gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic studies on the synaptic vesicle glutamate transport system (1991)

The ATP-dependent uptake of glutamate into synaptic vesicles isolated form mammalian brains is well characterized. Glutamate uptake requires an electrochemical proton gradient, is specific for glutamate over other amino acids, and is stimulated by chloride. To determine whether these characteristics are fundamental to the vesicular uptake system, vesicles were isolated from the brain and central nervous ganglia of several vertebrate and invertebrate species, which included goldfish, frogs, turtles, pigeons, rats, Drosophila, and crayfish, and these vesicles were assayed for glutamate uptake activity. ATP-dependent glutamate was found in all of the vertebrate species tested, but was not detected in Drosophila or crayfish vesicles. The nature of the vesicular uptake of glutamate was similar among all the vertebrates: the specificity for glutamate remained high, transport was energized by a vacuolar (V)-type ATPase, 2-4 mM chloride stimulated uptake three- to sixfold, and Km for glutamate was between 0.5 and 2 mM. While these major characteristics of the uptake system remained conserved among the vertebrates tested, minor differences were seen in glutamate specificity, the steady-state level of glutamate obtained in the vesicles, and Vmax of the glutamate uptake systems. These results indicate that the synaptic vesicle glutamate uptake system is present throughout the vertebrate class, and that while minor changes in the transport system have occurred, its major functional characteristics, such as stimulation by chloride and strict substrate specificity, have been conserved for over 350-400 million years.
Application of Cell-phonein Laptop Security (2005)

Authentication is a mechanism help establish proof of identities, the authentication process ensure that who a particular user is. Current PC, laptop user authentication systems are always done once and hold until it explicitly revoked by the user, or asking the user to frequently reestablish his identity which encouraging him to disable authentication. In our model of authentication, a user uses his Bluetooth-enabled mobile phone, which work as an authentication token that provides the authentication for laptop over a short-range wireless link, in the concept of transient authentication. The user authenticate to the mobile phone infrequently. In turn, the mobile phone continuously authenticates to the laptop by means of the short-range, wireless link.
Strong Coupling of Spin Qubits to a Transmission Line Resonator (2012)

We propose a mechanism for coupling spin qubits formed in double quantum dots to a superconducting transmission line resonator. Coupling the resonator to the gate controlling the interdot tunneling creates a spin qubit-resonator interaction with a strength of tens of MHz. This mechanism allows operating the system at a symmetry point where decoherence due to charge noise is minimized. The transmission line can serve as the shuttle, allowing for fast two-qubit operations including the generation of qubit-qubit entanglement and the implementation of a controlled-phase gate.
Establishment of a Temporomandibular Physiological State with Neuromuscular Orthosis Treatment Affects Reduction of TMD Symptoms in 313 Patients (2008)

The objective of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that alteration of the occlusions of patients suffering from temporomandibular disorders (TMD) to one that is neuromuscularly, rather than anatomically based, would result in reduction or resolution of symptoms that characterize the TMD condition. This hypothesis was proven correct in the present study, where 313 patients with TMD symptoms were examined for neuromuscular dysfunction, using several electronic instruments before and after treatment intervention. Such instrumentation enabled electromyographic (EMG) measurement of the activities of the masticatory muscles during rest and in function, tracking and assessment of various movements of the mandible, and listening for noises made by the TMJ during movement of the mandible. Ultra low frequency and low amplitude, transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation (TENS) of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V) was used to relax the masticatory muscles and to facilitate location of a physiological rest position for the mandible. TENS also made it possible to select positions of the mandible that were most relaxed above and anterior to the rest position when the mandible was moved in an arc that began at rest position. Once identified, the neuromuscular occlusal position was recorded in the form of a bite registration, which was subsequently used to fabricate a removable mandibular orthotic appliance that could be worn continuously by the patient. Such a device facilitated retention and stabilization of the mandible in its new-found physiological position, which was confirmed by follow up testing. Three months of full-time appliance usage showed that the new therapeutic positions achieved remained intact and were associated with improved resting and functioning activities of the masticatory muscles. Patients reported overwhelming symptom relief, including reduction of headaches and other pain symptoms. Experts consider relief of symptoms as the gold standard for assessment of effectiveness of TMD treatment. It is evident that this outcome has been achieved in this study and that taking patients from a less to a more physiological state is an effective means for reducing or eliminating TMD symptoms, especially those related to pain, most notably, headaches.
Sensitive biosensor array using surface plasmon resonance on metallic nanoslits (2007)

Chip-based biosensor arrays for label-free and high-throughput detection were fabricated and tested. The sensor array was composed of a 150-nm-thick, 50-nm-gap, and 600-nm-period gold nanoslits. Each array size was 100 mumx100 mum. A transverse-magnetic polarized wave in these metallic nanostructures generated resonant surface plasmons at a wavelength of about 800 nm in a water environment. Using the resonant wavelength shift in the nanoslit array, we achieved detection sensitivity up to 668 nm per refractive index unit, about 1.7 times larger than that reported on an array of nanoholes. An antigen-antibody interaction experiment in an aqueous environment verified the sensitivity in a surface binding event.
Perceptual quality of video with quantization variation: A subjective study and analytical modeling (2012)

This work investigates the impact of temporal variation of quantization stepsize (QS) on perceptual video quality. Among many dimensions of QS variation, as a first step we focus on videos in which two QS's, alternate over fixed intervals. We present subjective test results, and analyze the influence of several factors (including the QS difference, QS ratio, changing intervals, and video content). According the observation and data analysis, we propose analytical models that relate the perceived quality with the two QS's. Such quality assessment and modeling are essential in making video adaptation decisions when delivering video over dynamically changing wireless links.
Cancer diagnostics : current and future trends (2004)

Advances in diagnostic technology during the past several years have significantly enhanced our ability to detect human cancers in the very early stages of tumor formation. In Cancer Diagnostics: Current and Future Trends, high-profile laboratory scientists and basic cancer researchers review those recent and emerging clinical laboratory tests that can help in the early detection, evaluation, and prediction of human tumors, and so permit more informed therapeutic decisions. Emphasizing the importance of molecular and genetic RNA/DNA tests that can detect persons at high risk for specific cancers, the authors explore these novel serological assays, cellular assays useful for anatomic pathology, and molecular and genetic assays. Highlights include a profile of genetic tests for the diagnosis of colon, lung, and pancreatic cancers and a discussion of the molecular microsatellite instability that is observed in many cancers and permits the diagnosis of particular cancers. Informative and state-of-the-art, Cancer Diagnostics: Current and Future Trends thoroughly treats the best current methods for cancer diagnosis and monitoring, and points to a future in which early diagnosis and detection of cancer will become a reality
Insecticidal Sesquiterpene Pyridine Alkaloids from <i>Maytenus </i><i>c</i><i>hiapensis</i> (2003)

The new sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids chiapenines ES-I (1), ES-II (2), ES-III (3), and ES-IV (4), in addition to the known alkaloids wilfordine (5), alatamine (6), wilforidine (7), alatusinine (8), euonine (9), euonymine (10), ebenifoline E-I (11), forrestine (12), mayteine (13), and 4-hydroxy-7-epi-chuchuhuanine E-V (14), were isolated from the leaves of Maytenus chiapensis. Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, including homonuclear and heteronuclear correlation (COSY, ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC) experiments. Wilfordine, alatusinine, and euonine exhibited strong antifeedant activity against Spodoptera littoralis.
Efficient Computation of Group Optimal Sequenced Routes in Road Networks (2015)

The proliferation of location-based social networks allows people to access location-based services as a group. We address Group Optimal Sequenced Route (GOSR) queries that enable a group to plan a trip with a minimum aggregate trip distance. The trip starts from the source locations of the group members, goes via a predefined sequence of different point of interests (POIs) such as a restaurant, shopping center and movie theater, and ends at the destination locations of the group members. The aggregate trip distance can be the total or the maximum trip distance of the group members. We introduce a novel approach to efficiently compute group optimal sequenced routes in road networks. We exploit elliptical properties to refine the POI search space and develop efficient algorithms for GOSR queries. Experiments show that our approach outperforms a naive approach significantly in terms of processing time and I/Os.
Selective and Anisotropic Dry Etching of Ge over Si (2020)

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching of Ge with high selectivity over Si and anisotropic etched profiles using CF4, HBr, SF6, and Cl2 reactive gases has been studied. Because pressure and biased power should be the most important parameters to drive selectivity and etch profile, they were varied from 4 to 50 mTorr and from 0 to 50 W, respectively, so as to investigate their influence on process. Total gas flow (100 sccm) and source power (350 W) were initially held constant. Selectivity greater than 100:1 of Ge over Si was achieved using 100 % Cl2 etch gas at 50 mTorr and zero bias power but the profile of the etched features was isotropic. With the addition of N2 to the feed gas (Cl2) the profile became more anisotropic. A three steps ICP etch process was developed with a final Ge/Si etch selectivity of 5:1 and anisotropic profiles.
Limit of change in unsaturation index of fatty acid composition of phospholipids at adaptation of molluscs to biogenic and abiogenic environmental factors (2011)

Comparative study of fatty acid composition of total phospholipids, as well as of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine from hepatopancreas and leg muscle was carried out on several representatives of gastropod molluscs (Gastropoda) and on the bivalve mussel Mytilus edulus (Bivalvia). The objects of our study were marine littorins Littorina saxsatilis adapted to different temperature conditions of White Sea and Barents Sea, the freshwater lymnaea Lymnaea stagnalis infested by Trematoda, and mussels from the White and Black Seas. It was shown that depending on the existence conditions of the studied tissue or lipid, the maximal changes occurred in the percentage of saturated acids (4–83%); the percentage of unsaturated acids was less expressed (1–14%) and the changes in unsaturation index (UI), on average, did not exceed 20%. It was suggested that the revealed quantitative restriction of the UI change under the action of various external factors is a limit for maintenance of the membrane fluidity necessary for normal cell viability, specifically in the studied ectothermic molluscs.
Zinc–Proline Complex: An Efficient, Reusable Catalyst for Direct Nitroaldol Reaction in Aqueous Media (2007)

Abstract Zinc–proline complex is an effective homogeneous catalyst for the nitroaldol reaction to afford 2‐nitro alcohols in high yields at room temperature in water. The catalyst is reused for several cycles with consistent activity.
Novel benzyl-substituted N-heterocyclic carbene–silver acetate complexes: synthesis, cytotoxicity and antibacterial studies (2010)

From the reaction of 1-methylimidazole (1a), 4,5-dichloro-1H-imidazole (1b(I)) and 1-methylbenzimidazole (1c) with p-cyanobenzyl bromide (2a), non-symmetrically substituted N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) [(3a-c)] precursors, 5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzimidazole (1d) and 4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole (1e) with p-cyanobenzyl bromide (2a) and benzyl bromide (2b), symmetrically substituted N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) [(3d-f)] precursors were synthesised. These NHC-precursors were then reacted with silver(i) acetate to yield the NHC-silver complexes (1-methyl-3-(4-cyanobenzyl)imidazole-2-ylidene)silver(i)acetate (4a), (4,5-dichloro-1-(4-cyanobenzyl)-3-methyl)imidazole-2-ylidene)silver(i)acetate (4b), (1-methyl-3-(4-cyanobenzyl)benzimidazole-2-ylidene)silver(i)acetate (4c), (1,3-bis(4-cyanobenzyl)5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole-2-ylidene) silver(i) acetate (4d), (1,3-dibenzyl-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole-2-ylidene) silver(i) acetate (4e) and (1,3-dibenzyl-4,5-diphenylimidazol-2-ylidene) silver(i) acetate (4f) respectively. Three NHC-precursors 3c-e and four NHC-silver complexes 4b and 4d-f were characterised by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Preliminary in vitro antibacterial activity of the NHC-precursors and NHC-silver complexes was investigated against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli using the qualitative Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion method. NHC-silver complexes have shown very high antibacterial activity compared to the NHC-precursors. All six NHC-silver complexes were tested for their cytotoxicity through MTT based in vitro tests on the human renal-cancer cell line Caki-1 in order to determine their IC₅₀ values. NHC-silver complexes 4a-f were found to have IC₅₀ values of 6.2 (±1.0), 7.7 (±1.6), 1.2 (±0.6), 10.8 (±1.9), 24.2 (±1.8) and 13.6 (±1.0) μM, respectively. These values represent improved cytotoxicity against Caki-1, most notably for 4c, which is a three times more cytotoxic than cisplatin (IC₅₀ value = 3.3 μM) itself.
The Analysis of Proximities: Multidimensional Scaling with an Unknown Distance Function. I. (1962)

A computer program is described that is designed to reconstruct the metric configuration of a set of points in Euclidean space on the basis of essentially nonmetric information about that configuration. A minimum set of Cartesian coordinates for the points is determined when the only available information specifies for each pair of those points—not the distance between them—but some unknown, fixed monotonic function of that distance. The program is proposed as a tool for reductively analyzing several types of psychological data, particularly measures of interstimulus similarity or confusability, by making explicit the multidimensional structure underlying such data.
Model-order reduction of nonlinear models of electromagnetic phased-array hyperthermia (2003)

A method based on the Karhunen-Loéve (KL) transform is proposed for the reduction of large-scale, nonlinear ordinary differential equations such as those arising from the finite difference modeling of biological heat transfer. The method of snapshots is used to expedite computation of the required quantities in the KL procedure. Guidelines are presented and validated for snapshot selection and resultant basis series truncation, emphasizing the special physical features of the electromagnetic phased-array heat transfer physics. Applications to fast temperature prediction are presented.
Use of an Ion Pump as a Leak Detector (1961)

A cold cathode gas discharge ion pump has been used as a leak detector and found to operate satisfactorily. Argon, helium, oxygen, and hydrogen have been used effectively as probe gases with argon usually giving the greatest response. Leaks from 10−3 to 10−8 std cc/sec could be located in a few minutes and leaks as small as 10−10 std cc/sec or 10−7 μliter/sec could be detected.
Study of cleaning standards and practices in food premises in the United Kingdom. (2003)

A study was undertaken to determine the microbiological status of surfaces used in the preparation of ready-to-eat foods, and to assess cleaning standards and practices in food premises in the UK. A total of 6,533 environmental samples were examined from 1,502 catering (such as restaurants, cafés, and sandwich bars) or retail premises (such as butchers, delicatessens, and bakers): 2,033 samples from chopping/cutting boards, 2,009 from worktop surfaces, 1,359 from food containers, and 1,132 from cleaning cloths. Cleaning cloths were more heavily contaminated with bacteria (Aerobic Colony Count (ACC), Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli, and Staph. aureus) compared to surfaces sampled. Campylobacter spp. were detected in two (0.2%) and Salmonella spp. from one (0.1%) of the cleaning cloths. Surfaces that were visually dirty, wet, last cleaned over 24 hours ago, and boards that were scored or damaged were found to have higher levels of bacteria. A hazard analysis system was in place in most (70%) food premises visited, and in 52% it was documented. Most managers (89%) had received some form of food hygiene training. Documented cleaning schedules and cleaning records were only present in approximately half (55% and 44%, respectively) of the premises. Most did not have separate implements for cleaning raw and ready-to-eat food areas (67%), or stored cleaning equipment for high risk (ready-to-eat food) areas away from those used in low risk (raw, non ready-to-eat food) areas (70%). Deficiencies in the correct use of cleaning products, such as the minimum contact time for disinfectants, were identified. Surface samples (chopping/cutting boards, worktops, and food containers) and cleaning cloths with ACC levels in excess of 10(3) cfu/cm2, swab or ml were associated with premises that did not have management food hygiene training, hazard analysis, cleaning schedules or cleaning records in place, and with little or no confidence in the food business management of food hygiene as indicated by Local Authority Inspectors' Confidence in Management scores.
Multi-View Images Rectification based on Common Points Extraction (2011)

The viewers can enjoy three-dimensional experience with the free-view stereoscopic video systems.In addition,they can switch the viewpoints as they like.But the vertical disparity will affect the quality of synthetic stereo images and generate blurring stereoscopic images.The stereoscopic images synthesized with severe vertical disparity can not be accepted by viewers.Therefore, multi-view images rectification is one of the key steps to improve the quality of 3DTV viewing.Most existing rectified technologies are for binocular stereo images and further research is needed in the field of multi-view images.Pre-calibration parameters are required in the rectification based on multi-camera calibration,which is not convenient.In this paper,we propose a rectification method for multi-view images to eliminate the vertical disparity without using calibration parameters.First,SIFT(scale-invariant feature transform) is bring in to extract and match features automatically.Then the algorithm makes use of the relationship between the matched points,selects the unique standard image plane to calculate the rectification transformation matrix of each view images.The proposed method reduces the vertical disparity effectively,limits the rectified error propagation,so that to maintain the quality consistency for the rectified images shown in the experimental results.
A MIMO System with Backward Compatibility for OFDM-Based WLANs (2004)

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been selected as the basis for the new IEEE 802.11a standard for high-speed wireless local area networks (WLANs). We consider doubling the transmission data rate of the IEEE 802.11a system by using two transmit and two receive antennas. We propose a preamble design for this multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system that is backward compatible with its single-input single-output (SISO) counterpart as specified by the IEEE 802.11a standard. Based on this preamble design, we devise a sequential method for the estimation of the carrier frequency offset (CFO), symbol timing, and MIMO channel response. We also provide a simple soft detector based on the unstructured least square approach to obtain the soft information for the Viterbi decoder. This soft detector is very simple since it decouples the multidimensional QAM symbol detection into multiple one-dimensional QAM symbol—and further PAM symbol—detections. Both the sequential parameter estimation method and the soft detector can provide excellent overall system performance and are ideally suited for real-time implementations. The effectiveness of our methods is demonstrated via numerical examples.
[Why are plasmatic apoB lipoproteins atherogenic? The hypothesis of response to retention]. (2001)

The development of atherosclerotic lesions can be described as a tissular response to deposition of apoB-100 containing lipoproteins (LpApoB) in the arterial intima. These particles that circulate in blood are the low-density lipoproteins (LDL), the very low and intermediate density lipoproteins (VLDL and IDL) and the Lp(a). To initiate the tissue response is critic that LpApoB are retained in the subendothelial space. This occurs by the interaction of specific positive segments of the apoB-100 with negative glycosaminoglycan chains of the proteoglycans of the intima extracellular matrix. The inflammatory response involve macrophages and other immuno-competent cells, smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. The direct agents that induce this reaction appear to be products of hydrolytic and oxidative modifications of the phospholipids, triglycerides and sterols of the retained LpApoB. The enzymes that cause these modifications are secreted by arterial cells stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. The sequence of LpApoB retention and modification in the extracellular matrix followed by proliferation and inflammation seems to be a cyclic process that leads to the chronic progress of atherosclerotic lesions. These concepts constitute the base of a new hypothesis to explain atherosclerosis: the "response to retention hypothesis".
Influence of stimulus pulse width on M‐waves, H‐reflexes, and torque during tetanic low‐intensity neuromuscular stimulation (2010)

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been shown to generate contractions that include a central recruitment of motoneurons; however, the effect of pulse width on electromyographic (EMG) and torque responses during NMES are not well documented. Soleus EMG and isometric plantarflexion torque were recorded from 14 subjects with NMES delivered to the tibial nerve using 50, 200, 500, and 1000 μs pulse widths. M-waves were significantly smaller during 20 Hz NMES compared with responses evoked by single pulses of 200, 500, and 1000 μs, but not 50 μs pulse widths. At all pulse widths, stimulation at 20 Hz depressed soleus H-reflexes compared with single pulses. Two seconds of 100 Hz NMES significantly increased H-reflexes and torque during the subsequent 20 Hz NMES with 200, 500, and 1000 μs, but not 50 μs, pulse widths. NMES delivered using wide pulses generated larger contractions with a relatively greater central contribution than narrow pulses. This may help reduce atrophy and produce fatigue-resistant contractions for rehabilitation.