gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Purine metabolism in <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>: the requirement for hypoxanthine (1980)

Strains isolated from disseminated gonococcal infections often require hypoxanthine for growth. The biochemical bases for the requirement for hypoxanthine in strains isolated from both disseminated (Ile-Val-Arg-Hyx-Ura-phenotype) and non-disseminated (Hyx-phenotype) infections were compared. The requirement for hypoxanthine was dependent upon the composition of the growth medium. In a complete defined medium, hypoxanthine was replaced by a mixture of adenine and guamine but not by either purine alone. The addition of adenine along inhibited gonococcal growth. This inhibition was reversed by the addition of guanine and most likely resulted from an inhibition of de novo purine biosynthesis. In a histidine-free medium, adenine replaced the hypoxanthine requirement in Ile-Val-Arg-Hyx-Ura-strains. Adenine did not replace the hypoxanthine requirement in Hyx- strains. The Ile-Val-Arg-Hyx-Ura- strains exhibited a markedly reduced rate of the novo purine biosynthesis while Hyx- strains were blocked in this pathway. In vivo concentrations of purines are important factors which may limit the intracellular or extracellular growth of these strains.
Nitrophenols Reduction in the Benzene Adiabatic Nitration Process (2004)

The benzene adiabatic nitration process has been carried out in a pilot plant to enable the study of this reaction under relevant industrial operating conditions, aiming to increase the reaction conversion and selectivity by reducing the nitrophenols. The influence of relevant operating parameters such as the reaction temperature, benzene-to-nitric acid molar feed ratio (FB/FN), and stirring speed was studied. The operation ranges covered were as follows: reaction temperature, 80−135 °C; FB/FN, 0.96−1.15; stirring speed, 360−1700 rpm. The residence time and the sulfuric acid concentration were fixed at 2 min and 68 wt %, respectively. The production of cleaner mononitrobenzene (MNB) requires lower nitration temperatures; higher FB/FN ratios than in current industrial practice; and high stirring speeds, allowing the interfacial area in this liquid−liquid mixture to be increased and the decrease in temperature to be compensated. The results reported here highlight the relevance of combining operating parameters to improve the performance of the reactor. In this study, it was possible to accomplish the same MNB production with a significant reduction in nitrophenols concentration. This work presents results that might be useful for conventional industrial benzene adiabatic nitration plants, to improve the prevention of pollution in this process and allow competitiveness with new plants in fulfilment of environmental law requirements.
Beam control for high-energy laser devices (2012)

Beam-control systems for high-average-power lasers began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Early systems propagated the beams across laboratories using heavy-water-cooled copper optics and open-beam trains with commercial fans to provide fresh air. They have evolved in the intervening 40-plus years to include highly sophisticated gimbaled-control systems with extremely high-reflectance uncooled optics and adaptive optics to compensate for less-than-ideal laser beams and for atmospheric distortions. An overview of that evolution is presented.
Polymerization kinetics of acrylonitrile by oxidation: Reduction system using potassium persulfate/ascorbic acid in an aqueous medium (2011)

Abstract The kinetics of acrylonitrile polymerization initiated by free radicals formed in situ in a potassium persulfate/ascorbic acid redox system was investigated in an aqueous sulfuric acid medium in the temperature range of 40–70°C. The rate of polymerization and the rate of the disappearance of potassium persulfate were measured. A kinetic scheme involving the production of initiating radicals from the oxidation of ascorbic acid by potassium persulfate ions and termination exclusively by the interaction of chain radicals with persulfate ions is proposed. The effects of some water‐miscible organic solvents on the rate of polymerization were investigated. The temperature dependence of the rate was studied. A possible mechanism consistent with the experimental data is proposed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
A new two-quadrant zero-current transition converter for DC motor drives (2001)

A new two-quadrant (2Q) zero-current-transition (ZCT) converter with the capabilities of 2Q power flow and ZCT switching profile for DC motor drives is presented. It possesses the advantages that both the main and auxiliary switches can operate with zero-current switching (ZCS), reduced switching losses and stresses, minimum voltage and current stresses as well as minimum circulating energy during both the motoring and regenerating modes. It also offers simple circuit topology, minimum component count and low cost. This converter is particularly useful for DC traction systems in which both motoring and regenerative braking are desired to have high efficiency. The corresponding theoretical analysis and its high-efficiency performance are supported by both simulation and experimental results.
Atrophic Gastritis and Intestinal Metaplasia in Asymptomatic Hungarian and Italian Populations (1980)

The histological patterns of the gastric mucosa obtained by endoscopic biopsy were evaluated in two different ethnic groups, each containing one hundred patients without gastro-intestinal diseases. The incidence of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia increased with age in both groups, revealing a statistically significant difference above 60 years. The comparative study of gastric cancer death rates in the two population groups showed a significant prevalence in the Hungarians above 50 years. This fact seems to support the hypothesis that an ethnic group with high gastric cancer rate has a higher prevalence of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia in the older age groups, and offers additional evidence for the association of chronic inflammatory changes of the gastric mucosa with malignant gastric cancer.
The molecular basis of glycogen breakdown and transport in <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (2010)

The genome of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains, as typified by the TIGR4 strain, contain several genes encoding proteins putatively involved in alpha-glucan degradation, modification and synthesis. The extracellular components comprise an ATP binding cassette-transporter with its solute binding protein, MalX, and the hydrolytic enzyme SpuA. We show that of the commonly occurring exogenous alpha-glucans, S. pneumoniae TIGR4 is only able to grow on glycogen in a MalX- and SpuA-dependent manner. SpuA is able to degrade glycogen into a ladder of alpha-1,4-glucooligosaccharides while the high-affinity interaction (K(a) approximately 10(6) M(-1)) of MalX with maltooligosaccharides plays a key role in promoting the selective uptake of the glycogen degradation products that are produced by SpuA. The X-ray crystallographic analyses of apo- and complexed MalX illuminate the protein's specificity for the degradation products of glycogen and its striking ability to recognize the helical structure of the ligand. Overall, the results of this work provide new structural and functional insight into streptococcal alpha-glucan metabolism while supplying biochemical support for the hypothesis that the substrate of the S. pneumoniaealpha-glucan metabolizing machinery is glycogen, which in a human host is abundant in lung epithelial cells, a common target for invasive S. pneumoniae.
[Characteristics of the relative humidity and temperature in the inspiratory part of the Dräger circle system and their influence on the function of the ciliary epithelium]. (1990)

Changes in relative humidity and temperature of the anaesthetic gases were measured in the inspiratory limb of the Dräger circle system next to the carbon dioxide absorber in 29 patients requiring ENT surgery under general anaesthesia. Immediately following intubation and prior to extubation, nasal and tracheal cytologic samples were taken with a brush technique and ciliary beat frequency was determined. At a fresh gas flow of 6 l/min, relative humidity increased from 57.6 +/- 1.5 to 62.5 +/- 1.8% (p less than 0.05) after 110 minutes. Temperature increased continuously from 21.96 +/- 0.97 degrees C to 23.83 +/- 0.48 degrees C after 200 minutes. The number of vital ciliated cells in the tracheal samples decreased from 24.4% following induction of anaesthesia to 6% at the end of anaesthesia (p less than 0.05), and from 35.7% to 26.8% (p less than 0.05) in the nasal samples. Ciliary beat frequency remained unchanged at the end of anaesthesia as compared to control in tracheal as well as in nasal samples. It is concluded that the output of relative humidity and temperature in the circle system is not sufficient to prevent broncho-epithelial damage. Ciliary beat automaticity appears to behave according to an all or nothing principle.
Cell selection in two-tier microcellular/macrocellular systems (2002)

Because hand-off limitations restrict the deployment of microcells to slow-moving mobiles, a two-tier cellular system is considered to cover areas with mobiles moving at different speeds. Such systems consist of microcells embedded within macrocells. The microcells cover the slow-moving mobiles and the macrocells the rest. The selection of a cell to serve a call must now be based not only on the received signal strength, but also on the speed of the mobile. A simple procedure for cell selection had been proposed, which prevents the microcellular system from carrying the full call traffic load it is capable of. We calculate this capacity loss and find it to be 43 per cent for pedestrian-held mobiles moving at an average speed of 5 km/hr inside a 600-meter microcell. The capacity loss is higher for faster moving mobiles. We propose an alternative procedure for cell selection, which preserves the simplicity of the original procedure but causes lower capacity losses. The case of a mobile changing speed is also addressed.
Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Zero-Shot Learning (2015)

Zero-shot learning (ZSL) can be considered as a special case of transfer learning where the source and target domains have different tasks/label spaces and the target domain is unlabelled, providing little guidance for the knowledge transfer. A ZSL method typically assumes that the two domains share a common semantic representation space, where a visual feature vector extracted from an image/video can be projected/embedded using a projection function. Existing approaches learn the projection function from the source domain and apply it without adaptation to the target domain. They are thus based on naive knowledge transfer and the learned projections are prone to the domain shift problem. In this paper a novel ZSL method is proposed based on unsupervised domain adaptation. Specifically, we formulate a novel regularised sparse coding framework which uses the target domain class labels' projections in the semantic space to regularise the learned target domain projection thus effectively overcoming the projection domain shift problem. Extensive experiments on four object and action recognition benchmark datasets show that the proposed ZSL method significantly outperforms the state-of-the-arts.
Resonance. The missing phenomenon in hemodynamics. (1991)

To simulate a short segment of the aorta, we studied wave propagation in an elastic tube with a side branch balloon. The small balloon simulated the organ (group of arterioles). Ligation of this side branch would reduce the moduli of the higher harmonics when the length of the side branch was appropriate. Electrical analogy of vessels was used to analyze this phenomenon. This simulation can explain the ligation results we found in rats. It may also clarify the discrepancies between the prediction of the Womersley equation and the experimental results. We suggest that the aorta and the closely attached organ can produce coupled oscillation; theoretically, this structure is equivalent to a resonance circuit.
Folate and colorectal cancer: An evidence‐based critical review (2007)

Currently available evidence from epidemiologic, animal, and intervention studies does not unequivocally support the role of folate, a water-soluble B vitamin and important cofactor in one-carbon transfer, in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, when the portfolio of evidence from these studies is analyzed critically, the overall conclusion supports the inverse association between folate status and CRC risk. It is becoming increasingly evident that folate possesses dual modulatory effects on colorectal carcinogenesis depending on the timing and dose of folate intervention. Folate deficiency has an inhibitory effect whereas folate supplementation has a promoting effect on the progression of established colorectal neoplasms. In contrast, folate deficiency in normal colorectal mucosa appears to predispose it to neoplastic transformation, and modest levels of folic acid supplementation suppress, whereas supraphysiologic supplemental doses enhance, the development of cancer in normal colorectal mucosa. Several potential mechanisms relating to the disruption of one-carbon transfer reactions exist to support the dual modulatory role of folate in colorectal carcinogenesis. Based on the lack of compelling supportive evidence and on the potential tumor-promoting effect, routine folic acid supplementation should not be recommended as a chemopreventive measure against CRC at present.
Monte Carlo simulations of textured planar magnetron targets (1993)

The effect of sputtering target crystallographic texture and grain size on film uniformity has been studied for advanced planar sputtering equipment. A grid of polygons over the target area was created by a computer program. Each polygon of the grid represented an individual grain, with a discrete crystal orientation. Crystallographic orientation distribution function (ODF) files were obtained for a number of polycrystalline targets through pole figure x-ray analysis and harmonic texture analysis. The ODF files were used to assign a crystal orientation to each polygon. The program then simulated the sputtering process by randomly choosing a location on the target, calculating the sputtering probability from the depth profile of a used target, and, finally, calculating the sputtered atom emission angles from the crystal orientation of that grain. An angular thermal correction was added to the emission angles. Each sputtered atom trajectory and arrival position on the substrate was then calculated. After 50 million events, film uniformity was calculated from all arrival positions for a 200 mm substrate. We found that for a full erosion planar magnetron sputtering target, at a 4.5 cm target–substrate separation, film uniformity was directly proportional to grain size. For full erosion sputtering cathodes, at 4.5 cm separation, no effect of target crystal orientation was observed. When the target–substrate separation was increased from 4.5 to 12 cm, the effect of grain size was decreased and crystal orientation played a more important role. Experimental sputtering data from a full erosion round planar cathode qualitatively confirmed the trend in the simulation results. It was also found that for sputtering systems in general, there is an absolute limit on film uniformity standard deviation. This limit was associated with the presence of an erosion profile on the sputtering target.
A Dickens letter (1953)

Journal Article A Dickens letter Get access W. J. Carlton W. J. Carlton Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume CXCVIII, Issue jun, 1 June 1953, Page 268, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/CXCVIII.jun.268 Published: 01 June 1953
Jean Pauls »Flegeljahre« (1963)

Ist Jean Paul ein guter Erzähler? Es kommt darauf an, wie wir die Frage verstehen wollen. Das Haupt- und Kernproblem, mit dem man sich beim Studium von Jean Pauls Romanen früh oder spät notwendig konfrontiert sieht, ist die Frage nach der Ganzheit ihrer jeweiligen ästhetischen Form. Dieser Gesichtspunkt bestimmt in hohem Maße das Urteil über Niveau und Legitimität seiner Erzählkunst. Es ist bekannt, mit wie starken Vorbehalten diese Frage schon zu Jean Pauls Lebzeiten und bis in unsere Tage immer wieder beantwortet worden ist. Natürlich mit Unterschieden. Die unter seinen Zeitgenossen verbreitete Meinung, er schreibe wie ein spazierender Hund, darf wohl als endgültig überwunden gelten. Zu gut wissen wir um die hohe Besonnenheit, die sein poetisches Schaffen ständig begleitete. Das bedeutet aber nicht, daß es überhaupt keine kritischen Bedenken mehr gäbe. Und zwar nicht nur unter den Nörglern, sondern auch unter den aufrichtigen und verständnisvollen Verehrern seiner Kunst! In einem meisterhaften und von warmherzig verehrender Sympathie getragenen Essay über Jean Paul kann Rudolf Alexander Schröder in seinem Bemühen um gerechte Würdigung nicht umhin zu konstatieren: „Denn freilich, um dies gleich vorwegzunehmen, vom Standpunkt des zünftigen Handwerks aus ist es um den Aufbau seiner großen Romane nicht zum besten bestellt.
Toy Story 3 (2010)

How I created a force field effect for Slinky the Dog.
Protein profile characterization of bacterial lysates by capillary electrophoresis (1998)

A fast and reproducible method was developed to characterize cell lysates by their electrophoretic profiles using capillary electrophoresis (CE). Characteristic and reproducible patterns were recorded for each bacterial strains when "dynamic sieving" CE, using a polymer solution in the capillary, was applied to distinguish four strains of the Enterobacteriaceae family. The electropherograms showed distinct differences when comparing them to the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) protein profiles. This is certainly a result of the differences in the separation principles and in the detection methods of the two techniques.
Expression of an activated ras gene causes developmental abnormalities in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster. (1988)

We describe the developmental effects of the expression of a normal and mutated Drosophila ras gene ras2 in transgenic Drosophila. A Gly14----Val14 mutant (Gly14 in ras2 is equivalent to Gly12 in mammalian ras proteins) was constructed in ras2 by site-directed mutagenesis. Inducible constructs of ras2 and ras2Val14 were made by coupling the hsp70 promoter to each of the genes. In addition, the endogenous ras2 promoter was placed upstream of the mutated ras2Val14. These constructs were introduced into the germ line of Drosophila to yield transgenic lines by P-element-mediated transformation. A wide variety of developmental disorders were displayed in flies carrying the mutated ras2 gene driven by either the endogenous or the hsp70 promoter. The basal level of transcription of mutated ras from the uninduced hsp70 promoter was sufficient to produce disturbances in the development of several tissue types. In contrast, phenotypic disturbances were not seen with the normal ras2 gene driven by the hsp70 promoter even when induced by heat shock to very high levels of transcription over normal ras2 levels. A subset of the tissues expressing ras2 during development was particularly sensitive to the expression of ras2Val14. The compound eye was found to develop a dorsal-to-ventral 'scar' correlated with the wave of differentiation occurring in the eye imaginal disc at the time of a single brief induction of the hsp70 promoted ras2Val14 construct.
Antenna array signal processing for quaternion-valued wireless communication systems (2014)

Quaternion-valued wireless communication systems have been studied in the past. Although progress has been made in this promising area, a crucial missing link is lack of effective and efficient quaternion-valued signal processing algorithms for channel equalisation and beamforming. With most recent developments in quaternion-valued signal processing, in this work, we fill the gap to solve the problem and further derive the quaternion-valued Wiener solution for block-based calculation.
Evaluation of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) molybdenum and molybdenum-rhenium Alloys (1999)

Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) molybdenum alloys being developed for high temperature applications possess excellent high temperature strength and creep resistance. In addition they exhibit a ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBIT) in the worked and stress-relieved condition under longitudinal tensile load well below room temperature. However, in the recrystallized condition, the DBTT maybe near or above room temperature, depending on the volume fraction of oxide dispersion and the amount of prior work. Dilute rhenium additions (7 and 14 wt.%) to ODS molybdenum were evaluated to determine their effect on low temperature ductility. The addition of 7 wt.% rhenium to the ODS molybdenum did not significantly enhance the mechanical properties. However, the addition of 14 wt.% rhenium to the ODS molybdenum resulted in a DBTT well below room temperature in both the stress-relieved and recrystallized condition. Additionally, the tensile strength of ODS Mo-14Re is greater than the base ODS molybdenum at 1,000 to 1,250 C.
Active Control Of Noise Radiated From Personal Computers (2002)

As an indirect consequence of increased heat cooling requirements, personal computers (PC) have become noisier due to the increased use of fans. Hard disk drives also contribute to the annoying noise radiated by personal computers, creating a need for the control of computer noise. Due to size constraints, the implementation of passive noise control techniques in PC is difficult. Alternatively, active noise control (ANC) may provide a compact solution to the noise problems discussed above, which is the subject of this work. First, the computer noise sources were characterized. The structure-borne path was altered passively through the decoupling of the vibrating sources from the chassis. Global noise control strategy was then investigated with a hybrid passive/active noise control technique based on folded lined ducts, integrating microphones and speakers, that were added to the PC air inlet and outlet. While the ducts were effective above 1000Hz, the use of a MIMO adaptive feedforward digital controller lead to significant noise reduction at the ducts outlets below 1000Hz. However, global performance was limited due to important airborne flanking paths. Finally, the same type of controller was used to create a zone of quiet around the PC user head location. It was implemented using multimedia speakers and microphones, while the computer was placed in a semi-reverberant environment. A large zone of quiet surrounding the head was created at low frequencies (250Hz), and its size would reduce with increasing frequency (up to 1000Hz).