gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Urban Poverty (1985)

This chapter is a state of the art review of the research and theoretical writing on urban poverty. We reveal that there has been an ebb and flow in the study of urban poverty in America. The social reform movement of early twentieth century, responding to the dislocation that accompanied rapid industrialization, prompted a number of descriptive and muckraking studies of poverty in urban areas. At roughly the same time, sociologists at the University of Chicago conducted a prodigious volume of research on urban life, including a number of ethnographic studies on poverty that were far more analytical and systematic than those of the social reformers. However, by the late 1930s scholarly research on urban poverty was on the wane, only to be revived again in the 1960s following the rediscovery of poverty and the emergence of the Great Society program. We point out that the subject of urban poverty and the structure of the family has drawn considerable attention from researchers since the mid-1960s and has helped to raise the level of national interest in the problems of the inner city and the crystallization of a sizable ghetto underclass. It is emphasized, however, that with the emergence of longitudinal data sets many assumptions about the intergenerational transmission of poverty and persistent poverty in the inner city have been challenged. We furthermore maintain that research on urban poverty and migration has raised questions and generated new insights on the contribution of the urban migrant to the current problems of innercity poverty and social dislocations; and that several recent studies, possibly representing a trend in urban poverty research, have provided significant insights on the relationship between poverty and welfare dependency. However, we point out that since the results of the public policy research are so mixed, it would be risky to draw policy recommendations from them. On the other hand, the most recent studies of the effects of the Reagan budget cuts (the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981) on the working poor are clear and consistent: they reveal the nature of the federal government's dramatic retreat from the Great Society programs of the 1960s.
Program of the 1971 Spring Meeting of the Optical Society of America (1971)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text Robert J. Collier, "Program of the 1971 Spring Meeting of the Optical Society of America," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 61, 648-697 (1971) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Assessment of Tumor Vascularization: Immunohistochemical and Non-Invasive Methods (1999)

Growth of solid tumors beyond a certain mass is dependent on the vascular bed from pre-existing host vasculature. The process of angiogenesis is essential not only for primary tumor growth but also for metastasis. The number of microvessels within the invasive component of a primary tumor reflects the degree of tumor angiogenesis. At present the most widely used method to assess neovascularization is the quantitation of intratumoral microvessel density (IMD) by immunohistochemical methods in which specific markers for endothelial cells are employed. In this paper we analyze the different methods used to assess IMD, as well as their advantages and potential methodological pitfalls. Several studies have shown a close correlation between IMD, tumor growth and the occurrence of metastasis, suggesting that IMD is a prognostic indicator of clinical relevance. Furthermore, preliminary studies suggest that determination of angiogenesis may predict responsiveness to some forms of conventional anticancer therapy. Although the histological microvessel density technique is the current gold standard to characterize tumor angiogenesis, it may not be the ideal tool for clinical purposes because it needs to be performed on biopsy material and does not assess the functional pathways involved in the angiogenic activity of tumors. Non-invasive assessment of tumor vascularity is possible in vivo by means of Doppler sonography, dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET). These methods may be preferable to histological assay because they are non-invasive, survey the entire tumor, reflect both anatomic and physiologic characteristics, and may be useful to monitor the activity of antiangiogenic therapies.
Detection of circulating antigen by McAb-AST for evaluating the efficacy of anti-Leishmania chemotherapy. (1992)

We have adapted the simple and sensitive McAb-antigen spot test (AST) for evaluating the efficacy of anti-Leishmania chemotherapy. Serum samples from 37 kala-azar patients were tested by McAb-AST, and all showed definite positive reactions before treatment. After a course of antimony treatment, 20 turned negative, coupled with the disappearance of clinical symptoms; another 12 cases responded with weak positivity accompanied by an improvement of clinical manifestations; and the remaining 5 antimony-resistant patients showed strong positive reactions, with their conditions gradually worsening. Furthermore, all 6 cases in which the diagnosis was missed by the bone marrow smear method turned McAb-AST negative after chemotherapy. These results suggest that McAb-AST can be used to evaluate the efficacy of chemotherapy as well as to avoid missed diagnosis by the bone marrow smear method.
Synthesis and antifungal activity of novel 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles containing benzimidazole moiety (2012)

Eighteen novel compounds of 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles containing benzimidazole moiety were synthesized from 1H-benzimidazole-2-carbohydrazide, carbon disulfide and alkyl halide or benzyl halide by multi-step reactions. The structures of the target compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H-NMR spectra and elemental analyses. Preliminary antifungal activities against Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were also evaluated by the mycelium growth rate method, and the results indicated that many target compounds possess excellent antifungal activity, even higher than the control fungicide (carbendazim).
A Statistical Approach to Modeling Indian Classical Music Performance (2008)

A raga is a melodic structure with fixed notes and a set of rules characterizing a certain mood endorsed through performance. By a vadi swar is meant that note which plays the most significant role in expressing the raga. A samvadi swar similarly is the second most significant note. However, the determination of their significance has an element of subjectivity and hence we are motivated to find some truths through an objective analysis. The paper proposes a probabilistic method of note detection and demonstrates how the relative frequency (relative number of occurrences of the pitch) of the more important notes stabilize far more quickly than that of others. In addition, a count for distinct transitory and similar looking non-transitory (fundamental) frequency movements (but possibly embedding distinct emotions!) between the notes is also taken depicting the varnalankars or musical ornaments decorating the notes and note sequences as rendered by the artist. They reflect certain structural properties of the ragas. Several case studies are presented.
Vestibular Effects of Electrical Stimulation of the Cochlea: Monitored in the Awake Primate (1979)

The effect of electrical stimulation of the cochlea on vestibular response was monitored in six rhesus monkeys. Eye movements and single-unit activity from the vestibular portion of the eighth nerve, vestibular nuclei, reticular formation, and abducens nucleus were observed while electrical stimulation was delivered through an implanted cochlear prosthesis. In one animal of this series, neural activity from the inferior colliculus and cochlear nuclear complex was also recorded. Electrical stimulation elicited eye-movement responses in only one animal. In the animals from which single-unit activity was recorded, no positive vestibular effects were noted. In one animal of this study, responses were elicited from auditory structures by relatively low intensities of electrical stimulation.
Maintenance strategies for greater availability (1994)

Benchmark studies have confirmed there is a very wide gap in perceived world-class versus actual maintenance performance. To bridge this gap, companies will have to quickly adopt appropriate preventive and predictive maintenance practices and implement total productive maintenance (TPM) and reliability centered maintenance (RCM) practices. In process plants the whole approach to maintenance is slipshod, with a jumble of acronyms like PM/RM/CPM/flexing/multi-skilling, etc., giving a false sense of progress. North American maintenance benchmarks and British maintenance best practice give a very clear picture of current maintenance practices. Both of these studies indicate that breakdown maintenance is the dominant mode of maintenance in the progress industries. There are several key steps to be followed in establishing a strategy for maintenance improvements: (1) Recognize maintenance as an executive function; (2) Establish a solid maintenance performance database; (3) Review the existing plant maintenance practices; (4) Review and understand world-class maintenance practices; and (5) Design a master plan for a world-class system: Define the plant and maintenance resources; Define multi-skilling strategy; Define training and education levels for each job grouping; and Apply, and don't just talk about TPM and RCM.
Neural Network Approach to the Enhancement of EEG Signals in the Presence of EOG Artefacts (2005)

Human electroencephalogram (EEG) contains useful diagnostic information on a variety of neurological disorders. However, like all biomedical signals, EEG is also contaminated with many unwanted signals or artefacts which seriously affects its clinical usefulness. One of the main disturbances is due to the eye movements, which generate an electrical activity called electrooculogram (EOG). In this paper, we propose a Neural Network (NN) approach to the enhancement of EEG signals in the presence of EOG artefacts. We recast the EEG enhancement problem into the optimization framework by developing an appropriate cost function. The cost function is nothing but the energy in the enhanced EEG signal which is obtained through a non-linear prediction formulation, unlike the conventionally used linear prediction formulation. The minimization property of the Hopfield Neural Network is exploited to solve this problem. The optimum non-linear predictor coefficients obtained from this minimization algorithm are used to estimate the EOG artefact which is then subtracted from the corrupted EEG signal, sample by sample, to get the artefact minimized signal. Thus the power and efficacy of the NN approach have been exploited for the purpose of enhancement of EEG signals in the presence of EOG artefacts.
The Present and Future of Audio Description and Subtitling for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing in Spain (2009)

The aim of this article is to describe the state of the art in Spain of the two most popular media accessible modalities: audio description and subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing. The article traces their origin and development up to the present time. It also examines standards and laws and analyses the economic and operative implications of media accessibility, which does not follow traditional economic parameters. The article aims to define the profile of future describers and subtitlers in Spain, who are currently being trained in the field of Audiovisual Translation. It concludes by proposing a wide variety of measures to be taken in order to reach full media accessibility and raise popular awareness of these services which are available now and will be increasingly so in the future with the change from analogous to digital broadcasting.
An Integrated Approach for Managing Read Disturbs in High-Density NAND Flash Memory (2015)

The read-disturb problem is emerging as one of the main reliability issues in high-density NAND flash memory. A read-disturb error, which causes data loss, occurs to a page when a large number of reads are performed to its neighboring pages. In this paper, we propose a novel integrated approach for managing the read-disturb problem. Our approach is based on our key observations from the NAND physics that the read disturbance to neighboring pages is a function of the read voltage and the read time. Since the read disturbance has an exponential dependence on the read voltage, lowering the read voltage can improve the read-disturb resistance of a NAND block. By modifying NAND chips to support multiple read modes with different read voltages, our approach allows a flash translation layer module to exploit the tradeoff between the read disturbance and write speed. Since the read disturbance is also proportional to the read time, our approach exploits the difference in the read time among different NAND pages so that frequently read pages can be less intensively read-disturbed using fast page reads. By intelligently relocating read-intensive data to read-disturb resistant blocks and pages, our approach can reduce a large portion of the time overhead from managing read-disturb errors. We also propose a proactive data migration technique which is effective in reducing large variations in I/O response times of the existing on-demand read reclaim (RR) technique. Our experimental results show that our proposed techniques can reduce the execution time overhead by 73% over the existing read-disturb management technique while reducing I/O response time fluctuations during RR activations.
American Empire and the End of the Nation State. (2003)

Robert MacFarlane, National Security Adviser to President Ronald Reagan, stated at a recent round-table discussion on transatlantic relations at the Library of Congress that he saw a development toward the end of the nation-state. He was struck by the tendency in the European Union, and simultaneously among the member states of the United Nations, of giving up their sovereignty to participate in a broader political organization and a preference for the rule of majority in those institutions. MacFarlane did not see this as a positive development. He does not trust supranational organizations.
Apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells: involvement in resolution of biliary fibrosis and regulation by soluble growth factors (2001)

HSC apoptosis plays a critical role in the spontaneous recovery from biliary fibrosis. Both survival and apoptosis of HSC are regulated by growth factors expressed during fibrotic liver injury.
Selecting arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for field application (2002)

Sustainable land use requires that soil management practices be adopted to conserve and augment soil resources. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important in the soil ecosystem as a key link between plants and soil, mediating many interactions. The effects of mycorrhizas in agriculture, horticulture and land-reclamation are almost exclusively beneficial. There is increasing evidence that AMF can enhance crop productivity in the field, and they are also important in the way crops respond to fertilisation regimes. Direct inoculation of AMF is currently limited to small-scale, high value crops, and there is scarce information on large-scale field inoculations, partially due to the fact that these fungi are obligate symbionts which hinders production of inoculum. This picture is, however, rapidly changing with new approaches and methods to improve both, inoculum production and application. In this chapter we discuss the factors which need to be considered for successful field inoculation with AMF. There are mainly two areas where the introduction of selected fungi could be considered: agriculture-horticulture and land reclamation. Though these represent quite different scenarios, the same key factors need to be evaluated before deciding on the appropriateness of inoculation. These key factors can be classified as parameters associated with soil characteristics and as parameters associated with plant characteristics. A selection process must then be implemented to select the most suitable fungi with respect to the prevailing soil conditions and the vegetation objectives set for each situation.
Contribution à l'étude des Orchidaceae de Madagascar, des Comores et des Mascareignes. XXXV. Description d'un Oeceoclades nouveau de Madagascar, et notes sur trois genres nouveaux pour les Mascareignes (2006)

Oeceoclades callmanderi Bosser, espece nouvelle endemique de Madagascar, est decrite. Elle differe d'O. flavescens Bosser & Morat par ses pseudobulbes allonges, cylindriques et la morphologie de son labelle et d'O. sclerophylla (Rchb.f.) Garay & P.Taylor par ses pseudobulbes unifolies et ses fleurs plus grandes et differentes. Trois genres, Holothrix Lindl., Aerangis Rchb.f. et Gastrodia R.Br., ont ete decouverts a La Reunion. Holothrix est represente par une espece sud-africaine (H. villosa Lindl.), Aerangis par une espece malgache (A. punctata J.Stewart), une clarification nomenclaturale est apportee sur l'identite de ce taxon ainsi que sur Angraecum curnowianum, la plante appartenant a Gastrodia est decrite comme espece nouvelle: G. similis Bosser. Cette espece est proche de G. africana Kraenzl. du Cameroun et de G. abscondita J.J.Sm. et G. verrucosa Blume d'Indonesie, mais en differe par la morphologie du labelle.
Computations of Highly Nonlinear Free_Surface Flows, with Applications to Arbitrary and Complex Hull Forms (2000)

Computations of highly nonlinear free-surface flows, such as around arbitrary and complex hull forms, are performed using a desingularized boundary integral method which had been previously limited to simple, mathematical body geometries. Ubiquitous as wave breaking and spray are in nonlinear ship flows, the development of the method has been accompanied by studies into wave breaking, especially on ways to enable the computations to proceed unhindered by the occurrence of spray and wave breaking. &&A criterion for the likely occurrence of wave breaking is devised as a means for detecting incipient numerical Wave breaking. Once detected, a breaking wave is suppressed though a new technique that simply fairs through the free_surface nodes that are seen as likely to break. The technique is successfully applied to gravity waves in two dimensions. &&The feasibility of the technique in suppressing wave breaking in forward_speed calculations is shown using two-dimensional transom stern flow calculations, and grid convergence is also demonstrated. A stable procedure for effecting cleanly-separating transom stern flow within the inviscid flow model is also devised using these two-dimensional calculations. &&Calculations for practical hull forms are enabled by a body geometry processor for modeling such forms. Results are presented for arbitrary and complex hull forms as typified by the Series 60, CB=0.6 parent hull and two transom-sterned vessels-the DDG5415 naval combatant model and the Dl fast monohull. Specifically, calm water results at representative Froude numbers are presented, grid convergence is shown, and the computed wave profile on the hull, wave field, and wave resistance are shown to agree well with the available experimental data. The calculations also feature the successful suppression of spray and wave breaking in three dimensions.
Semi-and-automatic wheal measurement system for prick test digital imaging and analysis (2016)

In this work we present a semi-automatic and automatic wheal measurement system, designed, developed and characterized to specifically measure geometry of the wheals in a Prick Test clinical exam. Prick Test is the most diffused front-end analysis for rapid and inexpensive diagnosis of allergies. The skin reaction to specific allergens is observed and measured by visual inspection of the treated area (typically the patient forearm). The skin is exposed to different allergens and the corresponding wheals are analyzed in terms of their geometry: mostly diameters and areas. Visual inspection and diagnosis performed by the Medical Doctor is somehow laborious and subject to variability both intra- and inter-operator, since the doctor subjectivity in detecting and measuring the wheals is significant. Registration of the exam result is rarely available in a digital format, for data transmission, retrieval and comparative analyses. Many of the above criticalities of present Prick Test manual practice are addressed and resolved by the proposed digital image-processing method.
Relative frequency stability of stable He-Ne gas laser structures (1971)

Enhanced He-Ne gas laser stability has been achieved by constructing the mirror and gas discharge tube as an integral unit. The primary components are made from Corning ULE and 99JJW ultralow thermal expansion materials; ultrahigh-vacuum-type materials are used throughout. The ambient pressure sensitivity of these 6328-Å laser structures is 2.5 MHz/torr. Preliminary beat frequency measurements between two lasers, under pressure and temperature-controlled conditions, have yielded a beat frequency spectral width of the order of 2 kHz over an interval of 1 s. This result was achieved without the use of any elaborate sound or vibration isolation. Improved isolation reduced the spectral width to 100 Hz for a measurement duration of 0.02 s. The single-structure mirror-discharge tube has provided relative output power stabilities of better than 3 parts in 1000 over a period of 12 h. The frequency-modulation sensitivity is 1.2 kHz/μA of discharge current, from dc to 100 kHz.
Potential causal prophylactic antimalarial agents. Synthesis of quinoxaline, benzimidazole, and alkoxybenzene derivatives containing a novoldiamine moiety (1978)

Abstract Several quinoxaline, benzimidazole, and alkoxybenzene derivatives containing the novoldiamine function, either as a side chain or incorporated as a ring constituent, were synthesized as potential causal prophylactic antimalarial agents. 1‐(5‐Dimethylamino‐2‐pentyl)‐5‐methoxy‐benzimidazole ( 2a ) was shown to have the desired prophylactic activity in the preliminary sporozoitc‐indueed Plasmodium gallinaceum test.
Foundation Mathematics for the Physical Sciences (2011)

This tutorial-style textbook develops the basic mathematical tools needed by first and second year undergraduates to solve problems in the physical sciences. Students gain hands-on experience through hundreds of worked examples, self-test questions and homework problems. Each chapter includes a summary of the main results, definitions and formulae. Over 270 worked examples show how to put the tools into practice. Around 170 self-test questions in the footnotes and 300 end-of-section exercises give students an instant check of their understanding. More than 450 end-of-chapter problems allow students to put what they have just learned into practice. Hints and outline answers to the odd-numbered problems are given at the end of each chapter. Complete solutions to these problems can be found in the accompanying Student Solutions Manual. Fully-worked solutions to all problems, password-protected for instructors, are available at www.cambridge.org/foundation.
Postoperative Adhesion Formation and the Use of Adhesion Preventing Techniques in Cardiac and General Surgery (2000)

The formation of postoperative adhesions is an inevitable sequel to surgical intervention, and, as part of the healing process, they are often beneficial. Nevertheless, the presence of adhesions may impose postoperative and reoperative surgical problems. An overview of some of the attempts to overcome such problems is presented, and the research surrounding them is discussed.