gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
FLASH radiotherapy: ultra-high dose rates to spare healthy tissue (2019)

A recent addition to the treatment options in external beam therapy, so-called FLASH radiotherapy, shows remarkable healthy-tissue-sparing properties in a number of pre-clinical studies without impacting the overall treatment efficacy. Its potential in clinical applications is attracting a great deal of interest in the medical community. The use of ultra-high dose rates at extremely short irradiation times has been shown to significantly enhance the differential effects between normal and tumor tissue. This makes it possible to increase treatment doses without further harming the surrounding healthy tissue. While most studies to date have focused on the use of electron beams, X-ray and proton FLASH radiotherapy have also shown beneficial effects, although for these latter two the results still need to be independently confirmed. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying the biological effects remain to be elucidated. Very recently, the FLASH effect has been demonstrated in the first human patient, with promising results, supporting further clinical studies. This review will present an overview of the investigations into FLASH radiotherapy to date.
Theory of Bubble Formation in Liquids. (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTheory of Bubble Formation in Liquids.Louis BernathCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1952, 44, 6, 1310–1313Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50510a037https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50510a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views562Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
The Past and Future of Kentucky's Fraudulent Transfer and Preference Laws (1998)

An important part of the law of creditors' remedies is the ability of creditors to recover property formerly held by the debtor, but transferred to others under circumstances that are considered to be unfair or inequitable. There are two principal ways a creditor can seek to have a debtor's transfer characterized as unfair in order to recover it. First, a transfer to another creditor or a third party can be fraudulent as to one or all of the remaining creditors, or may be deemed to be fraudulent because of the circumstances surrounding the transfer, such as a transfer made by an insolvent debtor for less than fair value. Second, even a transfer to another creditor for full value can be considered "preferential" to that creditor. Recovery of a preferential transfer to one creditor, in theory, makes all of the debtor's property available for an orderly distribution to all creditors. Fraudulent transfers and preferences are recoverable in state law collective actions such as assignments for the benefit of creditors, or in a proceeding under the federal Bankruptcy Code.\nKentucky has a unique and antique collection of laws governing fraudulent transfers and preferences. Both the singularity and age of these laws are easily established with a few examples. The most recent of these laws were written 140 years ago. Kentucky is one of only eight states that have not adopted one of two uniform laws offered on the subjects in the past ninety years. In addition, Kentucky is one of only three states allowing creditors to set aside preferences, a power reserved otherwise for bankruptcy or other insolvency proceedings. Indeed, most other states have declared their policy to permit preferences, almost as a fundamental right of debtors to pay any debts they might have at any time, regardless of the effect on other creditors.\nThis background suggests that Kentucky's singularity is perhaps not a good thing, but rather evidence of old laws left to languish long past their time. In Part I of this article, I review the development of modem fraudulent transfer and preference law. Part II contrasts that development with the existing law in Kentucky and other non-uniform states. Part III reviews the need and prospects for reform of Kentucky's laws. I conclude that in most respects improvement and modernization is overdue, but should proceed carefully with due regard taken of the effect of broadly written fraudulent transfer statutes on commercial transactions.
Acquired (digital) fibrokeratomas. Complication of ingrown toenail (1974)

Abstract is not availeble.
Storage Volume Sizing for Landfill Leachate‐Recirculation Systems (1993)

The issue of leachate storage for landfill leachate-recirculation systems is addressed in this note. Basic design equations are developed for the volumetric sizing of the leachate storage facility. The sizing approach is based on two conditions: (1) The determination of the storage volume to provide leachate recirculation during interevent periods between precipitation events; and (2) the determination of the storage volume to provide storage capacity for the leachate volumes resulting from precipitation events. The design volume is the maximum of the two storage volumes determined for the two conditions. The sizing methodology is applied to a range of Canadian locations, and is shown to yield reasonable results.
Manufacturing Intelligence to Exploit the Value of Production and Tool Data to Reduce Cycle Time (2010)

Cycle time reduction is crucial for semiconductor wafer fabrication companies to maintain competitive advantages as the semiconductor industry is becoming more dynamic and changing faster. According to Little's Law, while maintaining the same throughput level, the reduction in Work-in-Process (WIP) will result in cycle time reduction. On one hand, the existing queueing models for predicting the WIP of tool sets in wafer fabrication facilities (fab) have limitations in real settings. On the other hand, little research has been done to predict the WIP of tool sets with tool dedication and waiting time constraint so as to control the corresponding WIP levels of various tool sets to reduce cycle time without affecting throughput. This study aims to fill the gap by proposing a manufacturing intelligence (MI) approach based on neural networks (NNs) to exploit the value of the wealthy production data and tool data for predicting the WIP levels of the tool sets for cycle time reduction. To validate this approach, empirical data were collected and analyzed in a leading semiconductor company. The comparison results have shown practical viability of this approach. Furthermore, the proposed approach can identify and improve the critical input factors for reducing the WIP to reduce cycle time in a fab.
Making Nanostructured Ceramics from Micrometer‐Sized Powders via Grain Refinement During SPS Sintering (2008)

In this paper, we have demonstrated that dense bulk nanostructured ceramics can be synthesized from micrometer‐sized powders by using an electrical field‐activated sintering process. A dense Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 ‐PbTiO 3 ceramic with grain sizes of 20–100 nm was obtained from the starting powder of 1 to 10 μm. Structural and property analysis confirmed that the entire specimen is composed of nano‐sized grains. The significant microstructural refining is attributed to a pulsed electric field‐induced thermo‐mechanical fatigue process, which in situ “shattered” the large particles into nano‐sized grains during sintering. An advantage of this technique over the previous ones is that it avoids the usage of ultrafine nanometer‐sized powders, which are difficult to process and mass produce in an economic and consistent way. In principle, the process demonstrated here can be applied to other material systems.
Relative contribution of human erythrocyte aldehyde dehydrogenase to the systemic detoxification of the oxazaphosphorines. (1997)

Detoxification of cyclophosphamide is effected, in part, by hepatic class 1 aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-1)-catalyzed oxidation of aldophosphamide, a pivotal aldehyde intermediate, to the nontoxic metabolite, carboxyphosphamide. This enzyme is found in erythrocytes as well. Detoxification of aldophosphamide may also be effected by enzymes, viz. certain aldo-keto reductases, that catalyze the reduction of aldophosphamide to alcophosphamide. Such enzymes are also found in erythrocytes. Not known at the onset of this investigation was whether the contribution of erythrocyte ALDH-1 and/or aldo-keto reductases to the overall systemic detoxification of circulating aldophosphamide is significant. Thus, NAD-linked oxidation and NADPH-linked reduction of aldophosphamide catalyzed by relevant erythrocyte enzymes were quantified. ALDH-1-catalyzed oxidation of aldophosphamide (160 microM) to carboxyphosphamide occurred at a mean (+/- SD) rate of 5.0 +/- 1.4 atmol/min/rbc (red blood cell). Aldo-keto reductase-catalyzed reduction of aldophosphamide (160 microM) to alcophosphamide occurred at a much slower rate, viz. 0.3 +/- 0.2 atmol/min/rbc. Thus, at a pharmacologically relevant concentration of aldophosphamide, viz. 1 microM, estimated aggregate erythrocyte ALDH-1-catalyzed aldophosphamide oxidation, viz. 2.0 micromol/min, was only about 3% of estimated aggregate hepatic enzyme-catalyzed aldophosphamide oxidation, viz. 72 micromol/min; however, this rate is greater than the estimated flow-limited rate of aldophosphamide delivery to the liver by the blood, viz. 1.5 micromol/min. These observations/considerations suggest an important in vivo role for erythrocyte ALDH-1 in systemic aldophosphamide detoxification. Erythrocyte ALDH-1-effected oxidation of other aldehydes to their corresponding acids, e.g. retinaldehyde to retinoic acid, may also be of pharmacological and/or physiological significance since a wide variety of aldehydes are known to be substrates for ALDH-1.
Correlation of salivary glucose level with blood glucose level in diabetes mellitus (2017)

With increase in BGL, increase in SGL was observed in patients with diabetes suggesting that SGL can be used for monitoring glycemic level in DM.
<b>The Absolute Configuration of Naturally Occurring Isocitric Acid</b> (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Absolute Configuration of Naturally Occurring Isocitric AcidA. L. Patterson, Carroll K. Johnson, Dick. van der Helm, and Jean A. MinkinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1962, 84, 2, 309–310Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1962https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00861a039https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00861a039research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views69Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Structures of the N-terminal modules imply large domain motions during catalysis by methionine synthase (2004)

B(12)-dependent methionine synthase (MetH) is a large modular enzyme that utilizes the cobalamin cofactor as a methyl donor or acceptor in three separate reactions. Each methyl transfer occurs at a different substrate-binding domain and requires a different arrangement of modules. In the catalytic cycle, the cobalamin-binding domain carries methylcobalamin to the homocysteine (Hcy) domain to form methionine and returns cob(I)alamin to the folate (Fol) domain for remethylation by methyltetrahydrofolate (CH(3)-H(4)folate). Here, we describe crystal structures of a fragment of MetH from Thermotoga maritima comprising the domains that bind Hcy and CH(3)-H(4)folate. These substrate-binding domains are (beta alpha)(8) barrels packed tightly against one another with their barrel axes perpendicular. The properties of the domain interface suggest that the two barrels remain associated during catalysis. The Hcy and CH(3)-H(4)folate substrates are bound at the C termini of their respective barrels in orientations that position them for reaction with cobalamin, but the two active sites are separated by approximately 50 A. To complete the catalytic cycle, the cobalamin-binding domain must travel back and forth between these distant active sites.
Identification of process plant signatures using flow measurement signals (1990)

The hardware and some analysis methods used to obtain additional information from the output signals of two standard industrial flowmeters-orifice plate and turbine-are presented. Some typical equipment signatures identified from the output signals of the flowmeters are illustrated. The emphasis is on methods of enhancing the performance of existing process instrumentation-the flowmeter in this case.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Power-Assistive Finger Exoskeleton With a Palmar Opening at the Fingerpad (2014)

This paper presents a powered finger exoskeleton with an open fingerpad, named the Open Fingerpad eXoskeleton (OFX). The palmar opening at the fingerpad allows for direct contact between the user's fingerpad and objects in order to make use of the wearer's own tactile sensation for dexterous manipulation. Lateral side walls at the end of the OFX's index finger module are equipped with custom load cells for estimating the wearer's pinch grip force. A pneumatic cylinder generates assistance force, which is determined according to the estimated pinch grip force. The OFX transmits the assistance force directly to the objects without exerting pressure on the wearer's finger. The advantage of the OFX over an exoskeleton with a closed fingerpad was validated experimentally. During static and dynamic manipulation of a test object, the OFX exhibited a lower safety margin than the closed exoskeleton, indicating a higher ability to adjust the grip force within an appropriate range. Furthermore, the benefit of force assistance in reducing the muscular burden was observed in terms of muscle fatigue during a static pinch grip. The median frequency (MDF) of the surface electromyography (sEMG) signal from the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle displayed a lower reduction rate for the assisted condition, indicating a lower accumulation rate of muscle fatigue.
Optimization of fatty acid extraction from <i>Phaeodactylum tricornutum</i> UTEX 640 biomass (1998)

Abstract Fatty acids in the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum were isolated using an optimized three‐step method: extraction of crude fatty acid potassium salts made by direct saponification of lipids in the microalgal biomass with KOH/ethanol (96%, vol/vol), separation of unsaponifiable lipids by extraction with hexane, and final purification of fatty acids by acidification of the alcoholic solution of potassium soaps followed by extraction of fatty acid into hexane. Direct saponification was carried out in ethanol (96%, vol/vol) using 2.09 mL ethanol (96%) per gram of wet biomass (10 mL/g of dry biomass) mixed with 0.4 g KOH/g of biomass. Under these conditions the fatty acid yield was 87%. The optimal water content of the alcoholic solution for extraction of the unsapononifiables was established as 40%, w/w. Data on equilibrium carotenoid distribution between the alcoholic (40%, w/w water) and hexane phases were determined. These data allow prediction of the carotenoid yields with different volumes of hexane in several extraction steps. The optimal pH of the alcoholic solution before extracting the purified fatty acid was established as pH 6, and the equilibrium fatty acid distribution between the alcoholic and hexane phases was determined. This optimized method permited a 20% reduction in the production costs of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in the three‐step preparative process (extraction of fatty acid, concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids by the urea method, and EPA fractionation through preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography) previously developed by the authors.
TECHNICAL NOTE. CONCRETE UNDER LONG-TERM TRIAXIAL STRESS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES. (1979)

Keywords IMPERIAL COLLEGE CONCRETE, STRESS, CREEP, DESIGN, OPERATION, RADIAL, INTERNAL, LONG TERM, HIGH, TESTS, PRESSURE, VALUE, AXIAL, HOT, TRIAXIAL, TEMPERATURE, APPARATUS, CELLS, CORRECTIONS, SHEAR, SPOTS... Show All
Agents for multidisciplinary design in virtual worlds (2007)

Abstract Agent models provide a generalized approach to the design of systems that autonomously monitor and affect an environment. Societies of agents that reason and communicate about an environment can achieve complex emergent behavior to facilitate and augment human activities. This paper introduces artificial agent technologies as a means by which the behavioral complexity of virtual worlds can be extended to provide the functionality needed to support collaboration in multidisciplinary design teams. Three key roles are identified that artificial agents can play to provide this functionality: support for multiple views of designed objects, support for the expression of relationships between designed objects, and compatibility with existing design tools. The implementation of a society of agents fulfilling these roles within a virtual world based, multidisciplinary design tool called DesignWorld is described. The increased behavioral complexity and functionality of DesignWorld's underlying virtual world is demonstrated using the results of multidisciplinary design experiments with DesignWorld.
The Efficacy of Glucomannan Supplementation in Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials (2014)

The evidence from available RCTs does not show that glucomannan intake generates statistically significant weight loss. Future trials should be more rigorous and better reported.
Galvanic Corrosion-A Kinetic Study (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGalvanic Corrosion-A Kinetic StudyT. H. Randle Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 3, 261Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1994Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 March 1994Published inissue 1 March 1994https://doi.org/10.1021/ed071p261RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views602Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (3 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Fully Validated, Multi-Kilogram cGMP Synthesis of MDMA (2021)

MDMA is increasingly used in clinical research, but no cGMP process has yet been reported. We describe here the first fully validated cGMP synthesis of up to 5 kg (≈30 000 patient doses) of MDMA in a four-step process beginning with a noncontrolled starting material. The overall yield was acceptable (41-53%, over four steps), and the chemical purity of the final product was excellent, exceeding 99.9% of the peak area by HPLC in each of the four validation trials. The availability of cGMP-compliant MDMA will facilitate ongoing clinical trials and provide for future therapeutic use, if encouraging results lead to FDA approval.
Designing a high-performance mobile cloud web browser (2014)

A mobile cloud web browser is a web browser that enables mobile devices with constrained resources to support complex web pages by performing most of resource demanding operations on a cloud web server. In this paper, we present a design of a mobile web cloud browser with efficient data structure.
GFP—PCNA as an S‐phase marker in embryos during the first and subsequent cell cycles (2005)

GFP-PCNA is a accurate and non-toxic marker of S-phase in embryos during early development.
Using alliances to build market power (1990)

Forming valuable alliances with suppliers, distributors, and competitors requires some daring counterintuitive tactics. The next bold step is to set up cooperative networks‐vertical integration systems, technology links, development cooperatives, and stakeholder alliances.
Influence of receptor number on the stimulation by salmeterol of gene transcription in CHO‐K1 cells transfected with the human <i>β</i><sub>2</sub>‐adrenoceptor (1998)

1. The beta2-agonist salmeterol is a potent relaxant of airway smooth muscle with a long duration of action. Previous studies of cyclic AMP accumulation, however, have indicated that salmeterol is a low efficacy beta2-agonist when compared to isoprenaline. Here we have compared the properties of salmeterol and isoprenaline as stimulants of gene transcription in CHO-K1 cells transfected with the human beta2-adrenoceptor to different levels (50 and 310 fmol mg protein(-1)). 2. Gene transcription was monitored using a secreted placental alkaline phosphate (SPAP) reporter gene under the transcriptional control of six cyclic AMP response element (CRE) sequences. 3. In the lower expressing cells (CHO-beta2/6), salmeterol produced a maximal cyclic AMP response that was only 22% that of that obtained with isoprenaline. In contrast in the higher expressing cells (CHO-beta2/ 4), the two maxima were of similar magnitude. 4. Salmeterol was a more potent stimulant of gene transcription, producing the same maximal response as isoprenaline in both cell lines. Furthermore, in the CHO-beta2/4 cells, Salmeterol was 50 fold more potent as a stimulant of SPAP secretion than of cyclic AMP accumulation. In contrast, isoprenaline was 24 fold less sensitive as a stimulant of SPAP secretion than of cyclic AMP accumulation. In the presence of serum (10%), the effects of both salmeterol and isoprenaline on gene transcription were augmented. 5. These data suggest that the low efficacy and/or long duration of action of salmeterol, favours a potent stimulation of gene transcription when compared to more efficacious but shorter-lived agonists such as isoprenaline.