gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SLAM in O(log n) with the Combined Kalman - Information filter (2009)

In this paper we show that SLAM can be executed in as low as O(log n) per step. Our algorithm, the Combined Filter SLAM, uses a combination of Extended Kalman and Extended Information filters in such a way that the total cost of building a map can be reduced to O(n log n), as compared with O(n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ) for standard EKF SLAM, and O(n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) for Divide and Conquer (D&C) SLAM and the Sparse Local Submap Joining Filter (SLSJF). We discuss the computational improvements that have been proposed for Kalman and Information filters, discuss the advantages and limitations of each, and how a judicious combination results in the possibility of reducing the computational cost per step to O(log n).We use simulations and real datasets to show the advantages of the proposed algorithm.
Fibrillogenesis in Alzheimer's disease of amyloid <i>β</i> peptides and apolipoprotein E (1995)

A central event in Alzheimer's disease is the conformational change from normally circulating soluble amyloid beta peptides (A beta) and tau proteins into amyloid fibrils, in the form of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles respectively. The apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene locus has recently been associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease. It is not know whether apoE plays a direct role in the pathogenesis of the disease. In the present work we have investigated whether apoE can affect the known spontaneous in vitro formation of amyloid-like fibrils by synthetic A beta analogues using a thioflavine-T assay for fibril formation, electron microscopy and Congo Red staining. Our results show that, under the conditions used, apoE directly promotes amyloid fibril formation, increasing both the rate of fibrillogenesis and the total amount of amyloid formed. ApoE accelerated fibril formation of both wild-type A beta-(1-40) and A beta-(1-40A), an analogue created by the replacement of valine with alanine at residue 18, which alone produces few amyloid-like fibrils. However, apoE produced only a minimal effect on A beta-(1-40Q), found in the Dutch variant of Alzheimer's disease. When recombinant apoE isoforms were used, apoE4 was more efficient than apoE3 at enhancing amyloid formation. These in vitro observations support the hypothesis that apoE acts as a pathological chaperone, promoting the beta-pleated-sheet conformation of soluble A beta into amyloid fibres, and provide a possible explanation for the association of the apoE4 genetic isoform with Alzheimer's disease.
Detonation characteristics of hydrogen‐oxygen mixtures (1960)

Abstract Detonation velocities were measured in mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen containing 25 to 75 mole % hydrogen at initial temperatures from 160° to 580°K. and initial pressures from 1/2 to 2 atm. The measurements were made in a number of tubes of different diameter to permit extrapolation to a tube of infinite diameter. Theoretical detonation characteristics were computed for the same range of conditions. The measured and computed velocities are in good agreement except in rich mixtures and at subatmospheric pressures. Schlieren photographs reveal that the detonation wave front is very thin for a stoichiometric mixture but degenerates to a complicated zone of interacting shock waves and turbulent combustion as the percentage of hydrogen is reduced. The detonation velocity is found to depend only slightly on initial temperature and pressure. The computed pressures behind the detonation and reflected waves are roughly proportional to initial pressure and to the reciprocal of the initial temperature.
The Preparation and Properties of Certain 2- and 4-Chloro Substituted Pteridines<sup>1</sup> (1956)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Preparation and Properties of Certain 2- and 4-Chloro Substituted Pteridines1John W. Daly and Bert E. ChristensenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1956, 78, 1, 225–228Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1956Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1956https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01582a062https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01582a062research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views137Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Two‐octave tunable liquid‐metal monopole antenna (2013)

Liquid metal is used to tune the operational frequency of a monopole antenna by adjusting its length. The centre frequency can be continuously tuned over two octaves, 2.0–9.5 GHz, while maintaining a gain of ∼5.2 dBi.
A Flow for Self-Reconfigurable Embedded Architectures and Co-Design Environments (2007)

This paper discusses the novel idea of testing digital circuits using run-time reconfigurable techniques, in order to minimize circuit area, as well as test generation and application time. The idea revolves around the dynamic partial reconfiguration of circuits under test, in order to inject stuck-at faults at different locations of the circuit, and uncover both detectable and undetectable faults. The paper presents a practical implementation of run-time reconfigurable methodologies using an actual reconfigurable device, the Xilinx Virtex-II, in the development of a test architecture.
Regulation of the activity of the Bacillus subtilis antiterminator LicT by multiple PEP-dependent, enzyme I- and HPr-catalysed phosphorylation (1999)

52 ref. 6 graph.
Inhibitory effect of a toxin okadaic acid, isolated from the black sponge on smooth muscle and platelets (1989)

1. Effects of okadaic acid, a toxin isolated from marine sponges, on smooth muscle contraction and platelet activation were examined. 2. Contractions in rabbit aorta induced by high concentrations of K+ and noradrenaline were inhibited by 0.1-1 microM okadaic acid in a concentration-dependent manner. Spontaneous rhythmic contractions as well as high K+-induced contraction in guinea-pig taenia caeci were also inhibited by 1 microM okadaic acid. 3. High K+-induced contraction in rabbit aorta was accompanied by increased Ca2+ influx measured with 45Ca2+ and increased cytosolic Ca2+ [( Ca2+]cyt) measured with fura-2-Ca2+ fluorescence. Okadaic acid inhibited the contraction without inhibiting Ca2+ influx and produced only a small decrease in [Ca2+]cyt. 4. In a saponin-skinned taenia, Ca2+-induced contraction was not inhibited but rather potentiated by okadaic acid. 5. Okadaic acid, 1 microM, inhibited aggregation, ATP release and increased in [Ca2+]cyt induced by thrombin in washed rabbit platelets. Okadaic acid itself did not change the platelet activities. 6. Okadaic acid did not change the cyclic AMP content of rabbit aorta although the inhibitory effects of okadaic acid were similar to those of cyclic AMP. 7. Although the mechanism of the inhibitory effect of okadaic acid was not clarified in the present experiments, it is suggested that okadaic acid acts by inhibiting protein phosphatases resulting in an indirect activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein phosphorylation.
Quality of Experience for cognitive multiple antenna systems (2012)

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) adds a new dimension, the spatial one, to be optimized in Cognitive Radio (CR) by delivering service simultaneously to more than one user. In this paper, statistical optimization techniques are carried out to assess the Quality of Experience (QoE) performance where each type of users has different demands. The Multiuser scenario is considered where the transmitter can accomplish an Opportunistic Scheduling approach. Closed form expressions are derived for different scenarios and obtained for the QoE indicators in the system regarding the minimum guaranteed throughput and maximum allowed scheduling delay. The primary users and secondary users performance within such scenarios are mathematically formulated and compared their results to simulations.
Metabolic, endocrine and mood responses to nocturnal eating in men are affected by sources of dietary energy (2002)

Hepatitis B is a well known problem in dialysis units. We therefore examined the historical frequency of hepatitis B carriers in our unit, our vaccination program to hepatitis B virus (HBV), the response to hepatitis B vaccine, the IgG subclass response of anti-HBs and the response and IgG subclass response to pneumococcal vaccination (another vaccine) in dialysis patients. From 1970 and onwards 23 HBV carriers were found, but no new cases of hepatitis B occurred during the study period, i.e. from 1980 and onwards.Only one of the carriers was alive by the end of 2001. In four patients liver disease (in one of them liver cirrhosis) may have been a concomitant cause of death. The antibody response to hepatitis B vaccine was significantly lower in patients than in staff. In four patients a fourth injection was cancelled due to transplantation and bad health, while such data were lacking in 8 cases. In anti-HBs positive patients and controls a significant difference in the response of healthy adults was observed in anti-HBs IgG1 (p &lt; 0.001) vs all other IgG subclasses. Dialysis patients had low levels, or negative findings, in all cases, with IgG1 as the highest proportion found (3/11 patients). An antibody response to pneumococcal vaccination was registered in 25 out of 29 dialysis patients (in all 86%). The IgG-subclass vaccination response to pneumococci in 28 dialysis patients was mainly IgG2 and IgG1 but also occurred in IgG3 and IgG4. Prevaccination antibody levels of the controls were higher in IgG1 and IgG2 (p &lt; 0.01) (n = 21) than in dialysis patients (n = 28). Hepatitis B is nowadays a rare, but still dangerous disease in nephrology units. Dialysis patients have a reduced response to hepatitis B vaccine and vaccination schedules should be started early as some patients otherwise may not receive a fourth injection. The adequate antibody response to pneumococcal vaccination mainly due to IgG2 and IgG1 antibodies indicates that the antigen involved is important in vaccination responses in dialysis patients.
Synthetic Anti-Xa Drugs Can Be Used for Parenteral Anticoagulation but Not Fondaparinux. (2004)

Abstract Targeting at the level of factor Xa and/or prothrombinase complex by synthetic anti-Xa agents such as JTV-803 (Akros Pharma, Princeton, NJ), DX-9065a (Daiichi Pharmaceuticals, Tokyo, Japan), and Fondaparinux (Sanofi-Synthelabo, Toulouse, France) represents an important approach in anticoagulant therapy. Factor Xa is an essential component of the prothrombinase complex and leads to the generation of thrombin. Synthetic heparin pentasaccharide, Fondaparinux (Arixtra®) has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis in patients undergoing hip and knee replacement surgeries. There is a rapid stride in the development of newer synthetic inhibitors of factor Xa such as DX-9065a, and JTV-803 in various thrombotic indications. In order to evaluate the parenteral anticoagulant potential of these synthetic factor Xa inhibitors, we used the Hemochron (celite) activated clotting time (ACT) assay. DX-9065a at a final concentration of 5 and 10 μg/ml increased the ACTs to 250 and 300 seconds, respectively. Similar anticoagulant potential was noticed with JTV-803. These findings suggest that these agents may be useful as parenteral anticoagulants during interventional cardiologic procedures, surgical anticoagulation and for the prevention of vascular access occlusion. Fondaparinux requiring antithrombin (AT) for its anticoagulant effect does not increase the celite ACT to the extent as other synthetic factor Xa inhibitors. Fondaparinux even at a final concentration of 100 μg/ml increase the ACT to about 200 seconds and hence are not suitable to be used as parenteral anticoagulants. The concentrations of JTV-803, DX-9065a and fondaparinux required to increase the ACT to near 250 seconds are 6.2, 5 and 125 μg/ml, respectively. While fondaparinux is AT-dependent, the synthetic anti-Xa agents are AT-independent in their actions. The antithrombin sparing effect of direct anti-Xa agents may contribute to an additional anticoagulant effect as reflected by increased ACT levels. Furthermore, there are some other advantages of direct anti-Xa agents when compared to fondaparinux. While direct anti-Xa agents may be used for patients with AT deficiency, fondaparinux being AT-dependent, may not. The inhibition of the clot-bound and prothrombinase-bound factor Xa are additional advantages of direct Xa inhibitors when compared to fondaparinux. Fondaparinux being AT-dependent and upon complexation with AT is not capable of inhibiting the clot-bound factor Xa. Oral Xa inhibitors are being developed and when available patients may have an ideal transition from a parenteral anti-Xa agent to an oral Xa inhibitor. The results clearly suggest that synthetic factor Xa inhibitors except fondaparinux may be used as parenteral anticoagulants. Large-scale clinical studies are warranted to evaluate these findings.
Development and validation of the food allergy severity score (2021)

FASS is a validated and reliable method to measure severity of food allergic reactions. The ordinal and numerical versions that map onto each other are suitable for use by different stakeholders in different settings.
Nanoscale Electrostatic Confinement at Oxide Interfaces (2014)

We develop a robust and versatile platform to define nanostructures at oxide interfaces via patterned top gates. Using LaAlO$_3$/SrTiO$_3$ as a model system, we demonstrate controllable electrostatic confinement of electrons to nanoscale regions in the conducting interface. The excellent gate response, ultra-low leakage currents, and long term stability of these gates allow us to perform a variety of studies in different device geometries from room temperature down to 50 mK. Using a split-gate device we demonstrate the formation of a narrow conducting channel whose width can be controllably reduced via the application of appropriate gate voltages. We also show that a single narrow gate can be used to induce locally a superconducting to insulating transition. Furthermore, in the superconducting regime we see indications of a gate-voltage controlled Josephson effect.
Prediction of average biofilm density and performance of a spherical bioparticle under substrate inhibition (1997)

In this article, a model was proposed to predict the average performance and biofilm density of a spherical bioparticle under substrate inhibition in a fluidized bed system. The average biofilm density and substrate consumption rates were predicted for a definite biofilm thickness and limiting substrate concentrations. A diffusion and reaction model was developed over the bioparticle with biofilm-density dependent effective diffusion coefficients for maximum substrate consumption theory. This theory predicts the optimum density of a biofilm to yield a maximum substrate consumption rate within the biofilm, developed for the first time with this study and experimentally verified. A good correlation was observed between the model prediction and experimental results for biofilm density and substrate consumption rates. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 56: 319–329, 1997.
The Genome Organization of <i>Ralstonia eutropha</i> Strain H16 and Related Species of the <i>Burkholderiaceae</i> (2008)

Ralstonia eutropha strain H16 is a facultatively chemolithoautotrophic, hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium belonging to the family Burkholderiaceae of the Betaproteobacteria. The genome of R. eutropha H16 consists of two chromosomes (Chr1, Chr2) and one megaplasmid (pHG1), and thus shows a multi-replicon architecture, which is characteristic for all members of the Burkholderiaceae sequenced so far. The genes for housekeeping cell functions are located on Chr1. In contrast, many characteristic traits of R. eutropha H16 such as the ability to switch between alternative lifestyles and to utilize a broad variety of growth substrates are primarily encoded on the smaller replicons Chr2 and pHG1. The latter replicons also differ from Chr1 by carrying a repA-associated origin of replication typically found on plasmids. Relationships between the individual replicons from various Burkholderiaceae genomes were studied by multiple sequence alignments and whole-replicon protein comparisons. While strong conservation of gene content and order among the largest replicons indicate a common ancestor, the resemblance between the smaller replicons is considerably lower, suggesting a species-specific origin of Chr2. The megaplasmids, however, in most cases do not show any taxonomically related similarities. Based on the results of the comparative studies, a hypothesis for the evolution of the multi-replicon genomes of the Burkholderiaceae is proposed.
Epstein-Barr virus DNA in Hodgkin's disease, American Burkitt's lymphoma, and other human tumors. (1974)

The association of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in American tumors was tested by DNA-DNA reassociation kinetics and by complementary RNA hybridization. We did not find any detectable EBV DNA in Hodgkin's disease by DNA-DNA hybridization at the level of one EBV genome in every 20 or 50 cells. An association of EBV DNA with AMerican Burkitt's lymphomas could not be demonstrated by complementary RNA hybridization at the level of one to two genomes per cell. One melanoma and two carcinomas contained small but detectable amounts of EBV DNA.
Spinal lesions due to hyperextension in ankylosing spondylitis. (1983)

The authors review the literature and discuss the biomechanical aspects of extension fractures of the spine in ankylosing spondylitis and report 3 cases. They conclude that, although such lesions are rare, patients with ankylosing spondylitis who sustain such trauma must be subjected to thorough radiological examination. The milder lesions have a favourable prognosis, but those involving dislocation are extremely dangerous, both because of the frequent appearance of immediate or delayed medullary complications and because of the high incidence of pseudarthrosis.
Sodium Channel Inhibitor Drug Discovery Using Automated High Throughput Electrophysiology Platforms (2009)

Voltage dependent sodium channels are widely recognized as valuable targets for the development of therapeutic interventions for neuroexcitatory disorders such as epilepsy and pain as well as cardiac arrhythmias. An ongoing challenge for sodium channel drug discovery is the ability to readily evaluate state dependent interactions, which are known to underlie inhibition by many clinically used local anesthetic, antiepileptic and antiarrhythmic sodium channel blockers. While patch-clamp electrophysiology is still considered the most effective way of measuring ion channel function and pharmacology, it does not have the throughput to be useful in early stages of drug discovery in which there is often a need to evaluate many thousands to hundreds of thousands of compounds. Fortunately over the past five years, there has been significant progress in developing much higher throughput electrophysiology platforms like the PatchXpress and IonWorks, which are now widely used in drug discovery. This review highlights the strengths and weaknesses of these two high throughput devices for use in sodium channel inhibitor drug discovery programs. Overall, the PatchXpress and IonWorks electrophysiology platforms have individual strengths that make them complementary to each other. Both platforms are capable of measuring state dependent modulation of sodium channels. IonWorks has the throughput to allow for effective screening of libraries of tens of thousands of compounds whereas the PatchXpress has more flexibility to provide quantitative voltage clamp, which is useful in structure activity evaluations for the hit-to-lead and lead optimization stages of sodium channel drug discovery.
Identification and Isolation of a 75-kDa Inositol Polyphosphate-5-phosphatase from Human Platelets (1989)

We have identified, isolated, and characterized a second inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase enzyme from the soluble fraction of human platelets. The enzyme hydrolyzes inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins (1,4,5)P3) to inositol 1,4-bisphosphate (Ins(1,4)P2) with an apparent Km of 24 microM and a Vmax of 25 mumol of Ins(1,4,5)P3 hydrolyzed/min/mg of protein. The enzyme hydrolyzes inositol (1,3,4,5)-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,5)P4) at a rate of 1.3 mumol of Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 hydrolyzed/min/mg of protein with an apparent Km of 7.5 microM. The enzyme also hydrolyzes inositol 1,2-cyclic 4,5-trisphosphate (cIns(1:2,4,5)P3) and Ins(4,5)P2. We purified this enzyme 2,200-fold from human platelets. The enzyme has a molecular mass of 75,000 as determined by both sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by gel filtration chromatography. The enzyme requires magnesium ions for activity and is not inhibited by calcium ions. The 75-kDa inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase enzyme differs from the previously identified platelet inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase as follows: molecular size (75 kDa versus 45 kDa), affinity for Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 (Km 7.5 microM versus 0.5 microM), Km for Ins(1,4,5)P3 (24 microM versus 7.5 microM), regulation by protein kinase C, wherein the 45-kDa enzyme is phosphorylated and activated while the 75-kDa enzyme is not. The 75-kDa enzyme is inhibited by lower concentrations of phosphate (IC50 2 mM versus 16 mM for the 45-kDa enzyme) and is less inhibited by Ins(1,4)P2 than is the 45-kDa enzyme. The levels of inositol phosphates that act in calcium signalling are likely to be regulated by the interplay of these two enzymes both found in the same cell.
Effect of pellet fuelling on energy transport in ohmically heated alcator C plasmas (1986)

Time-dependent transport analysis calculations have been carried out, using experimentally determined plasma parameters to obtain the variation of electron and ion thermal diffusivities following pellet injection into moderate-density Alcator C discharges. The ion thermal diffusivity, which is typically higher than neoclassical predictions by a factor of three to five in the gas-fuelled target plasma, is found to decrease after pellet injection to approximately the neoclassical value. The electron thermal conductivity is not reduced after pellet injection. The improvement in ion transport correlates with the peaking of the density profile and may be related to the reduction in the quantity ηi ≡ d ln Ti/d ln n, which is inferred to lie close to the critical value for stability of drift modes driven by the ion temperature gradient. Extrapolation of these results to higher-density plasmas, for which the electron and ion losses cannot be unambiguously measured, is consistent with previously reported increases in global energy confinement time accompanying pellet injection.
ORAL SELF-ADMINISTRATION OF ETHANOL, PHENCYCLIDINE, METHADONE, PENTOBARBITAL AND QUININE IN RHESUS MONKEYS (1998)

aDepartment of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA bLaboratory of Clinical Studies, NIAAA, Poolesville, Maryland, USA