gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigation of a short-wavelength laser plasma of a gas-liner pinch discharge (1997)

We studied the axial homogeneity of a gas-liner pinch plasma where amplification of line radiation at short wavelengths had been reported in an earlier study. For this purpose we measured temporally and axially resolved the Stark-broadened n=5 to n=4 transitions in F VII. From the linewidth electron densities are deduced employing spectral line shape calculations which are tested by Thomson scattering. We observe significant plasma inhomogeneities produced by Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities. Density gradients of \ensuremath{\delta}${\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{e}}$/${\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{e}}$\ensuremath{\approx}3 along the plasma axis on a scale length of z1 mm were found. They arise when compressing large amounts of a heavy gas (fluorine) of 5--10 % total gas density in the discharge with a hydrogen pusher for short-wavelength laser studies. Reducing their amount to about 1% of the total gas density results in homogeneous discharges. In this case no amplification can be observed.
ChemInform Abstract: CHLORINATED CAROTENOIDS FROM THE CHLOROFORM HYDROCHLORIC ACID REACTION (1976)

Abstract Bei der Behandlung von Isozeaxanthin mit Chloroform und 0,0ln Salzsäure erhält man außer bekannten Carotinen die Carotinoide (I)‐(III).
Thermodynamic properties of hard-chain molecules (1993)

The density and molecular size dependence of the equation of state for molecules that consist of freely jointed, tangent hard spheres is investigated. It is shown that the properties of hard-chain molecules can be accurately described using the properties of spherical molecules and a function c which varies approximately linearly with the reduced density. Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulation data for hard chains were used to develop the expression for c. The new equation of state is simple in form and more accurate for the calculation of compressibility factors for hard-chain molecules than either Wertheim’s first-order thermodynamic perturbation theory or the generalized Flory dimer theory (GFD). Further, this new equation reduces to the correct second virial coefficient limit as the density approaches zero.
Multiplexed Genotyping of β-Globin Variants from PCR-amplified Newborn Blood Spot DNA by Hybridization with Allele-specific Oligodeoxynucleotides Coupled to an Array of Fluorescent Microspheres (2000)

Detection of hemoglobinopathies in newborns is critical for the identification of those infants in need of follow-up care [reviewed in Ref. (1)]. For example, infants homozygous for the sickle cell mutation are at greater risk for developing fatal pneumococcal infections and sepsis, which can be prevented by prophylactic antibiotic therapy. At present, the majority of newborn screening for hemoglobin (Hb) variants is done by electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, or HPLC (2) using Hb extracted from dried blood spots. Nevertheless, detection of adult Hb variants often is complicated by the presence of fetal Hb in neonatal blood. Alternative approaches to these protein-based methodologies have been developed that directly detect the presence of hemoglobinopathy-associated mutations in newborn DNA (3), and some have been adapted to use blood spots (4)(5). Using the S and E mutations in the β-globin gene as examples, we have developed a multiplexed, high-throughput methodology that uses an array of allele-specific fluorescent beads and the Luminex100 analyzer (Luminex Corporation, Austin, TX; www.luminexcorp.com). This methodology distinguishes between the S and E alleles and their wild-type counterparts, HbA and non-E, of the β-globin gene in each specimen, making it possible to determine the genotype at each locus.

The methodology is based on the principle that fluorescent microspheres with unique fluorescent profiles, called classifications, can be cross-linked to different analyte-specific reagents and used to create a fluorescence-based array capable of simultaneously assaying multiple analytes in each sample (6). The bead classifications were obtained separately from the Luminex Corporation with surface carboxyl groups for chemical cross-linking to different analyte-specific reagents, which in our studies were 5′-amino-modified oligodeoxynucleotides. As indicated above, each bead classification has a unique spectral address based on its 658 nm/712 nm emission …
Monitoring of adsorbate breakthrough curves within an expanded bed adsorption column (1999)

An expanded bed adsorption column (5 cm diameter) has been modified to allow the abstraction of liquid samples from various positions along the height of an expanded bed. As the adsorbent particles are fluidized, in-bed monitoring of protein concentration during feedstock application, washing and elution is achieved by the withdrawal of liquid samples from the voids within the expanded bed at ports along the wall of the column. Protein levels in the withdrawn streams can be assayed using on-line analytical chromatography, or samples can be collected and assayed off-line. On-line monitoring can be used to control the duration of the loading stage, or as a tool to provide information about the hydrodynamic and adsorption/desorption processes that occur during expanded bed adsorption. Breakthrough, washing and elution profiles have been monitored for a range of different adsorbate/adsorbent systems, including the adsorption of pure lysozyme on STREAMLINE SP, the adsorption of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from yeast homogenate on STREAMLINE DEAE and the adsorption of glutathione S-transferase from Escherichia coli homogenate on STREAMLINE Chelating. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
Image Denoising via Residual Kurtosis Minimization (2015)

Abstract A new algorithm for the removal of additive uncorrelated Gaussian noise from a digital image is presented. The algorithm is based on a data driven methodology for the adaptive thresholding of wavelet coefficients. This methodology is derived from higher order statistics of the residual image, and requires no a priori estimate of the level of noise contamination of an image.
Community-acquired pneumonia in outpatients: aetiology and outcomes (2012)

The purpose of this study was to establish the microbial aetiology and outcomes of patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) treated as outpatients after presenting to a hospital emergency care unit. A prospective observational study was carried out in the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona (Barcelona, Spain). All consecutive cases of CAP treated as outpatients were included. 568 adult outpatients with CAP were studied (mean ± SD age 47.2 ± 17.6 yrs; 110 (19.4%) were aged ≥ 65 yrs). Aetiological diagnoses were established in 188 (33.1%) cases. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most frequent pathogen followed by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and respiratory viruses. Legionella was detected in 13 (2.3%) cases. More than one causative agent was found in 17 (9.0%) patients. Mortality was low (three (0.5%) patients died) and other adverse events were rare (30 (5.2%) patients had complications, 13 (2.3%) were re-admitted and treatment failed in 13 (2.3%)). Complications were mostly related to pleural effusion and empyema, and re-admissions and treatment failures to comorbidities. Outpatients with CAP have a characteristic microbial pattern. Regular antipneumococcal coverage remains mandatory. Treatment failures and re-admissions are rare and may be reduced by increased attention to patients requiring short-term observation in the emergency care unit and in the presence of pleural effusion and comorbidities.
Structure and Optical Properties of 2,3,7,9-Polysubstituted Carbazole Derivatives. Experimental and Theoretical Studies (2001)

Push−pull organic molecules that combine a polyfunctionalized aromatic electron-donating carbazole moiety with nitro or cyano acceptor groups, linked directly or through a polyenic chain, have been prepared and characterized as nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores. A methoxycarbonyl group has been introduced to prepare future polysiloxane side-chain liquid-crystal polymers (SCLCPs) with NLO properties. The effect of this linking group as well as the influence of an additional methoxy donor group on the second-order NLO response have been experimentally and theoretically examined. Semiempirical calculations have been performed at the PM3 level using the time-dependent Hartree−Fock technique. Solvent influence on calculated μβ values has been studied via the COSMO algorithm implemented in the MOPAC program.
Effect of acetophenone on carrier injection into polyethylene (2003)

The effect of acetophenone coating on the high-field DC conduction of low-density polyethylene was studied. The existence of acetophenone at the electrode interface significantly enhances the high-field DC conduction current. This effect was more remarkable when the acetophenone was put on the positive gold electrode or negative aluminum electrode. From these results, it is concluded that the acetophenone penetrates into the polymer through the island structure of the evaporated gold electrode. It also enhances the injection of electronic charge carriers, especially holes for the gold and electrons for the aluminum electrode, probably by modifying the surface state at the electrode interface.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Assembling Bi-, Tri- and Pentanuclear Complexes into Extended Structures Using a Desolvation Reaction:  Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Properties of Manganese(III)−Schiff-Base−Hexacyanoferrate Polymeric Compounds and Their Derived Extended Structures (1998)

[Mn(BS)(H2O)]ClO4 and [NEt4]3[Fe(CN)6] react in methanol or ethanol to give a binuclear [NEt4]2[{Mn(BS)(S)}{Fe(CN)6}], 1, three trinuclear [NEt4][{Mn(BS)(S)}2{Fe(CN)6}], 2−4, and a pentanuclear [Mn(BS)(S)]4[Fe(CN)6]ClO4, 5, heterometal complex, depending on the nature of the quadridentate Schiff-base ligands and regardless of the stoichiometric ratio of the precursor components (BS = saldmen = N,N'-(1,1-dimethylethylene)bis(salicylideneiminato) dianion, S = H2O for 1; BS = rac-salmen = rac-N,N'-(1-methylethylene)bis(salicylideneiminato) dianion, S = MeOH for 2; BS = rac-salcy = rac-N,N'-(1,2-cyclohexanediylethylene)bis(salicylideneiminato) dianion, S = MeOH for 3; (R,R)-salcy = (R,R)-N,N'-(1,2-cyclohexanediylethylene)bis(salicylideneiminato) dianion, S = H2O for 4; BS = saltmen = N,N'-(1,1,2,2-tetramethylethylene)bis(salycylideneiminato) dianion, S = H2O for 5). Complexes 1 and 2 have been characterized by X-ray analyses. Complex 1 consists of a discrete CN-bridged Mn(III)−Fe(III) binuclear unit [(H2O)Mn(saldmen)Fe(CN)6]2- hydrogen-bonded into a one-dimensional chain structure. Complex 2 consists of a discrete centrosymmetric trinuclear unit [(MeOH)Mn(salmen)Fe(CN)6Mn(salmen)(MeOH)]- hydrogen-bonded, thus forming a two-dimensional network with a repeating cyclic octamer [−NC−Fe−CN−Mn−MeOH−]4 unit. Complexes 1−5 led to desolvated forms 1'−5'. Some of these forms (1'−3') show spontaneous magnetization according to an extended structure where the original magnetically isolated oligomeric forms now communicate with each other. In the case of 4' and 5', the desolvation probably occurs with a severe reorganization of the parent hydrogen-bonded extended structure, and hence, cooperative magnetic effects were not observed.
Influence of Calorie Restriction on Measures of Age-Related Cognitive Decline: Role of Increased Physical Activity (2009)

Controversy exists as to whether lifelong 40% calorie restriction (CR) enhances, has no effect on, or disrupts cognitive function during aging. Here, we report the effects of CR versus ad-lib feeding on cognitive function in male Brown Norway x Fisher344 rats across a range of ages (8-38 months), using two tasks that are differentially sensitive to age-related cognitive decline: object recognition and Morris water maze (MWM). All ages performed equally in object recognition, whereas, as a group, CR rats were impaired. In contrast, there was an age-related impairment in the MWM that was attenuated by CR as measured by time in proximity with and latency to reach the platform. Distance to the platform, a more sensitive measure, was not affected by CR. Finally, CR resulted in an overall increase in physical activity, one of several behavioral confounders to consider in the interpretation of cognitive outcomes in both tasks.
Systematic Design Principles for Cost-Effective Hard Constraint Management in Dynamic Nonlinear Systems (2012)

Modern cost-conscious dynamic systems incorporate knobs that allow run-time trade-offs between system metrics of interest. In these systems regular knob tuning to minimize costs while satisfying hard system constraints is an important aspect. Knob tuning is a combinatorial constrained nonlinear dynamic optimization problem with uncertainties and time-linkage. Hiding uncertainties under worst-case bounds, reacting after the fact, optimizing only the present, and applying static greedy heuristics are widely used problem simplification strategies to keep the design complexity and decision overhead low. Applying any of these will result in highly sub-optimal system realizations in the presence of nonlinearities. The more recently introduced System Scenarios methodology can only handle limited form of dynamics and nonlinearities. Existing predictive optimization approaches are far from optimal as they do not fully exploit the predictability of the system at hand. To bridge this gap, the authors propose the combined strategy of dynamic bounding and proactive system conditioning for the predicted likely future. This paper describes systematic principles to design low-overhead controllers for cost-effective hard constraint management. When applied to fine-grain performance scaling mode assignment problem in a video decoder design, proposed concepts resulted in more than 2x energy gains compared to state-of-the-art techniques.
Watt-level millimeter-wave monolithic diode-grid frequency multipliers (2003)

Monolithic Schottky diode grids have been fabricated on 2-cm/sup 2/ GaAs wafers in a proof-of-principle test of a quasioptical varactor millimeter-wave frequency multiplier array concept. An efficiency of 9.5% and output power of 0.5 W were achieved at 66 GHz when the diode grid was pumped with a pulsed source at 33 GHz. The diode-grid equivalent circuit model based on a transmission-line analysis of plane-wave illumination was verified experimentally over a frequency range of 33 GHz to 140 GHz. In parallel with the diode doubler array studies, the authors investigated the use of an MOS structure having an undoped epitaxial layer, which is grown on a heavily-doped substrate and isolated by a thin oxide layer and a GaAs barrier-intrinsic-N/sup +/ (BIN) diode structure. The thin MOS concept was tested for doubling efficiency (to 95 GHz) for a variety of dot radii as a function of pump power. In support of the monolithic BIN diode array studies, a quasioptical tripler design was developed and tested. Based on the results reported, the authors are confident in predicting watt-level continuous-wave power from a monolithic-diode-grid frequency tripler design using the BIN diode concept.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
METRICS FOR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF PREPROCESSING ALGORITHMS IN INFRARED SMALL TARGET IMAGES (2011)

Image preprocessing is commonly used in infrared (IR) small target detection to suppress background clutter and enhance target signature. To evaluate the performance of preprocessing algorithms, two performance metrics, namely PFTN (potential false targets number) decline ratio and BRI (background relative intensity) decline ratio are developed in this paper. The proposed metrics evaluate the performance of given preprocessing algorithm by comparing the qualities of input and output images. The new performance metrics are based on the theories of PFTN and BRI, which describe the quality of IR small target image, by representing the difficulty degree of target detection. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the proposed performance metrics can accurately reflect the effect of the image preprocessing stage on reducing false alarms and target shielding. Compared to the traditional metrics, such as signal-to-noise ratio gain and background suppression factor, the new ones are more intuitive and valid.
Particle Systems for Efficient and Accurate High-Order Finite Element Visualization (2007)

Visualization has become an important component of the simulation pipeline, providing scientists and engineers a visual intuition of their models. Simulations that make use of the high-order finite element method for spatial subdivision, however, present a challenge to conventional isosurface visualization techniques. High-order finite element isosurfaces are often defined by basis functions in reference space, which give rise to a world-space solution through a coordinate transformation, which does not necessarily have a closed-form inverse. Therefore, world-space isosurface rendering methods such as marching cubes and ray tracing must perform a nested root finding, which is computationally expensive. We thus propose visualizing these isosurfaces with a particle system. We present a framework that allows particles to sample an isosurface in reference space, avoiding the costly inverse mapping of positions from world space when evaluating the basis functions. The distribution of particles across the reference space isosurface is controlled by geometric information from the world-space isosurface such as the surface gradient and curvature. The resulting particle distributions can be distributed evenly or adapted to accommodate world-space surface features. This provides compact, efficient, and accurate isosurface representations of these challenging data sets.
Application of Rhodium Complexes of Chiral Diphenylphosphino‐Functionalized N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes as Catalysts in Enantioselective Conjugate Additions of Arylboronic Acids (2005)

Abstract The Rh complex 1a of ( S , S )‐1‐(2‐diphenylphosphanylnaphthalen‐1‐yl)‐3‐(2‐isopropylphenyl)‐4,5‐diphenylimidazolidin‐2‐ylidene was found to promote enantioselective conjugate additions of arylboronic acids to enones and α,β‐unsaturated esters with up to 98% yield and>99% ee. Products of the latter reaction can be transformed into GABA antagonists.
The Forced Expiratory Wheeze (1983)

When a subject exhales forcefully, a wheeze is usually heard during the latter part of the maneuver. The origin and mechanism of this wheeze has been the subject of speculation but this has never been approached experimentally. In this study, a computerized frequency analysis technique was used to count the number of discrete frequency components making up the forced expiratory wheeze (FEW) in 10 normal subjects. The number varied from 1 to 5 implying a source in the larger airways. The supports previous theoretical considerations that relate the FEW to the so-called "equal pressure point" (EPP) in the larger airways. Since the EPP is thought to be determined principally by lung static recoil pressure, it can be surmised that this also determines (roughly) the number of wheeze components in the FEW.
Controversies in Acute Kidney Injury: Effects of Fluid Overload on Outcome (2011)

Fluid management in critically ill patients is a complex process as aggressive fluid resuscitation is commonly utilized for initial hemodynamic support and fluid administration often contributes to fluid retention, particularly when there is impaired kidney function. Recent evidence suggests that fluid accumulation is associated with adverse outcomes. It is unclear whether fluid retention is simply a marker of the severity of organ failure or a mediator of events. In this article we review the evidence and provide a framework for future studies to refine these concepts further.
Furrow Flow Measurement Accuracy (1988)

The primary source of error in properly calibrated, constructed, and installed flow measurement devices is due to reading error or uncertainty. Head reading uncertainty in small V‐notch flumes and submerged orifices is measured in the field as ±3mm with no consistent variation with reading. Elapsed time measurement uncertainty for volumetric measurements increases with the square root of the time. The sensitivity of flow measurement uncertainty to head or time reading uncertainty is proportional to the ratio of the device discharge equation exponent to the reading. Furrow flow measurement uncertainty varies with the device and flow rate, but generally exceeds ±5% and often exceeds ±10%. Maintaining uncertainty below ±10% requires flume measurements in the upper 50% of their range, orifice measurements with head readings greater than 13mm, and volumetric measurement elapsed times greater than 4 seconds.
Towards a data fusion model for predicting deterioration in dialysis patients (2010)

The accumulation and relatively rapid removal of fluid in haemodialysis patients is often accompanied by intradialytic hypotension (IDH). Current patient monitoring during haemodialysis includes intermittent measurements of tympanic temperature, blood pressure and haematocrit. However, this information is mostly used retrospectively rather than as a means for preventing adverse events. We suggest the use of a probabilistic data fusion model based on dialysis vital sign data to predict IDH. We continuously monitored the vital signs of 40 haemodialysis patients during 8 sessions over a 6-month period in the Oxford Renal Unit. The study involved non-invasively monitoring the heart rate, blood oxygen saturation, systolic and diastolic blood pressures as well as the tympanic temperature throughout each dialysis session. The 4-dimensional vital sign data was initially visualised on 2D projections using the Neuroscale algorithm. The projections show a distinction between data from unstable and stable patients, with data from hypotensive events appearing outside the region of the 2D projection corresponding to "normal" physiology. A data fusion model based on an estimate of the probability density function of data from stable patients was then created. With this model, instabilities in patient physiology can be identified, and the adverse event can be predicted ahead of time in some cases.
On the Thermal Dissociation of Organic Compounds. IX. The Urea Linkage (1,3-Di-substituted Ureas in Alcohols) (1956)

Abstract The rate constants of the thermal dissociation of 1,3-di-n-propylurea, 1,3-di-n-amylurea, 1,3-di-n-heptylurea, 1,3-diisopropylurea, 1,3-diisobutylurea, 1,3-dicyclohexylurea and 1,3-di-t-butylurea in benzyl alcohol, ethylene glycol and glycerol were determined. The effects of the substituents on the thermal dissociation of 1,3-di-substituted ureas was discussed and the effects of the solvents on the reaction was also discussed in comparison with those in fatty acids.
Applications of the Maxwellian Circuits to Linear Wire Antennas and Scatterers (2006)

The recently proposed theory of Maxwellian circuits is demonstrated for applications to linear wire scatterers as well as to linear antennas. It is shown that for each integral equation of thin wire type, there exist coupled linear ordinary differential equations of currents and voltages, the solutions of which are identical to the integral equation, if the same boundary conditions of the integral equation are applied. The subsequence is that the coupled differential equations can be interpreted as equivalent circuit of new type named Maxwellian circuit. The equivalent circuit can provide physical insights to design engineers and computational advantages for broadband calculations. The highlight of this paper is to show both theoretically and numerically that the Maxwellian circuit components depend only on the geometry of the problem, not on the excitation or boundary conditions at the terminals.
On the robustness of VSC-HVDC systems controllers under parameters uncertainties (2008)

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