gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chronic itch and pain—Similarities and differences (2006)

Both, pruritus and pain are aversive, but clearly distinct sensations originating in the peripheral and central nervous system. During the last years, many interactions between itch and pain in acute transmission and sensitization processes have been identified. It is common experience that the itch sensation can be reduced by the painful sensations caused by scratching. Vice versa analgesia may reduce this inhibition and thus enhance itch. This phenomenon is particularly relevant to spinally administered mu-opioid receptor agonists, which induce segmental analgesia often combined with segmental pruritus. The peripheral and central sensitization to pain and to itch exhibits striking similarities. Classical inflammatory mediators such as bradykinin have been shown to sensitize nociceptors for both itch and pain. Also regulation of gene expression induced by trophic factors, such as NGF, plays a major role in persistently increased neuronal sensitivity for itch and pain. Finally, itch and pain exhibit corresponding patterns of central sensitization. The knowledge of antagonistic interaction, but also of similar sensitization processes has major implication for antipruritic therapeutic approaches.
The Menstrual Cycle: Physiology, Reproductive Disorders, and Infertility (1993)

1. The reproductive cycle: An overview 2. The neuroendocrine component: The hypothalamic-pituitary unit 3. The ovarian component 4. Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian communication 5. The genital tract 6. The fertile menstrual cycle 7. The first menstrual cycle: Adolescence and puberty 8. The last menstrual cycle: The climacteric and menopause 9. The abnormal menstrual cycle: Introduction 10. Introduction to the pathophysiology of the menstrual cycle 11. Diagnosis of menstrual cycle dysfunction 12. Menstrual cycle dysfunction: Enhanced androgen secretion 13. Therapeutic approaches to acyclicity 14. Hormonal contraceptives 15. The premenstrual syndrome
Structural, electronic and magnetic properties of manganese doping in the upper layer of bilayer graphene (2008)

First-principles spin-polarized calculations have been conducted to investigate the structural, electronic and magnetic properties of 3d transition metal Mn doping into two typical sites in the upper layer of bilayer graphene with the AB Bernal structure. One of the doping sites is above the center of a carbon hexagon of the lower graphene layer (called the H site) and the other is directly on top of a carbon atom of the lower graphene layer (called the T site). We found that Mn doping enlarges the interlayer distance in bilayer graphene. Charge density distribution indicates that the region between the upper and lower graphene layer has apparent covalent-bonding characters due to the Mn doping. In the spin-polarized band structure of H site doping, the π and π(*) bands separate from each other at the Dirac point both in majority spin and minority spin. In the band structure of T site doping, the Fermi level is located above the Dirac point and moves to the conduction bands in majority spin and minority spin, making the bilayer graphene n doped. A high spin polarization of 95% is achieved due to the H site doping. The local moment of Mn for H and T site doping is reduced to 1.76 μ(B) and 1.88 μ(B), respectively, which are smaller than the value (5 μ(B)) in the free state.
Cystic fibrosis in adolescents and young adults. (2000)

Advances in knowledge and medical science have resulted in an increased life span and quality of life of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The median age of survival for CF patients is 32.3 years of age and patients 18 years of age or older now constitute one third of the total patients with CF. Because of these advances, a new patient population has emerged: the adolescents and young adults with CF. Adolescence is normally a time of great cognitive, social and developmental changes. Adolescents with CF not only have to deal with the normal changes expected, but also have to deal with the transition of assuming responsibility for their care from the parents and transitioning their care from a pediatric to an adult care team. Moreover, many of these young adults have to deal with the impact of the progressive deterioration of their CF disease. This review discusses issues of significance to this emerging patient population, including medical care, issues of disability, and psychosocial and other medical conditions associated with an increased life expectancy.
Characterization of Pyrotechnic Reaction Residue Particles by SEM/EDS (2003)

Today the method commonly used for detecting gunshot residue is through the combined use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). In recent years, this same methodology began to find use in detecting and characterizing pyrotechnic reaction residue (PRR) particles whether produced by explosion or burning. This is accomplished by collecting particulate samples from a surface in the immediate area of the pyrotechnic reaction. Suspect PRR particles are identified by their morphology (typically 1 to 20 microm spheroidal particles) using an SEM; then they are analyzed for the elements they contain using X-ray EDS. This can help to identify the general type of pyrotechnic composition involved.
Mammography Images Restoration by Quantum Noise Reduction and Inverse MTF Filtering (2009)

This work proposes a new restoration method to improve mammographic images by using Anscombe transform and Wiener filter to quantum noise reduction. Besides, it is performed an image enhancement by using a restoration inverse filter, calculated based on the image system modulation transfer function (MTF). This pre-processing technique were used for a set of mammographic phantom images in order measure the number of micro calcifications correctly detected by a computer-aided detection (CAD) algorithm. Results showed that the proposed method improved breast images quality by overcome the acquisition process constrains and reducing noise.The performance of the breast microcalcification CAD was improved when using the restored images set in comparison to the original one.
Privacy and confidentiality management for the microaggregation disclosure control method (2003)

In this paper, we first introduce minimal, maximal and weighted disclosure risk measures for microaggregation disclosure control method. Our disclosure risk measures are more applicable to real-life situations, compute the overall disclosure risk, and are not linked to a target individual. After defining those disclosure risk measures, we then introduce an information loss measure for microaggregation. The minimal disclosure risk measure represents the percentage of records, which can be correctly identified by an intruder based on prior knowledge of key attribute values. The maximal disclosure risk measure considers the risk associated with probabilistic record linkage for records that are not unique in the masked microdata. The weighted disclosure risk measure allows the data owner to compute the risk of disclosure based on weights associated with different clusters of records. Information loss measure, introduced in this paper, extends the existing measure proposed by Domingo-Ferrer, and captures the loss of information at record level as well as from the statistical integrity point of view. Using simulated medical data in our experiments, we show that the proposed disclosure risk and information loss measures perform as expected in real-life situations.
Extraction of Cerium(IV) Nitrate by Butyl Phosphate (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTExtraction of Cerium(IV) Nitrate by Butyl PhosphateJames C. WarfCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 9, 3257–3258Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01177a528https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01177a528research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views570Altmetric-Citations102LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Potential of Buprenorphine/Naltrexone in Treating Polydrug Addiction and Co-occurring Psychiatric Disorders (2008)

In recent years, we have seen regulatory approval being given for several new pharmacotherapies in the treatment of drug addiction disorders. Within the United States, the most noteworthy development has been the approval of buprenorphine in the treatment of opioid dependence, and its availability for prescribing in an office-based setting has resulted in thousands of additional patients going into treatment. Although approved medications for the treatment of cocaine and methamphetamine dependence are still lacking, the National Institute on Drug Abuse has devoted substantial effort toward meeting these clinical needs. Recent studies of modafinil for the treatment of cocaine dependence have been especially encouraging. Looking to the future, the looming challenge is polydrug addiction, a situation that is often complicated by co-occurring psychiatric disorders. As we strive to address the needs of these complicated patients, studies of buprenorphine/naltrexone may hold the key to a major advance.
Heterogeneity in direct cytotoxic function of L3T4 T cells. TH1 clones express higher cytotoxic activity to antigen-presenting cells than TH2 clones. (1990)

In the process of generating culture supernatant from T cell clones, with anti-CD3 antibodies and the B lymphoma A20 as APC, a striking difference in the stimulation of TH1 and TH2 clones was observed, i.e., TH2 clones produced higher levels of lymphokines than TH1 clones. This prompted us to test the hypothesis that differential killing of APC (thus the removal of stimuli) by T cells led to differential T cell activation. By studying a panel of five TH1 and seven TH2 clones, it was demonstrated that TH1 clones mediated significantly higher levels of cytotoxicity toward A20 cells in the presence of soluble anti-CD3 antibody (as opposed to immobilized anti-CD3). Although T cell clones could, when activated with immobilized anti-CD3, produce lymphokines cytotoxic to A20 cells, experiments in which lymphokine production was blocked indicated that T cell clones, in the presence of soluble anti-CD3, mediated killing of A20 through direct cytotoxicity. A higher level of cytotoxicity, by TH1 compared with TH2 clones, was not restricted to anti-CD3 or a particular target cell type, because it also occurred with Con A- or Ag-dependent killing (a monocyte-macrophage cell line), and LPS blasts. Furthermore, the higher cytotoxic activity of TH1 clones compared with TH2 clones was independent of the stage of T cell activation and was unlikely a result of the length of in vitro culture. High levels of killing of APC led to low levels of T cell activation, the significance of which may be as a negative feedback mechanism in the immune response. Other biologic relevancies of higher cytotoxic activity in TH1 vs TH2 cells were also discussed.
Calculation of the air ratio lambda of air-fuel mixtures and the effect of errors in measurement on lambda (1979)

A procedure for computing the air ratio of air/fuel mixtures is described in which, in addition to the exhaust gas components normally measured, the unreacted hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, together with the oxygen and hydrogen content of the fuel and the humidity of the air, are included in the equation. It is shown that errors of measurement of the exhaust gas components have a stronger effect in the lean mixture region than in the rich region.
Interpreting Shewhart <i>X</i> Control Charts (1985)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeControl Chart InterpretationMixture DetectionShewhart Control ChartsStratification DetectionTests for Assignable CausesTests for Special CausesX̄ Control Charts
Ceramide Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cyclooxygenase-2 Induction in Macrophages: Effects on Protein Kinases and Transcription Factors (2001)

The goal of this study was to elucidate whether triggering the sphingomyelin pathway modulates LPS-initiated responses. For this purpose we investigated the effects of N-acetylsphingosine (C(2)-ceramide) on LPS-induced production of NO and PGE(2) in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages and explored the signaling pathways involved. We found that within a range of 10-50 microM, C(2)-ceramide inhibited LPS-elicited NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 induction accompanied by a reduction in NO and PGE(2) formation. By contrast, a structural analog of C(2)-ceramide that does not elicit functional activity, C(2)-dihydroceramide, did not affect the LPS response. The nuclear translocation and DNA binding study revealed that ceramide can inhibit LPS-induced NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation. The immunocomplex kinase assay indicated that IkappaB kinase activity stimulated by LPS was inhibited by ceramide, which concomitantly reduced the IkappaBalpha degradation caused by LPS within 1-6 h. In concert with the decreased cytosolic p65 protein level, LPS treatment resulted in rapid nuclear accumulation of NF-kappaB subunit p65 and its association with the cAMP-responsive element binding protein. Ceramide coaddition inhibited all the LPS responses. In addition, LPS-induced PKC and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation were overcome by ceramide. In conclusion, we suggest that ceramide inhibition of LPS-mediated induction of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 is due to reduction of the activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1, which might result from ceramide's inhibition of LPS-stimulated IkappaB kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and protein kinase C.
Highly dispersed Pd nanoparticles on chemically modified graphene with aminophenyl groups for formic acid oxidation (2011)

A novel electrode material based on chemically modified graphene (CMG) with aminophenyl groups is covalently functionalized by a nucleophilic ring-opening reaction between the epoxy groups of graphene oxide and the aminophenyl groups of p-phenylenediamine. Palladium nanoparticles with an average diameter of 4.2 nm are deposited on the CMG by a liquid-phase borohydride reduction. The electrocatalytic activity and stability of the Pd/CMG composite towards formic acid oxidation are found to be higher than those of reduced graphene oxide and commercial carbon materials such as Vulcan XC-72 supported Pd electrocatalysts.
Deep Reinforcement Learning for Resource Management in Network Slicing (2018)

Network slicing is born as an emerging business to operators by allowing them to sell the customized slices to various tenants at different prices. In order to provide better-performing and costefficient services, network slicing involves challenging technical issues and urgently looks forward to intelligent innovations to make the resource management consistent with users' activities per slice. In that regard, deep reinforcement learning (DRL), which focuses on how to interact with the environment by trying alternative actions and reinforcing the tendency actions producing more rewarding consequences, is assumed to be a promising solution. In this paper, after briefly reviewing the fundamental concepts of DRL, we investigate the application of DRL in solving some typical resource management for network slicing scenarios, which include radio resource slicing and priority-based core network slicing, and demonstrate the advantage of DRL over several competing schemes through extensive simulations. Finally, we also discuss the possible challenges to apply DRL in network slicing from a general perspective.
A millimeter/submillimeter spectrometer for high resolution studies of transient molecules (1994)

A design is presented for a millimeter/submillimeter direct absorption spectrometer for studies of the pure rotational spectra of metal-bearing free radicals. The spectrometer operates in the frequency range of 65–550 GHz with an instrumental resolution of 200–1000 kHz and an absorption sensitivity of a few ppm. The instrument utilizes phase-locked Gunn oscillators as the tunable, coherent source of radiation from 65–140 GHz. Higher source frequencies are obtained with Schottky diode multipliers. The gas cell and optics path are designed utilizing Gaussian beam optics to achieve maximum interaction between molecules and the mm-wave radiation in the reaction region. Scalar feedhorns and a series of PTFE lenses are used to propagate the source signal. The gas cell is a cylindrical tube 0.5 m in length with a detachable Broida-type oven. The detector for the spectrometer is a helium-cooled InSb hot electron bolometer. Phase-sensitive detection is achieved by FM modulation of the Gunn oscillators and use of a lock-in amplifier. Spectra are recorded by electrical tuning of the Gunn oscillator, which is done under computer control. The millimeter and sub-mm rotational spectra of several free radicals have been observed for the first time using this instrument, including CaOH, MgOH, CaH, MgF, and BaOH.
Structural MAP speaker adaptation using hierarchical priors (2002)

Most adaptation methods for speech recognition using hidden Markov models fall into two categories; one is the Bayesian approach, where prior distributions for the model parameters are assumed, and the other is the transformation-based approach, where a pre-determined simple transformation form is employed to modify the model parameters. It is known that the former is better when the amount of data for adaptation is large, while the latter is better when the amount of data is small. In this paper, we propose a new approach, the structural maximum a posteriori (SMAP) approach, in which hierarchical priors are introduced to combine the two approaches above. Experimental results showed that SMAP achieved a better recognition accuracy than the two individual approaches for both small and large amounts of adaptation data.
Beginning Programming for Dummies (1999)

Do you think the programmers who work at your office are magical wizards who hold special powers that manipulate your computer? Believe it or not, anyone can learn how to write programs, and it doesn't take a higher math and science education to start. Beginning Programming for Dummies shows you how computer programming works without all the technical details or hard programming language. It explores the common parts of every computer programming language and how to write for multiple platforms like Windows, Mac OS X, or Linux. This easily accessible guide provides you with the tools
802.11 WLAN: history and new enabling MIMO techniques for next generation standards (2015)

IEEE 802.11, which designs wireless local area networks (WLAN), is one of the most successful standards in wireless communication systems. In this article, we review the history of WLAN standards, and provide technical overviews of the recent development of WLAN systems. Especially, as the original inventor and the proposer, we focus on beamforming and compressed feedback schemes, which have been adopted in 802.11 WLAN standards, to improve the throughput for a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system. These techniques are essential to maximize the downlink system throughput for multiple user transmission as well as for single user transmission. Also, we present discussions on new technologies to further enhance user throughput, which are currently considered for future WLAN systems.
Leukemic cell maturation: phenotypic variability and oncogene expression in HL60 cells: a review. (1988)

Leukemic cells in vitro and in vivo demonstrate an unstable phenotype. We have observed in HL60 cells maintained in culture over long periods of time such phenomena as emergence of drug resistance, oncogene amplification, loss of granulocyte and monocyte lineage markers, and alteration in cell growth parameters. As summarized in this report, a comprehensive review of the literature on HL60 cells shows a wide diversity of phenotype for these cells. We have developed and acquired from other laboratories a series of HL60 sublines with varying phenotypic characteristics. The time in continuous log phase culture for HL60 cells (passage 13 ATCC, Rockville MD) to undergo phenotypic drift from a heavily granulated promyelocytic cell to a more undifferentiated agranular blast form on four occasions varied from 3 to 18 months. The actual loss of promyelocytic phenotype occurred rapidly (within less than 1 month) following a variable period of apparent stable phenotype, The change in morphology was invariably accompanied by decreased sensitivity to ARA-c (5- to 20-fold increase in LD50 and dose necessary to induce NSE positive cells). The c-myc gene is variably amplified in sublines of HL60 cells. The expression of c-myc primarily reflects alterations in cell cycle kinetics and was not found to be correlated with a switch between proliferation and maturation. These results suggest that phenotypic drift may be due to loss of response to regulatory signals that affect the expression of a number of cellular genes.
Sonography of the foot and ankle. (2000)

Sonography of the foot and ankle is a quick, relatively inexpensive imaging modality that can be used to diagnose a variety of pathologic conditions. Sonography is particularly well suited for the assessment of tendons, soft-tissue masses, and suspected foreign bodies. Visualization of internal structural detail typically equals or exceeds that of MR imaging. Diagnostic accuracy, however, requires meticulous attention to technical parameters and proficiency with the transducer.
[Macrophage cell cycle control by M-CSF/CSF-1]. (1995)

Temporally orderly activation of the cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) governs the progression and the transitions of the cell cycle in mammalian cells. Macrophages require a specific growth factor, M-CSF/CSF-1, for their proliferation throughout the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Once cells enter S phase, macrophages complete mitosis in the absence of M-CSF/CSF-1. During the G1 phase, cyclin D1 is induced by M-CSF/CSF-1 stimulation and forms enzymatically active complex with cdk 4. The enzymatic activity of the cyclin D1 and cdk 4 complex could be negatively regulated by recently reported inhibitory proteins to determine the timing for entry into S phase in macrophages.
Negative incremental impedance and stability of fluorescent lamps (2002)

Fluorescent lamps have a special V-I characteristic. Their incremental impedance is defined and studied in the frequency domain. It is found that the negative incremental impedance of a fluorescent lamp can be characterized by a right half plane zero. The existence of such a result is explained by the modified Francis equation. Two ballasting approaches, series impedance and close-loop operation, are proposed to stabilize lamp operation. Stability criteria based on the Nyquist criterion are developed for both approaches.
Józef Dicker, Pokuta kosćielna w prawie wiejskiem polskiem od XVI do XVIII wieku (1925)

Article Józef Dicker, Pokuta kosćielna w prawie wiejskiem polskiem od XVI do XVIII wieku was published on August 1, 1925 in the journal Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung (volume 14, issue 1).