gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interconnect limits on gigascale integration (2003)

Summary form only given. From the inception of microelectronics in 1959 until the early 1990s, transistors dominated both IC performance and cost, while interconnects were of secondary importance. In recent years, this hegemony has largely dissipated. Interconnects have become critical determinants of IC performance and cost. The nature of this shift can be illustrated by the fact that for late 1980s 1 /spl mu/m technology, the intrinsic switching delay of an unloaded MOSFET approaches 10 ps while 1 mm interconnect response time is approximately 1 ps, but for early 2000 0.1 /spl mu/m technology, intrinsic MOSFET delay decreases to about 1 ps, while 1 mm interconnect response time increases to 100 ps. The latency of a 1 mm interconnect devolves from one decade faster to two decades slower than transistor delay. Concurrent with this signal wiring dilemma, clock frequency is increasing by 100/spl times/ placing stringent new demands on the chip clock distribution network interconnects. Supply current is increasing by 60/spl times/ while supply voltage scales downward by 5/spl times/, imposing a huge new burden on the power distribution network interconnects. Maximum total wire length per chip increases by 50/spl times/, and chip-to-package I/O interconnect count increases by 10-20/spl times/. Early 21st century opportunities for GSI will thus be governed by an interconnect dominated hierarchy of theoretical and practical limits whose five levels are codified as fundamental, material, device, circuit and system. Systematic exploration of this hierarchy of limits reveals salient opportunities to address the interconnect problem.
Lipid–protein interactions (2012)

Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Correspondence to Elina Ikonen, Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. Tel: +358 919 125 277; fax: +358 919 125 261; e-mail: [email protected]
Recombinant Expression and Characterization of α-Conotoxin LvIA in Escherichia coli (2016)

α-Conotoxin LvIA is derived from Conus lividus, native to Hainan, and is the most selective inhibitor of α3β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) known to date. In this study, an efficient approach for the production of recombinant α-Conotoxin LvIA is described. Tandem repeats of a LvIA gene fragment were constructed and fused with a KSI gene and a His₆ tag in a Escherichia coli (E. coli) expression vector pET-31b(+). The recombinant plasmids were transformed into E. coli and were found to express well. The KSI-(LvIA)n-His₆ fusion protein was purified by metal affinity chromatography and then cleaved with CNBr to release recombinant LvIA (rLvIA). High yields of fusion protein ranging from 100 to 500 mg/L culture were obtained. The pharmacological profile of rLvIA was determined by two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing rat nAChR subtypes. The rLvIA antagonized the α3β2 nAChR subtype selectively with a nano-molar IC50. The rLvIA was analgesic in a mouse hot-plate test model of pain. Overall, this study provides an effective method to synthesize α-conotoxin LvIA in an E. coli recombinant expression system, and this approach could be useful to obtain active conopeptides in large quantity and at low cost.
Synthese von 3α, 21‐Diacetoxy‐17‐hydroxy‐5α‐pregnandion‐(11,20). Bestandteile der Nebennierenrinde und verwandte Stoffe, 99. Mitteilung (1959)

Abstract Die Synthese von 3α, 21‐Diacetoxy‐17α‐hydroxy‐5α‐pregnandion‐(ll, 20) (XVII, Di‐O‐acetyl‐Derivat der «Subst. 11‐Dehydro‐C»), ausgehend von 3β‐Hydroxy‐5α‐pregnandion‐(11, 20) mit Hilfe der von G ALLAGHER u. Mitarb. 15 ) sowie K RITCHEVSKY & G ALLACHER 21 ) entwickelten Methodik, wird beschrieben.
Miscellanies and the Moderns (2013)

Independently of Tyrwhitt’s collection, the Oxford don and poet Thomas Warton made his own enquiries into the Rowley papers as he wished to include them — authentic or not — in the medieval chapters of his grand History of English Poetry (1774–81). More so than in the case of Tyrwhitt, Warton’s authority for and methods used in judging the Rowleyana would incur heated discussion within the Rowley controversy over the next half-decade. But, at the same time, his defence of Chatterton’s genius in 1778 directly influenced John Broughton’s edition of the modern works, the Miscellanies in Prose and Verse; by Thomas Chatterton, the supposed author of the poems published under the names of Rowley Canning, &c, which was rushed through the press that July on the back of the success of Tyrwhitt’s Rowley.2 Brought on sought to substantiate Warton’s claim that Chatterton had been ‘a prodigy of genius: and would have proved the first of English poets, had he reached a maturer age’.3
A 6G White Paper on Connectivity for Remote Areas (2020)

In many places all over the world rural and remote areas lack proper connectivity that has led to increasing digital divide. These areas might have low population density, low incomes, etc., making them less attractive places to invest and operate connectivity networks. 6G could be the first mobile radio generation truly aiming to close the digital divide. However, in order to do so, special requirements and challenges have to be considered since the beginning of the design process. The aim of this white paper is to discuss requirements and challenges and point out related, identified research topics that have to be solved in 6G. This white paper first provides a generic discussion, shows some facts and discusses targets set in international bodies related to rural and remote connectivity and digital divide. Then the paper digs into technical details, i.e., into a solutions space. Each technical section ends with a discussion and then highlights identified 6G challenges and research ideas as a list.
Genetically targeted cell disruption in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> (1997)

The elimination of identified cells is a powerful tool for investigating development and system function. Here we report on genetically mediated cell disruption effected by the toxic Caenorhabditis elegans mec-4(d) allele. We found that ectopic expression of mec-4(d) in the nematode causes dysfunction of a wide range of nerve, muscle, and hypodermal cells. mec-4(d)-mediated toxicity is dependent on the activity of a second gene, mec-6, rendering cell disruption conditionally dependent on genetic background. We describe a set of mec-4(d) vectors that facilitate construction of cell-specific disruption reagents and note that genetic cell disruption can be used for functional analyses of specific neurons or neuronal classes, for confirmation of neuronal circuitry, for generation of nematode populations lacking defined classes of functional cells, and for genetic screens. We suggest that mec-4(d) and/or related genes may be effective general tools for cell inactivation that could be used toward similar purposes in higher organisms.
FC05.05 A genome-wide scan in 10 multiplex families with bipolar disorder (2000)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
Effects of Domiciliary Nocturnal Ventilatory Support in Patients with Chronic Respiratory Failure (2004)

Background: Domiciliry nocturnal ventilatory support (DNVS) is often used to treat patients with chronic respiratory failure, however, few randomized, controlled studies have investigated its efficacy. 
Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a 6-month DNVS intervention on arterial blood gases, exercise capacity, and rate of hospital admissions of in patients with chronic respiratory failure. 
Methods: Twenty-nine inpatients with chronic respiratory failure were randomly allocated to either the DNVS (n=13) or the control group (n=16). Among the patients in the DNVS group, 11 received ventilatory support from Bbilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) (Respironics), and 2received portable volume ventilatory support (PVL100) for 6 months. All patients were followed once a month for 6 months after discharge from the hospital. Arterial blood gases and exercise capacity were measured at discharge and 6 months after discharge. Exercise capacity was assessed by a standardized six-minute walking test (6MWT). The number of hospital admissions and length of stay for the 6-month period before enrollment and during the 6-month study period were determined from chart records. 
Results: Subjects in the DNVS group showed significant reductions in PaCO2, HCO3-, and BE compared to the levels before intervention and also compared to the control group. The six-minute walking distance (6MWD) also increased significantly in the DNVS group, from 281.2 ± 104.6 m before intervention to 381.9 ± 87.4 m after intervention (p＜0.001), and significant differences between the groups were found. Moreover, the DNVS group had significantly fewer admissions and days of stay in the hospital during the intervention period compared to before the 6-month intervention and to the control group. 
Conclusions: Six-month DNVS intervention improved arterial blood gases, increased exercise capacity, and reduced the number of hospital admissions and length of stay in patients with chronic respiratory failure. Further studies to address the effects of DNVS on quality of life and health cost should be encouraged.
Simulación del flujo unidireccional de una resina durante el proceso de llenado de moldes conteniendo preformas: una técnica de pseudo-comportamiento utilizando una discretización con mallado fijo (2003)

En este trabajo se ha estudiado la influencia de los parametros del proceso RTM como son la presion de inyeccion, la permeabilidad de la preforma o la viscosidad de la resina, sobre los parametros de un modelo de pseudo-comportamiento definido sobre un mallado fijo, en la modeli-zacion numerica del llenado de moldes conteniendo un medio poroso. En la formulacion variacio-nal propuesta, las ecuaciones del flujo son ponderadas por la fraccion de fluido y un pseudo-com-portamiento, asociado a la condicion de presion nula, es afectado a su vez por la fraccion comple-mentaria. En este trabajo se propone una expresion eficiente del coeficiente de ponderacion emplea-do en la formulacion variacional del flujo de Darcy extendida al conjunto del molde.
Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Sol-Gel Materials for Electro-Optical Application (1997)

Abstract We simply synthesized the triethoxysilane bearing the second-order nonlinear optical(NLO) active chromophore in the side chain. In order to improve the poor temporal stability of second-order NLO effect, we introduced the thermal crosslink between the side chain themselves. We prepared two different silane solutions; one is composed of triethoxysilane with NLO chromophore (SGDR1) only. The other consists of SGDR1 and 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane. Thermal crosslink formation was traced with in-situ infrared spectroscopy. We achieved much improvement of the temporal stability of second-order NLO effect utilizing this crosslinked composite system.
A CFAR adaptive matched filter detector (1992)

An adaptive algorithm for radar target detection using an antenna array is proposed. The detector is derived in a manner similar to that of the generalized likelihood-ratio test (GLRT) but contains a simplified test statistic that is a limiting case of the GLRT detector. This simplified detector is analyzed for performance to signals on boresight, as well as when the signal direction is misaligned with the look direction.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Conservative Management of Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction (1989)

Fifty-nine children 1 to 24 months of age with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNDO) were treated with local hydrostatic massage and antibiotic eye drops. Children 1 to 12 months of age showed a cure rate of 93.3%; only two of them underwent nasolacrimal probing. Children 13 to 24 months of age had a cure rate of 79.3%, and six underwent probing. The initial probings were successful in both age groups. Fifty-one children (86.4%) were thus spared nasolacrimal probing.
Lattice spacing relationships in magnesium solid solutions (1959)

Abstract Accurate measurements have been made of the lattice spacings in binary magnesium solid solutions containing aluminium, bismuth, cadmium, indium, lead, lithium, silver, tin and zinc. The results show that the lattice distortion accompanying the introduction of a solute depends on the difference in size of the solute and solvent atoms, their relative electronegativity and, where the valency of the solute differs from that of magnesium, the electron : atom ratio in the solution. Where the solute is not divalent, variation of the number of electrons in the conduction band seems to be entirely associated with the c dimension of the lattice, in such a way that a regular increase in axial ratio takes place as the electron concentration increases. The manner in which this affects the accepted picture of the distribution of electrons in the Brillouin Zones of magnesium is discussed.
Dependence of electromigration noise on geometrical and structural characteristics in aluminum-based resistors (1994)

Low frequency noise measurements have been performed on Al-Si resistors, subjected to high current density (j=2/spl times/10/sup 6/ A/cm/sup 2/), in order to investigate the dependence of the electromigration noise on the structural and geometrical parameters. To this end five groups of samples have been used, each characterized by a different value of the average grain size D. The power spectral density S/sub v/ of the voltage fluctuations across the samples has been measured using test patterns with different widths /spl omega/ and lengths l. It has been found that S/sub v/ shows an exponential dependence on the grain dimension and a linear dependence on the shape factor F=l//spl omega/. The model previously proposed for noise generation has been integrated to take into account the observed dependence of S/sub v/ on D and F.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Learning to role-switch in multi-robot systems (2004)

We present an approach that uses Q-learning on individual robotic agents, for coordinating a mission-tasked team of robots in a complex scenario. To reduce the size of the state space, actions are grouped into sets of related behaviors called roles and represented as behavioral assemblages. A role is a finite state automata such as Forager, where the behaviors and their sequencing for finding objects, collecting them, and returning them are already encoded and do not have to be re-learned. Each robot starts out with the same set of possible roles to play, the same perceptual hardware for coordination, and no contact other than perception regarding other members of the team. Over the course of training, a team of Q-learning robots will converge to solutions that best the performance of a well-designed handcrafted homogeneous team.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOSPHINYL‐ AND THIOPHOSPHINYLHETERYLUREAS (1977)

Abstract Heterocyclische Amine (I) und O‐Phenyl‐methyl‐phosphinyl‐isocyanat bzw. O‐Phenyl‐methyl‐thio‐phosphinylisocyanat (II) reagieren zu Harnstoffderivaten der Formel (III).
Observation des efforts longitudinaux au contact roue/sol (2015)

/ Ce rapport s'inscrit dans la convention entre Irstea et le Bureau Santé Sécurité au Travail (BSST) du ministère de l'agriculture sur l'année 2015. Il décrit les activités menées et les résultats obtenus dans le cadre de l'action 6 portant sur l'estimation du comportement longitudinal de machines agricoles pour la sécurité des agroéquipements. Il s'agit principalement de déterminer en temps réel les conditions d'adhérence afin de caractériser en ligne le risque de perte de contrôle. En particulier, ce travail vise à anticiper et éviter les situations de pertes totale d'adhérence, menant à des situations de dévalement ("effet luge") ou de d'enlisement.\nCette action a été principalement portée par l'intermédiaire d'un stage d'élève ingénieur (François Marsella), encadré par Roland Lenain (Chargé de Recherche) et Myriam Chanet (Ingénieur de Recherche). Ce rapport reprend en grande partie les résultats de ce stage.
Preparation of highly luminescent CdTe quantum dots and its probes (2011)

We have prepared CdTe QDs in the size range from 2.8 to 4.4 nm with different organic ligands bonded on the QD surface. The organic ligands usually contain thiol, carboxyl or amino groups. These ionic groups provide QDs water solubility and should serve as linkers for conjugation of QD with important molecules to create selective luminescent probes. We have prepared QDs with mercaptopropionic acid, thioglycolic acid, cystein, mercaptoundecanoic acid, mercaptoethanol and cysteamine on the surface. Various synthesis procedures were also tested. The luminescence quantum yields of prepared QDs were compared. The secondary method was used for the determination of quantum yield with fluorescein as a standard. The determined quantum yields vary from 0.02 to 12% depending on synthesis conditions and organic ligand used. The highest quantum yield have been obtained for QD with cysteamine on the surface prepared at pH = 3. Preparation conditions of luminescent probes via conjugation of QDs with macrocyclic ligand using zerolength cross-linkers such as 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl-3-aminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride and Nhydroxysulfosuccinimide were optimized. Metal ion complexation ability of the conjugate and possibility of metal ion complex conjugation were also tested. Complexes of conjugates of macrocyclic ligands with Zn(II) and Eu(III) ions were prepared and analyzed by capillary zone electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. These types of luminescent probes are intended to be used as Forster resonance energy transfers and for a DNA labeling.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of β‐N‐Tosylamino Hydroxylamines via the Ring Opening of N‐Tosylaziridines and Their Use in Reverse Cope Cyclizations. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Comorbidities in head and neck cancer: Agreement between self‐report and chart review (2007)

Self-report may be considered as an alternative to chart review for comorbidity assessment in head and neck cancer patients. Younger patients, those with good general health, fewer depressive symptoms, and mild comorbidities, are more likely to give responses consistent with chart review.
Poly(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels at the Oil−Water Interface: Interfacial Properties as a Function of Temperature (2010)

Highly monodisperse poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), PNiPAM, microgels were prepared by the conventional radical polymerization of NiPAM in the presence of dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) monomers at various concentrations. The effect of DMAEMA on the polymerization of PNiPAM microgels was examined at constant initiator (V50) and cross-linker (MBA) concentrations. The presence of DMAEMA in the synthesis batch allows for the preparation of PNiPAM microgels with controlled size and a narrow size distribution. The oil(dodecane)/water interfacial properties of the model PNiPAM microgels were then investigated. The pendant drop technique was used to measure the interfacial tensions as a function of temperature. Over the whole range of temperature (20-45 degrees C), the interfacial tension remains low (on the order of 17 mN/m) and goes through a minimum (12 mN/m) at a temperature of about 34 degrees C, which well matches the volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) of PNiPAM microgels. Below the VPTT, the decrease in the interfacial tension with temperature is likely to be due to the adsorption of dense layers because of the decrease of the excluded volume interactions. Above the VPTT, we suggest that the increase in the interfacial tension with temperature comes from the adsorption of loosely packed PNiPAM microgels. We also studied the effect of temperature on the stability of emulsions. Dodecane in water emulsions, which form at ambient temperature, are destabilized as the temperature exceeds the VPTT. In light of the interfacial tension results, we suggest that emulsion destabilization arises from the adsorption of aggregates above the VPTT and not from an important desorption of microgels. Aggregate adsorption would bring a sufficiently high number of dodecane molecules into contact with water to induce coalescence without changing the interfacial tension very much.
Coarse-Grained Computer Simulations of Polymer/Fullerene Bulk Heterojunctions for Organic Photovoltaic Applications (2009)

We develop coarse-grained (CG) computer simulation models of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and P3HT/fullerene-C60 mixtures, in which collections of atoms from a physically accurate atomistic model are mapped onto a smaller number of "superatoms". These CG models allow much larger systems to be simulated for longer durations than is achievable atomistically, making it possible to study in molecular detail the morphology of polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunctions at length and time scales relevant to organic photovoltaic devices. We demonstrate that our CG models, parametrized at two state points, accurately capture the structure of atomistic systems at other points in the mixture phase diagram. Finally, we use our CG models to study the dynamic evolution of the microstructure of a P3HT/C60 bulk heterojunction in a system approaching the device scale.
Fiber—optic thermcateter usirg Fourier transform spectroscopy (1991)

An integrated-optic Mach-Zender interferometer is used as a Fourier transform spectrometer to analyze the input and output spectra of a temperature-sensing thin-film etalon. This configuration provides a high degree of iinmunity to the effects of charges in the source spectrum, and it readily permits the interrogation of a number of different sensors using a single spectrometer. In addition, this system has a potentially low cost because it uses optical communications hardware that may in the future be manufacturel in large quantities.
<title>Laser holographic system for determining the state of the human circulatory system</title> (1995)

ABSTRACT The laser-holographic system is designed for investigating the dyna- zilic state of the human organism through the detection of the human skin vibrations, due to the state of the cardiovascular system and other sys— tems and organs, on a holographic interferogram with subsequent automa—tic working by an electronic computer. With the two—xz1se regime of a ruby laser and having synchronized the process of recording holograms of the thorax region in different phases of the cardiac cycle it is possibleto detect corresponding holographic interferograms of the human thorax. The distribution of interference bands over the surface of the thoraximage, corresponding to the field of the surface spots displacements,allows to receive the insight about the nature of cardiac noise and abo- ut the functional state of a &Litable valve or section of the cardiac muscle as well as information about the regional and local hemodynamics over the whole region of the thorax. 1. INTRODUCTION In modern medicine one