gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Critical Experimental Examination of the Gel Effect in Free Radical Polymerization:  Do Entanglements Cause Autoacceleration? (1996)

Over the past two decades, a substantial case has been made associating and/or attributing the “gel” effect or autoacceleration in free radical polymerization and its onset to entanglement of polymerizing chain radicals, resulting in a marked reduction in the termination rate parameter, kt. This case has often been made by modeling a limited range of free radical polymerization data using the assumption that in the neighborhood of the gel effect kt is controlled by polymer self-diffusion which in turn exhibits entangled polymer dynamics. The present study provides critical experiments involving both bulk methyl methacrylate and styrene polymerizations which contradict the widely held belief that the gel effect onset is related to the formation of chain entanglements. By employing experimental conditions which tend to delay or eliminate the formation of chain entanglements, i.e., high initiator and/or chain transfer agent concentrations and addition of low molecular weight polymer prior to reaction, it is shown that the gel effect readily occurs in the absence of entanglements and that delaying the onset of entanglements does not necessarily delay the onset of the gel effect. Critical examination of the molecular weights produced in these and other experiments often indicates values too low for entanglement formation in solution (polymer plus monomer) and sometimes even in bulk polymer, not only at the onset but also throughout the gel effect. This fact illustrates the importance of understanding the relationship between molecular weight and entanglements in bulk polymer and solution in performing a critical examination of the relationship between the origin of the gel effect and entanglement formation. Furthermore, even under conditions where entanglements are likely to exist, the gel effect onset does not correlate with polymer molecular weight, either of the chains produced or the matrix, in a manner consistent with entanglement arguments. Although the present results indicate that the onset of the gel effect is unrelated to entanglement formation, whether the kinetics during the gel effect may be affected by entanglements if they do form remains an open question; experimental tests to investigate this issue are outlined. Other theories which purportedly explain the origin of the gel effect are also discussed in the context of data from this study and future experimental tests.
Synthesis of 1,4‐Diazepin‐5‐ones under Microwave Irradiation and Their Reduction Products. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Active noise control with multiple, correlated reference signals (1997)

The application of active noise control has been extended from single noise source, one-dimensional acoustical fields to complicated multiple noise source, three-dimensional acoustical fields. The application to a multiple noise source environment usually requires multiple reference sensors to generate a complete vector of reference signals. A widely adopted control configuration feeds each reference signal into a different control filter. This approach suffers from the problem of ill-conditioning when the reference signals are correlated. The problem of ill-conditioning results in slow convergence rate and high sensitivity to measurement error especially when the FXLMS algorithm is applied. A practical method is presented to pre-process the reference signals based on the Wiener filter theory and Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization which overcomes these problems. Simulations and experiments have been conducted to verify the issues associ- ated with multiple reference ANC when the signals are correlated. The results presented are consistent with the theoretical analysis. [Work supported by ONR.]
On-line cylinder fault diagnostics for internal combustion engines (1990)

The ability to continuously monitor internal combustion engines for the existence and location of faults can improve engine reliability and reduce operating costs. The diagnostics method is based on recording the engine speed fluctuations at the flywheel and at the front end of the engine over one combustion cycle. From the speed fluctuations, the cylinder-to-cylinder variations of the net engine torque are computed. The performance deterioration of an individual cylinder is detected as a drop of computed torque. The diagnostic hardware consists of a digital engine speed data acquisition system and an embedded controller and is suited for in-vehicle installation. The method, suited for any multicylinder engine, detects the location and severity of faults during normal engine operation. Adjustments for individual engines of the same class are not required.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Solution and Structural Characterization of Iron(II) Complexes with <i>Ortho</i>-Halogenated Phenolates: Insights Into Potential Substrate Binding Modes in Hydroquinone Dioxygenases (2010)

The new ligand cis,cis-1,3,5-tris-(E)-(tolylideneimino)cyclohexane (TACH-o-tolyl) forms a 1:1 complex with iron(II). Addition of substituted phenolates forms 1:1:1 ligand:iron:phenolate complexes, which have been characterized both in the solid state and in solution. There is complete binding of the phenolate to the complex only when there are ortho-halogens on the phenolate. The tertiary complexes with ortho-halo-substituted phenolates exhibit short Fe-halogen distances, and the complex containing a non-coordinating but similarly sized ortho-methyl phenolate has a significantly different conformation and coordination geometry. Therefore, it is likely that the metal-halogen interaction stabilizes the complexes. The iron(II)-halogen interaction in these complexes may explain the substrate specificity of PcpA and LinE, enzymes that preferentially bind phenols and hydroquinones containing halogen substituents in ortho positions.
ChemInform Abstract: Harzianic Acid, a New Antimicrobial Antibiotic from a Fungus. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Method for Determining Instantaneous Temperature at the Surface of Combustion Chamber Deposits in an HCCI Engine (2012)

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion is widely regarded an attractive option for future high efficiency gasoline engines. HCCI combustion permits operation with a highly dilute, well mixed charge, resulting in high thermal efficiency and extremely low NOx and soot emissions, two qualities essential for future propulsion system solutions. Because HCCI is a thermo-kinetically dominated process, full understanding of how combustion chamber boundary thermal conditions affect the combustion process are crucial. This includes the dynamics of the effective chamber wall surface temperature, as dictated by the formation of combustion chamber deposits (CCD). It has been demonstrated that, due to the combination of CCD thermal properties and the sensitivity of HCCI to wall temperature, the phasing of auto-ignition can vary significantly as CCD coverage in the chamber increases. In order to better characterize and quantify the influence of CCDs, a numerical methodology has been developed which permits calculation of the crank-angle resolved local temperature profile at the surface of a layer of combustion chamber deposits. This unique predictor-corrector methodology relies on experimental measurement of instantaneous temperature underneath the layer, i.e. at the metal-CCD interface, and known deposit layer thickness. A numerical method for validation of these calculations has also been devised. The resultant crank-angle resolved CCD surface temperature and heat flux profiles both on top and under the CCD layer provide valuable insight into the near wall phenomena, and shed light on the interplay between the dynamics of the heat transfer process and HCCI burn rates.
Transmission of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Carrying Multiple Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Escape Mutations with Diminished Replicative Ability Can Result in AIDS Progression in Rhesus Macaques (2008)

ABSTRACT Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses frequently select for immunodeficiency virus mutations that result in escape from CTL recognition with viral fitness costs. The replication in vivo of such viruses carrying not single but multiple escape mutations in the absence of the CTL pressure has remained undetermined. Here, we have examined the replication of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) with five gag mutations selected in a macaque possessing the major histocompatibility complex haplotype 90 - 120 - Ia after its transmission into 90 - 120 - Ia -negative macaques. Our results showed that even such a “crippled” SIV infection can result in persistent viral replication, multiple reversions, and AIDS progression.
Reproductive Capacity of Dairy Bulls. II. Gonadal and Extra-Gonadal Sperm Reserves as Determined by Direct Counts and Depletion Trials; Dimensions and Weight of Genitalia (1961)

Extra-gonadal sperm reserves (EGI~) determined by direct counts averaged 69.4 billion for 15 sexually rested (SR) bulls, 73.5 billion for 15 sexually rested bulls depleted just before slaughter (SR-D), and 68.0 billion for five bulls ejaculated six or seven times per week for at least 6 wk. prior to Slaughter (6-7 ). While total EGR, which included an average of 38.5 billion sperm collected on the day of slaughter from SR-D bulls and 10.5 billion from 6-7 bulls, did not vary significantly among the three groups, sperm distribution was significantly different. Sperm counts of the caput, corpus, and cauda epididymis averaged 19.4, 4.7, and 37.6 billion for SR bulls, 16.2, 3.0, and 22.6, 5.2, and 26.4 billion for 6-7 bulls. Depletion removed 52.8 2.3% of the total EGR of SR-D bulls; although tile cauda epididymis was nearly emptied, partial replenishment with sperm from the caput and corpus occurred during the 60-to 90-rain. interval between the end of depletion and slaughter. Daily sperm output for the 6-7 bulls averaged 4.9 billion for 6 wk. The sperm content of the cauda epididymis was 25% lower than if they had been sexually rested. The dnctus deferens and ampulla of SR bulls contained only 7.6 billion sperm. When corrected for preslaughter treatment, the EGR for the 35, 76 ~ 5-mo.-old bulls averaged 72.6 billion sperm. Preslaughter treatment did not affect gonadal sperm reserves. Fifty testes, averaging 374 g., contained 20.2 billion spern~, or 54.8 ~ 1.0 million per gram. Testis sperm nmnbers were highly significantly correlated (+0.62) with testis weight. The highly significant correlation (+0.87) between EGR and total sperm removed in a depletion should permit estimation of E@I~ in living animals by depletion trials of about 20 ejaculates. Gonadal sperm reserves were not significantly correlated to epididymal sperm reserves in SR bulls. The independence of testicular sperm production and storage of sperm in the excurrent duct system is stressed. Genitalia dimensions and weight for 55 bulls arc presented by breeds and ages.
Robust tracking of stochastic deformable models in long image sequences (2002)

We describe a method for the temporal tracking of stochastic deformable models in long image sequences. The object representation relies on a hierarchical statistical description of the deformations applied to a template. A Bayesian estimate of the deformations is obtained by maximizing a highly non-linear joint probability distribution. Time consuming global (stochastic) optimization techniques are necessary to obtain optimal solutions unless a good initial guess is available. A good initialization is provided by a recursive temporal filtering of the parameters of the deformable template, combined with a detection of abrupt changes. This procedure yields robust segmentations and enables to track reliably complex deformable structures as is demonstrated here on real-world image sequences showing hand and mouth movements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effect of Digital Frequency Compression (DFC) on Speech Recognition in Candidates for Combined Electric and Acoustic Stimulation (EAS) (2007)

Results suggest that a relatively small proportion of individuals who meet EAS candidacy will receive substantial benefit from a DFC hearing aid and that a larger proportion will receive at least a small benefit when speech is presented against a background of noise. This benefit, however, comes at a cost-aversive sound quality.
Direct polycondensation of 4,4′‐azobis‐4‐cyanopentanoic acid with diols and diamines using 1‐methyl‐2‐chloropyridinium iodide (1990)

Abstract Polyesters and polyamides derived from 4,4′‐azobis‐4‐cyanopentanoic acid (ACPA) were prepared by the direct polycondensation using 1‐methyl‐2‐chloropyridinium iodide (MCPI) as a condensation reagent at room temperature, in which the azo group was not decomposed. These polyesters and polyamides containing the azo groups could be used for effective initiators of radical polymerizations with some vinyl monomers.
Filter design with uncontrolled rectifier and DC chopper (1980)

For supplying d.c. loads from the three phase a.c. input, a three phase uncontrolled rectifier and a d.c. chopper is often employed. In this system, a number of resonant conditions can occur if the filter frequency f <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">f</inf> , the chopper frequency f <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</inf> and the frequency f <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</inf> of the a.c. component in the d.c. load are not selected properly. This paper provides an analysis of the system employing Fourier Analysis and switching functions. Theoretical results have been verified on an experimental set up and the design guidelines for the filter components are established.
Ionic liquid “buffers”—pH control in ionic liquid systems (2010)

We describe hydrated ionic liquids which have an intrinsic proton buffering action and hence an ability to control proton activity in an ionic medium.
HEMODYNAMIC CONSEQUENCES OF PORCINE KIDNEY XENOGRAFT REPERFUSION IN CYNOMOLGUS MONKEYS1,2 (2001)

After reperfusion a marked and significant cardiodepression accompanied by relative volume depletion were observed. Analysis of volume status ruled out a mere volume shift as the underlying reason for the observed drop in cardiac output. These data may be relevant for the perioperative management of human recipients of discordant xenografts in the future.
Mechanical work associated with the creation of circumferentially polarized bands (2005)

The relationship between mechanical work expended in rotating a steel shaft in the field of a proximate magnet and the intensity and homogeneity of the resulting circumferential remanent magnetization in peripheral regions of the shaft is explored. The work, manifested as a drag torque on the shaft, is shown to supply the hysteretic energy lost within affected regions of the shaft. The torque arises from the tangential force accompanying the rotation induced magnetization asymmetry. The force is universally found to rise during an initial small angular rotation and subsequently diminish to a stable value over some number of shaft revolutions.
Zirconocenes as Initiators for Carbocationic Isobutene Homo- and Copolymerizations (1998)

The zirconocene complexes Cp2ZrMe2 and Cp*2ZrMe2 activated with B(C6F5)3 initiate the carbocationic polymerization of isobutene and isobutene−isoprene copolymerizations to IIR rubbers at temperatures as high as −30 °C. Unlike conventional metal halide initiators, these metallocene-based initiator systems produce both homo- and copolymers of broadly similar molecular weights. Copolymers prepared in the presence of ca. 2 mol % isoprene show a diene incorporation rate of 1.4−1.7%, with the typical 1,4-trans structure. Comparison of the effectiveness of zirconocene dialkyls with that of the metallocene hydrolysis products Cp*2Zr(OH)2 and (Cp2ZrMe)2(μ-O) in the presence of B(C6F5)3 suggests that initiation by traces of protons is less efficient than initiation by cationic metallocene alkyl species, while oxo-bridged complexes (Cp‘2ZrMe)2(μ-O)/B(C6F5)3 (Cp‘ = C5H5 or C5H4SiMe3) are inactive.
Photometric Redshift Estimation on SDSS Data Using Random Forests (2007)

Given multiband photometric data from the SDSS DR6, we estimate galaxy redshifts. We employ a Random Forest trained on color features and spectroscopic redshifts from 80,000 randomly chosen primary galaxies yielding a mapping from color to redshift such that the difference between the estimate and the spectroscopic redshift is small. Our methodology results in tight RMS scatter in the estimates limited by photometric errors. Additionally, this approach yields an error distribution that is nearly Gaussian with parameter estimates giving reliable confidence intervals unique to each galaxy photometric redshift.
Survey of the US materials processing and manufacturing in space program (1981)

To promote potential commercial applications of low-g technology, the materials processing and manufacturing in space program is structured to: (1) analyze the scientific principles of gravitational effects on processes used in producing materials; (2) apply the research toward the technology used to control production process (on Earth or in space, as appropriate); and (3) establish the legal and managerial framework for commercial ventures. Presently federally funded NASA research is described as well as agreements for privately funded commercial activity, and a proposed academic participation process. The future scope of the program and related capabilities using ground based facilities, aircraft, sounding rockets, and space shuttles are discussed. Areas of interest described include crystal growth; solidification of metals and alloys; containerless processing; fluids and chemical processes (including biological separation processes); and processing extraterrestrial materials.
ChemInform Abstract: MECHANISTIC STUDIES OF ARENE OXIDE AND DIOL EPOXIDE REARRANGEMENT AND HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS (1979)

Abstract Im Hinblick auf die unterschiedliche karzinogene und mutagene Wirkung der Epoxide (I) und (III) werden die Bildungswärmen ihrer Produkte berechnet (MINDO/ 3).
Versuche zur Darstellung von aromatischen Monocarbonyl‐ und <i>o</i>‐Dicarbonyl‐Verbindungen, II. Darstellung aromatischer Monocarbonyl‐ und <i>o</i>‐Dicarbonyl‐Verbindungen durch Diensynthesen (1961)

Abstract Substituierte und unsubstituierte Terphenyl‐carbonsäuren und Benzoesäuren bzw. ihre Ester, substituierte Acetophenone, substituierte Terphenyl‐ o ‐dicarbonsäureester und Phthalsäuren, substituierte o ‐Dibenzoyl‐terphenyle, o ‐Dibenzoyl‐benzole, Isobenzofurane und Dihydro‐endoxo‐naphthaline wurden durch Diensynthesen dargestellt. Der Ablauf der D IELS ‐A LDER ‐Reaktion zwischen Dienen und „Dibenzoyl‐acetylen”︁ konnte geklärt werden.
Gestión de la identidad de locutor y perﬁles de usuario en un sistema de diálogo (2009)

In this paper we present an approach to capture user preferences during their interactions with a spoken dialogue system (SDS) and to exploit these preferences into the dialogue manager module. We use the output of an unsupervised speaker identiﬁcation module and a natural language understanding module to adapt the behaviour of the SDS to each particular user by developing a statistic analysis of the preferred goals of each user. This way we can adapt the behaviour of the system to each user’s preference, anticipating the goals that a user wants to fulﬁll. We have evaluated the speaker identiﬁcation system with two diﬀerent databases, and we have obtained identiﬁcation errors below 4%. The initial evaluation of the proﬁle manager shows an improvement on subjective metrics, such as users’ perception of eﬃciency or naturalness of the system responses.
Observation of chemical shifts of Si 2p level by an x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy system with a laser-plasma x-ray source (1998)

An x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy system with a laser-plasma x-ray source is shown to have energy resolution high enough to observe chemical shifts of Si 2p electrons in SiO2, Si3N4, and pure Si. A boron nitride (BN) plasma x-ray source is produced by irradiation of 100 mJ Q-switched YAG laser pulses. A single line emission at 4.86 nm is selected from the BN plasma by means of carbon foils. Fine spectra are acquired with only 96 laser shots. The results obtained confirm that a laboratory-sized x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy system with submicron spatial resolution and high spectral acquisition speed can be realized.
Transparency: A Mandatory Requirement for Risk Models (2008)

Shahian, David M. MD, FACS; Hutter, Matthew M. MD, MPH, FACS; Torchiana, David F. MD, FACS; Iezzoni, Lisa I. MD, MSc Author Information
Instance-based ontology population exploiting named-entity substitution (2008)

We present an approach to ontology population based on a lexical substitution technique. It consists in estimating the plausibility of sentences where the named entity to be classified is substituted with the ones contained in the training data, in our case, a partially populated ontology. Plausibility is estimated by using Web data, while the classification algorithm is instance-based. We evaluated our method on two different ontology population tasks. Experiments show that our solution is effective, outperforming existing methods, and it can be applied to practical ontology population problems.
Bioprospecting arrangements: cooperation between the north and the south. (2007)

The ICBG (International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups) program, through which institutions located in biotechnology-rich countries in the North collaborate with institutions located in the biodiversity-rich countries in the South (with the support of an industrial partner) to discover and develop natural-product drugs, is an experiment in the design of bioprospecting efforts. This chapter describes the general aims and organization of the ICBGs and describes in great detail the agreements that governed the University of Illinois at Chicago-Vietnam-Laos ICBG. The chapter includes material concerning IP (intellectual property) rights issues, informed consent, various forms of benefit sharing (including the sharing of shortand long-term, namely, royalty, benefits), capacity building, and community reciprocity. It offers a model for other such agreements. HANDBOOK OF BEST PRACTICES | 1511 One model of a biodiversity prospecting effort is a program called ICBG (International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups). Based in the United States, ICBG falls under the auspices of the Fogarty International Center (FIC) of the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH). It also collaborates with the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).3 A five-year cycle program, it went into operation in 1993 in response to a request for applications issued by FIC in 1992.4 The ICBG second cycle began on 1 October, 1998, as a result of new and recompeting proposals in response to a request for applications issued by FIC in 1997.5 On 17 October 2002, a request for applications for a 2003–2008 ICBG cycle recompetition was again issued.6 2. The ICBG pRoGRAm International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups, or ICBGs, address the interdependent issues of drug discovery, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable economic growth. They are founded in the belief that efforts to examine the medicinal CHAPTER 16.5