gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The aurora at quiet magnetospheric conditions: Repeatability and dipole tilt angle dependence (1993)

Is there a magnetospheric ground state? Do the position and size of the auroral oval depend on the magnetic dipole tilt angle at quiet magnetospheric conditions? In order to address these questions, northern hemisphere images of the aurora at 1356 Å, obtained by Polar BEAR at solar minimum (beginning of 1987), were related to high temporal resolution IMP 8 measurements of the interplanetary magnetic field, to solar wind velocity, and to the ground‐based activity index Kp . The first problem was addressed by a two‐dimensional correlation study of the repeatability of auroral emissions in corrected geomagnetic space at conditions of minimum energy transfer from the magnetosphere. The correlation measure of auroral images was 0.6‐0.85. Error simulations indicate that given the uncertainties in pixel position and intensity, the maximum expected value of the correlation measure is 0.65‐0.9. The notion of a ground state magnetosphere is therefore supported by our data. Repeatability was found at the same level regardless of time or reconfigurations of the magnetosphere between images and independent of magnetic time sector. The second problem was addressed by relating latitudinal shifts of the aurora with dipole tilt angle without resorting to auroral boundary specification. Our data indicate that the latitude of the continuous aurora is related to the dipole tilt angle at quiet magnetospheric conditions. In the winter hemisphere a 10° increase in the dipole tilt angle causes a 1° decrease (increase) in the latitude of auroral emissions at noon (midnight). The magnetic local time distribution of the latitudinal shifts with dipole tilt angle support a simple model in which the dipole tilt angle determines the position of the center of the auroral circle along the magnetic meridian 1320‐0120 MLT (for IMF B y positive) and does not affect its radius.
Inversion of enantioselectivity of serine proteases (1995)

Abstract The enantioselectivity of serine proteases in the transesterification of N‐acetyl‐(D,L)‐ phenylalanine esters with propan‐1‐ol in cyclohexane is strongly influenced by the leaving ability of the alcoholate group. Moreover the enantioselectivity is greatly influenced by the addition of small amounts (0.33 M) of organic additives. Addenda with a small molecular volume like e.g. ethanol and acetonitrile increase the rate for the L‐enantiomer whereas alcohols with bulky alkyl groups like e.g. tert ‐butanol and 2‐methylbutan‐2‐ol enhance the activity of the enzyme towards the D‐enantiomer. This enables a rational tuning of the enantioselectivity as was demonstrated for four different proteases (α‐chymotrypsin, subtilisin Carlsberg, Aspergillus oryzae protease, and elastase).
Directional pressure probe (1984)

In many complex flow fields, such as those encountered in combustion chambers, swirl atomizers, gas separators, and turbomachines, the mean-flow direction is not well known. However, quite often the experimental determination of the three-dimensional, steady-state characteristics of these flows is required. One of the most suitable instruments for measuring mean-flow values in such situations is the directional pressure probe. Presented in this paper are the results of a program to construct, calibrate, and employ a special type of directional pressure probe which is called: five-tube pressure probe or 5TPP. Topics such as calibration techniques, various sources of errors, and correction procedures are discussed in detail. Preliminary tests, which included measurements in the initial region of a turbulent jet in a coflowing stream, have shown fair agreement between the measurements of velocity with a 5TPP and with a standard hot-wire probe.
Stereoselective Negishi-like Couplings Between Alkenyl and Alkyl Halides in Water at Room Temperature (2010)

Mix in water and then stir. That is all that is required in this new approach to stereoselective sp(3)-sp(2) cross-couplings between an alkyl and alkenyl halide. Prior formation of organozinc reagents is not required.
Vascular Reactivity to Angiotensin and Noradrenaline Following Nephrectomy in Rats (1978)

Angiotensin II (AT II), but not noradrenaline (NA) provoked greater pressor effects in anaesthetized rats which have been bilaterally nephrectomized for 24-48 h than in control animals which underwent the same surgical procedure 2-3 h previously. Perfused hindquarters and isolated portal veins derived from bilaterally nephrectomized rats did not exhibit supersensitivity to AT II or NA. Aorta strips removed from rats nephrectomized 48 h before showed a selective decrease of sensitivity to AT II. The results of these in vitro assays suggest that the well known increased pressor effect to AT II, observed in nephrectomized rats cannot be accounted for by an increased sensitivity or large arterial and venous vessels or of the femoral vascular bed.
Homopolymerization of a highly polar zwitterionic methacrylate in ionic liquids and its copolymerization with a non-polar methacrylate (2006)

Abstract Free radical homo- and copolymerization of the highly polar 3-( N -[2- methacryloyloxyethyl]- N,N -dimethylammonio)propane sulfonate with the nonpolar n-butylmethacrylate was investigated in the ionic liquids 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluoro phosphate, and compared to analogous polymerizations in standard solvents. Higher molar masses are obtained for the zwitterionic homopolymer when the polymerization is carried out in an ionic liquid compared to the classical reaction in water. Although homopolymerization of the sulfobetain monomer as well as of n butylmethacrylate results in phase separation during the polymerization process, copolymerization of a stoichiometric ratio of the two monomers in the ionic liquids produced transparent gels indicating that no macrophase separation occurs. The use of ionic liquids as reaction medium improved the copolymerization behavior of the two methacrylates significantly. Whereas only minor amounts of n-butyl methacrylate were incorporated in the copolymer when synthesized in acetonitrile, the content of the non-polar monomer units in the zwitterionic copolymer approached increasingly its content in the polymerization mixture when ionic liquids were employed as solvents.
N-(9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)-L-serine Amide (2000)

The synthesis of N-Fmoc-L-serine amide was performed by the well known Schotten-Baumann acylation method [1].[...]
Asymptotic performance of a robust multiuser detector for fast-fading channels with impulsive noise (2002)

This paper1 deals with the asymptotic performance analysis of a robust multiuser detector followed by decision-directed Kalman filters recently proposed for for differentially coherent detection in fast-fading non-Gaussian channels.
The Use of Mesh in Laparoscopic Large Hiatal Hernia Repair (2015)

The results of this survey are very instructive for the individual surgeons throughout the world as these illustrate how colleagues in Europe handle the controversial issues in large hiatal hernia repair.
<title>Adaptive vibration damping of fin structures</title> (1999)

Modern military aircraft are characterized by employment of optimized structural components. New demands on exploitation of lightweight construction technology will arise because even greater flexibility with increased maneuverability is desired. The structural integration of multifunctional, often called 'smart' elements, properly activated to e.g. reduce structural loading, offers great potential to necessary advances in military aircraft design. One major problem of modern military aircraft is the buffet loading on the fin structures. Flying the aircraft at high angles of attack allows vortices, evolving from the leading edge of the wing, to hit the fin and excite structural vibrations. This leads to structural attrition as well as a reduced aircraft maneuverability. With the aim to reduce these fin vibrations, an adaptive structure has been developed which is presented in this paper. A concept is discussed with which the vibrational loads are reduced by introduction of counteracting forces using an 'active interface'. This interface concept is characterized by the integration of active, piezoelectric elements directly into the bending support of the fin structure. To validate the stability of the interface FE calculations and extensive measurements on piezoceramic stack actuators have been performed. The manufactured interface was integrate in an existing test structure and realistically loaded. The result will be given in this presentation.
Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptors as Mediators of Phthalate‐Induced Effects in the Male and Female Reproductive Tract: Epidemiological and Experimental Evidence (2007)

There is growing evidence that male as well as female reproductive function has been declining in human and wildlife populations over the last 40 years. Several factors such as lifestyle or environmental xenobiotics other than genetic factors may play a role in determining adverse effects on reproductive health. Among the environmental xenobiotics phthalates, a family of man-made pollutants are suspected to interfere with the function of the endocrine system and therefore to be endocrine disruptors. The definition of endocrine disruption is today extended to broader endocrine regulations, and includes activation of metabolic sensors, such as the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Toxicological studies have shown that phthalates can activate a subset of PPARs. Here, we analyze the epidemiological and experimental evidence linking phthalate exposure to both PPAR activation and adverse effects on male and female reproductive health.
Local heating of individual droplets using photothermal effects of gold nanorods (2012)

We present an efficient method to locally heat individual microfluidic droplets using photothermal effects of gold nanorods. A nanoliter droplet was heated to over 80 oC under illumination of a 13.6 mW heating laser.
ChemInform Abstract: The Solid Phases of Cyclooctanone Studied by Thermal, NMR, and Dielectric Techniques (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Exploiting X-correlation in output compression via superset X-canceling (2012)

An alternative to masking unknown (X) values before the compactor (i.e., X-masking) is to capture X's in the MISR and cancel them out after compaction (i.e., X-canceling). Existing X-canceling methodologies require a number of control bits to perform the X-canceling that is linear in the number of X's to be canceled. This paper describes a new methodology for X-canceling which can exploit the fact that the scan cells in which X's are captured tend to be highly correlated in order to significantly reduce the number of control bits required for X-canceling. X's tend to be generated in certain portions of the design, and hence certain scan cells capture X's with much higher frequency than other scan cells. Instead of custom generating the control bits to cancel out only the X's in one MISR signature, the proposed approach finds a general superset solution which can cancel out the X's for many MISR signatures. This allows the same control bits to be reused many times thereby significantly improving the amount of compression that can be obtained. Architectures for implementing superset X-canceling are described along with experimental results.
Starfish Saponins, Part 51. Steroidal Oligoglycosides from the Starfish Distolasterias nipon (1993)

A reinvestigation of the extracts from the starfish Distolasterias nipon, collected at Mutsu Bay, Japan, has led to the isolation of six glycosides of polyhydroxysteroids and six asterosaponins. Four steroidal glycosides have been identified as distolasterosides D1 [1] and D2 [2] (previously isolated from the same organism), and pycnopodioside C [5] and pisasteroside A [6], previously found in the related species Pycnopodia helianthoides and Pisaster ochraceus (family Asteridae), respectively. Two asterosaponins have been identified as the common versicoside A [7] and thornasteroside A [7a]. The two remaining glycosides of polyhydroxysteroids, named distolasterosides D4 [3] and D5 [4], and four asterosaponins designated nipoglycosides A [8], B [9], C [10], and D [11] are new compounds, and their structures have been elucidated mainly by interpretation of spectral data and comparison with known compounds.
Asymmetrical Spectral Response in Fiber Fabry–PÉrot Interferometers (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> We demonstrate that the reflection spectrum of a fiber Fabry–PÉrot formed by a single-mode fiber and an external mirror does not exhibit the standard Lorentzian profile of a conventional bulk-optic Fabry-PÉrot, but is instead highly asymmetric. Measurements indicate that the sign of this asymmetry is different for dielectric and metal mirrors. We show that this asymmetry is due to one of two mechanisms, namely the beam diffraction in the cavity and the complex phase upon reflection from a metal layer. We present an analytical approach to accurately model these spectra, and provide simple analytical formulas, useful in the design and optimization of fiber Fabry-PÉrot-based sensors. Specifically, we present expressions for the maximum finesse and the condition to obtain full contrast in a fiber Fabry-PÉrot. These results are widely applicable, in particular to both low- and high-finesse interferometers. </para>
A 4‐Year Study of the Epidemiology of<i>Vibrio cholerae</i>in Four Rural Areas of Bangladesh (2002)

How Vibrio cholerae spreads around the world and what determines its seasonal peaks in endemic areas are not known. These features of cholera have been hypothesized to be primarily the result of environmental factors associated with aquatic habitats that can now be identified. Since 1997, fortnightly surveillance in 4 widely separated geographic locations in Bangladesh has been performed to identify patients with cholera and to collect environmental data. A total of 5670 patients (53% <5 years of age) have been studied; 14.3% had cholera (10.4% due to V. cholerae O1 El Tor, 3.8% due to O139). Both serogroups were found in all locations; outbreaks were seasonal and often occurred simultaneously. Water-use patterns showed that bathing and washing clothes in tube-well water was significantly protective in two of the sites. These data will be correlated with environmental factors, to develop a model for prediction of cholera outbreaks.
Derivation of Daylight and Solar Irradiance Data from Satellite Observations (1998)

The estimation of the downward surface shortwave irradiance from satellite observations has been subject to numerous investigations in the past. Different methods from simple transmittance-reflectance correlations to the extensive use of radiative transfer calculations have been applied leading to generally satisfying results with an accuracy almost independent of the chosen method. In the framework of the European Community research project SATELLIGHT an attempt is made to use satellite methods to derive daylight and solar irradiance data with a continuous spatial coverage forWestern and Central Europe from Meteosat images. For potential end users these data will be placed in a data base in the Internet (Fontoynont et al., 1998). In daylighting applications, knowledge of the luminance distribution of the sky is of primary concern. Thus, beyond the retrieval of surface global irradiance, the separation of diffuse and direct components as well as a better representation of these quantities for low sun elevations had to be derived in the scope of this project. We present improvements and additions to an existing method for the derivation of the global irradiance. This includes new correction schemes for the influence of atmospheric extinction processes. These have been partly developed by simulating the satellite signal for a cloudless atmosphere using the radiative transfer code MODTRAN. In addition, the derivation of the diffuse irradiance is briefly outlined.
Local System Matrix Compression for Efficient Reconstruction in Magnetic Particle Imaging (2015)

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a quantitative method for determining the spatial distribution of magnetic nanoparticles, which can be used as tracers for cardiovascular imaging. For reconstructing a spatial map of the particle distribution, the system matrix describing the magnetic particle imaging equation has to be known. Due to the complex dynamic behavior of the magnetic particles, the system matrix is commonly measured in a calibration procedure. In order to speed up the reconstruction process, recently, a matrix compression technique has been proposed that makes use of a basis transformation in order to compress the MPI system matrix. By thresholding the resulting matrix and storing the remaining entries in compressed row storage format, only a fraction of the data has to be processed when reconstructing the particle distribution. In the present work, it is shown that the image quality of the algorithm can be considerably improved by using a local threshold for each matrix row instead of a global threshold for the entire system matrix.
Clathrin-mediated Endocytosis Facilitates Internalization of <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i> Effectors into Rice Cells (2021)

ABSTRACT Fungi and oomycetes deliver effectors into living plant cells to suppress defenses and control plant processes needed for infection. Little is known about the mechanism by which these pathogens translocate effector proteins across the plasma membrane into the plant cytoplasm. The blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae secretes cytoplasmic effectors into a specialized biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC) before translocation. Here we show that cytoplasmic effectors within BICs are packaged into vesicles that are occasionally observed in the host cytoplasm. Live cell imaging with fluorescently-labeled rice showed that effector vesicles colocalize with plant plasma membrane and with clathrin light chain-1, a marker for clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Inhibition of CME using Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) and chemical treatments results in cytoplasmic effectors in swollen BICs lacking vesicles. In contrast, fluorescent marker co-localization, VIGS and chemical inhibitor studies failed to support a major role for clathrin-independent endocytosis in effector vesicle formation. Localization studies of two novel effectors, and of known effectors after CME inhibition, indicate that cytoplasmic effector translocation occurs underneath appressoria before invasive hyphal growth. Taken together, this study provides evidence that cytoplasmic effector translocation is mediated by clathrin-mediated endocytosis in BICs and suggests a role for M. oryzae effectors in co-opting plant endocytosis.
Experimental investigation of different actuator technologies for active vibration control (1999)

Figure 5. Blocked force per unit electrical input: (a) piezoelectric actuators, (b) magnetostrictive and electrodynamic actuators.
Long‐Term (>1 year) Analyses of Chimerism and Tolerance in Mixed Allogeneic Chimeric Mice Using Normal Mouse Combinations (2000)

We examined the induction of tolerance using pancreas allografts over the long term (>1 year) in mice for the human application of mixed allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). T cell-depleted BM cells (BMCs) of C57BL/6 (B6) and C3H/He (C3H) mice were transplanted at various ratios into lethally irradiated B6 mice. The percentages of C3H cells in the chimeric mice gradually decreased, finally declining to only a small percentage, except when the ratio of donor to recipient BMCs was 100:1. However, despite the marked decreases in C3H-type cells, all the pancreas allografts of C3H mice were accepted when more than 1% C3H cells were detected in the peripheral blood. To examine the relationships between percentages of transplanted donor cells and acceptance of pancreas allografts, various percentages of donor and recipient BMCs (5% to 30%) were transplanted. It was found that more than 10% donor cells were necessary for the pancreas allografts to be accepted. In vitro assays for mixed lymphocyte reaction and generation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes revealed that spleen cells in chimeric mice accepting pancreas allografts are tolerant to both host-type and donor-type major histocompatibility complex (MHC) determinants, but show a vigorous responsiveness to third-party MHC determinants. Since donor-type hemopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were detected in the BM and the liver of the chimeric mice, donor-derived HSCs and donor-derived hematolymphoid cells are responsible for the induction of tolerance. It should be noted that the percentage of donor-type HSCs is higher in the liver (6.2%) than in the BM (0.9%).
Deciphering Digital Dermatitis (2016)

Bovine digital dermatitis (DD) is a leading cause of lameness in dairy cattle throughout the world. Despite more than 40 years of research, the definitive etio- logic agent associated with the disease pro- cess is still unknown. Previous studies have demonstrated that multiple bacterial species are associated with lesions, with spirochetes being the most reliably identified organism.\nAccording to the most recent National Animal Health Monitoring System survey of U.S. dairy farms, lameness is the second most common health problem identified in dairy cattle. DD was found to be the primary cause of lameness within the study herds, account- ing for 61.8% of the lameness in bred heifers and 49.1% of the lameness in cows. Recently, the condition has become increasingly com- mon in feedyard cattle as well, particularly in heavy cattle nearing slaughter weights, although it can be seen in cow–calf opera- tions as well.
<title>Application of image analysis techniques to distinguish benign from malignant solitary pulmonary nodules imaged on CT</title> (1998)

The purpose of this research is to characterize solitary pulmonary nodules as benign or malignant based on quantitative measures extracted from high resolution CT images. High resolution CT images of 17 patients with solitary pulmonary nodules and definitive diagnoses were obtained. The diagnoses of these 17 cases (11 benign and 6 malignant) were determined from either radiologic follow-up or pathological specimens. On the HRCT images, solitary nodules were identified using semiautomated contouring techniques. From the resulting contours, several quantitative measures are extracted related to the nodule's size, shape, density and texture. A stepwise discriminant analysis was performed to determine which combination of measures are best able to discriminate between the benign and malignant nodules. Using several selected features, a linear discriminant analysis was performed on the 17 cases. The preliminary discriminant analysis identified two different texture measures as the top features in discriminating between benign and malignant nodules. The linear discriminant analysis using these features correctly classified 16/17 cases (94.1%) of the training set. A less biased estimate, using jackknifed training and testing yielded 15/17 cases (88.2%) correctly classified. The preliminary results of this approach are very promising in characterizing solitary nodules using quantitative measures extracted from HRCT images.