gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Specific enzymatic dephosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein. (1993)

The retinoblastoma gene product (RB) undergoes cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Pulse-chase experiments revealed that the change in RB gel electrophoretic migration which occurs near mitosis is due to enzymatic dephosphorylation (J. W. Ludlow, J. Shon, J. M. Pipas, D. M. Livingston, and J. A. DeCaprio, Cell 60:387-396, 1990). To determine the precise timing of RB dephosphorylation and whether a specific phosphatase is active in this process, we have utilized a nocodazole block and release protocol which allows a large population of cells to progress synchronously through mitosis. In such experiments, RB dephosphorylation began during anaphase and continued until complete dephosphorylation was apparent in the ensuing G1 period. In addition, late mitotic cell extracts were capable of dephosphorylating RB in vitro. This RB-specific mitotic phosphatase activity was more active in anaphase extracts than in pro- or metaphase extracts, which is consistent with the results obtained in vivo. Okadaic acid and protein phosphatase inhibitors 1 and 2 inhibited this specific RB phosphatase activity. These results suggest a role for serine and threonine phosphoprotein phosphatase type 1 in the late mitotic dephosphorylation of RB.
Original Article: Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor and AMP‐activated protein kinase agonists protect against lethal influenza virus challenge in mice (2010)

The extensive production in the developed world, combined with the significant degree of protection described here, establishes these drugs as a potential therapeutic option that may be broadly implemented to combat serious disease caused by future influenza epidemics or pandemics.
Distribution of the mitogenic protein, sclerogen, in extracts from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum IFO 9395 assessed by using immunochemical analysis. (1991)

Sclerogen is a mitogenic protein isolated from the buffer extracts (3S) from sclerotia and shows significant mitogenic activity after heat denaturation accompanied with conformational changes. Experiments have been carried out to assess the distribution of sclerogen in several extracts from sclerotia and mycelia of this fungus by using the anti-serum against sclerogen. The anti-serum against the native- and heat denatured-sclerogen (anti-sclerogen-M and -MB serum, respectively) were prepared from Japanese white rabbits. These anti-sera showed different cross-reactivity to sclerogen-M and -MB from the results of immunoblotting after normal-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (normal-PAGE), suggesting that sclerogen-MB became to have different epitope(s) after heat denaturation of sclerogen-M. The result of immunoblotting after sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-PAGE suggested that these anti-sera also recognized the random coil site(s) where the conformational specificity was not concerned, and that sclerogen (like substance(s] existed not only in mild extracts (e.g. phosphate buffer) but also in fractions extracted from mycelia of S. sclerotiorum IFO 9395. Taken together with the results of the mitogenic activity of the representative extracts from sclerotia, at least two kinds of the mitogenic substances would exist in sclerotia; one would be extracted by mild conditions, and the other would be difficult to extract and require drastic conditions such as hot water extraction.
Plexin-B2, But Not Plexin-B1, Critically Modulates Neuronal Migration and Patterning of the Developing Nervous System In Vivo (2007)

Semaphorins and their receptors, plexins, have emerged as important cellular cues regulating key developmental processes. B-type plexins directly regulate the actin cytoskeleton in a variety of cell types. Recently, B-type plexins have been shown to be expressed in striking patterns in the nervous system over critical developmental windows. However, in contrast to the well characterized plexin-A family, the functional role of plexin-B proteins in neural development and organogenesis in vertebrates in vivo is not known. Here, we have elucidated the functional contribution of the two neuronally expressed plexin-B proteins, Plexin-B1 or Plexin-B2, toward the development of the peripheral nervous system and the CNS by generating and analyzing constitutive knock-out mice. The development of the nervous system was found to be normal in mice lacking Plexin-B1, whereas mice lacking Plexin-B2 demonstrated defects in closure of the neural tube and a conspicuous disorganization of the embryonic brain. After analyzing mutant mice, which bypassed neural tube defects, we observed a key requirement for Plexin-B2 in proliferation and migration of granule cell precursors in the developing dentate gyrus, olfactory bulb, and cerebellum. Furthermore, we identified semaphorin 4C as a high-affinity ligand for Plexin-B2 in binding and functional assays. Semaphorin 4C stimulated activation of ErbB-2 and RhoA via Plexin-B2 and enhanced proliferation and migration of granule cell precursors. Semaphorin 4C-induced proliferation of ventricular zone neuroblasts was abrogated in mice lacking Plexin-B2. These genetic and functional analyses reveal a key requirement for Plexin-B2, but not Plexin-B1, in patterning of the vertebrate nervous system in vivo.
Advances in cellulose chemistry - microwave-assisted synthesis of propargylcellulose in aqueous medium (2012)

A fast and simple reaction activated by microwave irradiation permits the “green synthesis” of propargylcellulose in an aqueous alkaline medium. The influence of several reaction parameters such as amount of propargyl bromide, reaction time or microwave activation on the reaction efficiency are reported herein. The propargylcellulose samples obtained, with degrees of substitution (DS) from 0.35 to 1.88, were characterised by means of FTIR and NMR spectroscopy.
Rifampin Heteroresistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cultures as Detected by Phenotypic and Genotypic Drug Susceptibility Test Methods (2013)

Tuberculosis patients may harbor both drug-susceptible and -resistant bacteria, i.e., heteroresistance. We used mixtures of rifampin-resistant and -susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains to simulate heteroresistance in patient samples. Molecular tests can be used for earlier discovery of multidrug resistance (MDR), but the sensitivity to detect heteroresistance is unknown. Conventional phenotypic drug susceptibility testing was the most sensitive, whereas two line probe assays and sequencing were unable to detect the clinically important 1% resistant bacteria.
The effect of microgravity on tissue structure and function of rat testis (2011)

To explore whether an environment of weightlessness will cause damage to the reproductive system of animals, we used the tail-suspension model to simulate microgravity, and investigated the effect of microgravity on the tissue structure and function of the testis in sexually mature male rats. Forty-eight male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were randomly assigned to three groups (N = 16 each): control, tail traction, and tail suspension. After the rats were suspended for 7 or 14 days, morphological changes of testis were evaluated by histological and electron microscopic methods. The expression of HSP70, bax/bcl-2 and AR (androgen receptor) in testis was measured by immunohistochemistry. Obvious pathological lesions were present in the testis after the rats were suspended for 7 or 14 days. We detected overexpression of HSP70 and an increase of apoptotic cells, which may have contributed to the injury to the testis. The expression of AR, as an effector molecule in the testis, was significantly decreased in the suspended groups compared to control (P < 0.01). We also observed that, with a longer time of suspension, the aforementioned pathological damage became more serious and some pathological injury to the testis was irreversible. The results demonstrated that a short- or medium-term microgravity environment could lead to severe irreversible damage to the structure of rat testis.
Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 16: Proceedings of the 2003 Conference (2004)

The annual Neural Information Processing (NIPS) conference is the flagship meeting on neural computation. It draws a diverse group of attendees & physicists, neuroscientists, mathematicians, statisticians, and computer scientists. The presentations are interdisciplinary, with contributions in algorithms, learning theory, cognitive science, neuroscience, brain imaging, vision, speech and signal processing, reinforcement learning and control, emerging technologies, and applications. Only thirty percent of the papers submitted are accepted for presentation at NIPS, so the quality is exceptionally high. This volume contains all the papers presented at the 2003 conference.
M2-like, dermal macrophages are maintained via IL-4/CCL24–mediated cooperative interaction with eosinophils in cutaneous leishmaniasis (2020)

Tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs) maintain tissue homeostasis, but they can also provide a replicative niche for intracellular pathogens such as <i>Leishmania</i> How dermal TRMs proliferate and maintain their M2 properties even in the strong T<sub>H</sub>1 environment of the <i>L. major</i> infected dermis is not clear. Here, we show that, in infected mice lacking IL-4/13 from eosinophils, dermal TRMs shifted to a proinflammatory state, their numbers declined, and disease was attenuated. Intravital microscopy revealed a rapid infiltration of eosinophils followed by their tight interaction with dermal TRMs. IL-4-stimulated dermal TRMs, in concert with IL-10, produced a large amount of CCL24, which functioned to amplify eosinophil influx and their interaction with dermal TRMs. An intraperitoneal helminth infection model also demonstrated a requirement for eosinophil-derived IL-4 to maintain tissue macrophages through a CCL24-mediated amplification loop. CCL24 secretion was confined to resident macrophages in other tissues, implicating eosinophil-TRM cooperative interactions in diverse inflammatory settings.
Selective Application of Herbicides for Canada Thistle (<i>Cirsium arvense</i>) Control in Birdsfoot Trefoil (<i>Lotus corniculatus</i>) (1988)

Canada thistle [ Cirsium arvense [L.] Scop. # CIRAR] is a major weed problem in birdsfoot trefoil ( Lotus corniculatus L. ‘Norcen’) seed production in northern Minnesota. Several systemic herbicides applied with selective applicators (roller and ropewick) were evaluated for Canada thistle control in birdsfoot trefoil. Picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid), clopyralid (3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid), and glyphosate [ N -(phosphonomethyl)glycine] controlled Canada thistle better than MCPA [(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid] and dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid). Glyphosate and MCPA did not injure birdsfoot trefoil foliage or bloom, whereas, picloram, clopyralid, and dicamba injured both. Although selective applications of glyphosate controlled Canada thistle for a short term with the least birdsfoot trefoil injury, long-term Canada thistle control in birdsfoot trefoil does not appear feasible with selective herbicide applications.
QALYs versus HYEs - What's Right and What's Wrong (1996)

The last two decades have seen cost-utility analysis of health care programmes becoming increasingly popular, both at the theoretical level and in empirical applications. This certainly explains why utility measurement in health care has attained such a prominent position in the field of health economics. On the benefit side of changes in resource allocation, the twin aspects of morbidity and mortality effects are to be combined to yield an assessment in line with individual preferences. Thus, at least in theory, the utility of the people involved provides the yardstick with which to gauge health effects. In order to obtain economically meaningful descriptions of the utility impact due to changes in individual health, two approaches currently coexist on somewhat less than peaceful terms. The older one, the quality-adjusted life years (henceforth: QALY) approach, lends itself to empirical application fairly easily since several methods have been devised in order to capture the QALY impact due to health care programmes. More recently, its position has been challenged by the healthy-years equivalent (henceforth: HYE) approach, mainly on the grounds that the QALY approach be likely to misrepresent individual preferences for health effects.
Cloud-based Control Approach in Discrete Manufacturing Using a Self-Learning Architecture (2018)

Process anomalies and fluctuations in product quality are widespread problems in discrete manufacturing. There have been various control approaches to tackle the challenge. This paper presents a cross-process control approach that combines engineering knowledge and data analytics techniques. An initial rule basis is generated by experts using simulation models. To achieve a data driven enhancement concerning process and product quality, a PLC-based connector is developed to record and unify real process data from heterogeneous data sources. The data is processed in the cloud and inferred using online modeling techniques. Neural networks with autoencoder structure are applied to extract unknown features, to iteratively refine the knowledge base and thus to optimize quality control.
Stereoselective Synthesis of (22R)- and (22S)-22-Methyl-1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (2001)

An efficient, straightforward method for construction of the side chain of (22R)- and (22S)-22-alkyl-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is described. The title compounds were synthesized by Lythgoe's procedure.
Choosing Transfer Languages for Cross-Lingual Learning (2019)

Cross-lingual transfer, where a high-resource transfer language is used to improve the accuracy of a low-resource task language, is now an invaluable tool for improving performance of natural language processing (NLP) on low-resource languages. However, given a particular task language, it is not clear which language to transfer from, and the standard strategy is to select languages based on ad hoc criteria, usually the intuition of the experimenter. Since a large number of features contribute to the success of cross-lingual transfer (including phylogenetic similarity, typological properties, lexical overlap, or size of available data), even the most enlightened experimenter rarely considers all these factors for the particular task at hand. In this paper, we consider this task of automatically selecting optimal transfer languages as a ranking problem, and build models that consider the aforementioned features to perform this prediction. In experiments on representative NLP tasks, we demonstrate that our model predicts good transfer languages much better than ad hoc baselines considering single features in isolation, and glean insights on what features are most informative for each different NLP tasks, which may inform future ad hoc selection even without use of our method. Code, data, and pre-trained models are available at https://github.com/neulab/langrank
Error filtration, interference, and the human linkage map. (1991)

Typing error is a major problem in constructing human linkage maps, leading to incorrect orders and inflating map lengths. An error filter is incorporated into multiple pairwise analysis that corrects for inflation of map lengths and improves recovery of the correct order. Multipoint mapping is more sensitive to error, but when its output is adjusted for both error and interference, map lengths are no longer inflated in proportion to the number of loci and are close to those obtained by multiple pairwise analysis.
Jointly Learning to Align and Convert Graphemes to Phonemes with Neural Attention Models (2016)

We propose an attention-enabled encoder-decoder model for the problem of grapheme-to-phoneme conversion. Most previous work has tackled the problem via joint sequence models that require explicit alignments for training. In contrast, the attention-enabled encoder-decoder model allows for jointly learning to align and convert characters to phonemes. We explore different types of attention models, including global and local attention, and our best models achieve state-of-the-art results on three standard data sets (CMUDict, Pronlex, and NetTalk).
Study and Suggestions on Pneumatic Component Flow-rate Characteristics (2002)

IS06358 was published in 1989 as a standard which specifies the determination of flow-rate characteristics for pneumatic components. Then, in Japan, JIS B 8390 corresponded to IS06358 was published in 2000. These standards represent the fl ow-rate characteristics over the full range using “Sonic conductance C” and “Critical pressure ratio b.” In this paper, comparison with IS06358 and Existing representation method. Moreover, the problemof the measuring method by ISO was clarified and the flow-rate characteristic model for the representation method was proposed. Furthermore, the method by “Effective conductance” which grasps the flow-rate characteristic of pneumatic components with a single parameter was suggested, and the development of the test method replaced with the ISO method was suggested.
A Pharmacologic Profile of McN-3495 [<i>N</i>-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinylidene)-<i>N</i>' -phenyl-1-pyrrolidinecarboximidamide], A New, Orally Effective Hypoglycemic Agent (1978)

McN-3495, a new compound unrelated strucuturally to the sulfonylureas or phenformin, has been found to produce a hypoglycemic effect in nondiabetic rats, dogs, mice, and monkeys. The minimum effective dose of McN-3495 that lowers fasting blood glucose and improves glucose tolerance was found to be about 2.5 to 5 mg-per kilogram, per os, except in fasted monkeys, in which a tenfold greater potency was observed. When McN-3495 was given repeatedly for three to five days, no tolerance to the hypoglycemic activity occurred and no changes in other biochemical parameters were observed. In addition to being three to four times more potent than tolbutamide, McN-3495 also differs from the sulfonylureas in lowering blood glucose concentrations of streptozotocin-diabetic rats and db/db mice, and, moreover, oral administration to normal fasted dogs did not produce the characteristic rise in insulin concentrations observed with tolbutamide. Furthermore, unlike the biguanides, McN-3495 can lower dog and rat fasting blood glucose concentrations and can improve glucose tolerance whether the glucose is administered orally or parenterally. However, McN-3495, as phenformin, fails to work in totally depancreatized dogs.
A Green Route to Synthesize Pr<sup>3+</sup>/Dy<sup>3+</sup>-Doped Nd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Nanoreplicas from Nd–Fe–B Magnets (2018)

This paper details a green and sustainable process for synthesizing highly concentrated Pr3+/Dy3+-doped Nd2O3 nanoparticles from Nd–Fe–B magnets sourced from e-waste via a facile homogeneous precipitation route under mild conditions. Rare earth elements (REEs) are under a serious crisis owing to their uncertain supply and increasing global demand. REEs’ future demand growth is mainly linked to the use of Nd–Fe–B magnets, which are currently one of the most widely used types of rare-earth magnets with extensive implementation in a variety of applications. Using REEs (i.e., Nd, Pr, and Dy) derived from Nd–Fe–B magnets, we applied a low temperature urea-based homogeneous precipitation method and synthesized crystallized RE (i.e., Nd, Pr, and Dy) OHCO3 nanoparticles with diameters of 40–50 nm and high specific surface area of 60 m2 g–1. The synthesized REOHCO3 was used as a precursor for the synthesis of REO nanoparticles through a thermal degradation process at 700 °C. FE-SEM images revealed that the synthesized REO nanoparticles inherited their parent’s morphology. An X-ray diffraction spectrum of the synthesized REO nanoreplicas showed a cubic phase of Nd2O3 with no additional peak corresponding to the secondary phases of Pr and Dy. High resolution TEM (HRTEM) micrographs and electron diffraction of the selected area (SAED) of the as-synthesized REO nanoparticles exhibited deformation in crystalline structure, shrinkage of the crystalline size, and a decrease in interplanar distance value, indicating that Nd3+ in the Nd2O3 host lattice was replaced with dopants of Pr3+ and Dy3+. Novel synthesis of Pr3+/Dy3+-doped Nd2O3 nanoparticles from Nd–Fe–B magnets reported in this paper confirms a new opportunity to deal with REE critical supply while transforming a globally significant waste burden into value-added products delivering economic and environmental benefits.
Generating Stronger T cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy (2013)

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Amino Acid 226 in the Hemagglutinin of H4N6 Influenza Virus Determines Binding Affinity for α2,6-Linked Sialic Acid and Infectivity Levels in Primary Swine and Human Respiratory Epithelial Cells (2008)

Avian lineage H4N6 influenza viruses previously isolated from pigs differ at hemagglutinin amino acids 226 and 228 from H4 subtype viruses isolated from birds. Using a parental H4N6 swine isolate and hemagglutinin mutant viruses (at residues 226 and/or 228), we determined that viruses which contain L226 had a higher affinity for sialic acid alpha2,6 galactose (SAalpha2,6Gal) and a higher infectivity level for primary swine and human respiratory epithelial cells, whereas viruses which contain Q226 had lower SAalpha2,6Gal affinity and lower infectivity levels for both types of cells. Using specific neuraminidases, we found that irrespective of their relative binding preferences, all of the influenza viruses examined utilized SAalpha2,6Gal to infect swine and human cells.
Assessment of Lumbosacral Fusion Mass by Angled Radiography (1998)

The use of the angled anteroposterior view on plain radiographs is recommended in the evaluation of the fusion status at L5-S1.
Hydrophobic Core around Tyrosine for Human Endothelin-1 Investigated by Photochemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (2004)

Human endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent cardiovascular bioactive peptide. Its activity is based on the C-terminal residues, e.g., Trp 21 in particular. Recently, we reported an NMR solution structure of ET-1, which has a C-terminal hydrophobic core around Tyr 13. This C-terminal conformation does not agree with a previously reported X-ray crystal structure. To clarify the discrepancy, we performed photo-CIDNP NMR in combination with MALDI-TOF MS. The photo-CIDNP results revealed that the Tyr 13 aromatic ring is concealed in a hydrophobic interaction. MALDI-TOF MS experiments showed this is an intramolecular interaction in monomeric form, which is also supported by sedimentation analysis and two-dimensional NMR cross-peak line shapes. Thus, we confirmed the intramolecular hydrophobic core around Tyr 13 in aqueous solution, which agrees with the solution structure. The C-terminal conformational discrepancy between the solution and crystal was caused by the intermolecular hydrogen bond between Tyr 13 of one molecule and Asp 8 of the other in a dimer-like formation of crystalline ET-1. On the other hand, we indicated that endothelin-3, another isoform of the endothelin, has an apparent self-association equilibrium under the same condition in which three tyrosines participate.