gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Maggots ‘n’ chips: a novel approach to the treatment of diabetic ulcers (2006)

The management of diabetic ulcers presents a particular problem to the healthcare professional as these wounds become easily infected and often show little propensity to heal, leading in many cases to an amputation. The application of sterile maggots in a new presentation called the Biofoam Dressing transformed a longstanding MRSA infected amputation site into a clean granulating wound in one treatment. Further multiple applications of maggots to the newly cleansed wound were associated with the rapid development of granulation tissue and the elimination of the MRSA. Based upon our experience, it is proposed that, in the absence of effective conventional treatments for infected diabetic foot ulcers, the use of this technique should be considered as a first line therapy for all such wounds.
Phenolic resins for solid‐phase peptide synthesis: Copolymerization of styrene and <i>p</i>‐acetoxystyrene (1974)

Abstract Details are given of the synthesis and purification of p ‐acetoxystyrene and its solution and suspension copolymerization with styrene. Reactivity ratios, evaluated by the Tidwell‐Mortimer method, were r 1 ( p ‐acetoxystyrene) = 1.18, and r 2 (styrene) = 0.88 for (bulk) solution copolymerization. Corresponding values of the reactivity ratios for suspension copolymerization were, within experimental error, indistinguishable from unity. Thus the copolymer composition is governed simply by the monomer feed composition. Use of a specially designed reactor vessel permits convenient suspension copolymerization of styrene, p ‐acetoxystyrene, and divinylbenzene to give crosslinked resins having comparatively narrow particle size distributions. Acetoxy groups in the crosslinked resin are cleaved by hydrazine hydrate under very mild conditions to give crosslinked polystyrenes having phenolic groups which, in turn, provide a useful alternative to the more usual chloromethylated polystyrene resins for solid‐phase peptide synthesis.
No evidence that common allelic variation in the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) gene confers susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease (1995)

In order to test the hypothesis that allelic variation within the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) gene influences susceptibility to common forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) we screened the entire coding, promoter and 3' untranslated sequences of the APP gene for DNA variations in 30 unrelated patients and eight controls with probable AD by a combination of RT-PCR PCR and chemical cleavage mismatch analysis. Although we were unable to detect commonly occurring allelic variants, we were able to detect a novel mutation within the APP gene in one individual with late-onset AD. This mutation resulted in the substitution of a tryptophan residue for an arginine residue at codon 328 within exon 7 which encodes the so-called protease inhibitor domain of the 751 residue APP isoform. However, the pathological significance of this mutation is uncertain as neither this, nor any other mutation occurring within exon 7 of the APP gene was found in any of a further 102 AD patients and 86 age-matched controls. In conclusion, it is unlikely that susceptibility to AD results from commonly occurring allelic variants of the APP gene and it is even less probable that mutations within exon 7 of the APP gene are important risk factors for late-onset AD.
Interaction of a conformationally rigid analogue of retinal with bacterio-opsin (1982)

The naphthyl analogue of retinal (2) combines with bacterio-opsin to produce an artificial pigment absorbing at λmax 504 nm; this suggests that in the native pigment all-trans-retinal may be held around the 6,7-bond in a planar ring–chain conformation.
Electrical Stimulation of Guinea Pig Cochlea: Effects on Primary Fibers (1969)

The effects of dc and ac stimulation, introduced in the basal turn across the organ of Corti [re Tasaki and Fernandez, J. Neurophysiol. (1952)] on the discharges of 144 units recorded with pipet electrodes in the modiolus [Tasaki, J. Neurophysiol. (1954)] were measured during systematic variation of electrical and acoustic parameters. Data, recorded on tape, were analyzed by computing latency and interval histograms. Tasaki and Fernandez [ibid.] reported that V/T polarization (scala vestibuli positive re scala tympani) produced an increase of cochlear microphonic and action potential, while T/V showed a decrease. Our results show that the electric current always altered the discharge rate of primary fibers when their best frequency was greater than 3000 Hz, but the direction of the alteration varied between fibers and depended on the parameters of both acoustic and electric inputs. The rate of spontaneous discharges was also modified but the direction of the change in discharge rate was not always the same as the effect on the evoked discharges. [Partially supported by NIH.]
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF ANCIENT GREECE (Book) (2002)

Lens fibrosis is one of the leading causes of cataract in the elderly population. The primary energy substrate of the lens is glucose from the aqueous humor, and the transparency of mature lens epithelial cells (LECs) is dependent on glycolysis for ATP. Therefore, the deconstruction of reprogramming of glycolytic metabolism can contribute to further understanding of LEC epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In the present study, we found a novel pantothenate kinase 4 (PANK4)-related glycolytic mechanism that regulates LEC EMT. The PANK4 level was correlated with aging in cataract patients and mice. Loss of function of PANK4 significantly contributed to alleviating LEC EMT by upregulating pyruvate kinase M2 isozyme (PKM2), which was phosphorylated at Y105, thus switching oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. However, PKM2 regulation did not affect PANK4, demonstrating the downstream role of PKM2. Inhibition of PKM2 in Pank4<sup>-/-</sup> mice caused lens fibrosis, which supports the finding that the PANK4-PKM2 axis is required for LEC EMT. Glycolytic metabolism-governed hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) signaling is involved in PANK4-PKM2-related downstream signaling. However, HIF-1α elevation was independent of PKM2 (S37) but PKM2 (Y105) when PANK4 was deleted, which demonstrated that PKM2 and HIF-1α were not involved in a classic positive feedback loop. Collectively, these results indicate a PANK4-related glycolysis switch that may contribute to HIF-1 stabilization and PKM2 phosphorylation at Y105 and inhibit LEC EMT. The mechanism elucidation in our study may also shed light on fibrosis treatments for other organs.
BUILDING AN ANNOTATED CORPUS AND A LEXICAL DATABASE OF MODERN HEBREW IN XML (2004)

In the present paper detailed schemes are proposed for an annotated corpus and a lexical database of Modern Hebrew. They are meant to be primary linguistic sources for more empirical studies of the grammatical and lexical structure of Modern Hebrew to shed light on aspects and phenomena hitherto unknown. XML (Extensible Markup Language) is chosen as their storage format because of its machine- and humanreadability, crossplatform-compatibility, crosslinguistic-compatibility, self-descriptiveness and capability of nesting structure. The corpus will be annotated in four levels, i.e., syntactically, morphosyntactically, lexically and morphologically. The lexical database will include modules of morphosyntax, inflection, word-formation and syntacticosemantics. The data will be recorded in Unicode, whether in Hebrew characters or in Latin transcription. Although countless numbers of revisions have been made since the idea of building these two sources in XML was first born a few years ago, what is proposed here is essentially by one individual. It might, therefore, need minor (or even major) revisions and/or expansions.
Anatomy of the External Nasal Nerve (2004)

After rhinoplasty, many patients report numbness of the nasal tip. This is primarily because of injury to the external nasal nerve. It is imperative that surgeons performing rhinoplasty be familiar with the anatomy and the common variations of this nerve. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to present an anatomical study of the external nasal nerve. Twenty external nasal nerves were examined by dissecting 10 fresh cadaver noses within 48 hours of death. On dissection, the exit of the nerve between the nasal bone and upper lateral cartilage was identified. The distance from the point of exit to the midline of the nose and the size of the nerve were measured. The course and the running plane of the nerve were investigated. The nerve branchings were also classified into three types: type I, only one nerve without any branch; type II, one nerve proximally and then splitting into two main branches at the intercartilaginous junction; and type III, two main branches from the point of exit. The point of exit of the external nasal nerve from the distal nasal bone was located 6.5 to 8.5 mm (7.3 +/- 0.6 mm) lateral to the nasal midline. The average diameter of the nerve at the point of exit was 0.35 +/- 0.036 mm. Most of the nerves (95 percent) passed through the deep fatty layer directly under the nasal superficial musculoaponeurotic layer, all the way down to the alar cartilages. In terms of the branching type, type I was observed in 10 of 20 nerves (50 percent), type II was observed in six of 20 (30 percent), and type III was seen in four of 20 (20 percent). On the basis of the results of this study, the following precautions are suggested during a rhinoplasty to minimize the chance of injury to this nerve. First, it is best to avoid deep intercartilaginous or intracartilaginous incisions so that the deep fatty layer is not invaded and the dissection is maintained directly on the surface of the cartilage (deep to the nasal superficial musculoaponeurotic layer). Second, dissection at the junction of the nasal bone and upper lateral cartilage area of one side should be limited to within 6.5 mm from the midline. Lastly, when the nasal dorsum is augmented by an onlay graft, implants or grafts less than 13 mm wide at the rhinion level should be used.
Comparison between ruthenium-based and other ohmic contact systems to <i>p</i>-type GaAs (1992)

A conventional furnace annealed Ru/Au ohmic contact system on p-GaAs has been investigated. Electrical and morphological characteristics of this contact system were compared with other systems such as Cr/Au, Ti/Pt, and Mn/Au. The Ru/Au contact system has been shown to have superior surface morphology and a comparable specific contact resistance value, even after annealing at 485 °C. The advantages of utilizing Ru as contact material to GaAs are that it forms high quality, thermally stable Schottky contacts to n-GaAs and thermally stable ohmic contacts with low specific contact resistance to p-GaAs. This dual nature of Ru contacts to GaAs makes them extremely important for future use in devices such as heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) and solid state lasers.
Un livre-mandala aux fondements de la médecine tibétaine (1999)

International audience
Tau and Tauopathies (2007)

Tau protein is a neuronal microtubule-associated protein (MAP), which localizes primarily in the axon. It is one of the major and most widely distributed MAPs in the central nervous system. Its biochemistry and molecular pathology is being increasingly studied. Tau is a key component of neurofbrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Disorders with neuronal, oligodendroglial or astrocytic filamentous tau inclusions are now grouped under the common rubric of tauopathies. The discovery of mutations in the tau gene, located on Chromosome 17 and its relationship to frontotemporal dementia with Parkinsonism (FTDP-17) has enhanced the importance of tau protein in cognitive neurology. Aberrant aggregates of tau have been documented in most of the neurodegenerative diseases with filamentous inclusions. The role of cerebrospinal fluid tau in the diagnosis of dementias is being investigated quite extensively. Recently, it has been shown that Abeta immunotherapy leads to the clearance of early tau pathology. It is becoming clearer that understanding tau better will lead to better understanding of many neurodegenerative diseases that may help develop interventional strategies.
Immune Modulation From Five Major Mushrooms: Application to Integrative Oncology. (2014)

This review discusses the immunological roles of 5 major mushrooms in oncology: Agaricus blazei, Cordyceps sinensis, Grifola frondosa, Ganoderma lucidum, and Trametes versicolor. These mushrooms were selected based on the body of research performed on mushroom immunology in an oncology model. First, this article focuses on how mushrooms modify cytokines within specific cancer models and on how those cytokines affect the disease process. Second, this article examines the direct effect of mushrooms on cancer. Finally, this article presents an analysis of how mushrooms interact with chemotherapeutic agents, including their effects on its efficacy and on the myelosuppression that results from it. For these 5 mushrooms, an abundance of in vitro evidence exists that elucidates the anticancer immunological mechanisms. Preliminary research in humans is also available and is promising for treatment.
The world's most neglected diseases (2002)

Infectious diseases can be considered “neglected” when there is a lack of effective, affordable, or easy to use drug treatments. As most patients with such diseases live in developing countries and are too poor to pay for drugs, the pharmaceutical industry has traditionally ignored these diseases. Over the past decade, however, the public sector, by creating favourable marketing conditions, has persuaded industry to enter into public-private partnerships to tackle neglected diseases such as malaria, HIV, and tuberculosis. Yet some infectious diseases—the world's “most neglected” diseases—are still being ignored not just by the pharmaceutical industry but also by public-private partnerships.

Why have these partnerships ignored the most neglected diseases, such as kala-azar, Chagas' disease, and sleeping sickness? This question was explored at a recent meeting in New York, organised by Medecins sans Frontieres.1 The answer lies in the social contract that exists between the public and private sectors.

The public sector has decided to make it public policy to leave drug development in the hands of the pharmaceutical industry. This industry in turn invests almost exclusively in developing drugs that are likely to be marketable and profitable—drugs for conditions such as pain, cancer, heart disease, and baldness. Public policies, such as tax incentives and …
Bites and mites (2013)

Much progress has been made in terms of development of preventive vaccines and medicines, but there is more work that needs to be done. Efforts still need to continue on raising awareness for prevention of VBD.
Interleukin 1 activates soluble guanylate cyclase in human vascular smooth muscle cells through a novel nitric oxide-independent pathway. (1994)

Recent demonstration of cytokine-inducible production of nitric oxide (NO) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from rat aorta has implicated VSMC-derived NO as a key mediator of hypotension in septic shock. Our studies to determine whether an inducible NO pathway exists in human VSMC have revealed a novel cytokine-inducible, NO-independent pathway of guanylate cyclase activation in VSMC from human saphenous vein (HSVSMC). Interleukin 1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased cGMP at 24 h, whereas IL-2 and IL-6 were ineffective. The effect of IL-1 on cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) was delayed, occurring after 6 h of exposure, and was maximal after 10 h. Methylene blue and LY83583 reversed the IL-1-induced increase in cGMP, suggesting that it was mediated by activation of soluble guanylate cyclase. However, IL-1-induced cGMP in HSVSMC was not inhibited by extracellular hemoglobin. Also, the effect of IL-1 on cGMP was not reversed by nitro- or methyl-substituted L-arginine analogs, aminoguanidine, or diphenyleneiodonium, all of which inhibit IL-1-induced NO synthase in rat aortic VSMC (RAVSMC). IL-1-induced cGMP in HSVSMC was also independent of tetrahydrobiopterin and extracellular L-arginine, as it was not affected by 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxyprytimidine, an inhibitor of tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis, and was similar in L-arginine-free and L-arginine-containing media. Analysis of NO synthase mRNA with the use of polymerase chain reaction indicates that levels of mRNA for inducible NO synthase are several orders of magnitude lower in IL-1-treated human HSVSMC than in IL-1-treated RAVSMC. IL-1-induced cGMP was also NO independent in human umbilical artery VSMC, and NO dependent in rat vena cava VSMC. Together these results indicate that IL-1 activates a novel NO-independent pathway of soluble guanylate cyclase activation in human VSMC.
Relationship between Clinical and Forceplate Measures of Postural Stability (1999)

Although sophisticated forceplate systems are available for postural stability analyses, their use is limited in many sports medicine settings because of budgetary constraints. The purpose of this investigation was to compare a clinical method of evaluating postural stability with a force-platform sway measure. Participants completed a battery of three stance variations (double, single, and tandem) on two different surfaces (firm and foam) while standing on a force platform. This arrangement allowed for simultaneous comparisons between forceplate sway measures and clinical assessments using the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS). Significant correlations were revealed for the single-leg and tandem stances on the firm surface and for double, single, and tandem stances on the foam surface. These results suggest that the BESS is a reliable method of assessing postural stability in the absence of computerized balance systems.
Fractional Factorial Approaches to Emmaqua Experiments (2001)

Sophistication of experimental designs for weathering research continues to evolve. The majority of current weathering experiments utilize simple designs which change few variables at a time. Conducting "Fractional Factorial" experiments before using traditional approaches focuses weathering research on the significant and important variables effecting material performance. This paper presents a methodology for applying "Screening Fractional Factorial" approaches to material performance research. It includes a case study and examples of weathering data.
Fluctuating forces on a rigid circular cylinder in confined flow (1976)

The fluctuating lift and drag acting on a long, rigidly supported circular cylinder placed symmetrically in a narrow rectangular duct were investigated for various blockage percentages over a wide range of Reynolds numbers around the critical value. The data obtained permit a full assessment of the effect of confinement on the mean-drag coefficient, the root-mean-square values of both the drag and the lift fluctuations, the Strouhal number of the dominant vortex shedding, and the Reynolds number marking transition from laminar to turbulent flow separation. Besides experimental information on a subject on which little is known so far, the paper provides a basis for the deduction of better correction procedures concerning the effects of blockage.
The Outdoor Performance of Chromium Plate Direct on Zinc (1981)

SUMMARYA novel process for the direct finishing of zinc diecastings and zinc plated steel is described. The finishing technique is based on the deposition of a coating of microporous chromium from a wholly aqueous, wholly inorganic trivalent chromium plating bath. Bright levelled zinc plate is used as an undercoat and when this is overplated with the new chromium deposit a finish indistinguishable in appearance from the standard BS 1224 finish is obtained. The results of several successful outdoor corrosion testing programmes are reported and a mechanism is proposed for the excellent corrosion resistance of the novel coating system.
Generation of a soluble immune response suppressor factor (IRSF) by unstimulated leukocytes of healthy subjects. (1981)

Supernatants derived from unstimulated cultures of mononuclear leucocytes obtained from healthy subjects contained a factor(s) which consistently suppressed lymphocyte proliferative responses to antigens and mitogens. This factor(s) is produced by a non-adherent cell and was generated in vitro after 4 hr of culture. Cells from almost all healthy subjects produced this substance(s). Cell number and viability were not affected by it. Kinetic studies suggested that interference with antigen presentation was not the mechanism of its action. The release of this immune response suppressor factor(s) (IRSF) was not blocked by indomethacin and its biological activity was unrelated to levels of prostaglandin E2. Experiments with low-specific-activity thymidine showed that suppression was not due to release of unlabelled nucleotide. Preliminary characterization of IRSF revealed that it is heat-stable and partially dialysable through membranes with an exclusion size of 12,000 daltons. IRSF differs from previously reported soluble suppressor substances and may play a role in immunoregulation in health.
A deep study of the protection of Lithium Cobalt Oxide with polymer surface modification at 4.5 V high voltage (2018)

Charging the cells above a conventional voltage of 4.2 V is a promising attempt to increase the energy density of Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO), however, the problem of crystal instability at high voltage that leading deterioration of cycle performance needs to be urgently resolved. In this work, as an effective and easy approach to improve the cycle performance and crystal stability of LCO cycling at 4.5 V high voltage, we demonstrate direct surface modification of a LCO cathode by poly [N,N-bis(2-cryano-ethyl)-acrylamide]. The results of SEM, TEM and XRD all indicate that the crystal structure of polymer coating LCO remains unchanged after cycling at 4.5 V high voltage for 60 times. Furthermore, the XPS study of valence of cobalt on the surface of LCO demonstrates that cobaltic ion of polymer coating LCO can be reduced to cobaltous ion after charging the cell. Thus, the activity of the crystal surface can be weakened, as a result, the stability is improved, leading to the performance improvement.
Development of a Reconfigurable Fixture for the Automated Assembly and Disassembly of High Pressure Rotors for Rolls-Royce Aero Engines (2010)

This paper describes a novel fixturing system for the automated assembly and disassembly of aero engine components. The proposed system has the ability to automatically reconfigure for a number of different parts and allows the precise control and monitoring of its clamping positions and exerted clamping forces. Aspects of the control software of this system, like the graphical user interface (GUI) and the relational data base system containing post-process and configuration data, are described.
Viridiana: ritos y carnalidades (2009)

El presente texto analiza las fuentes de inspiración y la imaginería del film Viridiana (Luis Buñuel, 1961) desde Galdós o Valle-Inclán hasta Saldavor Dalí y Millet.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (−)-Δ<sup>8</sup>-THC and (−)-Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC via Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation and S<sub>N</sub>Ar Cyclization (2013)

The highly efficient asymmetric total syntheses of (-)-Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol ((-)-Δ(8)-THC) (13 steps, 35%) and (-)-Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol ((-)-Δ(9)-THC) (14 steps, 30%) have been developed by using ruthenium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of racemic α-aryl cyclic ketones via dynamic kinetic resolution and intramolecular S(N)Ar cyclization.