gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Early detection of materials degradation (2017)

Lightweight components for transportation and aerospace applications are designed for an estimated lifecycle, taking expected mechanical and environmental loads into account. The main reason for catastrophic failure of components within the expected lifecycle are material inhomogeneities, like pores and inclusions as origin for fatigue cracks, that have not been detected by NDE. However, material degradation by designed or unexpected loading conditions or environmental impacts can accelerate the crack initiation or growth. Conventional NDE methods are usually able to detect cracks that are formed at the end of the degradation process, but methods for early detection of fatigue, creep, and corrosion are still a matter of research. For conventional materials ultrasonic, electromagnetic, or thermographic methods have been demonstrated as promising. Other approaches are focused to surface damage by using optical methods or characterization of the residual surface stresses that can significantly affect the creation of fatigue cracks. For conventional metallic materials, material models for nucleation and propagation of damage have been successfully applied for several years. Material microstructure/property relations are well established and the effect of loading conditions on the component life can be simulated. For advanced materials, for example carbon matrix composites or ceramic matrix composites, the processes of nucleation and propagation of damage is still not fully understood. For these materials NDE methods can not only be used for the periodic inspections, but can significantly contribute to the material scientific knowledge to understand and model the behavior of composite materials.
Sewerage Overflows Put Production and Fertility of Dairy Cows at Risk (1999)

Abstract More than 50% of the dairy farmers in the Netherlands use surface water as the main source of drinking water for their cows during the grazing season. The quality of this water may be affected by discharges from sewerage overflows, but possible effects on health of dairy cows have not been quantified. Our objective, therefore, was to assess the risk of impaired production and fertility in dairy cows that drink surface water in direct contact with a sewerage overflow. Standardized milk production of cows from 60 farms using surface water in direct contact with a sewerage overflow was 0.9 L d −1 less ( P = 0.09) than that of cows from 397 farms using surface water not in contact with an overflow. Also, age at first calving was 20 d higher ( P < 0.01) in heifers exposed to drinking water in contact with sewerage overflows. These results strengthen earlier suggestions that sewerage overflows may reduce production and fertility of dairy cows.
Integration of Site Water Chemistry and Media Characteristics to Design (Bio)(In)Filtration Systems (2010)

Many research studies have been published regarding the treatment efficiency of bioretention for a wide variety of pollutants found in urban stormwater runoff. However, limited information is available on predicting the treatability of these pollutants between media and between sites. Predicting the treatment ability of bioretention/infiltration/filtration media is a function of both media and water chemistry. This paper begins that meta-analysis of pollutant removal as a function of chemistry. The results presented here are from a single project evaluating candidate bioretention media to meet NPDES numeric effluent limits for industrial stormwater discharges and are based on a limited number of samples. As additional data become available in the spring, the analysis will be expanded. The water chemistry greatly affects the forms of the pollutants, and many metals that are in the dissolved phase have been shown not to be ionic. These complexed metals have valence charges that may make their treatment more difficult. The preliminary results for soil chemistry effects indicate that the media that appear to have the best removal ability for a wide range of metallic pollutants are those that have both cation exchange ability and comparatively high organic matter content; however these chemical characteristics cannot be used to measure media exhaustion, except for the pure ion exchange resins and possibly for ionic forms of the cations. For the removal of the dissolved fraction of metals, this also may require a neutral to acidic media pH because of the generally increased solubility of metals at lower pHs. Lower pHs and higher organic matter contents, however, must be evaluated further if phosphorus removal is also desired since phosphorus is removed better at higher pHs and lower organic matter content (organic matter is a source of P). These results also highlight the trade-offs in pollutant capture versus cation/mineral/pollutant export when using ion-exchange media. Design of bioretention devices for effective treatment, and especially to meet permit limits, requires a greater understanding of the interaction of water and soil chemistry on a site, with a focus on the chemistry of the dissolved fraction.
100 Gbit/s all-optical wavelength conversion withintegrated SOA delayed-interference configuration (2000)

The authors report all-optical 100 Gbit/s wavelength conversion employing cross-phase modulation for the first time.
A Finite-Element Tool for Scattering from Localized Inhomogeneities and Submerged Elastic Structures (2004)

A steady‐state 3‐D finite‐element tool called FESTA (Finite‐Element STructural Acoustics), is being developed at the NATO Undersea Research Centre. The code is geared towards a variety of applications in underwater acoustics, such as multistatic scattering from localized inhomogeneities, scattering across interfaces between fluids and/or solids, and multistatic scattering from single and multiple fluid‐loaded elastic targets. The hp‐adaptive finite‐element technology used to develop FESTA allows the user to optimize the convergence as well as the demand on computing resources by selectively changing the element size (h‐refinement) and/or by increasing the order of the polynomial finite‐element shape functions (p‐enrichment). An efficient hybrid tool for the computation of multistatic scattering from targets buried, partially buried or proud inside shallow water waveguides is being developed in conjunction with MIT. In this hybrid tool FESTA is used to perform target computations in the near field of the scatterer, while the waveguide propagation model OASES computes the far field propagation of the incident and scattered acoustic fields. The presentation focuses on the most relevant details of the formulations implemented in FESTA, as well as on application examples for frequencies ranging from 1 kHz to a few tens of kHz.
Analyses of candidate tumour suppressor genes mapping to the 16q24.3 breast cancer loss of heterozygosity region (2003)

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, Discipline of Genetics, 2004?
EFFECTS OF SALT CONCENTRATION ON THE RESPIRATION OF A HALOTOLERANT BACTERIUM (1953)

Journal Article EFFECTS OF SALT CONCENTRATION ON THE RESPIRATION OF A HALOTOLERANT BACTERIUM Get access TOSHIRO YAMADA, TOSHIRO YAMADA Chemical Institute, Faculty of Science, Nagoya UniversityNagoya Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar ISAMU SHIIO ISAMU SHIIO Chemical Institute, Faculty of Science, Nagoya UniversityNagoya Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Biochemistry, Volume 40, Issue 4, July 1953, Pages 327–337, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a126373 Published: 01 July 1953 Article history Received: 11 April 1953 Published: 01 July 1953
Vascular Dendritic Cells in Giant Cell Arteritis (2005)

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a granulomatous vasculitis that selectively targets medium-sized and large arteries, especially the cranial branches of the aorta. The inflammatory activity of vascular lesions is driven by adaptive immune responses, with CD4 T cells undergoing clonal expansion in the vessel wall and releasing interferon gamma. Recent studies have described a distinctive population of dendritic cells (DCs) localized at the adventitia-media border of normal medium-sized arteries that appear to play a critical role in the initiation of vasculitis. Immune effector functions of this DC population are being examined in human artery-severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse chimeras. In their constitutive form, CD11c+ fascin+ adventitial DCs are not recognized by alloreactive T cells. Triggering with Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands is sufficient to break this state of tolerance and initiate DC activation, T-cell recruitment, T-cell activation, and T-cell retention in the arterial wall. Systemic administration of ligands for TLR2 or -4 in human artery-SCID chimeras drives differentiation of adventitial DCs into chemokine-producing effector cells with high-level expression of both CD83 and CD86 and mediates T-cell regulatory function through release of interleukin 18. In established vasculitis, fully matured DCs retain antigen-presenting function; antibody-mediated DC depletion disrupts T-cell and macrophage activation and has marked anti-inflammatory effects. We conclude that adventitial DCs, an indigenous cell population of the arterial wall, are responsive to pathogen-derived macromolecules and have gatekeeper function in regulating T-cell recruitment and retention to the arterial adventitia. A switch of adventitial DCs from being nonstimulatory to T-cell activating emerges as a critical event in the initiation of vasculitis.
Early development of pure and mixed tree species plantations in Snogeholm, southern Sweden (2015)

There is a lack of experimental studies comparing the forest production of mixed tree species stands and monocultures. As a case study, in 1994 an experiment was established in an afforestation landscape in southern Sweden with 66 plots: 18 planted with single tree species (including most native Swedish trees, plus Populus and Larix hybrids) and 48 with various non-replicated mixtures. Fifteen years after planting, stand growth did not differ significantly between the mixtures and the monocultures. However, the monocultures did exhibit a higher variation in growth levels relative to the moderate but comparatively consistent growth levels exhibited by the mixtures; particularly those comprised of more than two species. A specific analysis of mixtures containing either the tree species Picea abies or Quercus robur and their corresponding monocultures demonstrated the importance of the tree species admixed as a determinant of production outcomes early in the rotation. In the case of P. abies, tree species mixtures tended to reduce production, whereas in the case of Q. robur, mixtures tended to increase production. In addition no consistent differences in the mean height and mean diameter growth of P. abies and Q. robur between mixtures and monocultures were detected. A major conclusion is that adding more than two species did not increase stand volume growth.
New Compounds. The γ-Lactone of 3-Tridecyl-4-hydroxy-2-butenoic Acid (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew Compounds. The γ-Lactone of 3-Tridecyl-4-hydroxy-2-butenoic AcidDavid Schlichting and Glenn JenkinsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 21, 5547Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1952Publication History Published online16 September 2002Published inissue 1 November 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01141a601https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01141a601research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views27Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Optical properties of 4 Å-diameter single-wall nanotubes (2002)

We studied the electronic band structure and optical absorption of carbon nanotubes with small diameters (d ≈ 4 Å), which grow in the channels of a zeolite crystal. The size of the channels determines the diameter of the nanotubes and restricts their possible chiralities to three [(3,3), (5,0), and (4,2)]. We performed ab initio calculations of the electronic band structure and optical absorption of the mentioned nanotubes. We discuss our results and compare them with optical and Raman data.
Mutational and DNA Binding Specificity of the Carcinogen 2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (1996)

The mutagenic specificity of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4, 5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), a food-borne mutagen and carcinogen, was studied. Plasmid pK19 was modified by photolysis with the 2-azido form of the carcinogen. High pressure liquid chromatography confirmed that the photoactivated azide formed primarily C8 and N2 guanyl adducts. Transformation of modified pK19 into excision repair competent Escherichia coli resulted in dose-dependent increases in genotoxicity and in mutagenesis within the lacZalpha target sequence. Upon induction of the SOS response, a 20-fold increase in mutation frequency over background was observed. A mutational spectrum for MeIQx, generated by sequencing 125 independent mutants, revealed base substitutions (41%), frameshifts (54%), and complex mutations (5.6%); >90% of the mutations occurred at G-C base pairs. Two hotspots were evident at runs of three or five G-C base pairs; approximately 60% of the mutations occurred at the hotspot sites. The hotspot at position 2532 produced mainly base substitutions, while that at position 2576 gave exclusively frameshift mutations. A polymerase inhibition assay mapped the sites of MeIQx adducts. Arrest sites were primarily at or one base 3' to a guanine residue, which correlated well with the distribution of mutations. No direct correlation was seen, however, between intensity of modification and hotspots for mutation.
Highly Oriented Liquid Crystal Semiconductor for Organic Field-Effect Transistors (2018)

We report a mesogenic compound which introduces nematic liquid crystal (LC) ordering into the benzothienobenzothiophene (BTBT) family of LCs, creating a new class of LC semiconducting materials which respond in a facile way to anisotropic surfaces, and can, thereby, be effectively processed into highly oriented monodomains. Measurement on these domains of the electrical conductivity, with in situ monitoring of domain quality and orientation using LC birefringence textures in electroded cells, brings a new era of precision and reliability to the determination of anisotropic carrier mobility in LC semiconductors.
Feasibility of lung cancer hyperthermia using breathable perfluorochemical (PFC) liquids. Part I: Convective hyperthermia (2004)

Clinical studies have shown that hyperthermia in combination with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy may be effective in the treatment of advanced cancer. No method of lung hyperthermia, however, has been accepted as standard or superior. This investigation sought to demonstrate in animals the thermal and physiologic feasibility of lung hyperthermia induced using heated breathable perfluorochemical (PFC) liquids, a method termed liquid-filled lung convective hyperthermia (LCHT). The ability to use LCHT is rooted in the development of both PFC liquid ventilation, now in clinical development with the PFC perflubron (LiquiVent), and a PFC blood substitute also in late Phase III trials (Oxygent). As LCHT background, the PFC technologies and biology are first reviewed. The physical properties of a variety of PFCs were evaluated for LCHT and it was concluded that more than one liquid is suitable based on such properties. Using total liquid ventilation type devices, LCHT was shown to deliver successfully localized (lobar) lung heating in sheep, and bilateral whole lung heating and whole-body hyperthermia in rabbits, cats and lambs. During LCHT, lung parenchymal temperatures were uniform (<1 degree C) across heated regions. In addition, based on patterns relating lung tissue temperatures to inspiratory and expiratory PFC liquid temperatures in the endotracheal tube, LCHT may minimize invasive thermometry requirements in the lung. Based on acute experiments, it was concluded that LCHT appears feasible and may simplify lung hyperthermia. It was recommended that potentially synergistic combinations of LCHT with other whole-body hyperthermia or local heating modalities, and with chemotherapeutic lung drug delivery, also be explored in the future.
Reversible Single‐Molecule Switching in an Ordered Monolayer Molecular Dipole Array (2012)

Abstract Making electronic devices using a single molecule has been the ultimate goal of molecular electronics. For binary data storage in particular, the challenge has been the ability to switch a single molecule in between bistable states in a simple and repeatable manner. The reversible switching of single molecules of chloroaluminum phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) dipolar molecules within a close‐packed monolayer is demonstrated. By pulsing an scanning tunneling microscopy tip, read–write operations of single‐molecular binary bits at ∼40 Tb/cm 2 (∼250 Tb/in 2 ) are demonstrated.
p-Type SiGe transistors with low gate leakage using SiN gate dielectric (1999)

Using high-quality jet-vapor-deposited (JVD) SiN as gate dielectric, p-type SiGe transistors are fabricated on SiGe heterostructures grown by ultra-high-vacuum chemical vapor deposition (UHVCVD). For an 0.25-μm gate-length device, the gate leakage current is as small as 2.4 nA/mm at V/sub ds/=-1.0 V and V/sub gn/=0.4 V. A maximum extrinsic transconductance of 167 mS/mm is measured. A unity current gain cutoff frequency of 27 GHz and a maximum oscillation frequency of 35 GHz are obtained.
Modern NMR Spectroscopy: A Guide for Chemists (1987)

The aim of the authors of Modern NMR Spectroscopy is to bridge the communication gap between the chemist and the spectroscopist. The approach is nonmathematical, descriptive, and pictorial. To illustrate the ideas introduced in the text, the authors provide original spectra obtained specially for this purpose. Examples include spectroscopy of protons, carbon, and less receptive nuclei of interest to inorganic chemists. The authors succeed in making high-resolution NMR spectroscopy comprehensible for the average student or chemist.
Metabonomics: systems biology in pharmaceutical research and development. (2004)

Metabonomics uses a combination of data-rich analytical chemical methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry together with chemometrics for profiling metabolism and interpreting metabolic fingerprints in complex biological systems. The methods have been applied in many areas of relevance to pharmaceutical research and development, including drug safety assessment, characterization of genetically modified animal models of disease, diagnosis of human disease, understanding physiological variation and drug therapy monitoring. As well as providing a novel means of sample classification and effect evaluation, the approach can lead to identification of combinations of biomarkers for those effects. These attributes mean that metabonomics will be integral in the drive towards personalized healthcare.
LOOP FORMATION OF MARINE CABLES AND UMBILICALS DURING INSTALLATION (1992)

This paper considers the problem of loop formation during offshore installation of marine cables and umbilicals. The solution for the three dimensional large deformation of a marine cable subjected to terminal bending and twisting moments is established and is applied to the loop formation problem. The paper demonstrates the influence of a marine cable's mechanical properties and residual twist on its loop behaviour.
Data-Driven Detection and Diagnosis of System-Level Failures in Middleware-Based Service Compositions (2012)

Service-oriented technologies have simplified the development of large, complex software systems that span administrative boundaries. Developers have been enabled to build applications as compositions of services through middleware that hides much of the underlying complexity. The resulting applications inhabit complex, multi-tier operating environments that pose many challenges to their reliable operation and often lead to failures at runtime. Two key aspects of the time to repair a failure are the time to its detection and to the diagnosis of its cause. The prevalent approach to detection and diagnosis is primarily based on ad-hoc monitoring as well as operator experience and intuition. This is inefficient and leads to decreased availability. We propose an approach to data-driven detection and diagnosis in order to decrease the repair time of failures in middleware-based service compositions. Data-driven diagnosis supports system operators with information about the operation and structure of a service composition. We discuss how middleware-based service compositions can be monitored in a comprehensive, yet non-intrusive manner and present a process to discover system structure by processing deployment information that is commonly reified in such systems. We perform a controlled experiment that compares the performance of 22 participants using either a standard or the data-driven approach to diagnose several failures injected into a real-world service composition. We find that system operators using the latter approach are able to achieve significantly higher success rates and lower diagnosis times. Data-driven detection is based on the automation of failure detection through applying an outlier detection technique to multi-variate monitoring data. We evaluate the effectiveness of one-class classification for this purpose and determine a simple approach to select subsets of metrics that afford highly accurate failure detection.
A New Dynamic OVSF Code Allocation Method based on Adaptive Simulated Annealing Genetic Algorithm (ASAGA) (2007)

Orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) codes are widely used to provide variable data rates for supporting different bandwidth requirements in wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) systems. Many works in the literature have intensively investigated to find an optimal dynamic code assignment scheme for OVSF codes. Unlike earlier studies, which assign OVSF codes using conventional (CCA) or dynamic (DCA) code allocation schemes, in this paper, adaptive simulated annealing genetic algorithm (ASAGA) was applied which population is adaptively constructed according to existing traffic density in the OVSF code-tree. Also, the influences of the ASAGA parameters (selection, crossover and mutation techniques and cooling schedules) were examined on the dynamic OVSF code allocation problem. The simulation results show that the ASAGA provides reduced code blocking probability and improved spectral efficiency in the system when compared to the CCA and DCA schemes. ASAGA is also tested with its components SA and GA.
Detection of exfoliated carcinoma cells in colonic luminal washings by identification of deranged patterns of expression of the CD44 gene. (1996)

Abnormal expression of the variant exons and of intron 9 of the CD44 gene in tumour cells exfoliated into the colonic lumen may be helpful markers for the early, non-invasive, diagnosis of colorectal cancer.