gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of endogenous peptides in murine allogenic cytotoxic T cell responses assessed using transfectants of the antigen-processing mutant 174xCEM.T2 (1992)

One model to explain the high frequency of alloreactive T cells proposes that allogeneic MHC molecules are recognized together with host cell-derived peptides. A model system was developed to investigate the relevance of this mechanism by expression of H-2Dd or H-2Ld in 174xCEM.T2 (T2) cells. This human cell line contains a mutation in its Ag-processing pathway that should restrict the association of endogenous peptides with cell surface class I molecules. CTL generated by stimulating C57BL/6 (H-2b) responder cells with H-2Dd or H-2Ld transfectants of the human B cell line C1R or the murine T cell lymphoma EL4 were assayed for their ability to recognize alloantigenic determinants on these transfectants. The major fraction of the H-2Dd-specific allogeneic CTL response, generated in a MLC or under clonal limiting dilution conditions, was composed of T cells that recognized H-2Dd expressed on C1R or EL4 cells, but failed to recognize this molecule on T2 cells. Clonal analysis indicated that approximately one-third of these CTL recognized determinants that were unique to H-2Dd expressed on C1R stimulator cells whereas the remainder recognized determinants that were also found on EL4 transfectants. Less than 10% of H-2Dd-reactive CTL recognized the T2 transfectant, and these clones also killed C1R-Dd and EL4-Dd. This result suggests that the great majority of H-2Dd-specific alloreactive CTL recognize determinants that are formed by a complex of H-2Dd with endogenous peptides that are absent or significantly reduced in T2 cells. Based on recognition of human or murine transfectants, these CTL exhibit some level of specificity for the structure or composition of the bound peptides. Examination of allogeneic CTL specific for H-2Ld revealed populations similar to those described for H-2Dd. In addition, a major new population was present that recognized determinants shared between C1R-Ld and T2-Ld but not present on EL4-Ld. These results are consistent with the idea that the alloreactive response to H-2Ld is also largely dependent on the presence of bound peptide. However, they also may indicate that the H-2Ld molecule expressed on T2 cells is occupied by one or more peptides that are shared with other human, but not murine, cells. The significance of these results to current models of alloreactivity is discussed.
A New, Inexpensive, Nitrogen-Pumped Dye Laser with Subnanosecond Pulses (1980)

A simple, inexpensive design for the generation of subnanosecond pulses from an N 2 -pumped dye laser is given. The critical alignment necessary for most dye lasers is minimized because the dye laser is entirely self-contained. The dye laser, operating at 18 Hz, produced intense broad band emission pulses of ∼0.2–0.4 ns in the visible region.
Treatment results of two-stage operation for the patients with esophageal cancer concomitant with liver dysfunction (2015)

A two-stage operation might prevent the occurrence of critical postoperative complications for the patients with esophageal cancer concomitant with liver dysfunction.
Prediction of Mortality by Ultrasound Screening of a General Population for Carotid Stenosis (2000)

Carotid stenosis is a strong and independent predictor of death.
Age-Dependent Changes in the Sphingolipid Composition of Mouse CD4+ T Cell Membranes and Immune Synapses Implicate Glucosylceramides in Age-Related T Cell Dysfunction (2012)

To determine whether changes in sphingolipid composition are associated with age-related immune dysfunction, we analyzed the core sphingolipidome (i.e., all of the metabolites through the first headgroup additions) of young and aged CD4(+) T cells. Since sphingolipids influence the biophysical properties of membranes, we evaluated the compositions of immune synapse (IS) and non-IS fractions prepared by magnetic immuno-isolation. Broadly, increased amounts of sphingomyelins, dihydrosphingomyelins and ceramides were found in aged CD4(+) T cells. After normalizing for total sphingolipid content, a statistically significant decrease in the molar fraction of glucosylceramides was evident in both the non-IS and IS fractions of aged T cells. This change was balanced by less dramatic increases in the molar fractions of sphingomyelins and dihydrosphingomyelins in aged CD4(+) T cells. In vitro, the direct or enzymatic enhancement of ceramide levels decreased CD4(+) T cell proliferation without regard for the age of the responding T cells. In contrast, the in vitro inhibition of glucosylceramidase preferentially increased the proliferation of aged CD4(+) T cells. These results suggest that reductions in glucosylceramide abundance contribute to age-related impairments in CD4(+) T cell function.
3D printing in aerospace and its long-term sustainability (2015)

Astonishingly 3D printing has excited the world of aerospace. This paper takes stock of the popular 3D printing processes in aerospace. Reasons for their popularity over the traditional manufacturing processes are dwelled upon. Materials developed specially for aerospace applications along with their characteristics are discussed. Ongoing activities related to 3D printing at various companies and organisations around the world are looked into. Project works in the area of extra-terrestrial printing are also highlighted. Even though 3D printing processes are operationally simple, they do have limitations in terms of the type, quality, and quantity of the materials they can handle. This paper underlines these points while discussing drawbacks of the printed components. Challenges associated with 3D printing in microgravity are also touched upon. Finally, a glimpse is taken into the future appearance of aerospace industry with 3D printing.
Using Activity Theory to Assess the Effectiveness of an Online Learning Community (2011)

Remote, collaborative work practices are increasingly common in a globalised society. Simulating these environments in a pedagogical setting allows students to engage in cross-cultural exchanges encountered in the profession. However, identifying the pedagogical benefits of students collaborating remotely on a single project presents numerous challenges. Activity Theory (AT) provides a means for monitoring and making sense of their activities as individuals and as a collective. AT assists in researching the personal and social construction of students’ intersubjective cognitive representations of their own learning activities. Moreover, AT makes the socially constructed cultural scripts captured in their cross-cultural exchanges analysable. Students’ reflection on these scripts and their roles in them helps them better understand the heterogeneity of the cultures encountered. In this chapter Engestrom’s (1999) simple AT triangular relationship of activity, action and operation is used to analyze and provide insights into how students cooperate with each other across different cultures in a 3D collaborative virtual environment.
Aerobic glycolysis: a novel target in kidney cancer (2013)

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a heterogenous group of cancers that arise from the nephron. While there are distinct histologic subtypes associated with common genetic alterations, most forms of RCC are linked by a common pathway of dysregulated metabolism. Reliance on aerobic glycolysis, a feature of cancer first hypothesized by Warburg, is a common feature in sporadic and hereditary forms of kidney cancer. Two hereditary forms of RCC, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and hereditary leiomyomatosis and RCC (HLRCC), are characterized by mutations in Krebs cycle enzymes, rendering them dependent on glycolysis for energy requirements. The reliance on these pathways may make them vulnerable to novel metabolic strategies, including inhibition of glycolysis, glucose uptake and macromolecule biosynthesis.
Paradoxical Septal Motion After Cardiac Surgery: A Review of 3,292 Cases (2007)

1. Valve surgery is more likely to cause PSM than CABG. 2. Among patients with CABG, OPCAB causes less PSM. 3. Cardiopulmonary bypass time is associated with the development of PSM. 4. The cause of PSM is likely to be multifactorial.
Mechanisms of syngeneic tumor rejection. Susceptibility of host-selected progressor variants to various immunological effector cells. (1982)

The ultraviolet radiation-induced fibrosarcoma 1591 generally is rejected by normal syngeneic mice and only rarely exhibits progressive growth. We isolated five of these rare progressor tumors from normal animals to determine the selective pressures that had been exerted upon the parental tumor by normal immunocompetent hosts. We found that the variant tumor cell lines could neither induce nor be killed by tumor-specific lymphocytes, suggesting that selection had been exerted against tumor cells expressing the tumor-specific antigen. In contrast, no selection against natural killer cell activity or against nonspecific T cell-mediated immunity seems to have occurred because progressor tumor cells were highly sensitive to these types of effector cells and in fact induced these effector cells more effectively than did the parental tumor. Nude mice were found to be as capable as normal mice in generating natural killer activity in response to a challenge with progressor tumor cells, but they were unable to mount a nonspecific T lymphocyte response. This may account for the fact that the progressor tumors grew at a significantly faster rate in nude animals than in normal mice. Thus, our study shows that in this tumor system nonspecific T cell-mediated immunity may play a role in retarding tumor growth, but the absolute resistance of normal animals to progressive tumor growth critically depends upon the presence of T cell-mediated tumor-specific immunity. Furthermore, neither NK cells nor nonspecific cytotoxic T lymphocytes appear to play a role in immunoselection against this tumor in normal immunocompetent hosts.
Bruchmechanische Untersuchungen an niedriglegierten Baustählen mit Hilfe des COD‐Konzepts (1980)

Abstract An niedriglegierten Baustählen erfolgten bruchmechanische Untersuchungen nach dem COD‐Konzept. Insbesondere wurde dabei der Einfluß der Meßmethode und des Auswerteverfahrens, die Bestimmung des Beginns des stabilen Rißfortschritts und der Einfluß der Proben‐ und Rißgeometrie auf die kritische Rißaufweitung δ c untersucht: Die heute gebräuchlichen Auswerteverfahren können zu unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen führen; eine Festlegung der anzuwendenden Auswertemethode durch Normung ist wünschenswert. Von den indirekten Methoden zum Erfassen des stabilen Rißfortschritts scheint z. Z. die Potentialmethode die sichersten Ergebnisse zu liefern. Eine Kontrolle des Rißfortschritts mittels Lastunterbrechung kann erforderlich sein. Ein Einfluß der Probendicke auf die kritische Rißaufweitung ist nur bei dünnen Proben gegeben, in denen ein ebener Dehnungszustand in Probenmitte zum Zeitpunkt der Rißausbreitung nicht oder nur in einem kleinen Bereich vorliegt. Für Proben mit größeren Anteilen an ebenem Dehnungszustand in Probenmitte – ab etwa 50% – wird die Rißaufweitung bei Rißbeginn (stabil oder instabil) dickenunabhängig. Auch ein Einfluß der Rißlänge ist dann für das Rißlängenverhältnis a/W = 0,2 bis 0,65 nicht festzustellen.
Normal levels of serum glycoproteins maintained in β‐1,4‐galactosyltransferase I‐knockout mice (1999)

The galactose-mediated clearance of serum glycoproteins from the circulation was evaluated using beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta-1,4-GalT) I-knockout mice. Partial structural study of the oligosaccharides released from mouse serum glycoproteins revealed that 77.4% of the oligosaccharides from beta-1,4-GalT I(+/+) mouse contain galactose, while 7.7% of those from beta-1,4-GalT I(-/-) mouse were galactosylated. Under the conditions, no significant change in serum protein concentrations was observed between the normal and mutant mice. The results indicate that the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor-mediated system is not functioning in the clearance of endogenous serum glycoproteins.
System and process learning in a full-field, high-power EUVL alpha tool (2003)

Full-field imaging with a developmental projection optic box (POB 1) was successfully demonstrated in the alpha tool Engineering Test Stand (ETS) last year. Since then, numerous improvements, including laser power for the laser-produced plasma (LPP) source, stages, sensors, and control system have been made. The LPP has been upgraded from the 40 W LPP cluster jet source used for initial demonstration of full-field imaging to a high-power (1500 W) LPP source with a liquid Xe spray jet. Scanned lithography at various laser drive powers of >500 W has been demonstrated with virtually identical lithographic performance.
Quantum Phase Interference and Spin-Parity in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mi>Mn</mml:mi><mml:mn>12</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>Single-Molecule Magnets (2005)

Magnetization measurements of Mn12 molecular nanomagnets with spin ground states of S=10 and S=19/2 show resonance tunneling at avoided energy level crossings. The observed oscillations of the tunnel probability as a function of the magnetic field applied along the hard anisotropy axis are due to topological quantum phase interference of two tunnel paths of opposite windings. Spin-parity dependent tunneling is established by comparing the quantum phase interference of integer and half-integer spin systems.
Regulation of renal phosphate handling: recent findings (1996)

Our knowledge of renal phosphate handling and its regulation has expanded in the past 2 years because of the molecular identification of sodium-phosphate cotransport systems. New tools (molecular probes and antibodies) have allowed dissection out of some of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the adaptation of phosphate transport to dietary content, the phosphaturic effect of parathyroid hormone or glucocorticoids and the renal phosphate leak in hypophosphataemic rickets.
Prospective performance evaluation of emergency medical services for cardiac arrest in Lombardia: is something moving forward? (2006)

The strengthening of only one link of the chain-of-survival did not improve 1 month survival.
GABA Neurons of the VTA Drive Conditioned Place Aversion (2012)

Salient but aversive stimuli inhibit the majority of dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and cause conditioned place aversion (CPA). The cellular mechanism underlying DA neuron inhibition has not been investigated and the causal link to behavior remains elusive. Here, we show that GABA neurons of the VTA inhibit DA neurons through neurotransmission at GABA(A) receptors. We also observe that GABA neurons increase their firing in response to a footshock and provide evidence that driving GABA neurons with optogenetic effectors is sufficient to affect behavior. Taken together, our data demonstrate that synaptic inhibition of DA neurons drives place aversion.
Utilizing Principal Singular Vectors for 2D DOA Estimation in Single Snapshot Case with Uniform Rectangular Array (2015)

The problem of azimuth and elevation directions of arrival (DOAs) estimation using a uniform rectangular array (URA) in single snapshot case is addressed in this paper. Using the principal singular vectors of the observed data matrix, an iterative procedure based on the linear prediction property, and weighted least squares is proposed for finding the DOAs with lower computational complexity. Furthermore, the azimuth and elevation parameters are automatically paired. Computer simulations are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Synthesis, Characterization and Behavior in Aqueous Solution of Star‐Shaped Poly(acrylic acid) (2005)

Abstract Summary: We report the synthesis of star‐shaped poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), with 5, 8, and 21 arms, by atom transfer radical polymerization of tert ‐butyl acrylate. We employ the core‐first approach using glucose‐, saccharose‐ and cyclodextrin‐based initiators. Subsequent acidic treatment of poly( tert ‐butyl acrylate) (PtBA) leads to star‐shaped poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). Alkaline cleavage of the arms enabled us to determine the initiation site efficiency. The PAA stars and arms were esterified to poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA). Molecular weight determination by means of GPC/viscosity, MALDI‐TOF MS and NMR end‐group determination showed that the initiation site efficiency is close to unity. Results from potentiometric titration of PAA arms and stars show that the apparent pK a values increase with increasing arm number, which is a direct result of increasing segment density. Osmometry measurements of aqueous solutions of the PAA stars result in osmotic coefficients between 0.05 and 0.38, indicating that most of the counterions are confined within the star. The confinement increases with arm number. Potentiometric titration curves for stars (PAA 100 ) 21 , (PAA 100 ) 8 , (PAA 100 ) 5 , and linear PAA 100 . image Potentiometric titration curves for stars (PAA 100 ) 21 , (PAA 100 ) 8 , (PAA 100 ) 5 , and linear PAA 100 .
<title>Viewing-angle improvement with compensation films for LCDs</title> (1998)

Viewing angle improvement with compensation films for LCD is reviewed with special emphasis on the TN AMLCD. Different types of compensation films are introduced together with the methods for their characterizations. Principles behind film compensation designs for different LCD modes are reviewed and design trade-offs discussed.
Development and verification of design methods for ducts in a space nuclear shield (1972)

A practical method for computing the effectiveness of a space nuclear shield perforated by small tubing and cavities is reported. Performed calculations use solutions for a two dimensional transport code and evaluate perturbations of that solution using last flight estimates and other kernel integration techniques. In general, perturbations are viewed as a change in source strength of scattered radiation and a change in attenuation properties of the region.
10213 Fabrication of three-dimensional structures on composite surface by mold solubility. (2013)

To improve the adhesive strength, we performed surface modification of CFRP using Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) in previous study. However, because it used a metal mold, the manufactured surface was limited to the 2.5 dimension. In addition, it was also problematic that a release agent applied to mold surface remained on the surface of microstructures; thus, the adhesive strength was degraded. In the present study, we propose an imprint process of three-dimensional shape with interlock structure using a solubility mold. We fabricated the soluble mold using negative photoresist by inclined exposure method, and conducted imprint process for CFRP using the soluble mold. As a result, the three dimensional surfaces with interlock were successfully imprinted on the CFRP surface.
A Convenient Synthesis of (2<i>S</i>,4<i>R</i>)-1-Acetoxy-2,4-<i>O</i>-Isopropylidene-1,2,5-Pentanetriol by Using Lipase Catalyzed Regio- and Enantioselective Reactions (1993)

Abstract (2S,4R)-1-Acetoxy-2,4-O-isopropylidene-1,2,5-pentanetriol, which is expected to be an intermediate for a synthesis of an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, was synthesized by lipase catalyzed regio- and enantioselective transesterifications.
Role of Casein Kinase 2 in Parkinsonian Toxin 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced Cell Death (2010)

Background: Protein casein kinase 2 is involved in signal transduction, cell growth, and apoptosis. However, it has not been elucidated whether parkinsonian toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ()-induced neuronal cell death is mediated by a casein-kinase-2-mediated pathway. Methods: We monitored apoptosis-related protein activation, changes in the level of casein kinase 2, nuclear damage, and apoptosis in differentiated PC12 cells exposed to in combination with casein kinase 2 inhibitor. Results: Casein kinase 2 inhibitors [4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzotriazole (TBB), 5,6-dichloro-1--D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole, and apigenin] reduced - and rotenone-induced cell death in differentiated PC12 cells. TBB inhibited the -induced activation of apoptosis-related proteins (decreases in Bid and Bcl-2 levels, increase in Bax levels, cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 activation), increase in casein kinase 2 levels, and nuclear damage. Conclusions: Administering casein kinase 2 inhibitor TBB at concentrations that do not induce toxic effects may reduce -induced cell death in differentiated PC12 cells by suppressing the apoptosis-related protein activation that leads to cytochrome c release and subsequent activation of caspase-3. The results suggest that -induced cell death process is mediated by a casein kinase 2 pathway.
Atomic layer deposition of barriers for interconnect (2003)

Ternary tungsten carbo nitride WCN films and titanium nitride TiN films were deposited with atomic layer deposition as diffusion barrier materials for copper metallisation. The growth behaviour on different substrates and surface closure was studied by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). It was demonstrated that the initial surface condition and interaction of the ALD precursors with the substrate material play a major role in the nucleation and the final growth characteristics of the film. Large irregular TiN crystals were observed on chemical vapour deposited SiCO:H films due to growth initiation problems. Additionally, the growth of TiN on copper caused severe pitting and unacceptable copper contamination of the TiN barrier. In contrast the tungsten carbonitride deposited films were much more uniform and showed better compatibility with different substrates including Cu, SiO/sub 2/, SiN, poly aryl ether, MSQ, HSQ, and CVD SiCO:H type low-k materials. However, atomic layer deposition onto low-k dielectric materials with an interconnected pore structure results in penetration of the ALD precursors inside the pores and deposition inside the dielectric material. A pore sealing approach by plasma treatment is presented for CVD SiCO:H low-k materials.
Single Strand Targeted Triplex Formation: Strand Displacement of Duplex DNA by Foldback Triplex-Forming Oligonucleotides (1995)

Linear oligonucleotides that bind to single-stranded nucleic acid targets by formation of both Watson-Crick (duplex) and Hoogsteen (triplex) hydrogen bonds simultaneously (foldback triplex-forming oligonucleotides; FTFOs) were studied for their ability to disrupt duplex DNA. Recently, we reported that FTFOs interfere with quadruplex forming ability of guanine rich RNA and DNA sequences and indicated that they might also disrupt duplex structures binding to the purine target strand by foldback triplex formation (Kandimalla and Agrawal, Nucleic Acids Res. (1995) 23, 1068-1074). We now obtained evidence for strand displacement of duplex DNA by FTFOs using nuclease assays and thermal melting studies. UV melting studies revealed that complementary strands of 16 to 31 bases long were completely displaced. Results of DNase I assays showed that the FTFOs bound to purine site by strand displacement probably by preassociating with the duplex DNA in the major groove via Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding and subsequently displacing the complementary strand. Experiments with S1 nuclease, an enzyme specific for single-stranded nucleic acids, confirmed the strand displacement ability of the FTFOs.