gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of P2X4 Receptor in Mouse Voiding Function (2018)

Purinergic signalling plays an important role in the regulation of bladder smooth muscle (BSM) contractility, and P2X<sub>4</sub> receptor is expressed in the bladder wall, where it may act by forming heteromeric receptors with P2X<sub>1</sub>, the major purinergic force-generating muscle receptor. To test this hypothesis, we examined mouse BSM contractile properties in the absence and presence of selective P2X<sub>1</sub> (NF449 & NF279) and P2X<sub>4</sub> antagonists (5-BDBD). These drugs inhibited BSM purinergic contraction only partially, suggesting the possibility of a heteromeric receptor. However, carefully controlled co-immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that P2X<sub>1</sub> and P2X<sub>4</sub> do not form physically linked heteromers. Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining showed that P2X<sub>4</sub> is not present in mouse BSM per se, but in an unknown cellular structure among BSM bundles. To investigate whether deletion of P2X<sub>4</sub> could impact voiding function in vivo, P2X<sub>4</sub> null mice were characterized. P2X<sub>4</sub> null mice had normal bladder weight and morphology, normal voiding spot size and number by voiding spot assay, normal voiding interval, pressure and compliance by cystometrogram, and normal BSM contractility by myography. In conclusion, these data strongly suggest that P2X<sub>4</sub> is not present in mouse BSM cells, does not affect smooth muscle contractility and that mice null for P2X<sub>4</sub> exhibit normal voiding function.
Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Hepaticogastrostomy Is Effective for Repeated Recurrent Cholangitis after Surgery: Two Case Reports (2018)

We report the cases of two patients who underwent endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS-HGS) using metallic stents (MS) for recurrent cholangitis due to benign biliary stenosis. The patients had repeatedly undergone double-balloon endoscopy and anastomotic stenosis. Thus, EUS-HGS was performed. The procedures were successful, and placement of a covered metallic stent (C-MS) relieved cholangitis. The occurrence of cholangitis was subsequently considerably reduced. For patients with postoperative recurrent cholangitis, EUS-HGS with MS should be considered because of its efficacy and safety.
Vacancy Diffusion in NaAlH<sub>4</sub> and Na<sub>3</sub>AlH<sub>6</sub> (2011)

In recent years there has been considerable interest in sodium alanate as a prototypical complex hydride for solid-state hydrogen storage. Much effort has gone into understanding the rate-limiting processes in its hydrogen release and absorption reactions. The diffusion of metal species has been suggested as a possible kinetic bottleneck in Ti-doped materials. In this paper, we outline an approach for calculating the diffusivity of defects in complicated lattices using a combination of first-principles density-functional theory calculations and stochastic kinetic Monte Carlo methods. We apply this methodology to the diffusion of metal defects in NaAlH4 and Na3AlH6 that have been predicted to exist in large concentrations. We find that of the metal defects that exist in the largest concentrations, a neutral AlH3 vacancy is the most mobile in NaAlH4 (ΔHmig = 0.34 eV, D0 = 1.30 × 10–2 cm2/s, and DT=400K = 7.55 × 10–7 cm2/s) and that a negatively charged Na vacancy is the most mobile in Na3AlH6 (ΔHmig = 0.33 eV, D0 = 6.67 × 10–3 cm2/s, and DT=400K = 4.96 × 10–7 cm2/s). At T = 400 K, the calculated diffusion rates are an order of magnitude lower for charged AlH4 vacancies in NaAlH4 (ΔH = 0.44 eV, D0 = 1.41 × 10–2 cm2/s, and DT=400K = 3.92 × 10–8 cm2/s) and charged Na vacancies in NaAlH4 (ΔH = 0.43 eV, D0 = 2.96 × 10–3 cm2/s, and DT=400K = 1.19 × 10–8 cm2/s). This information is necessary for understanding the kinetics of mass transport during the hydrogen release and absorption reactions of NaAlH4.
Lung volumes and respiratory mechanics in elastase-induced emphysema in mice (2008)

Absolute lung volumes such as functional residual capacity, residual volume (RV), and total lung capacity (TLC) are used to characterize emphysema in patients, whereas in animal models of emphysema, the mechanical parameters are invariably obtained as a function of transrespiratory pressure (Prs). The aim of the present study was to establish a link between the mechanical parameters including tissue elastance (H) and airway resistance (Raw), and thoracic gas volume (TGV) in addition to Prs in a mouse model of emphysema. Using low-frequency forced oscillations during slow deep inflation, we tracked H and Raw as functions of TGV and Prs in normal mice and mice treated with porcine pancreatic elastase. The presence of emphysema was confirmed by morphometric analysis of histological slices. The treatment resulted in an increase in TGV by 51 and 44% and a decrease in H by 57 and 27%, respectively, at 0 and 20 cmH(2)O of Prs. The Raw did not differ between the groups at any value of Prs, but it was significantly higher in the treated mice at comparable TGV values. In further groups of mice, tracheal sounds were recorded during inflations from RV to TLC. All lung volumes but RV were significantly elevated in the treated mice, whereas the numbers and size distributions of inspiratory crackles were not different, suggesting that the airways were not affected by the elastase treatment. These findings emphasize the importance of absolute lung volumes and indicate that tissue destruction was not associated with airway dysfunction in this mouse model of emphysema.
Two-dimensional Modal Beamforming in Wavenumber Space for Duct Acoustics (2018)

As turbofan bypass ratio continues to increase, civilian aircraft noise is increasingly dominated by fan noise. Fan noise propagating from its rotor and stator origins to the community passes through the inlet or aft flow duct, where its confined situation makes it susceptible to characterization by wall-mounted microphone arrays. Recently, the NASA-Glenn Research Center adapted its W-8 Single Stage Axial Compressor Facility to this type of measurement. OptiNav, Inc. took the opportunity to improve and simplify the duct mode processing in its Beamform Interactive computer program. A new approach to in-duct beamforming with a 2D wall-mounted array of microphones was developed. The purpose of this paper is to document the beamforming approach and provide some sample results from the W-8 facility.
SNAMP: Secure namespace mapping to scale NDN forwarding (2015)

Named Data Networking (NDN) is a proposed information-centric design for the future Internet architecture, where application names are directly used to route requests for data. This key component of the architecture raises concerns about scalability of the forwarding system in NDN network, i.e., how to keep the routing table sizes under control given unbounded nature of application data namespaces. In this paper we apply a well-known concept of Map-and-Encap to provide a simple and secure namespace mapping solution to the scalability problem. More specifically, whenever necessary, application data names can be mapped to a set of globally routable names that are used to retrieve the data. By including such sets in data requests, we are informing (more precisely, hinting) the forwarding system of the whereabouts of the requested data, and such hints can be used when routers do not know from where to retrieve the data using application data names alone. This solution enables NDN forwarding to scale with the Internet's well-understood routing protocols and operational practice, while keeping all the benefits of the new NDN architecture.
Thermoelastic FEM-BEM Model for MEMS Resonator Simulation (2009)

Minimization of dissipative losses is a major goal in MEMS resonator design [1]-[2]. For an accurate simulation of a MEMS resonator vibrating in vacuum, thermoelastic damping phenomenon related to the irreversible heat dissipation induced by the coupling between heat transfer and strain rate during the resonator vibration and acoustic radiation into the substrate have to be taken into account. The finite element method (FEM) is suitable for structural simulation, especially for thermoelastic damped structures vibrating in vacuum. When the vibrating structure is deposited on an unbounded elastic medium, radiating conditions have to be taken into account. The boundary element method (BEM) is suitable for unbounded medium, because the radiating conditions are exact. It is often used to complete of the finite element method. The goal of our work is to develop and to validate a thermal-electromechanical FEM-BEM tool, which is helpful to predict and understand MEMS energy loss dissipation.
Study of Hydraulic Jump Lengths on Inclined Channel Beds (1996)

A hydraulic jump is generally used to dissipate kinetic energy of flow to protect man-made structures such as spillways, drop structures, and outlet works. It serves as a perfect location for chemical mixing right before the jump. Therefore, to determine the location of a hydraulic jump is essential in designing related hydraulic structures. For instance, a chemical purification point should be constructed at the toe of hydraulic jump to have the best effects. This study investigated lengths of hydraulic jump on inclined channel beds based on model tests, where channel bed slopes varied from 1° to 5°. Based on experiment results, the following conclusions are made: (1) The ratio between the hydraulic jump length, L j , and its corresponding water depth before the jump, Y 1 , has a linear relation with the Froude number of the flow before the jump, F 1 . On the other hand, the relations of L j /Y 2 versus F 1 is not linear, where Y 2 is the water depth after the jump. (2) A general linear relation exists between the ratio of water depths, Y 2 /Y 1 , and Froude number, F 1 . (3) Graphs of jump height verses corresponding Froude number F 1 , which can be used for designing the height of a stilling basin, were develped, where the jump height was defined as the difference of water depths before and after the jump.
Investigation of Injury Metric Sensitivity to Thorax Impact Loading Using a Human Body Model (2014)

Severe loading to the thorax is a significant source of occupant injury and fatality, particularly in side impact conditions. In 2012, 34% of all fatalities in multi‐vehicle car crashes were attributed to side impacts with the most common source of thoracic injuries in real world crashes being contact with the door. Recent integration of torso airbags in vehicles has reduced these injuries by 8% and a combination of torso airbags with inflatable curtains was found to further reduce fatalities. Understanding the response of the occupant to different loading conditions is important for improving restraint systems and safety. Standard vehicle compliance tests for side impact include a moving deformable barrier (MDB) impact (NCAP or FMVSS 214) with an anthropometric test device (ATD) in a predefined position. The integration of human body and vehicle models provides a unique opportunity to evaluate complex loading scenarios in a detailed manner. Human Body Models (HBM) can account for local factors related to occupant anatomy that may not be covered by global responses used for the current injury metrics. The goal of this study was to compare the predicted local versus global response of the thorax to evaluate sensitivity to loading conditions.
Stochastic learning automata‐based channel selection in cognitive radio/dynamic spectrum access for WiMAX networks (2014)

Summary This paper proposes a cognitive radio‐based dynamic bandwidth allocation scheme for secondary users in a cluster‐based WiMAX network. It uses a learning automata‐based algorithm to find the optimal transmission channel, while ensuring minimum channel loss and a considerably high signal‐to‐noise ratio, and concurrently minimizing costly channel switching activities when primary users request licensed channels. The objective is to coordinate efficient frequency utilization and frequency reusability in each of the clusters in the network and to make data transmission possible without depleting the spectrum. The proposed scheme subsumes unforeseen channel faults into the channel feedback and decides the optimal channel. The system converges asymptotically to an ϵ ‐ optimal solution. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Racial differences in radiation-induced toxicity and cytokine expression levels. (2014)

e17570 Background: African American (AA) breast cancer patients treated with breast conserving therapy reportedly have more treatment related toxicity and worse clinical outcomes than their Caucasian (CA) counter parts. Etiology for these differences is unknown. One hypothesis is that there is differential activation of the inflammatory pathway between these groups which results in different toxicity profiles. To test the premise and the hypothesis we compared toxicity profiles and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression levels between AA and CA patients receiving radiation as part of breast conserving therapy. Methods: Women receiving adjuvant whole breast radiation for breast cancer were eligible. Radiation toxicities assessed included: dermatitis, pruritis, hyperpigmentation, fatigue, subcutaneous fibrosis, and pneumonitis using standard CTCAE criteria. Cosmetic outcome was assessed using the standard Harvard scale. Serum levels of cytokines IL-6, PDGF, TNFR-1 were also assessed using multiplexed sandwich- based ELISA. All samples were run in duplicate with standard. Blood draws and toxicity assessments were obtained before (baseline), during weeks 2 and 3, and 6 months after radiation. The difference in cytokine levels between cohorts was estimate using GEE model in which the cytokine level was dependent variable and race and time were independent variables and interaction between race and time was included. Results: There are 57 patients (27 AA and 30 CA) who have completed the 6-month follow-up. Grade 1 hyperpigmentation only during the 2nd week of therapy was worse in AA than in CA (57% vs. 0% p=0.002). There was no statistically significant difference between AA and CA patients with respect to any of the other toxicity parameters assessed. Additionally, IL-6, PDGF, and TNFR1serum levels did not significantly differ between AA and CA at any of the studied time points. Conclusions: In this limited sample size, there appears to be little difference in treatment related toxicity or serum cytokine expression between AA and CA women during radiation therapy for breast cancer. This research is sponsored by The Breast Cancer Research Foundation.
Variation in palatability and biochemical traits within and among eleven beef muscles1234 (2004)

The objective of this study was to determine the extent of variation in, and relationships among, biochemical and palatability traits within and among 11 major beef muscles. Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LD), psoas major (PM), gluteus medius (GM), semimembranosus (SM), adductor (AD), biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus (ST), rectus femoris (RF), triceps brachii (TB), infraspinatus (IS), and supraspinatus (SS) from one side of 31 Charolais × MARC III steer carcasses were vacuum-packaged, stored at 2°C until 14 d postmortem, and then frozen at −30°C. The 2.54-cm-thick steaks were obtained from two or three locations within muscles in order to assess biochemical traits and Warner-Bratzler shear force, and from near the center for sensory trait evaluation. The PM was most tender and was followed by IS in both shear force and tenderness rating (P < 0.05). The other muscles were not ranked the same by shear force and tenderness rating. The BF had the lowest (P < 0.05) tenderness rating. The PM, GM, and LD had lower (P < 0.05) collagen concentration (2.7 to 4.5 mg/g muscle) than muscles from the chuck and round (5.9 to 9.0 mg/g), except for the AD (4.9 mg/g). Desmin proteolysis was highest (P < 0.05) for BF and LD (60.7 and 60.1% degraded), and was lowest (P < 0.05) for PM (20.2%). The PM, TB, IS, RF, and ST had relatively long sarcomere lengths (>2.1 μm), whereas the GM had the shortest (P < 0.05) sarcomere length (1.7 μm). Cooking loss was lowest (P < 0.05) for BF (18.7%) and was followed by LD and IS (20.7%); it was highest (P < 0.05) for ST (27.4%). Across all muscles, tenderness rating was highly correlated (r > 0.60) with shear force, connective tissue rating, sarcomere length, and collagen content. Within a muscle, correlations among all traits were generally highest in LD and lowest in AD. Within muscle, location effects were detected (P < 0.05) for shear force (PM, ST, BF, SM, and RF), sarcomere length (PM, ST, BF, LD, SS, IS, SM, and RF), collagen concentration (PM, BF, SS, IS, SM. AD, TB, and RF), desmin degradation (PM, GM, BF, SM, AD, and, RF), and cooking loss (all muscles except SS and AD). There is a large amount of variation within and among muscles for tenderness traits and tenderness-related biochemical traits. These results increase our understanding of the sources of variation in tenderness in different muscles and provide a basis for the development of muscle-specific strategies for improving the quality and value of muscles.
Adrenocortical carcinoma. A retrospective study of a rare tumor with a poor prognosis. (1990)

A retrospective study was performed on 54 patients diagnosed as having adrenocortical carcinoma during 1974-1983. The initial symptoms were often diffuse: abdominal pain, weight loss, or fever, and more than 60% of the patients showed no evidence of overproduction of hormone. The median tumor diameter was 13 cm and almost half of the tumors had metastasized at diagnosis. A radical tumor resection could be performed in less than 50% of the patients, and at histopathological re-examination some tumors were not conclusively verified as malignant. Capsular invasion, nuclear pleomorphism and mitoses were found more commonly in patients who succumbed to the disease. Seven of 29 patients treated with chemotherapy showed an objective response and two of them are still alive and free of disease. The overall 5-year-survival rate was 19%, compared with 45% for patients with radically resected tumors. Patients with no biochemical signs of overproduction of adrenocortical hormone appeared to have a better prognosis than those with hormone excess. Together with increased use of ultrasound and computed tomography, a urinary steroid profile might hopefully contribute to earlier discovery of these often clinically silent tumors. However, it remains to be determined whether these diagnostic improvements, together with more aggressive surgery and adrenolytic chemotherapy, can improve the poor prognosis.
Effect of ion-gun hydrogenation on the photoluminescence of degenerate<i>n</i>-type GaAs:Si (1993)

Hydrogenation of degenerate n-type GaAs:Si affects the gallium-vacancy energy levels, as observed from the optical emission of the gallium-vacancy--silicon-donor complex. The photoluminescence spectrum is modified by the activation of new states of charge for the vacancy, as a consequence of H trapping at the dangling bonds. The results allow a reinterpretation of earlier data published in the literature. In a parallel study, the near-band-gap emission is investigated to monitor the degree of passivation of Si impurities occurring upon hydrogenation of the material. A maximum figure of passivated donors of order 3/4 is estimated.
The Effect of Insulin on the Disposal of Intravenous Glucose: Results from Indirect Calorimetry and Hepatic and Femoral Venous Catheterization (1981)

The effect of insulin on the disposal of intravenous glucose was examined employing the euglycemic insulin clamp technique in 24 normal subjects. When the plasma insulin concentration was raised by approximately 100 μU/ml, total glucose metabolism rose to 6.63 ± 0.38 mg/kg · min. Basal splanchnic (hepatic venous catheter technique) glucose production, 2.00 increased only slightly. These results suggest that the ability of higher doses of insulin to further stimulate glucose metabolism is primarily the result of increased glucose storage by peripheral tissues, most likely muscle. 0.15 ± mg/kg · min, reverted to a small net glucose uptake which averaged 0.33 mg/kg · min over the ensuing 2 h. This represented only 5% of the total glucose metabolized. In contrast, leg (femoral venous catheterization) glucose uptake rose from 1.18 ± 0.14 to 8.40 ± 1.06 mg/kg of leg wt. per min. If all muscles in the body respond similarly to those in the leg, muscle would account for 85% of the total glucose metabolism. To determine the relative contributions of glucose oxidation versus glucose storage by peripheral tissues following hyperinsulinemia, we performed euglycemic insulin clamp studies in combination with indirect calorimetry. Basal glucose oxidation, 1.21 ± 0.10 mg/kg min, rose to 2.28 ± 0.16 (P &lt; 0.01), and this increase above baseline accounted for only 20% of the total glucose metabolized, 5.44 ± 0.38 mg/kg · min. Following insulin, glucose storage increased to 3.18 ± 0.34 mg/kg min and was responsible for 59% of the total glucose metabolized. These results indicate that the primary effect of insulin on muscle tissue is to enhance glucose storage, presumably as glycogen. When a higher degree of hyperinsulinemia (163 ± 19 μl/ml) was created while maintaining euglycemia, total glucose metabolism (7.99 ± 0.58) and glucose storage (5.30 ± 0.80) both increased (P &lt; 0.01) compared with the lower dose insulin clamp study, but glucose oxidation (2.70 ± 0.16 mgμkg min)increased only slightly. These results suggest that the ability of higher doses of insulin to further stimulate glucose metabolism is primarily the result of increased glucose storage by peripheral tissues, most likely muscle.
New Cell Therapy Using Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells/Endothelial Progenitor Cells to Accelerate Neovascularization in Healing of Experimental Ulcerative Colitis (2011)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn disease (CD) are characterized by recurrent inflammation and ulceration of intestinal and/or colonic mucosa and an inappropriate and delayed healing. Current therapies with, e.g., anti-TNFα antibody (infliximab) and other anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., mesalamine) do not induce sustained remission, complete healing or prevent recurrence of UC. Although the pathogenesis of UC is not fully understood, pathologic angiogenesis has been postulated as a critical pathogenic component in UC. Recent studies demonstrated that the poor healing, chronic inflammation in colon of UC could be the result of microvascular dysfunction and endothelial barrier defect, resulting in sustained tissue hypoperfusion and ischemia in the colon. Previously, regeneration of injured endothelium and neovascularization were believed to rely solely on the migration and proliferation of neighboring endothelial cells from existing blood vessels. However, accumulating evidence shows that additional mechanisms may exist, and may be mediated by the circulating pool of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (BMD-EPC). Furthermore, stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and its receptor CXCR4 have been demonstrated to play an important role in the "homing" of BMD-EPC to injured sites and neovascularization in tissue repair. Recent studies by others and us showed reduced BMD-EPC levels in the circulation of IBD patients and rats with experimental UC. However, the potential therapeutic effect of BMD-EPC on neovascularization and colonic mucosal repair in UC has not been elucidated. In this review, we discussed the possibility that impaired contribution of BMD-EPC (i.e., decreased release of BMD-EPC from bone marrow to circulation and/or blocked/impaired homing of BMD-EPC to colonic lesions) may be a critical component of mechanisms in the incomplete/delayed healing of UC, and may offer a novel form of cell therapy for IBD.