gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scaling of the Specific-Heat Singularity of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">He</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>Near Its Critical Point (1969)

We have measured the specific heat at constant volume (${C}_{v}$) of ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ near its critical temperature (${T}_{c}$) and critical density (${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}$). Tabulated data are given along seven isochores with densities in the range $\ensuremath{-}0.10<\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}<+0.15$, where $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}=\frac{(\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c})}{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}}$, at temperatures in the range $\ensuremath{-}0.06<t<+0.13$, where $t=\frac{(T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c})}{{T}_{c}}$. Density resolution was 0.001 ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}$ and the resolution of ${C}_{v}$ measurements was $0.0003{T}_{c}$. in temperature. Resulting values for the critical constants are ${T}_{c}=5.1891\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0007$ K and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}=0.06958\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00007$ g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. The data in the one-phase region may be expressed as the sum of a nonsingular function of $t$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}$ and a function of the form ${|\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}|}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{\ensuremath{\beta}}}f(x)$, where $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is the exponent describing the singularity in ${C}_{v}$ at density ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}$ in the one-phase region, $\ensuremath{\beta}$ is the exponent describing the coexistence curve, and $x$ is the variable suggested in Griffith's discussion of homogeneous functions, $t|{\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}|}^{\frac{\ensuremath{-}1}{\ensuremath{\beta}}}$ In the two-phase region ${C}_{v}$ diverges with an exponent ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ with ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\approx}\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\approx}0.15$. In the two-phase region the singularity in ${C}_{v}$ seems to be dominated by $\frac{{d}^{2}P}{d{T}^{2}}$ where $P$ is the vapor pressure. If $\ensuremath{\mu}$ is the chemical potential $\frac{{d}^{2}\ensuremath{\mu}}{d{T}^{2}}$ is less singular than $\frac{{d}^{2}P}{d{T}^{2}}$ and may even be constant in this temperature range. The singularity in $\frac{{d}^{2}P}{d{T}^{2}}$ implies the ${T}_{58}$ helium vapor-pressure temperature scale is slightly in error. If ${T}_{58}$ and its first derivative are assumed correct at 4.85 K, then ${T}_{58}$ assigns a temperature 0.0007 K too high to pressures near the critical pressure. Where our ${C}_{v}$ data may be compared to $P\ensuremath{-}V\ensuremath{-}T$ data on ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ the agreement is generally good. The possibility now exists of making a complete model of the free energy near the critical point.
Structural and Molecular Basis of the Peroxynitrite-mediated Nitration and Inactivation of Trypanosoma cruzi Iron-Superoxide Dismutases (Fe-SODs) A and B (2014)

Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, contains exclusively iron-dependent superoxide dismutases (Fe-SODs) located in different subcellular compartments. Peroxynitrite, a key cytotoxic and oxidizing effector biomolecule, reacted with T. cruzi mitochondrial (Fe-SODA) and cytosolic (Fe-SODB) SODs with second order rate constants of 4.6 ± 0.2 × 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) and 4.3 ± 0.4 × 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) at pH 7.4 and 37 °C, respectively. Both isoforms are dose-dependently nitrated and inactivated by peroxynitrite. Susceptibility of T. cruzi Fe-SODA toward peroxynitrite was similar to that reported previously for Escherichia coli Mn- and Fe-SODs and mammalian Mn-SOD, whereas Fe-SODB was exceptionally resistant to oxidant-mediated inactivation. We report mass spectrometry analysis indicating that peroxynitrite-mediated inactivation of T. cruzi Fe-SODs is due to the site-specific nitration of the critical and universally conserved Tyr(35). Searching for structural differences, the crystal structure of Fe-SODA was solved at 2.2 Å resolution. Structural analysis comparing both Fe-SOD isoforms reveals differences in key cysteines and tryptophan residues. Thiol alkylation of Fe-SODB cysteines made the enzyme more susceptible to peroxynitrite. In particular, Cys(83) mutation (C83S, absent in Fe-SODA) increased the Fe-SODB sensitivity toward peroxynitrite. Molecular dynamics, electron paramagnetic resonance, and immunospin trapping analysis revealed that Cys(83) present in Fe-SODB acts as an electron donor that repairs Tyr(35) radical via intramolecular electron transfer, preventing peroxynitrite-dependent nitration and consequent inactivation of Fe-SODB. Parasites exposed to exogenous or endogenous sources of peroxynitrite resulted in nitration and inactivation of Fe-SODA but not Fe-SODB, suggesting that these enzymes play distinctive biological roles during parasite infection of mammalian cells.
Selective depletion or blockade of Kupffer cells leads to enhanced and prolonged hepatic transgene expression using high-capacity adenoviral vectors (2003)

Tissue macrophages, in particular hepatic Kupffer cells (KCs), contribute to early inflammatory responses following adenoviral vector administration. This study evaluates the effect of selective and transient (3 days) depletion of KCs by a single injection of clodronate liposomes on the in vivo performance of high-capacity adenoviral (HC-Ad) vectors. In KC-depleted C57BL/6 and C3H mice increased and stabilized hAAT levels were observed following intravenous injection of HC-Ad vectors expressing human alpha-1 anti-trypsin (hAAT) either from the hAAT promoter or from the human cytomegalovirus promoter. Comparable increases in hAAT levels were obtained in mice preinjected with a transcriptionally silent HC-Ad vector. Interestingly, in the majority of animals of both strains depletion of KCs was sufficient to prevent the generation of anti-hAAT antibodies, resulting in prolonged transgene expression. Thus, short-term and selective depletion of hepatic macrophages at the same time significantly increased hepatic transgene expression and reduced the humoral immune response to the transgenic protein.
Long period, long duration seismic events during hydraulic fracture stimulation of a shale gas reservoir (2011)

We investigate a series of long period and long duration (LPLD) seismic events observed during hydraulic fracturing in a gas shale reservoir. These unusual events, 10–100 seconds in duration, are observed most clearly in the frequency band of 10–80 Hz and are remarkably similar in appearance to tectonic tremor sequences first observed in subduction zones. These complex but coherent wave trains have finite move‐outs obtained from cross‐correlation. The move‐out direction of the events confirms that they originate in the reservoir from the area where the fracturing is going on. Clear P‐ and S‐wave arrivals cannot be resolved within the LPLD episodes, but in some cases, small micro‐earthquakes occur in the sequences. Whether these micro‐earthquakes are causal or coincidental is not known. It has also been observed that in three contiguous frac‐stages, all LPLD events appear to come from two distinct places along one of two fracture planes. Interestingly, the stages which have the largest number of LPLD events also the have the highest observed pumping pressures during fracturing and the highest density of natural fractures. One possible explanation of these LPLD events is that low effective normal stress (resulting from high pore fluid pressure during hydraulic fracturing), causes slow slip on the pre‐existing fault planes. In the absence of elevated pressure, slip would not be expected on these planes as they are poorly‐oriented to the stress field. Slip on these fault planes is occurring because the fluid pressure is close to the magnitude of the least principal stress. We observe a few events after pumping is stopped indicating that once triggered, these planes continue to slip, perhaps due to trapped pore pressure within the fault planes.
Lung detection in CT images by using improved active control model (2006)

We compared in-vitro activity of fluconazole, itraconazole and ketoconazole by evaluating their Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) for 100 fungal strains isolated from different biological specimens of ARC/AIDS patients. A semisolid agar medium was used: this method is suitable for testing molds and yeasts, and can be applied to all azole antifungal drugs. Fluconazole had higher MICs than two other tested drugs, especially for Candida krusei strains; however it never had a MIC higher than 40 mg/l. Itraconazole and ketoconazole had MICs higher than 40mg/l for one Cryptococcus neoformans strain. There were no significant differences for itraconazole and ketoconazole among the tested strains.
<title>Measurement of particle size distribution and volume fraction from frequency-domain measurements of photon migration</title> (1997)

Multi-wavelength, frequency-domain measurements of phase-shift provides a self-calibrating measure of isotropic scattering coefficients. From these measurements we reconstruct particle size distribution and volume fraction for three latex suspensions that are concentrated, yet non-interacting. Extrapolation of the technique to non-spherical particles, such as titanium dioxide, illustrates preliminary success of the approach.
Controlled Initiation of Enzymatic Reactions in Micrometer-Sized Biomimetic Compartments (2005)

We present a technique to initiate chemical reactions involving few reactants inside micrometer-scale biomimetic vesicles (10(-12) to 10(-15) L) integral to three-dimensional surfactant networks. The shape of these networks is under dynamic control, allowing for transfer and mixing of two or several reactants at will. Specifically, two nanotube-connected vesicles were filled with reactants (substrate and enzyme, respectively) by microinjection. Initially, the vesicles are far apart and any diffusive mixing (on relevant experimental time scales) between the contents of the separated vesicles is hindered because of the narrow diameter and long axial extension of the nanotube. To initiate a reaction, the vesicles were brought close together, the nanotube was consumed by the vesicles and at a critical distance, the nanotube-vesicle junctions were dilated leading to formation of one spherical reactor, and hence mixing of the contents. We demonstrate the concept using a model enzymatic reaction, which yields a fluorescent product (two-step hydrolysis of fluorescein diphosphate by alkaline phosphatase), where product formation was measured as a function of time using a FRAP fluorescence microscopy protocol. By comparing the enzymatic activity with bulk measurements, the enzyme concentration inside the vesicle could be determined. Reactions could be followed for systems having as few as approximately 15 enzyme molecules confined to a reactor vesicle. To describe the experiments we use a simple diffusion-controlled reaction model and solve it using a survival probability approach. The agreement with experiment is qualitative, but the model describes the trends well. It is shown that the model correctly predicts (i) single-exponential decay after a few seconds, and (ii) that the substrate decay constant depends on the number of enzymes and geometry of reaction container. The numerical correction factor Lambda is introduced in order to ensure semiquantitative agreement between experiment and theory. It was shown that this numerical factor depends weakly on vesicle radius and number of enzymes, thus it is sufficient to determine this factor only once in a single calibration measurement.
Computerized Measurement of Speech Intelligibility II.: Normative Data from a ‘Closed Response’ Test (1991)

A Danish Four Alternative Forced Choice (4AFC) test was presented to normal-hearing and cochlearly hearing-impaired listeners in two background noises: a modulated, speech-spectrum-shaped noise and an 8-persons babble noise. At the presentation to the hearing-impaired subjects the test signals were given a frequency-dependent amplification in accordance with the POGO-fitting method. Normative data are presented which indicate that 4AFC is a valid test in spite of lack of homogeneity between the alternatives allowed. On the other hand, a learning effect is demonstrated which affects the reliability. A computer-assisted analysis of the obtained consonant confusions reveals a predominance of confusions among initial consonants having the same voicing.
Metastable Equilibrium in the Dew Point Determination of Natural Gases in the Hydrate Region (1955)

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 204, 1955, pages 262–263. Introduction The dew point of natural gas which has been in equilibrium with gas hydrates has been reported to be lower than that obtained for natural gas in equilibrium with water. Hammerschmidt reports a lowering of the dew point of 13° F for a natural gas in equilibrium with hydrate at 38° F and 525 psi. Records and Seely likewise show that the dew point of gas leaving hydrate separators is as much as 15° F below the separator temperature. This paper presents the reasons for the observed differences between the equilibrium temperatures and the dew point temperatures. Descriptions of the dew point determination by the Bureau of Mines and ASTM tester indicate that the dew point is taken as the temperature at which liquid water droplets first begin to appear on the cooled mirror surface even though the temperatures involved are below that required for the formation of gas hydrates or ice. Pressure-Temperature Diagram for Methane-Water System Fig. 1 presents a schematic pressure-temperature diagram for the methane-water system for some constant pressure between the critical pressures of pure methane and pure water i.e., pressures frequently encountered in pipeline operations. The possible equilibrium relations are shown by the heavy solid lines. Curve AE represents the saturated water content or dew point of gas in equilibrium with a water-rich liquid solution while curve EF represents the dew point of gas in equilibrium with hydrates. In addition the dotted line DE labelled "metastable dew point" is introduced to explain the apparent discrepancy between the dew point determination and gas-hydrate equilibria.
Inverse relationship between proliferation and differentiation in a human TNP-specific B cell line. Cell cycle dependence of antibody secretion. (1988)

Studies of an EBV-transformed and TNP-specific human B cell line revealed that, unlike myeloma or hybridoma cell lines that consist mainly of fully differentiated cells, most of the cloned EBV-transformed cells were not fully differentiated, as judged by inability to bind TNP-SRBC and to secrete anti-TNP antibody. The minority of more differentiated cells were selected by TNP-SRBC rosetting. They were found to proliferate to a lesser extent than nonrosetting cells and to contain increased numbers of antibody-secreting cells. This inverse relationship between proliferation and differentiation was also shown to be cell cycle related in that the TNP-SRBC rosetting cells resided, to a greater extent than the nonrosetting cells, in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The finding that the G1 phase of the cell cycle was associated with differentiation into anti-TNP secreting cells was confirmed by demonstrating that treatment with hydroxyurea, which arrests the cells in G1, resulted in decreased proliferation and an increased proportion of antibody-secreting cells. Similarly, addition of phorbol ester resulted in increased antibody secretion and decreased proliferation, suggesting a role for protein kinase C in this differentiation pathway. The strategy of increasing the number of antibody-producing cells in this human EBV line, by promoting differentiation of the cells in G1, may be relevant to the large scale production of specific human mAb for the treatment and diagnosis of human diseases.
Probabilistic Assessment of Composite Structures (1992)

A general computational simulation methodology for an integrated probabilistic assessment of composite structures is discussed and demonstrated using aircraft fuselage (stiffened composite cylindrical shell) structures with rectangular cutouts. The computational simulation was performed for the probabilistic assessment of the structural behavior including buckling loads, vibration frequencies, global displacements, and local stresses. The scatter in the structural response is simulated based on the inherent uncertainties in the primitive (independent random) variables at the fiber matrix constituent, ply, laminate, and structural scales that describe the composite structures. The effect of uncertainties due to fabrication process variables such as fiber volume ratio, void volume ratio, ply orientation, and ply thickness is also included. The methodology has been embedded in the computer code IPACS (Integrated Probabilistic Assessment of Composite Structures). In addition to the simulated scatter, the IPACS code also calculates the sensitivity of the composite structural behavior to all the primitive variables that influence the structural behavior. This information is useful for assessing reliability and providing guidance for improvement. The results from the probabilistic assessment for the composite structure with rectangular cutouts indicate that the uncertainty in the longitudinal ply stress is mainly caused by the uncertainty in the laminate thickness, and the large overlap of the scatter in the first four buckling loads implies that the buckling mode shape for a specific buckling load can be either of the four modes.
Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society. Vol. II, Pts. II, III, and IV. Oxford: 151 Iffley Road. (1924)

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Barrier Coated Drug Layered Particles for Formulation Design of an Amorphous Solid Dispersion (2011)

Surface phenomena were found to play a distinct role in performance of amorphous celecoxib solid dispersion (ACSD) which comprised of amorphous celecoxib (A-CLB), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and meglumine (MEG) at 7:2:1 weight ratio. In aqueous media, spray dried ACSD powder filled capsules displayed non-dispersible plug formation, due to cohesive interfacial interactions, that resulted in poor dissolution performance. Additionally, the free surface of ACSD predisposed it to faster devitrification under environmental stress and reduced its shelf life stability. Based on these findings, surface modification was evaluated as a means for its formulation design. Barrier coated-amorphous CLB solid dispersion layered particles (ADLP) were developed by Wurster process, using microcrystalline cellulose as substrate and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), inulin and polyvinyl alcohol phthalate (PVAP) as coating excipients (at 3% w/w). In aqueous media, barrier coated-ADLP filled capsules were able to preclude the unfavorable interfacial interaction of amorphous particles, and achieved rapid dispersibility and high drug release, in comparison to uncoated ADLP and spray dried ACSD capsules. Physical stability under 25 °C/75% RH and 40 °C/75% RH open conditions indicated crystallization inhibition by 2 to 10-fold (cf. uncoated ADLP) and 9 to 50-fold (cf. spray dried ACSD) with barrier efficiency in the order of inulin
Establishing a tool to assess product health claims and improve regulation of bioactive compounds as functional ingredients in foods (2008)

Non‐nutrient bioactive compounds inherent in plant foods are widely associated with beneficial health effects. As a result, bioactive compounds are becoming increasingly important as functional ingredients in food products with proposed health benefits, such as reduction of disease risk, improvement in growth and development, and optimisation of health. Authorisation of health claims within the current marketplace is imperative to ensure valid representation of food products. In response to the need for access to bioactive compound data, a single online resource has been established which collates international data on the composition and biological effects of plant‐based bioactive compounds. The database derives information from peer‐reviewed published literature and covers 16 major compound classes from approximately 600 commonly consumed plants. All data is quality assessed using a defined rating system and reporting is user‐driven to support the specific requirements of the user. The database is likely to serve as an invaluable tool for product health claim assessment, regulation of bioactive compounds as functional ingredients, estimation of exposure to bioactive compounds and for supporting diet and health research. Support: This project is part of the European Food Information Resource Network (EuroFIR), which is funded by the EU under the 6th Framework Programme. Project contract number: FP6‐513944.
The morphologic expression of each cardiac primordium in the chick embryo (1972)

ABSTRACT The cardia bifida in amphibians has the bulboventricular loop of the two hemi-hearts convex towards the mid-line. In birds the two loops have been reported to be convex towards the outside because all the experimental methods of producing cardia bifida in birds, unlike amphibians, impede the closure of the foregut. The morphologic expression of each cardiac primordium was studied without altering endodermal tubulation or altering it only to the least possible degree. It has been demonstrated that the cardia bifida in birds has the two bulboventricular loops convex towards the mid-line and that the heart loops formed by only one primordium also tend to be convex towards the mid-line. Previous studies have been confirmed in the sense that the caudal portion of the left hemi-heart is the more prominent than the right one and that the left hemi-heart has faster heating rate than the right one until stage 12. When the caudal portion of the left cardiac primordium was removed at stage 9 of Hamburger & Hamilton, in all cases a loop convex to the right was formed. This fact excludes that this portion of the left primordium is the origin of the right bending of the cardiac tube.
Role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and adenosine triphosphate in glucocorticoid-induced cytotoxicity in susceptible lymphoid cells. (1987)

The possibility that corticosteroid cytotoxicity could be mediated by activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and consequent depletion of NAD and ATP was evaluated in steroid-sensitive S49.1 and steroid-resistant S49.143R mouse lymphoma cells and in lymphocytes from a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. All cell types were shown to have the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and to increase activity in response to DNA strand breaks. Incubation of susceptible cells with 1 microM dexamethasone resulted in DNA strand breaks. Susceptible cells also showed a dose-dependent decrease in NAD and ATP that preceded loss of cell viability. These studies suggest that steroid-induced cytotoxicity in susceptible lymphocytes is due to the presence of DNA strand breaks that activate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase to a sufficient degree to consume cellular pools of NAD with a consequent depletion of ATP and loss of cell viability.