gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evidence of noble metal diffusion in polymers at room temperature and its retardation by a chromium barrier (2002)

Recent applications of organic low-k dielectrics in microelectronics have stimulated many investigations of metal diffusion in polymers. Here we report results from radiotracer measurements of110mAg diffusion in trimethylcyclohexane polycarbonate. Serial sectioning was carried out with 190 eV krypton ions in and opposite to the diffusion direction to rule out sputtering artifacts. Ag was found to be strongly immobilized by self aggregation. In contrast to earlier reports, however, trace amounts of Ag were clearly seen to diffuse into the polymer even at room temperature. A chromium film of only one tenth of a monolayer turned out to be an effective diffusion barrier.
Insulin Resistance and Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease in Nondiabetic US Adults (2003)

This study examined the relationship of fasting serum glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glycosylated hemoglobin A (HbA1c), and Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA)-insulin resistance to risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among 6453 persons without diabetes (fasting glucose <126 mg/dl and not taking diabetes medication) who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and were aged 20 yr or older. CKD was defined as an estimated GFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2). The prevalence of CKD was significantly and progressively higher with increasing levels of serum insulin, C-peptide, HbA1c, and HOMA-insulin resistance. After adjustment for potential confounding variables, the odds ratio of CKD for the highest compared with the lowest quartile was 4.03 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.81 to 8.95; P = 0.001), 11.4 (95% CI, 4.07 to 32.1; P < 0.001), 2.67 (95% CI, 1.31 to 5.46; P = 0.002), and 2.65 (95% CI, 1.25 to 5.62; P = 0.008) for serum insulin, C-peptide, HbA1c levels, and HOMA-insulin resistance, respectively. For a one SD higher level of serum insulin (7.14 micro U/ml), C-peptide (0.45 Deltamol/ml), HbA1c (0.52%), and HOMA-insulin resistance (1.93), the odds ratio (95% CI) of CKD was 1.35 (1.16 to 1.57), 2.78 (2.25 to 3.42), 1.69 (1.28 to 2.23), and 1.30 (1.13 to 1.50), respectively. These findings combined with knowledge from previous studies suggest that the insulin resistance and concomitant hyperinsulinemia are presented in CKD patients without clinical diabetes. Further studies into the causality between insulin resistance and CKD are warranted.
Binary Hypothesis Testing via Measure Transformed Quasi-Likelihood Ratio Test (2017)

In this paper, the Gaussian quasi-likelihood ratio test (GQLRT) for non-Bayesian binary hypothesis testing is generalized by applying a transform to the probability distribution of the data. The proposed generalization, called measure-transformed GQLRT (MT-GQLRT), selects a Gaussian probability model that best empirically fits a transformed probability measure of the data. By judicious choice of the transform, we show that, unlike the GQLRT, the proposed test is resilient to outliers and involves higher order statistical moments leading to significant mitigation of the model mismatch effect on the decision performance. A Bayesian extension of the proposed MT-GQLRT is also developed that is based on selection of a Gaussian probability model that best empirically fits a transformed conditional probability distribution of the data. The non-Bayesian and Bayesian MT-GQLRTs are applied to signal detection and classification, in simulation examples that illustrate their advantages over the standard GQLRT and other robust alternatives.
[Faecal streptococci as indicator organisms of drinking water]. (1982)

The rules of the European Economic Community to harmonize the hygienic quality of drinking water write out the faecal streptococci as indicator organisms. This operating definition of the faecal streptococci prohibits its taxonomic limitation to enterococci or group D streptococci. Therefore, we have undertaken studies concerning the methods for routine examinations. Comparative investigations of selective enrichment broths showed no significant differences of the end concentration of glucose in the range of 0.5-1.0% and of sodium azide in the range of 0.02-0.05%. 36 degrees C was a better incubation temperature than 44 degrees C and the results were better after 24 h than after 48 h. Comparative investigations of selective plating media showed less selectivity of the bile-aesculin agar and gentamicinthallous-carbonate agar than that on the one hand of citrate-azide-tween-carbonate agar, KF streptococcal agar or Slanetz-Bartley enterococcal agar, and on the other hand of kanamycin-aesculin-azide agar. All together the kanamycin-aesculin-azide agar seems to be a little better than the other media (Table 2) 356 strains of faecal streptococci were isolated from the studied media. More than 20 characteristics were investigated and, there upon, the strains were differentiated (Table 3). S. faecalis predominates in human materials, i.e. urine, S. faecium and S. durans were isolated specially from sewage and waste water (Table 4). The single species of faecal streptococci grow specificly on the different selective media, and therefore, each agar specimen prefers the one or other species more or less selectively (Table 5).
Anion-exchange chromatography using CIM® DEAE disks as a method of choice for DNA isolation from lecithin (2007)

The most important prerequisite for the application of PCR-based methods, among them the detection and quantifi cation of genetically modifi ed organisms (GMOs) is the ability to extract significant amounts of DNA of adequate quality from the sample under investigation. The sample of interest in our work was soybean lecithin with expected low DNA content. The aim of this study was to set up a fast and effective HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) method using CIM® (Convective Interaction Media, BIA Separations d.o.o., Ljubljana, Slovenia) DEAE (DiEthylAminoEthyl) anion-exchange disk monolithic columns (disks) for the isolation of DNA from soybean lecithin samples. As the reference isolation procedure we used CTAB (CethylTrimethylAmmonium Bromide) method, which is widely used in GMO detection. It was demonstrated, that CIM® DEAE disks allow effi cient isolation of DNA from soybean lecithin. Furthermore, in comparison with the CTAB method, the method was less time-consuming and reduced the use of some aggressive chemicals. The quality of isolated DNA was tested with spectrophotometric analysis, agarose gel electrophoresis and by amplification of soybean specifi c lectin gene with qualitative and real-time PCR. The isolated soybean DNA was of adequate quantity and quality for PCR analysis, even though mostly degraded, present in small amounts and contaminated with some impurities, among them potential PCR inhibitors. The study expanded the applicability of monolithic columns in the isolation of biomolecules from highly processed food materials and their potential use for nucleic acids detection.
The Free‐Radical Cleavage of the Disulfide Bond (Studied by Pulse Radiolysis) (1972)

Abstract Reaction of H atoms with glutathione leads rapidly to H + RSSR → RS · + RSH. The first observed product is RS, the spectrum of which is obtained. The spectrum of the RS̄SR radical was obtained by direct attack of e − aq on glutathione. The rate constants of these processes were also measured. k e− aq + RSSR = (2.7 ± 0.3) × 10 9 M −1 sec −1 k H + RSSR = (1.0 ± 0.2) × 10 10 M −1 sec −1 When the OD of RS̄SR is plotted vs pH a titration curve is obtained. This is due to the protonation of RS̄SR with a rate constant of 2.6 × 10 10 M −1 sec −1 which is probably followed by a cleavage to RS and RSH. In both cases the RSSHR radical cannot be detected. The spectrum attributed to the RSSHR radical is more likely to be that of RS.
Thermo-Raman spectroscopic studies on polymorphism in Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (2000)

The phase transformations involved in Na2 SO4(Na2 SO4 10H2 O as starting material) and predried Na2 SO4in a dynamic thermal process of heating from 30 to 500 °C and then cooling down to 30 °C, with a heating/cooling rate of 2 °C min-1in two consecutive thermal cycles, were monitored at 1 °C intervals by thermo-Raman spectroscopy (TRS). The transformations were characterized on the basis of the disappearance of the bands, appearance of new bands, splitting in the internal modes, change in the spectral profile, intensity (area) changes in the internal modes, full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the totally symmetric stretching mode and even the variations observed in the background during the thermal process. This thermo-Raman investigation provided some evidence for the existence of an intermediate phase between phase V and phase I and also for the changes observed in the phase I structure at higher temperatures, in addition to the dynamic transformations between the well known phase V, phase I, phase II and phase III. The intensity study on the 3mode of SO2- 4clearly demonstrated the thermal hysteresis involved among the phases during the heating and cooling process. The differences observed in the polymorphisms of Na2 SO4(Na2 SO4 10H2 O as starting material) and predried Na2 SO4were also discussed.
Osteoarthritic Milieu Affects Adipose‐Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (2019)

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to define the effects of osteoarthritic (OA) milieu on good manufactured practice‐adipose‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (GMP‐ASC) that are commonly utilized in cell therapies. Two different OA milieu: OA synovial fluid (SF) and OA‐conditioned medium (CM) from synoviocytes were used to treat GMP‐ASC both in normoxia or hypoxia. GMP‐ASC were tested for cell migration, proliferation, cytokine receptors expression (CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR7, CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR5, IL6R), and cytokines (CXCL8/IL8, CXCL10/IP10, CXCL12/SDF‐1, CCL2/MCP1, CCL3/MIP1α, CCL4/MIP1β, CCL5/RANTES, IL6) release. Healthy SF was used as controls. We demonstrated that GMP‐ASC show an increase in proliferation, migration, and modulation of CXCR1, CXCR3, CCR1, and CCR5 receptors in hypoxic condition. Moreover, GMP‐ASC migration increased 15‐fold when treated either with OA‐SF or OA‐CM compared with healthy SF both in normoxia and hypoxia. GMP‐ASC treated in both OA milieu showed an increase in CXCR3, CCR3, and IL6R and a decrease in CCR1 and CCR2 receptors. In OA‐SF, we detected higher amount of CXCL10/IP10 than in OA‐CM, while CCL2/MCP1 and CCL4/MIP1β were higher in OA‐CM compared with OA‐SF. CXCL10/IP10 was the only chemokine of the OA milieu, which was down‐modulated after treatment with GMP‐ASC. In conclusion, we demonstrated specific effects of OA milieu on both GMP‐ASC proliferation, migration, and cytokine receptor expression that were strictly dependent on the inflammatory and hypoxic environment. The use of characterized OA milieu is crucial to define the therapeutic effect of GMP‐ASC and indicates that CXCL10/IP10–CXCR3 axis is partially involved in the GMP‐ASC effect on synovial macrophages. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research ® published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 38:336‐347, 2020
X-ray diffraction from one-dimensional superlattices in GaAs<sub>1−<i>x</i></sub>P<sub><i>x</i></sub>crystals (1973)

An X-ray diffraction analysis has been performed on superlattice crystals which were grown epitaxically by alternately depositing GaAs and GaAs0.5P0.5 layers on a gallium arsenide substrate. The periodic change of compositions causes a one-dimensional periodic lattice distortion along the direction of growth. The periodic lattice distortion gives rise to satellite peaks close to the Bragg reflections of the sphalerite-type lattice of gallium arsenide. Two models are employed to calculate the X-ray diffraction intensities: in one the lattice distortion is described by two longitudinal phonons with frequency ω = 0, in the other a periodic step function is used. The X-ray diffraction data obtained on two samples show that the two alternating layers of different composition are coherent and, therefore, constitute one single-crystal with its unit cell large (≳ 100 Å) along the growth direction. From the fit of the two models to the data one can determine the period and amplitude of the lattice distortion, the relative thickness of the two layers and the size of the domains which diffract coherently. These parameters are discussed in relation to the physical growth conditions.
Localized diffuse scattering from icosahedral Ti-Mn (1989)

Abstract In diffraction from some icosahedral quasicrystals, diffuse scattering is concentrated on arcs in TEM diffraction patterns. The new Ti-Mn icosahedral phase produces much more intense arcs than previously observed in quasicrystals, allowing a significantly deeper study of them.
CLINICAL, DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TO HAEMATOGENOUS VERTEBRAL OSTEOMYELITIS (2005)

Haematogenous vertebral osteomyelitis (HVO) is a relatively rare disorder which accounts for 2–4% of all cases of infectious bone disease. In recent years, the incidence of spinal infections seems to have increased according to the growing number of intravenous drug users in young people and with the use of intravenous access devices, genitourinary surgery and manipulation in the elderly. Men are more frequently affected than women, with an average age of onset in the fifth and sixth decade of life. The onset of symptoms is typically insidious, with neck or back pain often underestimated by the patient. The early diagnosis is also difficult due to the non-specific nature of laboratory and radiographic findings. The frequent observation of back pain also makes the diagnosis a challenge in most cases. Several studies in the literature report an average delay in the diagnosis of HVO from 2 to 6 months after the beginning of the symptoms. In this article we review the clinical features and the diagnostic approach to HVO in order to optimise treatment strategies and follow-up assessment. From 1997 to 2003 we treated 153 patients affected by vertebral osteomyelitis. The localisation was cervical in 11.5% of the cases, thoracic in 31% and lumbar in 57.5% cases. In all, 92 CT needle biopsies were performed without any complications. We were able to identify the microbiological pattern in 57% of cases (the most represented bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobaterium tuberculosis) whereas in 47% of cases we could not identify any micro-organismus. Treatment was conservative in 112 cases and surgical in 41 cases. Most of the studies in the literature consider HVO as a challenge for the physician: symptoms are not specific and sub-acute or chronic presentation is most common. In general, a delay in diagnosis is the rule rather than the exception. This is an easily missed infectious process, particularly in the elderly, in whom degenerative radiographic changes and conditions resulting in back pain, such as osteoporotic fractures or spinal metastases, are common and signs of sepsis may not become manifest. However, persisting localised back pain and tenderness with elevated ESR should prompt the physician to also consider HVO, although fever and leucocytosis may often not be present. Once HVO is suspected, a long series of imaging and laboratory tests, and if necessary surgical procedures, must be initiated. The purpose of this study is to formulate a systematic, comprehensive and simple approach to the management of this disease following the diagnostic algorithm suggested.
Personalized Experiences for End-User Programming on the Web (2009)

In this position paper we explore current work in AtomsMasher, an end-user reactive programming environment for the Web, highlight ongoing work in user interface design, privacy, and sharing, and look towards a future of extending end-user programming from simple tasks to complete experiences.
Investigative techniques used to locate the liquid hydrogen leakage on the Space Shuttle Main Propulsion System (1991)

Standard leak detection methods at ambient temperature have been developed in order to prevent excessive leakage from the Space Shuttle liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen Main Propulsion System. Unacceptable hydrogen leakage was encountered on the Columbia and Atlantis flight vehicles in the summer of 1990 after the standard leak check requirements had been satisfied. The leakage was only detectable when the fuel system was exposed to subcooled liquid hydrogen during External Tank loading operations. Special instrumentation and analytical tools were utilized during a series of propellant tanking tests in order to identify the sources of the hydrogen leakage. After the leaks were located and corrected, the physical characteristics of the leak sources were analyzed in an effort to understand how the discrepancies were introduced and why the leakage had evaded the standard leak detection methods. As a result of the post-leak analysis, corrective actions and leak detection improvements have been implemented in order to preclude a similar incident.
Telecommunication compatible terahertz emitters based on plasmonic nano-antenna arrays (2016)

We present a high-performance pulsed terahertz emitter based on a two-dimensional array of plasmonic nano-antennas, offering significantly higher radiation power levels compared to the state-of-the art. This significant performance enhancement is due to unique capabilities of nano-antenna arrays, inducing significantly stronger radiating dipole moments at terahertz frequencies. The presented terahertz emitter is fabricated on an ErAs:InGaAs substrate to operate at telecommunication optical wavelengths at which compact and high-performance optical sources are commercially available. We experimentally demonstrate record-high terahertz radiation power levels as high as 300 μW over 0.1-5 THz frequency range.
Investigation of airgap flux density and torque performance of six-phase induction motor with special phase current waveform (2005)

The airgap flux density, and torque of a double three-phase induction motor using a special phase current waveform are investigated in this paper. The special current waveform proposed by the authors comprises of field and torque current components. The aim of using the special current waveform is to realize torque and field control of the motor separately, instead of using the conventional d-q transformation. Three methods are used to verify the flux density and torque of the motor namely conventional analytical calculation, finite element calculation and practical measurements. The practical measurements include field and torque control by means of two full-bridge converters under DSP current control. The results obtained from these methods show good agreement. The results furthermore show that the field and torque of the induction motor can be controlled effectively and in a very simple way by using the special current waveform.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the presence of deep brain stimulation implants: Induced electrode currents (2010)

The safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in patients with an implanted deep brain stimulation (DBS) systems has not been thoroughly investigated. One potential safety hazard is the induction of significant voltages in the subcutaneous leads in the scalp that could result in unintended electrical currents in the DBS electrode contacts. We measured ex-vivo the TMS-induced voltages and currents in DBS electrodes with the implantable pulse generator (IPG) set in various modes of operation. We show that voltages as high as 100 V resulting in currents as high as 83 mA can be induced in the DBS leads by a TMS pulse in all IPG modes. These currents are an order of magnitude higher than the normal DBS pulses, and could result in tissue damage. When the IPG is turned off, electrode currents flow only if the TMS-induced voltage exceeds 5 V.
Distribution and Sites of Synthesis of NTT4, an Orphan Member of the Na<sup>+</sup>/Cl<sup>‐</sup>‐dependent Neurotransmitter Transporter Family, in the Rat CNS (1996)

The distribution and sites of synthesis in rat CNS of NTT4, a novel orphan member of the Na+/Cl(-)-dependent neurotransmitter transporter family, were determined by immunohistochemistry and hybridization histochemistry. Antibodies raised against recombinant fusion proteins, corresponding to residues of NTT4, and 35S-labelled oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes, were used to delineate the cellular distribution of the transporter at the protein and mRNA levels. High levels of immunoreactivity (mainly in the neuropil) were found in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, thalamus, substantia nigra, pontine nuclei, cerebellum and spinal cord. The lowest levels were associated with the lateral hypothalamic area and deep mesencephalic nuclei. In situ hybridization signals correlated well with the immunoreactivity, and demonstrated a widespread distribution of NTT4 transcripts exclusively in neurons. NTT4 transcripts appeared widely codistributed with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1 (1-4b), i.e. spliced variants characterized by a common 5' 63 bp insertion. These results indicate that the transporter was associated with neuronal processes in specific glutamate innervated CNS regions. Although the substrate transported by NTT4 remains unknown, our findings suggest a possible role for this carrier protein in glutamate/glycine neurotransmission.
Surveyor Substrates: Energy-Transfer Gauges of Active Center Topography during Catalysis (1970)

An approach is described for the simultaneous measurement of catalysis, the distance from an active-site moiety to fluorescent substrate moieties of an enzyme substrate complex, and the microenvironment of such substrate groups. It is illustrated by means of a three-component energy transfer relay system, consisting of cobalt carboxypeptidase, its fluorescent dansylated peptide substrates, and tryptophanyl residues of the enzyme. The mode of procedure can be applied generally to yield conjoint information on functional and structural aspects of active centers of enzymes.
Therapeutic Implications of the Immunoscore in Patients with Colorectal Cancer (2021)

Four decades were needed to progress from the first demonstration of the independent prognostic value of lymphocytes infiltration in rectal cancers to the first recommendation from the international guidelines for the use of a standardized immune assay, namely the "Immunoscore" (IS), to accurately prognosticate colon cancers beyond the TNM-system. The standardization process included not only the IS conceptualization, development, fine-tuning, and validation by a large international consortium, but also a demonstration of the robustness and reproducibility across the world and testing of international norms and their effects on the IS. This is the first step of a major change of paradigm that now perceives cancer as the result of contradicting driving forces, i.e., the tumor expansion and the immune response, interacting dynamically and influencing the prognosis and the response to therapies. This prompted us to evaluate and evidence the capacity of the tumor immune status, as reflected by the IS, to accurately predict chemotherapy responses in an international, randomized cohort study of colon cancer. Moreover, we developed a derived IS performed on initial diagnostic biopsies (IS<sub>B</sub>) to assess response levels to neoadjuvant therapies. In rectal cancer, IS<sub>B</sub> was positively correlated with the degree of histologic response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and identified - alone and even more accurately if combined with clinical data- patients eligible for a noninvasive strategy. Based on these results, we are currently setting up an international cohort for confirmation. The potential role of IS with immunotherapies must be anticipated.