gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies Of Ultrathin Polymer Films For Lithographic Applications (1988)

The advantages of minimizing polymer resist thickness to the macromolecular dimensions are manifold. In optical lithography, ultrathin resists can improve exposure and focus latitude and alleviate the problem of absorption in conventional resists for deep ultra-violet (UV) exposure. In electron beam lithography it is desirable to reduce the resist thickness to minimize forward electron scattering in the resist, and to allow penetration when using the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) as a very low voltage exposure source. Moreover, we can better understand many phenomena such as the nature of the pinholes and etching resistance, which are still puzzles for the thicker films. Here we describe the preparation and characterization of resists of ultrathin polymer films (10 nm to 200 nm) formed by both the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) and spin-cast techniques. The characterization techniques include fluorescence spectroscopy, electron beam exposure and development, and etch resistance. The fluorescence spectroscopy results of spin cast polystyrene films suggest a dramatic increase in the ordering of the molecular structure as the film thickness is reduced below 0.2 μm; this increase is most marked for materials of large molecular weights. This suggested that the lithographic properties and the defect (pinhole) density of such films might be significantly different from the results expected by extrapolation from thicker (>200 nm) films. Ultrathin poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) films (thinner than 20 nm) prepared by LB and spin-cast techniques and novolac resists prepared by the spin-cast technique were explored as electron beam resists, using a Perkin Elmer MEBES I pattern generation system for exposure. The results have demonstrated the resolution and etch resistance capabilities of such films for patterning 0.1 μm features in 50 nm of chromium film. The most surprising result has been that the pinhole density in these films has been far lower than previously expected levels.
What's all that noise?The effect of co-morbidity on health outcome questionnaire results after knee arthroplasty (2004)

We suggest that co-morbidity should be taken into account in outcome studies utilizing general health or disease/site specific questionnaires.
Patient safety incident prevention and management among Finnish dentists (2013)

Several PSI prevention techniques are already used in Finland. However, wide variation exists in PSI prevention and risk management practices among Finnish dentists. Systematic implementation of available safety methods would probably prevent several PSIs. The results indicate that the more dentists know about PS risks, the easier it is for them to recognize situations possibly leading to patient harm. Anonymous PSI reports, patient complaints and claims data should, therefore, be actively used for mutual learning. Increased PS education in dentistry is also needed.
The HANG: A hand played steel drum (2001)

The HANG is a new steel instrument consisting of two spherical shells of steel, suitable for playing with the hands. Seven to nine notes are harmonically tuned around a central deep note which is formed by the Helmholtz resonance. Elliptical note areas are formed on the upper shell and tuned so that the (1,1)a and (1,1)b modes of each note area have frequencies that are in the ratios of 3:2:1 with respect to the fundamental, except in the highest notes where they are in the ratio of 2.5:2:1 or 2.4:2:1. Holographic studies show the modal shapes and also the extent of coupling between note areas.
Comparison of the FilmArray Respiratory Panel and Prodesse Real-Time PCR Assays for Detection of Respiratory Pathogens (2011)

We compared the diagnostic performance and overall respiratory pathogen detection rate of the premarket version of the FilmArray Respiratory Panel (RP) multiplex PCR assay (Idaho Technology, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT) with those of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-cleared Prodesse ProFlu+, ProFAST+, ProParaflu+, Pro hMPV+, and ProAdeno+ real-time PCR assays (Gen-Probe, San Diego, CA). The assays were performed on a panel of 192 nasopharyngeal-secretion specimens collected from 81 children under 1 year of age with upper respiratory tract symptoms. To resolve discordant results and confirm pathogens detected only by the larger FilmArray panel, we performed laboratory-developed real-time PCR assays. Among viruses detectable by both commercial assays (adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, parainfluenza viruses 1 to 3, and respiratory syncytial virus), the FilmArray and Prodesse assays showed good overall agreement (181/192 [94.3%]; kappa = 0.87; 95% CI, 0.79 to 0.94). FilmArray RP detected more parainfluenza viruses 1 and 3 than ProParaflu+ (18 versus 13) while ProAdeno+ detected more adenoviruses (11 versus 6), but these differences were not statistically significant. Additionally, FilmArray RP detected 138 pathogens (confirmed as true positives) not included in the Prodesse assays (rhinovirus [RV]/enterovirus [EV], 118; bocavirus, 8; coronavirus, 7; parainfluenza virus 4, 4; Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 1). FilmArray RP was cleared by the FDA following the completion of this study. The FDA-cleared version includes the following targets: adenovirus, coronaviruses HKU1 and NL63, human metapneumovirus (hMPV), influenza A virus (to type level only), influenza A H1 seasonal virus, influenza A H3 seasonal virus, influenza A virus H1-2009, influenza B virus, parainfluenza viruses 1 to 4, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and RV/EV (no differentiation). The larger panel in the FilmArray RP assay allowed the detection of additional respiratory pathogens compared to the Prodesse assays. In this population of young children with upper respiratory tract infection, RV/EV accounted for the majority of the additional pathogens detected by FilmArray RP.
The impact of letter spacing on reading: A test of the bigram coding hypothesis (2011)

Identifying letters and their relative positions is the basis of reading in literate adults. The Local Combinations Detector model hypothesizes that this ability results from the general organization of the visual system, whereby object encoding proceeds through a hierarchy of neural detectors that, in the case of reading, would be tuned to letters, bigrams, or other letter combinations. Given the increase of receptive fields by a factor of 2 to 3 from one neural level to the next, detectors should integrate information only for letters separated by at most 2 other characters. We test this prediction by measuring the impact of letter spacing on reading, purifying this effect from confounding variables. We establish that performance deteriorates non-linearly whenever letters are separated by at least 2 blank spaces, with the concomitant emergence of a word length effect. We then show that this cannot be reduced to an effect of physical size nor of visual eccentricity. Finally, we demonstrate that the threshold of about 2 spaces is constant across variations in font size. Those results support the hypothesis that the fast recognition of combinations of nearby letters plays a central role in the coding of words, such that interfering with this representation prevents the parallel analysis of letter strings.
ELECTRICAL AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF A NEW CONDUCTING POLYMER : PYROLYTIC POLY (p-PHENYLENE-1,3,4-OXADIAZOLE) (1983)

Poly(p-phenylene-1,3,4-oxadiazole) films were pyrolyzed at various temperatures and their electrical and structural properties were investigated. The pyrolyzed films were composed of both extended electronic states which contribute to a temperature-independenent metallic conductivity (up to 510 S/cm) and localized states giving rise to a variable range hopping motion of electrons. The structure was thought to be a graphite-like crystal having condensed aromatic layers with nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings.
Pauson−Khand Reactions of Electron-Deficient Alkenes (2002)

Despite the common perception that alkenes possessing electron-withdrawing groups are not adequate substrates for Pauson−Khand (PK) reactions, a number of successful examples of this reaction involving electron-deficient alkenes, such as α,β-unsaturated ketones, esters, nitriles, sulfoxides and sulfones, have been reported in recent years. In the case of the intramolecular PK reaction of 1-sulfinyl-1,6-enynes and 1-sulfonyl-3-oxygenated-1,6-enynes these processes have been applied in asymmetric synthesis. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2002)
FNR : Arbitrary length small domain block cipher proposal. (2014)

Abstract. We propose a practical flexible (or arbitrary) length small domain block cipher, FNR encryption scheme. FNR denotes Flexible Naor and Reingold. It can cipher small domain data formats like IPv4, Port numbers, MAC Addresses, Credit card numbers, any random short strings while preserving their input length. In addition to the classic Feistel networks, Naor and Reingold propose usage of Pair-wise independent permutation (PwIP) functions based on Galois Field GF(2n). Instead we propose usage of random N×N Invertible matrices in GF(2).
Desulfurization of dibenzothiophene by in-situ hydrogen generation through a water gas shift reaction (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDesulfurization of dibenzothiophene by in-situ hydrogen generation through a water gas shift reactionBruce D. Hook and Aydin AkgermanCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1986, 25, 1, 278–284Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1986https://doi.org/10.1021/i200032a045RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views168Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (947 KB) Get e-Alerts
Allogeneic and syngeneic marrow transplantation for myelodysplastic syndrome in patients 55 to 66 years of age (2000)

We carried out bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in 50 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) who were 55.3 to 66.2 years of age (median, 58.8 years). According to the criteria of the French-American-British (FAB) classification, 13 patients had refractory anemia (RA), 19 had RA with excess blasts (RAEB), 16 had RAEB in transformation or acute myelogenous leukemia (RAEB-T/AML), and 2 had chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). According to the recently established International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS), available for 45 patients, 2 patients were considered low risk; 14, intermediate 1 risk; 19, intermediate 2 risk; and 10, high risk. Conditioning regimens were cyclophosphamide (CY) (120 mg/kg of body weight) plus 12-Gy fractionated total-body irradiation (FTBI) (n = 15), CY plus FTBI with lung and liver shielding (n = 4), busulfan (7 mg/kg) plus FTBI (n = 4), or busulfan (16 mg/kg) plus CY (n = 27). The busulfan-plus-CY group included 16 patients in whom busulfan was targeted to plasma levels of 600 to 900 ng/mL. In these 16 patients, steady-state levels of busulfan actually achieved were 714 to 961 ng/mL (mean +/- SD, 845 +/- 64 ng/mL; median, 838 ng/mL). The donors were HLA-identical siblings for 34 patients, HLA-nonidentical family members for 4, identical twins for 4, and unrelated volunteers for 6. All 46 patients surviving > 21 days had engraftment, and 22 patients (44%) are surviving 9 to 80 months after BMT. Specifically, among 13 patients with RA, 1 had relapse (cumulative incidence [CI] at 3 years, 8%) and 8 are surviving, for a Kaplan-Meier (KM) estimate of survival at 3 years of 59% (disease-free survival [DSF], 53%). Among 19 patients with RAEB, 3 had relapse (CI at 3 years, 16%), and 8 are surviving disease free (KM estimate at 3 years, 46%). Among 18 patients with RAEB-T/AML or CMML, 6 had relapse (CI at 3 years, 28%), and the KM estimate of DSF at 3 years is 33%. Relapse-free survival had an inverse correlation with cytogenetic risk classification and with the risk score according to the IPSS. Survival in all FAB categories was highest among patients enrolled in a protocol in which busulfan plasma levels were targeted to 600 to 900 ng/mL. These data indicate that BMT can be carried out successfully in patients with MDS who are older than 55 years of age. (Blood. 2000;95:1188-1194)
Evidence for the presence of large amounts of cathepsin E in rat spleen (1985)

Although cathepsin E is present in trace amounts in spleen from several species, it was found in large amounts in rat spleen. This observation can be correlated with the fact that spleen in the rat is an important organ in haemopoeisis.
Determination of carprofen in blood by gas chromatography chemical ionization mass spectrometry (1979)

A gas chromatographic chemical ionization mass spectrometric assay has been developed to measure carprofen in blood. The method features the addition of either a structural or stable isotope analog internal standard to plasma prior to a simple benzene extraction at pH 4.5. The residue, after removal of the benzene, is methylated with ethereal diazomethane. Following evaporation of the methylating solvents, a portion of the reconstituted residue is analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The mass spectrometer is set to monitor in the gas chromatographic effluent the [MH]+ ions of carprofen methyl ester and the methyl ester of the internal standard generated by isobutane chemical ionization. Assay sensitivity is 5 pmol ml-1. When 200 pmol ml-1 samples are analyzed using a stable isotope analog as the internal standard, the precision and accuracy are both 4%. Using a structural analog as the internal standard, the assay was neither as precise nor as accurate.
ChemInform Abstract: WANDERUNG DER DOPPELBINDUNG IN DER SEITENKETTE VON STERINEN BEI DER EINWIRKUNG VON JOD (1971)

Abstract Erhitzen des Fucosterolacetats (I) mit Jod in Benzol (15 Stdn. am Rückfluß) ergibt unter Wanderung der Seitenkettendoppelbindung 3β‐Acetoxy‐Δ 5,24 ‐stigmastadien (II), das Δ 5,25 ‐Dien (III) und das Δ 5,23 ‐Dien (IV).
Epidemiological, Molecular, and Clinical Features of Enterovirus Respiratory Infections in French Children between 1999 and 2005 (2007)

Enteroviruses (EVs) can induce nonspecific respiratory tract infections in children, but their epidemiological, virological, and clinical features remain to be assessed. In the present study, we analyzed 252 EV-related infection cases (median age of subjects, 5.1 years) diagnosed among 11,509 consecutive children visiting emergency departments within a 7-year period in the north of France. EV strains were isolated from nasopharyngeal samples by viral cell culture, identified by seroneutralization assay, and genetically compared by partial amplification and sequencing of the VP1 gene. The respiratory syndromes (79 [31%] of 252 EV infections) appeared as the second most common EV-induced pediatric pathology after meningitis (111 [44%] of 252 cases) (44 versus 31%, P < 10(-3)), contributing to lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in 43 (54%) of 79 EV respiratory infection cases. Bronchiolitis was the most common EV-induced LRTI (34 [43%] of 79 cases, P < 10(-3)) occurring more often in infants aged 1 to 12 months (P = 0.0002), with spring-fall seasonality. Viruses ECHO 11, 6, and 13 were the more frequently identified respiratory strains (24, 13, and 11%, respectively). The VP1 gene phylogenetic analysis showed the concomitant or successive circulation of genetically distinct EV respiratory strains (species A or B) during the same month or annual epidemic period. Our findings indicated that respiratory tract infections accounted for the 30% of EV-induced pediatric pathologies, contributing to LRTIs in 54% of these cases. Moreover, the concomitant or successive circulation of genetically distinct EV strains indicated the possibility of pediatric repeated respiratory infections within the same epidemic season.
ChemInform Abstract: Computational Modeling of a Binding Conformation of the Intermediate L‐Histidinal to Histidinol Dehydrogenase. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Spatially resolved refractive index profiles of electrically switchable computer-generated holographic gratings (2009)

We describe a spatially resolved interferometric technique combined with a phase reconstruction method that provides a quantitative two-dimensional profile of the refractive index and spatial distribution of the optical contrast between the on-off states of electrically switchable diffraction gratings as a function of the external electric field. The studied structures are holographic gratings optically written into polymer/liquid crystal composites through single-beam spatial light modulation by means of computer-generated holograms. The electro-optical response of the gratings is also discussed. The diffraction efficiency results to be dependent on the incident light polarization suggesting the possibility to develop polarization dependent switching devices.
Multiqubit computing and error-avoiding codes in subspace using quantum dots (2002)

An approach is presented for directly constructing cn-Not multi-qubit logic gates using quantum dots. In addition, error-avoiding codes in the projected subspace are discussed, offering a potentially robust scheme for protecting against decoherence. The following general conditions were found: (1) a projected subspace can always be constructed, in which decoherence effects can be cancelled by adjusting the interaction coupling time, enabling error-correction to be performed. This subspace is closed for the projected states. (2) The necessary and sufficient conditions for a decoherence-free subspace are that the second term in the subdynamic equation, be equal to zero. Commonly formulated conditions for a decoherence-free subspace are shown to be particular approximations of this condition, including the so-called Born–Markovian approximation.
Thermal properties of melanin determined from photoacoustic techniques. (1988)

Abstract : Photoacoustic signals from synthetic melanin powders and films were detected and analyzed; their signification to vision research is discussed. Consistency between results from our experimental arrangement and Rosencwaig-Gersho theory was confirmed. The light beam from a continuous-wave, krypton laser was chopped at frequencies ranging from 200 to 1200 Hz, and the corresponding photoacoustic signals from the melanin were recorded . Experiments were carried out on melanin powders and thin films. Identical measurements were carried out for carbon black powder used as a standard. As expected, the acoustic amplitude varied omega to the -1 power for the carbon black standard. The same dependence was observed for melanin powders obtained by evaporating water at neutral ph. For melanin thin films, however, an omega to the 3/2 power dependence for the acoustic signal was observed. For melanin powders obtained by evaporation of water at low ph values or by washing with acetone, the variation of the acoustic signal with chopping frequency displayed an omega to the -1 power behavior from 200 to 650 Hz and an omega to the 3/2 power behavior from 650 to 800 Hz. The switch in slopes plotted on log-log scale permitted an estimate of the thermal diffusivity of acetone melanin. The central role played by water in these results is under scored. Acoustic signals were also measured while the laser intensity was varied; the dependence was found to be linear in accordance with the Rosencwaig-Gersho theory. (aw)
Polonium: Inorganic Chemistry (2005)

Abstract The chemistry of polonium is quite limited. Because all of the isotopes of this element are radioactive, and because it is available in such limited quantities, research with polonium is difficult. The metal has been isolated and characterized. Although a number of polonium compounds, such as PoO2 have been well characterized, the evidence for many is insubstantial. Among the halide derivatives, PoCl4 has been studied in greatest detail. A number of other halides, and their complex ions such as PoBr6‐2, have been studied with considerable success. A simple binary nitride has never been prepared, and only indirect evidence for the existence of H2Po has been reported.
Hypokalemia-induced downregulation of aquaporin-2 water channel expression in rat kidney medulla and cortex. (1996)

Prolonged hypokalemia causes vasopressin-resistant polyuria. We have recently shown that another cause of severe polyuria, chronic lithium therapy, is associated with decreased aquaporin-2 (AQP2) water channel expression (Marples, D., S. Christensen, E.I. Christensen, P.D. Ottosen, and S. Nielsen, 1995. J. Clin. Invest., 95: 1838-1845). Consequently, we studied the effect in rats of 11 days' potassium deprivation on urine production and AQP2 expression and distribution. Membrane fractions were prepared from one kidney, while the contralateral kidney was perfusion-fixed for immunocytochemistry. Immunoblotting and densitometry revealed a decrease in AQP2 levels to 27+/-3.4% of control levels (n=11, P<0.001) in inner medulla, and 34+/-15% of controls (n=5, P<0.05) in cortex. Urine production increased in parallel, from 11+/-1.4 to 30+/-4.4 ml/day (n=11, P<0.01). After return to a potassium-containing diet both urine output and AQP2 labels normalized within 7 d. Immunocytochemistry confirmed decreased AQP2 labeling in principal cells of both inner medullary and cortical collecting ducts. AQP2 labeling was predominantly associated with the apical plasma membrane and intracellular vesicles. Lithium treatment for 24 d caused a more extensive reduction of AQP2 levels, to 4+/-1% of control levels in the inner medulla and 4+/-2% in cortex, in association with severe polyuria. The similar degree of downregulation in medulla and cortex suggests that interstitial tonicity is not the major factor in the regulation of AQP2 expression. Consistent with this furosemide treatment did not alter AQP2 levels. In summary,hypokalemia, like lithium treatment, results in a decrease in AQP2 expression in rat collecting ducts, in parallel with the development of polyuria, and the degree of downregulation is consistent with the level of polyuria induced, supporting the view that there is a causative link.
Microemulsion characterization by the use of a noninvasive backscatter fiber optic probe (1993)

This paper demonstrates the utility of a noninvasive backscatter fiber optic probe for dynamic light-scattering characterization of a microemulsion comprising sodium dodecyl sulfate/1-butanol/ brine/heptane. The fiber probe, comprising two optical fibers precisely positioned in a stainless steel body, is a miniaturized and efficient self-beating dynamic light-scattering system. Accuracy of particle size estimation is better than ±2%.