gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Predicting fault-prone software modules in telephone switches (1996)

An empirical study was carried out at Ericsson Telecom AB to investigate the relationship between several design metrics and the number of function test failure reports associated with software modules. A tool, ERIMET, was developed to analyze the design documents automatically. Preliminary results from the study of 130 modules showed that: based on fault and design data one can satisfactorily build, before coding has started, a prediction model for identifying the most fault-prone modules. The data analyzed show that 20 percent of the most fault-prone modules account for 60 percent of all faults. The prediction model built in this paper would have identified 20 percent of the modules accounting for 47 percent of all faults. At least four design measures can alternatively be used as predictors with equivalent performance. The size (with respect to the number of lines of code) used in a previous prediction model was not significantly better than these four measures. The Alberg diagram introduced in this paper offers a way of assessing a predictor based on historical data, which is a valuable complement to linear regression when prediction data is ordinal. Applying the method described in this paper makes it possible to use measures at the design phase to predict the most fault-prone modules.
Infrared simulation system based on ocean background images (2012)

An infrared simulation system based on ocean background images was proposed.It introduces the modules,which composed the infrared simulation system,and the relations among them.Template images were embedded into the ocean background images,then the synthetic image was smoothed.At last,it added the vignetting effect to the synthetic image that had been smoothed.The results show this system was simply and valid.
In vitro chemoseparation of leukemic cells from murine bone marrow using VP16-213: importance of stem cell assays. (1987)

The use of chemopurified autologous bone marrow (BM) is being explored as a transplant source for patients with leukemia who do not have a HLA-matched donor. Because stem cell assays have not previously been found to predict engraftment after transplantation, the optimal drug(s) and drug concentrations have not been determined. To determine the effectiveness of the podophyllotoxin derivative, VP16, and the value of stem cell assays in chemopurification studies, a murine model using the C57B1/6 mouse and its syngeneic leukemia EL-4 was developed. Kill of committed (CFU-C) and pluripotent (CFU-S) hematopoietic stem cells and tumor (tCFU) stem cells after a 1-h exposure to VP16 was first determined. A marked kill differential of tCFU compared to that of the CFU-C/S populations was found, with no tCFU surviving at VP16 concentrations greater than 30 micrograms/ml. No kill differential of CFU-C versus CFU-S was seen at VP16 doses greater than 10 micrograms/ml. All mice transplanted with a mixture of 25 X 10(6) BM cells and 1 X 10(7) EL-4 cells treated in vitro with 40 micrograms/ml of VP16 died of their tumors. However by reducing the tumor burden to 1 X 10(6) EL-4 and 5 X 10(6) EL-4, nine of ten and four of six of the mice, respectively, survived 90+ days tumor free. On the basis of survival data, it was found that engraftment of VP16-treated BM was directly proportional to the product of the degree of CFU-S inhibition and BM cell inoculum, i.e., the number of viable CFU-S transplanted. The maximum VP16 concentration that led to predictable engraftment at BM doses less than 25 X 10(6) cells was 55 micrograms/ml. Thus, 15 mice were transplanted with 1 X 10(7) BM cells and 1 X 10(7) EL-4 cells, incubated with 55 micrograms/ml of VP16; 13 out of 15 survived tumor free for 90+ days. When VP16 was used as a BM chemopurification agent, up to 50% of contaminating tumor cells were eliminated from BM suspensions without affecting engraftment after transplantation. Because stem cell inhibition predicted engraftment, drug concentrations that maximized tumor cell kill could be chosen.
A new green catalyst: 1,3,5-triazine-functionalized bisimidazolium dichloride tethered SPION catalyzed Betti synthesis (2012)

A unique dicationic ionic liquid tethered to superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as a green and powerful catalyst for the efficient synthesis of Betti bases in high to excellent yields has been evaluated. Due to the high magnetization of the catalyst, it can be satisfactorily recovered by a simple external magnet. The catalyst could then be recycled and reused at least six times without any loss of activity.
A Model of Microbial Growth and Decay in a Closed Habitat Based on Combined Fermis and the Logistic Equations (1996)

Microbial growth in a closed system can be described by a model based on the continuous logistic equation on which a Fermi's term is superimposed. The first component of the combined model accounts for growth and the second for decay. It has the form: N(t)=Ns/{1+exp[kg(tcg-t)]}/ {1+exp[k1(t-tcl)]} orN(t)=N0+[Ns-N0]/ {1+exp[kg(tcg-t)]}/ {1+exp[k1(t-tcl)]} whereN(t) andN0, are the instantaneous and initial numbers of cells, or an equivalent population size or density measure, andNsthe medium's capacity;kandtcare rate constants and characteristic times with the subscript g or l signifying growth or decay, respectively. The model has the versatility to account for a short or long lag time, populations starting from a very small or substantial inoculum and asymmetric or symmetric growth curves with a broad or sharp peak. The model was tested with published experimental growth curves of bacteria and cell cultures grown under very different conditions and had a good fit in all the cases. Its parameters could be used for quantitative comparison between growth patterns and assessment of the relative overall role of growth-promoting and decay-causing agents that shape the growth curve. At least in principle, they can also be used to map the effects of factors such as temperature and pH algebraically or graphically.
Voids and Wax In Solid High-Voltage Cables (1951)

A new method of inspection of impregnation of solid-type cable insulation was developed. This method is based on the property of oils and waxes to fluoresce when activated by ultraviolet light. This method reveals details of impregnation in new cables and wax formation in old cables that are not apparent with ordinary light.
NUTRIENT LEVELS IN CACTI—RELATION TO NOCTURNAL ACID ACCUMULATION AND GROWTH (1983)

The levels of ten essential nutrients and Na in the chlorenchyma and subjacent parenchyma of ten species of cacti were measured along with the maximal rates of nocturnal acid accumulation. Nutrient levels varied considerably among species; also, soil differences between sites affected levels within Opuntia ficus‐indica and O. chlorotica. Compared to most agronomic plants, chlorenchyma levels of Ca, Mg, and Mn in cacti tended to be higher and Na lower. Moreover, Ca tended to accumulate in the chlorenchyma with age. The strongest correlation between nutrient level and a metabolic process for the 11 elements tested was with N, where nocturnal acid accumulation tended to be greater when the N level in the chlorenchyma was higher ( r 2 = 0.39). Hydroponically grown seedlings of Carnegiea gigantea, Ferocactus acanthodes , and Trichocereus chilensis responded to N fertilization, reaching about 90% of their maximal growth rates when provided with N at 0.25 x that in Hoagland's solution (namely, 4 mm nitrate). Nocturnal acid accumulation was negatively correlated with the chlorenchyma Na ( r 2 = 0.32), which averaged only 28 ppm for O. ficus‐indica (the root contained considerably more) and 234 ppm for the other species. Growth of seedlings was 50% reduced at about 100 mm NaCl for F. acanthodes, T. chilensis , and C. gigantea , while variations in P had a relatively small effect.
Transmission characteristics of VAD multimode optical fibers (1981)

The influence of convex striations of vapor phase axial deposition (VAD) optical fibers on transmission characteristics has been analyzed. These convex striations are inherent in optical fibers made by VAD and cause refractive-index fluctuations in both radial and axial directions. The phase of the sinusoidal fluctuations in the radial direction varies periodically along the fiber axis. Numerical analysis shows that bandwidth degradation due to sinusoidal fluctuations in the radial direction can be alleviated by a periodic phase variation in the axial direction.
Recent developments in carbohydrate‐decorated targeted drug/gene delivery (2009)

Targeted delivery of a drug or gene to its site of action has clear therapeutic advantages by maximizing its therapeutic efficiency and minimizing its systemic toxicity. Generally, targeted drug or gene delivery is performed by loading a macromolecular carrier with an appropriate drug or gene, and by targeting the drug/gene carrier to specific cell or tissue with the help of specific targeting ligand. The emergence of glycobiology, glycotechnology, and glycomics and their continual adaptation by pharmaceutical scientists have opened exciting avenue of medicinal applications of carbohydrates. Among them, the biocompatibility and specific receptor recognition ability confer the ability of carbohydrates as potential targeting ligands for targeted drug and gene delivery applications. This review summarizes recent progress of carbohydrate-decorated targeted drug/gene delivery applications.
Eucalyptus oil poisoning in childhood: 41 cases in south‐east Queensland (1993)

Forty-two cases of oral eucalyptus oil poisoning in children under 14 years of age were identified in a defined population between 1 July 1984 and 30 June 1991, and 41 were subjected to retrospective case note analysis. Thirty-three children (80%) were entirely asymptomatic. This group included all of the four children reported to have ingested more than 30 mL of eucalyptus oil. Only two of the remaining children had symptoms or clinical signs on presentation to hospital. No child required advanced life-support. There was no correlation between the amount of eucalyptus oil taken and the presence of symptoms. If the estimated volume ingested is large, or symptoms are evident, on presentation at hospital gastrointestinal decontamination should lead to a good outcome with few clinical problems. Eucalyptus oil may be a less toxic compound than has previously been believed.
Pattern definition by nanoimprint (2012)

Nanoimprint is addressed as a novel technique to define nanometer-scaled patterns, in view of largely regular patterns as typical for photonic devices. The main techniques, thermal nanoimprint and ultraviolet nanoimprint, are characterized with respect to their system parameters as well as their processing parameters. Based on simple analytical equations the most important issues for these nanoimprint techniques are discussed and brought into a quantified form. A major impact is laid on the pattern size dependence and the need for anti-sticking precautions. The former, though not of basic impact for the highly regular devices in photonics, shows up when positive or negative type stamps are used. The latter is an ultimate must for successful separation of the imprinted sample from the stamp. It is aimed to assist the reader in developing its own critical view of nanoimprint, in the most positive sense possible. There is no doubt that photonic devices are one of the pattern types most suitable for successful definition by nanoimprint when the guidelines developed here are followed.
Research Trends of Nursing Ethics Applying Text Network Analysis and Topic Modelling (2021)

This study aimed to explore research trends of nursing ethics in Korea applying text network analysis and topic modelling. 306 articles published in KCI journals from 1998 to 2021 were identified and 516 author-provided keywords were collected. A co-occurrence matrix with 123 keywords, which appeared at least in two articles, were developed based on the Jaccard coefficient. Degree centrality and betweenness centrality were calculated and LDA topic modelling were performed using NetMiner software. The largest number of the articles (70, 23%) were published in Korean Journal of Medical Ethics. The most critical core-keywords, defined as the top 30 keywords in degree centrality and betweenness centrality, were ‘nursing students’ and ‘moral sensitivity’. The other core-keywords included ‘attitude,’ ‘awareness,’ ‘professionalism,’ ‘knowledge,’ and ‘critical thinking.’ related to ethical competence, ‘death,’ ‘hospice,’ ‘euthanasia,’ and ‘research ethics’ related to bioethical issues, and ‘job satisfaction,’ ‘burn out,’ ‘stress,’ ‘organizational culture,’ ‘ethical leadership,’ and ‘ethical climate’ related to organization and leadership. Five topics were identified and named as a) bioethics education for nursing students, b) knowledge and attitudes for bioethical issues, c) awareness and values of bioethics, d) ethical conflicts of RNs, and e) nursing ethics education. This study found that bioethics was the main topics in Korean nursing ethics research and suggested nursing research should focus on ethical issues RNs frequently experience in patient care. Also, research gaps were inferred in multiple topics including nurse-to-nurse relationships, theoretical perspectives of virtue ethics and care ethics, or witnessing healthcare professionals’ unethical behavior.
Assessment of Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase by Image Analysis (1986)

We have shown that it is possible to automate the assessment of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase by using an azo dye cytochemical staining procedure and a commercial, highly sophisticated image analysis instrument originally designed specifically as a differential white cell counter. The data to date indicate that values obtained by this approach are at least as precise and accurate as current manual techniques. Instrumental analysis avoids the subjectivity associated with manual interpretation of staining intensity and should permit meaningful interlaboratory comparisons. The stability of the stained smears upon exposure to immersion oil or Polymount mounting medium proved to be an unexpected bonus. In addition to such functional data on leukocytes as illustrated by this report, these instruments, with appropriate staining methods and software, can also provide clinically useful quantitative data on red cells, as have been described for reticulocytes. We hope to see more clinical applications in the future for these expensive and target-oriented image analysis instruments. They are capable of automatically providing objective quantitative information on a cell by cell basis--providing feature data that cannot be obtained by other means.
Intermolecular Hydroacylation: High Activity Rhodium Catalysts Containing Small-Bite-Angle Diphosphine Ligands (2012)

Readily prepared and bench-stable rhodium complexes containing methylene bridged diphosphine ligands, viz. [Rh(C(6)H(5)F)(R(2)PCH(2)PR'(2))][BAr(F)(4)] (R, R' = (t)Bu or Cy; Ar(F) = C(6)H(3)-3,5-(CF(3))(2)), are shown to be practical and very efficient precatalysts for the intermolecular hydroacylation of a wide variety of unactivated alkenes and alkynes with β-S-substituted aldehydes. Intermediate acyl hydride complexes [Rh((t)Bu(2)PCH(2)P(t)Bu(2))H{κ(2)(S,C)-SMe(C(6)H(4)CO)}(L)](+) (L = acetone, MeCN, [NCCH(2)BF(3)](-)) and the decarbonylation product [Rh((t)Bu(2)PCH(2)P(t)Bu(2))(CO)(SMePh)](+) have been characterized in solution and by X-ray crystallography from stoichiometric reactions employing 2-(methylthio)benzaldehdye. Analogous complexes with the phosphine 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzaldehyde are also reported. Studies indicate that through judicious choice of solvent and catalyst/substrate concentration, both decarbonylation and productive hydroacylation can be tuned to such an extent that very low catalyst loadings (0.1 mol %) and turnover frequencies of greater than 300 h(-1) can be achieved. The mechanism of catalysis has been further probed by KIE and deuterium labeling experiments. Combined with the stoichiometric studies, a mechanism is proposed in which both oxidative addition of the aldehyde to give an acyl hydride and insertion of the hydride into the alkene are reversible, with the latter occurring to give both linear and branched alkyl intermediates, although reductive elimination for the linear isomer is suggested to have a considerably lower barrier.
IPR protection features for optical disks to promote superdistribution (1999)

In the industrial age the mass production system was developed and people bought products through physical distribution channels. In this age, the value of the products was attained by physically possessing the products.
Follicle recognition in ultrasonic images using the cellular automata (2002)

We developed a cellular automaton that is able to extract the information about the position of follicles in the ultrasonic image. Follicles are small protective sacs containing ova in the cortex of women's ovaries, and their ultrasound monitoring is very important in diagnosing and treatment of infertility. The original ultrasonic images were reduced in size and number of colours and then used as the initial state of our cellular automaton. Following the fundamental natural principle of attacking/defending, the transition rule has been developed. The results are quite encouraging and provide a good starting point for further enhancement and development.
Cloning, Expression, and Purification of a Thermostable Nonhomodimeric Restriction Enzyme, <i>Bsl</i> I (2000)

BslI is a thermostable type II restriction endonuclease with interrupted recognition sequence CCNNNNN/NNGG (/, cleavage position). The BslI restriction-modification system from Bacillus species was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The system is encoded by three genes: the 2,739-bp BslI methylase gene (bslIM), the bslIRalpha gene, and the bslIRbeta gene. The alpha and beta subunits of BslI can be expressed independently in E. coli in the absence of BslI methylase (M.BslI) protection. BslI endonuclease activity can be reconstituted in vitro by mixing the two subunits together. Gel filtration chromatography and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that BslI forms heterodimers (alphabeta), heterotetramers (alpha(2)beta(2)), and possibly oligomers in solution. Two beta subunits can be cross-linked by a chemical cross-linking agent, indicating formation of heterotetramer BslI complex (alpha(2)beta(2)). In DNA mobility shift assays, neither subunit alone can bind DNA. DNA mobility shift activity was detected after mixing the two subunits together. Because of the symmetric recognition sequence of the BslI endonuclease, we propose that its active form is alpha(2)beta(2). M.BslI contains nine conserved motifs of N-4 cytosine DNA methylases within the beta group of aminomethyltransferase. Synthetic duplex deoxyoligonucleotides containing cytosine hemimethylated or fully methylated at N-4 in BslI sites in the first or second cytosine are resistant to BslI digestion. C-5 methylation of the second cytosine on both strands within the recognition sequence also renders the site refractory to BslI digestion. Two putative zinc fingers are found in the alpha subunit of BslI endonuclease.
Reduced expression of voltage‐gated sodium channels in neurons cultured from trisomy 16 mouse hippocampus (1996)

Voltage-gated sodium channels are responsible for the initial depolarizing phase of the action potential. In hippocampal neurons cultured from trisomy 16 (Ts16) mice (a model for Down's syndrome), the maximum inward conductance mediated by these channels was reduced 47% relative to control diploid neurons. This reduced conductance was reflected in a 35% decrease in binding of radiolabeled saxitoxin, a sodium channel-specific ligand, indicating expression of fewer channels in these neurons. The mRNAs encoding the alpha and beta 1 subunits were, however, present at the same levels in Ts16 neurons and control diploid neurons. Thus, the altered regulation of voltage-gated sodium channels in Ts16 neurons is apparently a post-transcriptional event and possible mechanisms are discussed.
Layer-controlled precise fabrication of ultrathin MoS<sub>2</sub> films by atomic layer deposition (2017)

Monolayer and/or atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides cover a wide range of two-dimensional (2D) materials, whose fascinating semiconducting and optical properties have made them promising candidate materials for optoelectronic devices. Controllable growth of these materials is critical for their device applications. By using MoCl<sub>5</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>S as precursors, monolayer and ultrathin molybdenum disulfide (MoS<sub>2</sub>) films with controlled lamellar structure have been directly built layer by layer on SiO<sub>2</sub> substrates without being followed by high-temperature annealing. Furthermore, the thickness of MoS<sub>2</sub> films can be precisely regulated by applying different atomic layer deposition (ALD) cycles. Once an ALD cycle is applied, one molecular layer of MoS<sub>2</sub> material will be 'added' on the substrate or original existing MoS<sub>2</sub> films. At the initial stage (one to three ALD cycles), the density of MoS<sub>2</sub> materials increases with an increase in ALD cycles, while a large area of continuous MoS<sub>2</sub> film on the substrate can be obtained when four or more ALD cycles are applied. In this way, excellent triangular crystals of MoS<sub>2</sub> with controlled atomic size in thickness and a highly oriented hexagonal crystal structures can be obtained by applying definite ALD cycles.
Epicuticular Lipids of Alfalfa Relative to Its Susceptibility to Spotted Alfalfa Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) (1991)

The epicuticular lipids of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) were analysed by gas chromatography to determine if differences exist between plants with varying degrees of resistance to spotted alfalfa aphids, Therioaphis maculata (Buckton). Leaf surfaces of some resistant plants were found to have as much as 50% more wax esters than did those from plants that were susceptible to spotted alfalfa aphids. This difference was found in one set of sibling plants, which had been selected for spotted alfalfa aphid resistance, but not in a resistant plant population with a wider genetic base. Amounts of epicuticular lipids were found to be similar for leaves of the same age from stems of the same plant and from plants with similar genetic backgrounds which were grown under the same conditions.
A method for determining the melt elasticity in capillary flow (1970)

Abstract A method for determining the melt elasticity is developed. The method requires the measurement of axial pressure distribution in a capillary and makes use of the extrapolated value of the pressure at the exit of a capillary, the so‐called “residual pressure.” The same measurement also provides data for determining the flow curve. Measurements were taken with polyethylene and polypropylene. The results are presented and discussed with particular emphasis on the application of the method to various ways of processing polymers.