gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ambrisentan, an endothelin receptor type A-selective endothelin receptor antagonist, for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (2009)

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disease of the pulmonary vasculature characterized by vasoconstriction and vascular proliferation, which leads to right heart failure and death. Prostacyclin, NO and endothelin are felt to be key mediators in the development of PAH. We present the available published and presented data about ambrisentan, an ET(A)-selective endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA) and newest ERA agent to be approved by the FDA for the treatment of PAH in patients with WHO functional class II and III symptoms. Randomized, placebo-controlled trials have demonstrated a significant improvement in exercise capacity and decrease in time to clinical worsening, along with evidence to support an improvement in WHO functional class and quality of life for patients receiving ambrisentan. Long-term data have shown a 1-year survival of 95%; of the survivors, 94% remained on ambrisentan monotherapy. Endothelin receptor antagonists as a drug class have previously been associated with peripheral edema, aminotransferases abnormalities and a teratogenic risk to a developing fetus. Peripheral edema was observed in patients receiving ambrisentan; however, a greater percentage was experienced in patients aged > 65 years. In contrast, significant aminotransferase abnormalities were not observed with ambrisentan treatment in the placebo-controlled trials, and in all clinical trials combined the 1-year risk seems to be low (< 3%). Despite these data, the FDA requires monthly liver function tests monitoring. As with other ERAs, monthly pregnancy testing is required in all women of child bearing potential.
Absence of a Relationship Between Smoking and Diabetic Microangiopathy (1980)

The relationship between cigarette smoking and retinopathy and proteinuria was examined in a group of 973 subjects with diabetes. Other variables known to influence the risk of microangiopathy were also measured in a standardized fashion (e.g., duration of diabetes, blood glucose, blood pressure). The characteristics of smokers and nonsmokers were studied in detail. It was therefore possible to take into account the effects of confounding variables on the relationship between smoking and risk of microangiopathy. Associations between smoking and risk of microangiopathies, previously reported in some of the smaller studies, were not confirmed in this larger study.
The structures of the cross-reactive types 19 (19F) and 57 (19A) pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides. (1980)

The structures for two cross-reactive capsular polysaccharides isolated from Streptococci pneumoniae types 19 and 57 are proposed based on the analytical data obtained from methylation, enzymatic degradation, and periodate oxidation experiments performed on both intact polysaccharides and oligosaccharides isolated from hydrofluoric acid hydrolysates. Both polysaccharides exhibit an identical structure of 4)-beta-2-acetamido-2-deoxymannose-(1 leads to 4)-alpha-D-glucose-(1 leads to 2)-alpha-L-rhamnose-1-phosphate. This trisaccharide is considered the only repeating unit in the type 19 polysaccharide. The type 57 polysaccharide contains this same repeating unit and side chains composed of a beta-D-2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucose-(1 leads to 3)-beta-D-galactose-1-phosphate side chain attached to C-2 of the glucose and an alpha-L-fucose-1-phosphate attached to C-3 of the rhamnose.
Mechanical Pruning of American Hybrid Grapevines (1977)

ABSTRACT A mechanical primer has been developed for use on Concord grapevines. A triangular arrangement of reciprocating cutter bars establishes the length of cane and cane position. Cane thinning is done by a small diameter pedestal mounted circular saw. A three to six-fold labor efficiency can result.
Aortic valve disease (2014)

Aortic valve disease is common and has significant impact on prognosis and quality of life. In this educational review, we cover the pathophysiology, presentation and assessment of aortic stenosis (AS) and aortic regurgitation (AR), including the role of imaging modalities beyond echocardiography. We review current treatment strategies and emphasise the use and indications for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in view of recent data highlighting its emergence as a novel treatment option for patients with AS, who are unsuitable for conventional aortic valve replacement (AVR). We also describe novel surgical approaches for AR and potential future strategies for percutaneous intervention.
TRPV1 as a Polymodal Sensor: Potential to Discover TRPV1 Antagonists Selective for Specific Activating Modalities (2012)

The transient receptor potential V1, or TRPV1, channel has a complex polymodal activation profile that integrates information from membrane potential changes, heat, and protons in addition to channel gating following ligand binding. TRPV1 is expressed along the peripheral pain pathway from the distal endings of nociceptor neurons to dorsal root ganglia; but has limited expression in the central nervous system and is detected in arteriolar smooth muscle cells and various epithelia. Several TRPV1 antagonist candidate drugs have been tested in clinical trials over the past 5 years with varying results. The reported side-effect profile of these oral drug formulations includes hyperthermia and impaired detection of painful heat. These adverse events have tentatively been linked to characteristic in vitro profiles of the candidate drugs, specifically the ability of these molecules to differentially block one or several opening modalities. Thus the selection of lead candidates that are selective for specific modalities could be key to the development of a successful TRPV1 antagonist drug. This minireview updates the details of TRPV1 activation modes, existing in vitro assays available for screening of novel molecules and the clinical and preclinical profiles of next-generation TRPV1 candidate drugs developed by pharmaceutical companies.
Electrification by Impact (1920)

Electrification by Impact; Measurement of the Charge Produced by Collision between a Metal and a Dielectric.---After briefly discussing the unsuccessful attempts which have been made to formulate a satisfactory theory to explain electrification by friction, the author suggests that impact of dielectric upon metal, without sliding friction, may cause an electrical effect whose laws will shed light upon the frictional phenomenon. An apparatus is described for measuring the electric charge produced when a disc or sphere of dielectric material collides with a metal disc. The charges obtained in this manner ranged from 0.16 to 9.83 e.s.u., and produced potentials of 2.41 to 183.8 volts upon the metallic systems employed. These charges are of the same order of magnitude as those obtained by friction. The experiment was performed with various metals and dielectrics, and in every instance the metal received a positive charge. In no case was there any evidence of the erratic variation which others have found to be characteristic of electrification by friction. Curves are given which show the variation of charge with velocity of impact and with the mass of the impinging system. The charge produced by a single collision increases with each of these factors, but the velocity of impact was found to exert a greater influence than the mass of the moving body, in determining the amount of the charge. In certain cases velocities were attained at which the electrification due to a single impact reached a maximum value.Relation of Charge to Capacity.---The quantity of charge produced by a given collision was shown to be independent of the capacity of the metallic system.Effect of Repeated Impacts.---When many impacts were performed in rapid succession, the amount of charge increased to a maximum. This maximum was shown to be conditioned rather by the quantity of charge present upon the dielectric than by the potential of the metal anvil.Discussion of Results.---The author concludes that there is no direct dependence of the electrical energy upon the mechanical energy lost in impact, and that electrification by impact is similar in nature to the contact effect between metals. The results are considered to support Helmholtz's theory regarding the nature of electrification by friction.
Improving Adherence to Hand Hygiene Practice: A Multidisciplinary Approach (2001)

Hand hygiene prevents cross-infection in hospitals, but health-care workers' adherence to guidelines is poor. Easy, timely access to both hand hygiene and skin protection is necessary for satisfactory hand hygiene behavior. Alcohol- based hand rubs may be better than traditional handwashing as they require less time, act faster, are less irritating, and contribute to sustained improvement in compliance associated with decreased infection rates. This article reviews barriers to appropriate hand hygiene and risk factors for noncompliance and proposes strategies for promoting hand hygiene.
ERRATA IN VOL. II (2011)

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<title>Maskless laser-induced deposition of Cu film patterns from copper formate</title> (1999)

Laser direct writing using thin solid films of metallo- organic precursors offers some unique advantages in terms of materials design, process control, and safety over gas phase or solution processor. Micro patterned copper films were obtained by laser-induced deposition using Cu(HCOO)<SUB>2</SUB> 4H<SUB>2</SUB>O films as a precursor. Then the new applicabilities for interconnection of integrated circuits were preliminary studied by the estimation of physical and electrical properties of copper films after annealing. The growth kinetics of these Cu films was investigated as a function of the laser power and the scan speed which were varied in the range of 70 to 600 mW and 0.1 to 20 mm/s, respectively. The high-purity of the deposit was also confirmed by Auger electron spectroscopy analysis. The resistivity of the patterned copper films was a factor of about 20 higher than that of bulk value however, the resistivity decreased due to changes in morphology and porosity of the deposit and was about 10 (mu) (Omega) cm after annealing at 300 degrees C for 5 minutes.
[Intervention effects of tiaozhi jiangtang tablet on insulin resistance in rats with diabetes mellitus type 2]. (2006)

TJT is effective in increasing insulin sensitivity and improving glucose and lipid metabolisms in rats with diebetes mellitus type 2.
Efficient reachability testing of asynchronous message-passing programs (2003)

An asynchronous message-passing program P is nondeterministic. Given the same input, multiple executions of P may exercise different send/receive event sequences (or SR-sequences) and may even produce different results. Such nondeterminacy makes it difficult to determine the correctness of P. Let X be an input of P. Assume that any execution of P with X terminates. Reachability testing of P with X is to execute, in a systematic manner, all possible SR-sequences of P with X such that the correctness of P with X can be determined. The basic idea of reachability testing is described as follows. We first execute P with X nondeterministically to collect one or more SR-sequences. For each collected SR-sequence, we analyze its race conditions and generate race variants, which are prefixes of other SR-sequences. We replay race variants to generate new SR-sequences. For each new SR-sequence, we repeat the same process until we eventually execute all possible SR-sequences of P with X. We describe an efficient implementation of reachability testing of asynchronous message-passing programs. Our technique deals with partially-ordered SR-sequences and reduces the complexity and redundancy caused by totally-ordered SR-sequences.
Clinical significance of lipoarabinomannan detection in urine using a low-cost point-of-care diagnostic assay for HIV-associated tuberculosis (2012)

A low-cost point-of-care urine test for LAM rapidly diagnoses a sub-group of cases with advanced HIV-associated TB and poor prognosis. If used in combination with laboratory-based diagnostics, treatment delays would decrease and survival might be improved.
"Have You Searched Google Yet?" Using Google as a Discovery Tool for Cataloging (2007)

This paper demonstrates how some of Google's search functionalities can be used to locate information to assist in the cataloging process. In addition, the results of an informal survey of catalogers shows that while some respondents never considered using Google or prefer different methods for finding information, others find Google to be a good supplement to "traditional" cataloging tools.
Fluorescent Guanosine‐Nucleotide. Analogs Suitable for Photoaffinity‐Labeling Experiments (1976)

The synthesis and properties of strongly fluorescent derivative of inosine and its nucleotides are described. Reaction of 2-chloro-inosinic acid with sodium azide leads to a product bearing the tetrazole ring between position 2 and 3. Methylation at N1 was effected with dimethyl sulfate. The corresponding nucleosides and their 5'-triphosphates were also prepared. Only the non-methylated series is at equilibrium with small concentrations of their azido forms, and can be photolyzed by wavelengths above 300 nm. Both series are strongly fluorescent, their emission and excitation fluorescence spectra, as well as their quantum yields were measured. The nucleoside 5'-triphosphates are able to initiate and sustain polymerization of porcine brain tubulin.
Inactivation of the Chloroplast ATP Synthase γ Subunit Results in High Non-photochemical Fluorescence Quenching and Altered Nuclear Gene Expression in Arabidopsis thaliana (2004)

The nuclear atpC1 gene encoding the subunit of the plastid ATP synthase has been inactivated by T-DNA insertion mutagenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. In the seedling-lethal dpa1 (deficiency of plastid ATP synthase 1) mutant, the absence of detectable amounts of the subunit destabilizes the entire ATP synthase complex. The expression of a second gene copy, atpC2, is unaltered in dpa1 and is not sufficient to compensate for the lack of atpC1 expression. However, in vivo protein labeling analysis suggests that assembly of the ATP synthase and subunits into the thylakoid membrane still occurs in dpa1. As a consequence of the destabilized ATP synthase complex, photophosphorylation is abolished even under reducing conditions. Further effects of the mutation include an increased light sensitivity of the plant and an altered photosystem II activity. At low light intensity, chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics is close to those found in wild type, but non-photochemical quenching strongly increases with increasing actinic light intensity resulting in steady state fluorescence levels of about 60% of the minimal dark fluorescence. Most fluorescence quenching relaxed within 3 min after dark incubation. Spectroscopic and biochemical studies have shown that a high proton gradient is responsible for most quenching. Thylakoids of illuminated dpa1 plants were swollen due to an increased proton accumulation in the lumen. Expression profiling of 3292 nuclear genes encoding mainly chloroplast proteins demonstrates that most organelle functions are down-regulated. On the contrary, the mRNA expression of some photosynthesis genes is significantly up-regulated, probably to compensate for the defect in dpa1.
Isolates with Low-Level Vancomycin Resistance Associated with Persistent Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Bacteremia (2006)

Low-level vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus [VISA] and heterogenous VISA [hVISA]) is increasingly reported and leads to glycopeptide treatment failure. Various phenotypic features have been reported for these isolates, but the genetic changes leading to hVISA and VISA have yet to be clearly determined. We assessed phenotypic, antibiotic resistance, and genomic changes by using genomic DNA microarray comparison and sequencing of selected loci in five pairs of clinical hVISA/VISA strains and the initial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates obtained prior to vancomycin therapy. The isolates were from adult patients in Australia and New Zealand who had persistent MRSA bacteremia (>7 days) while receiving vancomycin therapy. In all cases, the initial isolates were found to be fully vancomycin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (VSSA). The hVISA/VISA phenotype was associated with increased cell wall thickness, reduced autolytic activity in four of five hVISA/VISA strains, and a striking reduction in biofilm formation compared to the parent strains in all pairs. All five pairs appeared to be isogenic, and genomic DNA microarray comparison suggested that major genetic changes are not required for the development of the resistant phenotype in these strains. No sequence differences were found in the agr locus or the tcaRA genes for any pair, but a marked reduction in RNAIII expression was found in four pairs. In summary, hVISA/VISA arises from fully VSSA during persistent infection that fails to respond to glycopeptide therapy and is associated with significant phenotypic changes, including a marked reduction in biofilm-forming ability. These clinically derived pairs of isolates will be a useful resource to elucidate the genetic mechanism of resistance in hVISA/VISA strains.
Exploring spatiotemporal characteristics of intra-urban trips using metro smartcard records (2012)

Understanding the characteristics of intra-urban trips is essential to get a deep insight of the dynamic aspects of urban system and to make urban planning. We explore the spatiotemporal patterns of human intra-urban trips using metro smartcard records of Shenzhen city. Through statistics of millions of smartcard records, we found that the intra-urban trips: (a) have two significant peak hours over day; (b) are different between weekday and weekend; and (c) have significant periodicity. The temporal patterns owe to the living and working habit of the inhabitants. The result also shows that passengers' volumes, as well as the spatiotemporal patterns, are various for different stations, due to the land uses around stations. The method shows that metro smartcard records provide a powerful approach to understanding the dynamic of urban system.
DYADIC ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN AGE STEREOTYPES AND HEALTH IN OLDER COUPLES COPING WITH PAIN (2018)

Negative age stereotypes, or negative beliefs about older people, can lead to adverse health outcomes for individuals. However, little is known about dyadic associations between age stereotypes and health in older couples. We hypothesized that psychological and relational well-being would be negatively associated with an individual’s own and partner’s negative age stereotypes. To test our hypothesis, we assessed depressive symptoms, marital satisfaction, and potential covariates (demographics, comorbidity, pain) in 77 married couples aged 60 years and over with a musculoskeletal condition. Moderating effects of gender caregiver role were examined. Results showed caregivers’ age stereotypes were not significantly different from care-recipients’. Each individual’s age stereotypes were not associated with their own depressive symptoms or marital satisfaction. Gender did not moderate the within-individual and cross-partner associations between age stereotypes and health. However, caregiver role significantly moderated the cross-partner association between age stereotypes and marital satisfaction among caregivers [B = 4.55, SE = 2.27, t (66.86) = 2.01, p=.049], such that caregivers reported particularly low marital satisfaction when their partners reported negative age stereotypes. Additionally, care-recipients had high marital satisfaction regardless of whether or not their partners held positive or negative age stereotypes [B = -1.56, SE = 2.27, t (68.78) = -.69, p=.49]. Our findings provide some of the first evidence for dyadic associations between age stereotypes and health in older adults. Future research should consider assessing the unique interpersonal effects of age stereotypes on health among older couples.
Selection of the Most Appropriate Leachate Treatment Methods: Part 1: A Review of Potential Biological Leachate Treatment Methods (1988)

Abstract This paper presents a review of North American and European literature concerning the physical and chemical characteristics of leachate and the biological treatment methods that have been used or could be used to treat leachate. Leachate characteristics of particular interest include five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) , chemical oxygen demand (COD), the BOD5/COD ratio, molecular weight and or size of the organics, volatile fatty acids (VFA’s), ammonia and metals. It is demonstrated that biological leachate treatment is most appropriate when the BOD5/COD ratio is high (i.e. &gt; 0.4) and the molecular weight of the majority of the organics is less than 500 g/mole. Tables summarizing the various biological leachate treatment process loading rates are presented. This paper serves as the basis for two companion papers: ”Selection of the Most Appropriate Leachate Treatment Methods, PART 2 : A Review of Recirculation, Irrigation and Potential Physical-Chemical Treatment Methods” and “Selection of the Most Appropriate Leachate Treatment Methods, PART 3: A Decision Model for Treatment Train Selection”.
A BREAKTHROUGH IN SOLAR CELL TECHNOLOGY-DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS (2017)

The dye sensitized solar cell DSSCs are currently the most efficient third-generationsolar technology available. This makes DSSCs attractive as a replacement for existing technologies in low density applications like rooftop solar collectors, where the mechanical robustness and light weight of the glass-less collector is a major advantage. They may not be as attractive for large-scale deployments where higher-cost higher-efficiency cells are more viable, but even small increases in the DSSC conversion efficiency might make them suitable for some of these roles as well.
A 10-Year, Double-Blind Study (1992)

Sixty patients with sciatica from lumbar intervertebral disc herniation were entered into a double-blind study. Following a randomized schedule, 30 patients were treated with intradiscal chymopapain and 30 patients with intradiscal normal saline. At 10 years, with the patients still unaware of the treatment given, 80% of the chymopapain patients regarded the injection to be successful, compared with 34% for the saline group (P = 0.0006). Laminectomy was required in 20% of the chymopapain patients, compared with 47% of the saline patients (P = 0.028). Seventy-seven percent of the chymopapain group was assessed by a blinded independent observer to be at least moderately improved, compared with 38% for the saline group (P = 0.004). The results of this double-blind study at 10 years demonstrate a sustained therapeutic effect of chymopapain in the treatment of patients with sciatica from lumbar intervertebral disc prolapse.
Modeling piezoelectric and piezomagnetic devices and structures via equivalent networks (2001)

A history of equivalent circuit modeling of acoustic structures is presented. This is followed by a tutorial development of their use to represent piezoelectric (PE) and piezomagnetic (PM) plate transducers and bimorph cantilever beams for the purpose of facilitating transition of modern micro/nanotechnology creations to practical sensor, actuator, and transducer applications. Circuit approximations of various types are derived from the more general networks.