gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Validation of Gene Expression Biomarker Analysis for Biopsy-based Clinical Trials in Crohnʼs Disease (2015)

Measuring proinflammatory gene expression from mucosal biopsies from patients with Crohn's disease is practicable and provides objective biomarkers that can be used in proof-of-concept and mechanism-of-action trials to assess response to therapy.
Preliminary results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of fluoroscopic lumbar interlaminar epidural injections in managing chronic lumbar discogenic pain without disc herniation or radiculitis. (2011)

Lumbar interlaminar epidural injections of local anesthetic with or without steroids was effective in 63% and 74% of patients with chronic function-limiting low back pain without facet joint pain, disc herniation, and/or radiculitis.
Biomonitor Systems Derived from Thylakoids for the Detection of Phytotoxic Substances (2001)

The detection of phytotoxic compounds, such as herbicides, environmental substances, polyphenols, xenobiotics and phytohormones, is often based on the inhibition of the photosynthetic electron transfer between photosystem-II and photosystem-I when chloroplast thylakoids from Vicia faba, freshly isolated or lyophilized, were used. The lyophilization of the biological material ensures longterm stability and allows continuous supply without permanent cooling for more than one year. Within a few min the inhibition of photosynthetic electron flow by phytotoxic compounds is measured fluorometrically. The increase of fluorescence induced by herbicides is shown to be correlated with a reduction in light-dependent oxygen consumption. The site of inhibition by herbicides or other toxic compounds is indicated as the QB-binding site of the D1 protein inhibiting the plastoquinone reduction. Another group of herbicides is targeted at the cytochrom-b6/f-complex blocking the plastohydroquinone-oxidation. A third group of phytotoxins is able to perform redox interactions with photosystem-I transferring the electrons to oxygen and leading to a consumption of oxygen. Fluorescence measurements using thylakoids offer all requirements as a preliminary screening tool for phytotoxic contamination. The biosensor is a very effective early warning system because of its low detection limit of 0.2–0.3 µg/1 and its ability to indicate every photosynthetic active substance.
A Computational Chemistry Investigation of the Mechanism of the Water-Assisted Decomposition of Trichloroethylene Oxide (2014)

Trichloroethylene oxide is a downstream product in the oxidative metabolism of trichloroethylene (TCE) and it may be involved in cytochrome P450 inactivation, protein function destruction, and nucleic acid base alkalization. To explore the hydrolysis mechanism of the decomposition of TCE oxide, an investigation using Second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory in conjunction with density functional theory has been conducted to analyze the effect of the water solvation shell on probable reaction steps. The decomposition of TCE oxide is accelerated by coordinated water molecules (up to seven), which reveals that water molecules can help to solvate the TCE oxide molecule and activate the release of the Cl(-) leaving group. After the opening of the epoxide ring, several pathways are proposed to account for the dehalogenation step along with the formation of CO as well as three carboxylic acids (formic acid, glyoxylic acid, and dichloroacetic acid). The predominant pathways were examined by comparing the computed activation energies for the formation of the products to each other for the possible reaction steps examined in this work. After rationally analyzing the computational results, the ring-opening reaction has been identified as the rate-determining step. The rate constant estimated for the TCE oxide decomposition from the calculations performed here was found to be reasonably consistent with previous experimental observations reported in the literature.
[New perspectives in the modulation of allergic inflammation]. (1990)

Current studies on IgE-dependent allergic reactions focus on the regulation of IgE synthesis by cellular IgE receptors or by their fragments, so-called IgE-binding factors. Recent studies suggest that lymphokines, such as interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), may be more relevant in the modulation of IgE synthesis. Under this aspect studies should concentrate on the role of anti-isotypical anti-IgE antibodies which can be found frequently in IgE-mediated responses. Further studies have given new insights in the variation of releasability and lymphokine-mediated conditioning of effector cells, depending on the type of allergic reaction. Pretreatment of neutrophils with granulocyte macrophage- colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), or basophils with interleukin-3 (IL-3) renders these cells capable of producing or releasing inflammatory mediators, such as histamine, leukotrienes or platelet activating-factor (PAF). The fact that the interaction of purified lymphokines, such as IL-3 or IL-8 with basophils causes the release of mediators, indicates a possible mechanism for the induction of immediate and delayed allergic reactions. New insights in these mechanisms may offer new immunopharmacological aspects in the treatment of allergic reactions. IgE-mediated allergic reactions can be divided into two distinct phases. During the period of sensitization allergen exposure causes the production of class E immunoglobulins (IgE) in genetically predisposed persons. Repeated allergen exposure in sensitized persons leads to bridging of IgE molecules with basophils or mast cell membranes which finally causes the production and the release of inflammation mediators, such as histamine, leukotrienes and PAF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
[Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis as the primary manifestation of a carcinoma of probable renal origin]. (1989)

Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LC) is commonly observed in malignant lymphoproliferative diseases (leukemias and lymphomas), and it can rarely be the presenting feature of a solid tumour. The types of tumour most commonly associated with that condition are breast, lung and gastrointestinal carcinomas and malignant melanoma. We report a patient with a carcinoma of probable renal origin who presented with meningeal carcinomatosis, without any symptom attributable to the initial tumour. We review and discuss the diagnostic criteria, the pathophysiology and the therapeutic outlook of this relatively uncommon type of metastatic disease.
Enhancing recognition of early Parkinsonism in the community (2004)

Because Parkinsonism is underdiagnosed in the community, we have validated screening modalities in the field setting and developed a screening procedure to enhance recognition of undiagnosed patients. In a first survey, we identified suspect cases among patients consulting 9 general practitioners (GPs) over a 3-week period using in parallel: (1) a published questionnaire; (2) a standardized examination by the GPs; (3) clinical impression of the GPs; or (4) pre-established diagnoses. Parkinsonism was ascertained by two neurologists with a 1-year follow-up and FP-CIT-SPECT. In total, 1,411 patients consulted the GPs, 1,030 participated in the study, 87 possible cases were identified by at least one of four screening modalities, 12 suffered from Parkinsonism, and 4 of these 12 were de novo cases. Statistical analysis demonstrated that with appropriate evaluation, the questionnaire is highly sensitive and excludes most nonaffected persons, and that the GPs' clinical impression is more specific. We therefore tested in a second survey the efficacy of a serial screening, starting with the questionnaire, followed by a standardized GP evaluation, and then by neurological examination. Of 1,353 participants seen by 9 GPs during a 3-week period, 5 de novo cases were identified. This simple screening protocol significantly enhances recognition of incipient Parkinsonism.
VON HIPPEL-LINDAU TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENE. LOCALIZATION OF EXPRESSION BYIN SITU HYBRIDIZATION (1996)

Inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumour suppressor gene is responsible not only for VHL disease, but also for sporadic renal cell carcinoma and cerebellar haemangioblastoma. The distribution of VHL gene expression in the mouse embryo was recently studied by in situ hybridization, along with human VHL in 14-week-old fetal kidney: there was widely distributed expression in the former and expression in the tubules and blastema in the latter. Adult human tissue and other fetal organs were not examined. The present paper describes an in situ hybridization study to assess the function of the VHL gene in adult human tissues and in tissues of human fetus at 28 weeks of gestation. The expression of the VHL gene was limited to the adult and fetal brain and kidney, and the adult prostate. Nerve cells in adult and fetal brain were positive, including the cerebellar Purkinje cells. In adult and fetal kidney, the proximal tubular epithelium, the putative origin of the common type of renal cell carcinoma, showed intense signal, whereas the distal nephron, glomeruli, and nephrogenic blastema showed no significant signal. The prostate showed significant signal in the basal epithelium. The adrenal, pancreas, and epidydimis showed no significant signal, in spite of the frequent occurrence at these sites of neoplastic or hamartomatous lesions in VHL disease.
Direct measurement of inner and outer wall thickening dynamics with epicardial echocardiography. (1986)

Simple geometric models of the left ventricle and indirect experimental measurements suggest that the inner myocardial wall contributes the largest fraction to total wall thickening. We measured transmural differences in regional wall thickening directly, using an epicardial M mode echocardiographic transducer (6 mm diameter, 5 MHz) placed on the anterior free wall of the left ventricle. Wall thickness was partitioned into inner and outer regions by inserting a waxed, 3-0 suture at different depths within the wall. The suture was used as an intramural echo target that was imaged simultaneously with the endocardium to determine inner and outer fractional contribution to total wall thickness. Data were collected in open-chest dogs at rest, during inotropic stimulation with isoproterenol, and during right heart bypass, which was used to vary cardiac output and preload. Results obtained with this method demonstrated that systolic wall thickness was nonuniform at rest and during each intervention. The fractional contributions to total wall thickening of the inner, middle, and outer thirds of the myocardial wall were estimated from the data to be 58%, 25%, and 17%, respectively. The experimental findings corresponded closely to theoretical predictions, supporting the conclusion that a gradient of thickening exists across the myocardial wall, with the inner portion of the wall contributing the largest fraction to total systolic thickening.
Investigation of the count rate performance of the General Electric Advance positron emission tomograph (2002)

A series of 2D and 3D count rate measurements have been carried out on the Advance PET system. The measurements include: NEMA standard protocols; simultaneous imaging of two small vials containing [O-15] water and [F-18]; a cardiac insert placed in a water filled elliptical tank; two different head sized cylindrical tanks; and a Hoffman 3D phantom. The data were processed with and without dead time and scatter corrections. Plots were made of the total count rate, randoms, trues+scatter, scatter corrected trues, and noise equivalent count rate as a function of total activity in the machine and as the /spl mu/Ci/cc in the phantoms. The accuracy of deadtime corrections was also measured. In 2D mode, the NEMA standard protocol resulted in maximum 'trues' count rates of 540,000 cps in high sensitivity mode. In 3D mode the head sized cylindrical phantoms yielded a maximum trues rate of approximately 950,000 cps. Recovery of the water half-life was accurate with up to 50 mCi for the cardiac insert in 2D mode.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Perforated Facing and Sound Absorption (1954)

In the analysis of the absorption characteristics of a porous layer with perforated facing, it is usually assumed that the facing contributes only a mass reactance to the total impedance. In the present paper it is shown that the facing also causes an additional acoustic resistance which is often larger than the acoustic resistance of the porous layer itself. This resistance obtained only when the porous material is in close contact with the facing and becomes practically zero when the air space between facing and material exceeds approximately one perforation diameter. The effect is due to the near field (higher mode) losses in the porous material around the perforations. The resulting effect on the absorption characteristics considerable, as demonstrated in some examples, and may at least partly explain reported disagreement between measurements and previous calculations.
Platinum patterning by a modified lift-off technique and its application in a silicon load cell (2001)

In micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) and micro-electronic devices there has been a strong demand for electrode materials which can survive in highly oxidizing and high-temperature environments. Platinum (Pt) is a good candidate for this, because it combines several attractive properties: low electrical resistance, high melting point and high chemical stability. However, the chemical stability is a problem for patterning Pt by wet chemical or dry etching. Standard lift-off seems to be a solution to this problem. A big problem in using standard lift-off is that platinum particles or wing tips (ears) may remain at the edges after lift-off. These wing tips protrude from the surface and may cause short circuits with an opposite electrode placed within 1 μm. Some authors reported briefly on a modified lift-off technique to overcome this problem. Before deposition, a resist is patterned on an insulator to define openings where the metal is to be deposited. Afterwards, a small cavity is etched in the insulator, which is mostly SiO2. The cavity facilitates the separation of the metal on the resist and the metal in the cavity. In this study the effect of cavity depth and sputtered metal thickness on wing tip formation is investigated. In addition, surface roughness, resistance and hillock formation of the as-deposited metals are measured. The modified lift-off technique has succesfully been applied in a silicon load cell with Ti/Pt electrodes.
Comparing Traditional, Group Support Systems (GSS) and On-Line Focus Groups (2013)

Blackburn and Stokes (2000, p.48) suggest that focus groups have been “relatively under used” and that part of the reason for this might be a lack of understanding by researchers of “what rigorously conducted focus groups can achieve.” Our aim, therefore, is to provide researchers with a greater awareness of the potential for conducting focus groups, together with specific guidance on how to undertake three particular types of focus group: the traditional focus group; focus groups undertaken using Group Support System (GSS) software; and on-line focus groups. Each method will be discussed and their potential advantages and disadvantages highlighted.
A method for automatic detection of rectangular regions of interest in arbitrary images (2018)

This paper presents a computational method to extract optimum rectangular Regions of Interest (RoI) in images with an associated saliency map. Although saliency maps provide an individual relevance measure for each pixel, to find the sub-image (i.e., rectangular region) that contains the set of the most relevant pixels requires an optimisation procedure to define the boundaries of the best RoI. This is achieved by the method devised in the paper, by following an approach based on balancing the amount of relevant information that is included and excluded from the RoI. The results show that such method is capable of finding the most relevant rectangular RoI and thus to extract the optimum sub-images according to the relevance measure given by a generic saliency map. Since the method is not tied to any particular type of images, it finds application in quite different fields, such as salient object extraction and processing in industry and surveillance, image compression using attention modelling, biomedical imaging, etc.
Discovery of Potent and Selective Allosteric Inhibitors of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 3 (PRMT3) (2017)

PRMT3 catalyzes the asymmetric dimethylation of arginine residues of various proteins. It is crucial for maturation of ribosomes and has been implicated in several diseases. We recently disclosed a highly potent, selective, and cell-active allosteric inhibitor of PRMT3, compound 4. Here, we report comprehensive structure-activity relationship studies that target the allosteric binding site of PRMT3. We conducted design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel compounds in biochemical, selectivity, and cellular assays that culminated in the discovery of 4 and other highly potent (IC<sub>50</sub> values: ∼10-36 nM), selective, and cell-active allosteric inhibitors of PRMT3 (compounds 29, 30, 36, and 37). In addition, we generated compounds that are very close analogs of these potent inhibitors but displayed drastically reduced potency as negative controls (compounds 49-51). These inhibitors and negative controls are valuable chemical tools for the biomedical community to further investigate biological functions and disease associations of PRMT3.
Nonlinear response via intrinsic rotation in metamaterials (2013)

We propose and experimentally verify a way to achieve strong nonlinear coupling between the electromagnetic and elastic properties in metamaterials. This coupling is provided through a novel degree of freedom in metamaterial design: the internal rotation within structural elements. Our meta-atoms have high sensitivity to electromagnetic wave power, and the elastic and electromagnetic properties can be independently designed to optimize the response. We demonstrate a rich range of nonlinear phenomena including self-tuning and bistability, and provide a comprehensive experimental demonstration of the predicted effects.
A multi-task learning approach for meal assessment (2018)

Key role in the prevention of diet-related chronic diseases plays the balanced nutrition together with a proper diet. The conventional dietary assessment methods are time-consuming, expensive and prone to errors. New technology-based methods that provide reliable and convenient dietary assessment, have emerged during the last decade. The advances in the field of computer vision permitted the use of meal image to assess the nutrient content usually through three steps: food segmentation, recognition and volume estimation. In this paper, we propose a use one RGB meal image as input to a multi-task learning based Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The proposed approach achieved outstanding performance, while a comparison with state-of-the-art methods indicated that the proposed approach exhibits clear advantage in accuracy, along with a massive reduction of processing time.
Preclinical Evaluation of Riluzole: Assessments of Ethanol Self‐Administration and Ethanol Withdrawal Symptoms (2009)

These results demonstrate that riluzole decreases ethanol self-administration and may reduce ethanol withdrawal severity in mice. Thus, riluzole may have utility in the treatment of problems associated with alcoholism.
5,10-Diborylated naphtho[1,2-c:5,6-c′]bis[1,2,5]thiadiazole: a ready-to-use precursor for the synthesis of high-performance semiconducting polymers (2013)

5,10-Bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)naphtho[1,2-c:5,6-c′]bis[1,2,5]thiadiazole was successfully developed by the direct borylation reaction on the parent heterocycle and was utilized for the synthesis of naphtho[1,2-c:5,6-c′]bis[1,2,5]thiadiazole-based donor–acceptor copolymers.
Seroprevalence and factors associated with equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 in Spanish Purebred horses in Spain (2016)

Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) and type 4 (EHV-4) have a worldwide distribution and cause respiratory disease, abortion, neonatal death and myeloencephalopathy in susceptible horses. Given the scarcity of serological EHV-1/EHV-4 data in Spain, the objective of this cross-sectional study was to estimate the seroprevalence of EHV-1/EHV-4 and to identify potential horse-level and stud farm-level factors associated with EHV-1/EHV-4 in the breeding Spanish Purebred (SP) horse population in central Spain. Serum samples from 334 SP unvaccinated horses, collected between September 2011 and November 2013 at 30 stud farms, were tested using a commercially available EHV-1/EHV-4 antibody ELISA and seroneutralisation as the World Organisation for Animal Health reference confirmation test. Data on factors putatively associated with seropositivity to EHV-1/EHV-4 were collected via a questionnaire and examined using logistic regression analysis. EHV-1/EHV-4 seroprevalence in the SP breeding population in central Spain, standardised for the sex distribution of the reference horse population, was 53.9 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval 44.0 per cent to 63.8 per cent). Increasing age, southern location of the stud farm, temperate climate during the summer, and a smaller surface area used for breeding activities in the farm were associated with increased odds for EHV-1/EHV-4 seropositivity, whereas EHV-1/EHV-4 vaccination of other resident horses and separation of breeding mares from youngsters were protective factors.
Exo- and Endo-Receptors in One. A Novel Class of Supramolecular Structures Housing Transition-Metal-Binding Bi- and Terpyridine Units alongside Lithium Ion-Selective Trispirotetrahydrofuranyl Components (2004)

The preparation of bipyridine and terpyridine ligands covalently linked via acetylenic and alkoxy tethers to rigid inositol orthoformate platforms is described. The constitution of compounds 3-6 is such that latent exo- and endo-receptor properties are simultaneously present with specific binding sites for Li(+) and transition-metal ions. The 2-fold complexation in different regions is not dependent on prior molecular association. To gauge this unprecedented property, the model systems 11-14 were synthesized and their response to CuCl and FeCl(2) probed by UV-vis and MS techniques. In a similar fashion, the ability of 3-6 to ligate lithium ions chemoselectively was evaluated by electrospray methods. The introduction of controlled amounts of both types of cation followed, and conversion to insoluble oligomeric products presumed to result from integral incorporation of the different metal ions in the expected fashion was achieved.