gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Molten Salt Lithium–Oxygen Battery (2016)

Despite the promise of extremely high theoretical capacity (2Li + O2 ↔ Li2O2, 1675 mAh per gram of oxygen), many challenges currently impede development of Li/O2 battery technology. Finding suitable electrode and electrolyte materials remains the most elusive challenge to date. A radical new approach is to replace volatile, unstable and air-intolerant organic electrolytes common to prior research in the field with alkali metal nitrate molten salt electrolytes and operate the battery above the liquidus temperature (>80 °C). Here we demonstrate an intermediate temperature Li/O2 battery using a lithium anode, a molten nitrate-based electrolyte (e.g., LiNO3-KNO3 eutectic) and a porous carbon O2 cathode with high energy efficiency (∼95%) and improved rate capability because the discharge product, lithium peroxide, is stable and moderately soluble in the molten salt electrolyte. The results, supported by essential state-of-the-art electrochemical and analytical techniques such as in situ pressure and gas analyses, scanning electron microscopy, rotating disk electrode voltammetry, demonstrate that Li2O2 electrochemically forms and decomposes upon cycling with discharge/charge overpotentials as low as 50 mV. We show that the cycle life of such batteries is limited only by carbon reactivity and by the uncontrolled precipitation of Li2O2, which eventually becomes electrically disconnected from the O2 electrode.
Homolytic cycloaddition of dithiols to alkynes leading to sulfur-containing heterocycles and crown thioethers: new comments to the mechanism (1997)

Multicenter three-electron (3e-2c) S-S bond formation can be employed to explain the cyclization in the homolytic addn. of α,ω-thiols to alkynes.
Pathophysiology, staging and therapy of severe sepsis in baboon models (2011)

We review our baboon models of Escherichia coli sepsis that mimic, respectively, the shock/disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and organ failure variants of severe sepsis, and analyse the pathophysiologic processes that are unique to each. The multi-stage, multi-factorial characteristics of severe sepsis develop as a result of the initial insult, which - depending on its intensity - activates components of the intravascular compartment leading to overwhelming shock/DIC; or initiates a sequence of events involving both the intra- and extravascular (tissues) compartments that lead to organ failure. In the latter case, the disorder passes through two stages: an initial inflammatory/coagulopathic intravascular first stage triggered by E. coli, followed by an extravascular second stage, involving components unique to each organ and triggered by ischemia/reperfusion (oxidative stress and histone release). Although a myriad of overlapping cellular and molecular components are involved, it is the context in which these components are brought into play that determine whether shock/DIC or organ failure predominate. For example, inflammatory and thrombotic responses amplified by thrombin in the first case whereas similar responses are amplified by complement activation products in the second. Rather than blocking specific mediators, we found that attenuation of the thrombin and complement amplification pathways can effectively reverse the shock/DIC and organ failure exhibited by the LD(100) and LD(50) E. coli models of severe sepsis, respectively. Translation of these concepts to successful intervention in the respective baboon models of E. coli sepsis and the application to their clinical counterparts is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Exocyclic Alkenes by Cu‐Catalyzed Allylmagnesiation, Pd‐Catalyzed Alkylation, and Ru‐Catalyzed Ring‐Closing Metathesis: Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of (Z)‐(V) and (E)‐(IX)‐γ‐Bisabolenes. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Synthetic Efficiency in Enzyme Mechanisms Involving Carbocations: Aristolochene Synthase (2009)

An intramolecular proton-transfer mechanism has been proposed for the carbocationic cyclization\nof farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) to (+)-aristolochene catalyzed by aristolochene synthase. This novel\nmechanism, which is based on results obtained by high-level <i>ab initio</i> molecular orbital and density functional\ntheory calculations, differs from the previous proposal in the key step of carbocation propagation prior to\nthe formation of the bicyclic carbon skeleton. Previously, germacrene A was proposed to be generated as\nan intermediate by deprotonation of germacryl cation followed by reprotonation of the C6−C7 double bond\nto yield eudesmane cation. In the mechanism proposed here the direct intramolecular proton transfer has\na computed barrier of about 22 kcal/mol, which is further lowered to 16−20 kcal/mol by aristolochene\nsynthase. An alternative pathway is also possible through a proton shuttle via a pyrophosphate-bound\nwater molecule. The mechanism proposed here is consistent with the observation that germacrene A is\nnot a substrate of aristolochene synthase. Furthermore, the modeled substrate−enzyme complex suggests\nthat Trp 334 and Phe 178 play key roles in positioning the substrate in the reactive orientation in the binding\npocket. This is consistent with experimental findings that mutations of either residue lead to pronounced\ngeneration of aborted cyclization products.
Vascular Protection Following Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion (2011)

Despite considerable research that has contributed to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of stroke, translation of this knowledge into effective therapies has largely failed. The only effective treatment for ischemic stroke is rapid recanalization of an occluded vessel by dissolving the clot with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). However, stroke adversely affects vascular function as well that can cause secondary brain injury and limit treatment that depends on a patent vasculature. In middle cerebral arteries (MCA), ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) cause loss of myogenic tone, vascular paralysis, and endothelial dysfunction that can lead to loss of autoregulation. In contrast, brain parenchymal arterioles retain considerable tone during I/R that likely contributes to expansion of the infarct into the penumbra. Microvascular dysregulation also occurs during ischemic stroke that causes edema and hemorrhage, exacerbating the primary insult. Ischemic injury of vasculature is progressive with longer duration of I/R. Early postischemic reperfusion has beneficial effects on stroke outcome but can impair vascular function and exacerbate ischemic injury after longer durations of I/R. This review focuses on current knowledge on the effects of I/R on the structure and function of different vascular segments in the brain and highlight some of the more promising targets for vascular protection.
Analysis of Underlying Organization in Randomized Fiber Arrays (2009)

This work quantifies geometric effects of randomness in unidirectional fiber packing arrays over a 0.1-0.9 fiber volume fraction range. Investigated parameters are equivalent symmetry angle, nearest neighbor distance, number of touches per fiber, and specific fiber volume fraction. Ten-thousand different fiber array configurations were analyzed to generate statistical results. These results are presented as plots and least squares approximating functions. It is shown that, for fiber volume fractions exceeding 0.6, truly random fiber packing is unlikely to occur. A sample problem is also included to illustrate benefits of accounting for random behavior in simple models.
Production of the Ultrafine-Grained Materials by Sandglass Extrusion Process (2001)

A new method of getting ultrafine grain has been investigated,which is called“Sandglass Extrusion”(SE).The ultrafine grain can be obtained in the billet material due to the large plastic strain and the dynamic recrystallization during SE.The microstructures,microhardness and superplasticity of test material after SE have been studied.The experimental results show that the equal axial ultrafine microstructures can be introduced to the bulk test material during sandglass extrusion.The high strain rate superplasticity can be realized.
Piecewise single view Photometric Stereo with multi-view constraints (2012)

This paper presents a novel Photometric Stereo approach for static views that recasts the problem into a piecewise formulation. The proposed algorithm, called Piecewise Photometric Stereo (PPS), entails several advantages in respect to previous global approaches. It is intrinsically more efficient, since reconstructing the surface in patches is computationally faster than reconstructing the global surface. Each patch has been associated an individual photometric model rather than a single global model as used in classical approaches. In this way, the piecewise formulation may grasp more complex lighting effects. Finally, the global metric properties of the shape is preserved using the multi-view constraints. In this pipeline, structure from motion is exploited to define such set of constraints and to compose a 3D mesh representing the metric structure of the object. Real results with ground truth show the positive performance of our algorithm compared with a classical global approach for Photometric Stereo.
ChemInform Abstract: Permuting Diels—Alder and Robinson Annulation Stereopatterns. (2013)

Abstract Octalones (V) are obtained by a Diels—Alder reaction of cyclohexenone (I) with dienes (II) followed by a silica‐mediated isomerization of octalones (III) and a subsequent Saegusa oxidation of silylenol (IV).
Miniature sources of subnanosecond 1.4 - 4.3-µm pulses with high peak power (2000)

Microchip-laser-pumped optical parametric generators have been packaged in 10-cm-long × 2.5-cm-diameter stainless-steel cans. These devices convert the 1.064-µm output of the laser into radiation at preselected wavelengths between 1.4 and 4.3 µm with quantum efficiencies >40%, resulting in mid-ir pulses of <200-ps duration with peak signal powers >140 kW. The optical head includes a heater that can be used to temperature tune the devices over several 10s to 100s of nm.
Time‐Dependent Strength of Siliconized Silicon Carbide under Stress at 1000° and 1100°C (1985)

The time‐dependent strength of a fine‐grained siliconized silicon carbide under stress at 1000° and 1100°C was investigated. Both macroscopic stress redistribution and localized flaw blunting were found to contribute to the strengthening of siliconized silicon carbide in bending tests. Strengthening through macroscopic stress redistribution involved nonlinear creep behavior which decreased the maximum outer fiber stress in the bending beam. Localized flaw blunting processes were determined to be operative in this material through artificial flaw tests using a prestress to prevent flaw healing. The sharp artificial cracks were blunted during static load tests by localized deformation processes at the crack tip.
High accuracy classification of EEG signal (2004)

Improving classification accuracy is a key issue to advancing brain computer interface (BCI) research from laboratory to real world applications. This work presents a high accuracy EEG signal classification method using single trial EEC signal to detect left and right finger movement. We apply an optimal temporal filter to remove irrelevant signal and subsequently extract key features from spatial patterns of EEG signal to perform classification. Specifically, the proposed method transforms the original EEG signal into a spatial pattern and applies the RBF feature selection method to generate robust feature. Classification is performed by the SVM and our experimental result shows that the classification accuracy of the proposed method reaches 90% as compared to the current reported best accuracy of 84%.
A slice structure using the management of network traffic prediction for green IT (2012)

Maintaining complete network service with the current infrastructure is an urgent task due to continuous growth in network traffic. It is expected that the energy consumption of network routers may become a global environmental problem, and therefore, research and development into power reduction is well desired. Our group proposes a unique structure embedded into routers, which consists of multiple slices and is dynamically controlled by the prediction of network traffic flow. In this paper, we examine this slice control and LSI architecture, and show the validity of a router. Also, the simulation used in this study is based on the true traffic in the university.
Rapid prototyping of resistive MEMS sensing devices on paper substrates (2014)

We have developed an inexpensive inkjet printing process to rapidly fabricate resistive sensor devices on paper substrates. We utilize the percolation based resistive change in inkjet-printed resistors based on carbon black (CB). We fabricated an ink with 2 wt% CB, 0.3 wt% binder and added 0.3 % sodium cholate as well as 0.5 wt% triton as surfactant to print strain sensitive resistors. To connect the resistors we inkjet-printed conductors with a resistivity of 1 Ω/sq. Cutting and folding the paper substrate yields a sensor with a 3-dimensional structure for use as a tactile input device as well as an inertial sensor with a sensitivity of 8 mV / V g. Since we use a commercial inexpensive inkjet printer and the design can be modified and tested within minutes, the process is especially useful to easily develop and test MEMS sensor models. Additional applications encompass disposable medical sensors, sensors for paper packaging, as well as very low cost strain sensing.
T‐Plate Fixation of Distal Radial Closing Wedge Osteotomies for Treatment of Angular Limb Deformities in 18 Dogs (2000)

The use of a T-plate for the correction of angular limb deformities has not been previously described in the literature. This technique permits accurate correction of the angular limb deformity and minimizes postoperative complications.
A vehicle for research (2009)

Researchers are developing mobile sensing platforms to facilitate public awareness of environmental conditions. However, turning such awareness into practical community action and political change requires more than just collecting and presenting data. To inform research on mobile environmental sensing, we conducted design fieldwork with government, private, and public interest stakeholders. In parallel, we built an environmental air quality sensing system and deployed it on street sweeping vehicles in a major U.S. city; this served as a research vehicle"by grounding our interviews and affording us status as environmental action researchers. In this paper, we present a qualitative analysis of the landscape of environmental action, focusing on insights that will help researchers frame meaningful technological interventions.
Teaching compiler construction and language design (2007)

This paper presents an unusual programming language, textttklx, illustrating the type of compiler construction projects the author uses successfully to accompany a mostly traditional lecture on compilers.The target processor of textttklx is the PostScript interpreter, and the paper argues that this is a very good choice. A PostScript interpreter simulates an elegant stack machine with built-in graphic capabilities. It is the perfect target for languages like textttklx, making them easy to implement and fun to use. The exact definition of the source language is an integral part of the student project.The use of non standard languages and a non standard target fosters student creativity in language design and implementation. It invites out of the box thinking, and prepares the knowledge transfer from the rich tradition of compiler construction to new and forthcoming areas of computer science.
Motor Drive Inverter Ratings (1968)

The selection of adjustable-frequency motor drive inrters requires a recognition not only of motor shaft loading but of motor characteristics, of solid-state harmonic waveforms, and of inverter capabilities. The process of selection is further complicated by a lack of industry standard ratings. The functional details of specifying, selecting, and comparing are discussed.
Evolution of the self‐pollinating flower in <i>Clarkia xantiana</i> (Onagraceae). I. Size and development of floral organs (2000)

Clarkia xantiana has two subspecies that differ in breeding system: ssp. xantiana, which is outcrossing, and ssp. parviflora, which is self-fertilizing. Outcrossing is the ancestral breeding system for the genus Clarkia. Flowers of ssp. parviflora have characteristics commonly associated with selfing taxa: they are smaller and have little temporal and spatial separation between mature anthers and stigma (dichogamy and herkogamy, respectively). Flower morphology and development were studied in four populations of each subspecies to establish the developmental changes that occurred in the evolution of selfing. In particular, we sought to evaluate the hypothesis that the selfing flower may have arisen as a byproduct of selection for rapid maturation in the arid environment occupied by ssp. parviflora. This hypothesis predicts that development time should be reduced in spp. parviflora relative to ssp. xantiana. We also sought to compare the pattern of covariation of flower morphology and development between subspecies to that within subspecies. Similar within vs. between patterns of covariation could be indicative of developmental or functional constraints on the independent evolution of floral parts. In spite of significant variation among populations within subspecies, the subspecies clearly differ in flower morphology and development. All floral organs, except ovaries, are smaller in ssp. parviflora than in ssp. xantiana. The flower plastochron, the duration of flower development from bud initiation to anthesis, and the duration of protandry are all shorter in ssp. parviflora than in ssp. xantiana. Maximum relative growth rates are higher for all organs in ssp. parviflora than in ssp. xantiana. Thus, progenesis (i.e., via a reduction in development time) is combined with growth acceleration in the evolution of the selfing flower. Since reduced development time and growth acceleration both allow selfing flowers to mature earlier than outcrossing ones, selection for early maturation may have contributed to the evolution of the selfing flower form. The pattern of trait covariation differs within spp. parviflora relative to the patterns within spp. xantiana and between the two subspecies, suggesting that floral parts can and have evolved independently of one another.
Graph-theoretic criteria for injectivity and unique equilibria in general chemical reaction systems (2008)

In this paper we discuss the question of how to decide when a general chemical reaction system is incapable of admitting multiple equilibria, regardless of parameter values such as reaction rate constants, and regardless of the type of chemical kinetics, such as mass-action kinetics, Michaelis-Menten kinetics, etc. Our results relate previously described linear algebraic and graph-theoretic conditions for injectivity of chemical reaction systems. After developing a translation between the two formalisms, we show that a graph-theoretic test developed earlier in the context of systems with mass action kinetics, can be applied to reaction systems with arbitrary kinetics. The test, which is easy to implement algorithmically, and can often be decided without the need for any computation, rules out the possibility of multiple equilibria for the systems in question.
Nonmixing vortex cores in wavy Taylor vortex flow (2008)

When the symmetry of axisymmetric Taylor vortex flow is broken, time-periodic wavy vortex flow (WVF) appears and quite quickly becomes globally chaotic (in the Lagrangian sense) with increasing Reynolds number. Previously published simulations of WVF suggest that beyond a certain Re, nonmixing vortex cores reappear in the flow and grow in size with further increases in Re. This reappearance occurs well into the inertia-dominated flow regime and coincides with a decrease in axial fluid dispersion and an increase in flow symmetry as measured by certain Eulerian symmetry measures. In this brief paper, we present experimental dye-reaction visualization results from two WVF wave states in the region where vortex cores are predicted numerically. The experimental results show unambiguous visual evidence for the existence of vortex cores and provide visual agreement with the numerical results. They are significant in that experimental evidence for these structures in WVF has not been reported before. The results also suggest that vortex-to-vortex transport occurs via sheetlike structures that are pulled from one vortex to another and become wrapped around the vortex cores before being stretched to the point at which molecular diffusion dominates.
Effect of Swirl and Injection Pressure on Performance and Emissions of JP-8 Fueled High Speed Single Cylinder Diesel Engine (2010)

An investigation was conducted on a 0.42 liter single cylinder diesel engine equipped with a common rail fuel injection system to evaluate the influence of the swirl motion on JP-8 fuel combustion. Engine tests were performed under steady state conditions of 5 bar IMEP and 1500 RPM. Two different swirl ratios of 1.44 and 7.12 were applied at injection pressures ranging from 400 to 1200 bar. The apparent rate of heat release (ARHR) curve is analyzed to determine the effect of swirl on combustible mixture formation, auto-ignition, premixed and diffusion controlled combustion fractions. An attempt is made to correlate between the swirl ratio and different combustion and emissions parameters at different injection pressures. The emissions included the gaseous fractions and particulates. Two types of particulate matter were measured: Accumulation mode particles (AMPs) and Nucleation mode particles (NMPs). The results indicate that ignition delay duration of JP-8 increases as the swirl ratio increases influencing the overall combustion process and engine out emissions.
The Measurement of Depression and Anxiety in Occupational Health Psychology (2012)

Depression and anxiety are pervasive and potentially debilitating conditions that endanger the individual’s quality of life and life itself. Th ey also have an enormous economic impact; in fact, Greenberg and colleagues (Greenberg, Sisitsky, et al., 1999) estimated the economic burden of anxiety disorders in the United States alone as $42.3 billion annually, and earlier they estimated the annual costs of depressive illnesses in the United States to be $43.7 billion (Greenberg, Stiglin, et al., 1993). Beyond the clinical and economic implications, depression and anxiety are themselves of interest as psychological phenomena. As Herbert Simon (1969) pointed out, we begin to understand systems best when they break down. Anxiety at its extreme levels and depression represent forms of breakdown of the human system. As such they tell us about the limits of the human as an individual, social person, member of a larger organization, and greater environment. As constructs, anxiety and depression receive most attention as outcomes, yet they can also serve as causes for other eff ects. However, as important as these constructs are, they present measurement challenges for researchers and practitioners alike. Th is chapter examines some of the most common issues and possible solutions to the measurement problems encountered by researchers in both clinical and occupational health psychology (OHP).