gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Occurrence and removal efficiencies of eight EDCs and estrogenicity in a STP (2011)

The occurrence and removal of eight endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), including estrone (E(1)), 17β-estradiol (E(2)), estriol (E(3)), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE(2)), diethylstilbestrol (DES), bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP), and their estrogenicities were investigated in a sewage treatment plant in Harbin city, China. The EDCs were extracted from wastewater samples by solid phase extraction (SPE) method and analyzed with gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The average concentrations in the influents and effluents ranged from 6.3 (EE(2)) to 1725.8 ng L(-1) (NP) and from <LOD (EE(2)) to 368.5 ng L(-1) (NP), respectively. The mean removal efficiencies were in the range of 16.9 (DES) to 94.4% (E(3)). 6.4-46.1% of EDCs were removed during the primary treatment, and the adsorption on solid particles was assumed as the dominant removal mechanism. The removal efficiencies in anoxic and aerobic biological treatment units ranged from -30.2% to 62.2% and from -8.3% to 83%. The yeast estrogen screen (YES) was used to analyze the estrogenicity of the test samples. The EEQ in the influents and effluents were in the range of 21.7-54.7 ng L(-1) and 3.5-29.6 ng L(-1), respectively. The overall EEQ removal efficiencies were in the range of 15.6-92.8%, and the biological treatment was crucial to EEQ removal. The total estrogenicity increased after primary treatment which might be owing to the deconjugating of estrogen compounds by microbial activity. The EEQ value based on chemical substrates calculation was larger than the results of the YES assay, with a ratio value of 3.94 ± 4.00 in all water samples.
Plaque Assay of Cytomegalovirus Strains of Human Origin (1970)

The use of human fibroblasts with an agarose overlay medium was found to be a reliable and practical method for the plaque assay of Herpesvirus hominis (1). This technique has now been modified for use in assaying cytomegalovirus (CMV) strains of human origin. Two methods for the quantitation of cytomegalovirus have been described previously, in addition to the traditional determination of 50% tissue culture infectivity doses by tube dilution. The first of these, the microscopic counting of infected cells on coverslip preparations after either immunofluorescent (2) or Giemsa (3) staining had obvious limitations and technical difficulties. Plummer and Benyesh-Melnick (4) then described a plaque assay technique using methyl cellulose in the overlay medium. Since agarose overlays are more easily handled than methyl cellulose and afford a firm overlay to prevent viral spread, we investigated the use of an assay with two sequential agarose overlays. The criteria for a useful plaque assay described by Cooper (5) were used to evaluate this technique.Materials and Methods. Cells. The FT line of human fibroblasts was derived in our laboratory from embryonic tonsillar tissue. Routine cultures of this cell line have never yielded any mycoplasmata when incubated both aerobically and anaerobically during the period of the study.Media. Cells were grown in Eagle's minimum essential medium with 10% fetal calf serum, 6.6 mM sodium bicarbonate and appropriate antibiotics (1). Virus was diluted in maintenance medium containing 2% "GG-free" calf serum in place of fetal calf serum (MEM2). Overlay medium consisted of equal parts of double strength MEM2 and 0.6% agarose (SeaKem, Bausch and Lomb Inc., Rochester, N.Y.) in distilled water. The sodium bicarbonate was increased to a final concentration of 8.0 mM in the complete medium.
Remote sensing of physical parameters by means of passive surface acoustic wave devices ("ID-TAG") (1994)

A system for remote measurement of numerous physical quantities with passive sensors is presented. It consists of a radio frequency interrogator with evaluation electronics and a surface acoustic wave (SAW) device used as a sensor. For practical tests, an interrogator has been developed, which is able to read commercial identification SAW-tags. As an example, the relative position and temperature of the SAW element have been derived from the received data. The temperature resolution proved to be about 0.1°C within a range of -20°C to +140°C, the distance resolution is about 5 millimeters. The detection distance is up to 15 meters for 5 watts output peak power. The promising results indicate that using this technique remote sensing of many physical parameters is feasible. The sensors are wireless and do not require a power supply, so measurements in dangerous, radioactive or dirty environment or from moving or rotating objects becomes obtainable
A numerical study of time-mean northern summer monsoon with steady and fluctuating heating (1978)

In a study of the planetary-scale vorticity budget of the northern summer monsoon, Holton and Colton (1973) found that a strong vorticity sink is needed to balance the generation by horizontal divergence at 200 mb. In this work we use numerical experiments to examine the hypothesis that the fluctuation of the divergence forcing as observed by several studies serves as this sink. A 3-1evel numerical model is used with the thermal forcing specified by the horizontal divergence distribution observed by Krishnamurti (1971). Two experiments are carried out, one with heating steady in time and the other fluctuating in time with a period of 10 days. The time-mean fields of the quasi-steady state solution in both experiments show a significant westward phase shirt of the Tibetan high, thus the fluctuation of heating cannot be a sufficient sink. On the other hand, the positions of the simulated tropical upper tropospheric troughs agree quite well with those observed. This suggests that damping due to cumulus transport is more likely to account for the vorticity sink. Transient wave activities are also found at the upper level in both experiments. They appear to be drawing energy from the planetary-scale flow and could serve as a vorticity sink. These waves are most active in the fluctuating heating case, suggesting that local barotropic instability at upper levels may be more important than that implied by the time-meanwind.
VACCINES FOR MELANOMA (1998)

Melanoma vaccines represent a novel and potentially effective method of slowing the progression of melanoma. This article discusses the importance in the design of vaccines for melanoma, the relative advantages and disadvantages of this approach, and summarizes the results of the most important clinical trials conducted to date with this vaccine.
Der Solvenztest zur Regulierung von Ausschüttungen im amerikanischen Recht (2006)

Auf dem deutschen Juristentag im September 2006, der sich in einer Abteilung der Reform des kapitalgesellschaftlichen Gläubigerschutzes widmet, steht das Kapitalsystem im Mittelpunkt der Debatte. Als mögliche Alternative zur Kapitalerhaltung wird ein Solvenztest diskutiert. In der jetzigen deutschen Rechtstatsächlichkeit dient der Solvenztest bereits schon jetzt als Tatbestandsmerkmal der Haftung wegen Existenzvernichtung dem Gläubigerschutz und soll, wenn es nach dem Bundesjustizministerium geht, auch gesetzlich verankert werden. Vor allem im amerikanischen Gesellschaftsrecht werden Ausschüttung durch den Solvenztest reguliert – aber nicht ausschließlich. Wie die Regulierung von Ausschüttungen im amerikanischen Recht funktioniert, soll hier näher erläutert werden. Diese Darstellung eines Alternativsystems zur Kapitalerhaltung soll Beitrag zur aktuellen Diskussion um die Reform des kapitalgesellschaftsrechtlichen Gläubigerschutzes sein.
Fixation and defixation of ammonium in soils: a review (2010)

Fixed NH 4 + (NH 4 + f) and fixation and defixation of NH 4 + in soils have been the subject of a number of investigations with conflicting results. The results vary because of differences in methodology, soil type, mineralogical composition, and agro-climatic conditions. Most investigators have determined NH 4 + f using strong oxidizing agents (KOBr or KOH) to remove organic N and the remaining NH 4 + f does not necessarily reflect the fraction that is truly available to plants. The content of native NH 4 + f in different soils is related to parent material, texture, clay content, clay mineral composition, potassium status of the soil and K saturation of the interlayers of 2:1 clay minerals, and moisture conditions. Evaluation of the literature shows that the NH 4 + f-N content amounts to 10–90 mg kg−1 in coarse-textured soils (e.g., diluvial sand, red sandstone, granite), 60–270 mg kg−1 in medium-textured soils (loess, marsh, alluvial sediment, basalt) and 90–460 mg kg−1 in fine-textured soils (limestone, clay stone). Variable results on plant availability of NH 4 + f are mainly due to the fact that some investigators distinguished between native and recently fixed NH 4 + while others did not. Recently fixed NH 4 + is available to plants to a greater degree than the native NH 4 + f, and soil microflora play an important role in the defixation process. The temporal changes in the content of recently fixed NH 4 + suggest that it is actively involved in N dynamics during a crop growth season. The amounts of NH 4 + defixed during a growing season varied greatly within the groups of silty (20–200 kg NH 4 + -N ha−1 30 cm−1) as well as clayey (40–188 kg NH 4 + -N ha−1 30 cm−1) soils. The pool of recently fixed NH 4 + may therefore be considered in fertilizer management programs for increasing N use efficiency and reducing N losses from soils.
Paper 29: Systematic Design Review and Fault Analysis (1969)

Comprehensive failure analysis methods are currently available to electronic designers, extending to the use of computers to estimate the probability of failures. The mechanical designer has few such tools at his disposal. The paper presents two practical methods of reviewing a mechanical design to improve its reliability. The first is a potential fault analysis, which considers each component and its relation to the function of the whole. The use of this analysis as a project control method is also shown. The second method is a systematic design review method, which aims to consider every aspect and function of a design and its components, to ensure that no factor has been overlooked. The application of these methods is discussed.
Materials for high-energy laser windows: how thermal lensing and thermal stresses control the performance (2007)

The engineering of high-energy lasers (HELs) for applications such as the airborne laser (ABL) system requires optical windows capable of handling megajoule beam energies. The selection of a suitable window material involves considerations relating to thermal lensing, i.e., the beam distortion caused by thermally induced phase-aberrations, in addition to issues arising from the thermal stresses generated by beam-induced temperature gradients. In this paper we document analytical methods for evaluating the impact of both beam-induced optical distortions and beam-induced mechanical stresses, which may allow the designer to properly assess the performance of window-material candidates. Specifically, thermal lensing in conjunction with planar stresses control the allowable beam fluence, whereas the two axial-stress related failure modes (thermal-shock induced fracture and yielding in compression) control the allowable beam intensity. We illustrate these considerations in the light of an evaluation of the performance of three window-material candidates for operation at the 1.315-&mgr;m wavelength. Currently, fused Si02 is the window material of choice for contemplated HELs operating in the near infrared; it is, however, vulnerable to optical distortion, which renders this material unsuitable for applications that require transmitting large beam fluences. On assuming that stress-birefringence is of no concern, oxyfluoride glass outperforms Si02, but evidence of a poor thermal conductivity degrades this material's ability to transmit high-intensity beams. Fusion-cast CaF2 emerges as the most promising "compromise" solution in the sense that this material combines superior optical features with acceptable thermomechanical properties; in effect, CaF2 windows easily meet requirements as formulated for the first-generation ABL system.
The Genetics of Tetracycline Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (1975)

Eighty-one strains ofStaphylococcus aureus that appeared to be tetracycline resistant on the basis of a preliminary disc-diffusion test were examined fro resistance to tetracycline and to the semi-synthetic tetracycline, minocycline. Minimum inhibitory concentration (m.i.c.) values for both drugs were determined after induction of the strains by growth for 2 h in sub-inhibitory concentrations fo tetracycline. Forty-seven strain (58 percent) had m.i.c. values for minocycline of I2.5 MUg/ml or greater, and were considered to be minocycline resistant. An additional ten strains had m.i.c.r greater, and were considered to be minocycline resistant. An additional ten strains had m.i.c.values for minocycline of 3.I25 to 6-25 MUg/ml and were classified as low-level resistant strain. It appears, therefore, that a faily high proportion fo tetracycline-resistant strains isolated at the present time are resistant of concentrations of minocycline unattainbale in vivo with the recommended dosage forthis antibiotic (Fishk & Tunevall, 1969). Transductioal analysis of the genetic determinantswo types of resistance to high concentrations of tetracycline. Strains in the first categroy (A)were inducibly resistant to tetracycline but sensitive to minocycline; in these strains the resistance determinant was plasmid-borne. Strains in the second categroy (B) were resistant to both tetracycline and minocycline and had low induction ratios for tetracycline resistance; the genetic determinant for resistance in these strains was chromosomal. In addition, certain strains incategroy A were found to carry a chromosomal gene controlling low-level resistance to tetracycline and minocycline. This low-level resistance to tetracycline was masked in the presence of the tetracycline plasmide but could be demonstrated after loss of the plasmid. The results suggest that more than one mechanism of resistance to tetracyclines may exist in staphylococci.
Magnetization of graphene tubules (1995)

Magnetization (M) comes from both the persistent currents and the spin polarization. The spin-B interaction is important in a graphene tubule, because it makes the one-dimensional subband with the divergent density of states capable of crossing the Fermi level (${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{F}}$=0 eV). It causes cusps in magnetization and power divergencies in differential susceptibility (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{\mathit{M}}$), and destroys the periodicity (period ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}_{0}$=hc/e) of the physical properties. The special structures shown in M and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{\mathit{M}}$ are found to be insensitive to the chirality. The power divergencies in ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{\mathit{M}}$ are replaced by the peak structures at low temperature (T). The order of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{\mathit{M}}$ is ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$--${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$; therefore, the peak structures are measurable at T\ensuremath{\le}1 K. The temperature effect in reducing magnetization is relatively obvious for a larger semiconducting tubule. Moreover, the anomalous temperature effect due to the spin-B interaction exists in all the metallic tubules at the relatively low T. For the doped graphene tubule, M and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{\mathit{M}}$ exhibit more special structures, since both the electronic structure and the finite Fermi level vary with \ensuremath{\varphi} simultaneously. The magnetic response is enhanced by the doping, and it is relatively strong for a larger tubule. The magnetism at the small flux is possibly altered from paramagnetism (diamagnetism) to diamagnetism (paramagnetism) by varying the free-carrier density.
Prolactin is a local growth factor in rat mammary tumors (1995)

PRL is a mitogenic hormone that shares many characteristics with growth factors. The recent demonstration that rat mammary tissue expresses PRL messenger RNA (mRNA) led us to hypothesize that PRL may act as an autocrine/paracrine growth factor in the mammary gland and may be a determinant in mammary carcinogenesis. To examine this, mammary tumors were induced in rats by injection of the carcinogen nitrosomethylurea (NMU). In vitro studies used a cell line derived from NMU-induced mammary tumors. Expression of PRL and PRL receptor was assessed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The NMU-induced mammary tumors and the cell line express mRNA for both PRL and PRL receptor (the long and short isoforms); additional hybridizing polymerase chain reaction products were seen in the tumors, but not in lactating mammary tissue. Immunoreactive PRL was detected in the NMU-induced tumors. The effect of PRL on cell proliferation was assessed by culturing NMU cells with PRL antiserum. The PRL antiserum inhibited cell proliferation by up to 70% compared to the effect of normal rabbit serum or GH antiserum. In summary, we showed that NMU-induced mammary tumors express mRNA for PRL and PRL receptor. Addition of PRL antiserum to cultured NMU cells significantly inhibited their growth. We propose that PRL may be acting as a local growth factor that stimulates the proliferation of mammary tumors.
Family Therapy for Divorced Fathers and Others out of Home (1973)

It is essential to include the separated member and thereby move beyond the symbol of finality, trauma, and old wounds to an examination of present ties
Limitations imposed by Rayleigh backscattering in closely interleaved, bidirectional WDM transmission systems (2003)

By deriving signal-backscattering and backscattering-backscattering beat noises, this letter quantifies the performance impairment due to backscattering produced by closely spaced counterpropagating signals. Experiments using 10-Gb/s data signals verify the theoretical analysis. The interference between signal and backscattering induces significant impairment when their channel separation is less than the sum of the data rate and signal spectrum width. The spectral efficiency limitation imposed by backscattering is clarified for closely spaced, interleaved bidirectional transmission systems.
Shape and surface area measurements using scanning electron microscope stereo-pair images of volcanic ash particles (2010)

The shape and surface area of fi ne particles are traditionally measured using projected or two-dimensional (2D) sections or with nitrogen gas adsorption using the BET (Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller) method. However, 2D sections are incomplete shape descriptors and nitrogen gas adsorption analysis is precluded when the amount of sample is limited, for example, in direct ash cloud sampling. In this study we present a technique for measuring the shape and surface area of individual grains of volcanic ash using scanning electron microscope (SEM) stereo pairs. The application we discuss is the stereoscopic analysis of 25 ash particles in the 4–130 µm size range from the August 1992 Crater Peak–Spurr eruption, located 130 km west of Anchorage, Alaska. Surface area data are presented from stereo measurements of glass microspheres in the same size range as validation of the technique’s accuracy. Differences in surface area values between our technique, 2D shape data, and nitrogen gas adsorption are presented and discussed.
An Integrated BAC and Genome Sequence Physical Map of <i>Phytophthora sojae</i> (2006)

Phytophthora spp. are serious pathogens that threaten numerous cultivated crops, trees, and natural vegetation worldwide. The soybean pathogen P. sojae has been developed as a model oomycete. Here, we report a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based, integrated physical map of the P. sojae genome. We constructed two BAC libraries, digested 8,681 BACs with seven restriction enzymes, end labeled the digested fragments with four dyes, and analyzed them with capillary electrophoresis. Fifteen data sets were constructed from the fingerprints, using individual dyes and all possible combinations, and were evaluated for contig assembly. In all, 257 contigs were assembled from the XhoI data set, collectively spanning approximately 132 Mb in physical length. The BAC contigs were integrated with the draft genome sequence of P. sojae by end sequencing a total of 1,440 BACs that formed a minimal tiling path. This enabled the 257 contigs of the BAC map to be merged with 207 sequence scaffolds to form an integrated map consisting of 79 superscaffolds. The map represents the first genome-wide physical map of a Phytophthora sp. and provides a valuable resource for genomics and molecular biology research in P. sojae and other Phytophthora spp. In one illustration of this value, we have placed the 350 members of a superfamily of putative pathogenicity effector genes onto the map, revealing extensive clustering of these genes.
Design of a multilink-articulated wheeled pipeline inspection robot using only passive elastic joints (2017)

This paper presents a multilink-articulated robot with omni and hemispherical wheels (AIRo-2.1) for inspecting and exploring pipelines. To quickly adapt to winding pipes, holonomic rolling movement without moving forward and backward is useful. However, this requires the rolling actuators to replace the driving actuators at the expense of the driving force. Furthermore, so far the number of driving wheels and torsion springs, magnitude of driving forces, stiffness and natural angle of the spring that are required to adapt to various pipelines have not been clarified. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of high maneuverability of multilink-articulated robots in winding pipes with as few driving actuators as possible and only elastic joints (torsion springs) for body bending. We further validate its effectiveness by experimental verification.
1999 Presidential Address to the National Society of Genetic Counselors (2000)

It is a tremendous honor to be standing here today as president of the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC), and I want to express my appreciation for this opportunity. As I look to the year ahead and the different responsibilities of this position, I admit to having feelings of both excitement and some trepidation. It is a daunting task to lead an organization, especially into the next century, and at a time when the whole field of genetics is rapidly advancing. While I anticipate less sleep and more chocolate consumption in the year ahead, I am firmly committed to doing my best to represent and lead NSGC. I would like to share some thoughts about our annual education conferences and the recent board decision, the importance of our participation in the wider genetics community, and to present some projects for the coming year.