gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gain collapse in the photon transport transistor (PTT) above lasing threshold. (1991)

We measured the differential current gain (dI C /dI B ) of the photon transport transistor (PTT) below and above threshold, and compared the result to a theoretical model. The device structure is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of a laser diode on top of a photodiode, with very tight optical coupling between the two devices. The laser is a GaAs/AlGaAs single quantum well ridge-GRINSCH structure. The photodiode is a GaAs/AlGaAs N-i-p diode with a 3 micron thick absorption region. Fabrication details of the device can be found in reference [1].
Association of normal serum protein antigens with chimpanzee hepatitis B surface antigen particles (1978)

HBsAg/adw was purified from 2.6 liters of pooled plasma from a single chimpanzee carrier by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation followed by isopycnic and rate zonal centrifugation. The different morphological populatilons of HBsAg separated in the final rate zonal centrifugation step were combined into seven pools: two fractions rich in filaments and Dane particles, two pools composed of filaments and 20--28-nm spheres, and three fractions containing mostly 20--28-nm spheres. The purified preparations of HBsAg analyzed for normal serum protein contaminants revealed albumin and traces of IgG. The same samples analyzed after Tween-80 treatment, revealed enhanced quantitites of the previous two contaminants, and in addition, transferrin, traces of alpha2-macroglobulin, IgM, and complement (C3/C3c). The residual contaminants were mostly removed by further purification and fractionation after detergent treatment using zone convection electrofocusing and rate zonal centrifugation. Our findings indicate that conventional purification techniques will not provide preparations of HBsAg free of traces of serum protein contaminants. Many of these are released only by detergent treatments and subsequent purification. It is not yet clear whether detergents release these contaminants from the interior of the particles or from firm association or incorporation within the membranes.
219 An Inverse Dynamics Control for Artiuclatory Motor System (2008)

An inverse dynamics based estimation for human articulatory motor control has been presented. As the plant for this control application, a dynamic model of human articulators consisting of lip soft tissue with related muscles and bones is developed. The continuum of lip soft tissue is represented as a discrete model approximation composed of networked point masses interconnected via viscoelastic elements. By activating an appropriately selected muscle set, the dynamic model performs a mimic of actual human speech motion, called pseudo-speech motion. Pseudo-speech motion is a forward dynamics simulation using the articulator dynamic model. As a mathematical representation of human speech acquisition, simulations of articulatory motor control based on estimation of muscle motor command are presented. Inverse dynamics driven iterative estimation makes the dynamic model put into practice an articulatory motion. The solution of this inverse dynamics problem is a set of activated muscle motor command as the foundation of induced articulatory motion. Correlation between model-based motor command estimations and EMG signals recorded during actual speech motions is discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: A Synthetic Way to Biologically Active Heterocycles (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Maximum entropy estimation of spatial patterns of activation rate during ventricular fibrillation (2002)

In order to investigate spatial variations in ventricular fibrillation (VF), activation rates during VF in pigs were estimated on a grid of 504 epicardial sites using the maximum entropy (ME) method. ME spectral estimates were obtained from unipolar electrograms recorded with a 21/spl times/24 array of epicardial electrodes (1 mm spacing) during electrically induced VF. The frequency associated with the most power in each ME spectrum was denoted the peak frequency (PFreq). The authors compared ME estimates of mean activation interval (1/PFreq) to mean activation intervals (MAI) obtained by picking the local minimum dV/dt. The Class III drug artilide was used to extend the range of activation rate. A significant positive correlation was found between 1/PFreq and MAI. ME estimates of 1/PFreq did not correlate better with MAI than previous estimates obtained using the Fast Fourier Transform. The spatial distribution of activation rate varied dynamically during the first 12 seconds of VF.
Performance of an isolated two-dimensional variable-geometry wedge nozzle with translating shroud and collapsing wedge at speeds up to Mach 2.01 (1975)

A wind-tunnel investigation was conducted to determine the aeropropulsion performance (thrust-minus-drag) of a single-engine, variable-geometry, two-dimensional (2-D) wedge nozzle with simulated translating-shroud and collapsing-wedge mechanisms. The investigation was conducted statically and at Mach numbers from 0.60 to 2.01 at an angle of attack of 0 deg and at varied jet total-pressure ratios up to 21, depending on the Mach number. The results indicate that the isolated aeropropulsion performance of a variable-geometry two-dimensional wedge nozzle is competitive with axisymmetric nozzles at transonic and supersonic speeds, but the isolated performance is slightly inferior for static take-off and low subsonic speeds. With the use of a simple tertiary-air ejector, the static take-off performance was increased.
Co‐adsorption of O and H<sub>2</sub>O on Nanostructured Platinum Surfaces: Does OH Form at Steps? (2010)

An gestuften Platinoberflächen wird adsorbiertes OHad weniger bereitwillig gebildet als auf einer ebenen Pt(111)-Oberfläche. Entsprechend verbleiben Oad-Spezies auf Stufen, wenn H2O und Oad dort coadsorbiert werden. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Large Eddy Simulation of Base Drag Reduction with Jet Boat-tail Passive Flow Control (2015)

A Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of base drag reduction for automotive side view mirrors using passive Jet Boat-Tail (JBT) passive flow control is conducted. The JBT passive flow control technique is to introduce a strong jet by opening an inlet in the front of a bluff body, accelerate the jet via a converging duct and eject the jet at an angle toward the center of the base surface. The high speed jet flow entrains the free stream flow to energize the base flow and increase base flow pressure. The LES investigation of flow over a JBT mirror and baseline mirror model is conducted with a low diffusion E-CUSP scheme with fifth order WENO scheme for the inviscid term and fourth order central differencing for the viscous term. The LES calculation indicates that strong passive flow jet enhances the flow entrainment, which mixes with the main flow and transfers the energy from the main stream to the base flow by increasing base flow pressure, thus reducing pressure drag. The preliminary analysis of the flow structures with wake and jet interaction is presented.
Aggregating the flexibility provided by domestic hot-water boilers to offer tertiary regulation power in Switzerland (2012)

This paper shows how the flexibility provided by domestic hot-water boilers can be aggregated to offer power system services. The focus is on tertiary regulation power in Switzerland. The paper reports on our experience and conclusions from real-world experiments with electricity consumers and on the methods used. It thus also provides a starting point for other types of demand-side management using end consumers.
Interstitial brachytherapy dosimetry update (2006)

In March 2004, the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) published an update to the AAPM Task Group No. 43 Report (TG-43) which was initially published in 1995. This update was pursued primarily due to the marked increase in permanent implantation of low-energy photon-emitting brachytherapy sources in the United States over the past decade, and clinical rationale for the need of accurate dosimetry in the implementation of interstitial brachytherapy. Additionally, there were substantial improvements in the brachytherapy dosimetry formalism, accuracy of related parameters and methods for determining these parameters. With salient background, these improvements are discussed in the context of radiation dosimetry. As an example, the impact of this update on the administered dose is assessed for the model 200 (103)Pd brachytherapy source.
Divalent magnesium ion conducting characteristics in phosphate based solid electrolyte composites (2000)

The divalent Mg2+ ion conducting solid electrolyte was synthesized with a composite form by intentionally changing the starting material mixing ratio to the nonstoichiometric region. By such a preparation technique, spontaneous and microscopic dispersion of the secondary Zr2O(PO4)2 phase was successfully realized and the Mg2+ ion conductivity was considerably enhanced by dispersing the secondary phase, showing the highest conductivity among the Mg2+ ionic conducting solid electrolytes reported. The Mg2+ migration in the composite solid was clearly demonstrated by dc electrolysis and the Mg2+ ion transference number was precisely determined to be unity by a modified Tubandt method. The development of pure Mg2+ ion conducting phosphate based solid electrolytes with high stability and considerably high ionic conductivity contributes greatly to opening a new door for the application of advanced materials such as rechargeable batteries and other specific sensor elements.
Speech based emotion classification (2002)

In this paper, a speech based emotion classification method is presented. Six basic human emotions including anger, dislike, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise are investigated. The recognizer presented in this paper is based on the discrete hidden Markov model and a novel feature vector based on mel frequency short time speech power coefficients is proposed. A universal codebook is constructed based on emotions under observation for each experiment. The databases consist of 90 emotional utterances each from two speakers. Several experiments including ungrouped emotion classification and grouped emotion classification are conducted. For the ungrouped emotion classification, an average accuracy of 72.22% and 60% are obtained respectively for utterances of the two speakers. For grouped emotion classification, higher accuracy of 94.44% and 70% are achieved.
On the use of particle filters for electromagnetic tracking in high dose rate brachytherapy (2017)

Modern radiotherapy of female breast cancers often employs high dose rate brachytherapy, where a radioactive source is moved inside catheters, implanted in the female breast, according to a prescribed treatment plan. Source localization relative to the patient's anatomy is determined with solenoid sensors whose spatial positions are measured with an electromagnetic tracking system. Precise sensor dwell position determination is of utmost importance to assure irradiation of the cancerous tissue according to the treatment plan. We present a hybrid data analysis system which combines multi-dimensional scaling with particle filters to precisely determine sensor dwell positions in the catheters during subsequent radiation treatment sessions. Both techniques are complemented with empirical mode decomposition for the removal of superimposed breathing artifacts. We show that the hybrid model robustly and reliably determines the spatial positions of all catheters used during the treatment and precisely determines any deviations of actual sensor dwell positions from the treatment plan. The hybrid system only relies on sensor positions measured with an EMT system and relates them to the spatial positions of the implanted catheters as initially determined with a computed x-ray tomography.
Attitude determination and autonomous on-orbit calibration of star tracker for the gifts mission (2002)

EO-3 GIFTS mission (2004). The camera is designed to be autonomously self-calibrating, and capable of a rapid/reliable solution of the lost-in-space problem as well as recursive attitude estimation. Two efficient Kalman filter algorithms for attitude, camera principal point offset, and focal length estimation are developed. These algorithms make use of three axis gyros for the rate data and star camera split field-of-view line-of-sight vector measurements. To model the optics of the camera the pinhole model is used, which is found to be sufficiently accurate for most of star cameras. The relative merits of the two algorithms are then studied for estimating the principal point offset, focal length and attitude of a simulated spacecraft motion. Simulation results indicate that both algorithms produce precise attitude estimates by determining the principal point offset, focal length and rate bias; however, reliability and robustness characteristics favor the second algorithm.
Deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) synthesis and destruction regulate the replication of both cell and virus genomes (2013)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
<title>Optical fiber long-period gratings for the refractometry of aqueous solutions</title> (1998)

Refractometers are of interest for measuring concentrations of solutions, since the refractive index of a solution is proportional to its concentration. On-line continuous refractometry is important in many industrial processes, as well as for checking the concentration stability of solutions in stock. An optical fiber long-period grating is presented, which was tested for refractometry in the 1.34- 1.42 range.
Use of fluorescent cholesteryl ester microemulsions in cholesteryl ester transfer protein assays (1993)

In the present report we describe a simple and practical method to assess CETP activity in a defined system by use of microemulsions containing a fluorescent cholesteryl ester analog. The microemulsions are stable, simple to prepare, and can be made to defined composition. Initial transfer rates are easily determined by monitoring changes in fluorescence. We have used the fluorescent cholesteryl ester analog, cholesteryl 4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-boro-3 alpha, 4 alpha-diaza-3-indacenedodecanoate (BODIPY-CE), to demonstrate the utility of this assay. The assay takes advantage of the concentration-dependent self-quenching of BODIPY-CE, when this analog is incorporated into microemulsions. We have used this new assay to demonstrate fluorescent lipid transfer facilitated by rabbit and human d > 1.21 g/ml plasma fraction and recombinant human CETP. A known inhibitory monoclonal antibody (Mab) to human CETP blocked BODIPY-CE transfer in a dose-dependent manner. We have also used BODIPY-CE microemulsions to measure CETP activity in whole plasma.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Intelligent Transportation and Pervasive Computing (2006)

This special issue samples the developing area of pervasive computing in transportation systems through four feature articles and the Spotlight department, which consists of two interviews and two short articles. These contributions were written by automotive industry and academic experts and provide a diversity of views on a range of topics. Although the contributions focus on intelligent vehicular transportation, the technologies discussed also have applications in other transportation systems. This article is part of a special issue on Intelligent Transportation.
Thermal Treatment of Soybean Seeds can Improve the Quality of Soymilk by Enhancing the Extraction Efficiency of “Kokumi” Taste Components (2018)

Based on our recent finding that the “kokumi” taste components, γ-glutamyl-tyrosine, γ-glutamyl-phenylalanine, raffinose, and stachyose, are present in soybean seeds, we aimed to understand whether thermal treatment of soybean seeds can enhance the “kokumi” taste in soymilk or not. Heating was carried out prior to the grinding step in the soymilk production process. The extraction efficiency of the “kokumi” taste components changed with the type of thermal treatment. Autoclave and microwave heating of soybean seeds before grinding caused a high extraction efficiency of “kokumi” taste components compared to unheated and dry heat heating. Traditional methods, such as the thermal treatment at 90°C during grinding, also increased the “kokumi” taste components, but the efficiency and nitrogen yield were low compared to the thermal treatment before grinding. Enhanced extraction of “kokumi” taste components may be originated from the disruption of cell walls of soybean seeds induced by thermal treatment, and the degree of cell damage was closely related with the extraction efficiency of the “kokumi” taste components. Thus, instead of the traditional processes, the thermal treatment before grinding can contribute to the production of soymilk with greater “kokumi” taste components.
Risk Factors for Invasive Fungal Disease after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Single Center Experience (2013)

Invasive fungal disease (IFD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT). We performed a retrospective review of 271 adults with a hematologic malignancy undergoing allogeneic HCT to determine the incidence of and risk factors for IFD and to examine the impact of IFD on nonrelapse mortality and overall survival. We defined IFD using standard criteria and selected proven and probable cases for analysis. Diagnoses in the study group included acute leukemia (42%), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (24%), myelodysplastic syndrome (15%), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (5%), and other hematologic disorders (14%). Conditioning included reduced-intensity (64%) and myeloablative (36%) regimens. Donor sources were HLA-matched sibling (60%), matched unrelated (20%), haploidentical (12%), and cord blood (8%). A total of 51 episodes of IFD were observed in 42 subjects (15%). Aspergillus spp (47%) was the most frequent causative organism, followed by Candida spp (43%). The majority of IFD cases (67%) were reported after day +100 post-HCT. In multivariate analysis, haploidentical donor transplantation (hazard ratio [HR], 3.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.49-9.77; P = .005) and grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (HR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.07-6.10; P = .03) were risk factors for the development of IFD. Conversely, higher infused CD34(+) cell dose was associated with a lower risk of IFD (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.68-0.94; P = .006, per 1 × 10(6) cells/kg increase in CD34(+) cell infusion). IFD-related mortality was 33.3%. Nonrelapse mortality was significantly higher in patients who developed IFD compared with those without IFD (P < .001, log-rank test). Patients with IFD had lower overall survival (5.8 months versus 76.1 months; P < .001, log-rank test). Further studies exploring strategies to increase the infused cell dose and determine adequate prophylaxis, especially against aspergillus, beyond day +100 are needed.
RT-PCR Analysis Of Galectin-3 And CD44V6 Expression In Fine-Needle Aspirates Of Thyroid Lesions (2004)

Objective:Many patients with thyroid lesions are being surgicaly treated only for diagnostic purposes, because it is often difficult to make decisive diagnosis regarding malignancy, especially when hyperplastic follicular lesions are concerned.
NOE (Nuclear Overhauser Effect) Transfers from <i>para</i>-H<sub>2</sub> Enhanced Magnetizations in Alkene Moieties at Rh(I) Centers (2001)

The hydrogenation of symmetric dienes with para-H2 catalyzed by Rhodium complexes leads to remarkable effects in the 1H NMR spectra of the corresponding alkene derivatives, namely, an emission peak (negative peak) in the aliphatic region ascribed to protons of the hydrogenated double bond and one or more enhanced absorption peaks. The strongest absorption peak is invariantly assigned to the two equivalent olefinic protons in the free alkene. The possibility that the observed behavior could be associated with a reversible exchange between para-H2 and the olefinic hydrogens has been ruled out on the basis of the lack of deuterium incorporation when the experiments are carried out with D2. Variable magnetic field experiments have indicated that the positive peaks arise from relaxation processes, i.e., from cross-relaxation transfers (generally denoted as NOE transfers; NOE = nuclear Overhauser effect) originating from the enhanced magnetization at the hydrogenation sites in the product or, more likely, at the hydride ligands in intermediate species.
Der Tunneleffekt von Atomen in der Chemie (2016)

Abstract Der quantenmechanische Tunneleffekt von Atomen wird immer häufiger als wichtiger Aspekt in chemischen Reaktionen identifiziert. Experimentell kann man Atomtunneln nur indirekt nachweisen; beispielsweise durch temperaturunabhängige Reaktionsgeschwindigkeitskonstanten oder durch sehr große kinetische Isotopeneffekte. Im Gegensatz dazu können theoretische Methoden den Einfluss des Tunneleffekts auf die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit direkt bestimmen. Der Tunneleffekt ändert beispielsweise Reaktionspfade und Verzweigungsverhältnisse, ermöglicht chemische Reaktionen in astrochemischer Umgebung, die thermisch nicht stattfinden, und beeinflusst auch biochemische Prozesse.
1350. Polyfluorocycloalkenes. Part III. Reactions with alcohols under ionic conditions to give ethers (1965)

A. B. Clayton, J. Roylance, D. R. Sayers, R. Stephens and J. C. Tatlow, J. Chem. Soc., 1965, 7358 DOI: 10.1039/JR9650007358
Comparison between the AC and DC measurement of electrodermal activity (2016)

Recording electrodermal activity is a well-accepted physiological measurement for clinical approaches and research. Historically, applying a DC (direct current) signal to the skin to measure the conductance is the most common practice for exogenous recordings. However, this method can be subject to error due to electrode polarization even with "nonpolarizing" electrodes-a problem that can be eliminated with alternating current (AC) methodology. For that reason, Boucsein et al. () called for research demonstrating an AC method that is validated by comparison to standard DC methodology. Additionally, the complex structure of human skin has electrical properties that include both resistance and capacitance, and AC recording enables the measurement of skin susceptance (associated with current flow through capacitors). Finally, AC recording permits the simultaneous recording of the endogenous skin potential. In this paper, the results from a direct comparison between both methods are presented, which has not been reported previously. The results demonstrated excellent agreement between a 20 Hz AC method and a standard DC method, supporting the validity of the AC recording methodology employed. The results also showed that an applied voltage of 0.2 V is sufficient for DC recordings.