gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Targeting of transforming growth factor-alpha expression to pituitary lactotrophs in transgenic mice results in selective lactotroph proliferation and adenomas. (1995)

The PRL-secreting cells of the pituitary gland normally express transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF alpha). To determine the effect of increasing TGF alpha expression in the pituitary, a transgenic mouse model was created in which overexpression of human TGF alpha was directed to the pituitary lactotrophs using the rat PRL promoter. Of the four gene-positive mouse lines, two expressed the messenger RNA corresponding to the transgenic in the pituitary glands. However, in both these lines, expression could only be detected in the female animals. Expression of the transgenic could be detected as early as 1 month of age, but no pathology or developmental abnormalities were detected until the animals reached 6 months, at which time, hyperplasia of the lactotrophs. By the age of 12 months, all of the homozygous transgenic females had developed pituitary adenomas that were immunopositive for PRL. The other hormone-producing cells of the pituitary showed no obvious pathology. The male transgenics developed neither hyperplasia nor adenomas, nor did the gene-positive transgenic lines that did not express the transgene. In no case was an aggressive pituitary tumor seen. This transgenic mouse model indicates that TGF alpha overexpression by lactotrophs stimulates the growth of these pituitary cells. Furthermore, TGF alpha has a highly localized action in the pituitary gland, resulting only in lactotroph hyperplasia and prolactinomas. These observations suggest that TGF alpha might play a role in the development of prolactinomas.
Development of Self-Stabilizing Distributed Algorithms using Transformation: Case Studies (1997)

Many self-stabilizing (SS) algorithms have been developed for the serial model, which has much stronger assumptions on the execution environments than common distributed (i. e., message-passing) systems provide. It seems that many of the serial model algorithms were developed for theoretical interest rather than practical application. In contrast, SS distributed model algorithms, which actually run in a real distributed computing environment, are more difficult to develop and verify than those for the serial model.
SolarCast (2014)

The popularity of rooftop solar for individual homes continues to rise rapidly. However, techniques for accurately forecasting solar generation are critical to fully exploiting the benefits of such locally-generated solar energy. In this paper, we present SolarCast, a cloud-based web service, which automatically generates models that provide customized site-specific predictions of future solar generation. SolarCast utilizes a "black box" approach that requires only i) a site's geographic location and ii) a minimal amount of historical generation data. Since we intend SolarCast for small rooftop deployments, it does not require detailed site- and panel-specific information, which owners may not know, but instead automatically learns these parameters for each site.
Temperature dependent solid-state proton migration in dimethylurea–oxalic acid complexes (2012)

The phenomenon of solid-state proton migration within molecular complexes containing short hydrogen bonds is investigated in two dimethylurea-oxalic acid complexes. Extensive characterisation by both X-ray and neutron diffraction shows that proton migration along the hydrogen bond can be induced in these complexes as a function of temperature. This emphasises the subtle features of the hydrogen bond potential well in such short hydrogen bonded complexes, both intrinsically and in the effect of the local crystalline environment. Based on these findings, the synthesis and analysis of a series of solid-state molecular complexes is shown to be a potential route to designing materials with tuneable proton migration effects.
An Evaluation of the Applicability of Damage Tolerance to Dynamic Systems (2005)

The Federal Aviation Administration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the aircraft industry have teamed together to develop methods and guidance for the safe life-cycle management of dynamic systems. Based on the success of the United States Air Force damage tolerance initiative for airframe structure, a crack growth based damage tolerance approach is being examined for implementation into the design and management of dynamic systems. However, dynamic systems accumulate millions of vibratory cycles per flight hour, more than 12,000 times faster than an airframe system. If a detectable crack develops in a dynamic system, the time to failure is extremely short, less than 100 flight hours in most cases, leaving little room for error in the material characterization, life cycle analysis, nondestructive inspection and maintenance processes. In this paper, the authors review the damage tolerant design process focusing on uncertainties that affect dynamic systems and evaluate the applicability of damage tolerance on dynamic systems.
A method for charactering EMI coupling paths and source properties in complex systems (2006)

A method for charactering EMI coupling paths in complex systems is presented. While it is relatively easy to determine the EMI antenna structures or the sources of EMI, it is often quite difficult to identify, and even more difficult to quantify coupling paths. This paper introduces a measurement-based method to quantify EMI coupling paths, and the source strengths can be indirectly determined by applying linear system theory. Circuit design guidelines, e.g., the permissible even-mode current in a differential signal, can be derived with the knowledge of the coupling path and EMI limits. Moreover, the EMI can be better predicted with the knowledge of the coupling paths, and the EMI source properties simulated with IBIS or SPICE circuit level simulations.
Micro-Ramp Flow Control of Normal Shock/Boundary Layer Interactions (2009)

Boundary layer bleed has conventionally been used to control separation due to shock wave / boundary layer interactions (SBLIs) within supersonic engine inlets. However, bleed systems result in a loss of captured mass flow, incurring higher drag and ultimately lower propulsion system efficiency. Micro-ramp sub-boundary layer vortex generators (SBVGs) arranged in a spanwise array have been proposed in the past as a form of flow control methodology for shock wave/boundary layer interactions. Experiments have been conducted at Mach 1.4 to characterize flow details of such devices and obtain quantitative measurements of their ability to control the interaction of a normal shock and a turbulent boundary layer. The flow field was analyzed using Schlieren photography, surface oil flow visualization, and particle image velocimetry. An array of three micro-ramps, whose height was scaled to 40% of the incoming boundary layer thickness, was placed ahead of the shock interaction. It was demonstrated that the micro-ramps did entrain higher momentum fluid into the boundary layer which could improve boundary layer health. Specifically, the incompressible displacement thickness, momentum thickness and shape factor were decreased, and the skin friction coefficient was increased, for the SBLI with the micro-ramp array relative to the no-array case.
Keratinocyte growth factor pretreatment prevents radiation-induced intestinal damage in a mouse model (2013)

KGF pretreatment could improve radiation-induced intestinal injury including the epithelial structure and function in a mouse model.
Warnings for Helicopter Terrain Avoidance (2011)

This paper develops a new method for identifying terrain threats to produce warnings for low-level helicopter flight. Non-linear programming is used to calculate optimal avoidance paths for a set of predetermined trajectory classes. Warnings will be produced as the number of trajectories that avoid terrain decrease and the level of control authority required to do so increases. The concept is demonstrated for both a simple two dimensional vehicle as well as a three dimensional, fourteen state helicopter model. The results show that it is possible to calculate a discrete set of trajectories that can provide manoeuvre severity weighted warnings through a straightforward on/o format display.
Out-vessel maintenance for the fusion ignition experiment IGNITEX (1990)

Summary form only given. Maintenance requirements and procedures for the regions exterior to the vacuum vessel of the proposed ignition experiment IGNITEX have been developed. The IGNITEX device is a single-turn-coil. ohmically heated tokamak. The single-turn coil almost completely covers the vacuum vessel and serves as a good radiation shield, limiting activation of structures surrounding the plasma and reducing radiation from the activated interior of the machine. This results in the possibility of hands-on maintenance in the test cell. Due to the presence of diagnostic penetrations in the magnet system, there will be some direct radiation streaming from the vessel. Lead plugs which can be moved into place during maintenance periods are considered to provide shielding against photon emission from the active interior of the machine. Procedures to minimize and handle the activation of exterior structures in the path of the direct streaming have been developed
Leveraging Arthropod-Borne Disease Surveillance Assays for Clinical Diagnostic Use (2014)

Researchers at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research have taken a joint service approach to filling an identified diagnostic capability gap by leveraging a vector surveillance assay. Specifically, the Army took a field-stable real-time polymerase chain reaction assay, developed by the Air Force, for dengue virus surveillance in arthropod vectors and collaborated with Navy researchers for utility in human diagnostics. As current Department of Defense diagnostic PCR assays employ the Joint Biological Agent Identification and Diagnostic System, the dengue assay was tested for use on this platform. The low rates of false negative and false positive dengue samples in clinical matrices demonstrate excellent utility as a human diagnostic assay. Overall, converting an arboviral vector surveillance assay to human diagnostic assay and potentially vice versa is both cost effective and labor reducing. Codevelopment with harmonization of vector surveillance and diagnostics offers monetary and resource advantages to the Department of Defense and should be considered as a path forward in times when downsizing threatens assay development and pathogen discovery.
A fraction from Escherichia coli with anti-Aspergillus properties (2005)

The products of various strains of Escherichia coli (BL21, DH5alpha, HB101 and XL Blue) were investigated for antimycotic properties using pathogenic isolates of Aspergillus. Co-culture experiments revealed that E. coli strains exhibited variable activity against Aspergillus fumigatus. The lysates prepared from DH5alpha, HB101 and XL Blue strains of E. coli showed inhibitory activity against A. fumigatus in the protein concentration range of 62.50 to 250.00 microg ml(-1). The highest activity was seen in the lysate of BL21, which inhibited the growth of A. fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus completely at a concentration of 31.25 microg protein ml(-1). The MIC of BL21 lysate against Aspergillus niger was found to be 62.50 microg ml(-1). The in vitro toxicity of BL21 lysate was evaluated using a haemolytic assay. A BL21 lysate protein concentration of 1250.00 microg ml(-1) was found to be nontoxic to human erythrocytes. The standard drug amphotericin B lysed 100 % of erythrocytes at a concentration of 37.50 microg ml(-1). SDS-PAGE showed the presence of at least 15 major proteins in the lysate of BL21. Ion-exchange chromatography resolved the BL21 lysate into five fractions and fraction III was found to be endowed with anti-Aspergillus properties. The MIC of this fraction was found to be 3.90 microg ml(-1). Further work on the purification of the active molecule and its characterization is in progress.
Acid‐Catalysed Rearrangements of α‐Vinylcyclobutanones (1985)

Abstract The BF 3 · Et 2 O‐ and the CH 3 SO 3 H‐catalysed rearrangements of 10 α‐vinylcyclobutanones have been examined. With little acid, the β,β‐dialkyl derivatives 1 were transformed into linear dienones 2 and 3 ; with more acid, they were converted into cyclopentenones 4 by Nazarov cyclisation of initially formed 2/3 . The β‐monoalkyl (including the β,γ‐dialkyl) derivatives 7 rearranged only with a high acid concentration to afford the cyclopentenones 8 by 1,2‐acyl migration. In the case of 7a , the cyclopentenone 8a was accompanied by the unexpected constitutional isomer 9a , which is explained by a reversible interconversion of the cyclobutanone 7a with its isomer 19 via a cyclopropane intermediate like 18 . In the case of the β,β‐dialkyl derivative 5 , which contains an α‐isobutenyl (instead of an α‐vinyl) group, the acid‐catalysed rearrangement product was the bicyclo[3. 1. 0]hexanone derivative 6 .
Staphylococcus aureus adheres to human intestinal mucus but can be displaced by certain lactic acid bacteria (2006)

There is increasing evidence that Staphylococcus aureus may colonize the intestinal tract, especially among hospitalized patients. As Staph. aureus has been found to be associated with certain gastrointestinal diseases, it has become important to study whether this bacterium can colonize the intestinal tract and if so, whether it is possible to prevent colonization. Adhesion is the first step in colonization; this study shows that Staph. aureus adheres to mucus from resected human intestinal tissue. Certain lactic acid bacteria (LAB), mainly commercial probiotics, were able to reduce adhesion and viability of adherent Staph. aureus. In displacement assays the amount of adherent Staph. aureus in human intestinal mucus was reduced 39-44% by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii. Moreover, adherent Lactobacillus reuteri, Lc. lactis and P. freudenreichii reduced viability of adherent Staph. aureus by 27-36%, depending on the strain, after 2 h incubation. This was probably due to the production of organic acids and hydrogen peroxide and possibly in the case of L. reuteri to the production of reuterin. This study shows for the first time that Staph. aureus can adhere to human intestinal mucus and adherent bacteria can be displaced and killed by certain LAB strains via in situ production of antimicrobial substances.
Anisotropy of optical absorption in birefringent porous silicon (2003)

Strong polarization-sensitive anisotropy of the optical absorption in the visible and infrared spectral range is observed in porous silicon (PSi) layers formed from bulk (110) Si wafers. It is shown that the anisotropy of the absorption via band-to-band and intraband (Drude-like) electronic transitions is consistent with the strong birefringence of these layers. Both phenomena are described by a model considering the form anisotropy in the (110) PSi layer assembled from nonspherical Si nanocrystals. We show that the anisotropic shape of the nanocrystals results in polarization-sensitive absorption by their surface silicon-hydrogen bonds. This allows an exact assignment of the stretching modes of silicon monohydride in the infrared absorption spectra of the PSi layers.
FLEXURAL REPAIR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS BY COMPOSITE MATERIALS: OFFICIAL METHOD FOR EVALUATION (2001)

Flexural repair of reinforced concrete beams by means of CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced polymer) laminates is examined in this study, with a focus on the local mechanical behavior in the vicinity of flexural cracks. The use of a suitable full-field optical grid method which was developed in-house was the method relied upon by the experimental investigation. Using this method it was possible to measure and analyze the displacement fields on the lateral surface of beams.
Two-phase flow in tight-gas sands. Topical report, January-December 1990 (1992)

The ability of pore geometry to predict key reservoir parameters was assessed. Thin section analysis and mercury porosimetry are relatively inexpensive and rapid techniques of examining either core or drill cuttings. These analyses were performed on 58 chip samples obtained from SFE No. 3 core, to determine porosity, average pore size, pore geometry type, shape factor for pores, and entry capillary pressure. Results were compared with those from more detailed core analysis to determine whether correlations with porosity, permeability, water saturation, or combinations of these parameters were possible. Results from similar past analyses of tight sand samples from other formations and basins were also included in the analysis. Results indicate that if porosity and entry capillary pressure data from mercury porosimetry are combined with pore geometry type from thin section analysis, quantitative predictions of porosity, permeability, water saturation, and gas-filled porosity can be made for some types of pore structures. The effectiveness of a magnifying x-ray fluoroscope to observe and analyze fluid distribution in tight sand core was assessed.
Complex carriers of affibody-displaying bio-nanocapsules and composition-varied liposomes for HER2-expressing breast cancer cell-specific protein delivery (2012)

A bio-nanocapsule (BNC), a hollow particle composed of hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg), and liposome (LP) conjugation method (BNC/LP) has been recently developed by Jung et al. (2008) . The BNC/LP complex carrier could successfully deliver fluorescence-labeled beads (100 nm) into liver cells. In this study, we report the promising delivery of proteins incorporated in the complex carriers, which were prepared by the BNC/LP conjugation method with specificity-altered BNC and composition-varied LPs. The specificity-altered BNC, Z(HER2)-BNC was developed by replacing the hepatocyte recognition site of BNC with Z(HER2) binding to HER2 receptor specifically. Using green fluorescent protein (GFP; 27 kDa) and cellular cytotoxic protein (exotoxin A; 66 kDa) for the delivery, we herein present the impact of different charges attributed to the composition of the LP on specific cell targeting and cellular uptake of the complex carriers. In addition, we demonstrate that the mixture prepared by mixing LPs with helper lipid possessing endosomal escaping ability boosts the functional expression of the cellular cytotoxic exotoxin A activity specifically. Finally, we further show the blending ratio of the LP mixture and Z(HER2)-BNC is a critical factor in determining the highly-efficient expression of the cytotoxic activity of exotoxin A.
Effects of Carcass Maturity on Collagen Solubility and Palatability of Beef from Grain‐Finished Steers (1983)

ABSTRACT Samples from steers fed a high‐energy diet for 185 days prior to slaughter were used to compare collagen solubility and palatability of beef from youthful and mature carcasses. Carcasses representing the two maturity classes were selected specifically to have similar levels of intramuscular and subcutaneous fat, but distinctly different maturity indicators. Under the conditions of this study, maturity class had no effect on sensory properties or shear force values of cooked rib steaks. Total collagen content of samples from the longissimus muscle was higher for mature carcasses, but maturity class means for percentage of soluble collagen were not different. The relationships of these findings to preslaughter feeding regimen and collagen metabolism are discussed.
Effect of uptake-one inhibitors on the uptake of norepinephrine and metaiodobenzylguanidine. (1985)

The mechanisms underlying the uptake of the radiopharmaceutical metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) and the catecholamine norepinephrine (NE) were studied using cultured bovine adrenomedullary cells as an in vitro model system. Sodium-dependent and sodium-independent uptake systems have been identified and characterized for both MIBG and NE. The sodium-dependent uptake of NE and MIBG was inhibited by the selective Uptake-one inhibitors, desmethylimipramine (DMI) and cocaine, whereas the sodium-independent uptake for NE and MIBG was much less sensitive to inhibition by these agents. The sodium-dependent uptake system fulfills the criteria for the neuronal Uptake-one system, and the sodium-independent uptake system fulfills the criteria for a passive diffusion mechanism. Both NE and MIBG were transported into cultured bovine adrenomedullary cells by both uptake systems; the relative role of each uptake system was dependent upon the concentration of NE and MIBG in the media. Arterial concentrations proximal to the dog adrenal were very small suggesting that the sodium-dependent (Uptake-one) system is predominant in vivo. Consistent with the in vitro observations, the in vivo uptake of MIBG and NE into dog adrenal medullae was effectively blocked by pretreatment with DMI or cocaine. Therefore, iodine-131 MIBG scintigraphy of the adrenal appears to reflect uptake by way of the Uptake-one system.
The p41 Fragment Story (1999)

The discovery of a fragment from the p41 form of invariant chain tightly bound to cathepsin L provided the first direct link between MHC class II molecules and the regulation of activity of lysosomal cysteine proteases. We recently determined the crystal structure of this p41 invariant chain fragment in complex with cathepsin L [EMBO J. 18, 793-803 (1999)]. This structure explains the specificity of the observed interactions and actually provides a tool, which can be utilized by means of molecular biology, to explore and understand the specificity of thyroglobulin type I domains and thus allow the design of specific inhibitors of papain-like cysteine proteases. The structure further supports the hypothesis that the thyroglobulin type I and II domains present in various proteins, sometimes in multiple repeats, are regulatory elements of the processing of these proteins by proteolytic cleavage.
A Method for Isolation of Pasteuria penetrans Endospores for Bioassay and Genomic Studies. (2006)

A rapid method for collection of Pasteuria penetrans endospores was developed. Roots containing P. penetrans-infected root-knot nematode females were softened by pectinase digestion, mechanically processed, and filtered to collect large numbers of viable endospores. This method obviates laborious handpicking of Pasteuria-infected females and yields endospores competent to attach to and infect nematodes. Endospores are suitable for morphology studies and DNA preparations.
Opportunistic relaying with partial CSI and dynamic resource allocation (2013)

In this paper, we consider the problem of minimizing the source node average power required to achieve a certain transmission rate in the existence of a relay node. Some works have considered this problem with the assumption of perfect channel state information (CSI) at the source node. We consider more practical scenarios where the source does not know the channel between the relay and the destination, but receives one-bit feedback on the state of that channel and where a maximum power constraint exists at each transmitting node. We consider two relaying protocols, namely, the Multi-Hop (MH) and the Opportunistic Decode and Forward (ODF) protocols. We derive closed form expressions for the average power required under each protocol and compare their performances with the system that assumes perfect relay-destination channel knowledge at the source node. We find that the performance is close, indicating that one-bit feedback is very useful. We also derive an upper bound on the average power required by the MH protocol, and derive the outage probability expressions for the two protocols.