gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analytical Solution of Combined Electroosmotic/Pressure Driven Flows in Two-Dimensional Straight Channels:  Finite Debye Layer Effects (2001)

Analytical results for the velocity distribution, mass flow rate, pressure gradient, wall shear stress, and vorticity in mixed electroosmotic/pressure driven flows are presented for two-dimensional straight channel geometry. We particularly analyze the electric double-layer (EDL) region near the walls and define three new concepts based on the electroosmotic potential distribution. These are the effective EDL thickness, the EDL displacement thickness, and the EDL vorticity thickness. We show that imposing Helmholtz−Smoluchowski velocity at the edge of the EDL as the velocity matching condition between the EDL and the bulk flow region is incomplete under spatial bulk flow variations across the finite EDL. However, the Helmholtz−Smoluchowski velocity can be used as the appropriate slip velocity on the wall. We discuss the limitations of this approach in satisfying the global conservation laws.
ChemInform Abstract: Chromium‐Mediated Benzylic Oxidations by Sodium Percarbonate in the Presence of a Phase‐Transfer Catalyst. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Structural Characterization and Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Activity of Chemically-Ordered Intermetallic PtFeNi Catalysts (2014)

The polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are excellent candidates as next-generation electric generators for vehicles, residential uses, laptop, etc. However, there are many issues to be solved to enlarge commercially uses. One of issues is related to Pt catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on a cathode electrode. Pt catalysts show low ORR activity and low durability, leading to lower performance in PEFCs. Our earlier studies found the chemically ordered face centered tetragonal (fct) intermetallic Pt-alloy catalysts (L1 0 type super-lattice structure) can satisfy both of higher ORR activity and long-term durability, whereas many of the previously-reported Pt-alloys cannot. It is considered that the high performance of fct-Pt alloy catalysts would result from the chemically-ordered structures, but it is unclear how they work to enhance ORR activity and durability. Thus, in this presentation, we will discuss the relationship between the ORR activities and surface structures in fct-Pt alloys by the detailed characterization of the catalyst’s surface structures. The fct-PtFeNi catalysts with different atomic compositions of Fe and Ni (Pt 50 Fe 35 Ni 15 , Pt 50 Fe 25 Ni 25 , Pt 50 Fe 15 Ni 35 ) were prepared using a simple solid-state impregnation method; the mixture of metal (Pt, Fe, Ni)-salts and carbon blacks were annealed under H 2 /N 2 at a temperature of 800 ° C. The prepared fct-PtFeNi catalysts exhibit about 3 times higher ORR mass activity, compared with the commercial Pt catalyst. Especially, the mass activity of Pt 50 Fe 35 Ni 15 is about 0.62 A/mg Pt ; it is higher than that of fct-Pt 50 Fe 25 Ni 25 and fct-Pt 50 Fe 15 Ni 35 (about 0.5 A/mg Pt ). To discuss more about the enhancement of the ORR activities in the fct-PtFeNi alloys, the surface structures of the catalysts were examined by in-situ XAFS measurements. The EXAFS analysis of Pt-L 3 edge reveals that the distance of Pt-Pt bonds in the fct-PtFeNi catalysts is about 2.72 nm, which is shorter than that of commercial Pt catalyst. Interestingly, the coordination number of Pt oxides (Pt-O or Pt-OH) in the fct-Pt 50 Fe 35 Ni 15 is more increased at high potential of 0.8~1.2V, compared with other fct-PtFeNi catalysts with the lower content of Fe. The tendency of the formation of Pt oxides is in accord with that of the ORR activities in the fct-PtFeNi with the different compositions of Fe and Ni. Therefore, it is inferred that fct-PtFeNi with higher content of Fe would form more Pt oxides, leading to a faster reaction rate of oxygen reduction. This study brought out new insights; the surface structures of chemically-ordered fct-Pt alloys, such as the Pt-Pt bond distance and the formation of Pt oxides, strongly affect the ORR activities, as those of the previously-reported disordered Pt-alloys do as well. It is believed that our findings can aid in developing fct-Pt alloys with more enhanced catalytic activity and durability for PEFCs.
[The clinical perspective of angiogenesis inhibitors]. (2003)

An important development in the treatment of cancer is the recognition that the tumour's microenvironment, notably its vasculature, may be an attractive target for therapy. In the eighties of the last century, the concept of angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels from existing vasculature) was developed. Angiogenesis is the driving force behind tumour growth and metastasis. Recent angiogenesis research has elucidated the role of growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor), metalloproteinases and endogenous proteins such as angiostatin and endostatin. This new knowledge has led to the rapid development of several angiogenesis inhibiting strategies. Although these new strategies showed very promising results in preclinical animal studies, early clinical studies with individual angiogenesis inhibitors have shown no antitumour effect so far. However, in recent studies blocking VEGF in addition to conventional chemotherapy has led to an increase in disease-free survival time and in response rate to chemotherapy. Angiogenesis research has contributed to the knowledge of the biology of cancer, the design of modified clinical studies and the development of surrogate markers that can be used as pharmacodynamic end points in future studies.
Photoactivation of the BLUF Protein PixD Probed by the Site-Specific Incorporation of Fluorotyrosine Residues (2017)

The flavin chromophore in blue-light-using FAD (BLUF) photoreceptors is surrounded by a hydrogen bond network that senses and responds to changes in the electronic structure of the flavin on the ultrafast time scale. The hydrogen bond network includes a strictly conserved Tyr residue, and previously we explored the role of this residue, Y21, in the photoactivation mechanism of the BLUF protein AppA<sub>BLUF</sub> by the introduction of fluorotyrosine (F-Tyr) analogues that modulated the pK<sub>a</sub> and reduction potential of Y21 by 3.5 pH units and 200 mV, respectively. Although little impact on the forward (dark- to light-adapted form) photoreaction was observed, the change in Y21 pK<sub>a</sub> led to a 4000-fold increase in the rate of dark-state recovery. In the present work we have extended these studies to the BLUF protein PixD, where, in contrast to AppA<sub>BLUF</sub>, modulation in the Tyr (Y8) pK<sub>a</sub> has a profound impact on the forward photoreaction. In particular, a decrease in Y8 pK<sub>a</sub> by 2 or more pH units prevents formation of a stable light state, consistent with a photoactivation mechanism that involves proton transfer or proton-coupled electron transfer from Y8 to the electronically excited FAD. Conversely, the effect of pK<sub>a</sub> on the rate of dark recovery is markedly reduced in PixD. These observations highlight very significant differences between the photocycles of PixD and AppA<sub>BLUF</sub>, despite their sharing highly conserved FAD binding architectures.
Necrolytic acral erythema masquerading as cellulitis (2014)

Necrolytic acral erythema (NAE) is a rare cutaneous sign of hepatitis C virus infection and has recently been linked to zinc deficiency. It presents as well-demarcated erythematous plaques in a sandal-like distribution on the dorsal feet with psoriasiform epidermal hyperplasia on histology. Our patient reported a 9-month history of progressive bilateral lower extremity erythema, swelling, erosions, and nail dystrophy that failed to improve despite multiple courses of antibiotics for presumed lower extremity cellulitis. Serum studies revealed zinc deficiency. This case supports the association of NAE with both HCV infection and zinc deficiency and highlights the pitfalls in the diagnosis of chronic unrecognized NAE. Suspected cases of NAE should prompt evaluation for underlying HCV and zinc deficiency to avoid treatment delay and associated complications.
Effect of Track-Edge Medium Noise on High Track-Density Recording (2009)

From the viewpoint of high track-density media design, cross-track performance of medium noise was investigated through micro-magnetic simulation considering a combination of capped media and wrap around shielded writer. For two capped media with different inter-grain exchange coupling <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">A</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">grain</sub> , noise in the track-edge region was found to boost the on-track noise level while played-back under realistic read-conditions. Medium having larger <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">A</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">grain</sub> exhibited higher track-edge noise due to the formation of larger magnetic cluster at the track-edge region. Furthermore, for the medium with larger <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">A</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">grain</sub> , higher track-edge noise was found to increase the noise level along the cross-track direction and shrink the off-track capability of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Although both the media exhibited similar track-width, medium showing higher track-edge noise was found to lose SNR while squeezed by a neighboring track. On the other hand, medium having smaller <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">A</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">grain</sub> exhibited lower track-edge noise, which was found to be helpful to keep the on-track SNR loss smaller while squeezed at a fixed track-pitch condition. Control of cluster formation through the optimization of <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">A</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">grain</sub> should be effective to suppress the track-edge noise.
Generation, persistence, and modulation of Th0 effector cells: role of autocrine IL-4 and IFN-gamma. (1998)

Many studies have classified CD4 responses into either Th1-like or Th2-like, based on cytokine secretion profiles, but little significance has been placed on Th0 cells. This has largely resulted from studies that suggested that Th0 populations primarily comprise individual Th1 and Th2 cells. Here, we show that priming of Ag-specific naive CD4 cells with moderate dose IL-4 generates a Th0 population that is evident after 3 days in vitro and becomes prevalent after successive encounters with Ag over a 9-day period. By intracellular cytokine staining, the majority (>60%) of effector cells generated in this way produce either IL-4, IFN-gamma and IL-2, or IL-4 and IFN-gamma without IL-2. Endogenous IFN-gamma secreted over the initial 3 days of culture was critical for generating Th0 cells, since neutralization allowed IL-4 to induce differentiation into Th2-like cells. Successive encounters with Ag were required for generating Th0 cells, and their stability and persistence were governed by the balance of endogenous IL-4 and IFN-gamma secreted during the later stages of differentiation. Studies blocking Fas-induced cell death showed that this process played no role in Th0 cell generation, and differential death of committed Th1 or Th2 cells was not required for Th0 persistence. These data suggest that Th0 cells can be as prevalent as Th1- or Th2-like cells after naive CD4 activation, that the relative levels of autocrine IL-4 and IFN-gamma are important to the lack of commitment, and that not all cells are predestined to the Th1 or Th2 phenotypes early in the response.
Optimization of fixed network design in cellular systems using local search algorithms (2002)

Search techniques such as genetic algorithms, simulated annealing, tabu search and random walk algorithms have been used extensively for global optimization. This paper presents an experimental analysis of the performance of these algorithms for the problem of designing the fixed portion of a cellular network. We first investigate the effect of various algorithm specific parameters on their performance. The algorithms are then compared to each other using criteria that ensure fairness. Under the given problem formulation and assumptions regarding the location of nodes in the network, we find that tabu search and genetic algorithms provide good, robust solutions.
A Knowledge Component Framework for Enhancing Transdisciplinary Knowledge Assimilation (2010)

Research shows that generating new knowledge is accomplished via natural human means: mental insights, the scientific inquiry process, sensing, actions, and experiences, while context is information which characterizes the knowledge and gives it meaning. Transdisciplinary research literature clearly argues for the development of strategies that transcend any one given the discipline and that enhance research collaboration.  A new framework, coined Recombinant kNowledge Assimilation (RNA), was constructed in this research. The framework was successfully applied recursively to abstracts from research manuscripts.  Using RNA, disciplinary and transdisciplinary knowledge components and context were systematically discovered creating a mechanism to interact with dynamically changing research knowledge and assimilating it to form explicit new knowledge while simultaneously retaining the causal pedigree captured during manuscript processing.
Assessment of the Risk of Systemic Fat Mobilization and Fat Embolism as a Consequence of Liposuction: Ex Vivo Study (2006)

The authors' experiments have demonstrated a significant risk of systemic fat mobilization and fat embolism after liposuction in the animal model. Further clinical investigation is required to evaluate the real clinical risk of this procedure from this perspective.
The <i>RET</i> oncogene is a critical component of transcriptional programs associated with retinoic acid–induced differentiation in neuroblastoma (2007)

Differentiation is a key feature in pathologic classification and prognosis of neuroblastic tumors, although the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well defined. To identify key differentiation-related molecules and pathways, we evaluated gene expression during retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation of seven neuroblastic tumor cell lines. Transcriptional response to RA was highly variable among cell lines despite the fact that six of seven showed similar morphologic changes. RA consistently altered expression of a small set of genes, some of which are known to play a role in neurogenesis and differentiation. Expression of genes that were regulated by RA was associated with important clinical subgroups of neuroblastic tumors and were differentially expressed by stroma-rich and stroma-poor subtypes. RET, a receptor tyrosine kinase involved with differentiation, was consistently up-regulated throughout the time course of RA treatment in the majority of neuroblastic tumor cell lines. Interference with RET activation abrogated RA-induced transcriptional programs and differentiation, suggesting a key role of RET in this process. The core set of RA-regulated genes includes critical molecular components of pathways necessary for neuroblastic tumor differentiation and have potential as therapeutic targets and molecular markers of response to differentiating agents.
The Great EU Debt Write-Off (2016)

Background. When one economic entity is both a creditor and debtor to another economic entity, a somewhat obvious and simple resolution is to cross-cancel their debts. Aim. To give students experience of researching important data and to conduct a policy-relevant negotiation exercise. Method. We created a classroom simulation in which students were required to research the debt positions of eight EU countries (Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, Spain, Britain, France, and Germany) and then conduct a negotiation exercise with the goal of reducing the total debt burdens of the countries to which they were assigned. Results. Students discovered that a large amount of the EU debt burden can be written off by cross cancelling interlinked debt. Conclusion. As students were the focus of the exercise, their engagement and learning outcomes were high. The result is a platform to understand and discuss EU policy decisions and the wider implications of the debt crisis.
Bayesian analysis of time-interval data for environmental radiation monitoring (2010)

Time-interval (time difference between two consecutive pulses) analysis based on the principles of Bayesian inference was compared with frequentist methods to determine the method with the highest detection probability and the shortest average run length. Using experimental and simulated data, Bayesian analysis of time-intervals (Bayesian (ti)) was compared with Bayesian and frequentist analyses of counts in a fixed count time (Bayesian (cnt) and 1.65σ, respectively). Experimental data were acquired with DGF-4C (XIA, Inc) system in list mode. Simulated data were obtained using Monte Carlo techniques to obtain a random sampling of the Poisson distribution. All statistical algorithms were developed using R (R Core Development Team, 2010). Detection probabilities and average run lengths for the three methods were compared. Bayesian analysis of time-interval information provided a similar detection probability as Bayesian analysis of count information, but was able to make a quicker decision with fewer pulses at relatively higher radiation levels. The relationships of the source time, change points and modifications to the Bayesian approach for increasing detection probability are presented.
The dark side of ferroptosis in pancreatic cancer (2021)

Drug-induced ferroptosis, an iron-dependent regulatory necrosis, has been proposed for the therapy of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. However, genetically engineered mouse models have revealed that high-iron diets or deletion of pancreatic GPX4 (a key repressor of ferroptosis) accelerate the development of mutant <i>Kras</i>-driven PDAC by activating the STING1/TMEM173-dependent DNA sensor pathway. <b>Abbreviations</b> ADM: acinar-to-ductal metaplasia; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; DAMP: damage-associated molecular pattern; GPX4: glutathione peroxidase 4; GEMM: genetically engineered mouse models; PDAC: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PanIN: pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, SLC7A11: solute carrier family 7 member 11; STING1: cGAMP-stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; TME: tumor microenvironment; 8-OHG: 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine.
TEACHING SCHEME INNOVATION OF ACCOUNTING COURSES UNDER INTERNET PLUS ENVIRONMENT (2017)

With the rapid development of the financial industry and internet plus technologies, more and more teachers need to strengthen teaching strategies and methods in accounting teaching in the actual teaching behavior in combination to internet plus technologies. This article mainly reviews new education technologies under Internet plus environment mainly on massive open online courses (MOOCs), flipped classroom (FC) and micro courses and discusses how these education tools can improve accounting courses teaching for universities students. Further in combination with the urge requirement of teaching scheme innovation in accounting teaching, different internet plus technologies are compared and several important hints are proposed according to accounting teaching reform in our universities.
Exact closed‐form solution of the return mapping algorithm in plane stress elasto‐viscoplasticity (1988)

In Simo and Taylor, the classical radial return algorithm of Wilkins and Krieg and Key for plane strain and three‐dimensional J2‐flow theory, is extended to the case of plane stress . In three dimensions (or plane strain), enforcement of the discrete consistency condition reduces to a simple radial scaling of the trial stress onto the yield surface; i.e., the return map is radial. In plane stress, on the other hand, the return map, that restores the trial stress back to the yield surface, is constrained to remain in the plane stress subspace , and thus no longer reduces to a simple radial scaling. The determination of the final stress point from the trial stress now involves the solution by Newton's method of a non‐linear scalar equation, referred to as the discrete consistency equation in what follows, that yields the discrete consistency parameter λn+>0. The requirement that λn+>1 be positive is a direct consequence of the discrete Kuhn‐Tucker optimality conditions.
BioCrystal (2015)

In this paper the authors present the BioCrystal – a biofeedback device that uses physiological data to evaluate user's affective states in real-time and signals the states via an ambient display. The authors evaluated the BioCrystal during a 2-week, in situ multi-method study during which ten users collected over 115 hours of usable data. Users' comments suggested high utility of such a biofeedback device for self-awareness, stress-management and interpersonal communication. Quantitative data confirmed that the BioCrystal met the criteria of an ambient display, and significantly improved users' ability to control their stress. The authors discuss practical applications and suggest directions for future development.
Skeletal immaturity, rostral sparing, and disparate hip morphologies as biomechanical causes for Legg‐Calvé‐Perthes' disease (2016)

Legg-Calvé-Perthes' (Perthes') disease is a developmental disease of the hip joint that may result in numerous short and long term problems. The etiology of the disease remains largely unknown, but the mechanism is believed to be vascular and/or biomechanical in nature. There are several anatomical characteristics that tend to be prevalent in children with Perthes' disease, namely: skeletal immaturity, reduced height, and rostral sparing. We present an overview of the literature, summarizing the current understanding of the pathogenesis, particularly related to how the formation of the vasculature to the femoral epiphysis places children aged 5-8 at a higher risk for Perthes' disease, how skeletal immaturity and rostral sparing could increase the probability of developing Perthes' disease, and how animal models have aided our understanding of the disease. In doing so, we also explore why Perthes' disease is correlated to latitude, with populations at higher latitudes having higher incidence rates than populations closer to the Equator. Finally, we present five hypotheses detailing how Perthes' disease could have a biomechanical cause. Clin. Anat. 29:759-772, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Time delays in coupled multibubble systems (L) (2005)

Damping constants of free oscillations of coupled gas bubbles change considerably when time delays due to the finite speed of sound in the surrounding liquid are taken into account. This effect is illustrated analytically by the example of a two-bubble system and numerically by the example of a bubble chain. By comparing the numerical data with experimental measurements, it is shown that allowing for time delays considerably improves agreement between theory and experiment.