatment, eletropolishing, chemical treatment, and the first and the second etching of Al disk were conducted. In each process, capacitances and resistances of the disk measured by ac-impedance analyzer were compared to find its optimum treatment condition. Also, the surface morphology of treated disks were observed and compared by SEM. After the second etching, the Al disk was anodized at 365V to make an anode of hybrid supercapacitor that can be operated at 300V, Capacitance and resistance of the anodized Al disk electrode was compared with those of commercialized conventional aluminum electrolytic capacitor at different frequencies.
Measuring the Redox Activity of Individual Catalytic Nanoparticles in Cerium-Based Oxides (2008)

We have followed the dynamic redox process taking place in individual ceria zirconia nanoparticles with changes in the oxygen chemical potential using an in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM). We observe considerable variability in the redox activity and have been able to correlate these differences with nanoscale structural and compositional measurements. We find that the more active structure has predominantly disordered cations and shows no evidence for oxygen vacancy ordering during reduction.
Protein substrates for CGMP‐dependent protein phosphorylation in cilia of wild type and <i>atalanta</i> mutants of <i>Paramecium</i> (1995)

In the ciliated protozoan Paramecium, swimming direction is regulated by voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the ciliary membrane. In response to depolarizing stimuli, intraciliary Ca2+ rises, triggering reversal of the ciliary power stroke and backward swimming. One class of Ca(2+)-unresponsive behavioral mutants of Paramecium, atalanta mutants, cannot swim backward even though they have functional Ca2+ channels in their ciliary membrane. Several atalanta mutants were characterized with regard to several Ca(2+)-dependent activities, but no significant difference between wild type and the mutants was detected. However, one allelic group, atalanta A (initially characterized by Hinrichsen and Kung [1984: Genet. Res. Camb. 43:11-20]), showed a helical swimming path of opposite handedness from that of wild-type cells when detergent-permeabilized cells ("models") were reactivated with MgATP. When cGMP-dependent protein kinase purified from wild-type cells was added to atalanta A models, the handedness of the swimming path was reversed. Cyclic GMP stimulated in vitro phosphorylation of several proteins in isolated cilia, and the pattern of phosphoproteins was very similar for wild type and atalanta mutants, with one exception: a protein of 59 kDa was phosphorylated much less in the mutant ata A. When ciliary proteins were separated by gel electrophoresis and then phosphorylated "on blot" by purified cGMP-dependent protein kinase, phosphoprotein patterns were similar in wild type and ata mutants except that a 48 kDa protein (p48) from ata A3 was more heavily phosphorylated. This difference in p48 phosphorylation was also observed with cGMP-dependent protein kinase purified from ata A3 mutant cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mixture excitations and finite-state CELP speech coders (1992)

Code excited linear prediction (CELP) coding and its derivatives are currently the most frequently used techniques for speech compression at medium-to-low rate range. Until this study, the excitation vectors were always selected from a codebook generated by a Gaussian source or by the ensemble of residual signals collected from the used speech database. To the best of the author's knowledge, there is no study in which the excitation vectors were formed from a mixture of sources, a notion very successfully used by the speech recognition community within the hidden Markov model (HMM) framework. The authors proposed an improvement to the excitation model of CELP coders by embedding a labeled-state finite state vector quantization (FSVQ) and a mixture density approach in constructing 5-ms-long excitation vectors.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Finite-element simulation of GaAs MESFET's with lateral doping profiles and submicron gates (1976)

Results of a two-dimensional finite-element simulation of a GaAs MESFET are presented. The simulation is used to determine the drain current and transconductance as well as the two-dimensional voltage, electron density, and electric-field distributions. It is shown that placement of a compensated doping region in the high electric-field region between gate and drain increases the drain current and transconductance by reducing the velocity-saturation effect. The transconductance and drain conductance of the MESFET in the saturation region of devices having different channel heights are compared with previous analysis.
[Isolation of a paramyxovirus-3 from turkeys with respiratory tract disease in Germany]. (1991)

In fattening turkeys 2.5 weeks of age a respiratory disease associated with coughing, nasal discharge and swelling of the infraorbital sinus was seen. Pathological findings in diseased turkeys were sinusitis, tracheitis, pneumonia and aerosacculitis. Virological investigations of trachea, kidney and intestine in SPF-chicken embryos resulted in the isolation of a virus, that could be identified as a paramyxovirus type 3 due to chemical-physical, biological, morphological and immunological properties. The pathogenicity of the isolate 324/86 to turkeys was shown in a test with three weeks old turkey poults. This is the first isolation and identification of a paramyxovirus-3 of turkeys in Germany.
Diastolic dysfunction precedes myocardial hypertrophy in the development of hypertension (2001)

Over a 5-year follow-up, initially lean, normotensive, young men with a moderate genetic risk for hypertension, developed Doppler echocardiographic alterations of LV diastolic function compared to matched offspring of normotensive parents. These alterations were more pronounced in the OHyp who developed mild hypertension and occurred without a distinct rise in LV mass.
The Right Tooele for the Job (1997)

Parker describes how the nation's largest chemical munitions destruction facility was designed and how it will operate. The U.S. Signed on to the Chemical Weapons Convention treaty on April 23, 1997, agreeing to destroy its entire stockpile of weapons by the year 2006. The Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility, Utah is administered by EG & G and the Army and will destroy more than 40 percent of the United States stockpile. The design team attempted to maximize safety while leaving no harmful waste or emissions, having to maintain a 99.9999% efficiency rating.
Combination of retinoic acid and tumor necrosis factor overcomes the maturation block in a variety of retinoic acid-resistant acute promyelocytic leukemia cells (2004)

Retinoic acid (RA) overcomes the maturation block in t(15:17) acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), leading to granulocytic differentiation. Patients receiving RA alone invariably develop RA resistance. RA-resistant cells can serve as useful models for the development of treatments for both APL and other leukemias. Previously, we showed that RA and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) promote monocytic differentiation of the APL cell line NB4 and U937 monoblastic cells. Here, we report that combining TNF with RA leads to maturation of several RA-resistant APL cells along a monocytic pathway, whereas UF-1, a patient-derived RA-resistant cell line, showed characteristics of granulocytic differentiation. We found distinct differences in gene regulation between UF-1 cells and cells showing monocytic differentiation. Although IRF-7 was up-regulated by TNF and RA in all cells tested, expression of c-jun and PU.1 correlated with monocytic differentiation. Furthermore, synergistic induction of PU.1 DNA binding and macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (m-CSF-1R) mRNA was observed only in cells differentiating into monocytes. Using neutralizing antibodies against m-CSF-1R or its ligand, we found that inhibiting this pathway strongly reduced CD14 expression in response to RA and TNF, suggesting that this pathway is essential for their synergy in RA-resistant leukemia cells.
Gold CO2 Laser Mirror and its Protective Layer Deposited with Ion Beam Assistance. (1996)

Ion-beam-assisted deposition (IAD) gold film and its protective layers used as laser mirrors and reflectors for near IR and IR have been discussed. In order to have high reflectance the gold film is deposited without heating or ion beam assistance. To avoid the mirror from degradation by moisture and having better abrasion resistance, HfO2 film was deposited with ion beam assistance as a protective layer. Depend on the application, different glue layer between a substrate and gold film is necessary. The reflectance of a laser mirror can be increased by coating some pairs of enhanced dielectric layers on the top of the gold film.
Synthesis and mesomorphic behaviour of novel discotic <i>meso</i>‐tetra(3,4,5‐<i>n</i>‐trialkoxybenzoylaminophenyl)porphyrins (2006)

Novel porphyrin derivatives with twelve flexible alkyl chains, namely meso‐tetra[4‐(3,4,5‐n‐trialkoxybenzoylamino)phenyl]porphyrins (1a, n = 12; 1b, n = 16) and the zinc complex (2a) were synthesized. The mesomorphic properties were investigated by DSC, WAXD and polarizing optical microscopy; the results showed that 1a and 2a exhibit a pseudo‐hexagonal columnar phase, and 1b a rectangular (Col) phase over a wide temperature range including room temperature.
Knowing your friends and foes – plant receptor‐like kinases as initiators of symbiosis or defence (2014)

The decision between defence and symbiosis signalling in plants involves alternative and modular plasma membrane-localized receptor complexes. A critical step in their activation is ligand-induced homo- or hetero-oligomerization of leucine-rich repeat (LRR)- and/or lysin motif (LysM) receptor-like kinases (RLKs). In defence signalling, receptor complexes form upon binding of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), including the bacterial flagellin-derived peptide flg22, or chitin. Similar mechanisms are likely to operate during the perception of microbial symbiont-derived (lipo)-chitooligosaccharides. The structurally related chitin-oligomer ligands chitooctaose and chitotetraose trigger defence and symbiosis signalling, respectively, and their discrimination involves closely related, if not identical, LysM-RLKs. This illustrates the demand for and the challenges imposed on decision mechanisms that ensure appropriate signal initiation. Appropriate signalling critically depends on abundance and localization of RLKs at the cell surface. This is regulated by internalization, which also provides a mechanism for the removal of activated signalling RLKs. Abundance of the malectin-like domain (MLD)-LRR-RLK Symbiosis Receptor-like Kinase (SYMRK) is additionally controlled by cleavage of its modular ectodomain, which generates a truncated and rapidly degraded RLK fragment. This review explores LRR- and LysM-mediated signalling, the involvement of MLD-LRR-RLKs in symbiosis and defence, and the role of endocytosis in RLK function.
Corneal Virulence of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> in an Experimental Model of Keratitis (2002)

The aim of this study was to determine the pathogenic role of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-toxins in a rabbit model of Staphylococcus aureus keratitis. S. aureus strains 8325-4, Newman, and their isogenic mutants were intrastromally injected into rabbit corneas. Eyes were scored for pathology by slit lamp examination (SLE), histologic examination, and bacterial colony-forming units (CFU) per cornea were determined. Rabbits were immunized against alpha-toxin and subsequently challenged with S. aureus strain 8325-4 or Newman. All strains grew equivalently to approximately 7 log CFU/cornea at 25 h postinfection. SLE scores at 15, 20, and 25 h postinfection revealed that alpha-toxin - producing strains caused greater corneal pathology than strains deficient in alpha-toxin. A beta-toxin - deficient mutant produced significantly less ocular edema than its parent or rescued strains. The gamma-toxin-deficient mutant, relative to its parent strain or genetically rescued strain, had reduced virulence. These results demonstrate that the virulence of S. aureus involves mainly alpha-toxin and to a lesser extent gamma-toxin, with beta-toxin mediating minimal corneal pathology.
Verification of a Model of Test-Taking Behavior of High School Seniors (1991)

Thirty-six test-wise and 41 test-naive high school seniors were individually tested using a 14-item test designed to assess their abilities to apply selected test-wiseness principles (Millman, Bishop, & Ebel, 1965) according to a proposed model of test-taking behavior. Students’ approaches to their answers were recorded and analyzed. Overall, the results (a) suggest that before students can profitably apply test-wise skills, they must first possess knowledge about the content of the stem and/or options to eliminate an option or options or to take advantage of item cues and (b) support the proposed model of test-taking behavior.
A Study of Antigens Active in the Tannic Acid Hemagglutination Test Present in Filtrates of Culture of <i>Mycobacterium Tuberculosis</i> (1955)

Summary A number of different fractions from culture filtrates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have been tested for ability to sensitize tanned red cells to agglutination by rabbit antiserum prepared against phenol-killed tubercle bacilli. The different fractions varied considerably in their potency in this respect, and some were inactive. The antigenic relationship of the fractions active in the test was studied in cross inhibition tests. Four active fractions from unheated culture filtrates were found to be completely distinct from each other serologically and showed very little cross reaction. Three preparations of PPD and other fractions from heated culture filtrates cross reacted with each other strongly and little difference could be seen among them. These heated fractions also cross reacted with one of the unheated preparations (that analogous to Seibert's C protein).
Fast estimation of probabilities of soft deadline misses in layered software performance models (2005)

Quality of service requirements are normally given in terms of soft deadlines, such as "90% of responses should complete within one second". To estimate the probability of meeting the target delay, one must estimate the distribution of response time, or at least its tail. Exact analytic methods based on state-space analysis suffer from state explosion, and simulation, which is also feasible, is very time consuming. Rapid approximate estimation would be valuable, especially for those cases which do not demand great precision, and which require the exploration of many alternative models.This work adapts layered queueing analysis, which is highly scalable and provides variance estimates as well as mean values, to estimate soft deadline success rates. It evaluates the use of an approximate Gamma distribution fitted to the mean and variance, and its application to examples of software systems. The evaluation finds that, for a definable set of situations, the tail probabilities over 90% are estimated well within a margin of 1% accuracy, which is useful for practical purposes.
[Preparation and characterization of three novel monoclonal antibodies against human PD-L1]. (2011)

It is evident that the functional monoclonal antibodies for human PD-L1 have been generated, and it would provide the initial material for further study on the role of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathways.
Data Mapper: An operator for expressing one-to-many data transformations (2008)

Abstract. Transforming data is a fundamental operation in application scenarios involving data integration, legacy data migration, data cleaning, and extract-transform-load processes. Data transformations are often implemented as relational queries that aim at leveraging the optimization capabilities of most RDBMSs. However, relational query languages like SQL are not expressive enough to specify an important class of data transformations that produce several output tuples for a single input tuple. This class of data transformations is required for solving the data heterogeneities that occur when source data represents an aggregation of target data. In this paper, we propose and formally define the data mapper operator as an extension of the relational algebra to address one-to-many data transformations. We supply an algebraic rewriting technique that enables the optimization of data transformation expressions that combine filters expressed as standard relational operators with mappers. Furthermore, we identify the two main factors that influence the expected optimization gains. 1
Urea production by the marine bacteria Delaya venusta and Pseudomonas stutzeri grown in a minimal medium (1997)

The present experiment showed that the marine bacteria Delaya venusta and Pseudomonas stutzen produced urea when grown in a minimal medium without an external supply of organic nitrogen. The urea production rate depended on the bacterial state of growth, and the highest urea accumulation rates in the medium were found in the growth deceleration phase and in the beginning of the stationary phase. Urea did not accumulate in D. venusta cells, whereas the intracellular accumulation of urea in P. stutzeri cells exceeded urea accumulation in the medium during exponential growth. Further, D. venusta could, in contrast to P. stutzen, hydrolyse urea. We suggest that intracellular purines and pyrimidines (in particular RNA) were potential sources for the observed urea production.
ON A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ‘BETWEENS’ (1961)

ON A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ‘BETWEENS’ Get access A. N. PRIOR A. N. PRIOR University of Manchester Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Mind, Volume LXX, Issue 277, January 1961, Pages 83–84, https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LXX.277.83 Published: 01 January 1961
The bomb that tunnels through rock (2006)

The US Army is building a bomb that burrows through solid rock and then explodes underground in their search for ways to reach targets such as buried weapons store. Known as Deep Digger, the weapons fires volleys of charges from seven cannons to dig downwards.
A Situational Awareness Tool for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) (2005)

With the emergence of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and the video payloads now available onboard, real-time surveillance of dynamic situations is now possible. Air Force commanders are often required to make critical decisions during these dynamic situations based on limited information. In order to increase the situational awareness of commanders, we have developed a prototype UAV Situational Awareness Tool. This tool will connect the commander in a command center to an operational UAV in the field. The prototype tool we have developed is based on a Geographic Information System (GIS) displaying a map of the situation area along with a video feed from the UAV. By displaying the location of the UAV on the GIS map along with the video feed from the UAV, commanders will have a bird's eye view of dynamic situations. Using this tool in a command center during exercises will increase the situational awareness of Air Force Commanders. In his concept paper [1], Harper describes a dynamic situation that includes two separate emergency events occurring on the Air Force Academy. As the base commander responses to these events, it is imperative to have accurate, real-time data about the situations. By combining existing technologies in GIS systems, UAV video feeds, and networking technology, our prototype tool provides the commander a real-time video feed from a single UAV. This video feed provides the commander real-time visual information that will greatly increase his/her situational awareness. This prototype tool addresses Harper?s concept paper [1] and provides an initial capability for response to these types of situations. Research Objectives Display a UAV icon in a GIS Application The first objective is to build a GIS application that interfaces with the UAV's onboard autopilot.
100 Jahre Elektroakustik (1962)

ZusammenfassungWir feiern am heutigen Tage den 100. Geburtstag g der Elektroakustik. Auch wenn man historisch genau die Frage prüft, durch welchen Versuch wirklich zum ersten Male Schallvorgänge auf eine gewisse Ent fernung hin elektrisch übertragen worden sind, kommt man auf die Versuche von Philipp Reis und auf seinen berühmtenVortrag über seine Mikrofon Telefon-Anlage im Jahre 1861 hier am 26. Oktober vor dem Physikalischen Verein in Frankfurt/Main*). Sprache auf einige Entfernung zu übertragen, warschon vor Reis bekannt, aber nicht auf elektrischem Wege. Ein oft schon damals auf Weihnachtsmärkten viel gezeigtes akustisches Spielzeug war das „Fadentelefon“. Hierbei sind zwei Membranen durch einen Faden verbunden, und die Schwingungen der Sende ü membran werden über Dehn- und Saitenwellen auf dem Faden zur Empfangsmembran übertragen.