gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unified Interval Classification and Unified 3-Classification for Associative Memories (1969)

Algorithms for a unified interval classification and a unified 3-classification for use in associative memories are presented. The former, which is more generally known as between-limits classification, achieves the classification of the words of an associative memory into those within and those without an interval marked by two given limits; the latter achieves the classification of the words into the three classes, between the given limits, above the upper limit, and below the lower limit. The term "unified," used for both, denotes the contraction of the two limit classifications which are required in the straightforward approach to either classification into one carried out simultaneously with respect to both given limits. Due to this unification, the presented algorithms are capable of achieving considerable time savings in associative memories of a frequent type. The designs of cryogenic associative memories of this type, containing certain circuit requirements for the performance of the algorithms, are also presented.
Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology: the Formal Review Process (1991)

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Delayed union and nonunion of the tibia: experience in a community teaching hospital. (1987)

Delayed union and nonunion are frequent sequelae of high-energy tibial fractures, particularly compound ones. The authors studied 45 such cases; of these, 20 fractures were compound. The authors analysed the initial management but found no apparent correlation between the initial management of these fractures and subsequent delayed union or nonunion. The Phemister bone-grafting technique was used to achieve union and was considered a safe, efficacious method. Aggressive initial management of the soft-tissue component of tibial fractures is recommended to minimize the possible development of chronic osteomyelitis, a serious complication that occurred in eight patients and necessitated below-knee amputation in three.
SQUINKY! A Corpus of Sentence-level Formality, Informativeness, and Implicature (2015)

We introduce a corpus of 7,032 sentences rated by human annotators for formality, informativeness, and implicature on a 1-7 scale. The corpus was annotated using Amazon Mechanical Turk. Reliability in the obtained judgments was examined by comparing mean ratings across two MTurk experiments, and correlation with pilot annotations (on sentence formality) conducted in a more controlled setting. Despite the subjectivity and inherent difficulty of the annotation task, correlations between mean ratings were quite encouraging, especially on formality and informativeness. We further explored correlation between the three linguistic variables, genre-wise variation of ratings and correlations within genres, compatibility with automatic stylistic scoring, and sentential make-up of a document in terms of style. To date, our corpus is the largest sentence-level annotated corpus released for formality, informativeness, and implicature.
Reversible Segmental Cerebral Arterial Vasospasm and Cerebral Infarction (1998)

One should consider the diagnosis of drug-induced vasospasm in patients with cerebral infarction and a history of excessive use of sumatriptan and Midrin. The initial angiographic abnormalities may resemble those found in patients with primary angiitis of the central nervous system.
Cometathesis of methyl oleate and ethylene; a direct route to methyl dec-9-enoate (1981)

Methyl dec-9-enoate is obtained by cometathesis of ethylene and methyl oleate with two different catalyst systems, viz. WCl6–Me4Sn and Re2O7–Al2O3–Me4Sn; at 0.2 MPa ethylene pressure both catalyst systems show good activity at 343 K and the latter system also at room temperature.
Off‐line and on‐line differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric techniques for the determination of antimony(<scp>III</scp>) and antimony(<scp>V</scp>) in zinc plant electrolyte (1997)

Abstract Antimony, in both its trivalent and pentavalent states may be detrimental to the electrochemical deposition of zinc. Ideally, therefore antimony should be monitored in both oxidation states throughout an electrolytic zinc plant. At hydrochloric acid concentrations ( > 4 M) both antimony(III) and (V) present in zinc plant electrolyte can be reduced at a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) to form an antimony amalgam, Sb(Hg). Consequently a very sensitive analytical signal is obtained for the determination of total antimony by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) using a 1:1 mixture of plant electrolyte and concentrated hydrochloric acid. In contrast, at low acid concentrations (0.1 M) predominantly only antimony(III) can be reduced and therefore determined in zinc plant electrolyte by DPASV at a HMDE by use of a 1:1 mixture of plant electrolyte and 0.2 M hydrochloric acid. The antimony(V) concentration is calculated by the method of subtraction of antimony(III) from total antimony. Consequently, simple addition of high and low concentrations of hydrochloric acid to zinc plant electrolyte can be used to provide a suitable electrolyte for both off‐line and on‐line methods for determining the concentration of total antimony, antimony(III) and antimony(V). The method described in this article has been applied to a wide range of zinc electrolyte samples and an on‐stream analyzer technique has been successfully used for several years at the Pasminco Metals‐BHAS electrolytic zinc plant in Port Pirrie, Australia.
The insulin-PI3K/TOR pathway induces a HIF-dependent transcriptional response in Drosophila by promoting nuclear localization of HIF-α/Sima (2005)

The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a heterodimeric transcription factor composed of a constitutively expressed HIF-beta subunit and an oxygen-regulated HIF-alpha subunit. We have previously defined a hypoxia-inducible transcriptional response in Drosophila melanogaster that is homologous to the mammalian HIF-dependent response. In Drosophila, the bHLH-PAS proteins Similar (Sima) and Tango (Tgo) are the functional homologues of the mammalian HIF-alpha and HIF-beta subunits, respectively. HIF-alpha/Sima is regulated by oxygen at several different levels that include protein stability and subcellular localization. We show here for the first time that insulin can activate HIF-dependent transcription, both in Drosophila S2 cells and in living Drosophila embryos. Using a pharmacological approach as well as RNA interference, we determined that the effect of insulin on HIF-dependent transcriptional induction is mediated by PI3K-AKT and TOR pathways. We demonstrate that stimulation of the transcriptional response involves upregulation of Sima protein but not sima mRNA. Finally, we have analyzed in vivo the effect of the activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway on the subcellular localization of Sima protein. Overexpression of dAKT and dPDK1 in normoxic embryos provoked a major increase in Sima nuclear localization, mimicking the effect of a hypoxic treatment. A similar increase in Sima nuclear localization was observed in dPTEN homozygous mutant embryos, confirming that activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway promotes nuclear accumulation of Sima protein. We conclude that regulation of HIF-alpha/Sima by the PI3K-AKT-TOR pathway is a major conserved mode of regulation of the HIF-dependent transcriptional response in Drosophila.
Nucleoside supplementation modulates mitochondrial DNA copy number in the<i>dguok −/−</i>zebrafish (2018)

Deoxyguanosine kinase (dGK) is an essential rate-limiting component of the mitochondrial purine nucleotide salvage pathway, encoded by the nuclear gene encoding deoxyguanosine kinase (DGUOK). Mutations in DGUOK lead to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion typically in the liver and brain, causing a hepatocerebral phenotype. Previous work has shown that in cultured DGUOK patient cells it is possible to rescue mtDNA depletion by increasing substrate amounts for dGK. In this study we developed a mutant dguok zebrafish (Danio rerio) line using CRISPR/Cas9 mediated mutagenesis; dguok-/- fish have significantly reduced mtDNA levels compared with wild-type (wt) fish. When supplemented with only one purine nucleoside (dGuo), mtDNA copy number in both mutant and wt juvenile animals was significantly reduced, contrasting with previous cell culture studies, possibly because of nucleotide pool imbalance. However, in adult dguok-/- fish we detected a significant increase in liver mtDNA copy number when supplemented with both purine nucleosides. This study further supports the idea that nucleoside supplementation has a potential therapeutic benefit in mtDNA depletion syndromes by substrate enhancement of the purine nucleoside salvage pathway and might improve the liver pathology in patients.
Enhancement of adenylate cyclase activity in S49 lymphoma cells by phorbol esters. Putative effect of C kinase on alpha s-GTP-catalytic subunit interaction. (1985)

Addition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) to S49 lymphoma cells (wild type and a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase-lacking clone) has little effect alone but doubles accumulation of cyclic AMP in response to isoproterenol. The effect is immediate and has an apparent affinity and order of potency characteristic of the activation of protein kinase C by phorbol esters. Enhancement does not reflect an altered time course of the beta-adrenergic response, enhanced affinity of the cellular beta-receptor for agonist, or decreased degradation and export of cellular cyclic AMP. Reduction of the beta-adrenergic response by somatostatin does not remove the effect of TPA nor does TPA abolish the effect of somatostatin. Phorbol ester enhances cyclic AMP accumulation in response to cholera toxin in wild type and UNC clones but not in H21a or cyc-. TPA also enhances cAMP accumulation in response to forskolin in wild type cells. The effect of TPA is stable to rapid preparation of membranes. In adenylate cyclase assays on membranes from cells treated with TPA, the activation by guanosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imino)triphosphate is enhanced by 40% with no change in lag time; the effect of beta-agonist plus Gpp(NH)p is similarly enhanced; activation by Mn2+ is unchanged. We conclude that phorbol ester facilitates the productive interaction of the alpha subunit of the transducer protein Gs with the catalytic unit of adenylate cyclase, hypothetically via an action of protein kinase C.
Pharmaceutical Machine Learning: Virtual High-Throughput Screens Identifying Promising and Economical Small Molecule Inhibitors of Complement Factor C1s (2018)

When excessively activated, C1 is insufficiently regulated, which results in tissue damage. Such tissue damage causes the complement system to become further activated to remove the resulting tissue damage, and a vicious cycle of activation/tissue damage occurs. Current Food and Drug Administration approved treatments include supplemental recombinant C1 inhibitor, but these are extremely costly and a more economical solution is desired. In our work, we have utilized an existing data set of 136 compounds that have been previously tested for activity against C1. Using these compounds and the activity data, we have created models using principal component analysis, genetic algorithm, and support vector machine approaches to characterize activity. The models were then utilized to virtually screen the 72 million compound PubChem repository. This first round of virtual high-throughput screening identified many economical and promising inhibitor candidates, a subset of which was tested to validate their biological activity. These results were used to retrain the models and rescreen PubChem in a second round vHTS. Hit rates for the first round vHTS were 57%, while hit rates for the second round vHTS were 50%. Additional structure⁻property analysis was performed on the active and inactive compounds to identify interesting scaffolds for further investigation.
Business model of crowdsourcing: Review paper (2015)

Crowdsourcing is a new wave of outsourcing which has become a new society paradigm that might change the outsourcing landscape in the future. Crowdsourcing offers substantial benefits to the involved parties. For crowdworkers, crowdsourcing offers flexibility in terms of time, locations and durations of doing tasks given to them and the most important is crowdsourcing will give them additional income to complement existing income that will help them to uplift their lifestyle. To organizations, crowdsourcing offers access to pool of talents or skills from all over the world which would not be economically feasible to maintain in-house or acquire out of house. In addition, faster execution as the tasks can be completed without having to hire or/ and train new employees. Since crowdsourcing is considered as a new business concept which involves different integrations of crowd worker, job provider and crowdsourcing web based platform, proper crowdsourcing initiatives need to be strategically planned and evaluated. Hence, this study will look into one of crowdsourcing important part which is crowdsourcing business model. Business models are very crucial as it will explain a plan for the successful operation of a business, identifying sources of revenue, the intended customer base, products, and details of financing. This paper reviews the existing business model of crowdsourcing and critical analysis for each business model.
Surface-plasmon enhanced photodetection at communication band based on hot electrons (2015)

Surface plasmons can squeeze light into a deep-subwavelength space and generate abundant hot electrons in the nearby metallic regions, enabling a new paradigm of photoconversion by the way of hot electron collection. Unlike the visible spectral range concerned in previous literatures, we focus on the communication band and design the infrared hot-electron photodetectors with plasmonic metal-insulator-metal configuration by using full-wave finite-element method. Titanium dioxide-silver Schottky interface is employed to boost the low-energy infrared photodetection. The photodetection sensitivity is strongly improved by enhancing the plasmonic excitation from a rationally engineered metallic grating, which enables a strong unidirectional photocurrent. With a five-step electrical simulation, the optimized device exhibits an unbiased responsivity of ∼0.1 mA/W and an ultra-narrow response band (FWHM = 4.66 meV), which promises to be a candidate as the compact photodetector operating in communication band.
Application of open-loop uplink power control in Ka-band satellite links (1997)

Propagation impairments impose a limit on the use of the 20/30-GHz frequency band for satellite communication applications. Power control is one of the techniques that can be used to mitigate such impairments. Results of an experiment conducted using the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) to evaluate the efficacy of open-loop uplink power control are presented. A power control system is required to maintain the power flux received at the satellite at a constant level irrespective of the fading along the propagation path. The control parameter for the power controller was derived from the fading and enhancements observed on a downlink beacon signal thus requiring frequency translation of the propagation effects to the uplink frequency. In this scheme, the controller performance is largely a function of the frequency translation accuracy, which is determined by the prevailing propagation conditions. In addition, equipment-induced variations in the control parameter can produce power control errors. To maintain the control accuracy within reasonable limits, an algorithm that can differentiate various propagation factors as well as equipment effects was devised. It was found that under most conditions, the power control accuracy could be maintained within /spl plusmn/2.5 dB.
The pattern recognition of non-destructive testing based on HMM (2003)

A method of fault pattern recognition based on signal processing and pattern recognition. A hidden signal processing and characteristic reconstructed is presented Markov model which is scatter output and one rank is in this paper. Hidden Markov model (HMM),which is initially employed in the field of speech signal processing is introduced into fault pattern recognition of nondestructive testing(NDT), which lets a fault in aviation material be reconstructed automatically with the help of computer analysis and control system. It brings practical application for aviation material quality and safety use.
A Selective Pharmacophore Model for β2-Adrenoceptor Agonists (2009)

Beta(2)-adrenoceptor selectivity is an important consideration in drug design in order to minimize the possibility of side effects. A selective pharmacophore model was developed based on a series of selective beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists. The best pharmacophore hypothesis consisted of five chemical features (one hydrogen-bond acceptor, one hydrogen-bond donor, two ring aromatic and one positive ionizable feature). The result was nearly in accordance with the reported interactions between the beta(2)-adrenoceptor and agonists, and it shared enough similar features with the result of field point patterns by FieldTemplater, which mainly validated the pharmacophore model. Moreover, the pharmacophore could predict the selectivity over the beta(1)-adrenoceptor. These results might provide guidance for the rational design of novel potent and selective beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists.
IFN-γ-rich environment programs dendritic cells toward silencing of cytotoxic immune responses (2013)

Lately, there is increasing evidence that emphasizes the regulatory functions of IFN-γ, which serve as negative-feedback mechanisms after, e.g., pathogen clearance, to prevent unnecessary tissue destruction. Inflammatory processes involving Th1 and cytotoxic responses are characterized by high, local IFN-γ concentrations, followed by resolution and immune silencing. Although this is a well-known course of events, extensive attempts to address potential differential effects of IFN-γ in the manner of its availability (quantitatively) in the environment do not exist. We demonstrate that high doses of IFN-γ do not induce DC maturation and activation but instead, induce specific regulatory characteristics in DCs. Considering their phenotype, high doses of IFN-γ extensively induce the expression of ILT-4 and HLA-G inhibitory molecules. Interestingly, the well-known priming effect of IFN-γ for IL-12p70 production is lost at these conditions, and the DC cytokine profile is switched toward an increased IL-10/IL-12p70 ratio upon subsequent stimulation with CD40L. Furthermore, such DCs are capable of silencing cellular immune responses and activation of cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes, resulting in reduced cell proliferation and down-regulation of granzyme B expression. Additionally, we find that in this manner, immune regulation mediated by IFN-γ is not mainly a result of increased enzymatic activity of IDO in DCs but rather, a result of HLA-G signaling, which can be reversed by blocking mAb. Altogether, our results identify a novel mechanism by which a Th1-like environment programs the functional status of DCs to silence ongoing cytotoxic responses to prevent unwanted tissue destruction and inflammation.
Agribusiness in China - the dos and don'ts (2016)

Whether you are a producer or an exporter, doing agribusiness in China offers great opportunities. The People's Republic of China (PRC) is a vast country with an ever-growing population. Although the East Asian nation is a large producer of food, it still imports substantial volumes of agricultural products. Their fruit and vegetable imports, in particular, present lucrative markets for South African producers and exporters to benefit from.
Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical evidence that an incompetent blood-brain barrier is related to the pathophysiology of cavernous malformations (2001)

The absence of blood-brain barrier components may lead to leakage of red blood cells into these lesions and the surrounding brain in the absence of major haemorrhage, thus accounting for the propensity of cavernous malformations to cause seizures. These data also raise the possibility that KRIT1 plays a part in the formation of endothelial cell junctions and expression of a mature vascular phenotype.
A method for cloning and sequencing long palindromic DNA junctions (2004)

DNA sequences containing long adjacent inverted repeats (palindromes) are inherently unstable and are associated with many types of chromosomal rearrangements. The instability associated with palindromic sequences also creates difficulties in their molecular analysis: long palindromes (>250 bp/arm) are highly unstable in Escherichia coli, and cannot be directly PCR amplified or sequenced due to their propensity to form intra-strand hairpins. Here, we show that DNA molecules containing long palindromes (>900 bp/arm) can be transformed and stably maintained in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells lacking a functional SAE2 gene. Treatment of the palindrome-containing DNA with sodium bisulfite at high temperature results in deamination of cytosine, converting it to uracil and thus reducing the propensity to form intra-strand hairpins. The bisulfite-treated DNA can then be PCR amplified, cloned and sequenced, allowing determination of the nucleotide sequence of the junctions. Our data demonstrates that long palindromes with either no spacer (perfect) or a 2 bp spacer can be stably maintained, recovered and sequenced from sae2Delta yeast cells. Since DNA sequences from mammalian cells can be gap repaired by their co-transformation into yeast cells with an appropriate vector, the methods described in this manuscript should provide some of the necessary tools to isolate and characterize palindromic junctions from mammalian cells.
The Transcriptional Coactivators SAGA, SWI/SNF, and Mediator Make Distinct Contributions to Activation of Glucose-repressed Genes (2008)

The paradigm of activation via ordered recruitment has evolved into a complicated picture as the influence of coactivators and chromatin structures on gene regulation becomes understood. We present here a comprehensive study of many elements of activation of ADH2 and FBP1, two glucose-regulated genes. We identify SWI/SNF as the major chromatin-remodeling complex at these genes, whereas SAGA (Spt-Ada-Gcn5-acetyltransferase complex) is required for stable recruitment of other coactivators. Mediator plays a crucial role in expression of both genes but does not affect chromatin remodeling. We found that Adr1 bound unaided by coactivators to ADH2, but Cat8 binding depended on coactivators at FBP1. Taken together, our results suggest that commonly regulated genes share many aspects of activation, but that gene-specific regulators or elements of promoter architecture may account for small differences in the mechanism of activation. Finally, we found that activator overexpression can compensate for the loss of SWI/SNF but not for the loss of SAGA.