gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Simple Method to Identify Marl Soils (2011)

An experimental investigation proposed a simple, practical method to identify marl soils in the laboratory and to classify the soils. The percentage of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) of the soil was determined with three methods: (a) thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), (b) sequential loss on ignition (LOI), and (c) chemical reaction following ASTM C25. The sequential LOI test has the advantage that both organic and CaCO 3 content of the soil can be determined with a conventional furnace. X-ray diffraction, pH, and Atterberg limits tests were also conducted. The percentage of CaCO 3 determined from the sequential LOI tests agreed well with those from the TGA tests and from the chemical tests. No correlation was found between the percentage of CaCO 3 and organic content in the soil. As the organic content of the soil increases, the liquid limit increases and the plasticity of the soil increases. As the CaCO 3 content of the soil increases, the liquid limit of the soil decreases and the soil becomes less plastic. The geotechnical engineering properties of marl soils depend on organic content and CaCO 3 content, and so the soils should be classified according to both organic content and CaCO 3 content.
Margarine oil formulation and control (1968)

Abstract The formulation and control of margarine oils and margarines is based on an understanding of the relation between various physical measurements and the composition of the oils and margarines. Solid‐to‐liquid‐fat ratios are determined by dilatometry or by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Oils are chosen for their crystal habit under conditions of processing and finishing. Some margarine test methods involve appearance, oral melting characteristics, oil‐off, slump or collapse, get‐away, penetration, and spreadability. Many measurements are effective only when they describe conditions over a range of temperatures. These include dilatometry and consistency determinations which require multipoint measurements.
Analysis of a Magnetic Field Sensor Based on a Sagnac Interferometer Using a Magnetic Fluid-Filled Birefringent Photonic Crystal Fiber (2019)

A magnetic field sensor based on a Sagnac interferometer using a magnetic fluid-filled birefringent photonic crystal fiber (MF-BPCF) was proposed and studied by finite element method. Two large air holes in the birefringent photonic crystal fiber were designed to fill with magnetic fluid. The MF-BPCF in the proposed Sagnac interferometer acted as the sensing head. As magnetic field perpendicular to the MF-BPCF, magnetic fluid was anisotropic. The characteristics of the output spectrum of the Sagnac interferometer was simulated. The results showed that when the phase difference φ satisfied integer multiples of 2π, several dip wavelengths appeared. Not only the intensity but also the direction of the magnetic field was measured. The measuring sensitivity could be further promoted by making the dip wavelength approach λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Bg=0</sub> .
Suppression of interleukin-1 beta and LDL scavenger receptor expression in macrophages by a selective protein kinase C inhibitor. (1991)

A human monocytic cell line, THP-1, stimulated with 40 nM phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), differentiated to macrophage-like cells, and exhibited increased expression and release of interleukin-1 beta and expression of acetylated low density lipoprotein (ac-LDL) receptors. A selective inhibitor, MDL 29,152 (4-propyl-5-(4-quinolinyl)-2(3H)-oxazolone) was used to show that this induction required activation of protein kinase C. MDL 29,152 acts in the catalytic domain of protein kinase C and is at least 200-fold selective for protein kinase C over cAMP-dependent protein kinase in THP-1 cells. MDL 29,152 (50 microM) reduced levels of interleukin-1 beta mRNA in PMA-stimulated cells by 76% and eliminated detectable interleukin-1 beta in the media. Flow cytometric analysis showed that 48 h after THP-1 activation, approximately 50% of the cells expressed ac-LDL receptors, while in the presence of 100 microM MDL 29,152, less than 5% of the cells expressed receptors. The relationship between THP-1 differentiation and protein kinase C activation was determined by following the expression of the cell surface antigen MO-1. Expression of MO-1 antigen increases as monocytes differentiate to macrophages. After 48 h of phorbol activation, 90% of the THP-1 population was MO-1-positive; less than 16% of the population was MO-1-positive when 100 microM MDL 29,152 was present. By dual analysis, it was found that within the differentiated, MO-1-positive population, only approximately 50% of the cells also expressed ac-LDL receptors. Based on these findings, we conclude that protein kinase C promotes processes important in THP-1 activation and differentiation to macrophage-like cells including interleukin-1 beta expression and secretion, ac-LDL receptor and MO-1 expression.
Linear reasoning. A new form of the Herbrand-Gentzen theorem (1957)

In Herbrand's Theorem [2] or Gentzen's Extended Hauptsatz [1], a certain relationship is asserted to hold between the structures of A and A′, whenever A implies A′ (i.e., A ⊃ A′ is valid) and moreover A is a conjunction and A′ an alternation of first-order formulas in prenex normal form. Unfortunately, the relationship is described in a roundabout way, by relating A and A′ to a quantifier-free tautology. One purpose of this paper is to provide a description which in certain respects is more direct. Roughly speaking, ascent to A ⊃ A′ from a quantifier-free level will be replaced by movement from A to A′ on the quantificational level. Each movement will be closely related to the ascent it replaces. The new description makes use of a set L of rules of inference, the L-rules . L is complete in the sense that, if A is a conjunction and A′ an alternation of first-order formulas in prenex normal form, and if A ⊃ A′ is valid, then A′ can be obtained from A by an L-deduction , i.e., by applications of L -rules only. The distinctive feature of L is that each L -rule possesses two characteristics which, especially in combination, are desirable. First, each L -rule yields only conclusions implied by the premisses.
Solution structures of the cytoplasmic tail complex from platelet integrin αIIb- and β3-subunits (2002)

Integrin adhesion receptors constitute a cell-signaling system whereby interactions in the small cytoplasmic domains of the heterodimeric alpha- and beta-subunits provoke major functional alterations in the large extracellular domains. With two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, we examined two synthetic peptides [alphaIIb((987)MWKVGFFKRNR) and beta3((716)KLLITIHDRKEFAKFEEERARAKWD)] encompassing the membrane-proximal regions of the cytoplasmic domain motifs from the platelet integrin complex alphaIotaIotabbeta3. These membrane-proximal regions contain two conserved motifs, represented by (989)KVGFFKR in the alphaIIb-subunit, and (716)KLLITIHDR in the beta3-subunit. The dimer interaction consists of two adjacent helices with residues V990 and F993 of the alphaIotaIotab-subunit heavily implicated in the dimer interfacial region, as is I719 of beta3. These residues are situated within the conserved motifs of their respective proteins. Further structural analysis of this unique peptide heterodimer suggests that two distinct conformers are present. The major structural difference between the two conformers is a bend in the beta3-peptide between D723 and A728, whereas the helical character in the other regions remains intact. Earlier mutational analysis has shown that a salt bridge between the side chains of alphaIotaIotab(R955) and beta3(D723) is formed. When this ion pair was modeled into both conformers, increased nuclear Overhauser effect violations suggested that the more bent structure was less able to accommodate this interaction. These results provide a molecular level rationalization for previously reported biochemical studies, as well as a basis for an atomic level understanding of the intermolecular interactions that regulate integrin activity.
How will human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-neu data impact clinical management of gastric cancer? (2011)

On the basis of the results of the ToGA trial, HER2 status should now be included in the diagnostic workup of patients presenting with advanced gastric and EGJ cancer. The addition of trastuzumab to chemotherapy is a new standard treatment for patients with locally advanced and irresectable, recurrent or metastatic HER2-positive disease.
Late ocular manifestations in neonatal herpes simplex infection. (1977)

Five patients who had had neonatal herpes simplex virus infection were re-examined at ages that varied from 6 to 9 years. In all of them the diagnosis had been supported by virus isolation and antibody titration, and herpes virus type 2, the genital strain, had been the causative agent. Only 1 of the patients was mentally retarded. Three of the patients had manifest squint, and only 1 patient had normal visual acuity in both eyes. The fundus changes varied from atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium in 3 patients to atrophy of the optic disc in 2 eyes and extreme tortuosity of the retinal arterioles and veins in 1 patient. One patient developed bilateral retinitis with exudation into the vitreous at the age of 5 years. Fluorescein angiography of this patient showed peripheral vascular closure and preretinal neovascularisation, with leakage in both eyes. This may have been due to chronic retinal vasculitis; haemorrhagic infarction may have induced the damage to retinal tissues. Laser photocogulation resulted in slight improvement of the visual acuity, clearing of the vitreous, and decrease of the fluorescein leakage.
Absence of RNase III alters the pathway by which RNAI, the antisense inhibitor of ColE1 replication, decays (1999)

RNAI is a short RNA, 108 nt in length, which regulates the replication of the plasmid ColE1. RNAI turns over rapidly, enabling plasmid replication rate to respond quickly to changes in plasmid copy number. Because RNAI is produced in abundance, is easily extracted and turns over quickly, it has been used as a model for mRNA in studying RNA decay pathways. The enzymes polynucleotide phosphorylase, poly(A) polymerase and RNase E have been demonstrated to have roles in both messenger and RNAI decay; it is reported here that these enzymes can work independently of one another to facilitate RNAI decay. The roles in RNAI decay of two further enzymes which facilitate mRNA decay, the exonuclease RNase II and the endonuclease RNase III, are also examined. RNase II does not appear to accelerate RNAI decay but it is found that, in the absence of RNase III, polyadenylated RNAI, unprocessed by RNase E, accumulates. It is also shown that RNase III can cut RNAI near nt 82 or 98 in vitro. An RNAI fragment corresponding to the longer of these can be found in extracts of an mc+ pcnB strain (which produces RNase III) but not of an rnc pcnB strain, suggesting that RNAI may be a substrate for RNase III in vivo. A possible pathway for the early steps in RNAI decay which incorporates this information is suggested.
The morphology and thermal response of high-temperature–crystallized poly(vinylidene fluoride) (1975)

In this study, optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and infrared spectroscopy are used to study the high-temperature isothermal crystallization of high-molecular-weight poly(vinylidene fluoride). It is shown that there exists a temperature domain in which both the α and β phases of PVF2 can be grown concurrently and in competition with each other to form two distinct populations of spherulites which are characterized by different diameters, band periods, and melting points. In addition, a time- and temperature-dependent crystal-crystal transition from the α phase to the γ form can be induced in this high-temperature crystallization region to produce spherulites which melt 15–20 ° above the melting point of the original α phase. This transformation exhibits nucleation and propagation characteristics which in some regions can compete with the normal growth of the α phase to produce unique ’’wagon-wheel’’ spherulitic structures.
A molecular mechanism that stabilizes cooperative secretions in <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (2010)

Bacterial populations frequently act as a collective by secreting a wide range of compounds necessary for cell-cell communication, host colonization and virulence. How such behaviours avoid exploitation by spontaneous 'cheater' mutants that use but do not contribute to secretions remains unclear. We investigate this question using Pseudomonas aeruginosa swarming, a collective surface motility requiring massive secretions of rhamnolipid biosurfactants. We first show that swarming is immune to the evolution of rhlA(-) 'cheaters'. We then demonstrate that P. aeruginosa resists cheating through metabolic prudence: wild-type cells secrete biosurfactants only when the cost of their production and impact on individual fitness is low, therefore preventing non-secreting strains from gaining an evolutionary advantage. Metabolic prudence works because the carbon-rich biosurfactants are only produced when growth is limited by another growth limiting nutrient, the nitrogen source. By genetically manipulating a strain to produce the biosurfactants constitutively we show that swarming becomes cheatable: a non-producing strain rapidly outcompetes and replaces this obligate cooperator. We argue that metabolic prudence, which may first evolve as a direct response to cheating or simply to optimize growth, can explain the maintenance of massive secretions in many bacteria. More generally, prudent regulation is a mechanism to stabilize cooperation.
Development and standardization of multiplexed antibody microarrays for use in quantitative proteomics (2019)

Abstract Background Quantitative proteomics is an emerging field that encompasses multiplexed measurement of many known proteins in groups of experimental samples in order to identify differences between groups. Antibody arrays are a novel technology that is increasingly being used for quantitative proteomics studies due to highly multiplexed content, scalability, matrix flexibility and economy of sample consumption. Key applications of antibody arrays in quantitative proteomics studies are identification of novel diagnostic assays, biomarker discovery in trials of new drugs, and validation of qualitative proteomics discoveries. These applications require performance benchmarking, standardization and specification. Results Six dual-antibody, sandwich immunoassay arrays that measure 170 serum or plasma proteins were developed and experimental procedures refined in more than thirty quantitative proteomics studies. This report provides detailed information and specification for manufacture, qualification, assay automation, performance, assay validation and data processing for antibody arrays in large scale quantitative proteomics studies. Conclusion The present report describes development of first generation standards for antibody arrays in quantitative proteomics. Specifically, it describes the requirements of a comprehensive validation program to identify and minimize antibody cross reaction under highly multiplexed conditions; provides the rationale for the application of standardized statistical approaches to manage the data output of highly replicated assays; defines design requirements for controls to normalize sample replicate measurements; emphasizes the importance of stringent quality control testing of reagents and antibody microarrays; recommends the use of real-time monitors to evaluate sensitivity, dynamic range and platform precision; and presents survey procedures to reveal the significance of biomarker findings.
Catalytic and Biophysical Properties of a Nitrogenase Apo-MoFe Protein Produced by a <i>n</i><i>ifB</i>-Deletion Mutant of <i>Azotobacter </i><i>v</i><i>inelandii</i> (1998)

A Zn-immobilized metal-affinity chromatography technique was used to purify a poly-histidine-tagged, FeMo-cofactorless MoFe protein (apo-MoFe protein) from a nifB-deletion mutant of Azotobacter vinelandii. Apo-MoFe protein prepared in this way was obtained in sufficient concentrations for detailed catalytic, kinetic, and spectroscopic analyses. Metal analysis and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) were used to show that the apo-MoFe protein does not contain FeMo-cofactor. The EPR of the as-isolated apo-MoFe protein is featureless except for a minor S = 1/2 signal probably arising from the presence of either a damaged P cluster or a P cluster precursor. The apo-MoFe protein has an alpha2beta2 subunit composition and can be activated to 80% of the theoretical MoFe protein value by the addition of isolated FeMo-cofactor. Oxidation of the as-isolated apo-MoFe protein by indigodisulfonate was used to elicit the parallel mode EPR signal indicative of the two-electron oxidized form of the P cluster (P2+). The midpoint potential of the PN/P2+ redox couple for the apo-MoFe protein was shown to be shifted by -63 mV when compared to the same redox couple for the intact MoFe protein. Although the apo-MoFe protein is not able to catalyze the reduction of substrates under turnover conditions, it does support the hydrolysis of MgATP at 60% of the rate supported by the MoFe protein when incubated in the presence of Fe protein. The ability of the apo-MoFe protein to specifically interact with the Fe protein was also shown by stopped-flow techniques and by formation of an apo-MoFe protein-Fe protein complex. Finally, the two-electron oxidized form of the apo-MoFe protein could be reduced to the one-electron oxidized form (P1+) in a reaction that required Fe protein and MgATP. These results are interpreted to indicate that the apo-MoFe protein produced in a nifB-deficient genetic background [corrected] contains intact P clusters and P cluster polypeptide environments. Small changes in the electronic properties of P clusters contained within the apo-MoFe protein are most likely caused by slight perturbations in their polypeptide environments.
Visual Barriers to Prevent Ambulatory Alzheimer's Patients from Exiting Through an Emergency Door (1989)

Mobility combined with impaired mental functioning presents safety risks for Alzheimer's patients and poses an ethical dilemma for staff. This study, conducted on an Alzheimer's unit, tested seven different visual barrier conditions for reducing patient exists. Findings indicate that exiting was eliminated under two conditions. The results suggest visual agnosia, the inability to interpret what the eye sees, may be utilized as a tool in managing wandering behavior of Alzheimer's patients.
Femtosecond fiber-laser-based, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (2012)

This paper reports the LIBS studies on elemental composition detection and identification by employing a femtosecond (fs) fiber laser. High quality LIBS spectra were obtained in air using near-infrared fs fiber laser coupled with a broadband high sensitivity spectrometer without gating control. Specific ion and neutral emission lines of different materials have been characterized by line scanning, including metals, glasses and even explosive materials. Different laser parameters including pulse energy, repetition rate, scanning speed and integration times have been investigated to optimize the sensitivity. Results show that faster scanning speed and higher pulse energies can greatly enhance the signal level and reduce the integration time. The LIBS spectra are highly reproducible at different repetition rates up to 1 MHz. Furthermore, detection of explosive materials was also achieved and both the constituent elemental emission and the CN and C2 molecules emission were collected. Compared with conventional LIBS, fs fiber laser based LIBS system have advantages of less sample heating and damage, better spatial resolution and signal to background ratio, compact, reliable and cost-effective. This shows a potential portable LIBS system for versatile and rapid analysis of chemical and special explosive materials.
Continuous RFID-Enabled Authentication: Privacy Implications (2011)

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has been used in many application areas, including tracking shipments, inventory control, tracking livestock, locating missing pets, and studying wildlife. Recent years saw a rise in applications where RFID is used to track and monitor people with a broad objective of improving safety and productivity. RFID is now used to track military and law enforce ment personnel, locate lost children in amusement parks, and improve critical response time and efficien cy in hospitals by tracking medical personnel. RFID tags for tracking people can be either worn or implanted, but both methods pose significant ethical challenges to privacy. Applications involving subdermally implanted RFID tags and their ethical and privacy implications have been surveyed. The main focus of this article is on RFID systems that use wearable tags that can be embedded in badges or clothing for employee tracking at the workplace.
Lapped Hadamard transforms and filter banks (2004)

In this paper, we generalize the Hadamard transform to the case of lapped transform. A matrix A(z) is a lapped Hadamard transform if it satisfies A/sup T/(z/sup -1/)A(z)=/spl alpha/I for some integer /spl alpha/ and all the entries of its coefficient matrices are /spl plusmn/1. Many methods have been proposed to construct lapped Hadamard matrices. In this paper, we study these matrices using the theory of paraunitary filter bank. This approach not only greatly simplifies the analysis of lapped Hadamard transform but also gives rise to new construction methods that can generate a much wider class of lapped Hadamard matrices.
Real-Time Hand Pose Recognition Based on a Neural Network Using Microsoft Kinect (2013)

The Microsoft Kinect sensor is largely used to detect and recognize body gestures and layout with enough reliability, accuracy and precision in a quite simple way. However, the pretty low resolution of the optical sensors does not allow the device to detect gestures of body parts, such as the fingers of a hand, with the same straightforwardness. Given the clear application of this technology to the field of the user interaction within immersive multimedia environments, there is the actual need to have a reliable and effective method to detect the pose of some body parts. In this paper we propose a method based on a neural network to detect in real time the hand pose, to recognize whether it is closed or not. The neural network is used to process information of color, depth and skeleton coming from the Kinect device. This information is preprocessed to extract some significant feature. The output of the neural network is then filtered with a time average, to reduce the noise due to the fluctuation of the input data. We analyze and discuss three possible implementations of the proposed method, obtaining an accuracy of 90% under good conditions of lighting and background, and even reaching the 95% in best cases, in real time.
Assembly of Proteins into Membranes (1980)

Two pathways for protein assembly into biological membranes have been proposed. The "signal hypothesis" emphasizes the role of specific membrane proteins in binding the growing polypeptide and conducting it into the bilayer during its synthesis. The "membrane-triggered folding" hypothesis emphasizes self-assembly and the role of changing protein conformation during transfer from an aqueous compartment into a membrane. These ideas provide a framework for reviewing recent data on the biogenesis of membrane proteins.
Transaction-Oriented Configuration Management: (1990)

The ideas and findings in this report should not be construed as an official DoD position. It is published in the interest of scientific and technical information exchange. FOR THE COMMANDER (signature on file)