gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Characterization of Intestinal and Hepatic Transporters: MRP2 (2013)

The transporter field has grown extensively over the past decade. Analogous to drug metabolizing enzymes such as the cytochrome P450s, transporters play a major role in defining pharmacokinetic, safety and efficacy profiles of drugs. Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2, ABCC2) is an ATP-dependent efflux pump that belongs to the ATP binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of transporters, and is localized at the apical membrane of polarized cells from a variety of human tissues including enterocytes, hepatocytes and renal proximal tubules. It is highly expressed in liver, intestine and kidney, with lesser expression in other tissues. MRP2 primarily transports organic anions and large bulky conjugated compounds and shares some overlapping substrate specificity with other ABC family members including P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP).Understanding whether investigational compounds are potential MRP2 substrates or inhibitors during drug discovery and development may potentially help to explain why drug candidates show poor bioavailability or are rapidly cleared by hepatic efflux. This chapter outlines various in vitro techniques that can be used to examine whether compounds are substrates and/or inhibitors of MRP2 (ATPase assays, vesicular transport assays and/or MDCKII-MRP2 overexpressing cells) and assess the role of MRP2 in attenuating intestinal absorption of drugs (wild-type and MRP2 knockdown Caco-2 cells) or in mediating their hepatobiliary excretion (wild-type and MRP2 knockdown human hepatocytes cultured in sandwich configuration). The primary aim of the chapter is to provide a range of assay options. However, the strategy around when/if/why/ or how a specific assay(s) should be used will depend on a number of factors such as physiochemical properties, drug target, overall distribution, etc, and is therefore ultimately left to the reader.
Synthesis, X-ray crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis, and molecular docking study of novel inhibitor of hepatitis B: methyl 4-fluoro-3-(morpholinosulfonyl)benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylate (2019)

A method of 4-fluoro-3-(morpholinosulfonyl)benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylate synthesis has been developed and the electronic and spatial structure of a new biologically active molecule has been studied both theoretically and experimentally. The title compound was crystallized from acetonitrile and the single crystal X-ray analysis has revealed that it exists in a monoclinic P2<sub>1</sub>/c space group, with one molecule in the asymmetric part of the unit cell. Hirshfeld surface analysis was used to study intermolecular interactions in the crystal. Molecular docking study evaluates the investigated compound as a new potential inhibitor of hepatitis B. Testing for anti-hepatitis B virus activity has shown that this substance demonstrates <i>in vitro</i> nanomolar inhibitory activity against HBV.
Millimetre-wave antenna and propagation studies for indoor wireless LANs (2002)

The combination of increased portability and increased computing power is placing new demands on interconnects with other such new computer systems and existing networks. One possible way of providing the required interconnections while maintaining portability is through wireless systems. Relatively low bit-rate systems are already available in the market place, and faster, second-generation systems are under development. This paper outlines work in progress at CSIRO on millimetre-wave antennas and propagation relating to wireless local area network (WLAN) systems operating at frequencies in the 40 to 60 GHz band for intra-office communication. The basic arrangement for such systems involves a hub antenna, located possibly in the ceiling, and a number of roamable antennas located on desks throughout the room, within a radius of about 20m of the hub. Signals transmitted to and from the antennas are subject to considerable multi-path interference and, whilst this can limit the system performance, it can be used to overcome the effect of obstructions in the direct path. It is apparent that to optimize WLAN performance it is important to understand propagation effects in rooms and to develop antennas whose characteristics match the overall requirements, including cost.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Single camera tracking of marker clusters: multiparameter cluster optimization and experimental verification (2002)

We have built a system for augmented reality visualization based on a single head mounted tracking camera. The camera includes an infrared illuminator and works in conjunction with a set of retro-reflective markers that are placed around the workspace. This marker frame configuration delivers excellent pose information, which translates to stable, jitter-free augmentation. In this article, we describe using the same single camera system for tracking relatively small marker clusters, which can be used for tool or instrument tracking. Tracking of such a marker cluster is more susceptible to noise compared to tracking of a marker frame, mainly due to its small image coverage. The sensitivity to noise is studied using Monte Carlo simulations and verified in an experimental setup. We achieved jitter-free augmentation with an optimized cluster design.
A New Approach to Asymmetric DMAP Catalysis (2009)

Seidel and colleagues report the ­kinetic resolution of benzylic amines using DMAP in combination with catalytic thiourea 1 and benzoic anhydride 2 as the acylating agent. The novelty of this approach lies in the use of an achiral Lewis base catalyst which forms an ion pair with the acylating agent (complex I). This complex is made reactive and chiral when the thiourea co-catalyst binds the anion through hydrogen-bonding interactions (complex II).
Cesarean Section During Acute Stage of Poliomyelitis (1964)

From the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Intravenous Administration of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-HMPAO-Labeled Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells after Stroke: In Vivo Imaging and Biodistribution (2009)

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) are a promising source for cell therapy after stroke. To deliver these cells, an IV injection appears safer than a local graft. We aimed to assess the whole-body biodistribution of IV-injected (99m)Tc-HMPAO-labeled hMSC in normal rats (n = 9) and following a right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo, n = 9). Whole-body nuclear imaging, isolated organ counting (at 2 and 20 h after injection) and histology were performed. A higher activity was observed in the right damaged hemisphere of the MCAo group [6.5 +/- 0.9 x 10(-3) % of injected dose (ID)/g] than in the control group (3.6 +/- 1.2 x 10(-3) %ID/g), 20 h after injection. In MCAo rats, right hemisphere activity was higher than that observed in the contralateral hemisphere at 2 h after injection (11.6 +/- 2.8 vs. 9.8 +/- 1.7 x 10(-3) %ID/g). Following an initial hMSC lung accumulation, there was a decrease in pulmonary activity from 2 to 20 h after injection in both groups. The spleen was the only organ in which activity increased between 2 and 20 h. The presence of hMSC was documented in the spleen, liver, lung, and brain following histology. IV-injected hMSC are transiently trapped in the lungs, can be sequestered in the spleen, and are predominantly eliminated by kidneys. After 20 h, more hMSC are found in the ischemic lesion than into the undamaged cerebral tissue. IV delivery of hMSC could be the initial route for a clinical trial of tolerance.
The expression of a set of antibody variable regions in lipopolysaccharide‐reactive B cells at various stages of ontogeny and its control by anti‐idiotypic antibody (1983)

An analysis is presented in which we measure the expression of a subset of antibody variable (V) regions in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-reactive precursor B cells at various stages of ontogeny. The V regions were characterized by hapten (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP)-binding specifity and/or expression of idiotypic determinants whose genetic basis had been explored in previous studies. Only V regions containing the V lambda 1 domain were considered: this allowed an unequivocal determination of idiotopes and reduced heterogeneity in the system essentially to the multiplicity of VH and D genes. It was found that approximately every fourth lambda 1-bearing LPS-reactive splenic B cell produces an NP-binding antibody. Approximately 1 in 40 lambda 1-bearing cells expressed an idiotope (Ac38) which is encoded by V lambda 1 and a set of related VH genes in combination with D and J elements. Of these cells, only a minority produce an NP-binding antibody and a few percent of the latter express a second idiotope (Ac146) which is known to be restricted to a subset of Ac38-positive, NP-binding humoral antibodies. All these frequencies are in good accord with previous analyses of anti-idiotope-induced antibodies in the serum. They can be easily accommodated into a simple model of random selection of VH genes in LPS-reactive B lymphocytes. The frequencies of the V regions under study were essentially the same in LPS-reactive B cells from spleens of adult and newborn animals and in LPS-reactive B cells generated from bone marrow pre-B cells in vitro. In the case of the latter cells the frequencies were independent of the absence or presence of T cells in the culture system. While we could thus detect, in naive mice, neither positive nor negative selection of the cells from the time of their generation in the bone marrow until their arrival in the periphery, negative selection is in principle possible: the presence of microgram amounts of anti-idiotope antibodies during maturation from pre-B to B cells specifically blocks the appearance of idiotope-bearing LPS-reactive cells in vitro. The potential physiological role of the latter effect in the sense of self-stabilization of the expressed antibody repertoire in ongoing immune responses and the possibility that frequency determinations in LPS-reactive B cells may be not representative for the repertoire expressed in the population of mature B cells is discussed.
The Future of Alumina-Forming Alloys: Challenges and Applications for Power Generation (2011)

Alumina-forming alloys have been studied for over 50 years and are now needed for high efficiency power generation applications operating at higher temperatures. Especially in the presence of water vapor, alumina-forming alloys outperform conventional chromia-forming alloys above 1000°C. However, alloy mechanical behavior is a significant issue and alumina-forming alloy development has been limited. The opportunity for alloy development is discussed as well as thefactors that limit oxidation resistance, including alloy thermal expansion and optimizing reactive element additions. Finally, lifetime modeling is discussed for thick section components together with the need to address performance in more complex environments.
Feasible solutions to unstable singularity in parallel robots (2001)

Robot kinematic research is moving away from serial arms, a field that has largely exhausted itself, into the realm of cooperative robotics. This trend is driven by ever more stringent task space accuracies required for precision machining, micro-assembly, and accurate pointing applications that common serial chain mechanisms are ill-equipped for due to their intrinsic flexibility and accuracy reductions due to cumulative joint error. The advantages associated with parallel robots do not come without cost. As a direct consequence of multiple contact points on the end-effector, these mechanisms have a more restricted workspace than their serial counterparts. A perhaps more severe short-coming is the complexity of the parallel robot's kinematics. Constraints associated with multiple end-effector contacts usually result in no closed-form solution for the forward kinematics, and a complex Jacobian. The latter characteristic complicates direct analysis of the manipulability Jacobian to a priori determine the existence and location of mechanism singularities. This is further compounded by an additional set of constraints associated the existence of passive joints in the mechanism, a trait shared by almost all parallel robots. This additional constraint has the potential for a second and more potentially destructive type of singularity, referred to in this work as unstable singularity, whereby certain task wrenches cannot be resisted by the mechanism. 
This work addresses the characteristic of unstable singularity in parallel robots and multi-fingered grasps. The absolute and differential kinematics of parallel robots with passive joints are presented, and are used to develop a new method to determine the existence of unstable singularity in a given mechanism's workspace. A new method to eliminate the unstable singularity condition is proposed, and is compared to the established technique of redundant actuation. The kinematic research is expanded into a development of dynamic solutions for parallel robots. This is used to determine the effect of unstable singularity on dynamic operations. Analytical models of several three and six degree-of-freedom mechanisms are used to support the theoretical assertions.
Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters (2014)

For almost 30 years, scientists have demonstrated that human fetal ICCs transplanted under the kidney capsule of nude mice matured into functioning endocrine cells, as evidenced by a significant increase in circulating human C-peptide following glucose stimulation(1-9). However in vitro, genesis of insulin producing cells from human fetal ICCs is low(10); results reminiscent of recent experiments performed with human embryonic stem cells (hESC), a renewable source of cells that hold great promise as a potential therapeutic treatment for type 1 diabetes. Like ICCs, transplantation of partially differentiated hESC generate glucose responsive, insulin producing cells, but in vitro genesis of insulin producing cells from hESC is much less robust(11-17). A complete understanding of the factors that influence the growth and differentiation of endocrine precursor cells will likely require data generated from both ICCs and hESC. While a number of protocols exist to generate insulin producing cells from hESC in vitro(11-22), far fewer exist for ICCs(10,23,24). Part of that discrepancy likely comes from the difficulty of working with human fetal pancreas. Towards that end, we have continued to build upon existing methods to isolate fetal islets from human pancreases with gestational ages ranging from 12 to 23 weeks, grow the cells as a monolayer or in suspension, and image for cell proliferation, pancreatic markers and human hormones including glucagon and C-peptide. ICCs generated by the protocol described below result in C-peptide release after transplantation under the kidney capsule of nude mice that are similar to C-peptide levels obtained by transplantation of fresh tissue(6). Although the examples presented here focus upon the pancreatic endoderm proliferation and β cell genesis, the protocol can be employed to study other aspects of pancreatic development, including exocrine, ductal, and other hormone producing cells.
Multi-carrier radar waveform schemes for range and Doppler processing (2009)

A processing technique that utilizes the OFDM communication waveform as the radar waveform is considered. The double use of the waveform for communications and radar enables establishing radar networks communicating through the radar beam. The processing technique exploits the Doppler sensitivity of the OFDM to reduce the Doppler ambiguity. An enhancement to the waveform and the processing is proposed to completely eliminate the Doppler ambiguity.
Effects of user training with electronically-modulated sound transmission hearing protectors and the open ear on horizontal localization ability (2014)

It is evident from this study that auditory learning (improved horizontal localization performance) occurred with the EMHP for which training was performed. However, performance improvements found with the training EMHP were not realized in the non-training EMHP. Furthermore, localization performance in the open-ear condition also benefitted from training on the task.
The effect of lesions of dorsal or median raphe nucleus on rat behavior. (1977)

The effect of lesion of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) or median raphe nucleus (MRN) on the locomotor activity, open field performance, and reactivity to noxious stimulus was tested in rats. During the first 7 days after the lesion, the rats with lesioned DRN showed higher basal and explorative locomotor activity than the rats with MRN lesions. The lesion of DRN increased the open-field performance and reactivity to pain. The results of tests carried out on the rats with MRN lesions were similar as in control rats. The results indicate that the different behavioral effect of lesions of DRN and MRN reffects differences in the functions of these two raphe nuclei.
The RanGTP gradient – a GPS for the mitotic spindle (2008)

The GTPase Ran has a key role in nuclear import and export, mitotic spindle assembly and nuclear envelope formation. The cycling of Ran between its GTP- and GDP-bound forms is catalyzed by the chromatin-bound guanine nucleotide exchange factor RCC1 and the cytoplasmic Ran GTPase-activating protein RanGAP. The result is an intracellular concentration gradient of RanGTP that equips eukaryotic cells with a ;genome-positioning system' (GPS). The binding of RanGTP to nuclear transport receptors (NTRs) of the importin beta superfamily mediates the effects of the gradient and generates further downstream gradients, which have been elucidated by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging and computational modeling. The Ran-dependent GPS spatially directs many functions required for genome segregation by the mitotic spindle during mitosis. Through exportin 1, RanGTP recruits essential centrosome and kinetochore components, whereas the RanGTP-induced release of spindle assembly factors (SAFs) from importins activates SAFs to nucleate, bind and organize nascent spindle microtubules. Although a considerable fraction of cytoplasmic SAFs is active and RanGTP induces only partial further activation near chromatin, bipolar spindle assembly is robustly induced by cooperativity and positive-feedback mechanisms within the network of Ran-activated SAFs. The RanGTP gradient is conserved, although its roles vary among different cell types and species, and much remains to be learned regarding its functions.
Effect of filter shape on excess noise performance in continuous variable quantum key distribution with Gaussian modulation (2018)

An attractive implementation for quantum cryptography is the continuous variable variation, as it relies on standard telecommunication components. Modulating the quantum signal using a Gaussian format is attractive since it has been proven to be secure. This work investigates the effect of the roll-off of a root raised cosine pulse shaping and matched filter on the excess noise performance of a Gaussian modulated quantum key distribution system in a simulated back to back configuration. Contrary to intuition, it is found that the roll-off parameter does not significantly impact the performance of the system.
Effect of the Breaking of Chlorella Cells on the Digestibility of Chlorella Protein (1977)

乾燥クロレラ, 破砕クロレラを試料として, 従来より問題とされてきたクロレラの不消化性の問題を代謝実験, 人工消化実験を行なって経時的にその動向を検討した。その結果, 単にクロレラ細胞をダイノミルで破砕することによってラットの成長は促進され, また消化吸収率もおおいに向上した。これらの結果を反映してPER, NPR, NPUの諸栄養価にも高い値が見出された。一方人工消化率の実験においても破砕クロレラは乾燥クロレラに比し, ごく良好な結果を示し, とくに本傾向はペプシンの短時間処理において顕著であった。以上の結果より, クロレラの消化率の悪さ, すなわち栄養価の問題は単なる物理的破砕法によっても大幅に改善される結果が得られ, 使用するクロレラ試料が相違しても好結果が期待されるものと推察した。
Hardware/software 2D-3D backprojection on a SoPC platform (2006)

The reduction of image reconstruction time is needed to spread the use of PET for research and routine clinical practice. In this purpose, this article presents a hardware/software architecture for the acceleration of 3D backprojection based upon an efficient 2D backprojection. This architecture has been designed in order to provide a high level of parallelism thanks to an efficient management of the memory accesses which would have been otherwise strongly slowed by the external memory. The reconstruction system is embedded in a SoPC platform (System on Programmable Chip), the new generation of reconfigurable circuit. The originality of this architecture comes from the design of a 2D Adaptative and Predictive Cache (2D-AP Cache) which has proved to be an efficient way to overcome the memory access bottleneck. Thanks to a hierarchical use of this cache, several backprojection operators can run in parallel, accelerating in this manner noteworthy the reconstruction process. This 2D reconstruction system will next be used to speed up 3D image reconstruction.
Mechanistic understanding and kinetic studies of highly selective oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane over novel supported molten chloride catalysts (2012)

Ethene is one of the most important feedstocks for chemical industry, nowadays mainly produced via steam cracking. However, oxidative dehydrogenation becomes a more important process route, allowing to produce ethene selectively and at lower temperatures. Supported alkali chloride catalysts are promising materials. However, the ODH mechanism of this class of catalysts is not well investigated so far. The investigation of the reaction mechanism is thus the aim of this contribution. (orig.)
Prediction of Precombustion Wall Pressure Distributions in Scramjet Engines (1973)

Covers advancements in spacecraft and tactical and strategic missile systems, including subsystem design and application, mission design and analysis, materials and structures, developments in space sciences, space processing and manufacturing, space operations, and applications of space technologies to other fields.
Physically realistic modeling of cone-beam collimator and 3-D patient geometry for cardiac SPECT (2002)

A method of nuclear medicine simulation incorporating complete physical realism of any collimator of three-dimensional patient geometry has been developed. The results of simulating a cone-beam collimator for cardiac imaging are described. Cone-beam collimation for imaging small organs leads to an enhancement of both sensitivity and lesion detectability over conventional collimators. Results of verifying the method of tomographic data acquisition of cone-beam data are provided. Future uses of this method of data production are also described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>