gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The NLRP3 inflammasome in kidney disease and autoimmunity (2016)

The NLRP3 inflammasome is an intracellular platform that converts the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 to their active forms in response to 'danger' signals, which can be either host or pathogen derived, and mediates a form of inflammatory cell death called pyroptosis. This component of the innate immune system was initially discovered because of its role in rare autoinflammatory syndromes called cryopyrinopathies, but it has since been shown to mediate injurious inflammation in a broad range of diseases. Inflammasome activation occurs in both immune cells, primarily macrophages and dendritic cells, and in some intrinsic kidney cells such as the renal tubular epithelium. The NLRP3 inflammasome has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of renal conditions, including acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy and crystal-related nephropathy. The inflammasome also plays a role in autoimmune kidney disease, as IL-1β and IL-18 influence adaptive immunity through modulation of T helper cell subsets, skewing development in favour of Th17 and Th1 cells that are important in the development of autoimmunity. Both IL-1 blockade and two recently identified specific NLRP3 inflammasome blockers, MCC950 and β-hydroxybutyrate, have shown promise in the treatment of inflammasome-mediated conditions. These targeted therapies have the potential to be of benefit in the growing number of kidney diseases in which the NLRP3 inflammasome has been implicated.
Continuous flow transformations of glycerol to valuable products: an overview (2014)

Glycerol conversion to valuable products has been a research avenue that attracted a significant interest in recent years due to its large available volumes (as by-product of biodiesel production) and the different possibilities for chemical and biological conversion into high added value chemicals profiting from the unique presence of three hydroxyl groups in its structure. The utilization of continuous flow processes in combination with transformation of platform chemicals (e.g. glycerol) can offer several advantages to batch processes in view of their potential implementation in industry. This minireview has been aimed to highlight most recent key continuous flow systems for glycerol valorization to valuable products using different types of catalysts and processes.
Recent advances in antiviral therapy. (1999)

In the early 1980s many institutions in Britain were seriously considering whether there was a need for specialist departments of virology. The arrival of HIV changed that perception and since then virology and antiviral chemotherapy have become two very active areas of bio-medical research. Cloning and sequencing have provided tools to identify viral enzymes and have brought the day of the "designer drug" nearer to reality. At the other end of the spectrum of drug discovery, huge numbers of compounds for screening can now be generated by combinatorial chemistry. The impetus to find drugs effective against HIV has also stimulated research into novel treatments for other virus infections including herpesvirus, respiratory infections, and hepatitis B and C viruses. The need to understand the function of the immune system during HIV infection has brought virologists and immunologists together into new partnerships. The huge increase in activity in antiviral research is reflected in the frequency with which these drugs are now being licensed: in 1985 there were two licensed antiviral drugs for systemic use. Since then approximately 20 compounds have been licensed and more are being submitted to the regulatory authorities on a regular basis.
13C4-Secobarbital as the Internal Standard for the Quantitative Determination of Secobarbital—A Critical Evaluation (2000)

In this study, 13C4-secobarbital was used as an exemplar compound to illustrate the mechanism based on which the effectiveness of a proposed internal standard (IS) could be evaluated. A deuterated analog, 2H5-secobarbital, was also studied in parallel for comparison purposes. Well-established solid-phase extraction and methylation procedures were used prior to the GC/MS measurement step. The contribution of the intensity of an ion designated for the analyte (secobarbital) by the proposed IS, and similarly, the contribution of the intensity of an ion designated for the IS by the analyte--a phenomenon termed "cross-contribution"-were evaluated based on a "direct measurement" procedure in which equimolar amounts of the analyte and the IS were used to generate intensity data. These intensity data were then used as the basis for the calculation of "cross-contribution" (in percentages) of ions designated for the analyte and the IS. Cross-contribution data were compared with the linearity data resulting from two series of standards containing 25 to 9600 ng/mL secobarbital using two sets of quantitation ion pairs--m/z 196/200 and 195/199 with 13C4-secobarbital as the IS and m/z 196/201 and 195/200 with 2HS-secobarbital as the IS. 13C4-secobarbital was found to be much less problematic and thus can serve as a very effective IS. Cross-contribution data alone cannot fully explain the observed differences resulting from the use of these two ISs; further systematic study is needed to provide better understanding of the underlying interference mechanism.
Real-World Functional Programming: With Examples in F# and C# (2010)

Functional programming languages like F#, Erlang, and Scala are attracting attention as an efficient way to handle the new requirements for programming multi-processor and high-availability applications. Microsoft's new F# is a true functional language and C# uses functional language features for LINQ and other recent advances. Real World Functional Programming is a unique tutorial that explores the functional programming model through the F# and C# languages. The clearly presented ideas and examples teach readers how functional programming differs from other approaches. It explains how ideas look in F#-a functional language-as well as how they can be successfully used to solve programming problems in C#. Readers build on what they know about .NET and learn where a functional approach makes the most sense and how to apply it effectively in those cases. The reader should have a good working knowledge of C#. No prior exposure to F# or functional programming is required.
Creating Cool Web Pages With Html (1995)

A fun, friendly, and informative guide to creating dynamic home pages for the World Wide Web (WWW), this book gets the reader up and going with HTML (HyperText Markup Language), the underlying language of Web pages, and takes them well beyond the basics. It covers such topics as good design techniques, international characters, the future of HTML, and where to publish your Web pages.
The solubilities of seven gases in olive oil with references to theories of transport through the cell membrane (1968)

Abstract The solubilities of He, Ne, Ar, N 2 , O 2 , CO and CO 2 in olive oil have been determined in the temperature range 24–56 C. The gas solubility apparatus was a considerably improved version of the one reported by Morrison and Billett and gave a precision, depending on the gas solvent system of ±0.2% to ±1.0%. Plots of log L, the Ostwald coefficient, and log α, the Bunsen coefficient, against 1/TK were linear and showed a small temperature dependence for CO 2 . The enthalpy and entropy changes corresponding to the solution process were calculated. The partition coefficients of the gases between olive oil and water were calculated using reported values for the solubility of the gases in water. These results have been used to test and extend the Meyer‐Overton theory of transport through the cell membrane.
CADANS-design and implementation of a data network for cardiology-a progress report (2003)

The Cardiology Data Network Structure (CADANS) (of G.T. Meester et al., 1987) has entered a pilot prototype study phase. This Netherlands data communication network for cardiological research is being installed in a pilot configuration in eight university cardiac departments. Its testing and evaluation are to be carried out during 1989 and 1990 in the context of a large cooperative cardiological research project involving the assessment of coronary angioplasty. The actual network embraces about 35 workstations, all of them intelligent. The software systems in the pilot study support database management, statistical analysis, data communication, and word processing for reporting. The configuration consists of a
Ion Exchange Compounds for Corrosion Inhibiting Pigments in Organic Coatings (2007)

This paper summarizes emerging work on the use of synthetic inorganic ion exchange compounds as pigments in organic coatings for storage and release of non-chromate corrosion inhibitors. The basic principles of ion exchange and new synthetic ion exchange compounds being explored are described. The two main research thrusts that currently comprise this research area are presented. The first is based on the use of cation exchanging clays such as bentonite, which have been explored for the delivery of the Ce3+ cation. The second is based on the use of anion exchanging hydrotalcites, which have been explored for delivery of a range of anionic inhibitors with a focus on delivery of vanadate oxoanions. How the use of these compounds leads to the ability to sense water uptake by coatings and exhaustion of the inhibitor reservoir is also presented.
Fundamental and Second‐Order Raman Spectra of BaT iO3 (1996)

Polarized Raman spectra of a single-domain BaTiO3 crystal were measured over the wavenumber range 100–1600 cm −1. In addition to all the A1 and E fundamental vibrational modes reported previously, three new weak bands at 986, 1204 and 1480 cm−1 in the X(ZZ)Y geometry are observed. Based on the temperature dependence of the intensity and width of these bands, the weak bands at 986, 1204 and 1480 cm−1 are attributed to the second-order Raman spectra and the strong bands at 275 and 514 cm−1 in the A1 (TO) spectrum are confirmed to be of first order. This supports the order–disorder model of the ferroelectric phase transitions.
Occurrence of Naturally Acetylated Lignin Units (2007)

This work examines the occurrence of native acetylated lignin in a large set of vascular plants, including both angiosperms and gymnosperms, by a modification of the so-called Derivatization Followed by Reductive Cleavage (DFRC) method. Acetylated lignin units were found in the milled wood lignins of all angiosperms selected for this study, including mono- and eudicotyledons, but were absent in the gymnosperms analyzed. In some plants (e.g., abaca, sisal, kenaf, or hornbeam), lignin acetylation occurred at a very high extent, exceeding 45% of the uncondensed (alkyl-aryl ether linked) syringyl lignin units. Acetylation was observed exclusively at the gamma-carbon of the lignin side chain and predominantly on syringyl units, although a predominance of acetylated guaiacyl over syringyl units was observed in some plants. In all cases, acetylation appears to occur at the monomer stage, and sinapyl and coniferyl acetates seem to behave as real lignin monomers participating in lignification.
A Fast Framework for the Constrained Mean Trajectory Segment Model by Avoidance of Redundant Computation on Segment (2006)

The segment model (SM) is a family of methods that use the segmental distribution rather than frame-based density (e.g. HMM) to represent the underlying characteristics of the observation sequence. It has been proved to be more precise than HMM. However, their high level of complexity prevents these models from being used in practical systems. In this paper, we propose a framework that can reduce the computational complexity of the Constrained Mean Trajectory Segment Model (CMTSM), one type of SM, by fixing the number of regions in a segment so as to share the intermediate computation results. Our work is twofold. First, we compare the complexity of SM with that of HMM and point out the source of the complexity in SM. Secondly, a fast CMTSM framework is proposed, and two examples are used to illustrate this framework. The fast CMTSM achieves a 95.0% string accurate rate in the speaker-independent test on our mandarin digit string data corpus, which is much higher than the performance obtained with HMM-based system. At the mean time, we successfully keep the computation complexity of SM at the same level as that of HMM.
VERNON, D.C. (1954)

Reports on TEP and Sulphide Corporation by D.C. Vernon and others. Histories of Bougainville and reviews of Bougainville operations by DCV and others. This material was located with Bougainville Copper Limited records in storage at CRA. As it bridged a range of his company activities it was treated as personal papers.
Gastroenterology and hepatology. (2010)

Please help us populate SUNScholar with the post print version of this article. It can be e-mailed to: scholar@sun.ac.za
A novel dielectric resonator perturbation configuration for the dual mode bandpass filters (2003)

In this article, a novel dielectric resonator perturbation for the dual mode bandpass filter is proposed. Using Ansoft HFSS, based on a three-dimensional FEM algorithm, the perturbation structure, which is placed on the ring type dielectric resonator, is analyzed to show the degeneration effect of the higher order mode. In order to demonstrate the validity of the proposed perturbation structure, a dual mode bandpass filter is realized.
A word-based predictive text entry method for Khmer language (2008)

This paper begins with a discussion on the difficulties in applying word-based text entry method for Khmer, official language of Cambodia. Then, we propose a word-based predictive method based on careful analysis on the structure of current Khmer typing system. To evaluate the proposed text entry, we designed and implemented two interface prototypes; the 12-key mobile phone interface and the stylus-based device interface such as Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). Results show that compared to the existing methods our model provides better keystrokes and speed.
Physical, chemical, and microbiological stability study of diluted atropine eye drops (2019)

This study validated the physical, chemical, and microbiological stability of 0.1, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/mL atropine sulfate eye drops conserved inside polyethylene eyedroppers for six months at 25 °C or 5 °C.
<title>Application of inversions to lossless image compression</title> (1996)

Linear prediction schemes, such as JPEG or BJPEG, are simple and normally result in a significant reduction in source entropy. Occasionally the entropy of the prediction error becomes greater than that of the original image. Such situations frequently occur when the image data has discrete gray-levels located within certain intervals. To alleviate this problem, various authors have suggested different preprocessing methods. However, the techniques reported requires two-pass. In this paper, we extend the definition of Lehmer-type inversions from premutations to multiset permutations and present a one-pass algorithm based on inversions of a multiset permutation. We obtain comparable results when we applied JPEG and even better result when we applied BJPEG on preprocessed image, which is treated as multiset permutation.
Evaluating The Impact Of Building Information Modeling (BIM) On Construction (2009)

This research assessed the impact of Building Information Modeling (BIM) implementation on construction projects according to six primary key performance indicators (KPIs) commonly used in the construction industry as accepted metrics for assessing project performance. These include: quality control (rework), on-time completion, cost, safety (lost man-hours), dollars/unit (square feet) performed, and units (square feet) per man hour. In the first research phase, data was collected through a survey instrument intended to assess practitioners' perceptions about the impact of BIM on the six KPIs. Three iterations of the survey were conducted and it was determined that the highest ranking KPIs in order of most favorable responses were quality control, on time completion, and units per man hour. The second tier of favorable responses included overall cost and cost per unit. In this second phase of research, projects were evaluated through interviews and case studies on-site at two U.S. Army Corps of Engineer (USACE) Districts in Seattle, WA and Louisville, KY to determine their KPIs through embedded research. In the third phase of research, quantitative results were gathered from the USACE construction productivity database interface: the Resident Management System (RMS). Subsequently the pilot projects were compared to a control dataset consisting of similar facilities across the USACE using traditional approaches through benchmarks aligned with metrics similar to the KPIs used in the surveys. Both BIM-based projects demonstrated statistically significant (favorable and unfavorable) performance differences when compared to the control dataset. Finally, an evaluation tool was developed and validated for implementing a construction productivity measurement system to supplement existing procedures suitable for evaluating construction productivity differences on BIM-based projects.
High Frequency Audiometry (1984)

After a brief discussion of the past use of and clinical need for high frequency hearing tests, a new technique is described that uses a special electric transduction mode: a 60-kHz carrier frequency is modulated by the desired audiofrequency. The combined signal is applied to the skin over the mastoids by Mylar-covered electrodes. On perception, the audiofrequency part of the input shows all the properties of a bone-conduction signal. The carrier frequency is dispersed in the tissues. Production and calibration of electrical high frequency signals, up to 20 kHz, is straightforward and easier than that of conventional air-conduction and (vibromechanical) bone-conduction signals. The efficacy of the method is illustrated by means of preliminary hearing tests conducted on several subjects.
Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Amino Acids (2002)

The major biosynthetic pathways of amino acids are discussed in the context of related families of amino acids. These include the glutamate or α-ketoglutarate, aspartate, pyruvate, serine-glycine or triose, aromatic amino acid, and histidine families of amino acids. These biosynthetic pathways and mechanisms of regulation are discussed in some detail.
Front Matter: Volume 7074 (2008)

This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 7074, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and the Conference Committee listing.© (2008) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fundamentals of Spin-Exchange Optical Pumping (2011)

The standard model of Spin-Exchange Optical Pumping of 3He has come under close scrutiny as researchers try to maximize the quantity and polarization of 3He. This paper will review four important effects that have come to light: 1) pumping with frequency narrowed diode lasers significantly improves the polarization and production rate as compared to off-the-shelf broadband sources 2) Rb-K mixtures again improve the production rate due to reduced collisional loss in K-He collisions, 3) a unexplained 3He wall relaxation mechanism that scales closely with alkali vapor pressure limits the attainable 3He polarization to about 80%, 4) a small collisionally-induced breakdown in the selection rules for optical pumping explains why narrowband lasers are so advantageous, and may explain some observed limitations for Rb-K pumping as well.
Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology for the Diagnosis of Tuberculous Lymphadenitis (2001)

Tuberculous lymphadenitis is not uncommon in Korea. Therefore, an inexpensive, safe and rapid method is needed to diagnose the tuberculous lymphadenitis. Flne needle aspiration cytology Is a good method for this purpose, but has several limitations in the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis, especially when the presence of acid-fast bacilli is not proved. To evaluation the usefulness of the polymerase chain reaction with enzyme immunoassay technique in the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) In the cervical Iymph node asplrates, the authors performed fine needle aspiration cytology and M. tuberculosis PCR with enzyme immunoassay for mycobacterial DNA sequences from 15 cases of the fine needle aspirates. Cytomorphologically, the cases were categorized into three types: predominantly necrotic materials; typical epithelioid cell granulomas with or without slant cells and caseous necrosis; and non-tuberculous lesions, such as reactive lymphadenitis, abscess, metastatic carcinoma and malignant lymphoma. M. tuberculosis DNA was found in 8 of 15 cases by PCR with enzyme immunoassay. Negative findings on PCR were achieved in 7 cases, which revealed non-tuberculous tymphadenopathy. In conclusion, we suggest that M. tuberculosis PCR with enzyme immunoassay using the fine needle aspirates is a very useful tool for the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis.
The National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire: experience of the ONTT. Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. (2000)

These findings add support to the use of the NEI-VFQ as a valuable measure of self-reported visual impairment.
Metformin in breast cancer - an evolving mystery (2015)

Metformin, a diabetes drug with well-established side effect and safety profiles, has been widely studied for its anti-tumor activities in a number of cancers, including breast cancer. But its mechanism of action in the clinical arena remains elusive. In a window of opportunity trial of metformin in non-diabetic breast cancer patients, Dowling and colleagues examined both the direct actions of the drug on cancer cells (as mediated by AMP kinase), as well as its indirect actions (as mediated by circulating insulin). The data suggest that short-term administration of metformin in this setting has anti-tumor effects significantly involving the indirect, insulin-dependent pathway. The role of the direct pathway remains to be determined. This study represents an important step forward in establishing one of several possible mechanisms for metformin, information that will be useful in determining candidate biomarkers to evaluate in large clinical trials of metformin, such as the ongoing NCIC CTG MA.32 trial of adjuvant metformin. The potential significance of these data for metformin in the treatment of breast cancer is discussed here.
Debugging with control-flow breakpoints (2007)

Modern source-level debuggers support dynamic breakpoints that are guarded by conditions based on program state. Such breakpoints address situations where a static breakpoint is not sufficiently precise to characterise a point of interest in program execution. However, we believe that current IDE support for dynamic breakpoints are cumbersome to use. Firstly, guard conditions formulated in (non-aspect-oriented) source-languages cannot directly express control-flow conditions, forcing developers to seek alternative formulations. Secondly, guard-conditions can be complex expressions and manually typing them is cumbersome.We present the Control-flow Breakpoint Debugger (CBD). CBD uses a dynamic pointcut language to characterise control-flow breakpoints---dynamic breakpoints which are conditional on the control-flow through which they were reached. CBD provides a "point-and-click" GUI to specify and incrementally refine control-flow breakpoints, thereby avoiding the burden of manually editing the potentially complex expressions that define them.We performed 20 case studies debugging and fixing documented bugs in 3 existing applications. Our results show that dynamic breakpoints in general are useful in practice, and that CBD's GUI allows specifying them adequately in the majority of cases.