gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recycling carbon dioxide into concrete: a feasibility study (2010)

The feasibility of recycling carbon dioxide into concretes through their curing processes was investigated. The CO2 uptake capacities of four commonly used concrete building products: masonry block, paving stone, cement board and fiberboard, were evaluated. It was found that, based on the cement content used in the product, the uptake capacities of the four products ranged from 9.8% to 18.9% when recovered CO2 was used in a static system and from 6.3% to 8.1% when as-captured cement kiln flue gas was used in a quasi-dynamic system. In the United States and Canada, annual cement consumption by these four products is approximately 14 million tonnes (300 billion lb). If all of these products were carbonation treated, the net annual sequestration of CO2 in concrete could reach 1.8 million tonnes (4 billion lb) using recovered CO2 (at a net efficiency of 87.1%) and 0.98 million tonnes (2.1 billion lb) using flue gas (at a net efficiency of 84.0%). The proposed process offers a feasible method of safe and permanent sequestration of carbon dioxide in manufactured concrete products. Either recovered carbon dioxide or flue gas could be used, though the direct use of flue gas would save considerable energy and offset the costs associated with the CO2 recovery process. Reaction efficiency is nevertheless lower since there is a smaller fraction of carbon dioxide available for reaction at a given pressure. The direct use of flue gas as a carbonation curing agent is thus only appropriate for situations in which curing is performed adjacent to a CO2 point source. On the other hand, recovered CO2 is expected to become available at low cost in the near future and could be shipped to concrete plants as a curing agent to replace steam in precast concrete production.
Resistance to Xenobiotic-Induced Autoimmunity Maps to Chromosome 1 (2001)

Although evidence indicates that environmental factors play a major role in precipitating systemic autoimmunity in genetically susceptible individuals, little is known about the mechanisms involved. Certain heavy metals, such as mercury, are potent environmental immunostimulants that produce a number of immunopathologic sequelae, including lymphoproliferation, hypergammaglobulinemia, and overt systemic autoimmunity. Predisposition to such metal-induced immunopathology has been shown to be influenced by both MHC and non-MHC genes, as well as susceptibility to spontaneous lupus, in mice and other experimental animals. Among the various mouse strains examined to date, the DBA/2 appears to uniquely lack susceptibility to mercury-induced autoimmunity (HgIA), despite expressing a susceptible H-2 haplotype (H-2d). To define the genetic basis for this trait, two genome-wide scans were conducted using F2 intercrosses of the DBA/2 strain with either the SJL or NZB strains, both of which are highly susceptible to HgIA. A single major quantitative trait locus on chromosome 1, designated Hmr1, was shown to be common to both crosses and encompassed a region containing several lupus susceptibility loci. Hmr1 was linked to glomerular immune complex deposits and not autoantibody production, suggesting that DBA/2 resistance to HgIA may primarily involve the later stages of disease pathogenesis. Identification and characterization of susceptibility/resistance genes and mechanisms relevant to the immunopathogenesis of mercury-induced autoimmunity should provide important insights into the pathogenesis of autoimmunity and may reveal novel targets for intervention.
[Gene transfer and gene therapy]. (1992)

The application of gene transfer technology to human gene therapy has been intensively investigated during the last decade. The first human clinical trials in adenosine deaminase deficiency and metastatic melanoma recently demonstrated the feasibility and safety of using retroviral gene transduction for human gene therapy. Many problems remain to be solved for a better understanding of the functioning of genes to be transferred, a better efficiency of gene transfer and genetic correction by site-specific targeting in vivo, a better knowledge of the biological properties of target cells such as totipotent hematopoïetic stem cells. Clinical developments are expected in genetic diseases (immunodeficiency, thalassemia, hemophilia) and non genetic disorders (lymphokine gene therapy for cancer).
Tissue Conditioners: I. Composition and Structure (1970)

An analysis of five proprietary tissue conditioners was made. The polymer powders were generally a blend of copolymers based on poly( ethyl methacrylate); the liquid was a mixture of an aromatic ester ( commonly butyl phthalyl butyl glycolate) with up to 30% ethanol. Rapid gelling occurred because ethanol is a solvent for poly( ethyl methacrylate) .
Coronary Heart Disease in Patients with Diabetes (2000)

Type 2 diabetes increases the risk of coronary heart disease by a factor of two to four.1 The relative increase in the rate of coronary heart disease among patients with diabetes in most studies is greater for women than for men. In the Framingham Heart Study1 (but not in all studies), the absolute incidence of coronary heart disease is similar among both men and women with diabetes, leading to the frequently made assertion that diabetes may eliminate women's protection against coronary heart disease. The increase in the incidence of coronary events is greater for more severe clinical outcomes, such as . . .
Field Emission Based Sensors Using Carbon Nanotubes (2003)

A number of sensitive applications would be greatly benefited by the development of better cold cathodes that employ the electron field emission process. Among the many kinds of field emitters that could be tried, carbon nanotubes (CNT) have a number of distinct advantages because of their unique geometrical structure, chemical inertness, mechanical stiffness, and high thermal and electrical conductivities. This dissertation describes research in which CNT cathodes were fabricated and their emission characteristics were measured. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) were grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on various substrates: Ni and Hastelloy gauze, 304 stainless steel (SS) plates, and Ni-coated Si wafers. Either C2H2/Ar (or N2) source gases were used in a temperature range from 650–780°C. Nanotubes were produced with diameters that varied from 20nm to 300 nm, depending on the substrate and temperature. Structures of these nanotubes were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Raman scattering. Field emission performance for samples of carbon nanotubes deposited on the various substrates was intensively investigated. Nanotubes grown on the Ni substrates were found to have turn-on fields of 1.0–2.0 V/μm, the lowest obtained. The emission from all individual samples was reproducible within 3% among operation cycles. Variations of less than 7% among different batches were found for MWNT grown on SS substrates. MWNT on the gauze substrates were very stable emitters up to a pressure of 10−6 Torr in air. Our experiments revealed that there exist absorption dominated, intermediate, and intrinsic emission regimes caused by three different gas-surface reaction processes. Operation of CNT emitters in a hydrogen atmosphere was found to improve emission stability. Tube deformation, elastic or plastic, was found to occur for high electric fields. Emission performance was also characterized by surface emission mapping and by emission pattern imaging. Experiments suggest that the emission current from a single carbon nanotube could be greater than 20 μA for the sample grown on the Hastelloy substrate and ∼4 μA for tubes grown on SS. With the help of computer simulation, an optimum design for an ion gauge with a CNT electron source was developed. This gauge was built and its operation was investigated. A total emission current of 64 μA was obtained for a CNT cathode on Ni substrate at an acceleration gate voltage of 310 V. Electron transmission through the gate grid was found to be 70–75%, only ∼10% lower than the gate transparency. This ion gauge had excellent linearity from 10−6 to 10−10 Torr, with gauge sensitivity between 2 and 2.5/Torr for nitrogen. This gauge will find application in ultra-high vacuum and extreme-high vacuum (UHV/XHV) applications.
Survey of cancer researchers regarding complementary and alternative medicine. (2008)

The primary purpose of this survey was to assess the interest and concerns of a group of cancer researchers regarding complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) research issues. These issues include cancer researchers' perceptions of the most promising areas of cancer CAM research, their needs for support, the perceived obstacles to carrying out research objectives in the emerging field of cancer CAM research, and their level of interest in research collaboration with CAM practitioners. A cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of cancer researchers interested in CAM was conducted. Three hundred twenty-one respondents completed the survey, and 298 of them had participated in cancer research. About 85% of the respondents had participated in cancer CAM research. For all CAM categories, the percentage of respondents who would like to conduct research was greater than the percentage of those who have already done so. About two-thirds of the respondents rated research in pharmacologic and biologic treatments and nutritional therapeutics for cancer treatment and symptom/side-effect management as high-priority areas. The obstacle considered to be the most significant by the greatest percentage of the respondents (26.7%) was the lack of success in receiving research funds. This was also the most frequently encountered obstacle. The assistance that was considered to be very useful by the greatest percentage of respondents was support for developmental research or pilot projects, indicated by more than four-fifths (85.4%) of the respondents. More than 83% of respondents expressed some interest in or willingness to establish research collaboration with a CAM practitioner. The results from this survey indicate that many cancer CAM researchers have shared interests, needs, perceived obstacles, and desired research opportunities. These factors and other forces are likely to lead to further growth in the numbers and activity of cancer CAM researchers. If this occurs, then it will become even more important for the National Cancer Institute and other organizations to study the development and changes in this emerging research field.
Erratum: Extension of the Maxwell–Garnett theory for granular surfaces [J. Appl. Phys. <b>5</b> <b>3</b>, 648 (1982)] (1983)

First Page
Biochar as a low-cost adsorbent for heavy metal removal: A review (2017)

Conversation of agricultural residues to from biochar can be used as for as the treatment of aqueous solution an alternative remediation of heavy metals from the environment used as low-cost adsorbent. Ground water, originated from natural and anthropogenic source each contaminated by heavy metals. Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions which is examined by a number of studies using biochar as a sorbent. Generally development of commercial biochar purposes, reliable data on production of biochar technologies is required. For this purpose, peer-reviewed scientific articles on carbonization technologies (pyrolysis, gasi?cation, ?ash carbonization and hydrothermal carbonization,) have been analyzed. Different mechanisms such as ion exchange, electrostatic interactions, complexation, membrane filtration, physical sorption, and precipitation have been effective for removal of heavy metals. Mathematical sorption models can be used as the efficiency of biochar for removing heavy metals, and also promote in water treatment through the application of biochar technology in water treatment. Biochar used as a low-cost adsorbent to heavy metal removal from aqueous solution is promising and an emerging waste water treatment technology. When the biochar were impregnated with chemicals, the effect was a little increased. An About under the optimum conditions.99% Cd, Pb and Zn were removed from aqueous solution using biochar.
In vivo and in vitro potency studies of 6ß‐naltrexol, the major human metabolite of naltrexone (2002)

Naltrexone, a mu opioid receptor antagonist, is used in the treatment of opioid and alcohol dependence. Naltrexone's longer duration of action compared to naloxone has been considered to be due partly to its major human metabolite, 6beta-naltrexol. To date, no studies have examined the in vitro or in vivo potency of 6beta-naltrexol compared to naltrexone and naloxone. In the electrically-stimulated guinea pig ileum, 6beta-naltrexol was more potent (K(i) = 94 +/- 25 pM), than naloxone (420 +/- 150 pM), and naltrexone (265 +/- 101 pM). In vivo comparative potencies were assessed using the mouse hotplate test and morphine (agonist), with doses of the antagonists from 0.001 to 30 mg/kg. The order of potency was naltrexone (ID(50) 7 microg/kg), naloxone (ID(50) 16 microg/kg) and 6beta-naltrexol (ID(50) 1300 microg/kg). Antagonist ID(50) doses were then administered at 45, 90, 120, 180 and 1080 minutes prior to morphine administration. The duration of antagonist activity to decrease by 50% was 80, 125 and 340 minutes for naltrexone, naloxone and 6beta-naltrexol, respectively. 6beta-naltrexol is highly potent in the guinea pig ileum, but much less so in vivo after an acute dose. However, the potency of 6beta-naltrexol in vivo is time-dependent, and it has a longer duration of action than naloxone and naltrexone, consistent with a pharmacokinetic longer terminal half-life. Therefore, 6beta-naltrexol is likely to contribute to the efficacy of naltrexone in humans.
Differential metabolic activity by dental plaque bacteria in association with two preparations of MUC5B mucins in solution and in biofilms (2008)

Salivary mucin, MUC5B, is an oligomeric glycoprotein, heterogeneous in size and with a diverse repertoire of oligosaccharides, which differ in composition and charge. Since complex salivary glycoproteins are considered to be the major source of nutrients for the oral supragingival microbiota, the major aim of the current study was to determine whether different preparations of non-denatured MUC5B could be isolated exhibiting different biological properties in relation to the microflora associated with the surfaces of the oral cavity. Two preparations, solMUC5B and gelMUC5B, were isolated by density-gradient centrifugation and were shown to have different buoyant densities, carbohydrate content and surface-adsorbing characteristics. To ascertain differences in biological activity, the two mucin preparations, both in solution and adsorbed to a model surface, were incubated with freshly isolated dental plaque and assayed for metabolic (dehydrogenase) activity with the fluoresecent substrate CTC (5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride). The plaque bacteria exhibited higher metabolism with the solMUC5B preparation in solution, with 79.4 % active plaque cells compared to the controls without mucin (9.6 %), while gelMUC5B showed 48.2 % active cells with the same plaque population. In contrast, the same mucins adhered to a surface elicited a significantly lower metabolic response, with surface-associated plaque cells showing only 12.1 % active cells with solMUC5B and 29.2 % with gelMUC5B. These results suggested that the metabolism by the plaque cells adsorbed to surface-associated mucins was downregulated compared to the same cells suspended in mucin solution. This was confirmed in an experiment where active dispersed plaque/solMUC5B suspensions were shown to lose significant metabolic activity (e.g. 74.9 to 19.3 %) when allowed to interact with gelMUC5B adsorbed to a surface. Clearly, the solMUC5B and gelMUC5B preparations exhibited different biological activity when assayed with freshly plaque bacteria in suspension and in a biofilm.
Visual resolution when light enters the eye through different parts of the pupil (1967)

1. Threshold contrasts for resolution of sinusoidal gratings imaged on to the retina through a decentred 2 mm pupil were measured.2. No loss in resolution was found when the pupil was decentred parallel to the lines of the gratings. A loss in resolution by a factor of 3 occurred when the pupil was decentred by 3 mm perpendicular to the lines of the gratings.3. The effects of focus on the threshold contrast for a grating viewed through a centred and decentred pupil were used to show that at least a portion of the loss in resolution is due to optical aberrations.4. Using a neon-helium gas laser as a coherent light source, interference fringes were produced on the retina directly. Threshold contrasts for resolution of the fringes were determined for different positions of entry of the beams of light through the pupil. When the Stiles-Crawford brightness effect was compensated for, no loss in resolution was found to occur for decentred entry of the beams.5. It is concluded that the off-axis loss of visual acuity is wholly due to optical aberrations in the eye.6. The ratios between the threshold contrasts for sinusoidal gratings and for interference fringes are used to calculate the optical transfer functions of the off-axis aberrations of the eye.
Biochemical Thyroid Profile in Patients Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (1991)

Over a 2-year period, thyroid function was studied in 102 patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and in 102 age- and sex-matched controls with various infectious diseases. Biochemical abnormalities were observed in 1-20% of the patients, depending on thyroid indices, but thyroid disease (hypothyroidism) was diagnosed in only 1. Compared to controls, patients, especially those with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), had a significant increase in serum thyroxine-binding globulin, a lower T3 and free thyroxine index, and a higher frequency of thyroglobulin antibodies.
Effect of Nature of Surfaces on Wetting of Sapphire by Liquid Aluminum (1968)

Contact angles of aluminum drops on sapphire measured under vacuum conditions from 660° to 1250°C generally fell into three ranges. Large obtuse contact angles indicating interfacial energies greater than either of the two surface energies were obtained up to about 900°C; van der Waals bonding then existed at a compound interface. In the intermediate range, contact angles were 90° or slightly greater indicating a common interface with an energy, s γ l , greater than s γ g but less than lγ g . Acute contact angles indicating a s γ l less than s γ g and greater than l γ g occurred above about 950°C because of the formation of a high temperature complex surface structure with s γ g > l γ g . A hydroxylated sapphire surface has a lower s γ g which increases with gradual dehydroxylation and conversion to the high temperature surface structure with a corresponding change in contact angle through the three ranges. Chemical bonding existed in the latter two ranges. Reactions occurred between Al and the sapphire surface to form volatile species at contact angles less than 90°. Molten Al normally has an oxide coating the effect of which appears to be removed at about 870° C.
iIEL activation comparison of somatic polysaccharose from Bifidobacterium and Escherichia coli (2000)

The results are as follow: 85.1% IEL were CD_(3)~(+) T cells and 73.8% were CD_(8)~(+) T cells and expressed TCR_(gamma theta ). The somatic polysaccharose both of Bifidobacterium and E. coli could enlarge natural killing activity and promote secreting cytokine of IFN_(gamma) and IL-2, but the function of Bifidobacterium^s was more powerful.
The Complete Amino Acid Sequence of Two Types of Subtilisin, BPN' and Carlsberg (1966)

The complete amino acid sequences of subtilisins BPN' (Nagarse) and Carlsberg have been determined. Subtilisin BPN' consists of a single peptide chain of 275 amino acid residues, whereas the Carlsberg enzyme contains 274 residues and differs in a total of 83 residues. The enzymes are distinct from serine proteinases of animal origin. Amino acid replacements permit preliminary identification of areas critical for structure-function relationships and some assessment of possible genetic mechanisms which have led to differences in sequence.
Effect of Reformer Gas on HCCI Combustion - Part II: Low Octane Fuels (2007)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion offers high fuel efficiency and some emissions benefits. However, it is difficult to control and stabilize combustion over a significant operating range because the critical compression ratio and intake temperature at which HCCI combustion can be achieved vary with operating conditions such as speed and load as well as with fuel octane number. Replacing part of the base fuel with reformer gas, (which can be produced from the base hydrocarbon fuel), alters HCCI combustion characteristics in varying ways depending on the replacement fraction and the base fuel auto-ignition characteristics. Because fuel injection quantities and ratios can be altered on a cycle-by-cycle basis during operation, injecting a variable blend of reformer gas and base fuel offers a potential HCCI combustion control mechanism.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The basic diesel exhaust problem is a trade-off between unacceptable levels of NOx and particulate matter, so establishing an HCCI operating mode in a diesel engine is desirable since it simultaneously reduces those two pollutants. Modern diesels using a tightly controlled fuel injection system that allows for multiple, timed injections during each cycle can produce variable amounts of pre-mixture by early injection. Blending the base fuel with variable amounts of light reformer gas can affect HCCI combustion parameters and may provide an acceptable means of combustion control.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper examines the reformer gas effect on HCCI combustion of low octane number fuels, including primary reference fuels with 0 and 20 octane numbers. Experimental work was performed in a CFR engine modified for high mechanical compression ratio. A variable blend of base fuel with simulated reformer gas (75% H<sub>2</sub> / 25% CO) was used to alter the HCCI engine's combustion parameters and control combustion onset. PRF0 and PRF20 fuels contain mostly n-heptane so two-stage auto-ignitions were observed for both fuels. Replacing some base fuel with reformer gas generally expanded the engine operating range on the rich side and retarded combustion timing. The retarded ignition, coming despite the tendency of reformer gas to raise compression temperature, indicates that pre-flame chemistry is significantly altered. First stage heat release was reduced by increasing reformer gas content and it delayed the main stage of heat release. The capability to adjust HCCI ignition timing and heat release rate by varying the fraction of reformer gas offers a potential combustion control mechanism.</div>
Sahel - Special Programme for African Agricultural Research (SPAAR) information system (1994)

This document contains a selection of projects concerning Sahel Countries (Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Mauritania, Gambia, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea) and is presented in 3 parts: (a) an overview of projects by research discipline; (b) an overview of projects by country; and (c) description of project-content. The Special Programme for African Agricultural Research (SPAAR) emerged as an initiative in the mid-eighties to enhance agricultural production in Africa by increasing donor co-ordination in the field of agricultural extension. The SPAAR Information System (SIS) was developed to come to grips with the increasing number of activities. At present over 4000 projects are recorded in SIS.