gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advanced Glycation End Products and Nephrotoxicity of High-Protein Diets (2006)

The popularity of high-protein diets has surged recently as obesity has become more and more common in the United States and other developed nations. In view of the high prevalence of type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease among obese people, it is important to understand potential effects of high-protein diets on the kidney. The hypothesis that high-protein diets are nephrotoxic because of their excessive dietary advanced glycation end product (AGE) content and an increased amino acid load that enhances AGE formation in situ was explored. This review discusses the following evidence: (1) High-protein diets are deleterious to the kidney; (2) AGE are metabolic mediators of kidney damage; (3) dietary protein-derived AGE contribute to proinflammatory and pro-oxidative processes in diabetes and kidney disease; and (4) dietary protein-derived AGE produce functional and structural abnormalities that are involved in kidney damage. Future research should consider dietary AGE as a potential therapeutic target for kidney disease in obesity, diabetes, and perhaps other causes of chronic kidney disease.
A Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Using the Ankle-Brachial Index to Screen for Peripheral Artery Disease (2012)

Peripheral artery disease (PAD), a common circulatory problem in which narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to limbs, is a major public health problem. A robust epidemiologic literature shows that patients with PAD have up to three times the risk of all cause mortality. The risks of death from coronary artery disease are up to six times greater for PAD patients in comparison to those without the disease. PAD, however, is usually not recognized as a major public health threat and motivation to evaluate patients for PAD is much lower than it is for other cardiovascular conditions. Peripheral artery disease is a serious health condition that increases an individual's risk for heart attack, stroke, and leg amputation. While PAD is highly prevalent in primary care settings and is easily detected with the ABI during a routine office visit, the procedure is underutilized and without a pulse volume recording or Doppler waveform tracings, it is not reimbursable by healthcare payers. Demonstration that the ABI is a low cost and effective screening technique for identifying PAD in patients with cardiovascular risk factors would support its adoption into primary care and specialty care settings. Furthermore, newly identified PAD patients could be targeted for prevention measures such as treatment with antiplatelet drugs, ACE inhibitors, and statins, decreasing their overall risk of cardiovascular events while increasing functionality and quality of life. With the combined high risk that PAD represents and the availability of effective treatment, systematic use of screening using the ABI to identify patients with asymptomatic PAD is warranted in patients with cardiovascular risk, and is critical to reduce overall morbidity and mortality.
Rotationally Invariant Convolutional Channel Coding with Expanded Signal Space - Part II: Nonlinear Codes (1984)

This is the second paper on rotationally invariant convolutional channel coding with expanded signal space. Signal space with 90, 180, and 270° phase ambiguities is generally preferred to signal space with only 180° phase ambiguity. In this paper, design rules and procedures for 180° rotationally invariant convolutional codes in the previous paper are extended to rotationally invariant codes with expanded signal space having 90, 180, and 270° phase ambiguities. As in the previous paper, we illustrate these rules and procedures by designing simple codes with coding gain of 4 dB. Nonlinear convolutional codes result from these design rules and procedures. These simple nonlinear convolutional codes are being considered as international standards on voiceband modems at rate greater than or equal to 9.6 kbits/s. Codes with higher coding gain can be obtained using the same rules and procedures. Both feedforward and feedback codes are considered. In addition, a new class of codes described as "generalized feedback" is also considered.
Fish consumption during the first year of life and development of allergic diseases during childhood (2006)

Regular fish consumption before age 1 appears to be associated with a reduced risk of allergic disease and sensitization to food and inhalant allergens during the first 4 years of life.
A Comparison of Sampling Mechanisms Available for Small‐Diameter Ground Water Monitoring Wells (1985)

Abstract The objective of most ground water quality monitoring programs is to obtain samples that are “representative” or that retain the physical and chemical properties of the ground water in an aquifer. Many factors can influence whether or not a particular sample is representative, but perhaps the most critical factor is the method or type of sampling device used to retrieve the sample. The sampling equipment available today ranges from simple to highly sophisticated, and includes bailers, syringe devices, suction‐lift pumps, gas‐drive devices, bladder (Middelburg‐type) pumps, gear‐drive and helical rotor electric submersible pumps and gas‐driven piston pumps. New devices are continually being developed for use in small‐diameter wells in order to meet the needs of professionals engaged in implementing elaborate ground water monitoring programs. In selecting a sampling device for a monitoring program, the professional must consider a number of details. Among the considerations are: the outside diameter of the device, the overall impact of the device on ground water sample integrity (including the materials from which the sampling device and associated equipment are made and the method by which the device delivers the sample), the capability of the device to purge the well of stagnant water, the rate and the ability to control the rate at which the sample is delivered, the depth limitations of the device, the ease of operating, cleaning and maintaining the device, the portability of the device and required accessory equipment, the reliability and durability of the device, and the initial and operational cost of the device and accessory equipment. Based on these considerations, each of the devices available for sampling ground water from small‐diameter wells has its own unique set of advantages and disadvantages that make it suitable for sampling under specific sets of conditions. No one sampling device is applicable to all sampling situations.
Collaborative Internet of Things (C-Iot): For Future Smart Connected Life and Business (2015)

"Provides a simplified visionary approach about the future direction of IoT, addressing its wide-scale adoption in many markets, its interception with advanced technology, the explosive growth in data, and the emergence of data analytics"..
Safety of Immunosuppressive Drugs Used as Maintenance Therapy in Kidney Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2013)

To evaluate the safety of regimens containing calcineurin inhibitors (CNI), proliferation signal inhibitors (TOR-I) and antimetabolites, we conducted a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and observational studies. A total of 4,960 citations were identified in our electronic search and 14 additional articles were identified through hand searching. Forty-eight articles (11,432 participants) from 42 studies (38 RCTs and four cohorts) met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis results revealed the following: (i) tacrolimus was associated with an increased risk for diabetes and lower risk of dyslipidemia, compared to cyclosporine; (ii) mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was associated with increased risk for total infections, abdominal pain, diarrhea and vomiting, compared with azathioprine; (iii) sirolimus was associated with higher risk of anemia, diabetes, dyslipidemia, lymphoceles and withdrawal compared to tacrolimus or cyclosporine, and cyclosporine was associated with an increased risk of CMV infection; (iv) the combination of CNI with antimetabolites was associated with more adverse events than CNI alone; (v) TOR-I was related to more adverse events than MMF. The data observed in this meta-analysis are similar to those describe by others authors; thus, the choice of treatment must be made by the clinical staff based on specific patient characteristics.
Postsynaptic control of hippocampal long-term potentiation. (1986)

Long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus has the property of cooperativity, i.e. greater potentiation is produced if a larger number of afferent fibres is tetanized. The possible involvement of postsynaptic mechanisms in this process was investigated in the CA1 area of the hippocampal slice preparation. Following blockade of postsynaptic inhibition by GABA antagonists, e.g. picrotoxin, the induction of LTP was greatly facilitated. In picrotoxin-treated slices, LTP was induced in a pathway stimulated by single volleys, if these occurred in conjunction with brief tetanic activation of other afferents. This interaction operated over a short period of time (less than 50 ms) and was also present if the inputs were separated in space (cooperativity between inputs to basal and apical dendrites). LTP could be induced by pairing single volley synaptic activation and intracellularly injected depolarizing current pulses, the timing requirements being similar to those observed in the extracellular "conjunction studies". Previous studies have suggested that glutamate receptor channels of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type are somehow involved in LTP induction. Evidence presented here shows that activation leading to LTP evokes a potential which is sensitive to the NMDA receptor blocker 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV), indicating passage of current through NMDA receptor channels. The results suggest that hippocampal LTP depends on simultaneous presynaptic transmitter release and postsynaptic depolarization in a manner analogous to the model proposed by HEBB (1949) for associative learning. Furthermore, it is proposed that the required pre- and postsynaptic interaction is handled by the NMDA receptor channel complex, which is known to have the required voltage and transmitter sensitivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Rapid Assay of Cytotoxicity Using Tetramitus Flagellates (1995)

A simple test for measuring cytotoxic agents has been developed using the flagellate phenotype of Tetramitus rostratus. The test measures dose-dependent inhibition of cell division by individual agents such as 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide and other mutagens. Dose-response data are given also for mixtures including coal tar pitch condensate, centrifuged particles obtained from tap water, and water concentrates prepared with XAD-2 resin. Because Tetramitus flagellates have a gullet and are particle-feeders, the assay allows for cytotoxic measurements of whole particles without prior extraction or solvent substitution procedures. The cytotoxic activities observed may reflect genotoxic activity, since all chemicals that produced a positive response are genotoxic in other test systems.
Circle of least confusion of a spherical reflector (2007)

A simple, tractable equation is provided for determining the size and location of the circle of least confusion of a concave spherical reflector. This method is exact for the object at infinity and with wave effects neglected. Designers of large radius Arecibo-like telescopes, both radio and optical, with symmetrical, spherical primaries should find the method useful. The mathematical results are valid for apertures with an angle of incidence up to 45 degrees. Comparisons of the location of the disk of least confusion with longitudinal spherical aberration and the radius of the disk with transverse spherical aberration are presented.
Self-nanoemulsifying drug-delivery systems for potentiated anti-inflammatory activity of diacerein (2018)

These SNEDDSs can be represented as potential oral drug delivery systems of Dcn for enhanced dissolution and anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan-induced paw edema.
Evidence for a Trade-Off between Host-Range Breadth and Host-Use Efficiency in Aphid Parasitoids (2011)

"The jack-of-all-trades is a master of none" describes the widely held belief that engaging in many tasks comes at the cost of being unable to do those tasks well. However, empirical evidence for generalist fitness costs remains scarce. We used published data from a long-term field survey of aphid parasitoids to determine whether relative specialists are more abundant than generalists on their shared hosts, a pattern that would be expected if generalists suffer a trade-off between host-range breadth and host-use efficiency. Relative specialists were more abundant than generalists on their shared hosts, but only when we used a measure of specialization that accounts for the taxonomic differences among parasitoids' hosts. These results suggest that a generalist-specialist trade-off exists within this group of parasitoids and that the generalist fitness cost depends on the taxonomic breadth, rather than the number, of host species that are used.
Comparing engagement in everyday school activities in children with and without disabilities (2006)

Comparing engagement in everyday school activities in children with and without disabilities
Angiopoietin-1 variant reduces LPS-induced microvascular dysfunction in a murine model of sepsis (2012)

Administration of MAT.Ang-1 after the onset of sepsis protects the microcirculation from endotoxemia-induced vascular dysfunction through reducing inflammation but without pro-angiogenic actions, thus representing a novel, potential pharmacotherapeutic agent for the treatment of sepsis.
Comparison of fluid intelligence in female and male high school students based on classic and item-response theories (2013)

Sex differences in intelligence is one of the most important topics in contemporary psychology. Some findings indicate that there are sex differences in intelligence and some others believe that there is no sex differences in general intelligence. Some authors believe that this conflict can be resolved by fluid intelligence, which is conceived as the core of intelligent behavior. The aim of this study was to compare fluid intelligence in female and male high school students based on classic and item-response theories. A total of 884 high school students (446 males, 438 females) ranging in age from 15 to 17, were tested by Scale 3 (form A) of Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT). Cronbach's alpha coefficients for female and male students were 0.87 and 0.85 respectively. Statistical testing showed that: 1) the raw mean score of female students on fluid intelligence was significantly higher than that of male students, 2) comparison of the abilities of the two groups based on IRT model showed that the abilities of female students on 25 percentile and below were lower than that of male students, and the abilities of the two groups between the 25 to 55 percentiles were identical, the abilities of female students between the 55 to 85 percentiles were higher than that of male students, and the abilities of male students on 90 percentile and above were higher than that of female students.
Activation of Antitumor Agent Gilvocarcins by Visible Light (1984)

Gilvocarcins that are antitumor agents are activated by low doses of visible light to induce bacteriophage lambda in Escherichia coli. This result is dependent on interaction with DNA. Gilvocarcin M, an analog without antitumor activity, failed to induce the prophage after light exposure, thus demonstrating a correlation between photosensitizing and antitumor activities. These results raise several possibilities regarding the mode of action of gilvocarcins as antitumor agents in vivo, involving light or enzymatic activating systems, which could be exploited in human cancer therapy.
Total Parenteral Nutrition in the Critically Ill Patient (1998)

Total parenteral nutrition does not influence the overall mortality rate of surgical or critically ill patients. It may reduce the complication rate, especially in malnourished patients, but study results are influenced by patient population, use of lipids, methodological quality, and year of publication.
World Science Report 1998 (1998)

The third in a biennial series published by UNESCO, the World Science Report 1998 looks at the current state of science around the globe through the eyes of an international team of experts. Who is carrying out research and development, where and with what means? What has changed over the past couple of years? Informative and thought-provoking, each essay describes how research and development are organized in a given region or group of countries and identifies and discusses emerging trends in research and science education, including region- or country-specific issues. Wherever possible, the author's opinion is backed up by numerical data presented in an easily accessible form as tables or diagrams. The second part of the Report examines three contemporary issues that have in common their global nature and ramifications for society as a whole. Separate chapters look at how science is helping to safeguard our two most basic commodities - food and water - in a context of rapid demographic growth and environmental stress. Globalization, a leitmotiv throughout the first part of the Report, is also the subject of the concluding chapter, which discusses its impact on scientific communities in the developing countries.
Field-sensitive value analysis of embedded C programs with union types and pointer arithmetics (2006)

We propose a memory abstraction able to lift existing numerical static analyses to C programs containing union types, pointer casts, and arbitrary pointer arithmetics. Our framework is that of a combined points-to and data-value analysis. We abstract the contents of compound variables in a field-sensitive way, whether these fields contain numeric or pointer values, and use stock numerical abstract domains to find an overapproximation of all possible memory states---with the ability to discover relationships between variables. A main novelty of our approach is the dynamic mapping scheme we use to associate a flat collection of abstract cells of scalar type to the set of accessed memory locations, while taking care of byte-level aliases---i.e., C variables with incompatible types allocated in overlapping memory locations. We do not rely on static type information which can be misleading in C programs as it does not account for all the uses a memory zone may be put to.Our work was incorporated within the Astrée static analyzer that checks for the absence of run-time-errors in embedded, safety-critical, numerical-intensive software. It replaces the former memory domain limited to well-typed, union-free, pointer-cast free data-structures. Early results demonstrate that this abstraction allows analyzing a larger class of C programs, without much cost overhead.
Structural and biophysical insights from targeting melanoma using genetically modified T-cell receptors (2013)

CD8+ T-cells recognise pathogens and cancer through a specific interaction between\nthe T-cell receptor (TCR) and a 8-14 amino-acid residue peptide presented by class I\nmajor histocompatibility complex (pMHCI) molecules expressed on the target cell\nsurface. The first structures of murine and human TCR/pMHC complexes, published\nin 1996, revealed a number of important features of the TCR/pMHC interface.\nCurrently, <25 unique human TCR/pMHC complexes are reported in the literature.\nThis is a relatively low number compared with the number of antibody or unligated\npMHC structures. The lack of structural information regarding human TCR/pMHC\ncomplexes has compromised the determination of a comprehensive and accepted set\nof rules that govern T-cell antigen recognition. Difficulties in generating\nTCR/pMHC complex crystals partly explain the low number of these structures. The\nfirst part of this thesis reports the development of a new crystallization screen\n(TOPS) designed specifically for the generation of such protein crystals. I also had\naccess to MART-1-specific TCRs, the MART-1 protein being expressed by virtually\nall fresh melanoma tumour specimens. Different human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-\nA*0201-restricted peptides from this protein are presented at the melanoma cell\nsurface. As TCRs are known to bind to cancer-derived “self” peptides with weak\naffinity, there is considerable interest in designing enhanced affinity TCRs for the\nrecognition of HLA-A*0201-MART-1. My work concentrated on the MART-1-\nspecific TCR MEL5 and its affinity-enhanced variant selected by phage display,\nα24β17. I analysed the biophysical properties of α24β17 and determined that it\nbound HLA-A*0201-MART-1 with >30,000-fold enhanced affinity and distinct\nthermodynamics. Comparison of TCR/HLA-A*0201-MART-1 complex structures\nsolved with TOPS and binding biophysics showed that: (i) TCR affinity can be\nenhanced by increasing interactions between the TCR and the MHC surface; (ii)\nsoluble α24β17 retains the peptide specificity by a novel mechanism involving\ninteractions with solvent molecules; and, (iii) MEL5 interaction with the\nphysiologically relevant MART-127-35 nonameric antigen led to a peptide anchor\nresidue switch, a TCR-induced modification that has never been observed before. I\nalso initiated a preliminary study on the generation of genetically modified Jurkat\ncells and CD8+ T-cells expressing a range of affinity-enhanced TCRs directed\nagainst melanoma for adoptive cell therapy. These results suggested that melanoma\nspecificity is retained after MEL5 transduction and that there is no need to optimize\nbeyond a TCR affinity threshold to obtain optimal T-cell activation. Collectively,\nthese data shed light on the complex and unpredictable nature of T-cell antigen\nrecognition.
Structures and Proton-Pumping Strategies of Mitochondrial Respiratory Enzymes (2001)

Enzymes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain serve as proton pumps, using the energy made available from electron transfer reactions to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane and create an electrochemical gradient used for the production of ATP. The ATP synthase enzyme is reversible and can also serve as a proton pump by coupling ATP hydrolysis to proton translocation. Each of the respiratory enzymes uses a different strategy for performing proton pumping. In this work, the strategies are described and the structural bases for the action of these proteins are discussed in light of recent crystal structures of several respiratory enzymes. The mechanisms and efficiency of proton translocation are also analyzed in terms of the thermodynamics of the substrate transformations catalyzed by these enzymes.
Phase-contrast wavefront sensing for adaptive optics (2004)

Most ground-based adaptive optics systems use one of a small number of wavefront sensor technologies, notably (for relatively high-order systems) the Shack-Hartmann sensor, which provides local measurements of the phase slope (first derivative) at a number of regularly-spaced points across the telescope pupil. The curvature sensor, with response proportional to the second derivative of the phase, is also sometimes used, but has undesirable noise propagation properties during wavefront reconstruction as the number of actuators becomes large. It is interesting to consider the use for astronomical adaptive optics of the "phase contrast" technique, originally developed for microscopy by Zernike to allow convenient viewing of phase objects. In this technique, the wavefront sensor provides a direct measurement of the local value of phase in each subaperture of the pupil. This approach has some obvious disadvantages compared to Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensing, but has some less obvious but substantial advantages as well. Here we evaluate the relative merits in a practical ground-based adaptive optics system.