gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Parameters for Identification of Overpressure Formations (1971)

Abstract A number of methods are used in the industry to detect and evaluate overpressured formations. The ability to detect and recognize overpressured formation is critical in conducting efficient and safe drilling operations. Observed changes in the properties of rocks, especially shales, can be used to evaluate the overpressured zones. Variations of rock properties can be detected by geophysical methods, wire-line logging techniques, surface measurements on the drilling mud and shale cuttings, and monitoring of several drilling parameters. The best approach for the detection and evaluation of overpressured formations is the study of a combination of several measured parameters since relying on one type of data parameters since relying on one type of data can result in misinterpretations. Introduction In the worldwide search for oil and gas, abnormally high pressure zones (geopressures) have been encountered in numerous countries on several continents. In our present discussion such geopressures, or abnormally high subsurface pressures, are defined as any pressure which exceeds the hydrostatic pressure of a column of water containing approximately 80,000 ppm total solids. ppm total solids. For the oil industry, occurrence of geopressures are important in many respects. 1. Worldwide experience indicates a significant correlation between the presence and magnitude of geopressures and the shales and ratio of sedimentary sections penetrated by the drill bit. 2. In some areas, the distribution of oil and gas appears to be related to the regional and local pressure environments. 3. Knowledge of the expected pore pressure and fracture gradient is the basis pressure and fracture gradient is the basis to make the best of modern drilling techniques, i.e., efficiently drilling wells with correct mud weights and proper casing programs. This also prevents a breakdown of exposed formations and contains the high-pressure fluids in deeper formations, thereby reducing blowout hazards. 4. Much of the extra cost in the search for and development of hydrocarbon reserves is for drilling fluid and casing programs. An additional, quite expensive item is the properly selected completion method which properly selected completion method which must be effective, safe and allow for killing of the well. Here, too, reliable pore pressure and fracture gradient data are a prerequisite. 5. Last but not least, geopressures are also an important factor in several aspects of reservoir engineering. This includes consideration of compressibility and failure of the reservoir rock and the possibility of water influx from the overlying and underlying shale formations. For years the drilling industry dreamed of a method to predict and evaluate geopressures. Today, a number of methods, both surface and subsurface techniques, have become available for geopressures detection and measurement. These overpressured intervals and as much prior knowledge of them before drilling as is possible - are critical to conducting efficient and safe drilling operations.
The influences of device geometry and p-type doping on a solution-processed polymer space-charge-limited transistor (2010)

A polymer vertical transistor with an on/off current ratio higher than 10 4 is demonstrated. The proposed space-charge limited transistor (SCLT) uses a metal-grid base containing high-density submicrometre openings to modulate the vertical space-charge-limited current (SCLC). The key to obtaining a high on/off current ratio is to reduce the leakage current of SCLT. In this paper, an improved device structure that isolates the grid metal by using both top and bottom insulating layers is demonstrated. Then, with an identical proposed structure, the geometric design is also found to significantly influence the on/off ratio over 3 orders of magnitude. The competition between the SCLC and the grid to collector leakage current is analysed. Finally, the influence of tetrafluoro-tetracyano-quinodimethane doping on the transistor characteristics is investigated. The results are important for the design of polymer vertical transistors with high on/off ratios.
Structure-Second-Order Polarizability Relationship in Chromophores (1999)

Compounds considered for second-order nonlinear optical applications traditionally contain a donor group and an acceptor group linked by a fully conjugated segment. Here, it is shown both experimentally and theoretically that molecules in which the conjugated segment incorporates a spacer group, such as a ketone functionality (1), can give a large second-order response as a function of the polarity of the medium.
ChemInform Abstract: Unprotected Carbohydrates as Starting Material in Chemical Synthesis: Not Just a Challenge but an Opportunity (2015)

Abstract Review: [34 refs.
Modes of underwater discharge propagation in a series of nanosecond successive pulses (2013)

International audience
A New Mesangial Triumvirate: Sulfonylureas, Their Receptors and Endosulfines (2002)

Although sulfonylureas have long been therapeutically utilized for their hypoglycemic properties in type 2 diabetic patients, there is a paucity of clinical or experimental data that suggests that this pharmacotherapeutic class confers a benefit on the course of diabetic renal disease. Because the mesangial compartment is central to the fibrogenic response that evolves during the course of diabetic nephropathy, determining the metabolic influence of sulfonylureas on mesangial cells is important. In this article, the current knowledge regarding the metabolic and functional consequences of a mesangial triumvirate of sulfonylureas, their sulfonylurea receptors and sulfonylurea-like ligands termed endosulfines will be reviewed.
Anthropometry as a Predictor of Vertical Jump Heights Derived From an Instrumented Platform (2011)

The current study purpose examined the vertical height-anthropometry relationship with jump data obtained from an instrumented platform. Our methods required college-aged (n = 177) subjects to make 3 visits to our laboratory to measure the following anthropometric variables: height, body mass, upper arm length (UAL), lower arm length, upper leg length, and lower leg length. Per jump, maximum height was measured in 3 ways: from the subjects' takeoff, hang times, and as they landed on the platform. Standard multivariate regression assessed how well anthropometry predicted the criterion variance per gender (men, women, pooled) and jump height method (takeoff, hang time, landing) combination. Z-scores indicated that small amounts of the total data were outliers. The results showed that the majority of outliers were from jump heights calculated as women landed on the platform. With the genders pooled, anthropometry predicted a significant (p < 0.05) amount of variance from jump heights calculated from both takeoff and hang time. The anthropometry-vertical jump relationship was not significant from heights calculated as subjects landed on the platform, likely due to the female outliers. Yet anthropometric data of men did predict a significant amount of variance from heights calculated when they landed on the platform; univariate correlations of men's data revealed that UAL was the best predictor. It was concluded that the large sample of men's data led to greater data heterogeneity and a higher univariate correlation. Because of our sample size and data heterogeneity, practical applications suggest that coaches may find our results best predict performance for a variety of college-aged athletes and vertical jump enthusiasts.
Impact of the Polysialyltransferases ST8SiaII and ST8SiaIV on Polysialic Acid Synthesis during Postnatal Mouse Brain Development (2007)

Polysialic acid (polySia), a post-translational modification of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), is the key regulator of NCAM-mediated functions and crucial for normal brain development, postnatal growth, and survival. Two polysialyltransferases, ST8SiaII and ST8SiaIV, mediate polySia biosynthesis. To dissect the impact of each enzyme during postnatal brain development, we monitored the developmental changes in NCAM polysialylation in wild-type, ST8SiaII-, and ST8SiaIV-deficient mice using whole brain lysates obtained at 10 time points from postnatal days 1 to 21 and from adult mice. In wild-type and ST8SiaIV-null brain, polySia biosynthesis kept pace with the rapid increase in brain weight until day 9, and nearly all NCAM was polysialylated. Thereafter, polySia dropped by approximately 70% within 1 week, accompanied by the first occurrence of polySia-free NCAM-140 and NCAM-180. In ST8SiaII-null brain, polySia declined immediately after birth, leading to 60% less polySia at day 9 combined with the untimely appearance of polySia-free NCAM. Polysialyltransferase deficiency did not alter NCAM expression level or isoform pattern. In all three genotypes, NCAM-140 and NCAM-180 were expressed at constant levels from days 1 to 21 and provided the major polySia acceptors. By contrast, NCAM-120 first appeared at day 5, followed by a strong up-regulation inverse to the decrease in polySia. Together, we provide a comprehensive quantitative analysis of the developmental changes in polySia level, NCAM polysialylation status, and polysialyltransferase transcript levels and show that the predominant role of ST8SiaII during postnatal brain development is restricted to the first 15 days.
Ubichinone und Verwandte Substanzen. VII. Quantitative Analyse der Ubichromenole (1965)

Die Ubichromenol-Gruppe wurde mit Hilfe der impragnierten Chromatographie qualitativ nachgewiesen. Eine quantitative Bestimmungsmethode an Ubichromenol (35)(IIb) wurde ebenfalls nach einer kombinierten Methode mit Dunnschichromatographie und Extinktionswert bei 332 mμ festgestellt.
Acetylenes and noble-metal compounds. Part 13. Formation of cyclobutadienepalladium complexes from σ,π-butadienyl complexes in the PdCl<sub>2</sub>-induced dimerisation of t-butyl(methyl)acetylene(4,4-dimethylpent-2-yne) (1979)

4,4-Dimethylpent-2-yne [t-butyl(methyl)acetylene, bma] reacts with [Pd(NCPh)2Cl2](1) at 20 °C in CH2Cl2 to give the ionic cyclobutadiene complex [Pd2(C4But2Me2)2Cl3]2[Pd2Cl6](2), which on reaction with pyridine gives the cyclobutadiene complex [Pd2(C4But2Me2)2Cl4] and [Pd(py)2Cl2]. At –50 °C in CH2Cl2 the π-acetylene complex [Pd3(bma)2Cl6Ln] is formed, which rearranges (at 0 °C) to the σ,π-butadienyl complex [Pd3(CButCMeCMeCButCl)2Cl4](10A). Complex (10A) reacts with bipy to give the kinetically favoured adduct [Pd(CButCMeCMeCButCl)(bipy)Cl](11) which rearranges to the thermodynamically more stable isomer (12), the X-ray structure of which has been determined. 1H and 13C n.m.r. spectra have been used to deduce the structures of complexes (10A), (11), [{Pd(CButCMeCMeCButCl)Cl}2], and [Pd(CButCMeCMeCButCl)L](L = pentane-2,4-dionate or S2CNMe2). The rearrangement (11)→(12)(ΔG‡= 95 kJ mol–1) involves a rotation about the sterically hindered CMe–CMe bond of the ligand. The rearrangement of the σ,π-butadienyl complexes (10A) and (10B) to the cyclobutadiene complexes (2) and (3) respectively is shown to have ΔG‡= 95–97 kJ mol–1 and to involve an essentially non-polar transition state. The mechanism of the formation of the σ,π-butadienyl complex (10A) is discussed and reasons are proposed for the acceleration in rate caused by positive charge on the complex and the absence of a detectable σ-alkenylpalladium intermediate.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of Tetracaesiumdihydrogendecavanadate Trihydrate, Cs4H2V10O28×3 H2O. A Layered Crystal Structure of Decavanadate. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
CBMT-13. 3DEP SYSTEM TO TEST THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT CELL LINES AS PREDICTIVE MARKERS OF OPTIMAL TUMOR TREATING FIELDS (TTFIELDS) FREQUENCY AND SENSITIVITY (2019)

Abstract BACKGROUND Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields; approved anti-neoplastic treatment modality) are delivered via application of low intensity, intermediate frequency, alternating electrical fields. The electrical properties of cells (eg, permittivity and conductivity) determine the optimal TTFields frequency that would elicit the greatest cell count reduction. Currently, no predictive markers exist to determine TTFields response and optimal frequency for individual patient application. The study goal was to evaluate the correlation between electrical properties of cells and TTFields’s optimal frequency and sensitivity. The 3DEPTM reader (LabTech) determines cellular electrical properties, including permittivity and conductivity, by using dielectrophoresis (DEP) force. DEP is a physical effect that generates a force on polarizable particles, such as cells, subjected to non-uniform electric fields. METHODS Utilizing the 3DEP reader, baseline electrical properties (permittivity and conductivity) of 17 cell lines from different tumor-types were determined. Curves were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA. The optimal TTFields frequency of each cell line was determined by evaluating TTFields cytotoxicity at various frequencies using the inovitroTM system. Electrical properties of each cell line were compared with the optimal TTFields frequency and sensitivity. RESULTS Significant differences (P< 0.001) were demonstrated between the lower frequency range of the 3DEP curves that correspond to cellular membrane capacitance at TTFields optimal frequencies of 150 kHz (9 cell lines) and 200 kHz (8 cell lines). Also, membrane capacitance was a good predictor of TTFields sensitivity based on curve differences within the low-frequency range. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that cell membrane capacitance correlates with TTFields optimal frequency and sensitivity. Based on these data, there is a strong rational to further explore the potential of measuring the electrical properties of cells as predictive markers to help determine the optimal TTFields frequency for individual patient application and to identify ideal treatment-responders to TTFields.
Comparison of the <i>In Vivo</i> Degradation Progress of Solid Magnesium Alloy Cylinders and Screw-Shaped Magnesium Alloy Cylinders in a Rabbit Model (2010)

Resorbable magnesium alloy implants for osteosynthetic surgery would be advantageous to common implants of titanium or surgical steel as a second surgery for implant removal would become unnecessary. To influence the degradation progress, surface modifications are sensible. As plates and screws were used to stabilize fractures, the degradation behavior of threaded cylinders is of particular interest. Therefore each eight solid MgCa0.8 alloy cylinders (3 x 5 mm) with smooth and sandblasted surface, respectively, and eight screw-shaped, threaded MgCa0.8 cylinders (thread pitch 1.25 mm, length 5 mm) were inserted into the medial femoral condyle of adult New Zealand White rabbits. Implantation periods were three and six months, within which the animals were examined daily. To evaluate a possible gas generation radiographs were taken weekly. After euthanasia the bone-implant-compound was scanned in a µ-computed tomograph (µCT80, ScancoMedical). All implants were well tolerated. Smooth implants degraded slowly. The cross sectional area did not reduce obviously after three months implantation duration and only mildly after six months. Sandblasted implants showed the fastest degradation progress after both implantation periods with the most obvious generation of gas. Threaded cylinders revealed pitting corrosion at the thread pitches. They degrade faster than smooth implants but slower than sandblasted cylinders. In summary, surface modification influences the degradation behavior of resorbable magnesium alloy implants. Contrary to common materials, smooth surfaces seem to be favorable. Thread pitches of screw-shaped implants show pitting corrosion. To what extend this result affects future applications of resorbable screws has to be examined in further investigations.
Efficient Degradation of Lignocellulosic Plant Biomass, without Pretreatment, by the Thermophilic Anaerobe “ <i>Anaerocellum thermophilum</i> ” DSM 6725 (2009)

Very few cultivated microorganisms can degrade lignocellulosic biomass without chemical pretreatment. We show here that "Anaerocellum thermophilum" DSM 6725, an anaerobic bacterium that grows optimally at 75 degrees C, efficiently utilizes various types of untreated plant biomass, as well as crystalline cellulose and xylan. These include hardwoods such as poplar, low-lignin grasses such as napier and Bermuda grasses, and high-lignin grasses such as switchgrass. The organism did not utilize only the soluble fraction of the untreated biomass, since insoluble plant biomass (as well as cellulose and xylan) obtained after washing at 75 degrees C for 18 h also served as a growth substrate. The predominant end products from all growth substrates were hydrogen, acetate, and lactate. Glucose and cellobiose (on crystalline cellulose) and xylose and xylobiose (on xylan) also accumulated in the growth media during growth on the defined substrates but not during growth on the plant biomass. A. thermophilum DSM 6725 grew well on first- and second-spent biomass derived from poplar and switchgrass, where spent biomass is defined as the insoluble growth substrate recovered after the organism has reached late stationary phase. No evidence was found for the direct attachment of A. thermophilum DSM 6725 to the plant biomass. This organism differs from the closely related strain A. thermophilum Z-1320 in its ability to grow on xylose and pectin. Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus DSM 8903 (optimum growth temperature, 70 degrees C), a close relative of A. thermophilum DSM 6725, grew well on switchgrass but not on poplar, indicating a significant difference in the biomass-degrading abilities of these two otherwise very similar organisms.
Ultrasonic study of hydrogen motion in a Ti-Zr-Ni icosahedral quasicrystal and a 1/1 bcc crystal approximant (2000)

Ultrasonic attenuation measurements have been performed on the Ti-Zr-Ni alloy system over the temperature range 35--335 K. Both a multigrained icosahedral quasicrystal and a 1/1 bcc polycrystalline approximant were studied. The alloys were hydrogenated to a hydrogen to metal ratio of 0.79 for the icosahedral phase and 0.20 for the crystalline phase. Temperature-dependent attenuation peaks were observed in the alloys loaded with hydrogen while the hydrogen-free materials showed no unusual features. For measurement frequencies near 1 MHz the attenuation maxima occurred near a temperature of 250 K for the crystalline phase and 220 K for the icosahedral phase. The results imply that the hydrogen motion is about one order of magnitude faster in the icosahedral phase than in the approximant phase. Whether this result is due to an intrinsic difference between the two Ti-Zr-Ni phases or to a dependence on hydrogen concentration cannot be determined from the present measurements.
Effects of interferon-beta in combination with 5-fluorouracil on the growth of esophageal cancer cells in vitro. (2002)

The possible antiproliferative potency of human recombinant interferon-beta (hIFN-beta) towards ten human esophageal cancer cell lines was examined in comparison with the activity of the factor towards human malignant melanoma cell lines. The cell growth of esophageal cancer cell lines was inhibited by hIFN-beta in a dose- and time- dependent manner. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of hIFN-beta on nine cell lines out of ten ranged between 23 to 332 IU/ml of culture medium. The remaining cell line, T.Tn, was less sensitive to the interferon (IC50, 611 IU/ml). Under the same culture conditions, the melanoma cell lines tested differed markedly in their sensitivity to hIFN-beta. When the esophageal cancer cells were treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in the presence of a low concentration of hIFN-beta, the effectiveness of 5-FU was markedly enhanced. In particular, the rate of growth inhibition of T.Tn cells was more than the added potencies of 5-FU and hIFN-beta indicating that the interferon is an effective biomodulator of 5-FU. All these data suggest that combination therapy with hIFN-beta and the anticancer drug 5-FU would be beneficial for the treatment of carcinoma of the esophagus.
Umpolung Reactivity of Difluoroenol Silyl Ethers with Amines and Amino Alcohols. Application to the Synthesis of Enantiopure α-Difluoromethyl Amines and Amino Acids (2008)

Difluoroenol silyl ethers, produced in situ from acylsilanes and CF3TMS, react as electrophiles with amines to give difluoroimines, via the corresponding hemiaminal adduct, as evidenced by 19F NMR spectroscopy. Reaction with (R)-phenylglycinol led to 2-difluoromethyloxazolidines. After separation of the diastereomers, reduction with LAH and Strecker-type synthesis gave enantiopure alpha-difluoromethylamines and alpha-difluoromethyl-alpha-amino acids, respectively.
A convenient synthesis of cadmium chalcogenide quantum dots from cadmium acetate and bis(diphenylphosphino)methane monosulfide and –selenide or 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane monoselenide (2015)

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACTA convenient synthesis of cadmium chalcogenide quantum dots from cadmium acetate and bis(diphenylphosphino)methane monosulfide and –selenide or 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane monoselenideAll authorsJ. W. Faller & Jonathan Parrhttps://doi.org/10.1080/10426507.2015.1100188Published online:14 April 2016
Mathematical description of microbiological reactions involving intermediates (2000)

Stoichiometric relationships for biological reactions involving intermediate formation are developed from microbial reaction fundamentals and thermodynamic principles. Biological reactions proceed through intermediates, which sequester carbon and electrons whenever their degradation is relatively slow. Modeling intermediate formation and subsequent utilization requires evaluation of the distribution of electrons, energy, and macronutrients (C and N) between energy-generating pathways and cell-synthesis pathways for each step in the mineralization of the primary electron-donor substrate. We describe how energy and electron balances are utilized to predict the stoichiometry for each step of a multi-step degradation process. Each stoichiometric relationship developed predicts substrate utilization, cell growth, and the formation of other products (e.g., H(2)CO(3) or H(+)) for one step in the pathway to full mineralization. A modeling example demonstrates how different kinetics for each step in the degradation of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) leads to observed patterns in experimental results, such as a delay in the release of H(2)CO(3) after NTA is removed from solution.