gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Military parachuting injuries: a literature review (1999)

This article is a literature review of the aspects of military parachuting related to occupational medicine and focuses on 'conventional' military static line parachuting using a round parachute. The analysis of injuries resulting from military parachuting provide an excellent example of military occupational medicine practice. The techniques of military parachuting are described in order to illustrate the potential mechanisms of injury, and a number of 'classical' parachuting injuries are described. Finally some recommendations are made for the recording of parachute injuries which would assist in the international comparison of injury rates and anatomical distribution.
InP Quantum Dot-Organosilicon Nanocomposites (2012)

InP quantum dot (QD)-organosilicon nanocomposites were synthesized and their photoluminescence quenching was mainly investigated because of their applicability to white LEDs (light emitting diodes). The as-synthesized InP QDs are capped with myristic acid (MA), which are incompatible with typical silicone encapsulants. We have introduced a new ligand, 3-aminopropyldimethylsilane (APDMS), which enables embedding the QDs into vinyl-functionalized silicones through direct chemical bonding. The exchange of ligand from MA to APDMS does not significantly affect the UV absorbance of the InP QDs, but quenches the PL to about 10% of its original value with the relative increase in surface related emission intensities, which is explained by stronger coordination of the APDMS ligands to the surface indium atoms. InP QD-organosilicon nanocomposites were synthesized by connecting the QDs using a short cross-linker such as 1,4-divinyltetramethylsilylethane (DVMSE) by the hydrosilylation reaction. The formation and changes in the optical properties of the InP QD-organosilicon nanocomposite were monitored by ultraviolet visible (UV-vis) absorbance and steady state photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. As the hydrosilylation reaction proceeds, the QD-organosilicon nanocomposite is formed and grows in size, causing an increase in the UV-vis absorbance due to the scattering effect. At the same time, the PL spectrum is red-shifted and, very interestingly, the PL is quenched gradually. Three PL quenching mechanisms are regarded as strong candidates for the PL quenching of the QD nanocomposites, namely the scattering effect, F<TEX>$\ddot{o}$</TEX>rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and cross-linker tension preventing the QD's surface relaxation.
Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells: Fuel the Fire (2014)

Low oxygen tension, hypoxia, is a characteristic of many tumors and associated with the poor prognosis. Hypoxia invites bone marrow derived cells (BMDCs) from bone marrow to the site of tumor. These recruited CXCR4+ BMDCs provide favorable environment for the tumor growth by acquiring pro-angiogenic phenotype such as CD45+VEGFR2+ Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPC), or CD45+Tie2+ myeloid cells. CD11b+CD13+ myeloid population of the BMDCs modulate tumor progression. These myeloid populations retain immunosuppressive characteristics, for example, myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and regulates immune- suppression by inhibiting cytotoxic T cell function. In addition, MDSCs were observed at the premetastatic niche of the distant organs in other tumors. Protumorigenic and prometastatic role of the myeloid cells provides a basis for therapeutic targeting of immunosuppression and thus inhibiting tumor development and metastasis.
Direct Measurement of ATP-Dependent Proton Concentration Changes and Characterization of a K+-Stimulated ATPase in Pea Chloroplast Inner Envelope Vesicles (1994)

Inner envelope membrane vesicles prepared from pea (Pisum sativum L. var Laxton's Progress No. 9) chloroplasts have K+-stimulated ATPase activity with a pH optimum of 8.4. ATP addition to inner envelope vesicles loaded with pyranine caused a decrease in pyranine fluorescence that was consistent with internal acidification. The transmembrane pH change induced by the addition of 5 mM ATP was about 0.4 unit. Measurement of phosphate released by ATP hydrolysis paralleled the pH change, indicating that intravesicular acidification was linked to ATPase activity. Vanadate, molybdate, N-ethylmaleimide, and dithiothreitol inhibited ATP-dependent vesicle acidification completely, whereas ATPase activity was only partially inhibited. These data indicate that pea chloroplast inner envelope vesicles contain a proton translocating ATPase and that the pyranine-loading method can be utilized to study directly ATP-dependent H+ transport across these membranes.
Preliminary study of a relay transmitted cooling system with heat pipes and LHP system in large capacity gas insulated transformers (2014)

The growing rated capacity of gas insulated transformers (GIT) are confined by the limitation of cooling capability. Hence a new thermal relay transmitted cooling system was applied in GIT and presented in this paper. The whole cooling system consists of conventional heat pipes and loop heat pipe (LHP): Dozens of non-metallic conventional heat pipes are distributed in the windings, absorbing heat and transmitting it to the LHP cooling system which is attached to the upper part of the conventional heat pipes. Then the LHP system brings heat out of the transformer and dissipates it to circumstance by boiling and condensing circulation of the fluorocarbon liquid in the LHP system. This relay transmitted cooling system is self-circulated, needing no additional blowers or fans installed in transformers. An experimental model is designed, fabricated and tested, and the testing results demonstrated that it could improve the cooling capability of GIT greatly, and has the feasibility to develop GIT of larger capacity.
PMD-induced nonlinear penalty reduction in coherent polarization-multiplexed QPSK transmission (2010)

The PMD-induced reduction of the nonlinear transmission penalty is investigated for 40G CP-QPSK dispersion-managed systems. We show a significant dependence on the PMD coefficient for pure CP-QPSK transmission, but a strongly reduced impact in mixed scenarios with OOK/DPSK.
Skin cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. (2005)

In this large, national cohort, RA was associated with an increased risk for development of NMSC. Among patients with RA, use of TNF inhibitors and prednisone were associated with an increased risk of NMSC.
A Comparison of Dimensionality Reduction Techniques for Web Structure Mining (2007)

In many domains, dimensionality reduction techniques have been shown to be very effective for elucidating the underlying semantics of data. Thus, in this paper we investigate the use of various dimensionality reduction techniques (DRTs) to extract the implicit structures hidden in the Web hyperlink connectivity. We apply and compare four DRTs, namely, principal component analysis (PCA), non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), independent component analysis (ICA) and random projection (RP). Experiments conducted on three datasets allow us to assert the following: NMF outperforms PCA and ICA in terms of stability and interpretability of the discovered structures; the well- known WebKb dataset used in a large number of works about the analysis of the hyperlink connectivity seems to be not adapted for this task and we suggest rather to use the recent Wikipedia dataset which is better suited.
Low Power Bus Encoding Techniques for Memory Testing (2013)

Power reduction during testing is one of the most important challenges for the VLSI design and test engineers. Switching is one of the important contributors to the power consumption of on chip buses. This paper addresses the problem of minimizing power dissipation due to switching of the busses during testing. For memo ry testing, many read/write cycles are required (as per March algorith m), in wh ich test patterns are sent through the data bus, according to the addressing sequences. The address switching is also controlled by address encoding schemes with reference data. The result shows the average power reduction of 30% and 74.8% in data bus and addresses buses encoding schemes respectively. Power consumption has become one of the most crit ical issues during the design of battery operated portable systems. Design methodologies and related tools enabling the control on the power budget during the different phases of the design flow are mandatory. The main co mponents of such portable systems are processing unit, the memory controller, memo ry chips. It is anticipated that the embedded memo ry will account for 95% of the chip area in the co mplex systems (1) and the communication channels which provide data transfer between the CPU and the memo ry. During the communicat i on of these components bus power consumption is proportional to the switching activity. The switching activity of the buses is often responsible for a substantial fraction of the total power dissipation for large VLSI modules. As the compelxity of the system increase the nu mber of data buses and address buses incresses. The large and long interconnects dissipates as dynamic energy dissipation for charging and discharging of internal node capacitances and inter-wire capacitances. Testing of the memo ry sections is a tedious job because in memo ry testing the bunch of the data is written and read again and again for all the memory locations at very high speed. During memory testing power d issipation increase drast ically due to excessiv e swit ch ing in test patt erns. Therefo re, it n eeds lo w po wer encod ing t echn iques for communicat ion between devices or on chip commun ication. To access a Memory Under Test (MUT) address buses are
Evaluation of beam quality for high-power lasers (2007)

High-power lasers are widely used in various scientific, industrial and military applications. There is currently a desire for precision measurement the beam quality of high-power lasers in order to evaluate the performance of the laser systems and the operational effectiveness of chemical and solid-state high-power laser weapons. There are many methods of beam quality determination, such as beam parameter product, encircled energy ratio BQ, Strehi ratio, diffraction limit factor β and beam propagation factor M<sup>2</sup>. In this paper, a beam quality measurement device is developed for high-power lasers. This device consists of a beam attenuator with large reflective ratio and minimal wavefront distortion, an off-axis parabolic mirror, an imaging lens and an infrared focal plane array detector. The laser beam intensity distribution, beam width, beam divergence and beam pointing stability can be obtained in real-time and the beam quality can be evaluated by the various determinations through imaging process. Advantages and disadvantages of these beam quality determination for evaluation the performance of the high-power lasers are analyzed and discussed. The measurement uncertainties of relative parameters are also analyzed and discussed.
Determination of Complex Isotopomer Patterns in Isotopically Labeled Compounds by Mass Spectrometry (2005)

A classic problem in analytical chemistry has been determination of individual components in a mixture without availability of the pure individual components. Measurement of the distribution of isotopomers in a labeled compound or mixture of labeled compounds is an example of this problem that is commonly encountered when stable isotopically labeled metabolites are used to determine in vivo kinetics and metabolism. We present a method that uses the measured mass spectral data of the unlabeled material to represent any and all combinations of isotopomer variations of that material and to determine abundances of these isotopomers. Although examples of the method are presented for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, the method is applicable to any type of mass spectrometry data. The method also accounts for errors induced by mass spectrometer ionization and resolution effects. To demonstrate this method, we determined the isotopomer distributions of samples of 13C-labeled leucine and glucose for both highly enriched isotopomers and labeled isotopomers present in low abundance against a natural isotopic abundance background. The method accurately and precisely determined isotopomer identity and abundance in the labeled materials without adding noise or error that was not inherent in the original mass spectral data. In examples shown here, isotopomer uncertainties were calculated with relative standard errors of <1% from good quality mass spectral data.
Controlling Proppant Flowback to Maintain Fracture Conductivity and Minimize Workovers: Lessons Learned from 1,500 Fracturing Treatments (2008)

The use of curable resin precoated proppants was often applied in the Permian Basin to control proppant flowback. However,<br>these precoated proppant materials continued to allow proppant to produce back, especially during production surges because<br>they did not provide sufficient consolidation strength to handle high drawdown. Since early 2005, a low-temperature curable<br>liquid resin system has been selected to treat the proppant on-the-fly mainly during the tail-in stages in most of 1,500<br>hydraulic fracturing treatments. This paper highlights how the proppant back-production problems were successfully<br>overcome through the application of this curable resin system. Detailed descriptions of the treatments, challenges, and<br>lessons learned during the course of these fracturing treatments are presented.
Leucine induces myofibrillar protein accretion in cultured skeletal muscle through m<scp>TOR</scp> dependent and ‐independent control of myosin heavy chain m<scp>RNA</scp> levels (2012)

This study clearly demonstrates myofibrillar and not generic protein accretion in skeletal muscle following leucine supplementation, and suggests this involves pre-translational control of MyHC expression by leucine.
Randomization and Monte Carlo Methods in Biology. (1992)

Part 1 Randomization tests and confidence intervals: the idea of a randomization test examples of a randomization test aspects of randomization testing raised by the examples confidence intervals from randomization. Part 2 Monte Carlo and other computer intensive methods: Monte Carlo tests jackknifing bootstrapping bootstrap tests of significance and confidence intervals. Part 3 Some general considerations: power determining how many randomizations are needed determining a randomization distribution exactly the computer generation of pseudo-random numbers generating random permutations. Part 4 One and two sample tests: the paired comparisons design the one sample randomization test the two sample randomization test the comparison of two samples on multiple measurements. Part 5 Analysis of variance: one factor analysis of variance Bartlett's test for constant variance examples of more complicated types of analysis of variance discussion computer program. Part 6 Regrssion analysis: simple regression testing for a non-zero beta value confidence limits for beta multiple linear regression randomizing X variable values. Part 7 Distance matrices and spatial data: testing for association between distance matrices Mantel's test determining significance by sampling randomization distribution confidence limits for a matrix regression coefficient problems involving more than two matrices. Part 8 Other analyses on spatial data: the study of spatial point patterns Mead's randomization test a test based on nearest neighbour distances testing for an association between two point patterns the Besag-Diggle test tests using distances between points. Part 9 Time series: randomization and time series randomization tests for serial correlation randomization tests for trend randomization tests for periodicity irregularly spaced series tests on times of occurence discussion of procedures for irregular series bootstrap and Monte Carlo tests. Part 10 Multivariate data: univariate and multivariate tests sample means and covariance matrices comparison on sample means vectors chi-squared analyses for count data principal component analysis and other one sample methods discriminate function analysis. Part 11 Ad hoc methods: the construction of tests in non-standard situations testing for randomness of species co-occurences on islands examining time change in niche ovelap probing multivariate data with random skewers other examples. Part 12 Conclusion: randomization methods bootstrap and Monte Carlo methods.
Within-day reliability of temporal–spatial gait parameters associated with rheumatoid arthritic feet (2005)

The within-day reliability of temporal and spatial gait parameters in rheumatoid arthritic patients has been demonstrated in the current study. However, further investigation of between-day reliability is necessary and would provide clinicians with reliable data in the objective assessment and any form of intervention in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
Cylinder-temperature correlation of a single-cylinder liquid-cooled engine (1946)

"An analysis based on nonboiling forced-convection heat-transfer theory is made of the cooling processes in liquid-cooled engine cylinders. Semiempirical equations that relate the average head and barrel temperatures with the primary engine and coolant parameters are derived. A correlation method based on these equations is applied to data obtained from previously reported investigations, which were conducted over large ranges of engine and coolant conditions with two liquid-cooled cylinders using water and various aqueous ethylene glycol solutions as coolants" (p. 285)
Endoscopic repair of high‐flow cranial base defects using a bilayer button (2010)

Abstract Objectives/Hypothesis: Repair of the skull base still begins with a direct repair of the dural defect. We present a new button closure for primary repair of the dura for high flow defects. Study Design: Retrospective review. Methods: We reviewed our 20 cases of primary button grafts and compared the results to the previous 20 high‐flow open‐cistern cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cases. Subjects were excluded if they had no violation of the arachnoid space or potential for low‐flow CSF leak. The button is constructed so that the inlay portion is at least 25% larger than the dural defect, and the onlay portion is just large enough to cover the dural defect. The two grafts are sutured together using two 4‐0 Neurolon sutures and placed with the inlay portion intradurally and the onlay portion extradurally. Results: The button graft repair of open‐cisternal defects had a drop in CSF leak complications to 10% (2/20), and these two leaks were repaired with the button technique as the salvage surgery. This is a significant improvement over the 45% leak rate in the prebutton graft group ( P < .03). In our button graft group we used nasoseptal flaps on 16/20 repairs, and 1/2 repairs that leaked in the button group did not have a nasoseptal flap. Lumbar drains were used in ∼38% in both groups ( P = .83). Conclusions: The button graft can be used in conjunction with the nasal septal flap or as a stand‐alone repair with good results reducing the postoperative leak rate to 10% for high‐flow CSF repairs. Laryngoscope, 2010
Expression of apoptosis, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and apoptosis‐related antigens (bcl‐2, c‐myc, Fas, Lewis and p53) in human cholangiocarcinomas and hepatocellular carcinomas (1996)

In situ expression of apoptosis and its related antigens has rarely been evaluated in human liver tumors. Therefore, investigation using in situ nick end-labeling and immunohistochemical methods of the in situ expression of apoptosis, proliferating cells, and apoptosis-related antigens in 7 normal livers, 20 cholangiocarcinomas (CC) and 17 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) was done. Apoptotic cells as determined by the nick end-labeling method and proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells were present in all specimens, and the percentage of them was significantly higher in CC than in HCC. Bcl-2 protein was present only in one CC and one HCC, but was occasionally noted in bile ducts in non-cancerous livers. C-myc and Fas antigens were not found in any of the cases. Lewisy antigen was expressed in 8 CC, but was absent in the other cases although bile ducts in non-cancerous livers frequently expressed Lewisy. p53 protein was present in 8 CC, but was absent in the other cases. Serial section observations showed that apoptotic cancer cells were consistently negative for proliferating cell nuclear antigen; bcl-2-positive cells did not show apoptosis; p53-positive cancer cells showed apoptosis. Some Lewisy-positive cancer cells showed apoptosis, while others did not. These data suggest that apoptosis and cell proliferation are involved in CC and HCC, and their degree is more severe in CC than in HCC. p53 protein (stimulative) may regulate apoptosis in some cases, whereas c-myc, Fas and Lewisy are not related to apoptosis in CC and HCC in vivo. Many other factors may regulate apoptosis in CC and HCC in vivo.
Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor LCZ696: a novel targeted therapy for arterial hypertension? (2015)

The need for novel antihypertensive therapies represents a continuous challenge. LCZ696 is a first-in-class angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor that has been shown to enhance endogenous natriuretic peptide (NP) actions on neurohormonal activation. This effect seems to be additive to that of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) suppression, as impressively suggested in the PARADIGM HF study. LCZ696 has been shown to be effective in reducing blood pressure in several small studies; however, its effectiveness and safety remain to be proved in larger studies. This review summarizes the role of RAAS and NP system in the pathophysiology of hypertension and reviews the current data on the antihypertensive effects of LCZ696.
A new buck-type active front end rectifier topology with improved voltage transfer ratio and common mode voltage cancellation (2005)

AC/AC power conversion is widely used to feed AC loads with variable voltage and/or variable frequency from a constant voltage constant frequency power grid or to connect critical loads to an unreliable power supply while delivering a very accurate sinusoidal and balanced voltage system of constant amplitude and frequency. The load specifications will clearly impose the requirements for the inverter stage of the power converter, while a wider range of choices are available for the rectifier. This paper investigates the utilization of a buck-type current source rectifier as an active front-end stage of an AC/AC converter for applications that require adjustable DC-link voltage with an improved upper limit as well as elimination of the low-frequency common mode voltage. The proposed solution is to add two asymmetric H-bridge inverters in series with each of the DC-side terminals of the buck rectifier and to develop a new control strategy for this hybrid assembly.