gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Do exons code for structural or functional units in proteins? (1988)

In considering the origin and evolution of proteins, the possibility that proteins evolved from exons coding for specific structure-function modules is attractive for its economy and simplicity but is not systematically supported by the available data. However, the number of correspondences between exons and units of protein structure-function that have so far been identified appears to be greater than expected by chance alone. The available data also show (i) that exons are fairly limited in size but are large enough to specify structure-function modules in proteins; (ii) that the position of introns for homologous domains in the same gene is reasonably stable, but there is also evidence for mechanisms that alter the position or existence of introns; and (iii) that it is possible that the observed relationship of exons to protein structure represents a degenerate state of an ancestral correspondence between exons and structure-function modules in proteins.
Specific Secretion of Active Single-Chain Fv Antibodies into the Supernatants of<i>Escherichia coli</i>Cultures by Use of the Hemolysin System (2000)

A simple method for the nontoxic, specific, and efficient secretion of active single-chain Fv antibodies (scFvs) into the supernatants of Escherichia coli cultures is reported. The method is based on the well-characterized hemolysin transport system (Hly) of E. coli that specifically secretes the target protein from the bacterial cytoplasm into the extracellular medium without a periplasmic intermediate. The culture media that accumulate these Hly-secreted scFv's can be used in a variety of immunoassays without purification. In addition, these culture supernatants are stable over long periods of time and can be handled basically as immune sera.
Long-term patient self-management of oral anticoagulation (1995)

<h3>Background:</h3> The management of oral anticoagulation is fraught with difficulties. This study assessed a new model of anticoagulation management regarding the ability, safety, and efficacy of patients to self-monitor and self-adjust the dose of their oral anticoagulants guided by a capillary whole-blood prothrombin time (PT) monitor. <h3>Methods:</h3> This investigation is a retrospective cohort study of 20 patients compared with 20 matched control patients receiving oral anticoagulation at a tertiary medical institution. <h3>Results:</h3> Study patients monitored their PTs 2153 times during a mean interval of 44.7 months compared with 1608 PTs in matched control patients during a mean interval of 42.5 months. Study patients made an average of 11.5 dosage changes per patient, contrasted with 22.7 changes per control patient (<i>P</i><.001). The PTs in study patients were within the recommended therapeutic range in 88.6% (95% confidence interval, 87.2 to 89.9) of the determinations compared with 68.0% (95% confidence interval, 65.7 to 70.3;<i>P</i><.001) of the determinations made by the matched control patients. In response to the 2153 PTs, study patients made 67 (3.1%) dosage decisions that were considered incorrect based on physician guidelines. None of these changes led to adverse outcomes. There was no significant difference in complication rates between the two groups. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Results from what is the first long-term study of patient self-monitoring of PTs and self-adjustment of the warfarin sodium dosage for oral anticoagulation suggest that patients can successfully measure their own PTs, adjust their own warfarin dosage, and achieve a degree of therapeutic effectiveness at least as good, if not better than patients managed in an anti- coagulation clinic. Larger, prospective, randomized trials are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of this new approach to therapy and to assess its cost-effectiveness. (Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:2185-2189)
Protection against Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Mice by Monoclonal Antibodies to Pneumolysin (2004)

Pneumolysin (PLY) is an important virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae. We examined the ability of three murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to PLY (PLY-4, PLY-5, and PLY-7) to affect the course of pneumococcal pneumonia in mice. The intravenous administration of antibodies PLY-4 and PLY-7 protected the mice from the lethal effect of the purified toxin. Mice treated with PLY-4 before intranasal inoculation of S. pneumoniae type 2 survived longer (median survival time, 100 h) than did untreated animals (median survival time, 60 h) (P < 0.0001). The median survival time for mice treated with a combination of PLY-4 and PLY-7 was 130 h, significantly longer than that for mice given isotype-matched indifferent MAbs (P = 0.0288) or nontreated mice (P = 0.0002). The median survival time for mice treated with a combination of three MAbs was significantly longer (>480 h) than that for mice treated with PLY-5 (48 h; P < 0.0001), PLY-7 (78 h; P = 0.0007), or PLY-4 (100 h; P = 0.0443) alone. Similarly, the survival rate for mice treated with three MAbs (10 of 20 mice) was significantly higher than the survival rate obtained with PLY-5 (1 of 20; P = 0.0033), PLY-4 (2 of 20; P = 0.0138), or PLY-7 (3 of 20; P = 0.0407) alone. These results suggest that anti-PLY MAbs act with a synergistic effect. Furthermore, MAb administration was associated with a significant decrease in bacterial lung colonization and lower frequencies of bacteremia and tissue injury with respect to the results for the control groups.
The search for heterogeneity in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM): linkage studies, two-locus models, and genetic heterogeneity. (1983)

One hundred families with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) were analyzed for linkage with 27 genetic markers, including HLA, properdin factor B (BF), and glyoxalase 1(GLO) on chromosome 6, and Kidd blood group (Jk) on chromosome 2. The linkage analyses were performed under several different genetic models. An approximate correction for two-locus linkage analysis was developed and applied to four markers. Two different heterogeneity tests were implemented and applied to all the markers. One, the Predivided-Sample Test, utilizes various criteria thought to be relevant to genetic heterogeneity in IDDM. The other, the Admixture Test, looks for heterogeneity without specifying a prior how the sample should be divided. Results continued to support linkage of IDDM with three chromosome 6 markers: HLA, BF, and GLO. The total lod score for Kidd blood group, under the recessive model with 20% penetrance, is 1.63--down 1.2 from the 2.83 reported by us earlier. The only other marker whose lod score exceeded 1.0 under any model was pancreatic amylase (AMY2). The two-locus correction, which involved lowering the penetrance values used in the analysis, affected estimates of theta (recombination fraction) but did not markedly change the lod scores themselves. There was little evidence for heterogeneity within any of the lod scores, under either the Predivided-Sample Test or the Admixture Test.
Research Status of the Nano-Crystalline Cellulose (2008)

This paper introduces the properties,application and preparing methods of the nano-crystalline cellulose(NCC).Summarize the nice foreground of NCC as a new kind of nanophase materials,point out that it is the important subject of sustainable development in the 21st century.
Mixed-initiative man-computer instructional dialogues. (1970)

The main purpose of the research was to show that a new type of computer-assisted instruction (CAI), in many respects more powerful than existing ones, is feasible, and to demonstrate by example some of its major capabilities. In order to do that, a set of computer programs, the SCHOLAR system, was written. Both the conception and the implementation of this system are discussed in detail. Actual on-line protocols of the usage of SCHOLAR are included. The present approach to CAI can be defined as being information-structure-oriented (ISO) because it is based on the utilization of a symbolic information network of facts, concepts, and procedures. SCHOLAR is capable to generate out of its information network the material to be presented to the student, the questions to be asked to him, and the corresponding expected answers. SCHOLAR can also utilize its information network to answer questions formulated by the student. As a consequence, SCHOLAR is capable of maintaining a mixed-initiative dialogue with the student. This dialogue takes place in a subset of English. (Author)
Comparative characterization of the <i>iga</i> gene encoding IgA1 protease in <i>Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> and <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> (1995)

Cloning and sequencing of the IgA1 protease gene (iga) from Neisseria meningitidis strain HF13 showed an overall structure equivalent to iga genes from Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus influenzae, although no region corresponding to the gonococcal alpha-peptide was evident. An additional 18 N. meningitidis and 3 H. influenzae iga genes were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction technique and sequenced corresponding approximately to the N-terminal half of the mature enzyme. Comparative analyses of a total of 29 iga genes showed that pathogenic Neisseria have iga genes with a significantly lower degree of heterogeneity than H. influenzae iga genes. Recombinational events indicated by mosaic-like structures corresponding to those found among N. gonorrhoeae protease genes were detected among N. meningitidis iga genes. One region showed characteristic differences in sequence and length which correlated with each of the different cleavage specificities. Meningococci were extremely conserved in this region with no evidence of recombination between isolates of different cleavage specificities. Sequences further downstream showed no obvious relationship with enzyme cleavage type. This region consisted of conserved areas interspersed with highly variable areas. Amino acid sequence homologies in the variable regions of meningococci reflected the antigenic types defined by using polyclonal neutralizing antibodies.
Smart Textiles Using Microencapsulation Technology (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Why Use Microencapsulation Technology? Controlled Release Protection Compatibility Preparation and Application of Microcapsules Commercially Available Microcapsules Phase Change Materials (PCMs) Controlled Delivery Microcapsules Application Procedures of Microcapsules on Textile Substrates Conventional Application Techniques Microcapsules in Coated and Laminated Textiles Smart End-Uses of Microencapsulated Textile Substrates Smart Use of PCMs Controlled Delivery of Active Agents New Developments and Future Perspectives: Smart Coatings Nanoencapsulated Antimicrobial Finish Incorporation of Microcapsules in Stimuli-Sensitive or Adaptive Coatings Other Smart Opportunities
Positional importance of Pro53 adjacent to the Arg49-Gly50-Asp51 sequence of rhodostomin in binding to integrin αIIbβ3 (2001)

Rhodostomin (RHO), a disintegrin isolated from snake venom, has been demonstrated to inhibit platelet aggregation through interaction with integrin αIIbβ3, but there is a lack of direct evidence for RHO–integrin αIIbβ3 binding. In addition, no study on the length of Arg49-Gly50-Asp51 (RGD) loop of RHO influencing on its binding to integrin αIIbβ3 has been reported. In the present study we have developed a highly sensitive dot-blot and glutathione S-transferase–RHO pull-down assays; the latter was coupled with a biotin–avidin–horseradish peroxidase enhanced-chemiluminescence detection system. These were able to demonstrate the direct binding of RHO to integrin αIIbβ3. The pull-down assay further showed that four alanine-insertion mutants upstream of the RGD motif and three insertions downstream of the RGD were able to decrease integrin αIIbβ3 binding activity to only a limited extent. By contrast, two insertions immediately next to RGD and one insertion in front of the Cys57 caused almost complete loss of binding activity to αIIbβ3. The results of the platelet-aggregation-inhibition assay and platelet-adhesion assay for the insertion mutants were consistent with results of the pull-down assay. It is thus concluded that, although an insertion of a single alanine residue in many positions of the RGD loop has only minor effects on RHO binding to integrin αIIbβ3, the specific position of Pro53 residue adjacent to the RGD sequence is important for RHO binding to platelet integrin αIIbβ3.
Characterization of the interaction of human salivary proline-rich proteins with tannins (1997)

a non-L'auteur a accord une
Understanding Resistance to Tamoxifen in Hormone Receptor–Positive Breast Cancer (2009)

The selective estrogen receptor (ER)1 modulator tamoxifen has been used for more than 30 years to treat and, more recently, to prevent breast cancer. Unfortunately, even among patients with ER-positive tumors, the response achieved with tamoxifen treatment is variable. Recent years have seen a sharp increase in the number of studies suggesting that the efficacy and safety of anticancer therapies such as tamoxifen depend not only on tumor characteristics but also on characteristics of the host. It is probable that future prescribing of truly “personalized” treatment approaches for our patients will be determined after analysis of both sets of traits. This Perspective summarizes recent basic and translational studies of putative mechanisms of tamoxifen resistance.

Resistance to tamoxifen therapy may be intrinsic or acquired. Breast cancers that produce either ER or progesterone receptor (PR) have the potential to respond to tamoxifen; however, a proportion of ER-positive tumors are intrinsically resistant to the drug. Historically, metastatic breast cancer that is both ER and PR positive (suggesting that the ER is functional) has an approximately 80% rate of response to antihormonal therapy, whereas tumors that are ER positive but PR negative have lower response rates, approximately 40%. Tumors that do not produce ER or PR are not expected to respond to tamoxifen.

Investigators have proposed several mechanisms of intrinsic resistance, including cross talk with growth factor–signaling pathways and a balance of ER coregulators. In addition, alterations in epigenetic regulation may cause a lack of ER production or lead to the acquisition of resistance to hormone therapy.

Recently, breast tumor phenotypes have been further characterized with DNA microarrays, and such studies have identified 5 clinically distinct subtypes: luminal A, luminal B, ERBB2 -amplified, basal-like, and normal breast-like. So-called luminal B breast cancers that are classically associated with amplification of ERBB2 2 [v-erb-b2 erythroblastic …
Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic liver disease: Evidence and controversies (2013)

Primary liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world and the third cause of cancer-related death. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents more than 90% of primary liver cancers and generally occurs in patients with underlying chronic liver disease such as viral hepatitis, hemochromatosis, primary biliary cirrhosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Especially cirrhotic patients are at risk of HCC and regular surveillance could enable early detection and therapy, with potentially improved outcome. We here summarize existing evidence for surveillance including ultrasound, other radiological modalities and various serum biomarkers, and current international guideline recommendations for surveillance. Ultrasound and α-fetoprotein (alone or in combination) are most frequently used for surveillance, but their sensitivities and specificities are still far from perfect, and evidence for surveillance remains weak and controversial. Various other potential surveillance tools have been tested, including serum markers as des-carboxyprothrombin, lectin-bound α-fetoprotein, and (most recently) circulating TIE2-expressing monocytes, and radiological investigations such as computed tomography-scan or magnetic resonance imaging-scan. Although early results appear promising, these tools have generally been tested in diagnostic rather than surveillance setting, and in most cases, no detailed information is available on their cost-effectiveness. For the near future, it remains important to define those patients with highest risk of HCC and most benefit from surveillance, and to restrict surveillance to these categories.
Modeling Beats, Accents, Beams, And Time Signatures Hierarchically With Music21 Meter Objects (2010)

The music21 TimeSignature object represents meters hierarchically, through independent display, beam, beat, and accent attributes capable of unlimited partitioning and nesting. This model, designed for applications in computer-aided musicology, accommodates any variety of compound, complex, or additive meters, can report beat position and accent levels, and can algorithmically perform multi-level beaming or various types of metrical analysis. As part of the music21 Python toolkit, the meter module can read input from Humdrum and MusicXML and output to MusicXML and Lilypond.
Project risk pattern based on pattern analysis (2009)

From the perspective of general risk pattern and knowledge reuse, project risk management patterns, including project risk passively solving pattern and project risk proactively planning pattern, are proposed. Their application background, structure, advantages and disadvantages are analyzed then. At last an example is taken to point out that the effective project risk management should balance in these two kinds of patterns according to the actual situation, rather than simply take one kind of the patterns. The research of risk pattern is benefit to the team of project to extract and accumulate knowledge about risk management and improve the communication of risk.
Enamel Reduction Techniques in Orthodontics: A Literature Review (2013)

Artificial abrasion of interproximal surfaces has been described for almost seventy years as orthodontic intervention for achievement and maintenance of ideal treatment outcome. A variety of terms and approaches have been introduced throughout this period implying a growing clinicians' interest. Nevertheless, the widespread recognition of enamel stripping technique was initiated by the advent of bonded orthodontic attachments and a 2-article series of Sheridan in the 80's. Since then, experimental and clinical research has been focused on the investigation of instrumentation efficacy and potential iatrogenic sequelae related to interproximal stripping. This review discusses the evolution, technical aspects and trends of enamel reduction procedures as documented in the literature.
Gelatin Microspheres and Sponges for Delivery of Macromolecules (2002)

Gelatin microspheres and gelatin sponges were prepared by coacervation and freeze drying techniques, respectively. Both systems were crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. The mean diameter of the microspheres were in the range of 40-80 microm and the mean pore size of the sponges was 130-220 microm depending on the preparation conditions. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was added into the preparation solutions and entrapped in the microspheres and sponges. BSA addition to sponges was also achieved by addition of BSA-containing microspheres into the sponges. The release kinetics of BSA from the prepared systems were examined. Studies demonstrated that release is dependent on the amount of BSA present in the system and crosslinking densities of microspheres. It was concluded that gelatin microspheres and gelatin sponges are promising carrier matrices for macromolecules.
ROS regulation of microdomain Ca2+ signalling at the dyads (2013)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are emerging as centre-stage players in cardiac functional regulation. ROS and Ca(2+) signals converge at dyads, the structural and functional units of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. These two prominent signalling systems are intertwined with ROS modulation of the entire Ca(2+)-signalling network, and vice versa. While constitutively generated homoeostatic ROS are important in setting the redox potential of the intracellular milieu, dynamic signalling ROS shape microdomain and global Ca(2+) signals on both the beat-to-beat and greater time scales. However, ROS effects are complex and subtle, characterized by multiphasic and bidirectional Ca(2+) responses; and sustained oxidative stress may lead to compromised contractility and arrhythmogenicity. These new understandings should be leveraged to harness ROS for their beneficial roles while avoiding deleterious effects in the heart.
Some aspects of modern orthotics (1994)

Orthotics is changing more rapidly than ever before, largely resulting from improved understanding of the human requirements and the current state of technological abilities. Walking is always seen as a basic requirement for normal activity and as such it is in this area that most research and development effort is expended. This paper outlines some of the current developments in this interesting topic and includes seating and posture as these are often viewed as precursors to successful standing and then, possibly, gait.
The Invisible future: the seamless integration of technology into everyday life (2002)

Funding the future - the third wave of the computing revolution flesh and machines don't count society out the rise and fall of Turing-Church's thesis moving design to the other side of the screen one is glad to be of service a compass for computing's future an IT profession the unfinished revolution in design lifestreams at the interface the end of career somatics in cyberspace will computer programs write beautiful music? free market electrical network management engineering in the future depends on future engineers the computer revolution hasn't happened yet why we will spend most of our time in virtual reality in the 21st century beyond Jules Verne - ocean exploration for the 21st century life after Internet ambient intelligence when our environment becomes really smart science's endless golden age.
Cisplatin/Carboplatin Therapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (1992)

Based on in vitro experiments suggesting cytotoxic activity of at least a supra-additive effect, a phase I clinical study of carboplatin/cisplatin sequential combination treatment was carried out in 17 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). At 300 mg/m2 carboplatin and 80 mg/m2 cisplatin, the median leukocyte nadir was 2.6 x 10(9)/l; half the patients exhibited grade 3 or higher leukopenia. When cisplatin was increased to 100 mg/m2 the leukocyte nadir fell to 0.7 x 10(9)/l and grade 3 or 4 leukopenia was universal. A phase II pilot study of carboplatin 300 mg/m2 followed by 80 mg/m2 cisplatin was subsequently initiated in patients with NSCLC. Currently, 11 patients have entered the study and 8 have been added from the phase I study. Interim analysis shows that 8 patients have had at least a partial response to cisplatin/carboplatin, for a response rate of 42%. The response rate in previously untreated patients was 47%. At this time, 12 patients are alive but median survival has not yet been reached. No particularly serious adverse effects were observed. Four to five repeat administrations are planned in responders. Future studies with the cisplatin/carboplatin combination in NSCLC are warranted.
A Study on Japanese Influence on Science Education Theory in China at the Beginning of the 20th Century (2002)

20世紀初頭，日本の理科教育は中国の理科教育に大きな影響を与えた。当時，中国では理科教育論に関する和書か多く翻訳され，理科教師としてお雇い日本人教習が活躍され，実験設備は日本から輸入されたり，あるいは日本の製品が模造されたりしていた。本研究では上記の事実を取り上げ，中国の理科教育論の形成における日本の影響について考察した。その結果，以下のことが明らかとなった。①中国において理科教育は実用的価値以外にも教育的・教養的価値があることが認識されるようになった。②理科教育において理科教授法が進歩したことにより，教科書や掛け図以外にも理科教育には実験・観察のための施設設備や器具等が必要であるという認識が高まった。③理科の教材・教具の国産化の重要性が認識され，国産品が現れるようになった。④アームストロングの発見的教授法が日本を通して中国にも紹介され，理科教育における生徒実験の重要性が認識されるようになった。