gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of Switchgrass as a Nursery Container Substrate (2009)

Loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) bark is the primary component of nursery container substrates in the eastern United States. Shortages in pine bark prompted investigation of alternative substrates. The objective of this research was to determine if ground switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.) could be used for short production-cycle woody crops. Two experiments were conducted using ‘Paprika’ rose ( Rosa L. ‘ChewMayTime’) potted in 15-cm tall and wide containers. In Expt. 1, substrates were composed of coarse-milled switchgrass (processed in a hammermill with 1.25- and 2.5-cm screens) amended with 0%, 30%, or 50% peatmoss and fertilized with 100, 250, or 400 mg·L −1 nitrogen (N) from ammonium nitrate. In Expt. 2, substrates were composed of coarse-milled (similar to Expt. 1) or fine-milled switchgrass (processed through a single 0.48-cm screen), amended with 0% or 30% peatmoss, and fertilized with the same N rates as in Expt. 1. Summarizing across both experiments, coarse switchgrass alone had high air space and low container capacity. Fine switchgrass had physical properties more consistent with what is considered normal for nursery container substrates. Switchgrass pH was generally high and poorly buffered against change. Fine switchgrass had higher pH than coarse switchgrass. Tissue analysis of rose grown in switchgrass substrate for 7 to 9 weeks revealed low to moderate levels of calcium and iron, but all other nutrients were within acceptable ranges. Despite varying substrate physical properties and pH levels, all roses at the conclusion of the experiment were of high quality. Switchgrass processed to an appropriate particle size and amended with typical nursery materials should provide a suitable substrate for short production-cycle woody crops.
A new technique of reinforced sternal closure (1996)

A technique of reinforced sternal closure with stainless steel Kirschner wires is described. This technique is useful for patients with a fractured or friable sternum, or pectus excavatum.
IBES: a tool for creating instructions based on event segmentation (2013)

Receiving informative, well-structured, and well-designed instructions supports performance and memory in assembly tasks. We describe IBES, a tool with which users can quickly and easily create multimedia, step-by-step instructions by segmenting a video of a task into segments. In a validation study we demonstrate that the step-by-step structure of the visual instructions created by the tool corresponds to the natural event boundaries, which are assessed by event segmentation and are known to play an important role in memory processes. In one part of the study, twenty participants created instructions based on videos of two different scenarios by using the proposed tool. In the other part of the study, ten and twelve participants respectively segmented videos of the same scenarios yielding event boundaries for coarse and fine events. We found that the visual steps chosen by the participants for creating the instruction manual had corresponding events in the event segmentation. The number of instructional steps was a compromise between the number of fine and coarse events. Our interpretation of results is that the tool picks up on natural human event perception processes of segmenting an ongoing activity into events and enables the convenient transfer into meaningful multimedia instructions for assembly tasks. We discuss the practical application of IBES, for example, creating manuals for differing expertise levels, and give suggestions for research on user-oriented instructional design based on this tool.
Triglyceride-lowering agents: fibrates and nicotinic acid (1993)

The evidence that hypertriglyceridemia is a risk factor for the premature development of coronary artery disease in certain populations remains strong. The two most effective classes of triglyceride-lowering drugs are nicotinic acid and its derivatives and the fibrates. The present review discusses recent work in which the effect of these drugs on the concentrations and metabolism of lipoproteins in human patients has been evaluated.
Proenzyme of Manduca sexta phenol oxidase: purification, activation, substrate specificity of the active enzyme, and molecular cloning. (1995)

Phenol oxidase (PO) was isolated as a proenzyme (pro-phenol oxidase, pro-PO) from the hemolymph of Manduca sexta larvae and purified to homogeneity. Pro-PO exhibits a M(r) of 130,000 on gel filtration and two bands with an apparent M(r) of approximately 100,000 on SDS/PAGE, as well as size-exclusion HPLC. Activation of pro-PO was achieved either by specific proteolysis by a cuticular protease or by the detergent cetylpyridinium chloride at a concentration below the critical micellar concentration. A cDNA clone for M. sexta pro-PO was obtained from a larval hemocyte cDNA library. The clone encodes a polypeptide of approximately 80,000 Da that contains two copper-binding sites and shows high sequence similarity to POs, hemocyanins, and storage proteins of arthropods. The M. Sexta pro-PO, together with other arthropod pro-POs, contains a short stretch of amino acids with sequence similarity to the thiol ester region of alpha-macroglobulins and complement proteins C3 and C4.
Chick embryo heart rate during the last week of incubation: Population studies (1976)

1. A technique has been developed for the study of embryonic heart rate during the last week of incubation in a population of 84 embryos. 2. Heart rate is characteristic for a particular embryo but there are clear differences between individuals. 3. The population mean heart rate decreased from 262 beats/min at 14 d to a minimum of 250 beats/min at 19-5 d and then increased rapidly to more than 270 beats/min before hatching. 4. This pattern was repeatable and independent of the flock age. 5. Embryonic heart rate was also independent of egg size and hatching time. 6. The heart rate of male embryos was one to two beats/min lower than that of females.
Regulation of ovarian function by the TGF-beta superfamily and follistatin (2003)

The role of follistatin as an activin-binding protein has dominated the study of this molecule for the last 10 years. However, there is emerging evidence that follistatin has a role in modulating the biology of other members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily. This review summarizes the current concepts encompassing follistatin biochemistry as well as molecules with which it is functionally associated. Moreover, the importance of the two follistatin isoforms (follistatin-288 and follistatin-315) is discussed with particular emphasis on the regulation of the ovary. In addition to activin, this review discusses the functions of other members of the TGF-beta superfamily, for example growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF-9), bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP-15), BMP-6, BMP-4 and BMP-7, in the ovary, and the potential interactions between follistatin and these growth factors. The complex network of TGF-beta superfamily growth factor members involved in the modulation of ovarian function and the interactions of follistatin with these proteins is highlighted.
Shale Gas as an Option for the Production of Chemicals and Challenges for Process Intensification (2020)

Recent discoveries of shale gas have promoted its use as a source of energy. Another option worthy of consideration is its transformation into value-added chemicals. In this chapter, an analysis on the potential use of shale gas for the production of major chemical molecules is presented. The analysis includes alternatives for the production of ethylene, propylene, methanol, and benzene. Also, a brief assessment on the challenges and opportunities for the intensification of shale gas conversion processes is presented. A description is given on how phenomena building blocks could serve as a basis for the development of intensification methodologies for such processes.
Effective cataract surgery—an undervalued procedure (1998)

Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery 24(11):p 1417, November 1998. | DOI: 10.1016/S0886-3350(98)80148-X
Tandem Action of the O <sub>2</sub> - and FADH <sub>2</sub> -Dependent Halogenases KtzQ and KtzR Produce 6,7-Dichlorotryptophan for Kutzneride Assembly (2008)

Kutznerides are actinomycete-derived antifungal nonribosomal hexadepsipeptides which are assembled from five unsual nonproteinogenic amino acids and one hydroxy acid. Conserved in all structurally characterized kutznerides is a dichlorinated tricyclic hexahydropyrroloindole postulated to be derived from 6,7-dichlorotryptophan. In this Communication, we identify KtzQ and KtzR as tandem acting FADH2-dependent halogenases that work sequentially on free L-tryptophan to generate 6,7-dichloro-L-tryptophan. Kinetic characterization of these two enzymes has shown that KtzQ (along with the flavin reductase KtzS) acts first to chlorinate at the 7-position of L-tryptophan. KtzR, with a 120 fold preference for 7-chloro-L-tryptophan over L-tryptophan, then installs the second chlorine at the 6-position of 7-chloro-L-tryptophan to generate 6,7-dichloro-L-tryptophan. These findings provide further insights into the enzymatic logic of carbon-chloride bond formation during the biosynthesis of halogenated secondary metabolites.
Logistic Regression in Rare Events Data (2003)

We study rare events data, binary dependent variables with dozens to thousands of times fewer ones (events, such as wars, vetoes, cases of political activism, or epidemiological infections) than zeros (
Effect of melatonin on brain oxidative damage induced by traumatic brain injury in immature rats. (2005)

Progressive compromise of antioxidant defenses and free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation, which is one of the major mechanisms of secondary traumatic brain injury (TBI), has also been reported in pediatric head trauma. In the present study, we aimed to demonstrate the effect of melatonin, which is a potent free radical scavenger, on brain oxidative damage in 7-day-old rat pups subjected to contusion injury. Whereas TBI significantly increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels, there was no compensatory increase in the antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) 24 hours after TBI in 7-day-old rats. Melatonin administered as a single dose of 5 mg/kg prevented the increase in TBARS levels in both non-traumatized and traumatized brain hemispheres. In conclusion, melatonin protects against oxidative damage induced by TBI in the immature brain.
Early events in tissues during infection with pathogenic (SIVmac239) and nonpathogenic (SIVmac1A11) molecular clones of simian immunodeficiency virus. (1994)

The extent of virus replication, tissue distribution, localization of virus within tissues, and the presence of pathological lesions was examined early after experimental infection of rhesus monkeys with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Three strains of SIV were used: molecularly cloned pathogenic SIVmac239; molecularly cloned nonpathogenic SIVmac1A11; and uncloned pathogenic SIVmac. The major targets of infection in all animals at 2 weeks postinoculation were the thymus and spleen. The distribution of virus within lymphoid organs varied with the viral inoculum: nonpathogenic SIVmac1A11 was present primarily within lymphoid follicles and in the thymic cortex; SIVmac239 was present primarily within periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths in the spleen, the paracortex of lymph nodes, and the medulla of the thymus; uncloned SIVmac was present in all these areas but tended to parallel the distribution of SIVmac239. Animals inoculated with nonpathogenic SIVmac1A11 had fewer SIV-positive cells by in situ hybridization and after 13 weeks postinoculation, virus was undetectable in any tissue from these animals. No significant pathological abnormalities were recognized in animals inoculated with this nonpathogenic virus. In contrast, nearly half of the animals inoculated with either SIVmac or SIVmac239 developed significant pathological lesions, including opportunistic infections by 13 weeks postinoculation, highlighting the virulence of these viruses. Our results indicate marked differences in tissue distribution between pathogenic and nonpathogenic molecular clones of SIV during the acute phase of infection. The most striking differences were the absence of SIVmac1A11 from the central nervous system and thymic medulla. The prominent early involvement of the thymus suggests that infection of this organ is a key event in the induction of immune suppression by SIV.
Nonlinear Four-Wave Interactions and Freak Waves (2003)

Four-wave interactions are shown to play an important role in the evolution of the spectrum of surface gravity waves. This fact follows from direct simulations of an ensemble of ocean waves using the Zakharov equation. The theory of homogeneous four-wave interactions, extended to include effects of nonresonant transfer, compares favorably with the ensemble-averaged results of the Monte Carlo simulations. In particular, there is good agreement regarding spectral shape. Also, the kurtosis of the surface elevation probability distribution is determined well by theory even for waves with a narrow spectrum and large steepness. These extreme conditions are favorable for the occurrence of freak waves.
Cytokines and the Brain: Implications for Clinical Psychiatry (2000)

A better understanding of the role of cytokines in various brain activities will enhance knowledge of specific psychobiological mechanisms in health and disease and provide opportunities for novel treatment interventions.
Tunnel-Free Distributed Mobility Management (DMM) Support Protocol for Future Mobile Networks (2019)

The number of wireless services and devices have remarkably increased, especially since the introduction of smart phones. The population of mobile nodes (MNs) is now exceeding the traditional non-mobile nodes. Mobility is a key factor in mobile core networks as it is responsible for providing continuous communication when a MN is on the move. Currently, a centralized mobile core network architecture is implemented, which has certain limitations. Distributed mobility management (DMM) is often seen as a solution to the problems associated with centralized mobility management (CMM). Address and tunneling management are big challenges for current DMM-based mobility protocols. Keeping in mind the current advancement of mobile network architecture, this paper proposes a novel tunnel-free distributed mobility management support protocol intended for such an evolution. In addition, the performance of the existing DMM IPv6 mobility management protocols in the context of handover latency, handover blocking probability, and data packet loss is analyzed and compared to the proposed framework. The performance analyses show that the proposed tunnel-free method can reduce about 12% of handover latency, 71% of handover blocking probability, and 82% of data packet loss.
The expanding array of HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (2018)

A large array of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV have been isolated and described, particularly in the last decade. This continually expanding array of bnAbs has crucially led to the identification of novel epitopes on the HIV envelope protein via which antibodies can block a broad range of HIV strains. Moreover, these studies have produced high-resolution understanding of these sites of vulnerability on the envelope protein. They have also clarified the mechanisms of action of bnAbs and provided detailed descriptions of B cell ontogenies from which they arise. However, it is still not possible to predict which HIV-infected individuals will go onto develop breath nor is it possible to induce neutralization breadth by immunization in humans. This review aims to discuss the major insights gained so far and also to evaluate the requirement to continue isolating and characterizing new bnAbs. While new epitopes may remain to be uncovered, a clearer probable benefit of further bnAb characterization is a greater understanding of key decision points in bnAb development within the anti-HIV immune response. This in turn may lead to new insights into how to trigger bnAbs by immunization and more clearly define the challenges to using bnAbs as therapeutic agents.
Power control and diversity for the downlink of CDMA systems (2002)

The authors study the capacity of a CDMA-based microcellular wireless system in the base to portable (downlink) direction. Narrowband CDMA with system bandwidth of 1.25 MHz is considered. Coherent reception using a pilot signal, BPSK modulation with 1/2 convolution codes, and power control are considered. Capacity of the downlink is evaluated as a function of multipath diversity, path loss exponent, and power control strategies. Both slow and fast power control on the downlink are considered. With slow power control, the capacity is severely limited. It is observed that fast power control significantly improves the capacity of the downlink. Finally, the effect of path loss exponent on the downlink capacity is illustrated.
Multi-detector row computed tomography angiography of peripheral arterial disease (2007)

With the introduction of multi-detector row computed tomography (MDCT), scan speed and image quality has improved considerably. Since the longitudinal coverage is no longer a limitation, multi-detector row computed tomography angiography (MDCTA) is increasingly used to depict the peripheral arterial runoff. Hence, it is important to know the advantages and limitations of this new non-invasive alternative for the reference test, digital subtraction angiography. Optimization of the acquisition parameters and the contrast delivery is important to achieve a reliable enhancement of the entire arterial runoff in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) using fast CT scanners. The purpose of this review is to discuss the different scanning and injection protocols using 4-, 16-, and 64-detector row CT scanners, to propose effective methods to evaluate and to present large data sets, to discuss its clinical value and major limitations, and to review the literature on the validity, reliability, and cost-effectiveness of multi-detector row CT in the evaluation of PAD.
Letter (1991)

Dear Editor, I read your magazine regularly for its informative views and its commitment to enhancing the quality of care for older people. However, the title Nursing the Elderly continues to concern me as it feels alien to the basic philosophy of people first’ that the magazine's content appears to endorse.
Activatable CRISPR Transcriptional Circuits Generate Functional RNA for mRNA Sensing and Silencing (2020)

CRISPR-dCas9 systems that are precisely activated by cell-specific information facilitate the development of smart sensors or therapeutic strategies. We report the development of an activatable dCas9 transcriptional circuit that enables sensing and silencing of mRNA in living cells using hybridization-mediated structure switching for gRNA activation. The gRNA is designed with the spacer sequence blocked by a hairpin structure, and mRNA hybridization induces gRNA structure switching and activates the transcription of reporter RNA. An mRNA sensor developed using a light-up RNA reporter shows high sensitivity and fast-response imaging of survivin mRNA in cells under drug treatments and different cell lines. Furthermore, a feedback circuit is engineered by incorporating a small hairpin RNA in the reporter RNA, demonstrating a smart strategy for dynamic sensing and silencing of survivin with induced tumor cell apoptosis. This circuit illustrates a broadly applicable platform for the development of cell-specific sensing and therapeutic strategies.
Suitable Combination of Direct Intensity Modulation and Spreading Sequence for LIDAR with pulse coding (2018)

In the coded pulse scanning light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system, the number of laser pulses used at a given measurement point changes depending on the modulation and the method of spreading used in optical code-division multiple access (OCDMA). The number of laser pulses determines the pulse width, output power, and duration of the pulse transmission of a measurement point. These parameters determine the maximum measurement distance of the laser and the number of measurement points that can be employed per second. In this paper, we evaluate the performance and characteristics of combinations of modulation and spreading technology that can be used for OCDMA, and study optimal combinations according to varying operating environments.
High temperature Hall-effect apparatus (1984)

A high-temperature Hall-effect apparatus is described which allows measurements up to temperatures greater than 1200 K using the van der Pauw method. The apparatus was designed for measurements on refractory materials having high charge carrier concentrations and generally low mobilities. Pressure contacts are applied to the samples. Consequently, special contacting methods, peculiar to a specific sample material, are not required. The apparatus has been semiautomated to facilitate measurements. Results are presented on n- and p-type silicon.
Studies of the <i>N</i>-Oxides of <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dialkylamino Acids. II. The Syntheses of <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dialkylglycine and Corresponding <i>N</i>-Oxides (1969)

Abstract The reductive condensations of glycine with various aliphatic straight-chain aldehydes, such as acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and n-butyraldehyde, give the corresponding N,N-dialkyl derivatives. The N-monoalkyl derivative has not been obtained in any case. In another type of reactions, those with aliphatic branched-chain aldehydes, such as isobutyraldehyde and isovaleraldehyde, considerable N-monoalkylation takes place besides the dialkylation. The oxidations of N,N-dialkylglycine to the corresponding N-oxides have been successfully performed using an aqueous mixture of hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid except in the case of N,N-diisobutylglycine. Similar reductive condensations of sarcosine with various aliphatic aldehydes, such as acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, n- and iso-butyraldehyde, and isovaleraldehyde, gave the corresponding N-alkylsarcosines. N-Isobutyl and N-isoamyl sarcosine were also obtained by the methylation of the corresponding N-monoalkylglycine. The N-oxides of N-alkylsarcosine were synthesized by a procedure similar to that described above.
Pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway of Baccillus subtilis (1975)

Biochemical and genetic data were obtained from a series of 51 Pyr- strains of Bacillus subtilis. The observed enzymatic deficiencies allowed the mutants to be placed into 12 clases, some of which represent defects in more than one of the six known pyrimidine biosynthetic enzymes. Mapping analysis by transformation has shown that all the Pyr- mutations are located in a single small area of the B. subtilis genome. A correlation of the biochemical defects and the genetic data has been made. Those mutations conferring similar enzymatic deficiencies were found to be contiguous on the B. subtilis map. Regulatory aspects of the pyrimidine pathway have also been investigated and are compared to previously reported results from other organisms. Evidence is presented which bears upon the possible physical association of the first three enzymes and the association of at least some of the enzymes of this pathway with particulate elements of the cell. A model for the organization of the enzymes is presented with dihydroorotate dehydrogenase as the central enzyme in a proposed aggregate.