gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical coherence measurements of vortex light fields using optically manipulated micro-apertures (2007)

In this paper, we make use of optically controlled phase sampling methods with the use of a dual beam optical trapping system. The dual beam trap enables us to remotely position a single birefringent particle and a second silica microsphere to form a Young's slits type experiments. The controlled rotation of the birefringent particle means that it acts as both a micro-diffuser and diffracting aperture at the same time. By observing the visibility of the far-field interference fringes, we were measure the relative mutual coherence of the optical field between any two selected point sources. This technique provides us with a unique localized sampling method.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase and Protein Kinase C as Molecular Determinants of Chemoresistance in Breast Cancer (2002)

Abstract : Using an isogenic model of breast cancer resistance we have previously demonstrated that generation ceramide is inversely correlated with apoptosis in chemoresistant MCF-7 cells. Additionally, we have shown that the NF-kB pathway is an important determinant for MCF-7 cell survival, and that expression of the NF-kB inhibitory protein, IkB, was diminished in chemoresistant cells. To elucidate the connections between these two factors and cell survival, we used a super. repressive form of lkB. We found that lkB-SR decreased survival in both chemosensitive and chemoresistant MCF-7 cells and enhanced TNFalpha-induced cell death. Overexpression of the p65 and p50 NF-kB subunits did not significantly alter viability, either alone or with cytotoxic treatment, suggesting that control of NF-kB signaling by lkB is a main mechanism of pro-survival NF-kB signaling. Interestingly, ceramide treatment inhibited NF-kB activity, through preventing the degradation of lkB, an effect that may contribute to the cytotoxicity of ceramide. Finally, we show that the cytotoxic effect of exogenous ceramide treatment is selective for cancer cells as treatment of non-transformed breast epithelial cells did not significantly decrease viability. This work provide evidence for the importance of the NF-kB transcriptional pathway in breast cancer cell survival, and suggests that targeting NF-kB signaling (through ceramide treatment) is a potential therapeutic treatment in breast cancer.
ChemInform Abstract: OXIDATIVE HERST. VON 1,2‐DINITRO‐ALKENEN UND 1,4‐DINITRO‐1,3‐ALKADIENEN (1970)

Abstract 1,2‐Dinitro‐alkane wie 1,2‐Dinitro‐äthan, 2,3‐Dinitro‐butan oder 1,2‐Diphenyl‐l ,2‐dinitro‐äthan (I) können in Äther bei ‐60°C bis ‐20°C mit Brom zu Dinitro‐äthylen, ‐buten bzw. ‐transstilben (II) oxidiert werden (Ausbeute 22 ‐ 27%; für Dinitrostilben 6%).
The pharmacology of diaziquone given in intravenous or intracarotid infusion to normal and intracranial tumor-bearing puppies (1984)

Diaziquone (also called "aziridinyl benzoquinone," or AZQ), an antitumor drug designed to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, has demonstrated activity against central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms. Four-hour infusions of carbon-14 (14C)-labeled AZQ (0.8 mg/kg) were given via the left common carotid artery or left brachial vein to two groups of puppies. A third group, harboring a transplantable canine glioma, received 14C-AZQ by intravenous infusion. Levels of chloroform (CHCl3)-extractable 14C (AZQ only) and total 14C (AZQ and metabolites) were determined in serial samples of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). At the end of the infusion time, total and CHCl3-extractable 14C levels were determined in brain and tumor. Intra-arterial infusion of AZQ caused no histological abnormalities in the retina or brain. For the intravenous infusion group, the concentrations of CHCl3-extractable 14C (in nmol/ml or nmol/gm) were 0.68, 0.35, and 0.84 for plasma, brain, and CSF, respectively. For the intra-arterial infusion group, the concentrations were 0.25, 0.13, and 0.32 for plasma, brain, and CSF, respectively. Comparison of right and left hemispheres following intra-arterial infusion showed a slightly higher concentration of 14C in the ipsilateral (left) hemisphere, with concentrations (nmol/gm) of CHCl3-extractable 14C/total of 14C of 0.15/0.87 on the left and 0.12/0.65 on the right. Concentrations (nmol/gm) of CHCl3-extractable 14C/total 14C in brain and tumor were 0.60/1.24 and 0.58/1.65, respectively. In tumor-bearing animals, tumor and surrounding brain contained similar concentrations of AZQ, but there were higher concentrations of metabolites in tumor. This may reflect different metabolism of AZQ within brain and tumor or different permeability to metabolites. This study revealed that AZQ enters the CNS and brain-tumor tissue in substantial concentrations and that there is no significant advantage to intracarotid infusion of AZQ.
Lack of<i>c-kit</i>mutation in familial urticaria pigmentosa (1999)

Somatic mutations within c-kit have been reported in individuals with mastocytoses, including urticaria pigmentosa (UP). We have identified three siblings with UP. We aimed to determine whether the c-kit proto-oncogene was playing a part in the aetiology of UP in these three siblings. Using seven microsatellite repeat markers spanning an 8-cM interval encompassing the c-kit gene we followed the transmission of the c-kit gene in this family. Furthermore, single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis was used to scan exon 17 of the c-kit gene for mutations in genomic DNA of all family members and somatic DNA extracted from skin of the eldest affected sibling, the proband. No mutations were found in exon 17 in either genomic DNA of all family members or somatic DNA of the proband. Patients with UP have been shown to possess somatic mutations of the c-kit gene. However, this locus has been excluded as playing a part in the three siblings examined here in whom a second gene locus must be determining their UP. Therefore, this study emphasizes genetic heterogeneity in UP. Future study to identify primary molecular determinants of UP should include affected sib-pair studies.
Malignant schwannoma presenting as a skin mass. Confirmation by the demonstration of myelin basic protein within tumor cells (1984)

A malignant spindle cell tumor with features of a malignant schwannoma presented as a skin mass in the neck of a 13-year-old child. The histologic diagnosis was supported by the demonstration of myelin basic protein within the atypical cells using a monoclonal antibody to myelin basic protein and an unlabelled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique.
A 12.8-Gb/s/link tri-modal single-ended memory interface for graphics applications (2011)

A single-ended (SE) memory interface utilizing a compact voltage-mode (VM) driver and equalizer, and a reference-voltage (VREF) noise tracking system achieves 12.8-Gbps per pin data rate. Same interface can also communicate with 6.4-Gbps GDDR5 and 1.6-Gbps DDR3 DRAM with no package change. Implemented in a 40-nm CMOS process, the x16 tri-modal interface achieves an energy efficiency of better than 5.0-mW/Gbps per data link at 12.8-Gbps.
The Roles of Molten Salts in the Treatment of Aluminum (2001)

Fluxes based on a mixture of molten salts play an important role in the processing of molten aluminum. They are used in a passive role to cover the metal from oxidation and sometimes in an active role to remove inclusions, alkali metals and magnesium. Salt fluxes can also be used to improve metal recovery from drosses as well as during the melting of recycled scrap.Most salt fluxes are based on either the KCl-NaCl or the KCl-MgCl2 binary systems. Additives include other chlorides, fluorides, nitrates, carbonates or sulphates. The physical and chemical properties of these various molten salts are reviewed and analysed in terms of their applications to the aluminum industry.Les flux basés sur un mélange de sels fondus jouent un rôle important dans le traitement de l'aluminium fondu. On les utilise dans un rôle passif pour couvrir le métal contre l'oxydation et, quelque fois, dans un rôle actif pour enlever les inclusions, les métaux alcalins et le magnésium. On peut aussi utiliser les flux salins pour améliorer la récupération du métal de la crasse ainsi que lors de fonte du métal recyclé.La plupart des flux salins sont basés soit sur le système binaire KCl-NaCl ou soit sur le système binaire KCl-MgCl2. Les additifs incluent d'autres chlorures, des fluorures, des nitrates, des carbonates ou des sulfates. Les propriétés physiques et chimiques de ces divers sels fondus sont revues et analysées en rapport avec leur application dans l'industrie de l'aluminium.
Clinical application of PET/MRI in oncology (2016)

Hybrid imaging with integrated positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combines the advantages of the high-resolution anatomic data from MRI and functional imaging data from PET, and has the potential to improve the diagnostic evaluation of various types of cancers. The clinical oncologic applications of this newest hybrid imaging technology are evolving and substantial efforts are underway to define the role of PET/MRI in routine clinical use. The current published literature suggests that PET/MRI may play an important role in the evaluation of patients with certain types of malignancies, involving anatomic locations such as the pelvis and the liver. The purpose of this article is to review the current published PET/MRI literature in specific body oncologic applications. In addition, PET/MRI protocols and some of the technical issues of this hybrid imaging will be briefly discussed. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:265-276.
The "other side" of pediatric hernias: the role of laparoscopy. (1997)

The role of contralateral inguinal exploration in neonates, infants, and children presenting with unilateral hernias is controversial. Factors considered by surgeons include the patient's age, sex, and side of the clinically apparent hernia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of diagnostic laparoscopy performed through the clinically apparent hernia sac to identify a contralateral patent processus vaginalis (CPPV) in children and limit contralateral exploration to CPPV-positive patients. One hundred neonates, infants, and children underwent laparoscopic evaluation for a CPPV through the ipsilateral hernia sac. There were 79 boys and 21 girls. Forty-eight of 100 (48%) had a CPPV identified, which was confirmed operatively. Thirty-one of 68 patients (46%) with a right-sided and 18 of 32 (56%) with a left-sided hernias had a CPPV (P = 0.39). Thirty-six of 56 (64%) patients younger than 6 months of age had a CPPV compared to 13 of 44 (30%) older than six months (P = 0.001). Fourteen of 21 (67%) girls had a CPPV compared to 35 of 79 (44%) boys (P = 0.087). Laparoscopy through the hernia sac is a safe and effective means of identifying the presence of a CPPV and avoiding unnecessary contralateral inguinal exploration. Infants (< 6 months) are much more likely to have a CPPV.
Family planning in Africa (1985)

Africa is unique in the contemporary world. it has a population growth rate that continues to rise. Growth rates in all the other main regions have slowed down to below 2,5 per cent per annum. Africa's growth rate has accelerated from 2.7 per cent during the period 1970 to 1975 to a current 3 per cent. Kenya's population growth rate is believed to exceed 4 per cent and the International Monetary Fund recently predicted that Zimbabwe could follow suit. Yet the bulk of Africa's current population of 362 million continues to live in a contraceptive vacuum and no more than 5 per cent of the female at risk population have been exposed to a family planning programme.
Continuous vehicle localisation using sparse 3D sensing, kernelised r&#x00E9;nyi distance and fast Gauss transforms (2013)

This paper is about estimating a smooth, continuous-time trajectory of a vehicle relative to a prior 3D laser map. We pose the estimation problem as that of finding a sequence of Catmull-Rom splines which optimise the Kernelised Rényi Distance (KRD) between the prior map and live measurements from a 3D laser sensor. Our approach treats the laser measurements as a continual stream of data from a smoothly moving vehicle. We side-step entirely the segmentation and feature matching problems incumbent in traditional point cloud matching algorithms, relying instead on a smooth and well behaved objective function. Importantly our approach admits the exploitation of sensors with modest sampling rates - sensors that take seconds to densely sample the workspace. We show how by appropriate use of the Improved Fast Gauss Transform we can reduce the order of the estimation problem from quadratic (straight forward application of the KRD) to linear. Although in this paper we use 3D laser, our approach is also applicable to vehicles using 2D laser sensing or dense stereo. We demonstrate and evaluate the performance of our approach when estimating the full 6DOF continuous time pose of a road vehicle undertaking over 2.7km of outdoor travel.
The Effect of BCG on Thoracic Duct Lymphocytes (1992)

Adoptive immunotherapy is becoming increasingly more important in the management of advanced malignancies. This report describes the results of immunomodulation therapy with BCG in the Dunning tumor. In addition it describes new techniques in the harvesting of lymphocytes. Thoracic duct lymphocytes from 34 rats were evaluated for the effect of the presence of the Dunning R-3327 AT-3 tumor as well as for the response to bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG). Both tumor and BCG resulted in significant changes in the helper/suppressor T cell ratios.
Aging-induced complex transformation behavior of martensite in Ni57.5Mn17.5Ga25 shape memory alloy (2004)

Ni57.5Mn17.5Ga25 shape memory alloy exhibits a complex transformation behavior, appearing after aging. Aging in the austenitic state resulted in an ordinary decrease of the martensitic transformation temperature. Contrary to this, aging in the martensitic state brought about unusual features of the martensitic transformation observed so far only in Ni-Ti alloys.
Spatiotemporal EEG Analysis and Distributed Source Estimation in Presurgical Epilepsy Evaluation (1999)

In the attempts to localize electric sources in the brain on the basis of multichannel EEG and/or MEG measurements, distributed source estimation procedures have become of increasing interest. Several commercial software packages offer such localization programs and results using these methods are seen more and more frequently in the literature. It is crucial that the users understand the similarities and differences of these methods and that they become aware of the advantages and limitations that are inherent to each approach. This review provides this information from a theoretical as well as from a practical point of view. The theoretical part gives the algorithmic basis of the electromagnetic inverse problem and shows how the different a priori assumptions are formally integrated in these equations. The authors restrict this formalism to the linear inverse solutions i.e., those solutions in which the inversion procedure can be represented as a matrix applied to the data. It will be shown that their properties can be best characterized by their resolution kernels and that methods with optimal resolution matrices can be designed. The authors also discuss the important problem of regularization strategies that are used to minimize the influence of noise. Finally, a new kind of inverse solution, termed ELECTRA (for ELECTRical Analysis), is presented that is based on constraining the source model on the basis of the currents that can actually be measured by the scalp recorded EEG. The practical part of the review illustrates the localization procedures with different clinical data sets. Three aspects become important when working with real data: 1) Clinical data is usually far from ideal (limited number of electrodes, noise, etc.). The behavior of inverse procedures in such unfortunate situations has to be evaluated. 2) The selection of the time points or time periods of interest is crucial, especially in the analysis of spontaneous EEG. 3) Additional information coming from other modalities is usually available and can be incorporated. The authors are illustrating these important points in the case of interictal and ictal epileptiform activity. Spike averaging, frequency domain source localization, and temporal segmentation based on electric field topographies will be discussed. Finally, the technique of EEG-triggered functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) will be illustrated, where EEG is recorded in the magnet and is used to synchronize fMRI acquisition with interictal events. The analysis of both functional data, i.e. the EEG in terms of three-dimensional source localization and the EEG-triggered fMRI, combines the advantages of the two techniques: the temporal resolution of the EEG and the spatial resolution of the fMRI.
Effect of monofunctional and trifunctional modifiers on a phase mixed polyurethane system (1996)

Abstract The dynamic mechanical behavior of a phase mixed polyurethane system modified with trifunctional and monofunctional alcohols was investigated and compared with a typical polyurethane system with a difunctional alcohol. Of interest was verifying that the average functionality of the alcohol would determine the dynamic mechanical properties and not whether that functionality was achieved by an equimolar blend of trifunctional and monofunctional alcohols or by a purely difunctional alcohol. The base system consisted of poly(tetramethylene ether)glycol (PTMG) cured with 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). The trifunctional alcohol was trimethylol propane (TMP). The monofunctional alcohol was decyl alcohol (DA). Samples with a typical difunctional alcohol, 2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐propanediol (DMPD), were prepared and their properties compared with those of the above samples. To a first approximation, the properties of TMP‐DA modified polymers are identical to those of DMPD polymers of the same hard segment concentration. These results confirm our hypothesis that the dynamic properties obtained from a combination of a trifunctional alcohol with a monofunctional alcohol are essentially equivalent to those of a difunctional alcohol.
Beam‐Buckling Analysis via Automated Rayleigh‐Ritz Method (1994)

This paper presents an automated Rayleigh‐Ritz method for the elastic buckling analysis of doubly symmetric I‐beams subjected to arbitrary loading conditions. Moreover, the beams may have various types of end‐supporting conditions, internal discrete rigid braces, and internal supports. The automation and the method's versatility are attributed to a general Ritz function consisting of the product of a polynomial function and the functions expressing the geometric restraint conditions. The method is simple and may be readily implemented on a personal computer. The solutions obtained are shown to be accurate provided a sufficient number of polynomial terms is taken. Buckling solutions of I‐beams under a variety of loading and boundary conditions are obtained to illustrate the generality of the method and serve as design charts.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Oxidative C—H Arylation of Benzoxazoles with Arylsulfonyl Hydrazides Promoted by Palladium Complexes. (2013)

Abstract The oxidative protocol for C‐2 arylation of benzoxazoles (I) and (VI) utilizes readily available and easy‐to‐handle arylsulfonyl hydrazides (II) as the aryl sources.
GaAs–Fe<sub>3</sub>Si Core–Shell Nanowires: Nanobar Magnets (2013)

Semiconductor-ferromagnet GaAs-Fe3Si core-shell nanowires were grown by molecular beam epitaxy and analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and magnetic force microscopy. We obtained closed and smooth Fe3Si shells with a crystalline structure that show ferromagnetic properties with magnetizations along the nanowire axis (perpendicular to the substrate). Such nanobar magnets are promising candidates to enable the fabrication of new forward-looking devices in the field of spintronics and magnetic recording.
Patterning sub-Micrometer Domain in MgO: LiNbO<inf>3</inf> Ridge Waveguides by Focused Ion Beam for QPM Nonlinear Optical Devices (2007)

Ferroelectric domain structure with pitch sizes of sub-micrometer has been fabricated by focused ion beam directly in MgO:LiNO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> ridge waveguides. This result opens a new way to engineering domain in structures with an irregular surface.
Platelet-derived RANK ligand enhances CCL17 secretion from dendritic cells mediated by thymic stromal lymphopoietin (2014)

Dendritic cells (DCs) play an integral role in cellular cascade that initiate and maintain Th2 responses in allergy. In this study, we examined the interaction between platelets and DCs to determine the role of platelets in the intervention of immune responses through modulation of DC functions. Blood-purified myeloid DCs, which had been stimulated with thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP-DCs), formed aggregates with activated platelets. TSLP-DC maturation was induced after the interaction with TRAP6-activated platelets as indicated by an increase in the expression of CD86, CD40, and CD83. In addition, production of a Th2 cell-attracting chemokine, CCL17, was clearly upregulated by coculture of TSLP-DCs with TRAP6-activated platelets. We further found that an expression of RANK ligand (RANKL) on platelets was upregulated by the TRAP6 activation, and that, using the neutralizing antibody against RANKL, the platelet-derived RANKL induces the activation of TSLP-DCs. Thus, activated platelets can intervene in adaptive immune responses through induction of functional modulation of TSLP-DCs. Platelets have the ability to enhance the DC-mediated Th2 response and may contribute to the allergic inflammation. In conclusion, our study provides new insights in platelet functions and the possible mechanism of allergic responses that stem from DCs.
Cajal on Solar Eclipse (2007)

An impression that sculpted a lasting memory on the mind of the great neuroanatomist Santiago Ramón y Cajal, an 8-year-old boy at the time, was the total solar eclipse of 18 July 1860. This short article provides a translation of the relevant passage, found in a 1933 Buenos Aires schoolbook, and places the celestial event at the crossroads of neuroscience, astronomy and literature.
An Extension of Engine Weight Estimation Techniques to Compute Engine Production Cost. (1979)

Abstract : As a follow-on to previously developed engine weight estimation work, a preliminary design engine cost estimating code has been produced. The code relies on engine thermodynamic characteristics and weight as computed by earlier developed codes to select raw material types and quantities required to produce the engine. An existing Navy technique is then used to convert this data into engine cost. The code was used to predict the cost of three existing engines; errors ranged form 1 to 8% of actual costs as reported to NADC. (Author)