gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rethinking Prevention of HIV Type 1 Infection (2010)

Research on the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection is at a critical juncture. Major methodological challenges to performing prevention trials have emerged, and one after another promising biomedical interventions have failed to reduce the incidence of HIV-1 infection. Nevertheless, there is growing optimism that progress can be achieved in the near term. Mathematical modeling indicates that 2 new strategies, "test and treat" and preexposure prophylaxis, could have a major impact on the incidence of HIV-1 infection. Will our hopes be justified? We review the potential strengths and limitations of these antiretroviral "treatment as prevention" strategies and outline other new options for reducing the incidence of HIV-1 infection in the near term. By maximizing the potential of existing interventions, developing other effective strategies, and combining them in an optimal manner, we have the opportunity to bring the HIV-1 epidemic under control.
Recognizing Personhood and the Right to Die with Dignity (1990)

Death cannot be viewed properly as either an event or a configuration. Indeed, multiple parts of the body can continue to live long after the disintegration of its central organization is recorded. Instead of collapsing at a moment in time, technological mechanisms are capable of sustaining the major bodily processes indefinitely--all designed to allow for the harvesting of needed organs for transplantation. State legislative efforts have been undertaken in America to define those specific circumstances when death occurs legally. Although always allowed to exercise reasonable discretion in their decision making, attending physicians will nonetheless be aided by these laws that only limit their legal liability but assure for the patient that his final choices will be honored consistent with basic principles of self-determination. The Law Reform Commission of Canada recommended in 1987 that criminal liability be rejected for the offenses of helping, advising, or inciting a person to commit suicide. This is an exceedingly wise and humane position to follow. Instead of being held captive to words such as "rational suicide" or "euthanasia", what is needed is an acceptance of more contemporary watchwords such as autonomy and self-determination. When at all possible, final choices about death should be made by the patient's family and their medical advisers--and not be subjected to judicial scrutiny.
First-principles calculations for nitrogen-containing single-walled carbon nanotubes (2003)

We present calculations for possible configurations of nitrogen-containing single-walled carbon nanotubes and their electronic properties obtained with the ab initio tight-binding FIREBALL method. It is found that nitrogen atoms can be energetically incorporated into the carbon network in three forms: Substitution, substitution with formation of a vacancy structure, and chemical adsorption. The different forms exhibit different local densities of states near the Fermi levels, which might suggest a potential method to control the electronic properties of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes.
Replacement of living microalgae with a dried alfalfa chloroplast product in diets for the Brown mussel (<i>Perna perna</i>), Yellow clam (<i>Mesodesma mactroides</i>) and Manila clam (<i>Venerupis philippinarum</i>) (2021)

Owing to its high nutritional value and widespread availability, the legume alfalfa Medicago sativa (Linnaeus, 1753) is a possible feed for aquatic animals. In this study, a dried alfalfa chloroplast (DAC) product supplied by Virentia Inc., Quebec, Canada, was evaluated as a partial or total replacement for live microalgae (LM) in diets for juveniles of Perna perna and the Mesodesma mactroides—two species with high aquaculture potential in Brazil. In addition, trials were conducted with Venerupis philippinarum, a species commonly used in global aquaculture. Nine diets containing different ratios (based on dry weight) of live microalgae (Chaetoceros neogracile and/or Isochrysis galbana) and DAC were evaluated. With all three bivalve species, additions of DAC to partial microalgal rations increased final dry and organic weights, compared with those provided with partial algal rations alone. M. macrooides and P. perna appeared to utilize DAC to a greater extent than V. philippinarum as indicated by the higher final organic weights obtained by these two species when larger fractions of LM were substituted with DAC. Overall, the results of this study indicate that DAC supplements can be useful in supporting mussel and clam tissue growth when algal feeds are limited or unavailable.
Numerical Study of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in the Enhanced Microchannel With Oblique Fins (2013)

Sectional oblique fins are employed in contrast to continuous fins in order to modulate flow in microchannel heat sink. The breakage of continuous fin into oblique sections leads to the reinitialization of both hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers at the leading edge of each oblique fin, effectively reducing the thickness of boundary layer. This regeneration of entrance effect causes the flow to be always in a developing state thus resulting in better heat transfer. In addition, the presence of smaller oblique channels diverts a small fraction of flow into the adjacent main channels. The secondary flows thus created improve fluid mixing which serves to further enhance the heat transfer. Detailed numerical study on the fluid flow and heat transfer of this passive heat transfer enhancement technique provides insight to the local hydrodynamics and thermal development along the oblique fin. The uniquely skewed hydrodynamic and thermal profiles are identified as the key to the highly augmented and uniform heat transfer performance across the heat sink. The associated pressure drop penalty is much smaller than the achieved heat transfer enhancement, rendering it as an effective heat transfer enhancement scheme for single phase microchannel heat sink.
A Management Strategy for Sedentary Nearshore Species that Uses Marine Protected Areas as a Reference (2010)

Abstract Classical approaches to fisheries stock assessment rely on methods that are not conducive to managing data-poor stocks. Moreover, many nearshore rocky reef species exhibit spatial variation in harvest pressure and demographic rates, further limiting traditional stock assessment approaches. Novel management strategies to overcome data limitations and account for spatial variability are needed. With the ever-increasing implementation of no-take marine protected areas (MPAs), there is great potential for improving decision making in management through comparisons of fished populations with populations in MPAs at spatially explicit scales. We developed a management strategy that uses a combination of data-based indicators sampled inside and outside of MPAs as well as model-based reference points for data-poor, sedentary nearshore species. We performed a management strategy evaluation of this MPA-based decision tree model for a hypothetical population of grass rockfish Sebastes rastrelliger in California. We introduced process, observation, and model uncertainty in numerous scenarios and compared these scenarios with the precautionary approach currently used to manage data-poor species. Our model consistently improved total catches while maintaining the biomass and spawning potential ratio at levels well within acceptable thresholds of management. We suggest further exploration of this MPA-based management approach, and we outline a collaborative research program in the California Channel Islands that may well be suited for testing an experimental management procedure.
Formación de profesionales para la intervención en drogodependencias (1989)

The present paper provides evidence for stimulus-response (S-R) compatibility effects in visual mental images. In two experiments subjects either studied a simple map (Experiment 1) or read a verbal description of the same map (Experiment 2), and then responded after generating a mental image of the presented information. Responses were made in a crossed-hand and in an uncrossed-hand manner, and the S-R arrangements were compatible and incompatible. In both experiments response latencies were found to be faster for compatible than for incompatible S-R mappings, and the crossed-hand condition resulted in increased response latencies relative to the uncrossed-hand condition. The findings are discussed with respect to the processing mechanisms involved in imagery and perception.
Potassium Nitrite Reaction with 11-Nor-Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-9-Carboxylic Acid in Urine in Relation to the Drug Screening Analysis (1999)

Recently potassium nitrite has been used as an adulterant to interfere with the analysis of 11-nor-delta 9-tetrahydro-cannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) in urine. A comprehensive study of the THC-COOH and nitrite reaction chemistry and stability under various conditions is presented. Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and negative electrospray mass spectrometry (ESMS) results are given to substantiate the derived reaction mechanism and properties leading to reaction termination. The addition of potassium carbonate as a buffering agent prior to or following sample void as a means of preventing the formation of a nitroso-complexed form of the 11-nor-delta 9+-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid is evaluated.
New Perspectives on Aspirin and the Endogenous Control of Acute Inflammatory Resolution (2006)

Aspirin is unique among the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in that it has both anti-inflammatory as well as cardio-protective properties. The cardio-protective properties arise form its judicious inhibition of platelet-derived thromboxane A2 over prostacyclin, while its anti-inflammatory effects of aspirin stem from its well-established inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis within inflamed tissues. Thus aspirin and the other NSAIDs have popularised the notion of inhibiting PG biosynthesis as a common anti-inflammatory strategy based on the erroneous premise that all eicosanoids are generally detrimental to inflammation. However, our fascination with aspirin has shown a more affable side to lipid mediators based on our increasing interest in the endogenous control of acute inflammation and in factors that mediate its resolution. Epi-lipoxins (epi-LXs), for instance, are produced from aspirin's acetylation of inducible cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and together with Resolvins represent an increasingly important family of immuno-regulatory and potentially cardio-protective lipid mediators. Aspirin is beginning to teach us what nature knew all along--that not all lipid mediators are bad. It seems that while some eicosanoids are pathogenic in a variety of diseases, others are unarguable protective. In this review we will re-count aspirin's colorful history, discuss its traditional mode of action and the controversies associated therewith, as well as highlight some of the new pathways in inflammation and the cardiovascular systems that aspirin has recently revealed.
Assessment of physical exposure in relation to work-related musculoskeletal disorders--what information can be obtained from systematic observations? (1994)

Establishing an association between physical work load and work-related musculoskeletal disorders requires a quantitative assessment of exposure to the main risk factors. Commonly used methods are questionnaires, diaries, interviews, systematic observations, and direct measurements. While questionnaires provide subjective information and have low reliability, measurements are technically sophisticated, expensive, and unable to identify some important risk factors. Systematic observations offer a compromise. The observation methods devised during the past 15 years are described, together with their reliability and validity. Most of them use duration or frequency of certain postures or events as the main measure of exposure. Their ability to quantify the main risk factors posture, manual handling, and repetitive work differs. All available methods have drawbacks and have been used to a limited extent in epidemiologic studies. There have been improvements however, and it is concluded that observation methods will have a place in epidemiologic studies on musculoskeletal disorders.
Strategies for Controlling a Microgravity Isolation Mount (1990)

This paper describes the concept of an active vibration Isolation system called a Microgravity Isolation Mount (MGIM), for use on board orbiting spacecraft. The purpose of the Mount is to reduce to an acceptable level the residual accelerations experienced by sensitive experimental payloads, due to vibrational disturbances within the spacecraft environment. The advantages and drawbacks are discussed of introducing an umbilical, to carry electrical power and cooling water between the fixed and free part of the Mount. The interaction between this design factor and the selection of the control technique is considered. Three different techniques for controlling the Mount are compared involving, respectively, feedback of relative displacement measurements only, feedback of payload acceleration and direct control of umbilical extension. The trade-offs between the three methods are described.
P‐185: Black Electrode for Organic Light‐Emitting Device (2005)

Abstract The Black Electrode, a control layer sandwiched in between a thin metal layer and a reflective metal layer, is designed to reduce the reflection of the ambient light. By connecting the thin metal layer and the reflective metal layer, the control layer may be used without considering its work function. The average reflectivity of OLED with the black electrode could be reduced to be 5.9%, lower than that of conventional device with a circular polarizer.
Low-Rank Common Subspace for Multi-view Learning (2014)

Multi-view data is very popular in real-world applications, as different view-points and various types of sensors help to better represent data when fused across views or modalities. Samples from different views of the same class are less similar than those with the same view but different class. We consider a more general case that prior view information of testing data is inaccessible in multi-view learning. Traditional multi-view learning algorithms were designed to obtain multiple view-specific linear projections and would fail without this prior information available. That was because they assumed the probe and gallery views were known in advance, so the correct view-specific projections were to be applied in order to better learn low-dimensional features. To address this, we propose a Low-Rank Common Subspace (LRCS) for multi-view data analysis, which seeks a common low-rank linear projection to mitigate the semantic gap among different views. The low-rank common projection is able to capture compatible intrinsic information across different views and also well-align the within-class samples from different views. Furthermore, with a low-rank constraint on the view-specific projected data and that transformed by the common subspace, the within-class samples from multiple views would concentrate together. Different from the traditional supervised multi-view algorithms, our LRCS works in a weakly supervised way, where only the view information gets observed. Such a common projection can make our model more flexible when dealing with the problem of lacking prior view information of testing data. Two scenarios of experiments, robust subspace learning and transfer learning, are conducted to evaluate our algorithm. Experimental results on several multi-view datasets reveal that our proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art, even when compared with some supervised learning methods.
Quaternization reaction of 2-vinylpyridine and 4-vinylpyridine network copolymers for 4-nitrophenol adsorption (2007)

This article aims to evaluate porous copolymers (based on styrene-STY and vinylpyridine-VP, cross-linked with divinylbenzene-DVB) as adsorbents for 4-nitrophenol from aqueous solution. These copolymers were synthesized by suspension polymerizations in the presence of heptane (HEP) and toluene (TOL) in different proportions as porogenic agents. The VP units of the copolymers were chemically modified by the addition of the electrophilic ethylenic compound (acrylonitrile). The quaternized copolymers were characterized by infrared spectrometry (FTIR), elemental analysis (CHN), optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
A fast feature-based block matching algorithm using integral projections (1992)

Block-by-block motion compensation algorithms are studied for video-conference/video-telephone television signals. A fast feature-based block matching algorithm using integral projections for the motion vector estimation is proposed. The proposed algorithm reduces the motion estimation computations by a factor of two by calculating the one-dimensional cost functions rather than the two-dimensional ones. Also, the low sensitivity of the proposed algorithm to the presence of additive noise is shown experimentally. Simulation results based on the original and noisy image sequences are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Image analysis for volumetric characterisation of microstructure (2009)

In vivo protein kinases A and G (PKA and PKG) coordinately phosphorylate a broad range of substrates to mediate their various physiological effects. The functions of many of these substrates have yet to be defined genetically. Herein we show a role for smoothelin-like protein 1 (SMTNL1), a novel in vivo target of PKG/PKA, in mediating vascular adaptations to exercise. Aortas from smtnl1(-/-) mice exhibited strikingly enhanced vasorelaxation before exercise, similar in extent to that achieved after endurance training of wild-type littermates. Additionally, contractile responses to alpha-adrenergic agonists were greatly attenuated. Immunological studies showed SMTNL1 is expressed in smooth muscle and type 2a striated muscle fibers. Consistent with a role in adaptations to exercise, smtnl1(-/-) mice also exhibited increased type 2a fibers before training and better performance after forced endurance training compared smtnl1(+/+) mice. Furthermore, exercise was found to reduce expression of SMTNL1, particularly in female mice. In both muscle types, SMTNL1 is phosphorylated at Ser-301 in response to adrenergic signals. In vitro SMTNL1 suppresses myosin phosphatase activity through a substrate-directed effect, which is relieved by Ser-301 phosphorylation. Our findings suggest roles for SMTNL1 in cGMP/cAMP-mediated adaptations to exercise through mechanisms involving direct modulation of contractile activity.
A low-cost implementation of super-resolution based on a video encoder (2003)

This paper presents an approach to improve the quality of digital images over the sensor resolution using superresolution techniques. In order to obtain a feasible low cost implementation, the resources have been restricted to those that can be found in a generic video encoder, i.e.: the motion estimator, the motion compensator, image loop memory, etc. The super-resolution system has been implemented over a codesign platform developed by the Philips Research Laboratories in Eindhoven, while performing minimal changes on the overall hardware architecture. Nevertheless, this methodology can easily be extended to any generic video encoder architecture. The results show important improvements in the image quality, assuming that sufficient sample data is available. Based on these results, some generalizations can be made about the impact of the sampling process on the quality of the super-resolution image.
Nanochitosan crosslinked with polyacrylamide as the chiral stationary phase for open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography (2011)

Nanoparticles exhibiting favorable surface-to-volume ratios create efficient stationary phases for electrochromatography. New nanomaterials derived from chitosan (CS) were immobilized onto modified capillaries for use as the chiral stationary phase (CSP) in open-tubular electrochromatography. This immobilization was achieved through the copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate-modified nano-CS with methacrylamide (MAA) and bis-acrylamide crosslinkers (forming the MAA-CS capillary) rather than the attachment of nano-CS to the copolymer of glycidyl methacrylate, MAA, and bis-acrylamide (forming the MAA+CS capillary). The completed MAA-CS capillary and its precursors were examined by SEM and ATR-IR measurements. Before separating chiral samples, the MAA-CS capillary was characterized by electroosmotic flow measurements at varying pH values, concentrations, and volume percentages of organic modifiers in the running buffers. Tryptophan enantiomers were well separated by the MAA-CS capillary, whereas no enantioselectivity was observed in the MAA+CS capillary. With the addition of 80% MeOH into the phosphate buffer, the chiral separation of (±)-catechin was accomplished in a normal-phase mode. However, the new CSP has its limitations, as only two groups of α-tocopherol stereoisomers were separated.
An Improved DUKPT Key Management System Based on SCM (2015)

The key management plays a core part in an encryption system. In order to ensure security and improve the efficiency of key management,an improved DUKPT algorithm is proposed in this paper. And the system design of the improved algorithm is finished on the 51 single-chip platform. Therefore,the performance of key management is greatly improved. The improved DUKPT algorithm is fully scalable. When in the same storage consumption and the same maximum operating frequency cases,the available derived key quantity of improved DUKPT is 42. 3 times of the original DUKPT one; When deriving the same quantity key of one million,the storage space reduction of improved DUKPT is 19. 05%,and the reduction of operating frequency is 20%. It has been proved that the designed system achieved satisfactory results on the security and key management efficiency.
Control of <i>Drosophila</i> adult pattern by <i>extradenticle</i> (1995)

The homeobox gene extradenticle (exd) acts as a cofactor of the homeotic genes in the specification of larval patterns during embryogenesis. To study its role in adult patterns, we have generated clones of mutant exd- cells and examined their effect on the different body parts. In some regions, exd- clones exhibit homeotic transformations similar to those produced by known homeotic mutations such as Ultrabithorax (Ubx), labial (lab), spineless-aristapedia (ssa) or Antennapedia (Antp). In other regions, the lack of exd causes novel homeotic transformations producing ectopic eyes and legs. Moreover, exd is also required for functions normally not associated with homeosis, such as the maintenance of the dorsoventral pattern, the specification of subpatterns in adult appendages or the arrangement of bristles in the mesonotum and genitalia. Our findings indicate that exd is critically involved in adult morphogenesis, not only in the homeotic function but also in several other developmental processes.
First experimental demonstration of 6Gb/s real-time optical OFDM transceivers incorporating channel estimation and variable power loading (2009)

The fastest ever 6Gb/s real-time FPGA-based optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OOFDM) transceivers utilizing channel estimation are experimentally demonstrated, for the first time, with variable power loading being incorporated to effectively compensate for the rapid system frequency response roll-off effect. The implemented transceivers are constructed entirely from off-the-shelf components and incorporate crucial functionalities of on-line performance monitoring and live optimization of key parameters including signal clipping, subcarrier power and operating conditions of directly modulated DFB lasers (DMLs). Real-time end-to-end transmission of a 6Gb/s 16-QAM-encoded OOFDM signal over 300m OM1 multi-mode fiber with a power penalty of 0.5dB is successfully achieved in an intensity-modulation and direct-detection system employing a DML.