gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Theoretical models of ultrasound absorption in tissues (1987)

On the basis of many measurements on attenuation, absorption, and speed of ultrasound in biological materials, one can make the following generalizations: (a) Biological tissues have high attenuation coefficients, about two to three orders greater than their major component, water; (b) the amplitude attenuation coefficient increases with frequency near-linearly in soft tissues and near-quadratically in fluids with frequency in the range 1 to 10 MHz, and possibly even up to 100 MHz; (c) speed dispersion is extremely small (∼0.1 to 1 m/s/ MHz); (d) absorption and attenuation coefficients either increase or decrease with an increase in temperature, depending on the nature of the tissue, and the frequency of irradiatiOn; (e) fluids containing proteins show a sharp increase in excess absorption in acidic and basic pH ranges, and finally; (f) at sufficiently high intensity of irradiation the absorption coefficient increases with intensity. Comprehensive models for the propagation of ultrasonic waves through lossy media should explain these experimental findings. We will review some of the current models and critically examine them in light of the definition of absorption in relation to attenuation and scattering. [Work supported by NIH CA 24085, CA 41324, and NSF 8310626.]
Expression of recombinant parvovirus NS1 protein by a baculovirus and application to serologic testing of rodents (1996)

A recombinant baculovirus containing the NS1 gene of minute virus of mice was constructed. Optimal expression of the recombinant NS1 protein (rNS1) was achieved by infecting Trichoplusa ni High Five cells at a multiplicity of 10 and incubating them for 72 h postinfection. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with rNS1 as the antigen was evaluated for serologic testing of laboratory rodents. The rNS1 ELISA proved to be a more sensitive method for the detection of antibodies to recently recognized rodent parvovirus species (mouse orphan parvovirus and rat orphan parvovirus) and prototypic parvovirus species (minute virus of mice, Kilham's rat virus, and H-1) than were conventional parvovirus ELISAs that use whole parvovirus virions.
Development of an <i>In Situ</i> Thermal Desorption Gas Chromatography Instrument for Quantifying Atmospheric Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (2012)

Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) play a significant role in the formation of secondary organic aerosol, but their atmospheric abundance and chemical composition are poorly understood. We have developed a new system for the thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatograph (TAG) that extends its capability to quantitatively speciate SVOCs (semi-volatile TAG) having vapor pressures lower than tetradecane (C14) with hourly time resolution. The key component is a passivated stainless steel fiber filter that quantitatively collects both gas and particle phase organic compounds. A separation between gas and particle phase collection is determined through a difference method by periodically sampling ambient air through a multichannel charcoal denuder that efficiently removes gas-phase compounds. Measurements made with this new instrument will provide constraints on the abundance, chemical composition, and gas-to-particle partitioning of atmospheric SVOCs and provide opportunities to improve our understanding of secondary organic aerosol formation in the atmosphere. Copyright 2013 American Association for Aerosol Research
ELECTRONICS RESEARCH PROGRAM. SELECTION OF OSCILLATION MODES IN OPTICAL MASERS (1963)

Abstract : Ruby lasers formed by butting together two laser rods with plane parallel ends were shown to possess mode selection properties. The interface between the rubies acts as a partially-transparent reflector. Calculations show that the favored axial modes of the structure correspond to the frequencies for which both rods possess a Fabry-Perot type of resonance. The experimental results are in good agreement with these predictions. At high input energy (about 2-1/2 times threshold) a structure, consisting of a 3 inch and a 1-1/4 inch rod, was observed to oscillate in only three axial modes at room temperature. The reflectivity of the internal reflector and one ruby end face is obtained by virtue of the ruby/air dielectric discontinuity. The other end, which is totally reflecting, may be either a chisel or a prism. Thus, the type of mode selectivity afforded by the segmented rod structure is well adapted for very high power applications.
Topical Analgesic Formulations: Following the Transdermal Treatment Paradigm Only? (2019)

Topical analgesics are regarded as new inroads to treat peripheral neuropathic pain, with a number of advantages over oral treatments. Topical treatment reduces systemic induced side-effects and have good tolerability, without problems of misuse or abuse, or dependency. Furthermore, the onset of action is fast, mostly within 30 minutes. The mechanism of action of topical analgesics is either via transdermal delivery of the analgesic, or via intradermal mechanisms of action. In the latter case, plasma levels of analgesics in the blood are absent or very low. This perspective is missing in the approach of the ad hoc committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in the USA, installed by the FDA. In this short commentary, we plead for a more comprehensive approach of topical analgesics, including those formulations which explicitly are not based on transdermal penetration of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, but on intradermal mechanisms of action.
Axisymmetric shapes and stability of charged drops in an external electric field (1989)

A highly conducting charged drop that is surrounded by a fluid insulator of another density can be levitated by suitably applying a uniform electric field. Axisymmetric equilibrium shapes and stability of the levitated drop are found by solving simultaneously the augmented Young–Laplace equation for surface shape and the Laplace equation for the electric field, together with constraints of fixed drop volume, charge, and center of mass. The means are a method of subdomains, finite element basis functions, and Galerkin’s method of weighted residuals, all facilitated by a large-scale computer. Shape families of fixed charge are treated systematically by first-order continuation. Previous analyses by Abbas et al. in 1967 and Abbas and Latham in 1969, in which the shapes of levitated drops are approximated as spheroids, are corrected. The new analysis shows that drops charged to less than the Rayleigh limit lose shape stability at turning points, with respect to external field strength, and that the instability seen in experiments of Doyle et al. in 1964 and others is not a bifurcation to a family of two-lobed shapes, but rather is a related imperfect bifurcation.
Crystal Detector Calibration Program and Procedure (2010)

Abstract : This report describes a computer program to automate the calibration of crystal detectors and outlines instructions in how to use it. The program is written in MATLAB. I also provide sample output and a program listing.
Eröffnung (1987)

Zu unserem 4. Forum mit dem Thema: „Die Sicherheit technischer Systeme“ heiße ich Sie alle herzlich willkommen und danke Ihnen für Ihr Interesse an dieser Veranstaltung, an der beide Klassen unserer Akademie aktiv beteiligt sind. Mein Dank gilt vor allem der vorbereitenden Kommission und allen Rednern sowie dem Diskussionsleiter dieses Tages, Herrn Kollegen Pischinger. Erfreulicherweise ist es gelungen, für die Einzelbeiträge auch hervorragende Fachleute aus der Wirtschaft zu gewinnen, Herrn Professor Dr. Fiala aus Wolfsburg, Herrn Dr. Lippert aus Leverkusen und Herrn Professor Dr. Schmidt aus Aachen, um die sicherheitsrelevanten Gebiete in ihrer ganzen Breite zu erfassen und auch rechtliche und versicherungstechnische Fragen zu berücksichtigen. So hoffe ich, daß es möglich sein wird, die Erwartungen, die in eine solche Veranstaltung gesetzt werden, auch zu erfüllen. Nutzen Sie neben der Information vor allem auch die Gelegenheit zur Diskussion am Ende der Vorträge.
The two-component QseBC signalling system regulates in vitro and in vivo virulence of Aeromonas hydrophila (2011)

We recently demonstrated that the N-acyl-homoserine lactone [autoinducer (AI)-1] and LuxS (AI-2)-based quorum-sensing (QS) systems exerted positive and negative regulation, respectively, on the virulence of a diarrhoeal isolate SSU of Aeromonas hydrophila. However, the role of a newly identified, two-component-based QseBC QS system in the regulation of bacterial virulence in general is not well understood, with only a limited number of studies showing its function in bacterial pathogenesis. In this report, we identified and characterized the QseBC QS system in A. hydrophila SSU and found that, as was the case with enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli, the open reading frames for the qseB (the response regulator) and qseC (the sensor histidine kinase) genes overlapped by 4 bp at the ATGA motif. Our data provide evidence that deletion of the qseB gene from A. hydrophila resulted in attenuation of bacterial virulence in a septicaemic mouse model of infection and diminished swimming and swarming motility, and the mutant bacteria formed denser biofilms compared with those from the parental strain of A. hydrophila. The decrease in the virulence of the A. hydrophila ΔqseB mutant correlated with reduced production of protease and the cytotoxic enterotoxin, which has associated haemolytic activity. The swimming and swarming motility, haemolytic activity, protease production and biofilm formation were restored in the qseBC-complemented strain to a level similar to that of the wild-type A. hydrophila SSU. Our study is the first, to our knowledge, to report a functional QseBC QS system in A. hydrophila which may be linked to AI-1 and AI-2 QS systems in modulating bacterial virulence, possibly through the cyclic diguanosine monophosphate.
Removal of the Potassium Chloride Co-Transporter from the Somatodendritic Membrane of Axotomized Motoneurons Is Independent of BDNF/TrkB Signaling But Is Controlled by Neuromuscular Innervation (2019)

The potassium-chloride cotransporter (KCC2) maintains the low intracellular chloride found in mature central neurons and controls the strength and direction of GABA/glycine synapses. We found that following axotomy as a consequence of peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs), KCC2 protein is lost throughout the somatodendritic membrane of axotomized spinal cord motoneurons after downregulation of <i>kcc2</i> mRNA expression. This large loss likely depolarizes the reversal potential of GABA/glycine synapses, resulting in GABAergic-driven spontaneous activity in spinal motoneurons similar to previous reports in brainstem motoneurons. We hypothesized that the mechanism inducing KCC2 downregulation in spinal motoneurons following peripheral axotomy might be mediated by microglia or motoneuron release of BDNF and TrkB activation as has been reported on spinal cord dorsal horn neurons after nerve injury, motoneurons after spinal cord injury (SCI), and in many other central neurons throughout development or a variety of pathologies. To test this hypothesis, we used genetic approaches to interfere with microglia activation or delete <i>bdnf</i> from specifically microglia or motoneurons, as well as pharmacology (ANA-12) and pharmacogenetics (F616A mice) to block TrkB activation. We show that KCC2 dysregulation in axotomized motoneurons is independent of microglia, BDNF, and TrkB. KCC2 is instead dependent on neuromuscular innervation; KCC2 levels are restored only when motoneurons reinnervate muscle. Thus, downregulation of KCC2 occurs specifically while injured motoneurons are regenerating and might be controlled by target-derived signals. GABAergic and glycinergic synapses might therefore depolarize motoneurons disconnected from their targets and contribute to augment motoneuron activity known to promote motor axon regeneration.
Initial Experimental Results for Ferromagnetic Implant Hyperthermia, Temperature Distribution in Phantom and Rabbits (1987)

[in Japanese]
Pathogenesis and Pathology of Focal Malformations of Cortical Development and Epilepsy (1996)

This article reviews the pathogenesis and pathology of the most common focal malformations of cortical development in association with epilepsy. The classification of these disorders is reviewed in the context of new developments in the areas of diagnosis and genetics. The major pathological substrates and the possible mechanisms of these malformations are discussed. The possible mechanisms of epileptogenesis in the context of focal malformations are complex and poorly understood at present. Advances in this area promise to enhance our understanding of the basic mechanisms of epilepsy.
L AW E NFORCEMENT A GENCY D EFIBRILLATION (LEA-D): P OSITION S TATEMENT AND B EST P RACTICES R ECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE N ATIONAL C ENTER FOR E ARLY D EFIBRILLATION (2002)

"L AW E NFORCEMENT A GENCY D EFIBRILLATION (LEA-D): P OSITION S TATEMENT AND B EST P RACTICES R ECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE N ATIONAL C ENTER FOR E ARLY D EFIBRILLATION." Prehospital Emergency Care, 6(3), pp. 346–347
Experimental evaluation of validity of simplified Monte Carlo method in proton dose calculations (2003)

It is important for proton therapy to calculate dose distributions accurately in treatment planning. Dose calculations in the body for treatment planning are converted to dose distributions in water, and the converted calculations are then generally evaluated by the dose measurements in water. In this paper, proton dose calculations were realized for a phantom simulating a clinical heterogeneity. Both dose calculations in the phantom calculated by two dose calculation methods, the range-modulated pencil beam algorithm (RMPBA) and the simplified Monte Carlo (SMC) method, and dose calculations converted to dose distributions in water by the same two methods were verified experimentally through comparison with measured distributions, respectively. For the RMPBA, though the converted calculations in water agreed moderately well with the measured ones, the calculated results in the actual phantom produced large errors. This meant that dose calculations in treatment planning should be evaluated by the dose measurements not in water but in the body with heterogeneity. On the other hand, the results calculated in the phantom, even by the less rigorous SMC method, reproduced the experimental ones well. This finding showed that actual dose distributions in the body should be predicted by the SMC method.
Piezoelectric thin films for a high frequency ultrasound transducer with integrated electronics (2010)

Lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric films were integrated into prototype one-dimensional array transducers. The geometry used for transducer arrays is a xylophone-bar type with a length:width aspect ratio greater than 5:1 in order to isolate the desired resonance modes. The PZT and remaining films in the stack were patterned using ion-beam etching and partially released from the underlying silicon substrate by XeF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> etching. Impedance measurements on the fabricated structures showed resonance frequencies between 3 and 70 MHz for fully and partially released structures depending on the transducer dimensions and vibration modes. In-water transmit and receive functionalities have been demonstrated. A bandwidth on receive of 66 % has been determined for partially released structures.
MicroRNA Expression and Regulation in Human, Chimpanzee, and Macaque Brains (2011)

Among other factors, changes in gene expression on the human evolutionary lineage have been suggested to play an important role in the establishment of human-specific phenotypes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these expression changes are largely unknown. Here, we have explored the role of microRNA (miRNA) in the regulation of gene expression divergence among adult humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques, in two brain regions: prefrontal cortex and cerebellum. Using a combination of high-throughput sequencing, miRNA microarrays, and Q-PCR, we have shown that up to 11% of the 325 expressed miRNA diverged significantly between humans and chimpanzees and up to 31% between humans and macaques. Measuring mRNA and protein expression in human and chimpanzee brains, we found a significant inverse relationship between the miRNA and the target genes expression divergence, explaining 2%-4% of mRNA and 4%-6% of protein expression differences. Notably, miRNA showing human-specific expression localize in neurons and target genes that are involved in neural functions. Enrichment in neural functions, as well as miRNA-driven regulation on the human evolutionary lineage, was further confirmed by experimental validation of predicted miRNA targets in two neuroblastoma cell lines. Finally, we identified a signature of positive selection in the upstream region of one of the five miRNA with human-specific expression, miR-34c-5p. This suggests that miR-34c-5p expression change took place after the split of the human and the Neanderthal lineages and had adaptive significance. Taken together these results indicate that changes in miRNA expression might have contributed to evolution of human cognitive functions.
Cover Picture: Interrogating the Tailoring Steps of Pactamycin Biosynthesis and Accessing New Pactamycin Analogues (ChemBioChem 17/2016) (2016)

The cover picture shows the complex biosynthetic pathway to the antitumor antibiotic pactamycin in the soil bacterium Streptomyces pactum. Previous studies have suggested that some of the tailoring enzymes in pactamycin biosynthesis have relaxed substrate specificity that can lead to unspecific modifications of the intermediates. The activity of these promiscuous enzymes not only makes it difficult to determine the actual sequence of the pathway, but also impedes the production of structurally less complex analogues of pactamycin. In this study, a combination of genetic engineering and metabolic analysis was used to gain insights into the natural sequence of events during the tailoring steps of pactamycin biosynthesis and explain the unusual production of various pactamycin analogues by S. pactum mutants. Two new analogues that have better selectivity indices than pactamycin against malarial parasites were also identified. Artist: Seika Mahmud. More information can be found in the communication by T. Mahmud et al. on page 1585 in Issue 17, 2016 (DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600261).
Advanced control of a polymerisation reactor (1994)

A problem common to many chemical processes is the presence of a significant pure time delay, due either to transport lag or high order dynamics. Model based control techniques, such as internal model control, (Garcia and Morari, 1982) and Smith predictors, (Smith, 1958) have been proposed for the control of such plants. For most practical applications, such as chemical, power plants, etc. Process modelling can represent a substantial task requiring much development time, (Nicholson, 1980). An alternative is to develop a suitable parametric model that fits in some manner input, output and noise data from the plant, (Ljung and Soderstrom, 1983). In particular linear parametric models form the basis of many of the popular adaptive control techniques, such as pole-placement and minimum-variance self-tuning control, (Wellstead and Zarrop, 1991) and model predictive control techniques, (Clarke et al., 1987). In this work it is proposed to utilise such model based approaches to improve the control performance of an industrial polymerisation reactor. This involves the development of a process model using system identification techniques, the simulation of the plant within the Simulink environment to allow for the design and validation of control strategies. From these studies a Smith predictor was implemented to significantly improve the polymer viscosity control. Finally a hardware platform is developed to facilitate the implementation of sophisticated algorithms such as recursive least squares, that could not be accommodated on the present DCS.
Fate of xylem‐transported <scp><sup>11</sup>C</scp>‐ and <scp><sup>13</sup>C</scp>‐labeled <scp>CO<sub>2</sub></scp> in leaves of poplar (2014)

In recent studies, assimilation of xylem-transported CO2 has gained considerable attention as a means of recycling respired CO2 in trees. However, we still lack a clear and detailed picture on the magnitude of xylem-transported CO2 assimilation, in particular within leaf tissues. To this end, detached poplar leaves (Populus × canadensis Moench 'Robusta') were allowed to take up a dissolved (13)CO2 label serving as a proxy of xylem-transported CO2 entering the leaf from the branch. The uptake rate of the (13)C was manipulated by altering the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) (0.84, 1.29 and 1.83 kPa). Highest tissue enrichments were observed under the highest VPD. Among tissues, highest enrichment was observed in the petiole and the veins, regardless of the VPD treatment. Analysis of non-labeled leaves showed that some (13)C diffused from the labeled leaves and was fixed in the mesophyll of the non-labeled leaves. However, (13)C leaf tissue enrichment analysis with elemental analysis coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry was limited in spatial resolution at the leaf tissue level. Therefore, (11)C-based CO2 labeling combined with positron autoradiography was used and showed a more detailed spatial distribution within a single tissue, in particular in secondary veins. Therefore, in addition to (13)C, (11) C-based autoradiography can be used to study the fate of xylem-transported CO2 at leaf level, allowing the acquisition of data at a yet unprecedented resolution.
Approche bayésienne variationnelle : application à la déconvolution conjointe d'une source ponctuelle dans une source étendue. (2009)

National audience
SU‐FF‐T‐302: Investigation of the Effects of Approximations in Gamma Knife Stereotactic Radiosurgery Planning (2006)

Purpose: GammaPlan, the planning software for Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery, approximates many parameters to increase calculation speeds. These approximations can introduce dosimetric errors. We investigate the magnitude of these errors. Method and Materials: A planning algorithm was written to avoid the use of approximations. Skull scaling is accomplished through a simple edge detection algorithm on the imported images. Dose calculations are accomplished through the use of TMR measurements and beam profiles taken at various depths, and of all collimators. To measure the TMR of one beamlet, 200 of the 201 sources were plugged. A tungsten sphere was designed to provide additional attenuation of unwanted beamlets when taking film and ion chamber measurements in its center. Ion chamber measurements are obtained for various amounts of water‐equivalent ABS plastic for the 14 and 18 mm collimator. Additionally, Gafchromic film is placed between the pieces of plastic to obtain both PDD and TMR measurements of all collimators. The Gamma Knife calibration sphere was then modeled in both GammaPlan and our algorithm, and treatment times for isocenters placed throughout the sphere were calculated using both algorithms. Results: The 18 mm collimator TMR showed small deviations past 40 mm from the 0×0 curve used by GammaPlan, and differences up to 2% are seen at shallow depths. The 14 mm collimator showed similar behavior. Discrepancies of 3.8% on average (maximum 8.9%) were calculated for shots placed in various locations throughout the calibration sphere. Differences increased with the distance from the middle of the sphere and increasing gamma angle. Conclusion: We developed a robust Gamma Knife planning software, effectively reducing errors due to approximations. Our results agree with GammaPlan's calculated times. Skull scaling differences are the major source of the discrepancies between the two calculations.