gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Peak shape and resolution in conventional diffractometry with monochromatic X-rays (1988)

Incident-beam monochromators have been available commercially for many years, but the significant advantages of their use in conventional divergent-beam diffractometry are not widely appreciated. The improvement in the quality of diffraction data which results from the removal of the Kα2 component of Kα radiation at source has important consequences in most applications of powder diffraction. In particular, there is a simple well characterized instrumental function with a predictable angular variation. The parameters which define this function are independent of any sample and provide a basis for comparing instrumental configurations and for assessing the quality of reference materials. At low angles the profiles are predominantly Gaussian and at high angles they tend to be Lorentzian, owing to the dominant effect of wavelength dispersion. The main features of using a strictly monochromatic radiation in conventional powder diffractometry, namely improved resolution, simple instrumental shape function and better evaluation of the background level at higher angles, are described. The benefits of these properties in current applications of powder diffractometry, e.g. indexing, line-profile analysis and structure analysis, are discussed briefly.
Delivery of the impacted head of the fetus at caesarean section after prolonged obstructed labour: a randomised comparative study of two methods (2002)

Obstructed labour is a common obstetric complication in Nigeria associated with poor fetal and maternal outcome. Delivery of the fetus at caesarean section is always difficult, especially if the fetal head is impacted in the pelvis. The mode of delivery at caesarean section may occasionally compound the morbidity associated with obstructed labour. The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the morbidity and mortality associated with two methods of delivery of the impacted fetal head at caesarean section for obstructed labour (the push method and the pull (reverse breech) method). This study is a prospective study of cases of obstructed labour admitted into the labour ward of Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife between 1 June 1998 and May 31 2000. One hundred and eight women with obstructed labour at term with live fetus undergoing caesarean section were assigned randomly to either of the methods of admission. The maternal and fetal outcomes were analysed and compared between groups. Patients in the push group had statistically significant higher rates of maternal morbidity (longer operation time, more blood loss, extension of uterine incision, endometritis, longer hospital stay and higher hospital bills) than the pull method (P < 0.05). Also the fetal morbidity was worse in the push group. The 'pull' method of delivery of impacted fetal head at caesarean section for obstruction is safer and faster than the 'push' method.
A Standard for Natural Ventilation (2000)

Architecture and engineering journals have been increasingly attentive to innovative non-residential buildings designed with operable windows. Such buildings may rely exclusively on natural ventilation for cooling, or may operate as mixed-mode, or "hybrid" buildings that integrate both natural and mechanical cooling. Architects who want to incorporate natural ventilation as an energy-efficient feature need to collaborate closely with mechanical engineers. Unfortunately, engineers often need to veto such natural approaches, citing their professional obligation to adhere to thermal comfort standards such as ASHRAE Standard 55 or ISO 7730. In their current form, these standards establish relatively tight limits on recommended indoor thermal environments, and do not distinguish between what would be considered thermally acceptable in buildings conditioned with natural ventilation vs. air conditioning. In other words, engineers have not had a suitable tool to help decide when and where full HVAC is required in a building, and under what circumstances they can incorporate more energy-conserving strategies without sacrificing comfort.
A novel 2-bit/cell nitride storage flash memory with greater than 1M P/E-cycle endurance (2005)

A novel 2-bit/cell nitride storage flash memory is proposed. It uses conventional CHE (channel hot electron) programming, BTBT HH (band-to-band tunneling hot hole) erase, and a unique negative FN (Fowler-Nordheim) reset, executed on p/sup +/-gate devices. Periodic -FN resets can restore V/sub t/ operation window by removing hard-to-erase electrons trapped in the channel center and neutralizing holes trapped in ONO regions above the junctions. We report, for the first time, the achieving of 10M P/E-cycle endurance in nitride storage flash memory. Excellent data retention capability is observed. This new flash memory uses no new high voltage device other than those already used for I/O and for normal programming and erase, and is completely compatible with normal fabrication processes.
Brain Metastases (2004)

A clearer understanding of the pathophysiology of metastatic tumors and advances in diagnostic technology have paved the road to a better approach to treatment of brain metastases. Although no curative treatments are available to date, significant improvement in a patient's quality of life and life expectancy can be achieved with the available therapy. A better understanding of different primary cancers leading to brain metastases leads to a more effective treatment. More studies are needed to critically analyze the clear benefit of these treatment options in selected patients.
Raman spectroscopic study of the sulfite‐bearing minerals scotlandite, hannebachite and orschallite: implications for the desulfation of soils (2008)

Abstract The structures of the naturally occurring sulfite‐bearing minerals scotlandite, hannebachite and orschallite have been studied by Raman spectroscopy. Raman bands are observed for scotlandite PbSO 3 at 935, 880, 622 and 474 cm −1 and are assigned to the (SO 3 ) 2− ν 1 ( A 1 ), ν 3 ( E ), ν 2 ( A 1 ) and ν 4 ( E ) vibrational modes, respectively. For hannebachite (CaSO 3 ) 2 ·H 2 O these bands are observed at 1005, 969 and 655 cm −1 with multiple bands for the ν 4 ( E ) mode at 444, 492 and 520 cm −1 . The Raman spectrum of hannebachite is very different from that of the compound CaSO 3 ·2H 2 O. It is proposed, on the basis of Raman spectroscopy, that in the mineral hannebachite, the sulfite anion bonds to Ca through the sulfur atom. The Raman spectrum of the mineral orschallite Ca 3 [SO 4 ](SO 3 ) 2 ·12H 2 O is complex resulting from the overlap of sulfate and sulfite bands. Raman bands at 1005 cm −1 , 1096 and 1215 cm −1 are assigned to the (SO 4 ) 2− ν 1 symmetric and ν 3 asymmetric stretching modes. The two Raman bands at 971 and 984 cm −1 are attributed to the (SO 3 ) 2− ν 3 ( E ) and ν 1 ( A 1 ) stretching vibrations. The formation of sulfite compounds in nature offers a potential mechanism for the removal of sulfates and sulfites from soils. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementing QR Code Technology in Medical Device Pacakage (2009)

The medical device industry strives to improve the delivery of key device information\nthrough the package to patients, doctors and end users. To achieve this goal Indications For Use (IFU) and user manuals have been major tools and are necessary components required in Medical Device Package according to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standards.\nHistorically there have been challenges caused by packaging information materials aspects\nsuch as manufacturing, transportation and translation. The need for extensive packaging and labelling has ultimately contributed to increased cost of manufacturing for devices. It is also important to know what information a customer needs and recognize that the safety of the consumer is of the utmost importance. The development and implementation of new\ntechnologies and procedures in a medical device industry may be complicated and slow but it is a necessity to improve safety and provide maximum comfort to the end user. Barcodes and Two Dimensional code have been used in the medical device industry for tracking purposes; however, the focus of this thesis was using QR codes (two-Dimensional barcode) in medical device package without IFU, user guides and manuals to enhance patient safety, reduce cost and enhance the breadth of information available to the ultimate users. Access to the information was achieved by just taking a picture or scanning the QR code which was printed on a medical device package. This thesis also assesses the feasibility of implementing the QR code technology on medical device package and a case study is conducted that elaborates on the cost analysis.
Sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum Ca<sup>2+</sup>-ATPase inhibition prevents endothelin A receptor antagonism in rat aorta (2006)

This study tested whether sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase regulates the ability of endothelin receptor antagonist to inhibit the endothelin-1 constriction. The endothelin A receptor antagonist BQ-123 (1 microM) completely relaxed constriction to 10 nM endothelin-1 in endothelium-denuded rat aorta. Challenge with cyclopiazonic acid (10 microM), a sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor, during the plateau of endothelin-1 constriction enhanced the constriction by approximately 30%. BQ-123 relaxed the endothelin-1 plus cyclopiazonic acid constriction by only approximately 10%. In contrast, prazosin (1 microM), an alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist, still completely relaxed the 0.3 muM phenylephrine constriction in the presence of cyclopiazonic acid. Verapamil relaxed the endothelin-1 plus cyclopiazonic acid constriction by approximately 30%, whereas Ni(2+) and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, nonselective cation channel and store-operated channel blockers, respectively, completely relaxed the constriction. These results suggest that lowered sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase activity selectively decreases the ability of endothelin receptor antagonist to inhibit the endothelin A receptor. The decreased antagonism may be related to the opening of store-operated channels and subsequent greater internalization of endothelin A receptor.
Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Sulfide Nanoparticles (2001)

We report a new synthesis of colloidal gold(I) sulfide nanoparticles by reacting aqueous solutions of sodium sulfide and sodium gold sulfite. Optical absorption spectra and pH were measured during the reaction. The pH changes from 10.3 to 8.8 immediately after mixing the reactants and very slowly decreases during particle growth. The nanoparticles exhibit a continuous increase in absorption as the photon energy increases from 1 to 5 eV. The optical band gap of the nanoparticles has been estimated from the onset of absorption to be 1.8 ± 0.2 eV. X-ray photoelectron and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicate that the composition of the particles is Au2S. The measured S(2p3/2) and Au(4f7/2) binding energies suggest that Au2S has mixed covalent/ionic bonding. Transmission electron microscopy shows that the particles are roughly spherical with an average diameter of 4 nm.
Random walk analysis of time-resolved transmittance measurements (2003)

Many biomedical applications of time-resolved transmittance require precise measurements of optical properties of scattering samples. Recently, random walk theory has been proposed to accurately model the time-resolved transmittance and reflectance across uniform slabs of scattering media as well as slabs containing isolated targets of different scattering or absorbing properties. In this paper random walk description of light propagation in turbid media has been used to analyse transmittance measurements for optical characterization of scattering and absorbing media. A femtosecond Ti:Sa laser working at 800 nm and a streak camera with a time resolution of a few picoseconds have been employed. Various Intralipid suspensions with and without absorbing ink have been investigated. These studies have experimentally confirmed that random walk theory can be usefully employed to discriminate small changes in absorbing and scattering properties. An appropriate fitting procedure, without arbitrary constrains, have been checked and used. In addition, the detailed investigation here reported can help in defining the applicability range of random walk description. This analysis can be important since random walk is a powerful and versatile theory as fast and efficient solution of the inverse problem in optical tomography also for sophisticated geometry and for a wide range of optical properties.
Abstract interpretation: Achievements and perspectives (2000)

Computerized modern societies are highly fragile to software bugs. Traditional testing methods hardly scale up for large safety critical systems as found in avionics, automotive, healthcare, e-commerce and security industry. As a viable alternative, static analysis consists in determining and verifying statically dynamic properties of programs. This is completely automatic (since programs are not actually executed) and covers all possible cases (as opposed to testing). This approach has had significant success stories and its industrialization recently started. Since the program total verification problem is undecidable, the key idea is that interpretation. The scope of application of abstract interpretation ranges from the theoretical design of hierarchies of the semantics of programming languages to the practical design of generic program static analyzers.
Rule-based automatic software performance diagnosis and improvement (2008)

Performance of a software system is the result of many interacting factors. This paper describes a rule-based framework to identify root causes of performance limits, to untangle the effects of the system configuration (such as the allocation of processors) from limits imposed by the software design, and to recommend both configuration and design improvements. The framework uses a performance model which represents (and is derived from) a UML design model, and applies transformations to the given performance model to obtain another improved one. The improvements imply configuration and design changes which can be applied to the system. This paper describes the approach and demonstrates feasibility by applying a small set of rules to the design of a web application.
Reporting Error Measures in Radio Location by Triangulation: A Review (1994)

Reporting of error is standard scientific protocol. I studied the extend to which error measures were employed and reported in papers using radio location by triangulation. Of 69 radio-telemetry papers published in The journal of Wildlife Management (JWM) during 1986-92, 20 (29%) did not mention error, 29 (48%) provided incomplete information (variance around the bearing, distance to signal source, or intersection angle of triangulated bearings), and 20 (29%) estimated the average size of the error polygon, confidence ellipse, or some other acceptable error measure. Twelve papers used sequential rather than simultaneous bearings with time delays of ≤30 minutes
Architectures for in-vehicle navigation systems displaying real time traffic condition information (2003)

A number of dynamic in-vehicle navigation and route guidance system architectures are described and their properties classified. Five typical architectures for exogenous systems, and three endogenous system architectures are described. The functional capability and design complexity of exogenous systems are shown to vary over a wide range. These systems depend on basic external information sources which define the physical network over which the system operates. They require only one-way communication using existing channels and media. Endogenous systems do not have an externally defined network limitation. The infrastructure or bandwidth requirements are usually extensive and this, along with the requirements for common data formats and transmission standards, implies extensive government participation. A minimum number of vehicles is required on the network for effective operation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Online Thai handwritten character recognition using hidden markov models and support vector machines (2005)

We propose a method for online Thai handwritten character recognition using HMMs and SVMs with score-space kernels. Score-space kernels are generalized Fisher kernels based on underlying generative models, such as Gaussian mixture models (GMMs), which are output distributions of each state in HMMs. Our system combines the advantages of both generative and discriminative classifiers. In the first phase, HMMs are used for multi-classification, then SVMs are applied to resolve any uncertainty remaining after the first-pass HMM-based recognizer, but they are not applied for all classes because the results of some classes are worse. We consider the HMM confusion matrix to find the confused candidates in each class. If there is one candidate, it means there is no confusion in this class, and HMMs alone are sufficient to classify. SVMs are applied if there is more than one candidate. If there are more than two, the multi-class method is applied. On account of the basic score-spaces, likelihood and likelihood ratio score-spaces are not symmetrical. In the case of likelihood score-space, the parameters refer to only one generative model from two class models. In the case of likelihood ratio score-space, the parameters refer to both of them, but in different positions; thus one observation sequence can map to two score-vectors. We propose a new symmetric score-space, called symmetric likelihood ratio score-space. In this way, one observation sequence is mapped to only one score-vector. Experimental results show the average recognition rate improved from 89.9%, using baseline HMM, to 92.5%, using our proposed method.
Chemical stability of La2O3 in La2O3-Mo cathode materials (2001)

Chemical stability of La2O3 in carbonized and uncarbonized La2O3-Mo cathodes was studied by in-situ XPS analysis. Experimental results show that chemical stability of La2O3 is not good enough. In vacuum and at high temperature, oxygen can be dissociated from the lattice of La2O3 in the uncarbonized La2O3-Mo cathode. Binding energy shifts of La?3d5/2 and La?3d3/2 core peaks, and obvious decrease of satellite peak intensity in La?3d doublet with increasing temperature show that metallic La appears at carbonized La2O3-Mo cathode surface at high temperature.
Novel compact 40 GHz RZ-pulse-source based on self-pulsating phaseCOMB lasers (2004)

A novel compact 40Gb/s RZ transmitter scheme based on a self-pulsating PhaseCOMB laser is presented. Penalty free data transmission over 80km SMF demonstrates the good system performance of the new transmitter device.
Craniofacial morphology and obstructive sleep apnoea: a cephalometric analysis (2003)

The craniofacial morphology of 31 male patients diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) and 37 healthy male subjects were compared using cephalometric evaluation of lateral skull radiographs. The aim was to evaluate which cephalometric variables related to craniofacial morphology discriminate between OSAS patients and non-OSAS subjects. Sixteen cephalometric measurements were determined to study the craniofacial morphology. Differences in cephalometric variables between the two groups were analysed with unpaired Student t-tests (significance level 0.05). A multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the joint predictive value of selected variables. With regard to five variables, significant differences were observed between OSAS patients and non-OSAS subjects (P < 0.05). Data indicated a relatively anterior position of the maxilla, an increase of the mid-facial height and a more inferiorly located hyoid bone in the OSAS patient group. The multiple regression analysis yielded a model discriminating between OSAS patients and non-OSAS subjects, which included two hyoid bone variables and one related with the intermaxillary relationship. A causal relationship between cephalometric variables of craniofacial morphology and OSAS is not sufficiently supported by our data. Presumably, hyoid bone position is of predictive value in the cephalometric discrimination between OSAS patients and non-OSAS subjects.
Chemical and protective properties of Brucella lipopolysaccharide obtained by butanol extraction (1989)

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) fractions were obtained from smooth cultures of Brucella abortus strains 2308 and S-19 by butanol extraction procedures. The LPS from the initial butanol extraction contained 10 to 15% protein and was reduced to less than 1% protein by treatment with proteinase K. The LPS fractions were identified and characterized on the basis of the chemical analysis, sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, cesium chloride gradients, electron microscopy, and gel immunodiffusion. Results indicated that the butanol procedure is a reliable method in the extraction of LPS from Brucella abortus cells. Proteinase K-treated LPS containing less than 1% protein from strain 2308 was used to vaccinate BALB/cByJ mice. Immune and protective criteria for vaccinated and nonvaccinated mice were increased immunoglobulin (IgG and IgM) titers in sera of prechallenge-exposed mice, reduced colony-forming units/spleen, and splenomegaly in post-challenge-exposed mice. Results indicated that proteinase K-treated LPS was immunogenic as well as protective for mice.
Intravascular local drug delivery after angioplasty (1995)

Intravascular local drug delivery after angioplasty Get access B. HÖFLING, B. HÖFLING Medical Department I, Klinikum Groβhadern, Ludwig-Maximillians UniversityD-81377 Munich, Germany Professor B. Höfling, MD, Medical Department 1, Klinikum Groβhadern, D-81377 Mūnchen, Germany. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar T. Y. HUEHNS T. Y. HUEHNS Medical Department I, Klinikum Groβhadern, Ludwig-Maximillians UniversityD-81377 Munich, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar European Heart Journal, Volume 16, Issue 4, April 1995, Pages 437–440, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060933 Published: 01 April 1995
Tolerance of Bacteria for Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (1968)

SUMMARY– Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens followed similar patterns of adaptation to tolerate quaternary ammonium compounds. E. coli approached a tolerance at 28 μg/ml in nutrient broth after 12 to 14 daily transfers. P. fluorescens adapted more rapidly in a similar medium, reaching a level of 120 μg/ml in 12 days. During the adaptation process, there was a gradual buildup of numbers of individual cells that tolerated the essential plateau of maximum tolerance. A reverse process was true during loss of tolerance from growth in the absence of quaternary ammonium compounds. The cells of adapted cultures were more resistant when low exposures of quaternary ammonium compounds were used to determine germicidal effectiveness. There was no apparent difference, however, between the non‐adapted and the adapted cultures, when concentrations and exposures approaching standard recommendations were used. The results indicate adaptation is an unlikely contributor to an objectionable microflora on properly cleaned food handling equipment.