gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sparse shift-DCT spatial prediction (2010)

In this paper, we propose a new intra prediction scheme based on hard thresholding applied on shift-DCT coefficients. The explored intra prediction method, validated in an H.264/AVC framework, aims at better predicting complex 2D patterns that cannot be properly extrapolated using H.264/AVC directional intra prediction modes. The basic explored algorithm makes use of neighbor pixels of the current block to predict the current signal using a shift-DCT based extrapolation. Different versions of the algorithm, corresponding to different hard thresholding parameter derivation processes, are described. Experimental results show that the proposed intra coding prediction method can significantly improve the coding efficiency compared to the directional predictive modes of H.264/AVC, with an average BD-rate gain of 6.2% observed on a various pictures test set.
Order of magnitude reduction of fluoroscopic x-ray dose (2012)

The role of fluoroscopic imaging is critical for diagnostic and image guided therapy. However, fluoroscopic imaging can require significant radiation leading to increased cancer risk and non-stochastic effects such as radiation burns. Our purpose is to reduce the exposure and dose to the patient by an order of magnitude in these procedures by use of the region of interest method. Method and Materials: Region of interest fluoroscopy (ROIF) uses a partial attenuator. The central region of the image has full exposure while the image periphery, there to provide context only, has a reduced exposure rate. ROIF using a static partial attenuator has been shown in our previous studies to reduce the dose area product (DAP) to the patient by at least 2.5 times. Significantly greater reductions in DAP would require improvements in flat panel detectors performance at low x-ray exposures or a different x-ray attenuation strategy. Thus we have investigated a second, dynamic, approach. We have constructed an x-ray shutter system allowing a normal x-ray exposure in the region of interest while reducing the number of x-ray exposures in the periphery through the rapid introduction, positioning and removal of an x-ray attenuating shutter to block radiation only for selected frames. This dynamic approach eliminates the DQE(0) loss associated with the use of static partial attenuator applied to every frame thus permitting a greater reduction in DAP. Results: We have compared the two methods by modeling and determined their fundamental limits.
677. Using a Multisectoral One Health Approach to Prioritize Zoonotic Diseases in the United States (2018)

Abstract Background Emerging and endemic zoonoses continue to have adverse global impacts. One Health approaches promoting multisectoral, transdisciplinary collaboration are important methods to address zoonoses threats through disease surveillance, prevention, control, and response. We conducted a One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization (OHZDP) workshop in the United States (US) to identify zoonotic diseases of greatest national concern that should be jointly addressed by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Department of the Interior, and partners. Methods We used CDC’s OHZDP tool to prioritize zoonoses. Workshop participants selected criteria for prioritization, and developed questions and weights for each criterion. Questions were answered using available literature and expert opinion with subsequent scoring resulting in a ranked zoonotic disease list. After agreeing on a final prioritized disease list, participants used components of the One Health Systems Mapping and Analysis Resource Toolkit, developed by USDA and University of Minnesota, to review multidisciplinary coordination processes for the prioritized zoonotic diseases. Results Participants selected epidemic or pandemic potential, disease severity, economic impact, introduction or increased transmission potential, and national security as criteria to prioritize 56 zoonoses. The eight prioritized zoonotic diseases for the US were zoonotic influenzas, salmonellosis, West Nile virus, plague, emerging coronaviruses (e.g., SARS, MERS), rabies, brucellosis, and Lyme disease. Agencies then discussed recommendations to enhance One Health approaches to surveillance, response, prevention, and control of the prioritized zoonoses. Key themes and next steps for further implementation of One Health approaches were identified. Conclusion This OHZDP workshop represents the first use of a One Health approach to zoonotic disease prioritization in the United States. It is a critical step forward in US government agency collaboration using One Health approaches. Further, the workshop created a foundation for future US government One Health systems strengthening for the prioritized zoonoses. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
A ray tracing model for a comparative study of the performance of omnidirectional and sectored antennas in indoor communications (1994)

In order to be able to evaluate the performance of smart sectored antennas against the omnidirectional ones (monopoles etc.), in indoor radio communications, a three-dimension ray tracing model has been developed. By moving the transmitter around the room, with the receiver at a fixed position, we monitor the performance of each antenna in terms of RMS delay spread for each case. As a result we find that the RMS delay spread values decrease dramatically as the number of sectors at the receiver module increases, as well as other interesting observations regarding the directivity of the antenna and it's beamwidth (both azimuth and elevation).
High Pressure COPVs for Cryogenic Storage Applications (2006)

A collaborative team of researchers at HyPerComp Engineering, Inc. (HEI), the NASA-MSFC, and Mississippi State University (MSU) has been working to develop a complete understanding of the ‘whole picture’ of designing, fabricating, and utilizing composite over-wrapped pressure vessels (COPVs) capable of performing extraordinarily well at cryogenic liquid nitrogen (LN2) temperatures. The intent is to develop the necessary understanding and technology to produce high performance, light weight, reliable cryogenic vessels for aerospace launch vehicles and space exploration. In addition to constituent material coupon, neat resin, and single fiber testing, extensive use of actual COPVs for burst and cycle/burst testing at both LN2 and ambient conditions has been performed. To date the following has been demonstrated: • Standard composite material systems demonstrate reduced COPV ultimate performance at cryogenic temperatures. • Testing and life cycle performance verification must be performed under actual service conditions; cryogenic exposure with subsequent ambient ultimate testing can lead to misleading conclusions. • Experimental fiber/resin material systems have demonstrated potentially excellent COPV performance at cryogenic conditions. This developing understanding of how composite materials behave at cryogenic conditions, specifically when used in filament wound composite pressure vessels, has resulted in the development of superior cryogenic COPV designs utilizing materials and processes optimized for performance at LN2 temperatures. Additional efforts to evaluate radiation effects as well as impact sensitivities in cryogenic environments are on going in order to further develop the ‘whole picture’ understanding.
Expectation Maximization Algorithm and Extensions (2017)

This chapter discusses only its direct application to item response models, including multilevel and mixture models. The expectation maximization algorithm has had an enormous effect on statistical modeling and analysis. For exponential-family response distributions other than the normal, the normal random effect distribution is not conjugate, so the observed-data likelihood is not analytic and requires numerical integration to evaluate for likelihood-ratio tests. However, this does not prevent the formulation and fitting of generalized linear model extensions of the variance-component model. A common assumption in almost all the models is the normality of the latent ability. Bayesian procedures have much to offer for item response modeling, in several areas. For instance, the extensive item parameterization can be made parsimonious by hierarchical models for the item parameters.
Focal magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound for prostate cancer: Initial North American experience (2012)

The treatment of low-risk prostate cancer is a common clinical dilemma between standard curative whole gland therapy (and its associated quality of life diminishing side effects) and active surveillance (and its low, but real, risk of progression). The goal of focal therapy in low-risk prostate cancer is to achieve the best balance between cancer control and maintenance of quality of life. Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) surgery is a non-invasive thermal ablation method that integrates magnetic resonance imaging for target identification, treatment planning and closed-loop control of thermal deposition and focused ultrasound for thermal ablation of the tumour target. This novel transrectal system allows for tumour localization, targeting and monitoring of tumour target ablation in real time, while simultaneously preserving adjacent normal tissue thereby minimizing the side effects of standard curative surgical or radiation therapy. We report the first North American clinical experience of treatment of localized prostate cancer with focal MR-guided transrectal focused ultrasound (clinicaltrial.gov identifier NCT01226576).
Sub-micron photocurrent mapping of heterostructures by micro-probe optical-beam induced current (1999)

Photocurrent mapping of heterointerfaces with sub-micron resolution has been successfully obtained in air by means of a specially designed optical-beam-induced-current setup. The experimental method is described and three important applications are presented and discussed.
Implementing spectral leakage corrections in global surface wave tomography (2003)

We analyse the effect of uneven ray coverage in global surface wave tomography. An inhomogeneous distribution of seismic rays may bias tomographic models because certain areas are better sampled than others. It is possible to suppress this bias, known as the spectral leakage, by using a linear inversion technique with a specific data weighting. We use finite-frequency sensitivity kernels to calculate the appropriate data weightings which suppress spectral leakage. Exact calculations are very computer intensive and approximations are needed. We give a rule-of-thumb for the parameters entering the approximation. We show that a low-degree phase velocity model constructed from real data, without special precaution, suffers from noticeable spectral leakage. This leakage effect is stronger than any contamination of the solution by data errors. Model damping cannot correct for spectral leakage unless the inverse problem is overparametrized. Model damping implies varying resolution of retrieved features and makes a precise geodynamic interpretation of the images difficult. Increasing computer power makes spectral leakage corrections possible, allowing tomographic images with perfect resolution.
Neue Methode zur Darstellung von 1,5‐Benzothiazepin‐2,4(3<i>H</i>,5<i>H</i>)‐dionen (1980)

Abstract Die 2,3‐Dihydro‐1,5‐benzothiazepin‐4(5 H )‐one 1a–i reagieren mit Sulfurylchlorid zu den 2‐Chlor‐1,5‐benzothiazepin‐4(5 H )‐onen 3a–i , die sich in konz. Schwefelsäure zu den 1,5‐Benzothiazepin‐2,4(3 H , 5 H )‐dionen 4a–i umsetzen.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Oxidative Decarboxylation of Arylacetic Acids and Oxidation of . alpha.‐Bromoalkyl Ketone by Sodium Metaperiodate in the Presence of Dibenzo‐(18)‐crown‐6 and PTC. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Efficient conversion from 1 to 2 µm by a KTP-based ring optical parametric oscillator (2002)

Conversion of Q -switched 1.064-microm Nd:YAG laser pulses to the 2-2.2-mu; m region with 46% efficiency is demonstrated with a KTP-based type 2 phase-matched optical parametric oscillator (OPO) with two pairs of walk-off compensating crystals in a ring resonator. With 10 mJ of pump energy, we obtain 2.5 mJ at the 2.06-microm signal and 2.1 mJ at the 2.2-microm idler, with a beam quality of M(2) approximately 1.4 . With a ZnGeP(2) -based OPO pumped by the signal from the KTP OPO we achieved 14% conversion efficiency from 1.064microm to the 3-5-microm range.
Barriers to Alzheimer Disease Drug Discovery and Development in Academia (2002)

The drug discovery and the drug development processes represent a continuum of recursive activities that range from initial drug target identification to final Food and Drug Administration approval and marketing of a new therapeutic. Drug discovery, as its name implies, is more exploratory and less focused in many cases, whereas drug development has a clinically defined endpoint and a specific disease goal. Academia has historically made major contributions to this process at the early discovery phases. However, current trends in the organization of the pharmaceutical industry suggest an expanded role for academia in the near future. Megamergers among major pharmaceutical corporations indicate their movement toward a focus on end-stage clinical trials, manufacturing, and marketing. There has been a parallel increase in outsourcing of intermediate steps to specialty small pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and contract service companies. The new paradigm suggests that academia will play an increasingly important role at the proof-of-principle stage of basic and clinical drug discovery research, in training the future skilled work force, and in close partnerships with small pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. However, academic drug discovery research faces a set of barriers to progress, the relative importance of which varies with the home institution and the details of the research area. These barriers fall into four general categories: (1) the historical administrative structure and environment of academia; (2) the structure and emphasis of peer review panels that control research funding by government and private agencies; (3) the organization and operation of the academic infrastructure; and (4) the structure and availability of specialized resources and information management. Selected examples of barriers to drug discovery and drug development research and training in academia are presented, as are some specific recommendations designed to minimize or circumvent these barriers. In some cases, precedents established by other disease-focused areas may be relevant to Alzheimer disease and related disorders, but the overall impact of any changes requires adaptation at the top of the administrative structures in academia and funding agencies to support and encourage cooperative efforts among faculty investigators.
Direct determination of the imperfect gas contribution to the refractive index of ethylene and a discussion of the quadrupole moment (1978)

The experimental value of the second refractivity virial coefficient of ethylene obtained directly is higher than the classically calculated theoretical value. The quadrupole moment of ethylene determined by combining the results of the second dielectric virial coefficient and the second refractivity virial coefficient compares very favorably with the one derived from the microwave absorption as well as the value obtained directly by the method of induced birefringence.
Large- and small-signal IMD behavior of microwave power amplifiers (1999)

In this paper, large-signal intermodulation distortion (IMD) sweet spots in microwave power amplifiers are studied and predicted using a new mathematical basis. The variations in the IMD versus drive pattern with active bias point and the terminating matching networks are investigated. This nonlinear distortion model enabled the design of power amplifiers specially tailored to present a desired IMD versus drive-level pattern. For practical validation purposes, a MESFET case study and an illustrative application example are presented.
Phase Segregation in Gradient Copolymer Melts (2004)

Local segregation in melts of copolymers with composition gradients along their backbones is analyzed. The transition to a lamellar periodic structure as the effective degree of incompatibility χN increases is studied for symmetric copolymers with various composition gradients. A numerical self-consistent mean-field (SCMF) technique is used to characterize the ordered lamellar state in the weak and strong segregation regimes, and the random phase approximation (RPA) is used to calculate the scattering function analytically and find the location of the critical order−disorder transition for each melt. The critical point increases from (χN)c = 10.495 for block copolymers to (χN)c = 29.25 for a fully tapered linear gradient copolymer. For broad composition gradients the equilibrium lamellar repeat length is shorter for a given value of χN, and the unit cell composition profile is more sinusoidal. The dependence of the equilibrium repeat distance on χN is nearly universal when renormalized by the critical point of each copolymer.
New Limit on the Permanent Electric Dipole Moment of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>199</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow><mml:mi>Hg</mml:mi></mml:math> (2001)

We present the first results of a new search for a permanent electric dipole moment of the 199Hg atom using a UV laser. Our measurements give d(199Hg) = -(1.06+/-0.49+/-0.40)x10(-28)e cm. We interpret the result as an upper limit absolute value [d(199Hg)]<2.1x10(-28)e cm (95% C.L.), which sets new constraints on theta bar;(QCD), chromo-EDMs of the quarks, and CP violation in supersymmetric models.
Bacteriophage PSP3 and phiR73 activator proteins: analysis of promoter specificities (1996)

Transcription from the late promoters of bacteriophage P2 and its satellite phage P4 is activated by a unique class of small, zinc-binding proteins. Using plasmid expression systems, we compared activators from two P2-like (helper) phages with those encoded by two satellite phages. The helper phage activators have more activity on the P4 phage sid promoter. In contrast, the satellite phage activators function better on the four late P2 promoters and on the P4 late leftward promoter. We purified one activator encoded by a P2-like phage and an activator from a satellite phage and determined their binding sites within the P2 and P4 late promoters. Differences in activity levels correlate with binding specificities; promoters that function best with the satellite phage activators have only one activator binding site centered at -55, while the P4 sid promoter, which has more activity with helper phage activators, has a second binding site centered at -18. Surprisingly, DNase I footprinting revealed only very minor differences in promoter binding by the two activators reported here and the P4 activator reported previously. Thus, the differences in transcriptional activity are probably due to interactions between the activators and RNA polymerase, rather than interactions between the activators and DNA.
Human bone marrow lymphocytes. III. Polyclonal activation of B lymphocytes in human bone marrow measured by a direct plaque-forming cell assay. (1977)

Lymphocytes from the bone marrow and peripheral blood of the same normal individuals were assayed simultaneously for blast transformation as well as polyclonal activation with differentiation to antibody-forming cells after stimulation with pokeweed mitogen. Blastogenic responses were measured by tritiated thymidine incorporation and antibody-forming cell assay. There was no significant difference between the blastogenic responses of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood compared to the bone marrow of the same individuals. However, differentiation to antibody-forming cells measured by the plaque-forming cell response was significantly greater in lymphocytes in the bone marrow as compared to peripheral blood of the same individuals. These studies demonstrate that the lymphocytes in human bone marrow are at a stage of differentiation whereby they can be readily induced to differentiation toward antibody production by polyclonal activation, even more so than peripheral blood lymphocytes. This supports the concept that the bone marrow is a major source of immunoglobulin production in man.
Étude photométrique de la diffraction éloignée. Application aux dispositifs de photométrie visuelle sans écran diffusant (1949)

On a mesuré le flux lumineux diffracté par l'arête de divers cubes de Lummer aux différents angles, pour un faisceau incident parallèle. On en a déduit par le calcul la répartition du flux diffracté lorsque le faisceau incident a une ouverture petite mais finie. Les résultats obtenus montrent que, dans la plupart des cas, la ligne noire qui sépare les plages d'un photomètre sans écran diffusant cesse d'être visible lorsque la pupille d'entrée est suffisamment grande : son image sur la pupille de sortie doit mesurer au moins 15 mm dans la direction perpendiculaire à l'arête diffringente.
[Digitalized thoracic radiography in cancerology. Present contribution apropos of 200 examinations]. (1985)

The authors report a double study comparing the conventional chest radiograph and digitalised images. The first study was to visualise normal mediastinal structures (the contour of the posterior mediastinum, the azygo-oesophageal recess, the bronchial sub-segments, intermediate, carina, trachea) and showed a superiority of the digitalised image. The second study was on the recognition of radiological abnormalities in lung cancer which showed no precise superiority of the digitalised image in the mediastinum (bronchial tumour, adenopathies) and a current deficiency at the pleuro-parenchymal level (pulmonary nodules, atelectasis pleural effusion). This double study presents parallel results to those obtained by the anglosaxon authors on different prototypes in whom the technology and possibilities were different. The principles, the advantages and the limits of these prototypes were described and in conclusion a chosen technique for the medium term is proposed by the authors.