gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rate-distortion optimized DCT-domain video transcoder for bit-rate reduction of MPEG videos (2004)

In this paper, we propose a rate-distortion optimized video transcoder which converts MPEG videos into a similar form at lower bit-rates. Our transcoder design is characterized by two features: 1) transcoding is performed in the DCT domain and the motion vector information is re-used; and 2) the rate-distortion relationship is optimized in both the frame-level rate allocation and macroblock-level rate control, thus leading to performances even better than the direct encoding and re-encoding methods based on the well-known TM5. In the proposed algorithm, the Lagrangian multiplier plays not only its traditional role in macroblock-level optimization, but also a variable to be optimized in frame-level rate allocation. These two levels of optimization process are highly linked. Experiments show that the R-D optimization is effective in getting better video quality, even the drift errors are ignored. Several speedy schemes were developed to make our transcoder design suitable for real-time video transmission over heterogeneous networks.
Extent of Gene Duplication in the Genomes of Drosophila, Nematode, and Yeast (2002)

We conducted a detailed analysis of duplicate genes in three complete genomes: yeast, Drosophila, and Caenorhabditis elegans. For two proteins belonging to the same family we used the criteria: (1) their similarity is > or =I (I = 30% if L > or = 150 a.a. and I = 0.01n + 4.8L(-0.32(1 + exp(-L/1000))) if L < 150 a.a., where n = 6 and L is the length of the alignable region), and (2) the length of the alignable region between the two sequences is > or = 80% of the longer protein. We found it very important to delete isoforms (caused by alternative splicing), same genes with different names, and proteins derived from repetitive elements. We estimated that there were 530, 674, and 1,219 protein families in yeast, Drosophila, and C. elegans, respectively, so, as expected, yeast has the smallest number of duplicate genes. However, for the duplicate pairs with the number of substitutions per synonymous site (K(S)) < 0.01, Drosophila has only seven pairs, whereas yeast has 58 pairs and nematode has 153 pairs. After considering the possible effects of codon usage bias and gene conversion, these numbers became 6, 55, and 147, respectively. Thus, Drosophila appears to have much fewer young duplicate genes than do yeast and nematode. The larger numbers of duplicate pairs with K(S) < 0.01 in yeast and C. elegans were probably largely caused by block duplications. At any rate, it is clear that the genome of Drosophila melanogaster has undergone few gene duplications in the recent past and has much fewer gene families than C. elegans.
Seismic detection of fractured Devonian shale reservoir. Annual report, July 1985-June 1986 (1986)

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) receptors (InsP3Rs) are channels responsible for calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We show that the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 (either wild type or selectively localized to the ER) significantly inhibited InsP3-mediated calcium release and elevation of cytosolic calcium in WEHI7.2 T cells. This inhibition was due to an effect of Bcl-2 at the level of InsP3Rs because responses to both anti-CD3 antibody and a cell-permeant InsP3 ester were decreased. Bcl-2 inhibited the extent of calcium release from the ER of permeabilized WEHI7.2 cells, even at saturating concentrations of InsP3, without decreasing luminal calcium concentration. Furthermore, Bcl-2 reduced the open probability of purified InsP3Rs reconstituted into lipid bilayers. Bcl-2 and InsP3Rs were detected together in macromolecular complexes by coimmunoprecipitation and blue native gel electrophoresis. We suggest that this functional interaction of Bcl-2 with InsP3Rs inhibits InsP3R activation and thereby regulates InsP3-induced calcium release from the ER.
把握时代的趋势——2012年医药代表大会：连续生产和玻璃容器成为重点关注 (2012)

几年来，医药代表大会一直被视为业内讨论药品生产和技术问题的盛会。2012年4月举行本届会议，由8个一流水平的分会场和专业展览组成，带来了80多场专业性报告，来自25个国家和地区的1200名与会者汇聚在德国杜塞尔多夫的Neuss，就医药领域当前的发展趋势进行了深入探讨。
Influence of disulfiram on the metabolism of the urinary bladder carcinogen <i>N</i>-butyl-<i>N</i>-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine in the rat (1987)

The effect of feeding disulfiram (DSF) to rats on the metabolism of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BHBN) was examined in order to study the mechanism by which DSF inhibits bladder cancer induction by BHBN. After 2 weeks of feeding 0.5% DSF in the diet, animals were given [14C]BHBN (25 mg/kg) and the urine and expired CO2 were collected for 8 h. Radioactivity in expired air was very low, but DSF caused a significant reduction in expired 14CO2 (control 1.0% of dose; DSF 0.6%), presumably by inhibition of alpha-hydroxylation pathways. There was no difference in the excretion of total urinary radioactivity (control 84%; DSF 85%). Urine was analyzed by h.p.l.c. for BHBN, N-butyl-N-(3-carboxypropyl)nitrosamine (BCPN), N-butyl-N-2-hydroxy-3-carboxypropyl)nitrosamine (BHCPN) and N-butyl-N-carboxymethylnitrosamine (BCMN). DSF did not alter the urinary excretion of BCPN (control 64% of dose; DSF 61%), whereas BHCPN excretion was increased (control 11% of dose; DSF 22%) and urinary levels of BCMN were decreased (control 10% of dose; DSF 4%). The metabolism of BHBN was also studied in isolated hepatocytes from control and DSF-fed rats. Hepatocytes were incubated in Liebovitz's L-15 medium containing 0.5 mM [14C]BHBN and aliquots of the medium were removed for h.p.l.c. analysis at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 h. Metabolic rates are expressed as mumol/h/5 million cells. There was no difference in the overall rate of metabolism of BHBN in control and DSF-fed rats. BHBN was very rapidly oxidized to BCPN and the rate was not affected by DSF treatment (control 1.82; DSF 1.76). The rate of accumulation of BHCPN was increased 3.5-fold in the DSF-fed rats (control 0.06; DSF 0.21) and BCMN could not be detected. Taken together, these data show that (i) DSF may inhibit the low extent of alpha-hydroxylation of BHBN or BCPN; (ii) DSF does not inhibit the rapid oxidation of BHBN to BCPN and (iii) DSF appears to inhibit the metabolism of BHCPN.
On the Characteristics of Creep Damage and Rupture of Dissimilar Heat-Resistant Steel Welded Joint (2009)

The mechanical properties, creep rupture strength, creep damage and failure characteristics of dissimilar metal welded joint (DMWJ) between martensitic (SA213T91) and bainitic heat-resistant steel (12Cr2MoWVTiB) have been investigated by means of pulsed argon arc welding, high temperature accelerated simulation, mechanical, creep rupture test, scanning electronic microscope (SEM). The results show that there is a marked drop of mechanical properties of undermatching joint, and low ductility cracking along weld/12Cr2MoWVTiB interface is induced due to creep damage. Creep rupture strength of overmatching joint is the least. The mechanical properties of medium matching joint are superior to those of overmatching and undermatching joint, and creep damage and failure tendency along the interface of weld/12Cr2MoWVTiB are lower than those of overmatching and undermatching joint after accelerated simulation 500 h, 1000 h, 1500 h, and the creep rupture strength of medium matching joint is the same as that of undermatching joint. Therefore, it is reasonable that the medium matching material is used for dissimilar welded joint between martensitic and bainitic steel.
A Framework for IntegratingLearning into Business Processes (2005)

Integrating learning into business processes has the advantage of raising skill and knowledge levels of process participants in cost effective ways.To get this advantage, however, requires ways to go beyond current practice of standard learning modules into more personalized systems that address knowledge gaps on a just-in-time basis as they are discovered during process execution.In that case process participants need to learn in the context of their particular task.Current practices in learning and teaching have been towards learning in context, known as constructivist learning, which has similarities to business process needs.This paper will describe such practices and describe their application in a university environment.It will then suggest ways to transfer them into personalised practical contexts.
The A1 Allele at the D2 Dopamine Receptor Gene and Alcoholism (1993)

In general, heterogeneity among studies (for alcoholics or controls) is considerably greater than differences between alcoholics and controls overall. The findings to date can best be explained by more conservative interpretations than a confirmed physiologically important allelic association between DRD2 alleles and alcoholism. These other possibilities include sampling error and ethnic variation in those studies that individually showed a large effect.
Involvement of the avian song system in reproductive behaviour (2015)

The song system of songbirds consists of an interconnected set of forebrain nuclei that has traditionally been regarded as dedicated to the learning and production of song. Here, however, we suggest that the song system could also influence muscles used in reproductive behaviour, such as the cloacal sphincter muscle. We show that the same medullary nucleus, retroambigualis (RAm), that projects upon spinal motoneurons innervating expiratory muscles (which provide the pressure head for vocalization) and upon vocal motoneurons for respiratory-vocal coordination also projects upon cloacal motoneurons. Furthermore, RAm neurons projecting to sacral spinal levels were shown to receive direct projections from nucleus robustus arcopallialis (RA) of the forebrain song system. Thus, by indicating a possible disynaptic relationship between RA and motoneurons innervating the reproductive organ, in both males and females, these results potentially extend the role of the song system to include consummatory as well as appetitive aspects of reproductive behaviour.
Functional characterization and Me<sup>2+</sup> ion specificity of a Ca<sup>2+</sup>–citrate transporter from <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> (2006)

Secondary transporters of the bacterial CitMHS family transport citrate in complex with a metal ion. Different members of the family are specific for the metal ion in the complex and have been shown to transport Mg(2+)-citrate, Ca(2+)-citrate or Fe(3+)-citrate. The Fe(3+)-citrate transporter of Streptococcus mutans clusters on the phylogenetic tree on a separate branch with a group of transporters found in the phylum Firmicutes which are believed to be involved in anaerobic citrate degradation. We have cloned and characterized the transporter from Enterococcus faecalis EfCitH in this cluster. The gene was functionally expressed in Escherichia coli and studied using right-side-out membrane vesicles. The transporter catalyzes proton-motive-force-driven uptake of the Ca(2+)-citrate complex with an affinity constant of 3.5 microm. Homologous exchange is catalyzed with a higher efficiency than efflux down a concentration gradient. Analysis of the metal ion specificity of EfCitH activity in right-side-out membrane vesicles revealed a specificity that was highly similar to that of the Bacillus subtilis Ca(2+)-citrate transporter in the same family. In spite of the high sequence identity with the S. mutans Fe(3+)-citrate transporter, no transport activity with Fe(3+) (or Fe(2+)) could be detected. The transporter of E. faecalis catalyzes translocation of citrate in complex with Ca(2+), Sr(2+), Mn(2+), Cd(2+) and Pb(2+) and not with Mg(2+), Zn(2+), Ni(2+) and Co(2+). The specificity appears to correlate with the size of the metal ion in the complex.
Long-term earthquake forecasts based on the epidemic-type aftershock sequence (ETAS) model for short-term clustering (2012)

Based on the ETAS (epidemic-type aftershock sequence) model, which is used for describing the features of short-term clustering of earthquake occurrence, this paper presents some theories and techniques related to evaluating the probability distribution of the maximum magnitude in a given space-time window, where the Gutenberg-Richter law for earthquake magnitude distribution cannot be directly applied. It is seen that the distribution of the maximum magnitude in a given space-time volume is determined in the longterm by the background seismicity rate and the magnitude distribution of the largest events in each earthquake cluster. The techniques introduced were applied to the seismicity in the Japan region in the period from 1926 to 2009. It was found that the regions most likely to have big earthquakes are along the Tohoku (northeastern Japan) Arc and the Kuril Arc, both with much higher probabilities than the offshore Nankai and Tokai regions.
Macrophage phenotypes during tissue repair (2013)

Mp are crucial for tissue repair and regeneration but can also contribute to tissue damage and fibrosis. Mp can adopt a variety of functional phenotypes in response to different stimuli; two of the best-characterized in vitro phenotypes are a proinflammatory "M1" phenotype, produced by exposure to IFN-γ and TNF-α, and an anti-inflammatory "M2a" phenotype, produced by IL-4 or IL-13. M2a Mp are frequently termed "wound healing" Mp, as they express factors that are important for tissue repair. This review will summarize current knowledge of Mp phenotypes during tissue repair and will argue that these in vivo Mp populations are heterogeneous and temporally regulated and do not conform to existing, in vitro-defined M1 or M2 phenotypes. Mp during the early stages of tissue repair exhibit a more proinflammatory phenotype than their later counterparts, which in turn may exhibit some M2a-associated characteristics. However, phenotypic markers that appear to be coregulated in cultured Mp can be expressed independently of each other in vivo. Additionally, M1- and M2-associated markers may be expressed simultaneously by actual tissue-repair Mp. Improved understanding of Mp phenotypes and their regulation may assist in generation of novel therapies based on manipulating Mp function to improve healing.
Adsorption Mechanism of Aromatic Sulfonates onto Resins with Different Matrices (2007)

In this study, acrylic ester resin YWB was prepared and utilized as adsorbent to investigate the adsorption mechanism of aromatic sulfonate onto it. For comparison, the commercial resins XAD-7, D-301, and XAD-4 were also employed along with YWB. Different adsorption and desorption behaviors of these resins showed that the matrices of resins and functional groups on their surface significantly affected the adsorption mechanism. The adsorption mechanism of acrylic ester resin with surfactant and dye, two kinds of aromatic sulfonates, were examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which provided valuable information regarding the adsorption mechanism of adsorbate onto acrylic ester resin YWB. The changes of spectrum after adsorption were mainly attributed to the formation of hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction forces, and the formation of the oxonium group, although the hydrophobic interactions played an important role in binding aromatic sulfonate onto the resin surface from the solutions. The results indicated that the oxygen atoms of ester functional groups made a contribution to the adsorption mechanism.
ChemInform Abstract: The Pb—In—Se System: Phase Diagram of the Se‐Rich Part. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The South African Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dr Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, opens the 2nd meeting of the South African-Brazilian Joint Commission : news and information (2003)

Opening the second meeting of the South African-Brazilian Joint Commission, the Minister of Foreign Affairs spoke about Brazil's new President's commitment to co-operating with Africa. At the inauguration of President Lula on 1 January 2003, his passionate and strong 'let's get to work' message, was unambiguous and yet bold about the urgency of establishing a hard-work ethic and a culture of focus and dedication in approaching government tasks.
Funktionalisierung künstlicher Oberflächen mit Integrinliganden zur Stimulierung integrinvermittelter Zelladhäsion (2005)

Zyklische peptidische und nicht-peptidische Integrinliganden wurden zur bioaktiven Funktionalisierung verschiedener Materialien hergestellt. Unterschiedliche Ankergruppen an cyclo-(-RGDfK-)-Peptiden dienen dabei der irreversiblen Immobilisierung auf Titan, Kalziumphosphat, funktionalisiertem Glas und Gold, sowie amorphem Siliziumhydrid und Poly(methylmethacrylat). Diacylhydrazine wurden als RGD-Mimetika mit Thiolanker zur Funktionalisierung von Titan hergestellt. Die RGD-Peptide und RGD-Mimetika mit ausreichendem Abstandshalter zur Oberflache sind in der Lage, die Osteoblastenadhasion in vitro auf unterschiedlichen Materialien zu steigern. Die reversible photochemisch regulierte Anbindung und Abspaltung der Peptide bzw. Adhasion der Osteoblasten wurde untersucht.
Bone material quality in transiliac bone biopsies of postmenopausal osteoporotic women after 3 years of strontium ranelate treatment (2009)

Strontium ranelate (SrR) is a relatively new treatment for osteoporosis. In this study we investigated its potential impact on human bone material quality in transiliac bone biopsies from postmenopausal osteoporotic women treated 3 years with calcium and vitamin D plus either 2 g SrR per day or placebo. Bone mineralization density distribution (BMDD), strontium (Sr) concentration, collagen cross-link ratio, and indentation modulus were analyzed by quantitative backscattered electron imaging, electron-induced X-ray fluorescence analysis, synchrotron radiation induced micro X-ray fluorescence elemental mapping, Fourier transform infrared imaging, and nanoindentation, respectively. The BMDD of SrR-treated patients was shifted to higher atomic numbers (Z(mean) +1.5%, p < .05 versus placebo). We observed Sr being preferentially incorporated in bone packets formed during SrR treatment up to 6% atom fraction [Sr/(Sr + Ca)] depending on the SrR serum levels of the individuals (correlation r = 0.84, p = .018). Collagen cross-link ratio was preserved in SR-treated bone. The indentation modulus was significantly decreased in younger versus older bone packets for both placebo- (-20.5%, p < .0001) and SrR-treated individuals (-24.3%, p < .001), whereas no differences were found between the treatment groups. In conclusion, our findings indicate that after SrR treatment, Sr is heterogeneously distributed in bone and preferentially present in bone packets formed during treatment. The effect of SrR on BMDD seems to be due mainly to the uptake of Sr and not to changes in bone calcium content. Taken together, these data provide evidence that the investigated bone quality determinants at tissue level were preserved in postmenopausal osteoporotic women after 3-year treatment with 2 g SrR per day plus calcium and vitamin D.
Interferon therapy for atopic dermatitis reduces basophil histamine release, but does not reduce serum IgE or eosinophilic proteins (1994)

Nine adult patients suffering from severe atopic dermatitis (AD) and increased total serum IgE were treated with recombinant human interferon-alpha 2A (Roferon-AR; IFN-alpha-2A) 3 x 10(6) units daily for 21 d to study the effect upon serum IgE, basophil histamine release (HR), eosinophil-derived proteins in serum, and clinical symptoms. The skin disease was so severe that all patients needed topical treatment with glucocorticosteroid cream. Changes were not observed in total serum IgE or in eosinophil-derived proteins, the latter being increased in six of nine patients. A significant reduction in basophil HR was found in six of nine patients after anti-IgE and concanavalin A (Con A) stimulation, but not after A23187 stimulation. The clinical skin score was reduced in eight of nine patients at the end of therapy, but disease activity returned to pretreatment levels within 3 weeks despite continued topical treatment. rIFN-alpha-2A was well tolerated with few clinical side-effects, and all patients completed the study. The short-term therapy using IFN-alpha-2A neither brought a sustained clinical remission nor reduced total serum IgE or eosinophil-derived proteins. However, a significant reduction in IgE-receptor-mediated basophil HR was observed in six of nine patients.
Study of Harmonics-to-Noise Ratio and Critical-Band Energy Spectrum of Speech as Acoustic Indicators of Laryngeal and Voice Pathology (2006)

Acoustic analysis of speech signals is a noninvasive technique that has been proved to be an effective tool for the objective support of vocal and voice disease screening. In the present study acoustic analysis of sustained vowels is considered. A simple -means nearest neighbor classifier is designed to test the efficacy of a harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR) measure and the critical-band energy spectrum of the voiced speech signal as tools for the detection of laryngeal pathologies. It groups the given voice signal sample into pathologic and normal. The voiced speech signal is decomposed into harmonic and noise components using an iterative signal extrapolation algorithm. The HNRs at four different frequency bands are estimated and used as features. Voiced speech is also filtered with 21 critical-bandpass filters that mimic the human auditory neurons. Normalized energies of these filter outputs are used as another set of features. The results obtained have shown that the HNR and the critical-band energy spectrum can be used to correlate laryngeal pathology and voice alteration, using previously classified voice samples. This method could be an additional acoustic indicator that supplements the clinical diagnostic features for voice evaluation.
CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTIONS OF SAND SLURRIES IN HORIZONTAL PIPE FLOW (1994)

ABSTRACT Concentration distributions for sand slurries flowing in pipes of diameter ranging between 50 and 500 mm have been measured. Particle diameters ranged between 0.18 and 2.4 mm. The concentration distributions have been used in a critical examination of the suspension mechanisms for flows without stationary deposits. Although the classical Schmidt-Rouse diffusion mechanism applies for slurries of fine particles, a pipe diameter dependence of the diffusion coefficient has been detected. This deviation could be due to a form of turbulence suppression by the density gradient in the slurry. For large particles, settling velocities and flow velocities were found to be of minor importance. Particle interaction effects appeared to be confined to the near-wall regions and were most important for the largest particles in the smallest pipe. A method for predicting concentration distributions in the absence of particle interaction effects is proposed.