gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Absorption of Water by Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids: Effect of Anions on Concentration and State of Water (2003)

Near-infrared (NIR) spectrometry was successfully used for the non-invasive and in situ determination of concentrations and structure of water absorbed by room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). It was found that RTILs based on 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, namely, [BuMIm]+ [BF4]-, [BuMIm]+ [bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)amide, or Tf2N]- and [BuMIm]+ [PF6]-, are hydroscopic and can quickly absorb water when they are exposed to air. Absorbed water interacts with the anions of the RTILs, and these interactions lead to changes in the structure of water. Among the RTILs studied, [BF4]- provides the strongest interactions and [PF6]- the weakest. In 24 hours, [Bu-MIm]+ [BF4]- can absorb up to 0.320 M of water, whereas [Bu-MIm]+ [PF6]- can only absorb 8.3 x 10(-2) M of water. It seems that higher amounts of water can be absorbed when the anion of the RTIL can strongly interact and hence stabilize absorbed water molecules by forming hydrogen bonds with them or inducing hydrogen bonds among water molecules. More importantly, the NIR technique can be sensitively used for the noninvasive, in situ determination of absorbed water in RTILs, without any pretreatment, and at limits of detection as low as 3.20 x 10(-3) M.
Motion and vision I Stabilized images of stationary gratings (1979)

To demonstrate that eye movements have profound effects on the sine-wave contrast threshold, the author uses a new method of stabilizing the retinal image, in which the Purkinje reflections from the eye move the stimulus pattern displayed on a CRT screen. Calibration of this compensatory motion is very critical; a gain error greater than 1% may produce significant destablization. Under optimum conditions, image stabilization elevates the subject's contrast threshold by a factor of about 20; it also produces after-images with resolution greater than 12 c/deg. These results compare favorably with those obtained by other methods.
Critical factors affecting the military utility of networking (2005)

This article is a first cut at quantitatively exploring the conditions under which the fundamental tenets of the Network Centric Warfare doctrine might be valid. It is based on a somewhat more extensive study of the subject published by the author and covers three related topics: the situational awareness that is made possible by networking of battlefield sensors, the onset of cohesive behaviour amongst the human actors involved in operating networked systems, and the limits of human proficiency. The paper shows that the situational awareness obtained through the network is not automatically better than that obtained from individual sensors and identifies the conditions under which it might be; it shows how the cohesive behaviour is increased by the size of the networked community, by the quality of leadership controlling that community, and by the degree of individual proficiency with which members join the community; and it shows how recruiting, training, retention, and the quality of life will affect that individual proficiency. In the end, the article summarizes the various factors which must be addressed before the promise of networking can be realized.
Patent Quality Classification System Using the Feature Extractor of Deep Recurrent Neural Network (2019)

This research is focused on using the deep learning technique to improve patent quality classification performance. The patent quality detection is a major issue in the patent analysis field, and it can provide high information of decision making for business and industry. Patent quality can be measured by the predicting system for innovation protection, market value, technical ability, leading position and so on. Therefore, in this research, we propose a powerful feature extraction approach to extract hidden features from the raw text of a patent document using deep recurrent neural network (DRNN) model. The texts such as title and abstract are providing the rich information about a patent status and potential in future. Our proposed patent quality classification system is based on a gradient-based neural network with four functions including word embeddings, DRNN, fully connected neural network, and cross entropy loss computation. In the experimental results, our proposed patent quality classifier has obtained the best classification performance, compared with other classification models.
Kinetics and possible regulation of crypt cell populations under normal and stress conditions. (1976)

The proliferative organisation of the crypts of the small intestine is considered with special reference to the existence, location and numbers of stem cells. It is concluded that the crypt contains a minority population of cells at its base that are the true stem cells. These cells provide an input of cells for the larger proliferative compartment higher up the crypt. The presumptive stem cells may be pluripotent and produce Paneth, goblet and columnar cells. They are probably also the cells which are capable of regenerating the crypt after X-ray depopulation. Radiobiological experiments indicate that the number of cryptogenic cells is less than 80, while the results of several experiments on the kinetics of the cell populations indicate that the number of stem cells is about 20. The stem cells are located in the Paneth cell zone of the crypt, and are apparently passing through the cell cycle at about half the speed of the proliferative cells. It is these vital stem cells that will determine the response of the mucosa to therapeutic agents, probably play a role in carcinogenesis and play a dominant role in mechanisms controlling cell proliferation.
Degradation, Bioactivity, and Osteogenic Potential of Composites Made of PLGA and Two Different Sol–Gel Bioactive Glasses (2011)

We have developed poly(L: -lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) based composites using sol-gel derived bioactive glasses (S-BG), previously described by our group, as composite components. Two different composite types were manufactured that contained either S2-high content silica S-BG, or A2-high content lime S-BG. The composites were evaluated in the form of sheets and 3D scaffolds. Sheets containing 12, 21, and 33 vol.% of each bioactive glass were characterized for mechanical properties, wettability, hydrolytic degradation, and surface bioactivity. Sheets containing A2 S-BG rapidly formed a hydroxyapatite surface layer after incubation in simulated body fluid. The incorporation of either S-BG increased the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the composites and tailored their degradation rates compared to starting compounds. Sheets and 3D scaffolds were evaluated for their ability to support growth of human bone marrow cells (BMC) and MG-63 cells, respectively. Cells were grown in non-differentiating, osteogenic or osteoclast-inducing conditions. Osteogenesis was induced with either recombinant human BMP-2 or dexamethasone, and osteoclast formation with M-CSF. BMC viability was lower at higher S-BG content, though specific ALP/cell was significantly higher on PLGA/A2-33 composites. Composites containing S2 S-BG enhanced calcification of extracellular matrix by BMC, whereas incorporation of A2 S-BG in the composites promoted osteoclast formation from BMC. MG-63 osteoblast-like cells seeded in porous scaffolds containing S2 maintained viability and secreted collagen and calcium throughout the scaffolds. Overall, the presented data show functional versatility of the composites studied and indicate their potential to design a wide variety of implant materials differing in physico-chemical properties and biological applications. We propose these sol-gel derived bioactive glass-PLGA composites may prove excellent potential orthopedic and dental biomaterials supporting bone formation and remodeling.
Synthesis of Novel Spiroisoxazolines Through 1,3-dipolar Cycloaddition of Nitrileoxides With α-methylene Cyclic Ketones (1999)

Abstract Novel spiroisoxazolines were prepared in good yield in a highly regioselective cycloaddition reaction of benzonitrileoxides with different, α-methylene cyclic ketones.
Enhancing the Induction Skill of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children with Virtual Reality Technology (2000)

Many researchers have found that for reasoning and reaching a reasoned conclusion, particularly when the process of induction is required, deaf and hard-of-hearing children have unusual difficulty. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the practice of rotating virtual reality (VR) three-dimensional (3D) objects will have a positive effect on the ability of deaf and hard-of-hearing children to use inductive processes when dealing with shapes. Three groups were involved in the study: (1) experimental group, which included 21 deaf and hard-of-hearing children, who played a VR 3D game; (2) control group I, which included 23 deaf and hard-of-hearing children, who played a similar two-dimensional (2D) game (not VR game); and (3) control group II of 16 hearing children for whom no intervention was introduced. The results clearly indicate that practicing with VR 3D spatial rotations significantly improved inductive thinking used by the experimental group for shapes as compared with the first control group, who did not significantly improve their performance. Also, prior to the VR 3D experience, the deaf and hard-of-hearing children attained lower scores in inductive abilities than the children with normal hearing, (control group II). The results for the experimental group, after the VR 3D experience, improved to the extent that there was no noticeable difference between them and the children with normal hearing.
La Religion del Imperio de los Incas. (1920)

Supplemented by: Apéndices (1 v., 27 cm.) published: Quito, Ecuador, Escuela tipográfía salesiana, 1931- Call number: F3429.3.R3 J6 Apéndices
Neuropsychology and clinical neuroscience of persistent post-concussive syndrome (2007)

On the mild end of the acquired brain injury spectrum, the terms concussion and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) have been used interchangeably, where persistent post-concussive syndrome (PPCS) has been a label given when symptoms persist for more than three months post-concussion. Whereas a brief history of concussion research is overviewed, the focus of this review is on the current status of PPCS as a clinical entity from the perspective of recent advances in the biomechanical modeling of concussion in human and animal studies, particularly directed at a better understanding of the neuropathology associated with concussion. These studies implicate common regions of injury, including the upper brainstem, base of the frontal lobe, hypothalamic-pituitary axis, medial temporal lobe, fornix, and corpus callosum. Limitations of current neuropsychological techniques for the clinical assessment of memory and executive function are explored and recommendations for improved research designs offered, that may enhance the study of long-term neuropsychological sequelae of concussion.
Pharmacologic Effects of Calcium Channel Blockers on Restenosis (1999)

The understanding and control of the healing process after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and of the pathogenesis of restenosis are incomplete. To date, only stent implantation has been shown to successfully reduce the rate of restenosis. Calcium channel blockers have positive effects on a number of processes that may be associated with restenosis, including reduction of platelet aggregation, minimization of vasospasm, and inhibition of mitogens. Clinical trials have therefore been performed to assess the effect of calcium channel blockers on restenosis and ischemia. A meta-analysis of five restenosis trials investigating calcium channel blockers demonstrated a 30% reduction in the risk for restenosis. The Coronary Angioplasty Amlodipine Restenosis Study (CAPARES) is therefore assessing the effect of amlodipine, a long-acting, third-generation calcium channel blocker in angioplasty patients. Therapy (amlodipine 5 mg with a forced titration to 10 mg once daily, or placebo), is begun 2 weeks before angioplasty and is continued for 4 months after the procedure. The rationale of CAPARES is that amlodipine may offer anti-ischemic protection before, during, and after angioplasty, may have more beneficial effects on restenosis and various clinical end points than calcium channel blockers used in previous trials, and may improve the long-term outcome of PTCA therapy.
An Analogy To Assist Understanding of Splitting Patterns in NMR Spectra (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAn Analogy To Assist Understanding of Splitting Patterns in NMR SpectraDianne A. Thoben and Thomas H. Lowry View Author Information Department of Chemistry, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1, 68Publication Date (Web):January 1, 1997Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 January 1997Published inissue 1 January 1997https://doi.org/10.1021/ed074p68RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views339Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (109 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,Students Get e-Alerts
The intermediate state (1984)

Glycosylation is useful for improving the chemical properties and physiological functions of biologically and pharmacologically important compounds. The glycosylation of phenolic compounds can increase their solubility and stability in water. The addition of galactose residue has special meaning as it facilitates targeted delivery of drugs to the liver cancer cells with abundant galactose acceptors on the cell surface. In this work, the engineered β-galactosidase W980F from Lactobacillus bulgaricus L3 was utilized for the glycosylation of caffeic acid, a well-known phenolic phytochemical with broad bioactivities. The reaction was performed by incubation of the enzyme with 200 mM of lactose and 100 mM of caffeic acid at 45°C for 1 h. The product was purified and analyzed by MS and NMR spectra. The MS revealed a signal of [M-H]‒ at m/z 341.09, suggesting monogalactosylated products of caffeic acid (Mr 342). The NMR spectra further identified the products to be caffeic acid 3'-O-β- galactopyranoside and caffeic acid 4'-O-β-galactopyranoside in a ratio of 1:3. This was the first discovery that caffeic acid could be galactosylated by the engineered glycosidase.
[Recent advances in study of antinociceptive conotoxins]. (2009)

The Conus venom is secreted by the duct and theca of venom. Most of conotoxins are composed of 10-40 amino acid residues with several disulfide bridges. They can specifically target neurotransmitter receptors including nAChRs, calcium ion channels, sodium ion channels and potassium ion channels, etc. Some conotoxins, such as that target N-Ca2+ channels, nAChR alpha9alpha10 subtype, TTX-R Na+ channels or NMDA receptors, have potent antinociceptive activities, omega-MVIIA, an Ca2+ channels blocker was approved by FDA in December, 2004 for marketing. Because of lower molecular weight and high specificity, conotoxins are the powerful pharmacology tools and potent analgesics without addiction. This review briefly summarizes the research progress of antinociceptive conotoxins and addresses on their targets and structure-activity relationships.
Let's Examine Crop Rotations (1945)

We have been so involved in producing the crops the government has asked for to help win the war that we are in danger of losing sight of the need of growing good rotations for maintaining fertility and producing high yields per acre.
Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes for Cherenkov detectors (2010)

Semiconductor photo sensors have in comparison with other detectors used in the ring image Cherenkov (RICH) and in the internally reflected Cherenkov light (DIRC) technique, photomultipier tubes and their derivates, a number of advantages: they have high photon detection efficiency (∼50%), are insensitive to magnetic fields, operate at low voltages and allow a compact, light and robust design. Specially the relatively new Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode (also called silicon photomultiplier) is a promising candidate for a detector of Cherenkov photons. The state of the development and the problems of this device will be described.
Aging of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract: a complex organ system (2013)

Gastrointestinal disorders are a major cause of morbidity in the elderly population. The gastrointestinal tract is the most complex organ system; its diverse cells perform a range of functions essential to life, not only secretion, digestion, absorption and excretion, but also, very importantly, defence. The gastrointestinal tract acts not only as a barrier to harmful materials and pathogens but also contains the vast number of beneficial bacterial populations that make up the microbiota. Communication between the cells of the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous and endocrine systems modifies behaviour; the organisms of the microbiota also contribute to this brain-gut-enteric microbiota axis. Age-related physiological changes in the gut are not only common, but also variable, and likely to be influenced by external factors as well as intrinsic aging of the cells involved. The cellular and molecular changes exhibited by the aging gut cells also vary. Aging intestinal smooth muscle cells exhibit a number of changes in the signalling pathways that regulate contraction. There is some evidence for age-associated degeneration of neurons and glia of the enteric nervous system, although enteric neuronal losses are likely not to be nearly as extensive as previously believed. Aging enteric neurons have been shown to exhibit a senescence-associated phenotype. Epithelial stem cells exhibit increased mitochondrial mutation in aging that affects their progeny in the mucosal epithelium. Changes to the microbiota and intestinal immune system during aging are likely to contribute to wider aging of the organism and are increasingly important areas of analysis. How changes of the different cell types of the gut during aging affect the numerous cellular interactions that are essential for normal gut functions will be important areas for future aging research.
Infrared Radiation Sensors of <I>Melanophila acuminata</I> (Coleoptera: Buprestidae): A Thermopneumatic Model (2005)

A description of the ne structure of the infrared radiation (IR) sensor of Melanophila acuminata (De Geer) and of the role of the wings during ight in mechanically modulating incoming IR into on and off pulses, supports a thermopneumatic model of IR perception by this insect. The model postulates that pulsed IR, corresponding to wavelengths emitted by res, enters an enclosed, airtight, thick-walled cavity in each sensor through an apical epicuticular waveguide and is absorbed by a thin, chitinous endocuticular lamella of the cavity wall. The lamella is heated and in turn heats and expands the enclosed air that then compresses a basal cuticular cap that displaces the tubular body of the sensor, triggering a dendritic impulse and transducing an action potential in the neuron. This process is possible because of the absorption by the chitinous lamella of the wavelengths of IR emitted by res resulting in extraordinary IR wavelength discrimination, radiant energy sensitivity, and rapid response time. These properties distinguish the sensor from temperature sensors of insects, sometimes erroneously designated as IR sensors, that respond relatively slowly to broadband wavelength radiation.
Voltage-balancing method for series-connected IGBTs based on FPGA (2015)

Aiming at the problems of voltage sharing failure and overvoltage when Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) are utilized in series, a novel voltage-balancing method for series-connected IGBTs based on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the collector-emitter voltages of IGBTs are gathered and send to FPGA. Secondly, FPGA generate control signals by using the feature that a high level voltage is applied to gate while the collector-emitter voltage goes to down. The total signal of control signal by FPGA and original switching signal from original power electronic device is acted as the input of gate driver. Lastly, simulation results verify the validity of the method in this paper.
Vivat IBRA (1997)

‘Whether we last the night or no I'm sure its always touch and go’ from the Reverend Eli Jenkins Prayer in Under Milk Wood. Dylan Thomas
Allergic Contact Dermatitis Due to Kojic Acid (2005)

1Allergy Department, University Hospital La Fe Valencia, Spain 2Dermatology Department, Allergy Unit University General Hospital Valencia, Spain From the Allergy Department, University Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain, and the Dermatology Department, Allergy Unit, University General Hospital, Valencia, Spain. Address reprint requests to Tania Linares-Mata, Servicio de Alergia, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Av. Campanar, 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain; E-mail:[email protected]
1.33-μm HgCdTe/CdTe photodiodes (1980)

Hg1−xCdxTe epilayers with a wavelength of ∼1.33 μm have been successfully grown by liquid phase epitaxy. Photodiodes were fabricated and measured. Analysis of the heterojunctions indicates that at room temperature the junction current at forward bias is dominated by a generation-recombination mechanism. The generation-recombination effective lifetime was estimated to be 2×10−7 s. A leakage current density of 9×10−6 A/cm−2 was observed at a reverse bias of 30 V, and the diode breakdown voltage was 70 V.
Microwave Assisted Gravity Drainage of Heavy Oils (2008)

Conventional EOR methods like steam-injection are usually not cost effective for deep wells and wells producing from thin<br>pay zones, due to excessive heat loss to the overburden. For such wells minimizing heat losses can be achieved by using<br>microwave heating assisted gravity drainage. In this study, the feasibility of this method was investigated. Heavy oil samples<br>from conceptual reservoirs (Bati Raman (9.5 API), Garzan (12 API) and Camurlu (18 API)) in south east Turkey were used.<br>Using a novel graphite core holder packed with crushed limestone premixed with crude oil and water effects of operational<br>parameters like heating time and waiting period as well as rock and fluid properties like porosity, permeability, wettability,<br>salinity, and initial water saturation were studied.