gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neural network control for nonlinear systems (2002)

A neural network controller is constructed for robust asymptotic set-point tracking in a class of nonlinear systems. By training the neural networks using the proposed algorithm, the set-point tracking in nonlinear systems and the convergence of the neural networks can be achieved. The convergence of the system is shown to be governed by not only the plant characteristics but also the initial conditions of the plant and controller. Simulation results show that the convergence of the system can be guaranteed by selecting the proper initial conditions of the plant and the neural network controller and the appropriate updating rate of the weights of the networks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
DEVELOPMENT IN GENETIC MOSAICS OF ARISTAPEDIA, A HOMOEOTIC MUTANT OF <i>DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER</i> (1974)

Development of the homoeotic mutation, aristapedia (ss(a)), was investigated by means of genetic mosaics. The wild-type alleles of aristapedia and the bristle markers yellow, singed, and forked were removed from cells at different times in development by X-ray induced somatic crossing-over. The phenotype of the resulting clones was examined in order to ascertain whether it was leg or antenna. The y sn f; ss(a) clones showed a leg phenotype if induced before the mid-third instar, but showed an antennal phenotype if induced after this time. Late non-expression of ss(a) may be due either to an influence of surrounding ss(+) tissues on the small ss(a) clones, or to a persistence of the effect of ss(+) for one or two cell generations after it is removed from a cell line.
Ueber einige neue Oxyazokörper und Triphendioxazinderivate (1897)

friiber von rerschiedenen Seiten vergeblich versucht worden, z.B. in das p-Nitrophenol oder in die p-Oxybenzoesaure den Diazobenzolrest einzufiihren.Ebenso wenig Erfolg hatten
Using Fed Funds Futures to Predict a Federal Reserve Rate Hike (2007)

This paper demonstrates formulas used by market participants to predict the probability of an increase in the Fed Funds rate and suggests how these formulas can be used in the classroom. Utilizing Fed funds futures contracts, instructors can demonstrate how the market anticipates actions by the Federal Open Market Committee and can give assignments to students to have them calculate the probability of a rate change. This activity can enhance students’ understanding of financial markets, interest rates, and futures contracts and supply students with a useful tool to use in the business world.
Comparison of Ahlstrom Grade 226, Munktell TFN, and Whatman 903 Filter Papers for Dried Blood Spot Specimen Collection and Subsequent HIV-1 Load and Drug Resistance Genotyping Analysis (2012)

Dried blood spots (DBS) collected onto filter paper have eased the difficulty of blood collection in resource-limited settings. Currently, Whatman 903 (W-903) filter paper is the only filter paper that has been used for HIV load and HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) testing. We therefore evaluated two additional commercially available filter papers, Ahlstrom grade 226 (A-226) and Munktell TFN (M-TFN), for viral load (VL) testing and HIVDR genotyping using W-903 filter paper as a comparison group. DBS specimens were generated from 344 adult patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Botswana. The VL was measured with NucliSENS EasyQ HIV-1 v2.0, and genotyping was performed for those specimens with a detectable VL (≥ 2.90 log(10) copies/ml) using an in-house method. Bland-Altman analysis revealed a strong concordance in quantitative VL analysis between W-903 and A-226 (bias = -0.034 ± 0.246 log(10) copies/ml [mean difference ± standard deviation]) and W-903 and M-TFN (bias = -0.028 ± 0.186 log(10) copies/ml) filter papers, while qualitative VL analysis for virological failure determination, defined as a VL of ≥ 3.00 log(10) copies/ml, showed low sensitivities for A-266 (71.54%) and M-TFN (65.71%) filter papers compared to W-903 filter paper. DBS collected on M-TFN filter paper had the highest genotyping efficiency (100%) compared to W-903 and A-226 filter papers (91.7%) and appeared more sensitive in detecting major HIVDR mutations. DBS collected on A-226 and M-TFN filter papers performed similarly to DBS collected on W-903 filter paper for quantitative VL analysis and HIVDR detection. Together, the encouraging genotyping results and the variability observed in determining virological failure from this small pilot study warrant further investigation of A-226 and M-TFN filter papers as specimen collection devices for HIVDR monitoring surveys.
The use of a silicone-coated acrylic vaginal stent in McIndoe vaginoplasty and review of the literature concerning silicone-based vaginal stents: a case report (2007)

We think that the incorporation of silicone to a vaginal stent for postoperative wound care improves skin graft take and decreases a possible constriction band formation in neovagina.
Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice (2010)

In this book, the authors describe the fundamental concepts and practical aspects of wireless sensor networks. The book provides a comprehensive view to this rapidly evolving field, including its many novel applications, ranging from protecting civil infrastructure to pervasive health monitoring. Using detailed examples and illustrations, this book provides an inside track on the current state of the technology. The book is divided into three parts. In Part I, several node architectures, applications and operating systems are discussed. In Part II, the basic architectural frameworks, including
A fast image enhancement algorithm based on linear general fuzzy operator (2006)

AIM: To study the image enhancement principle of Pal fuzzy algorithms and to propose a fast fuzzy enhancement algorithm fitting for CT/MR image. METHODS: The region of interest (ROI) was separated from the region of background by a novel linear mapping function and further enhanced by the linear general fuzzy operator. RESULTS: Fifty CT/MR images were implemented in IDL on a PC with Intel Pentium 4 2.4 GHz, 512 M RAM and 128 M RAMDAC, which revealed that it took about 0.8 ms to enhance each image using the algorithm proposed. CONCLUSION: The algorithm presented by this paper reduces the computation load and speeds up the process.
Superhydrophobic Surfaces Engineered Using Diatomaceous Earth (2013)

We present a simple method to prepare superhydrophobic surfaces using siliceous exoskeleton of diatoms, a widespread group of algae. This makes diatomaceous earth an accessible and cheap natural material. A micro/nanoscale hierarchical topography was achieved by coating a glass surface with diatomaceous earth, giving rise to a superhydrophilic surface. Superhydrophobic surfaces were obtained by a further surface chemical modification through fluorosilanization. The wettability of the superhydrophobic surface can be modified by Argon plasma treatment in a controlled way by exposure time variation. The chemical surface modification by fluorosilanization and posterior fluorinated SH surface modification by plasma treatment was analyzed by XPS. Using appropriated hollowed masks only specific areas on the surface were exposed to plasma permitting to pattern hydrophilic features with different geometries on the superhydrophobic surface. We showed that the present strategy can be also applied in other substrates, including thermoplastics, enlarging the potential applicability of the resulting surfaces.
Colloquium: Atomic quantum gases in periodically driven optical lattices (2017)

Dynamics of quantum many-body systems is one of the most complex problems in physics since it involves the time evolution of a large number of particles that interact with each other under the influence of external forces. With ultracold atoms in optical atomic lattices it can be done in a controlled environment by applying a periodic force. This Colloquium covers the experimental and theoretical developments in this exciting field of physics.
Electrically powered orthotic systems. (1969)

Electrically powered orthotic systems have been devised at Rancho Los Amigos to provide quadriplegic and other severely paralyzed patients with mobility and voluntary hand movements. The equipment necessary to fit a totally paralyzed patient for maximum restoration of upper extremity function includes an electric wheelchair, a Rancho electric arm with a flexor hinge hand splint and a Rancho tongue control switch to operate the arm and drive the wheelchair.

Externally powered devices have been made available to 176 patients with two known failures. The equipment has proved reliable and can easily be attached and removed by untrained personnel.

Details as to patient selection and patient fitting are given. A case report is included illustrating the benefits to be derived from the use of the equipment.
PV-Microgrid Operational Cost Minimization by Neural Forecasting and Heuristic Optimization (2008)

Advantages provided by the renewable based distributed generation coupled with federal and state deregulation policies and incentives, are pushing the future energy markets to invest more into renewable systems. Microgrid is a well-known concept for integrating the distributed resources into the current power distribution network. With advanced power electronics and controls, the technology already exists to develop microgrid with renewable energy sources. But, still the biggest concern in the mind of general consumers lies in the form of cost of energy of these renewable systems. Installation of the renewable energy systems requires high initial costs. In addition, the analysis and deployment of renewable energy system is challenging because of large number of design options, uncertainty in future fuel price, intermittent and seasonal nature of renewable power generation. Irrespective of interconnection technology, the optimization of those power electronics based system is extremely important to minimize the operation cost. In this paper, a distributed intelligent energy management system (DIEMS) is implemented to optimize operating costs of a representative photovoltaics (PV) based microgrid. Depending on the fuzzy ARTMAP neural network based forecast of PV generation, an optimization scheme is developed utilizing linear programming along with heuristics. Case studies are done for a household to demonstrate that the proposed DIEMS not only reduces the cost of operation, but also helps to improve overall system operation such as lower maintenance for storage and improved battery life.
How to Reliably Determine the Complex Refractive Index (RI) of Graphene by Using Two Independent Measurement Constraints (2014)

Reliable determination of the complex refractive index (RI) of graphene inherently requires two independent measurement realizations for two independent unknowns of the real (nG) and imaginary (kG) components, i.e., RI = nG + i kG. Thus, any single set of measurement realization provides only one constraint that is insufficient to uniquely determine the complex RI of graphene. Tandem uses of two independent measurement techniques, namely the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) angle detection and the attenuated total reflection (ATR) intensity measurement, allow for the unique determination of the complex RI of CVD-synthesized graphene. The presently measured graphene RI is determined to be 2.65 + 1.27i for the E-field oscillating parallel to graphene at 634 nm wavelength, with variations for different numbers of L (1, 3 and 5) remaining within ±3%. Thus, our demonstration results for the specified wavelength serve as an impetus to suggest the need for two independent measurement techniques in determining both the real and imaginary RI values for graphene. Additional efforts have been made to characterize graphene layers using the density function theory (DFT): this calculation provides RIG = 2.71 + 1.41i.
Characterization of Metal Matrix Composites (1969)

In the production of metal-matrix composites there are numerous variables in materials, processing, and testing that can affect the mechanical properties that are determined. A study was made of a large number of these variables in order to establish the effect of each one on the tensile strength. Results indicate that test specimen preparation and testing technique result in greater variations in strength determined than material or processing variations.
The Biology of the interferon system 1986 : proceedings of the 1986 ISIR-TNO meeting on the interferon system, 7-12 September 1986, Dipoli Congress Center, Espoo, Finland (1987)

Proceedings of the 1986 ISIR-TNO meeting held at the Dipoli Congress Center, Espoo, Finland, September 7-12, 1986
Retrospektive Studie über die Rezidivprophylaxe beim nicht-invasiven Harnblasen-Karzinom (Ta/T1-G0/G1) mit Thiotepa (1982)

Etwa 95% der primären Blasentumoren sind epithelialen Ursprungs, wobei man früher zwischen benignen Fibroepitheliomen und malignen Übergangszell-, Adeno- und undifferenzierten Karzinomen unterschieden hat. Eine häufige Geschwulstform ist der papilläre Tumor mit stark verzweigten Zotten, die abreißen und bluten können. Die Tatsache, daß viele Tumoren vielfach nach transurethraler Entfernung multilokulär rezidivieren und letztlich in ein infiltratives Wachstum übergehen können, führte dazu, daß Papillome mit Vermehrung der Urothelschichten und Epithelatypien bereits als oberflächliche Harnblasenkarzinome aufgefaßt werden.
Bordetella parapertussis invasion of HeLa 229 cells and human respiratory epithelial cells in primary culture (1989)

Bordetella parapertussis, a respiratory tract pathogen commonly regarded as noninvasive, was found to invade HeLa 229 cell monolayers. Following treatment of the monolayers with gentamicin, numbers of viable B. parapertussis recovered were comparable to those of invasive Salmonella and Shigella isolates. Invasion occurs through a cytochalasin-sensitive process which appears to be distinct from receptor-mediated endocytosis. Hyperimmune antisera raised against filaments hemagglutinin, a major adhesion of B. pertussis, did not inhibit invasion by B. parapertussis, suggesting that alternate adhesin(s) are required for invasion. In addition, B. parapertussis was found to invade human respiratory epithelial cells in primary culture, as demonstrated in ultrathin sections viewed by transmission electron microscopy. Although viable intracellular B. parapertussis persist within HeLa cells, they do not multiply there and the monolayers remain intact, suggesting a possible mechanism of carriage for these organisms.
Ultrahigh Resolution Structures of Nitrophorin 4:  Heme Distortion in Ferrous CO and NO Complexes<sup>,</sup> (2005)

Nitrophorin 4 (NP4), a nitric oxide (NO)-transport protein from the blood-sucking insect Rhodnius prolixus, uses a ferric (Fe3+) heme to deliver NO to its victims. NO binding to NP4 induces a large conformational change and complete desolvation of the distal pocket. The heme is markedly nonplanar, displaying a ruffling distortion postulated to contribute to stabilization of the ferric iron. Here, we report the ferrous (Fe2+) complexes of NP4 with NO, CO, and H2O formed after chemical reduction of the protein and the characterization of these complexes by absorption spectroscopy, flash photolysis, and ultrahigh-resolution crystallography (resolutions vary from 0.9 to 1.08 A). The absorption spectra, both in solution and in the crystal, are typical for six-coordinated ferrous complexes. Closure and desolvation of the distal pocket occurs upon binding CO or NO to the iron regardless of the heme oxidation state, confirming that the conformational change is driven by distal ligand polarity. The degree of heme ruffling is coupled to the nature of the ligand and the iron oxidation state in the following order: (Fe3+)-NO > (Fe2+)-NO > (Fe2+)-CO > (Fe3+)-H2O > (Fe2+)-H2O. The ferrous coordination geometry is as expected, except for the proximal histidine bond, which is shorter than typically found in model compounds. These data are consistent with heme ruffling and coordination geometry serving to stabilize the ferric state of the nitrophorins, a requirement for their physiological function. Possible roles for heme distortion and NO bending in heme protein function are discussed.
Platelets, atherosclerosis and the endothelium: new therapeutic targets? (2003)

One of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the developed world is atherosclerosis. Recent research has suggested that the interaction of platelets with the endothelium is important in both the progression of atherosclerosis and the development of the acute complications of the disease. Both of these cells secrete various signalling molecules and express adhesion molecules, which can influence the development of pathological states. Certainly, there may be a vicious cycle in which platelet activation promotes atherosclerosis; a process involving inflammation and the activation of many other cell types (for example, leukocytes and smooth muscle cells), which causes further platelet activation. Therefore, intense effort has been made to develop therapeutic agents that can modulate the function of these cells, with the ultimate aim to retard (or even reverse) the progression of atheroma growth.
Improved Survival of Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) (1995)

Comment: This is an important paper that describes the survival of patients with ARDS in a single hospital over a decade. The authors are right to plead for tighter clinical trials of outcome from ARDS. Sample size and power calculations essential to ARDS clinical trials must be based on recent, hospital-specific fatality rates and should also take account of patient age and clinical cause of ARDS.
Report on Plants (1930)

Journal Article Report on Plants Get access O B Winter O B Winter Referee Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing, Mich Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Volume 13, Issue 2, 15 May 1930, Pages 220–223, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/13.2.220 Published: 24 February 2020
Challenges of CMP technology for 3D memories (2014)

This paper presents an overview of technical trends and challenges of CMP technology for 3D memories. Large-capacity nonvolatile memories have been expanding the market for external storage devices for mobile products, and are utilized in all areas of people's daily lives. Toshiba's memory business has consistently realized innovations in various leading-edge technologies as the inventor of flash memory. Although the challenges over the physical scaling limit will become steep, we are aiming to overcome such issues by making use of our long-accumulated experience and record of innovations [1]. Ultrahigh-density memory technologies to realize a three-dimensional (3D) memory cell array have been attracting considerable interest as a solution to deal with the continuous increase in bit density and reduction of bit cost expected in the future. Applying its proprietary technologies, Toshiba has developed the world's first bit-cost scalable (BiCS) flash memory technology to achieve a 3D memory cell array with an extremely low fabrication cost [2]. A feature of BiCS technology is that a whole stack of electrode plates is punched through and plugged by another material to form a three-dimensional memory cell array as shown in Fig. 1. This fabrication process is expected to achieve a continuous reduction in bit-cost, since the number of processes will not significantly rise against increases in the number of layers for future ultrahigh-density memories [3] [4]. The planarization method by chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) has become the standard technology for semiconductor device manufacturing. Important challenges of the CMP technology for the 3D memory manufacturing are higher planarity and higher productivity. BiCS requires higher planarity of interlayer dielectric film (ILD) in staircase and peripheral region. The maximum step height is much larger than that of 2D flash memory devices due to formation of the stacked films. Therefore, it becomes very difficult to obtain higher planarity. Furthermore, BiCS requires large number of CMP process steps because of formation of plugs and wirings in staircase region compared with 2D flash memory devices. Throughput enhancement of CMP process is necessary for higher productivity. Innovative CMP technologies to realize higher planarity and higher productivity are expected for next generation 3D memory devices.
Immunology: Essential And Fundamental (2005)

Introduction to Immunology Innate Immunity or Non-Adaptive Immunity Introduction The Main Players The Innate Immune Response Complement Introduction The Classical Pathway The Lectin Pathway of Complement Activation The Alternative Pathway of Complement Activation Terminal Pathway Role of Complement in Health and Disease Regulation of the Complement Cascade Complement Receptors Entities of the Adaptive Immune Response: Immunogens Introduction Immunogens and Antigens Types of Antigens Factors Influencing Immunogenicity Entities of the Adaptive Immune Response: Lymphoid System Introduction Primary Lymphoid Organs Secondary Lymphoid Organs The Accessory Cells Molecules of Adaptive Immune Recognition: Antigen Recognition Receptors Introduction BcR TcR Effect of Costimulators on B and T Cell Signal Transduction Pathways Molecules of Immune Recognition: Antigen Presenting Molecules Introduction MHC Class I Molecules MHC Class II Molecules Organisation of MHC Genes Polygenism and Polymorphism in the MHC Molecules CDI The Lymphocytes Introduction The B Lymphocytes The T Lymphocytes Humoral Immunity Introduction Primary Humoral Response Secondary Humoral Response Ig Synthesis Ig Structure Classes of Antibodies Role of Ig in Immunity Ig Receptors Genetic Mechanisms of Immune Diversity Introduction V(D)J Recombination Regulation of V(D)J Recombination Somatic Hypermutation and Class Switch Recombination (CSR) Cell-Mediated Immunity Introduction Mechanisms of Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Immune Tolerance Introduction Central Tolerance Peripheral Tolerance Tolerance Induction Transplantation Immunology Introduction Antigens Involved in Graft Rejection Allorecognition Graft Rejection GVHD Immunosuppressive Therapies Blood Transfusion Autoimmunity Introduction Interplaying Factors Triggering Factors Mechanisms of Damage Diagnosis and Treatment Hypersensitivity Introduction Hypersensitivity type I Hypersensitivity type II Hypersensitivity type III Hypersensitivity type IV Cancer and the Immune System Introduction Effectors of Anti-tumour Immunity Tumour Immune Evasion Treatment AIDS Introduction The Virus HIV and the Immune System Treatment
A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry (1931)

Journal Article A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Get access A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. X. Sulphur and Selenium. By J. W. MELLOR Longmans, Green & Company, New York, 1930. 958 pp. Price $20.00. Journal of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Volume 14, Issue 1, 15 February 1931, Page 118, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/14.1.118 Published: 21 February 2020