gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An identification and prediction methods for feature-subsets of CpG islands methylation based on human peripheral blood leukocytes of chromosome 21q (2011)

The pace of technology has allowed classification of feature-subset of methylated and unmethylated of CpG islands of DNA sequence properties. As methylation of CpG islands is involved in various biological phenomena and function of the DNA methylation is correlated to various human diseases such as cancer, analysis of the CpG islands has become important and useful in characterizing and modelling biological phenomena and understanding mechanism of such diseases. However, analysis of the data associated with the CpG islands is a quite new and challenging subject in bioinformatics, systems biology and epigenetics. In this paper, the problems associated with prediction of methylated and unmethylated CpG islands on human chromosome 21q are addressed. In order to carry out the prediction, a data set of 132 samples of the CpG islands from human peripheral blood leukocytes of chromosomes 21q and 4 different feature sub-sets totalling 44 attributes that characterise the methylated and unmethylated groups is extracted for each sample. Due to the nature of this unbalanced data set, in order to avoid disadvantages of traditional leave-one-out (LOO) and m-fold cross validation methods, the LOO method is modified by incorporating the m-fold cross validation approach. In addition, K-nearest neighbour classifier is then adapted for the prediction. The results gained through 440 different comprehensive analyses shows that the methylated CpG islands can be distinguished from the unmethylated CpG islands by a predictive accuracy of between 75% and 80%. More importantly, the modified LOO identifies more clearly and reliably when the feature sub-sets are combined. Another interesting observation is that the modified-LOO-based analysis reveals that the CpGI-specific feature-set achieve the highest predictive accuracy when combined with the other feature sets, which is not the case in the traditional LOO. This also further supports the robustness of the modified-LOO cross validation approach as CpGI-specific feature-set is one of the most important and effective attributes shown in other studies.
Computational Methods of Neutron Transport (1993)

This books presents a balanced overview of the major methods currently available for obtaining numerical solutions in neutron and gamma ray transport. It focuses on methods particularly suited to the complex problems encountered in the analysis of reactors, fusion devices, radiation shielding, and other nuclear systems. Derivations are given for each of the methods showing how the transport equation is reduced to sets of algebraic equations suitable for solution on a digital computer. The limitations of the methods and their suitability for different classes of problems are discussed in terms of computer memory, time requirements, and accuracy.
Introduction to mosquitoes (Culicidae) (2008)

There are some 3400 species of mosquitoes, which are traditionally placed in 42 genera, all contained in the family Culicidae. Some mosquito experts recognize many more genera. For example, some mosquitoes in the genus Aedes have been transferred to the genera Ochlerotatus and Stegomyia, but these genera are not used in this book as they are regarded as subgenera.
Microstrip antennas for millimeter waves (1981)

Proof of the feasibility of low-cost conformal printed circuit board antenna arrays at millimeter wave frequencies is presented. It has become apparent that present day trends in microwave systems are indicating extensive design efforts in the millimeter wave region. Many proposed systems will be seriously hindered by a lack of readily available inexpensive components. Microstrip conformal antennas have distinct advantages in cost, variety of field pattern, and reproducibility for microwave system design. It is felt that similar advantages could be realized at millimeter wave frequencies. The results obtained with actual experimental hardware are described. Discussed are <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4 \times 4</tex> element arrays operating in the 35- and 60-GHz regions and a <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">32 \times 32</tex> element array operating near 38 GHz.
Overview of On-Board Diagnostic Systems Used on 1991 California Vehicles (1991)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The California Air Resources Board requires that new California vehicles be equipped with on-board diagnostic (OBD) systems. Starting with the 1988 models, these systems were required on new passenger cars, light-duty trucks and medium-duty vehicles equipped with three-way catalysts and feed-back fuel controls. The purpose of the OBD system is to expedite the proper repair of emission-related malfunctions and, thus, reduce vehicle emissions. When malfunctons are detected, a malfunction indicator light (MIL) mounted in the dash panel illuminates cautioning the vehicle operator that a repair is needed. Also, a fault code is stored in the OBD computer memory. When the vehicle is brought to a repair facility, the fault code provides the mechanic with the likely areas of malfunction for repairing the vehicle. After the repair is performed, the fault code is cleared, the MIL is extinguished, and the OBD system will subsequently confirm if the proper repair has been performed. The minimum OBD criteria include monitoring of the engine's powertrain control module, fuel metering system, exhaust gas recirculation, and other emission-related systems. The OBD techniques used to monitor each system vary. This report summarizes the OBD designs used on most 1991 California models.</div>
Sensor data fusion using Mahalanobis distance and single linkage algorithm (2002)

Multi-sensor data fusion fuses the output from two or more devices that contain sensor or sensor groups and retrieve one or more particular properties of the environment. Commonly used sensors for robotic control include video cameras, range finders, sonar sensors, infrared sensors, tactile sensors, torque sensors, and proximity sensors. Since the measurements obtained by the sensors are uncertain due to noise and accuracy, the sensor data is not always reliable. So, directly using this data may cause inaccurate, even wrong actions, for systems. This paper discusses sensor fusion using Mahalanobis distance single linkage algorithm. The data fusion here involves testing sensor data closeness, merging close sensor data and optimizing the close sensor data. Mahalanobis distance technique is used to test sensor data closeness, the single linkage algorithm is used for merging close sensors, and the maximum likelihood estimation method is applied for optimizing close sensor data. In this paper we show how to apply these well known mathematical techniques for general sensor data fusion.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Synthesis of Ethyl t-Alkylcyanoacetates (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA Synthesis of Ethyl t-AlkylcyanoacetatesElliot R. Alexander, John D. McCollum, and Donald E. PaulCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 10, 4791–4792Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1950https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01166a125RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views93Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (231 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Structure out of sound (1993)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Media Arts & Sciences, 1993.
Polarization conversion system with liquid-crystal geometric-phase-based cylindrical lens (2015)

Abstract We demonstrate a polarization conversion system by utilizing the polarization-splitting function of a liquid-crystal (LC) geometric-phase-based cylindrical lens. The system was constructed by combining the LC lens with a partially rubbed cell. The operation principle includes the following two steps. (i) The incident light is first decomposed into right- and left-handed circularly polarized light (RCP and LCP, respectively) as an attribute of geometric-phase-based optical elements. (ii) Then, only the RCP light is transformed into LCP light by passing it through the partially rubbed cell; as a result, the incident unpolarized light is converted into LCP light. We experimentally reveal the feasibility of the system by evaluating the effects, on the polarization conversion capability, of the diffraction efficiency, focal length, and partially rubbed cell’s retardation. The polarization conversion efficiency was obtained to be 65% on average for 400–700 nm and a maximum of 79% at 610 nm.
Inspiration (2017)

Abstract For Nabokov the creative process begins with a vision of the book he is to write in some pre-existing state, something he described in his key lecture-turned-essay ‘The Creative Writer’. In this chapter, the autonomous aesthetics that this idea expressed are unpacked, showing how Nabokov was engaging in debates about art’s utility that had raged from the time of Pushkin to the Second World War and its aftermath. The chapter considers the way that this aesthetic autonomy was itself conditioned by historical context before going on to show how Nabokov’s public aesthetic statements were part of a larger strategy to position himself in opposition to various forms of perceived determinism, be they historical (Marxist), biological (Darwinist), or psychological (Freudian). The chapter concludes by considering the way Nabokov conceived of the book as a privileged, transformative space.
SDR receiver using commodity wifi via physical-layer signal reconstruction (2020)

With the explosive increase in wireless devices, physical-layer signal analysis has become critically beneficial across distinctive domains including interference minimization in network planning, security and privacy (e.g., drone and spycam detection), and mobile health with remote sensing. While SDR is known to be highly effective in realizing such services, they are rarely deployed or used by the end-users due to the costly hardware ~1K USD (e.g., USRP). Low-cost SDRs (e.g., RTL-SDR) are available, but their bandwidth is limited to 2-3 MHz and operation range falls well below 2.4 GHz - the unlicensed band holding majority of the wireless devices. This paper presents SDR-Lite, the first zero-cost, software-only software defined radio (SDR) receiver that empowers commodity WiFi to retrieve the In-phase and Quadrature of an ambient signal. With the full compatibility to pervasively-deployed WiFi infrastructure (without any change to the hardware and firmware), SDR-Lite aims to spread the blessing of SDR receiver functionalities to billions of WiFi users and households to enhance our everyday lives. The key idea of SDR-Lite is to trick WiFi to begin packet reception (i.e., the decoding process) when the packet is absent, so that it accepts ambient signals in the air and outputs corresponding bits. The bits are then reconstructed to the original physical-layer waveform, on which diverse SDR applications are performed. Our comprehensive evaluation shows that the reconstructed signal closely reassembles the original ambient signal (>85% correlation). We extensively demonstrate SDR-Lite effectiveness across seven distinctive SDR receiver applications under three representative categories: (i) RF fingerprinting, (ii) spectrum monitoring, and (iii) (ZigBee) decoding. For instance, in security applications of drone and rogue WiFi AP detection, SDR-Lite achieves 99% and 97% accuracy, which is comparable to USRP.
DETONATION AND INTERNAL COOLANTS (1948)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">THE effects of the combustion process and detonation on internal coolants are presented here, as well as the effect of these coolants, in turn, on engine performance.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Some of the conclusions reached by the author are:</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph"> <ol class="list nostyle"> <li class="list-item"><span class="li-label">1.</span><div class="htmlview paragraph">The difference between knocking and non-knocking fuels is one of degree; most fuels show evidence of pressure differentials during the combustion process, even though audible knock is not present.</div></li> <li class="list-item"><span class="li-label">2.</span><div class="htmlview paragraph">Complete vaporization of the internal coolant is probably not secured until combustion is under way.</div></li> <li class="list-item"><span class="li-label">3.</span><div class="htmlview paragraph">Water suppresses detonation by slowing down the combustion time and by cooling the end portion of the charge with water vapor contained in the end portion. Alcohol follows the same pattern when added to rich mixtures; for lean mixtures the higher antiknock qualities of the alcohol introduce a new factor.</div></li> </ol> </div>
The <i>Lateral suppressor (Ls)</i> gene of tomato encodes a new member of the VHIID protein family (1999)

The ability of the shoot apical meristem to multiply and distribute its meristematic potential through the formation of axillary meristems is essential for the diversity of forms and growth habits of higher plants. In the lateral suppressor mutant of tomato the initiation of axillary meristems is prevented, thus offering the unique opportunity to study the molecular mechanisms underlying this important function of the shoot apical meristem. We report here the isolation of the Lateral suppressor gene by positional cloning and show that the mutant phenotype is caused by a complete loss of function of a new member of the VHIID family of plant regulatory proteins.
Autophagy in health and disease. 3. Involvement of autophagy in muscle atrophy (2010)

Loss of muscle mass aggravates a variety of diseases, and understanding the molecular mechanisms that control muscle wasting is critical for developing new therapeutic approaches. Weakness is caused by loss of muscle proteins, and recent studies have underlined a major role for the autophagy-lysosome system in regulating muscle mass. Some key components of the autophagy machinery are transcriptionally upregulated during muscle wasting, and their induction precedes muscle loss. However, it is unclear whether autophagy is detrimental, causing atrophy, or beneficial, promoting survival during catabolic conditions. This review discusses recent findings on signaling pathways regulating autophagy.
Noncontact Sleep Stage Estimation Using a CW Doppler Radar (2018)

Sleep stage estimation is crucial to the evaluation of sleep quality and is a proven biometric in diagnosing cardiovascular diseases. In this paper, we design a continuous wave (CW) Doppler radar to accurately measure sleep-related signals, including respiration, heartbeat, and body movement. Body movement index, respiration per minute (RPM), variance of RPM, amplitude difference accumulation (ADA) of respiration, rapid eye movement parameter, sample entropy, heartbeat per minute (HPM), variance of HPM, ADA of heartbeat, deep parameter, and time feature have been extracted and fed into different machine learning classifiers. A total of 11 all night polysomnography recordings from 13 healthy examinees were used to validate the proposed CW Doppler radar system and the ability to detect sleep stage information from it. Comparative studies and statistical results have shown that the subspace K-nearest neighbor algorithm outperforms the other classifiers with the highest accuracy of up to 86.6%. With the Relief F algorithm, features have been ranked, and the selected feature subsets have been preliminary tested to identify the optimal feature subset. Meanwhile, comparative analysis of our classification performance under different sleep stage patterns with prior works has been carried out to show the significant improvements over state-of-the-art solutions. These results suggest that the proposed scheme is suitable for long-term sleep monitoring.
Differentiation of ICM cells into trophectoderm. (1988)

It has been established previously that when inserted in the blastocyst E Ca 247 preferentially differentiates into trophectoderm in vitro. If the concept that tumors are caricatures of the process of tissue renewal is correct, then some cells from the inner cell mass (ICM), the normal counterpart of embryonal carcinoma, should be able to differentiate into trophectoderm. This has been a controversial issue. Four experiments are now reported that support the idea that ICM can differentiate into trophectoderm: 1) ICM from early blastocysts after classical immunosurgery made blastocysts in vitro; 2) ICM obtained from early blastocysts by immunosurgery using antigens other than histocompatibility ones made blastocysts in vitro; 3) ICM from early blastocysts, in which the trophectodermal cells had been labeled, contained no labeled cells following immunosurgery; and 4) In reconstruction experiments, polar and mural trophectodermal cells attached to ICM from late blastocysts failed to multiply and make blastocysts when cultured. It is concluded that like the embryonal carcinoma some ICM cells of early blastocysts have the potential to make trophectoderm. This fact is consistent with the concept that tumors are caricatures of the process of tissue renewal; and establishes E Ca 247 as a good model for study of trophectodermal differentiation.
GH Treatment Induces Sustained Catch-Up Growth in Children with Intrauterine Growth Retardation: 7-Year Results (1997)

The anthropometric response to 7 years of GH treatment was assessed in 11 short children with Russell-Silver syndrome (RSS) and in 5 with non-dysmorphic intrauterine growth retardation (NRSS). GH treatment induced a significant increase (p < 0.0001) in the mean height standard deviation score (SDS) and at the 7-year follow-up a height appropriate for the natural history of final stature in NRSS/RSS was already attained. An appreciable growth rate was still present with final height being attained only in 2 girls. There was no significant change in height SDS for bone age. Multiple regression analysis showed only chronological age at the onset of GH treatment was a predictor of gain in height SDS during GH therapy. These findings suggest that early GH treatment improves long-term growth in children with NRSS/RSS. Moreover, final height attainment is required for a definitive assessment of the beneficial effect on adult stature. Bone age assessment is not a reliable parameter to predict final height outcome in these children.
Classification of High Spatial Resolution Remotely Sensed Image Based Upon the Integration of ICA and SVM (2008)

In this paper,a strengthened spectral features extracted by independent component analysis(ICA) is added into the input vectors of classifier.Conventional multispectral classification always utilizes the original spectral bands as the input of classifier,but most of the land cover classes in the high spatial resolution RS data contain a number of spectrally different pixels or objects.ICA is an effective approach of blind source separation and has been received attention because of its potential application in image processing.So in this study,the independent spectral bands extracted by ICA are introduced to strengthen the original bands and reduce the confusing spectral distribution in the same class or objects.A fast classification system which integrated ICA and the original bands based upon support vector machine(SVM) is presented to interpret the input vectors.So the author utilizes SVM as the classifier of ICA features and subsequent experiments showed that the ICA-SVM system can achieve better results than conventional classifiers for the classification of high resolution RS data.
Glucosinolates in Embryo, Cotyledon and Callus Cultures of Rape Depending on External Factors (1981)

Abstract The influence of light, temperature, sulphur and nitrogen as well as growth substance combinations were tested on glucosinolate content in embryo, cotyledon and callus culture of rape. It was found, that depending on these factors, the glucosinolate breakdown varied, and in most cases the 2‐week‐old cultures did not contain those compounds. Also in plantlets, which differentiated from the cotyledons and remained in the in vitro culture, as well as in the callus, the glucosinolates were not detected.
A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor administration in newborn infants with presumed sepsis: significant induction of peripheral and bone marrow neutrophilia (1994)

Host defenses in the human neonate are limited by immaturity in phagocytic immunity. Such limitations seem to predispose infected newborns to neutropenia from an exhaustion of the neutrophil reserve. Among the critical defects thus far identified in neonatal phagocytic immunity is a specific reduction in the capacity of mononuclear cells to express granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) after stimulation. However, the safety, pharmacokinetics, and biological efficacy of administration of recombinant human (rh)G-CSF to infected human newborns to compensate for this deficiency is unknown. Forty-two newborn infants (26 to 40 weeks of age) with presumed bacterial sepsis within the first 3 days of life were randomized to receive either placebo or varying doses of rhG-CSF (1.0, 5.0 or 10.0 micrograms/kg every 24 hours [36 patients] or 5.0 or 10.0 micrograms/kg every 12 hours [6 patients]) on days 1, 2, and 3. Complete blood counts with differential and platelet counts were obtained at hours 0, 2, 6, 24, 48, 72, and 96. Circulating G-CSF concentrations were determined at hours 0, 2, 6, 12, 14, 16, 18, 24, and 36. Tibial bone marrow aspirates were obtained after 72 hours for quantification of the bone marrow neutrophil storage pool (NSP), neutrophil proliferative pool, granulocyte progenitors, and pluripotent progenitors. Functional activation of neutrophils (C3bi expression) was determined 24 hours after rhG-CSF or placebo administration. Intravenous rhG-CSF was not associated with any recognized acute toxicity. RhG-CSF induced a significant increase in the blood neutrophil concentration 24 hours after the 5 and 10 micrograms/kg doses every 12 and 24 hours and it was sustained as long as 96 hours. A dose-dependent increase in the NSP was seen following rhG-CSF. Neutrophil C3bi expression was significantly increased at 24 hours after 10 micrograms/kg every 24-hour dose of rhG- CSF. The half-life of rhG-CSF was 4.4 +/- 0.4 hours. The rhG-CSF was well tolerated at all gestational ages treated. The rhG-CSF induced a significant increase in the peripheral blood and bone marrow absolute neutrophil concentration and in C3bi expression. Future clinical trials aimed at improving the outcome of overwhelming bacterial sepsis and neutropenia in newborn infants might include the use of rhG-CSF.