gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances in Anodic Stripping Voltammetry with Bismuth‐Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes (2005)

Abstract In this article, the results of some recent investigations on two types of bismuth‐modified carbon paste electrodes are presented. In the first study, the bismuth‐film carbon paste electrode (BiF‐CPE) operated in situ and employed in anodic stripping voltammetry of Cd(II) and Pb(II) at the low μg L −1 level was of interest in view of choosing the proper Bi(III)‐to‐Me(II) concentration ratios (where Me: Pb or Cd). Such optimization has resulted in significant improvement of detection limits down to 1.0 μg L −1 Cd and 0.8 μg L −1 for Pb, which allowed us to apply the BiF‐CPE for analysis of selected real samples of tap and sea water. The BiF‐CPE was also further investigated for its application in highly alkaline media. In this case, attention was focused on the complex‐forming capabilities of the OH – ions and their effect on the anodic stripping characteristics of some heavy metals (i.e. Cd, Pb, Tl) as well as upon the formation of the bismuth film itself. The last example deals with the continuing characterization of the recently introduced carbon paste electrodes modified with bismuth powder (Bi‐CPEs) which combine the advantageous properties of carbon paste material with the favorable electrochemical properties of bismuth. Three series of electrodes, differing either in the content of metallic bismuth (from 8 to 50% w/w) or in the type of the carbon powder used (two spectroscopic types of graphite and powdered glassy carbon), were compared and the respective relations to the optimal carbon paste composition evaluated. Attractive electroanalytical performance of the Bi‐CPE in anodic stripping voltammetry is demonstrated for selected model mixtures of heavy metals (Mn, Zn, Cd, Pb, Tl, and In).
Making arm movements within different parts of space: dynamic aspects in the primate motor cortex (1990)

The activity of 176 individual cells in the arm area of motor cortex (areas 4 and 6) was studied while monkeys made arm movements of similar direction within different parts of extrapersonal space. The behavioral paradigm used was a 3-dimensional reaction-time task aimed at dissociating the direction of movement, which remained similar across the work space, from the patterns of muscular activity and the angular joint excursions necessary to perform these movements. In agreement with other studies (Georgopoulos et al., 1982; Schwartz et al., 1988), we found that, within a given part of space, the activity of 169 (96.0%) cells studied increased most for a given preferred direction and less for other directions of movement. This change was graded in an orderly fashion. We further analyzed the orientation in space of the cells' preferred directions under the differing conditions of the task. We found that, as movements with similar trajectories were made within different parts of space, the cells' preferred directions changed spatial orientation. This change was of different magnitudes for different cells, but at the level of the population, it followed closely the changes in orientation of the arm necessary to perform the movements required by the task. Movement population vectors (Georgopoulos et al., 1983, 1986, 1988) computed from cell activity proved to be good predictors of movement direction regardless of where in space the movements were performed. These results indicate that motor cortical cells can code direction of movement in a way which is dependent on the position of the arm in space. The data are discussed in relation to the existence of mechanisms which facilitate the transformation between extrinsic and intrinsic coordinates. These transformations are necessary to perform arm movements to visual targets in space.
Intestinal lesions induced experimentally by methotrexate. (1977)

Mice were given up to 9 doses of methotrexate intermittently over a 3-week period. Inhibition of mitosis occurred in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum after the first injection, and after 2 doses the crypt epithelium showed megalocytosis and occasional abnormal mitotic figures. Further treatment produced degeneration of the epithelium of the villi, which became irregular and atrophic, and the amount of crypt tissue was greatly reduced. Focal ulceration and haemorrhage occurred in some animals. Changes in the caecum and colon developed later and were much milder. After withdrawal of methotrexate the intestinal mucosa rapidly recovered and was normal 1 week later.
High Power LDMOS Integrated Doherty Amplifier for W-CDMA. (2006)

To our knowledge a first integrated Doherty amplifier in a standard SOT502 package has been developed for WCDMA applications. This solution is based on 10W MMIC Doherty cell combined in parallel. The MMIC is based on the latest Philips LDMOST technology (Gen 6) and showed state of the art performance: 42% Eff has been measured at IMD3 level of -40dBc. Further improvement of linearity to below -50dBc was provided by digital pre-distortions. We believe this approach can be used to achieve powers above 120W. Moreover this approach will lead to a lower cost, more reliable and manufacturable Doherty product
<i>Experimental Techniques in Condensed Matter Physics at Low</i> <i>Temperatures</i> (1989)

First Page
Re‐engineering Legal Opportunity Structures in the European Union? The Starting Line Group and the Politics of the Racial Equality Directive (2010)

Abstract Using the Racial Equality Directive to test competing explanations concerning the types of actors who seek to liberalize legal opportunity structures, we find that it was pursued by a coalition of societal interests working through European Union institutions that sought reforms intended to facilitate strategic litigation.
XPS, TOF-SIMS, NEXAFS, and SPR Characterization of Nitrilotriacetic Acid-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayers for Controllable Immobilization of Proteins (2008)

For immobilization of proteins onto surfaces in a specific and controlled manner, it is important to start with a well-defined surface that contains specific binding sites surrounded by a nonfouling background. For immobilizing histidine-tagged (his-tagged) proteins, surfaces containing nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) headgroups and oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) moieties are a widely used model system. The surface composition, structure, and reactivity of mixed NTA/OEG self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au substrates were characterized in detail using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensoring. XPS results for sequential adsorption of NTA thiols followed by OEG thiols showed that OEG molecules were incorporated into an incompletely formed NTA monolayer until a complete mixed SAM was formed. The surface concentration of NTA headgroups was estimated to be 0.9-1.3 molecule/nm2 in the mixed NTA/OEG monolayers, compared to 1.9 molecule/nm2 in pure NTA monolayers. Angle-dependent XPS indicated NTA headgroups were slightly reoriented toward an upright position after OEG incorporation, and polarization-dependent NEXAFS results indicated increased ordering of the alkane chains of the molecules. Nitrogen-containing and OEG-related secondary ion fragments from the TOF-SIMS experiments confirmed the presence of NTA headgroups and OEG moieties in the monolayers. A multivariate peak intensity ratio was developed for estimating the relative NTA concentration in the outermost (10 A) of the monolayers. SPR measurements of a his-tagged, humanized anti-lysozyme variable fragment (HuLys Fv) immobilized onto Ni(II)-treated mixed NTA/OEG and pure NTA monolayers demonstrated the reversible, site-specific immobilization of his-tagged HuLys Fv (108-205 ng/cm2) with dissociation rates (koff) between 1.0 x 10-4 and 2.1 x 10-5 s-1, both depending on the NTA surface concentration and orientation. The monolayers without Ni(II) treatment exhibited low nonspecific adsorption of his-tagged HuLys Fv (<2 ng/cm2).
A novel hand gesture input device based on inertial sensing technique (2005)

In this paper, we present a novel gesture-based input device by using inertial sensing technique. The trajectories of user's hand-drawn gestures in 3D space are captured and recognized by this device to fulfill user interaction task. The proposed device employs gyro-free inertial measurement unit (IMU) to track hand motions without requiring any external reference sensors or signals. Since the unbounded growing error of trajectory estimation, as a major drawback of IMU-based motion tracking technology, is carefully solved by using zero velocity compensation. Here, a deliberately-designed motion detection scheme is proposed to capture accurate hand motion period. Finally, the recognition algorithm based on Bayesian networks takes estimated trajectories and finds the corresponding gesture model with the maximum probability. Because the IMU provides outstanding capability of self-contained positioning, the proposed device is extraordinary simple and effective, comparing with the devices using other tracking technologies such as vision-based system. Experimental results also show its effectiveness and feasibility. Currently, after employing the trajectory estimation method provided in this paper, the recognition rate of 95.51% for 14 gestures has been achieved when this device is implemented as a TV remote controller. It can be used as a powerful, flexible interface for ubiquitous computing device.
HIV viral load supercedes CD4 count as best marker for predicting risk of AIDS and death. (1996)

Viral load is proving to be a stronger predictor of HIV disease progression than CD4 counts, and viral load testing is expected to supercede CD4 tests as a means to guide treatment and gauge the effectiveness of new drugs. Physicians and patients are using viral load testing to make more informed treatment decisions. Data suggests that treatment should be initiated when viral load is 10,000 copies, regardless of CD4 count. Viral load testing is also seen as a reliable marker for predicting the risk of opportunistic infections and for determining the timing for preventive treatment for these infections. Researchers' recommendations and research methods are reviewed.
Citizens as Voluntary Sensors: Spatial Data Infrastructure in the World of Web 2.0 (2007)

Much progress has been made in the past two decades, and increasingly since the popularizing of the Internet and the advent of the Web, in exploiting new technologies in support of the dissemination of geographic information. Data warehouses, spatial data libraries, and geoportals have proliferated, and today’s
정의와 배려의 윤리에 대한 도덕교육의 함의 (2001)

Moral education is concerned with growing moral persons through developing their morality Moral action takes the moral point of view. The teacher needs a vision of moral man, some sense of the person as moral actor or agent. So the moral agent is neither raw intellect nor disembodied reasoning but has feelings and emotions and passions that play a great part in the moral life. But this affective component is one that many of us ignore or, at least, underestimate through moral philosophy and moral education. Especially Kolberg's model assumes that the moral life is primary the result of the development of specific, often abstract moral principals that are capable of being expressed in verbal form. The model derives from Piaget's idea of stages of mental development, and the particular principal of justice incorporated in the system is that of the philosopher Rawls, Kant, and Platon. In short, this model presents moral development as a process of abstract cognitive development, as a growth in rational competence expressed in increasing sophisticated principles of moral reasoning. However ethics of justice is subject to many drawbacks. An ethics of care may be argued in terms of alternative -ethics to overcome the limitation of ethics justice. However An ethics of justice and An ethics care should be integrate. For bridge justice between care, presents an approach to morality that stems from Carol Gilligan‘s work distinguishing a moral orientation of care from a morality of justice. In the chapter Ⅱ illustrates each orientation, and integrates care with justice. Gilligan's research on relational caring, and its applications to schooling promises crucial addition to moral discussion here, increasing interpersonal focus. The Ⅲ. integrates care with justice In final Ⅳ. suggest a valuable education program that employes elements from both the character education and developmental perspectives. Teaching methods is also understood intergratidly. Teaching methods should not be focused upon superficial ethical knowledge but be focused upon ethical issues and problems in our society. Teachers should deal with the affective, behavior domains such as moral values, attitudes and dispositions as well as the cognitive domains such as moral knowledge and judgement. Evaluation of ‘Moral Education’ should include moral knowledge, moral reasoning, moral values & attitudes, moral dispositions, and moral behavior. Various assessment techniques, such as personal observation, interviews, students essays, the student's portfolio, and performance tests should be utilized to measure the extent of student progress. And in other to facilitate students moral actions, evaluation of ‘Moral Education’ should be enlarged to service projects and social participation activities.
Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research (1963)

A survey drawn from social-science research which deals with correlational, ex post facto, true experimental, and quasi-experimental designs and makes methodological recommendations. Bibliogs.
Chromate adsorption on amorphous iron oxyhydroxide in the presence of major groundwater ions (1987)

Chromate adsorption on amorphous iron oxyhydroxide was investigated in dilute iron suspensions as a single solute and in solutions of increasing complexity containing CO2 (g), SO42-(aq), H4Si04(aq), and cations [K+, Mg2+, Ca2+(aq)]. In paired-solute systems (e.g., CrO42- =H2CO3*), anionic cosolutes markedly reduce CrO42- adsorption through a combination of competitive and electrostatic effects, but cations exert no appreciable influence. Additionally, H4Si04 exhibits a strong time-dependent effect: CrO42- adsorption is greatly decreased with increasing H4SiO4 contact time. In multiple-ion mixtures, each anion added to the mixture decreases CrO42- adsorption further. Adsorption constants for the individual reactive solutes were used in the triple-layer model. The model calculations are in good agreement with the CrO42- adsorption data for paired- and multiple-solute systems. However, the model calculations underestimate CrO42- adsorption when surface site saturation is appr6ached. Questions remain regarding the surface interactions of both CO2(aq) and H4Si04. The results have major implications for the adsorption behavior of CrO42- and other oxyanions in subsurface waters.
Theoretical Study of Halophilic Reactions of Stable Silylenes with Chloro- and Bromocarbons (2003)

A theoretical study of the mechanism of the reaction of stable silylenes with halocarbons has been carried out using the B3LYP density functional method. The main findings are as follows: (1) Lewis acid-base complexes formed between silylenes and halocarbons do not play a role in silylene insertion chemistry into halocarbons; therefore, the acid-base complex mechanism proposed by West et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 4186) is not appropriate to describe the disilane formation reaction. (2) The disilane formation reactions follow the energetically favorable general reaction pathway (X = halogen): (i) Y2Si: + HCX3 --> TS1 --> Y2XSi-CHX2. (ii) Y2Si: + Y2XSi-CHX2 --> TS2 --> Y2XSi-SiY2CHX2. (3) The observed preference of stable silylenes to undergo C-X bond insertion rather than C-H bond has been investigated. The theoretical findings suggest that this preference is a result of the thermodynamic factor. (4) Stable silylenes prefer to insert into a C-Br rather than a C-Cl bond because the energy barrier to insertion is lower, and the reaction is more exothermic.
Contemporary Epidemiology and Prognosis of Health Care–Associated Infective Endocarditis (2008)

HAIE is an important health problem associated with considerable mortality. New strategies to prevent HAIE should be assessed.
High-level debugging with the aid of an incremental optimizer (2003)

The design of a high-level debugger that tailors optimizations to conform to desired debugging capabilities is presented. In this scheme, debugging requests are specified before program execution and viewed as changes that inhibit optimizations in ways similar to program edits invalidating optimizations. Debugging requests are honored by detecting and temporarily disabling those optimizations that prohibit correct debugging response. An intermediate program representation keeps a history of all optimizations possible prior to debugging. Any modifications to debugging requests are incrementally incorporated into this representation which is then used to generate optimized code tailored to the new desired debugging capabilities. When debugging requests have little effect on optimizations, code closely related to the final optimized code is debugged. Execution time and debugging accuracy are always comparable to debugging unoptimized code as no additional analysis or optimization history is needed at run time.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A fully working 0.14 μm DRAM technology with polymetal (W/WN/sub x//poly-Si) gate (2002)

A fully working 0.14 /spl mu/m -256 Mbit DRAM with polymetal gate (W/WN/sub x//poly-Si) for word line was implemented for the first time. For full integration of polymetal word line, we adopted several key technologies related to W process which include etching, cleaning, and selective oxidation process. The sheet resistance of a 700 /spl Aring//700 /spl Aring/ WN/sub x//poly-Si polymetal was uniform (<3 /spl Omega//sq. at 0.14 /spl mu/m) through full integration, and reliability characteristics were also compatible to conventional WSi/sub x//poly-Si gate. By applying polymetal word line and PPP (pre poly plug) cell scheme, we successfully implemented 0.14 /spl mu/m -256 DRAM.
Diethylcarbamazine Salt in the Control of Lymphatic Filariasis (1994)

Where lymphatic filariasis has diminished since about the 1950s, it has most frequently, though not always, been a direct result of chemotherapeutic intervention against the parasite. Diethylcarbamazine (DEC), a well-established drug, has been the single agent of chemotherapeutic control and has been successful in a wide variety of regimens. This paper reviews the experience with one strategy: long-term, low-dose treatment through DEC-medicated common salt. Diethylcarbamazine-medicated salt played a major role in the Chinese filariasis control program and has been successful in more limited trials in India, Brazil, and Tanzania. It is not being used today in any endemic area, but the evidence suggests that it is safe, effective, and relatively inexpensive. Enough is already known about the beneficial effects of DEC-medicated salt from community-wide studies to develop specific guidelines for its use in community programs.
Fine-grained Pseudo-code Generation Method via Code Feature Extraction and Transformer (2021)

Pseudo-code written by natural language is helpful for novice developers' program comprehension. However, writing such pseudo-code is time-consuming and laborious. Motivated by the research advancements of sequence-to-sequence learning and code semantic learning, we propose a novel deep pseudo-code generation method DeepPseudo via code feature extraction and Transformer. In particular, DeepPseudo utilizes a Transformer encoder to perform encoding for source code and then use a code feature extractor to learn the knowledge of local features. Finally, it uses a pseudo-code generator to perform decoding, which can generate the corresponding pseudo-code. We choose two corpora (i.e., Django and SPoC) from real-world large-scale projects as our empirical subjects. We first compare DeepPseudo with seven state-of-the-art baselines from pseudo-code generation and neural machine translation domains in terms of four performance measures. Results show the competitiveness of DeepPseudo. Moreover, we also analyze the rationality of the component settings in DeepPseudo.
The electrical conductivity of magnesium oxide at low temperatures (1968)

The electrical conductivity of magnesium oxide single crystals has been measured for the first time in the temperature range 400-750°C. Results agree well with those obtained by other workers at higher temperatures and a single activation energy of about 2·8±0·1 ev seems to apply from 400 to 1800°C. Fields varying from 0·4 to 500 kv cm −1 were used and the maximum fields for ohmic conductivity were determined. Similar measurements were made on polycrystalline specimens with a large impurity content. The effects of impurities and the role of the electrodes are considered. The process of conduction at low temperatures is not yet fully understood, but it may be controlled by electrons hopping between impurity sites in the crystal rather than by oxygen ion transport as has previously been suggested.
Predictive Slip Control for Electrical Trains (2016)

This paper presents a new methodology to achieve the maximum adhesion between wheels of a train and rails throughout acceleration mode of electrical trains in terms of predicting its corresponding wheel slip. The proposed methodology obtains the best operation point holding the maximum acceleration at the maximum adhesion point. Since the feeble adhesion coefficient is the first problem of the adhesion control system and it is not a measurable quantity, an estimator is used to estimate the adhesion coefficient. Although variations of the adhesion coefficient versus the wheel slip do not have a fixed curve and a certain behavior, the proposed methodology is capable of gaining the maximum acceleration and optimizes the depreciation of the wheel and the rail. The interior loop of the proposed predictive slip control is the field-oriented control of the induction motor. After simulation, the suggested methodology is implemented on a test bench using a digital signal processor (DSP). The experimental and simulation results justify the efficiency and efficacy of the proposed idea.
Development of the cone calorimeter -- a bench-scale heat release rate apparatus based on oxygen consumption (1982)

A new bench-scale rate of heat release calorimeter utilizing the oxygen consumption principle has been developed for use in fire testing and research. Specimens may be of uniform or composite construction and may be tested in a horizontal, face-up orientation, or, for those which do not melt, in a vertical orientation. An external irradiance of zero to over 100 kW m−2 may be imposed by means of a temperature-controlled radiant heater. The rate of heat release is determined by measuring combustion product gas flow and oxygen depletion, while the mass loss is also recorded simultaneously. The instrument has been designed to be capable of higher accuracy than existing instruments and yet to be simple to operate and moderate in construction cost. The instrument is thermed a ‘cone calorimeter’ because of the geometric arrangement of the electric heater.