gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-speed waveguide-integrated Ge/Si avalanche photodetector (2016)

Waveguide-integrated Ge/Si heterostructure avalanche photodetectors (APDs) were designed and fabricated using a CMOS-compatible process on 8-inch SOI substrate. The structure of the APD was designed as separate-absorption-charge-multiplication (SACM) using germanium and silicon as absorption region and multiplication region, respectively. The breakdown voltage (V b) of such a device is 19 V at reverse bias and dark current appears to be 0.71 μA at 90% of the V b. The device with a 10-μm length and 7-μm width of Ge layer shows a maximum 3-dB bandwidth of 17.8 GHz at the wavelength of 1550 nm. For the device with a 30-μm-length Ge region, gain-bandwidth product achieves 325 GHz.
Evaluation and application of a very high performance chemically amplified resist for electron-beam lithography (1993)

This article reports on sub-0.25 μm electron-beam lithography using a new positive-tone chemically amplified resist system called KRS. Unlike conventional chemically amplified resist systems, KRS is immune to N-methylpyrolidone contamination and does not require a postexposure bake step. The resist is aqueous developable and shows a contrast figure of about 10 and a sensitivity of about 12 μC/cm2 at 50 kV. A 0.15 μm feature size with a shaped-beam system in 0.8 μm thick resist on silicon with −0.05 μm print bias was achieved. Sub-100 nm features are resolved in 0.3 μm thick KRS using a high-resolution Gaussian-beam system. The resist was found to be extremely suitable for patterning densely packed, high resolution, and high aspect ratio structures. As examples, the application of this resist for fabricating high resolution x-ray masks and very high performance 0.1 μm gate-length n-metal–oxide–semiconductor field effect transistors are reported.
Functional properties of monkey motor cortex neurones receiving afferent input from the hand and fingers (1981)

1. Records have been made from area 4 of the cerebral cortex in five conscious monkeys. The properties of 216 neurones responsive to natural stimulation of the hand and fingers have been investigated.2. 46% of these neurones responded only to cutaneous stimulation (especially light brushing across the glabrous skin) and a further 38% responded only to movement of the digits. 4% responded to brief prods of the hand. 12% of the sample responded to more than one stimulus modality.3. Many hand-input neurones, including pyramidal tract neurones, responded at short-latency (8-15 msec) to light mechanical stimulation of the hand and to weak electrical stimulation of the median nerve.4. Responsive neurones were found at all depths of the cortical grey matter. Responses of shortest latency were encountered in neurones probably located in layers IV and V.5. The behaviour of eighty hand-input neurones was analysed during a simple, stereotyped task which involved pulling a lever and collecting a food reward from a small well. For comparison, the activity of 117 neurones with inputs from the wrist, elbow or shoulder was also analysed.6. Nearly all hand-input neurones modulated their activity either before (48/80) or during (29/80) the retrieval of the reward which required precision grip between index finger and thumb. Many were silent during proximal arm movements and some displayed activity patterns independent of these movements.7. By contrast, the activity of many neurones with proximal arm (elbow, shoulder) inputs was unrelated to food retrieval and manipulation, but well related to arm movements.8. Forty-three of the eighty neurones had cutaneous input from the hand. Twenty-seven were active before hand contact. Thirty-five modulated their discharge when contact was made (twenty-one excitation, fourteen inhibition).9. Most hand-input neurones were more active during fractionated movements of the hand or fingers than during power or ball grips requiring simultaneous flexion of all digits. Neurones with glabrous inputs often showed intense activity during small, precise finger movements and during active tactile exploration without the aid of vision.10. Analysis of the discharge frequency of twenty-five hand-input neurones revealed that some (mainly non-pyramidal tract neurones) had a similar mean frequency and range of modulation during both active movement and passive stimulation. Others (mainly pyramidal tract neurones) had a greater frequency range and higher mean frequency during active than during passive movements.
Estimating zero‐<i>g</i> flow rates in open channels having capillary pumping vanes (2003)

Abstract In vane‐type surface tension propellant management devices (PMD) commonly used in satellite fuel tanks, the propellant is transported along guiding vanes from a reservoir at the inlet of the device to a sump at the outlet from where it is pumped to the satellite engine. The pressure gradient driving this free‐surface flow under zero‐gravity (zero‐ g ) conditions is generated by surface tension and is related to the differential curvatures of the propellant‐gas interface at the inlet and outlet of the PMD. A new semi‐analytical procedure is prescribed for accurately calculating the extremely small fuel flow rates under reasonably idealized conditions. Convergence of the algorithm is demonstrated by detailed numerical calculations. Owing to the substantial cost and the technical hurdles involved in accurately estimating these minuscule flow rates by either direct numerical simulation or by experimental methods which simulate zero‐ g conditions in the lab, it is expected that the proposed method will be an indispensable tool in the design and operation of satellite fuel tanks. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does Flavanol Intake Influence Mortality from Nitric Oxide-Dependent Processes? Ischemic Heart Disease, Stroke, Diabetes Mellitus, and Cancer in Panama (2007)

Substantial data suggest that flavonoid-rich food could help prevent cardiovascular disease and cancer. Cocoa is the richest source of flavonoids, but current processing reduces the content substantially. The Kuna living in the San Blas drink a flavanol-rich cocoa as their main beverage, contributing more than 900 mg/day and thus probably have the most flavonoid-rich diet of any population. We used diagnosis on death certificates to compare cause-specific death rates from year 2000 to 2004 in mainland and the San Blas islands where only Kuna live. Our hypothesis was that if the high flavanoid intake and consequent nitric oxide system activation were important the result would be a reduction in the frequency of ischemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, and cancer--all nitric oxide sensitive processes. There were 77,375 deaths in mainland Panama and 558 deaths in the San Blas. In mainland Panama, as anticipated, cardiovascular disease was the leading cause of death (83.4 +/- 0.70 age adjusted deaths/100,000) and cancer was second (68.4 +/- 1.6). In contrast, the rate of CVD and cancer among island-dwelling Kuna was much lower (9.2 +/- 3.1) and (4.4 +/- 4.4) respectively. Similarly deaths due to diabetes mellitus were much more common in the mainland (24.1 +/- 0.74) than in the San Blas (6.6 +/- 1.94). This comparatively lower risk among Kuna in the San Blas from the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in much of the world, possibly reflects a very high flavanol intake and sustained nitric oxide synthesis activation. However, there are many risk factors and an observational study cannot provide definitive evidence.
Wideband electrical impedance tomography (2008)

This paper addresses the augmentation of a conventional single frequency electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system to form a wideband EIT system. This extends the system to provide spectral information, but with the essential capability to match process dynamics. The underlying opportunity for this study is that process materials may show considerable change in their electrical properties in response to an injected signal over a wide frequency range. This concept is used in the paper to demonstrate the construction of tomographic images for a range of frequency bands that can provide a deeper understanding and interpretation of a process under investigation. This paper describes a trial simulation of this approach and an experimental study. To provide measurements over the required frequency range a linear chirp is used as the excitation signal. Corresponding peripheral measurements have been synthesized using a 2D model in association with the EIDORS forward solver. The measurements are then analysed using an algorithm based on the wavelet transform to reveal spectral band datasets. In the presented feasibility trial a single-channel EIT chirp excitation was implemented, in essence simulating a real-time parallel data collection system, through the use of pseudo-static tests on foodstuff materials. The experimental data were then analysed and tomographic images were reconstructed using the frequency-banded data. The qualitative feasibility results illustrate the promise of this composite approach in exploiting sensitivity to variations over a wide frequency range. They indicate that the described method can augment an EIT sensing procedure to support spectroscopic analysis of the process materials.
A quantitative analysis of the performance impact of specialized bytecodes in java (2004)

Java is implemented by 201 bytecodes that serve the same purpose as assembler instructions while providing object-file platform independence. A collection of core bytecodes provide critical and independent functionality while a collection of specialized bytecodes is meant to improve on the performance of some of the core bytecodes. This study identifies 67 specialized bytecodes and shows the impact of their removal by despecializing them into semantically equivalent core bytecodes. A detailed analysis of the effects of despecialization on execution efficiency and classfile size was performed. The effects on the SPEC JVM98 Benchmark Suite were analyzed for various subsets of the despecialized bytecodes using three distinct Java virtual machines. When all 67 bytecodes were despecialized, the average slow down across all benchmarks and virtual machines was 2.1 percent, while the single largest performance loss for any one benchmark was 12.7 percent. In some cases, a speedup was observed. An analysis of the impact of despecialization on class file size was also conducted. It was found that the average class file size increased by approximately 6 percent when 67 specialized bytecodes were removed. This study shows that many of the specialized bytecodes currently in use offer little benefit to either execution efficiency or class file size. Thus, they can be considered as candidates for Copyright c ○ 2004 Ben Stephenson and Wade Holst. Permission to copy is hereby granted provided the original copyright notice is reproduced in copies made.
Real‐time distortionless high‐factor compression scheme (1989)

Nowadays, digital subtraction angiography systems must be able to sustain real-time acquisition (30 frames per second) of 512 x 512 x 8 bit images and store several sequences of such images on low cost and general-purpose mass memories. Concretely, that means a 7.8 Mbytes per second rate and about 780 Mbytes disk space to hold a 100-s cardiac examination. To fulfill these requirements at competitive cost, a distortionless compressor/decompressor system can be designed: during acquisition, the real-time compressor transforms the input images into a lower quantity of coded information through a predictive coder and a variable-length Huffman code. The process is fully reversible because during review, the real-time decompressor exactly recovers the acquired images from the stored compressed data. Test results on many raw images demonstrate that real-time compression is feasible and takes place with absolutely no loss of information. The designed system indifferently works on 512 or 1024 formats, and 256 or 1024 gray levels.
Distributed Intelligence in Load Control: Results of an Experiment Using Demand Limiting Devices for Residential Load Control (1985)

The experiment described here involves the application of demand-limiting equipment in all-electric homes by the Omaha Public Power District and the Department of Energy. Dual control of the demand limiters allowed the customer to select the desired peak demand level, which was maintained by the local logic of the demand controller; the utility could then reduce the level proportionally by transmission of control signals via telephone. A residential demand rate was employed for participants. The results are of interest to electric distribution systems considering direct load control and distributed logic for load control.
Analysis of GMSK with differential detection in land mobile radio channels (1986)

The effect of intersymbol interference (ISI) of Gaussian filtered minimum shift keying (GMSK) on the probability of error of one bit differential detection is analyzed theoretically in fast Rayleigh fading characterizing land mobile radio channels. A closed-form expression is derived for the probability of error as a function of the fading rate, IF filter bandwidth, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and ISI. Numerical results are presented for cases of practical interest to researchers and designers of cellular land mobile radio systems.
Pros and cons of over-the-counter availability of histamine2-receptor antagonists (1993)

THE POTENTIAL availability of histamine<sub>2</sub>-receptor antagonists (or H<sub>2</sub>blockers) on an over-the-counter (OTC) basis has raised more questions than we currently have answers for. In this article, I review the mechanism of action and current prescription uses of this family of drugs and consider what we now know about its likely OTC use. After this review of H<sub>2</sub>blockers, I discuss arguments in favor of and against the OTC availability. In 1977, soon after the development of a family of H<sub>2</sub>blockers by Black, cimetidine became the first H<sub>2</sub>blocker to be marketed in the United States. Cimetidine was initially approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the acute healing of duodenal ulcer, at a dose of 300 mg four times daily, and for treatment of acid hypersecretory states, such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, in which much higher doses than 1200 mg/d were
Source and channel coding with vector quantization (1990)

Many low bit-rate speech and image communication systems use the block source coding technique of Vector Quantization (VQ) as a fundamental building block in more complex coding structures. As the demand for precious communication channel bandwidth grows, an increasing need arises for more efficient source coding algorithms that are robust to channel noise. In this dissertation, new VQ-based combined source/channel coding techniques are developed and analyzed which lead to substantial performance gains in terms of mean-square error for a wide variety of discrete memoryless channels. In addition, comprehensive theories of VQ design using Stochastic Relaxation and Competitive Learning are developed and empirically tested for noiseless channels. Stochastic Relaxation is a probabilistic search method that generalizes the notion of Simulated Annealing. It is shown that when combined with generalized Lloyd quantization, substantial improvements in quantizer performance can result. A new deterministic soft-competition form of Competitive Learning (arising in neural network theory) and an adaptation of the Partial Conjugate Gradient Descent optimization technique are also developed for VQ design, which gives improved results over the generalized Lloyd method.
For VQ with noisy channels, a technique we call pseudo-Gray coding is introduced, that assigns quantizer codevector indices to binary channel words in such a manner that the overall average distortion between the input source vector and the output VQ codevector is reduced, without adding any redundancy bits to the transmitted information. Experimental results are presented which demonstrate significant performance gains by using pseudo-Gray coding for a variety of Gauss-Markov, speech, and image sources. The technique is then generalized to incorporate VQ systems with explicit block error control coding. One particularly interesting result shows that a good index assignment for a quantizer with no channel coder can often be superior in performance to a poor index assignment for the same quantizer using redundancy coding. A complexity analysis of the pseudo-Gray algorithm is given and some complexity reduction techniques are presented that make the index assignment algorithm practical to use for real systems.
Generalizations to noisy channels of the well-known nearest-neighbor and centroid necessary conditions for quantizer optimality are analyzed in terms of the geometric properties they induce on the encoder and decoder structures of an optimal quantizer. It is shown, for example, that for the quantizer decoder, the optimality conditions of the generalized theorems coincide with the original conditions only when the channel is noiseless, whereas for the encoder the conditions remain unaltered for certain noisy channels.
Little Peptide, Big Effects: The Role of LL-37 in Inflammation and Autoimmune Disease (2013)

The innate immune system utilizes many approaches for defense against invading microorganisms, including complement-mediated lysis, engulfment, formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, and release of antimicrobial peptides. Although classically thought to be driven by adaptive immunity, the development of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus is increasingly associated with dysregulated innate immune pathways. An emerging theme within this literature is the contribution of antimicrobial peptides to the development of autoimmune disorders. This is best exemplified in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis where the defensins and the single human cathelicidin, LL-37, may contribute to disease. Furthermore, in the past few years, a role for LL-37 has emerged in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and possibly other diseases. In this review, we discuss the role of LL-37 and its murine ortholog, mCRAMP, in the modulation of immune and inflammatory pathways and their effects on autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
Recent developments in high power factor switch-mode converters (2002)

This paper presents a comprehensive review of various power factor correction techniques proposed for single phase AC-to-DC power converters. The topologies and voltage and current control systems of these approaches are addressed. Their advantages and disadvantages are outlined.
Mouse fetal thymus lobes cultured in IL-2 generate CD3+, TCR-gamma delta-expressing CD4-/CD8+ and CD4-/CD8- cells. (1989)

Abstract Whole, undisrupted, 14-day fetal mouse thymus lobes were liquid-cultured in medium supplemented with 10 U/ml rIL-2. The cells that emerged from these fetal thymus lobes grew in an IL-2-dependent manner and showed non-MHC-restricted cytolytic activity. By two-color flow microfluorimetric analysis they could be subdivided into CD4-/CD8+ and CD4-/CD8- subpopulations, both of which contained CD3+ cells. Northern analysis of total cellular RNA revealed full-length transcripts of gamma- and delta-message, predominantly the truncated (1.0 kb) beta- and no detectable alpha-message. Taken together, these results show that by culturing 14-day fetal thymus lobes in IL-2, in the absence of deliberate mitogen stimulation, CD3+, TcR-gamma delta-expressing CD4-/CD8+ and CD4-/CD8- T cells are obtained. Such cells may represent the precursors of similar cells found outside the thymus in adult mice.
Clustering XML Documents using Structure and Content Based in a Proposal Similarity Function (OverallSimSUX) (2015)

Every day more digital data in semi-structured format are available on the World Wide Web, corporate intranets, and other media. Knowledge management using information search and processing is essential in the field of academic writing. This task becomes increasingly complex and defiant, mainly because collections of documents are usually heterogeneous, big, diverse, and dynamic. To resolve these challenges it is essential to improve management of time necessary to process scientific information. In this paper, we propose a new method of automatic clustering of XML documents based on their content and structure, as well as on a new similarity function OverallSimSUX which facilitates capturing the degree of similarity among documents. Evaluation of our proposal by means of experiments with data sets showed better results than those in previous work.
Deciphering a Pueblo I Household in the Central Chuska Valley, New Mexico (2001)

LA 123030 (NM-H-47-102) is a Pueblo I period Anasazi habitation consisting of a pit house and an extramural storage pit located in the central Chuska Valley. Structure 1 is a single-chambered, square structure with a southeast orientation that was constructed sometime after A.D. 784 and probably burned no later than A.D. 805. The catastrophic nature of the structure's abandonment is demonstrated by the positioning of the artifactual assemblage, by comparison with contemporaneous burned structures characterized by other forms of abandonment, and by circumstantial evidence that suggests the structure was unusually susceptible to a fire of this kind. The structure's termination left a site strikingly different from that usually encountered by archaeologists. Internal organization of the structure and its contents yielded a number of hypotheses about the everyday household workings in this poorly understood corner of the Anasazi world—hypotheses that would have been impossible to formulate had the inhabitants cleaned house and choreographed their exit. Conservatism, creativity, and the working economy of ceramic and lithic technologies provide a sense of place for the household in the context of the central Chuska Valley, New Mexico.
Generalized fuzzy certainty factor and fuzzy decision set: An application to surgery intelligence (2015)

Computer programs are now acceptable in Medicine. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine will perform better medical diagnosis and better surgery. Surgery intelligence is supporting system for the surgeon to take decision. Information available to the surgery is incomplete. The fuzzy logic deals incomplete information with belief rather than likelihood (probability). In this paper, fuzzy conditional inference is discussed. The fuzzy logic with two membership functions will give more evidence than single membership function. Generalized fuzzy logic is discussed with two membership functions. Generalized fuzzy certainty factor is discussed to eliminate conflict between two membership functions. The medical diagnosis is studied as an example. The fuzzy decision set is studied for decision making. The surgery intelligence is studied as an application.
Shape matrices as a mixed shape factor for off-line signature verification (2002)

Shape matrices have been used as a representation of planar shapes like industrial parts or printed characters. We investigate the use of shape matrices as a mixed shape factor for offline signature verification. By mixed shape factor we mean any global shape factor where the position of local measurements are taken into account in the definition of a similarity measure between two representations. It is demonstrated that when using a good similarity measure between two shape matrices, this shape factor is relatively well suited for the global interpretation of signature images.
An experimental APL compiler for a distributed memory parallel machine (1994)

An experimental APL compiler has been developed for the IBM SP1 distributed memory parallel machine. It accepts classical APL programs, without additional directives, and generates parallelized C code for execution on the SP1 machine. The compiler exploits data parallelism in APL programs based on parallel high-level primitives. Program variables are either replicated or partitioned. We also present performance data for five moderate-size programs running on the SP1. >