gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
2,6-Dimethyl-4-nitrobenzoic Anhydride (DMNBA): An Effective Coupling Reagent for the Synthesis of Carboxylic Esters and Lactones (2008)

Various carboxylic esters are obtained at room temperature in excellent yields with high chemoselectivities from nearly equimolar amounts of carboxylic acids and alcohols using 2,6-dimethyl-4-nitrobenzoic anhydride with triethylamine by the promotion of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine. The efficiency of the esterification is compared to those of other dehydrations using substituted benzoic anhydrides as coupling reagents.This method was successfully applied to the synthesis of threo-aleuritic acid lactone and the desired 17-membered ring compound was prepared in high yield at room temperature from the corresponding free trihydroxycarboxylic acid using 2,6-dimethyl-4-nitrobenzoic anhydride in the presence of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine.
Angiotensin receptor type 1 mRNA in human right ventricular endomyocardial biopsies: downregulation in heart failure (1997)

The quantitative RT-PCR procedure indicated a loss of ventricular AT1 mRNA in human heart failure which corresponds to the loss of AT1 protein described previously. It may underlie the decrease in AT1 protein expression in human heart failure.
W-Cu gradient materials - processing, properties and application possibilities (2001)

The functionally graded material (FGM) of tungsten with its high thermal and mechanical resistance and copper with its very high thermal and electrical conductivity and ductility expands the application fields of this material in the direction of extreme demands such as plasma facing components in fusion reactors. The PM-production of W-Cu-gradients recommends itself because of the possibility to form the gradient by the mixing of powder components, but is also demanding because of the differences in their sintering behavior and thermal expansions. W-Gu-gradient samples of different concentration profiles have been formed in layers by powder stacking in a die and continuously by centrifugal powder forming. The consolidation routes were determined by the concentration areas of the gradients and encompass liquid phase sintering, pressure assisted solid phase sintering and the application of coated Tungsten powder and sintering additives. The microstructure and the concentration profiles of the samples have been investigated metaliographically and by EDX. The influence of processing and the gradient profile of the properties have been characterized by TRS and the investigation of residual thermal stresses by neutron diffraction. (author)
Gastropericardial Fistula as a Complication in a Refractory Gastric Ulcer after Esophagogastrostomy with Gastric Pull-Up (2010)

A gastropericardial fistula, defined as penetration of a gastric lesion into the pericardium, is a rare occurrence. Such a fistula is usually associated with a huge ulcer in the gastric fundus, an ulcer within a hiatus hernia, a history of esophagogastric surgery, the concurrent use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The patient in this case presented with shoulder pain and melena, caused by a gastropericardial fistula that had occurred as a late complication of postoperative esophagogastrostomy and a refractory gastric ulcer. Despite the severity of the condition, the patient showed great improvement after medical treatment and the fistula was cured at the end.
FUMIGATION OF APPLES UNDER PLASTIC TARPAULINS WITH ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE TO CONTROL DIAPAUSING EUROPEAN RED MITE (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE) EGGS (1976)

Abstract Overwintering eggs of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), were killed on McIntosh and Red Delicious apples by 4½-h fumigation treatments with ethylene dibromide. Constant concentrations of 8 mg EDB/1. at 14 °C achieved 100% mortality, and absorption of the fumigant by the apples, the bins, and the chamber was determined so that the amount of fumigant for various size commercial loads could be calculated. Treatments increased scald on McIntosh but reduced it on Red Delicious. Taste and other qualities of the fruit were not affected.
CMOS Readout and Control Architecture for Single-Cell Real-Time Microsystems (2005)

The paper presents a readout and control architecture for single-cell real-time microsystems. The single-cell microsystem comprises 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS electronics combined with post-CMOS processing to form a microhotplate and platinum (Pt) electrodes, and a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microfluidic device to form the microchannel. The on-chip electronics can measure cell parameters, such as rate of cell respiration, cell size, membrane capacitance, and cytoplasm resistance. Further, the on-chip electronics can control the microchannel temperature to quantify single-cell messenger RNA (mRNA) for gene expression by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The chip communication is handled with an I/sup 2/C digital standard interface.
Renal Glutathione Transport Systems (2018)

This chapter focuses on the steps of the catalytic cycle Glutathione peroxidases (GPx), having a closer look at the undisclosed chemistry at the quantum mechanics and the molecular dynamics level of theory. GPx are the members of a protein family which is widespread in the whole tree of life. The typical redox-sensitive spectral absorbance of their heme prosthetic group indeed made enzymological studies easy. The class of thiol peroxidases is split into GPx and peroxiredoxins. Both share the folding architecture known as thioredoxin fold, whose minimal information is given by a structural motif consisting of a central core of a four-stranded β-sheet and three surrounding α-helices. The basic shared mechanism of the reaction catalyzed is the reduction of hydroperoxides by thiols, where the redox transitions are faster than the formation of an enzyme–substrate complex and, consequently, KM and Vmax are infinite.
Novel Agents Targeting Sphingolipid Signalling (2018)

This thesis explores the sphingolipid pathway as a novel area of therapy in the treatment of cancer, fibrosis and multiple sclerosis. In a scaffold-hopping approach we have developed a compound library of drug-like non-lipid sphingolipid mimetics with improved phenotypic, physicochemical and pharmacokinetic activity relative to current frontrunners, as part of an ongoing optimisation effort. Our compounds further demonstrate a unique mechanism of action, which overcomes pathway redundancy of contemporary kinase inhibitors and receptor antagonists through phosphatase activation. As well as focusing on the development of viable drug candidates, this work further investigates the structure-activity relationship of our compounds in connection to activity.
Essai de synthèse : marchés fonciers français et québécois (1992)

A la base de cette opération comparatiste sur le marché de la terre dans trois secteurs agricoles, il y avait, il faut le rappeler, une évidence et une hypothèse. L'évidence, c'est que la reproduction sociale passe en particulier, mais pas seulement, par la transmission de la propriété. L'hypothèse, c’est que la circulation des biens par l'intermédiaire du marché ne peut être isolée des autres formes de transmission de la propriété et s’intègre plus ou moins bien dans d’autres systèmes ou cir...
Optimization of 2D to-3D Reconstruction Technique for Maxillo-Facial Surgery Applications (2006)

Facial nerve and mandibula 3D image reconstruction was performed in order to help a better planning of maxillo-facial operations. The 3D model of mandibula was obtained from image segmentation of computed tomography scans elaborated with an optimized gradient vector flow snake method. The gradient vector flow snake method parameters were optimized in order to achieve more accurate contours segmentation of nerve mandibular scans.
Zum lokalen prä-operativen Staging bei Patientinnen mit familiärem (hereditärem) Mammakarzinom (2004)

Ziele: Familiäre Mammakarzinome (fMCA) weisen im Vergleich zum „sporadischen“ MCA besonders häufig histologisch und biologisch aggressive Eigenschaften auf. Gegenstand der Studie war die Ermittlung der Rate multizentrischen Tumorwachstums bei Frauen mit fMCa. Ziel ist die Definierung von Empfehlungen zum präoperativen lokalen Staging dieser Hochrisiko-Gruppe. Methode: Prospektive Studie an Frauen mit humangenetisch determiniertem Risiko. Insgesamt 51 Fälle mit fMCA wurden identifiziert. Bei allen wurden Mammographie (Siemens), US (7.5–12MHz, GE und ATL), sowie MRT (1.5T, Philips) durchgeführt. Abklärung suspekter Befunde mittels konventioneller oder MR-gesteuerter Biopsie. Wir untersuchten, wie oft eine vom Index-Tumor unabhängige weitere Tumormanifestation nachweisbar war und mit welchem Untersuchungsverfahren die Identifizierung dieser Herde gelang. Validierung mittels Histologie sowie – bei negativen Befunden – durch präventive Mastektomie oder Verlaufskontrolle von >2 Jahren. Ergebnis: Insgesamt fanden sich 75 histologisch isolierte Tumormanifestationen. Bei 20 der 51 Patienten (39%) lagen neben dem Index-Tumor zusätzliche intraduktale (10/20) und/oder invasive (10/20) Herde in einem anderen Quadranten vor. Mittels Mammographie wurden multizentrische Herde bei 2 Patienten (2/20, 10%), mittels US bei 3/20, bei Kombination von Mammographie und US bei 4/20 (20%) Patienten korrekt identifiziert. Mittels MRT gelang die korrekte Diagnose bei 20/20 Patienten. Schlussfolgerung: Bei Patientinnen mit fMCA liegt außerordentlich häufig (in 39%) ein synchron multizentrisches Tumorwachstum vor. Besteht bei einer Patientin aufgrund des (jungen) Alters oder der Familienanamnese der Verdacht auf ein fMCA, so sollte vor einer BET die MRT zur Komplettierung des Stagings eingesetzt werden. Dies erscheint aufgrund der deutlich höheren Rate konventionell okkulter zusätzlicher Tumormanifestationen noch dringlicher geboten als bei Frauen mit nicht familiärem, „sporadischem“ Mamma-Ca.
Detecting impaired vision caused by AMD from gaze data (2017)

Age Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is the third leading cause of blindness and the first one in the elderly. AMD usually causes central blindness due to loss of photoreceptor cell . In this paper, we propose to detect AMD caused vision impairment from gaze data. Compared with the current methods, e.g., Amsler grid, Microperimetry and Preferential Hyperacuity Perimetry, to detect vision impairments, the proposed method has several advantages. 1) It does not require the patient to stare at a fixed position throughout the test. 2) It does not require the patient to orally or manually report / mark out the vision impairment. 3) It is easy to operate thus a trained nurse is capable of operating the test. We collect gaze data while the patient is performing fixation and smooth pursuit. Features describing the gaze properties are extracted and SVM with linear kernel is trained to detect AMD impaired vision. To implement the proposed method, we collected gaze data of 74 eyes of 57 patients, who are diagnosed as AMD patient by clinicians. Nidek Microperimetry is adopted as gold standard. 57 eyes with normal vision and 17 eyes with impaired vision (blind at more than half test points in Nidek test) are used for test. The result verifies the effectiveness of detecting vision impairment from gaze data.
Producing STR Locus Patterns from Bloodstains and Other Forensic Samples Using an Infrared Fluorescent Automated DNA Sequencer (1996)

Short tandem repeat (STR) analysis is increasingly being used in forensic case analysis because of the large number of STR loci in the human genome and their highly polymorphic nature. An automated DNA sequencer using high sensitivity infrared (IR) fluorescence technology was used to detect STR allele patterns from simulated forensic samples. The amplification strategy used a 19 base pair extension on the 5' end of one of the PCR primers. This sequence is identical to the sequence of a universal M13 Forward sequencing primer which is included in the amplification reaction. Allelic bands were detected by incorporation of the M13 primer-fluorescent dye conjugate into PCR products thus eliminating the need for direct conjugation of fluorescent dye to individual STR primers. By using an IR-based automated DNA sequencer and Tth DNA polymerase, polymorphic STR alleles were detected on-line rapidly and efficiently from bloodstains using only a high temperature incubation to extract DNA from blood cells. Five STR loci were also amplified using Chelex extracted DNA from simulated forensic samples. Multiplexing of three primer pairs in a single PCR mixture for amplification was accomplished using Taq polymerase. This system combines IR fluorescence chemistry and laser technology thus eliminating the need for radioactivity and the gel handling required with silver staining and fluor detection systems. Real-time detection permits immediate visualization of the data and STR alleles are displayed as familiar autoradiogramlike images that can be analyzed by computer. By loading a 64 lane gel twice and multiplexing with three primer pairs, forensic scientists can type at least three loci from 120 samples in one day.
Proarrhythmic Properties of the Atrioventricular Block Heart of the Rabbit (2015)

【目的】ウサギ生体位心臓の催不整脈特性を明らかにするため，房室ブロックに伴う徐脈が心室不整脈の発生に及ぼす影響を房室ブロック急性期と慢性期で検討した．【方法】麻酔下のウサギにカテーテルアブレーションを用いて完全房室ブロック術を施した．房室ブロック急性期の検討（実験I）では心室を60回/分で駆動し，ニフェカラント（0.03, 0.3, 3mg/kg）を静脈内投与して心電図の変化を観察した．房室ブロック慢性期の検討（実験II）では，自発的な心室補充調律を確認した後にウサギを麻酔から回復させ，ホルター心電計を用いて不整脈の発生を記録した．【結果】実験Iで，ニフェカラントはQT間隔を延長させ，6例中5例に多形性心室頻拍（torsade de pointes : TdP）を出現させた．実験IIの検討では，23例中14例で術後に安定した補充調律が認められ，TdPが出現した．【結語】ウサギ心臓では，慢性期モデルと同様に，急性徐脈によりQT延長薬存在下で催不整脈特性が顕在化することが示された．
High stability single-mode continuous wave photolytic iodine laser (1993)

Operation of a high-efficiency single mode atomic iodine laser is reported. Although the operation of many photodissociation driven iodine laser have been reported recently, few of them deal with single axial and transverse mode operation, presumably due to the loss of output intensity caused by insertion of intracavity optical elements. Our laser system produces continuous wave operation at 420 mW in a transverse electromagnetic (TEM)00 mode. This corresponds to 23% conversion of output power compared to operation in a multimode fashion. The output power is stable over long periods of operation (8 h) with no adjustment of optics or cleaning of reactant supply.
Auf das Zentralnervensystem wirkende Substanzen, X Zur Synthese der 3.3‐disubstituierten Azetidinone‐(2) (1959)

Abstract Die besten Ausbeuten an 3.3‐disubstituierten Azetidinonen‐(2) bei der Cyclisation von α.α‐disubstituierten β‐Amino‐propionsäureestern mit G rignard ‐Reagenz werden erhalten, wenn man die Reaktion bei den α‐Arylderivaten in der Kälte, bei den α.α‐Dialkylderivaten in der Wärme durchführt. Einige neue 3.3‐Dialkyl‐azetidinone‐(2) wurden dargestellt.
Interfacial Phenomena in the Filtration/Separation of Petroleum Products (1983)

Abstract The increased dieselization of the internal combustion engine and other energy related considerations are the impetus for higher performance, longer life petroleum product filters. A better understanding of the role of interfacial phenomena, in the non-aqueous filtration applications, is needed for improved products. This review paper focuses on the effect of interfacial phenomena in the coalescence and separation of water emulsions from fuel oil and on the removal of fine suspended solids from petroleum hydrocarbons, for conditions relevent to end-of-line cartridge filtration applications. Work, during the last two decades, specifically concerned with these interfacial effects has been reviewed in this paper.
Abstract 650: Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 Deficiencies are Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Which Can Be Prevented by the Recruitment of the Wnt10b Signaling Pathway (2012)

Introduction: Studies have shown that there is a deficiency of folate and vitamin B12 in obese individuals compared with normal BMI controls. Folic acid reduces oxidative stress while vitamin B12 protects against superoxide injuries in endothelial cells. This suggests that increased levels of folate and vitamin B12 might attenuate vascular disease. Objective: We examined the hypothesis that folic acid and vitamin B12 regulate mesenchymal stem cell-derived adipocytes by up-regulating Wnt10b and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), thereby promoting the growth of small healthy adipocytes and reducing the number of large inflamed adipocytes. Methods: Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells were used as a source of adipocytes. MSC-derived adipocytes were treated with either vehicle or one of four concentrations (0.1, 1.0, 10, or 100 μM) of either folic acid or vitamin B12. SiRNA of Wnt10b, DKK-1, and other related genes were also studied. Results: There was a decrease in adipocytes in a concentration-dependent manner with an optimal level of 10 μM (p<0.05) in both folic acid and vitamin B12 treatment. Treatment of folic acid (10 μM) and vitamin B12 (10 μM) resulted in a decrease in the number of large, unhealthy adipocytes when analyzed using ImagePro Analyzer (p<0.05). The beneficial effects of folic acid and vitamin B12 were reversed when cells were treated with siRNA Wnt10b (p<0.05). The folic acid- and vitamin B12-mediated decreases in adipocyte differentiation were additionally prevented by protein siRNAs including HO-1 (p<0.05). Conclusion: These novel results demonstrate that increased levels of both folic acid and vitamin B12 attenuate adiposity via significant increases in Wnt10b and related proteins. Folic acid and vitamin B12 supplementation is deemed viable in the prevention and treatment of obesity and obesity-associated diseases.
Using a diffusion-like process for clustering (2002)

A simple clustering method using a neural net, which implements a diffusion-like process, is suggested. The implementation requires basic elements, numbered as the number of pixels, that work in parallel. The units can be viewed as simple "neurons", requiring only a small number of local connections. In spite of its simplicity, this implementation has several advantages over commonly used fuzzy clustering methods. Specifically, it is not dependent on initial conditions and it provides the "typicality" notion that is lacking in the well known Fuzzy C means and its derivatives.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Modulation of the current in a field emitter caused by a CW or pulsed laser-simulations and experimental results (2002)

Simulations and experiments show that the tunneling current in a field emitter may be modulated by means of a laser. The steady-state response is calculated with Floquet methods, and the transient response is found by a numerical method that does not use absorbing boundary conditions or a split-operator formulation. The transient solutions show that the response is delayed by the semiclassical tunneling time, which is defined as the time for traversing the inverted barrier.
Chromosome study of peregrine, prairie, and gyrfalcons with implications for hybrids (1987)

The karyotypes of the peregrine, prairie, and gyrfalcons are reported for the first time. The peregrine and prairie falcon karyotypes appear to be identical, whereas the gyrfalcon has an additional two pairs of chromosomes and appears to have a karyotype similar to the lanner. This indicates a closer relationship between the prairie and peregrine falcon than previously believed. This also implies that the male hybrid of the peregrine and prairie falcon should be fertile.
Cardiac Small Conductance Ca <sup>2+</sup> -Activated K <sup>+</sup> Channel Subunits Form Heteromultimers via the Coiled-Coil Domains in the C Termini of the Channels (2010)

The data provide evidence for the formation of heteromultimeric complexes among different SK channel subunits in atrial myocytes. Because SK channels are predominantly expressed in atrial myocytes, specific ligands of the different isoforms of SK channel subunits may offer a unique therapeutic opportunity to directly modify atrial cells without interfering with ventricular myocytes.
Axial Turbine Tip-Leakage Losses at Off-Design Incidences (2004)

The tip-leakage losses in axial turbines with unshrouded rotor blades can account for as much as one third of the total losses. Various effects are influencing the tip-leakage flow and losses. This paper presents results of an experimental investigation concerning off-design incidences. Off-design incidences occur when the turbine operates at conditions different from the rated load condition. A low speed cascade wind tunnel has been used for the investigation. The geometry of the turbine cascade is an up-scale of the tip section of a low-pressure gas turbine rotor blade row (“Yaras–Sjolander cascade”) with a tip gap width of 2.5% of the chord length. The applied inlet flow angles consist of the design value as well as four off-design incidences in the range ±20°. Total pressures, static pressures and flow angles were obtained by traversing of a pneumatic five-hole probe in a plane about 0.3 axial chord lengths downstream of the turbine cascade. Based on the experimental results, a tip-leakage loss model is presented which can take into account off-design incidences. The model is applied to the present turbine cascade as well as to the turbine cascade of Yamamoto [1]. Due to its underlying concept, the model is able to predict, in addition to the losses, the flow underturning near the endwall caused by the tip-leakage vortex.
Fabrication Techniques and Technologies for Missile Seeker Microelectronic Components (Focusing on Multi-Chip Module Substrate Reliability) (1992)

This report reviews recent multi-chip module (MCM) manufacturing technology developments. MCMs represent an emerging technology which will provide the Army with high-speed processors for missile seekers in a more compact form than offered by previous generations of electronic packaging. Both ceramic (MCM-C) and deposited dielectric (MCM-D) forms are covered, including those incorporating polyimide and new polymer films. Includes literature review of recent manufacturing processes, necessary generic equipment under development and in current practice. Promising developments include low-temperature cofired ceramics, polymer dielectrics with low water absorptivity, new photo-definable polymers, new adhesion promoters, gold thin-film metallization methods, laser ablation of vias, and controlled polymer precursors extrusion. Reliability issues are emphasized in the review, particularly in respect of the severe environmental conditions experienced by missiles, and a detailed review of mechanisms of degradation is included. Recommendations are made on the need for micromechanical and electrical property measurements of candidate MCM materials.