gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Highly Sensitive Nondestructive Rare Earth Element Detection by Means of Wavelength-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy Enabled by an Energy Dispersive pn-Charge-Coupled-Device Detector (2019)

Detection of rare earth elements (REE) is commonly performed with destructive techniques such as (LA)-ICPMS or coupled to a destructive sample preparation. When investigating unique geological samples, such as cometary, asteroidal, or interstellar material from sample return missions or inclusions in deep Earth diamonds, a nondestructive method is preferred. The presented nondestructive highly sensitive wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (WD-XRF) technique is designed to measure the L-lines of REE between 4.5 and 7 keV with a sensitivity down to the ppm level. REE fluorescence L-lines are often only separated by a few eV from neighboring XRF-lines and cannot be resolved by an energy dispersive approach especially in the presence of transition metal K-lines. In our spectrometer the characteristic X-rays emitted by the sample are dispersed by a fixed Ge(111) analyzer crystal over the active area of an energy dispersive pn-charge-coupled-device (pnCCD) detector, enabling high energy resolution detection of X-rays differentiated by their corresponding Bragg angles. The use of an energy-dispersive 2D detector enables the simultaneous acquiring of XRF-lines while eliminating any ambiguities due to potential contribution from higher order diffraction effects or other diffraction planes and thereby increases the sensitivity by reducing the (scatter) background. This detection method shows an energy resolution of 12 eV for the Ti-Kα fluorescence line and has a sensitivity down to 0.50 ppm for REE L-lines. The method was optimized specifically for the nondestructive analysis of inclusions in deep Earth diamonds, yielding <i>in situ</i> quantitative information about up-to-now inaccessible elemental (REE) composition patterns together with the more abundant transition metals like Ti, Cr, Mn, and Fe. This information is of great importance to decipher the role that deep Earth plays in the global carbon and fluid cycle.
저축은행과 예금자 규율 (2018)

위험 상승이 예금조달의 어려움으로 이어지는 시장의 규율을 통해, 금융기관은 감시되고 경영진의 과도한 위험 추구는 억제된다. 본 연구는 우리나라 저축은행에 이러한 시장규율이 있는지 실증적으로 분석한다. 구체적으로 예금보험공사에서 제공받은 신뢰성 높은 자료를 이용하여 매 분기 저축은행의 부실확률을 예측하고, 부실확률 예측치와 비보호예금액의 관계를 동적패널회귀모형으로 분석한다. 비보호예금액은 예금보험에서 지급을 보장하지 않는 예금이다.
실증 결과, 저축은행의 부실확률과 비보호예금의 비중은 유의한 음의 관계에 있음을 확인한다. 부실확률이 상승할수록 예금자에 의한 비보호예금액의 비중은 감소한다. 예금자들은 부실확률이 높은 은행에 예금보호한도를 초과하여 예금하기를 꺼리고, 이것이 저축은행의 조달을 어렵게 한다는 가설과 일관된 결과이다. 예금자들이 저축은행에 대한 규율자의 역할을 한다는 증거인 것이다.
Dendritic Growth in the Aged Human Brain and Failure of Growth in Senile Dementia (1979)

Golgi-stained dendrites of single randomly chosen layer-II pyramidal neurons in the human parahippocampal gyrus were quantified with a computer-microscope system. In nondemented aged cases (average age, 79.6 years), dendritic trees were more extensive than in adult cases (average age, 51.2), with most of the difference resulting from increases in the number and average length of terminal segments of the dendritic tree. These results provide morphological evidence for plasticity in the mature and aged human brain. In senile dementia (average age, 76.0), dendritic trees were less extensive than in adult brains, largely because their terminal segments were fewer and shorter. Cells with shrunken dendritic trees were found in all brains. These data suggest a model of aging in the central nervous system in which one population of neurons dies and regresses and the other survives and grows. The latter appears to be the dominant population in aging without dementia.
A critical review of magnetic recording materials (1969)

A review of the methods of preparation and the relevant properties of materials which the authors consider suitable for incorporation in conventional magnetic recording surfaces such as tapes, disks, drums, strips, and cards is provided. This field is presently dominated by one material, gamma ferric oxide in fine particle form, and so it is not surprising that this material is discussed at greater length than its potential rivals. The reasons for this dominance are considered and found to be 1) the ability of gamma ferric oxide recording surfaces to perform adequately in the recording systems which have been developed so far, i.e., the magnetic properties of the oxide have apparently not been the limiting factors in the performance of recording systems; 2) the relative cheapness of the particles; 3) the existence of suitable binder systems of proven durability; and 4) the need for compatibility with existing recording devices.
Genome-wide discovery of long intergenic noncoding RNAs and their epigenetic signatures in the rat (2017)

Long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) play a crucial role in many biological processes. The rat is an important model organism in biomedical research. Recent studies have detected rat lincRNA genes from several samples. However, identification of rat lincRNAs using large-scale RNA-seq datasets remains unreported. Herein, using more than 100 billion RNA-seq reads from 59 publications together with RefSeq and UniGene annotated RNAs, we report 39,154 lincRNA transcripts encoded by 19,162 lincRNA genes in the rat. We reveal sequence and expression similarities in lincRNAs of rat, mouse and human. DNA methylation level of lincRNAs is higher than that of protein-coding genes across the transcription start sites (TSSs). And, three lincRNA genes overlap with differential methylation regions (DMRs) which associate with spontaneously hypertensive disease. In addition, there are similar binding trends for three transcription factors (HNF4A, CEBPA and FOXA1) between lincRNA genes and protein-coding genes, indicating that they harbour similar transcription regulatory mechanisms. To date, this is the most comprehensive assessment of lincRNAs in the rat genome. We provide valuable data that will advance lincRNA research using rat as a model.
Characterizing user workload for capacity planning (2010)

With the widespread use of computers in today's industry, planning system configurations in computer sites plays an increasingly important role. The process of planning system configurations or determining hardware requirements for new or existing systems is commonly known as capacity planning among performance researchers and analysts. This thesis presents a refined capacity planning process for centralized computing system, with special attention to characterizing user workload for capacity planning. The objective is to make the entire process simpler for the computer user community, while relieving the capacity planner or performance analyst from having to rely on guesswork for the user workload performance factors. The process is divided into four phases; namely, data collection, data reduction, workload/user classification and, modeling and performance analysis. The second and third phases are collectively known as user workload characterization. The main objective of our workload characterization is to avoid any guess work on the performance factors that cannot be easily measured. The results of the workload characterization process are specifically meant to be used in analytic and simulation modeling. Three software tools required for the data reduction, workload/user classification and performance analysis phases have been developed and are discussed in the thesis.
A Treatise on the Theory of Screws (1998)

Book digitized by Google from the library of Harvard University and uploaded to the Internet Archive by user tpb.
Development of Fuzzy Logic ABS Control for Commercial Trucks (1995)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A fuzzy logic (FL) anti-skid brake controller (ABS) is proposed as the next-generation ABS replacing current generation finite state (FS) control. The FL controller is part of a commercial truck braking system, encompassing reverse front-back braking proportions on an articulated vehicle as compared to that found on fixed, passenger car systems. The FL controller must satisfy three goals: 1) produce superior braking distances over that of the finite state controller, specifically under low μ conditions; 2) provide superior braking under dynamically varying system conditions; and 3) provide a convenient, flexible, and tractable ABS solution which is amenable to re-development to different vehicular platforms.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Via Monte Carlo simulations, the FL controller averages a 30% shorter braking distance when normalized to the absolute minimum possible braking distance. Solution robustness is demonstrated by varying a number of system parameters. Finally, the FL rule sets and overall configuration illustrate a straight-forward design and maturation process enabling re-development to different vehicular platforms.</div>
Using OCL-queries for debugging C++ (2001)

This demonstration will present a design and preliminary implementation of the OCL query-based debugger, OQBD, which is a tool to debug C++ programs using queries formulated in the object constraint language, OCL. We will illustrate how queries can be formulated to verify constraints such as class invariants and pre and post-conditions for member functions. The queries can be reused after code generation to verify the design contract, as part of the testing process, and to facilitate fault detection.
An improved step‐track algorithm for tracking geosynchronous satellites (1986)

Abstract A computer simulation of three maximum‐seeking algorithms has been performed to select the most accurate for tracking geosynchronous satellites. It is concluded that a gradient algorithm provides the highest accuracy and is well suited for practical implementation. An experiment performed by tracking the OTS satellite confirmed the validity of the simulation.
Return of version downgrade attack in the era of TLS 1.3 (2020)

Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol is often vulnerable to version downgrade attacks, where a man-in-the-middle attacker interferes with the handshake protocol and leads the communicating parties to fall back from a higher version of TLS to lower ones, which are typically provided for backward compatibility.
Palaeomagnetic reorientation of cores and the magnetic fabric of hydrocarbon reservoir sands (1995)

Abstract The palaeomagnetic method is established as an important complement to more traditional methods for reorienting cores drilled in hydrocarbon exploration and production programmes. The method is based on the isolation of one or more components of remanent magnetization within the core. These provide records of the direction of magnetic north, either for recent times (carried by magnetic overprints in the recent geomagnetic field at the drill site) or at the time of formation of the sediment (carried by the primary magnetization). Provided that any spurious components of magnetization associated with drilling are removed by appropriate analysis in the palaeomagnetism laboratory, then the magnetic components of interest can be separately isolated. The mean direction of stable remanent magnetization, averaged over several tens of centimetres of core, defines the direction of geographical north in that core section. For a recent component, the direction of north is specified directly, whereas for an ancient component this is given by reference to the direction predicted from published apparent polar wander curves for that plate or geographical region. An important attribute of the palaeomagnetic core reorientation method is that the measurements are made on samples from the cores themselves, rather than by downhole instruments such as multishot orientation tools, dipmeters or imaging tools. This makes the technique particularly cost-effective and frees it from reliance on the proper performance of downhole tools or the correlation of planar features observed in the cores with those in the well. Consequently, there is no requirement for the well to be deviated or for there to be a significant natural dip to the formation (although this does help in fitting adjacent core pieces together to allow extrapolation of the reorientation data to longer intervals of core). Furthermore, as the determinations are made directly on the cores, the precision of palaeomagnetic reorientation is inherently greater than for methods based on measurements made in the well. It is possible to apply the method to cores for which the need for orientation was not apparent at the time of drilling, but for which this need arises as a result of later developments. The technique can be applied equally well to recently drilled cores or cores which have been stored for many years. An account is given of the palaeomagnetic reorientation method and its applications to (1) defining fracture orientations and (2) establishing sediment transport directions in a channel sand body. The transport directions are inferred from magnetic fabric measurements and the principles of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility technique are briefly reviewed.
Motion Compensation on DCT Domain (2001)

Alternative fully DCT-based video codec architectures have been proposed in the past to address the shortcomings of the conventional hybrid motion compensated DCT video codec structures traditionally chosen as the basis of implementation of standard-compliant codecs. However, no prior effort has been made to ensure interoperability of these two drastically different architectures so that fully DCT-based video codecs are fully compatible with the existing video coding standards. In this paper, we establish the criteria for matching conventional codecs with fully DCT-based codecs. We find that the key to this interoperability lies in the heart of the implementation of motion compensation modules performed in the spatial and transform domains at both the encoder and the decoder. Specifically, if the spatial-domain motion compensation is compatiable with the transform-domain motion compensation, then the states in both the coder and the decoder will keep track of each other even after a long series of P-frames. Otherwise, the states will diverge in proportion to the number of P-frames between two I-frames. This sets an important criterion for the development of any DCT-based motion compensation schemes. We also discuss and develop some DCT-based motion compensation schemes as important building blocks of fully DCT-based codecs. For the case of subpixel motion compensation, DCT-based approaches allow more accurate interpolation without any increase in computation. Furthermore, a scare number of DCT coefficients after quantization significantly decreases the number of calculations required for motion compensation. Coupled with the DCT-based motion estimation algorithms, it is possible to realize fully DCT-based codecs to overcome the disadvantages of conventional hybrid codecs.
Role of the Conserved SRLFDQFFG Region of α-Crystallin, a Small Heat Shock Protein (2003)

Small heat shock proteins (sHsps) are necessary for several cellular functions and in stress tolerance. Most sHsps are oligomers; intersubunit interactions leading to changes in oligomeric structure and exposure of specific regions may modulate their functioning. Many sHsps, including alpha A- and alpha B-crystallin, contain a well conserved SRLFDQFFG sequence motif in the N-terminal region. Sequence-based prediction shows that it exhibits helical propensity with amphipathic character, suggesting that it plays a critical role in the structure and function of alpha-crystallins. In order to investigate the role of this motif in the structure and function of sHsps, we have made constructs deleting this sequence from alpha A- and alpha B-crystallin, overexpressed, purified, and studied these engineered proteins. Circular dichroism spectroscopic studies show changes in tertiary and secondary structure on deletion of the sequence. Glycerol density gradient centrifugation and dynamic light scattering studies show that the multimeric size of the mutant proteins is significantly reduced, indicating a role for this motif in higher order organization of the subunits. Both deletion mutants exhibit similar oligomeric size and increased chaperone-like activity. Urea-induced denaturation study shows that the SRLFDQFFG sequence contributes significantly to the structural stability. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer studies show that the rate of exchange of the subunits in the alpha Adel-crystallin oligomer is higher compared with that in the alpha A-crystallin oligomer, suggesting that this region contributes to the oligomer dynamics in addition to the higher order assembly and structural stability. Thus, our study shows that the SRLFDQFFG sequence is one of the critical motifs in structure-function regulation of alpha A- and alpha B-crystallin.
The effect of hemodilution with fluorocarbon or dextran on regional myocardial flow and function during acute coronary stenosis in the pig. (1987)

The effect of replacement of approximately 50% of the blood volume, in the presence of critical coronary stenosis, was investigated in anesthetized pigs. Two agents were used for replacement: 6% dextran 70 and Fluosol-DA, a fluorocarbon "blood substitute," capable of transporting oxygen by virtue of its high solubility. Critical coronary stenosis of 15-min duration was imposed on the circumflex coronary artery by means of a micrometer snare, before and after an exchange-transfusion with one of the above acellular agents, resulting in comparable reductions of myocardial blood flow (determined by microspheres) to the circumflex zone. In the ischemic zone, systolic wall-thickening (as determined by sonomicrometry) was reduced by 62 +/- 10% in the dextran-diluted pigs, but only by 33 +/- 7% in the Fluosol-diluted pigs (p less than .05). Estimated oxygen delivery-rate in this zone, during coronary constriction, was 6.2 and 7.5 ml min-1 100 g-1, respectively. Electron microscopic examination of the normally perfused zone of the heart showed no morphological change attributable to Fluosol. The findings suggest that, in the presence of critical coronary stenosis, hemodilution by Fluosol-DA can be tolerated, while similar hemodilution with dextran results in aggravation of myocardial hypoxia. In three instances, severe reactions were observed immediately following the administration of Fluosol. These were suggestive of complement-activation and were excluded from the analysis.
SINGLET OXYGEN YIELDS AND RADICAL CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE DYE‐SENSITISED PHOTO‐OXIDATION IN METHANOL OF ESTERS OF POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS (OLEIC, LINOLEIC, LINOLENIC AND ARACHIDONIC) (1988)

Abstract— The triplet state characteristics (spectrum, lifetime and quantum yield) for four dye sensi tisers [methylene blue (MB), erythrosin (ER), haematoporphyrin (HP) and riboflavin (RF)] were determined in methanol by laser flash photolysis and singlet oxygen yields (0.60 to 0.48) from time‐resolved measurements of the 1270 nm near infrared emission. The reaction of singlet oxygen with four long chain unsaturated phenyl esters [oleate (18: 1), linoleate (18: 2), linolenate (18: 3) and arachidonate (20: 4)] was followed quantitatively using the singlet oxygen luminescence technique and also, after continuous420–700 nm irradiation, by HPLC and other analysis of the isomeric product monohydroperoxides. The overall quantum yield of photooxidation (∼10 ‐2 ) was shown to be consistent with the observed singlet oxygen quenching constants(2–12 times 10 4 dm 3 mol ‐1 s ‐1 ) for the four esters studied and the singlet oxygen lifetime in methanol (τ∼ 9 μs). The isomer product distribution was interpreted in terms of a dual singlet oxygen and radical mechanism, the radical contribution increasing with sensitiser in the order ER = MB < HP ≪ RF, but also showing some dependence on substrate unsaturation. Evidence is presented for singlet oxygen quenching by MB and RF ( k O = 1.6 and 6.0 times 10 7 dm 3 mol ‐1 s ‐1 ) and for the accelerated photobleaching of the dye sensitisers in the presence of the unsaturated esters.
Varicose symptoms without varicose veins: the hypotonic phlebopathy, epidemiology and pathophysiology. The Acireale project. (2000)

Ever since 1982 the authors have been interested in varicose symptoms without varicose veins. Carrying out several pilot studies with infrared photoplethysmography (PPG) and strain gauge plethysmography they suggest that the pathophysiology of this behaviour could be caused by the reduction of the venous wall tone. They propose the name of Hypotonic Phlebopathy (HP). The diagnosis criteria are focused by symptoms (heavy legs in upright position, restless leg syndrome, sub-oedema and/or evening oedema) and signs detected by PPG, s.g plethysmography and duplex scanning (reduction of the muscle-venous calf pump and increase of the venous wall compliance). Epidemiology, assessed between 1989 and 1992 (Acireale Project), showed a 15.90% morbidity, with higher prevalence in females; the most important risk factors are pregnancy and family history. HP is not rare in males; the principal risk factor is work involving standing for long periods. These behaviours have been independently confirmed by two studies carried out in France in 1992, which showed a 15% prevalence in a similar group of subjects with functional venous insufficiency. The authors suggest the introduction of the term of Hypotonic Phlebopathy, the symptoms of which are significantly improved by phlebotonic drugs, especially when they are stronger. CEAP classification: C(0-S); E(P); A(0); P(unclassifiable); Clinical score (1-2); Anatomical score (0); Disability score (1).
The effect of uniform layers on the propagation of radio waves (1952)

Almost everyone who has studied anomalous propagation in the troposphere will agree that the controlling factors are temperature and humidity profiles along the propagation path. However, when one tries to correlate propagation data against refractive index profiles as computed from temperature and humidity data, one immediately encounters the difficulty of a large scatter of points. In this case, one is often tempted to attribute the scatter to unknown influences which have not been taken into account.
taxes and subsidies (2011)

The taxes and subsidies with which we shall be concerned are the corrective or Pigovian ones that could in theory be used to bring marginal private costs or benefits more closely into alignment with marginal social ones. The need for alignment arises when externalities (whether economies or diseconomies), operating at the margin, cause a divergence.
A weighted linear prediction method for near-field source localization (2002)

This paper deals with the near field source localization problem using the array output second order statistics (SOS). The range and angle parameters are estimated through a weighted linear prediction (LP) algorithm applied to a properly chosen array output correlation sequence. Detailed performance analysis and derivation of the optimal weightings are provided. Simulation results are finally presented to validate the theoretical analysis results and to assess the performance of the proposed method.
The structure of SYSTEM/360, Part II: System implementations (1964)

A primary goal in the SYSTEM/360 design effort was a wide range of processing unit performances coupled with complete program compatibility. In keeping with this goal, the logical structure of the resultant system lends itself to a wide choice of components and techniques in the engineering of models for desired performance levels.