gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Short‐Chain Alkenyl Ethers from Primary and Bio‐sourced Alcohols via the Nickel‐Catalyzed Hydroalkoxylation Reaction of Butadiene and Derivatives (2015)

Abstract Hydroalkoxylation of butadiene has been performed in the presence of nickel precatalysts associated with chelating diphosphine ligands. High butadiene conversions and selectivities forming alkyl butenyl ethers were obtained with low catalyst loading. Reactions were performed with a wide scope of primary alcohols including benzylic alcohol derivatives and bio‐sourced alcohols. In the same way, the scope of dienes that can be reacted according to this reaction has been also studied. Substituted butadiene derivatives have shown a lower reactivity compared to butadiene. Isoprene formed OC5 alkenyl ethers with a high regioselectivity for one branched isomeric form. magnified image
Suramin, an experimental chemotherapeutic drug, activates the receptor for epidermal growth factor and promotes growth of certain malignant cells. (1992)

Previous studies have shown that suramin is capable of disrupting autocrine growth involving coexpression of platelet-derived growth factor and its receptors in a fibroblast model for mesenchymal oncogenesis. Suramin is currently in use as an experimental drug for the treatment of patients with epithelial cell tumors. In the present study, we have investigated the efficacy of suramin in a carcinoma model system. Our findings demonstrate that suramin enhances cell surface signaling in A431 cells by activating an autocrine loop involving the receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGFR). The mechanism of suramin action was shown to be indirect, not affecting the ability of ligand to bind and activate the EGFR. Instead, suramin induced the release of membrane-bound transforming growth factor alpha, thereby increasing its potential to activate cell surface EGFRs. Since suramin potently blocks tyrosine phosphorylation induced by platelet-derived growth factor but can activate the growth pathway regulated by the EGFR, biological responses of tumor cells to suramin treatment may differ dramatically.
Clinical applications of immunofixation: detection and quantitation of complement activation. (1980)

The methods currently in use for the detection and quantitation of complement activation products are slow and time consuming. We describe a method utilising immunofixation after agarose or cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis which allows large batches of samples to be screened rapidly for the presence of activation products of C3 and factor B. Further, after immunofixation on agarose the conversion product may be quantitated by densitometry. This method gives similar results to those obtained by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Using both this technique and crossed immunoelectrophoresis we have been able to confirm that C4 activation occurs during electrophoresis in the absence of EDTA and that in the presence of EDTA it is not demonstrable even in patients with active immune complex disease.
[Use of a lipid lymphographic agent, lipiodol, as a carrier of high molecular weight antitumor agent, smancs, for hepatocellular carcinoma]. (1982)

Two advantages of the present therapeutic approach were described. Firstly, a selective deposition of lipiodol in tumor tissue was verified, thus more precise and accurate diagnosis by X-rays was possible either by CT or plain X-ray film. Secondly, pronounced accumulation of smancs in tumor tissue was observed, which established highly effective chemotherapy of unresectable hepatoma of 22 cases and 12 other cases based on (a) decrease in alpha-fetoprotein (86%), (b) tumor size (95%) and histology. Drug was given via the hepatic artery mostly 3-4 mg in 3-4 ml of lipiodol once every 3 to 4 weeks. Most patients have experienced a total dose of 6-8 mg in two cycles, but drug activity lasted more than 3 weeks. Neither hematosuppression nor anaphylaxis was observed. Major side effect was transient fever (38-39 degrees C) in about 50% of the cases which lasted no more than one week. Other minor side effect was abdominal pain during or after arterial infusion which lasted for about 20 min. Liver function was affected very slightly if any. Mild leukocytosis was observed in 65% of the patients.
Geometry Dependence of 1/f Noise in n- and p-channel MuGFETs (2005)

Geometry dependence of 1/f noise in n‐ and p‐channel MuGFETs is investigated for length, width and fin arrays. Based on the geometry and bias dependence of normalized drain current noise spectral density (SID/ID2) and input referred noise (SVG) at low drain bias (VD=50mV), conclusions are made on the nature and extent to which 1/f noise in these devices follows existing models, and the corresponding noise parameters (oxide trap density, Nt and scattering parameter, αSC) are calculated. It is seen that in general noise follows 1/f behavior and exhibits geometrical scaling. Certain differences are observed between noise in NFETs and PFETs, and also for extremely small devices.
Neurogenic Role of the Depolarizing Chloride Gradient Revealed by Global Overexpression of KCC2 from the Onset of Development (2008)

GABA- and glycine-induced depolarization is thought to provide important developmental signals, but the role of the underlying chloride gradient has not been examined from the onset of development. We therefore overexpressed globally the potassium-chloride cotransporter 2 (KCC2) in newly fertilized zebrafish embryos to reverse the chloride gradient. This rendered glycine hyperpolarizing in all neurons, tested at the time that motor behaviors (but not native KCC2) first appear. KCC2 overexpression resulted in fewer mature spontaneously active spinal neurons, more immature silent neurons, and disrupted motor activity. We observed fewer motoneurons and interneurons, a reduction in the elaboration of axonal tracts, and smaller brains and spinal cords. However, we observed no increased apoptosis and a normal complement of sensory neurons, glia, and progenitors. These results suggest that chloride-mediated excitation plays a crucial role in promoting neurogenesis from the earliest stages of embryonic development.
ChemInform Abstract: A Synthetic Procedure for the Preparation of Oligonucleotides Without Using Ammonia and Its Application for the Synthesis of Oligonucleotides Containing O‐4‐Alkyl Thymidines. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Intrinsic optical bistability in a cavity (1990)

Absorptive, dispersive, and diffractive effects are studied in a nonlinear ring-cavity configuration containing an intrinsically bistable medium modeled generically by a nonlinear oscillator. The output intensity is shown to exhibit steady-state and periodic characteristics for constant input intensity, but no chaotic solutions are found. We find that the plane-wave analysis is inconsistent with the inclusion of diffraction effects and that periodic output characteristics are affected even for Fresnel numbers of order 1000. Our results are contrasted with previously reported experimental and theoretical work.
Improved Medium for Lactic Streptococci and Their Bacteriophages (1975)

Incorporation of 1.9% β-disodium glycerophosphate (GP) into a complex medium resulted in improved growth by lactic streptococci at 30 C. The medium, called M17, contained: Phytone peptone, 5.0 g; polypeptone, 5.0 g; yeast extract, 2.5 g; beef extract, 5.0 g; lactose, 5.0 g; ascorbic acid, 0.5 g; GP, 19.0 g; 1.0 M MgSO4·7H2O, 1.0 ml; and glass-distilled water, 1,000 ml. Based on absorbance readings and total counts, all strains of Streptococcus cremoris, S. diacetilactis, and S. lactis grew better in M17 medium than in a similar medium lacking GP or in lactic broth. Enhanced growth was probably due to the increased buffering capacity of the medium, since pH values below 5.70 were not reached after 24 h of growth at 30 C by S. lactis or S. cremoris strains. The medium also proved useful for isolation of bacterial mutants lacking the ability to ferment lactose; such mutants formed minute colonies on M17 agar plates, whereas wild-type cells formed colonies 3 to 4 mm in diameter. Incorporation of sterile GP into skim milk at 1.9% final concentration resulted in enhanced acid-producing activity by lactic streptococci when cells were inoculated from GP milk into skim milk not containing GP. M17 medium also proved superior to other media in demonstrating and distinguishing between lactic streptococcal bacteriophages. Plaques larger than 6 mm in diameter developed with some phage-host combinations, and turbid plaques, indicative of lysogeny, were also easily demonstrated for some systems.
On the hydration of DNA. I. Preferential hydration and stability of DNA in concentrated trifluoroacetate solution (1968)

Abstract The hydration of DNA is an important factor in the stability of its secondary structure. Methods for measuring the hydration of DNA in solution and the results of various techniques are compared and discussed critically. The buoyant density of native and denatured T‐7 bacteriophage DNA in potassium trifluoroacetate (KTFA) solution has been measured as a function of temperature between 5 and 50°C. The buoyant density of native DNA increased linearly with temperature, with a dependence of (2.3 ± 0.5) × 10 −4 g/cc‐°C. DNA which has been heat denatured and quenched at 0°C in the salt solution shows a similar dependence of buoyant density on temperature at temperatures far below the T m , and above the T m . However, there is an inflection region in the buoyant density versus T curve over a wide range of temperatures below the T m . Optical density versus temperature studies showed that this is due to the. inhibition by KTFA of recovery of secondary structure on quenching. If the partial specific volume is assumed to be the same for native and denatured DNA, the loss of water of hydration on denaturation is calculated to be about 20% in KTFA at a water activity of 0.7 at 25°C. By treating the denaturation of DNA as a phase transition, an equation has immmi derived relating the destabilizing effect of trifluoroacetate to the loss of hydration on denaturation. The hydration of native DNA is abnormally high in the presence of this anion, and the loss of hydration on denaturation is greater than in CsCl. In addition, trifluoroacetate appears to decrease the Δ H of denaturation.
The photoreactions of 2-isopropoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone in the presence of cobalt acetylacetonate and other organometallics: an esr and CIDEP study (1985)

2-Isopropoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone has been used as a photoredox reagent in non-silver imaging process. The present study showed that the photoreactions of this quinone are very sensitive to solvent due to the competing intramolecular hydrogen abstraction from the isopropoxy group. The presence of cobalt acetylacetonate often modifies the reactions which leads to a very high quantum efficiency of producing the radical intermediates. The ether oxygen in the 2-substituent provides a further coordinating site for organometallic compounds and the quinone behaves as a 1,2-quinone when interacting with metals.
Assessing Driving Simulator Validity: A Comparison of Multi-Modal Smartphone Interactions across Simulated and Field Environments (2018)

The use of a driving simulator as a tool to evaluate secondary task performance elicits the question of simulator validity. After upgrading an existing driving simulator from a medium-fidelity to a high-fidelity configuration with a new software environment, a study was run to benchmark this simulator against previously published highway-driving data. A primary goal was to assess relative and absolute validity in a simulated highway environment. Data from 72 participants who performed manual and voice-based contact dialing tasks with a center-stack-mounted smartphone in either the driving simulator or driving on the highway in one of two vehicles is considered. This analysis compared secondary task demand between the simulator and on-road vehicles by primarily considering driver off-road glance behavior. Mean total eyes-off-road time, mean single-glance duration, and the number of long off-road glances showed similar patterns relative to the manual versus voice-based tasks in the simulator and the two on-road vehicles. A driving performance metric, percentage change of standard deviation of velocity, showed differing results between the simulator and on-road vehicles. It is concluded that these data make a strong argument for relative validity, and in some cases absolute validity, for this simulator for studying glance behavior associated with in-vehicle devices under a highway-driving scenario.
Performance comparison of second order based blind equalizers in data communication channels (2002)

A performance comparison of blind equalization methods based on second order statistics (SOS) in an operative context of fractional sampled two-ray communication channels is provided. The compared methods are the subspace (SS), cross-relation (CR) and the two-step maximum likelihood (TSML). These three SOS approaches estimate the impulse response of FIR channels driven by unknown input sequences using the time channel diversity, whenever it is available. Application limits as well as the effects of echo delay and roll-off of the shaping filter are discussed.
Biodegradation of mixed-organic wastes by microbial consortia in continuous-recycle expanded-bed bioreactors (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBiodegradation of mixed-organic wastes by microbial consortia in continuous-recycle expanded-bed bioreactorsTommy J. Phelps, John J. Niedzielski, Kenneth J. Malachowsky, Richard M. Schram, Stephen E. Herbes, and David C. WhiteCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1991, 25, 8, 1461–1465Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es00020a015https://doi.org/10.1021/es00020a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views167Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Regulation of heterochromatic silencing and histone H3 lysine-9 methylation by RNAi. (2002)

Eukaryotic heterochromatin is characterized by a high density of repeats and transposons, as well as by modified histones, and influences both gene expression and chromosome segregation. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, we deleted the argonaute, dicer, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene homologs, which encode part of the machinery responsible for RNA interference (RNAi). Deletion results in the aberrant accumulation of complementary transcripts from centromeric heterochromatic repeats. This is accompanied by transcriptional de-repression of transgenes integrated at the centromere, loss of histone H3 lysine-9 methylation, and impairment of centromere function. We propose that double-stranded RNA arising from centromeric repeats targets formation and maintenance of heterochromatin through RNAi. PMID: 12193640 Funding information This work was supported by: NIGMS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: GM59772
A Study of Thermodynamic Performance of CAES Plants, Including Unsteady Effects (1987)

The thermodynamic performance of some representative CAES (Compressed Air Energy Storage) plant configurations is computed both at steady-state nominal point and during time-variable conditions, by making use of a simulation technique capable of accounting for thermal inertia of recuperators and TES (Thermal Energy Storage), for part-load characteristics of turbomachinery and for power regulation modes. The results of the analysis are presented in terms of the energy losses caused by the irreversibilities occurring in the various plant components, with reference to the second law of thermodynamics.
Output Power Control of a Surface Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Coupled with Electronic Capacitor System (2018)

In this paper, we propose to control the output power of a surface mounted permanent magnet generator connected to a load with a three phase Magnetic Energy Recovery Switch system (MERS). Each switch consists of four MOSFET or IGBT elements and one capacitor working at machine frequency. Both effects of switch parameter, capacitor value and control variable are described and analyzed with a system model and verified by Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations. It is shown that output power can be not only well modulated but also increased significantly, compared with standard series inverter solution. Also, an optimum operating point can be found regardless of load. A discussion about possible drawbacks of such system is finally done.
EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE ON THE QUALITY OF PEANUT PASTES (1989)

ABSTRACT A spread made from light colored, bland peanut paste flavored with cheese, meat, fruit or chocolate would enhance the probability of increased utilization of peanuts. The effect of particle size on quality of pastes prepared from whole peanut kernels subjected to water extraction (WE) and chopping was determined. Results indicated that the paste prepared from coarsely or moderately chopped peanuts was found to be light in color and have the lowest flavor intensity scores. Paste prepared from finely chopped peanuts had the darkest color among all treatments.
The saliency of anomalies in animated human characters (2010)

Virtual characters are much in demand for animated movies, games, and other applications. Rapid advances in performance capture and advanced rendering techniques have allowed the movie industry in particular to create characters that appear very human-like. However, with these new capabilities has come the realization that such characters are yet not quite “right.” One possible hypothesis is that these virtual humans fall into an “Uncanny Valley”, where the viewer's emotional response is repulsion or rejection, rather than the empathy or emotional engagement that their creators had hoped for. To explore these issues, we created three animated vignettes of an arguing couple with detailed motion for the face, eyes, hair, and body. In a set of perceptual experiments, we explore the relative importance of different anomalies using two different methods: a questionnaire to determine the emotional response to the full-length vignettes, with and without facial motion and audio; and a 2AFC (two alternative forced choice) task to compare the performance of a virtual “actor” in short clips (extracts from the vignettes) depicting a range of different facial and body anomalies. We found that the facial anomalies are particularly salient, even when very significant body animation anomalies are present.
Pathophysiological correlates of two unique renal tubule lesions in rats with intestinal resection (2006)

Rats with small bowel resection fed a high-oxalate diet develop extensive deposition of calcium oxalate (CaOx) and calcium phosphate crystals in the kidney after 4 mo. To explore the earliest sites of renal crystal deposition, rats received either small bowel resection or transection and were then fed either standard chow or a high-oxalate diet; perfusion-fixed renal tissue from five rats in each group was examined by light microscopy at 2, 4, 8, and 12 wk. Rats fed the high-oxalate diet developed birefringent microcrystals at the brush border of proximal tubule cells, with or without cell damage; the lesion was most common in rats with both resection and a high-oxalate diet (10/19 with the lesion) and was significantly correlated with urine oxalate excretion (P < 0.001). Rats with bowel resection fed normal chow had mild hyperoxaluria but high urine CaOx supersaturation; four of these rats developed birefringent crystal deposition with tubule plugging in inner medullary collecting ducts (IMCD). Two rats fed a high-oxalate diet also developed this lesion, which was correlated with CaOx supersaturation, but not oxalate excretion. Tissue was examined under oil immersion, and tiny birefringent crystals were noted on the apical surface of IMCD cells only in animals with IMCD crystal plugging. In one animal, IMCD crystals were both birefringent and nonbirefringent, suggesting a mix of CaOx and calcium phosphate. Overall, these animals demonstrate two distinct sites and mechanisms of renal crystal deposition and may help elucidate renal lesions seen in humans with enteric hyperoxaluria and stones.
Sunny Chicago and gloomy Oxford: their roles in a citation classic (2007)

�In the modern biochemistry laboratory, we take for granted the ability to determine the concentration of DNA quickly and accurately. Commercial kits, high-throughput screening and sophisticated single-photon detection systems would be unrecognizable to the pioneers of the early DNA assays, but, even today, their contributions are still being acknowledged. In the post-genomic era, when capillary electrophoresis with modern dyes can be used to detect as little as a few picograms of DNA, it is hard to imagine how these early biochemists struggled with test tubes, colorimeters and simple chemicals to develop assays which would not only become widely used, but would still be influential over half a century later. Until the late 1950s, Zacharias Dische’s method was the most widely used colour reaction for the detection of DNA 1 . Published in 1930, it had been the method of choice for a quarter of a century. It involved boiling the DNA sample in a mixture of sulfuric and acetic acids with diphenylamine to develop a blue colouration. The intensity of the blue reaction products was then measured using a colorimeter and quantified empirically against standard samples of known concentration. Dische’s method was prone to interference, but, despite this, it has earned over 1300 citations. Several other methods based around the use of indole and hydrochloric acid 2 , the Feulgen reaction 3 and sulfuric acid/cysteine 4 were in use at the time, but all of these methods had their drawbacks too. A young British researcher, Kenneth Burton, was about to write a paper that would allow him to enter into the hall of fame for highly-cited authors with a method that superseded Dische’s and remains frequently cited even in the new millennium.
Connecting things to the web using programmable low-power WiFi modules (2011)

We present first experiences of using programmable low-power WiFi modules for connecting things directly to the Web. Instead of relying on dedicated low-power radio technology and specialized protocols, we leverage the ubiquity of IEEE 802.11 access points and the interoperability of the HTTP protocol. Using a loosely coupled approach, we enable seamless association of sensors, actuators, and everyday objects with each other and with the Web. Our experimental results show that low-power WiFi modules can achieve long battery lifetime despite the fact that we are using HTTP over TCP/IP for communication.