gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acoustic radiation from a high coupling cut of lithium niobate (1973)

Conductance and signal measurements are presented for interdigital transducers on rotated Z-cut X-propagating lithium niobate. The +41.5° rotated cut is shown to be a superior one for Rayleigh wave generation compared to the conventional Y-cut Z-propagating material. It has a higher electromechanical coupling constant and noticeably greater freedom from bulk wave generation at least up to the third harmonic Rayleigh wave frequency.
THE EFFECT OF CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDES ON VIRUS INFECTION * (1977)

The yield of influenza virus from infected primary chick kidney cells (PCKC) was enhanced by treatment with dcAMP. In addition, rapid serial passages of the virus in treated chick cells at low multiplicities did also exhibit maintenance of high virus titers. The action of dcAMP upon viral replication could be reproduced in the chick cells by treatment with various agents known to increase intracellular cAMP levels by differing mechanisms. Furthermore, an adrenergic component in the activation of the PCKC cAMP system is indicated by the effects of certain catecholamines on influenza virus yield. Dibutyryl cAMP was shown in the same host to inhibit multiplication of Herpesvirus hominis Type 2, and its effect on other cell-virus systems indicates that its action consists of some host-specific element(s).
Development of Swiss models for transportation demand prediction in response to real-time traffic information (2005)

TRANSP-OR
Relationship Between the Roughness and Oleophilicity of Functional Surfaces (2015)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Basics and Experimental Results and Discussion Summary Acknowledgements
Influence of Open and Closed Shroud Cavities on the Flowfield in a 2-Stage Turbine With Shrouded Blades (2003)

An important goal of the development of turbine bladings is to increase the efficiency for an optimized use of energy resources. This necessitates the most possible insight into the complex flow phenomena in multi-stage turbine bladings. This paper presents a combined numerical and experimental investigation of the flow field in a 2-stage axial turbine with shrouded blades, where the axial gap between the shroud and the endwall is varied between 1mm (closed cavities) and 5 mm (opened cavities). In the experimental setup at the Institute of Steam and Gas Turbines, Aachen University, the turbine is operated at a low pressure ratio of 1.4 with an inlet pressure of 3.2 bar. The rotating speed is adjusted by a water brake, which is integrated into a swing frame running in hydrostatic bearings. The rotor power dissipates in the water brake, which enables a very accurate angular momentum determination. The mass flow is measured through a calibrated nozzle installed upstream of the turbine inlet at an accuracy of better than 1%, from which stage efficiencies can be derived. For both geometric configurations (open and closed shroud cavities), the flow field at both inlet and outlet is measured using 5-hole probes as well as temperature probes at three operating conditions. The test rig is especially designed to investigate the influence of the cavity size. Therefore, the radial gaps between shroud and casing is held near zero in order to prevent an axial flow through the cavities. The experimental results are used as boundary conditions for corresponding numerical multi-stage calculations of the 3D flow through the 2-stage turbine, using the highly accurate steady Navier-Stokes inhouse computer code, CHT-Flow. The flow field measurements and the numerical simulations give deeper insight into some of the cavity-related flow field phenomena. The measurement results as well as the simulations indicate that the stator leading edge has little influence on the inlet flow field. The flow through the shroud cavities has a significant influence on the field and therefore on the machine’s performance.
Experiences in environmental monitoring with BeO ceramic dosimeters (1975)

Ceramic BeO disks used as radiation detectors have been evaluated in environmental radiation fields by observing the TL and TSEE signals given off after heating the disks. Fluxes of low energy photons cause the values for the two apparent exposure rates to diverge; this provides a measure of the quality of the photon radiation field. The mean of the TL and TSEE derived exposure rates is close to the exposure rate as determined by other means. The TL-TSEE dosimeters perform satisfactorily provided moisture is not allowed to condense onto the BeO and wet its surface when the temperature falls below the dew point. Thin impervious plastic packets or aluminium cans, containing silica gel desiccant, provide adequate protection. (auth)
Mechanisms influencing and prediction of tool influence function spots during hemispherical sub-aperture tool polishing on fused silica (2020)

Sub-aperture tool polishing of precision optics requires a detailed understanding of the local material removal [tool influence function (TIF)] at the contact spot between the workpiece and tool to achieve high removal determinism and hence precision of the optic relative to the desired/design surface figure. In this study, the mechanisms influencing and the quantitative prediction of the removal rate and shape of TIF spots during polishing of fused silica glass with cerium oxide slurry using a rotating hemispherical pad-foam tool for a wide variety of process conditions (including tool properties, kinematics, and applied displacements) are investigated. The TIF volumetric removal rate can be estimated utilizing the average relative velocity and contact area using a simple analytical model. In addition, stability of the volumetric removal rate for fixed process conditions is shown to be greatly dependent on the pad preparation and amount of tool use (affecting both pad topography and slurry buildup), whose general behavior shows an increase in removal rate followed by stabilization with polishing time. The determination of the TIF removal shape is more complex. An extended version of the Preston removal model is developed to explain a comprehensive set of measured TIF removal shapes to within <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mn>22</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">%</mml:mi> </mml:math> . This model incorporates a number of phenomena impacting the TIF removal shape including: (a) temporal and spatial dependent relative velocity between the workpiece and tool; (b) an elastic mechanics based, as well as hydrodynamic, pressure distribution; (c) a spatially dependent friction coefficient possibly caused by both reduced slurry replenishment in low velocity regions and pad slurry islands (100 µm scale) and porosity (millimeter scale); and (d) a shear-based removal mechanism on the periphery of the contact spot.
Measurement Signal Versus Value in Immunoassays for Human Plasmaproteins (1991)

Signal size proportionality to a measurement value will be obtained in immunoassays only if the following four--theoretical--postulates are fulfilled: The immunochemical reaction behaviour (number and affinity of the epitopes) of the protein analyzed is identical and uniform for both the reference preparations (Standard/Calibrator/Control) and for the analyte in the specimens (uniform physicochemical properties of the proteins). The immunochemical reaction behaviour of the antibody/ies containing reagent used in the immunoassay is identical and uniform from batch to batch with respect to the reactive antibody population. The immunochemical method is so well standardized with the consequence that the size of the measurement signal--caused only by the antigen antibody reaction product--will not be falsified (by matrix- and other interfering influences, or by the method principle). The values for the results of plasma protein determination are declared by arbitrary units, e.g. international units (IU). As a rule conversion factors to g/L (SI units) are not constant and depend on very many effects. It is very difficult to fulfill all the four theoretical postulates. Therefore the practical consideration of the medical requirements should be taken into account and should be the guideline for approachable solutions.
The amplatzer vascular plug and amplatzer vascular plug II for vascular occlusion procedures in 50 patients with congenital cardiovascular disease (2009)

Plugs 1 and 2 are safe and effective devices that can be used in a variety of blood vessels in patients with CCVD. Plug 2 is particularly useful in closure of high-flow, tubular structures, especially type C PDA's.
Comparison study of the expressions of myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate in hepatocellular carcinoma, liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, and normal liver (2005)

The myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) is a prominent substrate for protein kinase C (PKC) in a variety of cells. The aim of this study was not only to evaluate the expression and localization of MARCKS in various pathological liver tissues, including HCC, but also to analyze the difference in MARCKS expression between hepatitis virus-induced HCC and cirrhosis. The level of MARCKS and its phosphorylated proteins, as well as its localization, were determined using Western blot and/or immunohistochemistry in HCC and other pathological liver tissues. We also analyzed the change of MARCKS localization on the influence of MARCKS phosphorylation in the HLF cancer cell line by phosphorylation study. In addition, the relationship between MARCKS expression and proliferative activity was studied in HCC. In the immunohistochemical study, a very small amount of MARCKS protein was found along the contour of the hepatocellular membrane in normal liver and in cases of chronic hepatitis. MARCKS was up-regulated in liver cirrhosis tissue and was localized in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. The expression of MARCKS was down-regulated in HCC tissues, as compared with non-tumorous liver cirrhosis tissues from the same patients. Furthermore, MARCKS was serine-phosphorylated in liver cirrhosis and HCC, and phosphorylated MARCKS was detected in a cytosolic fraction of these tissues. In a phosphorylation study using the HLF HCC cell line, MARCKS was displaced from the plasma membrane to the cytosol following the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by phorbol 12-myristrate 13-acetate (PMA). Furthermore, the activity of cyclin D1 and cyclin E kinases was found to be higher in HCCs with low MARCKS expression than in HCCs with high MARCKS expression. These results suggest that up-regulation of MARCKS might be essential in the generation of cirrhotic nodules through chronic hepatitis from normal liver, and that the phosphorylation and/or down-regulation of MARCKS might play an important role in the development and progression of HCC from liver cirrhosis.
Fast Vision Through Frameless Event-Based Sensing and Convolutional Processing: Application to Texture Recognition (2010)

Address-event representation (AER) is an emergent hardware technology which shows a high potential for providing in the near future a solid technological substrate for emulating brain-like processing structures. When used for vision, AER sensors and processors are not restricted to capturing and processing still image frames, as in commercial frame-based video technology, but sense and process visual information in a pixel-level event-based frameless manner. As a result, vision processing is practically simultaneous to vision sensing, since there is no need to wait for sensing full frames. Also, only meaningful information is sensed, communicated, and processed. Of special interest for brain-like vision processing are some already reported AER convolutional chips, which have revealed a very high computational throughput as well as the possibility of assembling large convolutional neural networks in a modular fashion. It is expected that in a near future we may witness the appearance of large scale convolutional neural networks with hundreds or thousands of individual modules. In the meantime, some research is needed to investigate how to assemble and configure such large scale convolutional networks for specific applications. In this paper, we analyze AER spiking convolutional neural networks for texture recognition hardware applications. Based on the performance figures of already available individual AER convolution chips, we emulate large scale networks using a custom made event-based behavioral simulator. We have developed a new event-based processing architecture that emulates with AER hardware Manjunath's frame-based feature recognition software algorithm, and have analyzed its performance using our behavioral simulator. Recognition rate performance is not degraded. However, regarding speed, we show that recognition can be achieved before an equivalent frame is fully sensed and transmitted.
DFT Studies of S-Modified Au-Supported Pd with Hydroxyl Group (2012)

The actual active species of the recently developed S-modified Au-supported Au-supported Pd (SAPd), with one of the lowest Pd-releasing levels and high recyclability in the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling, was investigated. Also SAPd was found to work repeatedly as an excellent Pd reservoir for liquid-phase combinatorial synthesis. In order to develop more effective catalysts, it is essential to understand the function of the OH-group around Pd of SAPd. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2012.630]
Precision Cutting of Thin Plate by Pulsed YAG Laser Using Laval Nozzle (2002)

Effects of Laval nozzle on assist gas flow and the machined results in precision cutting of thin plate by pulsed YAG laser were experimentally investigated. Assist gas flow from Laval nozzle does not have Mach Shock Disk, and goes more straight than a traditional convergent nozzle. Therefore, the pressure on workpeice increases, since assist gas flow from Laval nozzle can utilize energy more efficiency. However, the caution is necessary in setting of cylinder gas pressure, since Laval nozzle has many unstable regions in which the pressure on workpiece changes periodically. Using Laval nozzle makes it possible to reduce the height of dross even under low cylinder gas pressure condition. Thus the consumption of flow quantity can be reduced. Moreover, it was pointed out that a convex curve on inner wall of nozzle leads to reduction of dross generation
Quinone‐Based, Redox‐Active Resorcin[4]arene Cavitands (2011)

Catch it if you can! Redox-active resorcin[4]arene cavitands with quinone walls can be reversibly reduced to the hydroquinone form, influencing their host–guest complexation strength. Specifically, a top-covered triptycenequinone cavitand forms kinetically stable complexes with cycloalkanes; this complexation is weaker in the reduced hydroquinone form. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of some aliphatic esters by sodium <i>N</i>‐bromo‐<i>p</i>‐toluenesulfonamide (1993)

Abstract The kinetics of oxidation of methyl, ethyl, n ‐propyl, isopropyl, and n ‐butyl acetates to acetic acid and the corresponding aldehyde by the title oxidant in aqueous HCl medium at 40°C has been studied. The reaction shows first‐order with respect to [oxidant] and fractional orders in [H + ] and [ester]. An isokinetic relationship was observed with β = 374 K indicating enthalpy as the rate controlling factor. Attempts have been made to arrive at a linear free energy relationship through the Taft treatment. Electron releasing groups in the ester moiety increase the rate with ρ* = −9.88. A two‐pathway mechanism, consistent with the observed kinetic data, has been proposed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Low fat ice cream (2014)

This chapter discusses the ingredients, processes and storage of ice cream and their impact on texture. The main components in an ice cream mix are fat, milk solids but not fat, sweeteners and stabilizers and emulsifiers. Low fat ice cream differs from regular ice cream in the total fat content. In low fat ice cream the fat content of the mix is between 3–4%, that is, the volume fraction of fat is lower than regular ice cream. If the mix is not formulated to compensate for the lower fat content, the total solids of the mix will be low and management of more water through the freezing, storage and distribution can pose problems of texture deterioration. The role of temperature during storage, transportation and distribution is another critical factor in determining texture of ice cream and frozen desserts. Minimizing temperature fluctuations helps prolong the textural attributes of ice cream.
A novel DSP based space vector PWM switching pattern for current-source converters (2008)

Three-phase current-source converters are becoming more and more popular in the fields of SMES, variable frequency ac drives, UPS and reactive power compensation, etc. The generation of gating pulses is complicated, and the implementation of space vectors is dependent on DSP and programmable logic devices. A novel space vector PWM switching pattern is proposed in this paper, which is easy to be implemented on DSP without any extra circuits. The selection of zero vectors and space vector sequence are given and the possibilities of implementation on DSP are analyzed in this paper. Comparisons are given between the pattern and another pattern in [8]. The results indicate that the ac current with the proposed pattern has lower total harmonic distortion factor than the pattern proposed in [8] when modulation index is greater than 0.65. A current-source PWM rectifier with the proposed pattern was simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The simulation results proved the proposed scheme.
Orientation-sensitive image processing with M-lattice-a novel non-linear dynamical system (2002)

Researchers in image processing have long recognized the importance of modeling the human observer. Although a full human vision model remains elusive, orientation detection, one of the key components of human vision, can be directly incorporated into a variety of image processing algorithms. Orientation detection also provides cues that allow an algorithm to adapt to inhomogeneities in images. The authors show how the M-lattice system, a new non-linear dynamical system, can easily incorporate orientation sensitivity for two different types of problems. First, simultaneous adaptive filtering and non-linear restoration is illustrated for fingerprint enhancement. Second, constrained non-linear optimization is illustrated for halftoning in a "hand-drawn" style.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Reduction with complex metal hydrides (1957)

Focusses on the use of lithium aluminum hydride, aluminum hydride, magnesium aluminum hydride, sodium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride, lithium borohydride, and lithium gallium hydride as analytical reducing reagents.
Crack arrestability of ship hull steel plate in accidental conditions: Application of high arrestability endowed ultra fine-grain surface layer steel (1996)

A new type steel plate with ultra fine-grained surface layers (SUF steel) has been developed to improve crack arrestability. The application of this new type steel makes it possible to prevent catastrophic brittle fracture accidents of ship hull structures in emergency conditions, such as in serious collisions or groundings. It will reduce further the risk of casualties and environmental pollutions, caused by accidents of large crude oil carriers (VLCCs). The authors have investigated the validity for the application of the new type steel with ultra-high crack arrestability. Both computer simulations for collision of two VLCCs and large-scale fracture testings for crack arrestability have been carried out to study the accidental cases. The simulation results suggest that a collision generates a significant amount of plastic strain damage for the hull plate around a struck part. For example, the sheer strake plate near the struck part suffers 5 to 10% of plastic strain, before an inner-hull ruptures. Therefore, the effect of plastic strain (10% level) on crack arrestability of steel plates (the SUF plate and a conventional TMCP plate) was examined by standard ESSO tests, ultra wide-plate duplex ESSO tests, and sheer strake model tests. The test results are as follows: (1)more » Plastic strain deteriorates crack arrestability of steel plates. (2) Sufficient crack arrestability at 0 deg. C cannot be expected in the conventional TMCP steel plate plastically strained by about 10%. (3) The SUF plate maintains high crack arrestability even after introducing 10% plastic strain, at design temperature of 0 deg. C.« less
3D shape optimization of turbine blades (2005)

In this paper, we present a complete optimization loop in order to maximize the efficiency of turbine blades. The optimization of the shape of turbine blades is considered within the context of a whole turbine stage. Thus, also stator/rotor interactions are taken into account. An essential part of the optimization loop is providing gradient information in order to increase efficiency. The derivation of the sensitivity equation and its discretization within the framework of the underlying flow solver is the main part of the paper. The performance of the optimzation loop is demonstrated on a complete turbine stage.
Enhancement of the photoluminescence properties of porous silicon by silica gel coating (2006)

We have spin coated silica gel films of ∼10μm onto porous silicon (PS) substrates with photoluminescence (PL) emissions peaks in the 600–700nm spectral range, producing a 20-fold enhancement of the original intensity in the shorter wavelength end. We attribute this enhancement to the reduced nonradiative recombination that follows the interface passivation of the PS surfaces by an oxygen enriched SiOx (x→2) layer of silica gel. The PL stability of enhanced substrates was significantly improved by sputtering the samples with SiO2 after the silica gel spin coating, which resulted in a final blueshift of the PL. The technique described herein is a cost effective method for producing passivated photoluminescent enhanced silicon structures that can be used for optoelectronic applications.
Exhaust Emissions of Diesel, Gasoline and Natural Gas Fuelled Vehicles (1996)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">With regard to increasingly stringent emission legislation natural gas is gaining interest as an alternative fuel. Concerning mobile application natural gas is often considered to produce potentially lower exhaust emissions compared to diesel and gasoline fuel. Nevertheless, also the exhaust gas quality of diesel and gasoline fuelled vehicles will be improved by applying advanced technical solutions.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The paper reveals the state-of-the-art in exhaust emission behaviour of diesel, gasoline and natural gas fuelled vehicles. Passenger cars and light-duty trucks will be considered as well as HD-trucks. Emissions include NO<sub>x</sub>, THC, NMHC, CO, Aldehydes and PAH. In additon CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are discussed with respect to increasing concern about the greenhouse effect. Special emphasis is laid on the role of mixture formation systems, catalysts and gas composition for natural gas engines. Regarding future emission legislation the potential of diesel, gasoline and natural gas fuels will be evaluated. New technical solutions mill be taken into account and their impact on fuel consumption will be estimated.</div>