gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a newly established human bladder carcinoma cell line, NTUB1. (1992)

A new human bladder cancer cell line, NTUB1, has been derived from the surgical specimen of a 70-year-old female patient diagnosed with poorly differentiated transitional cell carcinoma. It has been successfully propagated in vitro for over 24 months without evidence of reaching senescence. Population doubling time was about 21 hours at the 32nd passage. It was tumorigenic in nude mice, and the histologic findings of the heterotransplanted tumor resembled the original tumor. Expression of keratin proteins confirmed its epithelial origin. Cytogenetic analysis showed multiple chromosome changes. Anticancer drugs, including thiotepa and adriamycin, were tested in vitro, and the cytotoxicity did not exceed 50% of the control value; likewise, in this patient chemotherapy was not effective. On the other hand, a combination of recombinant tumor necrosis factor and interferon tau in vitro was more effective against this tumor.
Distributed Crawling of Rich Internet Applications (2015)

Web crawlers visit internet applications, collect data, and learn about new web pages from visited pages. Web crawlers have a long and interesting history. Quick expansion of the web, and the complexity added to web applications have made the process of crawling a very challenging one. Different solutions have been proposed to reduce the time and cost of crawling. New generation of web applications, known as Rich Internet Applications (RIAs), pose major challenges to the web crawlers. RIAs shift a portion of the computation to the client side. Shifting a portion of the application to the client browser influences the web crawler in two ways: First, the one-to-one correlation between the URL and the state of the application, that exists in traditional web applications, is broken. Second, reaching a state of the application is no longer a simple operation of navigating to the target URL, but often means navigating to a seed URL and executing a chain of events from it. Due to these challenges, crawling a RIA can take a prohibitively long time. This thesis studies applying distributed computing and parallel processing principles to the field of RIA crawling to reduce the time. We propose different algorithms to concurrently crawl a RIA over several nodes. The proposed algorithms are used as a building block to construct a distributed crawler of RIAs. The different algorithms proposed represent different trade-offs between communication and computation. This thesis explores the effect of making different trade-offs and their effect on the time it takes to crawl RIAs. We study the cost of running a distributed RIA crawl with client-server architecture and compare it with a peer-to-peer architecture. We further study distribution of different crawling strategies, namely: Breath-First search, Depth-First search, Greedy algorithm, and Probabilistic algorithm. To measure the effect of different design decisions in practice, a prototype of each algorithm is implemented. The implemented prototypes are used to obtain empirical performance measurements and to refine the algorithms. The ultimate refined algorithm is used for experimentation with a wide range of applications under different circumstances. This thesis finally includes two theoretical studies of load balancing algorithms and distributed component-based crawling and sets the stage for future studies.
A (2007)

Absolute advantage: an idea described by Adam Smith in his Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, and developed further by others, that countries engage in international trade to obtain goods more cheaply from abroad than they could make them themselves at home. Smith argued that international trade allows a greater specialization than would be possible in an autarkic system, thereby permitting resources to be used more efficiently. Writing about the reasons why families buy things rather than making them themselves, he said: “[w]hat is prudence in the conduct of every private family can scarce be folly in that of a great kingdom. If a foreign country can supply us with a commodity cheaper than we ourselves can make it, better buy it with some part of the produce of our own industry employed in a way in which we have some advantage.” See also autarky, comparative advantage, gains-from-trade theory, Heckscher-Ohlin theorem, self-reliance and self-sufficiency. [Smith 1991 (1776)]
Online concentration and separation of basic proteins using a cationic polyelectrolyte in the presence of reversed electroosmotic flow (2006)

We report an online concentration and separation method for basic proteins using poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) solutions in the presence of reversed EOF. Using a capillary dynamically coated with 2% PDDA containing 0.1 M NaCl and filled with 1.2% PDDA under neutral conditions (10 mM phosphate, pH 7.0), we have demonstrated the separation of six basic proteins with peak efficiencies ranging from 175 000 to 616 000 plates/m and RSDs of migration time less than 0.4%. Additionally, high-speed separation of six basic proteins (<7 min) was achieved using a short capillary filled with 0.6% PDDA solutions. Under injection of the large-volume sample (210 nL), the LODs at S/N of 3 for basic proteins are down to nanomolar range. For example, the LOD for lysozyme is 1.2 nM, which is a 260-fold sensitivity enhancement compared with conventional injection method. The proposed method has been applied to the stacking of lysozyme in human saliva samples. Without any pretreatment, we also demonstrated the capability of this method to detect low amounts of peptide samples through the stacking of tryptic peptide of myoglobin. The experimental results indicate that our proposed method has great potential for use in clinical diagnosis and proteomics applications.
A time-domain approach to extract SPICE-compatible equivalent models for embedded interconnects (2003)

This paper proposes an efficient algorithm for extracting SPICE-compatible circuits of embedded interconnect structures from FDTD-simulated time-domain reflections. A layer-peeling technique (LPT) is first employed to de-embed the interconnect-under-extract (IUE) and obtain the time-domain response of the IUE itself. A general pencil of matrix method (GPOM) is then used to get the pole-residue representation of the time-domain response of the IUE. A pole-reducing procedure is implemented based on a bandwidth criterion to obtain another pole-residue representation with minimum poles. Finally, the lumped equivalent models of the IUE are synthesized by an equivalent lumped-model extraction technique, in which four types of equivalent model bases are used. The equivalent circuit can be easily implemented in a SPICE-like simulator. A bonding wire structure and a multiple discontinuous microstrip line are presented as an example to demonstrate the validity of the proposed algorithm both in time and frequency domains.
Melatonin for Insomnia and Jet Lag (1996)

Recently, an adolescent patient, in for a routine physical examination, asked about the use of melatonin for insomnia. She had actually purchased a melatonin-containing product several weeks before at a local health food store, dosing herself nightly as instructed by the "guy behind the counter." Several other patients and parents have since inquired about my knowledge of this "natural remedy." The body's internal clock, the circadian system, is regulated by the pineal gland.
Analysis and Simulation of Capacitor-Less ReRAM-Based Stochastic Neurons for the in-Memory Spiking Neural Network (2018)

The stochastic neuron is a key for event-based probabilistic neural networks. We propose a stochastic neuron using a metal-oxide resistive random-access memory (ReRAM). The ReRAM's conducting filament with built-in stochasticity is used to mimic the neuron's membrane capacitor, which temporally integrates input spikes. A capacitor-less neuron circuit is designed, laid out, and simulated. The output spiking train of the neuron obeys the Poisson distribution. Using the 65-nm CMOS technology node, the area of the neuron is , which is one ninth the size of a 1-pF capacitor. The average power consumption of the neuron is 1.289 W. We introduce the neural array-A modified one-transistor-one-ReRAM (1T1R) crossbar that integrates the ReRAM neurons with ReRAM synapses to form a compact and energy efficient in-memory spiking neural network. A spiking deep belief network (DBN) with a noisy rectified linear unit (NReLU) is trained and mapped to the spiking DBN using the proposed ReRAM neurons. Simulation results show that the ReRAM neuron-based DBN is able to recognize the handwritten digits with 94.7% accuracy and is robust against the ReRAM process variation effect.
Trigeminal neuralgia: sudden and long-term remission with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. (1997)

As an initial treatment of choice, TENS can be a safe and effective therapy for trigeminal neuralgia. The unique effect of this accidental application leads us to speculate that diffuse noxious inhibitory controls may have been the pain inhibitory pathway responsible for the resolution of symptoms in this case. Although firm conclusions are difficult to draw from one incident, using TENS at an intense, noxious level may improve its therapeutic efficacy by decreasing treatment time and frequency and eliciting long-lasting effects. This case suggests the need for further investigation of TENS in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia and related pain syndromes.
A computer aided engineering system for memory BIST (2001)

An integrated memory test system is presented. It includes a reconfigurable memory test module, a test algorithm editor, a memory fault simulator, and a test code generator. For a given memory organization, fault list, and test algorithm, the system automatically reports the fault coverage, generates control assembly codes, and produces circuit net list for test pattern generation. The system has been implemented in 9000 lines of C++ program based on the Microsoft Windows graphic user interface. It has been verified on different test algorithms and memory chips.
Ryanodine Receptors, Calcium Signaling, and Regulation of Vascular Tone in The Cerebral Parenchymal Microcirculation (2012)

The cerebral blood supply is delivered by a surface network of pial arteries and arterioles from which arise (parenchymal) arterioles that penetrate into the cortex and terminate in a rich capillary bed. The critical regulation of CBF, locally and globally, requires precise vasomotor regulation of the intracerebral microvasculature. This vascular region is anatomically unique as illustrated by the presence of astrocytic processes that envelope almost the entire basolateral surface of PAs. There are, moreover, notable functional differences between pial arteries and PAs. For example, in pial VSMCs, local calcium release events ("calcium sparks") through ryanodine receptor (RyR) channels in SR membrane activate large conductance, calcium-sensitive potassium channels to modulate vascular diameter. In contrast, VSMCs in PAs express functional RyR and BK channels, but under physiological conditions, these channels do not oppose pressure-induced vasoconstriction. Here, we summarize the roles of ryanodine receptors in the parenchymal microvasculature under physiologic and pathologic conditions, and discuss their importance in the control of CBF.
Bedside Continuous Irrigation and Drainage as an Interim Local Treatment for Septic Arthritis of the Knee in the Medically Unstable Patient: A Case Report (2015)

Septic arthritis is a surgical emergency. Prompt diagnosis and immediate treatment reduce the destruction of articular cartilage and give better outcome. We describe a simple, minimally invasive closed tube irrigation system for the initial treatment of septic arthritis of the knee in a patient with complex medical problems who was unfit to undergo surgery.
The Chebyshev expansion based passive model for distributed interconnect networks (1999)

A new Chebyshev expansion based model for distributed interconnect networks is presented in this paper. Unlike the moment methods, this new model is optimal and it does not require the knowledge of expansion points. An automatic order selection scheme is also included in the new model. By using the integrated congruence transform, we guarantee the passivity of the new model for distributed interconnect networks. Because of the orthogonality of Chebyshev polynomials, the Modified Gram-Schmidt algorithm can be simplified. In the experimental examples, the new model is found to be accurate and efficient.
Regulation of Phosphate Assimilation in Rhizobium (Sinorhizobium) meliloti (1998)

We report the isolation of phoB and phoU mutants of the bacterium Rhizobium (Sinorhizobium) meliloti. These mutants form N2-fixing nodules on the roots of alfalfa plants. R. meliloti mutants defective in the phoCDET (ndvF) encoded phosphate transport system grow slowly in media containing 2 mM Pi, and form nodules which fail to fix nitrogen (Fix-). We show that the transfer of phoB or phoU insertion mutations into phoC mutant strains restores the ability of these mutants to: (i) form normal N2-fixing root-nodules, and (ii) grow like the wild type in media containing 2 mM Pi. We also show that expression of the alternate orfA pit encoded Pi transport system is negatively regulated by the phoB gene product, whereas phoB is required for phoCDET expression. We suggest that in R. meliloti cells growing under Pi limiting conditions, PhoB protein activates phoCDET transcription and represses orfA pit transcription. Our results suggest that there are major differences between the Escherichia coli and R. meliloti phosphate regulatory systems.
A novel Chinese-English on translation method using mix-language web pages (2010)

In this paper, we propose a novel Chinese-English organization name translation method with the assistance of mix-language web resources. Firstly, all the implicit out-of-vocabulary terms in the input Chinese organization name are recognized by a CRFs model. Then the input Chinese organization name is translated without considering these recognized out-of-vocabulary terms. Secondly, we construct some efficient queries to find the mix-language web pages that contain both the original input organization name and its correct translation. At last, a similarity matching and limited expansion based translation identification approach is proposed to identify the correct translation from the returned web pages. Experimental results show that our method is effective for Chinese organization name translation and can improve performance of Chinese organization name translation significantly.
A double dipoles per cell structure for solving common-mode resonance in tightly coupled dipole array (2016)

A key challenge in designing tightly coupled dipole arrays (TCDAs) and connected arrays is common-mode resonance, which could dramatically influence the bandwidth. In this article, a double dipoles per cell structure is applied in TCDA unit design in order to solve the resonance by moving the resonance frequency above the operation band. The simulation results show that the double dipoles per cell structure reduces the common-mode resonance effectively and the array achieves 3:1 bandwidth (from 3GHz to 9GHz). When scanning in H-plane and E-plane, respectively, the array achieves 3GHz to 9GHz and 3.5GHz to 9.2GHz bandwidth with the scan angle up to 45°.
Modifications to synaptic transmission at group Ia synapses on cat spinal motoneurones by 4‐aminopyridine. (1981)

1. The average amplitude of e.p.s.p.s evoked in cat spinal motoneurones by impulses in single group Ia afferents usually increased following the intravenous injection of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP). Most of this increase occurred over the first 30 min following injection of 4-AP. 2. The increase in the average amplitude following 4-AP occurred by a reduction in the probability of occurrence of component e.p.s.p.s with smaller peak amplitudes, and an increase in the probability of occurrence of component e.p.s.p.s with larger peak amplitudes. There was no evidence that the discrete amplitudes of components after 4-AP were a result of graded increases of the discrete amplitudes before 4-AP. 3. The interpretation suggested for these results is that each component e.p.s.p. is generated by transmission at a different combination of boutons. At each of these boutons sufficient transmitter is released to saturate all available receptors. The effect of 4-AP is to decrease the probability of failure to release transmitter at each bouton, including some boutons which, before 4-AP, did not release transmitter.
[Tetrandrine on monocyte migration induced by endothelial cell-derived chemotactic factor]. (1992)

The medium conditioned by cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (EC-CM) was used as a source of chemotactic factor, and its chemotactic activity for monocytes was tested by using micropore filter assay in modified Boyden chamber. The effects of tetrandrine, a calcium antagonist, on monocyte migration induced by EC-CM were investigated. The results showed that cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells secreted a chemotactic factor for monocytes, and the monocyte migration induced by this chemoattractant could be inhibited by tetrandrine at the concentration of 10(-8)-10(-5) mol/L in a dose-dependent manner. Verapamil at the concentration of x10(-8) mol/L also showed the same effect. It is suggested that tetrandrine may inhibit monocyte migration into arterial subendothelial space through antagonism to calcium and thereby suppress atherogenesis.
Micellar Aggregates Formed Following the Addition of Hexafluoroisopropanol to Phospholipid Membranes (2004)

The addition of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) to aqueous phospholipid membranes leads to perturbation of the bilayer. In the case of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), calorimetric and small-angle X-ray scattering analyses indicate that effects are already apparent at bound molar HFIP/lipid ratios of less than 1:150, with a pronounced decrease in the temperature of the main (gel to liquid crystalline) phase transition and a decrease in the intensity of the first- and second-order scattering reflections. As the HFIP concentration is raised further, at bound molar HFIP/lipid ratios >2:1, uniform isotropic particulate structures are formed with higher intrinsic curvature than the parent liposomes. These observations are supported by the results of thin-film experiments and are consistent with the formation of DMPC/HFIP adducts that are detergent-like in nature. In the case of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) the effects are much less marked, with no blebbing observed over a comparable range of HFIP concentrations. Although HFIP interacts strongly with DOPC membranes, it appears that membrane rupture is not promoted as readily with this lipid. Data from electron microscopy, laser correlation spectroscopy, and marker release experiments suggest that some of the immediate (nonequilibrium) effects of HFIP on membranes are the consequence of microinhomogeneity in water/HFIP mixtures. On the basis of our observations, we propose a model for the interaction of HFIP with phospholipid membranes.
Simultaneous Electrothermal Test Method for Pyroelectric Microsensors (2007)

Pyroelectric film materials, including polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and its copolymers (e.g., P(VDF/trifluoroethylene)), are attractive candidates for low-cost infrared detection and imaging applications due to their compatibility with complementary metal-oxide semiconductor processing and inexpensive packaging requirements compared to semiconductor-based detectors. The pyroelectric coefficient (p) describes the material’s electric response to a change in sensor temperature and is the main contributor to the sensitivity and detectivity of the system. However, this value can vary greatly with film fabrication and poling processes, and its measurement is often highly coupled to the material’s thermal diffusivity. This paper describes a new approach to film characterization that combines the popular “3-omega” technique for thermal characterization with a modified version of the laser intensity modulation method for determining the film’s pyroelectric coefficient. The new method is capable of simultaneously measuring film conductivity, diffusivity, and pyroelectric coefficient. It could increase the accuracy of the pyroelectric measurements by providing in situ thermal data to the electrical model instead of relying on published values or thermal measurements of a different sample. We also present a fabrication process that can be used to pole and measure a variety of pyroelectric materials and a mathematical framework to study the thermal phenomena of the setup. The thermal model is used to highlight the methodology’s sensitivity to uncertainties in the geometric and material property values of the layers surrounding the pyroelectric film.
Cellular Cardiomyoplasty Using Different Stem Cells in a Single Center (2008)

Cellular cardiomyoplasty is a procedure that uses live cells to replace, repair or enhance the biological function of a damaged or failing heart. Several types of autologous stem cells from adult human have been used for cellular car- diomyoplasty with encouraging outcomes. However, a direct comparison of different stem cells in a single clinical center has not been reported. We harvested stem cells from skeletal muscle (satellite cells) or bone marrow from different pa- tients and utilized for cellular cardiomyoplasty. Eighteen male patients, suffering acute myocardial infarction were evenly assigned to coronary artery bypass graft and autologous satellite cell implantation or percutaneous coronary intervention and autologous bone marrow cell intra coronary infusion. Cardiac functions were assessed before and at six months after the treatment. All patients who survived the procedures without obvious arrhythmia, had an uneventful recovery, and were discharged from the hospital. One patient from each group was not subjected to coronary artery bypass graft or percutane- ous coronary intervention. Significant improvement in NYHA classification and left ventricular ejection fraction were ob- served to a similar degree for both treatments at six month later. Comparable improvements in local contractility, blood perfusion, tissue viability, and wall thickness at infarct area for all patients who received either type of autologous stem cells were also found. Cellular cardiomyoplasty using either autologous satellite cells or autologous bone marrow cells has equal beneficial outcomes at six months follow-up. A longer follow-up time and large scale randomized controlled trail will be needed to determine the advantages of different stem cells.
Evolving perspectives during 12 years of electrical turbulence (1998)

This Focus issue describes a problem in electrical dynamics which has fascinated generations of physiologists. There are today so many views of fibrillation that only the rarest generalization can embrace all of them. Fifty-two prominent investigators collaborate here to present aspects of the problem in these eighteen articles (including this introduction) tailored for readers whose principal expertise lies elsewhere. In "The High One's Lay" (Norse Runes, ca. 800) Odin remarks, "Much too early I came to many places: the beer was not yet ready, or was already drunk em leader " but to this one we come at very nearly the right time in 1998. This introduction attempts to guide newcomers by noting the changed or multiple meanings of novel technical terms while sorting the key facts and ideas into an order that facilitates comparison and contrast with those of a dozen years ago. This Focus issue is authored by some of the foremost innovators of both theory and experiment in this area. By assimilating their presentations the readers of Chaos can become well poised to appreciate and evaluate the definitive evidence expected in the next few years. (c) 1998 American Institute of Physics.