gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gas-particle distribution, neutralization and size of sulfate and nitrate in the southwestern desert aerosol (1994)

Observations made on 47 days during summer 1992 in Meadview, Arizona were used to characterize inorganic ionic and gaseous concentrations near the Grand Canyon. A sampler equipped with denuders to remove alkaline and acidic gases measured gaseous ammonia, sulfur dioxide and nitric acid and fine particulate ammonium, total extractable acidity (TEA), sulfate and nitrate. In addition, a set of impactors measured size-resolved sulfate, nitrate and ammonium. The medium 6-hr average fine particulate sulfate concentration was 1.6 {micro}g/m{sup 3} with about two-thirds of the values below 2. Sulfur dioxide concentrations were comparable to sulfate concentrations. Two-thirds of the particulate-phase nitrate concentrations were less than 0.25 {micro}g/m{sup 3}, and the maximum value was 0.5. However, substantial nitric acid was present in the gas phase (medium concentration of 2 {micro}g/m{sup 3}). In contrast to prior conclusions that sulfate in this region is generally completely neutralized by ammonia, the median ammonium to sulfate ratio in this study was 1.4. Furthermore, sulfate and ammonium concentrations were highly correlated. With one exception sulfate mass median diameters were 0.15--0.27 {micro}m. More than half of the TEA observations were less than 8 nanomoles/m{sup 3}, and the maximum value was 30.
Mobile setup for synchrotron based <i>in situ</i> characterization during thermal and plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (2016)

We report the design of a mobile setup for synchrotron based in situ studies during atomic layer processing. The system was designed to facilitate in situ grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering (GISAXS), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), and x-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements at synchrotron facilities. The setup consists of a compact high vacuum pump-type reactor for atomic layer deposition (ALD). The presence of a remote radio frequency plasma source enables in situ experiments during both thermal as well as plasma-enhanced ALD. The system has been successfully installed at different beam line end stations at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility and SOLEIL synchrotrons. Examples are discussed of in situ GISAXS and XRF measurements during thermal and plasma-enhanced ALD growth of ruthenium from RuO<sub>4</sub> (ToRuS™, Air Liquide) and H<sub>2</sub> or H<sub>2</sub> plasma, providing insights in the nucleation behavior of these processes.
The unfolded protein response is activated in skeletal muscle by high-fat feeding: potential role in the downregulation of protein synthesis (2010)

High-fat diets are known to decrease muscle protein synthesis, the adaptation to overload, and insulin sensitivity. Conditions that disrupt endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis lead to the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) that is associated with decreases in protein synthesis, chronic inflammation, and insulin resistance. The purpose of the present study was to establish whether ER stress is induced by a high-fat diet in skeletal muscle and whether ER stress can decrease mTORC1 activity and protein synthesis in muscle cells. Two independent protocols of high-fat feeding activated the UPR in mice. In the first study, mice consuming a high-fat diet containing 70% fat and <1% carbohydrates for 6 wk showed higher markers of the UPR (BiP, IRE1α, and MBTPS2) in the soleus and in the tibialis anterior muscles and ATF4 in the tibialis anterior (P < 0.05). In the second study, a 20-wk high-fat diet containing 46% fat and 36% carbohydrates also increased BiP, IRE1α, and phospho-PERK protein and the expression of ATF4, CHOP, and both the spliced and unspliced forms of XBP1 in the plantar flexors (P < 0.05). In C(2)C(12) muscle cells, tunicamycin, thapsigargin, and palmitic acid all increased UPR markers and decreased phosphorylation of S6K1 (P < 0.05). Collectively, these data show that a high-fat diet activates the UPR in mouse skeletal muscle in vivo. In addition, in vitro studies indicate that palmitic acid, and other well-known ER stress inducers, triggered the UPR in myogenic cells and led to a decrease in protein synthesis and mTORC1 activity.
Stability of Herbicide Resistance and GUS Expression in Transgenic Hybrid Poplars (Populus sp.) During Four Years of Field Trials and Vegetative Propagation (2002)

"Stability of Herbicide Resistance and GUS Expression in Transgenic Hybrid Poplars (Populus sp.) During Four Years of Field Trials and Vegetative Propagation" published on Apr 2002 by American Society for Horticultural Science.
The Semisynthetic Glycosphingolipid LIGA<sub>20</sub> Potently Protects Neurons Against Apoptosis (1998)

LIGA20 (a semisynthetic GM1 with n-dichloroacetyl sphingosine) having antinecrotic properties was evaluated as an antiapoptotic agent using cerebellar granule cells as a neuronal model. Neurons exposed to medium containing 5 mM K+ in absence of serum (apoptotic medium) for up to 22 h resulted in 65% cell death, accompanied by oligonucleosomal laddering, and a 15-fold-increase in caspase-3 activity. The relationships between times required for enzyme activation and cell death suggests a linkage between these two events. Pretreatment with 10 microM LIGA20 for 10 min significantly attenuated the aforementioned apoptotic changes. LIGA20 also attenuated apoptosis induced by Pb2+, ethanol, and C6-ceramide. Data show that LIGA20 is a versatile neuroprotective agent protecting cells from multiple pathways of cell death.
Short-channel single-gate soi mosfet model (2003)

The authors derive an analytical model for threshold voltage for fully depleted single-gate silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFETs taking into consideration the two-dimensional effects in both SOI and buried-oxide layers. Their model is valid for both long- and short-channel SOI MOSFETs and demonstrates the dependence of short-channel effects on the device parameters of channel-doping concentration, gate oxide, SOI, and buried-oxide thickness. It reproduces the numerical data for sub-0.1-/spl mu/m gate-length devices better than previous models.
CK2 accumulation at the axon initial segment depends on sodium channel Nav1 (2014)

Accumulation of voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1 at the axon initial segment (AIS), results from a direct interaction with ankyrin G. This interaction is regulated in vitro by the protein kinase CK2, which is also highly enriched at the AIS. Here, using phosphospecific antibodies and inhibition/depletion approaches, we showed that Nav1 channels are phosphorylated in vivo in their ankyrin-binding motif. Moreover, we observed that CK2 accumulation at the AIS depends on expression of Nav1 channels, with which CK2 forms tight complexes. Thus, the CK2-Nav1 interaction is likely to initiate an important regulatory mechanism to finely control Nav1 phosphorylation and, consequently, neuronal excitability.
Olivine-Type Nanosheets for Lithium Ion Battery Cathodes (2013)

Olivine-type LiMPO4 (M = Fe, Mn, Co, Ni) has become of great interest as cathodes for next-generation high-power lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, this family of compounds suffers from poor electronic conductivities and sluggish lithium diffusion in the [010] direction. Here, we develop a liquid-phase exfoliation approach combined with a solvothermal lithiation process in high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) supercritical fluids for the fabrication of ultrathin LiMPO4 nanosheets (thickness: 3.7-4.6 nm) with exposed (010) surface facets. Importantly, the HPHT solvothermal lithiation could produce monodisperse nanosheets while the traditional high-temperature calcination, which is necessary for cathode materials based on high-quality crystals, leads the formation of large grains and aggregation of the nanosheets. The as-synthesized nanosheets have features of high contact area with the electrolyte and fast lithium transport (time diffusion constant in at the microsecond level). The estimated diffusion time for Li(+) to diffuse over a [010]-thickness of <5 nm (L) was calculated to be less than 25, 2.5, and 250 μs for LiFePO4, LiMnPO4, and LiCoPO4 nanosheets, respectively, via the equation of t = L(2)/D. These values are about 5 orders of magnitude lower than the corresponding bulk materials. This results in high energy densities and excellent rate capabilities (e.g., 18 kW kg(-1) and 90 Wh kg(-1) at a 80 C rate for LiFePO4 nanosheets).
Preparation and Properties of the Ln<sub>2</sub>Ti<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>-Type Rare Earth Titanate (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation and Properties of the Ln2Ti2O7-Type Rare Earth TitanateL. H. BrixnerCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1964, 3, 7, 1065–1067Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1964https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50017a049RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views431Altmetric-Citations100LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (397 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Deposition of Molybdenum Disulfide Thin Film on a Gold Surface (2010)

Americanae nace como un proyecto conjunto que surge dentro de la Red Europea de Información y Documentación sobre América Latina (REDIAL), y que ha afrontado la Biblioteca de la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID). Esta nueva biblioteca virtual hace más accesibles los libros digitales de tema americanista a los investigadores y usuarios interesados de cualquier parte del mundo.
Preparation of a semisynthetic antibody (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation of a semisynthetic antibodyMoshe Gavish, Rina Zakut, Meir Wilchek, and David GivolCite this: Biochemistry 1978, 17, 7, 1345–1351Publication Date (Print):April 4, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 4 April 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00600a032https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00600a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views36Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (Imidazo(1,2‐c)pyrimidin‐2‐yl)phenylmethanones and 6‐Benzoylpyrrolo(2,3‐d)pyrimidinones. (1989)

Abstract Pyrimidinamines such as (I) react with the dione (II) to give a series of imidazopyrimidines such as (III).
Effects of side-chain length on the charge transport properties of discotic liquid crystals and their implications for the transport mechanism (1995)

Four homologous mesogens of the hexakis(n-alkoxy)triphenylene series (HATn, n= 4,6,9,11), have been doped with the one electron oxidant NOBF4, and the electrical conductivity measured as a function of frequency in the hexagonal columnar Dh phase. The limiting low-frequency conductivities both parallel, σ‖, and perpendicular, σ⊥, to the column axes decrease exponentially with increasing side-chain length. The value of σ‖ decreases by three orders of magnitude in going from n= 4 to n= 11. This can be understood in terms of an increasing degree of disorder in the packing of molecules in the columns. The decrease of σ⊥ by some two orders of magnitude can be attributed to the increase in the distance between the columns.
Statistical Mechanics of Isotope Effects on the Thermodynamic Properties of Condensed Systems (1961)

Evidence for the role of molecular structure on the difference in the thermodynamic properties of isotopic molecules in the liquid and solid states is summarized. The properties considered are vapor pressure, heats of vaporization, molal volume, and transition temperatures. It is shown that the molecular structure must be taken into consideration even for small quantum effects. In the approximation of the first quantum correction the difference in thermodynamic properties of isotopic molecules in the condensed state depends upon the atomic masses and an energy parameter associated with each atom in the molecule. The results are extended to higher-order quantum corrections for a harmonic potential. The rules of the mean are obtained directly. Various frequency distributions for the lattice modes are considered. For the case where the internal frequencies in the condensed phase are similar to the free molecule, the ordered quantum corrections can be used for T&gt;(hvmax/12(2)½k)mol; T&gt;(hvlattice/2πk). The role of the gas imperfection and the molal volume of the condensed phase is discussed for equilibria between gaseous and condensed phases. It is shown that the difference in molal volumes of isotopic molecules is a second-order effect. The difference in molal volumes of isotopic molecules is evaluated by an extension of Gruneisen's equation of state to molecular lattices. The results are in good agreement with available experimental data.
Orthopaedic Outcomes (2012)

Important advances have been made in the management of complex trauma through careful scientific analysis of outcomes. Outcomes analysis in combat extremity trauma is exemplified and highlighted by scholarly work in the treatment of catastrophic lower extremity trauma. The success of this line of research in civilian trauma is exemplified by the Lower Extremity Assessment Project (LEAP) study on the outcomes of civilian lower extremity trauma. This highly successful effort was followed by the Military Extremity Trauma Amputation/Limb Salvage (METALS) study. Current ongoing analysis of both the LEAP and METALS studies by the Major Extremity Trauma Research Consortium seeks to compare and contrast the similarities and differences of both studies and to advance evidence-based patient-centered care. The effects of psychological trauma on the injured individual underscore the global effect of severe trauma and the need for a multidisciplinary approach to trauma care. Statistical modeling is being used to analyze outcomes to further the ability to scientifically and definitively determine the best practices for patient care.
Inhibition by tuftsin of Rauscher virus leukemia development in mice. (1983)

The antitumor effect of tuftsin, the natural phagocytosis-stimulating peptide, on leukemia induced by Rauscher murine leukemia virus (R-MuLV) was studied in vivo in SWR inbred mice. Tuftsin was found capable of significantly increasing the survival of R-MuLV-infected mice. The peptide, when injected both ip and iv into mice, exerted its activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Optimal antitumor activity was achieved upon administration of 25 micrograms tuftsin 4 days before R-MuLV inoculation.
Risk assessment of waterborne protozoa: current status and future trends (1999)

Throughout the past decade much research has been directed towards identifying the occurrence, epidemiology, and risks associated with waterborne protozoa. While outbreaks are continually documented, sporadic cases of disease associated with exposure to low levels of waterborne protozoa are of increasing concern. Current methodologies may not be sensitive enough to define these low levels of disease. However, risk assessment methods may be utilised to address these low level contamination events. The purpose of this article is to provide an introduction to microbial risk assessment for waterborne protozoa. Risk assessment is a useful tool for evaluating relative risks and can be used for development of policies to decrease risks. Numerous studies have been published on risk assessment methods for pathogenic protozoa including Cryptosporidium and Giardia. One common notion prevails: microbial risk assessment presents interesting complications to the traditional chemical risk assessment paradigm. Single microbial exposures (non-threshold) are capable of causing symptomatic illness unlike traditional chemical exposures, which require a threshold to be reached. Due to the lack of efficient recovery and detection methods for protozoa, we may be underestimating the occurrence, concentration and distribution of these pathogenic micro-organisms. To better utilize the tool of microbial risk assessment for risk management practices, future research should focus in the area of exposure assessment.
Anticipation in dynamic systems (2014)

Observations in simulator studies at the German\nAerospace Center (DLR) during testing of future technologies\nin air traffic management systems led to the hypothesis\nthat future pilots will be required more often to think anticipative,\nfor improving capacities in airspaces with high air\ntraffic density. A computer-based test DAT (Dynamic Anticipatory\nTest) was developed and tested for extracting the\nassumed latent construct anticipatory thinking. The item\nformat resembles a CDTI-like (Cockpit Display of Traffic\nInformation) display developed during earlier studies at\nNASA-Ames Research Center. The participant’s task was\nto anticipate the movements of discrete objects (aircrafts) on\nthe screen. We used four parameters type (straight or curve)\nand length of movement (3 or 5 cm), number of aircrafts (1,\n2 or 3) and anticipation time (1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 seconds) resulting\nin a 2x2x3x5 design with 60 test items. A person’s score was\ncalculated as the sum of the Euclidian distances between the\npredicted and the correct position of an aircraft. The study\nwas conducted at the DLR with 73 trained pilots (3 female,\nmean age 29.85 years) with multiple hours of flying experience\napplying for a ready-entry position in an airline and\n113 pilot applicants (39 female, mean age 19.26 years) mainly\nwithout flying experience applying for pilot apprenticeship.\nFor testing if anticipatory thinking was already covered by\nexisting aptitude tests and if the test could predict overall\napplicant’s success, scores were compared using correlations,\nregressions and t-tests. Results showed the DAT was\nsuited to measure corresponding skill differences between\napplicants regarding anticipatory thinking. Split-Half reliability\nwas very good with r = 0.94. Several significant correlations with existing DLR aptitude tests were computed\n(memory: 0.19 ≤ r ≤ 0.23; visual processing speed: r = 0.18;\nmotor skills: r = 0.23). A significant difference between successful\nand unsuccessful applicants was found. In sum, the\nDAT showed promising results and further development\nshould be pursued.
Photophysics of Surfactant Molecules in Microdroplets (1996)

Over the last several years, the study of fluorescence properties in both time and frequency domain of atoms in micron-sized optical cavities has held considerable interest in the physics and quantum optics communities. In addition to fascinating purely scientific aspects of the phenomenon of cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED), the ability to modify molecular fluorescence properties in a microcavity offers potentially significant sensitivity advantages for ultrasensitive - or, single molecule - fluorescence detection. For example, two important quantities which limit sensitivity in single molecule fluorescence detection - the saturated absorption rate and the integrated fluorescence yield - can be significantly increased by enhancing the fluorescence decay rate. We have shown previously that fluorescence decay rates 1 as well as the integrated fluorescence yield 2 of rhodamine 6G can be significantly enhanced in glycerol microdroplets. However, exploitation of these effects in order to gain sensitivity in single molecule fluorescence detection is nontrivial for at least two important reasons. First, the magnitude of decay rate enhancement depends on the position of the molecule within the droplet; molecules near the center of the droplet are not coupled to high Q resonances while molecules near the surface may strongly interact with cavity resonances associated with droplet. Thus, diffusion limits the amount of time a given molecule may interact with the resonances thereby limiting the fluorescence decay rate. Second, the fluorescence decay rate depends on the orientation of the transition moment with respect to the cavity "axis"; e.g., the surface normal for spherical cavities.
Endothelin Peptides: Biological Activities, Cellular Signalling and Clinical Significance (1992)

Endothelins (ET-1, ET-2 and ET-3) are a family of 21 amino acid peptides produced by endothelial cells. They are thought to regulate the local vasomotor tone with endothelium-derived relaxing factors. ETs are the most potent vasoconstrictor substances yet identified and veins and renal vasculature are the most sensitive targets. They reduce cardiac output and have positive inotropic and chronotropic effects. ETs increase the secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), aldosterone and catecholamines but reduce renal blood flow and glomerular filtration and they also have mitogenic properties. ETs bind to receptors (ETA and ETB), activate phospholipase C, modulate intracellular Ca2+ concentration and open Ca2+ channels. Vasoactive agents (adrenaline, angiotensin, vasopressin, thrombin, endotoxins) and hypoxia stimulate the release of ET and also ET gene expression. Raised concentrations of plasma ET have been found to occur in several clinical conditions such as hypertension, myocardial infarction, cardiogenic shock, pregnancy induced hypertension, arteriosclerosis, Raynaud's disease, subarachnoid haemorrhage, uraemia, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and surgical operations suggesting that ETs have a role in several patophysiological processes.
Upconversion in Highly Doped Er~(3+)-Yb~( 3+) Fiber Pumped by Ti∶Sapphire Laser at 800 nm (2000)

The up conversion processes were investigated in highly doped Er 3+ Yb 3+ silica fiber pumped by CW or mode locked Ti∶Sapphire laser at 800 nm band. The mechanism is different from that at 980 nm pumped band. The pumping wavelength and power dependences of green, blue and red fluorescence emission were obtained. The up conversion efficiencies of different doped concentration were investigated. The strong infrared emissions, which limit the efficiency of up conversion were observed.