gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MoS 2 Heterojunctions by Thickness (2015)

In this work, we report lateral heterojunction formation in as-exfoliated MoS2 flakes by thickness modulation. Kelvin probe force microscopy is used to map the surface potential at the monolayermultilayer heterojunction, and consequently the conduction band offset is extracted. Scanning photocurrent microscopy is performed to investigate the spatial photocurrent response along the length of the device including the source and the drain contacts as well as the monolayermultilayer junction. The peak photocurrent is measured at the monolayer-multilayer interface, which is attributed to the formation of a type-I heterojunction. The work presents experimental and theoretical understanding of the band alignment and photoresponse of thickness modulated MoS2 junctions with important implications for exploring novel optoelectronic devices. Semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) with a layered crystal structure exhibit unique electrical 1,2 and optical properties 3–5 . TMDCs provide opportunities in exploring new device concepts given their atomic level flatness, and ability to form van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures with strong interlayer coupling 6–8 . For instance, vdW heterobilayers of MoS2/WSe2 have been recently reported to exhibit spatially direct light absorption but spatially indirect light emission, representing a highly intriguing material property 9,10 . Here, we explore the optoelectronic properties of lateral “hetero”-junctions formed on a single crystal of MoS2 of varying thickness (i.e., number of layers). As a result of the quantum confinement effect 11 , when the thickness of a MoS2 crystal is scaled down to a monolayer the optical band gap increases from 1.29 eV (indirect) to 1.85 eV (direct) 12,13 . The change in the band structure and the electron affinity of MoS 2 with layer number opens up the path to the formation of atomically sharp heterostructures, not by changing composition but rather by changing layer thickness 14 . We experimentally examine the surface potential of this thickness modulated heterojunction by using Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). We further use scanning photocurrent microscopy (SPCM) to probe the photoresponse of the junction. A large photocurrent response is observed at the monolayer/ multilayer junction interface which confirms the presence of a strong built-in electric field at the inter face. Device modeling is used in parallel to experiments to understand the underlying mechanism of the observed photocurrents and the band-alignments at the junction interface, suggesting the formation of a type-I heterojunction. SPCM has been previously used to study the photoresponse of metal contacted MoS2 transistors, where the channel thickness for MoS2 was uniform throughout the device 15,16 . The results have shown that the photoresponse is primarily driven by the metal/MoS2 Schottky contacts and photothermoelectric effect 16 . In distinct contrast to previous studies, we observe that the peak photoresponse is spatially located at the MoS2 monolayer/multilayer junction for our lateral heterojunctions and not at the metal contacts.
Management of High-Risk Populations with Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer (2003)

Prostate cancer that extends beyond the confines of the prostatic gland on clinical and/or radiographic assessment, without evidence of lymph node or distant metastases, is regarded as locally advanced. The locally advanced prostate cancer patient population consists of a heterogeneous group of men, some of whom have tumors that may be amenable to primary curative intent with local definitive therapy associated with acceptable long-term cancer control rates. In order to optimally manage this group of patients, it is important to be able to recognize who is at a high risk of tumor recurrence after primary local therapy. In this brief review, we discuss the factors that contribute to the prediction of high risk in populations with locally advanced disease and the treatment options available.
Highly lubricious poly(vinyl alcohol)–poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels (2011)

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels have desirable characteristics for use as artificial cartilage, such as biocompatibility, high water content, and surface lubricity. However, PVA hydrogels are not strong enough to withstand the demanding load-bearing environment in human joints. Thermal annealing can greatly improve compressive strength, but it also causes substantial loss in water content and lubricity. We demonstrated that incorporating anionic moieties of poly(acrylic acid) improves surface lubricity, whereas adding poly(ethylene-glycol) prevents pore collapse during thermal annealing, yielding a tough hydrogel with high lubricity. We also found a "super-lubricous" response from the gels when they were annealed in air versus argon gas.
Circuit Breakers in Fragmented Markets – An Assessment (2012)

Since the May 6th, 2010 flash crash in the U.S., appropriate measures ensuring safe, fair and reliable markets become more relevant from the perspective of investors and regulators. Circuit breakers in various forms are already implemented for individual markets to ensure price continuity and prevent potential market failure and crash scenarios. However, coordinated inter-market safeguards have been partly adopted only, but are essential in a fragmented environment to prevent situations, where main markets stop trading but stock prices decline as trading continues in satellite markets. The objective of this paper is to provide insight into recent circuit breaker implementations, their individual specifications and potential coordination between venues. We analyze trades during primary market halts and find no migration of trading activity to alternative venues. Moreover, our data provides no evidence of changes to the market participant structure in the alternative venue.
Design Optimization of Nuclear Vapor Thermal Rocket Core — A Thermo-Mechanical Study (1994)

Fuel structural materials for the Nuclear Vapor Thermal Rocket (NVTR) are exposed to very high temperature vapor fuel in the fuel channel and to high temperature but cooler propellant in the coolant channel. This temperature difference leads to thermal stress in the fuel element. There is also a mismatch in the value of coefficients of thermal expansion between the fuel element material and the coating material that could lead to failure of the coating. The stress in the coating and the fuel element material is dependent on the power density of the core and also on the arrangement of fuel and coolant channels. In order to achieve higher power density, the fuel element design has to be optimized to yield lower stress. Analytical studies found that carbon/carbon composite hexagonal fuel elements employing a square lattice arrangement of multiple UF4 fuel and hydrogen coolant channels yield maximum stress intensities well below fuel element materials stress limit.
LPV modelling and identification of an open canal for control (2007)

Open canals are large distributed systems characterised by non-linear, time-varying and dependent with the operating point behaviour. Then, these systems can be suitably represented for control by linear parameter varying (LPV) models. In this paper, three ways of obtaining an LPV model for a single reach open canal are treated and compared: physical LPV modelling, multi-model identification and LPV identification. The first approach is a grey-box modelling approach while the two last are black-box approaches using experimental data. Finally, they will be applied and compared in a test-bench canal.
Double‐quantum filtered volume‐selective NMR spectroscopy (1989)

An RF and field-gradient pulse sequence is presented, permitting the recording of localized double-quantum filtered proton spectra. In this way distinction between overlapping resonances of coupled and uncoupled spins is possible. The editing of the lactate methyl line is demonstrated in a test experiment.
IL-12 induces specific cytotoxicity against regenerating hepatocytes in vivo (1999)

Although impaired liver regeneration is thought to be a major cause of death in patients with fulminant hepatitis, the mechanisms are not well defined. Since IL-12 synthesis has been reported to be up-regulated in murine hepatitis virus infection, we studied the influence of continuous IL-12 stimulation on murine liver regeneration using flow cytometric and functional analyses. In non-hepatectomized mice, interestingly, the number of hepatic NK cells was significantly decreased on day 7, after six IL-12 injections, and day 14, after 13 IL-12 injections. The number of hepatic NKT cells was markedly increased on day 7 and day 14 of daily IL-12 treatment. The cytotoxic activity of hepatic lymphocytes against both YAC-1 and p815 cells was enhanced on day 2, after single IL-12 injection, and day 7, after six IL-12 injections. In contrast, hepatic lymphocytes isolated 24 h after partial hepatectomy with IL-12 pretreatment did not show any cytolytic activity against either YAC-1 cells or p815 cells. However, continuous IL-12 stimulation resulted in a significantly higher serum alanine aminotransferase (sALT) level 24 h after the partial hepatectomy as compared with sALT levels in mice subjected to either partial hepatectomy or IL-12 pretreatment alone. On the other hand, the expression of hepatic TNF-alpha mRNA was markedly enhanced by continuous IL-12 stimulation even 24 h after partial hepatectomy, as compared with that in non-treated mice and hepatectomy alone. Simultaneous administration of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha mAb completely inhibited IL-12-induced in vivo enhancement of liver damage after partial hepatectomy. In conclusion, IL-12 induces the specific cytolytic activity against regenerating hepatocytes in vivo mainly through the enhancement of TNF-alpha synthesis.
Mechanism of Inhibition of RNA Polymerase I Transcription by DNA-dependent Protein Kinase (2002)

DNA-dependent protein kinase represses RNA polymerase I (Pol I) transcription in vitro. To investigate the mechanism underlying transcriptional repression, we compared Pol I transcription in extracts from cells that either contain or lack the catalytic subunit of DNA-PK (DNA-PKcs). ATP-dependent repression of Pol I transcription was observed in extracts from DNA-PKcs-containing but not -deficient cells, required templates with free DNA ends, and was overcome by exogenous SL1, the factor that nucleates initiation complex formation. Order-of-addition experiments demonstrate that DNA-PKcs does not inactivate component(s) of the Poll transcription machinery. Instead, phosphorylated Ku protein competes with SL1 for binding to the rDNA promoter and, as a consequence, prevents initiation complex formation. The results reveal a novel mechanism of transcriptional regulation by DNA-PK. Once targeted to DNA, autophosphorylated Ku may displace positive- or negative-acting factors from their target sites, thereby repressing or activating transcription in a gene-specific manner.
Switched beam antennas as elements of 2×2 MIMO in indoor environment at 60 GHz (2009)

In this paper, we analyze the capacity of a 60 GHz MIMO system in an indoor environment using ray tracing as simulation methodology. Here, the LOS MIMO (line-of-sight MIMO) is proposed to be used because of limited scattering at 60 GHz due to directive antennas. Sometimes, the receiver will not get the LOS component because of possible human movement in the indoor environment. In this situation, the MIMO transmission via reflected paths using switched beam elements is investigated. In another case where switched beam antennas could be useful is when the receiver is moved from the broadside direction of the transmitter. Here the receiver will get the LOS component, but not through the main beam direction of the static unidirectional antennas. It is also a part in this paper to show as to how the switched beam antennas help the receiver to get the beam maximum and boost the capacity. The benefits are graphically shown with the help of computer simulations.
Active magnetocaloric heat pipes provide enhanced specific power of caloric refrigeration (2020)

Abstract Today almost all refrigeration systems are based on compressors, which often require harmful refrigerants and typically reach 50% of the Carnot efficiency. Caloric cooling systems do not need any detrimental fluids and are expected to reach 60–70% of the Carnot limit. Current caloric systems utilise the active magnetocaloric regeneration principle and are quite cost-intensive, as it is challenging to achieve large cycle frequencies and thus high specific cooling powers with this principle. In this work, we present an alternative solution where the heat transfer from the heat exchangers to the caloric material is predicated on condensation and evaporation of a heat transfer fluid. Using thermal diodes, a directed heat flow is generated. Thereby we were able to build a cooling unit achieving a specific cooling power of 12.5 W g −1 at a cycle frequency of 20 Hz, which is one order of magnitude larger than the state-of-the-art.
Use of directed peptide libraries for discovery of substrates of Arabidopsis CDPKs (2008)

CDPKs are a family of 34 calcium‐dependent protein kinases in Arabidopsis. Because of functional redundancy, reverse genetic methods have not been successful in revealing functions of the majority of the family members. We have used directed peptide libraries to discover substrates of these kinases and to compare substrate specificity. Over 650 synthetic peptides, biotinylated at their N‐termini, were tested as substrates of four representative CDPKs in SPA (GE Healthcare) assays. The peptide sequences were based on known Arabidopsis phosphoproteins, proteins common to both Arabidopsis and rice that contain the CDPK phosphorylation motif R/K‐X‐X‐S/T, and peptides used to assay activities of animal protein kinases. The CDPKs phosphorylated 188 peptides. Phosphorylation of 20 of the parent proteins has been corroborated in vivo. CPK34 phosphorylated 162 peptides (23 unique); CPK 1 phosphorylated 129 peptides (4 unique); CPK10 phosphorylated 133 peptides (20 unique); and CPK 16 phosphorylated only five peptides (none unique). These data demonstrate both the substrate overlap and specificity of the CDPKs and reveal new potential in vivo substrates. This work was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (MCB‐0114769).
The Department of Defense Laboratory-Based Global Influenza Surveillance System (2000)

Military global influenza surveillance began in 1976 as an Air Force program. In 1997, the Department of Defense (DoD) Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System expanded the program to include all services. Also included were local residents in areas where DoD overseas research activities operated. This new, worldwide DoD surveillance infrastructure provides valuable information and can respond quickly to outbreaks. This was demonstrated during the current influenza season when a suspected outbreak was reported in Panama. In less than 3 weeks, specimens were collected, transported, and cultured, and isolates were subtyped and sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for further studies. This influenza surveillance initiative combines viral isolation, antigenic characterization, and molecular sequencing with clinical and public health management of information. The information obtained is shared with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization and has contributed to important decisions in influenza vaccine composition.
Elements responsible for hormonal control and tissue specificity of L-type pyruvate kinase gene expression in transgenic mice. (1992)

L-type pyruvate kinase (L-PK) is a key enzyme of the glycolytic pathway specifically expressed in the liver and, to a lesser degree, in the small intestine and kidney. One important characteristic of L-PK gene expression is its strong activation by glucose and insulin and its complete inhibition by fasting or glucagon treatment. Having previously established that the entire rat L-PK gene plus 3.2 kbp of 5'-flanking region functions in mice in a tissue-specific and hormonally regulated manner, various deletions of these 3.2 kbp of 5'-flanking regions were tested in transgenic animals to map the cis-acting elements involved in transcriptional gene regulation. Our experiments indicate that the proximal region between -183 and +11 confers tissue specificity and contains all the information necessary for dietary and hormonal control of L-PK gene expression in vivo. We found, however, that the transcriptional activity generated by this proximal promoter fragment can be modulated by distal sequences in a tissue-specific manner. (i) Sequences between bp -183 and -392 seem to play a dual role in the liver and small intestine; they induce L-PK expression in the liver but repress it in the small intestine. (ii) Sequences from bp -392 up to -1170 do not seem to have any additional effect on promoter activity. (iii) Between bp -1170 and -2080, we found a putative extinguisher whose transcriptional inhibitory effect is much more marked in the small intestine than in the liver. (iv) Finally, between bp -2080 and -3200, we identified an activating sequence required for full expression of the gene in the liver.
Selective Intermixing of InGaAs/GaAs Quantum Dot Infrared Photodetectors (2011)

Quantum dot infrared photodetectors have generated significant interest in recent years. They have the potential to outperform quantum well detectors in terms of normal-incidence responsivity and higher operating temperatures. Here, an InGaAs/GaAs dots-in-a-well detector grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition is spectrally tuned by rapid thermal annealing under dielectric layers. Four films are considered: SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> deposited by both plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and sputter deposition, as well as TiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> deposited by electron-beam evaporation and sputter deposition. The devices fabricated after these treatments are compared with an uncapped but annealed reference, and also with an as-grown device. The photoresponse peak in the latter occurs at 7.1 μm, whereas the peak responses of the annealed devices range from 7.4 to 11.0 μm. The films themselves were characterized and their properties related to the photoluminescence and spectral photoresponse of each detector. Peak responsivity, specific detectivity, and dark current were also measured for each device to compare their performance.
The Effect of the Si/Al Ratio on the Photoluminescence Properties of Cu(I)SAPO-5 Catalysts (2004)

Abstract Cu(I)SAPO-5 catalysts prepared by a combination of ion-exchange and an evacuation treatment at high temperatures were found to exhibit a fairly high photocatalytic activity for the decomposition of N2O into N2 and O2 under UV-light irradiation at 298 K. In contrast to other Cu(I) catalysts, such as Cu(I)ZSM-5, the coexistence of H2O in the reaction system of the Cu(I)SAPO-5 scarcely affected the photocatalytic activity. The relationship between the photoluminescence behavior due to the presence of Cu(I) species and the photocatalytic activity of Cu(I)SAPO-5 have been investigated as a function of the Si/Al ratio, showing that the excited state of the Cu(I) species plays a significant role in the photocatalytic reaction as an active site for the reaction.
Adsorption and Desorption Behavior of Ionic and Nonionic Surfactants on Polymer Surfaces (2017)

We report combined experimental and computational studies aiming to elucidate the adsorption properties of ionic and nonionic surfactants on hydrophobic polymer surface such as poly(styrene). To represent these two types of surfactants, we choose sodium dodecyl sulfate and poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(ethylene) block copolymers, both commonly utilized in emulsion polymerization. By applying quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring we find that the non-ionic surfactants are desorbed from the poly(styrene) surface slower, and at low surfactant concentrations they adsorb with stronger energy, than the ionic surfactant. If fact, from molecular dynamics simulations we obtain that the effective attractive force of these nonionic surfactants to the surface increases with the decrease of their concentration, whereas, the ionic surfactant exhibits mildly the opposite trend. We argue that the difference in this contrasting behavior stems from the physico-chemical properties of the head group. Ionic surfactants characterized by small and strongly hydrophilic head groups form an ordered self-assembled structure at the interface whereas, non-ionic surfactants with long and weakly hydrophilic head groups, which are also characterized by low persistence lengths, generate a disordered layer. Consequently, upon an increase in concentration, the layer formed by the nonionic surfactants prevents the aprotic poly(ethylene glycol) head groups to satisfy all their hydrogen bonds capabilities. As a response, water molecules intrude this surfactant layer and partially compensate for the missing interactions, however, at the expense of their ability to form hydrogen bonds as in bulk. This loss of hydrogen bonds, either of the head groups or of the intruding water molecules, is the reason the nonionic surfactants weaken their effective attraction to the interface with the increase in concentration.
Total Ionizing Dose effects in DDR3 SDRAMs under Co-60 and X-ray irradiation (2018)

International audience
Mechanism for Desensitization of β-Adrenergic Receptor-Stimulated Lipolysis in Adipocytes from Rats Harboring Pheochromocytoma* (1988)

Prolonged stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors with catecholamines leads to desensitization of their ability to activate cAMP accumulation. However, little is known about the relationship between these changes and possible alterations in physiological responses. We have used isolated adipocytes prepared from NEDH rats harboring pheochromocytomas, a norepinephrine-secreting tumor, to address this question. As expected, there was a decrease in the ability of isoproterenol to maximally activate cAMP accumulation in adipocytes from rat harboring pheochromocytoma [323 +/- 107 vs. 707 +/- 145 pmol/10(5) cells.min (mean +/- SD) in controls]. This change was associated with an increase in the EC50 of isoproterenol for activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (5.8 X 10(-8) vs. 2.4 X 10(-8) M in controls) and a decrease in maximal activation of the kinase (38 +/- 16% vs. 77 +/- 14% in controls). For lipolysis there was a loss in sensitivity to isoproterenol but no change in maximal lipolytic rate in the adipocytes from rats harboring pheochromocytoma. For both groups there was a similar relationship between kinase activation and lipolysis; maximal lipolysis had already occurred for protein kinase-A activity ratios less than 30%. Therefore, the blunted cAMP response in adipocytes from rats harboring pheochromocytoma did not impair the maximal lipolytic rate. These results demonstrate that adipocytes can efficiently maintain maximal lipolysis in a desensitized state because of considerable reserve in the biochemical cascade leading to the lipolytic response. In addition, our findings demonstrate that there are no regulatory changes induced by prolonged exposure to catecholamines that are distal to cAMP accumulation.