gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity Metabolic Interactions: Common Factors for Breast Cancer Risk and Novel Approaches to Prevention and Therapy (2012)

The objective was to review type 2 diabetes as a risk factor for breast cancer, its influence on tumor aggressiveness and prognosis, and the interactions with obesity. Consideration was given to the responsible biological mechanisms and how these relate to the potential of hypoglycemic agents, notably metformin, as breast cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Most epidemiological studies indicate that type 2 diabetes is a modest positive risk factor for postmenopausal, but not premenopausal, breast cancer; indeed before the menopause it may be associated with a reduced risk. This pattern of differing effects on risk according to menopausal status is well established in obesity; however, although most type 2 diabetics are obese, the relationship with postmenopausal breast cancer does not appear to be a function of the body mass index. We suggest that before menopause the protective effect of obesity may modify any adverse effects of the metabolic changes related to type 2 diabetes. Regardless of menopausal status, obesity is associated with breast cancers that exhibit aggressive biological characteristics at the time of diagnosis and have a poor prognosis; a similar relationship is emerging for type 2 diabetes. The two metabolic disorders share biological mechanisms for their associations with breast cancer, including a direct effect of insulin on breast cancer cell proliferation, increased extraglandular estrogen production and bioavailability, changes in the adipokines, notably adiponectin, and activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway. These mechanistic considerations are consistent with metformin having high potential as a breast cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic agent.
A search for utility in new evaluation thought (1974)

One of the first tasks faced by the professional evaluator agreeing to work with a group of educators is to provide some orientation or review of the current evaluation thinking. Unfortunately, there are not enough evaluators trained in the current concepts to carry the message on a one-to-one basis to every educator trying to find some utility in the new literature. The intent of this article is to supply a brief overview of some of the major thinking in evaluation. It points to what is directly usable for the development of evaluation plans or designs in social action, university, and school-based programs and projects.
Improving Optical Measurements: Non-Linearity Compensation of Compact Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Spectrometers (2019)

Charge-coupled device (CCD) spectrometers are widely used as detectors in analytical laboratory instruments and as sensors for in situ optical measurements. However, as the applications become more complex, the physical and electronic limits of the CCD spectrometers may restrict their applicability. The errors due to dark currents, temperature variations, and blooming can be readily corrected. However, a correction for uncertainty of integration time and wavelength calibration is typically lacking in most devices, and detector non-linearity may distort the signal by up to 5% for some measurements. Here, we propose a simple correction method to compensate for non-linearity errors in optical measurements where compact CCD spectrometers are used. The results indicate that the error due to the non-linearity of a spectrometer can be reduced from several hundred counts to about 40 counts if the proposed correction function is applied.
Anion Encapsulation by Neutral Supramolecular Assemblies of Cyclic Cu<sup>II</sup> Complexes: A Series of Five Polymerization Isomers, [{<i>cis</i>‐Cu<sup>II</sup>(μ‐OH)(μ‐pz)}<sub><i>n</i></sub>], <i>n</i>=6, 8, 9, 12, and 14 (2004)

Concentric circles: The interplay of metal-coordination geometry, dipolar interactions, and hydrogen bonding orchestrate the complex supramolecular assembly of three or four neutral metallacycles of [{cis-Cu(μ-OH)(μ-pz)}n] n=6, 8, 9, 12, 14, that encapsulate anions (encapsulated SO42− depicted; Cu blue; O red; N light blue; C black; S yellow) by multiple hydrogen bonding. This orchestration of several chemical forces for the accomplishment of a specific task imitates the strategies of Nature for similar purposes. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2004/z52636_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
The Combined Reheat Gas Turbine/Steam Turbine Cycle: Part I—A Critical Analysis of the Combined Reheat Gas Turbine/Steam Turbine Cycle (1980)

The reheat gas turbine cycle combined with the steam turbine Rankine cycle holds new promise of appreciably increasing power plant thermal efficiency. Apparently the cycle has been overlooked and thus neglected through the years. Research and development is being directed towards other gas turbine areas because of the world energy crunch; and in order to focus needed technical attention to the reheat cycle, this paper is presented, using logic and practical background of heat recovery boilers, steam turbines, gas turbines and the process industry. A critical analysis is presented establishing parameters of efficiency, cycle pressure ratio, firing temperature and output. Using the data developed, an analysis of an actual gas generator, the second generation LM5000, is applied with unique approaches to show that an overall 50 percent efficiency power plant can be developed using today’s known techniques and established base-load firing temperatures.
Application of thin film transistors to label-free electrical biosensors (2008)

Biotechnology is in great need of low-cost intelligent biochips for massive parallel detection of biomolecular interactions, using portable instrumentation. One way this may be achieved is to exploit mature semiconductor technologies for the development of biosensor arrays. Thin film transistor technology in particular can play an important role in this rapidly expanding field. TFTs can be applied either as potentiometric sensors for the detection of different biomolecular interactions or as circuit elements for conditioning and read-out of signals of promising label free electrical detection techniques such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Mechanisms of salt frost scaling on portland cement-bound materials: studies and hypothesis (1998)

A hypothesis regarding the mechanism causing salt frost scaling on Portland cement-bound materials is described. It is assumed that deterioration is due to osmotic micro ice body growth, as has been previously proposed for frost deterioration of moisture-isolated specimens of cement-bound materials. In moisture-isolated specimens, this ice body growth stops when the micro structure is drained to a certain extent. In a specimen ex-posed to salt frost attack, however, an outer liquid phase will be present on the specimen surface (as long as temperature is above the eutecticum for the actual de-icer solution). When micro ice bodies just beneath the specimen surface begin to grow, thereby draining the surrounding pore system, the outer liquid is sucked into the pore system, thereby eliminating the drainage required for micro ice body growth to stop. In a zone close to the material surface in which the liquid from outside may be transported to the growing ice bodies at a high enough rate, micro ice bodies will thus be able to grow much more than in a moisture-isolated specimen. The specimen surface will therefore be destroyed. Predictions are made concerning the dependence of scaling and moisture uptake on minimum temperature, cooling rate, presence of de-icing agent and microstructure, and these are compared to results reported in the literature and also to experiments carried out as part of this research. Since these predictions are fulfilled, it seems reasonable that the major mechanism causing salt frost scaling is the one described. Results are reported from a study of chloride ion penetration into hardened Portland cement paste over short periods, 0.5-3 hours. A simple relation, based on the Kozeny-Carman equation, between the transport coefficients and the porosity and specific surface of the material is presented. A study of the differential sorption enthalpy and differential sorption entropy was carried out using a recently developed sorption calorimeter. The results cover the range 0-95% relative humidity at +25°C. Desorption isotherms were determined at 5° and 18°C by drying samples over saturated salt solutions. Freezing calorimetry tests were conducted on the same materials. The results from the room temperature experiments were used to calculate what heat flow rates were to be expected during the melting phase of the freezing calorimetry tests. These calculated heat flow rates are lower than those actually obtained. It is hypothesised that this is due to unintentional carbonation of the samples used for determination of the desorption isotherms and thus the calculated amount of water melting at a certain temperature is too low. The results though indicate that ice formation takes place mainly through successive drying of the micro pores.
Immunomodulatory Effects of <i>Viscum album</i> Extracts on Natural Killer Cells: Review of Clinical Trials (2010)

Although many trials demonstrated a positive effect of Iscador treatment on NK cell function, further dedicated studies with optimized treatment schedules and comparable mistletoe doses are necessary to confirm these results regarding involvement of NK cells on the immunomodulatory functions of Iscador therapy and to investigate the clinical relevance of these findings.
Multilineage Differentiation Potential of Stem Cells Derived from Human Dental Pulp after Cryopreservation (2006)

The current study aimed to prove that human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) isolated from the pulp of third molars can show multilineage differentiation after cryopreservation. First, hDPSC were isolated via enzymatic procedures, and frozen in liquid nitrogen until use. After defrosting, cells were analyzed for proliferative potential and the expression of the stem cell marker STRO-1. Subsequently, cells were cultured in neurogenic, osteogenic/odontogenic, adipogenic, myogenic, and chondrogenic inductive media, and analyzed on basis of morphology, immunohistochemistry, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for specific marker genes. All data were replicated, and the results of the primary cells were compared to similar tests with an additional primary dental pulp stem cell strain, obtained from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Results showed that our cell population could be maintained for at least 25 passages. The existence of stem/ progenitor cells in both cell strains was proven by the STRO-1 staining. Under the influence of the 5 different media, both cell strains were capable to advance into all 5 differentiation pathways. Still differences between both strains were found. In general, our primary culture performed better in myogenic differentiation, while the externally obtained cells were superior in the odontogenic/osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation pathways. In conclusion, the pulp tissue of the third molar may serve as a suitable source of multipotent stem cells for future tissue engineering strategies and cell-based therapies, even after cryopreservation.
Application of Wavelet Packet Transform in Pattern Recognition of Near-IR Data (1996)

The wavelet packet transform is studied as a tool for improving pattern recognition based on near-infrared spectra. Application to the preprocessing of the spectra improves the classification when compared to using either the standard normal variate method or no pretreatment at all. Selecting features from a local discriminant basis instead of from a full decomposition does not improve the results.
HER-2/c-erbB2 is phosphorylated by calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II on a single site in the cytoplasmic tail at threonine-1172. (1996)

Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (Cam kinase II) is known to desensitise epidermal growth factor receptor (HER-1) tyrosine kinase activity by a process involving phosphorylation at serines 1046/47 in the cytoplasmic tail. We have developed an experimental system to investigate phosphorylation of the related HER-2/c-erbB2 proto-oncogene utilising purified Cam kinase II and recombinant glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins. The cDNA for rat Cam kinase II-alpha was transfected into human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 fibroblasts and the expressed protein purified to homogeneity by calmodulin-agarose affinity chromatography. A GST fusion protein comprising residues 1126-1255 of HER-2 was phosphorylated by purified Cam kinase II, in contrast to a GST protein comprising residues 1005-1125. Phosphoamino-acid analysis and site-directed mutagenesis indicated that HER-2 was phosphorylated on a single site at threonine-1172 which resides within a consensus Cam kinase II phosphorylation site (RAKT). HER-2 (threonine-1172-alanine), in the form of a ligand-inducible chimaera HER-1/2, was co-transfected into HEK-293 fibroblasts with a constitutively active form of Cam kinase II, followed by in vivo labelling of these cells with 32 P-orthophosphate. Immunoprecipitation of ligand-activated receptors followed by two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping indicated that threonine-1172 in HER-2 is a newly identified in vivo site which can be hyper-phosphorylated by constitutively active Cam kinase II. In addition, when over-expressed in HEK-293 fibroblasts, HER-1/2 (threonine-1172-alanine) showed a defect in desensitisation and underwent a more sustained EGF-induced receptor autophosphorylation compared to wild-type HER-1/2.
경상남도 위원회의 제도와 운영을 중심으로* An Analysis of the Reforming Plan for Local Government’s Committees (2018)

본 연구는 지방자치시대를 맞아 자치행정의 선진화와 경쟁성 제고를 위한 다양한 방안 중에서 지방자치단체에 설치된 위원회에 주목하고 이의 제도와 운영에 대한 실태를 분석하고 개선방안을 찾고자 하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 선행연구들을 참고하고 차별화 하여 위원회의 제도와 관련하여서는 위원 중 위촉직의 비율, 공직자의 비율, 전문가의 비율, 위원장 선출방법, 위원장의 현재 직분을 분석의 요소로 포함하였다. 한편 위원회 운영과 관련하여서는 위원회의 구성여부, 부서별 분포, 1년간 회의 개최 횟수, 1회 평균 회의시간, 1년 예산(편성기준)을 분석의 요소로 포함하였다. 본 연구는 광역자치 단체인 경상남도의 168개 전체 위원회에 대한 1년간의 활동실적에 대해 행정정보공개를 통해 자료를 확보하고 그 실적을 분석하였다. 분석의 결과 본 연구는 위원회의 제도와 운영의 여러 요소에서 위원회의 활성화를 가로막고 있는 많은 문제점들을 발견하였으며, 이에 대해 개선방안을 제시하였다. 특히 위원회의 제도와 관련하여서는 위원회 설치의 근거, 위원회의 유형, 위원 중 위촉직의 비율과 그 내용, 위원장의 선출방법과 위원장의 현재 직분에 대해 문제점을 중심으로 개선책을 제시하였다. 그리고 위원회의 운영과 관련하여서는 위원회의 구성 여부, 1년간 회의 개최 횟수, 1회 평균 회의 시간, 1년간 예산에 대해 문제점을 발견하고 개선책을 제시하였다.
Multi-layered PZT/polymer composites to increase signal-to-noise ratio and resolution for medical ultrasound transducers. II. Thick film technology (2002)

Increasing transducer bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is fundamental to improving the quality of medical ultrasound images. In previous work, we have proposed the use of multi-layer 1-3 PZT/polymer composites to increase both, but have encountered significant fabrication challenges [19]. These difficulties include making the bond thickness between the layers small relative to the ultrasound wavelength and aligning the posts of the composite to increase coupling coefficient. Thus, we have developed a multi-layer composite hybrid array that will not require post alignment. Starting from a 2-MHz, three-layer PZT-5H, thick film transducer designed for 1.5-D arrays, cuts are made only through the top layer and back-filled with epoxy, forming a composite layer on top of two ceramic layers. Finite element (PZFlex) simulations show that for a 2-MHz phased-array element with a single matching layer, the three-layer hybrid structure increases the pulse echo SNR by 11 dB versus a single layer PZT element and improves -6 dB pulse echo fractional bandwidth by a factor of 1.4. Composite hybrid arrays fabricated in our laboratory showed an improvement in SNR of 6 to 11 dB over a PZT control and an increase in -6 dB bandwidth by a factor of 1.1. Images from a phased-array scanner confirmed these improvements.
Establecimiento temprano de árboles nativos en bosques perturbados de Los Altos de Chiapas, Méjico (2002)

Los patrones de uso del suelo pueden alterar la composicion y estructura de los bosques, y en consecuencia, las condiciones ecologicas para la regeneracion de las especies nativas. En las ultimas decadas en Los Altos de Chiapas, una region densamente poblada por indigenas mayas, la tala selectiva, el pastoreo y la deforestacion para la agricultura trashumante han reducido hasta menos del 25% el area original de bosques diversos de roble, pino-roble y mesofilo de montana. Una consecuencia de esta fragmentacion es la expansion de las poblaciones de especies nativas de Pinus, que por su concentracion de dominancia local pueden crear nuevas condiciones del piso y el suelo forestal, y asi afectar a la regeneracion de las numerosas especies latifoliadas. Mostramos y discutimos la respuesta de la germinacion y supervivencia de seis especies arboreas de bosques maduros sembradas bajo doseles con dominancia variable de pinos. Se evidencia la importancia del aporte de semillas para la recuperacion de estos bosques con especies nativas y se ofrecen elementos que contribuyen a definir un perfil ecologico global de las especies de pinos como invasoras de habitats perturbados.
Hepatitis e Vaccine: Current Status and Future Prospects (2009)

HEV, a positive ssRNA and nonenveloped virus, is endemic in many developing countries and one of the most frequent causes of acute hepatitis after fecal–oral transmission. Pregnant women are at particular risk for a fatal course of disease, including maternal and fetal mortality. Recent reports indicate that HEV genotype 3, possibly related to zoonotic transmission, may cause chronic hepatitis in some immunosuppressed organ transplant patients. Various approaches have been conducted to develop HEV vaccines, but only one candidate, a recombinant HEV (rHEV) vaccine generated from Spodoptera frugiperda-9 cells by baculoviruses expressing the HEV capsid antigen, has reached clinical Phase I and II trials so far. These trials suggest that the rHEV vaccine is safe and can prevent clinically overt acute hepatitis E in high-risk populations. We herein review the different approaches in HEV-vaccine development and critically discuss the current status and future directions of the rHEV vaccine used in clinical trials.
Adhesion-governed buckling of thin-film electronics on soft tissues (2015)

Stretchable/flexible electronics has attracted great interest and attention due to its potentially broad applications in bio-compatible systems. One class of these ultra-thin electronic systems has found promising and important utilities in bio-integrated monitoring and therapeutic devices. These devices can conform to the surfaces of soft bio-tissues such as the epidermis, the epicardium, and the brain to provide portable healthcare functionalities. Upon contractions of the soft tissues, the electronics undergoes compression and buckles into various modes, depending on the stiffness of the tissue and the strength of the interfacial adhesion. These buckling modes result in different kinds of interfacial delamination and shapes of the deformed electronics, which are very important to the proper functioning of the bio-electronic devices. In this paper, detailed buckling mechanics of these thin-film electronics on elastomeric substrates is studied. The analytical results, validated by experiments, provide a very convenient tool for predicting peak strain in the electronics and the intactness of the interface under various conditions.
Reviving the FDA (2010)

Approaching the end of her first year as commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Dr. Margaret Hamburg remarked that, despite past experience with government bureaucracies, she is struck by how hard it is to make her agency act quickly. “You feel it differently at the FDA — how long it takes to move things through the system,” she told an audience at the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in February. “The process of regulation does not allow you to respond in a timely way to emerging science or to other important emerging concerns.” The FDA's principal deputy commissioner, Dr. . . .
Raman spectral studies of ion association and solvation in solutions of LiAsF<sub>6</sub>–acetone (1992)

The structure of the solvated lithium cation in acetone solutions has been investigated using Raman spectroscopy. Two bands at 1220 and 1238 cm–1 have been assigned to two types of asymmetric carbon–carbon stretching vibration of acetone: the former is from the bulk solvent and the latter arises from acetone molecules solvating the lithium cation. Analogous assignments are made in the C—C stretch vibration region for two bands at 788 and 802 cm–1 and in the CO stretch vibration region for bands at 1706 and 1720 cm–1. From the measurement of changes in intensity of the two bands in the C—C stretching region of acetone with increasing salt concentration a solvation number of four for lithium cation in acetone has been inferred. Large changes in the Raman bands at ca.1720 cm–1 suggest that solvation occurs through the carbonyl group. Evidence for contact ion pairing between Li+ and AsF–6 is also presented.
Hybrid conjugate gradient-Occam algorithms for inversion of multifrequency and multitransmitter EM data (2012)

We describe novel hybrid algorithms for inversion of electromagnetic geophysical data, combining the computational and storage efficiency of a conjugate gradient approach with an Occam scheme for regularization and step-length control. The basic algorithm is based on the observation that iterative solution of the symmetric (Gauss-Newton) normal equations with conjugate gradients effectively generates a sequence of sensitivities for different linear combinations of the data, allowing construction of the Jacobian for a projection of the original full data space. The Occam scheme can then be applied to this projected problem, with the tradeoff parameter chosen by assessing fit to the full data set. For EM geophysical problems with multiple transmitters (either multiple frequencies or source geometries) an extension of the basic hybrid algorithm is possible. In this case multiple forward and adjoint solutions (one each for each transmitter) are required for each step in the iterative normal equation solver, and each corresponds to the sensitivity for a separate linear combination of data. From the perspective of the hybrid approach, with conjugate gradients generating an approximation to the full Jacobian, it is advantageous to save all of the component sensitivities, and use these to solve the projected problem in a larger subspace. We illustrate the algorithms on a simple problem, 2-D magnetotelluric inversion, using synthetic data. Both the basic and modified hybrid schemes produce essentially the same result as an Occam inversion based on a full calculation of the Jacobian, and the modified scheme requires significantly fewer steps (relative to the basic hybrid scheme) to converge to an adequate solution to the normal equations. The algorithms are expected to be useful primarily for 3-D inverse problems for which the computational burden is heavily dominated by solution to the forward and adjoint problems.
The Social Program of the General Federation of Women's Clubs: One Index of Fifty Years of Progress (1923)

Journal Article The Social Program of the General Federation of Women's Clubs: One Index of Fifty Years of Progress Get access Lucetta C. Chase Lucetta C. Chase Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Forces, Volume 1, Issue 4, May 1923, Pages 465–469, https://doi.org/10.2307/3004968 Published: 01 May 1923