gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tetramethyleneethane Equivalents: Recursive Reagents for Serialized Cycloadditions (2015)

New reactions and reagents that allow for multiple bond-forming events per synthetic operation are required to achieve structural complexity and thus value with step-, time-, cost-, and waste-economy. Here we report a new class of reagents that function like tetramethyleneethane (TME), allowing for back-to-back [4 + 2] cycloadditions, thereby amplifying the complexity-increasing benefits of Diels-Alder and metal-catalyzed cycloadditions. The parent recursive reagent, 2,3-dimethylene-4-trimethylsilylbutan-1-ol (DMTB), is readily available from the metathesis of ethylene and THP-protected 4-trimethylsilylbutyn-1-ol. DMTB and related reagents engage diverse dienophiles in an initial Diels-Alder or metal-catalyzed [4 + 2] cycloaddition, triggering a subsequent vinylogous Peterson elimination that recursively generates a new diene for a second cycloaddition. Overall, this multicomponent catalytic cascade produces in one operation carbo- and heterobicyclic building blocks for the synthesis of a variety of natural products, therapeutic leads, imaging agents, and materials. Its application to the three step synthesis of a new solvatochromic fluorophore, N-ethyl(6-N,N-dimethylaminoanthracene-2,3-dicarboximide) (6-DMA), and the photophysical characterization of this fluorophore are described.
<title>Design and model demonstration of a camera that removes the infrared OH background from two-dimensional images</title> (1994)

Very deep images in the near IR could be recorded from ground based telescopes, if the strong night sky emission lines of OH were blocked and the continuum transmitted. For example, in the H band, of width 330 nm, 87 line groups contribute nearly all the emission. If 1 to 3 nm bandwidth sections of spectrum were removed at each group, the total background--lines plus continuum--would be reduced by 95 to 99.8%, depending on the continuum strength, while the light from the object under observation would be reduced by only approximately 40%. This would greatly enhance sensitivity to faint diffuse objects, such as distant redshifted galaxies. Our camera passes the 2D dimensional image through a large Littrow spectrograph. A long spectrum is formed, such that the full image width projects to a spectral resolution (lambda) /(Delta) (lambda) equals 1500. After reflection at a mirrored `staircase' along the focused spectrum, the light retraces its path through the spectrograph to form a high resolution white image at the original entrance. By placing a comb-like mask along the dispersed spectrum, the OH lines are removed from the rebuilt image, while an optical arrangement involving a polarized beam-splitter efficiently separates the original and rebuilt images. A small scale demonstration in the laboratory with a 10 cm grating proves the method. The source was a resolution chart 6 x 8 mm at f/15. Working in the optical with 10% bandwidth, the spectral resolution was up to 50,000 for individual image resolution elements, 370 for the full rebuilt image. A CCD image of the result image shows 100 x 130 spatial resolution elements. A design optimized for use with a 2 m telescope has a grating size 50 cm x 66 cm and 20% bandwidth. It gives a nominal field of 3 by 5 arcmin and is limited by seeing rather than aberrations. The 2.5 m paraboloidal reflector needed for such an instrument could be built inexpensively as a spinning liquid mirror.
A Hardened Field Insulator (1981)

In this paper we report results on a new hardened field oxide which exhibits improved resistance to ionizing radiation. This new field insulator shows much less radiation-induced shift in flatband voltage than that of ordinary SiO2 (either thermally grown or chemically vapor deposited). Results are obtained over a range of bias conditions (-10 volts to +22.5 volts) and radiation dosage (0 ~ 4 × 104 rads (SiO2)).
Cannabis – the Israeli perspective (2015)

Short overviews are presented on the historical uses of cannabis in the Middle East and on the more recent scientific and medical research on phytocannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system, with emphasis on research contributions from Israel. These are followed by examples of research projects and clinical trials with cannabinoids and by a short report on the regulation of medical marijuana in Israel, which at present is administered to over 22,000 patients.
Optimal transmitter eigen-beamforming and space-time block coding based on channel mean feedback (2002)

Optimal transmitter designs obeying the water-filling principle are well-documented; they are widely applied when the propagation channel is deterministically known and regularly updated at the transmitter. Because channel state information is impossible to be known perfectly at the transmitter in practical wireless systems, we design, in this paper, an optimal multiantenna transmitter based on the knowledge of mean values of the underlying channels. Our optimal transmitter design turns out to be an eigen-beamformer with multiple beams pointing to orthogonal directions along the eigenvectors of the correlation matrix of the estimated channel at the transmitter and with proper power loading across beams. The optimality pertains to minimizing an upper bound on the symbol error rate, which leads to better performance than maximizing the expected signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver. Coupled with orthogonal space-time block codes, two-directional eigen-beamforming emerges as a more attractive choice than conventional one-directional beamforming with uniformly improved performance, without rate reduction, and without essential increase in complexity. With multiple receive antennas and reasonably good feedback quality, the two-directional eigen-beamformer is also capable of achieving the best possible performance in a large range of transmit-power-to-noise ratios, without a rate penalty.
Ignition of a combustible gas mixture by a high-current electric discharge in a closed volume (2009)

Results are presented from experimental studies and numerical calculations of the ignition of a stoichiometric CH4: O2 gas mixture by a high-current gliding discharge. It is shown that this type of discharge generates an axially propagating thermal wave (precursor) that penetrates into the gas medium and leads to fast gas heating. This process is followed by an almost simultaneous ignition of the gas mixture over the entire reactor volume.
Genetic variation in PTPN22 corresponds to altered signaling in B lymphocytes (B38) (2007)

Abstract PTPN22 is a gene encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase Lyp. A missense mutation in the gene, changing residue 1858 from a Cytosine to a Thymidine (1858C/T), is associated with the development of multiple autoimmune disorders. Although studies have demonstrated that Lyp has an inhibitory effect on T cell receptor mediated signaling pathways, the mechanism by which the 1858T variant contributes to the development of autoimmunity remains elusive. In this study, we examine the impact of the 1858T variant on B lymphocyte function. B lymphocytes from healthy subjects expressing the variant allele were compared to those of healthy subjects without the variant. When B cells were stimulated via the B-cell receptor, we observed impaired BCR signal transduction among subjects possessing the variant allele. This was characterized by diminished Calcium mobilization and altered tyrosine phosphorylation in key signaling proteins. These findings demonstrate that the PTPN22 1858T variant alters B cell as well as T cell responses and implicates B cells in the mechanism by which the PTPN221858T variant contributes to autoimmunity. This work is supported by a JDRF grant to The Center for Translational Research at Benaroya Research Institute.
Synthesis of Multichain Polymers and Investigation of their Viscosities<sup>1</sup> (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of Multichain Polymers and Investigation of their Viscosities1John R. Schaefgen and Paul J. FloryCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70, 8, 2709–2718Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1948https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01188a026https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01188a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1635Altmetric-Citations321LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Interaction among avian tumor viruses giving enhanced infectivity. (1967)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Desensitization by Spectral Sensitizers (1965)

It is well known that high concentrations of spectral sensitizers cause an overall desensitization. The degree of desensitizing action and the percentage of surface coverage, for which a sudden decrease in gamma and sensitivity takes place, are dependent on the structure of the spectral sensitizing dye, on the type of emulsion, on the pAg and on the kind of development.In the discussions about the mechanism of this desensitizing action, the retarding of development caused by the spectral sensitizers as mentioned already by James and Vanselow is often overlooked.In order to get an appreciation of the importance of this factor, the silver halide emulsions were exposed (to blue light) in liquid state. In this way it was possible to compare the action of the dye added before exposure with the dye added after exposure. For some emulsions, desensitization can be attributed to a large extent to a retarding of development, although certain desensitization also occurs during exposure.
Synergistic action between inhibition of P2Y<sub>12</sub>/P2Y<sub>1</sub> and P2Y<sub>12</sub>/thrombin in ADP‐ and thrombin‐induced human platelet activation (2004)

The objective of this study was to investigate if there is a synergistic effect of a combination of P2Y(12) and P2Y(1) inhibition and P2Y(12) and thrombin inhibition, on ADP- and thrombin-induced platelet activation, respectively. The rationale being that these combinations will cause a concurrent inhibition of both G alpha(q) and Galpha (i) signalling. Blood from healthy volunteers was preincubated with AR-C69931MX, a reversible P2Y(12) antagonist; MRS2179, a reversible P2Y(1) antagonist; or melagatran, a direct reversible thrombin inhibitor; alone or in various combinations prior to activation with ADP or thrombin. Platelet function in whole blood was assessed by flow cytometry using the antibody PAC-1 to estimate the expression of active alpha (IIb)beta(3) (the fibrinogen receptor GPIIb/IIIa). A synergistic effect was evaluated by comparing the concentrations in the different combinations with those of corresponding equipotent concentrations of each single inhibitor alone. The equipotent single concentrations were experimentally obtained from concentration response curves performed in parallel. A synergistic effect regarding inhibition of ADP-induced platelet activation (10 microM) was obtained with different combinations of AR-C69931MX and MRS2179. Inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet activation (2 nM) with combinations of AR-C69931MX and the thrombin inhibitor melagatran did also result in a strong synergistic effect. To our knowledge, this is the first time that data supporting a synergistic effect has been published for the inhibitor combinations described. Whether this synergistic effect in vitro also results in an improved antithrombotic effect in vivo with or without an increased risk of bleeding remains to be studied in well-conducted clinical studies.
Feasibility study on thermal-hydraulic performance in tight-lattice rod bundles for Reduced-Moderation water reactors (2004)

R&D project to investigate thermal-hydraulic performance in tight-lattice rod bundles for Reduced-Moderation Water Reactor (RMWR) is started at Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) in collaboration with power company, reactor vendors, universities since 2002. The RMWR can attain the favorable characteristics such as effective utilization of uranium resources, multiple recycling of plutonium, high burn-up and long operation cycle, based on matured LWR technologies. MOX fuel assemblies with tight lattice arrangement are used to increase the conversion ratio by reducing the moderation of neutron. Increasing the in-core void fraction also contributes to the reduction of neutron moderation. The confirmation of thermal-hydraulic feasibility is one of the most important R&D items for the RMWR because of the tight-lattice configuration. In this paper, we will show the R&D plan and describe the current status focused on an experimental study using large-scale (37-rod bundle) test facility. Steady-state critical power experiments are conducted with the test facility and the experimental data reveal the feasibility of RMWR.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Photodimerization of Enones in Zeolites. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Brain Stimulation With ECT: Neuroscience Insights From an Old Treatment (2015)

Some recent breakthroughs, using newly developed neuroscience investigational tools, suggest that if research resources are available, we could soon make substantial advances in understanding the mechanism of action of ECT.
New forms of synchronization dynamics of a dual-polarization laser with frequency-shifted feedback (2011)

Here, we investigate experimentally, numerically, and analytically the synchronization properties between the two polarization modes when the locking range is comparable to the relaxation oscillation frequency of the laser.
Model-based control of semiconductor processing equipment: rapid thermal processing example (2002)

Analytical and empirical based models have been incorporated into the real-time control of rapid thermal processing equipment to improve both absolute temperature control and uniformity. This paper describes the special control needs of RTP systems along with a detailed description or an RTP model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Improving speech recognition using a data-driven approach (2005)

In this paper, we investigate the possibility of enhancing state-of-the-art HMM-based speech recognition systems using data-driven techniques, where whole set of training utterances is used as reference models and recognition is then performed through the well-known template matching technique, DTW. This approach allows us to better capture the temporal dynamics of the speech signal while avoiding some of the HMM assumptions such as the piecewise stationarity. Potentially, such data-driven techniques also allow us to better exploit meta-data and environmental information, such as speaker, gender, accent and noise conditions. However, we cannot entirely abandon HMMs, which are very powerful and scalable models. Thus, we investigate one way to combine and take advantage of both the approaches, combining scores of HMMs and reference templates. Experiments on the Numbers95 database showed that this combination yields 22\\% relative improvement in word error rate over the baseline HMM performance. Applying K-means clustering to the acoustic vectors speeds up the decoding, while still retaining a significant improvement in the recognition accuracy.
Time-Resolved Measurement of Combustion Gases in HighExplosive Detonations using a Swept-Wavelength External Cavity Quantum Cascade Laser (2020)

A swept-wavelength external cavity quanhim cascade laser measures broadband infrared absolution spectra from 2050-2300 cm -1 at a 100 Hz rate to determine time-resolved temperabrre and column densities of CO, CO2, H2O, and N2O in high-explosive detonations.
Easier detection of invertebrate "identification-key characters" with light of different wavelengths (2011)

The marine α-taxonomist often encounters two problems. Firstly, the "environmental dirt" that is frequently present on the specimens and secondly the difficulty in distinguishing key-features due to the uniform colours which fixed animals often adopt.Here we show that illuminating animals with deep-blue or ultraviolet light instead of the normal white-light abrogates both difficulties; dirt disappears and important details become clearly visible. This light regime has also two other advantages. It allows easy detection of very small, normally invisible, animals (0.1 μm range). And as these light wavelengths can induce fluorescence, new identification markers may be discovered by this approach.
Crumbs interacts with moesin and βHeavy-spectrin in the apical membrane skeleton of <i>Drosophila</i> (2002)

The apical transmembrane protein Crumbs is necessary for both cell polarization and the assembly of the zonula adherens (ZA) in Drosophila epithelia. The apical spectrin-based membrane skeleton (SBMS) is a protein network that is essential for epithelial morphogenesis and ZA integrity, and exhibits close colocalization with Crumbs and the ZA in fly epithelia. These observations suggest that Crumbs may stabilize the ZA by recruiting the SBMS to the junctional region. Consistent with this hypothesis, we report that Crumbs is necessary for the organization of the apical SBMS in embryos and Schneider 2 cells, whereas the localization of Crumbs is not affected in karst mutants that eliminate the apical SBMS. Our data indicate that it is specifically the 4.1 protein/ezrin/radixin/moesin (FERM) domain binding consensus, and in particular, an arginine at position 7 in the cytoplasmic tail of Crumbs that is essential to efficiently recruit both the apical SBMS and the FERM domain protein, DMoesin. Crumbs, Discs lost, betaHeavy-spectrin, and DMoesin are all coimmunoprecipitated from embryos, confirming the existence of a multimolecular complex. We propose that Crumbs stabilizes the apical SBMS via DMoesin and actin, leading to reinforcement of the ZA and effectively coupling epithelial morphogenesis and cell polarity.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Chiral Promoter in the Aldol Type Reaction. Chiral Diamine Coordinated Tin(II) Triflate‐Dibutyltin Diacetate Complexes. (1990)

Abstract The aldehyde (I) is coupled with the ketene O,S‐acetal (II) in the presence of tin(II) triflate, an alkyltin(IV) compound, and a chiral diamine to yield the syn‐ (III) and anti‐adduct (IV) with predominance of the former.
STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF BIMETAL CONSTRUCTION CARBON STEEL – STAINLESS STEEL (2018)

The results of comprehensive study of bimetallic samples obtained as a result of pouring St3 structural steel between plates of Kh18N9T stainless steel placed in a mold followed by hot rolling of the obtained three-layer plate are presented. Analysis of the interface boundary has confirmed its continuity and high quality. Investigation of microstructure of the interface area by means of optical, atomic-force, and electron metallography has shown that three structural components occur in the direction from pearlitic to austenitic steel: weakened section of ferrite layer; hardened section of ferrite layer and dark-etched interlayer on the austenitic steel side. Using atomic-force microscopy, contact method in “constant force” mode in particular, and optical metallography, it was established that from St3 steel side as it approaches interface, decarburized layer with purely ferrite structure is formed instead of typical low-carbon steel structure consisting of ferrite matrix with pearlite colonies, and on Kh18N9 steel side a carburized layer is formed. In addition, an intermediate layer (carbide) with a depth of up to 50 μm was detected at the boundary. The nature of micro-hardness change in the area of St3 carbon steel and cladding layer of Kh18N9T stainless steel interface shows significant increase in materials strength. Microelement analysis of the area of St3 – Kh18N9T interface made it possible to establish nature of change in concentration of alloying elements as they approach the interface boundary. Presence of chromium in St3 steel and increase in carbon concentration in stainless steel confirmed the assumption of two mutually directed diffusion flows generation, namely, reciprocal diffusion of carbon from St3 steel and alloying elements of Kh18N9T steel. Resulting carbides explain increased hardness of both steels near the bound zone.
Disc in flames: Roles of TNF-α and IL-1β in intervertebral disc degeneration (2015)

The intervertebral disc is an important mechanical structure that allows range of motion of the spinal column. Degeneration of the intervertebral disc -incited by aging, traumatic insult, genetic predisposition, or other factors -is often defined by functional and structural changes in the tissue, including excessive breakdown of the extracellular matrix, increased disc cell senescence and death, as well as compromised biomechanical function of the tissue. Intervertebral disc degeneration is strongly correlated with low back pain, which is a highly prevalent and costly condition, significantly contributing to loss in productivity and health care costs. Disc degeneration is a chronic, progressive condition, and current therapies are limited and often focused on symptomatic pain relief rather than curtailing the progression of the disease. Inflammatory processes exacerbated by cytokines tumour necrosis factor- (TNF-) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) are believed to be key mediators of disc degeneration and low back pain. In this review, we describe the contributions of TNF- and IL-1 to changes seen during disc degeneration at both cellular and tissue level, as well as new evidence suggesting a link between infection of the spine and low back pain, and the emerging therapeutic modalities aimed at combating these processes.