gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of a rapid liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of Ketorolac Tromethamine and its related production impurities (2012)

A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the analysis of ketorolac tromethamine and its associated impurities was examined with the aim of reducing analysis times while maintaining good efficiency. The separation was carried out using a waters X-bridge – C8 (3mm x75mm, 2.5µm particle size) column with a mobile phase of tetrahydrofuran – ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (0.05M, pH3, 28:72 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.7mL/min and UV detection at 313nm. The method was validated according to ICH (international conference on harmonisation) guidelines with respect to precision, accuracy, linearity, specificity, robustness and limits of detection and quantification. All parameters examined were found to be well within the stated guidelines. Naturally aged samples were also tested to determine sample stability. A profile of sample and impurity breakdown was presented. A three-fold reduction in analysis time was achieved in comparison with the current approved EP (european pharmacopeia) method and the method can be immediately used for routine assay and related substance determination.
Schemes for the identification of tissue types and boundaries at the tool point for surgical needles (2000)

Precise control of automated invasive surgical tools requires real-time identification of tissue types and their deformation. At the focus of this paper is the epidural puncture, for which it is shown that the tissue type and deformation can respectively be determined from laser-based spectroscopy and the change in force required to push the needle through the various tissues. Studies have shown that physiological variations from one patient to another are too great to allow absolute values to be reliably used to indicate the position of the needle tip. However, the pattern of force variation during penetration is shown to be similar between specimens. Interpretation of this information in conjunction with spectroscopic techniques can be used to discriminate between tissues and tissue structure at the needle tip. This paper describes results from an investigation on automatic techniques for interpreting the type and deformation of tissues under tool action.
Dual inhibition of EGFR at protein and activity level via combinatorial blocking of PI4KIIα as anti-tumor strategy (2014)

Our previous studies indicate that phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIα can promote the growth of multi-malignant tumors via HER-2/PI3K and MAPK pathways. However, the molecular mechanisms of this pathway and its potential for clinical application remain unknown. In this study, we found that PI4KIIα could be an ideal combinatorial target for EGFR treatment via regulating EGFR degradation. Results showed that PI4KIIα knockdown reduced EGFR protein level, and the expression of PI4KIIα shows a strong correlation with EGFR in human breast cancer tissues (r = 0.77, P < 0.01). PI4KIIα knockdown greatly prolonged the effects and decreased the effective dosage of AG-1478, a specific inhibitor of EGFR. In addition, it significantly enhanced AG1478-induced inhibition of tumor cell survival and strengthened the effect of the EGFR-targeting anti-cancer drug Iressa in xenograft tumor models. Mechanistically, we found that PI4KIIα suppression increased EGFR ligand-independent degradation. Quantitative proteomic analysis by stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) and LC-MS/MS suggested that HSP90 mediated the effect of PI4KIIα on EGFR. Furthermore, we found that combined inhibition of PI4KIIα and EGFR suppressed both PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways, and resulted in downregulation of multiple oncogenes like PRDX2, FASN, MTA2, ultimately leading to suppression of tumor growth. Therefore, we conclude that combined inhibition of PI4KIIα and EGFR exerts a multiple anti-tumor effect. Dual inhibition of EGFR at protein and activity level via combinatorial blocking of PI4KIIα presents a novel strategy to combat EGFR-dependent tumors.
Study on Relationship between Pseudomonas aeruginosa Integrons and Antibiotic-resistance (2011)

Objective To analyze the relationship between gene cassettes and drug-resistant phenotype according to the distribution integrons in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from respiratory infection and arrangement of gene cassette in integron.Methods Antibiotic susceptibility test of 97 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were performed by using bioMerieux VITEK 2.Integrons were detected by PCR using degenerate primers targeted to 5'conserved regions of class Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ integrase genes,The class of the integron was determined by analyzing integrase PCR products by restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP) following digestion using Hinf I restriction enzyme.The variable region of integron was amplified by long fragment PCR,and the PCR products were restricted with Hinf I.Three representative products were purified and sequenced.Results Integrons were found in 20 Pseudomonas aeruginosa,which were all classⅠ integrons as PCR-RFLP analysis,no class Ⅱand Ⅲ integrons.Seventeen of the 20 strains contained three kinds of gene cassettes: 979,1 833 and 2 337 bp.These cassettes included many kinds of resistance genes.The rate of drug resistance in isolates of integron positive was generally higher than that of in the integron negative strains.Conclusions Resistance gene cassettes were generally found in class Ⅰ integrons of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and involved in the formation of multi-drug resistance.
Defective DNA repair mechanisms in prostate cancer: impact of olaparib (2017)

The field of prostate oncology has continued to change dramatically. It has truly become a field that is intensely linked to molecular genetic alterations, especially DNA-repair defects. Germline breast cancer 1 gene (BRCA1) and breast cancer 2 gene (BRCA2) mutations are implicated in the highest risk of prostate cancer (PC) predisposition and aggressiveness. Poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase (PARP) proteins play a key role in DNA repair mechanisms and represent a valid target for new therapies. Olaparib is an oral PARP inhibitor that blocks DNA repair pathway and coupled with BRCA mutated-disease results in tumor cell death. In phase II clinical trials, including patients with advanced castration-resistant PC, olaparib seems to be efficacious and well tolerated. Waiting for randomized phase III trials, olaparib should be considered as a promising treatment option for PC.
Neurobiology of Cocaine Addiction: Implications for New Pharmacotherapy (2007)

The development of pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction has been disappointingly slow. However, new neurobiological knowledge of how the brain is changed by chronic pharmacological insult with cocaine is revealing novel targets for drug development. Certain drugs currently being tested in clinical trials tap into the underlying cocaine-induced neuroplasticity, including drugs promoting GABA or inhibiting glutamate transmission. Armed with rationales derived from a neurobiological perspective that cocaine addiction is a pharmacologically induced disease of neuroplasticity in brain circuits mediating normal reward learning, one can expect novel pharmacotherapies to emerge that directly target the biological pathology of addiction.
Design of Flux Barrier for Reducing Torque Ripple and Cogging Torque in IPM type BLDC motor (2006)

This paper proposes a novel designing method of flux barrier in order to reduce cogging torque and torque ripple in the interior permanent magnet type brushless DC motor (IPM type BLDC motor). IPM type BLDC motor is used for high speed and high torque. But IPM type BLDC motor can develop a large cogging torque that may cause noise and vibration. In that sense, this paper suggested that the directions of flux lines generated in the permanent magnet built in the rotor should be sinusoidal waveform distributed within the rotor by such designed flux barriers
Whole Exome Sequencing Identifies a Novel and a Recurrent Mutation in<i>BBS2</i>Gene in a Family with Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (2015)

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder known to be caused by mutations in at least 19 BBS genes. We report the genetic analysis of a patient with indisputable features of BBS including cardinal features such as postaxial polydactyly, retinitis pigmentosa, obesity, and kidney failure. Taking advantage of next-generation sequencing technology, we applied whole exome sequencing (WES) with Sanger direct sequencing to the proband and her unaffected mother. A pair of heterozygous nonsense mutations in BBS2 gene was identified in the proband, one being novel and the other recurrent. The novel mutation, p.Y644X, resides in exon 16 and was also found in the heterozygous state in the mother. This mutation is not currently found in the dsSNP and 1000 Genome SNP databases and is predicted to be disease causing by in silico analysis. This study highlights the potential for a rapid and precise detection of disease causing gene using WES in genetically heterogeneous disorders such as BBS.
The flat panel's future (1993)

The development of active-matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCDs) to overcome the limitations of passive LCDs is reviewed. The decision of video graphics adapter (VGA) versions of these displays, the market for these displays, and the companies involved in producing them are discussed. Two alternatives to AMLCDs, one involving a method for driving passive LCDs that would give them most of the benefits of active-matrix displays and the other involving standard passive-matrix color LCDs, are also discussed. The possibility of transferring LCD technology to the high-definition television (HDTV) market and the most likely candidate for that market, plasma display panels (PDPs), are examined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Direct Precipitation of Micron-Size Salbutamol Sulfate: New Insights into the Action of Surfactants and Polymeric Additives (2010)

Direct precipitation of salbutamol sulfate (SS) by antisolvent crystallization in the presence of surfactants and polymeric additives was investigated to obtain micrometer-sized SS for use in inhaled drug delivery. Among the additives studied — hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K25), lecithin (from soybean), and Span 85 — PVP K25 showed the strongest effect on crystal growth inhibition. By adding 2.5 mg/mL PVP K25 into the SS solution, the habit of SS crystallized was modified from a needle-like shape to a block-like shape with a lower aspect ratio, and the crystal size was reduced to less than 10 μm. On the basis of the predicted morphology of SS and the possible intermolecular interaction of the additives with a developing SS crystal in solution, we propose that PVP has a higher propensity to form hydrogen bonds with the functional groups that are exposed at the crystal surface. Further supporting evidence based on the effects of PVP concentration and molecular weight on SS crystallization, together with the trends of dispersive surface energy of crystallized SS particles as determined by inverse gas chromatography, strongly suggest that PVP adsorbs on the SS crystals and thereafter inhibits growth.
A comparison of fluconazole and ketoconazole in the treatment of rat palatal candidosis (1989)

The efficacy of fluconazole and ketoconazole in the treatment of rat palatal candidosis has been investigated. To induce oral candidosis, the palatal tissues of Wistar rats were inoculated with Candida albicans NCPF 3091 and covered with acrylic plates. The rats were treated with either fluconazole or ketoconazole by intragastric gavage for 14 days. Palatal epithelial thickness, the number of yeasts present and the histopathological appearance of the tissue were assessed to compare treatment with the two azoles. A fluconazole dose of 0.75 mg kg-1 body weight once daily for 14 days was required to cure the palatal candidosis and prevent recrudescence, whereas with ketoconazole a dose of 7.0 mg kg-1 body weight was necessary to achieve the same effect. From these results it is concluded that fluconazole is effective at a dose nine times lower than ketoconazole in resolving rat palatal candidosis.
经济紧缩，还是经济崩溃？—阿根廷经济复苏的出路 (2002)

最近的数字显示,阿根廷的贫困率已达城市人口的44%.阿根廷政府正面临多方面的压力.穷人和中产阶级渴望享有社会服务、医疗保障、教育和就业机会.国际货币基金组织要求阿根廷拿出一个经济计划,使政府支出随时处于审查之中.
Microbial Ecology of the Soppressata of Vallo di Diano, a Traditional Dry Fermented Sausage from Southern Italy, and In Vitro and In Situ Selection of Autochthonous Starter Cultures (2007)

The microbial ecology of "soppressata of Vallo di Diano," a traditional dry fermented sausage from southern Italy, was studied by using both culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. The ripened fermented sausages were characterized by high microbial loads of both staphylococci and lactobacilli. Using PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) targeting the variable V3 and V1 regions of the 16S rRNA gene and direct DNA sequencing, it was possible to identify Staphylococcus xylosus, S. succinus, and S. equorum among the staphylococci and Lactobacillus sakei and L. curvatus within the lactobacilli. Moreover, Debaryomyces hansenii was the main yeast species found by targeting the yeast 26S rRNA gene by PCR-DGGE. Selected strains of S. xylosus, L. sakei, and L. curvatus were characterized for their technological properties in the ripening conditions of the fermented sausages so as to select an autochthonous starter formulation. The selection included the determination of nitrate reductase, lipolytic, and antioxidant activity and proteolysis with myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein fractions. Such properties were evaluated in both in vitro and in situ assays; the latter were performed by using each strain as a starter in the laboratory-scale manufacture of soppressata of Vallo di Diano and by monitoring the microbiological and chemical changes at the end of ripening. The results show differences between the in vitro and in situ selection results and indicate that in situ evaluation of the technological performance of specific strains is better suited to selecting autochthonous starter cultures for fermented-meat products than in vitro evaluation.
Cool data: quantity AND quality (1999)

The use of cryo-techniques in macromolecular crystallography has increased enormously over the last eight years and has become a vital part of modern X-ray data-collection methods. This paper presents some reasons for the rise in popularity of cryo-techniques and a brief outline of the basic methods, followed by a detailed discussion of factors to be considered when trying to optimize both the quantity and quality of the data collected. As more experimenters at synchrotrons observe significant radiation damage to crystals held near 100 K, the available options for further prolonging crystal lifetime and extending the techniques become worth investigating. Some possibilities and parameters to be considered are presented, although these must remain speculative until more experimental data are available.
Multiple Sequence Alignment as a Facility Location Problem (2000)

. A connection is made between certain multiple sequence alignment problems and facility location problems, and the existence of a PTAS (polynomial time approximation scheme) for these problems is shown. Moreover, it is shown that multiple sequence alignment with SP-score and fixed gap penalties is MAX SNP-hard. Key words: multiple sequence alignment, SP-score, Space-L Alignment problem, Switchboard Location problem, PTAS, smooth polynomial programming 1 Introduction Recent advances in the availability of biological data (i.e. DNA, RNA or protein) has led to tremendous improvements in Molecular Biology. This huge amount of data has also given a tremendous boost to a new field of Computer Science called Bioinformatics. Pattern matching is a basic tool in Molecular Biology, as sequence similarity usually implies homology and functional similarity of the proteins or genes encoded by such sequences. Another crucial application of sequence comparison are searches of biological datab...
An automated method for identification and ranking of hyperspectral target detections (2011)

In this paper we present a new methodology for automated target detection and identification in hyperspectral imagery. The standard paradigm for target detection in hyperspectral imagery is to run a detection algorithm, typically statistical in nature, and visually inspect each high-scoring pixel to decide whether it is a true detection or a false alarm. Detection filters have constant false alarm rates (CFARs) approaching 10<sup>-5</sup>, but these can still result in a large number of false alarms given multiple images and a large number of target materials. Here we introduce a new methodology for target detection and identification in hyperspectral imagery that shows promise for hard targets. The result is a greatly reduced false alarm rate and a practical methodology for aiding an analyst in quantitatively evaluating detected pixels. We demonstrate the utility of the method with results on data from the HyMap sensor over the Cooke City, MT.
DRES: Dynamic Range Encoding Scheme for TCAM Coprocessors (2008)

One of the most critical resource management issues in the use of ternary content addressable memory (TCAM) for packet classification/filtering is how to effectively support filtering rules with ranges, known as range matching. In this paper, a Dynamic Range Encoding Scheme (DRES) is proposed to significantly improve TCAM storage efficiency for range matching. Unlike the existing range encoding schemes requiring additional hardware support, DRES uses the TCAM coprocessor itself to assist range encoding. Hence, DRES can be readily programmed in a network processor using a TCAM coprocessor for packet classification. A salient feature of DRES is its ability to allow a subset of ranges to be encoded and hence to have full control over the range code size. This feature allows DRES to exploit the TCAM structure to maximize TCAM storage efficiency. DRES is a comprehensive solution, including a dynamic range selection algorithm, a search key encoding scheme, a range encoding scheme, and a dynamic encoded range update algorithm. While the dynamic range selection algorithm running in software allows optimal selection of ranges to be encoded to maximize the TCAM storage efficiency, the dynamic encoded range update algorithm allows the TCAM database to be updated lock-free without interrupting the TCAM database lookup process. DRES is evaluated based on real-world databases and the results show that DRES can reduce the TCAM storage expansion ratio from 6.20 to 1.23. The performance analysis of DRES based on a probabilistic model demonstrates that DRES significantly improves TCAM storage efficiency for a wide spectrum of range distributions.
First-order fusion of volumetric medical imagery (2006)

A novel fusion scheme for volumetric medical imagery based on first-order local variational information is presented. The authors first define the contrast of a volumetric image with an arbitrary number of bands, which corresponds with the 3D gradient in the special case of a single-band image with a Euclidean metric. This contrast of multi-band image is regarded as the target contrast field. The next step is to look for a single-band volumetric image as the fusion result, which will have the closest gradient field to the contrast of the input multi-band image. It is a functional extremum problem. Using the variational approach, it leads directly to its Euler–Lagrange equation. By iteration of gradient descent, the final result can be obtained. Experimental results are presented to support the performance of the method.
The Eight Days (1972)

What is it, what's the matter with you, whispered the man in the gray overcoat. Nothing. Dizzy for a moment. I'm okay. Again he raised the barrel, felt the cold metal of the sight pressing into his cheek. He trained the crosshairs on Karl's door. The night air was chill and heavy, and a few cars hissed on the wet street below. Suddenly a figure in white turned the corner. He tried to make out the face.
Percutaneous balloon kyphoplasty for the treatment of vertebral compression fractures (2014)

Balloon kyphoplasty not only rapidly reduced pain and disability but also restored sagittal alignment in our patients at one-year follow-up. The treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures with balloon kyphoplasty is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive procedure that provides satisfactory clinical results.
A Call for Clarity in Reporting BLEU Scores (2018)

The field of machine translation faces an under-recognized problem because of inconsistency in the reporting of scores from its dominant metric. Although people refer to "the" BLEU score, BLEU is in fact a parameterized metric whose values can vary wildly with changes to these parameters. These parameters are often not reported or are hard to find, and consequently, BLEU scores between papers cannot be directly compared. I quantify this variation, finding differences as high as 1.8 between commonly used configurations. The main culprit is different tokenization and normalization schemes applied to the reference. Pointing to the success of the parsing community, I suggest machine translation researchers settle upon the BLEU scheme used by the annual Conference on Machine Translation (WMT), which does not allow for usersupplied reference processing, and provide a new tool, SACREBLEU, 1 to facilitate this.
A real-time updating algorithm of RTS-CTS threshold to enhance EDCA MAC performance in IEEE 802.11e wireless LANs (2005)

In this paper, considering the dynamic use of the RTS and CTS frame exchange, a real-time algorithm updating the RTS-CTS threshold dynamically according to the number of transmission attempts and the number of STAs in the BSS is proposed to give the maximum MAC throughput of IEEE 802.11e wireless LANs supporting the EDCA MAC protocol. Numerical examples are presented to show that the proposed algorithm enhances the EDCA MAC throughput of IEEE 802.11e wireless LANs when the length of data frames is variable, based on the experimental statistics.
Interdisciplinary Education in the Addictions (2013)

Educating doctors, nurses, pharmacists, dentists, and social workers in a shared, patient-centered curriculum, let alone in the same classrooms and clinics, would appear impractical at best and as an insurmountable task at worst. Nonetheless, this novel idea is being implemented. This article traces the concept's development. The proceedings of three national conferences held in 2010 and 2011 are briefly summarized. Several model programs are described. Interdisciplinary education in the addictions is in the early phases. Alternative and complementary forms of health care show less progress in interprofessional education. Two concerns are noted. These pertain to the timing of implementation and budget considerations.
Analytical Prediction of Fan/Compressor Noise (1969)

The authors present an analytical treatment of the blade passing frequency noise generated in fans and compressors and describe, briefly, a theoretical model of the noise generation mechanisms, based on unsteady aerodynamics coupled with spinning mode theory. They show how the blade passing frequency noise is basically related to the aerodynamics and the geometry of the turbomachinery and present a numerical solution of the three-dimensional wave equation. The results of a study on sound transmission in a turbomachinery duct indicate that the length of the inlet/exhaust duct, as well as the duct configuration, can be of primary importance relative to sound transmission for certain areas of engine operation. The theoretical model is successfully checked against the experimental results obtained on a number of General Electric and NASA fans and compressors.