gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Solvation Properties of Some Variable Charge Montmorillonites (1971)

Abstract Li-, Na-, K- and Ca-saturated Wyoming montmorillonites have been prepared and used to obtain Li,Na-, Li,K-, and Li,Ca-montmorillonites with a range of Li contents. These were heated at 220°C for 24 hr, causing the Li + ions to migrate mainly into the layer structure and leaving varying amounts of Li + , Na + , K + , and Ca 2+ ions in the interlayer positions as determined by exchange with NH 4 + ions. The results are only partially consistent with a migration of the Li + ions into vacant octahedral sites up to the limit of the octahedral layer charge. Solvation of the resulting clays with water and various organic liquids showed the following results: With water, acetone and 3-pentanone, expansion of the montmorillonites increased in a step-wise manner with increasing numbers of interlayer cations qualitatively in accord with the field strength of the cations and the dipole moments of the molecules. With ethanol, ethylene glycol and morpholine, swelling with each liquid was practically independent of the number of interlayer cations, within the limits of the prepared materials. It is suggested that for the second group of liquids some mechanism additional to cation-dipole interactions, such as hydrogen bonding to silicate oxygen surfaces, may play an important part.
Nitric Oxide (NO) in the Cardiovascular System: Role in Atherosclerosis and Hypercholesterolemia (1994)

Atherosclerosis is characterized by hypertrophy of the vascular media, intimal thickening and lipid-containing plaques. Atherosclerosis is a progressive systemic vascular disease which leads to impaired tissue perfusion due to vascular obstruction. In advanced stages it is often complicated by thrombosis. Recent research demonstrates that atherosclerosis is also a functional disease. In atherosclerosis and hypercholesterolemia, normal vasodilatation is impaired due to endothelial dysfunction. In addition, the ability of the vessel wall to reject adhering and aggregating platelets is deteriorated. Endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis is characterized by impaired formation of nitric oxide (NO), formerly known as endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). NO is continuously formed in the vascular endothelium and promotes tissue perfusion by relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. Endogenously formed NO may also protect against foam cell formation and media hypertrophy, i.e. against the structural component of atherosclerosis. In patients with ischaemic heart disease, the endothelial dysfunction leads to decreased ability to dilate the coronary vessels in response to several forms of physiological stimuli. Endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis is reversed by lipid-lowering therapeutic interventions.
Zur Entwicklung ausgewählter Freizeitinteressen und Verhaltensweisen junger Arbeiter in der Freizeit sowie zu ihrem Freizeitumfang: Zentrale Intervallstudie Junge Arbeiter (ZIS) 1976, 1978, 1980 (1982)

Der vorliegende Bericht basiert auf Daten aus der Zentralen Intervallstudie Junge Arbeiter aus den Jahren 1976 bis 1980. Ausgewertet werden Ergebnisse, die die Freizeitinteressen betreffen. Zunächst erfolgt ein Überblick über den Freizeitumfang und dessen Entwicklung im Untersuchungszeitraum. Es zeigt sich ein Rückgang der verfügbaren Freizeit von 1978 bis 1980. Die Freizeitinteressen und -verhaltensweisen werden insgesamt als sehr stabil eingeschätzt. "Mit einer Ausnahme (Auslandsreisen) erweisen sich die Interessen- und Verhaltensentwicklung als konform, d. h. eine Interessenverstärkung bzw. -abnahme zieht eine progressive bzw. regressive Entwicklung im Verhaltensbereich nach sich - ein weiterer Beleg dafür, daß das Freizeitverhalten in erster Linie interessengesteuert ist." Im Untersuchungszeitraum nahmen Interessen in den Bereichen Gartenarbeit und Kindererziehung zu. Eine rückläufige Entwicklung zeigt sich dagegen in den Bereichen Wettkampfsport, Weiterbildung, Tanzen, Information über das aktuell-politische Geschehen in der DDR, Musik und Auslandsreisen. Als Ursache werden die in diesem Zeitraum erfolgten Familiengründungen sowie die steigenden beruflichen Anforderungen angesehen. (psz)
Using Locality-Enhanced Distributed Memory Cache to Accelerate Applications on High Performance Computers (2017)

Nowadays high performance computers (HPC) are used to solve increasingly complex problems and process larger amounts of data. The growing computational requirements of applications can be met by utilizing more compute nodes. However, the average I/O performance a compute node can utilize is reduced with increased number of nodes. The performance gap between computation and I/O has long been a primary issue impacting application performance. Distributed memory cache has been proposed to narrow the performance gap by caching data in the memory of multiple compute nodes. However, former approaches didn't fully optimize the performance of accessing locally cached data. We design and implement a locality-enhanced distributed memory cache (LeCache) to address such problem. LeCache separates the location of metadata and data, with which it enables data to be preferentially cached in local memory. The proposed metadata caching strategy further minimizes the overhead of querying metadata remotely. We conduct extensive evaluation with IOR and BTIO in Tianhe-1A. The results show that LeCache has significant performance advantage under various kinds of workloads.
Low Pressure Electronic Fuel Injection System for Two-Stroke Engines (1978)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">AFTER MAKING A QUICK GENERAL SURVEY of the different injection systems which have been testing for some years, the author describes a new direct low pressure fuel electronic injection system specially adapted to the two stroke engine.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Very short time of about a millisecond can be obtained at high flow variation by controlling electromagnetically the balistic movement of the injector needle. The monitoring electronic control can be carried out by an opto-electronic memory or a static one (M. O. S.) by microprocessing.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The performances of such system are specially interesting with regards to the specific fuel consumption decreases about 30 to 40 per cent compared with an engine fed through a carburettor. The unburnt H.C. emission level, which until now condemned the two-stroke engine, are greatly decreased.</div>
RIVAChain: Blockchain-based Integrity Verification for File Transfers (2020)

File transfer integrity verification is used to detect silent data corruption by calculating and comparing the checksum of files using secure hash functions, such as SHA-256. However, it incurs significant performance overhead due to I/O and compute-intensive checksum calculation process. In this paper, we present blockchain-based ledger architecture to store the checksum of frequently accessed scientific datasets to minimize the overhead of integrity verification. In the proposed architecture, the checksum of files is calculated and pushed to a private blockchain when they are first created such that future transfers will not require data source to recalculate checksum. As scientific datasets are typically generated in one location (e.g., observatory) and streamed to many geographically distributed locations to enable collaboration, eliminating checksum calculation for data sources will save a significant amount of resource consumption. Moreover, we find that blockchain-based integrity verification reduces transfer time by up to 50% when data source is the bottleneck in the integrity verification process. Finally, we show that private blockchains can scale to thousands of transactions per second thus they are better fit for scientific applications in which data generation rate can easily outpace the transaction confirmation rates of public blockchains.
Microemulsion Synthesis of Nanosized TiO<sub>2</sub> Particles Doping with Rare‐Earth and their Photocatalytic Activity (2010)

Abstract Microemulsion is the easiest and cleanest of the popular methods of synthesizing nanomaterial. This work synthesized the nanosized La‐TiO 2 and Ce‐TiO 2 particles through the hydrolyzation of tetrabutyl titanate in a Triton X‐100/ n ‐hexanol/cyclohexane/water reverse microemulsion. The particles were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and thermogravimetry (TG). The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) under ultraviolet light and visible light irradiation. The results showed that reverse microemulsion produced the nanosized and well‐separated particles, which are obviously in degrading MO. Comparing the pure TiO 2 with doping TiO 2 , the doping ones are smaller and have better photocatalytic activity, which was best at the molar content of 0.1% for La, whereas for Ce it was 0.5%.
Sustainable polymer foaming using high pressure carbon dioxide: a review on fundamentals, processes and applications (2008)

In recent years, carbon dioxide (CO2) has proven to be an environmentally friendly foaming agent for the production of polymeric foams. Until now, extrusion is used to scale-up the CO2-based foaming process. Once the production of large foamed blocks is also possible using the CO2-based foaming process, it has the potential to completely replace the currently used foam production process, thus making the world-wide foam production more sustainable. This review focuses on the polymer–CO2-foaming process, by first addressing the principles of the process, followed by an overview of papers on nucleation and cell growth of CO2 in polymers. The last part will focus on application of the process for various purposes, including bulk polymer foaming, the production of bioscaffolds and polymer blends.
Network computing: a tutorial review (2001)

Network computing is generally considered to be an unsuccessful initiative. It is strongly associated in the minds of many with the overhyped network computer that failed to capture a significant market share from PCs. However, network computing and network computers are not synonymous. In fact, one of the major benefits of network computing is the ability to tailor applications to the capabilities of heterogeneous client devices. Given the very fast growing mobile computing market, with its numerous and diverse terminal types, network computing could at last realise its full potential. This tutorial paper provides an overview of computing from the early mainframes to today's multiplicity of computing devices. The advantages of network computing are discussed and an overview is provided of some of the underpinning technologies. To provide an insight into the potential of network computing, two applications are described. Some overall conclusions are also given.
Isolation of Shikimic Acid from Star Aniseed (2005)

The isolation of shikimic acid from star aniseed is described. This experiment uses Soxhlet extraction followed by ion exchange chromatography to isolate crude shikimic acid from the star aniseed. Subsequent charcoal decolorization and recrystallization from toluene and methanol afford the pure shikimic acid in 2–7% w/w yield.
Simultaneously Learning and Optimizing Using Controlled Variance Pricing (2013)

Price experimentation is an important tool for firms to find the optimal selling price of their products. It should be conducted properly, since experimenting with selling prices can be costly. A firm, therefore, needs to find a pricing policy that optimally balances between learning the optimal price and gaining revenue. In this paper, we propose such a pricing policy, called controlled variance pricing (CVP). The key idea of the policy is to enhance the certainty equivalent pricing policy with a taboo interval around the average of previously chosen prices. The width of the taboo interval shrinks at an appropriate rate as the amount of data gathered gets large; this guarantees sufficient price dispersion. For a large class of demand models, we show that this procedure is strongly consistent, which means that eventually the value of the optimal price will be learned, and derive upper bounds on the regret, which is the expected amount of money lost due to not using the optimal price. Numerical tests indicate that CVP performs well on different demand models and time scales. This paper was accepted by Assaf Zeevi, stochastic models and simulation.
Spatial multizone soundfield reproduction (2009)

Spatial multizone soundfield reproduction is a difficult problem, which has many potential applications. This paper provides a framework to recreate 2D spatial multizone soundfields using an array of loudspeakers. We derive the desired global soundfield by translating individual desired soundfields to a single global co-ordinate system and applying appropriate angular window functions. We reveal some of the fundamental limits of 2D multizone soundfield reproduction. We show that the ability of multizone reproduction is dependent on (i) maximum radius of multizones, (ii) window length (size, and nature), and (iii) radial distance to the furthermost zone. We illustrate the framework by designing and simulating a two dimensional two zone soundfield.
Using class-center vectors to build support vector machines (2003)

A support vector machine builds the final classification function on only a small part of the training samples (the support vectors). It is believed that all the information about classification in the training set can be represented by these samples. However, this is actually not always true when the training set is polluted by noises (training data are not i.i.d.). We present a different method for the problem, which applies the idea of capacity control in SVM but tries to make the machine less sensitive to noises and outliers. The new method can be called a central support vector machine or CSVM, for it uses the class centers in building the support vector machine.
Modeling Local Scaling Properties for Multiscale Mapping (2008)

Mapping surface soil properties and estimating soil parameters with multiresolution data has been significantly advanced by newly developed multiscale mapping technologies, which incorporate the concept and models of scaling analysis in data processing. This study was conducted to develop a new multiscale mapping technique on the basis of a power‐law model characterizing local singularity of exploratory data for mapping surface soil properties. A field with singularity due to self‐organization or self‐similarity properties of the underlying processes can be modeled by multifractal models. These types of data may not have the statistical stationary property required by ordinary geostatistical mapping techniques. The new mapping technique utilizes a scaling property for data interpolation and for downscaling image processing. The inputs, either point data or an image, can be separated into a nonsingular background component for estimation purposes and an anomalous component of singularity for multiscale high‐pass filtering purposes. When used for the purpose of data interpolation, this new method assigns weights for data interpolation by taking into account not only the distance between neighborhood points but also local structures and singularity of the field. The results of application of the method to a data set of geochemical concentration values of Ag from 1172 lake sediments in the Gowganda area of Ontario, Canada, have delineated favorable target areas with strong singularity of Ag concentrations caused by mineralization in lake sediments.
Do estudo dos potenciais de média latência eliciados por logon em sujeitos do sexo feminino com audição normal (2007)

Os potenciais de média latência são potenciais auditivos que ocorrem entre 10ms a 80ms, formados por ondas polifásicas positivas e negativas denominadas de N0, P0, Na, Pa, Nb e Pb. O logon é um estímulo acústico que permite eliciar respostas de média latência ativando regiões específicas da cóclea. Sua vantagem sobre o clique é a possibilidade avaliar as áreas de baixa freqüência (abaixo de 1kHz). OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a resposta eletrofisiológica das MLR estimulados por logon nas freqüências de 500, 1000 e 2000 Hz. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODO: Forma de estudo prospectivo e descritivo de uma amostra de 14 voluntárias do sexo feminino, normais dos pontos de vista otológico e audiológico convencional. O estímulo foi monoaural e ipsilateral à derivação de captação dos potenciais (Cz/A1-2). RESULTADOS: O complexo NaPa foi o mais facilmente identificado e esteve presente em 100% dos exames realizados a 2000 Hz e em 96,4% a 500 e 1000 Hz. CONCLUSÕES: As MLR podem se eliciadas pelo logon nas freqüências de 500, 1000 e 2000 Hz; o complexo NaPa foi o evento prevalente das MLR e o estímulo logon a 2000 Hz eliciou maior número de respostas do que as outras freqüências.
The Use of Nonradiolabelled Steroid Infusions to Investigate the Origin of Oestrone Sulphate in Postmenopausal Women (1986)

Infusion of nonradiolabelled dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHA-S) has been used to investigate the possible formation of oestrone sulphate via a sulphated conjugate of androstenedione. The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of DHA-S also was measured and the mean value (25 1/24h) was similar to values reported using isotopic techniques. Although conversion of DHA-S to 5-androstenediol, a steroid with oestrogenic properties, was detected during infusion of DHA-S, there were no significant increases in plasma levels of conjugated androstenedione or oestrone sulphate. The MCR's oestrone sulphate measured using infusion of nonradiolabelled steroid in two menopausal women were 99 1/24h and 121 1/24h. For one woman, the production rate of oestrone sulphate, calculated from the conversion of oestrone and oestradiol to oestrone sulphate (151 nmol/day) was similar to the measured production rate of oestrone sulphate (144 nmol/day). It is concluded that in menopausal women, oestrone sulphate is derived from conversion of oestrone and oestradiol with no formation occurring via conjugated androstenedione.
Gluconeogenesis in the amphibian retina. Lactate is preferred to glutamate as the gluconeogenic precursor (1988)

The capacity for gluconeogenesis in the isolated amphibian retina was found to be approx. 70-fold greater with lactate than with glutamate as the gluconeogenic precursor, 1426 versus 21 pmol of glucose incorporated into glycogen/h per mg of protein. It was also found that 11-15% of the glucosyl units in glycogen are derived from C3 metabolites of the glycolytic pathway, suggesting that lactate is recycled within the retina. In concert with these metabolic observations, a full complement of the gluconeogenic enzymes was detected in retinal homogenates. These included: glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, acetyl-CoA-dependent pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Agents that regulate the rate of gluconeogenesis in hepatic tissue were tested on the retina. At concentrations of glutamate and lactate that are presumed to be relevant physiologically, it was found that vasoactive intestinal peptide, ionophore A23187 and elevated [K+] each enhanced the rate of gluconeogenesis in Ringer containing 50 microM-glutamate, whereas in Ringer containing 8.5 mM-lactate these agents inhibited the rate of gluconeogenesis. Further, it was found that the classic gluconeogenic hormone glucagon inhibited gluconeogenesis in both glutamate- and lactate-containing Ringer. Retinal energy metabolism was found to be altered in lactate-containing Ringer, in that lactate production was suppressed completely. In addition, glycogen metabolism appeared to be dependent on increased cytosolic Ca2+ and was insensitive to increased retinal cyclic AMP.
A Two-Factor Authentication System with QR Codes for Web and Mobile Applications (2014)

The use of QR code-based technologies and applications has become prevalent in recent years where QR codes are accepted to be a practical and intriguing data representation / processing mechanism amongst worldwide users. The aim of this study is to design and implement an alternative two-factor identity authentication system by using QR codes and to make the relevant mechanism and process that could be more user-friendly and practical than one-time password mechanisms used with similar purposes today. The proposed model in this project has been designed in order to enable the verification and validation steps with several security and networking options during the logon process. The model has been implemented by developing a two-factor identity verification system where the second factor is the user's smart / mobile phone device and a pseudo-randomly generated alphanumerical QR code which is used as the one-time password token sent to the user via e-mail or MMS. The proposed model has been developed using C#, asp.net and jQuery languages with symmetrical and asymmetrical cryptography standards for database encryption / hashing and network infrastructure and it has been tested as a prototype where promising results are observed regarding the efficiency, speed and security requirements for today's on-line financial services and similar e-commerce systems.
Les rapports de travail internationaux saisis par le droit européen (2008)

International audience
Measurement of the equilibrium relative humidity for common precipitant concentrations: facilitating controlled dehydration experiments (2011)

The dehydration of crystals of macromolecules has long been known to have the potential to increase their diffraction quality. A number of methods exist to change the relative humidity that surrounds crystals, but for reproducible results, with complete characterization of the changes induced, a precise humidity-control device coupled with an X-ray source is required. The first step in these experiments is to define the relative humidity in equilibrium with the mother liquor of the system under study; this can often be quite time-consuming. In order to reduce the time spent on this stage of the experiment, the equilibrium relative humidity for a range of concentrations of the most commonly used precipitants has been measured. The relationship between the precipitant solution and equilibrium relative humidity is explained by Raoult's law for the equilibrium vapour pressure of water above a solution. The results also have implications for the choice of cryoprotectant and solutions used to dehydrate crystals. For the most commonly used precipitants (10-30% PEG 2000-8000), the starting point will be a relative humidity of 99.5%.