gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Huffman and Arithmetic Algorithms for Multimedia Compression Standards (2011)

Compression is a technique to reduce the quantity of data without excessively reducing the quality of the multimedia data.The transition and storing of compressed multimedia data is much faster and more efficient than original uncompressed multimedia data. There are various techniques and standards for multimedia data compression, especially for image compression such as the JPEG and JPEG2000 standards. These standards consist of different functions such as color space conversion and entropy coding. Arithmetic and Huffman coding are normally used in the entropy coding phase. In this paper we try to answer the following question. Which entropy coding, arithmetic or Huffman, is more suitable compared to other from the compression ratio, performance, and implementation points of view? We have implemented and tested Huffman and arithmetic algorithms. Our implemented results show that compression ratio of arithmetic coding is better than Huffman coding, while the performance of the Huffman coding is higher than arithmetic coding. In addition, implementation of Huffman coding is much easier than the arithmetic coding.
Scalability and QoS in MS-Aloha VANETs: Forced slot re-use versus pre-emption (2011)

While IEEE 802.11p has been world-wide recognized as the incumbent MAC solution for VANET, some synchronous slotted solutions still survive not only in the scientific literature but also in standardization community: they represent an opportunity for possible next-generation solutions specifically addressing determinism, as required by safety services. Reversely it is arguable how much a connection-oriented slotted protocol can guarantee the flexibility required by non-safety applications: in fact they are supposed to benefit from statistical multiplexing, which is not natively supported by connection-oriented protocols. This paper presents a preliminary analysis on this issue leveraging on MS-Aloha, a hidden-terminal-free slotted protocol which has been demonstrated to outperform CSMA/CA and has several interesting features: among them, in addition to determinism, a smart slot re-use and a pre-emption mechanism which are here demonstrated to improve the protocol scalability and flexibility.
Deep learning with Elastic Averaging SGD (2014)

We study the problem of stochastic optimization for deep learning in the parallel computing environment under communication constraints. A new algorithm is proposed in this setting where the communication and coordination of work among concurrent processes (local workers), is based on an elastic force which links the parameters they compute with a center variable stored by the parameter server (master). The algorithm enables the local workers to perform more exploration, i.e. the algorithm allows the local variables to fluctuate further from the center variable by reducing the amount of communication between local workers and the master. We empirically demonstrate that in the deep learning setting, due to the existence of many local optima, allowing more exploration can lead to the improved performance. We propose synchronous and asynchronous variants of the new algorithm. We provide the stability analysis of the asynchronous variant in the round-robin scheme and compare it with the more common parallelized method ADMM. We show that the stability of EASGD is guaranteed when a simple stability condition is satisfied, which is not the case for ADMM. We additionally propose the momentum-based version of our algorithm that can be applied in both synchronous and asynchronous settings. Asynchronous variant of the algorithm is applied to train convolutional neural networks for image classification on the CIFAR and ImageNet datasets. Experiments demonstrate that the new algorithm accelerates the training of deep architectures compared to DOWNPOUR and other common baseline approaches and furthermore is very communication efficient.
The effect of carbon dioxide, respiratory rate and tidal volume on human heart rate variability (2003)

PaCO2, tidal volume and respiratory rate should be controlled when HRV power spectrum is measured in conscious patients or volunteers, while in anesthetized patients small changes in end-tidal CO2 or tidal volume do not modulate HRV if respiratory rate remains unchanged.
Metal-dielectric-metal plasmonic resonators for active beam steering in the infrared (2013)

Active beam-steering devices near the optical frequencies have long been sought after due to their applications in communication, defense, and display technologies; however, the challenge lies in achieving actively tunable structures near these frequencies. An array of metal-dielectric-metal plasmonic resonators is demonstrated as a dynamic beam-steering device to operate at midinfrared wavelengths. We numerically demonstrate continuous-angle beam steering of 8.75° by making use of tunable properties of silicon as the active dielectric. The proposed device achieves a refractive index insensitive divergence angle and it operates in a 650 nm wide spectral window around 10 μm wavelength. The results of this Letter pave the way to exploiting active beam steering in various applications at midinfrared wavelengths.
Arumah (Place) (1992)

[Heb *ʾămmci]. A town in Ephraim mentioned once or twice in the story of Abimelech son of Gideon (Judges 9). According to Judg 9:41, Abimelech resided briefly at Arumah. The text of Judg 9:31 is problematic. MT reads
Research on Threshold Adjustment Algorithm in Adaptive Modulation and Coding (2006)

适应调整并且(AMC ) 编码在高速度 Downlink 包存取(HSDPA ) 的研究获得了很多注意。想法是由不同调整和编码计划(MCS ) 的使用使传播适应快变化隧道条件。这篇论文论述一个适应 AMC 算法并且介绍一个理论分析模型以便调查它的产量和框架错误率(FER ) 。题目到给定的 FER 目标，我们的数字并且连接水平模拟结果两个都证明我们的算法超过另外的存在适应算法。
Static random access memories based on resonant interband tunneling diodes in the InAs/GaSb/AlSb material system (1995)

We have fabricated SRAM's based on resonant interband tunneling diodes in the InAs/AlSb/GaSb material system. The bistability and the switching principles are demonstrated. Numerical simulations of the memory characteristics of the SRAM cell are performed and used for comparing with experiments. Several key issues involving the applications of the device are also discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The d-p band-inversion topological insulator in bismuth-based skutterudites (2013)

Skutterudites, a class of materials with cage-like crystal structure which have received considerable research interest in recent years, are the breeding ground of several unusual phenomena such as heavy fermion superconductivity, exciton-mediated superconducting state and Weyl fermions. Here, we predict a new topological insulator in bismuth-based skutterudites, in which the bands involved in the topological band-inversion process are d- and p-orbitals, which is distinctive with usual topological insulators, for instance in Bi2Se3 and BiTeI the bands involved in the topological band-inversion process are only p-orbitals. Due to the present of large d-electronic states, the electronic interaction in this topological insulator is much stronger than that in other conventional topological insulators. The stability of the new material is verified by binding energy calculation, phonon modes analysis, and the finite temperature molecular dynamics simulations. This new material can provide nearly zero-resistivity signal current for devices and is expected to be applied in spintronics devices.
Company Registration and the Private Placement Exemption (2001)

Over the last twenty years, there has been a steady shift in securities disclosure regulation away from its traditional transactional basis toward a system of company registration. Under the transaction based approach, each new public offering of a security has to be registered under the Securities Act of 1933 (the "1933 Act"), a requirement that reflects the SEC's traditional concern that the most important time to have high-quality disclosure is at the moment of a securities offering. Under the company registration approach, an established, publicly traded issuer would register just once, provide information thereafter on a periodic basis, and then be able to offer and sell securities whenever it wishes, without the need to register the securities themselves. The logic of the shift to company registration rests on two pillars. One is the fact that pursuant to the periodic reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "1934 Act"), publicly traded issuers are already required on a continuing basis to answer most of the questions that they have been traditionally been asked to answer when they registered new offerings of securities under the 1933 Act. The other is the efficient market hypothesis, which holds that all information contained in an established issuer's periodic reports is immediately reflected in the trading price of the issuer's securities. Registration of new offerings, the logic suggests, serves no useful purpose since it simply involves repetition of information already reflected in the issuer's secondary market share price, which in turn will set the price of the new offering.
Mechanistic Studies on a Sulfoxide Transfer Reaction Mediated by Diphenyl Sulfoxide/Triflic Anhydride (2012)

Sulfoxides are frequently used in organic synthesis as chiral auxiliaries and reagents to mediate a wide variety of chemical transformations. For example, diphenyl sulfoxide and triflic anhydride can be used to activate a wide range of glycosyl donors including hemiacetals, glycals and thioglycosides. In this way, an alcohol, enol or sulfide is converted into a good leaving group for subsequent reaction with an acceptor alcohol. However, reaction of diphenyl sulfoxide and triflic anhydride with oxathiane-based thioglycosides, and other oxathianes, leads to a different process in which the thioglycoside is oxidised to a sulfoxide. This unexpected oxidation reaction is very stereoselective and proceeds under anhydrous conditions in which the diphenyl sulfoxide acts both as oxidant and as the source of the oxygen atom. Isotopic labelling experiments support a reaction mechanism that involves the formation of oxodisulfonium (S-O-S) dication intermediates. These intermediates undergo oxygen-exchange reactions with other sulfoxides and also allow interconversion of axial and equatorial sulfoxides in oxathiane rings. The reversibility of the oxygen-exchange reaction suggests that the stereochemical outcome of the oxidation reaction may be under thermodynamic control, which potentially presents a novel strategy for the stereoselective synthesis of sulfoxides.
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Evidence for a New Category for DSM-5 (2012)

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, which affects 2%–5% of premenopausal women, was included in Appendix B of DSMIV, "Criterion Sets and Axes Provided for Further Study." Since then, aided by the inclusion of specific and rigorous criteria in DSM-IV, there has been an explosion of research on the epidemiology, phenomenology, pathogenesis, and treatment of the disorder. In 2009, the Mood Disorders Work Group for DSM-5 convened a group of experts to examine the literature on premenstrual dysphoric disorder and provide recommendations regarding the appropriate criteria and placement for the disorder in DSM-5. Based on thorough review and lengthy discussion, the work group proposed that the information on the diagnosis, treatment, and validation of the disorder has matured sufficiently for it to qualify as a full category in DSM-5. A move to the position of category, rather than a criterion set in need of further study, will provide greater legitimacy for the disorder and encourage the growth of evidence-based research, ultimately leading to new treatments.
Ubiquitin-specific protease 11 functions as a tumor suppressor by modulating Mgl-1 protein to regulate cancer cell growth (2016)

The Lethal giant larvae (Lgl) gene encodes a cortical cytoskeleton protein, Lgl, and is involved in maintaining cell polarity and epithelial integrity. Previously, we observed that Mgl-1, a mammalian homologue of the Drosophila tumor suppressor protein Lgl, is subjected to degradation via ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, and scaffolding protein RanBPM prevents the turnover of the Mgl-1 protein. Consequently, overexpression of RanBPM enhances Mgl-1-mediated cell proliferation and migration. Here, we analyzed the ability of ubiquitin-specific protease 11 (USP11) as a novel regulator of Mgl-1 and it requires RanBPM to regulate proteasomal degradation of Mgl-1. USP11 showed deubiquitinating activity and stabilized Mgl-1 protein. However, USP11-mediated Mgl-1 stabilization was inhibited in RanBPM-knockdown cells. Furthermore, in the cancer cell migration, the regulation of Mgl-1 by USP11 required RanBPM expression. In addition, an in vivo study revealed that depletion of USP11 leads to tumor formation. Taken together, the results indicated that USP11 functions as a tumor suppressor through the regulation of Mgl-1 protein degradation via RanBPM.
Reliable Wireless Multicasting with Minimum Overheads in OFDM-Based WLANs (2008)

Even though multicast data transmissions in wireless communication standards doesn't require ARQ, to achieve reliable multicast over wireless channel, using ARQ is inevitable. However, unlike unicast, a sender needs to receive multiple acknowledgements (ACKs) from group members, and transmitting ACK from each group member degrades the network performance due to the overhead including multiple ACK packet transmissions and channel access process for ACKs and so on. An acknowledgement method with a minimum overhead is proposed in this paper, called OFDMA-based Multicast ACK (OMACK). The scheme uses one OFDM symbol for acknowledgements from all member stations (STAs), and each member STA indicates their packet reception status by allocating a symbol on previously allocated its own sub-carrier within the OFDM symbol. The proposed scheme is extensively evaluated by using simulation, and the results show that the scheme significantly reduces the aforementioned overhead comparing to legacy solutions and as a consequence improves the performance of the wireless networks.
BCNU‐resistant human glioma cells with over‐representation of chromosomes 7 and 22 demonstrate increased copy number and expression of platelet‐derived growth factor genes (1993)

We used standard karyotypic analyses of first-division cells to identify a subpopulation of cells in primary malignant gliomas with over-representation of chromosomes 7 and 22. These cells are a minor subpopulation in the primary tumor but become the dominant population after treatment in vitro of the cells with the chemotherapeutic agent 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU). The selection for a cell with this specific karyotypic abnormality suggests that these chromosomes contain genes important to the growth of BCNU-resistant cells. Southern blot hybridization analyses demonstrate an increased copy number of the genes encoding platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) A-chain and B-chain, which have been mapped to chromosomes 7 and 22, respectively. Reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis demonstrates increased expression of these genes. In addition, these cells secrete a mitogenic factor that stimulates 3H-thymidine uptake in NIH 3T3 cells. This factor is sensitive to anti-PDGF antibodies and beta-mercaptoethanol, but not to anti-EGF antibodies. These data suggest that autocrine and/or paracrine mechanisms occur in human malignant gliomas, and that over-expression of PDGF may play a role in the growth of BCNU-resistant cells in these tumors.
Message files (1983)

We describe a message-filing capability which allows for the retrieval of messages according to contents. Messages are organized in large, general files such that frequent reorganization is avoided. The user specifies a filter which restricts the attention to a manageable subset of messages. Messages within the subset are retrieved for a final check. We discuss file organization and access method, as well as performance and implementation considerations.
Coaxial Bandpass Filter Design (1971)

A technique is described for synthesis of coaxial bandpass filters based on an improved design of impedance inverters. This technique is applicable to filters having bandwidths between approximately 1 percent and 20 percent of the center frequency. The inverter used to realize the filters is a section of either low-Z/sub 0/ line or high-Z/sub 0/ line and is synthesized as a distributed element rather than as a lumped shunt capacitance or lumped series inductance, respectively. Three methods of accommodating the discontinuity capacitance associated with an abrupt change in the characteristic impedance are reviewed. The first two methods are most useful for filters with a fractional bandwidth/spl gsim/ 10 percent and the third for a fractional bandwidths /spl lsim/10 percent. Numerical and experimental verification of the design procedure is provided.
Inhaled Levosimendan versus Intravenous Levosimendan in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension Undergoing Mitral Valve Replacement (2018)

Inhaled levosimendan is a selective pulmonary vasodilator. It causes decrease in PAP and improvement in RV function, without having a significant effect on SVR.
Ultraviolet light stimulated thermal oxidation of silicon (1987)

The photon-stimulated oxidation enhancement efficiency is shown to increase by an order of magnitude when the photon energy is raised from the visible range to the UV range just above the SiO2 to Si conduction-band energy difference. An additional order of magnitude in oxidation enhancement efficiency occurs when the UV photon energy is raised to just above the O2 dissociation energy. A critical UV pulse energy density threshold was found above which major morphological oxidation features developed at the laser beam spot location on the sample surface.
Enzymatic Conversion of Linoleic Acid to 10d-Hydroxy-Δ12-cis-octadecenoic Acid (1970)

Abstract A soluble enzyme preparation from a pseudomonad was shown to catalyze the conversion of linoleic acid to 10d-hydroxy-cis-Δ12-octadecenoic acid. The assignment of structure was based upon chromatographic studies, infrared spectroscopy, optical rotation studies, and, to a major extent, mass spectrometry, including combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, high resolution mass spectrometry, and the preparation of deuterium-labeled derivatives prior to mass spectrometry.
Cell-Based Drug Combination Screening with a Microfluidic Droplet Array System (2013)

We performed cell-based drug combination screening using an integrated droplet-based microfluidic system based on the sequential operation droplet array (SODA) technique. In the system, a tapered capillary connected with a syringe pump was used for multistep droplet manipulations. An oil-covered two-dimensional droplet array chip fixed in an x-y-z translation stage was used as the platform for cell culture and analysis. Complex multistep operations for drug combination screening involving long-term cell culture, medium changing, schedule-dependent drug dosage and stimulation, and cell viability testing were achieved in parallel in the semiopen droplet array, using multiple droplet manipulations including liquid metering, aspirating, depositing, mixing, and transferring. Long-term cell culture as long as 11 days was performed in oil-covered 500 nL droplets by changing the culture medium in each droplet every 24 h. The present system was applied in parallel schedule-dependent drug combination screening for A549 nonsmall lung cancer cells with the cell cycle-dependent drug flavopiridol and two anticancer drugs of paclitaxel and 5-fluorouracil. The highest inhibition efficiency was obtained with a schedule combination of 200 nM flavopiridol followed by 100 μM 5-fluorouracil. The drug consumption for each screening test was substantially decreased to 5 ng-5 μg, corresponding to 10-1000-fold reductions compared with traditional drug screening systems with 96-well or 384-well plates. The present work provides a novel and flexible droplet-based microfluidic approach for performing cell-based screening with complex and multistep operation procedures.
Simultaneous time and frequency detection in femtosecond coherent Raman spectroscopy. I. Theory and model calculations (2007)

For coherent Raman spectroscopies, common femtosecond pulses often lie in an intermediate regime: their bandwidth is too wide for measurements in the frequency domain, but their temporal width is too broad for homodyne measurements in the time domain. A recent paper [S. Nath et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 267401 (2006)] showed that complete Raman spectra can be recovered from intermediate length pulses by using simultaneous time and frequency detection (TFD). Heterodyne detection and a phase-stable local oscillator at the anti-Stokes frequency are not needed with TFD. This paper examines the theory of TFD Raman in more detail; a companion paper tests the results on experimental data. Model calculations illustrate how information on the Raman spectrum is transferred from the frequency domain to the time domain as the pulse width shortens. When data are collected in both dimensions, the Raman spectrum is completely determined to high resolution, regardless of the probe pulse width. The loss of resolution in many femtosecond coherent Raman experiments is due to the restriction to one-dimensional data collection, rather than due to a fundamental restriction based on the pulse width.
Effect of Water Vapor Sorption on Porosity of Dehydrated Dairy Products (1968)

Abstract Marked structural alterations in powder granules of dehydrated dairy products were observed to occur as a result of moisture sorption. These effects were manifested in enhanced rates of gas diffusion into the interior of the powder granules after water sorption. The porosities of powders which had been exposed to various humidity conditions were assessed by determination of true and apparent densities by pycnometric techniques, using He and N 2 as the displaced media. When powders were equilibrated against water vapor at 50% relative humidity, their porosities were so altered as to essentially eliminate any molecular sieve properties. The per cent free fat was also considerably increased after equilibration of the powders against water vapor at 50% relative humidity.
Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule of Taste Buds (1992)

The distribution of the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) in the taste buds of adult and developing mice was studied by use of an immunocytochemical technique. In adult mice, nerve fibers and some elongated taste bud cells reacted with anti-N-CAM antibody. Immunoelectron microscopic observation showed that only type-III (gustatory) cells, which have afferent synaptic contacts with the nerves, were N-CAM positive in the taste buds. At day 0 after birth, taste buds of the developing mice first appeared in the circumvallate papillae, and N-CAM positive cells, which corresponded to type-III cells having afferent synapses, were found. This result suggests that N-CAM is involved in formation of the synaptic contacts between type-III cells and nerves in the taste buds.
Space disposal of nuclear wastes (1980)

The DOE has been studying several options for nuclear waste disposal, among them space disposal, which NASA has been assessing. Attention is given to space disposal destinations noting that a circular heliocentric orbit about halfway between Earth and Venus is the reference option in space disposal studies. Discussion also covers the waste form, showing that parameters to be considered include high waste loading, high thermal conductivity, thermochemical stability, resistance to leaching, fabrication, resistance to oxidation and to thermal shock. Finally, the Space Shuttle nuclear waste disposal mission profile is presented.