gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of the Certification System for Nurses in HIV/AIDS Care among the U.S., the UK, and Japan (2007)

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the role and the certification system for nurses working in HIV/AIDS care among the U.S., the UK, and Japan. Method: The searching for the internet website and literature was used and visiting the institutes and interviewing the key informants were done from August, 2006 to February, 2007. Results: In the U.S., there are two types of nurse specialist in HIV/AIDS care. One is the HIV/AIDS Certified Registered Nurse which is without any academic degree requirement, and the other is the Advanced HIV/AIDS Certified Registered Nurse which requires master level degree and 5 years career. There are three level of nurses' role in HIV/AIDS care in the UK. Also, the National HIV Nurses Association of the UK developed generic competencies and specialist competencies according to this three level of nurse's role. In the case of Japan, the certification system is not formalized yet, but the AIDS coordinator nurses are working as a specialist in the Japan International Medical Center. Conclusion: Based on this result, it is suggested that the comprehensive role of nurses in HIV/AIDS should be developed under the governmental support.
Assisting decision making in requirements reconciliation (2003)

Capturing a consistent, complete and valid set of requirements is a critical prerequisite for designing systems that are useful and usable. One popular technique for capturing the main chunks of functionality from the user's point of view is the specification of use cases by the development team. While there may be agreement at this high level, there are often differences in what each stakeholder perceives as the steps of the use case description. Often the description reflects the views of one or a few dominant individuals resulting in incomplete use case descriptions that do not represent the requirements of the whole group. In our approach, known as RECOCASE as we use a CASE tool to assist requirements reconciliation, the group identify and then asynchronously capture multiple requirements viewpoints. The use case descriptions are entered in natural language and automatically processed by our system to produce a concept lattice. The concept lattice is used to reveal common ground and differences between the stakeholders. Our group process enables conflicts to be identified and resolved, where possible, using our negotiation strategies and resolution operators.
Dermoscopy: basic concepts (2008)

Dermoscopy is a very useful technique for the analysis of pigmented skin lesions. It represents a link between clinical and histological views, permitting an earlier diagnosis of skin melanoma. It also helps in the diagnosis of many other pigmented skin lesions, such as seborrheic keratosis, pigmented basal cell carcinoma, hemangioma, blue nevus, atypical nevus, and mole, which can often clinically simulate melanoma. In this article, dermoscopy is reviewed from its history to the basic concepts of the interpretation of dermoscopic images. The goal is to introduce this subject to those not yet familiar with it, in order to instigate and encourage the training and practice of this technique of growing importance for everyday usage.
Pollen analysis of honeys from the Los Lagos region of southern Chile (1997)

A total of 93 honey samples were analyzed from the Los Lagos Region (provinces of Valdivia, Osorno, Llanquihué and Chiloé) in Chile, of which 47 were monofloral and the rest polyfloral. The majority of the monofloral honeys were ulmo ones (37 honeys), characterized by the presence of Eucryphia‐Lotus‐Eucalyptus pollen. Five willow honeys containing Salix‐Eucryphia‐Lotus pollen were also identified together with 3 monofloral tineo honeys, with a predominance of Weinmannia‐Salix‐Eucryphia, a single rape honey (Brassica spp.) and another of white clover (Trifolium repens). The polyfloral honeys contain high quantities of pollen characteristic of monofloral honeys, along with pollen of other plants (especially nectar‐producing ones). The following classification for this group of honeys is proposed: Polyfloral I and II (Eucryphia predominant), Polyfloral III (Weinmannia predominant), Polyfloral IV (Lotus predominant), Polyfloral V and VI (co‐predominance of two and three taxa respectively, in different combinations).
Congenital factor X deficiencies with a defect only or predominantly in the extrinsic or in the intrinsic system: A critical evaluation (2008)

Congenital Factor X deficiency is commonly classified as type I, in which there is a concomitant decrease of activity and antigen (CRM negative), and in type II, in which activity is low but antigen is normal or near normal (CRM positive). During the past decades it was shown that type II was by itself very heterogeneous. It was shown in fact that some forms showed a defect in all three assay systems (extrinsic, intrinsic, and RVV dependent), whereas others showed a defect only in two of the three systems. Molecular biology analysis, whenever available, has failed so far to supply clear explanations for these discrepancies. The purpose of the present article was an attempt to correlate the clotting activities seen in these two defects with other clotting, chromogenic, immunological assays, and molecular biology results. There are in the literature 10 families that show a predominant defect in the extrinsic system, and four families that show a predominant defect in the intrinsic system. All patients showed a normal, near normal, or reduced level of antigen that is always definitively higher than the clotting counterpart. Molecular biology studies revealed mutations in different exons, namely 2, 4, 5, 6, and 8. These mutations in different exons do not allow any clear genotype-phenotype conclusions, but indicate that mutations in different exons may give rise to the same phenotype. The study underlines the importance of a multipronged evaluation of all cases with Factor X deficiency. In fact only by this approach can an acceptable classification of the defect be reached.
Positionality (2017)

Positionality initially emerged from critiques of omniscient, unmarked researchers producing supposedly value‐free, impartial research. Beginning from the premise that knowledge is partial, situated, and power‐laden, positionality highlights how people, including researchers, are differently positioned in hierarchies of power and privilege and thus come to know and interpret the world from different social locations. The researcher's positionality shapes their research, inhibiting or enabling certain research insights, and mediates the research process, including relations with the people, places, and materials of the research project. Positionality is also a relational concept: the researched are knowledgeable agents and as such they and the researcher both structure the research encounter and construct “the data.” Positionality has been refined and adapted over time. The theoretical, conceptual, and empirical interventions around intersectionality and embodiment have been especially significant.
Node-edge diagram layout for displaying hierarchies (2002)

The paper reports on a layout generation approach used in a new technique for visualizing hierarchies which provides both focus and context visualization. The hierarchy is represented as a node-edge diagram separated in two connected sub-diagrams that show the node of interest and its context.
PiCANet: Learning Pixel-wise Contextual Attention for Saliency Detection (2017)

Contexts play an important role in the saliency detection task. However, given a context region, not all contextual information is helpful for the final task. In this paper, we propose a novel pixel-wise contextual attention network, i.e., the PiCANet, to learn to selectively attend to informative context locations for each pixel. Specifically, for each pixel, it can generate an attention map in which each attention weight corresponds to the contextual relevance at each context location. An attended contextual feature can then be constructed by selectively aggregating the contextual information. We formulate the proposed PiCANet in both global and local forms to attend to global and local contexts, respectively. Both models are fully differentiable and can be embedded into CNNs for joint training. We also incorporate the proposed models with the U-Net architecture to detect salient objects. Extensive experiments show that the proposed PiCANets can consistently improve saliency detection performance. The global and local PiCANets facilitate learning global contrast and homogeneousness, respectively. As a result, our saliency model can detect salient objects more accurately and uniformly, thus performing favorably against the state-of-the-art methods.
Spectrum Comparison between GFDM, OFDM and GFDM Behavior in a Noise and Fading Channel (2015)

GFDM (Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing) is a multi-carrier multiplexing scheme for next generations of cellular networks.In this paper, a simulation of the GFDM transmitter in a noisy channel will be conducted.The spectrum benefit of GFDM over OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is treated, which will be used in applications such as machineto-machine communications or cognitive radio.The behavior of GFDM after passing on the AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) channel for different values of SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) will be observed, as well as the GFDM behavior after passing through the Rayleigh channel.
Alkalitolerance: A biological function for a multidrug transporter in pH homeostasis (2004)

MdfA is an Escherichia coli multidrug-resistance transporter. Cells expressing MdfA from a multicopy plasmid exhibit multidrug resistance against a diverse group of toxic compounds. In this article, we show that, in addition to its role in multidrug resistance, MdfA confers extreme alkaline pH resistance and allows the growth of transformed cells under conditions that are close to those used normally by alkaliphiles (up to pH 10) by maintaining a physiological internal pH. MdfA-deleted E. coli cells are sensitive even to mild alkaline conditions, and the wild-type phenotype is restored fully by MdfA expressed from a plasmid. This activity of MdfA requires Na(+) or K(+). Fluorescence studies with inverted membrane vesicles demonstrate that MdfA catalyzes Na(+)- or K(+)-dependent proton transport, and experiments with reconstituted proteoliposomes confirm that MdfA is solely responsible for this phenomenon. Studies with multidrug resistance-defective MdfA mutants and competitive transport assays suggest that these activities of MdfA are related. Together, the results demonstrate that a single protein has an unprecedented capacity to turn E. coli from an obligatory neutrophile into an alkalitolerant bacterium, and they suggest a previously uncharacterized physiological role for MdfA in pH homeostasis.
Fine aerosol bulk composition measured on WP-3D research aircraft in vicinity of the Northeastern United States – results from NEAQS (2007)

Abstract. During the New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS) in the summer of 2004, airborne measurements were made of the major inorganic ions and the water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) of the submicron (PM1.0) aerosol. These and ancillary data are used to describe the overall aerosol chemical characteristics encountered during the study. Fine particle mass was estimated from particle volume and a calculated density based on measured particle composition. Fine particle organic matter (OM) was estimated from WSOC and a mass balance analysis. The aerosol over the northeastern United States (U.S.) and Canada was predominantly sulfate and associated ammonium, and organic components, although in unique plumes additional ionic components were also periodically above detection limits. In power generation regions, and especially in the Ohio River Valley region, the aerosol tended to be predominantly sulfate (~60% μg μg−1) and apparently acidic, based on an excess of measured anions compared to cations. In all other regions where sulfate concentrations were lower and a smaller fraction of overall mass, the cations and anions were balanced suggesting a more neutral aerosol. In contrast, the WSOC and estimated OM were more spatially uniform and the fraction of OM relative to PM mass was largely influenced by sources of sulfate. The study median OM mass fraction was 40%. Throughout the study region, sulfate and organic aerosol mass were highest near the surface and decreased rapidly with increasing altitude. The relative fraction of organic mass to sulfate was similar throughout all altitudes within the boundary layer (altitude less than 2.5 km), but was significantly higher at altitude layers in the free troposphere (above 2.5 km). A number of distinct biomass burning plumes from fires in Alaska and the Yukon were periodically intercepted, mostly at altitudes between 3 and 4 km. These plumes were associated with highest aerosol concentrations of the study and were largely comprised of organic aerosol components (~60%).
Statistical flattening of MEG beamformer images (2002)

We propose a method of correction for multiple comparisons in MEG beamformer based Statistical Parametric Maps (SPMs). We introduce a modification to the minimum-variance beamformer, in which beamformer weights and SPMs of source-power change are computed in distinct steps. This approach allows the calculation of image smoothness based on the computed weights alone. In the first instance we estimate image smoothness by looking at local spatial correlations in residual images generated using random data; we then go on to show how the smoothness of the SPM can be obtained analytically by measuring the correlations between the adjacent weight vectors. In simulations we show that the smoothness of the SPM is highly inhomogeneous and depends on the source strength. We show that, for the minimum variance beamformer, knowledge of image smoothness is sufficient to allow for correction of the multiple comparison problem. Per-voxel threshold estimates, based on the voxels extent (or cluster size) in flattened space, provide accurate corrected false positive error rates for these highly inhomogeneously smooth images.
CpG DNA stimulates autoreactive immature B cells in the bone marrow (2007)

Polyclonal activation of developing B cells is an injurious process, because most of these cells are nontolerant and express autoreactive receptors. CpG DNA is a polyclonal activator of mature B cells, but its effect on developing B cells is unclear. We tested whether developing, nontolerant B cells are responsive to mitogenic stimulation by CpG DNA and whether such a stimulus can interfere with the establishment of central tolerance. We found that developing B cells express Toll-like receptor 9 and undergo a polyclonal response to CpG DNA stimulation, as revealed by proliferation and differentiation to antibody-producing cells. In vitro and ex vivo experiments revealed that stimulation with CpG DNA protects immature B cells from negative selection imposed by apoptosis and receptor editing and results in the production of autoantibodies. Finally, we found that in vivo administration of CpG DNA activates immature B cells in the bone marrow and suppresses the expression of recombination-activating genes in a mouse model of central tolerance and receptor editing. These results suggest that mitogenic signals provided by CpG DNA stimulate nontolerant immature B cells in the bone marrow and have the potential to interfere with central tolerance.
Solution structure of a dsDNA:LNA triplex (2004)

We have determined the NMR structure of an intramolecular dsDNA:LNA triplex, where the LNA strand is composed of alternating LNA and DNA nucleotides. The LNA oligonucleotide binds to the dsDNA duplex in the major groove by formation of Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds to the purine strand of the duplex. The structure of the dsDNA duplex is changed to accommodate the LNA strand, and it adopts a geometry intermediate between A- and B-type. There is a substantial propeller twist between base-paired nucleobases. This propeller twist and a concomitant large propeller twist between the purine and LNA strands allows the pyrimidines of the LNA strand to interact with the 5'-flanking duplex pyrimidines. Altogether, the triplex has a regular global geometry as shown by a straight helix axis. This shows that even though the third strand is composed of alternating DNA and LNA monomers with different sugar puckers, it forms a seamless triplex. The thermostability of the triplex is increased by 19 degrees C relative to the unmodified DNA triplex at acidic pH. Using NMR spectroscopy, we show that the dsDNA:LNA triplex is stable at pH 8, and that the triplex structure is identical to the structure determined at pH 5.1.
3.5 GHz Exclusion Zone Analyses and Methodology (2015)

This report describes the 3.5 GHz Study. It explains the assumptions, methods, analyses, and system characteristics used to generate the revised exclusion zones for small-cell commercial broadband systems to protect federal radar operations (ship and land based) from aggregate interference in the band 3550–3650 MHz. The 3.5 GHz Study’s exclusion zones are compared with the exclusion zones that were generated in the Fast Track Report, which considered macro-cell operations. This report was reissued in March 2016 to correct typographical errors.
Nitazoxanide in the Treatment of Cryptosporidial Diarrhea and other Intestinal Parasitic Infections Associated with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in Tropical Africa (1997)

Eighteen patients hospitalized with intestinal parasitic infections associated with diarrhea and dehydration completed a study of nitazoxanide in the treatment of Cryptosporidium parvum and other intestinal parasitic infections. Seventeen of the 18 patients were positive for human immunodeficiency virus. Twelve patients were diagnosed with clinical Stage 4 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) according to the 1990 World Health Organization proposed clinical classification system and cryptosporidiosis. Nitazoxanide (500 mg tablets) were administered orally, one tablet twice a day for seven consecutive days. Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were eradicated or reduced by more than 95% in seven of the 12 Stage 4 AIDS patients who completed the study based upon two post-treatment fecal examinations conducted on days 7 and 14 following the initiation of treatment. The elimination or reduction of C. parvum oocysts was associated with a complete resolution of diarrhea in four of the seven patients. The test drug was also effective against cases of Isospora belli, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, Hymenolepis nana, and Dicrocoelium dentriticum. Treatment with nitazoxanide was well tolerated by the patients. There were no abnormalities in blood chemistry or hematology data that were considered to be attributable to nitazoxanide therapy. Transient episodes of vomiting were observed in four patients, all with Stage 4 AIDS and cryptosporidiosis, which resolved spontaneously without discontinuation of treatment and were not considered to be related to administration of nitazoxanide.
Antigenic variation in<i>Giardia lamblia</i>and the host's immune response (1997)

Giardia lamblia, a protozoan parasite of the small intestine of humans and other animals, undergoes surface antigenic variation. The antigens involved belong to a family of variant-specific surface proteins (VSPs), which are unique, cysteine-rich zinc finger proteins. The patterns of infection in humans and animals fail to show the expected cyclical waves of increasing and decreasing numbers of parasites expressing unique VSPs. Nevertheless, changes in VSP expression occur within the population in vivo owing to selection of VSPs by both immune and non-immune mechanisms. After inoculation of a single G. lamblia clone (able to persist in the absence of immune pressure) expressing one VSP (> or = 90%) into mice or humans, the original VSP continues to be expressed until 2 weeks post inoculation (p.i.), when many other VSPs gradually replace it. Selection by immune-mediated processes is suggested because switching occurs at the same time that humoral responses are first detected. In most mouse strains, switching also occurs at about two weeks. Almost all trophozoites are eliminated at three weeks (p.i.), but a barely detectable infection persists over months. In neonatal mice, apparent self-cure is delayed until the sixth or seventh week. Antigenic switching does not occur in adult or neonatal severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) mice, but does occur in neonatal nude mice, thus implicating B-cell-mediated mechanisms in immune switching. Not all VSPs are expressed to the same degree in vivo. Some VSPs appear to be preferentially selected whereas others are eliminated on a non-immune basis. In infections in which immunity does not play a role, such as in SCID mice, and during the first week of infection in immunocompetent mice or gerbils, persisting VSPs are preferentially expressed and maintained whereas non-persisting VSPs are replaced within the first week of infection. The purpose of antigenic variation may be presentation of a wide assortment of VSPs to hosts, increasing the chance of a successful initial infection or reinfection. Immune selection of variants comes into play following biological selection.
A Practice of Cardiac Pacing (1990)

Basic Considerations: Indications for permanent pacing Basic concepts Sensing and timing the cardiac electrogram Comprehension of pacemaker timing cycles Hemodynamics of cardiac pacing Pacemaker codes Clinical Considerations: Temporary cardiac pacing Permanent pacemaker implantation Pacemaker electrocardiography Pacemaker radiography Rate modulated pacing Automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator Pacing for tachycardia Pacemaker complications Practical Management: Pacemaker follow-up Telemetry Programmability Practical considerations Troubleshooting
Etude de la réduction de poudres d'oxydes de fer par le monoxydede carbone aux environs de 300° centigrade (1973)

From the analysis of the mechanism of the catalytic decomposition of carbon—monoxide in the presence of -iron (Boudouard Reactions) it must be considered that at temperature below 500°C the oxides can ,be reduced directly to iron carbide without the presence, of iron as an intermediate phase, this hypothesis is verified first theroretically using the thermodynamic data, and experimentally, by the analysis of the products obtained from the reduction of fine powders of goethite and hematite in the presence of carbon-monoxide between 250°C and 300°C. Résumé En analysant le mécanisme de la décomposition catalytique du monoxyde de carbone en présence de fer (Réaction de Boudouard), on peut penser que les oxydes de fer peuvent se réduire directement en carbure de fer sans que le fer pur n'agisse comme phase intermédiaire à des températures moindres que 500°C. Cette hypothèse est verifyèe, d'abord théoriquement par les données thermodynamiques et, expérimentalement par l'analyse des produits de la réduction de fines poudres de goethite et d'hématite en présence de monoxyde de carbone entre 250°C et 350°C.