gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Meiji Army, Empire and Politics (2000)

In the century to 1945, there were revolutionary changes both within Japan and in its relations to the outside world. Among the most far-reaching, three in particular date from the Meijiera (1868–1912). They are: the introduction of a mass, conscript imperial army; the creation of an extended formal and informal empire; and the development of a constitutional polity. After 1945, only a constitutional polity remained. Yet, even from beyond the grave, the army and empire continue to influence popular attitudes about Japan at home and overseas. However, somewhere between the usual vilification, and occasional romanticisation, of Japanese imperialism, a more complex picture remains to be unearthed. As guide in excavating the overlapping spheres of the Meiji army, empire and politics, noone can rival General Katsura Taro, one of the architects of modern Japan’s military organisation, governor-general of Taiwan, president of a colonial development society, founder of a major political party, and the only soldier-politician in Japan ever to head three cabinets.
Separating Voices In Midi. (2006)

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Reaction of Chloroalkyl Sulfides with Sodium (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReaction of Chloroalkyl Sulfides with SodiumCharles D. Hurd and Kenneth. WilkinsonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 10, 3429–3433Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01178a049https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01178a049research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views128Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Periodic materials-based vibration attenuation in layered foundations: experimental validation (2012)

Guided by the recent advances in solid-state research in periodic materials, a new type of layered periodic foundation consisting of concrete and rubber layers is experimentally investigated in this paper. The distinct feature of this new foundation is its frequency band gaps. When the frequency contents of a wave fall within the range of the frequency band gaps, the wave, and hence its energy, will be weakened or cannot propagate through the foundation, so the foundation itself can serve as a vibration isolator. Using the theory of elastodynamics and the Bloch–Floquet theorem, the mechanism of band gaps in periodic composites is presented, and a finite element model is built to show the isolation characteristic of a finite dimensional periodic foundation. Based on these analytical results, moreover, a scaled model frame and a periodic foundation were fabricated and shake table tests of the frame on the periodic foundation were performed. Ambient, strong and harmonic vibration attenuations are found when the exciting frequencies fall into the band gaps.
Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry—on the way to absolute analysis (1988)

A brief review is given of major advances in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry over the last decade. Emphasis is placed on a method for the determination of alkaline earth and rare earth elements by a modified stabilised temperature platform furnace technique and a computerised method for the curvature correction of calibration graphs based on complete information on the shape of the absorption signals. Some theoretical and methodological problems, which must be solved on the way to absolute analysis, are discussed. In this context, various factors which may lead to variations of sensitivity with time and to differences in the calibration of instruments of the same type are indicated.
Switching Characteristics of Cascode GaN Switches (2015)

Cascode structure is a simple solution to convert a normally-on GaN transistor to a normally-off power switch. This paper gives a brief review of the structure and features of cascode GaN switch. The discussion focuses on the dynamic characteristics during switching. The analysis is based on device model and testing waveform of a 600V 190mohm cascode GaN switch.
The Chemical Abstracts Service Chemical Registry System. VII. Tautomerism and Alternating Bonds (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Chemical Abstracts Service Chemical Registry System. VII. Tautomerism and Alternating BondsJ. Mockus and R. E. StobaughCite this: J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 1980, 20, 1, 18–22Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ci60021a007https://doi.org/10.1021/ci60021a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views125Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
ChemInform Abstract: All Metal Nitrides Solid‐State Asymmetric Supercapacitors. (2015)

Abstract TiN porous layers and Fe 2 N nanoparticles are grown on vertically aligned graphene nanosheets by atomic layer deposition and used as the cathode and anode for asymmetric solid‐state supercapacitors, respectively.
Leveraging Passage Retrieval with Generative Models for Open Domain Question Answering (2021)

Generative models for open domain question answering have proven to be competitive, without resorting to external knowledge. While promising, this approach requires to use models with billions of parameters, which are expensive to train and query. In this paper, we investigate how much these models can benefit from retrieving text passages, potentially containing evidence. We obtain state-of-theart results on the Natural Questions and Triv-iaQA open benchmarks. Interestingly, we observe that the performance of this method significantly improves when increasing the number of retrieved passages. This is evidence that sequence-to-sequence models offers a flexible framework to efficiently aggregate and combine evidence from multiple passages.
Domain Formation and Domain Wall Motions in Ferroelectric BaTi<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>Single Crystals (1954)

The nucleation and growth of ferroelectric domains in barium titanate have been studied as a function of applied electric field and temperature. The optical and electrical measurements were made on thin single-crystal plates normal to $c$, the polar direction. When the electric field applied along this direction is reversed, new domains with opposite polarization are formed. The manner of growth of these domains is very different from that of domain growth in ferromagnetic materials. The sidewise motion of the 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} side walls (walls between domains with antiparallel polarization) which is common in ferromagnetic crystals is almost never found in barium titanate. Instead its polarization is changed by the formation of very many new anti-parallel domains which are extremely thin (${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ cm) and appear to grow only in the forward direction. The explanation of this behavior is found in the weak coupling between the dipoles perpendicular to the dipole direction. The wall thickness is small, of the order of one to a few lattice constants; the wall energy in BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is of the order of 10 erg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. Electrical pulsing experiments substantiate the optical observations very clearly. Pulsing the samples at different temperatures shows that the nucleation rate of new domains is accelerated at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, the growth of the new domains is faster at higher temperatures. Experimental results are presented showing how the switching current and the switching time depend on applied electrical field, on temperature, and on the size of the sample.
Metalwork Removal In Potential Army Recruits. Evidence-Based Changes To Entry Criteria (2005)

Civilian practice and the literature do not support the routine removal of metalwork from the asymptomatic patient. A significant risk of complication exists. The MoD and Army Medical Services are expected to conduct themselves in line with current National Health Service guidelines and standards of care. The literature is clear that removal is not indicated unless sound clinical reasons exist. There is no comparable group to that of the recruit with retained metal, but evidence suggests that the rigors of basic training can be accepted without risk to the individual. If a problem arose then removal could be indicated at that time. No studies or papers in support of this policy were found. No evidence was found to support the current British Army policy, which is now being altered.
Enteral Nutritional Support and Use of Diabetes-Specific Formulas for Patients With Diabetes (2005)

This systematic review shows that short- and long-term use of diabetes-specific formulas as oral supplements and tube feeds are associated with improved glycemic control compared with standard formulas. If such nutritional support is given long term, this may have implications for reducing chronic complications of diabetes, such as cardiovascular events.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Silyl C(sp<sup>3</sup>)—H Bond Activation. (2012)

Abstract A variety of biphenyls, vinylbenzenes, or arylindoles substituted with methyl‐ or ethylsilyl groups undergo under optimized conditions (palladium source, ligand, base, solvent) an intramolecular coupling reaction, resulting in the formation of six‐membered silacycles.
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach to Patients With Retinal Vasculitis (2000)

TEST 02 - Elsevier's Scopus, the largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature. Search and access research from the science, technology, medicine, social sciences and arts and humanities fields.
Multipath channel estimation for WCDMA uplink (1999)

A novel multipath channel estimation method is proposed to solve a special problem that occurs in channel estimation for ETSI's WCDMA uplink communications, where scrambling is introduced in the dedicated physical channels. The delays and complex amplitudes of the multipath components are estimated. A matched filter is employed for each user to carry out the despreading and unscrambling simultaneously. The filter coefficients are a combination of the OVSF code and the preliminary scrambling code for the user. An averaging operation reduces the noise and interference, and thus improves the estimates.
Extraction of Phospholipids from Unused Natural Resources with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and an Entrainer (2005)

The authors focus on tuna shavings as a natural resource which hither to has been unused, they contain a high concentration of phospholipids including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA-PL) and are a by-product of factory processed tuna. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) although a suitable substance in the extraction of non-polar substances (triacylglycerides), has not proven effective in the extraction of polar substances. The efficient use of SC-CO2/ethanol to extract and fractionate phospholipids from tuna shavings was therefore investigated. Extraction was performed at low pressure and temperature (17.7 MPa and 33°C) to avoid oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Phospholipids were extracted and fractionated with more than 5%-ethanol in SC-CO2. To reduce the amount of consumed ethanol is an important problem to overcome in extracting on an industrial scale. The tuna shavings were soaked in the same volume of ethanol before extraction with neat SC-CO2. For performance on an industrial scale, the extracting conditions were evaluated using a 10 mL-laboratory scale reactor. 182.8 kg of soaked tuna shavings was finally extracted and 4.2 kg of DHA-PL (DHA content = 29%) was obtained in a series of industrial processes.
Thermal Expansion of Some Transition Metal Carbides (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThermal Expansion of Some Transition Metal CarbidesReed O. Elliott and Charles P. KempterCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1958, 62, 5, 630–631Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j150563a030https://doi.org/10.1021/j150563a030research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views717Altmetric-Citations92LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Continuous midazolam infusion in the treatment of uncontrollable neonatal seizures. (2004)

A prospective open-label study was designed to determine the efficacy and safety of continuous midazolam infusion in neonates with uncontrollable neonatal seizures. Patients whose seizures could not be controlled by diazepam, phenytoin or phenobarbital were enrolled. Midazolam was given as an intravenous bolus dose followed by continuous intravenous infusion. Thirty-two patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Midazolam terminated the seizures in all patients. The maximum dose of midazolam ranged from 1 microgram/kg/min to 15 micrograms/kg/min, with average of 4 micrograms/kg/min. Four patients had recurrent seizures, which stop after midazolam was reinstituted. There were no significant changes in serum sodium, potassium, calcium or glucose in any of the patients. Adverse effects included hypotension in 12 patients (38%) that was successfully controlled with intropic agents (dopamine and/or dobutamine) and transient urinary retention in 12 (38%). Our study suggests that midazolam is safe and effective for the treatment of uncontrollable neonatal seizures.
Synergistic effect in the rate of three-body ion - ion recombination in gas mixtures (1997)

Three-body ion - ion recombination is studied theoretically in gaseous mixtures. It is shown that the recombination rate in the mixture can be more or less than that in the individual gas constituents, which we call `positive or negative synergism', respectively. For thermal ions the negative synergism is observed at high gas densities and the positive synergism is observed at intermediate gas densities. Application of an external electric field which heats the ions can result in the negative synergism also at low gas densities. Calculation of the recombination rate for model systems and the He:Ar and mixtures is presented which supports these predictions.
Crystal structure of thioredoxin from Escherichia coli at 1.68 Å resolution (1990)

The crystal structure of thioredoxin from Escherichia coli has been refined by the stereochemically restrained least-squares procedure to a crystallographic R-factor of 0.165 at 1.68 A resolution. In the final model, the root-mean-square deviation from ideality for bond distances is 0.015 A and for angle distances 0.035 A. The structure contains 1644 protein atoms from two independent molecules, two Cu2+, 140 water molecules and seven methylpentanediol molecules. Ten residues have been modeled in two alternative conformations. E. coli thioredoxin is a compact molecule with 90% of its residues in helices, beta-strands or reverse turns. The molecule consists of two conformational domains, beta alpha beta alpha beta and beta beta alpha, connected by a single-turn alpha-helix and a 3(10) helix. The beta-sheet forms the core of the molecule packed on either side by clusters of hydrophobic residues. Helices form the external surface. The active site disulfide bridge between Cys32 and Cys35 is located at the amino terminus of the second alpha-helix. The positive electrostatic field due to the helical dipole is probably important for stabilizing the anionic intermediate during the disulfide reductase function of the protein. The more reactive cysteine, Cys32, has its sulfur atom exposed to solvent and also involved in a hydrogen bond with a backbone amide group. Residues 29 to 37, which include the active site cysteine residues, form a protrusion on the surface of the protein and make relatively fewer interactions with the rest of the structure. The disulfide bridge exhibits a right-handed conformation with a torsion angle of 81 degrees and 72 degrees about the S-S bond in the two molecules. Twenty-five pairs of water molecules obey the noncrystallographic symmetry. Most of them are involved in establishing intramolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions between protein atoms and thus serve as integral parts of the folded protein structure. Methylpentanediol molecules often pack against the loops and stabilize their structure. Cu2+ used for crystallization exhibit a distorted octahedral square bipyramid co-ordination and provide essential packing interactions in the crystal. The two independent protein molecules are very similar in conformation but distinctly different in atomic detail (root-mean-square = 0.94 A). The differences, which may be related to the crystal contacts, are localized mostly to regions far from the active site.
Membrane-Bound NAD(P)H Dehydrogenases in Higher Plant Cells (1986)

Crop loss due to soil salinization is an increasing threat to agriculture worldwide. This review provides an overview of cellular and physiological mechanisms in plant responses to salt. We place cellular responses in a time- and tissue-dependent context ...Read More
Secondary Amides of (<i>R</i>)-3,3,3-Trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionic Acid as Inhibitors of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase (1999)

N'-methyl-N-(4-tert-butyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine)thiourea, SDZ048-619 (1), is a modest inhibitor (IC(50) = 180 microM) of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDHK). In an optimization of the N-methylcarbothioamide moiety of 1, it was discovered that amides with a small acyl group, in particular appropriately substituted amides of (R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionic acid, are inhibitors of PDHK. Utilizing this acyl moiety, herein is reported the rationale leading to the optimization of a series of acylated piperazine derivatives. Methyl substitution of the piperazine at the 2- and 5-positions (with S and R absolute stereochemistry) markedly increased the potency of the lead compound (>1,000-fold). Oral bioavailability of the compounds in this series is good and is optimal (as measured by AUC) when the 4-position of the piperazine is substituted with an electron-poor benzoyl moiety. (+)-1-N-[2,5-(S, R)-Dimethyl-4-N-(4-cyanobenzoyl)piperazine]-(R)-3,3, 3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide (14e) inhibits PDHK in the primary enzymatic assay with an IC(50) of 16 +/- 2 nM, enhances the oxidation of [(14)C]lactate into (14)CO(2) in human fibroblasts with an EC(50) of 57 +/- 13 nM, diminishes lactate significantly 2.5 h post-oral-dose at doses as low as 1 micromol/kg, and increases the ex vivo activity of PDH in muscle, liver, and fat tissues in normal Sprague-Dawley rats. These PDHK inhibitors, however, do not lower glucose in diabetic animal models.
Combining association measures for collocation extraction (2006)

We introduce the possibility of combining lexical association measures and present empirical results of several methods employed in automatic collocation extraction. First, we present a comprehensive summary overview of association measures and their performance on manually annotated data evaluated by precision-recall graphs and mean average precision. Second, we describe several classification methods for combining association measures, followed by their evaluation and comparison with individual measures. Finally, we propose a feature selection algorithm significantly reducing the number of combined measures with only a small performance degradation.