gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of the crystallization of high polymers (1953)

Abstract In this article a conception of the mechanism of crystallization is given, on the basis of which, it is suggested the origin of spherulites might be explained. A tentative explanation of several related phenomena is based on the new concept. Crystallites are conceived to be small collections of strongly oriented polymer which, on fusing, exhibit marked shrinking in the direction of orientation. Particles of amorphous material therefore stretch out in a certain direction during crystallization, as the result of which there is substantial contraction in the other directions. This is termed “auto‐orientation.” As the growing crystallite has to be fed from surrounding material, an orienation is initiated in the latter at right angles to the first crystallite. As a result of this orientation, crystallites are formed there which are oriented Perpendicular to the first crystallite. In their turn, these crystallites induce orientation in the surroundings and in this way crystallization becomes autocatalytic in character. Spherulites owe their origin to the fact that the various sectors in a symmetrical spherical order mutually cancel out their stretching and shrinking tendencies. In highly crystalline polymers with rapid nuclear formation there first comes into existence numerous radomly oriented nuclei which proliferate to small crystallites. Wherever these small crystallites come to be arranged in a suitable position, their relative tensions will be cancelled out and they will grow into a spherulite. Simultaneously small crystallites which are in an unfavorable position will be consumed by the growing spherulite, or else oriented in the correct direction and incorporated. As spherulites commonly measure from 10 to 50 microns, compensation between the tensions of the various sectors has to take place at long distance. At higher temperatures, compensation is as a rule found at short distances, i.e. , crystallites which are at right angles to each other are in close proximity. Therefore “spherulites” varying individually come into existence as the crystallites are subject to other influences in addition to auto‐orientation. At very low temperatures the primary small crystallites are too stable to develop into spherulites. The mechanism of crystallization as thus conceived implies that the melting point of a polymer depends not only upon the dimensions and perfection of the crystallites, but also upon the specific arrangement of the crystallites, i. e. , the degree in which they stabilize each other by a mutual compensation of tensions. It also helps to explain the following facts which have been noted in experiments performed with natural rubber: ( 1 ) The typical S‐shape of the crystallization curve and the constancy of the product of induction period and maximum rate of crystallization. ( 2 ) The fact that natural rubber always crystallizes under nonequilibrium conditions. ( 3 ) The failure of rubber in latex to crystallize and the fact that the rate of crystallization in films produced from latex is poorly reproducible.
A phase I/II trial of beta-(1,3)/(1,6) D-glucan in the treatment of patients with advanced malignancies receiving chemotherapy (2008)

Beta-(1,3)/(1,6) D-glucan, a component of the fungal cell wall, has been shown to stimulate the immune system, enhance hematopoiesis, amplify killing of opsonized tumor cells and increase neutrophil chemotaxis and adhesion. In view of these attributes, the beta-glucans should be studied for both their therapeutic efficacy in patients with cancer as well as an adjunctive therapy in patients receiving chemotherapy as a maneuver to limit suppression of hematopoiesis.In this study, twenty patients with advanced malignancies receiving chemotherapy were given a beta-(1,3)/(1,6) D-glucan preparation (MacroForce plus IP6, ImmuDyne, Inc.) and monitored for tolerability and effect on hematopoiesis. Our results lead us to conclude that beta-glucan is well-tolerated in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, may have a beneficial effect on hematopoiesis in these patients and should be studied further, especially in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoma.
An Integrity Framework for Image-Based Navigation Systems (2010)

Abstract : This work first examines fundamental differences between measurement models established for GPS and those of proposed image-based navigation systems. In contrast to single value per satellite GPS pseudorange measurements, image measurements are inherently angle-based and represent pixel coordinate pairs for each mapped target. Thus, in the image-based case, special consideration must be given to the units of the transformations between the states and measurements, and also to the fact that multiple rows of the observation matrix relate to particular error states. An algorithm is developed to instantiate a framework for image-based integrity analogous to that of GPS RAIM. The algorithm is applied cases where the navigation system is estimating position only and then extended to cases where both position and attitude estimation is required. Detailed analysis demonstrates the impact of angular error on a single pixel pair measurement and comparisons from both estimation scenario results show that, from an integrity perspective, there is significant benefit in having known attitude information. Additional work demonstrates the impact of pixel pair measurement relative geometries on system integrity, showing potential improvement in image-based integrity through screening and adding measurements, when available, to the navigation system solution.
Osteocytes, bone remodeling and parathyroid hormone (2012)

Osteocytes, the longest living bone cells, have garnered much of the attention in the part they play in skeletal biology to orchestrate bone homeostasis. Although the multifunctional role of osteocytes in bone remodeling has been recognized, knowledge about the activity of important signaling molecules in osteocytes in this process are limited and far from being clearly depicted than osteoblast’s and osteoclast’s involvement. Stimulating the function of bone-forming osteoblasts and controlling osteoclastic activity are the preferred pharmacological intervention for skeletal repair. A large variety of studies have been conducted in osteoblasts and osteoclasts on recombinant parathyroid hormone (PTH), an anabolic drug which proved to be effective for bone strength and clinical therapy. Studies in relation to newly functioning signaling molecules in osteocytes and PTH’s mode of action is becoming an intense area of investigation suggesting further the importance of these cells in bone anabolic action. The goal of this review is to discuss briefly the function and physiological roles of osteocytes and highlight a few recent findings on the PTH’s action in osteocyte signaling in health and disease. In this context this review in addition to Pubmed searches also borrows many literatures in bone and related fields from various publications.
Young people embark on a voyage of discover (2010)

Last year, 200 children went sailing with the Ellen MacArthur Trust as part of their rehabilitation. The involvement of nurse volunteers is invaluable to the initiative, as Carol Davis finds out
Pesticides and the third world (1991)

Many developing countries are importing industrial processes that make use of toxic chemicals. By the same token, pesticides, which are toxic by design, are also used increasingly in agriculture and in public health programs to control pests and vector-borne diseases. Recent estimates suggest that pesticides account for more than 20,000 fatalities yearly, and that most of these will have occurred in developing countries. This may actually be a gross underreporting. Although organophosphate and carbamate insecticides are still responsible for many of those poisoning cases, herbicides such as paraquat are also increasingly being implicated in fatal poisoning cases. Newer pesticides such as the synthetic derivatives of pyrethrin, which were believed to be relatively safe to humans, now appear to be implicated in some serious cases of intoxication. Community-based pest control using locally available botanical pesticides could have severe consequences unless the toxicity of these compounds is carefully assessed relative to nontarget organisms. A high proportion of pesticide intoxications appear to be due to lack of knowledge, unsafe attitudes, and dangerous practices. The technology available to small farmers for pesticide application is often inappropriate: faulty sprayers, lack of protective equipment adapted to tropical conditions, nonexistent first-aid provisions. Agricultural extension is often not oriented to the transfer of information relative to the dangers inherent in the use of pesticides. The lack of information at all levels may be one of the most important causative factors of chemical intoxication in developing countries. Research should at this time concentrate on behaviors leading to chemical intoxication. This should be done concurrently with proper prospective and retrospective surveys of poisonings in developing country communities. More information should be sought relative to the decision processes of import, legislation, and licensing. Research and development efforts in appropriate technology and safety devices are also critically needed.
Automated Correction of Patient Motion and Gray Values Prior to Subtraction in Digitized Angiography (1984)

This paper deals with an automated method for the simultaneous correction of patient motion and gray values prior to subtraction in digitized angiography. The algorithm consists of maximizing the deterministic sign change (DSC) criterion with respect to three registration parameters (two translational shifts and one constant value added to the pixel values of the image with contrast medium). This method is proved to be very efficient to correct for patient motion artifacts and is computationally cheap. Its main advantage is to permit the use of regions of interest which include vascular structures for the registration procedure. This method can be proposed for a routine use on every commercial digitized angiographic system.
Structure and hydrogen absorption characteristics of sputtered La-Ni alloy films. (1990)

In order to evaluate the utility of metal hydride films as hydrogen permeable negative electrodes in an alkaline fuel cell system, La-Ni alloy films about 2μm thick were formed on Teflon sheet substrates by RF sputtering using split-type targets composed of a nickel sheet and lanthanum chips. Sputtering conditions such as the gas pressure, RF incident power and component ratio of the target were found to influence the composition, structure and hydrogen absorption characteristics of the sputtered films. The composition of the films varied in the range of LaNi9.5∼LaNi2.2 (9.5∼31.7 at.%La-Ni). The films were either amorphous or microcrystalline in structure. The amorphous LaNi2.2 films absorbed a relatively large amount of hydrogen during electrochemical charging and eventually formed a hydride (LaNi2.2H4.1). The hydrogen absorption capacities of these sputtered films were lower than those of crystalline powder or bulk LaNi5 alloys prepared by the arc-melting method. However these amorphous metal hydrides did not result in any crack or embrittlement in the films even after a large number of hydriding-dehydriding cycles.
RECENT ADVANCES IN AUTOMATIC SPEECH SUMMARIZATION (2006)

Speech summarization technology, which extracts important information and removes irrelevant information from speech, is expected to play an important role in building speech archives and improving the efficiency of spoken document retrieval. However, speech summarization has a number of significant challenges that distinguish it from general text summarization. Fundamental problems with speech summarization include speech recognition errors, disfluencies, and difficulties of sentence segmentation. Typical speech summarization systems consist of speech recognition, sentence segmentation, sentence extraction, and sentence compaction components. Most of the research has focuses on sentence extraction, using LSA (latent semantic analysis), MMR (maximal marginal relevance), or feature-based approaches, among which no decisive method has yet been found. Proper sentence segmentation is also essential to achieve good summarization performance. How to objectively evaluate speech summarization results is an important issue. Several measures, including families of SumACCY and ROUGE measures, have been proposed, and correlation analyses between subjective and objective evaluation scores have been performed. Although these measures are useful for ranking various summarization methods, they do not correlate well with human evaluations, especially when spontaneous speech is targeted.
Quality of life of hirsute women (1993)

Hirsutism is recognized to cause profound distress in affected women, due to cosmetic and psychosexual implications. It was evaluated in the present study by methods found to be valid and reliable in psychosomatic research. Fifty women with hirsutism belonging to the spectrum of disorders from idiopathic hirsutism to polycystic ovary syndrome, after complete medical work-up, underwent the same psychometric evaluation as 50 healthy non-hirsute women, matched for sociodemographic variables. Hirsute women had a Ferriman and Gallwey score ranging from 8 to 19. Psychometric evaluation for quality of life was carried out by the following methods: (a) Kellner's Brief Problem List, a 12 item self-rating list of psychosocial problems; (b) Kellner's Symptom Rating Test (SRT), a 46 item self-rating scale that yields a total score of distress as well as six subscales (anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, anger-hostility, cognitive and psychotic symptoms); and (c) Marks' Social Situations Questionnaire (SSQ), a 30 item self-rating scale concerned with social phobia. Patients with hirsutism displayed significantly higher social fears at the SSQ than controls (P < 0.01). They also showed more anxiety (P < 0.01) and psychotic symptoms (P < 0.01) at the SRT, whereas there were no significant differences in depression, somatization, anger-hostility and cognitive symptoms. These results suggest that the complex management of hirsute women, in addition to pharmacological and/or cosmetic measures, may require specific psychotherapy.
The fungal pattern recognition receptor, Dectin-1, and the associated cluster of C-type lectin-like receptors (2008)

The mammalian natural killer gene complex (NKC) contains several families of type II transmembrane C-type lectin-like receptors (CLRs) that are best known for their involvement in the detection of virally infected or transformed cells, through the recognition of endogenous (or self) proteinacious ligands. However, certain CLR families within the NKC, particularly those expressed by myeloid cells, recognize structurally diverse ligands and perform a variety of other immune and homoeostatic functions. One such family is the 'Dectin-1 cluster' of CLRs, which includes MICL, CLEC-2, CLEC12B, CLEC9A, CLEC-1, Dectin-1 and LOX-1. Here, we review each of these CLRs, exploring our current understanding of their ligands and functions and highlighting where they have provided new insights into the underlying mechanisms of immunity and homeostasis.
A Comparative Analysis of Offshore and Onshore Fields Using Derivative and Second Derivative Plot (Without Type Curves) (2014)

Pressure transient testing is one of the most useful reservoir description methods that provides valuable information about the reservoir/well bore characteristics and quantitative information about reservoir parameters. A detailed description of a new method for well interpretation using derivative and second derivative of transient pressure and its comparison with the conventional derivative plot is discussed. It provides the methodology to analyze incomplete pressure build up tests using second derivative curve to extrapolate the first derivative plot and estimate the values of permeability and skin factor. The use of derivative curve limits the use of type curves for analyzing pressure transient test.
The diverse roles of Rac signaling in tumorigenesis (2011)

Rac is a member of the Rho family of small GTPases, which act as molecular switches to control a wide array of cellular functions. In particular, Rac signaling has been implicated in the control of cell-cell adhesions, cell-matrix adhesions, cell migration, cell cycle progression and cellular transformation. As a result of its functional diversity, Rac signaling can influence several aspects of tumorigenesis. Consistent with this, in vivo evidence that Rac signaling contributes to tumorigenesis is continuously emerging. Additionally, our understanding of the mechanisms by which Rac signaling is regulated is rapidly expanding and consequently adds to the complexity of how Rac signaling could be modulated during tumorigenesis. Here we review the numerous biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of Rac signaling and discuss how they could influence the different stages of tumorigenesis.
A Trusted-based Cloud Computing Virtual Storage System and Key Technologies (2015)

With the popularity of Cloud Computing, people become incresingly concern about security problems, especially the data security, which has become the biggest obstacle for the development of Cloud Computing. In order to protect confidentiality and integrity of user data in Cloud Computing, this paper firstly studies the relevant research works in fields of trusted computing and Cloud Computing data protection and secondly introduces the concept of trusted into Cloud Computing data protection, presents the concept of Trusted Virtual Block Storage Device (TVBSD) and designs the Trusted Cloud Computing Virtual Storage System (TCCVSS). And then, the key technologies such as isolation, block device encryption and two-way authentication are expounded in this paper. Finally, the result of experiments shows that the system and the related technologies can not only effectively ensure the security of user data, but also control the consequent performance overhead in a proper range.
Structurally based, selective interaction of arsenite with steroid receptors. (1990)

Steroid binding to cognate receptors is of high affinity. However, due to the appreciable homologies in the steroid-binding domains of receptors, this binding is hardly ever totally specific. We have recently obtained evidence that a vicinal dithiol group is involved in steroid binding to glucocorticoid receptors and that these vicinal dithiols are two of the three cysteines in the 16-kDa steroid-binding core. We now report that a comparison of the placement of cysteines in the comparable region of other receptors revealed a lack of similarly closely spaced thiols, which led to the prediction that arsenite would be totally selective in its interaction with glucocorticoid receptors. In fact, 100 microM arsenite inhibited all steroid binding to glucocorticoid receptors while having no effect on the binding of androgen, estrogen, mineralocorticoid, or progesterone receptors. Such total selectivity is not seen for selenite, which is another very potent inhibitor of glucocorticoid binding. This is the first report of absolute selectivity among steroid receptors that is based upon a known structural feature of the receptor protein. This selectivity of arsenite provides the easiest method to date for distinguishing between glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors and for selectively blocking steroid binding to glucocorticoid receptors in the assays of other receptors.
Forecasting time series by Bayesian neural networks (2003)

A brief review on application and development of neural networks to time series forecasting is presented, in which the main point is placed on Bayesian neural networks and Bayesian evolutionary neural trees (BENTs). Furthermore, the BENTs techniques are applied to a time series forecast of the daily balance of accounts of the customers in a branch of a bank.
Providing bandwidth guarantees in an input-buffered crossbar switch (2002)

Introduces and analyzes a method for providing bandwidth reservations in an input-buffered non-blocking crossbar switch. The scheme, which the authors call weighted probabilistic iterative matching (WPIM), is an improvement over probabilistic iterative matching and allows flexible allocation of bandwidth among the switch inputs sharing a common output link in a simple manner. Weighted probabilistic iterative matching allocates the output bandwidth among the inputs based on reservations made during the connection setup phase, and can guarantee that traffic from each input receives its promised share of the bandwidth of the output link. In addition, the algorithm provides isolation between two flows arriving on distinct input links and directed at a common output link; misbehaving flows at one of the inputs do not affect the bandwidth guarantees or delays of traffic from other inputs. Results from simulations show that the scheme is able to maintain probabilistic bandwidth and delay guarantees in the presence of misbehaving traffic. the authors also derive an analytical upper bound for the average delay under the scheme and validate it by simulation.
Search for Test Simulating the Environment of Industrial Atmospheres for Contacts and Connections (1979)

To define an environmental simulation test capable of predicting the behavior of contacts and connections in industrial atmospheres a study was conducted from two viewpoints. First, field tests relating to contact resistance measurements, analysis of tarnished surface layers of a great number of contacts, continuous atmospheric contaminant measurements (S0 <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> , H <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> S, NO, NO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X</inf> ), and climatic conditions (temperature and relative humidity) were performed. Second, laboratory simulation tests involving low concentrations of aggressive gases (S0 <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> , H <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> S) have made it possible to accelerate the harmful effects of natural exposure. The methods used are described, the main results of the study are given, and it is shown that a satisfactory environmental simulation test for contacts and connections in industrial atmospheres has been perfected.
On the bioavailability of oral and subcutaneous 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine in humans: alternative routes of administration. (1992)

We conclude that orally administered CdA can supersede IV infusion if the dose is doubled. SC administration gives a high peak concentration of short duration with an AUC identical to that of IV infusion. Thus, SC injection can also be used as an alternative to IV infusion.
Teaching neural networks to guide a vehicle through an obstacle course by emulating a human teacher (1990)

An interesting application of neural networks in man-machine systems is the identification of human operator behavior by observation. A network trained to emulate human strategies may subsequently be used to monitor the human online, to detect possibly dangerous system states and set alarms, or to take over automatically in cases of emergency. The feasibility of this approach is studied using the navigation of a vehicle through an obstacle course as a paradigm. Network architectures for vehicle control and path optimization are developed and tested. This includes a novel technique called functional-link net. The functionality of a demonstrator prototype is described