gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rethinking the wait model at transit stops (2004)

In an urban transit system where the service is perceived in terms of frequency of the different lines, the mathematical description of the route choice strategy is not trivial, because the wait at the stop, as pointed out in many studies in the last 30 years, is a complex phenomenon which requires a specific analysis (e.g. Chriqui and Robillard [1975], Marguier [1981], Gendreau [1984], Spiess [1984]). In order to develop an effective model for planning the service, it is very important to define a representation of the wait at transit stops which is at once consistent with users’ behaviour, mathematically sound and practically usable within the more general assignment models. This is the reason that has induced us to rethink globally to the wait problem, by analyzing the stochastic process of vehicle and passenger arrivals at transit stops and the relations among them, without assuming as given facts some hypotheses that are usually adopted. Indeed, some works written during the 80’s [Marguier, 1981; Gendreau, 1984; Marguier and Ceder, 1984] already pointed out that some modelling choices are not easily justifiable, although often utilized in the following years.
Recent advancements in technology of compact laser plasma EUV sources (2010)

The recent advancements in technology of compact laser plasma EUV sources based on a gas puff target are presented in the paper. The sources have been developed for application in processing materials using EUV radiation in the wavelength range from about 5 nm to about 50 nm that is efficiently produced in result of irradiation a double-stream gas puff target with high-intensity laser pulses from a Nd:YAG laser (0.8 J/4 ns/10 Hz). The sources can be equipped with two various grazing incidence optical systems to focus EUV radiation: an axisymmetrical ellipsoidal mirror or a multifoil mirror system of the "lobster eye" type. A new design of the laser plasma EUV source dedicated for micro- and nanoprocessing polymers and modification of polymer surfaces is presented for the first time.
Lipase-Catalyzed Dynamic Combinatorial Resolution and the Synthesis of Heteroaromatic Cyanohydrin Ester Enantiomers (2013)

Five structurally related thiophene-based aldehydes, acetone cyanohydrin, a base, a lipase enzyme and isopropenyl acetate have been mixed in one-pot, leading to the dynamic combinatorial resolution of a cyanohydrin library. The process is applied in optimizing synthetic conditions for the cyanohydrin acetate library obtained in terms of reactivity and enantiopurity. Anhydrous Na2CO3 and lipase PS-D (Burkholderia cepacia lipase) or Novozym 435 (Candida antarctica lipase B) preparations are shown to be the best catalyst combinations for the DCR of the substrate series in toluene. The justification of the optimized process is confirmed by preparing the thiophene –based (R)-cyanohydrin acetates with 68-99% isolated yields and 82-91 % ee using the traditional dynamic kinetic resolution of each substrate. Keywords: Dynamic combinatorial resolution, dynamic kinetic resolution, cyanohydrin, lipase catalysis, acylation, enzyme catalysis, base catalysis.
Abiotic Controls on H<sub>2</sub> Production from Basalt−Water Reactions and Implications for Aquifer Biogeochemistry (2000)

Abiotic production of H2 from basalt reactions in aqueous solutions is hypothesized to support microbial ecosystems in deep subsurface aquifers, such as those found in the Columbia River Basalt group (CRB). We investigated factors controlling this phenomenon, including rock composition, pH, temperature, sterilization method, reducing agents, and product removal. Ferrous silicate minerals were found to be the basalt components responsible for H2 production from anaerobic water−rock interactions. H2 evolution was faster at pH < 7 but occurred from pH 5 to pH 11, which covers the pH range (7−10) measured in CRB groundwaters. The onset of H2 evolution coincided with the appearance of dissolved Fe2+, and an apparent alkaline inhibition could be alleviated by the addition of excess FeCl2. This may reflect, in part, the low redox conditions needed for H2 evolution and suggests that H2 may be controlled by reaction rates of ferrous silicate minerals. Rates were higher at 60 °C than at 30 °C, suggesting that the geothermal gradient may lead to increased H2 production at depth. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that basalt−redox reactions support primary production by microorganisms in some terrestrial subsurface environments.
ChemInform Abstract: Polymer‐Supported Solid‐Phase Synthesis of C‐Terminal Peptide N‐Methylamides Using a Modified Photoremovable 3‐Nitro‐4‐N‐methylaminomethylpolystyrene Support. (1989)

Abstract The modified resin (IV) is proved to be a suitable material for the preparation of C‐terminal peptide N‐methylamides by the solid‐phase method.
Solid propellant combustion response to oscillatory radiant heat flux (1989)

A progress report is given on a research project to use the microwave Doppler velocimeter technique to measure the combustion response to an oscillating thermal radiation source (CO2 laser). The test technique and supporting analyses are described, and the results are presented for an initial test series on the nonmetallized, composite propellant, Naval Weapons Center formulation A-13. It is concluded that in-depth transmission of radiant heat flux is not a factor at the CO2 laser wave length.
CFD Modeling of Spark Ignited Gasoline Engines- Part 2: Modeling the Engine in Direct Injection Mode along with Spray Validation (2016)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) is a key technology in the automotive industry for improving fuel economy and performance of gasoline internal combustion engines. GDI engine performance and emission characteristics are mainly determined by the complex interaction of in-cylinder flow, mixture formation and subsequent combustion processes. In a GDI engine, mixture formation depends on spray characteristics. Spray evolution and mixture formation is critical to GDI engine operation. In this work, a multi-component surrogate fuel blend was used to represent the chemical and physical properties of the gasoline employed in the experimental engine tests. Multi-component spray models were also validated in this study against experimental spray injection measurements in a chamber. The spray-chamber data include spray-penetration lengths, transient spray velocities and droplet Sauter mean diameter (SMD) at different axial and radial distances from the spray tip, obtained using a PDPA system. The simulations agreed well with these spray chamber measurements, within experimental uncertainties. 3D CFD simulations of an SI engine were then performed using automatic mesh generation with selective refinement at boundaries and in critical flow regions. The CFD setup was validated separately under motored and premixed-charge conditions, as described in the companion Part 1 paper. Detailed chemistry for combustion and flame propagation was employed, as implemented in ANSYS Forte CFD software. A validated detailed reaction mechanism from the Model Fuel Library was used for this purpose. As identified in the companion Part 1 paper, CFD predictions resulting from the turbulent gas-exchange process, heat transfer and combustion were in good agreement with experimental results, using motored and premixed-charge fired SI engine conditions. A validated spray setup was added to this full engine setup to simulate GDI engine operations in this work. CFD predictions of the SI engine under GDI mode were validated with experimental data for cylinder pressure and heat release rate, over varying operating conditions of equivalence ratio, injection duration and spark timing. CFD simulations used the same spray and combustion model parameters for all the different operating conditions.</div></div>
A morphometric study of the effect of bilateral cervical sympathetic ganglionectomy on the architecture of pial arteries in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats (1994)

The influence of the cranial sympathetic nerves on the architecture of pial arteries in normo- and hypertension was examined. For this purpose the effect of bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy was evaluated in normotensive rats (WKY) and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). The operations were performed at the age of 1 wk, which is just prior to the onset of ganglionic transmission. The length of the inner media contour was measured and the media cross-sectional area was determined planimetrically, with computerized digitalization of projected photographic images of transversely sectioned pial arteries. Four wk after sympathectomy there was a 20% reduction in media cross-sectional area and a consequent reduction in the ratio between media area and calculated luminal radius in the major pial arteries at the base of the brain in WKY but not in SHRSP. Conversely, in small pial arteries linear regression analysis showed that in WKY subjected to ganglionectomy the relationship between media cross-sectional area and luminal radius was significantly larger in arteries with a radius less than 21 microns compared to untreated WKY. No such effect was seen in the corresponding SHRSP vessels. In addition, the cross-sectional area of the internal elastic membrane (IEM) in the basilar arteries of WKY was measured by means of a computerized image-analysing system. Mean cross-sectional area of the IEM was approximately 45% larger following SE than in control animals. The present findings propose a 'trophic' role for the sympathetic perivascular nerves in large pial arteries of the rat. The increased media-radius ratio in the small pial arteries of the WKY following sympathectomy might reflect a compensatory hypertrophy due to reduced protection from the larger arteries against the pressure load. The inability to detect any morphometrically measurable effect of the sympathectomy in the cerebral arteries of SHRSP is probably explained by a marked growth-stimulating effect of the high pressure load in these animals.
(Invited) Growth and Characterization of<i>α</i>-,<i>β</i>-, and<i>ε</i>-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>Epitaxial Layers on Sapphire (2017)

This study reports on the growth and characterization of three different phases – α, β, and ε – of Ga2O3 epitaxial layers grown on (001) sapphire substrates at 650 °C. The stable β-phase was observed for films grown using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition with trimethygallium and oxygen as source gases. In contrast, the α- and/or ε-phase(s) were observed for films grown by halide vapor phase epitaxy with gallium chloride and oxygen as source gases. Orientation relationships from x-ray diffraction measurements are reported, along with transmission electron microscopy images of the interfacial microstructure and optical transmittance measurements of the different phases.
Characterization of the human lactoferrin (HLF) cell line HLFK1, generated in CBA mice. (2003)

A human lactoferrin-specific cell line was generated in CBA mice, sensitized with 200 microg HLF in Freund's complete adjuvant. HLFK1 cells derived from the lymph nodes of these mice were maintained using HLF as the antigen. HLF was added at the beginning of each 14-day restimulation cycle, at a concentration of 100 microg/ml. The presentation of the antigen to HLFK1 was demonstrated using glass-adherent lymphocytes from spleens (GAL) as the antigen-presenting cells (APC). The presentation of HLF by GAL was highly efficient; a very low concentration of the antigen (1 microg/ml) was enough to stimulate proliferation of the HLFK1 cell line. HLFK1 did not proliferate in the presence of ovalbumin or bovine lactoferrin (BLF), which is structurally related to HLF. However, we found that BLF caused a reduction in the proliferation of the HLFK1 cell line when BLF was added to the cultures together with the antigen - (HLF). On the other hand, proliferation of the HLFK1 cell line was not inhibited by pretreatment of the antigen-presenting cells or T cells with BLF. Therefore, we suggest that bovine lactoferrin may interfere with the binding or uptake of the antigen (HLF). Alternatively, BLF may nonspecifically inhibit the activation of the HLFK1 cell line.
Breakdown in Peripheral Tolerance in Type 1 Diabetes in Mice and Humans (2012)

Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), also called juvenile diabetes because of its classically early onset, is considered an autoimmune disease targeting the insulin-producing β cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. T1D reflects a loss of tolerance to tissue self-antigens caused by defects in both central tolerance, which aims at eliminating potentially autoreactive lymphocytes developing in the thymus, and peripheral tolerance, which normally controls autoreactive T cells that escaped the thymus. Like in other autoimmune diseases, the mechanisms leading to T1D are multifactorial and depend on a complex combination of genetic, epigenetic, molecular, and cellular elements that result in the breakdown of peripheral tolerance. In this article, we discuss the contribution of these factors in the development of the autoimmune response targeting pancreatic islets in T1D and the therapeutic strategies currently being explored to correct these defects.
EFFICIENT METHOD FOR RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT UNDER HIGH-CYCLE FATIGUE (2012)

Fatigue causes about 90% of service failures in machines. Fatigue analysis involves significant randomness in the loads, material properties and geometry. Designers often use Monte Carlo simulation to estimate fatigue reliability under dynamic, random loads such as those due to ocean waves. Monte Carlo simulation is computationally expensive because it requires calculation of the stresses for thousands of simulated time histories of the loads. This paper presents and demonstrates a method to estimate efficiently the fatigue life of a structure subjected to a dynamic load, which is represented by a stationary, Gaussian random process, for many different spectra of the excitation. The method requires only one Monte Carlo simulation for one power spectral density function of the excitation.
Presence and Activation of Nuclear Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase C2β during Compensatory Liver Growth (2001)

Highly purified liver nuclei incorporated radiolabeled phosphate into phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P), PtdIns(4,5)P(2), and PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3). When nuclei were depleted of their membrane, no radiolabeling of PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) could be detected showing that within the intranuclear region there are no class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)s. In membrane-depleted nuclei harvested 20 h after partial hepatectomy, the incorporation of radiolabel into PtdIns(3)P was observed together with an increase in immunoprecipitable PI3K-C2beta activity, which is sensitive to wortmannin (10 nm) and shows strong preference for PtdIns over PtdIns(4)P as a substrate. On Western blots PI3K-C2beta revealed a single immunoreactive band of 180 kDa, whereas 20 h after partial hepatectomy gel shift of 18 kDa was noticed, suggesting that observed activation of enzyme is achieved by proteolysis. When intact membrane-depleted nuclei were subjected to short term (20 min) exposure to micro-calpain, similar gel shift together with an increase in PI3K-C2beta activity was observed, when compared with the nuclei harvested 20 h after partial hepatectomy. Moreover, the above-mentioned gel shift and increase in PI3K-C2beta activity could be prevented by the calpain inhibitor calpeptin. The data presented in this report show that, in the membrane-depleted nuclei during the compensatory liver growth, there is an increase in PtdIns(3)P formation as a result of PI3K-C2beta activation, which may be a calpain-mediated event.
Space-time modeling of Raman pulses in silicon-on-insulator optical waveguides (2006)

Stimulated Raman scattering, two-photon absorption, free-carrier dispersion, self-phase and cross-phase modulations induced by the Kerr effect, walk-off, pump depletion, and polarization coupling are investigated theoretically in silicon-on-insulator optical waveguides. The influence of submicrometer-scale rib waveguide sizes on the time-space evolution of both pump and fundamental and higher order Stokes' picosecond pulses is presented. Finally, the threshold conditions for higher order Stokes' waves have been found and interpolated by a simple formula.
Expandability of Ultralong C–C Bonds: Largely Different C1–C2 Bond Lengths Determined by Low-temperature X-ray Structural Analyses on Pseudopolymorphs of 1,1-Bis(4-fluorophenyl)-2,2-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)pyracene (2013)

Abstract Low-temperature X-ray analyses on several pseudopolymorphs (solvate crystals) revealed that the C1–C2 bond length of the highly congested title molecule can adopt quite different values [1.700(6)–1.739(6) Å]. Such an unusual observation indicates that the ultralong covalent bond is endowed with “expandability,” thus the prestrained bond can be elongated or shortened very easily accompanied by only a minute change in energy, which can be compensated by intermolecular perturbation in the crystal.
Effect of the addition of block copolymers on the formation and stability of vesicles (liposomes) prepared using soybean lecithin (2007)

Soybean lecithin disperses into water, forming multilamellar liposomes which, on sonication, produce vesicles of the order of 40–50 nm (diameter), as determined by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS). The effect of concentration of lecithin and sonication time was systematically investigated. Vesicles were then prepared by incorporation of A-B-A block copolymers of polyethylene oxide (PEO) and polypropylene oxide (PPO), i.e. (PEO-PPO-PEO). Experiments using electrophoresis showed a reduction in the ζ-potential of the vesicles on incorporation of the block 0copolymer which can be attributed to the shift of the shear plane. Differential Scanning Calorimetry experiments showed changes in the transition temperature of the lipids. Such results provide some evidence of incorporation. The effect of the molecular weight of the PEO and PPO chains on the vesicle size was systematically studied by using various molecules to prepare the vesicles. Initial addition of these block copolymers causes an increase in the size of the vesicles. This increase continues until a certain concentration of block copolymer is reached, after which a decrease in size is observed. The initial increase was thought to be due to the incorporation of the block copolymer onto the vesicle bilayer. Various models are presented to describe this incorporation.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Dental Tissues <i>vs</i>. Those from Other Sources: Their Biology and Role in Regenerative Medicine (2009)

To date, 5 different human dental stem/progenitor cells have been isolated and characterized: dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED), periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP), and dental follicle progenitor cells (DFPCs). These postnatal populations have mesenchymal-stem-cell-like (MSC) qualities, including the capacity for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation potential. MSCs derived from bone marrow (BMMSCs) are capable of giving rise to various lineages of cells, such as osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic, myogenic, and neurogenic cells. The dental-tissue-derived stem cells are isolated from specialized tissue with potent capacities to differentiate into odontogenic cells. However, they also have the ability to give rise to other cell lineages similar to, but different in potency from, that of BMMSCs. This article will review the isolation and characterization of the properties of different dental MSC-like populations in comparison with those of other MSCs, such as BMMSCs. Important issues in stem cell biology, such as stem cell niche, homing, and immunoregulation, will also be discussed.
Contribución al estudio de estrategias de acceso al medio en redes ópticas no guiadas (2013)

En los ultimos anos, los sistemas de iluminacion por LED se han consolidado en el mercado no solo debido al ahorro energetico que generan, sino tambien por la posibilidad de implementar sistemas de transmision de datos de media-alta velocidad, dando lugar a lo que se conoce como VLC (Visible Ligth Communications). El ancho de banda de estos sistemas puede ser utilizado ofreciendo un solo canal de alta velocidad, o multiples canales de baja velocidad, permitiendo la implementacion de redes de sensores, siendo necesario en ambos casos la utilizacion de tecnicas de acceso al medio para implementar el canal de uplink o incluso permitir la comunicacion entre los diferentes nodos. En los trabajos previos realizados en el grupo, se ha demostrado que las tecnicas de espectro ensanchado, no solo permiten la implementacion de tecnicas de acceso al medio basdas en multiplexacion por division de codigo, sino tambien anaden una muy buena respuesta ante fenomenos tipicos en los canales opticos no guiados, tales como la multipropagacion o las interferencias de banda estrecha generada por las fuentes de luz. Esta tesis se basa en el estudios de dichas tecnicas con el fin de establecer cual es la mas idonea para implementar redes de sensores en entornos opticos no guiados. A priori, se cree que la sencillez y caracteristicas temporales (pulsos muy cortos y de alta petencia) de las senales Time-Hopping, hacen de esta tecnica de codificacion una opcion interesante para lograr dos de los objetivos prioritarios en el diseno de una red de sensores, una facil implementacion y un bajo consumo que aumente la autonomia del dispositivo. Con esta tecnologia se espera abarcar dos campos de aplicaciones bien diferenciados: el primero es la implementacion de un enlace de subida robusto para sistemas VLC, de forma que no se generen interferencias multiusuarios ni se generen problemas con otros sistemas por compatibilidad EM en entornos tales como: los hospitalarios, los industriales o los aviones. El segundo campo de aplicacion son las redes de sensores de baja velocidad, como las utilizadas para implementar redes domoticas en el hogar o en entornos turisticos y las IOT en general.
IgA antibodies in human milk: epidemiological markers of previous infections? (1994)

The concept of an enteromammary link in secretory IgA (SIgA) antibody production was tested by hypothesising that specific SIgA antibody profiles in human milk might be an epidemiological marker for enteropathogens in a community. Milk from three subject groups was studied: 64 Sri Lankan women living in poor suburbs of Colombo, 20 Asian immigrant women domiciled in Birmingham, for a median period of five years (range 14 days-16 years), and 75 white women living in Birmingham. An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection and measurement of SIgA antibodies to a panel of 14 crude O and 10 pure lipopolysaccharide antigens of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli strains well known to be endemic in the Indian subcontinent. The number of Sri Lankan and Asian immigrant women with SIgA antibodies to all 14 diarrhoeagenic E coli antigens (except O127 in Asian women) was significantly higher than in the white controls. The amount of E coli O antigen specific SIgA antibody activity as a percentage of total SIgA also gave significantly higher median values in Sri Lankan (6%) and in Asian immigrant (4%) women than in white controls (0.7%). SIgA antibodies were highly O serogroup specific and showed excellent concordance between crude O and the corresponding purified lipopolysaccharide antigens. These results suggest that milk antibody profiles represent an epidemiological marker of exposure to enteral pathogens. The continuing specific milk antibody response in Asian women who have been domiciled in the United Kingdom for many years may indicate 'memory' in the human secretory immune system.