gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Technique for Examination of the Edge Faces of Tabular Microcrystals Applied to Silver-Bromide Grains for Evidence of Twinning<sup>†</sup> (1961)

By coating spherical microcrystals on to a glass support prior to a coating of tabular micro-crystals, many of the latter are lilted so that the topography of their edge faces is readily visible in carbon-replica electron micrographs. Electron micrographs are reproduced of tabular silver-bromide microcrystals (grains) from a photographic emulsion examined in tliis way, which show that the edge faces of many grains are of the form to be expected if twinning had occurred during grain growth. The significance of certain findings is discussed briefly.
Time travelling animated program executions (2006)

Visualizations of program executions are often generated on the fly. This has many advantages relative to off-line generation of animated video files. Video files, however, trivially support flexible viewing via controls that include reverse and fast forward. Here we report on an implementation of time travel that combines the best of both techniques.In ToonTalk both the construction and execution of programs are animated. Time travel enables the user to move back in time and replay animated executions. The replay can be paused and the user can skip forward or further back in time. The implementation of time travel is based records of every input event and periodic snapshots of the state of the computation.
A Comparison of PWM Strategies for Inverter-Fed Induction Motors (1983)

Several sophisticated or "optimum" modulation strategies have been suggested for voltage source pulsewidth modulated (PWM) inverters for ac motor control. These modulation strategies may suppress specific low-order harmonics or minimize total harmonic content and have been successfully implemented in practical drive systems. The effectiveness of these PWM techniques in minimizing harmonic losses and reducing torque pulsations is investigated analytically, and their performance is compared with that of the usual sinusoidal or subharmonic PWM approach. The influence of skin effect on rotor 12R copper loss is taken into consideration, and harmonic core losses are compared. Peak current is also an. important factor in inverter design, and the various modulation strategies are again compared on this basis. Fourier analysis techniques are used in order to allow skin effect phenomena to be taken into consideration, and performance criteria are developed to allow comparisons of waveform quality in respect of harmonic copper and iron losses.
A polynomial algorithm for codes based on directed graphs (2006)

A complete description and proof of correctness are given for a new polynomial time algorithm for a class of codes based on directed graphs and involving construction well known in system theory. Our construction has already been considered in the literature in relation to other questions. The investigation of codes in this graph-based construction is inspired by analogy with classical cyclic codes that are defined in a similar way in polynomial rings. We show that all cyclic codes can be embedded in this construction. For each graph, the algorithm computes the largest number of errors which can be corrected by codes defined with this graph. In addition, it finds a generator of a code with this optimum value.
The structure and development of the spermatozoon of <i>Aspiculuris tetraptera</i> (nematoda) (1967)

ABSTRACT The mature spermatozoon of Aspiculuris tetraptera has a distinct head-like structure and a tail-like structure. The tail contains a long mitochondrion which extends from within the head almost to the posterior end of the tail. Two bundles of microtubules oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis also extend the length of the tail on either side of the mitochondrion. The head of the spermatozoon contains abundant cytoplasm but no nucleus. The DNA of the spermatozoon is in the tail-like structure where it is associated with an electron-dense sheath and the two bundles of microtubules. The head can put out pseudopodia and it is suggested that they may be involved in locomotion or may be acrosome-like. The tail, which structurally resembles a motile appendage, has not been seen to move. This spermatozoon differs markedly in its structure from all others which have been described.
Optimization of the OPLS-AA Force Field for Long Hydrocarbons (2012)

The all-atom optimized potentials for liquid simulations (OPLS-AA) force field is a popular force field for simulating biomolecules. However, the current OPLS parameters for hydrocarbons developed using short alkanes cannot reproduce the liquid properties of long alkanes in molecular dynamics simulations. Therefore, the extension of OPLS-AA to (phospho)lipid molecules required for the study of biological membranes was hampered in the past. Here, we optimized the OPLS-AA force field for both short and long hydrocarbons. Following the framework of the OPLS-AA parametrization, we refined the torsional parameters for hydrocarbons by fitting to the gas-phase ab initio energy profiles calculated at the accurate MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ theory level. Additionally, the depth of the Lennard-Jones potential for methylene hydrogen atoms was adjusted to reproduce the densities and the heats of vaporization of alkanes and alkenes of different lengths. Optimization of partial charges finally allowed to reproduce the gel-to-liquid-phase transition temperature for pentadecane and solvation free energies. It is shown that the optimized parameter set (L-OPLS) yields improved hydrocarbon diffusion coefficients, viscosities, and gauche-trans ratios. Moreover, its applicability for lipid bilayer simulations is shown for a GMO bilayer in its liquid-crystalline phase.
Neutron spectrometry in mixed fields: proportional counter spectrometers (2003)

Proton recoil proportional counters have been successfully used in many laboratories worldwide for more than 30 years in order to measure high-resolution neutron energy spectra. The method is well elaborated and understood, nevertheless high expertise is required for its proper application. Table 4.1 summarises typical basic data for proton recoil proportional counters and the requirements for their application. It is noteworthy that any limiting parameter can vary to a certain degree depending on the quality of the detectors used (design, gas purity, response functions, etc) and their response matrices, the data analysis and the unfolding procedures applied with a correct evaluation of the uncertainties involved. It is also important to lend a critical eye to details during measurements (e.g. environmental and electronics problems) as well as in subsequent analysis and unfolding (e.g. oscillations due to unfolding artefacts or inadequacies in detector response matrices). It is recommended that any spectrometry system (procedures for measurement and data evaluation) should be tested and validated in well-known neutron fields e.g. 252Cf standard fission or 241Am-Be. One should, however, expect that, due to different room scatter conditions, deviations from the ISO spectra may occur, especially for low neutron energies. In order to demonstrate the capability of the recoil proton counter technique, two examples of typical neutron spectra are shown in Figures 4.20 and 4.21, both measured in mixed neutron-gamma fields at nuclear research reactors.
Ultrasonically guided percutaneous inactivation of parathyroid tumours (1987)

Four patients with hyperparathyroidism and one parathyroid tumour detected ultrasonically were treated by ultrasonically guided percutaneous injection of ethanol (96%) into the tumour. Normocalcaemia was achieved for a follow-up of 10 months in one patient and of 3 months in another. One patient had a lowered serum calcium level for a follow-up of 5 months. One patient showed no clinical response to treatment but was subsequently shown to have multiglandular involvement at surgical exploration. Ultrasonically guided percutaneous inactivation of solitary parathyroid tumours as an alternative to surgery is discussed.
Corporate Governance: A Director's View (1983)

The Draft Restatement prescribes the composition and activities of boards of directors. Based on his experience as a member of several corporate boards, the author is convinced that these requirements would have a harmful impact on corporate governance. The Draft Restatement impedes directors' responses to the corporation's needs by stipulating the number and role of independent directors and mandating monitoring activities, by requiring a "rational basis" for business judgments, and by relaxing procedural barriers to derivative suits. These formal requirements emphasize restraint at the expense of effective governance. The board of directors should remain free to meet the changing demands of the modern corporation.
Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Immunoassays for Drug Analysis (2014)

Immunoassays are very useful techniques to perform screening and semi-quantitative analysis of hundreds of different xenobiotics. Small sample volumes are required and pretreatment is usually unnecessary (e.g., homogeneous immunoassays). Fully automated and high-throughput systems are available, which help physicians to take timely decisions. However, immunoassays do suffer from interference from both endogenous and exogenous factors that limit their application in quantitative analysis. These assays use different labels (e.g., colorimetric, fluorescent, chemiluminescent or electrochemiluminescent) and different methods for generating and measuring signals, but the basic principles are usually similar. This review outlines the practical aspects of immunoassays in bioanalysis and describes their application in clinical chemistry for xenobiotic analysis, namely medicines and drugs of abuse.
Reliable Automated NDT of Wind Rotor Blades (2014)

The paper discusses a range of automated ultrasonic non-destructive testing solu tions for reliable inspection of the wind rotor blade throughout its lifetime. Different aspects of auto mated ultrasonic inspection are discussed addressing quality improvements related to the design, the manufacturing and the operation of wind rotor blades. In the design phase of blades a detailed automated ultrasonic inspection of pre -production blades gives valuable information on the complicated blade layup. Results from test blocks wi th artificial flaws demonstrating inte rface issues, laminar flaws, as well as monitoring of unidirectional fib re waviness (wrinkles) is addressed with the latest automated array technology. In the production phase of blades, the inspection time is a dominant factor. Scanning strategies for automated ultrasonic systems to scan large wind roto r blades are compared in terms of speed and complexity. During blade operation, the actual structural condition has to be checked periodically, avoiding valuable downtime. Various smart platforms and blade-guided ro bot systems are compared. Moreover, unique blade crawling robots are currently developed for remotely contr olled NDT inspection on vertical blade surfaces - on-shore as well as off-shore.
Vision- and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Behçet Uveitis (2010)

General health is more affected than visual functioning in patients with Behçet uveitis. Sociodemographic and clinical variables had a significant effect on vision- and health-related quality of life. Multivariate analysis of the NEI-VFQ-25 and SF-36 subscales revealed that each subscale item score is affected by additional factor(s) other than those analyzed here.
Bacterial outer membrane proteins: topological analyses and biotechnological perspectives. (1999)

The outer membrane proteins (OMPs) from gram-negative bacteria form a distinct group of integral membrane proteins with unusual primary, secondary and tertiary structures. Unlike typical prokaryotic and eukaryotic membrane proteins, bacterial OMPs contain primarily polar sequences, arranged in amphipathic antiparallel beta-barrels, and inclined to the plane of the membrane. Due to their unique structure, OMPs have recently become the subject of extensive study. This article reviews (i) experimental and theoretical approaches of topological analyses used in the study of OMPs, and (ii) the applications of OMPs.
Regulation of matrix Gla protein by parathyroid hormone in MC3T3‐E1 osteoblast‐like cells involves protein kinase A and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase pathways (2007)

Inhibition of osteoblast-mediated mineralization is one of the major catabolic effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone. Previously, we showed that PTH induces matrix gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) protein (MGP) expression and established that this induction is critical for PTH-mediated inhibition of osteoblast mineralization. In the present study, we focus on the mechanism through which PTH regulates MGP expression in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Following transient transfection of these cells with a -748 bp murine MGP promoter-luciferase construct (pMGP-luc), PTH (10 (-7) M) induced promoter activity in a time-dependent manner with a maximal four- to six fold induction seen 6 h after PTH treatment. Both H-89 (PKA inhibitor) and U0126 (MEK inhibitor), suppressed PTH induction of MGP promoter activity as well as the MGP mRNA level. In addition, forskolin (PKA activator) stimulated MGP promoter activity and mRNA levels confirming that PKA is one of the signaling molecules required for regulation of MGP by PTH. Co-transfection of MC3T3-E1 cells with pMGP-luc and MEK(SP), a plasmid encoding the constitutively active form of MEK, led to a dose-dependent increase in MGP promoter activity. Both MGP promoter activity and MGP mRNA level were not affected by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, GF109203X. However, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a selective PKC activator induced MGP mRNA expression through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Taken together, these results indicate that PTH regulates MGP via both PKA- and ERK-dependent pathways.
TU-B-201B-04: Four-Dimensional Cone-Beam Computed Tomography and Digital Tomosynthesis Using Motion Signals Extracted from Fiducial Marker Inserted for Liver Cancer Radiation Therapy (2010)

Purpose: To reconstruct both phase-wise and amplitude-wise sorted 4D digital tomosynthesis (DTS) and 4D cone-beam CT (CBCT) images based on breathing signals extracted from transcutaneously inserted metal markers for liver cancer IGRT. Methods and Materials: The reconstruction process consists of 4 stages where 1) features of metal marker from selected region of interest (ROI) of its position is extracted, followed by 2) generating breath induced marker motion signal based on its position and predicting the missing signal through “profiling” of pre-acquired breathing signal, 3) undergo amplitude-wise and phase-wise sorting with acquired projection data, and finally 4) reconstruct 4DCBCT and 4DDTS images. Results: In half-fan geometry, the metal markers may be absent in up to 18.5% of the total X-ray projections taken, which can be successfully replaced by signal “profiling” method that we propose here. With this, 4DDTS and 4DCBCT images were reconstructed. Comparing the reconstruction results between phase-wise and amplitude-wise sorting of 4DDTS and 4DCBCT images, motion artifacts of fiducial marker were less in amplitude-wise than phase-wise reconstructed images due to lesser amount of residual motion at each state of sorting process, thus more ideal for use in 4D image guidance. Conclusions: We have proposed the use of fiducial markers imaged at CBCT projections to acquire breath induced motion signal of liver to generate 4DDTS as well as 4DCBCT images. To the best of our knowledge, utilizing breath induced motion signal using metal markers for 4D imaging applications has never been attempted. Proposed method is advantageous compared to other methods in ways that 1) it does not require external gating system and 2) amplitude as well as phases-wise sorting is selectively achievable. The proposed method can be utilized as intrafractional target motion verification process to improve precision of on-line image guided radiotherapy for liver cancer patients.
A Paraboloidal Surrogates Algorithm for Convergent Penalized-Likelihood Emission Image Reconstruction (1998)

We present a new algorithm for penalized-likelihood emission image reconstruction. The algorithm monotonically increases the objective function, converges globally to the unique maximizer, and easily accommodates the nonnegativity constraint and nonquadratic but convex penalty functions. The algorithm is based on finding paraboloidal surrogate functions for the log-likelihood at each iteration: quadratic functions that are tangent to the log-likelihood at the current image estimate, and lie below the log-likelihood over the entire nonnegative orthant. These conditions ensure monotonicity. The paraboloidal surrogates are maximized easily using existing algorithms such as coordinate ascent. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm converges faster than the SAGE algorithm, yet the new algorithm is somewhat easier to implement. I. INTRODUCTION Statistical methods for tomographic image reconstruction are increasingly being used clinically. For widespread acceptance of statistica...
Effects of platelet‐rich plasma on the quality of repair of mechanically induced core lesions in equine superficial digital flexor tendons: A placebo‐controlled experimental study (2009)

Tendon injuries are notorious for their slow and functionally inferior healing. Intratendinous application of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been reported to stimulate the repair process of tendon injuries, but there is little conclusive evidence for its effectiveness. A placebo-controlled experimental trial was performed to test the hypothesis that a single intratendinous PRP treatment enhances the quality of tendon repair, as evidenced by improved biochemical, biomechanical, and histological tissue properties. In six horses, tendon lesions were created surgically in the Superficial Digital Flexor Tendons (SDFT) of both front limbs, one of which was treated with PRP and the other with saline. After 24 weeks, the tendons were harvested for biochemical, biomechanical, and histological evaluations. Collagen, glycosaminoglycan, and DNA content (cellularity) was higher in PRP-treated tendons (p = 0.039, 0.038, and 0.034, respectively). The repair tissue in the PRP group showed a higher strength at failure (p = 0.021) and Elastic Modulus (p = 0.019). Histologically, PRP-treated tendons featured better organization of the collagen network (p = 0.031) and signs of increased metabolic activity (p = 0.031). It was concluded that PRP increases metabolic activity and seems to advance maturation of repair tissue over nontreated experimentally induced tendon lesions, which suggests that PRP might be beneficial in the treatment of clinical tendon injuries.
Preliminary study of glycopyrrolate in the management of drooling (1997)

In this preliminary study, glycopyrrolate was found to be an effective and well-tolerated addition to the management of drooling in children with disabilities.
Ocular inserts for controlled delivery of pefloxacin mesylate: preparation and evaluation. (2005)

Pefloxacin mesylate is a flouroquinolone antibacterial drug effective in the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. The objective of the present work was to develop ocular inserts of pefloxacin mesylate and evaluate their potential for sustained ocular delivery. Reservoir-type ocular inserts were prepared by the film casting technique in teflon coated Petri dishes and characterized in vitro by drug release studies using a flow-through apparatus that simulated the eye conditions. Six formulations were developed, which differed in the ratio of polymers Eudragit RS 100 and Eudragit RL 100 used for the preparation of the rate controlling membrane. All formulations carried 0.72 mg pefloxacin mesylate, 2.69 mg polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) K-30, plasticizers, propylene glycol (10% m/m) and dibutyl phthalate (15%, m/m). The optimized formulation was subjected to microbiological studies, in vivo studies, interaction studies, and stability studies to assess the effectiveness of the formulation. Cumulative drug released from the formulation ranged from 90-98% within 48 to 120 hours. On the basis of in vitro drug release studies, the formulation with Eudragit RS 100/Eudragit RL 100 (4:1) was found to be better than the other formulations and it was selected as an optimized formulation. On the basis of in vitro, microbiological, in vivo drug release, interaction and stability studies, it can be concluded that this ocular insert formulation provided the desired drug release in vitro for 5 days and remained stable and intact at ambient conditions.
Increased risk of osteoporosis and fracture in women with systemic sclerosis: A comparative study with rheumatoid arthritis (2012)

The prevalence of OP and fracture in SSc was increased compared to healthy women and reached the high prevalence associated with RA. Age and vitamin D deficiency were identified as risk factors of fracture in SSc. Therefore, increasing the awareness and performance of BMD measurements together with the vitamin D supply in patients with SSc is warranted.
A Survey of Village Conditions during the 1945 Famine in Vietnam (1998)

Between the autumn of 1944 and the summer of 1945, in the final phase of the Second World War, North Vietnam was struck by a severe famine. Early Vietnamese accounts reported that 'two million' people died of starvation, and Ho Chi Minh repeated this figure in his pronouncement of independence for Vietnam on 2 September 1945.
Dendritic Cell-Derived IL-12 Promotes B Cell Induction of Th2 Differentiation: A Feedback Regulation of Th1 Development (1999)

B cells convert what are normally conditions for Th1 differentiation into an environment suitable for Th2 development. This capacity is dependent on CD40 as B cells from CD40-/- mice do not elicit Th2 differentiation. To elucidate the basis of this effect, we surveyed cytokine RNA made by naive B cells after activation with anti-Ig and anti-CD40. Resting B cells make TGF-beta message only, however, 4 days after activation, RNA encoding IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha was found. The expression of these messages was accelerated by 2 days in the presence of IL-12. The relevance of these observations to T cell differentiation was investigated: addition of OVA peptide to splenic cells from DO.11.10 transgenic mice causes most T cells to make IFN-gamma. Coactivation of B cells in these cultures reduces the number of IFN-gamma-producing T cells and increases the number synthesizing IL-4. Abs to IL-6 and IL-10 block the IL-4 enhancement. Dissection of the component APC demonstrated that interaction of B cells with IL-12-producing dendritic cells is crucial for B cell-mediated IL-4 enhancement: Thus, B cells preactivated in the presence of dendritic cells from IL-12-/- mice show little IL-4-inducing activity when used to activate T cells. This immune regulation is initiated by IL-12 and therefore represents a feedback loop to temper its own dominant effect (IFN-gamma induction).