gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Occurrence, Distribution, and Fate of 4-Nonylphenol in Kansas Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plants (2001)

4-nonylphenol (4-NP), an endocrine disruptor, is one of the major metabolites of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPnEOs), the most commonly used non-ionic surfactants that are often discharged into wastewater treatment plants.Our investigation in three Northeastern Kansas wastewater treatment plants has shown that the concentrations of 4 -NP in influent ranged from 3.39 to 169 :g/L, while effluent concentrations remained at lower levels.A significant portion of 4-NP was not degraded during the treatment processes but instead was mass transferred to the dewatered biosolids.The concentration of 4 -NP in dewatered biosolids reached as high as 300 mg/kg on dry weight basis in one plant.Approximately 60 percent of the 4 -NP in the biosolids was further degraded during biosolids composting process.An average dry weight basis concentration of 130 mg/kg for 4-NP was found in biosolids compost product that was eventually disposed of through land application.Given that about seven million tons of biosolids are produced annually in wastewater treatment plants in the United States, several thousand tons of 4 -NP could be potentially released to the soil environment through land application of biosolids.Biosolids land application is becoming the most common means of biosolids disposal as other disposal options become cost prohibitive or heavily regulated.The 4 -NP released into the soil environment can potentially enter the water environment due to runoff and leaching.Future research on the transport and transformation of 4-NP in biosolids-amended soil and its impact on surface and ground water quality are needed.
Elevated Heme Synthesis and Uptake Underpin Intensified Oxidative Metabolism and Tumorigenic Functions in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells (2019)

Tumors of human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are heterogeneous but exhibit elevated glycolysis and glucose oxidation relative to benign lung tissues. Heme is a central molecule for oxidative metabolism and ATP generation via mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Here, we showed that levels of heme synthesis and uptake, mitochondrial heme, oxygen-utilizing hemoproteins, oxygen consumption, ATP generation, and key mitochondrial biogenesis regulators were enhanced in NSCLC cells relative to nontumorigenic cells. Likewise, proteins and enzymes relating to heme and mitochondrial functions were upregulated in human NSCLC tissues relative to normal tissues. Engineered heme-sequestering peptides (HSP) reduced heme uptake, intracellular heme levels, and tumorigenic functions of NSCLC cells. Addition of heme largely reversed the effect of HSPs on tumorigenic functions. Furthermore, HSP2 significantly suppressed the growth of human NSCLC xenograft tumors in mice. HSP2-treated tumors exhibited reduced oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and ATP levels. To further verify the importance of heme in promoting tumorigenicity, we generated NSCLC cell lines with increased heme synthesis or uptake by overexpressing either the rate-limiting heme synthesis enzyme ALAS1 or uptake protein SLC48A1, respectively. These cells exhibited enhanced migration and invasion and accelerated tumor growth in mice. Notably, tumors formed by cells with increased heme synthesis or uptake also displayed elevated OCRs and ATP levels. These data show that elevated heme flux and function underlie enhanced OXPHOS and tumorigenicity of NSCLC cells. Targeting heme flux and function offers a potential strategy for developing therapies for lung cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings show that elevated heme availability due to increased heme synthesis and uptake causes intensified oxygen consumption and ATP generation, promoting tumorigenic functions and tumor growth in NSCLC. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/10/2511/F1.large.jpg.
Active Optics Correction Of Thermal Distortion Of A 1.8 Meter Mirror (1988)

An active optics system has been built and tested on a prototype 1.8 m lightweight borosilicate glass mirror. Tests of the system have been conducted in two different modes: the system has been used to compensate measured optical surface distortions, and it has been used to correct thermal distortion predicted by computer modeling based on measured mirror temperatures. Both modes were consistently able to reduce rms figure errors on the mirror surface. Test results show that distortions corresponding to astigmatism, coma, spherical aberration, trefoil, and quatrefoil can be effectively countered.
Analytical Approximations for the Distributions of Intrinsic Point Defects in Grown Silicon Crystals (1999)

Analytical approximations for the distributions of vacancies and self-interstitials in Si crystals are derived in a one-dimensional point defect model. In the case of an unlimited high recombination rate all results depend only on the growth parameterP = V/G with V being the growth rate and G the temperature gradient at the melt/solid interface. For the critical growth parameter Pcrit, which separates the vacancy-dominated region from the interstitial-dominated region, the well-known relation of Voronkov is derived. This relation and also the first correction to Pcrit are in excellent agreement with recent experimental results published in literature. In the case of a limited recombination rate the transport equations were solved first of all by neglecting diffusion. This solution is completed by small correction terms using a special series expansion, which depend on the diffusivities. With this approximation important features such as the influence of the recombination and cooling rate on the distributions of intrinsic point defects can be analyzed.
A method for detection of overoxidation of cysteines: peroxiredoxins are oxidized in vivo at the active-site cysteine during oxidative stress (2002)

Peroxiredoxins are often encountered as double spots when analysed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The quantitative balance between these two spots depends on the physiological conditions, and is altered in favour of the acidic variant by oxidative stress for all the peroxiredoxins we could analyse. Using HeLa cells as a model system, we have further analysed the two protein isoforms represented by the two spots for each peroxiredoxin. The use of selected enzyme digestion and MS demonstrated that the acidic variant of all the peroxiredoxins analysed is irreversibly oxidized at the active-site cysteine into cysteine sulphinic or sulphonic acid. Thus, this acidic variant represents an inactivation form of the peroxiredoxins, and provides a useful marker of oxidative damage to the cells.
Orthopaedic Aspects of the Afghan War: The Soviet Experience (1995)

Summary: The Afghan war was fought by Soviet troops uncer very difficult conditions. Evacuation from the mountains by conventional ambulances and helicopters was problematic. In the early phases of the war many of the lessons of World War II wound treatment had been forgotten. Eventually. the principles of extremity immobilization, minimal surgical care of simple wounds, and surgical debridement of major wounds with delayed closure were relearncd. Such procedures as reconstructive amputations and intramedullary fixation of fractures were contraindicated. Early extremity immobilization was best performed by plastic casts. External fixation with the Ilizarov apparatus, even though extremely valuable in selected cases, was done only by well-trained specialists in larger hospitals.
Remedial Proppant Consolidation Using Resin Technology (1999)

Abstract The Hugoton and Panoma gas fields are located in the Southwest corner of Kansas and the panhandles of Oklahoma and Texas. Historically, proppant production following propped hydraulic fracturing has been a recurring problem in these fields. For some wells, proppant clean out operations can make them unfeasible to operate. In all cases, the remedial costs associated with sand production are detrimental to the economics of the well. In December 1996, a resin consolidation treatment was pumped on a Hugoton gas well to stop repeated pump failures due to post fracture proppant production. Based on the success of this treatment, the procedure has been used on 21 additional Hugoton and Panoma gas wells for six oil and gas operating companies. Of the 22 wells treated with resin, sand production has been eliminated on 14 of the wells. This paper reviews the candidate selection, design and execution of the resin treatments. Three case histories and conclusions from the overall results are also presented.
Metabolic Drug Interactions with Newer Antipsychotics: A Comparative Review (2006)

Newer antipsychotics introduced in clinical practice in recent years include clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, sertindole, ziprasidone, aripiprazole and amisulpride. These agents are subject to drug-drug interactions with other psychotropic agents or with medications used in the treatment of concomitant physical illnesses. Most pharmacokinetic interactions with newer antipsychotics occur at the metabolic level and usually involve changes in the activity of the major drug-metabolizing enzymes involved in their biotransformation, i.e. the cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenases and/or uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT). Clozapine is metabolized primarily by CYP1A2, with additional contribution by other CYP isoforms. Risperidone is metabolized primarily by CYP2D6 and, to a lesser extent, CYP3A4. Olanzapine undergoes both direct conjugation and CYP1A2-mediated oxidation. Quetiapine is metabolized by CYP3A4, while sertindole and aripiprazole are metabolized by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. Ziprasidone pathways include aldehyde oxidase-mediated reduction and CYP3A4-mediated oxidation. Amisulpride is primarily excreted in the urine and undergoes relatively little metabolism. While novel antipsychotics are unlikely to interfere with the elimination of other drugs, co-administration of inhibitors or inducers of the major enzymes responsible for their metabolism may modify their plasma concentrations, leading to potentially significant effects. Most documented metabolic interactions involve antidepressant and anti-epileptic drugs. Of a particular clinical significance is the interaction between fluvoxamine, a potent CYP1A2 inhibitor, and clozapine. Differences in the interaction potential among the novel antipsychotics currently available may be predicted based on their metabolic pathways. The clinical relevance of these interactions should be interpreted in relation to the relative width of their therapeutic index. Avoidance of unnecessary polypharmacy, knowledge of the interaction profiles of individual agents, and careful individualization of dosage based on close evaluation of clinical response and, possibly, plasma drug concentrations are essential to prevent and minimize potentially adverse drug interactions in patients receiving newer antipsychotics.
A scalable noise de-embedding technique for on-wafer microwave device characterization (2005)

In this letter, we present a scalable and efficient noise de-embedding procedure, which is based on transmission-line theory and cascade configurations, for on-wafer microwave measurements of silicon MOSFETs. The proposed de-embedding procedure utilizes one open and one thru dummy structures to eliminate the parasitic effects from the probe pads and the input/output interconnects of a device-under-test (DUT), respectively. This method can generate the scalable distributed interconnect parameters to efficiently and precisely remove the redundant parasitics of the DUTs with various device sizes and arbitrary interconnect dimensions.
2-Methoxyestradiol as a Potential Cytostatic Drug in Gliomas? (2009)

Gliomas of astrocytic origin show only a limited chemotherapy response. Chemoresistance is most pronounced in glioblastoma multiforme, the most common and most malignant glioma, with median survival times not much longer than one year. Failure of chemotherapy partly relies on protective mechanisms against the commonly used DNA alkylating agents, but also on the constitutive activation of the pro-survival PI3K-Akt pathway in glioma cells, which inhibits apoptosis. Therefore, new drugs with an alternative mechanism, independent of DNA alkylation, are required. The microtubule targeting drug 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME) efficiently induces mitotic arrest, apoptosis, but also autophagic cell death in glioma cells in vitro. Moreover, it may be able to inhibit vascularization of the highly vascular gliobastomas, because the drug influences blood vessel sprouting via a HIF-1-dependent mechanism. Although high doses of i.p. injected 2-ME were recently shown to be effective in an orthothopic rat glioma model, clinical phase I/II trials revealed low oral bioavailability. One of the most exciting future perspectives will be the currently ongoing development of improved 2-ME analogs. Compounds, sulphamoylated at positions 3 and 17, combine sufficient toxicity against tumor cells with resistance against metabolic degradation and sufficient plasma levels in experimental animals. They were found to be superior in some animal models of tumor growth and vascularization, following oral application.
Seletracetam (ucb 44212) inhibits high‐voltage–activated Ca<sup>2+</sup> currents and intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> increase in rat cortical neurons in vitro (2008)

These results demonstrate a powerful inhibitory effect of SEL on epileptiform events in vitro. SEL showed a higher potency than LEV. The effective limitation of [Ca(2+)](i) influx might be relevant for its antiepileptic efficacy and, more broadly, for pathologic processes involving neuronal [Ca(2+)](i) overload.
A practical set of guidelines for geophone element testing and evaluation (1988)

In seismic exploration it is usual for considerable effort to be spent in defining and checking the specifications of the recording instruments. Similar evaluations of seismic detectors are rarely performed. The lack of quality control applied to geophones is partly due to the apparent complexity of the tests, and confusion over the results generated. This paper aims to shed light on this area and to propose simple procedures for geophone testing and evaluation. The questions one should ask before acquiring geophones are: • Do the geophones meet the geophysicists' requirements? • Do the geophones really conform to their specifications? • Can we predict durability? • What is the actual durability? The answer to this last question will only be known after some field use. Let us look at the other questions in sequence.
Analysis of the bite force and mechanical design of the feeding mechanism of the durophagous horn shark <i>Heterodontus francisci</i> (2005)

Three-dimensional static equilibrium analysis of the forces generated by the jaw musculature of the horn shark Heterodontus francisci was used to theoretically estimate the maximum force distributions and loadings on its jaws and suspensorium during biting. Theoretical maximum bite force was then compared with bite forces measured (1) voluntarily in situ, (2) in restrained animals and (3) during electrical stimulation of the jaw adductor musculature of anesthetized sharks. Maximum theoretical bite force ranged from 128 N at the anteriormost cuspidate teeth to 338 N at the posteriormost molariform teeth. The hyomandibula, which connects the posterior margin of the jaws to the base of the chondrocranium, is loaded in tension during biting. Conversely, the ethmoidal articulation between the palatal region of the upper jaw and the chondrocranium is loaded in compression, even during upper jaw protrusion, because H. francisci's upper jaw does not disarticulate from the chondrocranium during prey capture. Maximum in situ bite force averaged 95 N for free-swimming H. francisci, with a maximum of 133 N. Time to maximum force averaged 322 ms and was significantly longer than time away from maximum force (212 ms). Bite force measurements from restrained individuals (187 N) were significantly greater than those from free-swimming individuals (95 N) but were equivalent to those from both theoretical (128 N) and electrically stimulated measurements (132 N). The mean mass-specific bite of H. francisci was greater than that of many other vertebrates and second highest of the cartilaginous fishes that have been studied. Measuring bite force on restrained sharks appears to be the best indicator of maximum bite force. The large bite forces and robust molariform dentition of H. francisci correspond to its consumption of hard prey.
Selection and interaction of biomaterials used in the construction of cardiac bioprostheses (1998)

The mechanical behavior of calf pericardium employed in the manufacture of cardiac bioprostheses was assessed according to the region from which it was selected. For this purpose, selected samples of the tissue were sewn with different types of commercially available sutures and subjected to tensile testing, the results of which were compared with the findings in selected, but not sutured, tissue used as a control. The results confirm a loss of resistance--that is, a reduction of the capacity of sutured samples of the biomaterial to withstand breakage stress compared with control samples. Taking into account the marked resistance to breakage of the suture thread, this phenomenon can only be explained as a consequence of the deleterious mechanical interaction between the suture and chemically treated pericardium. This interaction is illustrated by the shearing force which is responsible for the loss of resistance in the tested samples. These trials demonstrate that the results can be improved and the deleterious interaction diminished, although not eliminated, when the pericardium is selected from a given region.
Characterization of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> Isolates from Human Listeriosis Cases in Italy (2009)

The objective of this study was to characterize by serotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and PCR amplification of virulence genes and markers of epidemic clones I, II, and III (ECI, ECII, and ECIII) 54 human isolates from apparently sporadic cases of infection occurring in the Lombardy region and in the province of Florence, Tuscany, Italy, in the years 1996 to 2007. Listeria monocytogenes isolates were provided by the clinical microbiology laboratories of the Lombardy region and the "Careggi" Hospital of Florence, Tuscany, Italy. Serotyping, PFGE after digestion with the AscI and ApaI enzymes, and PCR amplification for the inlA, inlC, and inlJ genes and ECI, ECII, and ECIII markers were performed according to procedures described previously. Twenty-five (46.3%) L. monocytogenes isolates were assigned to serotype 1/2a, 23 (42.6%) to serotype 4b, and 6 (11.1%) to serotype 1/2b. Thirty-one AscI pulsotypes were recognized among the 54 human isolates. Eleven molecular subtype clusters, of which eight included indistinguishable pulsotypes and three included closely related pulsotypes, were shared by two to seven isolates. Fifteen isolates exhibited unique AscI pulsotypes. Three groups of clustered isolates and two apparently sporadic isolates generated EC amplicons. All strains tested positive for the inlA, inlC, and inlJ genes. Based on the results of serotyping and molecular typing, there were 11 occasions when L. monocytogenes strains with the same subtype were isolated from more than one listeriosis case. A total of 39 out of 54 isolates (72.2%) were attributed to molecular subtype clusters. The results of the study suggest that routine subtyping of L. monocytogenes strains from human listeriosis cases could allow more-timely detection of outbreaks possibly caused by food-borne isolates from a common source and could lead to control of ongoing food exposure, thus preventing the occurrence of more cases.
CONTINUOUS FERMENTATION BY IMMOBILIZED BREWERS YEAST (1978)

A simple means of immobilizing yeast in a gel of calcium alginate is described. Immobilization occurs over a wide range of yeast/alginate ratios, and by varying this ratio it is possible to control the size of the immobilized yeast flocs. Non-flocculent strains of yeast can be immobilized by this procedure and remain viable for long periods of time. The procedure can render such strains sufficiently flocculent to allow their use in continuous tower fermenters.
Smoking, Skydiving, and Knitting: The Endogenous Categorization of Risks in Insurance Markets with Asymmetric Information (1991)

We analyze the efficiency and market equilibirum effects of endogenous categorization, where insurance companies classify risks on the basis of insureds' voluntary consumption of products that are correlated with underlying loss propersities, and we show that the use of such categorization may permit the attainment of first-best allocations as competitive Nash equilibria. The optimal insurance premium involves a trade-off between the use of categorization to correct moral hazard externalities generated by the consumption of the product and the use of differential consumption to sort heterogeneous consumers, thereby mitigating the social costs of adverse selection. The efficiency consequences of taxing or subsidizing aggregate, as opposed to individual, consumption is also considered.
The Composition and Origin of the Avifauna (1960)

Journal Article The Composition and Origin of the Avifauna Get access Kenneth E. Stager Kenneth E. Stager Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Systematic Biology, Volume 9, Issue 3-4, September 1960, Pages 179–183, https://doi.org/10.2307/2411966 Published: 01 September 1960
Mortgages to Secure Future Advances (1956)

The most popular form currently in use is the mortgage to secure optional future advances which is a combination of two security arrangements whereby the borrower makes an irrevocable offer of his property as security for a subsequent loan which may later be
A Theory for Optical Wavelength Control in Short Pulse Free Electron Laser Oscillators (1993)

The future safety of the U.S. Navy warship depends on the development of a directed energy self-defense system to keep pace with the ever-improving technology of anti-ship missiles. Two candidates are reviewed. The free electron laser (FEL) has the most advantages, but a chemical laser proposed by TRW is ready for installation on existing ships. Initial testing of issues related to directed energy use at sea can be conducted with the chemical laser. When the technology of the FEL matures, it can replace the chemical laser to provide the best possible defense in the shortest period of time. Continuous tunability is a key advantage of the FEL over the conventional laser. But since the output wavelength is dependent on electron energy. It is subject to random fluctuations originating from the beam source. At the Stanford University Superconducting (SCA) Free Electron Laser (FEL) Facility, the effects are minimized through negative feedback by changing the input electron energy proportional to the observed wavelength drift. The process is simulated by modifying a short pulse FEL numerical program to allow the resonant wavelength to vary over many passes. The physical effects behind optical wavelength control are explained. A theory for the preferential nature of the FEL to follow the resonant wavelength from longer to shorter wavelengths is presented. Finally, the response of the FEL to a rapidly changing resonant wavelength is displayed as a transfer function for the system. FEL, Free electron laser, Short pulse simulation, Optical wavelength control, Trapped particle, Instability, Desynchronism, Mode competition, Low gain FEL, Resonance condition, Wavelength stabilization, FEL transfer function, Directed energy at sea.