gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Understanding polydrug use: review of heroin and cocaine co‐use (2002)

The use of cocaine by heroin-dependent individuals, or by patients in methadone or buprenorphine maintenance treatment, is substantial and has negative consequences on health, social adjustment and outcome of opioid-addiction treatment. The pharmacological reasons for cocaine use in opioid-dependent individuals, however, are poorly understood and little is known about the patterns of heroin and cocaine co-use. We reviewed anecdotal evidence suggesting that cocaine is co-used with opioid drugs in a variety of different patterns, to achieve different goals. Clinical and preclinical experimental evidence indicates that the simultaneous administration of cocaine and heroin (i.e. 'speedball') does not induce a novel set of subjective effects, nor is it more reinforcing than either drug alone, especially when the doses of heroin and cocaine are high. There is mixed evidence that the subjective effects of cocaine are enhanced in individuals dependent on opioids, although it is clear that cocaine can alleviate the severity of symptoms of withdrawal from opioids. We also reviewed preclinical studies investigating possible neurobiological interactions between opioids and cocaine, but the results of these studies have been difficult to interpret mainly because the neurochemical mechanisms mediating the motivational effects of cocaine are modified by dependence on, and withdrawal from, opioid drugs. Our analysis encourages further systematic investigation of cocaine use patterns among opioid-dependent individuals and in laboratory animals. Once clearly identified, pharmacological and neuroanatomical methods can be employed in self-administering laboratory animals to uncover the neurobiological correlates of specific patterns of co-use.
Quantitative molecular detection of Salmonella typhimurium in soil and demonstration of persistence of an active but non-culturable population (1998)

Several methods were used to study survival of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 in soil. An ion exchange resin-based extraction method was used to concentrate biomass from soil, from which DNA was extracted in order to quantify a Salmonella-specific sequence by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR). S. typhimurium LT2 was detected at a minimum density of 103 cells g−1 in non-sterile soil, and the method proved to be specific for this organism in microcosm experiments. Non-sterile soil microcosms were inoculated with S. typhimurium LT2 at 107 cfu g−1 dry soil and survival monitored at three matric potentials. Viable counts on XLD indicated a rapid decline in cell density over 54 days, whereas direct counts of active cells using the respiration-sensitive dye 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) remained relatively constant. XLD did not underestimate culturable cells in comparison to non-selective agar. QPCR revealed that the number of salmonella targets (H-li) remained constant up to day 13. After that time, a decrease occurred, corresponding to that of the plate counts, due to an increase in resistance of the cells to lysis, as incorporation of a lysozyme step into the DNA extraction method allowed more efficient DNA extraction. This resulted in a constant QPCR signal over 54 days which correlated with direct, active cell counts. QPCR showed H-li was present at levels only slightly lower than those at day 0. There was no difference in survival between the three different moisture regimes. Direct CTC counts of S. typhimurium LT2 in the soil microcosms confirmed that intact cells were present in a metabolising state after 54 days in non-sterile soil, indicating a significant proportion of uncultured but active cells.
High expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) on tissue macrophages that may be targeted by virus SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients (2020)

Abstract Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) has been recognized as the binding receptor for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that infects host cells, causing the development of the new coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19). To better understand the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and build up the host anti-viral immunity, we examined the levels of ACE2 expression on different types of immune cells including tissue macrophages. Flow cytometry demonstrated that there was little to no expression of ACE2 on most of the human peripheral blood-derived immune cells including CD4 + T, CD8 + T, activated CD4 + T, activated CD8 + T, CD4 + CD25 + CD127 low/− regulatory T cells (Tregs), Th17 cells, NKT cells, B cells, NK cells, monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and granulocytes. Additionally, there was no ACE2 expression (< 1%) found on platelets. Compared with interleukin-4-treated type 2 macrophages (M2), the ACE2 expression was markedly increased on the activated type 1 macrophages (M1) after the stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that high expressions of ACE2 were colocalized with tissue macrophages, such as alveolar macrophages found within the lungs and Kupffer cells within livers of mice. Flow cytometry confirmed the very low level of ACE2 expression on human primary pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells. These data indicate that alveolar macrophages, as the frontline immune cells, may be directly targeted by the SARS-CoV-2 infection and therefore need to be considered for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
Silicon-Mediated Accumulation of Flavonoid Phytoalexins in Cucumber (1998)

ABSTRACT The controversial role of silicon in plant disease resistance, described mostly as a passive mechanical protection, has been addressed. Conclusive evidence is presented that silicon is involved in the increased resistance of cucumber to powdery mildew by enhancing the antifungal activity of infected leaves. This antifungal activity was attributable to the presence of low-molecular-weight metabolites. One of these metabolites, described here as a phytoalexin, was identified as a flavonol aglycone rhamnetin (3,5,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-7-O-methoxyflavone). This is the first report of a phytoalexin for this chemical group in the plant kingdom and of a flavonol phytoalexin in cucumber, a chemical defense long believed to be nonexistent in the family Cucurbitaceae. The antifungal activity of leaf extracts was better expressed after acid hydrolysis, extending to another plant species the concept that some phytoalexins are synthesized as glycosylated phytoalexins or their precursors.
Kinetic Glutathione Chemoassay To Quantify Thiol Reactivity of Organic Electrophiles—Application to α,β-Unsaturated Ketones, Acrylates, and Propiolates (2009)

Glutathione (GSH) is a soft nucleophile and, as such, can be used to sense the reactivity of electrophilic agents toward the thiol group and other electron-rich sites of molecular structures. A new kinetic GSH chemoassay is introduced that employs a photometric method to quantify GSH loss and enables an efficient determination of second-order rate constants, k(GSH), of the reaction between electrophilic substances and GSH. Comparison with an existing 2 h static assay shows that the new kinetic variant is superior with respect to the detectable range of electrophilic reactivity and to confounding factors such as additional GSH loss due to oxidation. Analysis of the chemoassay degradation kinetics provides insight into the characteristic reaction times and the contributions of GSH-electrophile Michael addition and GSH oxidation to the overall GSH loss. For 15 alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones, nine acrylates, and two propiolates acting as Michael acceptors, the measured k(GSH) values span ca. 5 orders of magnitude. Moreover, log k(GSH) correlates with the compounds' toxicity toward the ciliates Tetrahymena pyriformis in terms of 48 h log EC(50) (50% growth inhibition) values, yielding a squared correlation coefficient (r(2)) of 0.91 and a root-mean-square error of 0.30 log units. It shows that for these and related compounds, aquatic toxicity is driven by electrophilic reactivity. The findings demonstrate that the kinetic GSH chemoassay can be used as an efficient tool to analyze, interpret, and predict correspondingly reactive toxicity in the context of qualitative and quantitative structure-activity relationship studies and as a nonanimal tool of integrated testing strategies for REACH to screen compounds for excess toxicity.
Nove, Alexander (Alec) N. (Born 1915) (1987)

Born in Leningrad, of a Polish–Jewish family Novakovski, Alec Nove says he feels like a Russian. His father was a Menshevik and his uncle a Bolshevik. He used as a small boy to listen to them arguing, and respected his uncle more. His native language was Russian. The family emigrated to London shortly after the Revolution.
Physiologic Abnormalities and Outcome From Acute Disease (1986)

• Initial physiologic data from 1625 nonoperative patients with 18 acute life-threatening diseases treated in an intensive care unit suggest a uniform predictable relationship between acute changes in normal physiologic balance and a patient's risk of death. We found that Incremental deviations from normal physiologic balance represent equivalent and predictable incremental risks to survival, regardless of the disease Initiating the physiologic disturbance. The relative impact of these physiologic abnormalities on outcome may depend on our understanding of the disease's mechanism of action. Diseases for which there is good understanding of underlying pathophysiology and precise treatment appear to have lower death rates throughout the range of physiologic imbalance compared with those for which pathophysiologic knowledge is limited or unknown. These results document the importance of pathophysiologic understanding to Improving survival from acute disease. More importantly, they suggest a predictable relationship between risk of death and physiologic abnormalities for a wide range of diseases. The existence of such a relationship could greatly expand our prognostic ability and permit improved evaluation of new therapeutic discoveries. (<i>Arch Intern Med</i>1986;146:1389-1396)
A Strassen-like matrix multiplication suited for squaring and higher power computation (2010)

Strassen's method is not the asymptotically fastest known matrix multiplication algorithm, but it is the most widely used for large matrices. Since his manuscript was published, a number of variants have been proposed with different addition complexities. Here we describe a new one. The new variant is at least as good as those already known for simple matrix multiplication, but can save operations either for chain products or for squaring. Moreover it can be proved optimal for these tasks. The largest saving is shown for nth-power computation, in this scenario the additive complexity can be halved, with respect to original Strassen's.
Tracking multiple sports players through occlusion, congestion and scale (2001)

Tracking sports players over a large playing area is a challenging problem. The players move quickly, and have large variations in their silhouettes. This paper presents a framework for multi-object tracking, using a CONDENSATION based approach. Each player being tracked is independently fitted to a model, and the sampling probability for the group of samples is calculated as a function of the fitness score of each player. This function rewards consistently good scores, but punishes a group of some very good and some very bad fitness scores. Ground plane information is used throughout, and the predictive stage of the algorithm is improved to incorporate estimates of position from Kalman filters. This helps group the estimated positions of each player, and to aid in tracking through occlusions.
I. PREPARATION OF ALPHA-NITROALKYL HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS BY THE ALKYL NITRATE NITRATION. II. THE COURSE OF THE ALKYL NITRATE NITRATION OF 2- AND 4-ISOPROPYLPYRIDINES (1970)

Abstract not available
Efficient Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes With 4,4,4-Tris(N-Carbazolyl)-Triphenylamine (TcTa) Electron-Blocking Layer (2015)

4,4,4-tris(N-carbazolyl)-triphenylamine (TcTa) with low electron mobility are used as electron-blocking layer (EBL) for quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (QD-LEDs). With TcTa EBL, electrons are effectively blocked, while holes are efficiently injected; consequently, the developed QD-LEDs exhibit significantly improved performance. Maximum external quantum efficiency of 5% and maximum luminance of 16710 cd/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> are achieved, which represent a 2.7-fold and a 2-fold improvement, respectively, compared with those of the devices without TcTa EBL.
Cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of aluminium toxicity (1993)

Journal Article Cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of aluminium toxicity Get access K. Abreo, K. Abreo Sections of Nephrology and Haematology, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Medical Center ShreveportLouisiana, USA Correspondence and offprint requests to : Kenneth Abreo MD, LSU Medical Center, 1501 Kings Highway, P.O. Box 33932 Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. Glass J. Glass Sections of Nephrology and Haematology, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Medical Center ShreveportLouisiana, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, Volume 8, Issue supp1, 1993, Pages 5–11, https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/8.supp1.5 Published: 01 January 1993
The Surface of the<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>-infected Erythrocyte (2005)

In order to navigate its complex lifecycle, the malaria parasites must interactwith a range of host cells. Examples of this are the invasion of hepatocytes by sporozoites and erythrocyte invasion by merozoites. This requirement for cell recognition brings with it the need to display cognate ligands on the parasite surface, and therefore the capacity of the host to develop defences against the infection. Even at a stage where the intracellular nature of erythrocyte development would appear to offer an opportunity for the parasite to be immunologically "silent", parasite-derived proteins are found on the surface of the infected erythrocyte. This review will discuss the proteins found on or associated with the surface of the infected erythrocyte and the resulting phenotypes.
Thermodynamics of Solutions of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) in Benzene, Cyclohexane, and Chlorobenzene (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThermodynamics of Solutions of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) in Benzene, Cyclohexane, and ChlorobenzeneP. J. Flory and Hsiang ShihCite this: Macromolecules 1972, 5, 6, 761–766Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma60030a019https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60030a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views327Altmetric-Citations78LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A virtual manufacturing environment with an element of reality (1995)

As the demand grows for shorter production runs and a faster response to the marketplace, the need for an on-line system that can optimise the system configuration and then control it, is becoming more apparent. A virtual manufacturing environment (VME) can offer an integrated interactive system where a range of possible configurations for a particular production run can be simulated. This optimisation is done prior to manufacturing and, once proved satisfactory, the appropriate control commands are downloaded to the actual physical plant. In this way the capability of advanced manufacturing machines and resources can be fully exploited and utilised.
Shape invariant time-scale and pitch modification of speech (1992)

The simplified linear model of speech production predicts that when the rate of articulation is changed, the resulting waveform takes on the appearance of the original, except for a change in the time scale. A time-scale modification system that preserves this shape-invariance property during voicing is developed. This is done using a version of the sinusoidal analysis-synthesis system that models and independently modifies the phase contributions of the vocal tract and vocal cord excitation. An important property of the system is its ability to perform time-varying rates of change. Extensions of the method are applied to fixed and time-varying pitch modification of speech. The sine-wave analysis-synthesis system also allows for shape-invariant joint time-scale and pitch modification, and allows for the adjustment of the time scale and pitch according to speech characteristics such as the degree of voicing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Nature and Subject Matter of Spatial Interaction Studies: A Consilient Approach to Human Geography (2012)

본 연구의 주된 목적은 공간적 상호작용 현상 혹은 데이터의 본질적인 특성을 명확히 하고, 공간적 상호작용 연구의 주요영역을 제시함으로써, 인문지리학에 대한 통섭적 접근의 한 예로서 공간적 상호작용론을 제안하는 것이다. 공간적 상호작용 데이터는 공간데이터분석의 측면, GIS의 측면, 그리고 시각화의 측면에서 다른 여타의 공간 데이터 유형과는 확연히 구분되는 특징을 보유하고 있는 것으로 인정된다. 공간적 상호작용론의 주요 연구 영역(주제-기법)으로 탐색적 분석, 지역 구조 분석, 기능지역구분, 통계적 모델링, 공간적 자기상관 분석, 그리고 공간적 접근성 분석이 제시되었다. 인문지리학의 통섭적 하위 분야로서의 공간적 상호작용론은 방법론적 차용과 주제적 융합을 진작시킬 것으로 기대된다.
An approach to programmable CTD filters using coefficients 0, + 1, and -1 (1980)

A delta modulation-like sampled analog filter structure for realizing low-pass filters is described. The filter uses only the coefficients <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0, + 1</tex> , and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</tex> and can be fabricated as a programmable CCD filter. Interpolation and decimation are employed to increase the accuracy of the delta modulation. It is shown that with this scheme a given response can be realized arbitrarily closely. Examples are included.
Development of Duchenne-type cardiomyopathy. Morphologic studies in a canine model. (1989)

The development of cardiac lesions was studied in xmd dogs aged from 1 day to 6 years. Cardiac lesions were not present in dystrophic dogs up to 3 months of age. Foci of mineralization were first seen at 6.5 months. A 1-year-old dog had foci of myocyte hypercontraction. Linear and anastomosing fibrosis was present in all dogs 1 year of age or older, most prominently and most consistently within the subepicardial region of the left ventricular (LV) free wall, the LV papillary muscles, and the right ventricular (RV) aspect of the septum. Ultrastructurally, endomysial fibrosis, decreased myofibrillar density, and prominence of mitochondria were consistent features. Severe degenerative changes were present in two dogs and included prominent intracytoplasmic myelin figures, lipid droplets, and lipofuscin. Immunocytochemical studies of an affected dog confirmed the absence of dystrophin in LV myocardium. Characteristic late-onset cardiac lesions, similar to those occurring in Duchenne dystrophy, are a consistent feature of canine X-linked muscular dystrophy (CXMD).
A low-current liquid metal ion source (1988)

Liquid metal ion sources (LMIS’s) of gallium operating at 300 K and at currents down to 1 nA have been investigated. The mechanism of operation of the LMIS at low currents is believed to be that of the usual Taylor cone mode. Values of the full width at half-maximum of the energy spread, in the very low current range, 3 nA–1 μA, at 300 K did not decline below 4.5 eV as the emission current was reduced. Angular intensity measurements were also obtained in the emission current range.
Genetic Variations in Exon 3 of VWF Gene in Patients with Von Willebrand Disease (VWD) from South-West Iran (2012)

Abstract Background Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is an autosomally inherited bleeding disorder with the prevalence of 1% based on population studies. The disease phenotype is due to quantitative and structural/functional defects in Von Willebrand Factor (VWF) which is a glycoprotein with essential role as a carrier of FVIII in circulation and also it serves the function as hemostasis regulator. VWF is encoded by a large gene located on chromosome 12 which spans 178kb and has 52 exons. Many different mutations are known in VWF gene that can affect the VWD phenotypic features. Materials and Methods In this study we evaluated genetic variations in exon 45 of VWF gene in Iranian patients suffer from VWD from South-west Iran. Materials and Methods: 36 patients diagnosed with VWD (11 males and 25 females), with different ages, from Khuzestan province are participated in the investigation. Exon 3 with the flanking intronic sequences was amplified by PCR and the amplicons were analyzed by sequencing for any genetic changes (mutations and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs)). Results No mutation was found in our patients in this exon . A novel SNP was recognized in all patients in a homozygous manner, T/C in intron 3 . Conclusion Although previous molecular investigations of VWD in Iran and some neighboring countries documented several mutations in exon 3, our research showed some contradictory result. The results of our study provided a new insight for further studies, not integrating exon 3 in their analysis .
Concepts for complete integration of synthesizers for GHz frequencies (2002)

An overview on the state of the art frequency synthesizer concepts for monolithic integration for GHz applications is presented. The principles and building blocks of digital phase-locked loops (DPLL), direct digital synthesizers (DDS), hybrid and dual-loop synthesizers are shown with their merits and drawbacks. Realization of a 19 GHz DPLL with completely integrated basic function blocks is presented.