gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of window and absorber layer processing on device operation in superstrate thin film CdTe solar cells (2002)

Processing strategies are presented for controlling junction quality as both window and absorber layer thickness are reduced in polycrystalline superstrate CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells. High resistance In/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and SnO/sub 2/ oxide buffer layers improve coverage of chemical bath deposited CdS and device performance with PVD CdTe, resulting in efficiencies >13.5%. A new method of CdS and Cd/sub 1-x/Zn/sub x/S chemical bath deposition for high Cd utilization and growth rate and low occurrence of adherent particulates is presented. Alloying the CdS film with ZnS can reduce the window thickness tolerance needed to obtain high photocurrent and good junction properties with no oxide buffer layer. CdS diffusion is reduced by annealing in air at 450/spl deg/C or in argon at 580/spl deg/C prior to CdCl/sub 2/ treatment and by reducing the CdCl/sub 2/ and O/sub 2/ partial pressures during treatment. Promising device results are presented for CdTe/CdS cells with 1 micron thick CdTe deposited at T<400/spl deg/C.
Nonlinear Digital Filtering with Python: An Introduction (2015)

Nonlinear Digital Filtering with Python: An Introduction discusses important structural filter classes including the median filter and a number of its extensions (e.g., weighted and recursive median filters), and Volterra filters based on polynomial nonlinearities. Adopting both structural and behavioral approaches in characterizing and designing nonlinear digital filters, this book: Begins with an expedient introduction to programming in the free, open-source computing environment of Python Uses results from algebra and the theory of functional equations to construct and characterize behaviorally defined nonlinear filter classes Analyzes the impact of a range of useful interconnection strategies on filter behavior, providing Python implementations of the presented filters and interconnection strategies Proposes practical, bottom-up strategies for designing more complex and capable filters from simpler components in a way that preserves the key properties of these components Illustrates the behavioral consequences of allowing recursive (i.e., feedback) interconnections in nonlinear digital filters while highlighting a challenging but promising research frontier Nonlinear Digital Filtering with Python: An Introduction supplies essential knowledge useful for developing and implementing data cleaning filters for dynamic data analysis and time-series modeling.
Slickwater Chemistry Concerns and Field Water Management in Tight Gas (2014)

Abstract The method of stimulation employed at the Shell Groundbirch asset in the Montney tight gas play is the limited-entry slickwater hydraulic fracture. The original fracturing water specification was a simple filtering requirement and an allowable range of salinity. Considering the associated health, safety, security, and environment (HSSE) perspectives, costs, and perceptions with sourcing and disposing of water related to hydraulic fracturing, determining a fracturing water specification became critical. This paper will describe a concise and pragmatic approach for determining a new fracturing water specification and water handling system aimed at recycling flowback and produced water, while using as little fresh water as possible. This water specification case study is based on the industry considerations of hydraulic fracturing and water management, and their impacts on costs and the environment. This approach to determine a chemistry specification for slickwater hydraulic fracturing and handling considerations may be applied elsewhere to enable the optimization of sourcing and disposal, HSSE concerns, production impairment prevention, and cost reduction. The process of determining the water chemistry specification assessed bacteria, formation damage, scale, and friction reduction performance. After a year of consultation and experimentation, an improved, but still simple fracturing water specification was established. Chemical use includes a scale inhibitor in addition to the on-the-fly fracturing fluids of a friction reducer, a surfactant, and a biocide. Scale inhibitor usage depends on pH and iron content. Coupled with water chemistry considerations, an integrated team initiated an intrafield water handling system that first recycles flowback or produced water and uses fresh water only when brine volumes are insufficient. This paper will specifically address (1) a method to develop a water chemistry specification for slickwater fracturing, (2) a pragmatic means of forecasting water in tight gas developments, and (3) a means of integrating water chemistry and forecasting learning into application for pragmatic field development. Introduction Tight gas developments rely on hydraulic fracturing to produce gas at economically viable rates. One popular method of hydraulic fracturing is the limited-entry slickwater fracture treatment in which a number of perforation clusters are attempted to be simultaneously stimulated with a slickened water and proppant slurry in a number of stages throughout the wellbore. The implications of water in tight gas beyond hydraulic fracturing have been recognized at Shell Canada's Groundbirch development in the Montney play. Shell Canada's Groundbirch asset is located in Northeastern British Columbia, Canada, per Figure 1. The current land base consists of nearly 400 sections of Montney focused development of which about half are Shell's land held with Brion Energy, while the remainder are held jointly between Shell and other partners.
Correlation of spatially resolved lifetime measurements with overall solar cell parameters (2002)

Lifetime mappings are common tools for assessing the quality of mc-silicon for solar cell production. Nevertheless it is a difficult problem to directly relate lifetime mappings to overall solar cell parameters. This paper intends to show that this correlation is possible quantitatively. We have correlated actual low-level injection lifetimes obtained by carrier density imaging (CDI) measurements with overall cell parameters of solar cells processed on adjacent wafers. The 2D lifetime-structure is taken account for by appropriate weighing functions that include the whole information given in the frequency distribution of bulk lifetimes. Thus a one dimensional cell model (PC1D) can be applied. Good general agreement between predicted and measured cell parameters has been achieved, deviations are discussed. Further insight into the gettering behavior of block-east and Bridgman-grown mc-silicon was attained.
Particularités de l'ovogénèse chez certains Pterostichidae : chromosomes géants et "Binnenkôrper" (Coleoptera) (2002)

L'étude de l'ovogénèse chez divers Pterostichidae, notamment Abax parallelipipedus Piller & Mitter-pacher et Pterostichus cristatus Dufour, montre qu'il existe dans la vésicule germinative un corps protéique de grande taille, appelé "Binnenkôrper" (BK) ou "endobody"ou "corps interne". L'analyse cytochimique met en évidence l'hétérogénéité de ce BK qui comporte une zone centrale fibro-granulaire à caractère acide, entourée d'un manchon de protéines basiques, lequel manifeste un intense bourgeonnement à la fin de la prévitellogénèse. L'hypothèse est faite de la présence de ribonucléoprotéines qui pourraient être des facteurs intervenant au cours de la transcription. Une autre particularité de ces insectes est la présence de chromosomes géants de type diplotène dans les cellules nourricières de l'ovaire. Dans la vésicule germinative, au contact du BK, on trouve les chromosomes de l'ovocyte qui se sont accolés les uns aux autres, mais sont encore parfaitement reconnaissables, à la fin de la prévitellogénèse, où ils sont également au stade diplotène.
FEOL dry etch process challenges of ultimate FinFET scaling and next generation device architectures beyond N3 (2020)

FinFETs have demonstrated significant performance improvement compared to planar devices, because of its superior short channel control and higher driving capability at a much smaller footprint. It has become the mainstream technology in CMOS industry since N20 node onward. Contact Poly Pitch (CPP) scaling used to be the main driving force in extending Moore’s law. However, severe limitations are foreseen from N3 node in terms of electrical performance, process requirements and manufacturing complexity. At N3 node, both fin and gate pitches are expected to reach their ultimate values, respectively 21 nm and 42 nm. Therefore, complex plasma etching processes using advanced plasma pulsing modes or atomic layer etching (ALE) are deployed to achieve high aspect ratio patterning capability with a detrimental effect on both process control and throughput. As an alternative, device architecture innovation will become the main scaling driving force for N3 node and beyond. 2D scaling like horizontal Gate-All-Around (GAA) devices, such as nanosheet (NS) and forksheet (FS) have demonstrated the potential for further device performance improvement [1,2]. The major NS patterning challenges are the SiGe lateral etch in the Si/SiGe superlattice stack and severe depth micro-loading due to the etch rate difference of SiGe and Si. In addition, 3D hybrid device architectures like Complementary FET (CFET) and Surrounding-Gate-Transistors (SGT) are proposed as revolutionary innovations to scale the devices in the vertical direction. For CFET devices, the N/P separation is moved to the vertical direction by stacking nMOS on top of pMOS or vice versa to achieve aggressive device scaling. This requires extremely high aspect ratio fin and gate patterning compared to horizontal-GAA NS devices. For SGT device, the channel is switched to the vertical direction, which can decouple the Gate length (Lg) from CPP scaling and eliminate the diffusion break to deeply scale the cell size. High aspect ratio vertical nanowire (NW) and direct metal gate etching with tight pitch are the new FEOL patterning challenges for the fabrication of SGT vertical devices.
TGF-β <sub>1</sub> (Transforming Growth Factor-β <sub>1</sub> ) Plays a Pivotal Role in Cardiac Myofibroblast Arrhythmogenicity (2017)

TGF-β<sub>1</sub> profoundly alters the electrophysiological phenotype of cardiac myofibroblasts. Apart from possibly contributing to the control of cell function in general, the changes proved to be pivotal for proarrhythmic myofibroblast-cardiomyocyte crosstalk in vitro, which suggests that TGF-β<sub>1</sub> may play a potentially important role in arrhythmogenesis of the fibrotic heart.
Partial VP and split NP topicalization in German: an HPSG analysis (2000)

In previous work (Hinrichs and Nakazawa 1989, 1993, 1994, forthcoming) we have presented an HPSG analysis of German VP structure that crucially relies on the notion of argument composition. The scope of that analysis was essentially restricted to those clause types which place the finite verb in sentence-final position. The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis for the remaining clause types of German, specifically for assertion main clauses. This requires an account of the two syntactic phenomena that characterize assertion main clauses: 1. an account of topicalization which places a single constituent in sentence-initial constituent, and 2. an account of the so-called v2-position of the finite verb, which follows the topicalized constituent.
Quantitative resolution analysis in full seismic waveform inversion (2011)

Full waveform inversion (FWI) is a promising tool that is expected to yield tomographic images of unprecedented quality. While the tomographic technique itself has advanced substantially, another crucial part of this inverse problem has hardly received any attention: the rigorous quantification of resolution. Here we present a new methodology for the quantification of resolution and trade-offs in FWI. This is based on an extension of the adjoint method that allows us to compute the exact second derivatives of seismic observables, which are the carriers of covariance information. Each row of the Hessian is a correlation of two forward and two adjoint fields, all of which are governed by the wave equation. Formulas for Frechet kernels can be reused for the Hessian, so that pre-existing codes do not need to be modified. To increase the computational efficiency, we expand the rows of the Hessian into a generalised Gram-Charlier series. We then estimate the leading coefficients of the series from a small number of spatial Fourier transforms. This procedure allows us to compute 3D distributions of the resolution length and to estimate the trade-offs between model parameters. We illustrate our developments with several examples that are based on a FWI for upper mantle structure beneath Eurasia.
A model for underwater ambient noise at low wind speeds (1995)

When the wind speed is low enough, wave breaking does not lead to bubble clouds of substantial size. The collective mode of oscillations that is dominant at high wind speeds may be neglected. In this case, wave breaking that is still the major source of noise is approximated by a finite area of the sea surface over which single bubbles are entrained and emit individual acoustic pulses. Each breaking wave has a certain emission characteristics depending on bubble size distribution, density, wave size, rate of entrainment, etc. An empirical correlation between the whitecap coverage ratio and the wind speed is employed to infer the size of the bubble entrainment area. The contribution of all waves are summed and the ambient noise levels are computed as a function of the wind speed. The results are in good agreement with field measurements. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research.]
Wertigkeit von atrialem natriuretischem Peptid und Vasopressin zur Beurteilung der Prognose und des Schweregrades ambulant erworbener Pneumonien (2007)

Ziel: Die ambulant erworbene Pneumonie (CAP) ist die wichtigste klinische Infektion. Deshalb wurde in der BRD das Kompetenznetzwerk CAPNETZ gegründet. Ziel dieser Substudie des CAPNETZ war die Wertigkeit der primär kardiozirkulatorischen neuen Biomarker pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (proANP) und pro-vasopressin (proAVP) für die Schweregrad- und Prognoseabschätzung bei CAP zu untersuchen.
Improved technique for use of half-stents remounted on a stent delivery system (1996)

The use of half-length intracoronary Johnson & Johnson stents has been described in a number of settings. Half-stents are useful for very short lesions, avoidance of bifurcations or side-branches, ostial stenosis, covering gaps between adjacent stents, and for dissection adjacent to stents caused by postdilatation. Previously described methods for use of half-stents have involved bare stents, or significant manipulation of either the stent or the delivery sheath for remounted half-stents. We describe a method for half-stent preparation and delivery that does not involve distortion of the stent or the delivery sheath. The risk of stent loss, as can occur with bare stents, is diminished. The geometry of the stent is preserved since it is not expanded and then recrimped, and the end of the delivery sheath is not flared or distorted, which may interfere with stent delivery.
SCL Expression in the Mouse Embryo Detected With a Targeted lacZ Reporter Gene Demonstrates Its Localization to Hematopoietic, Vascular, and Neural Tissues (1999)

The helix-loop-helix transcription factor SCL (TAL1) is indispensable for blood cell formation in the mouse embryo. We have explored the localization and developmental potential of cells fated to express SCL during murine development using SCL-lacZmutant mice in which the Escherichia coli lacZreporter gene was ‘knocked in’ to the SCL locus. In addition to the hematopoietic defect associated with SCL deficiency, the yolk sac blood vessels in SCLlacZ/lacZ embryos formed an abnormal primary vascular plexus, which failed to undergo subsequent remodeling and formation of large branching vessels. Intraembryonic vasculogenesis in precirculationSCLlacZ/lacZ embryos appeared normal but, in embryos older than embryonic day (E) 8.5 to E9, absolute anemia leading to severe hypoxia precluded an accurate assessment of further vascular development. In heterozygous SCLlacZ/w embryos, lacZ was expressed in the central nervous system, vascular endothelia, and primitive and definitive hematopoietic cells in the blood, aortic wall, and fetal liver. Culture of fetal liver cells sorted for high and low levels of β galactosidase activity fromSCLlacZ/w heterozygous embryos indicated that there was a correlation between the level of SCL expression and the frequency of hematopoietic progenitor cells.
Gel mapping of wheat and lupin tRNAs. (1981)

Transfer RNAs were isolated from plants representing mono- and dicotyledons: wheat embryos and lupin seeds. The two tRNA preparations were compared by polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis mapping. Transfer RNAs extracted from the separated spots were tested for acceptance of 11 amino acids. Comparison of electrophoretic mobility of respective tRNA species indicates the overall similarity of tRNA populations in the two plants studied. Especially, isoaccepting tRNAs for glycine, tyrosine and valine and some of isoacceptors of tRNAArg, tRNAAsp, tRNALeu, tRNALys and tRNAPhe occupy identical or closely similar positions on both polyacrylamide-gel maps. However, some tRNA isoacceptors from one population have no counterparts in the second one, which may indicate differences in their primary structures.
On the Development of a Low Cost Pyrheliometer (2010)

A low cost pyrheliometer, based on a thermoelectric sensor, was developed at the Energy and Sustainability Center at the Florida State University. In addition, an inexpensive double-axis tracking device, capable of autonomous operation, enables the pyrheliometer to operate as a stand-alone system. Widely available off-the-shelf components were used and compromises in accuracy and time responsiveness were made in order to keep the cost low. The obtained data was compared with an Eppley Normal Incidence Pyrheliometer (NIP) using model ST-1 solar tracker. Steady state values of irradiance were measured with an accuracy better than ±2%. Transient measurements are time delayed by a thermal lag of about two minutes, which leads to a high error for instantaneous measured values. However, the integrated irradiance over the course of any given day yields irradiation values with accuracy better than ±2%, even on days when the sun and clouds quickly alternate. Based on a manufacturing cost analysis, the prototype pyrheliometer is anticipated to cost less than $500 if mass-produced.
Pharyngeal Flap Surgery: Protocols, Complications, and Outcomes at the University of Iowa (2003)

Although sphincter pharyngoplasty procedures have gained a great deal of attention in the recent otolaryngologic literature, pharyngeal-flap procedures remain a valuable tool in the hands of surgeons dealing with velopharyngeal incompetence.
Proliferation Kinetics and Prognosis of Renal Cell Carcinoma (1991)

The historical development of different techniques for the study of proliferative patterns of normal and malignant tissue is explained. For more than 100 years, pathologists and clinicians have attempted to clarify the prognostic impact of this tumor-biological parameter. One relevant result of these investigations is the ‘Grading-System’, a histomorphological description of tumor cell differentiation. The auto-radiographic method using tritiated thymidine (thymidine incorporation assay) detects a portion of DNA-sythesizing cells directly. However, radioactivity and long autoradiographic exposure times are the main disadvantages. DNA cytophotometry and immunohistochemical labeling are currently the most frequently used techniques for direct assessment of proliferating cells in normal and malignant renal tissue as well as in other human tumor tissues. Concerning renal cell carcinoma (RCC), our own experience and the results of the literature are compared and discussed: In contrast to tumor staging, tumor grading correlates with the tumor-specific proliferation rates. According to the present data, the measurement of the proliferative kinetics seems to be a relevant prognostic parameter for detection of high-risk patients, especially in the early stages showing identical histological findings for staging and grading.
Absorption of radium and thorium from New Mexico uranium mill tailing solutions (1980)

The absorption of radium and thorium from waste uranium leach liquor by clays and other materials was investigated. This work was conducted in support of the goal of minimizing the environmental conflicts, impacts, and occupational hazards associated with mining and milling operations. Tailing and soil samples from New Mexico were evaluated for their potential to absorb radium and thorium from tailing liquors. Absorption ranged from 0 to 97 pct for radium and 0 to 60 pct for thorium. Some samples that readily absorbed radium were contacted with various salt solutions that could be present in tailing solutions to determine whether desorption would be a potential problem. The desorption of radium ranged from 0 to 75 pct. An alpha spectrometric method was used to determine the radium and thorium concentrations in the solutions and solids.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress in the Design and Synthesis of Artificial Enzymes (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A Study in Electrokinetics (1940)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA Study in ElectrokineticsJ. D. Quist and E. Roger WashburnCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1940, 62, 11, 3169–3172Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1940Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1940https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01868a076https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01868a076research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views62Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Heteronuclear probes of coal structure and reactivity. Semi-annual report (1996)

Efforts toward quantitation of the sulfur removed from coal in the reaction Coal(S) + excess PBu{sub 3} with heat {r_arrow} Coal + SPBu{sub 3}/PBu{sub 3} by column chromatography of the products followed by weighing the SPBu{sub 3} and vacuum distillation of the SPBu{sub 3}/PBu{sub 3} mixture followed by gas chromatographic analysis are described. The first method failed, but the latter is more successful. It has been discovered that para-chloro phenol catalyzes the removal of sulfur from dibenzothiophene by PBu{sub 3} under mild conditions.