gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
VISTA: A Promising Target for Cancer Immunotherapy? (2021)

Agents targeting the B7 family co-inhibitory receptors cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), or its ligand (PD-L1), have a pivotal role in clinical practice. V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA) is a protein highly conserved between species, with a similar amino acid sequence to the B7 family members, characterized by a particularly structural homology to PD-1. It has been counted as an emerging target within the list of novel targetable immune checkpoints in oncology. Physiologically, VISTA exerts a regulatory function on the immune system at several levels, particularly by modulating T cells activation. Its altered activity plays a role in many autoimmune diseases, and its expression has been found to be prognostically implicated in different cancer types in preclinical models. We hereby present the main evidence on the value of VISTA as an immune checkpoint in solid and hematological malignancies. We also review its value as a potential target for cancer immunotherapy, by reporting the results of Phase I and II clinical trials assessing the use of drugs targeting VISTA. The complexity of its pathway, along with some unclear biological aspects concerning its molecular interactions, currently represent a limit to the applicability of VISTA as an effective biomarker for immunotherapy in oncology. A deeper characterization of this immune checkpoint may help defining its value within immune signatures of solid and hematological malignancies, and to design future therapeutic strategies.
New Radiation<tex>$Q$</tex>Limits for Spherical Wire Antennas (2006)

Considerable work has been published to define the minimum possible antenna radiation Q as a function of the antenna size and gain. Many of the derivations assume an enclosing sphere and deal only with the fields external to this sphere. As a result, the limits tend to be overly optimistic, and realizable antennas generally have Q's considerably higher than the minimum values predicted by these theories. This paper defines stricter limits that apply to a class of antennas (or scatterers) consisting of any arrangement of conductors on a spherical surface. Energy stored within the sphere is included in the analysis. The minimum Q values are as much as three times the values based only on external fields. Recently published independent experimental data on electrically small antennas in this class reported Q values only slightly higher than the new limits provided in this paper
Expression of PHB2 in Rat Brain Cortex Following Traumatic Brain Injury (2014)

Prohibitin2 (PHB2) is a ubiquitous, evolutionarily strongly conserved protein. It is one of the components of the prohibitin complex, which comprises two highly homologous subunits, PHB1 and PHB2. PHB2 is present in various cellular compartments including the nucleus and mitochondria. Recent studies have identified PHB2 as a multifunctional protein that controls cell proliferation, apoptosis, cristae morphogenesis and the functional integrity of mitochondria. However its distribution and function in the central nervous system (CNS) are not well understood. In this study, we examined PHB2 expression and cellular localization in rats after acute traumatic brain injury (TBI). Western Blot analysis showed PHB2 level was significantly enhanced at five days after injury compared to control, and then declined during the following days. The protein expression of PHB2 was further analyzed by immunohistochemistry. In comparison to contralateral cerebral cortex, we observed a highly significant accumulation of PHB2 at the ipsilateral brain. Immunofluorescence double-labeling showed that PHB2 was co-expressed with NeuN, GFAP. Besides, PHB2 also colocalized with activated caspase-3 and PCNA. To further investigate the function of PHB2, primary cultured astrocytes and the neuronal cell line PC12 were employed to establish a proliferation model and an apoptosis model, respectively, to simulate the cell activity after TBI to a certain degree. Knocking down PHB2 by siRNA partly increased the apoptosis level of PC12 stimulated by H2O2. While the PHB2 was interrupted by siRNA, the proliferation level of primary cultured astrocytes was inhibited notably than that in the control group. Together with our data, we hypothesized that PHB2 might play an important role in CNS pathophysiology after TBI.
An Intelligent Driver Training System Based on Real Cars (2019)

In driver training, the correct observation of the trainees' operation is the key to ensure the training quality. The operation of the vehicle can be expressed by the vehicle state changes. This paper proposes a driver training model based on a multiple-embedded-sensor net. Six vehicle state parameters are identified as the critical features of the reverse parking machine learning model and represented quantitatively. A multiple-embedded-sensor net-based system mounted on a real vehicle is developed to collect the actual data of the six critical features. The data collected at the same time are bound together and encapsulated into a vector and sequenced by time with a label given by the multiple-embedded-sensor net. All vectors are evaluated by subjective assessment conclusions from experienced driving instructors and the positive ones are used as the training data of the model. The trained model can remind the driver of the next correct operation during training, and can also analyze the improvements after the training. The model has achieved good results in practical application. The experiments prove the validity and reliability of the proposed driver training model.
Comparison between CEA, CA 19-9 and CA 72-4 in Patients with Colon Cancer (2013)

Background: In Egypt, colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies and represents 6.5% of cancers. The most important currently available tumor markers in CRC that provide diagnostic information to reduce mortality and morbidity are carcinoembryonic-antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) and CA 72-4. The main objectives of the present work were to compare the serological tumor markers CEA, CA19-9 and CA 72-4 and to verify the effectiveness of each marker as a potential routine diagnostic test in CRC. Subjects and methods: Blood samples were collected from twenty five CRC patients then compared with thirty five normal blood samples from apparently healthy persons who were considered as controls. Serum of each sample was evaluated for the three tumor markers and assessed by ELISA technique Results: CA72-4 and CEA showed high statistically significant difference between CRC and controls, on the contrary CA19-9 showed a statistically insignificant between the studied groups. As for the results of the ROC curve, the sensitivity for using CA 72-4 parameter was 82.86%, the specificity was 100% and the highest AUC for CA72-4 denoting its performance as the preferred diagnostic routinetest among other markers mentioned above. Conclusions: Based on our findings, the results of this study indicated that the serum CEA is not a much more sensitive tumor marker than CA72-4. As well as the serum CA72-4 levels can be used in diagnosis of colon cancer and in need to be applied as a routine tumor marker. Keywords Colorectal cancer (CRC), Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA),Cancer antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), Cancer antigen 72-4 (CA72-4), Area undercurve (AUC)
Perception (2009)

This chapter develops a naive realist theory of veridical perception. It begins from the thought that the phenomenal character of our visual experiences is simply a matter of the scene before us but finds this to be open to criticism. In light of these criticisms, together with the empirical findings of change/inattentional blindness experiments and considerations concerning the conceptual sophistication of perceivers, a detailed naive realist theory of perception is then presented. The chapter concludes with the suggestion that such a theory of phenomenal character offers hope for a naturalistic theory of phenomenal consciousness that can answer the ‘hard problem of consciousness’ and bridge the explanatory gap.
Network performance evaluation of wireless IEEE802.11n encryption methods on Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 operating systems (2009)

Wireless networks have increased in popularity in recent years, and is now seen as a critical technology in any network infrastructure. Wireless communication is convenient and plays a prominent role in networking, however security and performance is a major concern. In this research, performance of wireless IEEE802.11n is evaluated on two operating systems, namely Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008. A network is created on a test-bed and performance related metrics is tested for both TCP and UDP protocols. Wireless security encryption methods (WEP-64, WEP-128, WPA and WPA2) are implemented on each operating system to evaluate their impact on network performance. This study shows that performance of wireless is operating system dependant, and various encryption methods impact performance significantly: throughput values can drop by up to 80% with some encryption methods. It is also seen that WPA2 behaves significantly different to the other encryption methods.
Finding and improving the key-frames of long video sequences for face recognition (2010)

Face recognition systems are very sensitive to the quality and resolution of their input face images. This makes such systems unreliable when working with long surveillance video sequences without employing some selection and enhancement algorithms. On the other hand, processing all the frames of such video sequences by any enhancement or even face recognition algorithm is demanding. Thus, there is a need for a mechanism to summarize the input video sequence to a set of key-frames and then applying an enhancement algorithm to this subset. This paper presents a system doing exactly this. The system uses face quality assessment to select the key-frames and a hybrid super-resolution to enhance the face image quality. The suggested system that employs a linear associator face recognizer to evaluate the enhanced results has been tested on real surveillance video sequences and the experimental results show promising results.
Oncogenic Viruses (1970)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
Tumor Necrosis Factor-  Inhibits Leydig Cell Steroidogenesis through a Decrease in Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein Expression (1998)

The aim of the present study was to identify the sites of the inhibitory action of TNFα (tumor necrosis factor alpha) on LH/hCG-stimulated testosterone formation. By using cultured porcine Leydig cells as a model, TNFα was shown to inhibit testosterone secretion when testicular cells were stimulated with hCG but not when incubated with 22R-hydroxycholesterol (a cholesterol substrate derivative that readily passes through cell and mitochondrial membranes). Such an observation suggested that the cytokine may affect cholesterol transport and/or availability to cytochrome P450scc in the mitochondria. Specifically, we report here that TNFα reduced in a dose- and time-dependent manner hCG-induced StAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein) levels. The maximal and half-maximal effects were obtained with 20 ng/ml (1.2 nm) and 1.6 ng/ml (0.09 nm) of TNFα, respectively. Maximal inhibitory effects of TNFα on StAR messenger RNA and protein levels were obtained after 48 h of treatment. Additionally, the presence of TNFα receptors P55 in terms of protein (identified through cross-linking experiments) and messenger RNA (identified through RT-PCR analysis) suggested that the effects of the cytokine are directly exerted on the testicular steroidogenic cell type.
Mechanisms of NK Cell-Macrophage Bacillus anthracis Crosstalk: A Balance between Stimulation by Spores and Differential Disruption by Toxins (2012)

NK cells are important immune effectors for preventing microbial invasion and dissemination, through natural cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. Bacillus anthracis spores can efficiently drive IFN-γ production by NK cells. The present study provides insights into the mechanisms of cytokine and cellular signaling that underlie the process of NK-cell activation by B. anthracis and the bacterial strategies to subvert and evade this response. Infection with non-toxigenic encapsulated B. anthracis induced recruitment of NK cells and macrophages into the mouse draining lymph node. Production of edema (ET) or lethal (LT) toxin during infection impaired this cellular recruitment. NK cell depletion led to accelerated systemic bacterial dissemination. IFN-γ production by NK cells in response to B. anthracis spores was: i) contact-dependent through RAE-1-NKG2D interaction with macrophages; ii) IL-12, IL-18, and IL-15-dependent, where IL-12 played a key role and regulated both NK cell and macrophage activation; and iii) required IL-18 for only an initial short time window. B. anthracis toxins subverted both NK cell essential functions. ET and LT disrupted IFN-γ production through different mechanisms. LT acted both on macrophages and NK cells, whereas ET mainly affected macrophages and did not alter NK cell capacity of IFN-γ secretion. In contrast, ET and LT inhibited the natural cytotoxicity function of NK cells, both in vitro and in vivo. The subverting action of ET thus led to dissociation in NK cell function and blocked natural cytotoxicity without affecting IFN-γ secretion. The high efficiency of this process stresses the impact that this toxin may exert in anthrax pathogenesis, and highlights a potential usefulness for controlling excessive cytotoxic responses in immunopathological diseases. Our findings therefore exemplify the delicate balance between bacterial stimulation and evasion strategies. This highlights the potential implication of the crosstalk between host innate defences and B. anthracis in initial anthrax control mechanisms.
Three-dimensional structured carbon foam : synthesis and applications (2016)

Recently, due to the unique properties and structures such as large geometric surface area, electrical conductivity and light weight, 3D structured carbon materials have been attracting extensive attention from scientists. Moreover, the materials, which can provide well-defined pathways for reactants to easily access active sites, are extremely useful for energy conversion as well as environmental and catalysis applications. To date, many precursors have been used for fabrication of 3D structured carbon materials including pitch, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and polymer foams. This thesis, as shown in the thesis title, focus on two main aspects: the study of the characteristics of melamine based carbon foam synthesized at different conditions and their applications. In paper I, it was revealed that through a simple, one-step pyrolysis process, flexible carbon foam synthesized from melamine foam (BasotectÒ, BASF) was obtained. Additionally, through a pyrolysis-activation process, activated carbon foam which possesses hydrophilic nature and high surface area was successfully synthesized. The characteristics of carbon foam such as the hydrophobic/hydrophilic nature, electrical conductivity, mechanical properties and surface chemistry were studied. It was shown that carbon foam could be successfully used as an absorbent in environmental applications e.g. removing of spill oil from water (paper I) or as support for heterogeneous catalysts, which in turn was used not only in gas phase reactions (paper I and IV) but also in an aqueous phase reaction (paper II). Importantly, when combined with a SpinChem® rotating bed reactor (SRBR) (paper II), the monolithic carbon foam/SRBR system brought more advantages than using the foam alone. Additionally, the work in paper III showed the potential of carbon foam in an energy conversion application as anode electrode substrate in alkaline water electrolysis. In summary, the versatility of the carbon foam has been proven through abovementioned lab scale studies and due to the simple, scalable and cost effective pyrolysis and activation processes used for the production, it has potential to be used in large-scale applications.
Increasing the Protein Content of Rapeseed Meal by Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Carbohydrates (2014)

Enzymatic hydrolysis of rapeseed meal carbohydrates was performed to increase the protein content. Rapeseed meal was first screened and further defatted. Only particles between 0.250 and 0.707 mm in size were used, and the optimum solid/liquid ratio was found to be 10% (w/v). Commercially available carbohydrase enzyme mixtures, Viscozyme® L, Pectinex® Ultra SP-L, and Celluclast® 1.5 L, were used in conditions that minimized protein solubilization from the solid phase. The highest results were achieved with Viscozyme® L, with a carbohydrate extraction yield of 80% (as determined by reducing sugars content expressed as glucose equivalent units) after 24 h of reaction at 45 ºC, pH 3.5, and an enzyme dosage equivalent to 96 fungal beta-glucanase (FBG) added to 5 g of defatted rapeseed meal. The simultaneous use of the different carbohydrases (Viscozyme®, Pectinex®, and Celluclast®) did not improve the carbohydrate hydrolysis when compared to the use of Viscozyme® L alone. Viscozyme® L treatment increased the protein content in the rapeseed meal from 41 to 68%, which allowed the solid to be classified as a protein concentrate.
휠체어 추진 방법에 따른 하지마비자와 정상인의 생리적 반응 비교 (1999)

The purpose of this study was to compare metabolic and cardiopulmonary responses between paralegia(PA) and able-bodied(AB) for forward wheelchair propulsion(FOR) and backward wheelchair propulsion(BAC) at same treadmill protocol. Highly active able-bodied(N=8) and paraplegia(N=8, Level L1∼T12) exercised at 3-min stage at speeds of 0.83(0% grade), 1.11(2% grade), 1.39(4% grade), 1.67(6% grade), 1.95(8% grade) for both propulsion technique after performing 2-wks. adaptation training. Oxygen uptake(VO_2). % of VO_2peak(%VO_2peak) heart rate(HR), oxygen pulse(O_2pulse), respiratory exchange ratio(RER), pulmonary ventilation(V_E) were determined at the moment of anaerobic threshold and maximal exercise. For maximal forward and backward wheelchair propulsion test, 1) %VO_2peak-AT, HRmax and exercise time showed significantly higher in forward than in backward(p<0.05), RER-AT was significantly higher in backward(p<0.05). 2) In VO_2 of backward propulsion, AB was significantly higher than PA(p<0.05). In VO_2/kg of forward propulsion. PA was significantly higher than AB(p<0.05). In O_2pulse-AT of backward propulsion. PA was significantly higher than AB(P<0.05). 3) The RER of backward propulsion in the ending point of maximal exercise, AB was significantly higher than PA(p<0.05). 4) The exercise time of forward propulsion. PA was significantly higher than AB(P<0.05). The greater metabolic and cardiopulmonary responses observed during maximal backward wheelchair propulsion test may be due to insufficient backward propulsion technique and relatively long propulsion time `used for backward propulsion. Above findings demonstrated that backward propulsion technique had similar effective propulsion technique compared to forward propulsion in reducing higher physiological demands of forward propulsion technique. To make these physiological demands small, backward wheelchair propulsion technique will must be utilized.
MicroRNAs in the Hypothalamus (2013)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short (∼22 nucleotides) non-coding ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules that negatively regulate the expression of protein-coding genes. Posttranscriptional silencing of target genes by miRNA is initiated by binding to the 3'-untranslated regions of target mRNAs, resulting in specific cleavage and subsequent degradation of the mRNA or by translational repression resulting in specific inhibition of protein synthesis. An increasing amount of evidence shows that miRNAs control a large number of biological processes and there exists a direct link between miRNAs and disease. miRNA molecules are abundantly expressed in tissue-specific and regional patterns and have been suggested as potential biomarkers, disease modulators and drug targets. The central nervous system is a prominent site of miRNA expression. Within the brain, several miRNAs are expressed and/or enriched in the region of the hypothalamus and miRNAs have recently been shown to be important regulators of hypothalamic control functions. The aim of this review is to summarize some of the current knowledge regarding the expression and role of miRNAs in the hypothalamus.
Time Adjustment in Speech Synthesis (1967)

Fairbanks' speech time-adjusting device has been simulated, using a hybrid computer. This device discards or repeats recorded speech segments to compress or expand the time dimension. A dichotic method for time compression of speech was investigated in which odd-numbered time segments were presented to one ear and even-numbered segments to the other ear. A preference test suggested that speech compressed with the dichotic method may be more intelligible than speech compressed with Fairbanks' method. Potential applications for time-adjusted speech and possibilities for further research are suggested.
Reduction of Mutual Coupling in Planar Multiple Antenna by Using 1-D EBG and SRR Structures (2015)

One-dimensional electromagnetic bandgap (1-D EBG) and split ring resonator (SRR) structures were inserted between two closely located monopole antennas to suppress mutual coupling. The 1-D EBG and SRR structures in these planar multiple antennas function as a reflector and wave trap, respectively. With the effect of these two structures, the mutual coupling between the two antennas is reduced by more than 42 dB and the back lobes are reduced by 6 dB. Thereby, the radiation efficiency of the antenna is also improved. The two fabricated antennas with 0.19λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> spacing exhibit mutual coupling (S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">21</sub> , S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sub> ) of less than -30 dB from 2.43 to 2.54 GHz. A minimum correlation coefficient of 0.002 and maximum radiation efficiency of 82% are also demonstrated.
Federal Jurisdiction Over Claims by State Attorneys General: The Case for Removal of Pharmaceutical Parens Patriae Suits as “Mass Actions” Under the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 (2013)

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Dialogue Management Based on Entities and Constraints (2010)

This paper introduces a new dialogue management framework for goal-directed conversations. A declarative specification defines the domain-specific elements and guides the dialogue manager, which communicates with the knowledge sources to complete the specified goal. The user is viewed as another knowledge source. The dialogue manager finds the next action by a mixture of rule-based reasoning and a simple statistical model. Implementation in the flight-reservation domain demonstrates that the framework enables the developer to easily build a conversational dialogue system. 1