gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Contribution of a tyrosine side chain to ribonuclease A catalysis and stability–Contribution of Tyr 97 to RNase A catalysis and stability (1996)

An intricate architecture of covalent bonds and noncovalent interactions appear to position the side chain of Lys 41 properly within the active site of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A). One of these interactions arises from Tyr 97, which is conserved in all 41 RNase A homologues of known sequence. Tyr 97 has a solvent-inaccessible side chain that donates a hydrogen bond to the main-chain oxygen of Lys 41. Here, the role of Tyr 97 was examined by replacing Tyr 97 with a phenylalanine, alanine, or glycine residue. All three mutant proteins have diminished catalytic activity, with the value of Kcat being perturbed more significantly than that of Km. The free energies with which Y97F, Y97A, and Y97G RNase A bind to the rate-limiting transition state during the cleavage of poly(cytidylic acid) are diminished by 0.74, 3.3, and 3.8 kcal/mol, respectively. These results show that even though Tyr 97 is remote from the active site, its side chain contributes to catalysis. The role of Tyr 97 in the thermal stability of RNase A is large. The conformational free energies of native Y97F, Y97A, and Y97G RNase A are decreased by 3.54, 12.0, and 11.7 kcal/mol, respectively. The unusually large decrease in stability caused by the Tyr-->Phe mutation could result from a decrease in the barrier to isomerization of the Lys 41-Pro 42 peptide bond.
A new method to measure heart rate with EMFi and PVDF materials (2009)

In this paper we propose a new simple method to measure the heart rate of a person sitting on a chair or lying in a bed. The heart rate is measured with a thin sensor pad consisting of separate electromechanical film (EMFi) and polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) transducers located beneath the leg of chair or bed. This study aims to evaluate the operation of the sensor system with measurements, and also to compare the results provided by the two transducer materials. Based on the results obtained here, the heart rates measured with the transducers mainly corresponded to the values of reference ECG signal. Some minor differences between the heart rate values of PVDF and EMFi appeared, especially in supine position, possible due to the material sensitivities to different force directions. However, to conclude, both materials seem to be convenient for this kind of measurement of heart rate.
Chinese Herbal Medicine for Pain (2008)

The rising cost of treating chronic pain is a significant public health problem, and given the aging of our population, one that will continue to grow. Unfortunately, many of the conventional medical interventions that we have to treat pain are better designed to deal with acute pain conditions. As a result, there is an expanding interest by patients in the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments for pain. Recent national surveys indicate that more and more patients are paying out of pocket for CAM treatments and the most common reason for seeking these treatments is persistent pain. Unfortunately, little is known about the appropriate care for patients with chronic pain using any type of treatment, whether with CAM or conventional options. As a result, patients are frequently treated symptomatically with medications that can be addictive in nature and procedures that often are not proven to be effective, all of which can cause a barrage of unwanted side effects. It is in this pain management setting that the growing research that is developing in Chinese herbal treatments among other CAM therapies can provide a perfect counterbalance to conventional approaches to help reintroduce a model of care that is more process oriented and helps move the patient from passive therapies to a more active role in their self-care.
Simulation of XSTS Imaging of Self-Assembled Quantum Dot Electronic States (2003)

Recently, STM measurements of cleaved, self assembled quantum dots (SAQDs) have provided important information on the morphology and composition of these buried semiconductor islands. It is also now becoming possible to use STM techniques to image the electronic charge density within the SAQDs. At low bias voltages, the tunnelling current measured during cross‐sectional scanning tunnelling spectroscopy (XSTS) experiments contains direct information on the 0D bound electronic states of the cleaved quantum dots. In this paper we present a numerical simulation of an XSTS experiment. The calculated tunnelling currents between an STM tip and the bound states inside a physically realistic model of a cleaved SAQD are compared to experimental results and qualitative agreement is found. The calculation of the tunnelling current is split into two stages. First the bound electron states of the cleaved quantum dot are calculated by exact diagonalisation of the Hamiltonian in a simple harmonic oscillator basis set. The calculation is performed within the single‐band effective mass approximation including the position dependence of the effective mass and, most crucially, the effect of the deformations of the cleaved dot structure and the strain field within the system. The strains and deformations of the heterostructure are found with a continuum, finite element model. The calculation method is completely general, however, in this paper we apply it to the InGaAs dot structure reported by Bruls et al. Second, the Tersoff‐Hamann approximation is used to calculate the tunnelling probability between the bound electronic states and the STM tip at different tip positions and bias voltages. The calculated STM signal is compared to experimental data and reasonable agreement is obtained. The method may be used to obtain additional physical information about the buried SAQDs, for example, details on the lateral variations in the composition.
Quenching mechanism and kinetics of ascorbyl palmitate for the reduction of the gamma irradiation‐induced oxidation of oils (1999)

Abstract The effects of 0, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm (wt/vol) ascorbyl palmitate (AP) on the gamma irradiation‐induced oxidation of soybean oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, tallow, lard, or linoleic acid either in a solvent mixture (benzene/methanol, 4:1 vol/vol) or in methanol, was studied immediately after gamma irradiation with a dose of 1–5 kGy. Steady‐state kinetic approximation was used to determine a quenching mechanism and quenching rate constant of AP on the gamma irradiation‐induced oxidation of purified soybean oil in a solvent mixture (benzene/methanol, 4:1 vol/vol). Irradiation greatly increased oxidation of all oils, as was expected. AP was extremely effective at minimizing oxidation in all oils, and its effectiveness was concentration dependent. AP showed significantly greater antioxidative activity than α‐tocopherol for the reduction of oxidation in all oils ( P <0.05). The steady‐state kinetic studies indicated that AP quenched oxygen only to minimize the oxidation of oils. The calculated total quenching rate of AP was 7.51×10 7 M −1 s −1 . The present results clearly show the effective oxygen quenching ability of AP for the reduction of gamma irradiation‐induced oxidation of oils.
Current evidence of neurological features, diagnosis, and neuropathogenesis associated with COVID-19 (2020)

Recent reports indicate that besides respiratory and systemic symptoms among coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients, the disease has a wide spectrum of neurological manifestations (encephalitis, meningitis, myelitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, metabolic and acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy, cerebrovascular diseases, Guillain-Barré syndrome, polyneuritis cranialis, dysautonomia, and myopathies). The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can spread from the respiratory system to the central nervous system, using transneuronal and hematogenous mechanisms. Although not every COVID-19 patient will test positive for the virus in the cerebrospinal fluid exam, the appearance of neurological symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection reveals the importance of understanding the neurologic manifestations and capacity for neural invasion associated with the pathogen. These aspects are relevant for correct diagnosis and treatment, and for the potential development of vaccines. This review highlights the latest evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection with a focus on neurological involvement and potential neuropathogenesis mechanisms.
On the dependence of plasma-induced charging damage on antenna area (2003)

Numerical simulations of pattern-dependent charging during etching of antenna structures in high-density plasmas reveal a counter-intuitive nonlinear dependence on the antenna area ratio of the tunneling current that stresses a thin buried gate oxide to which the antenna is electrically connected. The sub-linear relationship is explained by the fact that the net current density collected by the antenna decreases as the antenna area increases.
Determination of Water Content in Petroleum by Thermometric Titration (1977)

A method for determining the water content in petroleum has been developed by the direct injection enthalpimetry of thermometric titration method. From the experimental results obtained, it has been found that this method can be applied to determine the water content of 0.01% or more in lubricating oils containing additives, especially in used lubricating oils, where JIS distillation and ASTM Karl-Fischer methods are not applicable.The basic analytical procedures are as follows:(1) A test sample of 5ml is diluted with 10ml of water-free xylene in a 30ml Dewar flask and is stirred for 4min after the addition of 0.2g of LiH.(2) Then the water content is determined from the temperature rise (ΔT) by reaction of water with LiH.
Multispectral video (2002)

This paper describes a new approach to compressing temporal sequences of multispectral images by encoding and presenting them as multispectral video. The compression methods under study include motion compensation and principal component analysis. Motion compensation is utilized to reduce repeated information between consecutive pictures in a sequence. Using the principal component analysis, an attempt is made to retain only necessary parts of the information in a picture.
<b>Structure of electrodeposited graded composite coatings of Ni–Al–Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></b> (1997)

The structure of electrodeposited composite coatings of Ni–Al–Al 2 O 3 , with Ni as the matrix and Al and Al 2 O 3 as second‐phase particles, was investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Ni coatings with no particles, which were used as reference samples, had progressively coarser structures with increasing current density. Co‐deposition with Al resulted in refinement of the Ni matrix structure at high (>10 A dm −2 ) current densities. For single‐particle baths, the co‐deposition of Al 2 O 3 was more strongly affected by current density and bath particle content than was the co‐deposition of Al. However, for baths containing both Al and Al 2 O 3 the amount of incorporated Al 2 O 3 no longer depended on current density. With the choice of appropriate conditions, coatings of Ni with up to 39 vol.% Al 2 O 3 were made. Similar experiments with Al yielded a maximum of 17.5 vol.% only. Uniform and graded mixed‐particle coatings were also produced. When coatings containing Al were annealed, the reaction of the two elements resulted in the formation of either single‐phase γ or two‐phase γ–γ′ alloys, in agreement with the equilibrium phase diagram.
Further Studies on a Bladder Mucosal Glycoprotein: Bio-Chemical Characteristics and Tissue Distribution (1987)

No AccessJournal of Urology1 Jun 1987Further Studies on a Bladder Mucosal Glycoprotein: Bio-Chemical Characteristics and Tissue Distribution Hugh J. Callahan, Michael Grasso, Stephen Walker, and S. Grant Mulholland Hugh J. CallahanHugh J. Callahan More articles by this author , Michael GrassoMichael Grasso More articles by this author , Stephen WalkerStephen Walker More articles by this author , and S. Grant MulhollandS. Grant Mulholland More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)75181-6AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "Further Studies on a Bladder Mucosal Glycoprotein: Bio-Chemical Characteristics and Tissue Distribution." The Journal of Urology, 137(6), p. 111A © 1987 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 137Issue 6June 1987Page: 111A Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1987 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Hugh J. Callahan More articles by this author Michael Grasso More articles by this author Stephen Walker More articles by this author S. Grant Mulholland More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Loading ...
Modeling Heterogeneous and Fractured Reservoirs with Inverse Methods Based on Iterated Function Systems (1992)

Fractured and heterogeneous reservoirs are complex and difficult to characterize.In many cases, the modeling approaches used for making predictions of behavior in such reservoirs have been unsatis~a~tory.In this paper we describe a new modeling approach which results in a model that has fractal-like qualities.This is an inverse approach which uses observations of reservoir behavior to create a model that can reproduce observed behavior.The model is described by an iterated function system (lFS) that creates a fractal-like object that can be mapped into a conductivity distribution.It may be possible to identify subclasses of Iterated Function Systems which describe geological facies.By limiting the behavior-based search for an IPS to the geologic subclasses, we can condition the reservoir model on geologic iliformation.This technique is under development, but several examples provide encouragement for eventual application to reservoir prediction.
Whip: higher-order contracts for modern services (2017)

Modern service-oriented applications forgo semantically rich protocols and middleware when composing services. Instead, they embrace the loosely-coupled development and deployment of services that communicate via simple network protocols. Even though these applications do expose interfaces that are higher-order in spirit, the simplicity of the network protocols forces them to rely on brittle low-level encodings. To bridge the apparent semantic gap, programmers introduce ad-hoc and error-prone defensive code. Inspired by Design by Contract, we choose a different route to bridge this gap. We introduce Whip, a contract system for modern services. Whip (i) provides programmers with a higher-order contract language tailored to the needs of modern services; and (ii) monitors services at run time to detect services that do not live up to their advertised interfaces. Contract monitoring is local to a service. Services are treated as black boxes, allowing heterogeneous implementation languages without modification to services' code. Thus, Whip does not disturb the loosely coupled nature of modern services.
Optical properties of iron doped Al<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i>As alloys (1984)

Photocapacitance measurements were used to study the photoionization cross-section spectra of holes in iron doped Alx Ga1−xAs. The spectra are well described by the crystal field theory giving a nearly constant crystal field splitting of about 0.36 eV for all compositions studied. As a result of an extended range of composition (0≤x≤0.76), it was possible to show that the binding energy of the dominant iron center increases linearly with composition and that the relative position of the center is not related to any of the conduction band minima. The variation of the energy for Γ1(5E)→Γ5(5T2) transition in Fe2+(3d6) is discussed for different host crystals.
Excavating the Corporate City (2004)

In late 1933, five of the leading proponents of architectural rationalismÑthe engineer Gaetano Ciocca and the members of the architectural firm Banfi, Belgioioso, Peressutti, and RogersÑpresented a "totalitarian" city plan for the Northern Italian city of Pavia that sought to transform Pavia into a model fascist city, laid out according to the criteria of rationalism and functionalism. But, in so doing, they also sought to excavate PaviaÕs archaic Roman city plan. This essay explores how modern architectureÕs pursuit of a zero degree of representation and construction, its revolt against merely ornamental forms of historicism, its blank slates and utopic grids, closes the door on antiquity only to reopen it once again in the mode of an archeology of archaic structures. It is thus not by accident that in his 1923 Towards A New Architecture, Le Corbusier placed the lesson of Rome at the center of his plea for an architecture of engineers. The lesson of Pavia will take the argument one step further: namely, that there exists a distinctively avant-gardist antiquarianism that, instead of imitating the past, makes it new.
Cup tool use by squirrel monkeys (2015)

Captive-born male and female squirrel monkeys spontaneously 'invented' a cup tool use technique to Contain (i.e., hold and control) food they reduced into fragments for consumption and to Contain water collected from a valve to drink. Food cup use was observed more frequently than water cup use. Observations indicate that 68% (n = 39/57) of monkeys in this population used a cup (a plastic slip cap) to Contain food, and a subset of these monkeys, 10% (n = 4/39), also used a cup to Contain water. Cup use was optional and did not replace, but supplemented, the hand/arm-to-mouth eating and direct valve drinking exhibited by all members of the population. Strategies monkeys used to bring food and cups together for food processing activity at preferred upper-level perching areas, in the arboreal-like environment in which they lived, provides evidence that monkeys may plan food processing activity with the cups. Specifically, prior to cup use monkeys obtained a cup first before food, or obtained food and a cup from the floor simultaneously, before transporting both items to upper-level perching areas. After food processing activity with cups monkeys rarely dropped the cups and more often placed the cups onto perching. Monkeys subsequently returned to use cups that they previously placed on perching after food processing activity. The latter behavior is consistent with the possibility that monkeys may keep cups at preferred perching sites for future food processing activity and merits experimental investigation. Reports of spontaneous tool use by squirrel monkeys are rare and this is the first report of population-level tool use. These findings offer insights into the cognitive abilities of squirrel monkeys and provide a new context for behavior studies with this genus and for comparative studies with other primates.
Flight Testing of Mission Adaptive Compliant Wing (2007)

This paper describes flight test results of a “Mission Adaptive Compliant Wing” (MACWing) variable geometry trailing edge flap in conjunction with a natural laminar flow airfoil. The MAC-Wing technology provides lightweight, low power, variable geometry reshaping of the upper and lower flap surface with no seams or discontinuities. In this particular program, the airfoil-flap system is optimized to maximize the laminar boundary layer extent over a broad lift coefficient range for endurance aircraft applications. The expanded “laminar bucket” capability allows the endurance aircraft to significantly extend their range (15% or more) by continuously optimizing the wing L/D throughout the mission. The wing was tested at full-scale dynamic pressure, full scale Mach, and reduced-scale Reynolds Numbers on Scaled Composites’ White Knight aircraft. Test results confirmed laminar flow regime up to approximately 60% chord for much of the lift range. Analysis and test results suggest significant fuel savings, weight savings and a higher control authority. Preliminary drag results, future aerodynamic applications and vehicle performance projections are discussed.
Thyroid Cancer Biology (1958)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Most articles concerned with the treatment of thyroid cancer have been based upon small numbers of patients. Discussions of treatment have been dogmatic, with little reference to the biology of the disease. This paper is a study of the biology of this neoplasm reflected in clinical findings and its course. A search has been made for pathognomonic signs or symptoms. As surgical consultants to a thyroid clinic, we must frequently make decisions regarding the indications for surgery in patients with diffuse or multinodular goiter. The need for more reliable criteria upon which to base such decisions was one of the motivations in this investigation. The well-established indication of a solitary nodule applies only in a minority of patients seen. <h3>Materials and Methods</h3> One hundred seventy-six patients seen at the University Hospitals from 1928 to 1957 with carcinoma of the thyroid gland provided the clinical material for this study. In
Influence of Small Weight Percentages of Bi and Systematic Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Variations on Sn Whiskering (2016)

In Part A of this paper, we have investigated how small, controlled amounts of Bi influence Sn whiskering. Three custom Sn-Bi sputter targets of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% Bi (by weight) were used to generate ~2000 Å Sn films on Si substrates. The samples were incubated at room temperature (RT) followed by thermal cycling (-40 <; T <; 125 °C) to accelerate whisker growth. The control group was not thermal cycled. Whisker densities dramatically dropped to zero as the concentration of Bi increased to 2.0% for the RT specimens (100-day incubation). However, subsequent thermal cycling turned ON whisker growth (~25000 whiskers/cm2) in all the three Bi% cases. Thus, Bi additions suppress whiskering during RT incubation, but the same films readily grow whiskers during thermal cycling. In Part B, a systematic range of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) variations between the substrate and Sn (pure, i.e., no Bi or Pb) were investigated to determine the effect on whisker growth. CTEs close in value to Sn (0 <; %ACTE <; 25) were Al, Ag, and brass; intermediate in value to Sn (25 <; %ACTE <; 75) were Zn, Ni, and Ta; and far in value to Sn (75 <; %ACTE <; 100) were semiconductors Si, GaAs, and InP. A thickness of 0.5 μm of sputtered Sn was deposited on each coupon. The thermal cycling range was -40 °C to 125 °C, with 2-h ramps and 4-h dwells, for a total of 12 h per cycle. A second, comparative set of specimens underwent isothermal annealing at 100 °C. All the samples were incubated for 37 days (74 cycles) before observation. The results show that samples with a %ACTE > 75% had drastically higher whisker densities (when cycled) compared to those with %ACTE <; 75%. There appears to be a critical activation (or nucleation) threshold CTE mismatch that “turns ON” whisker growth when using semiconductors as substrates.
Hardware accelerated pattern matching based on Deterministic Finite Automata with perfect hashing (2010)

With the increased amount of data transferred by computer networks, the amount of the malicious traffic also increases and therefore it is necessary to protect networks by security systems such as firewalls and Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) operating at multigigabit speeds. Pattern matching is the time critical operation of current IDS. This paper deals with the analysis of regular expressions used by modern IDS to describe malicious traffic. According to our analysis, more than 64 percent of regular expressions create Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA) with less than 20 percent of saturation of the transition table which allows efficient implementation of pattern matching into FPGA platform. We propose architecture for fast pattern matching using perfect hashing suitable for implementation into FPGA platform. The memory requirements of presented architecture is closed to the theoretical minimum for sparse transition tables.