gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Insights into volcanic conduit flow from an open‐source numerical model (2002)

Numerical models that calculate the fluid dynamics of explosive volcanic eruptions have been used with increasing frequency to understand volcanic processes and evaluate volcanic hazards. Yet those who develop such models rarely make them publicly available so that they can be verified, used, and possibly improved by other scientists. In this paper I present a visual, interactive, open‐source numerical model that calculates steady state flow of magma and gas in vertical eruptive conduits and contains user‐friendly utilities for quickly determining physical, thermodynamic, and transport properties of silicate melts, H 2 O gases, and melt‐gas‐crystal mixtures. The model represents an advance over previously published conduit models by incorporating a non‐Arrhenian viscosity relation for hydrous silicate melts, a relation between viscosity and volume fraction of gas that depends on Capillary number, and adiabatic temperature changes in the mixture using established thermodynamic relations for melts and H 2 O gas, respectively. Volcanologists who have not had access to conduit models have frequently approximated conduit flow using an analytical equation for incompressible, laminar, Newtonian pipe flow, which predicts that the mass flux is proportional to the fourth power of conduit radius and inversely proportional to mixture viscosity. The model presented here, which is not much more difficult to use than a back‐of‐the‐envelope calculation, shows that the pipe‐flow approximation significantly overestimates the sensitivity of mass flux to both conduit radius and mixture viscosity. Results from the model also show that viscous heating in the lower conduit, which is not considered in most other models, may increase the mass flux of large silicic eruptions by several percent and decrease the viscosity of the mixture at the fragmentation depth by a few tens of percent.
Protein-Carbohydrate Interactions during Fertilization (1998)

Interaction between gametes during fertilization is at least in part regulated by carbohydrate moieties of the zona pellucida (ZP) and carbohydrate binding proteins of the sperm surface. This review focuses on the protein-carbohydrate interactions during the primary binding of the sperm to the ZP in different species. Synthesis, structure and composition of the ZP are summarized. The functional significance of carbohydrate residues of the ZP as sperm receptor is discussed. Sperm surface proteins known to have specific ZP and carbohydrate-binding sites including the mouse beta1, 4-galactosyltransferase and sp56, the rabbit protein Sp17, a human mannose-binding protein and several members of the spermadhesin family are presented.
Ontology-based Web Recommendation from tags (2011)

With the advent of social networks and tagging systems, The Internet has recently witnessed a big leap in the use of Web Recommendation Systems WRS. Based on users' likings of items and their browsing history on the world wide web, these systems are able to predict and recommend items and future purchases to users. They are being used now in various domains, like news article recommendation, product recommendation, and make-friend recommendation. WRS are still limited by several problems, of which are sparsity, and the new user problem. They also fail to make full use and harness the power of domain knowledge and semantic web ontologies. In this article, we discuss how an ontology-based WRS can utilize relations and concepts in an ontology, along with user-provided tags, to provide top-n recommendations without the need for item clustering or user ratings. For this purpose, we also propose a dimensionality reduction method based on the domain ontology, to solve the sparsity problem.
Factors in Software Quality. Volume I. Concepts and Definitions of Software Quality (1977)

Abstract : This document is the final technical report (CDRL A003) for the Factors in Software Quality Study, contract number F30602-76-C-0417. The report consists of three volumes, as follows; Volume I Concept and Definitions of Software Quality, Volume II Metric Data Collection and Validation, Volume III preliminary Handbook on Software Quality for an, Acquisition Manager. The objective of the study was to establish a concept of software quality and provide an Air Force acquisition manager with a mechanism to quantitatively specify and measure the desired level of quality in a software product. Software metrics provide the mechanism for the quantitative specification and measurement of quality. This first volume describes the process of developing our concepts of software quality and what the underlying software attributes are that provide the quality, and defines the metrics which provide a measure of the degree to which the attributes exist.
Revised <i>ab initio</i> natural band offsets of all group IV, II-VI, and III-V semiconductors (2009)

Using an all-electron band structure approach, we have systematically calculated the natural band offsets between all group IV, III-V, and II-VI semiconductor compounds, taking into account the deformation potential of the core states. This revised approach removes assumptions regarding the reference level volume deformation and offers a more reliable prediction of the “natural” unstrained offsets. Comparison is made to experimental work, where a noticeable improvement is found compared to previous methodologies.
Cloning and Sequence Analysis of the Cellobiohydrolase I Genes from Some Basidiomycetes (2012)

Genes encoding the cellobiohydrolase enzyme (CBHI), designated as cbhI, were isolated from the basidiomycetes Auricularia fuscosuccinea, Pleurotus giganteus, P. eryngii, P. ostreatus, and P. sajor-caju. Initially, the fungal genomic DNA was extracted using a modified cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) protocol and used as a DNA template. The cbhI genes were then amplified and cloned using the pGEM-T Easy Vector Systems. The sizes of these PCR amplicons were between 700~800 bp. The DNA sequences obtained were similar showing high identity to the cbhI gene family. These cbhI genes were partial consisting of three coding regions and two introns. The deduced amino acid sequences exhibited significant similarity to those of fungal CBHI enzymes belonging to glycosyl hydrolase family 7.
Practical Design of Power Supplies (2005)

Practical Design of Power Supplies "In a rare and very welcome departure from the power industry's standard technical treatise, Ron Lenk's book . . . offers a clear, pragmatic view of the practical real-world aspects governing power supply design . . . . Engineers at all levels . . . can expect to gain an enlightened perspective normally gained only after years of design experience." --Frank Wahl, Managing Editor, PCIM Magazine "This is a real hands-on reference in which Ron has done an outstanding job of combining just enough theory for understanding, together with several lifetimes' worth of experience. I am confident that it is destined to become dog-eared and worn on the top of every power supply designer's desk." --Bob Mammano, Vice President Advanced Technology, Unitrode Practical Design of Power Supplies details key techniques and offers advice to engineers and technicians who want to design and build power supplies that work the first time they are turned on. Leading authority Ron Lenk presents current, experiment-based information that can save hours of research and design time. Containing many handy "Practice Notes" and real-world examples, Practical Design of Power Supplies is an excellent how-to reference to keep by your side throughout the design, lab, and production phases. The topics covered will be immediately useful in everyday circuits and systems work: * Common terms and instrumentation * How to design successful magnetics * How to compensate the feedback loop to obtain stable operation * Practical EMI * Topology selection * Worst-case analysis Practical Design of Power Supplies will be especially useful to designers who need to understand and implement the concepts behind loop compensation and magnetics design
Modeling and simulation for emergency response: (2003)

This document provides a summary of the talks and working sessions during the "Modeling and Simulation for Emergency Response" workshop. We elected to provide a summary including the key
Study on the Integrated Cognitive Topological Structure of Driver in the Multi-resource Information Fusion (2007)

According to the comparability between the process of the multi-sensor information fusion and the human information disposal,the psycho-physical factor and its effect on the uncertainties of driving behavior are considered.The psycho-physical integrated cognitive topological structure is researched,and the cognitive activity chain of driving task-centralization is studied in the multi-resource information fusion,as well as discussed the driving decision-making behavior and the running mechanism of vehicle.The aim of researching the driving cooperative mechanism can offer the he theory guidance for the microscopic simulation and the intelligent vehicle development of intelligent transportation systems.
Mapping Large Spatial Flow Data with Hierarchical Clustering (2014)

Abstract It is challenging to map large spatial flow data due to the problem of occlusion and cluttered display, where hundreds of thousands of flows overlap and intersect each other. Existing flow mapping approaches often aggregate flows using predetermined high‐level geographic units (e.g. states) or bundling partial flow lines that are close in space, both of which cause a significant loss or distortion of information and may miss major patterns. In this research, we developed a flow clustering method that extracts clusters of similar flows to avoid the cluttering problem, reveal abstracted flow patterns, and meanwhile preserves data resolution as much as possible. Specifically, our method extends the traditional hierarchical clustering method to aggregate and map large flow data. The new method considers both origins and destinations in determining the similarity of two flows, which ensures that a flow cluster represents flows from similar origins to similar destinations and thus minimizes information loss during aggregation. With the spatial index and search algorithm, the new method is scalable to large flow data sets. As a hierarchical method, it generalizes flows to different hierarchical levels and has the potential to support multi‐resolution flow mapping. Different distance definitions can be incorporated to adapt to uneven spatial distribution of flows and detect flow clusters of different densities. To assess the quality and fidelity of flow clusters and flow maps, we carry out a case study to analyze a data set of 243,850 taxi trips within an urban area.
Evaluating the Outcomes of AIDS Education (1990)

AIDS provides a unique challenge to health educators, requiring continuous evaluation and modification of educational strategies. Pretest and posttest questionnaires were thus used to assess the outcomes of AIDS training sessions. Results show that hour-long sessions result in knowledge acquisition and increased confidence among a demographically representative sample of 3,966 U.S. trainees. Results also reveal the dynamic nature of a training session, with some trainees exhibiting learning and others retaining either correct or incorrect responses or changing from one incorrect to another incorrect answer. Content areas that showed the most learning were sharing a glass or food with and being sneezed on by someone infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Areas resistant to learning included the possibility of transmission from receiving blood transfusions, eating in a restaurant where a cook is infected, being bitten by a mosquito, giving mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, and providing first aid to someone infected. Repeat training sessions that take into account affective dimensions as well as the diverse needs of adult learners are recommended.
Fatigue design of welded joints using the finite element method and the 2007 ASME Div. 2 Master curve (2009)

Fatigue design of welded structures is primarily based on a nominal stress; hot spot stress methods or local approaches each having several limitations when coupled with finite element modeling. An alternative recent structural stress definition is discussed and implemented in a post-processor. It provides an effective means for the direct coupling of finite element results to the fatigue assessment of welded joints in complex structures. The applications presented in this work confirm the main features of the method: mesh-insensitivity, accurate crack location and life to failure predictions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1‐Ethynylcyclododecanol and Its Isomerization on a Vanadium Catalyst. (1989)

Abstract Base‐catalyzed addition of ethyne (II) to cyclododecanone (I) affords the title compound (III) in high and optimized yield.
Response Factors for Gas Chromatographic Analyses (1967)

While there are many types of detectors employed in gas chromatographs, most units employ either flame ionization or thermal conductivity detectors. To obtain quantitative results from the GC trace, it is necessary to use correction factors; the amount of the correction is a function of the response of a given compound to the detecting device.
Application of a new network concept for faster service deployment (2003)

A network concept in which the end office performs only the basic transport services for circuit connections as well as signal interworking is presented. Services are controlled from a centralized location and provided from one or more service modules which are connected to the network via standardized ISDN (intergrated-services digital network) interfaces. This allows services to be introduced by a centralized system instructing one or more service modules, thus eliminating further changes to the end office. It is shown how the proposed network can readily provide this basic transport service and signal interworking.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Context-Aware QoS Control for Wireless Mesh Networks of UAVs (2011)

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can be used in a wide application range. For example, UAVs are utilized to observe critical areas in disaster situations without jeopardizing individuals or to extend the transmission range of communication networks. Connecting a set of UAVs with each other within a Wireless Mesh Network helps to increase the coverage of the observable area. Due to their limited performance and energy resources and, thereby, restricted communication capabilities, a tailored QoS management scheme has to be used to optimize occurring data flows in these networks. We present a QoS control scheme that works on the basis of process-patterns, each describing the context-dependent behavior of UAVs according to the execution order of services for different situations. Furthermore, the logical communication path is optimized within the mesh network based on each node's areal position using a dynamic hierarchical communication structure. Thereby, performance and fairness within a network of UAVs can be increased demand-actuated.
Male Sterile Persistent White Curd Cauliflower NY 7642 A and its Maintainer NY 7642B (1985)

Abstract A major cost factor in the production of cauliflower ( Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) is the need to tie leaves to avoid brown discoloration of the curd due to the peroxidase activation by sunlight (3). Even lines with a good self wrapping character need tieing, as small cracks between the leaves can permit light to reach the curd and result in a discolored patch or streak. The persistent white curd character (2), obtained from PI 183214 from Egypt, eliminates the need to tie leaves to produce a white curd, making cauliflower production simple and relatively inexpensive. NY 7642 is an early, persistent white-type cauliflower, released in Apr. 1984 by the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station.
Support of multimedia broadcast/multicast service in UMTS networks (2005)

This paper describes two basic approaches to implementation of MBMS support in UMTS network. The main idea of both approaches is to overcome the gap between the current service support in UMTS network on one side and the current support for multicasting in IP networks on the other. One approach modifies already implemented procedures in UMTS network and defines new ones to support IP multicasting within the UMTS. Second approach uses existing functionality provided by UMTS network to bring current IP multicasting support from IP networks, as close as possible to the end-users. Focus of this paper is to examine and compare two important issues of MBMS support in both approaches, which are usage of network resources and service continuity and mobility. Packet services, currently provided by UMTS network, are based on point-to-point communication and designed for individual users. The packet switched part of the UMTS network, presented in this paper, enables its end- users to access external packet data networks, especially the Internet. With every new release, UMTS network enhances the quality and the service spectrum, but so far everything is based on the single-user services. At the same time, packet data networks, based on IP
Gas-to-Particle Conversion Mechanism in Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silicon Carbide by SiH<sub>4</sub> and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub> (1998)

A gas-to-particle conversion mechanism is proposed for producing silicon carbide ultrafine particles by a SiH4/C2H2 chemical vapor deposition reaction system. The reaction was performed in a horizontal hot-wall tubular reactor at a temperature range of 1123−1373 K, where SiC was formed as an aerosol in the gas phase and deposited to form porous SiC films. An analysis of the deposition growth rate profile along the longitudinal direction of the reactor shows that the depositing process is controlled by a gas-phase reaction with an activation of 23 kcal/mol. Also, the composition ratio of carbon to silicon of the deposited films was found to change gradually from 1 at the inlet of the reactor to 2 downstream. The results imply that a gaseous polymerization reaction between C2H2 and SiH2 plays an important role in the formation of the particles.
Tandem mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns of known and new steviol glycosides with structure proposals (2011)

Stevia rebaudiana contains several steviol glycosides that have a sweet flavor. They are up to 450 times sweeter than sucrose, but some have an undesirable aftertaste. Up to 2010, ten different steviol glycosides have been described from the leaves or purified extracts of S. rebaudiana. In this paper, the tandem mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns of these ten compounds are compiled, along with a scheme for structural elucidation. This scheme is then applied to 12 steviol glycosides that have not yet been described. The proposed structures of five steviol glycosides have been confirmed by other authors.
Excellent Selector Characteristics of Nanoscale $ \hbox{VO}_{2}$ for High-Density Bipolar ReRAM Applications (2011)

We herein present a nanoscale vanadium oxide <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$(\hbox{VO}_{2})$</tex> </formula> device with excellent selector characteristics such as a high on/off ratio ( <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$>$</tex></formula> 50), fast switching speed ( <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$<$</tex></formula> 20 ns), and high current density <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$(>\hbox{10}^{6}\ \hbox{A/cm}^{2})$</tex></formula> . Owing to extrinsic defects, a large-area device with a 20-nm-thick <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{VO}_{2}$</tex></formula> layer underwent an electrical short. In contrast, after scaling the device active area <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$(< \hbox{5} \times \hbox{10}^{4}\ \hbox{nm}^{2})$</tex></formula> , excellent switching uniformity was obtained. This can be explained by the reduced defects and the metal–insulator transition of the whole nanoscale <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{VO}_{2}$</tex></formula> . By integrating a bipolar resistive random access memory device with the <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{VO}_{2}$</tex></formula> selection device, a significantly improved readout margin was obtained. The <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{VO}_{2}$ </tex></formula> selection device shows good potential for cross-point bipolar resistive memory applications.
The effects of ploidy and a phenotype conferring a high water-soluble carbohydrate concentration on carbohydrate accumulation, nutritive value and morphology of perennial ryegrass (<i>Lolium perenne</i> L.) (2001)

Tetraploidy or the use of diploid genotypes with genes conferring high water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations are two mechanisms to increase the nutritive value of perennial ryegrass. This experiment compared the morphology, nutritive value and diurnal variation in water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations of 56-day-old plants from six perennial ryegrass cultivars grown under controlled environment conditions. Three of these cultivars were diploid (Melle, Aurora and Cariad) and three were tetraploids (Meltra, Prospero and AberOnyx) which had been derived from the respective diploid cultivars. Two of the diploid cultivars (Cariad and Aurora) had previously been selected for high concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrates. The tetraploid cultivars had fewer (mean 59), larger tillers than the diploids (mean 83). However, with the exception of Melle and Meltra the dry matter yield of the diploid cultivars was not significantly different from their tetraploid derivatives. The effect of tetraploidy on WSC concentrations was dependent on the genetic background of the cultivars. Melle, which had not been previously selected for increased WSC, had a significantly lower WSC concentration than its tetraploid derivative, Meltra. However, tetraploidy did not further increase the WSC concentration in those cultivars previously selected for high WSC concentrations. WSC concentrations in the leaf of both Aurora and Melle rose by 65–70 g/kg throughout the photoperiod, suggesting that differences in the total WSC concentration of these cultivars were not due to any increase in the amount of carbon fixed by Aurora but rather due to differences in the allocation of carbon during growth and development. This experiment demonstrated that tetraploidy was not beneficial in improving the WSC concentration of perennial ryegrass when imposed on two diploid cultivars which had the genetic potential for increased WSC accumulation. However, tetraploidy significantly increased the WSC concentration and by implication the nutritive value of a cultivar derived from a perennial ryegrass cultivar with standard WSC concentrations.