gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanical properties of micro- and nanocapsules: Single-capsule measurements (2007)

Capsules of micron and sub-micron dimensions are abundant in nature in the form of bacterial or viral capsids and play an increasing role in modern technology for encapsulation and release of agents. The capsules' mechanical properties are of great importance in this context not only for stability but as well for transport properties in flow, rheology or adhesion. Thus, techniques that allow for single-capsule mechanical characterization have caught much attention recently and we summarize experimental developments in this field as well as theoretical background of capsule deformation with special attention to small deformation measurements. Deformation studies on polyelectrolyte multilayer capsules are introduced as a case study, since they can be tailored in their geometry and composition and are thus well-suited as a model system.
Estradiol enhances the stimulatory effect of insulin-like growth factor- I (IGF-I) on mammary development and growth hormone-induced IGF-I messenger ribonucleic acid (1995)

Pubertal mammary development in the rat is largely dependent upon GH and estrogen. We recently showed that insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) can substitute for GH in inducing mammary development in male rats, suggesting that IGF-I mediates GH action. The present study investigated whether IGF-I, like GH, required estradiol (E2) to act or whether IGF-I could substitute for both GH and E2. The effects of IGF-I were tested in the presence and absence of E2. Elvax pellets containing IGF-I or des(1-3) IGF-I were implanted into right lumbar mammary glands of sexually immature, hypophysectomized, oophorectomized female rats, with control BSA-containing pellets in the contralateral glands. After 5 days, both lumbar mammary glands were removed and examined in whole mounts for mammary development by counting terminal end buds and alveolar structures. E2, administered in SILASTIC brand capsules, had no independent effect on mammary development. In the absence of E2, des(1-3) IGF-I had a small, but significant, independent effect on mammary development; native IGF-I was ineffective. The addition of E2 significantly enhanced the effects of IGF-I and des(1-3) IGF-I on mammary development, similar to that noted when E2 was given along with GH. We also studied the effects of E2 and/or hGH on mammary gland IGF-I messenger RNA (mRNA) in hypophysectomized castrated male animals. E2 alone did not increase mammary gland IGF-I mRNA concentrations, but E2 enhanced the effect of hGH on IGF-I mRNA by 4- to 6-fold. These studies indicate that IGF-I can have a small independent effect on mammary development, but like GH, E2 is required for a full effect. They also indicate that E2 is capable of synergizing with GH in the production or expression of IGF-I mRNA, and that the action of E2 on mammary development may take place at multiple sites. If locally produced IGF-I does indeed mediate the action of GH in mammary development, then although E2 is capable of enhancing the effect of GH on IGF-I mRNA, its major effect in mammary development occurs after IGF-I is produced.
OBSERVING STRATEGY FOR THE SDSS-IV/MaNGA IFU GALAXY SURVEY (2015)

Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) is an integral-field spectroscopic survey that is one of three core programs in the fourth-generation Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV). MaNGA's 17 pluggable optical fiber-bundle integral field units (IFUs) will observe a sample of 10,000 nearby galaxies distributed throughout the SDSS imaging footprint (focusing particularly on the North Galactic Cap). In each pointing these IFUs are deployed across a 3field; they yield spectral coverage 3600-10300 at a typical resolution R 2000, and sample the sky with 2 diameter fiber apertures with a total bundle fill factor of 56%. Observing over such a large field and range of wavelengths is particularly challenging for obtaining uniform and integral spatial coverage and resolution at all wavelengths and across each entire fiber array. Data quality is affected by the IFU construction technique, chromatic and field differential refraction, the adopted dithering strategy, and many other effects. We use numerical simulations to constrain the hardware design and observing strategy for the survey with the aim of ensuring consistent data quality that meets the survey science requirements while permitting maximum observational flexibility. We find that MaNGA science goals are best achieved with IFUs composed of a regular hexagonal grid of optical fibers with rms displacement of 5 m or less from their nominal packing position; this goal is met by the MaNGA hardware, which achieves 3 m rms fiber placement. We further show that MaNGA observations are best obtained in sets of three 15 minute exposures dithered along the vertices of a 1.44 arcsec equilateral triangle; these sets form the minimum observational unit, and are repeated as needed to achieve a combined signal-to-noise ratio of 5 -1 per fiber in the r-band continuum at a surface brightness of 23 AB arcsec -2 . In order to ensure uniform coverage and delivered image quality, we require that the exposures in a given set be obtained within a 60 minute interval of each other in hour angle, and that all exposures be obtained at airmass 1.2 (i.e., within 1-3 hr of transit depending on the declination of a given field).
The Use of Territory as a Geographical Problem (1974)

A theory of the use of territory, or land use, is developed. Territory is treated as a segment of the earth's surface endowed with certain natural properties that may be altered by human activity. Territory is viewed, in effect, both as a carrier of natural resources (elementary resources) and as a natural resource of itself (complex resource). Conceptually, the use of territory is related to the function of place, in the sense that territory may be equated with place, and the use of territory, by a variety of engineering systems, is intended to perform certain functions to meet social needs. The interplay between types of uses and types of engineering systems is analyzed and presented in the form of a matrix-model.
‘Pharmacokinetic’ and ‘pharmacodynamic’ design of lipophilic drugs based on a structural model for drug interactions with biological membranes (1992)

Abstract The pharmacokinetic profile a drug exhibits will ultimately depend on how the drug molecule interacts with the different cell membranes it encounters en route to its target site of action. Even if the drug molecule targets a soluble protein as its final site of action, there is a reasonable probability that it will interact with some cell membrane on its pathway to this biological target. In some cases, the final protein, lipid or sugar moiety target could be an integral part of the cell membrane architecture whereby the drug's interaction with the cell membrane could influence its pharmacodynamic profile as well, especially if the final site of action is an integral membrane‐bound receptor protein. In either case, drug transport across a cell membrane or within the cell membrane lipid bilayer compartment can dictate partial or dominant control of the drug's bioavailability. A molecular understanding of the equilibrium membrane partition coefficient, the rates of drug partitioning into and out of a cell membrane and the equilibrium location of the drug within the cell membrane can provide critical chemical design strategies for altering overall drug bioavailability and optimal pharmacokinetics.
Exfoliation as a Phase of Rock Weathering (1925)

By the scaling off of side corners and edges, blocks of massive rocks commonly develop into bowlders. In geologic literature this type of weathering has been rather generally ascribed to alternating heat and cold. In this paper the various current ex planations are considered, and the conclusion is reached that hydration and similar chemical processes, rather than temperature changes, are the principal causes of exfoliation.
The Tactile Sensation Imaging System for Embedded Lesion Characterization (2013)

Elasticity is an important indicator of tissue health, with increased stiffness pointing to an increased risk of cancer. We investigated a tissue inclusion characterization method for the application of early breast tumor identification. A tactile sensation imaging system (TSIS) is developed to capture images of the embedded lesions using total internal reflection principle. From tactile images, we developed a novel method to estimate that size, depth, and elasticity of the embedded lesion using 3-D finite-element-model-based forward algorithm, and neural-network-based inversion algorithm are employed. The proposed characterization method was validated by the realistic tissue phantom with inclusions to emulate the tumors. The experimental results showed that, the proposed characterization method estimated the size, depth, and Young's modulus of a tissue inclusion with 6.98%, 7.17%, and 5.07% relative errors, respectively. A pilot clinical study was also performed to characterize the lesion of human breast cancer patients using TSIS.
An introduction to wavelets (1995)

Wavelets were developed independently by mathematicians, quantum physicists, electrical engineers and geologists, but collaborations among these fields during the last decade have led to new and varied applications. What are wavelets, and why might they be useful to you? The fundamental idea behind wavelets is to analyze according to scale. Indeed, some researchers feel that using wavelets means adopting a whole new mind-set or perspective in processing data. Wavelets are functions that satisfy certain mathematical requirements and are used in representing data or other functions. Most of the basic wavelet theory has now been done. The mathematics have been worked out in excruciating detail, and wavelet theory is now in the refinement stage. This involves generalizing and extending wavelets, such as in extending wavelet packet techniques. The future of wavelets lies in the as-yet uncharted territory of applications. Wavelet techniques have not been thoroughly worked out in such applications as practical data analysis, where, for example, discretely sampled time-series data might need to be analyzed. Such applications offer exciting avenues for exploration.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Learning-based Dynamic Cache Management in a Cloud (2019)

Caches are an important component of modern computing systems given their significant impact on performance. In particular, caches play a key role in the cloud due to the nature of large-scale, data-intensive processing. One of the key challenges for the cloud providers is how to share the caching capacity among tenants, under the circumstance that each often requires a different degree of quality of service (QoS) with respect to data access performance. The invariant is that the individual tenants' QoS requirements should be satisfied while the cache usage is optimized in a system-wide manner. In this paper, we introduce a learning-based approach for dynamic cache management in a cloud, which is based on the estimation of data access pattern of a tenant and the prediction of cache performance for the access pattern in question. We consider a variety of probability distributions to estimate the data access pattern, and examine a set of learning-based regression techniques to predict the cache hit rate for the access pattern. The predicted cache hit rate is then used to make a decision whether reallocating cache space is needed to meet the QoS requirement for the tenant. Our experimental results with an extensive set of synthetic traces and the YCSB benchmark show that the proposed method consistently optimizes the cache space while satisfying the QoS requirement.
Nonspecific Factors in Monkey Tissues and Serum Causing Inhibition of Plaque Formation and Hemagglutination by Dengue Viruses (1971)

Normal monkey serum and the supernatant fluid from different triturated monkey tissues have been studied for the presence of nonspecific arbovirus hemagglutination and plaque forming inhibitors of dengue viruses types 1, 2, 3, and 4. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) activity was present in most tissue specimens and demonstrated a significant gradient of effectiveness starting with, respectively, serum, spleen, adrenal, and lung having a high degree of activity, whereas skin, heart, muscle, brain, and liver demonstrated low HI titers. A slightly reversed gradient of effectiveness was obtained for the case of dengue virus inhibition of plaque formation with bile, liver, thymus, spleen, and adrenal giving high 50% plaque reduction titers and heart, muscle, serum, skin, and fat demonstrating little or no activity. Analysis by Sephadex G-200 chromatography and sucrose density gradient centrifugation suggests that HI and plaque formation inhibition are independent activities of normal serum or tissue constituents or both. Also, in addition to the physical methods of characterization, chemical treatment by absorption with kaolin or acetone extraction indicate both phenomena to be the result of the action of lipids or lipoproteins.
Measuring influence in the family decision making process using an observational method (1998)

Abstract Many consumer behaviour researchers have concluded that using self reports in the measurement of influence in family decision making may provide data which is not reflective of actual influence among family members. This suggests the need for different methods of obtaining influence data. This paper reports the development and preliminary application of an observed influence scale; a scale developed to measure actual influence using content analysis of videotaped family interactions. This observational method determines the relative influence of family members over three stages of the decision making process. The scale is tested on nuclear families with two adolescents, 89 from New Zealand and 24 from Singapore. The analysis indicates the scale has strong predictive and face validity.
Magneto-optical properties of Fe-Pt alloy films in the range 1.55–10.5 eV (1993)

The optical and magneto-optical properties of as-deposited and annealed ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{51}$${\mathrm{Pt}}_{49}$ films were investigated in the photon energy range 1.55--10.5 eV. The magneto-optical Kerr rotation (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{\mathrm{K}}$) spectra of both films were found to show a dispersion-type structure in the 4.6--7.8 eV region: they have large negative and broad positive peaks at around 4.8 and 7.8 eV, respectively. The ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{\mathrm{K}}$ spectra showed a tendency that is essentially quite similar to that of bulk Fe. The Kerr ellipticity (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}_{\mathrm{K}}$) spectra are bell shaped, exhibiting a large negative peak at 6.3 eV. Plasma edges were observed at 6.9 eV for the as-deposited film and at 7.3 eV for the annealed film. The absolute value of the real part of the off-diagonal dielectric element (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}_{\mathrm{XY}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) of both films at \ensuremath{\sim}4.8 eV are almost the same as that of bulk Fe. This leads to the conclusion that the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{\mathrm{K}}$ enhancement at 4.8 eV is mainly due to a decrease in ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}_{\mathrm{XX}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{''}}}$ and a peak shift in ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}_{\mathrm{XY}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ towards lower energy, but not to a plasma-resonance effect.
Classification of ionic polymers (1988)

Abstract Ionic polymers are polymers, either organic or inorganic, which contain both covalent and ionic bonds in their molecular structure. This is the basic characteristic feature that distinguishes the ionic polymers from their conventional counterparts. There is no accepted definition of, or method of classifying, ionic polymers. The few previous classifications were not only restricted to particular groups but also cannot completely accommodate the current existing range of ionic polymers. This work considers the existing modes of classification of ionic polymers as well as the range of ionic polymers in the establishment of a simple and straightforward classification. It ensures, firstly, that a reflection of their different background structures can always be obtained; secondly, materials with similar properties or behavior are brought together; and lastly, it enables the prediction of new entries that might subsequently have to be Included in the scheme.
Recent Updates on Glucokinase Activators for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2014)

Glucose-phosphorylating enzyme, glucokinase (GK) plays a major role in glucose homeostasis primarily through its regulatory actions in pancreatic β-cells and liver hepatocytes. Conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by GK promotes glycogen synthesis in liver hepatocytes, and insulin release in the pancreatic β-cells. Small molecules called glucokinase activators (GKAs) which bind to an allosteric activator site of the GK enzyme have indeed been discovered and developed, and thus hold great promise as new, effective and safe antidiabetic agents. GKAs enhance the catalytic activity of GK and promising clinical trials in humans demonstrated that they are highly useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Most of the reported GKAs include amide derivatives like benzamides, acrylamides, carboxamides, acetamides and acrylamides. Examples include Piragliatin, AZD1656, AZD6370, R1440 GKA2, GKA 50, YH GKA, PSN 010, and LY2121260. Recent findings on GKAs including lead compounds and overview of current hypothesis on mechanism of GK activation along with summary of the recently published patents as well as the GKAs of natural origin are reported in the present review.
Properties Incompleteness Evaluation by Functional Verification (2007)

Verification engineers cannot guarantee the correctness of the system implementation by model checking if the set of proven properties is incomplete. However, the use of model checking lacks widely accepted coverage metrics to evaluate the property completeness. The already existing metrics are based on time-consuming formal approaches that cannot be efficiently applied to medium/large systems. In this context, the paper proposes a coverage methodology based on a combination of static and dynamic verification that allows us to reduce the evaluation time with respect to pure formal approaches. The joining point between static and dynamic verification is represented by a fault model targeting functional descriptions. Functional fault simulation and dynamic automatic test pattern generation are used to quickly estimate the capability of properties in detecting functional faults. This provides a first estimation of the property completeness. Then, if necessary, model checking is used to complete the analysis, avoiding the underestimation of the property coverage that can be obtained due to the lack of exhaustiveness of dynamic verification. The proposed approach is theoretically founded and its effectiveness is compared with already existing techniques. In addition, experimental results to confirm the theoretical results are provided
Bacterial ferrous iron transport: the Feo system (2015)

To maintain iron homeostasis within the cell, bacteria have evolved various types of iron acquisition systems. Ferric iron (Fe(3+)) is the dominant species in an oxygenated environment, while ferrous iron (Fe(2+)) is more abundant under anaerobic conditions or at low pH. For organisms that must combat oxygen limitation for their everyday survival, pathways for the uptake of ferrous iron are essential. Several bacterial ferrous iron transport systems have been described; however, only the Feo system appears to be widely distributed and is exclusively dedicated to the transport of iron. In recent years, many studies have explored the role of the FeoB and FeoA proteins in ferrous iron transport and their contribution toward bacterial virulence. The three-dimensional structures for the Feo proteins have recently been determined and provide insight into the molecular details of the transport system. A highly select group of bacteria also express the FeoC protein from the same operon. This review will provide a comprehensive look at the structural and functional aspects of the Feo system. In addition, bioinformatics analyses of the feo operon and the Feo proteins have been performed to complement our understanding of this ubiquitous bacterial uptake system, providing a new outlook for future studies.
The Rapid Preparation of Seawater ΣCO<sub>2</sub> for Radiocarbon Analysis at the National Ocean Sciences Ams Facility (1994)

We have established a laboratory for extracting ΣCO 2 from seawater samples for AMS analysis of the radiocarbon content. The seawater samples are collected at sea, poisoned and stored until analysis in the laboratory. Each sample is acidified; the inorganic carbon is stripped out as CO 2 with an inert carrier gas and then converted to graphite. We present results for Buzzards Bay surface H 2 O and Na 2 CO 3 standards that demonstrate we strip >98% of inorganic carbon from seawater. Stable isotope analyses are performed to better than 0.2‰, and the reproducibility of 14 C measurements on Buzzards Bay seawater is better than 13‰. Finally, we compare data from samples collected in 1991 to those collected in the 1970s and to large volume samples.
Signal representation and estimation of spectral parameters by inharmonic comb filters with application to the piano (1999)

A method for signal representation in the frequency domain is described, using a comb filter design with nonequidistant spacing of the filter bands (inharmonic comb filter). This approach offers several advantages when studying the properties of a signal source with inharmonic components. An analytical relation between the partial frequencies, or some hypothesis of this relation, is needed beforehand. An application of the method is presented in which piano tones are visualized in a new way, allowing for an automatic and accurate measurement of fundamental frequency and inharmonicity coefficient. Possible directions for further development and some interesting application areas are discussed.
Botulinum toxin type A in chronic plantar fasciitis: clinical effects one year after injection (2013)

In patients with chronic plantar fasciitis, the positive effect detected six months after treatment with botulinum toxin type A was maintained at 12 months and there was a further improvement in pain and foot function.
Automation and high through-put for a DNA database laboratory: development of a laboratory information management system. (2001)

Automation and high through-put production of DNA profiles has become a necessity in every DNA database unit. In our laboratory we developed a Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) controlled workflow architecture, which comprises a robotic DNA extraction- and pipetting-system and a capillary electrophoresis unit. This allows a through-put of 4,000 samples per person per year. Improved sample handling and data management, full sample- and batch-histories, and software-aided supervision of result data, with a consequent average turn-around time of 8 days, are the main features of our new system.
Experimental results of second-harmonic generation from a polyurethane waveguide on a silver grating coupler (1991)

Second-harmonic generation by excitation of guided modes and the surface plasmon in a polyurethane-coated silver grating coupler is presented. In order to study the spectral dependence of the second-harmonic efficiency, two different pump wavelengths are used, 1064 and 1319 nm. For the longer-wavelength pump we observe a large enhancement of the second-harmonic efficiency as the incident angle is scanned through an electromagnetic resonance, whereas for the shorter-wavelength pump the second-harmonic wavelength falls within the absorption band of the polymer, and we observe unexpected minima instead of maxima.