gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study the History of Mandarin On the Base of Lǎo Qǐdà(《老乞大》) (2010)

Is it true that the Beijing dialect was Mandarin within the period from the end of the Yuan dynasty to the beginning of the Ming dynasty (the second half of the 14th century)? Were the Interpreter Piao (《樸通事》, Piao T ōngshi) and the Lǎo Qǐda(《老乞大》，Lǎo Qǐda) written in the Beijing colloquial language? Whether had the College of the Standard Pronunciation (正音書院 , Zhengyīn Shūyuan) within the period of King Yongzheng of the Qing dynasty (1723-1735) given an impulse to shape the common language of the Chinese? All of these questions mentioned before not only are the key tasks, which have deals with the history of the Chinese language of the modern times; but also are the unavoidable questions in researching the contemporary Chinese language. However, the popular, or the so-called “mainstream” of current opinion looks logical and well argued, but it is specious. Pronunciation is the main basis for estimating the linguistic character of the ancient literature. The Beijing pronunciation (Northern Mandarin) was not the representative of the standard pronunciation of Mandarin of the modern times; the representative was Nanjing pronunciation (Southern Mandarin). The Interpreter Piao and Lǎo Qǐd a were not written in the Beijing colloquial language. And the College of the Standard Pronunciation did not give an impulse to shape the common language of the Chinese; on the opposite, it delayed the process of shaping. Keywords: Mandarin, Beijing dialect, Nanjing pronunciation, the standard and the colloquial pronunciations, the Old China Resume Le mandarin est-il represente par le dialecte de Pekin au quatorzieme siecle ? Putongshi et Laoqida sont-ils ecrits en dialecte de Pekin ? “L’ecole de ton orthodoxe ” dans la dynastie de Tsing a-t-elle promu la formation du language commun de nationalite Han d’aujourd’hui ? Voila les questions cles concernant l’histoire du mandarin contemporain et moderne que les manuels de la langue chinoise moderne ne peuvent pas eluder . Pourtant , le point de vue majeur ou plutot populaire , est faux malgre son apparence bien raisonnable . Les sons du language est la critere principale pour definir la nature languagiere des documents anciens . Le symbole de ton orthodoxe du mandarin contemporain n’est effectivement pas le ton de Pekin , mais le ton de Nankin . En Coree , les manuels de chinois Putongshi et Laoqida ne sont pas rediges en dialecte de Pekin . “L’ecole de ton orthodoxe ” dans la dynastie de Tsing n’a pratiquement pas promu le processus de formation du language commun de nationalite Han d’aujourd’hui , mais bien au contraire , elle a retarde ce processus . Mots-cles: mandarin , language de Pekin , ton de Nankin , ton orthodoxe et ton populaire, Laoqida 摘 要 元末明初漢語官話 “以北京話為代表”？《樸通事》和《老乞大》 “是用北京口語寫的”？清雍正朝的“正音書院”推動了現代漢民族共同語的形成？這是涉及近現代漢語史的關鍵問題，也是現代漢語教材不能回避的問題。然而流行的或曰 “主流”觀點，看似頭頭是道，實則似是而非。判斷古文獻語言性質的依據主要是語音。近代漢語官話正音的代表，並非北方官話的北京音，而是南方官話的南京音；朝鮮漢語課本《樸通事》和《老乞大》不 “是用北京口語寫的 ”；清雍正朝的 “正音書院”並未推動、反而延緩了現代漢民族共同語形成的進程。 關鍵詞：官話；北京話；南京音；正俗音；《老乞大》
Optimal Search for the Best Alternative (1979)

This paper completely characterizes the solution to the problem of searching for the best outcome from alternative sources with different properties.The optimal strategy is an elementary reservation price rule, where the reservation prices are easy to calculate and have an intuitive economic interpretation.
Effect of topology on performance of reliable multicast communication (2002)

The authors examine the performance implications of providing reliability in conjunction with multicast transport over a high speed wide area network. They use a block based acknowledgement and selective retransmission protocol to evaluate the impact of the loss rate and the multicast tree topology on the achievable throughput. Their results show that even when the buffer overflow probability at switches and receivers is low, the cumulative loss probability seen by a source may be quite high. They also demonstrate that the average throughput increases significantly if the transport protocol delivers packets to the application layer out-of-sequence. They investigate the scaling properties of the error control mechanism and show that the multicast tree topology that results in minimum transfer time is not necessarily the same as the one constructed using minimal bandwidth or shortest path algorithms.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Transmission optical device to produce intense polarized neutron beams (1988)

It is shown how a device can be constructed using a stack of magnetic supermirrors to produce high-intensity polarized neutron beams with a large area. The device makes use of the fact that single-crystal Si is transparent to neutrons. A prototypical device has been constructed which provides 64% neutron efficiency with 20 min collimation.
Curso sobre lectura rápida, una tecnología de punta al alcance de todos (2001)

Cuando se escucha la frase “tecnologias de punta”, lo primero que viene a nuestras mentes es la biotecnologia, la genetica, la computacion, la cosmonautica, la robotizacion, las telecomunicaciones, es decir, tecnologias muy costosas que solo pueden desarrollar los paises mas ricos y poderosos; en ellas, con frecuencia, no se incluye la lectura rapida. En un mundo cada vez mas globalizado, neoliberal y hegemonico, los paises mas pobres, los que tienen la urgente necesidad de garantizar un mejor aprovechamiento de su recurso mas valioso -el hombre- como factor decisivo para el exito en la descomunal lucha por la supervivencia y el desarrollo; estan urgidos de encontrar soluciones economicas para desarrollar sus propias potencialidades; porque es el hombre, su nivel de informacion e intelectual, su voluntad y amor a la causa que representa, la piedra angular en cualquier rama del saber. La lectura rapida, como tecnologia de punta, a diferencia de otras, ofrece ventajas cada vez mas significativas: bajo costo, posibilidad de introduccion rapida, accesibilidad a todos, con independencia de su nivel economico-social. En el caso particular de Cuba, por las caracteristicas de su desarrollo y las condiciones en que enfrenta su crecimiento, el uso de esta tecnologia podria representar un despegue significativo en el nivel de informacion de nuestros cientificos, profesionales, tecnicos y personal de direccion, con implicaciones catalizadoras, incluso, para la eliminacion de los niveles de estres negativo y falta de atencion a tareas personales ante la escasez de tiempo que generalmente presentan estas categorias ocupacionales. La avalancha informativa se hace sentir en todos los profesionales, y muy especialmen
NeuroPep: a comprehensive resource of neuropeptides (2015)

Neuropeptides play a variety of roles in many physiological processes and serve as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of some nervous-system disorders. In recent years, there has been a tremendous increase in the number of identified neuropeptides. Therefore, we have developed NeuroPep, a comprehensive resource of neuropeptides, which holds 5949 non-redundant neuropeptide entries originating from 493 organisms belonging to 65 neuropeptide families. In NeuroPep, the number of neuropeptides in invertebrates and vertebrates is 3455 and 2406, respectively. It is currently the most complete neuropeptide database. We extracted entries deposited in UniProt, the database (www.neuropeptides.nl) and NeuroPedia, and used text mining methods to retrieve entries from the MEDLINE abstracts and full text articles. All the entries in NeuroPep have been manually checked. 2069 of the 5949 (35%) neuropeptide sequences were collected from the scientific literature. Moreover, NeuroPep contains detailed annotations for each entry, including source organisms, tissue specificity, families, names, post-translational modifications, 3D structures (if available) and literature references. Information derived from these peptide sequences such as amino acid compositions, isoelectric points, molecular weight and other physicochemical properties of peptides are also provided. A quick search feature allows users to search the database with keywords such as sequence, name, family, etc., and an advanced search page helps users to combine queries with logical operators like AND/OR. In addition, user-friendly web tools like browsing, sequence alignment and mapping are also integrated into the NeuroPep database. Database URL: http://isyslab.info/NeuroPep
International Journal of Soft Computing and Software Engineering (2012)

In this paper a concept for hardware realization of graphic tactile display for visually impaired peoples is presented. For realization of tactile actuators bi-stable, solenoids and PIC based control board are used. The selected algorithm for series activation of each row of display allows using minimal number of active components to set and reset the solenoids. Finally, a program algorithm of control board is discussed. The project is funded by Bulgarian National Science Fund NSF Grant D ID 02 14, 2009 2013
A new species of Hercoglossa from Maracaibo (1951)

Describes the nautiloid Hercoglossa maracaiboensis n.sp. from the upper Eocene of the Maracaibo basin, Venezuela.
Crystal structure of the γ‐form of nylon 6 (1965)

Abstract The crystal structure of the γ‐form of nylon 6 (polycaproamide) obtained by the iodine treatment of the α‐from of nylon 6 has been determined by x‐ray diffraction. The unit cell contains four repeating units \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ [\rlap{--} ({\rm CH}_2 \rlap{--})_5 {\rm CONH \hbox{---}}] $\end{document} and is monoclinic with a = 9.33 A., b = 16.88 A. (fiber axis), c = 4.78 A., β = 121°. The space group is P2 1 / a . There is considerable deviation from the planar configuration in the amide group of the chain. The plane of the CH 2 chain zigzag lies nearly parallel to the (00 1 ) plane. The crystal is composed of the pleated sheets of the parallel chains joined by hydrogen bond between the adjacent chains. The chain directions are opposite in alternating sheets. The hydrogen‐bond length is 2.83 A., a reasonable figure for an NH·. O chains joined by a hydrogen bond between the adjacent chains. The direction of the hydrogen bond makes an angle of 12° with the ( 1 00) plane, and the CO and NH bonds are nearly colinear. The amide groups lie at the same level in the cell.
Adriamycin cardiotoxicity amelioration by alpha-tocopherol. (1979)

Adriamycin has become a potent member of the cancer chemotherapeutic program. However, the full utilization of adriamycin is limited by its cardiotoxicity. In experimental animals, alpha-tocopherol has been shown by some to ameliorate or prevent cardiac dysfunction without impairing antitumor effectiveness. During adriamycin therapy, future clinical research should consist of biochemical measurements of vitamin E in plasma, lipoperoxidation in red cells and platelets, while cars to indicate deficiency, should be considered as one method of ameliorating toxicity.
TRPA1 is a major oxidant sensor in murine airway sensory neurons (2008)

Sensory neurons in the airways are finely tuned to respond to reactive chemicals threatening airway function and integrity. Nasal trigeminal nerve endings are particularly sensitive to oxidants formed in polluted air and during oxidative stress as well as to chlorine, which is frequently released in industrial and domestic accidents. Oxidant activation of airway neurons induces respiratory depression, nasal obstruction, sneezing, cough, and pain. While normally protective, chemosensory airway reflexes can provoke severe complications in patients affected by inflammatory airway conditions like rhinitis and asthma. Here, we showed that both hypochlorite, the oxidizing mediator of chlorine, and hydrogen peroxide, a reactive oxygen species, activated Ca(2+) influx and membrane currents in an oxidant-sensitive subpopulation of chemosensory neurons. These responses were absent in neurons from mice lacking TRPA1, an ion channel of the transient receptor potential (TRP) gene family. TRPA1 channels were strongly activated by hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide in primary sensory neurons and heterologous cells. In tests of respiratory function, Trpa1(-/-) mice displayed profound deficiencies in hypochlorite- and hydrogen peroxide-induced respiratory depression as well as decreased oxidant-induced pain behavior. Our results indicate that TRPA1 is an oxidant sensor in sensory neurons, initiating neuronal excitation and subsequent physiological responses in vitro and in vivo.
Synthesis Properties and Biological Activity of α-(Benzothiazol-2-yl-oxy) Alkane phosphonates (1993)

Sixteen title compounds 3a～p were synthesized by condensation of 2-chloro-benzothiazoleand α-hydroxyalkanephosphonates in good yields using potassium iodide/tetrabutyl ammonium bro-mide as catalyst. Their biologically activities were tested.
An Inverter Based 2-MHz 42-&#x003BC;W &#x00394;&#x003A3; ADC with 20-KHz Bandwidth and 66dB Dynamic Range (2006)

This paper presented an inverter based 3 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rd</sup> order sigma-delta ADC. Cascode structure and auto-zeroing mechanism are proposed for the gain enhancement and offset cancellation. The ADC has been implemented in TSMC 2P6M 0.18 μm CMOS technology with a core area of 0.54 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The measurement results show that for the 1-V supply, 20-KHz bandwidth, and 2-MHz sampling rate, the power consumption is 42 μW and the dynamic range of 66.02 dB.
Mixed solutions for the deadlock problem (1973)

Mixtures of detection, avoidance, and prevention provide more effective and practical solutions to the deadlock problem than any one of these alone. The individual techniques can be tailored for subproblems of resource allocation and still operate together to prevent deadlocks. This paper presents a method, based on the concept of the hierarchical operating system, for constructing appropriate mixtures and suggests appropriate subsystems for the most frequently occurring resource allocation problems
The moment of the fluid forces acting on a plate which is gliding on the surface of a stream (1938)

13. Formulae have been obtained for the moment of the fluid forces which act on a plane plate which is gliding on the surface of a stream of finite or infinite depth. It has been shown that the formulae for the lift and moment forces acting on a plate which is gliding on a stream of infinite depth may be obtained by a limiting process from the formulae for the general case of gliding on a stream of finite depth. Also, by another limiting process, the lift and moment forces for the Rayleigh flow past a flat plate in an infinite stream have been obtained from the lift and moment forces for gliding on a stream of infinite depth. Numerical work has been carried out for the case when the angle of incidence of the plate to the stream is 5° and this has shown the variation of the lift and moment forces and the position of the centre of pressure with a range of values of the length of the plate, the depth of the stream and the height of the trailing edge of the plate above the bed of the stream.
Indices of physiological strain for firefighters of the Australian Defence Forces (2019)

High levels of exertion and physiological strain are the leading cause of fireground injuries. The Physiological Strain Index (PSI) provides a rating of strain based on body core temperature and heart rate; however, it may underestimate the strain of workers in protective clothing as skin temperature may be elevated. This study aimed to examine the relationship between the PSI and an Adaptive Physiological Strain Index (aPSI) that incorporates skin temperature, among firefighters wearing protective clothing. Nine male firefighters of the Australian Defence Force volunteered to participate. Participants conducted scenario-based activities while wearing turnout gear and breathing apparatus. Working in teams of four, participants would respond to a situation around and within a small building with several rooms that could be filled with smoke, however, no live fire was present. Heart rate, gastrointestinal temperature, and skin temperature were monitored throughout work and rehabilitation. Physiological strain was estimated via the PSI and aPSI. Absolute peak PSI and aPSI ratings were significantly different during work (PSI: 7.3 ± 1.6; aPSI 8.2 ± 2.0; <i>p</i> < 0.001). The aPSI produced higher ratings of physiological strain, >0.5 above PSI, progressively from a moderate level of strain (>6). The aPSI may provide a more accurate indication of a level of "maximal strain" for encapsulated workers than the original PSI, coincident with the occupational limits for body core temperature of 38.0 °C for general occupational groups, or 38.5 °C for selected and acclimatised personnel.
Design of a Fast Start Glow Plug Control System for Diesel Engines (1979)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">In an effort to make the diesel engine vehicle as convenient to drive, as is a spark ignitioned vehicle, Oldsmobile designed a fast warm-up glow plug control system. The new system attains glow plug operating temperature in about 6.5 seconds, compared to 60 seconds for the system it replaces. This paper details the system design which is based on feedback control of a model of the glow plugs.</div>
For Some Reason Cheese (1992)

I don't propose to explain it. Cheese is as unlikely as it is likely: a seemingly ordinary food product. Why, then, do we find it treated more thoroughly in palindromes than any other substance? This enigma functions as a perfect metaphor for the whole subject of palindromes, full of eerie truths (Tessa's in Italy: Latin is asset) and bizarre images (Satan, oscillate my metallic sonatas).
VISCOUS CRUDE OIL TRANSPORTATION: THE PREPARATION OF BITUMEN, HEAVY AND EXTRA HEAVY CRUDE OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS. (1985)

This study investigated the emulsification process by comparisons between high shear mixing and low shear mixing and identified the important factors in each of these processes. In the particular case of viscous oils, low shear emulsification methods are more efficient and offer greater control over the physical characteristics of the emulsions produced, in terms of mean droplet size and distribution.
Internally standardized method for the determination of nalbuphine in human plasma by means of high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical coulometric detection. (1988)

A high performance liquid chromatographic method with internal analogue standardization and electrochemical detection for the determination of nalbuphine in human plasma is described. Using 3 ml plasma the lower limit of detection is below 50 pg/ml, during the routine assay the limit of determination can be fixed at about 250-300 pg/ml. The calibration curve is linear in the range between 0.163-65 ng/l, the recovery rate from plasma exceeds 80%. The method was successfully applied in several pharmacokinetic studies.
DTC: A framework to Detect Traffic Congestion by mining versatile GPS data (2013)

With increase in availability of GPS enabled devices, a large amount of GPS data is being collected over time. The mining of this data is likely to help in detection of the locations which face frequent traffic congestion. The prior knowledge of such locations will help the users in deciding whether or not to opt for that route. Avoidance of plying on such routes will also help in reducing the congestion in such locations. However, the authors feel that the work done so far in this field does not give very accurate results. The reason behind this is the inability of the work done so far to distinguish between jams and random short-term stoppages like traffic lights. To incorporate such differentiation in this paper, the authors propose an improvised traffic-jam-detection framework - DTC (Detect Traffic Congestion). This framework can be applied to versatile GPS data i.e. data coming from various kinds of devices like mobile phones, tablets or from vehicles etc. In the technique associated with this framework, these GPS data is first clusterized using the Expectation Maximization Algorithm. The clusters hence obtained are filtered out to acquire on-the-road vehicle data clusters. On further processing these clusters, a final binary output of either Traffic jam or Traffic light is obtained. The output is then fed to a J48 Classification Model to train it and hence make the predictions more accurate. The results obtained in the experiments are then cross-checked with the real-time data giving an accuracy of 86%.
Analysis of Low Profile UHF RFID Tag Antennas and Performance Evaluation in Presence of a Metallic Surface (2013)

Passive UHF RFID systems have drawn considerable attention because these can provide a long reading range, high data rate and small antenna size. However, a passive UHF RFID system has challenges in tagging a metallic object due to the effects of conducting materials on the tag antenna performance. This paper proposes two widely used label-type antennas: folded dipole antenna and meandered dipole antenna to optimise design parameters such as impedance matching, feeding techniques, size-reduction, bandwidth etc. The proposed low profile antennas can operate at 866 MHz which is suitable for the UK and Europe UHF RFID frequency band. The paper also presents an investigation and analysis of the effects of a metallic surface on the performance of the proposed dipole tag antennas. It studies the effects of distance between the metal and the tag, thicknesses of the metallic plate and antenna substrate. The performance is evaluated in terms of return loss, shift in resonance frequency and bandwidth. The simulation results show that when the tag antennas are mounted closer to a metallic surface, the return loss of the tag antennas is significantly increased and the resonance frequency is also shifted from the desired operating frequency. Although the size is reduced, these antennas might not be good choices for tagging metallic objects. An antenna that uses metallic surface as the ground plane e.g. Micro-strip patch antenna and planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) might be a possible solution in this case.
Measurement and Theory of Absorbency of Cotton Fabrics (1950)

High and uniform absorbency of cotton fabrics is a desirable quality in nearly every wet- finishing operation and in many finished fabrics; yet absorbency-measuring tests which have been employed up to the present time are largely inadequate and arbitrary. A test method is described here which is more suitable in that it meets the requirements of wetting the fabric quickly from one side while it is under pressure and allowing the comparison of different fabrics in a readily understandable manner. Using a glass filtering funnel to provide a wet porous plate and a flowmeter for measuring rates, the apparatus is easily assembled and calibrated. The test is simple and rapid and per mits numerical evaluation of both rate of absorption and total or ultimate absorption, largely independently of apparatus characteristics. The separate evaluation of these absorbency factors and the elimination of timing procedures set this test apart from those previously published. The method is readily adaptable to the investigation of many liquid-absorbent relationships. Application of the test to the evaluation of absorbency of purified cotton fabrics has led to a plausible explanation of their absorption behavior as being due largely to spaces within the fabric rather than to absorption characteristics of the fiber itself.