gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Triple barrier resonant tunneling diodes for microwave signal generation and detection (2013)

We present an asymmetrical InP-based three barrier resonant tunneling diode with high current density. For positive bias voltages the device operates like a symmetrical resonant tunneling diode, providing a wide region of negative differential resistance. Under zero bias condition it can be used as a sensitive high frequency detector. The nonlinearity may also enable high frequency mixer applications.
Genome-Wide Gene Expression in relation to Age in Large Laboratory Cohorts of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (2015)

Aging is a complex process characterized by a steady decline in an organism's ability to perform life-sustaining tasks. In the present study, two cages of approximately 12,000 mated Drosophila melanogaster females were used as a source of RNA from individuals sampled frequently as a function of age. A linear model for microarray data method was used for the microarray analysis to adjust for the box effect; it identified 1,581 candidate aging genes. Cluster analyses using a self-organizing map algorithm on the 1,581 significant genes identified gene expression patterns across different ages. Genes involved in immune system function and regulation, chorion assembly and function, and metabolism were all significantly differentially expressed as a function of age. The temporal pattern of data indicated that gene expression related to aging is affected relatively early in life span. In addition, the temporal variance in gene expression in immune function genes was compared to a random set of genes. There was an increase in the variance of gene expression within each cohort, which was not observed in the set of random genes. This observation is compatible with the hypothesis that D. melanogaster immune function genes lose control of gene expression as flies age.
Macromol. Theory Simul. 3/2011 (2011)

Cover: Because of the complexity in the formation of monomer sequences along chains during polymerization, it is necessary to employ programmed synthesis to make copolymers with well-defined sequences. Here, a computational tool is introduced that can generate recipes to synthesize copolymers with pre-designed monomer sequences along chains. Further details can be found in the article by L. Wang, L. J. Broadbelt* on page 191.
Clear cell urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a case report and review of the literature (2014)

The tumor marker profile was consistent with clear cell type carcinoma of urothelial origin. Within the differential diagnoses, we ruled out other possible tumor types such as urothelial carcinoma with focal clear cell differentiation, clear cell adenocarcinoma, Müllerian tumors, and metastatic disease.
Nuclear photonics with extreme gamma-ray sources (2013)

Summary form only given. Tunable, polarized, mono-energetic, gamma-ray (MEGa-ray) beams can be created via Compton scattering of pulsed lasers off of ultra-bright electron beams. Above 2 MeV, the peak brilliance of an optimized MEGa-ray source can exceed that of world's largest synchrotrons by more than 15 orders of magnitude. These narrow-divergence, laser-like, gamma-ray beams are enabling the pursuit of new nuclear science and applications with photons, i.e. nuclear photonics. Applications include isotope-specific nuclear materials management, element-specific medical radiography and radiology, non-destructive, isotope-specific, material assay and imaging, precision spectroscopy of nuclear resonances and photon-induced fission. Scaling of MEGa-ray sources to MW beam powers is also feasible and might one day enable efficient, photon-based transmutation of materials. This presentation will review activities at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory related to the design and optimization of MEGa-ray sources and to the development and use of unique detector systems required for isotope-specific, materials applications.
High-Temperature Scrubbing of Halogenated Compounds (1996)

The objective of this work was to evalute the performance of sodium compounds in removing halogenated organic and halogenated inorganic species from gas streams. Tests were conducted which evaluated fluidized bed, packed bed, and post-flame injection of sodium compounds as methods for high-temperature scrubbing of halogenated compounds in the form of sodium halides. Methyl chloride destruction at a given temperature was promoted by the presence of sodium carbonate. Kinetic modeling of methyl chloride decomposition supports these experimental results. Laboratory and pilot-scale testing demonstrated effective removal (99−99.9 + %) of halogenated inorganic combustion byproducts using sodium carbonate in packed beds and fluidized beds within reaction times (0.2–3.0 seconds), temperatures (450–1,050° C), and other conditions which are in the practical range for application to waste incineration.
Effect of iron overload on furin expression in wild-type and β-thalassemic mice (2015)

Furin is a proprotein convertase enzyme. In the liver, it cleaves prohepcidin to form active hepcidin-25, which regulates systemic iron homeostasis. Hepcidin deficiency is a component of several iron overload disorders, including β-thalassemia. Several studies have identified factors that repress hepcidin gene transcription in iron overload. However, the effect of iron overload on furin, a post-translational regulator of hepcidin, has never been evaluated. The present study aimed to investigate the changes in furin and related factors in parenteral iron-overloaded mice, including those with β-thalassemia. Wild-type (WT) and β-thalassemia intermedia (<i>th3/</i>+) C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with 9 doses of iron dextran (1 g iron/kg body weight) over 2 weeks. In the iron overload condition, our data demonstrated a significant <i>Furin</i> mRNA reduction in WT and <i>th3/+</i> mice. In addition, the liver furin protein level in iron-overloaded WT mice was significantly reduced by 70% compared to control WT mice. However, the liver furin protein in iron-overloaded <i>th3/+</i> mice did not show a significant reduction compared to control <i>th3/+</i> mice. The hepcidin gene (hepcidin antimicrobial peptide gene, <i>Hamp1</i>) expression was increased in iron-overloaded WT and <i>th3/+</i> mice. Surprisingly, the liver hepcidin protein level and total serum hepcidin were not increased in both WT and <i>th3/+</i> mice with iron overload, regardless of the increase in <i>Hamp1</i> mRNA. In conclusion, we demonstrate furin downregulation in conjunction with <i>Hamp1</i> mRNA-unrelated pattern of hepcidin protein expression in iron-overloaded mice, particularly the WT mice, suggesting that, not only the amount of hepcidin but also the furin-mediated physiological activity may be decreased in severe iron overload condition.
Irrelevant speech effect under stationary and adaptive masking conditions (2013)

The irrelevant speech effect was investigated in this study where the serial-recall task was performed under six different conditions: Silence, speech-only, noise-only, speech masked by a stationary noise at two different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), and speech masked by an adaptive noise. Measured in five test blocks distributed throughout the four test days, the error rate of the serial-recall task under the silence condition sharply decreased in the first few test blocks, halved after completing about seven blocks. When the adaptive masking scheme was used, the error rate of the serial-recall test was reduced compared to the speech-only condition (by 9%) and to the lower-SNR stationary noise (by 4.4%). However, the serial-recall performance was not significantly different between the stationary and the adaptive maskers when the average sound level was carefully matched. Speech Transmission Index (STI) and the correlation coefficient of power spectra were used as the estimators of the temporal and spectral distinctiveness between sound tokens, respectively. The comparison to the test results implied that the frequency-domain estimator may be a better predictor of the relative ISE especially for a non-stationary masker, although it was also suggested that such estimators may have to be combined possibly with an appropriate weighting.
An ecogenomic analysis of herbivore‐induced plant volatiles in <i><scp>B</scp>rassica juncea</i> (2013)

Upon herbivore feeding, plants emit complex bouquets of induced volatiles that may repel insect herbivores as well as attract parasitoids or predators. Due to differences in the temporal dynamics of individual components, the composition of the herbivore-induced plant volatile (HIPV) blend changes with time. Consequently, the response of insects associated with plants is not constant either. Using Brassica juncea as the model plant and generalist Spodoptera spp. larvae as the inducing herbivore, we investigated herbivore and parasitoid preference as well as the molecular mechanisms behind the temporal dynamics in HIPV emissions at 24, 48 and 72 h after damage. In choice tests, Spodoptera litura moth preferred undamaged plants, whereas its parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris favoured plants induced for 48 h. In contrast, the specialist Plutella xylostella and its parasitoid C. vestalis preferred plants induced for 72 h. These preferences matched the dynamic changes in HIPV blends over time. Gene expression analysis suggested that the induced response after Spodoptera feeding is mainly controlled by the jasmonic acid pathway in both damaged and systemic leaves. Several genes involved in sulphide and green leaf volatile synthesis were clearly up-regulated. This study thus shows that HIPV blends vary considerably over a short period of time, and these changes are actively regulated at the gene expression level. Moreover, temporal changes in HIPVs elicit differential preferences of herbivores and their natural enemies. We argue that the temporal dynamics of HIPVs may play a key role in shaping the response of insects associated with plants.
Separation of high unsaturated fatty acid by use of supercritical gas chromatography. (1989)

超臨界二酸化炭素を移動相に用いた工業規模の超臨界ガスクロマト装置により魚油の脂肪酸メチルエステルから高度不飽和脂肪酸 (エイコサペンタエン酸 : EPA) の高純度分離について検討した.充填剤細孔に含浸している水分は超臨界二酸化炭素にほとんど抽出される.クロマト分離に必要な二酸化炭素量は超臨界二酸化炭素密度および充填剤量に依存する.さらに, EPA分取率と濃縮倍率の関係を把握し, 分画特性は超臨界二酸化炭素密度と原料負荷値に依存することを明らかにした.これらの基礎的知見より純度90%, 収率60%のEPAが得られた.
Interconnection networks (2012)

Teaching fundamental design concepts and the challenges of emerging technology, this textbook prepares students for a career designing the computer systems of the future. In-depth coverage of complexity, power, reliability and performance, coupled with treatment of parallelism at all levels, including ILP and TLP, provides the state-of-the-art training that students need. The whole gamut of parallel architecture design options is explained, from core microarchitecture to chip multiprocessors to large-scale multiprocessor systems. All the chapters are self-contained, yet concise enough that the material can be taught in a single semester, making it perfect for use in senior undergraduate and graduate computer architecture courses. The book is also teeming with practical examples to aid the learning process, showing concrete applications of definitions. With simple models and codes used throughout, all material is made open to a broad range of computer engineering/science students with only a basic knowledge of hardware and software.
Molecular Determinants of the Interaction Between the C‐Terminal Domain of Alzheimer's β‐Amyloid Peptide and Apolipoprotein E α‐Helices (1999)

In a previous work, we predicted and demonstrated that the 29-42-residue fragment of beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta peptide) has in vitro capacities close to those of the tilted fragment of viral fusion proteins. We further demonstrated that apolipoprotein E2 and E3 but not apolipoprotein E4 can decrease the fusogenic activity of Abeta(29-42) via a direct interaction. Therefore, we suggested that this fragment is implicated in the neurotoxicity of Abeta and in the protective effects of apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease. Because structurally related apolipoproteins do not interact with the Abeta C-terminal domain but inhibit viral fusion, we suggested that interactions existing between fusogenic peptides and apolipoproteins are selective and responsible for the inhibition of fusion. In this study, we simulated interactions of all amphipathic helices of apolipoproteins E and A-I with Abeta and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) fusogenic fragments by molecular modeling. We further calculated cross-interactions that do not inhibit fusion in vitro. The results suggest that interactions of hydrophobic residues are the major event to inhibit the fusogenic capacities of Abeta(29-42) and SIV peptides. Selectivity of those interactions is due to the steric complementarity between bulky hydrophobic residues in the fusogenic fragments and hydrophobic residues in the apolipoprotein C-terminal amphipathic helices.
Antibiotic therapy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis: a European consensus (2000)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common lethal hereditary disorder with autosomal recessive heredity in caucasians. The majority of CF patients suffer from chronic respiratory infection with the opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. No consensus among clinicians has been reached so far concerning antibiotic treatment against P. aeruginosa in CF patients. Consensus answers to 24 important questions in this context, based on current evidence, are presented, given by a panel of 34 European experts. Questions addressed and answered are: The diagnosis of P. aeruginosa lung colonization in CF; The impact of P. aeruginosa on the clinical state of CF patients; The assessment of P. aeruginosa susceptibility against antibiotics and the importance of these results for the clinician; The use of monotherapy versus combination therapy; The development of microbial resistance; The achievement of optimal airway concentrations; The effects of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics on P. aeruginosa; Statements on the pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in CF patients; Recommendations for doses and dosing intervals and length of treatment regimens; and Toxic side effects due to repeated antibiotic therapy was addressed. The expert panel answered further questions on the use of fluoroquinolones in children with CF, on the administration of nebulized antibiotics and whether prevention of P. aeruginosa lung colonization is possible in CF using antibiotic therapy. Problems of antibiotic therapy at home and in the hospital were addressed, a consensus statement on regular maintenance treatment, or treatment on demand, was given and different routes of administration of antibiotics were recommended for different clinical situations. Finally, the factors which determine the choice of the antibiotic, the dosage, and the duration of the treatment in cystic fibrosis patients were addressed and the design of future antibiotic studies in the context of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients were recommended.
Wiener spectral effects of spatial correlation between the sites of characteristic x-ray emission and reabsorption in radiographic screen-film systems (1983)

When characteristic x-rays are generated and reabsorbed in the phosphor of a radiographic screen-film system, the positions at which light is emitted from the initial and secondary interactions are correlated. A simple statistical model is developed to account for the effect of this correlation on the Wiener spectrum of quantum mottle. Unlike previous models, which ignore spatial correlation, the new model predicts that not only noise magnitude but also noise texture is changed as the incident x-ray energy exceeds the phosphor K-edge.
Tailored Alkene Oligomerization with H-ZSM-57 Zeolite (2000)

The unique lobate-pore structure of acidic ZSM-57 zeolite favors the crosswise arrangement of light alkenes and thus their selective dimerization into C6–C12 oligomers (see picture). Allylic hydrogen abstraction and deactivation generally observed with other acidic zeolites is largely suppressed in ZSM-57.
Reinnervation of the amphibian cardiac ganglion after complete or partial denervation. (1982)

The interactions between regenerating and sprouted nerve terminals during reinnervation of neurones were tested in the parasympathetic cardiac ganglion in frogs. 1. After partial (unilateral) vagotomy, remaining intact preganglionic vagal axons rapidly sprouted and innervated the entire ganglion. At later intervals after nerve damage, regenerating vagal axons were able to reinnervate ganglion cells despite the presence of synapses from sprouted nerve terminals. 2. When vagal reinnervation took place after unilateral vagotomy, synaptic input from the sprouted vagus nerve declined. 3. The presence of synapses from intact and sprouted nerve terminals in the ganglion after partial denervation measurably delayed the rate of vagal reinnervation. 4. After complete denervation (bilateral vagotomy), ganglionic reinnervation was rapid and complete. However, cells initially received an excessive number of preganglionic inputs and an abnormal distribution of left/right vagal innervation in the ganglion. 5. At long intervals (up to 85 weeks) after ganglionic reinnervation, some reduction of excess vagal inputs took place, indicating there was a slow re-organization of ganglionic synapses. 6. The number of boutons per cell body as revealed by zinc iodide-osmium staining remained constant after vagal reinnervation, despite an initial excessive synaptic reinnervation and subsequent synaptic remodelling.
Gate recessed (GR) MOSFET with selectively halo-doped channel and deep graded source/drain for deep submicron CMOS (2002)

A new recessed channel MOSFET, Gate Recessed MOSFET, is proposed to improve the reliability and the performance of deep submicron devices. GR-MOSFET is designed to have a lateral doping profile of S/D and channel gradually decreasing near both channel ends. This doping profile is obtained by selective doping of the channel and S/D without counter-doping and results in eliminating the tradeoff between DIBL (drain-induced barrier lowering) and hot carrier effects. The fabricated 0.25 /spl mu/m GR-MOSFET with 10 nm gate oxide has exhibited 15% higher transconductance, 10% increased saturation current at V/sub D/=V/sub G/=3.3V, 1 V higher BV/sub DSS/ and 6 times less substrate current compared with a LDD-MOSFET of the same effective gate length.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
SAFECode (2006)

Static analysis of programs in weakly typed languages such as C and C++ is generally not sound because of possible memory errors due to dangling pointer references, uninitialized pointers, and array bounds overflow. We describe a compilation strategy for standard C programs that guarantees that aggressive interprocedural pointer analysis (or less precise ones), a call graph, and type information for a subset of memory, are never invalidated by any possible memory errors. We formalize our approach as a new type system with the necessary run-time checks in operational semantics and prove the correctness of our approach for a subset of C. Our semantics provide the foundation for other sophisticated static analyses to be applied to C programs with a guarantee of soundness. Our work builds on a previously published transformation called Automatic Pool Allocation to ensure that hard-to-detect memory errors (dangling pointer references and certain array bounds errors) cannot invalidate the call graph, points-to information or type information. The key insight behind our approach is that pool allocation can be used to create a run-time partitioning of memory that matches the compile-time memory partitioning in a points-to graph, and efficient checks can be used to isolate the run-time partitions. Furthermore, we show that the sound analysis information enables static checking techniques that eliminate many run-time checks. Our approach requires no source code changes, allows memory to be managedexplicitly, and does not use meta-data on pointers or individual tag bits for memory. Using several benchmark s and system codes, we show experimentally that the run-time overheads are low (less than 10% in nearly all cases and 30% in the worst case we have seen).We also show the effectiveness of static analyses in eliminating run-time checks.
Direct Cloning of Isogenic Murine DNA in Yeast and Relevance of Isogenicity for Targeting in Embryonic Stem Cells (2013)

Efficient gene targeting in embryonic stem cells requires that modifying DNA sequences are identical to those in the targeted chromosomal locus. Yet, there is a paucity of isogenic genomic clones for human cell lines and PCR amplification cannot be used in many mutation-sensitive applications. Here, we describe a novel method for the direct cloning of genomic DNA into a targeting vector, pRTVIR, using oligonucleotide-directed homologous recombination in yeast. We demonstrate the applicability of the method by constructing functional targeting vectors for mammalian genes Uhrf1 and Gfap. Whereas the isogenic targeting of the gene Uhrf1 showed a substantial increase in targeting efficiency compared to non-isogenic DNA in mouse E14 cells, E14-derived DNA performed better than the isogenic DNA in JM8 cells for both Uhrf1 and Gfap. Analysis of 70 C57BL/6-derived targeting vectors electroporated in JM8 and E14 cell lines in parallel showed a clear dependence on isogenicity for targeting, but for three genes isogenic DNA was found to be inhibitory. In summary, this study provides a straightforward methodological approach for the direct generation of isogenic gene targeting vectors.
Evaluating the use of Apo-neocarzinostatin as a cell penetrating protein (2013)

Protein-ligand complex neocarzinostatin (NCS) is a small, thermostable protein-ligand complex that is able to deliver its ligand cargo into live mammalian cells where it induces DNA damage. Apo-NCS is able to functionally display complementarity determining regions loops, and has been hypothesised to act as a cell-penetrating protein, which would make it an ideal scaffold for cell targeting, and subsequent intracellular delivery of small-molecule drugs. In order to evaluate apo-NCS as a cell penetrating protein, we have evaluated the efficiency of its internalisation into live HeLa cells using matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and fluorescence microscopy. Following incubation of cells with apo-NCS, we observed no evidence of internalisation.
The Breeding Range of the Painted Bunting in South Carolina (1935)

decades the type of this species in the American Museum in New York labelled by Lawrence as "from Ecuador, C. R. G." has been unique.Last summer I was pleased to find a second specimen in the British Museum, which by some inadvertence had been put unidentified in a box of C. olivaceus from Mexico.The label reads:--Sex ?;