gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Are there unique autoantigens triggering autoimmune diseases? (1998)

Using three reference disease models--insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) as a prototype of T-cell mediated organ-specific autoimmune disease, myasthenia gravis (MG) as a prototype of autoantibody-mediated organ-specific autoimmune disease and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) as a prototype of non-organ-specific autoimmune disease--we have reached several conclusions: 1) All three diseases are associated with the presence of multiple autoantibodies and/or autoreactive T cells that recognize a large number of antigenic molecules. The apparent predominant role of certain antibodies in some diseases could relate to their functional properties such as acetylcholine receptor (AChR) blockade for anti-AChR autoantibodies in MG or anti-dsDNA in SLE. 2) Major target antigens are clustered in the target cell affected by organ-specific autoimmune diseases: beta cells in IDDM, striated-muscle cells in MG, or apoptotic cells in the case of SLE. 3) Antibodies and T cells recognize multiple epitopes in these molecules. 4) The most evident explanation for the observed clustering and diversity is autoantigen spreading. Spreading probably involves T cells secreting proinflammatory cytokines but also possibly antibodies as in the case of nucleosome autoantibodies in SLE. 5) The counterpart of antigen spreading is bystander suppression in which regulatory cytokines deviate the immune response towards a protective response. 6) The mechanisms underlying the initiation of the autoimmune response and antigen spreading are still undetermined. They could imply a direct abnormality of the target cell in the case of organ-specific autoimmune diseases (e.g. infection with a virus showing a selective tropism for the target cell in organ-specific autoimmune diseases, or loss of physiological regulation of major histocompatibility complex molecule expression) or could be consequence of a ubiquitous cell abnormality such as increased apoptosis in SLE. The respective roles of genetic and environmental factors in these triggering events remain to be determined.
Delayed Neutrons from Photofission of 238U at Eγ ≲ 10 MeV (2019)

The technique is described for measuring energy spectra and temporal distributions of delayed neutrons from photofission at the pulsed electron accelerator LUE-8-5 of the Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INR RAS). The measurements were performed by the neutron scintillation spectrometer using pulse shape discrimination of background γ-quanta. The results of measurements of 238U-photofission with the kinetic energy of incident electrons ≈10 MeV are given.
Notes (1964)

Y. Ahmad, M. S. Habib, M. Iqbal, M. I. Qureshi, J. C. Craig, J. L. Garnett, D. M. Temple, A. Fischer, D. A. R. Happer, J. Vaughan, A. Albert, R. E. Willette, J. J. Daly, R. E. Banks, R. N. Haszeldine, H. Sutcliffe, R. J. S. Beer, R. A. Slater, W. P. Griffith, M. H. Benn, E. K. Fields, J. H. Beard, P. H. Plesch, W. Carruthers, A. G. Douglas, A. R. Battersby, R. J. Francis, A. W. Johnson, D. Oldfield, R. Rodrigo, N. Shaw, D. R. Clifford, D. Woodcock, R. L. Edwards, N. Kale, A. J. Birch, D. A. White, A. J. Edwards, M. A. Mouty, R. D. Peacock and A. J. Suddens, J. Chem. Soc., 1964, 4053 DOI: 10.1039/JR9640004053
Simulations of transition and turbulence on the Navier-Stokes computer (1987)

The Navier-Stokes Computer (NSC) consists of multiple local memory parallel processors interconnected in a hypercube network. Efficient implementation of algorithms on the NSC thus requires the effective utilization of both the coarse and fine grain paralelism inherent in the architectural design. The basic approach to implementing an algorithm on the NSC is presented herein. The particular finite-difference algorithm considered was developed for performing transition and turbulence simulations by direct solution of the time-dependent incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The suitability of this algorithm for performing simulations of the isotropic turbulence problem is verified from computations performed on a Cray 2. Projected timing results for the algorithm on the NSC itself are presented for both the isotropic turbulence and laminar turbulent transition problems.
566. Reactions of cyclohexadienes. Part III. Conversion of some 1-methoxycyclohexa-1,3-dienes into polycyclic quinones (1964)

A. J. Birch, D. N. Butler and J. B. Siddall, J. Chem. Soc., 1964, 2941 DOI: 10.1039/JR9640002941
The Role of Temperature in the Growth and Flowering of Geophytes (2013)

Among several naturally occurring environmental factors, temperature is considered to play a predominant role in controlling proper growth and flowering in geophytes. Most of them require a "warm-cold-warm" sequence to complete their annual cycle. The temperature optima for flower meristem induction and the early stages of floral organogenesis vary between nine and 25 °C, followed, in the autumn, by a several-week period of lower temperature (4-9 °C), which enables stem elongation and anthesis. The absence of low temperature treatment leads to slow shoot growth in spring and severe flowering disorders. Numerous studies have shown that the effects of the temperature surrounding the underground organs during the autumn-winter period can lead to important physiological changes in plants, but the mechanism that underlies the relationship between cold treatment and growth is still unclear. In this mini-review, we describe experimental data concerning the temperature requirements for flower initiation and development, shoot elongation, aboveground growth and anthesis in bulbous plants. The physiological processes that occur during autumn-winter periods in bulbs (water status, hormonal balance, respiration, carbohydrate mobilization) and how these changes might provoke disorders in stem elongation and flowering are examined. A model describing the relationship between the cold requirement, auxin and gibberellin interactions and the growth response is proposed.
Inhomogeneous barrier and hysteretic transport properties of Pt/SrTiO<sub>3</sub>junctions (2009)

We investigated the temperature-dependent transport properties of Pt/Nb-doped SrTiO3 junctions, exhibiting rectifying and hysteretic behaviours. The conventional Schottky diode model failed to explain the current–voltage characteristics, since the estimated Richardson constant was too small. The temperature dependence of the barrier height and the ideality factor showed that the inhomogeneous barrier model described the experimental data well. The estimated interfacial potential fluctuation was dependent on the resistance states. This suggested that the spatial inhomogeneity could affect the resistive switching phenomena.
Reentrant Peak Effect and Melting of a Flux Line Lattice in 2H-Nb<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Se</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (1996)

A reentrant peak effect is observed through low field ac susceptibility measurements on the weakly pinned flux line lattice in single crystals of 2H-Nb ${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$. The resulting phase diagram of the peak effect is strikingly similar to the theoretically predicted reentrant phase boundary which separates flux lattice and flux liquid phases. The broadening and ultimate disappearance of the peak effect at very low fields is consistent with the predicted crossover to a disordered glassy state in this field regime.
Nerve Growth Factor Improves the Muscle Regeneration Capacity of Muscle Stem Cells in Dystrophic Muscle (2006)

Researchershave attempted to use gene-and cell-based therapies to restore dystrophin and alleviate the muscle weakness that results from Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).Our research group has isolated populations of muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) from the postnatal skeletal muscle of mice.In comparison with satellite cells, MDSCs display an improved transplantation capacity in dystrophic mdx muscle that we attribute to their ability to undergo long-term proliferation, self-renewal, and multipotent differentiation, including differentiation toward endothelial and neuronal lineages.Here we tested whether the use of nerve growth factor (NGF) improves the transplantation efficiency of MDSCs.We used two methods of in vitro NGF stimulation: retroviral transduction of MDSCs with a CL-NGF vector and direct stimulation of MDSCs with NGF protein.Neither method of NGF treatment changed the marker profile or proliferation behavior of the MDSCs, but direct stimulation with NGF protein significantly reduced the in vitro differentiation ability of the cells.NGF stimulation also significantly enhanced the engraftment efficiency of MDSCs transplanted within the dystrophic muscle of mdx mice, resulting in the regeneration of numerous dystrophin-positive muscle fibers.These findings highlight the importance of NGF as a modulatory molecule, the study of which will broaden our understanding of its biologic role in the regeneration and repair of skeletal muscle by musclederived cells.180 OVERVIEW SUMMARY Growth factors play important roles as signaling molecules throughout postnatal development, adult life, and aging.This study investigated the effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the regeneration of the skeletal muscle of dystrophic (mdx) mice.Transplantation of muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) either stimulated with or genetically engineered to express NGF resulted in the regeneration of significantly more dystrophin-positive myofibers than did transplantation of control (nontreated) MDSCs.NGF did not alter the marker profile or proliferation behavior of MDSCs; however, MDSCs stimulated with NGF exhibited reduced in vitro differentiation, which may at least partially explain their improved regeneration capacity.These findings underscore the importance of NGF during skeletal muscle tissue remodeling and indicate that this molecule can improve the muscle regeneration capacity of muscle stem cells.
Identification, Molecular Cloning, and Evaluation of Potential Use of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase II of <i>Mycobacterium bovis</i> BCG in Serodiagnosis of Tuberculosis (2002)

Diagnosis of tuberculosis is time-consuming and requires infrastructures which are often not available in countries with high incidences of the disease. In the present study, an 82-kDa protein antigen was isolated by affinity chromatography and was identified by peptide mass fingerprinting as isocitrate dehydrogenase II, which is encoded by the icd2 gene of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. The icd2 gene of BCG was cloned by PCR, and the product of recombinant gene expression was purified and analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The recombinant protein, named rICD2, was tested for its recognition by immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies from the sera of 16 patients with tuberculosis (TB) and 23 healthy individuals by Western blotting. The results showed that rICD2 is recognized by IgG antibodies from the sera of all TB patients tested at serum dilutions of > or = 1:640. At a serum dilution of 1:1,280, the sensitivity was 50% and the specificity was 86.9%. These results indicate that rICD2 might represent a candidate for use in a new assay for the serodiagnosis of TB.
Etude de l'integration optoelectronique et photonique sur inp : laser-mesfet et laser-convertisseur fm->am (1994)

L'objet de cette these est l'etude d'une integration optoelectronique (laser-mesfets) et d'une integration photonique (laser fsk-convertisseur fm->am) sur inp. Pour l'integration optoelectronique, des monolithes composes d'un laser brs emettant a 1. 3m et de deux transistors mesfet de materiau gaas ont ete realises. L'heteroepitaxie du gaas sur inp par epitaxie en phase vapeur aux organometalliques (epvom) est utilisee pour deposer les couches necessaires aux transistors. Les monolithes ainsi fabriques montrent une bande passante de 7ghz et un debit de modulation de 8gbit/s. Le monolithe concu pour l'integration photonique est compose d'un laser fsk modulable a 10gbit/s et d'un convertisseur fm->am. Il a pour objectif de compenser la dispersion chromatique de la fibre standard et ainsi de permettre une distance de propagation plus importante sans regeneration du signal a un debit eleve (>=10gbit/s). Un modele simulant le systeme laser-convertisseur-fibre a ete realise, permettant de definir les parametres du convertisseur (bande passante, finesse). A partir de ces caracteristiques, une structure du convertisseur a ete choisie: un resonateur de bragg couple contradirectionnellement avec un second guide. Ses parametres (epaisseur des deux guides, pas et profondeur du reseau) sont calcules via la methode des modes couples afin d'obtenir les caracteristiques desirees pour realiser une transmission sur 100km a 10gbit/s. Les etapes technologiques de fabrication de ce monolithe ont ete definies et celles jugees les plus critiques mises au point: la gravure profonde du reseau (>0. 1m) et du ruban (2-3m)
Long-range Dependence in Daily Stock Volatilities (2000)

Recent empirical studies show that the squares of high-frequency stock returns are long-range dependent and can be modeled as fractionally integrated processes, using, for example, long-memory stochastic volatility models. Are such long-range dependencies common among stocks? Are they caused by the same sources of variation? In this article, we classify daily stock returns of Standard and Poor 500 companies on the basis of a company's size and its business or industrial sector and estimate the strength of long-range dependence in the stock volatilities using two different methods. Almost all of the companies analyzed exhibit strong persistence in volatility. We then use a canonical correlation method to identify common long-range dependent components in groups of companies, finding strong evidence in support of common persistence in volatility. Finally, we use a chi-squared test to study the effects of company size and sector on the number of common long-range dependent volatility components detected in groups of companies. Our results indicate the existence of some size effects, although they are not related to company size in a monotonic manner. On the other hand, the effects of company sector are pronounced. Randomly selected companies are found to be driven by a significantly larger number of persistent components than companies in certain business sectors, implying that persistence in stock volatility of companies in the same sector is more likely caused by the same source. These results suggest, among other interesting implications, that the volatilities of stocks for companies in the same business sector will be more often tied together in the longer run than will the volatilities of companies grouped only on the basis of size.
Dynamisches Verfahren zur Messung von elektostriktiven und elektrooptischen Effekten. Beispiel: Tinkalkonit Na<sub>2</sub>B<sub>4</sub>O<sub>5</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub> · 3 H<sub>2</sub>O (1982)

A method for the dynamic measurement of electrostrictive and electrooptical effects basing on the principle of a Michelson interferometer has been developed. Changes of optical pathways as small as 0.1 Å can be determined with good accuracy. The linear electrostrictive and the linear electrooptical tensors of tincalconite, Na 2 B 4 O 5 (OH) 4 · 3 H 2 O have been measured.
Differential cellular expression of isoforms of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptors in neurons and glia in brain (1999)

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3R) are mediators of second messenger-induced intracellular calcium release. Three isoforms are known to be expressed in brain, but their regional distributions and cellular localizations are little known. In order to better understand the roles of IP3 receptor isoforms in brain function, a first step is to define their distributions. We have used affinity-purified antibodies directed against peptides unique to each isoform to determine their sites of expression in rat brain. Type 1 IP3R (IP3R1) is dramatically enriched in Purkinje neurons in cerebellum and neurons in other regions, consistent with previous studies. By contrast, IP3R2 is only detected in glia, whereas IP3R3 is predominantly neuronal, with little detected in glia. IP3R3 is enriched in neuropil, especially in neuronal terminals (which often contain large dense core vesicles) in limbic and basal forebrain regions including olfactory tubercle, central nucleus of the amygdala, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. In addition, IP3R1 and IP3R3 have clearly distinct time courses of expression in developing brains. These data suggest separate roles for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor isoforms in development, and for glial and neuronal function. The IP3R3 may be involved in regulation of neurotransmitter or neuropeptide release in terminals within specific nuclei of the basal forebrain and limbic system.
Quantitative Analysis of Reproducible Changes in High-Voltage Electrophotography (2001)

After controlling for the above variables and identifying reproducible and statistically significant changes, we believe the images created in our study represent the interaction of biologically generated electromagnetic fields interacting with the corona discharge created by the electrophotographic device.
Isolation of (-)-Preorixine, a Postulated Biosynthetic Key Intermediate of (+)-orixine and Related Quinoline Alkaloids, from the Stems of Orixa japonica (1993)

A prenyl quinoline alkaloid (-)-preorixine was isolated from the stems of Orixa japonica (Rutaceae) and its structure was elucidated to be (-)-3-(2S,3-epoxy-3-methyl- butyl) - 2,4-dimethoxy-7, 8-methylenedioxyquinoline. (-)-Preorixine is postulated as a biosynthetic key intermediate of (+)-orixine and related compounds
Gas chromatography in diagnostic biochemistry of abnormal valine metabolism. (1973)

Amino acids in biological fluids can be rapidly and accurately quantitated by gas chromatography. Modification of existing gas-chromatographic techniques allow as little as 25 µl of biological fluids to be analyzed, compatible with sample sizes easily obtained in pediatric studies. Simplified diagnostic biochemical evaluation of a suspected aminoaciduria can be begun at birth, or shortly after. Normal amino acid patterns are compared with those found in a patient with abnormal amino acid concentrations. Gas chromatographic evidence is presented as a diagnostic aid in the evaluation of a patient with abnormal valine metabolism.
Neural networks for feature computations in automatic speech recognition (2003)

Neural networks (NNs) are used for defining good features to use in automatic speech recognition. Of several approaches investigated, the best results were obtained using a NN as a memoryless nonlinear transformation to transform acoustic speech features to a continuous-valued phonetic feature space. The goal is to use labeled training data to automatically derive features which will enhance machine speech recognition. The transformed features were experimentally tested in a syllable recognition task using a hidden Markov model for speech recognition. Syllable recognition rates using the NN-derived features were comparable to those obtained using features derived from a linear transformation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Field testing of a new flow-through directional passive air sampler applied to monitoring ambient nitrogen dioxide (2010)

This paper reports the first field deployment and testing of a directional passive air sampler (DPAS) which can be used to cost-effectively identify and quantify air pollutants and their sources. The sampler was used for ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) over ten weeks from twelve directional sectors in an urban setting, and tested alongside an automatic chemiluminescent monitor. The time-integrated passive directional results were compared with the directional analysis of the active monitoring results using wind data recorded at a weather station. The DPAS discriminated air pollutant signals directionally. The attempts to derive quantitative data yielded reasonable results--usually within a factor of two of those obtained by the chemiluminescent analyser. Ultimately, whether DPAS approaches are adopted will depend on their reliability, added value and cost. It is argued that added value was obtained here from the DPAS approach applied in a routine monitoring situation, by identifying source sectors. Both the capital and running costs of DPAS were <5% of those for the automatic monitor. It is envisaged that different sorbents or sampling media will enable this rotatable DPAS design to be used for other airborne pollutants. In summary, there are reasons to be optimistic that directional passive air sampling, together with careful interpretation of results, will be of added value to air quality practitioners in future.
Les équilibres électrochimiques de différentes variétés de bioxyde de manganèse II. Equilibres en présence d'ions permanganiques III. Equilibres en présence d'ions ammonium (1959)

Abstract Der vorliegende Teil unserer Arbeit legt das elektrochemische Verhalten verschiedener Manganbioxydsorten in Gegenwart von MnO 4 − ‐ und NH 4 + ‐Ionen dar. Bei Permanganionen in basischer Lösung führt die Methode zu bekannten Resultaten. Versuche in saurer Lösung mit Ammoniumionen werden außerdem angeführt und eine Interpretierung der Resultate wird vorgeschlagen.
Advances in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Progress in Transplantation Technology and Disease‐Specific Outcomes (2011)

While allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) provides effective control and often cure of hematopoietic malignancies, donor availability and limitations in resolution of HLA typing, transplant regimen-related toxicity, morbidity and mortality from graft-versus-host disease, infectious complications, and relapse of the original disease have circumscribed its overall success. While several challenges remain, major advances in transplantation technology, as well as novel approaches in disease-specific investigation have improved outcomes, thereby increasing the overall benefit realized with this therapy. The aim of this chapter is to examine major developments in transplantation technology, and to review results of current transplantation approaches in disease-specific outcomes.
A comparison of approaches to multivariate extreme value theory for novelty detection (2009)

Novelty detection, one-class classification, or outlier detection, is typically employed for analysing signals when few examples of "abnormal" data are available, such that a multi-class approach cannot be taken. Multivariate, multimodal density estimation can be used to construct a model of the distribution of normal data. However, setting a decision boundary such that test data can be classified "normal" or "abnormal" with respect to the model of normality is typically performed using heuristic methods, such as thresholding the unconditional data density, p(x). This paper describes two principled methods of setting a decision boundary based on extreme value statistics: (i) a numerical method that produces an "optimal" solution, and (ii) an analytical approximation in closed form. We compare the performance of both approaches using large datasets from biomedical patient monitoring and jet engine health monitoring, and conclude that the analytical approach performs novelty detection as successfully as the "optimal" numerical approach, both of which outperform the conventional method. © 2009 IEEE.