gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatic synthesis of optimal invariant assertions (1977)

The problem of discovering invariant assertions of programs is explored in light of the fixpoint approach in the static analysis of programs, Cousot [1977a], Cousot[1977b]. In section 2 we establish the lattice theoric foundations upon which the synthesis of invariant assertions is based. We study the resolution of a fixpoint system of equations by Jacobi's successive approximations method. Under continuity hypothesis we show that any chaotic iterative method converges to the optimal solution. In section 3 we study the deductive semantics of programs. We show that a system of logical forward equations can be associated with a program using the predicate transformer rules which define the semantics of elementary instructions. The resolution of this system of semantic equations by chaotic iterations leads to the optimal invariants which exactly define the semantics of this program. Therefore these optimal invariants can be used for total correctness proofs (section 4). Next we show that usually a system of inequations is used as a substitute for the system of equations. Hence the solutions to this system of inequations are approximate invariants which can only be used for proofs of partial correctness (section 5). In section 6 we show that symbolic execution of programs consists in fact in solving the semantic equations associated with this program. The construction of the symbolic execution tree corresponds to the chaotic successive approximations method. Therefore symbolic execution permits optimal invariant assertions to be discovered provided that one can pass to the limit, that is consider infinite paths in the symbolic execution tree. Induction nrinciDles can be used for that purpose. In section 7 we show how difference equations can be utilized to discover the general term of the sequence of successive approximations so that optimal invariants are obtained by a mere passage to the limit. In section 8 we show that an approximation of the optimal solution to a fixpoint system of equations can be obtained by strengthening the term of a chaotic iteration sequence. This formalizes the synthesis of approximate invariants by heuristic methods. Various examples provide a helpful intuitive support to the technical sections.
Consumer acceptance of RFID-enabled services in validating Halal status (2009)

As Halal is the greatest concert to all Muslims, several measures have been taken by the authorities to educate Muslims about Halal status on food products. Introducing Halal logo is one of the significant approaches. Challenges faced by manufacturers in promoting their products to Muslims consumers made process of securing Halal logo harder. Fake Halal logos are produced massively which then leads to confusion to the consumers. This study is focused on validating Halal status for food products by using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology to enhance existing methods in Malaysia. A preliminary survey was performed to valuate the industry's readiness ti implement RFID technology in Malaysia. A process model and prototype were developed to enhance existing systems. With this method, the authentic Halal logo that is issued by JAKIM can easily be validated, because every stamp that will be embedded into food packages is identified with its own unique identification number. An RFID reader will be placed at retail stores for consumers to validate product's status. User evaluation has been conducted to measure satisfaction in term of usability, efficiency, security, affordability and profitability. Based on the evaluation, all respondents are satisfied with the performance of this new technology and fully support implementing this system globally, as the Malaysian government is now moving towards becoming the world's Halal hub.
Volatile Rust Inhibitors (1954)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTVolatile Rust InhibitorsHayward R. BakerCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1954, 46, 12, 2592–2598Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1954https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50540a052https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50540a052research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views177Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
A monolithic 2.3 Gb/s 100 mW clock and data recovery circuit (1993)

A PLL (phase-locked-loop)-based clock and data recovery chip intended for several data-link applications above 2 Gb/s is described. The single-chip clock and data recovery PLL is implemented in a standard digital silicon bipolar technology without modification. The only external component is the loop filter capacitor. At 2.3 Gb/s, the chip consumes 100 mW from a -3.6-V supply, excluding the input and output buffers. This enables integration of these functions into a larger receiver subsystem while still keeping the power dissipation low. The ground rules used in this work result in an n-p-n device with 0.7 mu m effective emitter width and peak f/sub T/ of about 30 GHz.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Dynamic Simulation of the Europa and Mars Expansion Projects: A New Approach to Coupled Subsea and Topsides Modeling (1999)

Abstract Accurate computational modeling of time-dependent flow in petroleum production systems - Dynamic Simulation - remains a crucial ongoing effort within Shell to identify and implement significant improvements in facility design and operation, particularly for Deepwater applications. To date, dynamic simulations of topsides processing facilities have been decoupled from flow transients in wellbores and subsea flowlines. An innovative approach to full-system dynamic modeling has been developed for the Mars Tension Leg Platform to accommodate production from the Europa Subsea Project that will utilize an existing topsides model and interface to an expanded topsides facility and subsea system flow model. The resulting simulation is unprecedented in scope and size, providing full thermal-hydraulic data from the sand face to the export pipelines. Despite the impressive scope of the model, its cost is reasonably low in relation to the total engineering effort. The dynamic interface consists of (i) OLGA simulation of transient multiphase flow in four subsea wells (with individual reservoir characteristics) and dual pipe- in-pipe insulated flowlines (20 mile offset), coupled to (ii) OTISS simulation of Mars topsides production equipment, including parallel compressor trains, multi-stage separators, oil export pumps, and numerous control valves, in addition to chemical injection umbilicals and well annulus vent facilities. The principal goals of this integrated modeling approach were to identify, understand, and control unique transient operating conditions, including implications of varying field characteristics. Hence, this dynamic model is a powerful tool for (i) validating facility design, (ii) training of operations personnel (including elimination of surface/sub-surface communication barriers), and (iii) for optimization in surveillance planning. In fact, preliminary model results have revealed the necessity for some important modifications of facilities and operating procedures. Using the model in this fashion allows the engineer to reduce uncertainty factors in the design, which then lead to lower capital costs and/or operating expenses. A survey of the model's functionality is presented and discussed, including, but not limited to, well start-up and flowline blowdown.
Reproductive Structure and Organogenesis in a Cottonwood, Populus deltoides (Salicaceae) (1995)

The organogenesis of inflorescences, flowers, and fruits was followed for 2 yr in a male and a female tree of eastern cottonwood, Populus deltoides. Soon after anthesis, an inflorescence for the next year is initiated as a continuation of the apical meristem in most axillary buds of the extension shoot of the current year. Bract and then floral primordia arise helically, and by the end of summer all floral appendages are evident. Individual perianth parts are evident early in ontogeny but not at anthesis; they are vascularized independently by distal traces of discrete vascular strands that also serve the androecium or gynoecium. The stamens arise and are vascularized in centrifugal order, the first- and last-formed stamens receiving their traces from the proximal and subdistal divisions, respectively, of the discrete vascular strands serving groups of stamens. There is no external evidence of stamen fascicles. Centrifugal polyandry is interpreted as a derived state in Populus. The usual number of carpels in P. deltoides is three, but two and four are not rare, and two is probably the plesiomorphic state for the genus.
Augmented arterial pressure responses to cyclosporine in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Role of cytochrome P-450 3A. (1994)

Evidence to support a hypertensinogenic role of family 3A cytochrome P-450 (CYP3A) activity is that troleandomycin, a selective inhibitor of CYP3A, decreases both blood pressure and in vivo corticosterone 6 beta-hydroxylation in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Renal CYP3A activity is markedly increased in SHR compared with Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Cyclosporine acutely increases both systolic blood pressure and renal total cytochrome P-450 in SHR. We tested the hypothesis that the augmentation of blood pressure by cyclosporine is mediated by a further increase in renal CYP3A activity. Accordingly, we assessed the effect of troleandomycin administration on cyclosporine-induced systolic blood pressure increase and renal and hepatic microsomal CYP3A activity in SHR. Cyclosporine (5 mg/kg SC) given daily in 11-week-old SHR resulted in substantial augmentation of blood pressure after 6 days. This blood pressure increase was attenuated by troleandomycin (40 mg/kg) given either during or after development of hypertension. Cyclosporine increased renal (60%) but decreased hepatic (25%) microsomal CYP3A activity in SHR. In contrast, cyclosporine failed to produce any detectable increase in either blood pressure or renal CYP3A activity in WKY rats. Troleandomycin completely inhibited renal CYP3A activity measured after cyclosporine treatment of SHR, which correlated with its attenuation of the cyclosporine-induced blood pressure increase. These findings suggest that renal CYP3A could play an important role in acute cyclosporine-induced hypertension.
THERMOGRAPHY AND BREAST CANCER. AN ANALYSIS OF A BLIND READING (1980)

Peer Reviewed
Overview of the design of the ITER heating neutral beam injectors (2017)

The heating neutral beam injectors (HNBs) of ITER are designed to deliver 16.7MWof 1 MeVD0 or 0.87 MeVH0 to the ITER plasma for up to 3600 s. They will be the most powerful neutral beam(NB) injectors ever, delivering higher energy NBs to the plasma in a tokamak for longer than any previous systems have done. The design of the HNBs is based on the acceleration and neutralisation of negative ions as the efficiency of conversion of accelerated positive ions is so low at the required energy that a realistic design is not possible, whereas the neutralisation ofH− andD− remains acceptable (≈56%). The design of a long pulse negative ion based injector is inherently more complicated than that of short pulse positive ion based injectors because: • negative ions are harder to create so that they can be extracted and accelerated from the ion source; • electrons can be co-extracted from the ion source along with the negative ions, and their acceleration must be minimised to maintain an acceptable overall accelerator efficiency; • negative ions are easily lost by collisions with the background gas in the accelerator; • electrons created in the extractor and accelerator can impinge on the extraction and acceleration grids, leading to high power loads on the grids; • positive ions are created in the accelerator by ionisation of the background gas by the accelerated negative ions and the positive ions are back-accelerated into the ion source creating a massive power load to the ion source; • electrons that are co-accelerated with the negative ions can exit the accelerator and deposit power on various downstream beamline components. The design of the ITER HNBs is further complicated because ITER is a nuclear installation which will generate very large fluxes of neutrons and gamma rays. Consequently all the injector components have to survive in that harsh environment. Additionally the beamline components and theNBcell, where the beams are housed, will be activated and all maintenance will have to be performed remotely. This paper describes the design of theHNBinjectors, but not the associated power supplies, cooling system, cryogenic system etc, or the high voltage bushingwhich separates the vacuum of the beamline fromthehighpressureSF6 of the high voltage (1MV) transmission line, through which the power, gas and coolingwater are supplied to the beam source. Also themagnetic field reduction system is not described.
On the effects of loose causal consistency in mobile multiplayer games (2005)

It is well understood that distributed multiplayer games, as soft real-time systems, require a degree of support from the underlying network in order to function correctly, in terms of predictable end to end bandwidth, latency and jitter. In a mobile environment, such applications face even greater challenges, as the latency of wireless networks is much higher than their wireline counterparts, jitter is often much higher due to network handoff and bandwidth is at a premium. In fact, the latency of many wide area wireless networks is beyond the tolerance of most multiplayer games, rendering such applications unusable.This paper presents the design and experimental evaluation of Rendezvous, a novel decentralized consistency management mechanism that enables the collaboration of multiple players in mobile real-time games, even in a high latency environment. The operation of the mechanism is validated through the analysis of a real world example - a distributed mobile multiplayer soccer game called Knockabout, which is designed to operate on the Smartphone platform. Experimental results are included not only comparing Rendezvous to an existing consistency mechanism, but also measuring the length of network delay tolerated by the platform and its effect on the players.
Fatigue Increases the Risk of Injury From Sharp Devices in Medical Trainees Results From a Case-Crossover Study (2007)

Of 350 interviewed subjects, 109 (31%) were medical trainees. Trainees worked more hours per week (P<.001) and slept less the night before an injury (P<.001) than did other healthcare workers. Fatigue increased injury risk in the study population as a whole (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.40 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.03-1.90]), but this effect was limited to medical trainees (IRR, 2.94 [95% CI, 1.71-5.07]) and was absent for other healthcare workers (IRR, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.66-1.42]) (P=.001).Conclusions. Long work hours and sleep deprivation among medical trainees result in fatigue, which is associated with a 3-fold increase in the risk of sharps injury. Efforts to reduce trainee work hours may result in reduced risk of sharps-related injuries among this group.
Transdermal optical imaging revealed different spatiotemporal patterns of facial cardiovascular activities (2018)

Human cardiovascular activities are important indicators of a variety of physiological and psychological activities in human neuroscience research. The present proof-of-concept study aimed to reveal the spatiotemporal patterns of cardiovascular activities from the dynamic changes in hemoglobin concentrations in the face. We first recorded the dynamics of facial transdermal blood flow using a digital video camera and the Electrocardiography (ECG) signals using an ECG system simultaneously. Then we decomposed the video imaging data extracted from different sub-regions of a face into independent components using group independent component analysis (group ICA). Finally, the ICA components that included cardiovascular activities were identified by correlating their magnitude spectrum to those obtained from the ECG. We found that cardiovascular activities were associated with five independent components reflecting different spatiotemporal dynamics of facial blood flow changes. The strongest strengths of these ICA components were observed in the bilateral forehead, the left chin, and the left cheek, respectively. Our findings suggest that the cardiovascular activities presented different dynamic properties within different facial sub-regions, respectively. More broadly, the present findings point to the potential of the transdermal optical imaging technology as a new neuroscience methodology to study human physiology and psychology, noninvasively and remotely in a contactless manner.
Study on Biocompatibility of Complexes of Collagen–Chitosan–Sodium Hyaluronate and Cornea (2005)

In this study we investigated the biocompatibility of collagen-chitosan-sodium hyaluronate (Col-Chi-NaHA) complexes and cornea tissue, and the feasibility of Col-Chi-NaHA complexes as substrates for cultivating rabbit corneal cells. Different components of Col-Chi-NaHA complexes were prepared and tested. A circular complex film with a diameter of 6 mm was inserted into rabbit stomal pocket and traced for a period of 5 months. Clinical examination was made. Rabbit limbal corneal epithelial cells, corneal endothelial cells, and keratocytes were cultured primarily on complexes. Phase contrast microscope examination was made daily. Histological, immunohistochemical, and scanning electron microscopic examinations were carried out. The complexes of 20% collagen, 10% chitosan, and 0.5% sodium hyaluronate showed rather weak corneal edema and other responses. The degradation of materials was obvious after 5 months. Corneas were transparent and translucent. Cells seeded on Col-Chi-NaHA were allowed to proliferate and partly form confluent monolayer after 9 days in culture. Cultured cells were well attached to the complexes of 20% collagen, 10% chitosan, and 0.5% sodium hyaluronate, or 10% chitosan and 0.5% sodium hyaluronate. The results showed that Col-Chi-NaHA complexes had good biocompatibility with cornea. The complexes can degrade and be absorbed in cornea. Col-Chi-NaHA complex may be a suitable substrate for cultivating corneal cells and a feasible material as a scaffold of tissue-engineered cornea.
Near millimeter wave bandpass filters (1981)

The properties of bandpass filters for broadband photometry are reported in the 3-12-cm(-1) frequency range. The filters are based on a combination of capacitive grids deposited on thick Mylar substrates and are designed to have very high out-of-band rejection. Low frequencies are blocked by a thick grill that consists of a hexagonal grid of circular holes in a thick metal plate.
Molecular mechanisms underlying nutrient-stimulated incretin secretion (2010)

The incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are released from enteroendocrine cells in the intestinal epithelium in response to nutrient ingestion. The actions of GLP-1 and GIP - not only on local gut physiology but also on glucose homeostasis, appetite control and fat metabolism - have made these hormones an attractive area for drug discovery programmes. The potential range of strategies to target the secretion of these hormones therapeutically has been limited by an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms underlying their release. The use of organ and whole-animal perfusion techniques, cell line models and primary L- and K-cells has led to the identification of a variety of pathways involved in the sensing of carbohydrate, fat and protein in the gut lumen. This review focuses on our current understanding of these signalling mechanisms that might underlie nutrient responsiveness of L- and K-cells.
Phosphate-Mediated Arginine Insertion into Lipid Membranes and Pore Formation by a Cationic Membrane Peptide from Solid-State NMR (2007)

The insertion of charged amino acid residues into the hydrophobic part of lipid bilayers is energetically unfavorable yet found in many cationic membrane peptides and protein domains. To understand the mechanism of this translocation, we measured the (13)C-(31)P distances for an Arg-rich beta-hairpin antimicrobial peptide, PG-1, in the lipid membrane using solid-state NMR. Four residues, including two Arg's, scattered through the peptide were chosen for the distance measurements. Surprisingly, all residues show short distances to the lipid (31)P: 4.0-6.5 A in anionic POPE/POPG membranes and 6.5-8.0 A in zwitterionic POPC membranes. The shortest distance of 4.0 A, found for a guanidinium Czeta at the beta-turn, suggests N-H...O-P hydrogen bond formation. Torsion angle measurements of the two Arg's quantitatively confirm that the peptide adopts a beta-hairpin conformation in the lipid bilayer, and gel-phase 1H spin diffusion from water to the peptide indicates that PG-1 remains transmembrane in the gel phase of the membrane. For this transmembrane beta-hairpin peptide to have short (13)C-(31)P distances for multiple residues in the molecule, some phosphate groups must be embedded in the hydrophobic part of the membrane, with the local (31)P plane parallel to the beta-strand. This provides direct evidence for toroidal pores, where some lipid molecules change their orientation to merge the two monolayers. We propose that the driving force for this toroidal pore formation is guanidinium-phosphate complexation, where the cationic Arg residues drag the anionic phosphate groups along as they insert into the hydrophobic part of the membrane. This phosphate-mediated translocation of guanidinium ions may underlie the activity of other Arg-rich antimocrobial peptides and may be common among cationic membrane proteins.