gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
GRIN lens and lens array fabrication with diffusion-driven photopolymer (2008)

We introduce a new method to make gradient index (GRIN) lenses and GRIN lens arrays by exposing diffusion-driven photopolymers using a low-power CW laser. By changing the size and power of the laser beam and the exposure time the index profile of the GRIN lens can be controlled. Combined with the self-developing nature of the photopolymer, this enables rapid "on-demand" printing of arbitrary micro-optics. We also introduce a new form of scanning phase microscopy that is conveniently integrated into the lens exposure hardware, providing accurate process monitoring.
FREQUENCY‐SELECTIVE DESIGN OF THE KIRCHHOFF MIGRATION OPERATOR<sup>1</sup> (1992)

A bstract Integral migration techniques perform a sum over an aperture of input traces to obtain output at a single point. The length of the aperture is limited by a spatial Nyquist criterion, which typically prohibits imaging very steep dips at very high frequencies without generating severe migration artifacts (migration operator aliasing). For time‐domain Kirchhoff migration, this can be a fatal shortcoming. The standard way to address this problem is to interpolate traces spatially before migration. This reduces the trace spacing, thereby increasing the frequency content which can be migrated without aliasing at steep dips. An alternative remedy to the operator aliasing problem is to modify the phase response of the Kirchhoff migration operator. This operator is frequency‐selective across the migration aperture: it passes all temporal frequencies of the input traces in the innermost portion of the aperture (referring to the shallow dips), and gradually cuts out the higher frequencies as it approaches the outer portion of the aperture. Thus, while all frequencies of the input data contribute to the shallow‐dip portion of the migrated image, only the permissible low frequencies of the input data contribute to imaging the steepest dips. Using a simple realization of a frequency‐selective Kirchhoff migration operator, this technique is illustrated on a synthetic data set involving greater than vertical dips.
Adipose, Bone Marrow and Synovial Joint-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Cartilage Repair (2016)

Current cell-based repair strategies have proven unsuccessful for treating cartilage defects and osteoarthritic lesions, consequently advances in innovative therapeutics are required and mesenchymal stem cell-based (MSC) therapies are an expanding area of investigation. MSCs are capable of differentiating into multiple cell lineages and exerting paracrine effects. Due to their easy isolation, expansion, and low immunogenicity, MSCs are an attractive option for regenerative medicine for joint repair. Recent studies have identified several MSC tissue reservoirs including in adipose tissue, bone marrow, cartilage, periosteum, and muscle. MSCs isolated from these discrete tissue niches exhibit distinct biological activities, and have enhanced regenerative potentials for different tissue types. Each MSC type has advantages and disadvantages for cartilage repair and their use in a clinical setting is a balance between expediency and effectiveness. In this review we explore the challenges associated with cartilage repair and regeneration using MSC-based cell therapies and provide an overview of phenotype, biological activities, and functional properties for each MSC population. This paper also specifically explores the therapeutic potential of each type of MSC, particularly focusing on which cells are capable of producing stratified hyaline-like articular cartilage regeneration. Finally we highlight areas for future investigation. Given that patients present with a variety of problems it is unlikely that cartilage regeneration will be a simple "one size fits all," but more likely an array of solutions that need to be applied systematically to achieve regeneration of a biomechanically competent repair tissue.
Lessons Lost in Linearity: A Critical Assessment of the General Usefulness of LEN Models in Compensation Research (2004)

As the Linear-Exponential-Normal (LEN) Principal-Agent model has gained in popularity, it has also increasingly been applied to problems inherently inconsistent with the assumptions underpinning this fragile framework. Concerns regarding LEN analysis in such cases are generally countered by appealing to the results' intuitive nature. When consistent with economic intuition, it is argued, the constraints the LEN framework imposes on such problems are likely non-consequential. This paper demonstrates in two simple cases that even seemingly intuitive results of non-optimal LEN analysis can be fundamentally different from the results that obtain from analysis of the unrestricted programs. Accordingly the paper makes a case for limiting LEN-type analysis to settings that are actually compatible with this framework.
Expression of the glycolytic gapA operon in Bacillus subtilis: differential syntheses of proteins encoded by the operon (2003)

Glycolysis is one of the central routes of carbon catabolism in Bacillus subtilis. Several glycolytic enzymes, including the key enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, are encoded in the hexacistronic gapA operon. Expression of this operon is induced by a variety of sugars and amino acids. Under non-inducing conditions, expression is repressed by the CggR repressor protein, the product of the promoter-proximal gene of the operon. Here, it is shown that the amount of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase encoded by the second gene of the operon exceeds that of the CggR repressor by about 100-fold. This differential synthesis was attributed to an mRNA processing event that takes place at the 3' end of the cggR open reading frame and to differential segmental stabilities of the resulting cleavage products. The mRNA specifying the truncated cggR gene is quickly degraded, whereas the downstream processing products encompassing gapA are quite stable. This increased stability is conferred by the presence of a stem-loop structure at the 5' end of the processed mRNAs. Mutations were introduced in the region of the cleavage site. A mutation affecting the stability of the stem-loop structure immediately downstream of the processing site had two effects. First, the steady-state transcript pattern was drastically shifted towards the primary transcripts; second, the stability of the processed mRNA containing the destabilized stem-loop structure was strongly decreased. This results in a reduction of the amount of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the cell. It is concluded that mRNA processing is involved in differential syntheses of the proteins encoded by the gapA operon.
Response Areas for Two Emergency Units (1972)

This paper gives a model in which two urban emergency service units (such as fire engines or ambulances) cooperate in responding to alarms or calls from the public in a specified region of a city. Given the home locations of the units and the spatial distribution of alarm rates, it is possible to specify which unit should respond to each alarm by defining a response area for each unit. The average response time to alarms and the workload of each unit are calculated as functions of the boundary that separates their response areas. The boundaries that minimize average response time and the ones that equalize workload are determined. Some boundaries can be dominated, in the sense that another boundary improves both workload balance and response time. The set of undominated boundaries is found.
Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) as a sacrificial template: one-pot synthesis of hollow poly(dopamine) nanocapsules and yolk-structured poly(dopamine) nanocomposites (2016)

Hollow poly(dopamine) (PDA) nanocapsules and yolk-structured PDA nanocomposites were prepared by an aqueous one-pot synthesis method utilizing zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanocrystals as a sacrificial template without any special etchant. The resulting PDA nanocapsules show negligible cytotoxicity in HeLa cells after incubation for 48 h at various doses, which implies their potential as candidates for practical applications in drug transport and targeting.
Japan on Display (2006)

Sixty years on from the end of the Pacific War, Japan on Display examines representations of the Meiji emperor, Mutsuhito (1852-1912) and his grandson the Showa emperor, Hirohito who was regarded as a symbol of the nation, in both war and peacetime. Much of this representation was aided by the phenomenon of photography. The introduction and development of photography in the nineteenth century coincided with the need to make Hirohito’s grandfather, the young Meiji Emperor, more visible. Photo books and albums became a popular format for presenting seemingly objective images of the monarch, reminding the Japanese of their proximity to the Emperor, and the imperial family. In the twentieth century, these 'national albums’ provided a visual record of wars fought in the name of the Emperor, while also documenting the reconstruction of Tokyo, scientific expeditions, and imperial tours. Drawing on archival documents, photographs, and sources in both Japanese and English, this book throws new light on the history of twentieth-century Japan and the central role of Hirohito. With Japan’s defeat in the Pacific War, the Emperor was transformed from wartime leader to peace-loving scientist. Japan on Display seeks to understand this reinvention of a more 'human’ Emperor and the role that photography played in the process.
Oasis<sup><sup>®</sup></sup>: an innovative alternative dressing for chronic wounds (2001)

Chronic wounds in patients with multiple systemic factors present a significant clinical challenge for clinicians. Oasis Wound Dressing is derived from porcine small intestine which, when placed in a non-infected wound, stimulates new tissue and an absorbable, natural template for the growth of new tissue. Emerging evidence suggests that it is beneficial for patients with chronic, non-healing wounds complicated by multiple systemic factors.
Polyurethanes derived from carbohydrates and cystine‐based monomers (2014)

ABSTRACT Linear [ m,n ]‐type polyurethanes (PUs) fully based on renewable materials are synthesized by interfacial polycondensation reaction of diamines derived from the amino‐acid cystine with (bis)chloroformates derived from alditols having L‐ arabino or xyl o configuration. The degradability of the new PUs has been enhanced by the introduction of disulfide linkages into the polymer backbone leading to a new group of stimulus‐responsive sugar‐based polyurethanes able to be degraded by glutathione under physiological conditions. All these polyurethanes are stable up to around 245°C, decomposing at higher temperatures through a one‐stage mechanism. The new materials display high chemical homogeneity and degradability in both hydrolytic and reductive environments, with reductions of above 90% in M w . © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132 , 41304.
A Convenient Synthesis of 4,5-Disubstituted 1,2,4-Triazoles Functionalized in Position 3 (2005)

A convenient approach to 4,5-disubstituted 3-hydroxy­methyl-1,2,4-triazoles as well as to the corresponding 3-chloro­methyl and 3-carboxaldehyde derivatives was developed starting from 3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazoles which can, in turn, be readily obtained from acyl hydrazines and isothiocyanates.
Back to Basics—Part 2: Common Technology Terms (1996)

Technology will continue to change and adapt at a furious pace. Nobody expects nurse executives to be high-tech gurus. However, understanding the general principles behind many of the technological tools today can help.
Complications in operative hysteroscopy – is prevention possible? (2017)

Operative hysteroscopy in a hospital setting has revolutionized surgical treatment of benign uterine disorders. It is minimally invasive, cost- and time-effective, and may spare patients major surgical interventions. Operative hysteroscopy in a day-case hospital setting is regarded as a safe and well-tolerated procedure with low complication rates. However, prevention of adverse events is crucial in daily practice to optimize patient care. Complications in operative hysteroscopy can be divided into early complications, including bleeding, uterine perforation, infection and fluid overload, or late complications and suboptimal outcomes, such as incomplete resection and intrauterine adhesions. Awareness and knowledge of management of adverse events as well as the use of possible preventative measures will increase the quality and safety of hysteroscopic surgery. The present commentary focuses on these issues as an up-to-date basis for everyday clinical practice.
Growth and light absorption of some planktonic cyanobacteria, diatoms and Chlorophyceae under simulated natural light fluctuations (1998)

Specific growth rates of Limnothrix redekei, Planktothrix agardhii (cyanobacteria), Synedra acus, Stephanodiscus minutulus (diatoms), Scenedesmus acuminalus and Scenedesmus armatus (Chlorophyceae) were compared under different time structures of illumination, but the same daily light exposure, at 20C. Fluctuating irradiance simulating a uniform rapid transport of the algal cells across the aquatic light field on a cloudless day with z c jz mlx = 1 was compared with constant irradiance throughout the same photoperiod of 12 h length as well as a photoperiod of 6 h length. Fluctuating light (30 min for a cycle) resulted in a decrease in specific growth rates as compared with constant irradiance at the same photoperiod length. This decrease amounts to 15-20% for diatoms, 20-25% for Chlorophyceae and 35-40% for cyanobacteria, respectively. The decrease is somewhat lower if the fluctuations simulating mixing are slower (60 min for a cycle). The specific growth rate is also decreased by a shorter photoperiod, but this effect is more species specific. Regarding the in vivo absorption spectra, fluctuating light or a shorter photoperiod has little or no effect on the Chlorophyceae and diatoms studied, whereas cyanobacteria show an increase in light absorption by chlorophyll a and phycobilins.
US-style commissioning. Raising Arizona. (2004)

Strategic health authorities can learn a lot about strategic vision from Arizona's healthcare cost containment system. The Arizona commissioners have greater power than primary care trusts to push through new and more effective models of community care. Commissioner/provider relations can be fraught as health plans hold out for big discounts.
DIPStorage: Distributed storage of IP flow records (2008)

The storage of IP traffic traces increasingly grows more complex, since data flows tend to increase largely over time. Network operatorpsilas backbones generate each day hundreds of gigabyte of IP flow records that need to be stored and analyzed. Handling such amount of data requires a high-performance hardware and software. One way to leverage performance requirements of a storing and analysis of traffic data is to design a distributed platform to replace centralized solutions existing today. This paper designs a scalable storage platform for IP flow records. The evaluation of the implemented prototype shows that such an approach can offer a good and practical solution for storing and retrieving high amounts of IP flow records.
Social Research Methodology: A Critical Introduction (2008)

Overview of the Book Controlled Experiments More Naturalism in Experiments Sample Surveys and Statistical Representativeness Natural Experiments Controlling for Time in Natural Experiments Using Bureaucratic Data in Research Questions and Answers Analysing the Results of Qualitative Interviews Observing Naturally Occurring Events Analysing Written Documents Evaluative and Emancipatory Research Research Ethics Bibliography Index
Effects of Hylan G-F 20 supplementation on cartilage preservation detected by magnetic resonance imaging in osteoarthritis of the knee: a two-year single-blind clinical trial (2011)

The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00393393).
Lactate in bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis (2018)

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a debilitating mood disorder with no specific biological marker. No novel treatment has been developed specifically for BD in the last several decades. Although the pathophysiology of BD remains unclear, there is strong evidence in the literature supporting the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in BD. In this systematic review, we identified and investigated 12 studies that measure lactate, which is a direct marker for mitochondrial dysfunction, in BD patients and healthy controls. Six studies measured lactate levels in the brain through proton echo-planar spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy and five of these studies reported significantly elevated lactate levels in patients with BD. Two studies reporting cerebrospinal fluid lactate levels also found significantly elevated lactate in BD compared to healthy controls. Two other studies that reported peripheral lactate levels did not demonstrate significant findings. The meta-analysis, using standardized means and a random-effect model for five studies that measured brain lactate levels, corroborated the findings of the systematic review. Although the meta-analysis had a nearly significant overall effect (Z = 1.97, P = 0.05), high statistical heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup> = 86%) and possible publication bias suggest that the results should be interpreted with caution. To validate lactate abnormalities in BD, further studies should be carried out, including larger sample sizes, not excluding female patients, and using standardized methodologies. Peripheral lactate levels and other bioenergetic markers should be thoroughly studied to better understand the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in BD and to help develop more objective diagnostic tools.
On the identification of systems from data measurements using ARMA lattice models (1986)

Methods for the autoregressive moving average (ARMA) modeling of digital systems using a two-channel autoregressive (AR) lattice are presented. One method has the advantage that one-half of the lattice parameters are zero when the system's excitation signal is white noise.
Experimental Damage Mechanics of Microelectronic Solder Joints Under Fatigue Loading (2002)

Fatigue damage is a progressive process of material degradation. The objective of this study is to experimentally qualify the damage mechanism in solder joints in electronic packaging under thermal fatigue loading. Another objective of this paper is to show that damage mechanism under thermal cycling and mechanical cycling is very different. Elastic modulus degradation under thermal cycling, which is considered as a physically detectable quantity of material degradation, was measured by Nano-indenter. It was compared with tendency of inelastic strain accumulation of solder joints in Ball Grid Array (BGA) package under thermal cycling, which was measured by Moire´ interferometry. Fatigue damage evolution in solder joints with traditional load-drop criterion was also investigated by shear-strain hysteresis loops from strain-controlled cyclic shear testing of thin layer solder joints. Load-drop behavior was compared with elastic modulus degradation of solder joints under thermal cycling. Following conventional Coffin-Manson approach, S-N curve was obtained from isothermal fatigue testing with load-drop criterion. Coffin-Manson curves obtained from strain controlled mechanical tests were used to predict fatigue life of solder joints. In this paper it is shown that this approach underestimates the fatigue life by an order of magnitude. Results obtained in this project indicate that thermal fatigue and isothermal mechanical fatigue are completely different damage mechanism for microstructurally evolving materials.
A Study of the Relationship between Self Concept and Depression of Middle-Aged Women (1997)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between self concept and depression of middle-age women. Data were collected by a questionnaire from June 23 to July 3, 1997. The subject for this study were 138 women between 40-60 years of age living in Seoul and Incheon. The instruments used for this study were the self concept scale developed by Rosenberg and Choi, Jung-Hun and the depression scale developed by Rockliff and the investigator. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, stepwise multiple regression using the SPSS program. The results of this study were as follows 1. Mean score of self concept was 3.58, in minimum score 2.86 to maximum score 3.99.2. Mean score of depression scale was 1.95, in a minimum score 1.50 to maximum score 2.61.3. The relationship between self concept and depression was statistically significant negative correlation(r=-0.5121, p<0.001).4. General characteristics variables significantly related to the level of self concept were marital status(t=-3.22, p<0.01), experience of disease in a year(t=2.76, p<0.01), child problem(t=-2.59, p<0.05), marital satisfaction(F=6.80, p<0.05).5. General characteristics variables significantly related to the level of depression were possession of house(t=-2.42, p<0.01), experience of disease in a year(t=-4.32, p<0.001), child problem(t=3.12, p<0.05), husband problem(t=5.29, p<0.001), marital satisfaction (F=8.36, p<0.001).6. Obstetrical characteristics variables significantly related to the level of self concept was times of pregnancy(F=3.54, p<0.05).7. Obstetrical characteristics variables significantly related to the level of depression were age of menarche(F=3.87, p<0.05), times of abortion(F=2.49, p<0.01) number of children(F=3.36, p<0.01).8. In the stepwise multiple regression analysis, the main influencing variables on depression of middle aged women were self concept(R2=.26, p<0.001), husband problem (R2=.37, p<0.001), experience of disease in a year(R2=.41, p<0.001) and possession of house(R2=.44, p<0.001).
Data offloading techniques in 3GPP Rel-10 networks: A tutorial (2012)

The realization of high data rates in LTE technology over an all IP network means an ever increasing load on packet data networks. 3GPP has defined data offloading as a key solution to cope with this challenge. Data offloading has been a critical area of study in 3GPP Release-10. The 3GPP Evolved Packet Core (EPC) has been defined to be expansive; for example, it is designed to work in conjunction with non-3GPP access networks, femto cells etc., This diversity causes more scenarios to tackle, but it also provides solutions in the ways of offloading data from the EPC. This article is a tutorial on three such mechanisms, namely Local IP Access (LIPA), Selected IP Traffic Offload (SIPTO) and IP Flow Mobility (IFOM). The article starts with an overview of data offloading methods. The basics and key concepts of each method are summarized before giving the requirements, architecture and procedures with high-level message flows. The article ends with a brief evaluation of the mechanisms and references for the reader interested in further reading.
Data Envelopment Analysis (2010)

In this article, we introduce a user-written data envelopment analysis command for Stata. Data envelopment analysis is a linear programming method for assessing the efficiency and productivity of units called decision-making units. Over the last decades, data envelopment analysis has gained considerable attention as a managerial tool for measuring performance of organizations, and it has been used widely for assessing the efficiency of public and private sectors such as banks, airlines, hospitals, universities, defense firms, and manufacturers. The dea command in Stata will allow users to conduct the standard optimization procedure and extended managerial analysis. The dea command developed in this article selects the chosen variables from a Stata data file and constructs a linear programming model based on the selected dea options. Examples are given to illustrate how one could use the code to measure the efficiency of decision-making units.