gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Convergent-Beam X-Ray Analysis of Mosaic Structure in Polycrystals (1956)

A simple x-ray diffraction method was used to measure the mosaic misalignment and the number of dislocations in the grains of silver halide precipitates and of nickel foils where the grain sizes were in the range from a few tenths of a micron to a few microns. The experimental arrangement is such that separate diffraction spots are produced by each grain and the width of a spot is determined primarily by the mosaic nature of the grain. It appears that measurements of angular misalignment can be made down to the limit imposed by the natural width of the x-ray spectrum lines. In general, either cold work or the presence of a substitutional impurity causes broadening of the diffraction spots. However, it is possible to incorporate impurities without producing broadening or dislocations. In spite of a 1% substitution of iodide impurity in silver bromide, grains were produced which appear to have no edge dislocations.
China - pension liabilities and reform options for old age insurance (2005)

This report is the culmination of a three-year long collaboration between the Social Security Department of the Ministry of Finance and the World Bank. The analytical work was done on projections that used the Bank's Pension Reform Option Simulation Toolkit (PROST) and aims to: (i) quantify the long term pension liabilities nationwide; (ii) highlight the systemic problems that will need to be addressed; and (iii) suggest reform options to find a solution that is adequate, affordable, sustainable and robust. The projections were based on data assembled from seven locations, representing approximately 18 percent of the covered membership.
The nitration of indeno[1,2,3-cd]fluoranthene (1968)

Indeno[1,2,3-cd]fluoranthene has been shown to undergo nitration almost exclusively at the 2-position in both acetic acid and acetic anhydride. In the latter solvent the partial rate factor is 8 ± 2 with respect to benzene. This result is discussed in terms of molecular orbital calculations of localisation energies, and it is concluded that steric interference by the 12-hydrogen atom is probably responsible for the absence of 1-substitution.
Autophagosome Maturation and Fusion (2017)

Macroautophagy, or simply autophagy, is a degradative pathway that delivers cytoplasmic components, including cytosol and organelles, to the lysosome in double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes. This process is initiated at the pre-autophagosomal structure or phagophore assembly site and involves a number of highly conserved autophagy-related proteins. These support the generation and conversion of an open membranous cistern known as the phagophore or isolation membrane into a closed autophagosome. Within this review, we will focus on recent insights into the molecular events following the sealing/completion of an autophagosome, which lead to its maturation and subsequent fusion with endosomes/lysosomes.
The Reduction of Plastocyanin by Plastoquinol‐1 in the Presence of Chloroplasts (1976)

The reduction of plastocyanin by plastoquinol-1 was efficiently catalysed by disrupted chloroplasts or etioplasts in the dark. The reaction was inhibited by 2,5-dibromomethylisopropyl-p-benzo-quinone which inhibits photosynthetic electron transport between plastoquinone and cytochrome f. Evidence is presented that the reduction took place via cytochrome f, and that plastoquinone-9 was not involved. Triton X-100 and organic solvents were inhibitory, but partial fractionation was achieved without loss of activity by density gradient centrifugation in the presence of high digitonin concentrations. All active material contained cytochromes b-559LP and b-563 in addition to cytochrome f, but these b-type cytochromes were not directly involved. Other 1-electron acceptors could be used in place of plastocyanin, for instance ferricyanide and Pseudomonas cytochrome c-551. The reaction can be applied to give a sensitive dark assay for active cytochrome f. It is suggested that cytochrome f possesses two sites for interaction with redox reagents: a hydrophilic site with which plastocyanin reacts by electron transfer and a hydrophobic site with which plastoquinol reacts by hydrogen atom transfer.
Absence of lysozyme (muramidase) in the intestinal Paneth cells of newborn infants with necrotising enterocolitis. (1998)

A deficiency or developmental defect in Paneth cells, resulting in an absence of lysozyme, may render the intestine more susceptible to bacterial infection, allowing organisms to adhere and translocate across the mucosa. Such enhancement of infection may contribute to the pathogenesis of NEC.
Estimation of splenic weight from ultrasonographic measurements. (1992)

The author assessed the predictability of the weight of a resected spleen from measurements obtained from real-time ultrasonography (US) scans. In a preliminary study of 12 spleens obtained at autopsy and then examined by US the product of splenic length, width and thickness was linearly related to splenic weight (R2 = 0.97, r = 0.92, p less than 0.001). In a subsequent retrospective study of 81 patients who had undergone a total of 101 abdominal US examinations within 4 months of death and whose spleens were weighed during autopsy, splenic weight in grams was equal to 0.43 (length x width x thickness) for measurements in centimetres (R2 = 0.92, r = 0.78, p less than 0.001). Estimation of splenic weight is therefore possible by a simple calculation; this method offers an alternative to subjective assessment of spleen size, and the information it provides compares well to established norms.
Photoeffects in Silicon Surface-Barrier Diodes (1962)

Silicon surface-barrier photodiodes have been fabricated and the steady-state and time-varying photoresponse have been measured. The photodiodes are operated in the reverse-bias, or photoconductive mode at room temperature and do not require encapsulation. The average steady-state photosensitivity is 0.31 μa/μw (λ=5461 A) and 0.065 μa/μw (λ=2537 A) with approximately 50 A of gold on the sensitive area. With no gold on the sensitive area, the photosensitivity is 0.37 μa/μw and 0.13 μa/μw, respectively. The photoresponse is uniform over the sensitive area (0.1 to 2.5 cm2) to within a few percent, depending on the wavelength. The high-frequency cutoff is limited by the photodiode capacitance and load resistance. Cutoff frequencies greater than 100 kcps have been obtained. The operating characteristics of these devices are reported for six wavelengths lying in the range of approximately 0.2 to 0.6 μ. The possibility of using photodiodes of this type in combination with a scintillator crystal for detecting charged particles is discussed.
Leigh Whannell’s The Invisible Man Discussing Narratives of Domestic Abuse and Gaslighting through the Cassandra Myth (2021)

Renowned for its hard-hitting exploration of gaslighting and domestic abuse, Leigh Whannell’s 2020 film The Invisible Man has inevitably been linked to the #MeToo movement. Despite the film’s contemporary premise, however, its narrative of male violence and female silencing is fundamentally rooted within classical literature and can be seen as an appropriation of the Cassandra myth. This article will be reviewing the continued relevance of the Cassandra myth today and the impact of her appearance within the horror movie genre. It will identify how Cassandra’s narrative as a truth-speaker, who is met with disbelief, has been appropriated for both thematic and critical effect. It will also consider the gendered implication of truth-speakers in horror and the impact of representing a female Cassandra onscreen to critique gendered issues, such as female silencing, domestic abuse, and gaslighting. By applying the classical figure of Cassandra to Whannell’s The Invisible Man, this article will continue by highlighting the patriarchal mechanisms which have historically dictated the reliability of female truth-speaker, thus connecting modern truth-speakers to their ancient counterparts.
The Relationship between Serum GH and Serum IGF-I in Acromegaly Is Gender-Specific (2001)

In patients with acromegaly, there is a linear association between log10 serum GH and IGF-I. Healthy females secrete three times more GH than males but have broadly similar serum IGF-I levels, and in adult GH deficiency, the dose of exogenous GH required to achieve a given serum IGF-I is significantly greater in females than males. We report the influence of gender on the relationship between serum GH and IGF-I in subjects with active acromegaly. A single, fasted, serum sample was obtained from 153 subjects with active disease (87 males; median age, 47.8 yr; range, 20-82 yr) in whom serum IGF-I was at least 30% above the upper limit of an age-related reference range after washout from medical therapy. A linear correlation between serum IGF-I and log10 serum GH was observed (r = 0.53; P <0.0001), but this relationship was significantly influenced by gender. For a given serum GH value, females were estimated to have serum IGF-I values 82 ng/ml less than males [P <0.02; 95% confidence interval (CI), 15.2-149]. In females receiving oral E, mean serum IGF-I for a given GH value was 130 ng/ml lower than in males (P = 0.01; 95% CI, 29.8-230.2) but only 60 ng/ml less than the remaining 45 females (NS; P = 0.2). This study demonstrates a gender difference in the relationship between serum GH and IGF-I in patients with active acromegaly consistent with relative GH resistance observed in normal and GHD females, which may, in part, be mediated by E. This observation has important implications for the use of IGF-I as a measure of disease activity.
Photoinduced Charge Separation across Colloidal TiO<sub>2</sub> and Fluorescein Derivatives (2002)

The photoinduced interaction of the dyad of fluorescein's anthraquinone methyl ester (FL-AQ) and its model compound of fluorescein's butyl ester (FL4) with colloidal TiO2 was examined by absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence lifetime, photoinduced ESR, and transient laser flash photolysis. The dyad and the model compound are adsorbed on colloidal TiO2 through their phenolic groups. Their apparent association constants with colloidal TiO2 (Kapp) obtained from absorption spectra are 3060 and 3590 M-1, and the degrees of association (α) are 0.84 and 0.86, respectively. In the photoinduced ESR study, the cation radical of fluorescein (FL·+) was always observed for the FL4/TiO2 colloid system no matter if fluorescein was excited at 532 nm or TiO2 excited at 355 nm, while, for the FL-AQ/TiO2 colloidal system, the cation radical of fluorescein was detected only when TiO2 was excited at 355 nm. The charge-separated state of the FL-AQ/TiO2 colloidal system formed by photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer was detected by nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy immediately. The lifetimes of FL·+ at 480 nm and AQ·- at 560 nm in the FL-AQ/TiO2 colloidal system are 11.1 and 8.93 μs, respectively. The related phenomena are discussed in this paper.
The Visual Cortex (1986)

.Our knowledge of the visual cortex has increased tremendously over the past ten years based on studies in subhuman primates. Over a dozen separate cortical visual areas have now been described in monkeys (Van Essen and Maunsell 1983). This paper will review our current understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the visual cortex in monkeys and human beings. Specifically, this paper will discuss the striate cortex, and how object recognition, visual motion analysis and visual spatial localization is processed in the extrastriate visual cortex in monkeys and humans.
Complete coverage path planning in an agricultural environment (2011)

The problem of finding a collision-free path through a region has garnered a lot of research over the years. One branch of this is the problem of finding a path that completely covers a region. Solutions to the complete coverage path planning problem have applications in many different areas, such as search and rescue, automotive painting, and agriculture. In many cases, it is not sufficient to find any route that completely covers the field. It is desired that the path also be optimal so as to minimize certain costs. This is especially true in the agricultural environment. In the area of precision farming alone, the complete coverage path planning problem exists while performing many different operations, such as harvesting, seeding, spraying, applying fertilizer, and tillage. The fundamental concern of farmers is reducing the costs of running the farm. Since most farming costs ultimately depend on time in the field and area covered, the more efficient an operation can be completed, the lower the costs. Optimality is thus typically in terms of finding the shortest complete coverage path through the field. In this paper, we present an O(n2) algorithm for solving the optimal complete coverage problem on a field boundary with n sides. This multi-phase algorithm makes use of a plane-sweep algorithm to subdivide the field into smaller, trapezoidal regions. The optimal paths through the subregions are then calculated. Finally there is a merge phase where it is determined whether neighboring regions can be more efficiently covered if they were merged together than if they were left separate.
Caveolin-1 Regulates the Antagonistic Pleiotropic Properties of Cellular Senescence through a Novel Mdm2/p53-Mediated Pathway (2009)

We show that caveolin-1 is a novel binding protein for Mdm2. After oxidative stress, caveolin-1 sequesters Mdm2 away from p53, leading to stabilization of p53 and up-regulation of p21(Waf1/Cip1) in human fibroblasts. Expression of a peptide corresponding to the Mdm2 binding domain of caveolin-1 is sufficient to up-regulate p53 and p21(Waf1/Cip1) protein expression and induce premature senescence. Oxidative stress-induced activation of the p53/p21(Waf1/Cip1) pathway and induction of premature senescence are compromised in caveolin-1 null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF). We also show that reintroduction of caveolin-1 in oncogenic Ras (Ras(G12V))-transformed fibroblasts, which express residual levels of caveolin-1, is sufficient to promote cellular senescence. Moreover, caveolin-1 expression in MEFs is required for senescent fibroblast-induced stimulation of cell growth and tumorigenesis of both Ras(G12V)-transformed fibroblasts and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer epithelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our results propose caveolin-1 as a key mediator of the antagonistic pleiotropic properties of cellular senescence.
ULTRA GRIDSEC: Peer-to-Peer Computational Grid Middleware Security Using High Performance Symmetric Key Cryptography (2008)

"ULTRA GRIDSEC" is a high-performance symmetric key cryptography scheme used to secure data passes inside Peer-to-Peer Computational Grid Middleware that we are developing now[1]. This schema is used to accelerate the performance of Triple data encryption standards(TDES) by about 439.7% and this percentage value is changed according to machine capabilities, also it enhances the security of encrypted TDES files. An analysis and comparison of this scheme and its performance is presented in this paper.
An Efficient Sound Source for Wide-Area RAFOS Navigation (1993)

To meet the expected need for wide-area acoustic navigation for Lagrangian studies of ocean circulation using RAFOS floats, a new and powerful sound source, a resonant pipe projector has been developed. It consists of a free-flooded open steel pipe with a ceramic-steel driver ring at its midsection. Conservatively demonstrated here at a source level of 195.5 dB re 1 µpa @ 1 m and with an energy conversion efficiency of 85% at resonance (260 Hz), useful operating ranges to 4000 km and beyond are possible, depending on ambient noise conditions. A successful 6-month accelerated test of the complete transducer system was recently completed near Bermuda.
Impact of Muscle’s Self-tension on Learning of Athletic Skills——A New Viewpoint of Teaching Reform of P.E. Course (2008)

In order to help students to acquire athletic skills in a short time,the authors of this study make use of the theory of the feedback through artificially intensified proprioceptors to probe into a new way to accelerate the acquisition of athletic skills.Subjects in the experiment use a cursor to track a self-moving target point which moves on a pre-designed trajectory on screen.A sub-program scans and automatically calculates the distance between the target point and cursor for 100 times per second,and finally figure out the RMSE (root mean square error) of distances automatically after each tracking.The smaller the RMSE is,the more skillful the tracking will be.With the increased days of practicing and frequency of practicing,the RMSE will be smaller and smaller.It is noted that the acquisition of athletic skills can be artificially accelerated by purposefully enhancing the relative muscles’ self-tension while continuity of exercise is assumed.Therefore,during PE courses,students should be guided and encouraged to enhance their relative muscles’ self-tension in the process of practicing new skills while continuity is guaranteed in order to acquire athletic skills faster.
Law Enforcement Ontology for Identification of Related Information of Interest Across Free Text Dcouments (2011)

A law enforcement ontology that incorporates extensions such as Thesauri, specialized rules, abductive hypothesis and process modeling for expansion of extracted entity phrases, is described. The ontology is part of a project to facilitate automated, reliable identification of related information of interest found in law enforcement-related free-text documents. Results of testing on a complex, real-world law enforcement dataset show that the addition of the ontology significantly improves the expanded entity phrase extraction used for the identification of related information of interest in free-text documents and merits additional expansion. Future work will add semantic inference and insertion functions and extend the specialized rules and abductive hypotheses components.
Divisionalization in vertical structures (2001)

We study the incentives to create divisions by a firm once it is taken into account the vertical structures of an industry. Downstream firms, that must buy an essential input to upstream firms, may create divisions. Divisionalization reduces their bargaining power against upstream firms. This effect must be weighted against the usual incentive to divisionalize, namely the increase in the share of the final market that a firm obtains through it. We show that incentives to divisonalize are severely reduced when compared with the standard results, and that even sometimes firms choose not to divisionalize at all. The paper also shows the implications of the former analysis on the internal organization of firms and on the incentives to vertically integrate.
Review: capillary refill time, abnormal skin turgor, and abnormal respiratory pattern help to detect dehydration in children (2005)

Steiner MJ, DeWalt DA, Byerley JS. Is this child dehydrated? JAMA 2004;291:2746–54. [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Q In children, what is the accuracy of signs, symptoms, and laboratory tests for detecting dehydration? Clinical impact ratings GP/FP/Primary care ★★★★★★☆ GP/FP/Emergency Medicine ★★★★★★☆ Emergency Medicine (Specialist) ★★★★★★☆ Paediatrics ★★★★★★☆ ### ![Graphic][5]</img>Data sources: Medline (January 1966 to April 2003), the Cochrane Library, reference lists, and experts in the field. ### ![Graphic][6]</img>Study selection and assessment: studies in any language that compared signs, symptoms, and laboratory values with a recognised gold standard for diagnosing dehydration in children (age 0–18 y). Study quality was ranked from highest quality (level 1 = independent, blind comparisons of test with a valid gold standard) to lowest quality (level 5 = non-independent comparison of test with an uncertain standard of validity, which may incorporate the test result into the gold standard). ### ![Graphic][7]</img>Outcomes: sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios (LRs). 13 studies (n = 1246) met the selection criteria (4 intermediate quality and 9 low quality). Clinically useful signs for detecting 5% dehydration were capillary refill time, abnormal skin turgor, and … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJAMA%26rft.stitle%253DJAMA%26rft.issn%253D0002-9955%26rft.aulast%253DSteiner%26rft.auinit1%253DM.%2BJ.%26rft.volume%253D291%26rft.issue%253D22%26rft.spage%253D2746%26rft.epage%253D2754%26rft.atitle%253DIs%2BThis%2BChild%2BDehydrated%253F%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1001%252Fjama.291.22.2746%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15187057%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1001/jama.291.22.2746&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=15187057&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F10%2F1%2F24.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000221862300030&link_type=ISI [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [6]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [7]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif
The truth is in there (2005)

Subtitle: Data from truck components, in-cab computers and other systems can be your best friend following a major accident. There's no need to fear this technology or what it can reveal.
Switching-behavior improvement of insulated gate-controlled devices (1997)

MOSFETs and insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) devices are increasingly used in electronic circuits due to both their easy driving and ability to handle high currents and voltages at high-switching frequencies. This paper deals with a new driver technique that allows optimization of the switching speed, reduction of the energy losses during the switching time, and limitation of the electromagnetic interference (EMI). First, an analysis of voltage- and current-switching waveforms of gate-insulated devices is performed. Then, a method of controlling voltage and current slopes independently is shown using the "one-cycle" method or a suitable adaptive-driving technique based on a phase-locked loop (PLL) approach. These techniques were adopted in order to allow correct generation of the gate signals regardless of the operating conditions. Finally, practical results of the proposed driving circuit obtained using a single IGBT switch chopper are presented.
Reduction of Acute Lung Injury by Administration of Spironolactone After Intestinal Ischemia and Reperfusion in Rats (2016)

The present study strongly suggests that spironolactone pretreatment decreased neutrophil infiltration, iNOS induction, oxidative stress, and histopathological injury in an experimental model of intestinal I/R induced-lung injury of rats.
Design of a low profile unidirectional UWB antenna for multi-service base station (2017)

A low profile unidirectional UWB antenna for multi-service base stations is presented in this paper. The main goal of this article is to design a low profile UWB antenna with a very stable and unidirectional radiation pattern. The proposed design is based on exciting the fundamental mode of a planar structure composed of two metallic rings, applying the Theory of Characteristics Modes. The feeding structure used to excite that mode is asymmetric and it is implemented with two CPW-ports (Co-planar Waveguide) with an impedance of 50, that bifurcate into two transmission lines with different lengths that are coupled to a circular aperture using the slot line model. The design has been obtained using a mathematical formulation, so it can be easily scaled to any frequency. In addition, an analysis of the operation of the structure is performed, according to the theory of characteristic modes. The -10 dB bandwidth obtained is 64.22%, with unidirectional radiation patterns. An antenna with these bandwidth, unidirectional and stability radiation pattern features can be used in services such as UMTS, LTE, WIMAX, WiFi, Bluethoot, etc.