gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gene therapy for primary immunodeficiencies (2015)

Gene therapy has effectively entered Medicine via the field of primary immunodeficiencies (PID). Because hematopoietic stem cells are accessible and because it was understood that genetic correction of lymphocyte progenitor cells carrying a genetic defect impairing differentiation, could result in the production of long-lived T lymphocytes, it was reasoned that ex vivo gene transfer in hematopoietic cells could lead to disease phenotype correction. Retroviral vectors were designed to ex vivo transduce such cells. This has indeed been shown to lead to sustained correction of the T cell immunodeficiency associated with two forms of severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCID) for now more than ten years. Occurrence in some patients of genotoxicity related to retroviral vectors integration close to and transactivation of oncogenes has led to the development of retroviral vectors devoid of its enhancer element. Results of recent trials performed for several forms of PID indeed suggest that their use is both safe and efficacious. It is thus anticipated that their application to the treatment of many more life threatening PID will be developed over the coming years.
Demonstration of a low-noise near-infrared photon counter with multiphoton discrimination (2003)

We have demonstrated a system capable of directly measuring the photon-number state of a single pulse of light using a superconducting transition-edge sensor microcalorimeter. We verify the photon-number distribution of a weak pulsed-laser source at 1550 nm. Such single-photon metrology at telecommunication wavelengths provides the foundation for ensuring the security of photon sources used in implementations of quantum cryptography. Additionally, this system has the lowest noise equivalent power of any single-photon detector and combines high efficiency near-infrared photon counting with the ability to resolve multiphoton absorption events.
HIV type 1 tropism and inhibitors of viral entry: clinical implications. (2006)

Since their discovery in 1996, the two main coreceptors used by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) to enter human cells (CCR5 and CXCR4) have been the subject of numerous scientific articles. A recent search in PubMed (www.pubmed.gov) using "HIV coreceptor" as keywords led to more than 1100 original research publications and 90 review articles. This number skyrocketed to more than double if we used "HIV CCR5". Most of the reviews described in detail several aspects of HIV tropism, viral entry mechanism, coreceptor usage and its implication on disease progression, antiretroviral therapy, and vaccine development. A few others centered on the tools utilized to measure the ability of HIV to use these coreceptors to infect target cells. On the other hand, identification of the HIV coreceptors renewed the effort and expectation to block HIV replication by targeting viral entry into the target cells. As with HIV tropism, hundreds of articles have been published addressing this topic (more than 350 original publications and 50 review articles when using "HIV entry inhibitor" as a descriptive word). Therefore, in addition to providing a brief update of the most important aspects described above, we discuss here how an accurate quantification of HIV coreceptor usage is essential for the successful management of HIV-infected individuals in this new era of entry inhibitors, mainly CCR5- or CXCR4-antagonists.
Comparison of Hydrocarbons Extracted from Seven Coals by Capillary Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (1984)

Seven coals ranging in rank from lignite to bituminous were solvent-extracted with chloroform. The hexane-soluble portions of the extract were analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. Selected ion profiles (mass chromatograms) derived from the total ion data were prepared. The coal extract profiles fell into four groups: 1) Big Brown 1, Big Brown 2 (Texas lignites) and Morwell (Australian brown coal); 2) Beulah 3 (North Dakota lignite) and Wyodak (Wyoming, subbituminous); 3) Highvale (Alberta, subbituminous); and 4) Powhatan (Ohio, bituminous). Several groups of hydrocarbon biological markers were identified in the coal extracts including n-alkanes, pristane, sesquiterpenes, several tricyclic alkanes and pentacyclic triterpanes with molecular weights from 398 to 454. The n-alkanes recovered by extraction amount to less than 10% of those produced during liquefaction indicating that bond-breaking reactions during liquefaction lead to the formation of n-alkanes.
Electrophoretic Mobility Distributions of Normal Human T and B Lymphocytes and of Peripheral Blood Lymphoblasts in Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia: Effects of Neuraminidase and of Solvent Ionic Strength (1978)

Human T and B lymphocytes were found to be distinguishable on the basis of electrophoretic mobility, with the T cells having the higher mobility, in agreement with previous reports. The effects of the enzyme neuraminidase on the electrophoretic mobilities of T and B lymphocytes were determined. T lymphocytes showed a greater decrease in electrophoretic mobility after neuraminidase treatment; the relative mobilities of T and B cells were reversed by neuraminidase treatment, and the electrophoretic distinguishability was enhanced. The electrophoretic mobility distributions of lymphoblasts from patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia were found to differ from those of normal cells in their response to neuraminidase treatment and to changes in solution ionic strength. These results imply that the surface structure of the leukemic cells differs from that of either T or B lymphocytes from normal donors.
<title>Laser zona dissection using short-pulse ultraviolet lasers</title> (1992)

The interaction of pulsed ultraviolet radiation with the zona pellucida of human oocytes which had failed to fertilize in standard IVF cycles, was investigated. Two lasers were studied: a 100 ps pulsed Nd:YAG with a nonlinear crystal emitting light at 266 nm, and a 15 ns XeCl excimer laser with 308 nm radiation. Incisions in the zona were made by aiming the beam tangentially to the oocyte. The results indicate superior, high precision performance by the excimer laser creating trenches as narrow as 1 micrometers and as shallow as 1 micrometers . The incision size was found to be sensitive to the laser's energy and to the position of the microscope's objective focal plane, but relatively insensitive to the laser pulse repetition rate. Once the minimum spot size was defined by the system parameters, the laser beam was used to curve out any desired zona shape. This laser microsurgery technique as applied to partial zone dissection or zona drilling could prove very useful as a high-precision, non-contact method for treatments of low fertilization rate and for enhancing embryo implantation rates in patients undergoing IVF treatments.
Enabling research and innovation beyond continental borders: a case for satellite events in evaluation campaigns (2017)

A satellite session of the NTCIR (Evaluation of Information Access Technologies) conference was experimentally held in Glasgow, allowing participants to present their work either in Europe or in Asia. This experience, designed to foster research and innovation across continental borders, was a great success.
Characterization of high-voltage cathodes in CsBr-LiBr-KBr eutectic electrolyte (2000)

The transition-metal oxides LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4}, MnO{sub 2}, CrO{sub 2}, and LiCoO{sub 2} were evaluated for possible use as high-voltage cathodes for potential geothermal power applications. These were coupled with Li(Si) anodes and a low-melting CsBr-LiBr-KBr eutectic electrolyte that melts at 228.5 C. Single-cell tests at 250 C and 300 C at 15.8 and 31.6 mA/cm{sup 2} showed that MnO{sub 2} performed the best overall and had the lowest polarization. A 5-cell battery test using LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} cathodes was only modestly successful due to possible parasitic chemical reactions between the cathode and electrolyte at the much higher temperature (500 C) during discharge. The overall energy densities for these cathode were still less than for FeS{sub 2}.
<title>Noise Effects For Edge Operators</title> (1981)

Techniques and analyses for improving the signal-to-noise performance of edge detectors are presented. A general edge detection method is developed as a result of the noise analysis, and a wide class of edge detectors is shown to be insensitive to edge orientation. For this class, an optimal design with respect to noise statistics is found and a comparison made between many common edge operators. Edge and noise models characteristic of typical images are presented and used in the analysis of these edge detectors.
Parallel ultra-high flow rate liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection using a multiplex electrospray source for direct, sensitive determination of pharmaceuticals in plasma at extremely high throughput (2000)

Recent years have seen increasing usage of large particle size stationary phases and ultra-high flow rate liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) for rapid determination of pharmaceuticals in plasma without prior sample preparation. This lack of sample preparation prior to analysis, together with the extremely high throughput of the chromatography, makes the technique extremely attractive to the bioanalyst. Further, the introduction of multiple sprayer interfaces to mass spectrometers provides the potential for even higher throughput. In this paper, we present parallel ultra-high flow rate liquid chromatography using four columns in parallel and a four-way multiple sprayer interface to the mass spectrometer. We have applied this on both the narrow-bore and capillary scale. This technique enables the quantification of drugs from four plasma samples simultaneously, at nanogram per millilitre concentrations, from small aliquots of plasma without sample preparation and with throughputs of up to 120 samples per hour.
Segmentation hyperspectrale de forêts tropicales par Arbres de Partition Binaires (2014)

La segmentation d'images de forêts tropicales est un outil important pour faciliter le travail des écologues. Dans ce papier, nous proposons une nouvelle méthode de segmentation pour les images hyperspectrales, basée sur la construction d'un arbre de partition binaire (APB). Nous introduisons tout d'abord une étape de prétraitement combinant une analyse en composantes principales et la définition de cartes de pré-segmentation, afin de réduire spatialement et spectralement le volume de données à traiter. La construction de l'APB nécessite la définition d'un modèle de région statistique non-paramétrique s'appuyant sur des histogrammes, ainsi qu'un critère de fusion fondé sur la distance de diffusion. Nous introduisons également une stratégie d'élagage de l'APB, adaptée spécifiquement à la segmentation de couronnes d'arbres en forêts tropicales. Pour finir, nous présentons certains critères permettant d'évaluer la qualité de la segmentation finale, basés sur le décompte du nombre de couronnes de référence correctement segmentées. La méthode proposée est validée sur deux jeux de données issues de campagnes aéroportées à Hawaii et Panama, respectivement, avec des résolutions spectrales et spatiales différentes.
FcγRIII (CD16) on human macrophages is a functional product of the FcγRIII‐2 gene (1991)

The low-affinity Fc receptor for immune-complexed IgG (Fc gamma RIII; CD16) present on in vitro cultured human monocytes are encoded by an Fc gamma RIII-2 gene that, by cDNA sequence analysis, is identical to that expressed on tissue macrophages and on natural killer cells. In macrophages, Fc gamma RIII-2 encodes a glycoprotein of 52-62 kDa, with a peptide backbone of 33 kDa identical to that of the homologous receptor on natural killer cells. Like this and unlike in polymorphonuclear neutrophils, Fc gamma RIII (CD16) on cultured monocytes is insensitive to phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, is not allelic for the neutrophil NA alloantigens NA-1/NA-2, is not recognized by a monoclonal antibody (1D3) detecting an epitope present only on neutrophil Fc gamma RIII (CD16) and functions to trigger cytotoxicity upon ligand binding.
New Insight into Experimental Quantification of Dew Point Pressure under Confinement Effects in Unconventional Reservoirs (2021)

Summary In unconventional reservoirs, it has been suggested that thermodynamic properties of the fluids in porous media is different from their bulk properties due to increased fluid-pore wall molecular interactions. Limited experimental data are available using single component pure systems in synthetic porous media with uniform pore size distributions raising questions on the applications of the corresponding proposed theoretical models to real core samples and for gas-condensate fluid mixtures with complex phase behaviour. In this study, based on a recently introduced method, the extent of of confinement on two different binary gas condensate mixtures are evaluated. Also, a new method for measuring the dew point pressure (Pdew) of single component fluid in unconventional porous media is presented for the first time. It has been observed that the Pdew of the lean and rich gas condensate mixtures, increased by at least 51 and 69 psi, respectively. However, an opposite trend for single component fluid was observed due to confinement, where the Pdew of the single component fluid decreased by at least 46 psi. The results presented in this study provide valuable data especially for validation of theoretical studies performed on the phase behaviour studies of such fluids and thereby unconventional reservoirs exploitation.
Brain Targeting in MPS-IIIA. (2016)

Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (MPS-IIIA) is a childhood metabolic neuropathology caused by the inherited deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme sulfamidase and is characterized by the accumulation of undegraded glycosaminoglycans in the lysosomes of cells and tissues of affected patients. MPS-IIIA represents one of the most common forms of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) and to date there is no cure. Since neurodegeneration is the most relevant pathological feature in MPS-IIIA patients, the treatment of the central nervous system (CNS) lesions represents the goal of any effective therapy for this devastating disorder. During the last years many advances have been made in developing and testing new therapies for brain involvement in MPS-IIIA. These studies have been possible because of the availability of mouse and dog models that recapitulate the MPS-IIIA neuropathological features. Some of these approaches are based on direct CNS administration routes through which the therapeutic molecules access the CNS via the parenchyma (intracerebral injections) or via the cerebrospinal fluid (intraventricular/intrathecal injections). These approaches are highly invasive and poorly suited for clinical use. Minimally invasive approaches are based on systemic injections into the blood stream of therapeutics capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This review will present the background of the clinic and pathology aspects of MPS-IIIA and will describe the current MPS-IIIA preclinical and clinical studies focusing on how a systemic therapeutic strategy based on crossing the BBB has been successfully used to treat CNS pathology and behavioral abnormalities in a mouse model of MPS-IIIA. Future clinical applications of this approach to MPS-IIIA patients will be also discussed together with the possibility of using similar strategies in other LSDs with neurological involvement.
The tumorigenicity of 5-azacytidine in the male Fischer rat (1984)

5-Azacytidine was administered to young adult male Fischer rats. Tumors were found in 31 out of 70 rats that had received 5-azacytidine and survived 18 months from the start of the experiment. Several rats had multiple primary tumors. In the rats that were tested for complete carcinogenicity a variety of tumor types was found. These included acute leukemia and malignant reticuloendotheliosis, and tumors of the testis, skin, and bronchus. No hepatic tumors were found in the group that was tested for hepatic tumor initiation. Hepatocellular carcinomas were found only in the group that was examined for hepatic tumor promotion by receiving a prior initiating dose of diethylnitrosamine. No tumors were found in the age controls. Thus, in these initial experiments, 5-azacytidine appeared to be a complete carcinogen, inducing tumors in several organs, and a tumor promoter but not a complete carcinogen for the liver.
Molecular typing of phlebotomine sand flies in al-madinah and asir regions, Saudi Arabia using PCR–RFLP of 18S ribosomal RNA gene (2016)

Studies on the distribution of sand flies are important for the control of leishmaniasis in endemic and neighboring areas. In the present study polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was used to identify the distribution of sand flies in Al-Madinah and Asir Regions of Saudi Arabia using PCR-RFLP of 18S ribosomal RNA gene. Based on the morphological characteristics, the sand flies were differentiated into seven species viz., <i>Phlebotomus papatasi</i>, <i>Phlebotomus sergenti</i>, <i>Phlebotomus bergeroti</i>, <i>Sergentomyia clydei</i>, <i>Sergentomyia antennata</i>, <i>Sergentomyia fallax and Sergentomyia schwetzi.</i> PCR-RFLP of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes with eight different restriction enzymes resulted in species-specific agarose gel electrophoresis banding patterns. Of the eight restriction enzymes used, not a single restriction enzyme by itself could separate species belonging to the same genera (like <i>P. papatasi</i> and <i>P. sergenti</i> by <i>Ase</i>I) as well as those belonging to different genera (like <i>P. papatasi</i> and <i>S. clydei</i> by <i>Ase</i>I). We therefore conclude that the genetic diversity within sand fly species based on PCR-RFLP technique was nonspecific. Studies are in progress to study the viability of alternate techniques like low-stringency single specific primer polymerase chain reaction which can be used for molecular typing.
αβ T cell receptor interactions with syngeneic and allogeneic ligands: Affinity measurements and crystallization (1997)

Cellular immunity is mediated by the interaction of an alphabeta T cell receptor (TCR) with a peptide presented within the context of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule. Alloreactive T cells have alphabeta TCRs that can recognize both self- and foreign peptide-MHC (pMHC) complexes, implying that the TCR has significant complementarity with different pMHC. To characterize the molecular basis for alloreactive TCR recognition of pMHC, we have produced a soluble, recombinant form of an alloreactive alphabeta T cell receptor in Drosophila melanogaster cells. This recombinant TCR, 2C, is expressed as a correctly paired alphabeta heterodimer, with the chains covalently connected via a disulfide bond in the C-terminal region. The native conformation of the 2C TCR was probed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis by using conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies, as well as syngeneic and allogeneic pMHC ligands. The 2C interaction with H-2Kb-dEV8, H-2Kbm3-dEV8, H-2Kb-SIYR, and H-2Ld-p2Ca spans a range of affinities from Kd = 10(-4) to 10(-6)M for the syngeneic (H-2Kb) and allogeneic (H-2Kbm3, H-2Ld) ligands. In general, the syngeneic ligands bind with weaker affinities than the allogeneic ligands, consistent with current threshold models of thymic selection and T cell activation. Crystallization of the 2C TCR required proteolytic trimming of the C-terminal residues of the alpha and beta chains. X-ray quality crystals of complexes of 2C with H-2Kb-dEV8, H-2Kbm3-dEV8 and H-2Kb-SIYR have been grown.
Contribution of human factors to incidents in the petroleum refining industry (1999)

Abstract Human factors consider how effectively and safely personnel interact with processes. It can cover a variety of issues, from facility design to procedures to overall management systems. In order to minimize human factors as potential causes for incidents, the causal relationship of human factors to safety incidents must be understood. An examination of previous incidents and incident investigations can provide valuable insight into the types of human factors that most often contribute to human error and, ultimately, to loss events. The contribution of human factors to previous incidents in the U.S. petroleum refining industy are described in this paper. First, the data collection effort, which resulted in the documentation of over 130 incidents that occurred during the past 8 years, is examined. Next, the analysis approach is discussed, including a description of the characterization scheme used to identify cause‐contribution factors with specific incidents. Lastly, the results of the analysis are presented and valuable insights into the most common contributors are discussed.
Alkyl Halides (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enhanced quantum efficiency of a dye-sensitised-heterojunction photoelectrical cell (1987)

A heterojunction CuS/CuCNS photocathode where the outer film of CuCNS is sensitised with rhodamine B is found to have higher quantum efficiency than CuCNS or CuS surface-sensitised with the same dye. The enhanced photocurrent quantum efficiency is attributed to the presence of a strong space charge electric field that assists charge separation.
America as a Civilization: Life and Thought in the United States Today, <i>by Max Lerner</i> (1958)

Journal Article America as a Civilization: Life and Thought in the United States Today, by Max Lerner Get access America as a Civilization: Life and Thought in the United States Today. By Max Lerner. New York, Simon & Schuster, 1957.—xiii, 1036 pp. $10.00. Marvin Meyers Marvin Meyers The College University of Chicago Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Political Science Quarterly, Volume 73, Issue 2, June 1958, Pages 273–275, https://doi.org/10.2307/2146094 Published: 15 June 1958
Multilinguality and Reversibility in Computational Semantic Lexicons (1996)

In this paper, we address the issue of generating multilingua.1 computational semantic lexicons from analysis lexicons, showing the necessity of relying on a conceptual lexicon.We first discuss the type of information which should be found in NLP lexicons, whatever their use (analysis, generation, speech, robotics).We claim that we should take advantage of the existing large-scale analysis lexicons and use tliem as the starting point in the process of building large-scale generation lexicons, by first reversing tliem and then enhancing them.Tliis implies having access to a conceptual lexicon, which will serve as a pivot point between the analysis and the generation lexicons.We implemented the work reported here for Spanish and English MT projects, within the knowledge-based paradigm.From a theoretical point of view, regenerating the source text with the reversed analysis lexicon enabled us to enhance several issues as diverse as: evaluating analysis lexicons, testing the semantic analyser, evaluating which information should be added to the generation lexicon; and testing the grain-size of the pivot point between analysis and generation.
CMOS/SOS circuits for space applications (2003)

Summary form only given. The authors have investigated the capability of CMOS/SOS circuits fabricated in a 1.25- mu m DLM technology. The circuits included delay chains, a shift register, gate arrays, and a 8KX8 SRAM. Accurate circuit simulations were possible using the device parameters and current modeling procedures. The preradiation and postradiation performances of circuits were compared to their calculated capability. This included performance under transient radiation conditions. 64K SRAMS were fabricated with an access time under 20 ns. These circuits have demonstrated total dose tolerance in excess of 1 Mrad (Si) and transient upset of 5*10/sup 11/ rad (Si)/s.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>