gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biguanide therapy for diabetes and cancer & a novel methyltransferase that regulates energy expenditure and adiposity and is elevated in many cancers (2014)

Compounds containing guanidine-related molecules have been used since medieval times to relieve symptoms of diabetes mellitus. Guanidine itself was too toxic but two linked guanidine rings (biguanides) were useful and generally safer. For 20 years, phenformin was used before adverse effects led to removal from the US and European markets. Metformin continues to be widely prescribed for diabetes treatment and is associated with improved survival compared to other diabetes drugs. With the current interest in using the more potent phenformin for cancer therapy, it is timely to review the risks, benefits, and potential contraindications.

The adipose cell is as an endocrine organ in addition to its role in energy storage. Adipocytes secrete hormones, cytokines and other factors that influence energy balance, glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity and vascular biology. In humans with obesity and type 2 diabetes, expression of the Glut4 glucose transporter is down-regulated selectively in adipocytes resulting in systemic insulin resistance. Knocking out Glut4 selectively in adipocytes in mice increases the risk of diabetes while adipose-specific Glut4 overexpression confers enhanced glucose tolerance in spite of increased adiposity. To understand how adipocytes regulate glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity, we performed DNA microarray analysis of adipose tissue from mice with adipose-specific knockdown or overexpression of Glut4. The most highly reciprocally regulated gene is nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (Nnmt). NNMT methylates nicotinamide (vitamin B3) using S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as a methyl donor. Nicotinamide is a precursor for NAD+, an important cofactor linking cellular redox states with energy metabolism. NNMT expression is increased in adipose tissue and liver of obese and diabetic mice. Furthermore, NNMT knockdown in adipose tissue and liver using anti-sense oligonucleotides in mice on a high fat diet, protects against diet-induced obesity by augmenting cellular energy expenditure. This involves a novel mechanism which could provide new strategies for prevention and treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Since NNMT is also elevated in many cancers, NNMT knockdown could be beneficial for cancer prevention and/or treatment.
An Efficient Approach to Dihydrofuroflavonoids <i>via</i> Palladium‐Catalyzed Annulation of 1,3‐Dienes by <i>o</i>‐Iodoacetoxyflavonoids (2004)

Abstract The palladium‐catalyzed annulation of 1,3‐dienes by o ‐iodoacetoxyflavonoids provides an efficient approach to biologically interesting dihydrofuroflavonoids. This reaction is very general, stereo‐ and regioselective, and a wide variety of terminal, cyclic and internal 1,3‐dienes can be utilized.
Grafted GaAs detectors on lithium niobate and glass optical waveguides (1989)

The integration of a GaAs MSM (metal-semiconductor-metal) detector with LiNbO/sub 3/ and glass optical waveguides is discussed. A 250-nm thick GaAs detector layer was fabricated using a recently reported liftoff technique and subsequently grafted onto the waveguide chip. Proof of the optical interaction between the waveguide and its grafted detector was provided by the total absorption of 633 nm of guided light within a distance of approximately 1 mm from the leading edge of the GaAs layer and by the presence of a photocurrent at the detector terminals. It is suggested that the grafting technique will prove useful in the design of new and cost-effective optoelectronic devices.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
GCIP (2009)

As a result of the changing scope of data management towards the management of highly distributed systems and applications, integration processes have gained in importance. Such integration processes represent an abstraction of workflow-based integration tasks. In practice, integration processes are pervasive and the performance of complete IT infrastructures strongly depends on the performance of the central integration platform that executes the specified integration processes. In this area, the three major problems are: (1) significant development efforts, (2) low portability, and (3) inefficient execution. To overcome those problems, we follow a model-driven generation approach for integration processes. In this demo proposal, we want to introduce the so-called GCIP Framework (Generation of Complex Integration Processes) which allows the modeling of integration process and the generation of different concrete integration tasks. The model-driven approach opens opportunities for rule-based and workload-based optimization techniques.
Influence of Carbon in Iron on Characteristics of Surface Modification by EDM in Liquid Nitrogen (2012)

Many surface modification technologies have been proposed and carried out practically by CVD, PVD et.al. Carbonized layer has been made using EDM method. In this paper, to make the nitride layer by EDM some new trials were carried out using a titanium electrode in liquid nitrogen. Experiments were carried out on carbon steel (S45C), pure iron and cast iron. TiN can be obtained on EDMed surface. Moreover, TiCN can be found on cast iron and steel (S45C) by XRD investigation. To confirm the fabrication mechanisms of modified layer on the steel, the following experimental factors were investigated by EDS.
Cadmium-113 NMR of supercooled aqueous solutions (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCadmium-113 NMR of supercooled aqueous solutionsMarilyn J. Bain Ackerman and Joseph J. H. AckermanCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1980, 84, 24, 3151–3153Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100461a003https://doi.org/10.1021/j100461a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views38Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Context-Aware Communication to Stabilize Bandwidth-Limited Nonlinear Networked Control Systems (2015)

In this paper, context-aware communication that stabilizes a class of nonlinear networked control systems (NCS) operating over a bandwidth-limited shared-channel is proposed to reduce network traffic. The NCS under consideration includes feedback and feed forward communication channels, and is assumed to be perturbed by an unmodeled, nonlinear disturbance. Informational value of the output states can be analyzed in the context of system stability using model-based approaches. When fused with event-based triggering, these context-aware communication policies result in a periodic feedback and feed forward signals that guarantee uniformly ultimately bounded tracking of output states of an uncertain perturbed system along the desired time-varying trajectory. The proposed NCS is validated using extensive simulation results for nonlinear coupled MIMO systems.
On the Rate of Convergence of Splitting-up Approximations for SPDEs (2003)

We consider the stochastic PDE $$du(t,x) = (Lu(t,x) + f(t,x))dt + ({{M}_{k}}u(t) + {{g}_{k}}(t,x)) \circ d{{W}^{k}},$$ where L and M k are second and first order partial differential operators, W is a multi-dimensional Wiener process, and ‘o’ stands for the Stratonovich differential. We approximate the solution by the splitting-up method (method of alternative directions) and we estimate the error in terms of Sobolev’s norm W (ℝ d ), and hence also in the supremum norm. We also show that our rate of convergence estimate is sharp.
ChemInform Abstract: Influence of Ring Size and Substitution on the Oxidative Addition of Cyclic Carboxylic Acid Anhydrides and Imides to the Moiety (L‐L)Ni(0) ( L‐L: bipy, tetramethylethylenediamine). (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Het influenzaseizoen 1995/96: een epidemie met een verborgen staart. (1996)

Het influenzaseizoen van 1995/96 had in Nederland twee pieken van influenzavirus-activiteit. De eerste en belangrijkste lag in december en januari en werd veroorzaakt door het influenza A(H3N2)-virus. De tweede trad op in februari en maart en moet worden toegeschreven aan de (sub)typen A(H1N1) en B. De laatste piek werd gekenmerkt door een zeer lage incidentie aan influenza-achtige ziektebeelden (IAZ). Hij werd herkend door het 'epidemisch' hoge percentage influenzavirusisoleringen uit de respiratoire monsters van de NIVEL-huisarts-patienten.

Blijkbaar waren de in de tweede piek optredende ziektebeelden bij een influenzavirusinfectie in het algemeen zo goedaardig dat de huisarts ze niet als IAZ beschouwde.
ChemInform Abstract: THE CHEMISTRY OF ELECTROGENERATED TRANSITION METALS SPECIES ‐ THE INSERTION OF OLEFINS INTO A NICKEL‐CARBON BOND (1979)

Abstract Die Elektrolyse des Nickel(II)‐Komplexes (I) in Gegenwart von Alkylbromiden (III) und Acrylsäurederivaten (V) führt zur Bildung der Verbindungen (VIII) und einer nicht elektroaktiven Nicke1(II)‐Verbindung (VII).
Benefits of system-oriented IGBT module design for high power inverters (2007)

Although today IGBT modules with blocking voltages up to 6500 V are available there are many applications that require the design of inverters with ratings close to or even beyond 1 MVA with 1200 V or 1700 V devices. The requirement to connect to the low voltage grid, system requirements for high switching frequency or voltage limits for associated system components may restrict the use of higher voltage inverters. On the other hand using lower voltage devices may result in lower cost because these devices are manufactured in larger quantities. Typical applications for such inverters are industrial variable speed drives, UPS-systems, heavy duty commercial vehicles as well as grid connection of microturbines or renewable energy systems like windmills or large solar farms. Designing power electronic circuits to switch currents in the range of several 1000 A within fractions of a microsecond is a demanding task for every engineer and requires a sound knowledge how to transform the implications of Maxwells laws into blueprints for busbars. Paralleling of smaller units helps to minimize stray inductances but unfortunately creating the new task of ensuring proper current sharing. Beside these technical challenges the power electronic designer is more and more faced with cost targets difficult to meet. In the beginning of power electronics, with the power semiconductor devices being the biggest item in the quantity survey, it was wise to address this just by trying squeeze as much current out of it as possible. Today with power semiconductors getting less expensive and other components raising in cost it may be advantageous to optimize in a different way.
Dynamic Response Due to Behind Helmet Blunt Trauma Measured with a Human Head Surrogate (2014)

A Human Head Surrogate has been developed for use in behind helmet blunt trauma experiments. This human head surrogate fills the void between Post-Mortem Human Subject testing (with biofidelity but handling restrictions) and commercial ballistic head forms (with no biofidelity but ease of use). This unique human head surrogate is based on refreshed human craniums and surrogate materials representing human head soft tissues such as the skin, dura, and brain. A methodology for refreshing the craniums is developed and verified through material testing. A test methodology utilizing these unique human head surrogates is also developed and then demonstrated in a series of experiments in which non-perforating ballistic impact of combat helmets is performed with and without supplemental ceramic appliques for protecting against larger caliber threats. Sensors embedded in the human head surrogates allow for direct measurement of intracranial pressure, cranial strain, and head and helmet acceleration. Over seventy (70) fully instrumented experiments have been executed using this unique surrogate. Examples of the data collected are presented. Based on these series of tests, the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) Human Head Surrogate has demonstrated great potential for providing insights in to injury mechanics resulting from non-perforating ballistic impact on combat helmets, and directly supports behind helmet blunt trauma studies.
Implementation of a module implementor for an activity based distributed system (1988)

This thesis investigates process environment within a distributed computational network, in particular, an activity-based distributed system. An activity-based distributed system is an object-oriented programming system. Objects are grouped together into logical arrangements called activities as the programmer desires . All program code is contained within objects, and some objects are implementors of object types. Objects in an activity receive activity information related to other objects in the activity and have virtual communication capability with other objects in the same activity. To investigate the feasibility of this environment, a fully functional module implementor was created. Further, other components with limited functionality were coded. An assembly line was simulated within the context of these components. Object death and communication were built into the simulation to investigate this functionality and results upon the system.
Contact Angle Relaxation during Droplet Spreading:  Comparison between Molecular Kinetic Theory and Molecular Dynamics (1997)

The macroscopic behavior of the contact line during the spontaneous spreading of a droplet can be described in terms of microscopic quantities, specifically the substrate−liquid and liquid−liquid interactions. Here, for the first time, the results of molecular dynamics simulations of very large sessile drop systems are compared with the predictions of the molecular−kinetic theory of wetting. Good agreement is obtained, with both approaches yielding a consistent set of molecular parameters and macroscopic behavior which is consistent with experiments.
Bulk acoustic wave resonators and filters for applications above 2 GHz (2003)

Bulk acoustic wave (BAW) devices are of interest for applications at higher microwave frequencies above 2 GHz. As frequencies increase, BAW devices require thinner films which decreases processing times and makes the technology more cost effective. However, the area of resonators and associated filters also decreases and begins to impact device performance and packaging requirements. This paper summarizes the technical requirements of BAW devices in the 2 to 20 GHz frequency range and shows specific results for resonators, ladder filters, and stacked crystal filters operating up to 20 GHz.
CAPABLE D1.2: Data Management Plan (2020)

This Data Management Plan (DMP) addresses the relevant aspects of making data FAIR – findable, accessible, interoperable and re-usable.
Synthesis of block copolymers by nitroxyl‐controlled radical polymerization (1996)

Abstract The homopolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the presence of 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) is described and compared to the TEMPO‐mediated polymerization of styrene. Furthermore, the formation of block copolymers between MMA and styrene from polystyrene chains with TEMPO fragments as end groups is examined. The degree of block formation is estimated by GPC analyses. ESR experiments are performed on the polystyrene chains to study the scission behavior of the TEMPO fragments.
Is recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor(G-CSF) orally available in rats? (1989)

Oral availability of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was investigated in rats by measuring the blood total leucocyte (BTL) counts. Oral test G-CSF solution was prepared with 10% HCO-60 (polyoxyethylated, 60 mumol, castor oil derivative), 1% DK ester (sugar ester) or 10% MYS-40 (polyethyleneglycol monostearate), in which the G-CSF concentration was 500 or 250 micrograms/ml. Each test solution was injected into the duodenum of three rats at the G-CSF dose level of 300 or 600 micrograms/kg, and BTL counts were monitored for 48 h. All of the test G-CSF solution raised the BTL levels within 24 h after injection. In particular, the HCO-60 solution increased the BTL levels over 2 times as compared to the predose level at 600 micrograms/kg dose and the effect was apparently dose-dependent. A short-term study suggested that the effect of G-CSF on the BTL level appeared at the fastest at about 5 h after administration of HCO-60 test solution, 300 micrograms/kg. In view of the pattern of BTL dynamics obtained after i.v. injection of HCO-60 solution at 25 and 50 micrograms/kg, the increase of BTL levels observed after oral administration of the HCO-60 solution is considered to be due to the orally supplied G-CSF.
The purification and properties of <scp>l</scp>-histidine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase from <i>Pseudomonas testosteroni</i> (1975)

1. Inducible L-histidine--2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase was purified some 170-fold from extracts of Pseudomonas testosteroni. 2. The preparation showed only one major component after electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels, though additional minor bands were observed when samples concentrated on a DEAE-cellulose column were used. 3. The molecular weight of the enzyme was found to be approx. 70000 by chromatography on Sephadex G-200. 4. The purification scheme produced enzyme that was inactive in the absence of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. 5. The equilibrium constant for the reaction L-histidine+2-oxoglutarate equilibrium imidazolylpyruvate+L-glutamate was 0.49. 6. The reaction mechanism was Ping Pong. 7. The enzyme was shown to have only low activity towards aromatic amino acids and was highly specific for 2-oxoglutarate.
Performance comparison of layer 3 switches in cases of flow- and topology-driven connection setup (2000)

The layer 3 switch enables us to transmit IP datagrams fast using the cut-through technique. There are mainly two cases in establishing connections; one is the flow-driven case and the other is the topology-driven one. In this paper, we analyze the cut-through rate, the datagram waiting time and the mis-order rate as performance measure of both cases and compare these performances. In the analysis, by using interrupted Bernoulli process (IBP), we model the arrival process of IP flow and IP datagram from each source. Furthermore, we investigate impacts of the arrival rate and the average IP flow length on the performance.
Simultaneous measurement of free-surface velocity and surfactant concentration via a common laser probe (2001)

A new technique was developed to simultaneously measure the velocity and surfactant surface concentration at an air/water interface via a common laser probe. The surfactant concentration is measured using the nonlinear optical technique of reflected second-harmonic generation (SHG), utilizing an Nd:YAG laser. The transmitted portion of the same laser beam provides illumination for velocity measurements at the interface using the technique of boundary-fitted digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). The combined SHG and DPIV system was utilized to scan along the free surface of a uniform water flow with a surface barrier trapping hemicyanine, an insoluble monolayer. Measurements were made downstream of the Reynolds ridge, which marks the contamination front and the leading edge of a free-surface boundary layer.
Can Amniotic-Fluid Embolism Be Avoided? (2006)

Amniotic-fluid embolism is a rare but life-threatening complication of childbirth. The diagnosis is based on clinical evidence rather than on specific criteria. Investigators examined medical record data to explore the associations between characteristics of labor and the incidence of fatal and nonfatal amniotic-fluid embolism in a population-based cohort of 3 million hospital births in Canada from …
INTERMEDIATE PHASES IN THE TERNARY SYSTEM Nb(Cb)-Ni-Al AT 1140 DEG C (1966)

We describe 3 moderately to severely mentally retarded males (2 brothers and 1 isolated patient) with congenital deafness due to an anatomical inner ear anomaly, the same manifestations that were present in the 4 sibs reported by Fountain [1974]: skeletal abnormalities with broad, stubby hands and feet and hyperkyphosis, and a peculiar "coarse" face with swelling of the subcutaneous tissue, particularly of cheeks and lips. According to the present observations early-onset, generalized seizures can be added to the symptom complex of this autosomal recessive trait.
Valgus-flexion osteotomy for middle-aged patients with advanced osteoarthritis of the hip: a clinical and radiological evaluation. (1992)

We followed up 34 secondary osteoarthritis patients with 38 hips treated by valgus-flexion osteotomy between 1979 and 1985. The average age of the patients at surgery was 45 years and the follow-up period ranged from 5 to 11 years. After surgery, the clinical evaluations were made according to the JOA Hip Score which remained unchanged in all 38 hips for 5 years. After 6 years there were some hips whose score declined with time. It was found that the preoperative extension-flexion range was the factor that was most closely associated with the result of the surgery (p less than 0.01). Radiological examination at 5 years revealed that the joint space had been widely broadened and the trabecular structure nearly normalized in 23 hips (60.5%), while 15 hips (39.5%) showed a slight degree of joint space broadening and were left with sclerosis and pseudocysts. After a lapse of 10 years or more, in 13 hips out of 10 patients, seven were found to have osteoarthritic changes and revision had to be done by THR in 2 patients. Valgus-flexion osteotomy can therefore be said to provide one of the useful means to preserve joints when employed in middle-aged patients with secondary OA.