gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Mechanism of Formation of Sodium Triphosphate from Orthophosphate Mixtures<sup>1</sup> (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Mechanism of Formation of Sodium Triphosphate from Orthophosphate Mixtures1James W. Edwards and Arno H. HerzogCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 14, 3647–3650Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01571a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01571a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views134Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Reliability prognostics for electronics via built-in diagnostic tools (2011)

This paper proposes a practical model to monitor the degradation of electronic equipment and further to predict the remaining useful life based on the self-diagnostic data. The de gradation precursor, characterized by voltage or current signals, is modeled as a Non-stationary Gaussian process with tim e-varying mean and variance. Statistical testing is then used to characterize the trend patterns for the mean and the variance, from which different types of degradation paths will be extrapolated. Regression tools and time series models can be adopted to forecast the system remaining useful life. A case study drawn from the semiconductor testing equipment is used to demonstrate the applicability and the performance of the proposed method.
Induction of T4 DNA ligase in a recombinant strain of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1989)

The kinetics of cell growth and foreign protein production, as well as factors affecting protein stability, were studied and optimized in batch and fed-batch fermentations of a recombinant strain of Escherichia coli. The pL promoter from bacteriophage lambda under the control of a temperature-sensitive cl represser, with the entire construct integrated into the E. coli chromosome through the use of a defective bacteriophage lambda lysogen, was used to direct the synthesis of T4 DNA ligase. The biphasic fermentations consisted of a primary growth phase at 30 degrees C followed by an induction phase which was initiated by shifting the temperature to 42 degrees C. In the fed-batch fermentations, additional nutrients were added at the time of initiating induction. Maintenance of sufficiently high concentrations of the organic substrates (glucose and casamino acids) during the induction phase was required for continued cell growth at 42 degrees C. Such growth was essential for T4 DNA ligase formation and in vivo stability. Hence, fed-batch fermentations produced the highest yield of the foreign protein Commensurate with providing lower total amounts of substrates. In such cases, high cell densities (6 g dry wt/L) with substantial intracellular levels of T4 DNA ligase (4.6% total cellular protein, or 2.7% of the dry biomass) were achieved.
The complexities of malaria disease manifestations with a focus on asymptomatic malaria (2012)

Malaria is a serious parasitic disease in the developing world, causing high morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of malaria is complex, and the clinical presentation of disease ranges from severe and complicated, to mild and uncomplicated, to asymptomatic malaria. Despite a wealth of studies on the clinical severity of disease, asymptomatic malaria infections are still poorly understood. Asymptomatic malaria remains a challenge for malaria control programs as it significantly influences transmission dynamics. A thorough understanding of the interaction between hosts and parasites in the development of different clinical outcomes is required. In this review, the problems and obstacles to the study and control of asymptomatic malaria are discussed. The human and parasite factors associated with differential clinical outcomes are described and the management and treatment strategies for the control of the disease are outlined. Further, the crucial gaps in the knowledge of asymptomatic malaria that should be the focus of future research towards development of more effective malaria control strategies are highlighted.
Developmental Stages in Human Embryos: Revised and New Measurements (2010)

The staging of human embryos, as distinct from seriation, depends on a morphological scheme devised by Streeter and completed by O'Rahilly, who proposed the term Carnegie stages. To avoid misconceptions and errors, and to place new findings in perspective, it is necessary to summarize the essentials of the Carnegie system: (1) Twenty-three stages cover the embryonic period, i. e. the first 8 postfertilizational weeks of development. (2) The system is based on internal as well as external features, and the use of only external criteria is subject to serious limitations. For example, precise delineation of stages 19-23 and of the embryonic-fetal transition depends on histological examination. (3) Prenatal measurements are not an integral component of the staging system, and hence a stage should never be assigned merely on the basis of embryonic length. A 20-mm embryo, for example, could belong to any of three stages. Measurements, however, are important for the assessment of age, and very few measurements are available for staged embryos. Presented here and based on accurate staging are the maximum diameter of the chorionic sac, the crown-heel length, the greatest length exclusive of the lower limbs, the biparietal diameter, the head circumference, the length of the hindbrain, the total length of the brain, and the lengths of the limbs as well as of their segments, including the foot length. (4) Prenatal ages are also not an integral part of the staging system and hence a stage should never be assigned merely on the basis of prenatal age. Ages, however, are of clinical importance and their estimate has been rendered more precise by accurate timing of fertilization followed by ultrasonography. Prenatal age is postfertilizational and hence some 2 weeks less than the postmenstrual interval. The term gestational age is ambiguous and should be discarded. Presented here is a new graph showing proposed estimates of age in relation to stages and based on current information.
A Generalization of Proximity Functions for K-Means (2007)

K-means is a widely used partitional clustering method. A large amount of effort has been made on finding better proximity (distance) functions for k-means. However, the common characteristics of proximity functions remain unknown. To this end, in this paper, we show that all proximity functions that fit k-means clustering can be generalized as k-means distance, which can be derived by a differentiable convex function. A general proof of sufficient and necessary conditions for k-means distance functions is also provided. In addition, we reveal that k-means has a general uniformization effect; that is, k-means tends to produce clusters with relatively balanced cluster sizes. This uniformization effect of k-means exists regardless of proximity functions. Finally, we have conducted extensive experiments on various real-world data sets, and the results show the evidence of the uniformization effect. Also, we observed that external clustering validation measures, such as entropy and variance of information (VI), have difficulty in measuring clustering quality if data have skewed distributions on class sizes.
Pesticides, Selected Elements, and Other Chemicals in Adult Total Diet Samples, October 1980-March 1982 (1986)

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducts Total Diet Studies to determine the dietary intake of selected pesticides, industrial chemicals, and elements (including radionuclides). These studies involve the retail purchase and analysis of foods representative of the diets of infants, toddlers, and adults. The individual food items are separated into a number of food groups, each of which is analyzed as a composite. This report summarizes the results for adult Total Diet samples collected in 27 cities between October 1980 and March 1982. The average concentrations, range of concentrations, and calculated average daily intake of each chemical found are presented by food group. The average daily intakes of the chemicals are similar to those found in the several preceding years and are within acceptable limits. The results for samples collected during the same period that represent the diets of infants and toddlers are reported separately.
Influence of annealing temperature on simultaneous vapor deposited calcium phosphate thin films (2001)

The effect of annealing temperature on the characteristics of thin film calcium phosphate coatings fabricated by a novel simultaneous vapor deposition method was investigated. Heat treating the as-deposited films was necessary to change the amorphous coating into a crystalline coating. The films were annealed for 3 h at 400, 700, 1000, and 1200 °C in air. After annealing, the structure and the chemical composition of these films were characterized with incident light microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. A scratch test was conducted to measure the strength of the adhesion of the coatings to the substrate. The results showed that after annealing at a temperature higher than 700 °C, crystalline hydroxyapatite appeared to coexist with tricalcium phosphate and tetracalcium phosphate phases. A Ca/P ratio close to that of stoichiometric hydroxyapatite was obtained with certain process parameters. The adhesion of the coatings was highly affected by the annealing temperature. From the results, it can be suggested that 1000–1200 °C is the best annealing temperature range for calcium phosphate coatings produced by the simultaneous vapor deposition method.
Silver(I) complexation with tertiary amines in toluene (1988)

The extent of complexation between silver(I) nitrate and triethylamine and tri-n-butylamine in toluene solutions at 23 °C has been determined by infrared spectroscopy. Both amines produced a mixture of monoamine and diamine silver complexes, and the second stepwise formation constants (K2) are reported. Infrared and atomic absorption experiments on solutions saturated with silver nitrate also yielded formal values of the first formation constant (K1) and of the solubility product (Ks) of silver nitrate in toluene. The results showed that Et3N coordinates more strongly with silver(I) in toluene than does Bu3nN. The values of K1 in toluene were found to be 4–5 powers of ten higher than in protic and dipolar aprotic solvents, while the values of K2 were smaller. Structural and solvation reasons are given to explain these results.
How Collaborative Logistics Management Increases Supply Chain Efficiency (2009)

Globalization, rapid technological change, shorter product life cycles, changing customer\npreferences, and hyper competition are just some characteristics of today’s business\nenvironment. As a result, organizations have become aware of the fact that working alone is\nalmost impossible. Therefore, they began to understand that building relationships are keys to\na successful business. In fact, as the business processes become more specialized,\norganizations prefer to focus on their core competencies and outsourcing becomes a relevant\nstrategy. Consequently parts of the value adding processes are displaced outside the four walls\nof the firm which in turn, need a closer partnership (collaboration) between the partners.\nIn today’s world logistics which includes transportation, inventory, order processing,\npurchasing, warehousing, materials handling, packaging, and much more, must continuously\nbe developed to meet those described challenges. In fact, an effective logistics system is a\nmust in order to meet and satisfy the customer demand. These developments require a\nconsiderable effort and significant capital. Accordingly, outsourcing the logistics activities\nbecome common and many companies leave these tasks to those who have available\nresources and are competent to perform them. However, as mentioned, outsourcing without\ncooperation is inefficient.\nThe objective of this research project is to introduce and describe collaborative logistics\nmanagement and investigate its consequence on the supply chain. This purpose necessitates a\nframework to support the collaboration between the entities in the chain especially in terms of\nlogistics activities. Besides, the potential benefits (in terms of cost and services) in logistics\ncollaboration are supported by a lot of literatures. Despite the identified needs and potential\nbenefits, there are still barriers through which is not started or not successful enough.\nTherefore, while those barriers must be identified, possible enablers should be designed and\nimplemented to attain desired benefits. This has been done through both a theoretical review\nand also a case study.
Cotton Linters: An Alternative Cellulosic Raw Material (2009)

Abstract Summary: Cellulose in fibrous or in chemically modified form plays a relevant part in products for industrial applications and in products which are used in human daily life. Besides wood, cotton is an important natural source for cellulose. Linters are a by‐product of the oil mills. The position of the linters in the technology of cotton is explained. In linters bleaching plant, the raw linters are purified mechanically and chemically. The principle of this process is shown. The resulting bleached linters (cotton linters pulp, CLP/cotton linters cellulose, CLC) have an alpha‐cellulose content of about 99%. Due to their purity and to their properties, the cotton linters pulp is the cellulosic basis for a large number of special and niche products in the paper and chemical industry.
Research on secure MDS-MAP location algorithm (2010)

Precise and secure node localization is one of key problems for applications based on wireless sensor networks. Recently multidimensional scaling-based localization algorithms made a great achievement in performance, but this algorithm is without security design. This paper analyze the security weaknesses of the MDS-MAP location algorithm basic on introducing the theory of multidimensional scaling-based localization algorithms and propose a secure MDS-MAP scheme to effectively withstand the typical sybil attack. Simulation results approve it to be effective.
Robot active touch exploration: constraints and strategies (2002)

The problem of using active touch (haptic) exploration to recognize a 3-D object taken from a known set of models is examined. Two approaches are combined: (1) the use of geometric constraints between components to eliminate interpretations and of interpretation-tree methods for choosing the best active sensing move; and (2) exploratory moves made by tracing continually along the surface of the object (and not through free space). The study is restricted to polyhedra, and a set of geometric constraints tailored for matching components acquired from haptic exploration against components in the models is given. A new constraint using pairs of line segments is presented. A set of active sensing moves, each with an associated cost measure, and strategies for choosing the next move are given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Single-step purification of shuttle vectors from yeast for high frequency back-transformation into<i>E. coli</i> (1990)

Journal Article Single-step purification of shuttle vectors from yeast for high frequency back-transformation into E. coli Get access Alister C. Ward Alister C. Ward CSIRO Division of Biomolecular Engineering, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville and Russell Grimwade School of Biochemistry, University of MelbourneParkville, Victoria 3052, Australia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 18, Issue 17, 11 September 1990, Page 5319, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/18.17.5319 Published: 11 September 1990 Article history Received: 19 July 1990 Published: 11 September 1990
Myopia in teenagers (1995)

age at début, degree of myopia, intraocular pressure, changes at the fundus, status of phoria, nearpoint of convergence and accommodation were all measured at the start and related to the refractive error measured 8 years later. No single parameter, apart from age at début, indicated that the individual would reach a high degree of myopia. The refractive error among the children with a début below 7 years of age was -6.60 D, but only -3.72 D among those with a début after 10 years. The change in refractive error over the 8-year period was not statistically related to the age at début, neither did the rate of progression depend on the degree of myopia, the changes at the fundus, nor the intraocular pressure. However, children could be found who had a high rate of progression, by using a combination of these parameters.
Developing Future-Minded Strategies for Sustainable Poultry Production , (1991)

Poultry is one of the world's major and fastest growing sources of meat, representing over 22% of all meat production in 1989. Because of their high nutrient content and relatively low caloric value, egg and poultry products are natural candidates to meet emerging consumer demands. The United States poultry industry must continue to meet the challenge of designing foods that meet consumers' definition of what is safe and what is healthy. Any agricultural production system should stand the test of scientific scrutiny, economic analysis, and social acceptance and impact The agricultural science sector should develop best management practices that continue to provide profitability and sustainability for producers. The poultry industry in the United States and many other countries has progressed probably more than any other branch of livestock production in the trend toward intensive production systems. Voluntary codes of practice adhered to by producers of farm animals is an effective option that can be employed to help solve concerns about animal welfare. The poultry industry of the future will need to meet steadily increasing consumer demand for wholesome meat, while addressing issues of health and safety, waste management, and water and air pollution.
La crisis de los partidos políticos en México y su impacto en la democracia: caso candidaturas ciudadanas (2022)

El estudio hace un repaso sobre la democracia representativa en México, la crisis de partidos, el impacto que tienen los partidos políticos y los ciudadanos, y aborda el origen de las candidaturas ciudadanas a partir de tres casos significativos, las experiencias desarrolladas, los obstáculos en el reconocimiento de los derechos político-electorales, así como las ventajas y desventajas que tiene esta reforma para el sistema político mexicano frente a la crisis partidaria. Explica los tres casos de candidaturas ciudadanas que tuvieron dificultades de reconocimiento en los comicios tanto del nivel presidencial como de los niveles estatal y municipal. Están los casos del candidato presidencial Jorge Castañeda, del candidato a la gubernatura del Estado de Michoacán, Manuel Guillén Monzón, y de la candidata María Elizondo al municipio de Santander Jiménez. Entre las conclusiones destaca el riesgo que puede significar estas candidaturas para el sistema político.
Image contour extraction with analog MOS circuit techniques (1977)

Simple analog MOS circuits provide real-time contour extraction for video signals from CCD images. Variation in ambient lighting and complexity can be accommodated using novel MOS analog counters. Applications include industrial controls and prosthetics. The possibility of automatic picture focusing is demonstrated with the contour extraction technique developed in this project.
Design of On-Chip Gate Drivers With Power-Efficient High-Speed Level Shifting and Dynamic Timing Control for High-Voltage Synchronous Switching Power Converters (2015)

Two integrated high-speed gate drivers to enable high-frequency operation of synchronous rectifiers in high-voltage switching power converters are presented in this paper. The first synchronous gate driver for a CMOS power train consists of a capacitively coupled level shifter (CCLS) that offers negligible propagation delays and no static current consumption, and requires only one off-chip capacitor to enable high-side power pMOS driving capability without any external floating supply. The second synchronous gate driver consists of a low-power high-speed dynamically controlled level shifter (DCLS) with a reliability-enhanced error-suppression technique for driving a dual-nMOS power train. In addition, a dynamic timing control (DTC) is developed to generate proper dead time for power FETs in order to enable soft switching operation of the converter under different input voltages for enhancing the converter reliability. The converter power efficiency can be also improved by minimizing both switching and short-circuit power losses under high-input-voltage conditions. Implemented in a 0.5 μm 120 V CMOS process, both proposed CCLS and DCLS have demonstrated to shift up 5 V signal to 100 V and 40 V, respectively, improving the FoM by at least 10 times and 2.9 times compared to respective state-of-the-art level shifters. The DTC circuit enables proper ZVS operation in a synchronous buck converter with the CCLS-based gate driver over a wide input supply range from 40 V to 100 V, providing a converter maximum power-efficiency improvement of 11.5%.
Power Usage and Electrical Circuit Analysis for Electric Arc Furnaces (1980)

Power usage in ultrahigh-powered electric arc furnaces requires considerably more investigation into system parameters, furnace secondary circuit analysis, and operating characteristics than previously given to normal powered electric arc furnaces. The power input must be analyzed from the infinite electric utility bus to the arc at the electrode. All interested parties must participate in the analysis to assure a mutual understanding of each other's problems. Various high-voltage systems are compared along with power factor correction applications. An 18-ft (5.5-m) 80-ton (72.6-metric tons (MT)) furnace has been selected for detailed analysis with a 50-MVA furnace transformer. In addition to electrical considerations, the power melting profile and associated refractory erosion is also subjected to analysis in this review. The analysis indicates that with proper application, ultrahigh-powered electric arc furnaces will provide increased production with reasonable refractory erosion.
Preparation of Novel Metal-Selective Mannich Bases of Kojic Acid (1998)

Abstract Two novel tetradentate Mannich bases of kojic acid were synthesised exhibiting altered specificity for either oxovanadium(IV) or copper(II) ions determined by the presence or absence of a single methylene group in a cyclic diamine backbone.