gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Embedding of Shock Wave Reactor in Thermal Cracking Process for Ethylene (2007)

The goal of this project was to embed the Shock Wave Reactor (SWR) into an ethylene plant in order to assess the performance of this unique reactor. The performances are based on the energy consumption and ethylene yield. There are some researches done. Unfortunately no information is found in articles about how to embed the SWR in an ethylene plant. So, to embed the SWR, the behavior of the whole plant must be monitored. The embedding of the SWR in an ethylene plant is done by integration this reactor in an ethylene plant based on conventional cracking. Conventional cracking is done by a furnace. The only different is the cracking reactor.The separation configuration is taken the same. Strong GDP (gross domestic product) growth in major regions results in strong petrochemical demand growth. The reason of this growth is due to the growing market of China and India. So the importance of ethylene increases. Ethylene is and in the future still be an important bulk chemistry in the petrochemical and industry The process chemistry with its thermodynamics and kinetics are based in earlier research done by R.Bosma. Normally more than 1 million reactions occur during ethane cracking but here 7 major reactions are used. The residence time plays a big role in this cracking. Thermodynamically high temperature is favorable but kinetically not. High temperatures increase the secondary reactions with more by-products as result.The SWR was already modeled in Matlab by R.Bosma [21]. To investigate the SWR energy consumption, the SWR is modeled in Aspen. A user model in Aspen has been made, which reflects the behavior of the SWR at some given conditions. This Aspen model is validated in order to determine the reliability of this model. The model is successfully made but some parameters where slightly different. With Aspen Pinch, the determination of the energy consumption is made. This is very important because the energy consumption will conclude if this SWR economical favorable compared with a conventional furnace. Also the environmental impact of the SWR has been studied. It is known in the aviation industry, shock waves produce a lot of sound power. It can have a certain risk to the human health and environment. This is a complex problem because of the difficulties to monitor the sound behavior of this reactor. It is concluded that the SWR is an energy slurping process compared with a conventional furnace. The ethylene yield is also lower than the ethylene yield produced with a conventional furnace.
Studies on the structure of the human C4b‐binding protein gene (1986)

Protein and cDNA sequence data have shown human C4b-binding protein to contain eight internally homologous repeat units, each approx. 61 amino acids in length. Repeat units conforming to the same consensus sequence have been found in other complement and non-complement proteins. Southern blot analysis together with isolation, characterisation and sequencing of genomic clones has allowed the study of intron/exon organisation in the human C4b-binding protein gene and the identification of a Bg/II restriction fragment length polymorphism.
Population and Community Structure Pattern of Juniperous polycarpos K. Koch with Climate Change Effect in the Cold Desert Trans Himalayan Region, India (2020)

Juniperus polycarpos L. is one of the most threatened and livelihood plant species of the Himalayan region. The present study provides information about monitoring of its populations and proliferation rate in high altitude regions of Trans-Himalaya. The survey revealed comprehensive information on J. polycarpos such as distribution range, habitat characteristics, composition, structural pattern, population size, uses and diversity status. Its distribution and density were maximum in pure forest habitats as compared to mixed habitats recorded. Middle forest altitudinal zone (3100–3500 m for dominant J. polycarpos community and 2710–3100 m for mixed communities) showed suitability for its growth and high density. The occurrence of species above treeline altitudinal zone (4000 m) indicates effect by climate change. A total 281 species (158 genera, 48 families, 37.04% native, 2.06% endemic, 23.87% near-endemic, 74.44% economically important and 20.28% threatened species) were recorded within its populations. Frequent monitoring of populations under climate change scenarios is suggested.
Quality Factors of Fruits and Vegetables (1989)

Color, flavor, texture, and nutritive value are generally recognized as the four quality factors of fruits and vegetables. The natural pigments, chlorophylls, carotenoids and anthocyanins, form the chemical basis of color. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic browning contribute to coloring of certain processed fruits and vegetables. Various volatile aroma and nonvolatile compounds give fruits and vegetables special flavors. Cell wall components and turgor pressure are the two entities that provide the texture of fruits and vegetables. Pectic substances and pectic enzymes are closely related to firmness and softening of many fruits and vegetables. Celluloses and lignins are associated with toughness and woody texture. The roles of hemicelluloses and extinsins in fruits and vegetables are not clear. Vitamin C and minerals are the major nutrients of fruits and vegetables. Processing often alters the quality of fruits and vegetables but does not change the chemical basis underlining the factors.
Spectrum of <i>pncA</i> Mutations in Multidrug-Resistant <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Isolates Obtained in Latvia (2004)

Pyrazinamide (PZA) is an effective antituberculous agent ([1][1]) that becomes active when bacterial pyrazinamidase converts it to pyrazinoic acid, which is toxic to mycobacteria ([4][2]). In Mycobacerium tuberculosis , PZA resistance is associated with the loss of pyrazinamidase activity, mainly
A frequency-sensitive point hierarchy for images and volumes (2004)

This paper introduces a method for converting an image or volume sampled on a regular grid into a space-efficient irregular point hierarchy. The conversion process retains the original frequency characteristics of the dataset by matching the spatial distribution of sample points with the required frequency. To achieve good blending, the spherical points commonly used in volume rendering are generalized to ellipsoidal point primitives. A family of multiresolution, oriented Gabor wavelets provide the frequency-space analysis of the dataset. The outcome of this frequency analysis is the reduced set of points, in which the sampling rate is decreased in originally oversampled areas. During rendering, the traversal of the hierarchy can be controlled by any suitable error metric or quality criteria. The local level of refinement is also sensitive to the transfer function. Areas with density ranges mapped to high transfer function variability are rendered at higher point resolution than others. Our decomposition is flexible and can be used for iso-surface rendering, alpha compositing and X-ray rendering of volumes. We demonstrate our hierarchy with an interactive splatting volume renderer, in which the traversal of the point hierarchy for rendering is modulated by a user-specified frame rate.
Ryanodine Receptor Type I and Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Receptors Mediate Ca2+ Release from Insulin-containing Vesicles in Living Pancreatic β-Cells (MIN6) (2003)

We have demonstrated recently (Mitchell, K. J., Pinton, P., Varadi, A., Tacchetti, C., Ainscow, E. K., Pozzan, T., Rizzuto, R., and Rutter, G. A. (2001) J. Cell Biol. 155, 41-51) that ryanodine receptors (RyR) are present on insulin-containing secretory vesicles. Here we show that pancreatic islets and derived beta-cell lines express type I and II, but not type III, RyRs. Purified by subcellular fractionation and membrane immuno-isolation, dense core secretory vesicles were found to possess a similar level of type I RyR immunoreactivity as Golgi/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes but substantially less RyR II than the latter. Monitored in cells expressing appropriately targeted aequorins, dantrolene, an inhibitor of RyR I channels, elevated free Ca(2+) concentrations in the secretory vesicle compartment from 40.1 +/- 6.7 to 90.4 +/- 14.8 microm (n = 4, p < 0.01), while having no effect on ER Ca(2+) concentrations. Furthermore, nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP), a novel Ca(2+)-mobilizing agent, decreased dense core secretory vesicle but not ER free Ca(2+) concentrations in permeabilized MIN6 beta-cells, and flash photolysis of caged NAADP released Ca(2+) from a thapsigargin-insensitive Ca(2+) store in single MIN6 cells. Because dantrolene strongly inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (from 3.07 +/- 0.51-fold stimulation to no significant glucose effect; n = 3, p < 0.01), we conclude that RyR I-mediated Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release from secretory vesicles, possibly potentiated by NAADP, is essential for the activation of insulin secretion.
Study on Preparation and Application in Flocculants of Modified Lignin (2011)

The lignin sulfonate was modified with olefins monomer by the method of radiation graft polymerization, by which a new type of natural polymer flocculants can be made. And results of the flocculation and sedimentation are tested in the furfural wastewater treatment process. Furfural wastewater is a complex composition, whose COD is about 20000mg / L, is difficult to be treated by conventional methods. Our results showed that the kind of flocculants can remove 50 percent COD or more from furfural wastewater after aerating and adjusting pH value to 9.
Reforming the school-based education system in England: A common framework, rule book and a new structure for schools (2021)

The school system in England has undergone significant change following the introduction of the academies policy and the subsequent mass conversion of secondary schools to academies. In this article we address two issues arising from this process of academisation, namely equality of opportunity and local democratic accountability, both of which are fundamental to what one might argue comprehensive schooling should entail. We outline the policy changes that have taken place from 1965 and look in more detail at the changes since 2010. We then examine how equality of opportunity and democratic accountability have been affected by the legislative changes. In our final section, we put forward proposals for how the shortcomings we identify might be addressed by policy makers: these we argue relate back to the basic assumptions underpinning Circular 10/65.
Orchid pollination: from Darwin to the present day (2009)

In this year celebrating the bicentenary of the birth of Darwin and the sesquicentennial of the publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species, the present paper aims to assess the impact of Darwin's legacy on the history of orchid pollination biology. To illustrate the major contribution of Darwin to this fascinating biological field, we focus on the large angraecoid orchid group and propose an overview of the complex relationships that these orchids have developed with specific pollinators. We further discuss how Darwin's seminal work on the angraecoid orchid Angraecum sesquipedale triggered the beginning of a long debate about the evolution of long floral spurs and why his idea of reciprocal evolution or 'coevolution' was one of the great contributions to evolutionary biology.
Collaborative and scalable financial analysis with multi-agent technology (2003)

During the past two years, business world started to use clusters of PCs and workstations, multi-agent technology, Java programming, Intranet, and Internet to support financial computing, decision analysis, electronic business, etc. In this paper, we integrated these technologies and present a distributed multi-agent model for network-based financial computing or economic analysis. In particular, we focus on the potential to apply cluster computing to finance, business, investment, insurance, and socioeconomic application domains. These commercial domains demand special computing characteristics, which differ in many ways from the scientific computing requirements. A prototype of the distributed financial computing has been implemented to illustrate the idea of multiagent computing on workstation clusters. The cluster platform and the multi-agent model has been proved to be applicable in other domains such as electronic business, market analysis, financial decision making, and economic crisis management. A three-tier multiagent architecture has been designed to capture the structure of Hong Kong economic activities. The system calculates risks and returns based on more than thirty financial indicators that cover major business activities in Hong Kong. One more application of using such multi-agent system is to generate a composite economic index to measurement the economic performance.
Immunogenicity and conformational properties of an N-linked glycosylated peptide epitope of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I). (1995)

The identification and characterization of epitopes of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I), which elicit an effective humoral or cell-mediated immune response, remains a central obstacle to the development of a peptide-based vaccine against the virus infection. The objective of the studies presented here was to examine the influence of N-linked glycosylation on peptide structure and immunogenicity. We engineered the 233-253 sequence of gp46 of HTLV-I to contain an N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residue at Asn244. Secondary structure prediction using computer algorithms indicated that this peptide may contain a beta-turn at residues 242-246. Recent work with model glycopeptides suggests that beta-turn conformation in peptides may be induced, and probably is stabilized, by the presence of even a single sugar residue. In the present study, the structures of the 233-253 peptide, SC1, and the 233-253(Asn244-GlcNAc) glycopeptide, SC2, were determined. Similar conformation was exhibited by both the glycosylated and nonglycosylated peptide displaying a beta-turn at residues 243-246 and extended-chain structure at the peptide/glycopeptide termini. Both peptides were engineered into chimeric constructs with a promiscuous T-cell epitope from measles virus and were used as immunogens in rabbits. Both chimeric peptides were highly immunogenic in rabbits, producing high-titered antibodies as early as primary + three weeks. The antibodies generated against either construct were able to bind to whole virus (ELISA) and to gp46 (radioimmunoprecipitation assay). Additionally, human sera of individuals known to be positive for HTLV-I recognized both the glycosylated and nonglycosylated constructs. It appears that the 233-253 peptide is able to adopt a conformation that mimics the structure in native gp46, and addition of a GlcNAc residue at Asn244 does not affect the conformational preference or stability of this construct; nor does glycosylation alter immunogenicity but instead appears to enhance immune recognition.
A case of borderline clear cell fibroadenoma (2010)

Clear cell tumor of borderline malignancy has been reported to account for 5 to 8% of all clear cell neoplasms, and <1% of borderline malignancies of the ovary. Borderline clear cell fibroadenoma with or without microinvasion mostly occurs in women with middle age, and the presenting symptoms associated with this tumor are non-specific. The clinico-pathologic features of borderline clear cell fibroadenoma are not well known because of its rarity. Furthermore, there is no consensus for treating the disease. Thus, we report a case of borderline clear cell fibroadenoma presenting as ovarian fibroadenoma with a review of literature.
Cell envelope composition and sensitivity of Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens to polymyxin and other antibacterial agents (1985)

Two strains of Proteus mirabilis (NCTC 60 and 4199) were consistently more sensitive to antibacterial agents, including methicillin, than were two other strains (NCTC 2896 and 3177). On the basis of minimum inhibitory concentrations, all four strains were resistant to polymyxin, although it has previously been shown that this antibiotic induced some changes in strains 60 and 4199. One of the three strains of Serratia marcescens, the non‐pigmented NCTC 8706, was rather more sensitive to antibacterial agents than the two pigmented strains. Of the four Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains examined, NCTC 10701 tended to be the most sensitive. Chemical analyses of the cell envelopes revealed differences in gross lipid, phospholipid, Mg2+ and 2‐ketodeoxyoctonate (KDO) levels.
Photoreceptor processing improves salience facilitating small target detection in cluttered scenes (2008)

Target detection amidst clutter is a challenging task for both natural and artificial vision, yet one solved at the level of neurons in the 3rd optic ganglion of insects. These neurons are capable of responding to the motion of small objects, even against complex moving backgrounds. While the basic physiology has been investigated, little is known about how these cells are able to reject background motion while robustly responding to such small stimuli. By recording intracellularly from fly photoreceptors stimulated with natural image sequences containing a target viewed against a complex moving background, we show that the process of target detection begins at the earliest stages of vision. The temporal processing by photoreceptors alone, in the absence of any spatial interactions, improved the discrimination of targets (essentially a spatial task) by around 70%. This enhancement of target salience can be explained by elaborate models of photoreceptor temporal non-linear dynamics. The application of the functional principals outlined in this work could be utilized in areas such as robotics and surveillance, medical imaging, or astronomy, anywhere it is necessary to detect a small item from a cluttered surround.
The application of imaging techniques to calorimetry physics (1990)

Imaging techniques offer useful complements and alternatives to the status quo in visualization of calorimetry physics. At CERN, color mapping techniques have been applied successfully to calorimetry in the ALEPH experiment. Applications of imaging to other high energy physics (HEP) areas are outlined.
Online system for temperature and accumulated dose control in plasma-based ion implantation (2007)

Surface treatment optimization requires the control of the ion dose and the workpiece temperature, two parameters that are not trivially measurable in plasma-based ion implantation. A temperature and ion fluence monitoring system has been developed and implemented in a plasma-based ion implanter. It is based on the measurement with a thermopile of the radiation emitted from the back face of a thin copper disk inserted in the stainless steel sample holder. Since the incident ions carry practically all the incident power, the measurement of the Cu disk temperature that increases during implantation can provide an evaluation of the ion fluence in real time. A model has been developed for the deconvolution of the temperature data and has been fitted to the temperature behavior during implantation. A good agreement between the total integrated doses, evaluated with Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy characterization, and the ion fluence calculated by means of this model has been obtained with a discrepancy less than 16%.
Validation of both number and coverage of bus schedules using AVL data (2010)

It is well known that the definition of bus schedules is critical for the service reliability of public transports. Several proposals have been suggested, using data from Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) systems, in order to enhance the reliability of public transports. In this paper we study the optimum number of schedules and the days covered by each one of them, in order to increase reliability. We use the Dynamic Time Warping distance in order to calculate the similarities between two different dimensioned irregularly spaced data sequences before the use of data clustering techniques. The application of this methodology with the K-Means for a specific bus route demonstrated that a new schedule for the weekends in non-scholar periods could be considered due to its distinct profile from the remaining days. For future work, we propose to apply this methodology to larger data sets in time and in number, corresponding to different bus routes, in order to find a consensual cluster between all the routes.
Epidemiological Studies of Rice Blast Disease Caused by Pyricularia oryzae Cavara. VI. Measurement of Sporulation on Blast Lesions of Naturally Infected Leaf. (1995)

Sporulation capacity of the blast lesion was studied in the field condition during July, 1991 at Icheon, Korea. Sporulation counting was continuously able for 9 days on undetached leaves. Among these leaves, 14.8mm size lesion recorded the highest count, 12,540 spores. More than 5~104 spores were formed on many detached lesions. The amount of spores formed on the upper surface was several times to more than tenfold of lower surface of the same lesion, and only 1 to 12% spores out of total sporulation amount was released.
Spanning and Completeness with Options (1988)

The role of ordinary options in facilitating the completion of securities markets is examined in the context of a model of contigent claims sufficiently general to accommodate the continuous distributions of asset pricing theory and option pricing theory. In this context, it is shown that call options written on a single security approximately span all contingent claims written on this security and that call options written on portfolios of call options on individual primitive securities approximately span all contingent claims that can be written on these primitive securities. In the case of simple options, explicit formulas are given for the approximating options and portfolios of options. These results are applied to the pricing of contingent claims by arbitrage and to irrelevance propositions in corporate finance.
Tartaric Acid Metabolism (1969)

Abstract Tartrate epoxidase catalyzes the quantitative conversion of both optical isomers of trans-epoxysuccinate to mesotartrate. The enzyme has been obtained in a homogeneous state from a strain of Pseudomonas putida and has been crystallized. The protein has a molecular weight of 66,000 which can not be decreased by treatment with guanidine hydrochloride and a mercaptan.
Transactional Sapphire (2018)

Constructing a high-performance garbage collector is hard. Constructing a fully concurrent ‘on-the-fly’ compacting collector is much more so. We describe our experience of implementing the Sapphire algorithm as the first on-the-fly, parallel, replication copying, garbage collector for the Jikes RVM Java virtual machine (JVM). In part, we explain our innovations such as copying with hardware and software transactions, on-the-fly management of Java’s reference types, and simple, yet correct, lock-free management of volatile fields in a replicating collector. We fully evaluate, for the first time, and using realistic benchmarks, Sapphire’s performance and suitability as a low latency collector. An important contribution of this work is a detailed description of our experience of building an on-the-fly copying collector for a complete JVM with some assurance that it is correct. A key aspect of this is model checking of critical components of this complicated and highly concurrent system.