gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Catalytic <scp>RNA</scp> (2012)

Abstract Ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules have diverse roles in biological systems. Although some code for proteins or act to translate codons to amino acids, others fold into specific shapes that endow them with the ability to catalyse specific chemical transformations. These catalytic RNAs, ribozymes, are responsible for protein synthesis, transfer RNA (tRNA) processing, self‐splicing of certain introns, self‐scission during rolling circle replication of some single‐stranded RNA viruses and cofactor‐dependent gene regulation in bacteria. Other ribozymes have been evolved in vitro to perform a wide variety of transformations. Two of these, tRNA aminoacylase and RNA polymerase ribozymes, are featured here because molecules with such capabilities are thought to have existed on early Earth, before proteins took over as the dominant biological catalysts. Most of the ribozymes have been shown to perform multiturnover catalysis and thus act as true enzymes, either in their natural, biological form or as engineered constructs. Key Concepts: RNA molecules can fold into specific conformations and accelerate chemical transformations, thus acting as catalytic biomacromolecules, ribozymes. Ribozymes can accelerate chemical reactions by many orders of magnitude. Many ribozymes are capable of multiturnover catalysis, acting as enzymes. Protein synthesis templated by mRNA is catalysed by ribosomal RNA. Most ribozymes are phosphoryl transferases. In vitro selected ribozymes have been shown to catalyse a wide variety of reactions. The existence of ribozymes supports the RNA World hypothesis.
Secure Communication in Stochastic Wireless Networks—Part I: Connectivity (2011)

The ability to exchange secret information is critical to many commercial, governmental, and military networks. Information-theoretic security-widely accepted as the strictest notion of security-relies on channel coding techniques that exploit the inherent randomness of the propagation channels to strengthen the security of digital communications systems. Motivated by recent developments in the field, we aim to characterize the fundamental secrecy limits of wireless networks. The paper is comprised of two separate parts. In Part I, we define the intrinsically secure communications graph (iS-graph), a random graph which describes the connections that can be securely established over a large-scale network. We provide conclusive results for the local connectivity of the Poisson iS-graph, in terms of node degrees and isolation probabilities. We show how the secure connectivity of the network varies with the wireless propagation effects, the secrecy rate threshold of each link, and the noise powers of legitimate nodes and eavesdroppers. We then propose sectorized transmission and eavesdropper neutralization as viable strategies for improving the secure connectivity. Our results help clarify how the spatial density of eavesdroppers can compromise the intrinsic security of wireless networks. In Part II of the paper, we study the achievable secrecy rates and the effect of eavesdropper collusion.
Einleitung (1996)

In der “klassischen” Komplexitätstheorie untersucht man, wie schwierig ein algorithmisches Problem im schwierigsten Fall (worst-case) ist. In der Praxis ist es aber unter Umständen wesentlich wichtiger zu wissen, wie aufwendig die Problemlösung im Mittel ist, d.h. zum Beispiel welche mittlere Laufzeit ein Lösungsalgorithmus hat, wenn die Eingaben einer bestimmten Verteilung unterhegen. Dies soll kurz an einem Beispiel erläutert werden.
The DNA Damage Response Arouses the Immune System (2006)

Although there is considerable knowledge of how DNA damage triggers cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and apoptosis, little was known about its potential role in immune responses. Recently, we showed that genotoxic stress and stalled DNA replication forks induce the expression of ligands for the NKG2D receptor found in natural killer cells and certain T cells, cell types that are able to attack tumor cells. Chronic activation of this response in tumor cells may contribute to immune recognition, but it also imposes a selection mechanism for immune escape and malignant progression. This unique arm of the DNA damage response may have implications for understanding therapeutic responses, many of which induce the DNA damage response, and for designing more effective regimens to treat cancer.
Maternal haemodynamics at 11-13 weeks of gestation and adverse pregnancy outcomes (2012)

Objective Women who develop pre-eclampsia (PE) or gestational diabetes (GDM) are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. In individuals with cardiovascular disorders there is increased central aortic systolic blood pressure (SBP Ao ) and arterial stiffness. The hypothesis is that increased SBP Ao, and arterial stiffness are apparent before the clinical onset of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods This was a prospective study in singleton pregnancies at 11 +0 -13 +6 weeks' gestation. Pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (AIx) and SBP Ao were measured. We compared these parameters in those that developed PE (n=181), GDM (n=105), gestational hypertension (n=137), small for gestational age (n=337) with unaffected controls (n=6,766). Multiple regression analysis was used to examine which of the maternal characteristics provided a significant contribution in the prediction of AIx-75, PWV and SBP Ao . Each value was expressed as a multiple of the median (MoM) after adjustment for those characteristics. Results In the PE group there was an increase in AIx-75 (1.13 vs 1.00 MoM, p<0.0001), PWV (1.11 vs 1.00 MoM, p<0.0001), and SBP Ao (1.09 vs. 1.00 MoM, p<0.0001). In the GDM group there was an increase in PWV (1.06 MoM, IQR 0.96-1.19 MoM vs. 1.00 MoM, IQR 0.90-1.13 MoM, p=0.001) and SBP Ao (1.03 MoM, IQR 0.98-1.14 vs. 1.00, IQR 0.94-1.08, p<0.0001), but no significant difference in the AIx (1.02 MoM, IQR 0.89-1.22 MoM vs. 1.00 MoM, IQR 0.87-1.17 MoM, p=0.118). Conclusion A high proportion of women who develop PE or GDM have increased SBP Ao and arterial stiffness that is apparent from the first-trimester of pregnancy.
A STUDY OF PROGESTERONE INACTIVATION BY THE LIVER AFTER INTRAPORTAL ADMINISTRATION (1946)

Journal Article A STUDY OF PROGESTERONE INACTIVATION BY THE LIVER AFTER INTRAPORTAL ADMINISTRATION Get access PAUL ENGEL PAUL ENGEL 1From the Research Department of “Laboratorios Hormona,” Bogotá, Colombia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Endocrinology, Volume 38, Issue 3, 1 March 1946, Pages 215–217, https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-38-3-215 Published: 01 March 1946 Article history Received: 21 January 1946 Published: 01 March 1946
Estrogens, Brain, and Behavior: Lessons from Knockout Mouse Models (2009)

The use of animal models to effectively replicate problems such as hormone deficiencies, neurologic diseases, and brain injury and stroke has certainly made a vast contribution to understanding the neuroprotective effects of estrogen in the brain. Studies using gonadectomy procedures followed by 17beta-estradiol replacement have effectively demonstrated the positive effects that estrogen provides in cognitive performance and memory performance tasks. A major problem with such studies is that local brain aromatase (the estrogen-synthesizing enzyme) may still convert locally produced androgens to estrogens. Hence, such "estrogen-deficient" models may not be completely void of estrogen. The generation of the aromatase knockout (ArKO) and estrogen receptor knockout (ERKO) mouse models has enabled researchers to characterize the effects of complete estrogen deficiency within the brain and hence behavior. This review aims to compare and contrast the results of these various mouse models.
SHANNON INFORMATION AND ENTROPY SQUEEZING OF A SINGLE-MODE CAVITY QED OF A RAMAN INTERACTION (2006)

Entropy squeezing is examined in the framework of Shannon information entropy for a degenerate Raman process involving two degenerate Rydberg energy levels of an atom interacting with a single-mode cavity field. Quantum squeezing in entropy is exhibited via the entropic uncertainty relation.
Computation of Dancoff Factors for TRISO-Fueled Prismatic HTRs (2009)

v 1. INTRODUCTION 1-1 2. THEORY OF DANCOFF FACTORS FOR DOUBLY HETEROGENEOUS TRISOFUELED REACTORS 2-2 2.1 TRISO-based HTR Fuel Elements 2-2 2.2 The IntraLump Dancoff Factor 2-3 2.3 The InterLumps Dancoff Factor 2-5 2.3.1 First Flight Escape Probabilities 2-6 2.3.2 Mean Chord Lengths 2-7 2.3.3 Transmission Probabilities 2-8 3. NUMERICAL EVALUATION OF DANCOFF FACTORS FOR PRISMATIC HTRs: THE PRISDAN CODE 3-1 3.1 Random Geometry Generation 3-1 3.2 Computation of Intralump Dancoff Factor 3-1 3.3 Computation of Interlumps Dancoff Factor 3-2 3.4 Alternative Computation of Interlumps Dancoff Factor in Prismatic Blocks 3-2 4. VERIFICATION OF THE PRISDAN CODE 4-4 4.1 Introduction: Verification Not Validation 4-4 4.2 TRISO Packing Fraction in Fuel Compacts 4-5 4.3 Results for Intralump Dancoff Factors of Prismatic Block HTRs 4-6 4.4 Results for Interlumps Dancoff Factors of Prismatic Block HTRs 4-7 4.5 Total Dancoff Factors of Prismatic Block HTRs 4-8 5. STRUCTURE OF THE PRISDAN CODE AND INPUT REQUIREMENTS 5-1 5.1 Structure of the PRISDAN code 5-1 5.2 PRISDAN input data requirements 5-2 6. CONCLUSIONS 6-1 6.1 Summary of Development 6-1 6.2 Outstanding Concerns and Recommendation for Future Work 6-1 7. REFERENCES 7-3 FIGURES Figure 2-1. Composition and morphology of the fuel pebble. 2-2 Figure 2-2. Structure and composition of fuel block. 2-2
Characterization of a Ca2+-Dependent Protein Kinase from Rice Root: Differential Response to Cold and Regulation by Abscisic Acid. (2001)

The Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) and abscisic acid (ABA) are known to be involved in low-temperature stress response. The focus of this study was to characterize the 45 kDa protein kinase identified in the crude extract of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedling roots in response to cold (5 degrees C) stress. The activity of the 45 kDa protein kinase decreased at low temperature as evident by an in-gel kinase assay using histone III-S as a substrate. Also, the Ca2+-dependent activity of this protein kinase was suppressed by cold in the membrane fractions of the root. A general protein kinase inhibitor and Ca2+ chelator inhibited the activity of the 45 kDa protein kinase, suggesting that it was a plant CDPK. The 45 kDa CDPK identified was found to be independent of photosynthetic tissues such as the leaf and leaf sheath of rice seedlings, supporting a direct sensing mechanism in the roots of rice seedlings to cold stress. The suppressed activity of the 45 kDa CDPK was reverted by supplementing with 5 microM ABA under cold stress. The 45 kDa CDPK activity was stronger in the cold-tolerant variety of the 4 types tested than it was in the cold-sensitive one. These results suggest the involvement of endogenous ABA in regulating the activity of the 45 kDa CDPK in response to cold stress.
Enzymic Modification of Cyclopropane Sterols in Yeast Cell‐Free System (1974)

Cycloartenol, cycloeucalenol and 24‐methylene pollinastanol have been incubated in a yeast cell‐free system. Esters of the substrates are formed but there is no evidence of enzymatic cyclopropane cleavage.
Two antioxidants are better than one (2011)

New evidence suggests that the cellular oxygen-sensing hypoxia-inducible factor(HIF) pathway may be protected by a double buffer of cellular antioxidant defense. Key players in the oxygen-dependent regulation of this pathway are the prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing enzymes (PHDs) that catalyze the prolyl-4-hydroxylation of HIFα, dependent on the presence of oxygen, 2-oxoglutarate, and iron in the ferrous (Fe(2+)) form. Vitamin C is also required as a cofactor, possibly to maintain the catalytic iron center in its functional Fe(2+)) state, although both the mechanism and the in vivo requirement are not absolutely clear.
Effects of Platinum Additions on the Adherence of Alumina Scales to CVD Aluminide Bond Coatings (2001)

It is well known that Al 2 O 3 scale adherence to aluminide bond coats is enhanced by Pt alloying additions, however, the actual mechanisms of the Pt effect are not defined. Both NiAl and NiPtAl bond coats were fabricated on two types of single-crystal superalloys (de-sulfurized and nominal S content) by a high-purity chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. Oxide scale adherence to CVD NiAl during thermal cycle testing to 1150°C was dramatically improved by reducing both superalloy and coating S impurities. Platinum additions to CVD aluminides resulted in significant further improvements in scale adherence, especially on the higher-S superalloy. The most obvious manifestation of the Pt effect was elimination of large voids at the oxide-metal interface. Transmission electron microscopy of α-Al 2 O 3 scales after isothermal exposure indicated internal void growth on both NiAl and NiPtAl, but scales on NiPtAl also contained Hf from the superalloy. These results further support previous observations that Pt mitigates the detrimental effect of S impurities by modifying the driving force to stabilize or accelerate void growth, although this may not be the only beneficial effect.
A<i>CHANDRA</i>X-RAY ANALYSIS OF ABELL 1664: COOLING, FEEDBACK, AND STAR FORMATION IN THE CENTRAL CLUSTER GALAXY (2009)

The brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) in the Abell 1664 cluster is unusually blue and is forming stars at a rate of ~ 23 M_{\sun} yr^{-1}. The BCG is located within 5 kpc of the X-ray peak, where the cooling time of 3.5x10^8 yr and entropy of 10.4 keV cm^2 are consistent with other star-forming BCGs in cooling flow clusters. The center of A1664 has an elongated, "bar-like" X-ray structure whose mass is comparable to the mass of molecular hydrogen, ~ 10^{10} M_{\sun} in the BCG. We show that this gas is unlikely to have been stripped from interloping galaxies. The cooling rate in this region is roughly consistent with the star formation rate, suggesting that the hot gas is condensing onto the BCG. We use the scaling relations of Birzan et al. 2008 to show that the AGN is underpowered compared to the central X-ray cooling luminosity by roughly a factor of three. We suggest that A1664 is experiencing rapid cooling and star formation during a low-state of an AGN feedback cycle that regulates the rates of cooling and star formation. Modeling the emission as a single temperature plasma, we find that the metallicity peaks 100 kpc from the X-ray center, resulting in a central metallicity dip. However, a multi-temperature cooling flow model improves the fit to the X-ray emission and is able to recover the expected, centrally-peaked metallicity profile.
Is hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation really a surgical complication? (1989)

During the 1-year period between January 1 and December 31, 1987, 323 patients underwent389 OLT at the University of Pittsburgh Health Center. HAT developed in 37 of these grafts(9.5%) during or shortly after OLT. The incidence was 5.7% in adults (16/282 patients) and19.6% in children (21/107 patients). An attempt at HAT reconstruction was made in 13 of these37 patients (35.1%). This was performed during the primary transplantation procedure in 6patients and 4.7 ± 3.5 days later (mean ± SD; range 1 to 12) in the other 7 patients. The patientswere aged between 17 months and 58 years, with a mean age of 22.0 years; 7 were female(53.8%). Objective evaluation of the etiology and factors responsible for the development ofHAT in these 13 patients was undertaken at the time of reconstruction. The evaluation includedHA blood flow measurements using an electromagnetic flowmeter
Lemur: A bandwidth-enhanced sinusoidal modeling system (1998)

Lemur models sounds as a collection of partials having amplitude, bandwidth, and frequency envelopes. Bandwidth envelopes allow the neat representation of noisy parts of sounds which produce clutter in purely sinusoidal analyses. Lemur associates noise energy with sinusoidal components that are nearby in frequency. Bandwidth envelopes record the fraction of the partial energy that is attributable to noise energy, as opposed to sinusoidal energy. Amplitude envelopes are calculated to include the energy added by the bandwidth association process. When partials are pruned from the model, in the analysis process or during editing, Lemur preserves the overall energy by distributing the removed partials energy among neighboring partials. For sounds with a good spread (in frequency) of partials, Lemur can represent noise energy in the appropriate spectral regions while retaining the manipulability and homogeneity of a purely sinusoidal model. This homogeneity is important for implementing certain kinds of model-domain behaviors and real-time timbral manipulation. Lemurs synthesis includes a spectral line widening technique to spread energy away from each partial’s center frequency according to bandwidth envelope values.
Beam-propagation analysis of bent step-index slab waveguides (1990)

The electric field distribution and loss in a single-mode bent slab waveguide are analysed by the beam propagation method. The steady-state results obtained at large axial propagation distances are compared with other theoretical results. Reduction in bending loss is demonstrated by introducing a trench section which is placed on the outer side of the bend.
Flow Reversal for Cerebral Protection in Carotid Artery Stenting: A Review (2008)

Carotid artery stenting has established itself as a valid treatment option for carotid stenosis. Many neuroprotective devices have been developed to minimize the risk of embolic events and stroke. Of the devices available today, flow reversal is unique in its conceptual similarity to carotid endarterectomy shunting techniques that maintain cerebral flow. This review focuses on the technical aspects, results, advantages, and disadvantages of carotid flow reversal for embolic protection during carotid artery stenting.
Roughness reduction on aspheric surfaces (2015)

For a lot of applications like spectrometer and high power laser roughness as an important parameter has been discussed over and over again. Especially for high power systems the surface quality is crucial for determining the damage threshold and therefore the field of application. Above that, it has often been difficult to compare roughness measurements because of different measurement methods and the usage of filters and surface fits. Measurement results differ significantly depending on filters and especially on the measured surface size. Insights will be given how values behave depending on the quality of surface and the size of measured area. Many applications require a high quality of roughness in order to reduce scattering. Some of them in order to prevent from damage like high power laser applications. Others like spectrometers seek to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. Most of them have already been built with spherical surfaces. With higher demands on efficiency and more sophisticated versions aspherical surfaces need to be employed. Therefore, the high requirement in roughness known from spherical surfaces is also needed on aspherical surfaces. For one thing, the constant change of curvature of an aspherical surface accounts for the superior performance, for another thing, it prevents from using classical polishing technics, which guarantied this low roughness. New methods need to be qualified. In addition, also results of a new manufacturing process will be shown allowing low roughness on aspheric even with remarkable departure from the best fit sphere.
ChemInform Abstract: CHARACTERIZATION OF NICKEL/TITANIA CATALYSTS BY TEM, X‐RAY DIFFRACTION, AND CHEMISORPTION TECHNIQUES (1981)

Abstract Mit Hilfe der Titelmethoden wird gezeigt, daß in Ni/TiO2‐Trägerkatalysatoren starke Metall‐Träger‐Wechselwirkungen auftreten.
Cytochrome P450 Compound I (2006)

Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) comprise a large class of enzymes that effect numerous oxidations in nature. The active oxidants in P450s are thought to be iron(IV)-oxo porphyrin radical cations termed Compounds I, and these intermediates have been sought since the discovery of P450s 40 years ago. We report formation of the Compound I derivative of a P450 enzyme by laser flash photolysis oxidation of the corresponding Compound II species, an iron(IV)-oxo neutral porphyrin intermediate. The Compound II derivative in turn was produced by oxidation of the P450 with peroxynitrite, which effected a net one-electron, oxo-transfer reaction to the iron(III) atom of the resting enzyme. For the P450 studied in this work, CYP119 from the thermophile Sulfolobus solfactaricus, the P450 Compound II derivative was stable for seconds at ambient temperature, and the Compound I transient decayed with a lifetime of ca. 200 ms.
[Are rap genes anti-oncogenes?]. (1993)

The products of the ras-related rap genes (rap1 and rap2) are small G-proteins that share a high degree of structural (around 50% of identical amino acids) and functional homology with the products of ras oncogenes. In particular, the sequence of the effector domain of ras and rap proteins is identical, which has prompted speculations that they might compete for interaction with a common effector. In effect, by attempting to identify genes whose expression would be capable of reverting the phenotype of ras-transformed cells, the laboratory of Makoto Noda isolated the Krev-1 gene that was found to encode the same protein as the rap1A gene. Biochemical studies have since shown that the rap1 protein effectively competes with ras proteins for their interaction with the p120-GAP protein, a potential effector of the biological activity of ras proteins that strongly stimulates their GTPase activity; however, p120-GAP does not stimulate the GTPase activity of the rap1 protein. In contrast, the rap2 protein has no effect on the interaction between ras proteins and p120-GAP. Similarly, whereas overexpression of the rap1 protein is able to antagonize the transforming potential of oncogenic ras proteins, a considerable overexpression of normal or mutated rap2 proteins has no effect on cellular proliferation or transformation induced by ras oncogenes. It is therefore concluded that rap genes cannot be considered as anti-oncogenes; whether the physiological function of the rap1 protein is to modulate the activity of ras proteins, or its antagonistic effect is merely attributable to its experimental overexpression remains to be established.