gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Helium plasma jet interactions with water in well plates (2019)

Abstract Plasma activation of liquids or cell cultures is a method for investigating the consequences of plasma produced reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) on living systems. The reproducible transfer of RONS, ions, electrons, and photons to the liquid is critical for determining reaction mechanisms and biological outcomes, and depends strongly on system parameters. A common in vitro method of plasma treatment of cells is a plasma jet directed into a well plate filled (or partially filled) with a liquid cell growth media. This method of treatment intrinsically has several environmental and geometrical factors that could lead to variability in the activation of the media. Uncontrolled or unreported geometrical and environmental factors that affect this transfer can, therefore, influence the reproducibility of measurements. In this paper, results from a numerical modeling investigation of a pulsed helium plasma jet interacting with water in a well plate are discussed while varying the height of the well‐plate rim. The height of the rim changes gas flow patterns, the ratio of He‐to‐air, and the water vapor content in the gas layer above the liquid. With a low rim, gas flowing from the jet stagnates on‐axis and flows radially outward with few vortices that recirculate reactants. With high rims, the gas flow is dominated by vortices and recirculation. With a low rim, the ionization wave (IW) from the jet strikes the liquid and proceeds as a surface IW across the water. With higher rims, the densities of helium and water vapor are higher above the liquid, which results in a volumetric propagation of the IW, initially producing higher densities of H 2 , HO 2 , OH, and H 2 O 2 . The end result is that for otherwise identical conditions, the densities of solvated H 2 O 2aq and select reactive nitrogen species increase with rim height due to the vortices that recirculate reactants.
Thermal response of rigid and flexible insulations and reflective coating in an aeroconvective heating environment (1992)

Described here is the thermal performance of rigid and flexible thermal protection systems considered for potential use in future Aeroassist Space Transfer Vehicles. The thermal response of these materials subjected to aeroconvective heating from a plasma arc is described. Properties that were measured included the thermal conductivity of both rigid and flexible insulations at various temperatures and pressures and the emissivity of the fabrics used in the flexible insulations. The results from computerized thermal analysis models describing the thermal response of these materials subjected to flight conditions are included.
Automatically inferring patterns of resource consumption in network traffic (2003)

The Internet service model emphasizes flexibility -- any node can send any type of traffic at any time. While this design has allowed new applications and usage models to flourish, it also makes the job of network management significantly more challenging. This paper describes a new method of traffic characterization that automatically groups traffic into minimal clusters of conspicuous consumption. Rather than providing a static analysis specialized to capture flows, applications, or network-to-network traffic matrices, our approach dynamically produces hybrid traffic definitions that match the underlying usage. For example, rather than report five hundred small flows, or the amount of TCP traffic to port 80, or the "top ten hosts", our method might reveal that a certain percent of traffic was used by TCP connections between AOL clients and a particular group of Web servers. Similarly, our technique can be used to automatically classify new traffic patterns, such as network worms or peer-to-peer applications, without knowing the structure of such traffic a priori. We describe a series of algorithms for constructing these traffic clusters and minimizing their representation. In addition, we describe the design of our prototype system, AutoFocus and our experiences using it to discover the dominant and unusual modes of usage on several different production networks.
The type VI secretion system gene cluster of<i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>: Required for full virulence in mice (2012)

Type VI secretion system (T6SS) has increasingly been believed to participate in the infection process for many bacterial pathogens, but its role in the virulence of Salmonella typhimurium remains unclear. To look into this, we deleted the T6SS cluster from the genome of S. typhimurium 14028s and analyzed the phenotype of the resulting T6SS knockout mutant (T6SSKO mutant) in vitro and in vivo. We found that the T6SSKO mutant exhibited reduced capability in colonizing the spleen and liver in an in vivo colonization competition model in BALB/c mice infected by the oral route. Additionally, infection via intraperitoneal administration also showed that the T6SSKO mutant was less capable of colonizing the mouse spleen and liver than the wild-type strain. We did not detect significant differences between the T6SSKO and wild-type strains in epithelial cell invasion tests. However, in the macrophage RAW264.7 cell line, the T6SSKO mutant survived and proliferated significantly more poorly than the wild-type strain. These findings indicate that T6SS gene cluster is required for full virulence of S. typhimurium 14028s in BALB/c mice, possibly due to its roles in bacterial survival and proliferation in macrophages.
Induction of blood-borne metastases by tumor transplantation in the tail of mice. (1955)

Summary Tumor Gl-46, a transplantable sarcoma which does not metastasize when implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of the trunk, yielded a high percentage of blood-borne metastases when transplanted into the subcutaneous tissue of the tail. This finding emphasizes the importance of the site of the primary growth in the spread of tumors by blood stream. Its significance and its value as a simple technic for the study of the mechanism of metastases are discussed.
Chitinase Activity in Tall Fescue Seedlings as Affected by Cultivar, Seedling Development, and Ethephon (2000)

Recent reports indicate that tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) may be selected for increased disease resistance with the use of a marker such as chitinase, a defense protein associated with disease resistance in tall fescue. The objective of this study was to determine if chitinase activity in tall fescue cultivars differs consistently across seedling stage, and to determine if chitinase activity could be increased with ethephon ([2-chloroethyl]phosphonic acid), a growth regulator used as a chemical elicitor. Ten cultivars of tall fescue were planted in a greenhouse, and seedlings were harvested at 14, 28, and 42 d after germination. Seedlings were treated with and without ethephon 3 d prior to each harvest. Foliage was analyzed for total and specific chitinase activity. Both total and specific chitinase activity differed (P < 0.01) among cultivars and seedling stages. Highest ranking cultivars expressed at least 16% more total chitinase activity and 18% more specific activity than the lowest ranking cultivars. Though chitinase activity changed drastically over seedling development, there were no cultivar × seedling stage interactions (P < 0.01) for total or specific activity. Ethephon increased total and specific activity only at the 0.06 and 0.07 probability level and was far less effective than biological elicitors used to increase chitinase in previous studies. We concluded that chitinase could serve as a consistent marker among tall fescue cultivars across seedling stages, but a more effective chemical elicitor would be desirable to increase chitinase activity.
Scheduling and switching architecture for virtual synchronous frame (vsf) (2004)

Two major services are offered in today's telecommunication networks: TDM (voice, video, and private leased line) and Packet (Internet). The existing TDM and IP network architectures have limitations in providing the specific Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees for those two services in a scalable integrated fashion. Furthermore, at the current high network speeds, it is expensive to build switching systems to realize the required network services. 
We identify two issues that have to be addressed to realize high-speed core networks with end-to-end QoS in scalable architecture. The first issue is the complexity and high cost of providing QoS for different traffic types (TDM and packet traffic). The second issue is the scalability of the switching system to operate and support the QoS guarantees at the high speed. 
In this thesis, we present a novel core network architecture, the Virtual Synchronous Frame (VSF) network that can provide end-to-end bandwidth and delay guarantees for TDM traffic and best effort service for packet traffic in a unified and scalable fashion. 
We present two different VSF network architectures with different bandwidth allocation granularities for the real time traffic flows. We then propose the specific VSF switch architectures complete with the fabric schedulers and the output port schedulers that provide these end-to-end bandwidth and delay guarantees. The proposed architectures are scalable and posses low complexity. We also provide the framework for the respective connection admission tests, which assure that the offered guarantees are maintained for new flows admitted to the network.
<title>Efficient methods for correlation-based automatic target recognition</title> (2002)

Composite correlation filters (also known as synthetic discriminant function or SDF filters) are attractive for automatic target recognition (ATR) due to their built-in shift-invariance and their potential for trading off distortion tolerance for discrimination. Although the recognition performances of many advanced correlation filters are attractive, their computational complexities can be daunting particularly for ATR applications where the target detection and identification must be achieved in limited time. In this paper, we discuss some methods to reduce the complexity of correlation filter design, performing the cross-correlation as well as the processing of the resulting correlation outputs.
Lymphagogue Action of Extract of Lobster Muscle Due to Liberation of Adenine Nucleotides (1957)

The lymphagogue effect of extract of lobster muscle, which is one of the first class of HEIDENHAIN'S lymphagogues, is essentially the action of adenine nucleotides liberated from the tissues by the injection of this extract. And also it is proven that these nucleotides are liberated in a larger quantity from organs in other parts of the body rather than from viscera. This conclusion is based on the following evidences.1) Systemic-venous injection of the extract accelerate the outflow of a uncoagulable, highly proteinized lymph from the thoracic duct of dog, accompanied by a fall in arterial blood pressure and a rise in portal pressure. All these phenomena are also observable by the intravenous injection of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).2) Repeated injections weaken the reactions to this extract (Tachyphylaxis).3) Immediately after vascular administration of the extract adenine nucleotides including ATP are detected in blood plasma spectrophotometrically as well as paperchromatographically. Quantitatively the content in nucleotides is higher in the plasma from the femoral vein after systemic-venous injection than from the hepatic vein after portal injection.4) No definite increase of histamine in blood can be recognized after systemic-venous injection of the extract.
Increased interleukin 4 and immunoglobulin E production in transgenic mice overexpressing NK1 T cells. (1996)

Natural Killer (NK)1.1+ (NK1) T cells are a specialized subset of alpha/beta T cells that coexpress surface receptors that are normally associated with the NK cell lineage of the innate immune system. On recognition of the conserved, major histocompatibility complex class I-like CD1 molecule, these cells are able to release explosive bursts of interleukin 4 (IL-4), a cytokine that promotes the T helper type 2 (Th2) effector class of an immune response. A unique feature of their T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire is the expression of an invariant TCR alpha chain, V alpha 14-J alpha 281, and of a restricted but polyclonal set of V beta gene families, V beta 8, V beta 7, and V beta 2. Here, we show that transgenic expression of this TCR alpha chain during thymic development is sufficient information to bias the differentiation of mainstream thymocytes towards the NK1 developmental pathway. It markedly increases the frequency of cells with the NK1 pattern of T cell differentiation and also has drastic consequences for the selection of the V beta repertoire. Transgenic CD4 cells exhibited a 10-100-fold increase in IL-4 production on mitogen stimulation in vitro and in vivo, and baseline levels of the Th2-controlled serum immunoglobulin isotypes, IgE and IgG1, were also selectively elevated in vivo.
Structure investigations of nonpolar GaN layers (2009)

The microstructure of nonpolar m-plane (1100) oriented GaN layers deposited on (100)gamma-LiAlO(2) was analysed by transmission electron microscopy. This study shows that the films contain a large number of defects. The most dominant defects in the m-plane GaN are intrinsic I(1) basal plane stacking faults (approximately 10(4) cm(-1)), threading dislocations (approximately 10(9) cm(-2)) as well as a complex defect network consisting of planar defects located on prismatic {1010} GaN and differently inclined pyramidal planes. A large number of the stacking faults nucleate at the GaN/LiAlO(2) interface. Furthermore, the inclined planar defects act as additional nucleation sites for the basal plane stacking faults. A decreasing crystal quality with an increasing layer thickness can be explained by this defect formation mechanism.
Analysis of the effect of temperature, pH, CO2 pressure and salinity on the olivine dissolution kinetics (2009)

The dissolution kinetics of olivine has been extensively studied under several temperatures, CO2 pressures, and solution compositions. Dissolution is an important mechanism in the aqueous mineral carbonation process. The overall carbonation reaction consists of dissolution of mineral silicate, e.g. olivine, serpentine and wollastonite, followed by carbonate precipitation, thus fixing CO2 into naturally occurring stable solids, such as magnesite and calcite. The slowness of the dissolution kinetics hinders the overall carbonation reaction and in order to make the process technically and economically feasible, such a reaction should be sped up by finding the optimum operating conditions. Experiments were performed in a flow-through reactor at 90–120–150 ∘C. The pH was adjusted by adding either acids (e.g., HCl, citric acid) or LiOH, and by changing PCO2. The salinity was changed by adding NaCl and NaNO3. From the experimental data, the dissolution rate was estimated by using the population balance equation (PBE) model coupled with a mass balance, and the obtained values were regressed with a linear model log(r)=−npH−B, where r is the specific dissolution rate (mol s−1 cm−2).
[Autostatic lumbar retractor]. (1989)

The authors present an autostatic lumbar retractor. Its advantages are: one side dissection, stability, possibility for a restricted and elective approach for lumbar microsurgery.
Unitized, Nonselective Cutting of In Vitro Watermelon (1994)

Unitized, nonselective mass cutting of Stage II Citrullus lanatus cv. Charlee (watermelon) plant tissue cultures has been achieved with various configurations and sizes of wire cutter devices. Time studies revealed that the wire cutters increased the productivity of the cutting function over conventional scalpel and forceps by a factor of 14. Total transfer productivity, including the manual functions of removing tissue from an initial culture vessel and filling (sorting and placing cut tissue segments) new vessels, was increased by a factor of 1.8. The square grid-type cutting devices yielded from 48 to 59% as many viable bud clusters per culture vessel as hand cutting and from 65 to 95% as much tissue fresh weight. An oriented-cell configuration of wire cutter actually increased tissue fresh weight about 20% over hand cutting. The simplicity of construction and quality of material of the wire cutter render it readily autoclavable and highly flexible to function both as an aid to small operations and as an element in more sophisticated mechanical devices for larger operations.
A Wave of elevated intracellular free calcium spreads through human neutrophils during phagocytosis of zymosan (1992)

The cytosolic concentration of free calcium ([Ca2+]i) plays an important role in the control of many neutrophil functions. In this study, we characterize the early rapid subcellular changes in [Ca2+]i that occur in adherent neutrophils during phagocytosis of zymosan particles, using both dual- and single-excitation wavelength Fura-2 ratio imaging. We observed a wave of elevated cytosolic calcium that began shortly after zymosan contact and propagated from the region of neutrophil contact with the zymosan throughout the cell at a rate of approximately 17 microns/s at 31 degrees C. The wave was initiated by both opsonized and unopsonized zymosan and occurred independently of extracellular calcium. Multiple characteristics of the [Ca2+]i signal (including the absolute and regional [Ca2+]i and wave properties such as amplitude, frequency, duration, and topography) may be responsible for the differential regulation of cellular functions in the neutrophil.
A Determination of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Parameter<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mo stretchy="false">|</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>u</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo stretchy="false">|</mml:mo></mml:math>_ Using<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mi>K</mml:mi><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math>Decays (2004)

We present a determination of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa parameter |V(us)| based on new measurements of the six largest K(L) branching fractions and semileptonic form factors by the KTeV (E832) experiment at Fermilab. We find |V(us)|=0.2252+/-0.0008(KTeV)+/-0.0021(ext), where the errors are from KTeV measurements and from external sources. We also use the measured branching fractions to determine the CP violation parameter |eta(+-)|=(2.228+/-0.005(KTeV)+/-0.009(ext))x10(-3).
COMPARISON OF THRESHOLD CONTRAST OF DIGITAL SUBTRACTION ANGIOGRAPHY SYSTEMS (1989)

Threshold contrasts of four digital subtraction angiography (DSA) systems were compared using a contrast-detail (C-D) phantom which can be used for the measurement of quantitative C-D diagrams. The C-D diagrams were determined form an observer performance study and were plotted on log-log curves for comparison of threshold contrast of the simulated vessels. The results indicated that the threshold contrast of DSA systems decreased by increasing the incident exposure to the image intensifier (I.I.). The slopes of the curves for three DSA systems were similar. However, one DSA system indicated a different slope. This is assumed that the artifacts in the subtracted image disturbed the appearance of the simulated vessels.
Conformation of Fork Junction DNA in a Complex with <i>Escherichia coli</i> RNA Polymerase (2002)

Escherichia coli RNA polymerase is able to bind fork junction DNA containing a conserved -10 promoter element in a sequence-specific manner, and it is believed that polymerase-fork junction DNA interaction mimics those between the enzyme and the promoter DNA in the open complex. In this report we determined the conformation of polymerase-bound fork junction DNA in solution. A series of distances between sites in the fork junction DNA in complex with polymerase were determined using luminescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. A series of fork junction DNAs were prepared containing the luminescent or fluorescent donor probe at the upstream or at the downstream end of the fork DNA and acceptor probes at nine positions within the fork junction DNA. The measured distances were compared with analogous distances in a model reference DNA duplex, and the observed distance differences were used to build a model of the fork junction DNA in a complex with the polymerase. The obtained model revealed an insignificant perturbation of the duplex part of the fork DNA in a complex with the polymerase whereas a sharp kink of DNA was observed at the ds/ss DNA boundary of the fork junction DNA.
Potential antidepressants: 4-(Thioaryloxy)piperidines (1989)

Nucleophilic substitution reactions of a series of thio-substituted fluoroarenes with 1-methyl-4-piperidinol, 1-benzyl-4-piperidinol, and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinol in the presence of sodium hydride in dimethylformamide gave the title compounds V-XI and XIII . The salts of these bases were pharmacologically tested and salts of compounds V, XI , and XIII showed in behavioural tests properties which are indicative of antidepressant activity.
Tachykinin receptor subtypes involved in endothelium-dependent and -independent responses in rabbit intrapulmonary arteries (1997)

In the present study, it was demonstrated that SP, neurokinin A (NKA), neurokinin B (NKB), SP methyl ester (SPME), [Ala5, beta-Ala8]-alpha-neurokinin fragment 4-10 (AANF) at 10(-8) M all caused contraction in non-contracted endothelium-intact arteries. SP- and SPME-induced contraction were reduced by removal of endothelium. All the peptides with the exception of AANF induced transient relaxation in the precontracted arteries. The relaxation were attenuated by removal of endothelium. The potency orders for endothelium-dependent contraction (EDC), -dependent relaxation (EDR) and -independent contraction (EIC) were SP > SPME >> NKA [symbol: see text] NKB [symbol: see text] AANF, SP > SPME > NKA > NKB >> AANF and NKA > AANF > NKB >> SP [symbol: see text] SPME, respectively. SP-induced EDC and EDR were attenuated by an NK1 antagonist but not by an NK2 antagonist. The SP-induced EIC was reduced by an NK2 antagonist. SP-induced EDC was attenuated by aspirin, OKY-046, and S-1452. The EDR was attenuated by L-NAME and methylene blue. The EDC induced by SPME was non-competitively attenuated by CP-99994, an NK1 antagonist. EDR was competitively inhibited by CP-99994. In conclusion, SP and related peptides caused EDC via NK1 receptors and TXA2 production, EDR via NK1 receptors and NO release and EIC via NK2 receptors in rabbit intrapulmonary arteries.