gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Challenges in IBD Research: Preclinical Human IBD Mechanisms (2019)

Preclinical human IBD mechanisms is part of five focus areas of the Challenges in IBD research document, which also include environmental triggers, novel technologies, precision medicine and pragmatic clinical research. The Challenges in IBD research document provides a comprehensive overview of current gaps in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) research and delivers actionable approaches to address them. It is the result of a multidisciplinary input from scientists, clinicians, patients, and funders, and represents a valuable resource for patient centric research prioritization. In particular, the preclinical human IBD mechanisms manuscript is focused on highlighting the main research gaps in the pathophysiological understanding of human IBD. These research gap areas include: 1) triggers of immune responses; 2) intestinal epithelial homeostasis and wound repair; 3) age-specific pathophysiology; 4) disease complications; 5) heterogeneous response to treatments; and 6) determination of disease location. As an approach to address these research gaps, the prioritization of reverse translation studies is proposed in which clinical observations are the foundation for experimental IBD research in the lab, and for the identification of new therapeutic targets and biomarkers. The use of human samples in validating basic research findings and development of precision medicine solutions is also proposed. This prioritization aims to put emphasis on relevant biochemical pathways and humanized in vitro and in vivo models that extrapolate meaningfully to human IBD, to eventually yield first-in-class and effective therapies.
Balancing accountability and privacy in the network (2014)

Though most would agree that accountability and privacy are both valuable, today's Internet provides little support for either. Previous efforts have explored ways to offer stronger guarantees for one of the two, typically at the expense of the other; indeed, at first glance accountability and privacy appear mutually exclusive. At the center of the tussle is the source address: in an accountable Internet, source addresses undeniably link packets and senders so hosts can be punished for bad behavior. In a privacy-preserving Internet, source addresses are hidden as much as possible.
Discrete Protein Determinant Directs the Species-Specific Adherence of <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> to Oral Streptococci (2001)

For pathogens to survive in the human oral cavity, they must identify a suitable niche in the complex multispecies biofilm that exists on oral tissues. The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis adheres to Streptococcus gordonii by interacting with a specific region of the streptococcal SspB polypeptide, designated BAR. However, it does not adhere to Streptococcus mutans, which expresses SpaP, a highly conserved homolog of SspB. Comparison of the predicted secondary structure of BAR with the corresponding region of SpaP suggested that the substitution of Asn for Gly1182 and Val for Pro1185 in SspB may confer a unique local structure that is not conserved in SpaP. A synthetic peptide of 26 amino acids that encompassed residues 1167 to 1193 of SspB promoted avid adherence of P. gingivalis, whereas a peptide derived from the region corresponding to BAR in SpaP was inactive. Substitution of Gly1182 and Pro1185 for Asn1182 and Val1185 in SspB by site-specific mutation generated proteins that were predicted to assume an SpaP-like secondary structure, and the purified proteins did not promote P. gingivalis adherence. Furthermore, Enterococcus faecalis strains expressing the site-specific mutants did not support adherence of P. gingivalis cells. In contrast, P. gingivalis adhered efficiently to E. faecalis strains expressing intact SspB or SspB-SpaP chimeric proteins containing BAR. These results suggest that a region of SspB consisting of 26 amino acids is sufficient to mediate the adherence of P. gingivalis to S. gordonii and that the species specificity of adherence arises from its interaction with a discrete structural determinant of SspB that is not conserved in SpaP.
Use of 4-Nitrobenzylthioinosine in the Measurement of Rates of Nucleoside Transport in Human Erythrocytes (1972)

The equilibrium exchange diffusion of uridine in human erythrocytes is abruptly terminated in the presence of 4-nitrobenzylthioinosine, an inhibitor of nucleoside transport. This compound would appear to have value as a stopping agent in studies of nucleoside transport which require measurements over short time intervals.
Alcohol consumption and hypertension. (1987)

An increased prevalence of hypertension in groups with high alcohol consumption has been recognized for a number of years. More recently, several studies have suggested an independent association between alcohol consumption and blood pressure levels in samples from general populations. Of 30 cross-sectional population studies reviewed, the majority reported small but significant elevations in blood pressure in those consuming three drinks or more per day in comparison with nondrinkers. In 25% of studies, elevations in blood pressure were also reported at lower levels of consumption; in about 40%, the blood pressure of nondrinkers was greater than that of those consuming one to two drinks per day. In two studies, one from the United States and one from Australia, the maximum contribution to the prevalence of hypertension of alcohol consumption greater than two drinks per day was estimated to be 5 to 7%; the contribution in men (11%) was greater than that in women because of their greater alcohol consumption. A prospective association of alcohol consumption with change in blood pressure was observed in five studies. In a small number of experimental studies, short-term falls in blood pressure accompanied alcohol restriction in both normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Uncontrolled observations in heavy drinking populations suggest that the effect on blood pressure of alcohol withdrawal may be lasting. However, firm conclusions about the long-term effects of alcohol restriction, particularly in moderate consumers who represent a large proportion in many populations, must await long-term controlled trials.
Objects, numbers, fingers, space: clustering of ventral and dorsal functions in young children and adults (2013)

In the primate brain, sensory information is processed along two partially segregated cortical streams: the ventral stream, mainly coding for objects' shape and identity, and the dorsal stream, mainly coding for objects' quantitative information (including size, number, and spatial position). Neurophysiological measures indicate that such functional segregation is present early on in infancy, and that the two streams follow independent maturational trajectories during childhood. Here we collected, in a large sample of young children and adults, behavioural measures on an extensive set of functions typically associated with either the dorsal or the ventral stream. We then used a correlational approach to investigate the presence of inter-individual variability resulting in clustering of functions. Results show that dorsal- and ventral-related functions follow two uncorrelated developmental trajectories. Moreover, within each stream, some functions show age-independent correlations: finger gnosis, non-symbolic numerical abilities and spatial abilities within the dorsal stream, and object and face recognition abilities within the ventral stream. This pattern of clear within-stream cross-task correlation seems to be lost in adults, with two notable exceptions: performance in face and object recognition on one side, and in symbolic and non-symbolic comparison on the other, remain correlated, pointing to distinct shape recognition and quantity comparison systems.
Apoptosis is induced by transforming growth factor-beta 1 within 5 hours in regressing liver without significant fragmentation of the DNA. (1993)

In previous studies we showed that transforming growth factor-beta 1 induces apoptosis in hepatocyte cultures and regressing livers, the mature form being more potent than the transforming growth factor-beta 1 latency-associated protein. In this study we addressed the question of whether apoptosis can be induced within a short time after administration of transforming growth factor-beta 1. Five hours after a single intravenous injection of 25 micrograms mature transforming growth factor-beta 1/kg body weight, apoptosis is augmented ninefold in the regressing rat liver. A second preceding application induces no further augmentation. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 latency-associated protein shows no effect with either regimen. Morphological evaluation shows that 5 hr after injection of transforming growth factor-beta 1 nearly all apoptotic bodies are already engulfed by their neighbor cells. After homogenization of the transforming growth factor-beta 1-treated livers, the condensed apoptotic bodies are not destroyed and remain in the nuclear pellet. No DNA fragmentation into oligosomes could be detected after purification of the DNA from the nuclear pellet and application to conventional gel electrophoresis. Application of in situ nick translation, which allows detection of DNA single- and double-strand breaks in individual apoptotic bodies, also revealed no substantial fragmentation of the DNA in apoptotic bodies. These studies show that transforming growth factor-beta 1 is able to induce apoptosis within a rather short time and also suggest that in vivo digestion of the DNA does not lead to chromatin condensation.
Adenoviral Vectors in Gene Therapy (2015)

This review is focused on gene therapy, especially adenovirus vectors and their relationship with the immune system response. Adenovirus vectors belong to the most used gene delivery vehicles in gene therapy, study of gene expression or immunotherapy. One of the most important questions concerning their use is their influence on organism in vivo. Study of immunomodulating properties of the adenovirus vectors opens a way for further manipulation and their more effective practical use.
Distal cis-acting promoter sequences mediate glucocorticoid stimulation of cardiac atrial natriuretic factor gene transcription. (1991)

Although receptors for most steroid hormones are present in the heart, few cardiac-specific target genes have been identified and studied at the molecular level. Transcription of the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) gene, which encodes the major secretory product of the heart, is induced by glucocorticoids. In both atrial and ventricular cardiac cells in primary cultures, ANF mRNA levels are increased 3-4-fold after dexamethasone treatment in a time- and dose-dependent manner. This response to glucocorticoids is completely abolished by the antagonist RU486. Interestingly, ventricular myocytes appear to be more sensitive to glucocorticoids than atrial myocytes. DNA-mediated gene transfer studies indicate that glucocorticoids affect ANF gene transcription via a glucocorticoid response element located in the distal 5'-flanking sequences of the rat ANF gene between -697 and -1,029 base pairs. In vitro DNase I footprinting experiments reveal the presence of two binding sites for purified glucocorticoid receptor within this region. Mobility shift assays and competition experiments show that binding of the glucocorticoid receptor to both ANF sites results in a DNA-protein complex similar in affinity and specificity to that of the well characterized mammary tumor virus glucocorticoid response element. Since glucocorticoid activation of the ANF promoter appears specific to cardiac cells, the interaction between the glucocorticoid receptor binding sites and cardiac-specific regulatory elements of this promoter could provide a model to study a mechanism of hormone-dependent signal transduction in the heart.
Effects of electrode contact on geometry structure and transport properties of the graphene-based nanomolecule Devices (2010)

A series of graphene-based nanomolecule devices are constructed by connecting the graphene nanodot to two Au electrodes through different bond length between the electrodes and molecules. The geometric structure and electronic properties are studied by using density functional theory calculations. Basing on the optimized structure, we calculate the quantum conductance of the system by using the Green's function method. We find that the geometry structures of the molecule and the transport properties are sensitive to the bond length d <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Au-H</inf> . The plane of carbon atoms increasingly bends with the decrease of the d <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Au-H</inf> . The I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SD-VSD</inf> curves have the same threshold value under different d <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Au-H</inf> .
Volume polarization holographic recording in thick photopolymer for optical memory (2014)

Based on a vector wave theory of volume holograms, dependence of holographic reconstruction on the polarization states of the writing and reading beams is discussed. It is found that under paraxial approximation the circular polarization holograms provide a better distinction of the reading beams. Characteristics of recording polarization holograms in thick phenanthrenequinone-doped poly(methyl methacrylate) (PQ/PMMA) photopolymer are experimentally investigated. It is found that the circular polarization holographic recording possesses better dynamic range and material sensitivity, and a uniform spatial frequency response over a wide range. The performance is comparable to that of the intensity holographic recording in PQ/PMMA. Based on theoretical analyses and the material properties, a polarization multiplexing holographic memory using circularly polarization recording configuration for increasing storage capacity has been designed and experimentally demonstrated.
OMBM: Optimized Memory Bandwidth Management for Ensuring QoS and High Server Utilization (2017)

Latency-critical workloads such as web search engines, social networks and finance market applications are sensitive to tail latencies for meeting Service Level Objectives (SLOs). Since unexpected tail latencies are caused by sharing hardware resources with other co-executing workloads, a service provider executes the latency-critical workload alone. Thus, the data center for the latency-critical workloads has exceedingly low hardware resource utilization. For improving hardware resource utilization, the service provider has to co-locate the latency-critical workloads and other batch processing workloads. However, because memory bandwidth cannot be provided in isolation unlike cores and cache memory, the latency-critical workloads experience poor performance isolation even though the core and the cache memory are allocated in isolation to the workloads. To solve this problem, we propose an optimized memory bandwidth management approach for ensuring Quality of Service (QoS) and high server utilization. By providing isolated shared resources including memory bandwidth to the latency-critical workload and co-executing batch processing ones, our proposed approach guarantees SLOs and improves hardware resource utilization. Firstly, we predict the size of the memory bandwidth to meet the SLO for all Queries Per Seconds (QPSs) while executing the latency-critical workload with minimal pre-profiling. Then, our approach allocates the amount of the isolated memory bandwidth that guarantees the SLO to the latency-critical workload and the rest of the memory bandwidth to co-executing batch processing workloads. As a result, our proposed approach can achieve up to 99% SLO assurance and improve server utilization up to 6.5x.
A physicochemical evaluation of the nonlinear parameter <i>B</i>/<i>A</i> for media predominantly composed of water (1987)

The relationship between the value of the nonlinear parameter B/A and the ratio of free water and bound water in a medium predominantly composed of water is examined. First, it is shown that in pure water the observed value of B/A can be expressed as (B/A)=vf(B/A)f +vb(B/A)b, where vf and vb are volume fractions of free and bound water, respectively. Next, a small dependency of the values (B/A)f and (B/A)b on temperature is noted. Then, the role of free and bound water in soft tissue is discussed in connection with the application of B/A analysis for medical diagnosis. Finally the additive property is examined for agarose gel.
47 Relationship Between Burn Wound Location and Outcomes in Severely Burned Patients: More than Meets the Size (2019)

We hypothesized that burn location plays an important role in wound healing, mortality, and other outcomes and conducted the following study to test this multi-fold hypothesis. We conducted a retrospective study to analyze patients with burns ≥10% TBSA. Demographics, TBSA, partial/full thickness burns (PT/FT) in various wound locations, fluid volumes, presence of inhalation injury, mortality, days in ICU, and days in hospital were recorded and compared. Initial wound healing rates (%/day) were also calculated as a slope from the time of first open wound size to the time of third open wound size. The power of variables to predict mortality was estimated using multivariate logistic regression. 318 patients were included. Of these patients, 54 (17%) patients died. Mean age was 45 ± 19 years. Mean TBSA burned was 30 ± 18%, with mean PT of 19 ± 13% and FT of 12 ± 18%. Univariate analysis showed significant differences between patients who survived and died in age, TBSA burned, FT burn, 24-hr fluid, and ICU length of stay. Furthermore, there were statistically significant differences in PT genitalia (p=0.022); FT head (p=0.008); FT anterior torso (1 ± 3% versus 3 ± 4%, p<0.001); FT posterior torso (1 ± 3% versus 3 ± 5%, p<0.001); FT upper extremities (2 ± 4% versus 6 ± 7%, p<0.001); FT lower extremities (3 ± 7% versus 9 ± 12%, p<0.001); and FT genitalia (p<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression showed that age, presence of inhalation injury, PT / FT upper extremities, and FT lower extremities were independent predictors of mortality and that per unit increases of these variables were associated with an increased risk for mortality (p<0.05): odds ratio of 1.09 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.61-1.13; p<0.001) for mean age; 2.69 (95% CI, 1.04–6.93; p=0.041) for inhalation injury; 1.14 (95% CI, 1.01–1.27; p=0.031) for mean PT upper extremities; 1.26 (95% CI, 1.11–1.42; p<0.001) for mean FT upper extremities; and 1.07 (95% CI, 1.01–1.12; p=0.012) for mean FT lower extremities. Prediction of mortality was better using specific wound locations (area under the curve [AUC], AUC of 0.896) rather than using TBSA and FT (AUC of 0.873). Graphs revealed that initial healing rates were statistically lower and 24-hour fluids and ICU length of stay were statistically higher in patients with FT upper extremities than in patients without FT extremities (p<0.001). Burn wound location affects wound healing and helps predict mortality and ICU length of stay and may be incorporated into wound management strategies in order to enhance or stratify wound care. Burn wound location affects wound healing and helps predict mortality and ICU length of stay and may be incorporated into wound management strategies in order to enhance or stratify wound care.
High skin temperature and hypohydration impair aerobic performance (2011)

This paper reviews the roles of hot skin (>35°C) and body water deficits (>2% body mass; hypohydration) in impairing submaximal aerobic performance. Hot skin is associated with high skin blood flow requirements and hypohydration is associated with reduced cardiac filling, both of which act to reduce aerobic reserve. In euhydrated subjects, hot skin alone (with a modest core temperature elevation) impairs submaximal aerobic performance. Conversely, aerobic performance is sustained with core temperatures >40°C if skin temperatures are cool-warm when euhydrated. No study has demonstrated that high core temperature (∼40°C) alone, without coexisting hot skin, will impair aerobic performance. In hypohydrated subjects, aerobic performance begins to be impaired when skin temperatures exceed 27°C, and even warmer skin exacerbates the aerobic performance impairment (-1.5% for each 1°C skin temperature). We conclude that hot skin (high skin blood flow requirements from narrow skin temperature to core temperature gradients), not high core temperature, is the 'primary' factor impairing aerobic exercise performance when euhydrated and that hypohydration exacerbates this effect.
Nonlinear Optical Chromophores in Photocrosslinked Matrices (1991)

Noncentrosymmetry required for second-order nonlinear optical effects has been achieved by photopolymerizing an acrylic matrix while simultaneously orienting NLO-active chromophores with a DC electric field. The chromophores were either dissolved in a NLO-inactive, polymerizable liquid binder or were themselves polymerizable. We synthesized several chromophores with substituents chosen to improve the solubility or to confer polymerizability on the molecules. After poling and polymerization, the induced orientation was probed using second harmonic generation (SHG). In all cases, the SHG signal was stable for short periods at room temperature, but dropped to nearly zero upon mild heating or prolonged storage. These results indicate that the films have relatively low glass transition temperatures, in agreement with studies on photocrosslinking of NLO-inactive polyacrylate monomers.
Pentacarbonylchrom‐Komplexe SF<sub>5</sub>‐substituierter Isocyanide (1996)

Abstract Es wird über die Synthesen von [(F 5 SN = CCF 3 NC)Cr(CO) 5 ], [(F 5 SN  CC 3 F 7 CN)Cr(CO) 5 ] und [F 5 SN  C(NCCr(CO) 5 ) 2 ] berichtet. Die Struktur des letztgenannten Komplexes, triklin, P 1 , a = 640.70(10), b = 1197.5(2), c = 1423.5(2) pm, α = 92.560(10), β = 96.410(10), γ = 99.710(10)º, Z = 2, R1 = 0.512, wR2 = 0.1533, konnte durch eine Einkristallröntgenstrukturanalyse bestimmt werden. Die homologe Verbindung [F 5 TeN  C(NCCr(CO) 5 ) 2 ] ist thermisch instabil und kann nicht in Substanz erhalten werden.
Resistance des emballages de denrees alimentaires aux perforations par des insectes nuisibles. 1. Methodes d'etude et protocoles experimentaux (1990)

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