gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel murine model of hepatocyte‐specific human platelet‐derived growth factor alpha expression (649.9) (2014)

Hepatic fibrosis is a common outcome of chronic liver disease from many etiologies and represents a potentially reversible stage of disease progression. Hepatocytes play an important role in this pathologic process through apoptosis, and release of cytokines and growth factors to influence myofibroblast activation and altered proliferation. We have found elevated hepatocyte platelet‐derived growth factor α (PDGFRα) expression in experimental fibrosis and in patients with fibrosis, as well as reduced injury in PDGFRα‐conditional knockout mice. While these findings suggest that PDGFRα upregulation may be involved in hepatic injury, it remains undetermined whether PDGFRα upregulation in hepatocytes plays a compensatory or pathological role. To address this question, we have generated a novel transgenic mouse model expressing human PDGFRA in hepatocytes under the control of an albumin‐promoter. We show that this animal expresses human PDGFRα in whole liver lysates, and overexpresses total PDGFRα but lacks an overt phenotype. In conjunction with previously described human and mouse‐specific monoclonal anti‐PDGFRα antibodies, this mouse strain will allow the investigation of a cell‐specific role of PDGFRα in experimental models of chronic liver injury and regeneration. Grant Funding Source : T32: HL094295 ANGIOPATHY TRAINING GRANT; R01: DK095498 ROLE OF PDGFRALPHA IN LIVER PATHO‐BIOLOGY
Infrared Spectra of Some 5-Aminotetrazoles and Their Deuterated Derivatives (1967)

Spectra of solid 5-aminotetrazoles and their deuterated derivatives in mulls and KBr disks are presented. It has been possible to assign regions for NH and ND stretching, bending, and rocking modes; ring N=N and C=N frequencies; and exo CN stretching modes.
STUDIES ON THE ACTION OF O-CARBAMYL-D-SERINE IN BACILLUS SUBTILIS (1968)

(1) D-Alanyl-D-alanine, D-alanine, L-alanine, D, L-α-aminobutyric acid, D-serine, and L-methionine were found to reverse the action of O-carbamyl-D-serine on Bacillus subtilis in synthetic medium. (2) When O-carbamyl-D-serine was added to the growth medium a relative increase of L-aianine and ammonia, and an accumulation of a nucleotide peptide were observed. The structure of the nucleotide peptide was identified as UDP-MurNAc-Ala-Glu-DAP. (3) Several compounds related to O-carbamyl-D-serine were synthesized and tested for their antimicrobial activity. Only O-carbamyl-D-serine methyl ester exhibited activity, which could be reversed by D-alanyl-D-alanine, D-alanine and L-alanine. N-D-Alanyl-O-carbamyl-D-serine which has been reported to be enzymatically synthesized by D-alanyl-D-alanine synthetase of Streptococcus faecalis R, did not have antimicrobial activity. (4) We concluded that the primary site of the action of O-carbamyl-D-serine in Bacillus subtilis is an enzymatic system controlling racemization of alanine. A similar conclusion was previously reached by LYNCH and NEUHAUS by use of enzymatic methods in Streptococcus faecalis R.
Very low bit rate video compression using MPEG‐4 sprite coding (2003)

Abstract The new MPEG‐4 image coding standard that has recently been established offers higher image quality in low‐bit‐rate coding than conventional coding methods such as H.26X, MPEG‐1, and MPEG‐2, as well as coding for each object unit (a new function). This paper proposes an algorithm for the automatic extraction of video objects consisting of a foreground object and a background sprite. It is based on “sprite coding,” which can greatly reduce the number of code bits compared to conventional methods. The foreground and background video objects processed by the proposed method are subjected to MPEG‐4 object coding and sprite coding, respectively, and are compared with MPEG‐4 simple profile (normal) coding. In particular, the influence of the frame rate and the foreground object rate on the number of code bits was investigated. It was found that the proposed method can reproduce images with the same quality while using about one‐fourth to one‐half as many code bits as the normal coding method when the foreground rate is 10 to 15% of the whole image, regardless of the frame rate. In addition, the proposed method can attain more than double the frame rate of the normal coding method at a very low bit rate (e.g., 128 and 64 kbit/s) with a similar SNR. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 86(6): 83–93, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10158
Adaptive filtering using heterodyne frequency translation (2005)

Both digital and switched-capacitor adaptive-sample-rate filters can achieve very robust frequency tracking with relatively simple circuitry. However, both of these adaptive sample rate filters are generally useful only with single notch and bandpass filters. If one tries to adapt a filter that has multiple band-passes or multiple notches, the distance between the notches or pass-bands is scaled as the sampling rate is scaled. While this may be desirable in some applications, many applications require a scheme in which the distance between notches or pass-bands remains fixed as the filter is adapted. In this paper, we present a technique in which a heterodyne unit is used to shift the input frequency to the fixed filters rather than adjusting the sampling rate. As a result, the input frequencies are translated, rather than scaled, to the filter allowing a fixed distance to be maintained between notches or pass-bands. The results of extensive simulations demonstrate the feasibility of this approach.
Etching of Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> Thin Films by NbCl<sub>5</sub> (2009)

Abstract Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Nb 2 O 5 from NbCl 5 has earlier been found to produce highly non‐uniform films. This was suspected to be due to etching of Nb 2 O 5 by NbCl 5 . In this work the effect of NbCl 5 vapor on Nb 2 O 5 thin films is studied with a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) and a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) in‐situ in an ALD reactor. Nb 2 O 5 is deposited from Nb(OEt) 5 and water in the same reactor. NbCl 5 is found to etch the Nb 2 O 5 film producing volatile NbOCl 3 . The results are compared with thermodynamic data. Furthermore, the deposition of Nb 2 O 5 using in‐situ‐generated NbOCl 3 as the niobium source is considered.
Follow-up study of ankle arthrodesis in severe hind foot deformity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis using an intramedullary nail with fins (2005)

We report herein a retrospective study of 25 cases of ankle arthrodesis performed in 23 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using an intramedullary nail with fins, developed in 1994. Surgical treatment, postoperative management, and clinical evaluation are described. Clinical evaluation, at an average follow-up period of 7 years 1 month, was based on foot disease scores from the Japanese Orthopedic Association; we compared these scores pre- and postoperatively, and during follow-up. These parameters showed a significant difference between preoperation and the follow-up period. However, instability only significantly improved when compared between pre- and postoperation. Arthrodesis using an intramedullary nail with fins was effective for the treatment of severe deformity of the hind foot. Nonunion was not observed and no remarkable changes of the Chopart joint were recognized between preoperation and the follow-up period. In our series, delayed wound healing was recognized in 6 of 25 joints. However, infection or neuropathy and other complications were not found. Arthrodesis using an intramedullary nail with fins is a viable treatment option for severe deformity of the hind foot in RA patients, because nonunion was not recognized and the clinical results over an average 7-year follow-up period were good or satisfactory.
A fixed tilt solar collector employing reversible vee-through reflectors and evaluated tube receivers for solar heating and cooling systems (1977)

The Vee-Trough/Evacuated Tube Collector (VTETC) was analyzed rigorously and various mathematical models were developed to calculate the optical performance of the vee-trough concentrators, and the quasi-steady state thermal performance of the evacuated tube receivers. Tests were run to verify the mathematical analyses. Back-silvered glass mirror, Alzak, Aluminized Teflon, and Kinglux (electropolished aluminum reflectors) were tested. Additional tests were run at temperatures ranging from 80 to 190 C (176-374 F). For the glass mirror reflectors, peak efficiencies, based on aperture area and operating temperatures of 125 C (257 F), were over 40%. Efficiencies of about 40% were observed at temperatures of 150 C (302 F) and 30% at 175 C (347 F). Test data for several days, predicted daily useful heats, and efficiency values are presented for a full year. These theoretical values were then compared with actual data points for the same temperature range.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF INDOLE DERIVATIVES AND THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY (1983)

Abstract Die teilweise nach Literaturverfahren synthetisierten Verbindungen (keine Ausbeuteangaben) wurden gegen neun verschiedene Virus‐Stämme geprüft.
A New Highly Versatile Multimodality Small Animal Imaging Platform (2006)

A new, highly versatile multi-modality small animal imaging platform, the Siemens Inveon Multimodality (MM) scanner, has been developed. This platform supports any combination of X-ray micro-CT, single-photon computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) modalities on a single gantry. Each modality within the system is designed to be configured with a different level of imaging performance based on the needs of the application. From a single control workstation, the end-user has the ability to tune the system configuration for each modality in terms of resolution, field-of-view (FOV), sensitivity, etc., as needed for the target application. The scanner platform is ergonomically designed to allow efficient access to the animal and employs a unique cable management device to allow more effective use of physiologic monitoring and anesthesia systems within a user-accessible X-ray shielded cabinet. The motivation for this versatile platform design is to accommodate a wide range of multi-modality imaging applications from mouse to small primate, each with performance parameters that can be tuned as driven by the target anatomy or biological process being studied within the animal.
Activation of Ribulose 1,5-Diphosphate Carboxylase by Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate and Other Chloroplast Metabolites (1974)

Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase, when activated by preincubation with 10 mm MgCl(2) and 1 mm bicarbonate in the absence of ribulose 1,5-diphosphate, can be further activated about 170% with 0.5 mm NADPH present in the preincubation mixture. NADP(+), NADH, and NAD(+) are ineffective. The activation by NADPH is comparable to that previously seen with 0.05 to 0.10 mm 6-phosphogluconate in that these specific preincubation conditions are required, but the effects of NADPH and 6-phosphogluconate are not additive. Moreover, where higher concentrations of 6-phosphogluconate inhibited the enzyme, higher concentrations of NADPH give a greater activation, saturating at about 1 mm and 200%. Under the specified conditions of preincubation, fructose 1,6-diphosphate has an activation curve similar to that of 6-phosphogluconate, peaking at 0.1 mm and 70%. Above this level, activation decreases, and inhibition is seen at still higher concentrations. Other metabolites tested produced smaller or no effects on the enzyme activity assayed under these conditions. When either reduced NADP or 6-phosphogluconate are present in the preincubation mixture, it becomes possible to determine the Km for bicarbonate using a Lineweaver-Burk plot, and the Km for bicarbonate under these conditions is 2.8 mm, corresponding to 0.3% CO(2) at pH 7.8 and 25 C.
Within and across sentence boundary language model (2010)

In this paper, we propose two different language modeling approaches, namely skip trigram and across sentence boundary, to capture the long range dependencies. The skip trigram model is able to cover more predecessor words of the present word compared to the normal trigram while the same memory space is required. The across sentence boundary model uses the word distribution of the previous sentences to calculate the unigram probability which is applied as the emission probability in the word and the class model frameworks. Our experiments on the Penn Treebank [1] show that each of our proposed models and also their combination significantly outperform the baseline for both the word and the class models and their linear interpolation. The linear interpolation of the word and the class models with the proposed skip trigram and across sentence boundary models achieves 118.4 perplexity while the best state-of-the-art language model has a perplexity of 137.2 on the same dataset.
Pulsed Laser Deposition of TiNi Thin Films at Various Temperatures (2001)

Thin films of TiNi shape memory alloy (SMA) have been prepared by pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) at various substrate temperatures. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), surface profile measurements, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are used to characterize the deposited films. The stoichiometry, deposition rate, and crystallinity of the films are investigated as functions of the substrate temperature. The deposition rates are of the order of 10 -2 nm per pulse. The Ni content ranges from 46.7 to 52.0 at.%. It is found that the film deposited at a substrate temperature of 600°C has a polycrystalline structure and austenite is the major phase. It can be concluded that substrate temperature plays an important role in the composition control and the crystallization of the films. The martensitic transformation temperature of the annealed Ti–51.5 at.% Ni thin film is determined to be -20.8°C by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
Characterization of Interactions between Chitosan and an Anionic Surfactant (2004)

Chitosan is a cationic biopolymer that has many potential applications in the food industry because of its unique nutritional and physiochemical properties. Many of these properties depend on its ability to interact with anionic surface-active molecules, such as phospholipids, surfactants, and bile acids. The purpose of this study was to characterize the interaction between chitosan and a model anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), surfactant-selective electrode (SSE), and turbidity measurements. ITC and SSE indicated that SDS bound strongly to chitosan via a highly exothermic interaction. The turbidity measurements indicated that chitosan formed insoluble complexes with SDS that strongly scattered light. The chitosan bound approximately 4 mM of SDS per 0.1 wt % chitosan before becoming saturated with surfactant. The SDS-chitosan interaction was weakened appreciably by the presence of 100 mM NaCl, which suggested that it was electrostatic in origin. This study provides information about the origin and characteristics of molecular interactions between chitosan and anionic surface-active lipids that may be useful for the rational design of chitosan-based food ingredients with specific nutritional and functional characteristics, e.g., cholesterol lowering or fat replacement.
Comparative Genomics of Brucella melitensis, B. suis, and B. abortus (2005)

Erythritol metabolism by bacteria in the genus Brucella has been recognised from long time ago as a peculiar trait related to the capability of the members in this genus to produce abortions in ruminants. This association has been explained by the high concentration of erythritol in foetal tissues linked to the capability of Brucella to use erythritol preferentially over other nutrients. The pathway for erythritol degradation in Brucella is well known and more recently the genes encoding an operon for erythritol catabolism have been identified and characterised. This finding, along with the availability of genomic data and genetic tools, allows a closer analysis of the mechanisms underlying the role of erythritol metabolism in the virulence of Brucella.
The Development and Evaluation of a Sensory System to Detect Degradation in Cellulose Triacetate Photographic Film Part I: The Detection of Acetic Acid Evolved from Degrading Cellulose Triacetate Photographic Film (1997)

An acid indicator has been developed to enable archival institutions to undertake a risk assessment of their collections and allow them to prioritize the copying of cellulose acetate films before the onset of their degradation. The test utilizes the indicator cresol red, impregnated in filter paper. The test may be carried out at room temperature (though this results in greater error) or at 140°C, by placing a small sample of film in a test-tube and the indicator paper in the neck of the tube, and leaving to stand for a short time internal. A linear colour change from red to yellow is observed which may be correlated to the condition of the film.
Hydroxyiminoisoquinolin‐3(2<i>H</i>)‐ones. <b>9</b>. Synthesis of some oxazolo[5,4‐<i>c</i>]‐, thiazolo[5,4‐<i>c</i>]‐ and 2,3‐dihydro‐1<i>H</i>‐[1,4]oxazino[2,3‐<i>c</i>]isoquinolines (1988)

Abstract 4‐Acetylamino‐1‐phenyl‐1,4‐dihydro‐3(2H)‐isoquinolinones and 4‐amino‐1‐phenylisoquinolin‐3‐ol, prepared from the corresponding 4‐hydroxyimino compounds, were converted into new isoquinolines containing fused oxazole, thiazole and 1,4‐oxazine rings.
High Potential of Methane Production from Coal by Fungi and Hydrogenotrophic Methanogens from Produced Water (2020)

Studying in situ microorganisms is essential to understand the formation of biogenic coalbed methane (CBM). Only a few studies have investigated the fungi community inhabiting in coal seams although fungi are found to degrade refractory compounds and solubilize coal and even work with methanogens to produce methane. In this study, produced water was collected from Qinshui Basin and used as the source of microflora to degrade coal. The function of fungi was analyzed by inhibition of bacteria with antibiotics. The results have shown that the inhibition of bacteria in the microcosms significantly increased the methane yield. Fungi were more favorable to cooperate with hydrogenotrophic methanogens when bacteria were inhibited as Methanobacterium were the predominant archaea accounting for 45.98–86.98% of the sequence reads. The relatively unchanged fungal community and high volatile fatty acids (VFAs) yields (48.70–85.72%) in the presence of antibiotics might contribute to H2 production to facilitate hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. On the contrary, the dominant methanogens in microcosms without antibiotics gradually changed from Methanobacterium (89.85%) to Methanoceta (46.19%) and finally to Methanobacterium (87.72%). The bacterial community and organic intermediates have also changed greatly over time, which can be the reason for the succession of the methanogens. These results suggest that fungi in produced water can play an important role in coal biodegradation to produce VFAs and H2 that support hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis, which could be negatively impacted by the existence of bacteria.
Carbon‐11 and fluorine‐18 chemistry devoted to molecular probes for imaging the brain with positron emission tomography (2013)

Exploration of the living human brain in real-time and in a noninvasive way was for centuries only a dream, made, however, possible today with the remarkable development during the four last decades of powerful molecular imaging techniques, and especially positron emission tomography (PET). Molecular PET imaging relies, from a chemical point of view, on the use and preparation of a positron-emitting radiolabelled probe or radiotracer, notably compounds incorporating one of two short-lived radionuclides fluorine-18 (T1/2 : 109.8 min) and carbon-11 (T1/2 : 20.38 min). The growing availability and interest for the radiohalogen fluorine-18 in radiopharmaceutical chemistry undoubtedly results from its convenient half-life and the successful use in clinical oncology of 2-[(18) F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose ([(18) F]FDG). The special interest of carbon-11 is not only that carbon is present in virtually all biomolecules and drugs allowing therefore for isotopic labelling of their chemical structures but also that a given molecule could be radiolabelled at different functions or sites, permitting to explore (or to take advantage of) in vivo metabolic pathways. PET chemistry includes production of these short-lived radioactive isotopes via nuclear transmutation reactions using a cyclotron, and is directed towards the development of rapid synthetic methods, at the trace level, for the introduction of these nuclides into a molecule, as well as the use of fast purification, analysis and formulation techniques. PET chemistry is the driving force in molecular PET imaging, and this special issue of the Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals, which is strongly chemistry and radiochemistry-oriented, aims at illustrating, be it in part only, the state-of-the-art arsenal of reactions currently available and its potential for the research and development of specific molecular probes labelled with the positron emitters carbon-11 and fluorine-18, with optimal imaging properties for PET exploration of the brain.