gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vom Ursprung der Bedeutungen (1995)

Bedeutungen sind ein Problem, nicht nur für den Konnektionismus, sondern für die Informatik insgesamt. Dabei sind die Überschriften, unter denen das Thema der Bedeutungen in der Informatik diskutiert wird, verschieden. Es geht z.B. um das Verhältnis von Syntax und Semantik oder von Zeichen und Symbol oder von Programmiersprache und natürlicher Sprache usw. Daß es sich um ein Problem handelt, wird selten gesehen oder zugegeben. In der Regel wird gesagt, es sei alles klar, oder es handle sich, wenn überhaupt, um ein irrelevantes Problem. Beidem treten wir entgegen. Es ist weder alles klar noch handelt es sich um ein irrelevantes Problem. Wir meinen sogar, daß es mit dem Bedeutungsproblem um eine Grundfrage der Informatik geht, um eine Frage, die das wissenschaftliche Grundverständnis der Informatik als Disziplin bestimmt.
Nano‐beam electron diffraction evaluation of strain behaviour in nano‐scale patterned strained silicon‐on‐insulator (2011)

Abstract A major challenge for the application of strain engineering to enhance the performance of electronic devices is the quantification of strain on the nanoscale. Besides other techniques (Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction) electron beam techniques allow strain analyses with a spatial resolution of a few nanometers and a reasonable strain sensitivity of 1 × 10 –3 (relative to the lattice constant of silicon). In the present work, we address practical issues in the application of nano‐beam electron diffraction (NBED) to probe the strain in strained silicon layers and sub‐100 nm structures. The investigated specimens were prepared on biaxially tensile strained silicon‐on‐insulator substrates with an initial strain of ε = 0.6% or 0.8%. Results of the NBED experiments were compared to data obtained by other strain measurement techniques; amongst them the strain mapping by peak‐pairs analysis of high‐angle annular dark field (HAADF) images was especially considered (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Short-Term Signatures of Evolutionary Change in the <i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serovar Typhimurium 14028 Genome (2009)

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a Gram-negative pathogen that causes gastroenteritis in humans and a typhoid-like disease in mice and is often used as a model for the disease promoted by the human-adapted S. enterica serovar Typhi. Despite its health importance, the only S. Typhimurium strain for which the complete genomic sequence has been determined is the avirulent LT2 strain, which is extensively used in genetic and physiologic studies. Here, we report the complete genomic sequence of the S. Typhimurium strain 14028s, as well as those of its progenitor and two additional derivatives. Comparison of these S. Typhimurium genomes revealed differences in the patterns of sequence evolution and the complete inventory of genetic alterations incurred in virulent and avirulent strains, as well as the sequence changes accumulated during laboratory passage of pathogenic organisms.
An integrated AC drive system using a controlled-current PWM rectifier/inverter link (1988)

Two identical three-phase, bipolar transistor, controlled-current, pulsewidth modulation (PWM) power modulators are integrated so that one functions as a rectifier and the other as an inverter in an AC drive system. The rectifier input currents maintain near-60-Hz sinusoidal waveforms with unity power factor. A leading power factor is also possible. The modulators do not depend on the availability of bidirectional switch elements. Performance as a polyphase induction motor drive under motoring and regenerative braking is reported. The study includes digital simulation of operation as a synchronous motor drive.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A fast 32 K×8 CMOS static RAM with address transition detection (1987)

A high-speed 256 K (32 K/spl times/8) CMOS static RAM (SRAM) is described. Precharging and equalization schemes are implemented with address-transition-detection (ATD) techniques. With a differential sensing circuitry, a 23-ns access time is achieved (at V/SUB cc/=5 V and 25/spl deg/C) for addresses and chip-select clocks. The operating current is 36 mA in the READ cycle and 28 mA in the WRITE cycle, at 10-MHz cycling frequency. A four-transistor memory cell is designed with double-polysilicon and double -metal layers to achieve high performances. Versatile redundancy schemes consisting of polysilicon laser fuses, logical circuitry, and novel enable/disable controls are designed to repair defective cells. A compensation circuit is used to optimize writing parameters for redundant columns.
Cycling Safety in Victoria (2010)

The Victorian Government is currently making a substantial investment of an additional $115 million over 12 years towards cycling infrastructure in support of the Victorian Cycling Strategy, which was launched in March 2009. The strategy has a vision for cycling as a safe, readily available, convenient and preferred transport option for Victorians. It aims to develop and improve bike paths, lanes and other facilities, as well as running campaigns to promote road rules around bicycles and the shared use of Victoria’s roads.
A new 2-D theory for vibrations of piezoelectric crystal plates with electroded faces (2002)

A system of two-dimensional governing equations for piezoelectric plates with general crystal symmetry and with electroded faces are deduced from the three-dimensional equations of linear piezoelectricity by expansion in series of trigonometric functions of thickness coordinate. In the cosine-series expansion for the mechanical displacements, the antisymmetric in-plane displacements induced by the gradients of deflection of plate is separated from the rest terms and is expressed by a linear function of thickness coordinate. For the electric potential, a sine-series expansion is used for it is well suited for satisfying the electrical conditions at the faces covered with conductive electrodes. A system of approximate first-order equations is extracted from the infinite system of 2-D equations. Dispersion curves for thickness-shear, flexure, and face-shear modes varying along x/sub 1/ and those for thickness-twist and face-shear varying along x/sub 3/ are calculated for AT-cut quartz plates and they are compared very closely with the corresponding ones computed from the 3-D equations, without introducing any corrections. Predicted frequency spectra by the present equations are shown to agree closely with the experimental data by Koga and Fukuyo and that by Nakazawa, Koriuchi, and Ito.
Parasitoses digestives en Europe: un problème d’importance croissante sans solution ’evidente (1991)

Les parasites humains, intestinaux et h’epatiques (tant protozoaires qu’helminthes) ont toujours exist’e en Europe. Une ’evaluation pr’ecise des taux de pr’evalence g’eographique est actuellement impossible; « l’indice de suspicion » de ces infections est certainement très inf’erieur à la r’ealit’e, l’identification microbiologique est imparfaite, et de nombreux cas ne sont pas rapport’es aux centres nationaux de r’ef’erence. Certaines parasitoses sont acquises à l’ext’erieur (c’est-à-dire chez les voyageurs), d’autres sont introduites par des membres de groupes ethniques minoritaires provenant d’Asie et d’Afrique, et un nombre croissant d’infections à protozoaires sont associ’ees à l’immuno-suppression, sp’ecialement le syndrome d’immuno-d’eficience acquise (SIDA). D’autres infections peuvent être v’ehicul’ees par des aliments contamin’es import’es de r’egions tropicales. De nombreux donnent lieu à des zoonoses. Dans la majorit’e des infections, le spectre clinique associ’e à la contamination est très large; en d’epit du nombre de recherches en cours, les m’ecanismes pathog’eniques expliquant les symptômes intestinaux (principalement la diarrh’ee) demeurent largement inconnus. Il est manifestement urgent de porter, en Europe, une attention soigneuse à ces importants problèmes infectieux, surtout du point de vue clinique, diagnostique, pr’eventif et chimioth’erapique.
Shikonin causes cell-cycle arrest and induces apoptosis by regulating the EGFR–NF-κB signalling pathway in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells (2015)

Shikonin, a naphthoquinone pigment isolated from the Chinese herbal Zicao, has been shown to exhibit antioxidant and anticancer effects. In the present study, we investigated the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of shikonin on A431 cells and explored the underlying molecular mechanisms. In the present study, our results showed that shikonin significantly inhibited the growth of A431 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, and caused cell cycle arrest by upregulation of p21 and p27, and downregulation of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. In addition, shikonin evidently induced apoptosis due to decreasing Bcl-2 expression, increasing Bax expression, activating caspase and inactivating NF-κB, while pretreatment with a pan-caspase inhibitor Z-Asp-CH2-DCB abrogated shikonin-induced apoptosis. Moreover, EGF could significantly increase the NF-κB DNA-binding activity and reversed the shikonin-induced inactivation of NF-κB. As anticipated AG1478 (EGFR inhibitor) and Bay11-7082 (NF-κB inhibitor) blocked EGF-reversed the inactivation of NF-κB induced by shikonin. Our data also showed that EGF could evidently reverse the shikonin-induced decreases in cell viability and increases in apoptosis. Then, the NF-κB inhibitors such as Bay11-7082, SN50, Helenalin and the EGFR inhibitor AG1478 and its downstream inhibitor such as PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and STAT3 inhibitor Stattic dramatically blocked EGF-reversed decreases in cell viability and increases in apoptosis induced by shikonin. Collectively, our findings indicated that shikonin inhibited cell growth and caused cell cycle arrest of the A431 cells through the regulation of apoptosis. Moreover, these effects were mediated at least partially by suppressing the activation of the EGFR-NF-κB signaling pathways.
Epoxidation by dimethyldioxirane. Electronic and steric effects (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEpoxidation by dimethyldioxirane. Electronic and steric effectsA. L. Baumstark and P. C. VasquezCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 15, 3437–3439Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00250a007https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00250a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1541Altmetric-Citations136LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Vicarious Trauma in Judges: The Personal Challenge of Dispensing Justice (2003)

ABSTRACT Symptoms of vicarious trauma, coping strategies, and prevention suggestions were investigated with 105 judges. Participants completed a self‐report measure developed for this study. The majority of judges (63%) reported one or more symptoms that they identified as work‐related vicarious trauma experiences. Female judges reported more symptoms, as did judges with seven or more years of experience. In addition, female judges were more likely to report internalizing difficulties, while judges with more experience reported higher levels of externalizing/hostility symptoms. Coping and prevention strategies were multi‐domain (i.e., personal, professional, and societal) and underscored the need for greater awareness and support for judges.
Clarification of Cereplas Breast Implant Manufacturing Processes (2011)

First of all, we would like to thank Drs. Simon Barr and Ardeshir Bayat for their interesting article, “Breast Implant Surface Development: Perspectives on Development and Manufacture.” In that article, they describe the design and production processes of several breast implant manufacturers, including Cereplas, Inc. (the makers of Cereform). I am a Scientific Manager at Cereplas and am writing to clarify some of the statements made about our implant manufacturing processes. Specifically, the authors stated that Cereform implants are texturized using salt; in fact, we do not use salt.

Cereform implants are composed of a silicone elastomer shell prefilled with silicone gel. We …
Bright ideas energize fleet management (2009)

Subtitle: From acquisition to remarketing, a compilation of best ideas in managing successful, cost-effective, and efficient fleets is presented.
Bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of 24 antimicrobial agents against Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni (1980)

The bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of 24 antimicrobial agents were tested with the Dynatech MIC 2000 system against 86 strains of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni from human sources. The penicillins (penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxycillin, carbenicillin) had poor activity. Ampicillin and amoxycillin were equally active. Cefotaxime revealed a rather good activity. Erythromycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, and furazolidone were the most active compounds. Two strains (2.3%) were resistant to erythromycin. One strain (1.2%) was completely resistant to tobramycin. The tetracyclines (tetracyline, doxycycline, minocycline) were generally effective, but 8% of the strains were totally resistant to them. Minocycline was the most active. Chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, and clindamycin had good activity. The bacteriostatic and bactericidal distributions for colistin, nalidixic acid, and metronidazole were broad.
Early Changes in Serum N-Telopeptide and C-Telopeptide Cross-Linked Collagen Type 1 Predict Long-Term Response to Alendronate Therapy in Elderly Women<sup>1</sup> (2000)

The aim of this study was to determine whether early changes in serum markers of bone resorption could predict long-term responses in bone mineral density (BMD) after alendronate therapy in elderly women. One hundred and twenty women (mean age, 70 yr) were randomized to alendronate or placebo in this double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial for 2.5 yr. Outcome measures were hip and spine BMD and biochemical markers of bone resorption, including serum N-telopeptide and C-telopeptide cross-linked collagen type I (NTx and CTx, respectively). Serum NTx and CTx were highly correlated at baseline (r = 0.73; P < 0.001) and remained so throughout the study (range, r = 0.36-0.56; all P < 0.05). After treatment with alendronate, serum NTx decreased 30.4+/-16.0% at 6 months, reaching a nadir of -36.7+/-18.0% by 24 months (P < 0.001). Serum CTx decreased 43.5+/-67.0% at 6 months and continued to decrease to 67.3+/-19.3% at 2.5 yr (P < 0.001). Moreover, decreases in serum NTx and CTx at 6 months were correlated with long-term improvements in vertebral BMD at 2.5 yr in patients receiving alendronate therapy (NTx: r = -0.42; CTx: r = -0.31; both P < 0.05). We conclude that early changes in serum NTx and CTx, markers of bone resorption, predict long-term changes in vertebral BMD in elderly women receiving alendronate therapy and provide a useful tool to assess skeletal health.
Image Denoising through Locally Linear Embedding (2005)

This paper presents a novel scheme for image denoising. In spite of the sophistication of recent schemes, most algorithms show outstanding performance under their assumption, but totally fail in general cases and produce artifacts or destroy fine structures. Inspired by recent manifold learning methods, especially the locally linear embedding (LLE), our method utilizes the underlying fact that image patches in noisy and denoised images construct manifolds with similar local geometry in these two distinct spaces. According to LLE, we characterize local geometry by measuring how an image patch represented by a feature vector can be reconstructed by its nearest neighbors in feature space. Besides using the training image patches to construct the embedding, we also propose to overlap the target denoised image patches to satisfy local compatibility and smoothness constraints. The experimental results show that our method is flexible with noise type and achieves state-of-the-art performance particularly in terms of preserving the fine structures.
A Subpopulation of RNA3 of Cucumber mosaic virus Quasispecies (2003)

This study examined the existence of genetically diverse population of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), known as quasispecies, from lily, Nicotiana benthamiana and from purified virions. Based on the conserved sequences of CMV lily isolates in intergenic region (IR) on RNA3, the genetic variation of IR from three different sources was investigated by a specific restriction endonuclease hydrolysis of amplified reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) products using virus-specific primers, and was compared with IR sequences. The IR nucleotide sequences of CMV lily isolates were highly conserved, however, quasispecies was detected from all three sources in low level, containing sub-populations of RNA3. These subpopulations of RNA3 were inoculated onto zucchini squash by in vitro transcripts from corresponding full-length cDNA clones together with Eny RNA1 and 2 transcripts. The systemic symptom of zucchini plants infected by these quasispecies was chlorotic spotting, which was milder than severe mosaic and stunt symptom caused by Eny-CMV. The severity of symptom was correlated with RNA accumulation of viruses. These results suggest that the genome of CMV lily isolates consists of quasispecies populations.
Device Modeling of High Current Effects (2002)

This chapter has sections titled: Introduction The Physics of ESD Damage Thermal (“Second”) Breakdown Analytical Models Using the Heat Equation Electrothermal Device Simulations Conclusion Bibliography
A New Junction Termination Method Employing Shallow Trenches Filled With Oxide (2004)

A new junction termination method employing shallow trenches filled with oxide, which successfully decreased the junction termination area, is proposed and fabricated without any complicated process such as Si-deep etching. Shallow trenches between the floating field limiting rings successfully redistributed the single electric field peak into two peaks so that the breakdown voltage could be increased with the same junction termination area. The experimental results show that the proposed method decreased the junction termination area by more than 25% compared to a conventional field limiting ring structure when breakdown voltages are equal.
Biomimetic triblock and multiblock copolymers containing <scp>l</scp>‐Phenylalanine moieties showing healing and enhanced mechanical properties (2015)

ABSTRACT Triblock and multiblock copolymers of methyl acrylate containing short blocks of the hydrogen bonding monomer N ‐acryloyl‐ l ‐phenylalanine were prepared via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization in two steps using a bifunctional trithiocarbonate for the triblock copolymer and a polyfunctional trithiocarbonate for the multiblock copolymer. The polymer materials were investigated via tensile testing showing that the hydrogen bonding monomer induces a pronounced increase in toughness. The toughness of the material is further enhanced when going from triblock to multiblock topology. Both types of copolymer display a very strong healing effect, with the samples' toughness (which is increased by drawing) becoming even larger after breaking and healing. Already, a very small content of only 0.1 mol % of N ‐acryloyl‐ l ‐phenylalanine improves the mechanical properties of these thermoplastic elastomers significantly. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015 , 53 , 2809–2819
The Reaction of 6,7-Dichloro-5,8-quinoxalinedione with Aromatic and Aliphatic Dinucleophiles and Molecular Modeling Study, of Their Intercalation Complexes (1997)

The angular and planar heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen were synthesized by reaction of 6,7-dichloro-5,8-quinoxalinedione with aromatic and aliphatic dinucleophiles. Nucleophilic reactivity was somewhat different between 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone and 6,7-dichloro-5,8-quinolinedione with dinucleophiles. The distribution of electron in heterocycle appeared to contribute to this difference. The intercalation comple of planar heterocyclic compound between GC/GC base pairs showed the optimum intercalation but the intercalation of angular heterocyclic compound was not good. Thus, the planar compound was expected to have antitumor activity.
What do the API motor/generator features cost and what do they buy you? (2010)

The API 541, 546 and 547 large motor and generator standards require many features that are not found in “regular” large electric machines. These features lead to a more reliable machine, but they also add to the first cost of the machine. This paper compares the costs and benefits of some of the more significant features that may be specified and makes recommendations as to which optional features should be purchased for particular situations.
Oxidative stress in alcohol-related liver disease (2020)

Alcohol consumption is one of the leading causes of the global burden of disease and results in high healthcare and economic costs. Heavy alcohol misuse leads to alcohol-related liver disease, which is responsible for a significant proportion of alcohol-attributable deaths globally. Other than reducing alcohol consumption, there are currently no effective treatments for alcohol-related liver disease. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance in the production and elimination of reactive oxygen species and antioxidants. It plays important roles in several aspects of alcohol-related liver disease pathogenesis. Here, we review how chronic alcohol use results in oxidative stress through increased metabolism <i>via</i> the cytochrome P450 2E1 system producing reactive oxygen species, acetaldehyde and protein and DNA adducts. These trigger inflammatory signaling pathways within the liver leading to expression of pro-inflammatory mediators causing hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis. Reactive oxygen species exposure also results in mitochondrial stress within hepatocytes causing structural and functional dysregulation of mitochondria and upregulating apoptotic signaling. There is also evidence that oxidative stress as well as the direct effect of alcohol influences epigenetic regulation. Increased global histone methylation and acetylation and specific histone acetylation inhibits antioxidant responses and promotes expression of key pro-inflammatory genes. This review highlights aspects of the role of oxidative stress in disease pathogenesis that warrant further study including mitochondrial stress and epigenetic regulation. Improved understanding of these processes may identify novel targets for therapy.