gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Epimerization of 6.alpha.-bromopenicillanic acid and preparation of 6.beta.-bromopenicillanic acid (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEpimerization of 6.alpha.-bromopenicillanic acid and preparation of 6.beta.-bromopenicillanic acidM. J. Loosemore and R. F. PrattCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 18, 3611–3613Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00412a047https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00412a047research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views77Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Ordering in Thermally Oxidized Silicon (2004)

We present new evidence and a model for residual ordering of silicon atoms within the oxide of thermally oxidized silicon wafers. X-ray scattering is used to observe the residual order in thermally grown SiO2 on Si(001), (011), and (111) surfaces with thicknesses of 60 to 1000 A, for both on-axis and miscut surfaces. In every case, the scattering position can be predicted using a model which expands the silicon lattice during oxidation without completely disordering it. The amount of expansion and disorder is dependent on the type of oxidation process employed.
Conformational analysis. XXIX. 2-Substituted and 2,2-disubstituted 1,3-dioxanes. Generalized and reverse anomeric effects (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTConformational analysis. XXIX. 2-Substituted and 2,2-disubstituted 1,3-dioxanes. Generalized and reverse anomeric effectsWilliam F. Bailey and Ernest L. ElielCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 6, 1798–1806Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1974https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00813a025RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views219Altmetric-Citations77LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Foundations in St. Kitts (2005)

Foundations in St. Kitts Get access Shawna Lake Shawna Lake Marketing and Development, Department Ministry of Finance, Rams BuildingLiverpool Row, Basseterre, St. Kitts Tel: +1 869 465 1153 Fax: +1 869 465 1154 E-mail directormd@caribsurf.comwww.skbfinancialservices.com Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Trusts & Trustees, Volume 11, Issue 5, April 2005, Pages 29–31, https://doi.org/10.1093/tandt/11.5.29 Published: 01 April 2005
[Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells derived from patients with myelodysplastic syndrome possess immunosuppressive activity]. (2007)

This study was aimed to evaluate whether mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) obtained from patients with myelodysplastic syndrome possess immunosuppressive effect. MSCs from bone marrow samples of MDS patients were isolated, cultured and expanded. MSCs were morphologically analyzed and their immunophenotype were determined by flow cytometry. Various amounts of MSCs were added into one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction. MSCs from MDS patients were tested for their ability to suppress in vitro proliferation of autologous and allogeneic peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). The results showed that 3 x 10(3 - 1) x 10(5) MSCs from MDS patients could inhibit autologuous PBLs proliferation to (66.9 +/- 20.1)% - (30.2 +/- 5.9)% of maximal response, as well as inhibit allogeneic PBLs proliferation to (56.6 +/- 14.7)% - (20.5% +/- 9.7)% of maximal response, as compared with inhibitory ability of MSCs from healthy donors, there was no significant difference (P>0.05). It is concluded MSCs from patients with myelodysplastic syndrome also possess immunosuppressive activity.
Pure Single-Crystal Rutile Vanadium Dioxide Powders: Synthesis, Mechanism and Phase-Transformation Property (2008)

Pure single-crystal rutile-type VO2 has been synthesized via the hydrothermal reaction of V2O5, oxalic acid, and tungstenic acid at low temperatures. The products have been characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is shown that a part of VO2 powders have a “snowflake” morphology assembled by VO2 rods which have a monoclinic structure with a preferential orientation along 110 direction. The adulterating agent tungstenic acid plays a key role in the synthesis of rutile phase. The DSC results indicated that the metal-semiconductor transition temperature of VO2 powders was reduced to room temperature or below. The reaction details and mechanisms are described and discussed. The substitution of a part of V atoms with larger W atoms induces the distortion of the VO6 octahedra, promoting the transition from VO2 (B) to VO2 (R).
Cellular Distribution of Exogenous Aprotinin in the Rat Kidney (1998)

Aprotinin, an inhibitor of the enzymatic activity of kallikrein in vitro, has been used to study the possible contributions of the kallikrein-kinin systems to physiological and pathological conditions. Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that aprotinin is concentrated in the kidney; however, there is little information with regard to its cellular distribution. The purpose of the present work was to study the cellular distribution of aprotinin, which would be valuable for a better understanding of its intrarenal effects. Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250g, n = 36) received aprotinin (50000 KIU/rat) and were killed at different intervals after its administration. The kidneys were examined histologically and the cellular distribution of aprotinin was studied by immunohistochemistry. Aprotinin was localized at 30 min concentrated within vesicles in the apical border of the proximal tubule cells. Later (2 h) it was observed distributed over the cytoplasm, where it remained for the 24 h studied. Aprotinin was also detected in connecting tubule cells colocalized with kallikrein, and in the basal portion of collecting tubule cells. No evidence of endogenous aprotinin was observed. The binding of aprotinin to the connecting tubule cells and collecting ducts offers a partial explanation of its renal effects.
Evolving Neural Network Architecture and Weights Using An Evolutionary Algorithm (2003)

Artificial neural networks have been applied to a variety of classification and learning tasks. The success of error correction training algorithms such as backpropagation has meant that supervised learning, where the correct outcome is known, has been the most used. In addition, although the structure of an artificial neural network is a significant contributing factor to its performance, the structure is generally heuristically chosen. The use of evolutionary algorithms as search techniques has allowed different properties of artificial neural networks to be evolved. Several successful neural/evolutionary approaches such as the EPNet [35] algorithm are hybrid algorithms combining gradient descent methods such as backpropagation learning for connection weight training with evolutionary structure search. Generally the fitness measure used in these approaches is a mean or sum squared network output error over input training patterns. This type of fitness measure is applicable to supervised learning, but not necessarily to reinforcement learning tasks where the correct output is not generally known. Evolutionary search algorithms allow greater flexibility in the choice of a suitable fitness measure. As a result, neural/evolutionary algorithms that are not reliant on gradient descent techniques and not reliant on the standard fitness measure may have wider applicability outside the supervised learning domain. The goal
The cerebrosides (2003)

This review covers distribution, structural determination, syntheses and biological activities of the cerebrosides reported so far. Those with absolute stereochemistry assigned are marked herein with '*'. The literature from 1969 to mid-2003 is reviewed and 189 references cited.
[Saponins in the fruit pedicels of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen (continue)]. (1992)

Six saponins were isolated from the fruit pedicels of Panax notoginseng. Five of them were identified as gypenoside-XVII, -XV, ginsenoside-Rb1, and notoginsenoside-Fc, -Fa on the basis of chemical methods, spectroscopic analysis and comparison with authentic standards. Quantitative determination of the major saponins in fruit pedicels from the plant was made by thin layer chromatography-densitometry.
Direct Visualization of De novo Lipogenesis in Single Living Cells (2014)

Increased de novo lipogenesis is being increasingly recognized as a hallmark of cancer. Despite recent advances in fluorescence microscopy, autoradiography and mass spectrometry, direct observation of de novo lipogenesis in living systems remains to be challenging. Here, by coupling stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy with isotope labeled glucose, we were able to trace the dynamic metabolism of glucose in single living cells with high spatial-temporal resolution. As the first direct visualization, we observed that glucose was largely utilized for lipid synthesis in pancreatic cancer cells, which occurs at a much lower rate in immortalized normal pancreatic epithelial cells. By inhibition of glycolysis and fatty acid synthase (FAS), the key enzyme for fatty acid synthesis, we confirmed the deuterium labeled lipids in cancer cells were from de novo lipid synthesis. Interestingly, we also found that prostate cancer cells exhibit relatively lower level of de novo lipogenesis, but higher fatty acid uptake compared to pancreatic cancer cells. Together, our results demonstrate a valuable tool to study dynamic lipid metabolism in cancer and other disorders.
Experimental study of enhanced melting process under ultrasonic influence (1991)

The effects of ultrasonic vibrations on the melting process of phase change material (PCM) in a rectangular vessel were experimentally investigated. A constant heat flux from a vertical heating plate was provided to the PCM. Ultrasonic vibrations were applied through a bottom plate of the enclosure. Three different heat fluxes and various ultrasonic frequencies in the range of 15 to 55 KHz were tested. The heat transfer coefficients on the heating plate, the solid-liquid interface shape, and the temperature distributions in the PCM during a complete melting process were measured at various experimental conditions. The results show that the overall melting phenomena was significantly affected by the ultrasonic vibrations and the change in frequency of the ultrasonic waves.
Forefoot Strikers Exhibit Lower Running-Induced Knee Loading than Rearfoot Strikers (2013)

To our knowledge, this is the first study that shows differences in patellofemoral loading and knee frontal plane moment between FFS and RFS. FFS exhibit both lower patellofemoral stress and knee frontal plane moment than RFS, which may reduce the risk of running-related knee injuries. On the other hand, parallel increase in ankle plantarflexor and Achilles tendon loading may increase risk for ankle and foot injuries.
Er/sup 3+/-Yb/sup 3+/ and Er/sup 3+/ doped fiber lasers (1989)

Single-mode fiber lasers operating at approximately 1.57 mu m are described. Output powers of >2 mW are reported for laser diode pumped operation. Direct comparison is made between fiber lasers using sensitized erbium (Er/sup 3+/ and Yb/sup 3+/) and erbium on its own. The performance of Er/sup 3+/-Yb/sup 3+/ fiber lasers is analyzed in more detail as a function of fiber length. Both CW and Q-switched operations are studied and the results obtained demonstrate that practical sources at 1.5 mu m are available from diode pumped Er/sup 3+/-Yb/sup 3+/ systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Fast multiple organ detection and localization in whole-body MR dixon sequences. (2011)

Automatic localization of multiple anatomical structures in medical images provides important semantic information with potential benefits to diverse clinical applications. Aiming at organ-specific attenuation correction in PET/MR imaging, we propose an efficient approach for estimating location and size of multiple anatomical structures in MR scans. Our contribution is three-fold: (1) we apply supervised regression techniques to the problem of anatomy detection and localization in whole-body MR, (2) we adapt random ferns to produce multidimensional regression output and compare them with random regression forests, and (3) introduce the use of 3D LBP descriptors in multi-channel MR Dixon sequences. The localization accuracy achieved with both fern- and forest-based approaches is evaluated by direct comparison with state of the art atlas-based registration, on ground-truth data from 33 patients. Our results demonstrate improved anatomy localization accuracy with higher efficiency and robustness.
The Mammalian Gene Mutation Database (2000)

The Mammalian Gene Mutation Database (MGMD) is a comprehensive collection of published mutation data from the open literature on mammalian cell-based gene model mutation detection systems. The database currently contains approximately 30000 comprehensively described mutant spectra records and it is maintained and up- dated on a daily basis. The major objectives of the MGMD were (i) to provide an Internet-accessible database (http://lisntweb.swan.ac. uk/cmgt/index.htm) for chemically induced and spontaneous mutation types and spectra in selected genes; (ii) to standardize the reporting of mutations within different genes where ambiguity exists in the literature; and (iii) to provide interactive and user-friendly access to the information. A multi-option search facility has been included that allows the user to search the database for parameters such as mutagen, gene or cell type of interest. The structure of the database permits easy retrieval of specific mutation data for further analysis. Thus, the MGMD should become a useful and necessary reference source and provides an analysis tool for genetic toxicologists.
Nonlinear behavior of piezoelectric lead zinc niobate-lead titanate single crystals under AC electric fields (2003)

The nonlinear behavior of the dielectric and piezoelectric resopnse of <001> oriented Pb(Zn<sub>1/3</sub>Nb<sub>2/3</sub>)O<sub>3</sub>-xPbTiO<sub>3</sub> (PZN-PT) single crystals for x=4.5% and x=8% have been investigated as a function of AC electric fields and DC bias field. At relatively low applied fields, the polarization and strain of PZN-PT single crystals poled along the <001> direction show little hysteresis and have a linear dependence on the applied field, which is a consequence of engineered domain stability. Hence, the dielectric and piezoelectric coefficients of the material do not exhibit any field dependence. However, when the applied electric field exceeds a threshold value, the strain and dielectric responses become nonlinear. The dielectric and piezoelectric constants are a function of the applied field, and hysteresis loops are observed. The results suggest that the observed nonlinear behavior in the PZN-PT single crystals is caused by domain motion/switching in response to the large AC fields. Applying a positive DC bias can effectively stabilize the domain configuration in the crystals and enhance linear responses. The threshold field, at the onset of nonlinearity, is found to have a linear relation with DC bias field in the field range investigated.
Connected Generation. Young people and social networks: Outline (2010)

According to boyd and Ellison’s definitive 2007 article, the first online social network service (SNS) emerged in 1997, but it is only in the last five years that social networks have made it from obscurity to become a ubiquitous part of many people’s online, and offline, day to day experience. With 2 billion people predicted to be connected to the Internet by the end of 2010, Facebook now has over 500 million registered users from right across the globe.3 2.1 million new Twitter accounts are registered every week, and regional, local and niche social network services and social media sites are being launched and are growing daily.
Optimal management of digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis (2015)

Raynaud's phenomenon and digital ulcerations are two common clinical features seen in patients with systemic sclerosis. They are painful and lead to significant morbidity and altered hand function within this patient population. While currently there are no US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications for the treatment of digital ulcerations in the United States, clinical trials have supported the use of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic modalities in facilitating healing of existing digital ulcers and preventing formation of new ulcers. This article reviews the published data on these therapeutic options.
Effects of N-Acetylcysteine on Auditory Brainstem Response Threshold Shift in Rabbits Exposed to Noise and Carbon Monoxide (2010)

Problem statement: Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) is one of the most important occupational disease in worldwide. NIHL has been found to be potentiated by simultaneous Carbon monoxide (CO) exposure. Exposure to noise plus CO is common in occupational and environmental settings. Free radicals have been implicated in cochlear damage resulting from exposure to noise and due to CO hypoxia This study examined whether N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) administration cause attenuation of Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) threshold shifts resulting from noise exposure and noise plus CO exposure. Approach: Forty-two rabbits were divided into seven groups including control, noise+ saline, noise+ CO +saline, noise+ NAC, noise+ CO+ NAC, CO+ NAC and NAC alone. ABR was assessed before exposure, 1 hour and 14 days post exposure. Results: The administration of 325 mg kg -1 of NAC prior, following and post exposure to noise or noise plus CO recovered permanent ABR threshold shift at 1 and 2 kHz almost to the baseline and provided significant attenuation in permanent ABR threshold shift at 4 and 8 kHz in subjects which were exposed to noise but it did not block the potentiating of threshold elevation by CO exposure (extra threshold loss by combined exposure) at 4 and 8 kHz. Conclusion: NAC provides protective effect against hearing loss resulting from noise exposure and simultaneous exposure to noise plus CO.
Questioning Our Classical Understanding of Accommodation and Presbyopia (1986)

The development of precise instrumentation, electron microscopy, and enhanced analytical capabilities have renewed interest in understanding the mechanisms of accommodation and presbyopia. The properties of the ciliary muscle, the zonule, the lens capsule, and the crystalline lens are being reevaluated, suggesting, for example, that these components' elasticities change significantly with age and that the biochemical properties of the crystalline lens may be altered as the lens ages. The recent findings, mainly during the past decade, are contrasted with or incorporated into our classical understanding of the accommodative mechanism and presbyopia as stated originally by Helmholtz and Fincham.
History of Oil Well Drilling (1971)

Review of Drilling Methods Prehistoric to 1806 Ruffner 1806 to 1858 Drake Well 1859 to l900 Lucas Well 1900 to Mid 1920's Mid 1920's to Mid 1940's Mid 1940's to 1965 Derricks Power Plants Cable Tool Rigs Cable Tool Rig Parts Downhole Cable Tools Portable Cable Tool Rigs Power Transmissions Mud Circulating System Rotary Hoists Rotary Machines Drilling Feed Controls Derrick Hanging Tools Rotary Drilling Shaft Rotary Bits Rotary Drilling Fluid Well Instruments Rotary Fishing Formation Testing Casing and Tubing Heads Blowout Preventers Cementing Portable Rotary Machines Marine Drilling Pressure and Pneumatic Statistics Index.
Effect of Lactose and Protein on the Microstructure of Dried Milk (1992)

Skim milk of approximately 3% total protein was ultrafiltered to 16.2% protein and 4.1 % lactose, and then diafiltered to reduce lactose to 2.1% and 0.9%. Total protein con ten t was maintained at approximately 17%. A ponion of the skim milk was condensed in a rising film evaporator to 14.7% protein and 15.7% lactose . All concentrates were spray dried at 120 to 125 °C inlet air temperature and 75 to 80 C outlet temperature using a rotary atomizer in a pilot plant spray dryer . Moisture content of the powders were 4.7 to 6.3% and lactose content ranged from 3.1% in diafilte red m i I k powder to 51 . 4% in the condensed mi I k powder. Scanning electron microscopy showed that powder partic les with the highest lactose content had a wrinkled surface and dents. Powder particles with lower lactose, including ultrafiltered and diafiltered milk powders, possessed dents but had no wrinkles and were smooth. When the lactose content of the diafiltered skim milk containing 0.9% lactose was raised to 15.6% by addition of lactose powder and then the product was spray dried, the powder particles showed a wrinkled surface. Intermediate lactose products, such as whey protein concentrate (37.1% lactose) possessed particles with a wrinkly surface as well. The wrinkles were not as pronounced as in powders with high lactose. Permeate powder containing 82.8% lactose had smooth particles with some wrinkles. Results suggest that lactose and protein influence the surface structure of milk powder particles.