gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regression-Based Context-Dependent Modeling of Deep Neural Networks for Speech Recognition (2014)

The data sparsity problem is addressed by using the decision tree state clusters as the training targets for the state-of-the- art context-dependent (CD) deep neural network (DNN) systems. The CD states within a cluster cannot be distinguished at the frame level. We surmise that the state clustering may cause an issue for the standard CD-DNNs, which has so far not been addressed in the literature. In this paper, a logistic regression framework is proposed for the CD-DNNs based on a set of broad phone classes to address both the data sparsity and the clustering problems. To address the data sparsity issue, the triphones are clustered into shorter biphones with broad phone contexts under multiple articulatory categories. A DNN is trained to discriminate the disjoint biphone clusters within each articulatory category. The regression bases are formed by the concatenated log posterior probabilities of all the broad phone DNNs. Logistic regression is used to transform the regression bases into the triphone state posteriors. Clustering of the regression parameters is used to reduce the regression model complexity while still achieving unique acoustic scores for all possible triphones. Based on some approximations, the regression model can be trained as a sparse softmax layer and its parameters can be learned by optimizing the cross-entropy criterion. The experimental results on a broadcast news transcription task reveal that the proposed regression-based CD-DNN significantly outperforms the standard CD-DNN. The best system provides a 1.3% absolute word error rate reduction compared to the best standard CD-DNN system.
New aqueous two‐phase systems based on poly(ethylene oxide sulfide) (PEOS) and potassium phosphate for the potential recovery of proteins (2006)

Abstract A new aqueous two‐phase system (ATPS) based on a degradable polymer called poly(ethylene oxide sulfide) with a molecular weight of 33 000 g mol −1 (identified as PEOS‐12) and potassium phosphate was exploited for the potential recovery of proteins. An initial characterisation of the ATPS was achieved by the construction of a phase diagram for the PEOS‐12/phosphate system. The protein partitioning behaviour of lysozyme and bovine serum albumin (BSA), selected as single model proteins, and B‐phycoerythrin (BPE) produced by Porphyridium cruentum in the new ATPS under increasing tie line length (TLL) conditions at constant phase volume ratio ( V r ) and system pH was investigated. Both single proteins partitioned in the new ATPS, initially exhibiting bottom phase preference; however, lysozyme changed phase preference when TLL was increased. Fractionation of a complex model (production of BPE by P. cruentum ) using PEOS‐12/phosphate ATPS was performed to evaluate the potential protein recovery from fermentation broth or cell homogenate. The proposed new ATPS proved to be suitable for the potential recovery of BPE from crude extract of P. cruentum . In general, a system comprising V r = 1.0, 18% (w/w) PEOS‐12, 8% (w/w) phosphate and 30% (w/w) TLL at pH 7.0 provided conditions to concentrate BPE into the bottom phase (i.e. partitioning behaviour of BPE; ln K BPE = −1.8) with a protein recovery of 84%. The findings reported here demonstrate the potential application of the new ATPS for the recovery of proteins from complex biological suspensions. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Supramolecular Solid–Gas Complexes: A Thermodynamic Approach (2007)

Phasing up to complex problems: A thermodynamic approach based on solution data has been proposed for the determination of the stability of gas complexes and elucidation of the selectivity of gas binding. Stability constants, reaction enthalpies, and entropies for the complexation of gaseous guests (n-alkylamines) by solid macrocyclic hosts (β-cyclodextrin, cucurbit[6]uril) were calculated by using the Born–Haber type cycle (see picture).
Ultra-Wideband Planar Antenna with Notched Bands at 3.5/5.5 GHz (2016)

In this paper, a microstrip planar antenna with notch bands at 3.5/5.5 GHz is proposed for ultra- wideband communication. An e-shape parasitic slit and an inverted C-shape slit are imprinted beneath the radiating patch to generate notch bands to suppress the interference from WiMAX and WLAN respectively. The experimental results confirmed that the fabricated prototype with a very small size has achieved an UWB operating band for VSWR ? 2 with two notched bands covering frequencies of 3.32 - 3.76 GHz and 5.2 - 5.92 GHz. The presented design achieved a good gain except at notched bands and exhibits stable omnidirectional radiation patterns. In this design, filter elements are embedded only on one side of the substrate without cutting any slot/s in the radiating element/ground plane and no modification of the patch or the ground plane is required which gives the proposed design an advantages over many designs reported for the same applications.
Chaotic Heave Motion of Marine Cable-body Systems (1995)

Marine cable-body systems deployed from surface support vessels are widely used in ocean mining. The present paper addresses their dynamic heave response under severe external excitation due to the heave motion of the surface support vessel. A single-degree-of-freedom model and a multi-degree-of-freedom model are presented. The former is to reveal the fundamental characteristics of the system under extreme excitation while the latter is for predicting the snap loading in the cable. The numerical examples illustrate that under such excitation the dynamic response of marine cable-body systems can lose its stability and become chaotic.
Duocarmycins - Natures Prodrugs? (2002)

The duocarmycins and (+)-CC-1065 are amongst the most potent antitumour antibiotics discovered to date and yet have not progressed into the clinic. The natural products are extremely stable to nucleophilic attack until bound to their DNA target and are not substrates for any other biological nucleophile. The mechanism for this target activation of the duocarmycins is discussed with relation to both an acid-catalyzed activation and a binding-induced conformational change leading to ground state destabilization. It is suggested that targeting of the duocarmycins to their site of action in a tumour may be more important than introducing systemically-activated prodrugs as the natural product itself can be considered to be a type of prodrug, activated only on binding to its targets. Methods that have been used to target CC-1065 and the duocarmycins are reviewed as well as efforts towards systemically activated prodrugs. A simple analysis of the approaches that could be taken to vary the structure for targeting is suggested.
Improved Protein-A separation of V(H)3 Fab from Fc after papain digestion of antibodies. (2011)

Antibody-binding fragments (Fab) are generated from whole antibodies by treatment with papain and can be separated from the Fc component using Protein-A affinity chromatography. Commercial kits are available, which facilitate the production and purification of Fab fragments; however, the manufacturer fails to report that this method is inefficient for antibodies with V(H)3 domains as a result of the intrinsic variable region affinity for Protein-A. A commercially available, modified Protein-A resin (MabSelect SuRe) has been engineered for greater stability. Here, we report that an additional consequence of the modified resin is the ability to purify V(H)3 family Fab fragments, which cannot be separated effectively from other components of the papain digest by traditional Protein-A resin. This improvement of a commonly used procedure is of significance, as increasingly, therapeutic antibodies are being derived from human origin, where V(H)3 is the most abundantly used variable region family.
Initial Results with Simultaneous Analog and Pulsatile Stimulation of the Cochlea (1990)

An improved method has been developed for the coding of speech information into adequate signals for the stimulation of the auditory nerve. It combines the periodicity principle, which has been applied in single-channel analog stimulation in the Austrian cochlear prosthesis, with the place principle by simultaneous analog stimulation on one channel and pulsatile stimulation on other channels. The second formant frequency determines the place of stimulation for the pulsatile signals. Simultaneous stimulation of several channels can cause the currents emerging from different electrodes to interact because the fluid impedance in the cochlea is small. Therefore, an important aspect of the multichannel strategy is to maintain the temporal pattern transmitted via the analog channel by adequate repetition rates and phase relationships of the pulsatile signals. The signals were processed with finite impulse response digital filters. Vowel identification tests were performed with 6 patients implanted with a 4-channel intracochlear electrode. The test material was spoken by male and female speakers. With proper timing of the pulses the improvement over the single-channel stimulation was significant at the 1% level and this difference was due to a significant increase in second formant recognition.
THE INFLUENCE OF SELECTED GOITROGENIC COMPOUNDS ON THE THYROID GLAND OF THE CHICK1 (1946)

THE CHEMICAL nature and activity of more than 300 compounds inhibiting the function of the thyroid gland of the rat have been reported by Astwood (1943) and by Astwood, Bissell, and Hughes (1945). It appeared of interest to extend to the chick observations on a selected group of these agents not only to test their potency in a second species but also as an attempt to obtain a less expensive or more sensitive object for the investigation of antithyroid drugs. An assay in the chick appeared of further interest in view of the extensive hypertrophy which can be induced in the thyroid gland of this species.
Morphologies of Multicompartment Micelles formed by Triblock Copolymers (2008)

Multicompartment micelles are desirable for advanced applications such as drug delivery. Recently, core-shell-corona CSC and segmented-worm SW micelles formed by ABC triblock terpolymers with three mutually immiscible blocks are observed in experiments. We have performed dissipative particle dynamics simulations to study the effects of molecular architecture, block length, and solution concentration on the morphologies of ABC triblock terpolymers. The formation of CSC and SW micelles for linear and miktoarm star ABC terpolymers is confirmed in this work. In addition, we predict that different multicompartment micellar morphologies e.g., incomplete skin-layered micelles and segmented worms can be formed by linear copolymer with different arrangements of the three blocks.
Syntenic relationship of loci for quantitative resistance to Pyricularia grisea in rice and barley. (2010)

Rice blast (Pyricularia grisea) is one of the most severe diseases of rice. A Baronesse/BCD47 DH barley population was used to determine the location of the blast resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) with different sources of blast pathogens (TH16, THL80, THL142 and THL222). Baronesse was highly resistant, whereas BCD47 was susceptible. The QTL mapped to the same linkage map position on chromosome 1H as the powdery mildew resistance locus Mla and an Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) k04320 corresponding to the barley gene 711N16.16 was obtained. Syntenic analysis corresponded to a region on rice chromosome 5. This region, including the bacterial blight resistance gene xa5, was demonstrated. These results indicated that a defined region on the short arm of the barley chromosome1H contains genes conferring quantitative resistance to multiple pathogen isolates.
The influence of HP/HT fluids on the dynamic performance of elastomeric seals (1993)

The move towards higher production pressures and temperatures means that seal design for downhole usage could become the limiting factor for the exploitation of future wells. To determine factors associated with seal behavior under severe conditions, a dynamic seal test facility which functions at up to 100 MPa (15,000 psi) and 250 C (480 F) has been designed and built to examine a variety of seal systems under various conditions. One aspect determined has been leakage rate. A main aim of the present paper is to assess, for multiphase fluid environments, the contribution of gas permeation to leakage. Separate high pressure permeation test equipment has been employed at similar severe conditions to quantify the coefficients associated with permeation for methane and, using this information, two simple worst-case models have been applied to the geometry of a chevron seal stack used in the dynamic test facility. Permeation through the seal stack is at least two orders slower than typical leakage rates. The permeation testing has also indicated when elastomer densification, and subsequent swelling, occur.
Suppression of Ras transformation by serum response factor. (1994)

Serum response factor (SRF) is a nuclear transcription factor that binds to the serum response element (SRE) found in the promoter regions of a number of growth factor-inducible genes, as well as muscle-specific genes. The smooth muscle alpha-actin promoter contains two SRE sequences that can bind to SRF. Its expression is repressed in Ras-transformed fibroblast cells and derepressed in revertant cells. In this study, we demonstrate that SRF can activate alpha-actin expression in Ras-transformed cells and that overexpression of SRF in Ras-transformed cells can revert their transformed phenotype. The ability of SRF to bind to the SRE was required for this effect, since mutations that inhibit DNA binding abolish SRF's ability to activate alpha-actin expression and suppress transformation by the ras oncogene. These results show that SRF, thought to be involved in stimulation of cell growth through activation of growth factor-inducible genes, can actually have the opposite effect and suggest a novel mechanism for suppression of transformation by Ras.
Comparison of different test strategies on a mixed-signal circuit (2009)

An experiment comparing the efficiency of different test strategies on a moderate complexity mixed-signal circuit with 1300 nodes is presented. Selected test strategies from the groups of functional, structural and parametric approaches were considered. Bridging faults are taken into account and fault simulations results are shown, where fault coverage, efficiency and quality of the tests are evaluated.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOISOMERISIERUNG VON NOPINON (1972)

Abstract Nopinon (I) reagiert bei der Photolyse zu den beiden Spaltprodukten (II) und (III), bei längerer Bestrahlung entsteht, auch unabhängig aus (II), lediglich 4‐ Isopropenyl‐5‐hexenal (III).
Fractal interpolation for the modification of pulse source signal in PARCOR synthesizer (2002)

It is considered that the buzz voice quality of synthesized speech, which is one of the major problems of the PARCOR synthesizer, is caused by rapid and large discontinuities of pulse train source signals. This paper focuses on the characteristics of the discontinuities in source signals which are derived from sustained vowels using PARCOR inverse filtering. Wavelet analysis indicates that the characteristics of the discontinuities in these source signals are different from those of pulse train. Based on this result, a new technique for the modification of the pulse train is proposed.
Polysiloxanes & PolysilanesBased in part on the article Polysiloxanes & Polysilanes by Robert West which appeared in the<i>Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition</i>. (2005)

Abstract Silicon‐containing polymers, of which polysiloxanes and polysilanes are the most important ones, are becoming more and more important industrially because of their unique properties. Polysiloxanes that contain SiOSi linkage in their structure are most commonly prepared by ring‐opening polymerization of cyclic siloxanes. The monomer for this process is prepared by the ‘Direct Process’. The polysiloxanes are hydrophobic despite having polar SiO bonds in their structures. They possess highly flexible structures with large SiOSi bond angles. They are chemically inert and have good thermal stability, low viscosity, and good gas permeability. These polymers and related copolymers find use in a variety of fields as silicone fluids, elastomers, and resins. Polysilanes consisting of chains exclusively made up of silicon atoms are most commonly prepared by Wurtz coupling reaction. through sodium condensation of dichlorosilanes. The most interesting aspect of their properties is σ‐electron delocalization, which gives rise to many interesting photochemical and photophysical effects like thermochromism, solvatochromism, and ionochromism. These polymers find use in preparation of silicon carbide and as photoresists, photoinitiators, and hole conductors in electrophotography. In this article, the history, synthesis, properties, and application of polysiloxane and polysilane polymers have been reviewed.
Interactions Involving the Human RNA Polymerase II Transcription/Nucleotide Excision Repair Complex TFIIH, the Nucleotide Excision Repair Protein XPG, and Cockayne Syndrome Group B (CSB) Protein (1996)

The human basal transcription factor TFIIH plays a central role in two distinct processes. TFIIH is an obligatory component of the RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) transcription initiation complex. Additionally, it is believed to be the core structure around which some if not all the components of the nucleotide excision repair (NER) machinery assemble to constitute a nucleotide excision repairosome. At least two of the subunits of TFIIH (XPB and XPD proteins) are implicated in the disease xeroderma pigmentosum (XP). We have exploited the availability of the cloned XPB, XPD, p62, p44, and p34 genes (all of which encode polypeptide subunits of TFIIH) to examine interactions between in vitro-translated polypeptides by co-immunoprecipitation. Additionally we have examined interactions between TFIIH components, the human NER protein XPG, and the CSB protein which is implicated in Cockayne syndrome (CS). Our analyses demonstrate that the XPB, XPD, p44, and p62 proteins interact with each other. XPG protein interacts with multiple subunits of TFIIH and with CSB protein.
Human glucosamine-6-sulphatase deficiency. Diagnostic enzymology towards heparin-derived trisaccharide substrates (1992)

Glucosamine-6-sulphatase (6S) activity towards a series of radiolabelled heparin-derived trisaccharide substrates was determined in cultured human skin fibroblast and leucocyte homogenates, and in urine supernatants of normal individuals and patients affected with 6S deficiency [Sanfilippo D syndrome; mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type IIID]. The N-sulphated and N-acetylated derivatives of the trisaccharide substrate O-(alpha-glucosamine 6-sulphate)-(1----4)-L-O-(alpha-iduronic acid 2-sulphate)-(1----4)-D-O-2,5-anhydro[1-3H]mannitol 6-sulphate (GlcNH6S-IdoA2S-anM6S) were prepared by enzymic digestion of a pentasulphated tetrasaccharide isolated following the HNO2 deamination of heparin. Purified lysosomal enzymes and MPS-patient skin fibroblasts were used along with chemical degradation to confirm the structure of each of the substrates that were utilized to study the interaction of the enzyme activities required to degrade the highly sulphated regions of heparan sulphate. Human liver, skin fibroblast and urine 6S activities were separated by chromatofocusing into at least four and possibly up to six individual activities. 6S activities present in each of the tissues generally had similar catalytic properties, including Km values, pH optima and inhibition with NaCl, Na2SO4 and NaH2PO4. Leucocyte and skin fibroblast 6S activities towards GlcNAc6S-IdoA2S-anM6S were maximal at pH 4.1 and 3.9 respectively, with Km values of 2.8 microM and 0.9-1.7 microM respectively. Urine 6S activity towards GlcNAc6S-IdoA2S-anM6S was stimulated 30-fold by BSA at pH 3.9, which shifted the pH optimum from 5.1 to 4.2 and decreased the Km value at pH 4.2 from 4.0 microM to 0.5 microM. Residual 6S activity present in the skin fibroblast homogenates from MPS IIID patients was characterized for activity towards GlcNAc6S-IdoA2S-anM6S and observed to have similar pH optima and Km values to normal skin fibroblast 6S activities, although the residual 6S activity was less than 1% of the normal control range.
Elaboration de membranes polymères composites par électrodéposition cataphorétique : Application à la séparation par pervaporation (1995)

Ce memoire resume les resultats d'une etude systematique concernant l'elaboration d'une nouvelle membrane composite faisant appel a l'electrodeposition d'un polymere par voie cataphoretique et sa performance separative en pervaporation. Le polymere etudie a ete un poly (ether-imide) (ultem 100 de general electric) susceptible de pouvoir etre transforme en un polyelectrolyte par modification chimique avec une diamine secondaire/tertiaire suivie d'une neutralisation partielle des groupements -nr#3 de l'amine avec un acide. Le sel obtenu permet la preparation d'emulsions aqueuses a partir desquelles des couches actives tres fines peuvent etre obtenues sur differents supports poreux (cathode dans le circuit d'electrophorese): metaux poreux, toiles metalliques, etc). La premiere partie de l'etude concerne: 1) l'optimisation de l'emulsion aqueuse (taux de modification et de neutralisation, nature de l'acide, taille et concentration micellaire, stabilite de l'emulsion), 2) l'optimisation des conditions d'electrodeposition (tension, densite initiale du courant, temps) correlees a la vitesse d'electrodeposition et au rendement sur la cathode ce qui permet un tres bon controle de l'epaisseur et de la densite du film polymere, 3) l'optimisation de la reaction de reimidisation thermique de l'ultem 1000 depose sur la cathode permettant une conversion amideimide quasi totale sans risques de deterioration des films. La deuxieme partie du present travail concerne l'evaluation de la performance separative des membranes composites dont le support metallique est une toile en acier inox d'une ouverture de maille de 50 m en pervaporation de differents melanges eau/ethanol. Pour l'azeotrope a 40c la membrane composite se caracterise par un facteur d'enrichissement egal a 20,03 ( egal a 118) et un flux de 31 g/m#2. H. Les resultats sont discutes sous l'angle de relations structure-proprietes sous deux aspects: thermodynamique de la sorption et diffusion
Rhodium(I) and platinum(II) complexes of aminomethylphosphines as hydrogenation and hydroformylation catalysts (1993)

Abstract Hydrogenation of α‐acetamidocinnamic acid with chiral aminomethylphosphine complexes of rhodium(I), [Rh(cyclo‐octa‐1, 5‐diene) {(R 2 PCH 2 ) 2 NR 1 }]‐PF 6 (R = Ph or Cy, R 1 = D(+)‐CHMePh, L‐CHMeCO 2 Et, ( R )(+)‐bornyl) shows no asymmetric induction. The hydroformylation of styrene using the catalyst mixture [PtCl 2 (P–P)]/SnCl 2 shows asymmetric induction with up to 31% enantiomeric excess of 2‐phenyl‐propanol being observed.
Synthesis of the Marine Sponge Cycloheptapeptide Stylopeptide 1<sup>1</sup> (1996)

The solution-phase synthesis of the marine sponge stylopeptide 1 (2), cyclo-(Leu-Ile-Phe-Ser-Pro-Ile-Pro), was conveniently accomplished using N-terminal Fmoc- and C-terminal tert-butyl ester protection with tert-butyl ether side-chain blocking for serine. Peptide bond formation for each step except for the final cyclization was effected with diethyl phosphorocyanidate to give the linear heptapeptide in 19% yield. Both TBTU (4) or BOP-Cl (5) were used to cyclize the heptapeptide and resulted in 67% and 13% yields of stylopeptide 1 (2), respectively. Peptide 2 was obtained in 11% overall yield based on the TBTU cyclization procedure. The general approach represents a useful improvement in the synthesis of such cyclic peptides. The synthetic stylopeptide 1 (2) proved to be identical with the natural product.