gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Paradigmaváltás a tüdőrákok nem sebészi mintavételében (2010)

Histological subgroups of non-small cell lung cancer have different prognosis and they require different therapeutic approaches. Accordingly, there is a clinical need in this field to supplement conventional pathological diagnostics with protein and genetic biomarkers that can help to recognize patients responsive to these therapies. Methods for subgroup classification and target identification were developed using surgical samples (surgical lung tumor specimens are available only in 20% of all lung cancer cases). The majority of lung cancer patients, however, have tumors that are irresectable at the time of diagnosis. Therefore, their diagnosis is usually based on bronchoscopically removed tissue or needle biopsy samples analyzed mainly by cytology. Because of the growing need for immunohistochemistry and molecular pathology in lung cancer diagnosis, emphasis should be given to diagnostic bronchoscopic procedures providing tissue samples. Combination of the different biopsy techniques (histology, cytology, bronchial brush, BAL, TBNA etc.), embedding the cells (preparing cell blocks) and, moreover, the availability of immunohistochemical and molecular pathological facilities are all required to set up the proper diagnosis and therapeutic strategy in human lung cancer. Strausz J, Tímár J. Non-surgical biopsy in lung cancer: a paradigm shift.
Improving Corrosion Fatigue Performance of AA2219 Friction Stir Welds with Low Plasticity Burnishing (2002)

Rockwell Scientific Low Plasticity Burnishing (LPB) has been investigated as a post-weld surface treatment to improve the corrosion fatigue performance of friction stir welded (FSW) AA2219 plate. Welds were fabricated from 9.5 mm thick AA2219-T8751 plate. Residual stress distributions mapped by x-ray diffraction through the thickness of the weld indicate zones of tension parallel to the weld line at the interface of the weld and parent metal on both the advancing and retreating sides of the weld stir zone. Maximum tension ranged from 100 MPa at the surface to 200 MPa at mid-thickness. LPB placed the weld region in high compression on the order of –400 MPa. Fatigue testing was performed in four-point bending at R=0.1 under constant stress. The corrosion fatigue performance after 100 hours in 3.5% salt fog improved from 175 MPa for a milled surface to 225 MPa after LPB processing. LPB provided nearly complete mitigation of the pitting corrosion damage, with comparable fatigue performance regardless of salt fog exposure. Theoretical predictions of the fatigue life improvement from LPB are also shown and compared to the empirical fatigue data. LPB appears to provide a practical weld post-treatment for improved corrosion fatigue performance of aluminum alloy FSW’s.
Diverse Origins of Network Rhythms in Local Cortical Circuits (2009)

Oscillatory electrical activity in populations of neurons is a near-ubiquitous feature of massively parallel brain regions such as the neocortex and cerebellum. It is also observable in subcortical
Complementary transistor-transistor logic (CT/sup 2/L)-An approach to high-speed micropower logic (1972)

A new approach to micropower integrated circuits has been developed and is called complementary transistor-transistor logic (CR/SUP 2/L). This logic combines the inherent low standby power of a complementary inverter with the high speed of the T/SUP 2/L-type input. Results of the monolithic fabricated circuits are presented.
The Neural Crest and the Origin of the Insulin-Producing and Other Gastrointestinal Hormone-Producing Cells (1976)

It has been proposed that the endocrine cells of the digestive tract derive from the neuroectoderm (neural crest). To test this hypothesis we removed the entire ectoderm, the precursor of the neural crest, of embryonic rats prior to the formation of the neural crest and cultured the mesoendoderm for 11 days. In every case where a pancreas developed, insulin was detected or B cells were observed. Thus, a neural crest origin for these cells is eiliminated.
Kinetic Equivalence of Transmembrane pH and Electrical Potential Differences in ATP Synthesis (2012)

ATP synthase is the key player of Mitchell's chemiosmotic theory, converting the energy of transmembrane proton flow into the high energy bond between ADP and phosphate. The proton motive force that drives this reaction consists of two components, the pH difference (ΔpH) across the membrane and transmembrane electrical potential (Δψ). The two are considered thermodynamically equivalent, but kinetic equivalence in the actual ATP synthesis is not warranted, and previous experimental results vary. Here, we show that with the thermophilic Bacillus PS3 ATP synthase that lacks an inhibitory domain of the ε subunit, ΔpH imposed by acid-base transition and Δψ produced by valinomycin-mediated K(+) diffusion potential contribute equally to the rate of ATP synthesis within the experimental range examined (ΔpH -0.3 to 2.2, Δψ -30 to 140 mV, pH around the catalytic domain 8.0). Either ΔpH or Δψ alone can drive synthesis, even when the other slightly opposes. Δψ was estimated from the Nernst equation, which appeared valid down to 1 mm K(+) inside the proteoliposomes, due to careful removal of K(+) from the lipid.
Molecular Docking and 3D-QSAR Studies on Gag Peptide Analogue Inhibitors Interacting with Human Cyclophilin A (2002)

The interaction of a series gag peptide analogues with human cyclophilin A (hCypA) have been studied employing molecular docking and 3D-QSAR approaches. The Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm (LGA) and divide-and-conquer methods were applied to locate the binding orientations and conformations of the inhibitors interacting with hCypA. Good correlations between the calculated interaction free energies and experimental inhibitory activities suggest that the binding conformations of these inhibitors are reasonable. A novel interaction model was identified for inhibitors 11, 15, and 17 whose N-termini were modified by addition of the deaminovaline (Dav) group and the C-termini of 15 and 17 were modified by addition of a benzyl group. Accordingly, two new binding sites (sites A and D in Figure 1) were revealed, which show a strong correlation with inhibitor potency and thus can be used as a starting point for new inhibitor design. In addition, two predictive 3D-QSAR models were obtained by CoMFA and CoMSIA analyses based on the binding conformations derived from the molecular docking calculations. The reasonable r(cross)(2) (cross-validated) values 0.738 and 0.762 were obtained for CoMFA and CoMSIA models, respectively. The predictive ability of these models was validated by four peptide analogues test set. The CoMFA and CoMSIA field distributions are in general agreement with the structural characteristics of the binding groove of hCypA. This indicates the reasonableness of the binding model of the inhibitors with hCypA. Considering all these results together with the valuable clues of binding from references published recently, reasonable pharmacophore elements have been suggested, demonstrating that the 3D-QSAR models about peptide analogue inhibitors are expected to be further employed in predicting activities of the novel compounds for inhibiting hCypA.
Giant Anisotropy of Zeeman Splitting of Quantum Confined Acceptors in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>Si</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>Ge</mml:mi></mml:math> (2006)

Shallow acceptor levels in Si/Ge/Si quantum well heterostructures are characterized by resonant-tunneling spectroscopy in the presence of high magnetic fields. In a perpendicular magnetic field we observe a linear Zeeman splitting of the acceptor levels. In an in-plane field, on the other hand, the Zeeman splitting is strongly suppressed. This anisotropic Zeeman splitting is shown to be a consequence of the huge light-hole--heavy-hole splitting caused by a large biaxial strain and a strong quantum confinement in the Ge quantum well.
Delivering affordable fault-tolerance to commodity computer systems (2011)

To meet an insatiable consumer demand for greater performance at less power, silicon technology has scaled to unprecedented dimensions. This aggressive scaling has provided designers with an ever increasing budget of cheaper and faster transistors. Unfortunately, this trend has also been accompanied by a decline in individual device reliability as transistors have become increasingly susceptible to a host of threats. 
With each new technology generation the challenges associated with process variation, wearout, and transient faults gain greater prominence. We are quickly approaching a new era where fault-tolerance is becoming a first-order design constraint, no longer a luxury reserved exclusively for high-reliability, mission-critical domains. Even commodity microprocessors used in mainstream computing will require protection. 
However, just as the reliability needs of NASA and Apple differ dramatically, so does their ability to absorb the costs necessary to ensure fault-tolerance. Viable solutions targeting commodity systems must not only recognize this fact, but must embrace it. Simply stripping down techniques developed for enterprise servers may not result in the most appropriate designs for your laptop or cellphone. The best solutions will exploit the relaxed reliability constraints of commodity systems, judiciously sacrificing a small degree of fault-tolerance to achieve far greater reductions in overhead costs. 
This thesis proposes a collection of works that can be selectively mixed and matched to assemble reliability solutions tailor-fit for the commodity systems community. Although the works presented address a variety of different issues from wearout to transient faults and prevention to detection, they were all motivated by the same observation—that much of the overhead costs associated with conventional fault tolerance mechanisms are spent in pursuit of the last few nines of reliability. This conclusion gave rise to the philosophy permeating the chapters of this work, that summarily dismissing techniques that cannot supply mission-critical fault tolerance is no longer acceptable. In presenting concrete solutions to a few of the more interesting challenges—proactive wear-leveling orchestrated through intelligent job scheduling and software-only transient fault detection and recovery that exploits intrinsic computational patterns within applications—we establish fundamental principles that can be applied more broadly to formulate a comprehensive reliability strategy.
Can poverty get under your skin? Basal cortisol levels and cognitive function in childrenfrom low and high socioeconomic status (2001)

It is well known that individuals from more advantaged social classes enjoy better mental and physical health than do individuals within lower classes. Various mechanisms have been evoked to explain the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and health. One mechanism that has received particular attention in recent years is stress. It has been shown that individuals lower in SES report greater exposure to stressful life events and a greater impact of these events on their life than individuals higher in SES. In order to measure whether the development of the relationship between SES and mental health is sustained by exposure to high levels of glucocorticoids, we measured morning salivary cortisol levels as well as cognitive function (memory, attention, and language) in 307 children (from 6 to 16 years of age) from low versus high SES in the Montreal area in Canada. The results revealed that low SES children from 6 to 10 years old present significantly higher salivary cortisol levels when compared to children from high SES. This difference disappears at the time of school transition, and no SES differences are observed in salivary cortisol levels during high school. However, children from low and high SES do not differ with regard to memory or to attentional and linguistic functions. Also, mothers of low SES children reported higher feelings of depression and more unhealthy behaviors, while mothers of high SES children reported higher stress related to work or family transitions. Altogether, these results show that low SES in young children is related to increased cortisol secretion, although the impact of SES on cortisol secretion is absent after transition to high school. These data are interpreted within the context of the equalization process of class patterning. Four social explanatory factors are suggested to explain the disappearance of SES differences in basal cortisol levels after school transition, taking into account the influence of family environment on the child's secretion of stress hormones.
Mutational and Computational Analysis of the α1b-Adrenergic Receptor (2001)

To investigate their role in receptor coupling to G(q), we mutated all basic amino acids and some conserved hydrophobic residues of the cytosolic surface of the alpha(1b)-adrenergic receptor (AR). The wild type and mutated receptors were expressed in COS-7 cells and characterized for their ligand binding properties and ability to increase inositol phosphate accumulation. The experimental results have been interpreted in the context of both an ab initio model of the alpha(1b)-AR and of a new homology model built on the recently solved crystal structure of rhodopsin. Among the twenty-three basic amino acids mutated only mutations of three, Arg(254) and Lys(258) in the third intracellular loop and Lys(291) at the cytosolic extension of helix 6, markedly impaired the receptor-mediated inositol phosphate production. Additionally, mutations of two conserved hydrophobic residues, Val(147) and Leu(151) in the second intracellular loop had significant effects on receptor function. The functional analysis of the receptor mutants in conjunction with the predictions of molecular modeling supports the hypothesis that Arg(254), Lys(258), as well as Leu(151) are directly involved in receptor-G protein interaction and/or receptor-mediated activation of the G protein. In contrast, the residues belonging to the cytosolic extensions of helices 3 and 6 play a predominant role in the activation process of the alpha(1b)-AR. These findings contribute to the delineation of the molecular determinants of the alpha(1b)-AR/G(q) interface.
Large Enhancement of Fluorescence Efficiency from CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots Induced by Resonant Coupling to Spatially Controlled Surface Plasmons (2005)

Nanoengineered fluorescent response is reported from semiconductor core-shell (CdSe/ZnS) quantum dots in proximity to the surface plasmon polariton field of periodic Ag nanoparticle arrays. Tuning the surface plasmon polariton resonance to the quantum dot exciton emission band results in an enhancement of up to approximately 50-fold in the overall fluorescence efficiency, in a design where each Ag nanoparticle is interconnected by a continuous Ag thin film. Propagating modes of surface plasmon resonances have a direct impact on the fluorescence enhancement.
Healing mechanisms in thermoplastic modified epoxy/amine networks (2012)

This paper investigates the healing efficacy and mechanism of six thermoplastic modifiers, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), poly (ethylene-co-glycidyl) methacrylate (PEGMA), poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB), styrene ethylene butadiene copolymer (SEBS), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polyethylene-co-methacrylic acid (EMAA) used to modify an epoxy resin system at concentrations of 5, 10 and 15wt%. Thermally activated healing was evaluated using single end notched beam (SENB) measurements, while dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to ensure that healing at 150 °C was appropriate for all systems. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and rheological analysis was used to investigate the healing mechanism. The thermoplastics were all found to exhibit some healing but varied in the type of mechanism and level of efficiency and repeatability. The EMAA, PEGMA and EVA thermoplastics displayed superior healing compared with ABS, SEBS and PVB as measured by their capacity to restore SENB load for single and multiple healing events. A pressure delivery healing mechanism was identified to operate for the EMAA and PEGMA thermoplastics while healing in other thermoplastics appeared to be controlled by their rheological properties or a combination of both mechanisms. In the case of EVA, healing appeared to be more controlled largely by rheological properties. During thermal heating the low viscosity facilitated filling of the damage zone, while after cooling, the combined adhesion to the matrix and its ductile or elastomeric response to deformation further enhanced healing efficiency. In the case of ABS, SEBS and PVB, a comparative lack of viscous flow and lower adhesion to the epoxy matrix results in much lower levels of healing.
Bone Ingrowth in Retrieved Bryan Cervical Disc Prostheses (2005)

Adequate bony apposition was found in all primate device-to-vertebral body interfaces. Human retrievals also demonstrated significant ingrowth in all four surfaces. This compares with hip and knee arthroplasty percent ingrowth rates of 10% to 30%. All implants had stable fixation judged by radiographs and at the time of implant removal.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of interactions between oxyethylene-oxypropylene polymer, macrogol and phenol (1972)

Journal Article Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of interactions between oxyethylene-oxypropylene polymer, macrogol and phenol Get access J Jacobs, J Jacobs Pharmacy Department, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, N.S. W., Australia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R A Anderson, R A Anderson Pharmacy Department, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, N.S. W., Australia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar T R Watson T R Watson Pharmacy Department, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, N.S. W., Australia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Volume 24, Issue 7, July 1972, Pages 586–589, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1972.tb09066.x Published: 12 April 2011 Article history Received: 18 January 1972 Published: 12 April 2011
Zeolite-Encapsulated Cobalt Salophen Complexes as Efficient Oxygen-Activating Catalysts in Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic 1,4-Oxidation of 1,3-Dienes (1999)

Encapsulation of cobalt salophen catalysts such as 1 into the supercage of zeolite Y (1-ZeY) (shown schematically) provides a catalyst that when used in the Pd-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of 1,3-cyclohexadiene gave 1,4-diacetoxy-2-cyclohexene in high yield at room temperature in three hours. 1-ZeY can be isolated and reused several times with still good conversion in the third run.
Dietary Maltitol Increases Calcium Content and Breaking Force of Femoral Bone in Ovariectomized Rats (1995)

Maltitol is a disaccharide alcohol generated by hydrogenation of maltose and exhibiting resistance to intestinal disaccharidases. We demonstrated previously that maltitol stimulates transepithelial transport of calcium in the ileum, accompanied by an elevation of intestinal calcium absorption as well as calcium retention in the body. In this study, we examined whether the maltitol-induced increase in intestinal calcium absorption leads to an alteration of the physical properties of bones in rats subjected to ovariectomy. We used this study as a simulation model for postmenopausal females who are at risk for osteoporosis. Following the intake of a low-calcium diet for 28 d ovariectomized rats were fed diets containing either 10% maltose (control) or 10% maltitol, together with increased amounts of calcium (0.3% in Experiment 1 and 1.2% in Experiment 2) for 21 d. Balance studies performed during the final 5-d (Experiment 1) or 2-d (Experiment 2) period of the experiments showed that maltitol increased intestinal calcium absorption and retention. The breaking force of femoral bones was significantly elevated (by 5-7%) in animals fed the maltitol diet compared with that in rats fed the maltose diet. The calcium content in the femoral bones as well as the mineral bone density of the tibial metaphysis was also elevated in rats fed the maltitol diet. These results indicate that maltitol stimulates the intestinal absorption of dietary calcium leading to an increase in calcium content in the bone, and coinciding with the elevation of the breaking strength of the bone in ovariectomized rats.
Reducing Acute and Chronic Hypoxia in Tumours by Combining Nicotinamide with Carbogen Breathing (1994)

The ability of nicotinamide and carbogen breathing to improve the radiation response of a C3H mammary carcinoma by reducing both acute and chronic hypoxia was investigated. Using a tumour growth delay assay the response of 200 mm3 foot tumours to local irradiation was found to be increased by either injecting nicotinamide (100-1,000 mg/kg) 20 min prior to irradiation, or by allowing mice to breathe carbogen for 10 min before and during the radiation treatment. The greatest radiosensitization occurred when nicotinamide and carbogen were combined. With a histological fluorescent staining technique nicotinamide was shown to prevent transient stoppages in microregional blood flow, and also appeared to improve tumour oxygenation as measured with an Eppendorf oxygen electrode, both effects being consistent with its ability to decrease perfusion limited acute hypoxia. Carbogen had no effect on vessel closure, but it significantly improved tumour oxygenation, which was indicative of it reducing diffusion limited chronic hypoxia.
Strong suppression of the resistivity near the superconducting transition in narrow microbridges in external magnetic fields (2020)

We have investigated a series of superconducting bridges based on homogeneous amorphous WSi and MoSi films, with bridge widths $w$ ranging from 2 to $1000\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ and film thicknesses $d\ensuremath{\sim}4\ensuremath{-}6$ and 100 nm. Upon decreasing the bridge widths below the respective Pearl lengths, we observe in all cases distinct changes in the characteristics of the resistive transitions to superconductivity. For each of the films, the resistivity curves $R(B,T)$ separate at a well-defined and field-dependent temperature ${T}^{*}(B)$ with decreasing the temperature, resulting in a dramatic suppression of the resistivity and a sharpening of the transitions with decreasing bridge width $w$. The associated excess conductivity in all the bridges scales as $1/w$, which may suggest either the presence of a highly conducting region that is dominating the electric transport, or a change in the vortex dynamics in narrow enough bridges. We argue that this effect can only be observed in materials with sufficiently weak vortex pinning.
An observational limit to the evolutionary time scale of the 13,000 K white dwarf G117 - B15A (1990)

Using 204 hr of high-speed photometric observations of the DAV star G117 - B15A during the last 14 yr, an observational limit has been obtained to the rate of period change for its dominant pulsation at 215.2 sec of (8.3 + or - 5.0) x 10 to the -15th sec/sec. This rate of period change corresponds to an evolutionary time scale of (8.2 + or - 5.0) x 10 to the 8th yr, consistent with the change expected due to cooling of the white dwarf undergoing nonradial g-mode pulsations. The observed limit on the rate of period change makes G117 - B15A the most accurate optical clock known, with a stability comparable to that of the atomic clocks used by the National Bureau of Standards, and exceeded only by a few msec radio pulsars. Since all DA white dwarfs are thought to cool through the DAV instability strip, and there are no known differences between the properties of variables and nonvariables white dwarfs, the measurement of an evolutionary time scale, suitably scaled by mass and surface temperature, should apply to all DA white dwarfs.