gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Serial Debridement and Autografting and Early Massive Excision with Cadaver Skin Overlay in the Treatment of Large Burns in Children (1986)

Thirty-two children admitted from 1977 through 1981 were treated by serial debridement of their burn wounds with 1:1.5 to 3:1 meshed autografting of granulating tissue as it became available. Thirty-two burned children treated from 1981 to 1984 were treated by early total excision to fascia with application of 4:1 expanded autograft and cadaver skin for complete closure. The ages (6.8 +/- 0.6 years), sex distribution, and mean per cent third-degree burn (64 +/- 1%) were the same in both groups. There were seven deaths in each group. Overall operating time (10.3 +/- 0.8 hours) and units of blood loss (28.3 +/- 3.5) were indistinguishable in the survivors of both groups. The survivors of the early excision group underwent fewer operative procedures, (5.8 +/- 0.5 vs. 7.6 +/- 0.5) and had a greatly decreased length of hospital stay (57 +/- 5 vs. 97 +/- 8). The ultimate functional and aesthetic consequences of the two techniques must be compared.
A fast and highly sensitive method for detecting freemartinism in bovine twins using immunomagnetic beads and Y‐specific PCR primers (1993)

A method for detecting male cells in the blood of the female calf in bovine heterosexual twin pregnancies has been established. Nucleated cells were isolated from full blood by immunomagnetic separation, lysed by boiling and then subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with Y chromosome specific primers. Diagnosis was achieved within one day. The method was successfully used on blood samples that had been stored at +4 degrees C for more than one month. Dilution of male blood in female blood showed that XY cells were detectable down to a concentration of 0.1%. This method should be amenable to automatization and can be adapted to any PCR-based genetic test.
Long-acting microbicide delivery system (2001)

The use of certain amphiphilic acrylic graft copolymers for the development of a novel mucoadhesive drug delivery system has been investigated. These copolymers have a hydrophilic main chain and hydrophobic graft chains, which cause the formation of water-swollen but water-insoluble gels upon equilibration in an aqueous environment. Solutions of the copolymer in hydrophilic excipients were prepared as liquid dosage forms for intravaginal administration. It was found that the copolymer solutions, when brought in contact with a stimulated mucosal substrate or an animal mucosal tissue, underwent in situ gelation in a short period of time (» 2 minutes) to form a mucosa adhering gel. Strong mucoadhesion of the formed hydrogels was observed. It was also found that the hydrogels could provide sustained release of even hydrophilic microbicides (e.g. nonoxynol-9) over an extended period of time (>48 hours). This unique combination of mucoadhesivity and sustained drug release properties can be advantageous in the preparation of long acting microbicide formulations. Further, these in situ gelling liquid formulations can provide the necessary vaginal and cervical "coverage" because of their fluidity prior to gelation. We have tested biological activity of the copolymer solutions containing nonoxynol-9 (N-9) at concentrations comparable to those of other marketed products. A copolymer/N-9 formulation exhibited sperm immobilizing activity equivalent to that of the commercial 4% N-9 product, Conceptrol®. It was also found that the copolymer/N-9 formulations allow a much better biodiffusion of N-9 in the cervical mucous in comparison with Conceptrol®. This liquid mucoadhesive copolymer vehicle has the potential to enhance effectiveness and safety of microbicides for intravaginal administration, while improving user convenience and compliance.
Rapid Communication: Efavirenz- and Adefovir Dipivoxil–Based Salvage Therapy in Highly Treatment-Experienced Patients: Clinical and Genotypic Predictors of Virologic Response (2000)

EFV/ADV-based salvage yielded viral load suppression at 24 weeks in 42% (8 of 19) of patients who were highly NRTI and protease inhibitor experienced but NNRTI naive. NNRTI-experienced study subjects had a poor response regardless of the specific NNRTI resistance mutation they harbored.
In situ measurement of the ratio of aerosol absorption to extinction coefficient (1980)

A knowledge of the proportion of absorbed to scattered radiation for countermeasure smokes is necessary for modeling battlefield effects. Measurement of the total scattered component, however, is difficult. This report presents results obtained by using a new and simpler approach focussing on the extinction and the absorption coefficients (the total scattering coefficient is the difference quantity). Measurements of the absorption and extinction coefficients due to smoke produced by the combustion of 'red phosphorous' are simultaneously obtained in a small test chamber. The same CO2 laser beam at lambda = 9.55 micron is used to produce both results. A form of aerosol spectrophone cell was used to measure the absorption coefficient while functioning as a transmission cell from which the extinction coefficient was calculated. The ratio of the absorption to extinction coefficients was then compared with estimates of the same quantities based on calculated particle sizes, the particle size estimates being obtained from characteristics of the settling process. The ratio agreed with that predicted within the experimental error. (Author)
Visualizing Calling Context profiles with Ring Charts (2009)

Calling context profiling is an important technique for analysing the performance of object-oriented software with complex inter-procedural control flow. A common data structure is the Calling Context Tree (CCT), which stores dynamic metrics, such as CPU time, separately for each calling context. As CCTs may comprise millions of nodes, there is need for a condensed visualization that eases the location of performance bottlenecks. In this paper, we introduce Calling Context Ring Charts, a new compact visualization for CCTs, where callee methods are represented in ring segments surrounding the caller's ring segment. In order to reveal hot methods, their callers, and callees, the ring segments can be sized according to a chosen dynamic metric.
Denaturing HPLC Profiling of the ABCA4 Gene for Reliable Detection of Allelic Variations (2004)

These results provide strong support for the use of DHPLC for molecular characterization of the ABCA4 gene.
Interruptible rendering (2002)

Interruptible rendering is a novel approach to the fidelity-versus-performance tradeoff ubiquitous in real-time rendering. Interruptible rendering unifies spatial error, caused by rendering coarse approximations for speed, and temporal error, caused by the delay imposed by rendering, into a single image-space error metric. The heart of this approach is a progressive rendering framework that renders a coarse image into the back buffer and continuously refines it, while tracking the temporal error. When the temporal error exceeds the spatial error caused by coarse rendering, further refinement is pointless and the image is displayed. We discuss the requirements for a rendering algorithm to be suitable for interruptible use, and describe one such algorithm based on hierarchical splatting. Interruptible rendering provides a low-latency, self-tuning approach to interactive rendering. Interestingly, it also leads to a "one-and-a-half buffered" approach that renders sometimes to the back buffer and sometimes to the front buffer.
A Conceptual Framework for Text Filtering Process (1998)

This report develops a conceptual framework for text filtering practice and research, and reviews present practice in the field. Text filtering is an information seeking process in which documents are selected from a dynamic text stream to satisfy a relatively stable and specific information need. A model of the information seeking process is introduced and specialized to define information filtering. The historical development of text filtering is then reviewed and case studies of recent work are used to highlight important design characteristics of modern text filtering systems. Specific techniques drawn from information retrieval, user modeling, machine learning and other related fields are described, and the report concludes with observations on the present state of the art and implications for future research on text filtering. (Also cross-referenced as CAR-TR-830) (Also cross-referenced as EE TR-96-25) (Also cross-referenced as CLIS TR-96-02)
Elimination of low-frequency harmonics caused by PWM in a three-phase soft-switched boost rectifier (2002)

This paper presents three major causes of low-frequency harmonics in a high-frequency soft-switched three-phase PWM boost rectifier: pulse width limits; an improper space vector modulation scheme; and dead time. Among these, the pulse width limits are related to soft-switching techniques. To eliminate undesirable low-frequency harmonics, each cause is illustrated and a solution is provided. Both simulation and experimental results prove the effectiveness of the proposed solutions. Due to the similarities between boost rectifiers and voltage source inverters, the conclusions of this paper are also applicable to high-frequency PWM voltage source inverters.
Sound scattering by bubble clouds near the sea surface (2000)

The classical exact formulation required to evaluate the form function (or the scattering cross-section, SCS) of a single, ideal, air bubble in a boundless liquid is briefly recalled. It is then immediately generalized to the case of a round cloud of many possibly interacting such bubbles of known volume concentration, contained within the same boundless medium. This is further generalized to the case when the bubble cloud is near a free surface. The presence of the nearby pressure release surface, assumed flat, substantially alters the cloud's scattering cross-section relative to its value in the absence of boundaries. We then use an earlier technique of ours [i.e., see I.E.E.E. J. Ocean. Eng. 20, 285-293 (1995)] based on the method of images that uses the addition theorem for the spherical wave functions, to relate all the scattered sound fields to a common origin and thus obtain the (modified) SCS of the cloud now near the boundary. This formulation accounts for all orders of multiple scattering and yields an infinite set of coupled algebraic equations for the coupling coefficients. This set is then solved for the coupling coefficients in terms of infinite sums of products of pairs of Wigner 3-j symbols, which are then used to construct and evaluate the form function. We display numerical results in four cases that correspond to geographical sites in which the bubble concentrations within the cloud have been measured along a couple of oblique upward directions, or have been assumed to have increasing (and in a few instances, purposely unrealistically high) values. In all cases considered here the bubble clouds are only a few meters beneath the sea surface and consist of ideal bubbles. The results are also compared to those found in the absence of a boundary in all the cases considered.
Purification, molecular cloning, and expression of 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase, a peroxisomal thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the carbon–carbon bond cleavage during α-oxidation of 3-methyl-branched fatty acids (1999)

In the third step of the alpha-oxidation of 3-methyl-branched fatty acids such as phytanic acid, a 2-hydroxy-3-methylacyl-CoA is cleaved into formyl-CoA and a 2-methyl-branched fatty aldehyde. The cleavage enzyme was purified from the matrix protein fraction of rat liver peroxisomes and identified as a protein made up of four identical subunits of 63 kDa. Its activity proved to depend on Mg(2+) and thiamine pyrophosphate, a hitherto unrecognized cofactor of alpha-oxidation. Formyl-CoA and 2-methylpentadecanal were identified as reaction products when the purified enzyme was incubated with 2-hydroxy-3-methylhexadecanoyl-CoA as the substrate. Hence the enzyme catalyzes a carbon-carbon cleavage, and we propose calling it 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase. Sequences derived from tryptic peptides of the purified rat protein were used as queries to recover human expressed sequence tags from the databases. The composite cDNA sequence of the human lyase contained an ORF of 1,734 bases that encodes a polypeptide with a calculated molecular mass of 63,732 Da. Recombinant human protein, expressed in mammalian cells, exhibited lyase activity. The lyase displayed homology to a putative Caenorhabditis elegans protein that resembles bacterial oxalyl-CoA decarboxylases. Similarly to the decarboxylases, a thiamine pyrophosphate-binding consensus domain was present in the C-terminal part of the lyase. Although no peroxisome targeting signal, neither 1 nor 2, was apparent, transfection experiments with constructs encoding green fluorescent protein fused to the full-length lyase or its C-terminal pentapeptide indicated that the C terminus of the lyase represents a peroxisome targeting signal 1 variant.
Persistent hypertransaminasemia as the presenting feature of celiac disease (1999)

Asymptomatic persistent hypertransaminasemia unrelated to hepatitis viral infection is a common cause of referral to the hepatologist. Less frequent liver diseases should then be considered, as well as extrahepatic-origin hypertransaminasemia. Celiac disease, although it has repeatedly been reported as a cause of persistent hypertransaminasemia, is often not included in its differential diagnosis in the absence of the classic malabsorption syndrome. We present the cases of four patients sent to a liver unit for evaluation of persistent hypertransaminasemia in whom celiac disease was finally discovered. Our report highlights the importance of including celiac disease in list of conditions potentially responsible for chronic hypertransaminasemia of unknown cause.
Investigating dye-sensitised solar cells (2010)

SPIE Photonics Europe: Photonics for Solar Energy Systems III, 12th- 16th April, Brussels, 2010.
<title>Characterization of a monolithic silicon MEMS technology in standard CMOS process</title> (2001)

This paper presents a comparative analysis between two specific post-processing techniques (RIE dry etching and TMAH wet etching) that are suitable for implementing a monolithic CMOS compatible MEMS fabrication technology. Further, an experimental investigation is presented which details the fabrication of MEMS structures by TMAH post etching of a CMOS chip fabricated in a standard AMI 1.5 micrometers CMOS process. Finally this paper provides future designers with experimental data that will allow for the design and fabrication of simple MEMS structures using a standard CMOS process.
Dexamethasone increases eNOS gene expression and prevents renal vasoconstriction induced by cyclosporin (1999)

Cyclosporin A (CsA)-induced renal vasoconstriction (RV) is attributed to an imbalance in vasoactive factors release. Dexamethasone (Dex) exerts a renal vasodilatory effect by a mechanism not yet characterized. This study evaluates whether the effect of Dex is mediated by NO and whether it prevents CsA-induced RV. Micropuncture studies were performed in six groups of uninephrectomized rats treated for 7 days with the following: vehicle (Veh); Veh + 4 mg/kg dexamethasone (Veh+Dex); 30 mg/kg CsA; CsA+Dex; vehicle + 10 mg/kg nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (Veh+L-NAME); and Veh+Dex+L-NAME. NO synthase (NOS) isoform mRNA levels were evaluated in renal cortex and medulla by semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis in the first four groups. Dex produced renal vasodilation, which was blocked by concomitant L-NAME administration, and the effect of Dex was associated with higher cortical and medullary endothelial NOS (eNOS) and cortical inducible NOS (iNOS) mRNA levels. In the CsA group, Dex prevented RV, restoring glomerular hemodynamics to control values. These changes were associated with further enhancement of eNOS and restoration of medullary iNOS and neuronal NOS (nNOS) expression. We conclude that Dex prevents CsA-induced RV, and its vasodilator effect could be mediated by increased intrarenal generation of NO, secondary to enhanced expression of eNOS and iNOS.
MINOCYCLINE BLOCKS ALLERGEN‐INDUCED EOSINOPHILIA AND PRODUCTION OF TH2 CYTOKINES AND IGE BY INTERFERING WITH THE T CELL RECEPTOR‐NF‐kB‐GATA‐3‐INTERLEUKIN (IL)‐4 AXIS IN A MURINE ASTHMA MODEL WITHOUT AN EFFECT ON PARP (2013)

Minocycline protects against asthma independently of its antibiotic function. Minocycline was recently reported as a potent PARP inhibitor. In an animal model of asthma, a single administration of minocycline conferred excellent protection against ovalbumin (OVA)‐induced airway eosinophilia, production of mucus, Th2 cytokine and OVA‐specific IgE. These effects were unrelated to a potent inhibition of PARP; the drug moderately reduced PARP activation by modulating oxidative stress‐associated DNA damage. Minocycline failed to efficiently block direct PARP activation in lungs of MNNG‐treated mice or H 2 O 2 ‐treated cells. Minocycline blocked OVA‐specific IgE production in B cells potentially by modulating T cell‐receptor (TCR)‐linked production at IL‐4 mRNA level but not through a modulation of the IL‐4‐JAK‐STAT‐6 axis, IL‐2 production, or NFAT‐1 activation. Such IL‐4 production blockade was linked to a preferential inhibition of the NF‐κB activation arm of TCR but not GSK3, Src, p38 MAPK, or ERK1/2. Inhibition of NF‐κB activation was linked to a complete blockade of TCR‐stimulated GATA‐3 expression, a pivotal transcription factors for IL‐4 expression. These results show that minocycline inhibits IgE production and asthma traits by modulating TCR function particularly by inhibiting the signaling pathway leading to NF‐κB activation, GATA‐3 expression, and subsequent IL‐4 production.
Shunt Free Front and Back Contact Patterning During Roll-to-Roll Deposition (2011)

Wire shading during thin film deposition is a promising approach to low-cost, high volume manufacturing of flexible thin film photovoltaic modules. This contribution demonstrates successful patterning of front and back contacts by wire shading on glass substrates and also during static and dynamic web coating. For static module manufacturing on glass plates, comparison of the performance of test cells with the performance of solar modules proves shunt free front and back contact patterning. Continuous sputtering of ZnO:Al on a 30 cm wide polymer foil and simultaneous wire shading form 1 cm wide and 300 cm long front or back contact stripes for thin film photovoltaic modules. Analysing the distribution of lateral shunts after separating the initial 28 stripes into 1323 pieces, yields a patterning success of 97.3 %. Thus the technique allows for roll-to roll manufacturing of flexible photovoltaic modules.
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE FORM STABILITY OF RAILS AND CONCLUSIONS FOR THE PRACTICE (1974)

Investigations were made into the effects of tensile strength and steel qualities on the form stability of rails when subjected to flexural or bending stress, also the part played by the condition of the rail surface. The results showed that there was a danger of fatigue with the S 49 rail on main lines, with the result that the UIC 60 was recommended.
The modification of nucleosides and nucleotides. X. Evidence for the important role of inosine residue in codon recognition of yeast alanine tRNA. (1968)

Abstract Fractionated alanine tRNA of baker's yeast was treated with acrylonitrile in the presence of 0.5 M NaCl or 2 mM MgCl 2 . It was found that inosine residue was the most reactive with the reagent, while one of the two pseudouridine (Ψ) residues, which was contained in CpMeIpΨpGp sequence was cyanoethylated slowly. The other Ψ residue in TpΨpCpGp sequence was entirely resistant to the modification in both the conditions. The alanine tRNA thus modified in the presence of 2 mM MgCl 2 for 10 h, in which 1 mole of inosine and 0.4 mole of Ψ residues contained in UpIpGpCpMeIpΨpGp sequence were cyanoethylated, was fully active in the alanine acceptor activity, but almost inactive in the binding ability to ribosomes in the presence of GpCpU, GpCpC and GpCpA. The tRNA, cyanoethylated in the presence of 0.5 M NaCl, revealed the similar properties as those found for the tRNA modified in 2 mM MgCl 2 . Thus, the experimental evidence is provided for the hypothesis that inosinecontaining sequence, IpGpCp, is anticodon of yeast alanine tRNA.
Macrocephaly and Minor Congenital Anomalies in Children with Learning Problems (1984)

To determine whether existing data which indicate a significant prevalence of abnormal head circumference and minor congenital anomalies in referred learning disabled populations could be replicated in a nonreferred population, 75 children enrolled in learning disabilities resource programs in an elementary school district were compared with a matched group of 73 children. Macrocephaly (occipitofrontal head circumference of 2 or more SD above the mean) was noted significantly more often in resource than in control children (12 versus 3) (p less than 0.05). Macrocephalic resource children had significantly lower achievement scores than either normocephalic resource or control children (p less than 0.05). There were no significant differences between resource and control children for mean number of anomalies per child, frequency of individual anomalies per group, or evidence of recurring anomaly patterns in the resource children. The macrocephalic resource children revealed the same prevalence of anomalies as normocephalic resource and control children, with no evidence of recurring anomaly patterns. Resource children with four or more anomalies did not differ from those with three or fewer anomalies on any psychometric parameters. Clinical, familial, radiological, and psychometric investigation of several macrocephalic resource children indicated similar patterns of learning deficits and documented evidence of familial macrocephaly but did not show any recognizable CNS abnormalities. This study confirms a significant prevalence of macrocephaly in children with learning problems. It indicates the need for further research into the prevalance and patterns of learning deficits in children with familial macrocephaly. The results add to recent concerns about the psychoeducational criteria of specific learning disabilities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
<title>Optical network survivability beyond the core</title> (2002)

Optical network Survivability in the backbone, or core, network has been an active area of research. As optics move closer to the edge and to end users, the core network is now used not only to provide connections across a wide area,but also to provide connections for local and metropolitan area networks (LANs and MANs). While optical backbone networks are generally concerned with providing end-to-end circuits based upon whole wavelengths, optical LANS and MANs generally provide shared access to a small number of wavelengths. In this paper, we consider the issue of robustness for optical access networks built as overlays on optical mesh networks. The problem of optical access network robustness is that of maintaining connectivity among nodes of the access networks after a link (or possibly node). We survey three methods of providing robustness to optical access networks. The first method consists of building access networks as covers of rings. The second method builds folded bus overlays and use a combination of optical switches and electronic routers to provide reliability. The third generalizes the concept of buses to build tree-based robust collection and distribution routes over mesh networks. Optical access networks are beginning to be deployed at the edge of the optical backbone network to support access by the high-end users that drive increased bandwidth demands. This development in the applications of optical networking poses new challenges in the areas of medium access, topology design and network management. In this article, we survey access network architectures and outline the issues associated with providing reliability for these architectures.