gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cancer biomarkers and mass spectrometry-based analyses of phospholipids in body fluids (2013)

The lipid profiles of body fluids reflect the general condition of the whole organism and can indicate the existence of certain diseases such as cancer. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of lipids in blood and other body fluids could reveal novel biomarkers for early detection and prognosis of cancer; in addition, it may be useful in monitoring the efficacy and toxicity of anticancer treatment. Consequently, lipidomics is an emerging approach in cancer research. Phospholipids make up an important lipid class, which is particularly suitable for analyses by mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry methods involving ‘soft’ ionization techniques, such as electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, which are well established in the proteomics field, have also been implemented in analyses of lipids. This review focuses on the application of electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry in the characterization of structure and composition of phospholipids present in biofluids, and their importance for cancer-related problems.
Induced regulatory T cells are phenotypically unstable and do not protect mice from rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (2016)

Regulatory T (Treg) cells are a suppressive CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell subset. We generated induced Treg (iTreg) cells and explored their therapeutic potential in a murine model of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Polyclonal naive CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells were cultured in vitro with interleukin-2 (IL-2), transforming growth factor-β1, all-trans-retinoic acid and monoclonal antibodies against interferon-γ and IL-4, generating Foxp3<sup>+</sup> iTreg cells. To enhance their suppressive phenotype, iTreg cultures were modified with the addition of a monoclonal antibody against IL-12p40 or by using RORγt<sup>-/-</sup> CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells. Induced Treg cells were transferred into models of delayed-type hypersensitivity and experimental glomerulonephritis. The iTreg cells exhibited comparable surface receptor expression and in vitro suppressive ability to natural Treg cells, but did not regulate antigen-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity or systemic inflammatory immune responses, losing Foxp3 expression in vivo. In glomerulonephritis, transferred iTreg cells did not prevent renal injury or modulate systemic T helper type 1 immune responses. Induced Treg cells cultured with anti-IL-12p40 had an enhanced suppressive phenotype in vitro and regulated dermal delayed-type hypersensitivity in vivo, but were not protective against renal injury, losing Foxp3 expression, especially in the transferred cells recruited to the kidney. Use of RORγt<sup>-/-</sup> CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells or iTreg cells generated from sensitized CD4<sup>+</sup> Foxp3<sup>-</sup> cells did not regulate renal or systemic inflammatory responses in vivo. In conclusion, iTreg cells suppress T-cell proliferation in vitro, but do not regulate experimental glomerulonephritis, being unstable in this inflammatory milieu in vivo.
Energy Value of the Octahedral-Tetrahedral Coordination Change (1961)

The equilibrium oct(CoCl2Py4) = tet(CoCl2Py2) +2Py for cobaltous chloride solutions in pyridine is followed over a temperature range, yielding ΔH = +13.4 kcal/mole. At 38°C the equilibrium constant is estimated as (CoPy2Cl2) (Py)2/(CoCl2Py4) = 0.04, and the ΔS for the reaction is about 36.7 eu. It is pointed out that the average bond strength in the tetrahedral species is about 17 kcal greater than for the same groups in the octahedral configuration, and that the strength of binding and the dissociation energy for the two ligands released according to the equation above are significant factors in determining the equilibrium reaction. Detailed arguments are given against the view that the relative stability of octahedrally and tetrahedrally coordinated complexes, such as the pair discussed, reflect principally the difference in ``ligand-field stabilization'' of the nonbonding d electrons between octahedral and tetrahedral fields.
Citrate versus heparin anticoagulation in chronic haernodialysis patients (1993)

Anticoagulation with citrate at a rate of 0.68 mM/min in combination with a calcium and magnesium-free dialysate and i.v. supplementation of calcium and magnesium at rates of 0.18 mM/min and 0.08 mM/min respectively, was compared with low-dose heparin. The heparin dose was a loading dose of 2500 IU and a sustaining infusion of 750-1250 IU/h; or a loading dose of 1250 IU and a sustaining infusion of 500-750 IU/h until 1 h before the end of the dialysis if the patient was taking concomitantly coumarin anticoagulation for a Goretex shunt. Six chronic haemodialysis patients changed from heparin to citrate anticoagulation because they reported bleeding between dialyses. Heparin, after 2 h dialysis, induced a significant 10% prolongation of each patient's whole-blood activated clotting time (WBACT) as compared to the predialysis value; while the WBACT at the dialyser outlet was less than 3% prolonged as compared to the patient's WBACT. However, after 2 h citrate the patient's WBACT was not prolonged but the WBACT at the dialyser outlet was 20-100% longer, indicating a better anticoagulation of the extracorporeal system without systemic effects. With heparin the shunt pressure time (SPT), i.e. the time needed to stop bleeding from the puncture sites of the Goretex shunts, was 12 of 28 times 20 min or more. Citrate reduced these episodes by 75%. Thus citrate should be considered for chronic haemodialysis patients who are at risk of bleeding because of the concomitant use of anticoagulants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Pharmacoeconomics of low-molecular-weight heparins: limitations of studies comparing them to unfractionated heparin (2004)

Unfractionated heparin (UFH) entered medical usage in the 1930s and was the mainstay of acute anticoagulation until the 1980s, when low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) became available. At this time, the acquisition cost of LMWHs, being greater than that of UFH, was a significant barrier to their use even though there was evidence that this was offset by savings in monitoring and other areas. Evidence of the superiority of LMWHs over UFH in many clinical settings has been accumulating and, along with economic analyses that have demonstrated overall cost savings when LMWH is compared to UFH, has resulted in rapidly expanding sales of LMWH, whereas sales of UFH, are in decline. In addition to being more effective than UFH, LMWHs may cause less bleeding, are less likely to cause heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and exhibit less inter-patient variability. In addition to the savings from reduced monitoring, the greater acquisition costs for LMWHs are also offset by reduced costs of treating adverse effects and unprevented venous thromboembolism. LMWHs are usually administered once daily via the subcutaneous route, and this often allows treatment to be undertaken in the community rather than in hospitals, thereby saving considerable sums on inpatient costs. Pharmacoeconomic analyses are limited by a variety of factors including geographical and temporal variability in cost inputs, cost shifting, cost inputs that are omitted and payer perspective. Some of these limitations, including the economic impact of HIT and the savings in hospital costs, will be discussed. The effect of changes in acquisition costs since their introduction and the potential impact of medicolegal costs, will also be explored. Settings where evidence of benefit of LMWH over UFH is lacking will also be discussed.
Laser-Doppler assessment of brain microcirculation: effect of systemic alterations (1989)

There is a need for new technical approaches whereby the cerebral microcirculation can be easily and continuously assessed. The objective of this study was to determine whether laser-Doppler (LD) flowmetry can be utilized to assess changes in cerebral cortical blood flow and to determine whether changes in blood perfusion measured by LD flowmetry correlate with simultaneously measured changes in flow measured by H2 clearance in cats or with changes in pial arteriolar diameter measured with a microscope in rabbits equipped with a closed cranial window. In the rabbit experiments a 0.84-mm-diam LD probe was inserted through a cranial window port, and in the cat experiments the probe was fixed adjacent to the H2 probe. The probe was fixed at a distance of 1-2 mm from the cortical surface, where it and its associated electronics detect changes in blood cell velocity and blood volume within a tissue volume of approximately 1 mm3. Volume and velocity are multiplied to provide a flow signal. When cerebral blood flow in cats was decreased by hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia and increased by norepinephrine-induced hypertension, the percent changes in LD flow and H2 clearance flow changed linearly (r = 0.94, slope = 0.97). When arterial PCO2 was increased from 28 to 48 mmHg in the rabbit experiments, the pial arterioles dilated 19 +/- 4% (mean +/- SE) and LD flow increased by 74 +/- 9%, LD flow changes which would be predicted by a third power relationship of diameter to flow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hexokinase Isozyme Distribution in Human Skeletal Muscle (2001)

Two isoforms of hexokinase (type I and type II) are expressed in skeletal muscle; however, the intracellular distribution of these hexokinase isoforms in human skeletal muscle is unclear. The current study was undertaken to assess this issue because binding of hexokinase to subcellular structures is considered to be an important mechanism in the regulation of glucose phosphorylation. Vastus lateralis muscle was obtained from healthy lean individuals. Muscle homogenate was separated at 45,000g into particulate and cytosolic fractions. The activity and subcellular distribution of hexokinase isozymes in human skeletal muscle was determined using ion-exchange chromatography and a highly sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography–based hexokinase assay. This criterion method was used to validate a modified thermal inactivation method for distinguishing type I and type II isoforms. Mean hexokinase activity was 3.88 ± 0.65 U/g wet wt or 0.64 ± 0.11 U/mU creatine kinase (CrK) in the particulate fraction and 0.45 ± 0.22 U/g wet wt or 0.07 ± 0.03 U/mU CrK in the cytosolic fraction. Hexokinase I and II accounted for 70–75 and 25–30% of total hexokinase activity, respectively. Nearly all (95%) of hexokinase I activity (0.52 ± 0.09 U/mU CrK) was found in the particulate fraction, consistent with the known high affinity of hexokinase I for mitochondria. Hexokinase II activity was also largely bound to the particulate fraction (72%), but 28% was found within the cytosolic fraction. Thus, within the particulate fraction, the relative contributions of hexokinase I and hexokinase II were 81 and 19%, whereas within the cytosolic fraction, the relative contributions for hexokinase I and hexokinase II were 37 and 63%.
Management of Corticosteroid-Induced Osteoporosis (1998)

The pathogenesis of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis is different from postmenopausal osteoporosis in that the major abnormality is a reduction in bone formation. Corticosteroids result in a 10–15% overall bone loss leading to an increased risk of fracture. Patients on corticosteroids also appear to fracture at a higher bone density than other postmenopausal women. It may therefore be appropriate to start treatment for osteoporosis in corticosteroid-treated patients at a higher bone density than for other postmenopausal women. The various treatments that have been employed are discussed, including calcium and vitamin D, calcitriol, hormone replacement therapy, bisphosphonates, calcitonin, anabolic steroids and fluoride salts. Bisphosphonates are the most extensively investigated treatments. The use of hormone replacement therapy should also be encouraged. The role of other treatments such as calcitriol, calcitonin and fluoride salts remains uncertain.
Basicity of N-H- and N-Methyl-1,2,3-triazoles in the Gas Phase, in Solution, and in the Solid State − An Experimental and Theoretical Study (2001)

The gas-phase and aqueous basicities of six 1,2,3-triazoles have been determined, the former by FT-ICR and the latter by spectrophotometry and 1H NMR. The gas-phase experiments agree very well with the Gibbs free energies calculated at the B3LYP/6-31G* level. In contrast, only semiquantitative ascertainments are possible when basicities in the gas phase and in solution are compared. It is possible, with the aid of calculations, to obtain a complete picture of the complex equilibria involved in C-substituted N-H-1,2,3-triazoles. The crystal structures of 4(5)-phenyl-1,2,3-triazole (4) and 4(5)-nitro-1,2,3-triazole (15) have been determined. In the gas phase, 2H tautomers b always predominate, while in aqueous solution, both 1H and 2H tautomers − a and b − are present. Finally, in the solid state, 1 exists as a 1:1 mixture of 1a and 1b, while 4 is in the 4b tautomeric form and 15 is a 1H tautomer 15a. These conclusions − a in the gas phase, a + b in solution, and equal probabilities of finding either a or b in the crystal − are probably general for all 1,2,3-triazoles.
Two-microphone separation of speech mixtures based on interclass variance maximization (2010)

Sparse methods for speech separation have become a discussed issue in acoustic signal processing. These sparse methods provide a powerful approach to the separation of several signals in the underdetermined case, i.e., when there are more sources than sensors. In this paper, a two-microphone separation method is presented. The proposed algorithm is based on grouping time-frequency points with similar direction-of-arrival (DOA) using a multi-level thresholding approach. The thresholds are calculated via the maximization of the interclass variance between DOA estimates and allow to identify angular sections, wherein the speakers are located with a strong likelihood. These sections define a set of time-frequency masks that are able to separate several sound sources in realistic scenarios and with little computational cost. Several experiments carried out under different mixing situations are discussed, showing the validity of the proposed approach.
Kaleidoscope: a cooperative menu-guided query interface (SQL version) (2002)

Kaleidoscope is presented for the problem of providing cooperative interfaces for database users. The system proposes valid query constituents step-by-step and provides lexical and semantic feedback immediately to users. To implement this intraquery guidance, the context-free grammar (CFG) is extended with context variables and several types of procedural decorations and the knowledge useful for pruning nonsensical queries and providing semantic feedback is articulated. For the structured query language (SQL) interface, this knowledge includes a strong domain concept, functional dependence and integrity-constraint rules. The same types of knowledge are useful both for postquery cooperation and intraquery guidance. However, Kaleidoscope more actively utilizes such knowledge under the belief that a system knowledgeable enough to correct or to suggest the postquery correction of failed queries should use its knowledge first to guide users away from query failure. A query language whose syntax and semantics closely follow those of the English language is being developed. With this language, it is expected that Kaleidoscope will serve a wider range of users.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Submicellar bile salts stimulate phosphatidylcholine transfer activity of sterol carrier protein 2 (1998)

To explore a potential role for sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2, also known as non-specific lipid transfer protein) in hepatocellular phospholipid trafficking, we examined the influence of submicellar bile salt concentrations on phosphatidylcholine (PC) transfer activity of SCP2. We measured rate constants for first-order transfer of sn-1 palmitoyl, sn-2 parinaroyl PC, a naturally fluorescent self-quenching phospholipid between model membranes. Purified bovine liver SCP2 promoted transfer of PC from donor to acceptor small unilamellar vesicles. Taurine- and glycine-conjugated bile salts (anionic steroid detergent-like molecules), at concentrations well below their critical micellar concentrations, stimulated PC transfer activity of SCP2 80- to 140-fold. Rate constants increased in proportion to bile salt concentration, temperature, and bile salt-membrane binding affinity. Sodium taurofusidate, a conjugated fungal bile salt analog, also activated PC transfer whereas no effect was observed with the anionic and non-ionic straight chain detergents sodium dodecyl sulfate and octylglucoside, respectively. Thermodynamic and kinetic analyses of PC transfer support a mechanism in which bile salts stimulate SCP2 activity by partitioning into donor vesicles and enhancing membrane association of SCP2. These results imply that under physiological conditions, SCP2 may contribute to hepatocellular selection and transport of biliary PCs.
Electrical propagation in the renal pelvis, ureter and bladder (2014)

Under normal conditions, following the passage of urine from the collecting duct, the urine is stored briefly in the renal pelvis before being transported through the ureter to the bladder where the urine is stored for a longer time (hours) before being voided through the urethra. The transport of urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder occurs spontaneously due to contractions of the muscles in the wall of the pelvis and ureter. Spontaneous contractions also occur in the detrusor muscle and are responsible for maintaining the bladder shape during the filling phase. These muscle contractions occur as result of electrical impulses, which are generated and propagated through different parts of the urinary tract. The renal pelvis and the ureter differ from the bladder in relation to the origin, characteristics and propagation of these electrical impulses. In the ureter, the electrical impulses originate mainly at the proximal region of the renal pelvis and are transmitted antegradely down the length of the ureter. The electrical impulses in the bladder, on the other hand, originate at any location in the bladder wall and can be transmitted in different directions with the axial direction being the prominent one. In this manuscript, an overview of the current state of research on the origin and propagation characteristics of these electrical impulses in the normal and pathological conditions is provided.
CHAPTER I (2010)

Henry Watson Fox, son of the late George Townshend Fox, Esq., of the city of Durham, was born at Westoe, in the county of Durham, on the 1st of October, 1817.
Automatic Music Video Generation Based on Emotion-Oriented Pseudo Song Prediction and Matching (2016)

The main difficulty in automatic music video (MV) generation lies in how to match two different media (i.e., video and music). This paper proposes a novel content-based MV generation system based on emotion-oriented pseudo song prediction and matching. We use a multi-task deep neural network (MDNN) to jointly learn the relationship among music, video, and emotion from an emotion-annotated MV corpus. Given a queried video, the MDNN is applied to predict the acoustic (music) features from the visual (video) features, i.e., the pseudo song corresponding to the video. Then, the pseudo acoustic (music) features are matched with the acoustic (music) features of each music track in the music collection according to a pseudo-song-based deep similarity matching (PDSM) metric given by another deep neural network (DNN) trained on the acoustic and pseudo acoustic features of the positive (official), less-positive (artificial), and negative (artificial) MV examples. The results of objective and subjective experiments demonstrate that the proposed pseudo-song-based framework performs well and can generate appealing MVs with better viewing and listening experiences.
Video Highlight Detection via Region-Based Deep Ranking Model (2018)

The video highlight detection task is to localize key elements (moments of user’s major or special interest) in a video. Most of the existing highlight detection approaches extract features from the video segment as a whole without considering the difference of local features spatially. In spatial extent, not all regions are worth watching because some of them only contain the background of the environment without human or other moving objects, especially when there is lots of clutter in the background. To deal with this issue, we propose a novel region-based model which can automatically localize the key elements in a video without any extra supervised annotations. Specifically, the proposed model produces position-sensitive score maps for local regions in the spatial dimension of the video segment, and then aggregates all position-wise scores with position-pooling operation. The regions with higher response values will be extracted as key elements. Thus more effective features of the video segment are obtained to predict the highlight score. The proposed position-sensitive scheme can be easily integrated into an end-to-end fully convolutional network which aims to update parameters via stochastic gradient descent method in the backward propagation to improve the robustness of the model. Extensive experimental results on the YouTube and SumMe datasets demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves significant improvement over state-of-the-art methods.
A climate predictability index and its applications (1997)

In this letter, a climate predictability index is proposed. It quantifies the predictability of three major components comprising the climate—temperature, pressure and precipitation. The quantification is done using a fractal dimensional analysis of the corresponding time series. The climate predictability index is calculated for 25 stations spread throughout India using the Global Historical Climatology Network dataset. Change in the index with the seasons suggests a strong influence of more than one climatic dynamics. In such cases, calculations done using mean yearly data are suspect. The index is shown to be useful in studying the interplay between various climatic components (viz. temperature, pressure and precipitation). Changes in predictability indices for temperature and pressure are seen to affect the index for precipitation. The index can be used as a discriminant for determining which stations are selected for use in developing regional climatic models.
User-defined template for identifying document type and extracting information from documents (1999)

An automatic document entry system is described that identifies the type of document and extracts textual information, such as titles or authors, from semi-formatted document images. The system registers documents, offers easy retrieval of documents used in a daily workflow analyzes the layout structure of documents by using document specific models, and assumes that each type of document is known in advance. In this paper we focus on a method for identifying the type of document.