gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
8. Convergence in Distribution and the Tools Thereof (1992)

1. INTRODUCTION Back in Chapter 1, we noted that if , where the are independent and ±1 with probability , then P Zn n <x→ 1 2π ∫ −∞ x e −t2 /2 dt. Thus the random variables have distribution functions that converge for every value of x to Φ(x), but from Problem 23, Chapter 3, certainly the random variables do not converge a.s. (or for that matter in or in any strong sense). What are convergent here are not the values of the random variables themselves, but the probabilities with which the random variables assume certain values. In general, we would like to say that the distribution of the random variable converges to the distribution of X if for every . But this is a bit too strong. For instance, suppose .
Experimental validation of numerical study on thermoelectric-based heating in an integrated centrifugal microfluidic platform for polymerase chain reaction amplification (2013)

A comprehensive study involving numerical analysis and experimental validation of temperature transients within a microchamber was performed for thermocycling operation in an integrated centrifugal microfluidic platform for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Controlled heating and cooling of biological samples are essential processes in many sample preparation and detection steps for micro-total analysis systems. Specifically, the PCR process relies on highly controllable and uniform heating of nucleic acid samples for successful and efficient amplification. In these miniaturized systems, the heating process is often performed more rapidly, making the temperature control more difficult, and adding complexity to the integrated hardware system. To gain further insight into the complex temperature profiles within the PCR microchamber, numerical simulations using computational fluid dynamics and computational heat transfer were performed. The designed integrated centrifugal microfluidics platform utilizes thermoelectrics for ice-valving and thermocycling for PCR amplification. Embedded micro-thermocouples were used to record the static and dynamic thermal responses in the experiments. The data collected was subsequently used for computational validation of the numerical predictions for the system response during thermocycling, and these simulations were found to be in agreement with the experimental data to within ∼97%. When thermal contact resistance values were incorporated in the simulations, the numerical predictions were found to be in agreement with the experimental data to within ∼99.9%. This in-depth numerical modeling and experimental validation of a complex single-sided heating platform provide insights into hardware and system design for multi-layered polymer microfluidic systems. In addition, the biological capability along with the practical feasibility of the integrated system is demonstrated by successfully performing PCR amplification of a Group B Streptococcus gene.
The Improvement of Motion Compensation for a Moving Target Using the Gabor Wavelet Transform (2006)

This paper presents a technique for motion compensation of ISAR(Inverse SAR) images for a moving target. If a simple fourier transform is employed to obtain ISAR image for a moving target, the image is usually blurred. These images blurring problem can be solved with the time-frequency transform. In this paper, motion compensation algorithms of ISAR image such as STFT(Short Time Fourier Transform), GWT(Gabor Wavelet Transform) are described. In order to show the performances of each algorithm, we use scattering wave of the ideal point scatterers and simulated MIG-25 to obtain motion compensated ISAR image, and display the resolution of STFT and GWT ISAR image.
Directors of Urban Change in Asia (2005)

Acknowledgements Contributors 1. Introduction: Directors of Urban Change 2. Colombo 3. Guangzhou City: Ever-Changing Urban Planning 4. Hanoi: Between the Imperfect Past and the Conditional Future 5. Jakarta: Conflicting Directions 6. Kuala Lumpur and Singapore: High Hopes versus a Low Profile 7. Makassar: Set, Backstage and a Diva in an Indonesian Secondary City 8. Metro Manila: Designers or Directors of Urban Development? 9. Nanjing: Promoting the ICT Sector 10. Semarang: Was H.F. Tillema a Director of Urban Change? 11. Surabaya: The Bridge to Madura 12. Tehran: A Mega-City Built without a Vision 13. Tokyo: Paradise of Speculators and Builders Index
Biotechnological applications of functional metagenomics in the food and pharmaceutical industries (2015)

Microorganisms are found throughout nature, thriving in a vast range of environmental conditions. The majority of them are unculturable or difficult to culture by traditional methods. Metagenomics enables the study of all microorganisms, regardless of whether they can be cultured or not, through the analysis of genomic data obtained directly from an environmental sample, providing knowledge of the species present, and allowing the extraction of information regarding the functionality of microbial communities in their natural habitat. Function-based screenings, following the cloning and expression of metagenomic DNA in a heterologous host, can be applied to the discovery of novel proteins of industrial interest encoded by the genes of previously inaccessible microorganisms. Functional metagenomics has considerable potential in the food and pharmaceutical industries, where it can, for instance, aid (i) the identification of enzymes with desirable technological properties, capable of catalyzing novel reactions or replacing existing chemically synthesized catalysts which may be difficult or expensive to produce, and able to work under a wide range of environmental conditions encountered in food and pharmaceutical processing cycles including extreme conditions of temperature, pH, osmolarity, etc; (ii) the discovery of novel bioactives including antimicrobials active against microorganisms of concern both in food and medical settings; (iii) the investigation of industrial and societal issues such as antibiotic resistance development. This review article summarizes the state-of-the-art functional metagenomic methods available and discusses the potential of functional metagenomic approaches to mine as yet unexplored environments to discover novel genes with biotechnological application in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Vibrational spectra of binary disordered linear chains with short-range order (1974)

We consider the generation of binary disordered linear chains with short-range order by using the theory of Markov processes. We generate second-order Markov chains in which specific correlations are introduced to first- and second-nearest neighbors. We find the density of vibrational states for several second-order chains in which one of the two kinds of atoms is twice as heavy as the other, but the nearest-neighbor force constants are unchanged. Properties of these spectra can be related to the chain structures, but pair correlation functions do not provide an adequate measure of structure to specify details of the spectra. We derive an expression for the integrated density of states at special frequencies for second-order chains and find that chains with quite different structures may have identical integrated spectra at all special frequencies.
[Potentials of the echographic documentation of hip epiphysiolysis]. (1989)

The results are presented of a study on patients affected by hip joint epiphyseolysis. The sonographic examination was performed using a unit with a linear 5 MHz probe; oblique scans were obtained, along the axis of the neck of the femur. Typical US findings are described, namely a small step corresponding to a positioning defect of the cartilage between head and neck of the femur and dilatation of the infracapsular space due to the presence of intra-articular fluid.
Effect of Alloying Elements on Corrosion Resistance of Ni-Base Cast Alloys in Waste Incineration Environments (2006)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
Development Of An Electrical Engineering Technology Photonics Track (2020)

In this paper, we will detail the development of a Photonics Track designed to meet the need for Photonics Technologists in industry. The degree concentration includes eight upper level photonics courses that were chosen to provide a well rounded education in all aspects of photonics. The details of each course and why it was included in the program will be discussed. The program has been offered for two years and the first degrees have now been awarded. An assessment of the success of these graduates will also be presented.
Mechanisms of Active Hair Bundle Motion in Auditory Hair Cells (2002)

Sound stimuli vibrate the hair bundles on auditory hair cells, but the resulting motion attributable to the mechanical stimulus may be modified by forces intrinsic to the bundle, which drive it actively. One category of active hair bundle motion has properties similar to fast adaptation of the mechanotransducer channels and is explicable if gating of the channels contributes significantly to the mechanics of the hair bundle. To explore this mechanism, we measured hair bundle compliance in turtle auditory hair cells under different conditions that alter the activation range of the channel. Force-displacement relationships were nonlinear, possessing a maximum slope compliance when approximately one-half of the transducer channels were open. When the external calcium concentration was reduced from 2.8 to 0.25 mm, the position of maximum compliance was shifted negative, reflecting a comparable shift in the transducer channel activation curve. Assuming that the nonlinearity represents the compliance attributable to channel gating, a single-channel gating force of 0.25 pN was calculated. By comparing bundle displacements with depolarization with and without an attached flexible fiber, the force contributed by each channel was independently estimated as 0.47 pN. These results are consistent with fast active bundle movements resulting from changes in mechanotransducer channel gating. However, several observations revealed additional components of hair bundle motion, with slower kinetics and opposite polarity to the fast movement but also linked to transducer adaptation. This finding argues for multiple mechanisms for controlling hair bundle position in auditory hair cells.
The ESX-5 Secretion System of <i>Mycobacterium marinum</i> Modulates the Macrophage Response (2008)

The ESX-5 secretion system of pathogenic mycobacteria is responsible for the secretion of various PPE and PE-PGRS proteins. To better understand the role of ESX-5 effector proteins in virulence, we analyzed the interactions of Mycobacterium marinum ESX-5 mutant with human macrophages (Mphi). Both wild-type bacteria and the ESX-5 mutant were internalized and the ESX-5 mutation did not affect the escape of mycobacteria from phagolysosomes into the cytosol, as was shown by electron microscopy. However, the ESX-5 mutation strongly effected expression of surface Ags and cytokine secretion. Whereas wild-type M. marinum actively suppressed the induction of appreciable levels of IL-12p40, TNF-alpha, and IL-6, infection with the ESX-5 mutant resulted in strongly induced production of these proinflammatory cytokines. By contrast, infection with M. marinum wild-type strain resulted in a significant induction of IL-1beta production as compared with the ESX-5 mutant. These results show that ESX-5 plays an essential role in the modulation of immune cytokine secretion by human Mphi. Subsequently, we show that an intact ESX-5 secretion system actively suppresses TLR signaling-dependent innate immune cytokine secretion. Together, our results show that ESX-5 substrates, directly or indirectly, strongly modulate the human Mphi response at various critical steps.
In Vivo Studies on the Mechanism of Action of 6-Dehydro-16-Methylene-Hydrocortisone (STC 407) on the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Rats (1970)

The mechanism of action of a new synthetic steroid, 6-dehydro-16-methylene-hydrocortisone (STC 407), which has been found useful in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome due to adrenal hyperplasia, was studied in the rat. After treatment of normal rats with STC 407 for 11–14 days, the CRF content of the median eminence of the hypothalamus (SME), the concentration of ACTH in the anterior pituitary, the wet weight of the adrenal glands/ 100 g b.w., the adrenal corticosterone concentration/100 mg, and the plasma corticosterone level were significantly decreased. After treatment of adrenalectomized rats with STC 407 for 4 days, the concentration of ACTH in the pituitary was increased, but there was no appreciable change in CRF activity in the SME. Plasma levels of ACTH, which were elevated after adrenalectomy, decreased to undetectable levels after 4 days' treatment with 400 µg/100 g b.w. daily. Treatment of adrenalectomized rats with this steroid for 13 days considerably reduced CRF activity in the SME, and significantly raised the pituitary ACTH content. These results indicate that STC 407 suppresses both the release and the synthesis of ACTH by the pituitary in normal rats, this effect being mediated at least in part by a reduction in hypothalamic CRF activity. In adrenalectomized rats, the predominant effect of this steroid seems to be suppression of release of ACTH by the pituitary.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure‐Activity Studies of a Series of 1‐Oxa‐8‐ azaspiro(4.5)decanes as M1 Muscarinic Agonists. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Laser-induced fluorescence diagnostics of basal cell carcinomas of the skin following topical ALA application (1996)

Fourteen patients with superficial basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and fifteen patients with nodular BCCs were investigated by means of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) in connection with photodynamic therapy (PDT). Topical application of (delta) -amino levulinic acid (ALA) was performed six hours prior to the treatment session. Fluorescence spectra were recorded, using a point-monitoring system with an excitation wavelength of 405 nm. The measurements were performed in scans over the lesion and the surrounding normal skin before application of ALA, and immediately before and after the laser treatment. The selective uptake of the photosensitive resulted in a fluorescence intensity ratio of 2.4:1 for superficial BCCs and 2.5:1 for nodular BCCs. If the fluorescence intensity was divided by the autofluorescence, this resulted in a contrast enhancement of about a factor 6 for tumor tissue. In seven patients (five with nodular BCC and two with superficial BCC), additional fluorescence measurements were performed two and four hours following the ALA application, and two hours after the PDT procedure. Thus, the kinetics of the transformation of ALA to protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) could be followed, which indicated that the synthesis of PpIX was more rapid in the tumor than in the normal tissue. After four hours, the PpIX level inside the tumour was saturated, while there still was an accumulation in the surrounding skin. The highest contrast between tumor and normal skin was reached within two hours after the ALA application.
Optical and physical properties of stratospheric aerosols from balloon measurements in the visible and near-infrared domains II Comparison of extinction, reflectance, polarization, and counting measurements (2002)

The physical properties of stratospheric aerosols can be retrieved from optical measurements involving extinction, radiance, polarization, and counting. We present here the results of measurements from the balloonborne instruments AMON, SALOMON, and RADIBAL, and from the French Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique and the University of Wyoming balloonborne particle counters. A cross comparison of the measurements was made for observations of background aerosols conducted during the polar winters of February 1997 and January-February 2000 for various altitudes from 13 to 19 km. On the one band, the effective radius and the total amount of background aerosols derived from the various sets of data are similar and are in agreement with pre-Pinatubo values. On the other hand, strong discrepancies occur in the shapes of the bimodal size distributions obtained from analysis of the raw measurement of the various instruments. It seems then that the log-normal assumption cannot fully reproduce the size distribution of background aerosols. The effect ofthe presence of particular aerosols on the measurements is discussed, and a new strategy for observations is proposed.
Structure and characterization of poly[(vinylidene fluoride)‐ <i>co</i> ‐hexafluoropropene]–(dibutyl phthalate) blends (2001)

Abstract Blends of poly[(vinylidene fluoride)‐ co ‐hexafluoropropene] with dibutyl phthalate were examined by wide‐ and small‐angle X‐ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical spectroscopy, in order to study the influence of amount of plasticizer and the crystallization rate on the crystallinity and lamellar morphology of the copolymer. The dibutyl phthalate seems, at least for the cooling and heating rates used, simply to dilute the crystalline phase without affecting the amount of polymer that is able to crystallize. Furthermore, the small‐angle X‐ray scattering technique points out that the plasticizer mostly enters the amorphous phase either outside or inside the lamellar stacks. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
5‐Aminolevulinic Acid Photosensitization of Dysplastic Barrett's Esophagus: A Pharmacokinetic Study (1999)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) may have a role in the treatment of dysplastic Barrett's esophagus. Before ALA-induced PDT can be used clinically, optimum treatment parameters must be established. In this study of 35 patients, the issues of drug dosage, time interval between drug and light delivery and side effects of oral ALA administration are addressed. Spectrofluorometric analysis of tissue samples demonstrates that oral ALA administration induces porphyrin accumulation in esophageal tissues, with maximum levels at 4-6 h. High-performance liquid chromatography confirms the identity of this porphyrin as PpIX, and fluorescence microscopy analysis demonstrates that it preferentially accumulates in the esophageal mucosa, rather than in the underlying stroma. Side effects of ALA administration included malaise, headache, photosensitivity, alopecia, transient derangement of liver function, nausea and vomiting. Fewer side effects and less hepatic toxicity was seen with 30 mg/kg than 50 mg/kg ALA. In conclusion, oral ALA administration induces preferential PpIX accumulation in the esophageal mucosa, with peak PpIX fluorescence noted at 4 h and minimal systemic toxicity at a dose of 30 mg/kg.
The ability of sorafenib to inhibit oncogenic PDGFR  and FLT3 mutants and overcome resistance to other small molecule inhibitors (2007)

These results warrant further clinical studies of sorafenib for the treatment of myeloid malignancies expressing activated forms of PDGFRbeta and FLT3.
Circulating human pregnancy zone protein and oestriol in twin pregnancies (1982)

Summary. Women with twin pregnancies were matched with those carrying singleton pregnancies (n = 35 for both) for features which are considered to influence pregnancy zone protein (PZP) concentrations. The mean PZP level was significantly lower (P &lt; 0·01) and the mean total oestriol level was higher (P &lt; 0·001) in twin than in singleton pregnancies. PZP levels were negatively correlated to oestriol levels in twin (r = −0·5756, P &lt; 0·001) and singleton (r = −0·3821, P &lt; 0·01) pregnancies.
Automatic clustering and feedback in information retrieval (2019)

Clustering and feedback have been used in information retrieval to improve the effectiveness of retrieving relevant documents. In this thesis, we investigate the retrieval effectiveness from various document collections in presence of both clustering and feedback. More precisely, we apply a clustering algorithm to an initial run of our queries to choose appropriate clusters for feedback. The clustering and feedback are done automatically.
Multi-document summarization by maximizing informative content-words (2007)

We show that a simple procedure based on max-imizing the number of informative content-words can produce some of the best reported results for multi-document summarization. We first assign a score to each term in the document cluster, using only frequency and position information, and then we find the set of sentences in the document cluster that maximizes the sum of these scores, subject to length constraints. Our overall results are the best reported on the DUC-2004 summarization task for the ROUGE-1 score, and are the best, but not sta-tistically significantly different from the best sys-tem in MSE-2005. Our system is also substantially simpler than the previous best system. 1
Roof system effects on in-situ thermal performance of HCFC polyisocyanurate insulation (1992)

Industry-produced, permeably-faced, experimental polyisocyanurate (PIR) laminated boardstock foamed with several different hydrochlorofluorcarbons (HCFCS) is undergoing in-situ testing at the Building Envelopes Research User Center at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The overall objective of this research is to determine the long term thermal performance differences between PIR foamed with CFC-11 and PIR foamed with HCFC-123, HCFC-14lb and blends of HCFCs. Boards from the same batch were installed in outdoor test facilities and instrumented in part to determine if the insulation thermal performance aging characteristics are dependent on how they are handled and installed in the field. One of the major contributions of this research is the field validation of an accelerated thermal aging procedure. The laboratory measurements of the apparent thermal conductivity (k) of 10-mm-thick slices conducted over a period of less than a year are used to predict the k of 38-50-mm-thick PIR laminated board stock for 12--20 years after production. In situ thermal performance measurements of these well characterized three-year-old boards under white and under black ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) membranes are compared with the accelerated aging procedure and with boards from the same batch in different roofing systems: mechanically attached EPDM, fully adhered EPDM, and built-upmore » roof (BUR). The comparison indicates that this accelerated aging procedure should be seriously considered for providing in-service thermal performance information to building owners and roofing contractors.« less