gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A study on how usability flaws in GUI design increase mouse movements and consequently may affect users' health (2010)

The objective of this study is to discuss how software usability flaws may cause a significant increase in mouse movements and, as a potential side effect, may even affect users' health. During the literature review, this article examines the potential relationship between mouse movement and musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity, based on studies from medical sciences. Subsequently, in the main part of the present study, three software products were selected that had at least one usability flaw related to extra mouse movement (the selection of the software was made out of over 20 software programs that had been evaluated in our Software Quality Assessment Laboratory). For these products, all additional mouse movements were measured, involving actual users in various settings and computer configurations. The findings showed that even a single usability flaw may increase mouse movement to a magnitude of between 3.6 and 4.7 m/h. The article concludes that the role of software engineering is to focus on software usability as well, taking into account that a user friendly graphical user interface (GUI) which is able to eliminate unnecessary mouse movement may also eventually contribute to the reduction of fatigue and discomfort, caused by musculoskeletal disorders.
Ribose—An Internal Threat to DNA (2014)

The removal of RNA inadvertently incorporated into our DNA is critical for maintaining genome integrity.
Chemical Biology of Peroxynitrite: Kinetics, Diffusion, and Radicals (2009)

Peroxynitrite is formed by the very fast reaction of nitric oxide and superoxide radicals, a reaction that kinetically competes with other routes that chemically consume or physically sequester the reagents. It can behave either as an endogenous cytotoxin toward host tissues or a cytotoxic effector molecule against invading pathogens, depending on the cellular source and pathophysiological setting. Peroxynitrite is in itself very reactive against a few specific targets that range from efficient detoxification systems, such as peroxiredoxins, to reactions eventually leading to enhanced radical formation (e.g., nitrogen dioxide and carbonate radicals), such as the reaction with carbon dioxide. Thus, the chemical biology of peroxynitrite is dictated by the chemical kinetics of its formation and decay and by the diffusion across membranes of the species involved, including peroxynitrite itself. On the other hand, most durable traces of peroxynitrite passing (such as 3-nitrotyrosine) are derived from radicals formed from peroxynitrite by routes that represent extremely low-yield processes but that have potentially critical biological consequences. Here we have reviewed the chemical kinetics of peroxynitrite as a biochemical transient species in order to estimate its rates of formation and decay and then its steady-state concentration in different intra- or extracellular compartments, trying to provide a quantitative basis for its reactivity; additionally, we have considered diffusion across membranes to locate its possible effects. Finally, we have assessed the most successful attempts to intercept peroxynitrite by pharmacological intervention in their potential to increment the existing biological defenses that routinely deal with this cytotoxin.
Affinement de requêtes posées à un médiateur : au sein du système PICSEL (2002)

Le nombre croissant de donnees accessibles via des reseaux intranet ou via Internet pose le probleme de l'integration de sources autonomes d'information preexistantes, souvent distantes et heterogenes, afin de faciliter leur interrogation par un large public. Les travaux presentes ici suivent l'approche mediateur car elle presente l'interet de pouvoir construire un systeme d'interrogation de sources de donnees sans gerer les donnees et en integrant eventuellement de nouvelles sources, au fur et a mesure. Ils ont ete effectues dans le cadre du projet Picsel developpe au LRI, qui est actuellement le seul syste��me me��diateur integrant un module d'affinement de requetes. En effet, l'une des attentes primordiales de celui qui interroge une source d'information est de recevoir, non pas simplement la reponse directe a sa question, mais une reponse qui satisfait ses besoins implicites et explicites d'information. Ainsi, lorsqu'une question ne peut avoir de reponses, on ne se contente pas de le faire savoir a celui qui l'a posee, mais on lui explique pourquoi et on lui propose des reponses alternatives. Dans cette these, nous nous interessons aux requetes posees a un mediateur, qui n'obtiennent pas de reponse. Ce cas survient frequemment lorsque l'utilisateur ne maitrise pas le domaine d'application et pose une requete violant les connaissances du domaine, ou lorsqu'il ne connait pas les limites de competences des differentes sources disponibles pour le mediateur. Notre travail consiste a proposer a l'utilisateur une requete qui apporte des reponses et qui reste semantiquement proche de sa requete initiale. Nous montrons tout au long du manuscrit en quoi le choix d'une approche mediateur a pu motiver les differentes contributions que nous apportons pour aider l'utilisateur.
Enacting the social (2004)

This paper is concerned with the power of social science and its methods. We first argue that social inquiry and its methods are productive: they (help to) make social realities and social worlds. They do not simply describe the world as it is, but also enact it. Second, we suggest that, if social investigation makes worlds, then it can, in some measure, think about the worlds it wants to help to make. It gets involved in ‘ontological politics’. We then go on to show that its methods - and its politics - are still stuck in, and tend to reproduce, nineteenth-century, nation-state-based politics. How might we move social science from the enactment of nineteenth-century realities? We argue that social-and-physical changes in the world are - and need to be - paralleled by changes in the methods of social inquiry. The social sciences need to re-imagine themselves, their methods, and their ‘worlds’ if they are to work productively in the twenty-first century where social relations appear increasingly complex, elusive, ephemeral, and unpredictable. There are various possibilities: perhaps, for instance, there is need for ‘messy’ methods. But in the present paper we explore some implications of complexity theory to see whether and how this might provide productive metaphors and theories for enacting twenty-first-century realities.
Molecular cloning of an endoglucanase gene from an alkalophilic Bacillus sp. and its expression in Escherichia coli (1987)

One of the cellulase genes from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain N-4 was cloned in pBR322. A recombinant plasmid, pYBC107, expressing carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) was isolated, and the size of the cloned HindIII fragment was found to be 5.5 kilobases. The restriction map of pYBC107 showed a different pattern from those of pNKI and pNKII (N. Sashihara, T. Kudo, and K. Horikoshi, J. Bacteriol. 158:503-506, 1984). When the HindIII fragment from pYBC107 was subcloned into pYEJ001, there was a 3.8-fold increase in CMCase activity over that observed with pYBC107. Plasmid pYBC108 constructed by treatment of pYBC107 with HindIII and EcoRI expressed the CMCase activity, although to a limited extent. To verify the originality of cloned pYBC107 from Bacillus sp., we analyzed the restriction digest by Southern blotting.
Residential video services (1992)

A local exchange telephone company's (LEC's) investigation and development of new residential video services and the technologies and market needs that are making such services possible are discussed. Several potential LEC residential video services are described, and the technology necessary to implement such services is discussed, including network access and transport, switching, network management, and customer premises equipment (CPE). The LEC's experiences with residential video technology and service trials are presented along with new service implementation plans.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Metabolites of probenecid. Chemical, physical, and pharmacological studies (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMetabolites of probenecid. Chemical, physical, and pharmacological studiesZ. H. Israili, J. M. Perel, R. F. Cunningham, P. G. Dayton, T. F. Yu, A. B. Gutman, K. R. Long, R. C. Long Jr., and J. H. GoldsteinCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1972, 15, 7, 709–713Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00277a004https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00277a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views319Altmetric-Citations33LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Alternative fringe sensor for DARWIN mission (2005)

Large stellar telescope is indispensable for astronomy. Aperture synthesis is a well-known technique to simulate a large space telescope by an array of small telescopes. Condition for aperture synthesis is that the light of the telescopes have to be combined coherently. Therefore, an interferometric Fringe Sensor (FS) to detect and stabilize the Optical Path Difference (OPD) between light from the different telescopes is required. Conventional Fringe Sensor for Space Interferometer utilizes either Quadrature Stabilization or Double Synchronous Detection to find and control OPD=0. OPD demodulation based on Quadrature Stabilization is sensitive to change in the visibility V of the interferometric signal, while Double Synchronous Detection requires an active modulation of the OPD to generate the required carrier signal. To overcome these problems, TNO develops a Fringe Sensor based on a 3x3 Fiber Optic (FO) coupler. A breadboard demonstrator operating around 830 nm is built. A piezo stretcher and a translation stage are used to generate the OPD. High-speed OPD measurement down to 0.15 nm is demonstrated. The influence of the visibility V of the interferometric signal is also investigated. Even for V=0.2, an OPD modulation of 0.4 nm can still be detected.
Adenopatías cervicales en Oncología. Clínica, diagnóstico y tratamiento (2000)

espanolLas adenopatias cervicales representan el sintoma de aparicion del 12% de los tumores de cabeza y cuello. Ante una tumoracion cervical se ha de establecer el diagnostico diferencial entre tres etiologias: congenita, infecciosa y neopla- sica. El diagnostico de sospecha se debe confirmar mediante la realizacion de una puncion aspiracion con aguja fina (PAAF), que nos proporcionara el diagnostico histologico en mas del noventa por ciento de los casos. La correspondencia entre la localizacion de la adenopatia y sus territorios de drenaje linfatico indica la localizacion probable del tumor primario. La localizacion del tumor primario, la estadificacion, la histologia, el grado de aneuploidia y el estado inmunologico del enfermo se han citado como factores que predisponen al tumor primario a metastatizar. La metastasis de origen desconocido constituyen el 5% de las adenopati- as metastasicas, y su diagnostico precisara la realizacion de biopsias aleatorias en las regiones donde las neoplasias de localizacion submucosa metastatizan de forma temprana. La localizacion, la histologia, la estadificacion y la aparicion del tumor primario se han citado como factores pronosticos en esta entidad. EnglishNeck lymph node metastases are the first symptom in 12% of malignant tumors of the head and neck. In the event of a neck mass suggestive of cervical adenopathy, the differential diagnosis comprises three different etiologies: congenital, infectious and neoplastic. Among adults, consideration should first center on a potential neoplastic origin. The preliminary diagnosis should be confirmed by fine needle aspiration cytology, which in experienced hands affords a diagnostic reliability of over 90%. The correspondence between neck lymph node location and the corresponding lymphatic drainage system contributes to indicate the most likely origin of the primary tumor. The location of the primary lesion, its T stage, histology and ploidy status, as well as the immune status of the patient have all been related to the risk of metastasis. In this sense, cervical metastases from an unknown primary tumor account for 5% of all cases of metastatic neck disease. The diagnosis requires random biopsies of the regions where a submucosal neoplasm gives rise to early dissemination. The location, histology, stage and detection of the primary tumor are the main prognostic factors in such situations
Deep Residual Learning in the JPEG Transform Domain (2019)

We introduce a general method of performing Residual Network inference and learning in the JPEG transform domain that allows the network to consume compressed images as input. Our formulation leverages the linearity of the JPEG transform to redefine convolution and batch normalization with a tune-able numerical approximation for ReLu. The result is mathematically equivalent to the spatial domain network up to the ReLu approximation accuracy. A formulation for image classification and a model conversion algorithm for spatial domain networks are given as examples of the method. We show that the sparsity of the JPEG format allows for faster processing of images with little to no penalty in the network accuracy.
Isotope Labeling Reveals Fast Atomic and Molecular Exchange in Mechanochemical Milling Reactions (2019)

Using tandem in situ monitoring and isotope-labeled solids, we reveal that mechanochemical ball-milling overcomes inherently slow solid-state diffusion through continuous comminution and growth of milled particles. This process occurs with or without a net chemical reaction and also occurs between solids and liquid additives that can be practically used for highly efficient deuterium labeling of solids. The presented findings reveal a fundamental aspect of milling reactions and also delineate a methodology that should be considered in the study of mechanochemical reaction mechanisms.
Semi-automatic position calibration for a dual-head small animal PET scanner (2007)

A dedicated small-animal positron emission tomography (PET) scanner that can provide ~30% detection sensitivity is under development at The University of Chicago. This scanner employs two HRRT (high resolution research tomography) detector heads in a compact configuration to achieve a high system sensitivity. The HRRT detector employs a quadrant-sharing configuration to substantially reduce the number of photomultipliers needed, but also creates particular challenges in calibrating the crystal position. To address these challenges, we develop a watershed segmentation method that also incorporates a curve-fitting forecast algorithm. Our results indicate that the watershed algorithm alone can correctly detect 92.77% of the positions for the 72x104 crystals of the HRRT detector head, when including the curve-fitting forecast algorithm the accuracy can be further improved to 97%.
Metabolism of carbon monoxide by Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa: cell growth and properties of the oxidation system (1983)

Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa 1 grew as an anaerobic facultative methylotroph with carbon monoxide as the sole carbon and energy source. Carbon from CO was assimilated into cell material via the ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase cycle. The CO oxidation system in R. gelatinosa was induced during growth with the gas substrate. Light-grown cells did not oxidize CO. Surprisingly, when strain 1 cells grown in the dark with CO were transferred to growth with both CO and light, they continued to use CO and then photometabolized after the CO gas flow was stopped. This change in the energy-yielding substrate resulted in a diauxic growth response. The use of CO in preference to light energy forms the basis of a system in the cells that controls photosynthetic differentiation. CO oxidation was assayed as CO-methyl viologen oxidoreductase. Methyl viologen reduction only occurred with CO; the dye was not reduced with other C1 compounds. In vitro methyl viologen was reduced best at 24 degrees C and at pH values above 8.5. Whole cells exhibited a Km of 12.5 microM for CO and a Vmax of 3,800 nmol of CO oxidized per mg of protein per min. This was a low-potential oxidation reaction that readily reduced the viologen dye triquat (1,1'-trimethylene-2,2'-dipyridilium dibromide) (E degrees' = -548 mV).
Expression and Activation of EphA4 in the Human Brain After Traumatic Injury (2012)

Glial scars that consist predominantly of reactive astrocytes create a major barrier to neuronal regeneration after traumatic brain injury (TBI). In experimental TBI, Eph receptors and their ephrin ligands are upregulated on reactive astrocytes at injury sites and inhibit axonal regeneration, but very little is known about Eph receptors in the human brain after TBI. A better understanding of the functions of glial cells and their interactions with inflammatory cells and injured axons will allow the development of treatment strategies that may promote regeneration. We analyzed EphA4 expression and activation in postmortem brain tissue from 19 patients who died after acute closed head injury and had evidence of diffuse axonal injury and 8 controls. We also examined downstream pathways that are mediated by EphA4 in human astrocyte cell cultures. Our results indicate that, after TBI in humans, EphA4 expression is upregulated and is associated with reactive astrocytes. The expression was increased shortly after the injury and remained activated for several days. EphA4 activation induced under inflammatory conditions in vitro was inhibited using unclustered EphA4 ligand. These results suggest that blocking EphA4 activation may represent a therapeutic approach for TBI and other types of brain injuries in humans.
9T balanced SRAM cell for low power operation (2009)

The increasing market of mobile devices and battery powered portable electronic systems is creating demands for chips that consume the smallest possible amount of power. Static random access memories (SRAMs) consist of almost 90% of very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits. The power consumption and speed of SRAMs are important issue that has lead to multiple designs with the purpose of minimizing the power consumption during both read and write operations. In this paper, we have proposed a new SRAM cell architecture which consists of an asymmetric inverter pair to reduce the power consumption. The proposed circuit consumes lower power during read and write operations compared to 6T conventional circuit. The main disadvantage of the proposed cell is its larger area occupation. The stability and speed of the cell are deteriorated which can be improved by proper sizing of the tail transistor.
Market-Wide Liquidity in Credit Default Swap Spreads (2013)

This paper analyzes the importance of market-wide illiquidity in the credit default swap (CDS) market by examining the changes in CDS spreads of credit quality portfolios for five alternative maturities. We document that aggregate liquidity is a pricing factor in CDS spreads. The illiquidity CDS betas across all credit quality portfolios and maturities are positive and statistically significant. Low credit rating CDS spreads are highly sensitive to aggregate illiquidity shocks relative to high credit quality CDS spreads. Using a two-factor intensity model, we also document a significant illiquidity risk premium embedded in the CDS term structure, especially for high-yield portfolios.
Syntax-directed editing (1988)

The conventional approach to the construction of a program is to view it as a sequence of characters. However, it is now becoming more meaningful to perceive and develop a program in terms of its inherent syntactic structure. This paper introduces the topic of syntax-directed editing in general and then considers some of the problems and design decisions that are encountered when implementing a syntax-directed system. An overview of a range of structure-oriented editors exhibiting varying degrees of syntax direction is also included.
Passive inhalation of marihuana smoke and urinary excretion of cannabinoids (1983)

Three studies in which exposure to marihuana smoke was progressively increased were conducted. In each, four experienced marihuana users smoked marihuana cigarettes in the presence of two nonsmoking subjects. They were confined in a closed environment for 1 hr after the smoking began. All urine voided by the nonsmoking subjects was collected separately for 24 hr and analyzed for the presence of cannabinoids by the enzyme multiplied radioimmunoassay technique (EMIT) cannabinoid assay. Blood samples were drawn from one of the nonsmoking subjects in one of the studies, and delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) plasma concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. The results obtained indicate that of 80 urine samples collected in the three studies, the drug levels in only two slightly exceeded the value of 20 ng/ml on the calibrator of the EMIT assay. Minute but detectable concentrations were present in the plasma of the one subject from whom blood samples were obtained. In this subject intravenous infusion of THC at the rate of 3.2 micrograms/min for 1 hr resulted in THC plasma concentrations identical to those during his passive inhalation of marihuana smoke.
Characterization of two forms of asparaginase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1978)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae X2180-1A synthesizes two forms of asparaginase: L-asparaginase I, an internal constitutive enzyme, and asparaginase II, an external enzyme which is secreted in response to nitrogen starvation. The two enzymes are biochemically and genetically distinct. The structural gene for asparaginase I (asp 1) is closely linked to the trp 4 gene on chromosome IV. The gene controlling the synthesis of asparaginase II is not linked to either the trp 4 or asp 1 genes. The rate of biosynthesis of asparaginase II is unaltered in yeast strains carrying the structural gene mutation for asparaginase I. Asparaginase II has been purified approximately 300-fold from crude extracts of Saccharomyces by heat and pH treatment, ethanol fractionation, ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by Sephadex G-25 chromatography, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Multiple activity peaks were obtained which, upon gas chromatographic analysis, exhibit varying mannose to protein ratios. Asparaginase I has been purified approximately 100-fold from crude extracts of Saccharomyces by protamine sulfate treatment, ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel permeation chromatography, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. No carbohydrate component was observed upon gas chromatographic analysis. Comparative kinetic and analytic studies show the two enzymes have little in common except their ability to hydrolyze L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia.