gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Infantile Diarrhoea and Vomiting (1949)

The cells are secretory in type, yet differ morphologically from any ovarian cells known to us.
The Importance of the Carboxyl-terminal Domain of Cardiac Troponin C in Ca2+-sensitive Muscle Regulation (2000)

The interactions between troponin I and troponin C are central to the Ca(2+)-regulated control of striated muscle. Using isothermal titration microcalorimetry we have studied the binding of human cardiac troponin C (cTnC) and its isolated domains to human cardiac troponin I (cTnI). We provide the first binding data for these proteins while they are free in solution and unmodified by reporter groups. Our data reveal that the C-terminal domain of cTnC is responsible for most of the free energy change upon cTnC.cTnI binding. Importantly, the interaction between cTnI and the C-terminal domain of cTnC is 8-fold stronger in the presence of Ca(2+) than in the presence of Mg(2+), suggesting that the C-terminal domain of cTnC may play a modulatory role in cardiac muscle regulation. Changes in the affinity of cTnI for cTnC and its isolated C-terminal domain in response to ionic strength support this finding, with both following similar trends. At physiological ionic strength the affinity of cTnC for cTnI changed very little in response to Ca(2+), although the thermodynamic data show a clear distinction between binding in the presence of Ca(2+) and in the presence of Mg(2+).
Simulations of Si(Li) x‐ray detector response (2001)

Abstract Si(Li) lineshapes are generated using a model that incorporates Monte Carlo simulation of the interactions of the incident photon, a very simple approach to energy deposition by the primary (Auger and photo‐) electrons, and an analytical approximation for diffusion of thermalized secondary electrons. The aim of the work is illustrative rather than quantitative. Interactions in the metal contact produce various spectrum artefacts, and interactions in the silicon produce a low‐energy shelf structure with well‐defined steps that have recently been observed experimentally but that are not mentioned in previous Monte Carlo simulation work, although they are to be expected on the basis of electron transport. Details of this structure are strongly influenced by pulse processing time in the electronic system. Artefacts arising from a silicon dead layer can enhance the escape peak intensity, and can assist in estimating this layer's thickness. Inclusion in the simulation of Goto's model for secondary electron diffusion, incorporating reflection at the metal–Si interface, results in a truncated low‐energy shelf, whose threshold energy is determined by the reflection coefficient; its intensity can also be predicted from an earlier, simple, analytical model that combines finite, primary, electron range effects with carrier losses in a region of incomplete charge collection whose thickness is well defined. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glutamine availability up-regulates expression of the amino acid transporter protein ASCT2 in HepG2 cells and stimulates the ASCT2 promoter (2004)

Glutamine transport into the human hepatoma cell line HepG2 is catalysed primarily by an ASCT2-type transporter identical in sequence with that cloned previously from JAR cells. An antibody raised against the C-terminus of the ASCT2 protein was shown to recognize ASCT2 on Western blots. Using this antibody, it was found that variation in cell growth rate did not affect ASCT2 expression, but both growth rate and ASCT2 expression were significantly reduced by glutamine deprivation. Expression of a number of other proteins was shown to be unaffected under these conditions. The sequence of the 5'-flanking region of the ASCT2 gene was derived from the human genome database. A 907 bp fragment of this sequence was directionally ligated into a luciferase reporter vector and was shown to exhibit promoter activity when transfected into HepG2 cells. Promoter activity was greatly reduced when transfection was performed in glutamine-free medium and was restored when glutamine was added post-transfection. The absence of other essential amino acids did not affect promoter activity, and glutamine deprivation did not affect the MCT1 (monocarboxylate transporter 1) promoter. These results indicate that both ASCT2 promoter activity and ASCT2 protein expression in these cells are dependent on glutamine availability.
Judging the Orientation of Sinusoidal and Square-Wave Virtual Gratings Presented via 2-DOF and 3-DOF Haptic Interfaces 1 (2000)

The ability of observers to resolve the orientation of virtual gratings presented on two different haptic interfaces was investigated. Gratings were presented either with the 2-degree-of-freedom Immersion IE2000, or with the 3-degree-of-freedom SensAble Devices PHANToM. Results showed excellent resolution of both sinusoidal and squarewave gratings with both devices. Possible factors that may have influenced the results, such as force models, force vectors, and end effectors, are addressed. INTRODUCTION In human sensing and manipulation of everyday objects, the perception of surface texture is fundamental for both accurate identification and perceptual realism. The identification of everyday objects depends crucially upon texture information; for example, when sorting coins in one&apos;s pocket, one of the primary cues that distinguishes a dime from a penny is the ridged texture of the dime&apos;s outer circumference. It could also be argued that performance in a wide variety of tasks would b...
Low‐intensity treadmill exercise‐related changes in the rat stellate ganglion neurons (2008)

Stellate ganglion (SG) represents the main sympathetic input to the heart. This study aimed at investigating physical exercise-related changes in the quantitative aspects of SG neurons in treadmill-exercised Wistar rats. By applying state-of-the-art design-based stereology, the SG volume, total number of SG neurons, mean perikaryal volume of SG neurons, and the total volume of neurons in the whole SG have been examined. Arterial pressure and heart rate were also measured at the end of the exercise period. The present study showed that a low-intensity exercise training program caused a 12% decrease in the heart rate of trained rats. In contrast, there were no effects on systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, or mean arterial pressure. As to quantitative changes related to physical exercise, the main findings were a 21% increase in the fractional volume occupied by neurons in the SG, and an 83% increase in the mean perikaryal volume of SG neurons in treadmill-trained rats, which shows a remarkable neuron hypertrophy. It seems reasonable to infer that neuron hypertrophy may have been the result of a functional overload imposed on the SG neurons by initial posttraining sympathetic activation. From the novel stereological data we provide, further investigations are needed to shed light on the mechanistic aspect of neuron hypertrophy: what role does neuron hypertrophy play? Could neuron hypertrophy be assigned to the functional overload induced by physical exercise?
Lifetime modeling and prediction of power devices (2024)

Accurate lifetime prediction represents a challenge for the design of complex devices and systems. This work discusses the main techniques for proper data analysis, physical modeling, and efficient calculation.
Expression of Constitutively Activated Human c-Kit in Myb Transformed Early Myeloid Cells Leads to Factor Independence, Histiocytic Differentiation, and Tumorigenicity (1997)

The cDNAs encoding wild type (WT) human receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit and a constitutively activated mutant, V816Kit, were introduced into granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF )-dependent early murine hemopoietic cells, which had been transformed with activated Myb. WTKit cells were able to grow in the presence of the human ligand for Kit, stem cell factor (SCF ), but displayed reduced growth and clonogenic potential in either SCF or GM-CSF compared with the parental cells in GM-CSF. In contrast, V816Kit cells grew without factor at a higher rate than the parental cells in GM-CSF and displayed increased clonogenicity. Dissection of the growth characteristics in liquid culture showed that in the presence of appropriate factors, the different populations had similar proliferation rates, but that V816Kit profoundly increased cell survival compared with WTKit or parental cells. This suggests that the signals transduced by WTKit activated with SCF, and by V816Kit, were not identical. Also, WTKit and V816Kit-expressing cells both varied from the early myeloid progenitor phenotype of the parental cells and gave rise to a small number of large to giant adherent cells that expressed macrophage (α-naphthyl acetate) esterase and neutrophil (naphtol-AS-D-chloroacetate) esterase, were highly phagocytic and phenotypically resembled histiocytes. Thus, WTKit activated by SCF and V816Kit were able to induce differentiation in a proportion of Myb-transformed myeloid cells. The factor independent V816Kit cells, unlike the parental and WTKit expressing cells, were shown to produce tumors of highly mitotic, invasive cells at various stages of differentiation in syngeneic mice. These results imply that constitutively activated Kit can promote the development of differentiated myeloid tumors and that its oncogenic effects are not restricted to lineages (mast cell and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia), which have been reported previously. Furthermore, the mixed populations of cells in culture and in the tumors phenotypically resembled the leukemic cells from patients with monocytic leukemia with histiocytic differentiation (acute myeloid leukemia-M5c), a newly proposed subtype of myeloid leukemia.
Signal transduction pathways activated by the IL-1 receptor family: ancient signaling machinery in mammals, insects, and plants (1998)

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a central regulator of the immune and inflammatory responses. Recently, significant advances have been made in the area of IL-1 receptors and IL-1 signal transduction. A family of proteins has been described that share significant homology in their signaling domains with the Type I IL-1 receptor (IL-1RI). These include the IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1AcP), which does not bind IL-1 but is essential for IL-1 signaling; a Drosophila protein Toll; a number of human Toll-like receptors (hTLRs); the putative IL-18/IL-1-gamma receptor IL-1Rrp (IL-1 receptor-related protein); and a number of plant proteins. All appear to be involved in host responses to injury and infection. These homologies also extend to novel signaling proteins implicated in IL-1 action. Two IL-1 receptor-associated kinases, IRAK-1 and IRAK-2, which have homologs in Drosophila (Pelle) and plants (Pto), have been implicated in the activation of the transcription factor, nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). IRAK-1 has also been implicated in AP1 induction, Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, and IL-2 induction. It recruits the adapter protein TRAF6 to the IL-1 receptor complex via an interaction with IL-1AcP. TRAF6 then relays the signal via NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK) to two I-kappaB kinases (IKK-1 and -2), leading to NF-kappaB activation. Progress has also been made on other IL-1-responsive kinases, including JNK and p38 MAP kinase, with the latter having a role in multiple responses to IL-1. The remarkable conservation between diverse species indicates that the IL-1 system represents an ancient signaling machine critical for responses to environmental stresses and attack by pathogens.
Liposomal hamycin in the control of experimental aspergillosis in mice: effect of phosphatidic acid with and without cholesterol (1993)

Hamycin incorporated into liposomes containing phosphatidyicholine (SPC) and phosphatidic acid (PA) had reduced toxicity and an enhanced antifungal activity in experimental aspergillosis in balb/c mice. Incorporation of cholesterol into liposomes led to a dose dependent decrease in the toxicity of hamycin. The LD50 (mg/kg) of hamycin contained in SPC/cholesterol/PA (molar ratio 4: 5: 1) liposomes was 2.8 whereas that in SPC/PA liposomes (molar ratio 9:1) was 0.35 Although the free drug had little or no protective effect on the animals, those administered liposomal hamycin at an equivalent dose (0.1 mg/kg) in the absence of cholesterol (SPC/PA; molar ratio 9:1) showed 90% survival after seven days of therapy. On the other hand the presence of cholesterol in the carrier phosphatidic acid liposomes (SPC/ cholesterol/PA; molar ratio 4:5:1) at a similar dose (0.1 mg/kg) led to a 60% survival over the same time period. Hamycin incorporation in phosphatidic acid liposomes both in the presence or absence of cholesterol was found to be effective in reducing the fungal load in lung, liver, spleen and kidney. Studies with distribution of hamycin in various tissues by HPLC showed a significant reduction in the concentration of the liposomal drug in circulation as compared to those seem after administration of free drug.
Biological phosphorus removal processes — Effect of ph on anaerobic substrate metabolism (1996)

Effect of pH on the anaerobic acetate metabolism of biological phosphorus (P) removal processes was determined using anaerobic-aerobic activated sludge cultured with mainly acetate and containing a 12% or an 8% of total biomass as P (Px). The acetate uptake coupling to phosphate (Pi) release was found to be kinetically and thermodynamically influenced by pH. In the pH range 5.0–6.5, the acetate uptake rate (AUR) increased linearly with pH from 0 to about 50 (mg C/g VSS/h), and the Pi release rate (PiRR) from 20 to about 50 (mg P/g VSS/h). In the pH range 6.5–8.0, AUR remained at a constant range but PiRR continuously increased. Above pH 8.0, both AUR and PiRR started to decrease. With regard to the molar ratio of Pi released per acetate taken up (Pi/Ac), it was about 1.0 or 0.70–0.75 in the pH range 5.5–6.5, and proportionally increased to 1.75 or 1.50 in the pH range 6.6–8.5 for sludge containing a 12% Px or an 8% Px, respectively. Apparently, acidic pH inactivated the acetate metabolism, and basic pH stimulated too much Pi release, resulting an increase in energy consumption for acetate uptake (i.e. the Pi/Ac ratio). As a compromise, an optimum pH 6.8±0.7 was proposed for anaerobic acetate metabolism, because that a relatively high AUR with less energy consumption can be maintained by the bacteria that respond for biological P removal.
Stationarizable random processes (1978)

The familiar notion of inducing stationarity into a cyclostationary process by random translation is extended through characterization of the class of all second-order continuous-parameter processes (with autocorrelation functions that possess a generalized Fourier transform) that are {\em stationarizable} in the wide sense by random translation. This class includes the nested set of proper subclasses: {\em almost cyclostationary} processes, {\em quasi-cyclostationary} processes, and {\em cyclostationary} processes. The random translations that induce stationarity are also characterized. The concept of stationarizability is extended to the concept of asymptotic stationarizability, and the class of {\em asymptotically stationarizable} processes is characterized. These characterizations are employed to derive characterizations of optimum linear and nonlinear time-invariant filters for nonstationary processes. Relative to optimum time-varying filters, these time-invariant filters offer advantages of implementational simplicity and computational efficiency, but at the expense of increased filtering error which in some applications is quite modest. The uses of a random translation for inducing stationarity-of-order-n, for increasing the degree of local stationarity, and for inducing stationarity into discrete-parameter processes are briefly described.
Swept-frequency techniques (1967)

Swept-measurement techniques are developing rapidly and have demonstrated their crucial importance in advancing the microwave state-of-the-art. The key components of swept-measurement systems are discussed and the development of reflection coefficient measurements on a swept basis is examined in detail. Reflectometer and slotted-line accuracies are analyzed using signal flow graphs. The results are compared to illustrate that in the typical laboratory, swept-frequency measurements offer accuracy equivalent to the slower, more tedious, fixed-frequency systems. A significant step forward has been the development of instrumentation to completely characterize high-frequency networks by means of the complex scattering matrix. The new techniques for sweep-measuring the amplitude and phase of microwave parameters are explained and the s-parameter design procedures which have evolved are referenced.
PSO-BELBIC scheme for two-coupled distillation column process (2010)

In the two-coupled distillation column process, keeping the tray temperatures within a specified range around their steady state values assures the specifications for top and bottom product purity. The two-coupled distillation column is a 4 Input/4 Output process. Normally, control engineers decouple the process into four independent loops. They assign a PID controller to control each loop. Tuning of conventional PID controllers is very difficult when the process is subject to external unknown factors. The paper proposes a Brain Emotional Learning Based Intelligent Controller (BELBIC) to replace conventional PID controllers. Moreover, the values of BELBIC and PID gains are optimized using a particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique with minimization of Integral Square Error (ISE) for all loops. The paper compares the performance of the proposed PSO-BELBICs with that of conventional PSO-PID controllers. PSO-BELBICs prove their usefulness in improving time domain behavior with keeping robustness for all loops.
Hereditary multi-infarct dementia of the Swedish type is a novel disorder different from NOTCH3 causing CADASIL (2007)

Several hereditary small vessel diseases (SVDs) of the brain have been reported in recent years. In 1977, Sourander and Wålinder described hereditary multi-infarct dementia (MID) in a Swedish family. In the same year, Stevens and colleagues reported chronic familial vascular encephalopathy in an English family bearing a similar phenotype. These disorders have invariably been suggested to be cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL) but their genetic identities remain unknown. We used molecular, radiological and neuropathological methods to characterize these disorders. Direct DNA sequencing unexpectedly confirmed that affected members of the English family carried the R141C mutation in the NOTCH3 gene diagnostic of CADASIL. However, we did not detect any pathogenic mutations in the entire 8091 bp reading frame of NOTCH3 or find clear evidence for NOTCH3 gene linkage in the Swedish DNA. This was consistent with the lack of hyperintense signals in the anterior temporal pole and external capsule in Swedish subjects upon magnetic resonance imaging. We further found no evidence for granular osmiophilic material in skin biopsy or post-mortem brain samples of affected members in the Swedish family. In addition, there was distinct lack of NOTCH3 N-terminal fragments in the cerebral microvasculature of the Swedish hereditary MID subjects compared to the intense accumulation in the English family afflicted with CADASIL. Several differences in arteriosclerotic changes in both the grey and white matter were also noted between the disorders. The sclerotic index values, density of collagen IV immunoreactivity in the microvasculature and number of perivascular macrophages were greater in the English CADASIL samples compared to those from the Swedish brains. Multiple approaches suggest that the Swedish family with hereditary MID suspected to be CADASIL has a different novel disorder with dissimilar pathological features and belongs to the growing number of genetically uncharacterized familial SVDs.
Voice Recognition Software in Medical Imaging Continues to Evolve (2011)

Voice recognition software has been shown to reduce report turnaround time and holds promise for populating and mining structured reports — but not all radiologists are convinced.
Performance in review (1982)

Cats, an adaptation of T. S. Eliot's Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats. Directed by Cameron Mackintosh. Music by Andrew Lloyd Weber. New London Theatre, Drury Lane, London, 1981. Hanff, Helene. 84 Charing Cross Road. Directed by James Roose‐Evans. Ambassadors Theatre, London, 1981. Welsh, Anna. Yr. Loving Mama, V.R. Directed by David Stuart. McCoy Theatre, Southwestern At Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, April 8, 1982.
Decomposition of ozone in water: rate of initiation by hydroxide ions and hydrogen peroxide (1982)

The initiation of ozone decomposition in "pure water" is first order in O<sub>3</sub> and OH<sup>-</sup> concentration and <I>k</I><sub>O<sub>3</sub>,OH<sup>-</sup></sub> becomes 70 ± 7 M<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> when a sequence of reactions is assumed by which three molecules of O<sub>3</sub> are eliminated per primary event. The difference between this value and higher values reported in the earlier literature may be explained by interferences by radical chain reactions which have not been totally inhibited in those studies. H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> also reacts with O<sub>3</sub> when present as an anion, HO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>. <I>k</I><sub>O<sub>3</sub>,OH<sup>-</sup></sub> is (2.8 ± 0.5) × 10<sup>6</sup> M<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> when it is assumed that 'two molecules of O<sub>3</sub> are eliminated per primary event. Therefore, whenever [H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>] > 10<sup>-7</sup> M (pH <12), HO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> has a greater effect than OH<sup>-</sup> on the decomposition rate of O<sub>3</sub> in water. The high reactivity of HO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> explains that H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> is observed as a significant intermediate in the ozonated water only if the pH is low, e.g., <6.
Price and Income Elasticities of Residential Water Demand (2003)

This paper presents a meta-analysis of variations in price and income elasticities of residential water demand.Information on the determinants of consumer demand is of pivotal importance for the efficiency and efficacy of public and private policy-making.It is also crucial for effective water demand management.We focus on the application of statistical methods to synthesize research results on price and income elasticities of residential water demand reported in the literature.These techniques are generally referred to as meta-analysis.This type of analysis constitutes an adequate tool for explaining why empirical estimates of the price and income elasticity of residential water demand vary to such considerable extents.The set of explanatory factors used in the meta-analysis includes variables derived from microeconomic choice theory and moderator variables reflecting differences in spatial and temporal dynamics, research design, and statistical quality of the estimates of previously published studies.
High-density mapping of brain slices using a large multi-functional high-density CMOS microelectrode array system (2017)

We present a CMOS-based high-density microelectrode array (HD-MEA) system that enables high-density mapping of brain slices <i>in-vitro</i> with multiple readout modalities. The 4.48×2.43 mm<sup>2</sup> array consists of 59,760 micro-electrodes at 13.5 µm pitch (5487 electrodes/mm<sup>2</sup>). The overall system features 2048 action-potential, 32 local-field-potential and 32 current recording channels, 32 impedance-measurement and 28 neurotransmitter-detection channels and 16 voltage/current stimulation channels. The system enables real-time and label-free monitoring of position, size, morphology and electrical activity of brain slices.