gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Sequence, necessary for initiating RNA synthesis, in the 3'-noncoding region of the classical swine fever virus genome]. (2004)

Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is the causative agent of swine fever, which represents an economically important disease in hogs. We previously made a prediction about the recognition sites of replication initiation of CSFV by using the information content method, and it was predicted that the 21 nucleotides located at 3' end of the CSFV genome 3'UTR were essential to CSFV replication. In this paper, we experimentally studied these 21 nucleotides by site-directed mutagenesis. It was found that the 3'UTRs with the 21 nucleotides had the function of initiating RNA synthesis, while the 3'UTRs without the 21 nucleotides did not. The 21 nucleotides alone, without the rest of 3'UTR, were able to initiate RNA synthesis, though with a slump. It was demonstrated that the 21 nucleotides were essential to the replication of CSFV genome. The other part of 3'UTR was also required for sufficient RNA synthesis. It is highly likely that the 21 nucleotides were the necessary site for the CSFV genome replication initiation, and that the elements required for sufficient RNA synthesis were in the other part of 3'UTR. It was assumed that the CSFV replicase bound to the site and initiated the replication of the CSFV genome. In the 21 nucleotides, it was found that the mutation of position 216 and destruction of the 3' terminus in the 3'UTR precluded initiation of RNA synthesis, that the mutation of position 212 did not affect the capacity for initiation of RNA synthesis but attenuated the synthesis of RNA. Among the four mutants of 3'UTR at position 219, three produced the 3'UTR without initiation of RNA synthesis, and the other one produced the 3'UTR with initiation of less RNA synthesis. Therefore, it could be concluded that T216 was the most important while T212 was the least important, and that G219 and C228 were also important for RNA synthesis. The normal base component within the 21 nucleotides was essential to sufficient RNA synthesis.
Temperature fields in extruder dies with circular, annular, or slit cross‐section (1975)

Abstract Viscous dissipation causes significant temperature increases in polymers while they are flowing through extruder dies. The development of the temperature field has been studied numerically using the dimensionless parameters Na and Gz. With the annular geometry (parameter: ratio of radii κ) the well known developing temperature fields in capillaries could be compared with the developing temperature fields in an annulus and in a plane slit. The shear dependence of the viscosity is described by a “power law” and the temperature dependence by an exponential function. A simple graphical method is suggested for estimating temperature fields in extruder dies, making use of the fully‐developed temperature field for very long dies as a reference state. For the demonstration of results, a power law exponent n = 0.4 has been chosen.
Rationalised prescribing for community acquired pneumonia: a closed loop audit (2000)

Introduction of the protocol led to improved prescribing. PCR increased the diagnostic yield and the results support the management protocol.
Development of an Efficient, Regio- and Stereoselective Route to Libraries Based on the β-<scp>d</scp>-Glucose Scaffold (2000)

The design and execution of an efficient synthetic route for the sequential functionalization of the five hydroxyl substituents of beta-D-glucose has been achieved. This strategy, based on the stereoselective glycosidation of thioglycosides, provides a new approach for the parallel construction of a wide variety of beta-D-glucose analogues and as such holds promise for solid-support library syntheses.
Low-power silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) modulators for advanced modulation formats (2014)

We demonstrate silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) electro-optic modulators that enable quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) and 16-state quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM) with high signal quality and record-low energy consumption. SOH integration combines highly efficient electro-optic organic materials with conventional silicon-on-insulator (SOI) slot waveguides, and allows to overcome the intrinsic limitations of silicon as an optical integration platform. We demonstrate QPSK and 16QAM signaling at symbol rates of 28 GBd with peak-to-peak drive voltages of 0.6 V(pp). For the 16QAM experiment at 112 Gbit/s, we measure a bit-error ratio of 5.1 × 10⁻⁵ and a record-low energy consumption of only 19 fJ/bit.
Micro-arcsecond metrology (MAM) testbed overview (2003)

One of the most critical technology requirements for the Space Interferometry Mission is that the difference in pathlength traveled by the starlight through each arm of the instrument be known with picometers of precision. SIM accomplishes this by using an internal laser metrology system to measure the optical path traveled by the starlight. The SIM technology program has previously demonstrated laser gauges with measurement accuracy below 10 picometers. The next challenge is to integrate one of these gauges into a full interferometer system and demonstrate that the system still operates at the required level. For SIM, the ultimate requirement is that the internal metrology system be able to give an accurate measure of the starlight internal path difference to about 150 picometers over its narrow-angle field, with a goal of 50 picometer accuracy. This accuracy must be maintained even as SIM's various active systems articulate the SIM optics and vary the SIM internal pathlengths. The Microarcsecond Metrology Testbed (MAM) is a full single-baseline interferometer coupled with a precision pseudostar, intended to demonstrate the level of agreement between starlight and metrology phase measurements needed to make microarcsecond-level measurements of stellar positions. MAM has been under development for several years and is now producing picometers-level consistency that translates into microarcseconds-level performance. This paper will present an overview of the MAM Testbed, together with recent results targeting the 150 picometer performance level required by SIM.
DFPE, PARTIALLY FLUORINATED ETHER (2012)

Decafluoro-di-n-pentyl ether demonstrated minimum adverse effects in retinal rabbits; further studies are needed before clinical use as short-term tamponade.
Congenital H-ficolin deficiency in premature infants with severe necrotising enterocolitis (2010)

In a recent issue of Gut , Muller et al reported on excessive colitis in a murine model of mannan-binding lectin (MBL) deficiency.1 They showed that absence of MBL can lead to uncontrolled intestinal inflammation detrimental to the host. MBL is a pattern-recognition molecule activating the complement system by the lectin pathway. H-ficolin is structurally closely related to MBL and can activate the lectin pathway of complement independently of MBL. While low levels of MBL occur in 10% of Caucasians, H-ficolin deficiency is extremely rare: studies involving over 100 000 adults found no case of H-ficolin deficiency, suggesting it exerts crucial functions for the human immune system.2 The first report on the so far only patient diagnosed with H-ficolin deficiency was published only recently,3 describing a patient with repeated infections who presented …
Vertical bent thin-film FEA (2012)

We have proposed field-emitter-array fabrication process based on thin-film processes, to fabricate FEA having high compatibility with metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect-transistor and thin film transistor processes. This proposed process was realized using ion-induced bending technique, which can bend thin-film cantilevers to form high aspect ratio structure array. The field electron emission of more than 1 A/cm3 was obtained from our fabricated FEA.
Production of uniformly stable isotope labelled proteins from mammalian cells (1997)

In order to implement a new strategy for determining the kinetics and metabolism of therapeutic proteins, we had to produce milligram quantities of a uniformly stable isotope labelled species. To produce the labelled protein, the rat pituitary tumor cell line GH3 was cultured in Celtone-M, a commercially prepared medium that contains all the necessary 13C,15N-labelled amino acids as well as a uniformly 13C-labelled carbohydrate source to produce uniformly 13C,15N-labelled rat growth hormone. The growth hormone secreted into the culture medium was purified using ultrafiltration followed by reversed-phase chromatography. The yield of labelled protein was approximately 10 mg/L. SDS-PAGE and western blot analyses confirmed that the labelled growth hormone migrated similarly to the unlabelled material, and that both labelled and unlabelled growth hormone were immunoreactive. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI) of the purified material revealed that the molecular weight of the labelled material was 995 units higher (22804 Da) than its unlabelled counterpart (21809 Da). This indicated labelling at 81% of all possible carbon and nitrogen sites throughout the protein. An alternative strategy using HPLC/CRIMS indicated that the protein was 89% 13C-labelled. It is possible to quantitate this stable-isotope labelled protein following iv injection in a rat, using HPLC/CRIMS. These results show that once cells have been adapted to growth in Celtone-M, the preparation of highly and uniformly labelled proteins from mammalian cells appears no more difficult than production of their unlabelled counterparts. This will make a much wider range of proteins available for NMR and other applications that employ stable-isotope labelled proteins. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidative Coupling Reactions Mediated by MoCl<sub>5</sub> Leading to 2,2′‐Cyclolignans: The Specific Role of HCl (2003)

Abstract The scope and performance of oxidative coupling reaction using MoCl 5 can be significantly improved by employing Lewis‐acidic additives such as TiCl 4 , SnCl 4 , or SiCl 4 . Since the by‐product, HCl, plays a particular function as an inhibitor for MoCl 5 by forming chloro complexes, exploiting typical chloride scavengers, like silver salts or molecular sieves, is also successful. A variety of differently substituted 1,4‐diarylbutanes 4a − g , which were easily synthesized by a modular approach, were subjected to the dehydrodimerization reaction. For the oxidative coupling reaction, a para ‐substitution pattern — with a donor group on the aryl system — is pivotal for allowing access to the 2,2′‐cyclolignans 5a , e − g . (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Intelligent Transportation Systems: Planning, Operations, and Evaluation (2014)

Combining communications and transportation technologies to improve the flow of goods and people, Intelligent Transportation Systems: Planning, Operations, and Evaluation provides comprehensive coverage of the fundamental principles, methods, tools, and technology applications in the field of intelligent transportation systems. This book addresses the impact of information and communications technology on transportation. It also analyzes research literature, discussing issues of measurement, research design, data reliability, and validity. Presented in a research-oriented style, this text is a one-stop reference for civil engineers, traffic engineers, and automotive engineers.
To the Editor (2013)

*Department of Ophthalmology Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany †Department of Ophthalmology Faculty of Medicine II University of Naples Naples, Italy
Formation of Hot Spots in Multilayer Spheres (1976)

A theoretical study of the distribution of the normalized heating potential resulting from a plane wave incident in a multilayered sphere simulating a human head with skin, fat, bone and brain tissue layers has been undertaken. It was found that for spheres of radii 10 cm and 5 cm a relative peak of the normalized heating potential occurs in the vicinity of the center of the sphere. For the case of the 5 cm sphere in the range of frequencies 400 MHZ to 2.76 GHZ the maximum value of the heating potential occurs at the center suggesting the possibility of a hot spot. A comparison between the multilayer and a single layer model shows that the maximum values of the heating potential are the same.
Penetration of L/D=10 and 20 tungsten alloy projectiles into RHA targets (1994)

Penetration data for high L/D projectiles show that penetration efficiency (P/L) decreases substantially even above L/D=10. Our data, for L/D=10 and 20 tungsten alloy projectiles into RHA steel at 1.0 to 1.5 Km/s also show this behavior. To gain insight into the mechanism causing this reduction in P/L we performed computer simulations with the PISCES 2D code. Based on these simulations we suggest that the efficiency reduction is related to plastic flow in the projectile. By introducing a strain to failure parameter (εf) for the projectile it is possible to reduce the decrease in P/L in going from L/D=10 to L/D=20 projectiles.
17 Gene Transfer and Stem-cell Transplantation (1999)

Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation and gene transfer may be linked in two ways. Since stem-cell transplantation is used to replace and/or repair hematopoietic or lymphopoietic deficiencies in the host, the most obvious linkage is to use a stem-cell transplant to deliver a therapeutic gene. This approach, in which gene transfer represents the primary therapy while the stem-cell transplant simply represents the means of delivery, has been described in detail (Nienhuis, this volume). Alternatively, however, stem-cell transplantation itself may be the primary therapy, and the process of gene transfer used to enhance its safety and efficacy. It is to this second usage that this chapter is devoted. Worldwide, more than 30,000 stem-cell transplants are performed each year, the great majority of which are intended to treat patients with malignant disease (Applebaum 1997). One of the fundamental concepts driving modern oncology is that increased doses of cytotoxic drugs will cure increased numbers of patients. Full implementation of this approach is limited by toxicity to normal tissues, among the most sensitive of which are normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). The resulting marrow aplasia may cause death from infection or hemorrhage. However, patients can safely be treated with otherwise lethal doses of chemotherapy/radiation if they are then “rescued” from the consequences by infusion of autologous or allogeneic HSCs derived from marrow or from peripheral or placental blood. The success of this approach has led to a steady increase in the number of patients so treated. To understand how gene transfer can help improve stem-cell transplantation...
Development of Compressive Residual Stresses in Underwater PTA Welds (1999)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Experimental Procedures FEA Procedures Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments
In Situ Ligand Transformation for Two-Step Spin Crossover in Fe<sup>II</sup>[M<sup>IV</sup>(CN)<sub>8</sub>]<sup>4–</sup> (M = Mo, Nb) Cyanido-Bridged Frameworks (2019)

We report a unique synthetic route toward the multistep spin crossover (SCO) effect induced by utilizing the partial ligand transformation during the crystallization process, which leads to the incorporation of three different Fe<sup>II</sup> complexes into a single coordination framework. The 3-acetoxypyridine (3-OAcpy) molecules were introduced to the self-assembled Fe<sup>II</sup>-[M<sup>IV</sup>(CN)<sub>8</sub>]<sup>4-</sup> (M = Mo, Nb) system in the aqueous solution which results in the partial hydrolysis of the ligand into 3-hydroxypyridine (3-OHpy). It gives two novel isostructural three-dimensional {Fe<sup>II</sup><sub>2</sub>(3-OAcpy)<sub>5</sub>(3-OHpy)<sub>3</sub>[M<sup>IV</sup>(CN)<sub>8</sub>]}· nH<sub>2</sub>O (M = Mo, n = 0, FeMo; M = Nb, n = 1, FeNb) coordination frameworks. They exhibit an unprecedented cyanido-bridged skeleton composed of {Fe<sub>3</sub>M<sub>2</sub>} <sub>n</sub> coordination nanotubes bonded by additional Fe complexes. These frameworks contain three types of Fe sites differing in the attached organic ligands, [Fe1(3-OAcpy)<sub>4</sub>(μ-NC)<sub>2</sub>], [Fe2(3-OHpy)<sub>4</sub>(μ-NC)<sub>2</sub>], and [Fe3(3-OAcpy)<sub>3</sub>(3-OHpy)(μ-NC)<sub>2</sub>], which lead to the thermal two-step Fe<sup>II</sup> SCO, as proven by X-ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility, UV-vis-NIR optical absorption, and <sup>57</sup>Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy studies. The first step of SCO, going from room temperature to the 150-170 K range with transition temperatures of 245(5) and 283(5) K for FeMo and FeNb, respectively, is related to Fe1 sites, while the second step, occurring at the 50-140 K range with transition temperatures of 70(5) and 80(5) K for FeMo and FeNb, respectively, is related to Fe2 sites. The Fe3 site with both 3-OAcpy and 3-OHpy ligands does not undergo the SCO at all. The observed two-step SCO phenomenon is explained by the differences in the ligand field strength of the Fe complexes and the role of their alignment in the coordination framework. The simultaneous application of two related pyridine derivatives is the efficient synthetic route for the multistep Fe<sup>II</sup> SCO in the cyanido-bridged framework which is a promising step toward rational design of advanced spin transition molecular switches.
Spaceborne photon-counting altimeter (2004)

We are presenting preliminary results of the development of the Technology Demonstrator of the photon counting laser altimeter for planetary studies. This device is expected to be a universal instrument applicable in various space missions. The device should provide altimetry and surface radiometry in the range of 400 to 1400 km with one meter range resolution under rough conditions - Sun illumination, space radiation, etc. The Technology Demonstrator is the modular test equipment dedicated to test individual critical components, concepts and technologies: the laser source, the photon counting detector and its electronics. The concept and techniques to be investigated are: the energy budget of the altimeter, range resolution, the signal to noise ratio under various background light conditions, photon counting data acquisition, signal mining and processing techniques.
Photocyclisation of enamides. Part X. Total syntheses of the yohimbine skeleton: demethoxycarbonyldihydrogambirtannine, angustidine, nauclétine, (±)-angustoline, and related compounds (1976)

N-Acylation of the pyrido[3,4-b]indole derivative harmalan (I) occurred smoothly to afford the enamides (II) and (Va—c), which underwent ready photocyclisation to give the yohimbine-type compounds (III), angustidine (VIa), nauclétine (VIb), (VId), (VIIa, b, d, and e), and (±)-angustoline (VIc)(after reduction).
Conformational Aspects of Polypeptide Structure. XIX. Azoaromatic Side-Chain Effects<sup>1,2</sup> (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTConformational Aspects of Polypeptide Structure. XIX. Azoaromatic Side-Chain Effects1,2Murray Goodman and Aaron KossoyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 21, 5010–5015Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00973a042https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00973a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views374Altmetric-Citations75LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Proteolytic Processing of HIV-1 Protease Precursor, Kinetics and Mechanism (1999)

Previously it was demonstrated using a model precursor that processing at the N terminus of the HIV-1 protease (PR) precedes processing at its C terminus. We now show the expression, purification, and kinetics of the autoprocessing reaction of a PR precursor linked to 53 amino acids of the native flanking transframe region (TFP-p6 pol ) of Gag-Pol and containing its two native cleavage sites. The PR contains the two cysteine residues exchanged to alanines, mutations that do not alter the kinetics or the structural stability of the mature PR. TFP-p6 pol -PR, which encompasses the known PR inhibitor sequence Glu-Asp-Leu within TFP, undergoes cleavage at the TFP/p6 pol and p6 pol /PR sites in two consecutive steps to produce the mature PR. Both TFP-p6 pol -PR and p6 pol -PR exhibit low intrinsic enzymatic activity. The appearance of the mature PR is accompanied by a large increase in catalytic activity. It follows first-order kinetics in protein concentration with a rate constant of 0.13 0.01 min 1 in 0.1 M acetate at pH 4.8. The pH-rate profile for the observed firstorder rate constant is bell-shaped with two ionizable groups of pK a 4.9 and 5.1. The rate constant also exhibits approximately 7-fold higher sensitivity to urea denaturation as compared with that of the mature PR, suggesting that the cleavage at the N terminus of the PR domain from the precursor leads to the stabilization of the dimeric structure.
A case of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in a Belgian blue cow. (2011)

A 12-year-old cow was presented with chronic respiratory disease and lameness. Chronic pleuritis, pneumonia, and bronchial carcinoma were found as well as periosteal proliferation on limb bones. Ancillary tests and necropsy confirmed a combined pathology of pulmonary inflammation and neoplasm, and hypertrophic pulmonary osteopathy.