gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient methods for the addressing/decoding of a lattice-based fixed-rate, entropy-coded vector quantizer (2002)

In the quantization of a non-uniform source, the entropy coding of the quantizer output can result in a substantial decrease in bit rate. A straight-forward entropy coding scheme faces us with the problem of variable data rate. A solution in a space of dimensionality N is to select a subset of elements in the N-fold cartesian product of a scalar quantizer and represent them with code-words of the same length. For a memoryless source, a reasonable rule is to select the N-fold symbols with the lowest additive self-information. The search/addressing of this scheme can no longer be achieved independently along the one-D subspaces. Fortunately, the selected subset has a high degree of structure which can be used to substantially decrease the complexity. We discuss a method based on dynamic programming to facilitate the search/addressing operations. We build our recursive structure required for the dynamic programming in a hierarchy of steps. This results in several benefits over the conventional trellis-based approaches. Using this structure, we develop efficient rules (based on merging the states) to substantially reduce the search/addressing complexities while keeping the degradation negligible. We choose the quantizer points from a lattice resulting in a higher granular gain in comparison with simply using the cartesian product of a set of scalar quantizers. We introduce a special class of lattices which have a low decoding complexity, and at the same time result in a noticeable granular gain. Examples are given of image coding.
Hierarchical decision making for semantic analysis and summarisation of sports videos. (2005)

Video comprises several modalities and as the richest of all type of media, it is a very important tool and powerful medium of communication. It is used extensively for presenting information and expressing and communicating ideas. Huge amount of video material is generated everyday covering a wide variety of subjects. Without efficient and flexible tools, the usability of this material is quite restricted. In recent years there has been much research addressing the problem of automatic video analysis and retrieval. In this thesis, the problem of automatic video annotation is considered. We develop a multistage decision making system tailored to the domain of sport videos. The first stage is concerned with reaching a compact yet efficient representation of raw video material. One popular approach to this problem is a representation in terms of low-level features. A major limitation is that the stored indexing features are too low-level; they relate directly to the properties of the data. In this stage we opted for a representation in terms of cues. Cues are the result of processing that associates the feature measurements with real-world objects or events. An additional advantage of this approach is that the cues from different types of features are presented in a homogeneous way. The second stage of the system is concerned with the classification of video shots. The set of classes considered relate to some characteristic views that occur frequently in sport videos. The decision making mechanism in this stage is a boosted decision tree which generates hypotheses concerning the semantics of the sports video content given the cues annotation. In contrast to many shot classifiers reported in the literature, the proposed one decomposes the global complex classification problem into a number of simpler tasks. It has the flexibility of choosing different subsets of features (cues in our case) to solve those tasks, thus eliminating unnecessary computations. The final stage of the system is designed to attack the misclassification committed in earlier stages by exploiting temporal context. Misclassification can be due to error in the cue extraction, in the shot classifier or the consequence of a genuine ambiguity as the same visual content may be attributed to different sport categories, depending on the context. The functionality of this stage is realised by a Hidden Markov Model system which bridges the gap between the semantic content categorisation defined by the user and the actual visual content categories. This stage also addresses the grouping of shots into scenes. Experimental results on a database comprising video material from six different events demonstrate that the proposed system is working well.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuropeptide modulation of the immune response (1985)

Evidence is rapidly accumulating to support the existence of a neuroimmune axis. However, the precise role of individual neurotransmitters in regulating immune function remains to be elucidated. In this review we focus on the role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in modulation of lymphocyte function. We examine its status as a neurotransmitter, including evidence for neuronal and possible extraneuronal sites of synthesis. Further, we present data to demonstrate the presence of VIP receptors in human lymphocytes and, using the Molt 4b lymphoblastic cell line as a model, show VIP-mediated activation of adenylate cyclase leading to cAMP-dependent protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation of a specific Molt protein. Finally, we discuss the functional significance of VIP receptors on lymphocytes and present a model of neuropeptide-induced inflammation with possible therapeutic applications of this exciting new field of neuroimmunology.
Scheduling algorithms analysis for MPEG-4 traffic in UWB (2005)

Ultra-wideband (UWB) has recently received considerable attention for its applicability to wireless personal communications. Most work of UWB systems is related to the PHY layer while little work is done in the MAC layer. In this paper, we propose a simple and efficient scheduling algorithm called MES (MCTAs at the end of superframe) for MPEG-4 traffic in accordance with IEEE 802.15.3 standard. In this algorithm, piconet coordinator (PNC) allocates one management channel time allocation (MCTA) for each stream which is in the process of communication at the end of the superframe. During the MCTA period, each transmitter should report current queue size belonging to the stream to PNC. PNC will allocate corresponding channel time in the next superframe based on the queue size. Simulation results show that our proposed MES method achieves significant performance in QoS for multimedia streams compared to the existing schemes.
A new perspective on conflict resolution in market forecasting (2002)

What has been most problematical in the application of expert systems technology to market forecasting, as well as a significant theoretical issue with respect to the relative 'insensitivity' of the control structure of the expert system shell to global changes in the nature of the dynamism of the predictive domain has been that the market is sometimes predictable by one mechanism, sometimes by another, and sometimes, for practical purposes, not at all. The authors demonstrate a novel technique of conflict resolution implemented in a shell that permits changes in global market parameters to be reflected immediately in the disposition of every rule in the expert system to fire, relative to every other rule. The conflict resolution preference mechanism itself changes, in other words with the trending nature of the market, and the authors have found this to produce a very effective, market-sensitive model with substantial success (upwards of 86%) in timing buys and sells under a wide range of altogether divergent market conditions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Benchmarking Terminology for LAN Switching Devices (1998)

This document is intended to provide terminology for the benchmarking
of local area network (LAN) switching devices. It extends the
terminology already defined for benchmarking network interconnect
devices in RFCs 1242 and 1944 to switching devices. This memo provides
information for the Internet community. It does not specify an
Internet standard of any kind.
A dynamic programming algorithm for constructing optimal prefix-free codes with unequal letter costs (1998)

We consider the problem of constructing prefix-free codes of minimum cost when the encoding alphabet contains letters of unequal length. The complexity of this problem has been unclear for thirty years with the only algorithm known for its solution involving a transformation to integer linear programming. We introduce a new dynamic programming solution to the problem. It optimally encodes n words in O(n/sup C+2/) time, if the costs of the letters are integers between 1 and C. While still leaving open the question of whether the general problem is solvable in polynomial time, our algorithm seems to be the first one that runs in polynomial time for fixed letter costs.
A Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Wafer Defect Identification on an Imbalanced Dataset in Semiconductor Manufacturing Processes (2020)

Wafer maps contain information about various defect patterns on the wafer surface and automatic classification of these defects plays a vital role to find their root causes. Semiconductor engineers apply various methods for wafer defect classification such as manual visual inspection or machine learning-based algorithms by manually extracting useful features. However, these methods are unreliable, and their classification performance is also poor. Therefore, this paper proposes a deep learning-based convolutional neural network for automatic wafer defect identification (CNN-WDI). We applied a data augmentation technique to overcome the class-imbalance issue. The proposed model uses convolution layers to extract valuable features instead of manual feature extraction. Moreover, state-of-the-art regularization methods such as batch normalization and spatial dropout are used to improve the classification performance of the CNN-WDI model. The experimental results comparison using a real wafer dataset shows that our model outperformed all previously proposed machine learning-based wafer defect classification models. The average classification accuracy of the CNN-WDI model with nine different wafer map defects is 96.2%, which is an increment of 6.4% from the last highest average accuracy using the same dataset.
Anycast as a load balancing feature (2010)

Our IT organization is made up of many sub-teams, each providing a service such as DNS, LDAP, HTTP proxy, and so on. Each one is deployed globally, using their own replication mechanisms. Our team provides Load Balancing and failover services in a way that other teams can use without having to manage the underlying technology. We recently added Anycast as a service we offer to other teams that need to be able to failover between Load Balancers. While Anycast is complex and mysterious to many systems administrators, our architecture provides the service in a way that the other teams do not need to worry about the details. They simply provide the service behind Load Balancers they currently use, with an additional virtual IP address. This paper describes how Anycast works, it's benefits, and the architecture we used to provide Anycast failover as a service.
<i>Ab initio</i> calculations for properties of MAX phases Ti2TlC, Zr2TlC, and Hf2TlC (2006)

Using ab initio calculations we have computed the lattice constants, bulk moduli, and local and total density of states of the MAX phases, Ti2TlC, Zr2TlC, and Hf2TlC in the hexagonal P63∕mmc space group. The results for lattice constants are within 2% of experimental results. The bulk moduli are predicted to be 125, 120, and 131GPa, respectively. These are the lowest values of bulk moduli among all MAX phases studied to date. The electronic density of states shows that all three materials are conducting. These low values of their bulk moduli are attributed to weak metal M (M=Ti,Zr,Hf) bonding with the A element thallium.
TAKING TECHNOLOGY IN HAND (1996)

Personal digital assistants are making a comeback, thanks to industrial innovation.
An Interleaved Series-Capacitor Tapped Buck Converter for High Step-Down DC/DC Application (2018)

High step-down dc/dc converters are widely utilized in telecom and modern industrial applications. Due to the high step-down ratio, conventional Buck converter cannot provide satisfactory performance. To solve this problem, quite a few new topologies have been proposed to improve the performance of high step-down dc/dc converters, such as series-capacitor Buck (SC-Buck) converter, 3-level Buck converters, tapped inductor Buck converters, and LLC resonant converters. In this paper, the twice step-down benefit of SC-Buck converter and the zero-voltage switching benefit of series-capacitor tapped Buck (SC-TaB) converter are combined together to propose a new topology: interleaved series-capacitor tapped Buck (ISC-TaB) converter. To analyze the performance of the proposed ISC-TaB converter, the operation principles are discussed and the voltage conversion ratio is derived. In addition, to guide the design procedure and optimization, the current waveforms and voltage waveforms of the proposed ISC-TaB are derived. In order to verify the performance of the proposed ISC-TaB, hardware prototype of the proposed ISC-TaB converter and conventional two-phase series-capacitor tapped Buck converter (2ph-TaB) are designed and tested. The application is targeted at telecom with 48-V input and 3.3 V/20 A output. The test results are compared between these two converters. A peak efficiency of 95.6% is achieved on the proposed ISC-TaB and the efficiency of the ISC-TaB over all load range is at least 1% higher than that of 2ph-TaB.
The effects of camber on energy cost in the experienced and inexperienced wheelchair user (2009)

Background: Wheelchair camber is the inclination of the rear wheels from vertical when viewed from the front. The proven benefits of rear-wheel camber are varied. In terms of energy cost and manoeuvrability, camber may appear to influence wheeling efficiency to a large extent. The few studies that have examined the energy cost of camber during wheeling have had differing results with most studies reporting an improvement in wheeling efficiency and overall ease of mobility. To date, this is the only study that has examined the effects of rear-wheel camber on energy cost in the experienced disabled individual during over ground steady state wheeling. Purpose: The purpose is to determine if there is a difference in energy cost between 0⁰, 3⁰ and 6⁰ of camber in disabled experienced wheelchair users during over ground wheeling. A secondary purpose was to determine if these differences were consistent across all three groups. Method: Three groups of subjects were examined: experienced disabled wheelchair users (T6 lesion and below) (DIS), able-bodied individuals with experience at manual wheeling (EXP), and able-bodied individuals with no experience at manual wheeling (IN). Subjects were tested using 0⁰, 3⁰ and 6⁰ of camber during steady state manual wheeling in slalom over a smooth hard surface. Data on heart rate, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), the visual analog scale for comfort (VAS) and a user preference questionnaire were collected for subjects in all three groups. Expired gas analysis and heart rate variability (HRV) were also collected for the DIS group Results: No significant difference in measures of energy cost, RPE, or VAS was shown for camber angle or group. Six degrees of camber emerged as the angle most preferred in terms of stability on a side-slope, hand comfort on the pushrim, manoeuvrability and overall preference. Discussion: All subjects, regardless of wheeling ability or injury status, showed no physiological preference for either 0⁰, 3⁰ and 6⁰ of camber. Specific questions about camber and stability, comfort and manoeuvrability showed there was a preference for 6⁰ of camber across all groups.
Enhancement Of Forming Limits Of Aluminum Alloys Using An Intermediate Heat Treatment (2011)

Since the lightweight material aluminum exhibits reduced formability compared to conventional steel grades, additional steps for extending the existing forming limits have to be conducted. This paper presents an innovative approach for heat treatment embedded between two cold forming steps. The application of such intermediate heat treatment may reduce the strain hardening of the material which was induced during a first cold forming step. The alloy discussed in detail is AlMg4, 5Mn (AA5182). The heat treatment, e.g. in a furnace, should take place at a predefined temperature for a certain duration. This allows a higher degree of deformation in the second forming operation. The advantages of this methodology can be shown by conducting tensile tests. Tensile specimens are first pre‐strained to a defined strain value and then heat treated in a way that the recrystallization of the aluminum alloy is avoided. After cooling down the samples to room temperature, further tests are conducted up to failure of the material. As a result of the experiments, stress‐strain curves dependent on the heat treatment condition are obtained. Comparing the different curves the support of the heat treatment on formability can be analyzed.
A word from the editor (2007)

Welcome to ACM Computers in Entertainment, a premier online magazine featuring video interviews with leading professionals and interesting articles on entertainment technology and its applications.
Detection of rodent coronaviruses by use of fluorogenic reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. (2002)

Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays have proved useful for the detection of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and rat coronavirus (RCV) in acutely infected animals and contaminated biomaterials. Fluorogenic nuclease RT-PCR assays combine RT-PCR with an internal fluorogenic hybridization probe, thereby eliminating post-PCR processing and potentially enhancing specificity. Consequently, a fluorogenic nuclease RT-PCR assay specific for rodent coronaviruses was developed. Primer and probe sequences were selected from the viral genome segment that encodes the membrane (M) protein that is highly conserved among rodent coronaviruses. Use of the fluorogenic nuclease RT-PCR detected all strains of MHV and RCV that were evaluated, but did not detect other RNA viruses that naturally infect rodents. Use of the assay detected as little as two femtograms of in vitro transcribed RNA generated from cloned amplicon, and when compared directly with mouse antibody production tests, had similar sensitivity at detecting MHV-A59 in infected cell culture lysates. Finally, use of the assay detected coronavirus RNA in tissues, cage swipes, and feces obtained from mice experimentally infected with MHV, and in tissues and cage swipes obtained from rats naturally infected with RCV. These results indicate that the fluorogenic nuclease RT-PCR assay should provide a potentially high-throughput, PCR-based method to detect rodent coronaviruses in infected rodents and contaminated biological materials.
Messersmith, G.S. (2011)

Enclosed with No. 1360. Observations on, and recommendations for, the control of aliens in the U.S. as measure of prevention of sabotage, espionage, and other forms of subversive activity.
Starvation and ULK1-dependent cycling of mammalian Atg9 between the TGN and endosomes (2006)

Autophagy, fundamentally a lysosomal degradation pathway, functions in cells during normal growth and certain pathological conditions, including starvation, to maintain homeostasis. Autophagosomes are formed through a mechanism that is not well understood, despite the identification of many genes required for autophagy. We have studied the mammalian homologue of Atg9p, a multi-spanning transmembrane protein essential in yeast for autophagy, to gain a better understanding of the function of this ubiquitious protein. We show that both the N- and C-termini of mammalian Atg9 (mAtg9) are cytosolic, and predict that mAtg9 spans the membrane six times. We find that mAtg9 is located in the trans-Golgi network and late endosomes and colocalizes with TGN46, the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor, Rab7 and Rab9. Amino acid starvation or rapamycin treatment, which upregulates autophagy, causes a redistribution of mAtg9 from the TGN to peripheral, endosomal membranes, which are positive for the autophagosomal marker GFP-LC3. siRNA-mediated depletion of the putative mammalian homologue of Atg1p, ULK1, inhibits this starvation-induced redistribution. The redistribution of mAtg9 also requires PI 3-kinase activity, and is reversed after restoration of amino acids. We speculate that starvation-induced autophagy, which requires mAtg9, may rely on an alteration of the steady-state trafficking of mAtg9, in a Atg1-dependent manner.
Physical Activity and the Risk of Breast Cancer Recurrence: A Literature Review (2012)

To prevent breast cancer recurrence and breast cancer-related mortality, nurses should encourage breast cancer survivors to engage in regular exercise.
[Progress of burn research in metabolism and nutrition in China]. (2008)

The achievements of burn metabolism and nutrition in China are briefly presented. Advance a new theory "Enterogenous Hypermetabolism". Develop a formula to calculate calorie needs in Chinese burn adults. Put forward new ideas on glucose absorption, neo glycogenesis, insulin resistance, and the use of hypoglycemic agent after burn injury. Observe the variation of plasma level of free aminoacids, investigate the changes and mechanisms of 26S proteasome and 19S regulator in skeletal muscle of burn trauma, and the clinical application and its mechanism of glutamine and arginine. Introduce the approach of (13)C NMR spectroscopy to investigate the alterations of hepatic anabolism functions in severely burned rats. Offer supplying the suitable dosage of vitamin A, C, E and microelement of zinc, copper, ferrum for burn patients. Carry out serial studies of early enteral and parenteral nutrition, and compare enteral nutrition with parenteral nutrition. Early enteral nutrition with synbiotics might be beneficial to the controlling of burn infection. Both glucagon like peptide-2 (GLP-2) and intestinal trefoil factor (ITF) exhibit protective effect on intestinal mucosa in minimizing injury and protecting barrier function. The choice of suitable opportunity to use rhGH (growth hormone) is investigated. In addition, advance the view points of ischemia and anoxia in metabolism, anti-inflammatory immune and nutrition.
Defect-Mediated In-Plane Electrical Conduction in Few-Layer sp<sup>2</sup>-Hybridized Boron Nitrides (2018)

In-plane electrical conduction in sp<sup>2</sup>-hybridized boron nitride (sp<sup>2</sup>-BN) is presented to explore a huge potential of sp<sup>2</sup>-BN as an active material for electronics and ultraviolet optoelectronics. Systematic investigation on temperature-dependent current-voltage ( I- V) characteristics of a few-layer sp<sup>2</sup>-BN grown by metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy reveals two types of predominant conduction mechanisms that are Ohmic conduction at the low bias region and space-charge-limited conduction at the high bias region. From the temperature-dependent I- V characteristics, two shallow traps with activation energies of approximately 25 and 185 meV are observed. On the basis of the near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy, boron-boron (B-B) homoelemental bonding which can be related to grain boundary and nitrogen vacancy (V<sub>N</sub>) are proposed as the origin of the shallow traps mediating the in-plane conduction in the sp<sup>2</sup>-BN layer. In addition, a drastic enhancement in the electrical conductivity is observed with the increasing amount of V<sub>N</sub> that acts as a donor, implying that controlled generation of V<sub>N</sub> can be an alternative and better approach for the n-type doping of the sp<sup>2</sup>-BN film rather than ineffective conventional substitutional doping methods.