gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
T Cells as a Self-Referential, Sensory Organ (2007)

In light of recent data showing that both helper and cytotoxic T cells can detect even a single molecule of an agonist peptide-MHC, alphabeta T cells are clearly a type of sensory cell, comparable to any in the nervous system. In addition, endogenous (self) peptides bound to MHCs are not just important for thymic selection, but also play an integral role in T cell activation in the response to foreign antigens. With the multitude of specificities available to most T cells, they can thus be considered as a sensory organ, trained on self-peptide-MHCs and primed to detect nonself.
One‐step functionalization of an ethylene/propylene random copolymer with two different reactive groups (2002)

Abstract The efficiency of a macromolecular compatibilizer for reactive blending is strongly dependent on its potentiality of producing a grafted or block copolymer during processing. For the preparation of such a compatibilizer, the grafting of two different reactive groups onto the backbones of ethylene/propylene copolymer macromolecules was performed. The ethylene/propylene (70/30) copolymer was then processed in a Brabender mixer at 190°C in the presence of a mixture of maleic anhydride and diethylmaleate with either dicumyl peroxide or di‐ tert ‐butyl peroxide as an initiator. The experiments clearly showed that the two functionalities, 2‐diethyl succinate and 2‐succinic anhydride, could be grafted in one step. The effect of the feed composition demonstrated that the two monomers influenced the reciprocal reactivity and the resulting product. A detailed Fourier transform infrared analysis of the grafted macromolecules was performed, and the respective amounts of ester and anhydride derived groups were detected by deconvolution of the vibrational bands in the carbonyl spectral region. The validity of the process on an industrial scale was tested by the successful performance of the reaction in a twin‐screw extruder. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 14–23, 2003
Dual-metasurface superlens: A comprehensive study (2019)

We present a theoretical and numerical study of a dual-metasurface superlens dedicated to the near-field optical imaging of submicron objects. Compared to the previous studies of dual-metasurface plasmonic superlenses, we suggest a more adequate theoretical model of their operation. The new model allows us to obtain twice better operational characteristics of the redesigned superlens. For the first time, we describe the operation of such the superlens using full-wave numerical simulations, taking into account the interfaces of the host medium slab and proving the nanoimaging for scattering objects instead of radiating sources. We discuss and address both application and fabrication issues for this superlens.
The Design of an Internet-Based System to Maintain Home Monitoring Adherence by Lung Transplant Recipients (2006)

Regimen adherence is a key factor in the success of home monitoring of lung transplant recipients. Patients generally adhere satisfactorily with home spirometry in the short-term, but adherence tends to decline over time. Telehealth and Internet technology provide new methods to address this issue. The unique contribution of the Adherence Enhancement Internet Program (AEIP) is the integration of multiple adherence enhancement strategies operating in a unified approach to the adherence problem, while meshing all user groups to facilitate interactions. This Internet-based program focused on promoting subject specific strategies was developed to maintain the initial high levels of adherence beyond the first year post transplant. The program provides more immediate subject feedback related to home monitoring data, reminders from the patient's health care providers, educational material, and guidance in dealing with subject specific barriers to maintaining adherence. It also simplifies communication between patients and health care providers, and supports providers in certain patient care tasks. A feasibility trial involving 12 lung transplant recipients demonstrated that subjects were able to use the AEIP with little training, found it acceptable, and were generally enthusiastic regarding it as a tool to maintain or enhance adherence.
How Well Can the Caco-2/Madin−Darby Canine Kidney Models Predict Effective Human Jejunal Permeability? (2010)

The study aimed to predict effective human jejunal permeability (P(eff)) using a biophysical model based on parametrized paracellular, aqueous boundary layer, and transcellular permeabilities, and the villus-fold surface area expansion factor (k(VF)). Published human jejunal data (119 P(eff), 53 compounds) were analyzed by a regression procedure incorporating a dual-pore size paracellular model. Transcellular permeability, scaled by k(VF), was equated to that of Caco-2 at pH 6.5. The biophysical model predicted human jejunal permeability data within the experimental uncertainty. This investigation revealed several surprising predictions: (i) many molecules permeate predominantly (but not exclusively) by the paracellular route, (ii) the aqueous boundary layer thickness in the intestinal perfusion experiments is larger than expected, (iii) the mucosal surface area in awake humans is apparently nearly entirely accessible to drug absorption, and (iv) the relative "leakiness" of the human jejunum is not so different from that observed in a number of published Caco-2 studies.
Engineering molecular chains in carbon nanotubes (2012)

A range of mono- and bis-functionalised fullerenes have been synthesised and inserted into single-walled carbon nanotubes. The effect of the size and shape of the functional groups of the fullerenes on the resultant 1D arrays formed within the nanotubes was investigated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The addition of non-planar, sterically bulky chains to the fullerene cage results in highly ordered 1D structures in which the fullerenes are evenly spaced along the internal nanotube cavity. Theoretical calculations reveal that the functional groups interact with neighbouring fullerene cages to space the fullerenes evenly within the confines of the nanotube. The addition of two functional groups to opposite sides of the fullerene cages results in a further increase in the separation of the fullerene cages within the nanotubes at the cost of lower nanotube filling rates.
Ballistic electron emission microscopy spectroscopy study of AlSb and InAs/AlSb superlattice barriers (1998)

Due to its large band gap, AlSb is often used as a barrier in antimonide heterostructure devices. However, its transport characteristics are not totally clear. We have employed ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM) to directly probe AlSb barriers as well as more complicated structures such as selectively doped n-type InAs/AlSb superlattices. The aforementioned structures were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaSb substrates. A 100 Å InAs or 50 Å GaSb capping layer was used to prevent surface oxidation from ex situ processing. Different substrate and capping layer combinations were explored to suppress background current and maximize transport of BEEM current. The samples were finished with a sputter deposited 100 Å metal layer so that the final BEEM structure was of the form of a metal/capping layer/semiconductor. Of note is that we have found that hole current contributed significantly to BEEM noise due to type II band alignment in the antimonide system. BEEM data revealed that the electron barrier height of Al/AlSb centered around 1.17 eV, which was attributed to transport through the conduction band minimum near the AlSb X point. Variation in the BEEM threshold indicated unevenness at the Al/AlSb interface. The metal on semiconductor barrier height was too low for the superlattice to allow consistent probing by BEEM spectroscopy. However, the superlattice BEEM signal was elevated above the background noise after repeated stressing of the metal surface. A BEEM threshold of 0.8 eV was observed for the Au/24 Å period superlattice system after the stress treatment.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 1,3‐DIHYDRO‐2H‐BENZO‐1,4‐DIAZEPIN‐2‐ONES AND 1,2‐DIHYDROPYRAZIN‐2‐ONES VIA IMINOPHOSPHORANES. MASS SPECTRA OF 1,5‐DISUBSTITUTED‐1,2‐DIHYDROPYRAZIN‐2‐ONES (1980)

Abstract Die Chloracetamido‐Verbindungen (I) und (III) werden nach Überführung in die Azido‐Ketone mit Triphenylphosphin zu den Benzodiazepinen (II) bzw. Dihydropyrazinonen (IV) umgesetzt.
Über die Oxidation von Benzvalen mit Singulett‐Sauerstoff zum Bicyclo[1.1.0]butan‐<i>endo</i>,<i>endo</i>‐2,4‐dicarbaldehyd (1983)

Abstract Benzvalen addiert schon bei −30°C Singulettsauerstoff zum 1,2‐Dioxetan 2 , dessen Konstitution durch die Reduktion mit Triphenylarsan zum Tricyclo[3.1.0.0 2,6 ]hexan‐ cis ‐3,4‐diol ( 5 ) und die unter Chemilumineszenz verlaufende Spaltung zum Titeldialdehyd 3 belegt wird. Die Reduktion von 3 mit LiAlH 4 führt zu den bekannten Alkoholen 7 – 9 . Der aus 3 durch Wittig‐Horner‐Emmons‐Olefinierung zugängliche α,β,α′,β′‐ungesättigte Ester 10 unterliegt beim Belichten einer intramolekularen [2+2]‐Cycloaddition zum 4:1‐Gemisch der Cyclobutanderivate 11 und 12 .
Polyphenolic content in different species of chicory. (2001)

Chicory is a typical Mediterranean herbaceous plant which belongs to the family of Asteraceae. It is indigenous to Europe, west Asia, Egypt north America and Italy [1]. Chicory leaves are traditionally used as food-product, diffused as a pot herb or salad plant, or its roots may be roasted and used as an additive in coffee manufacturing. Some varieties of these are also employed as medicinal plant for the preparation of bitter decoctions or infusions. The aim of this work was to investigate the quali-quantitative content of polyphenols in many commercial samples of the two species of chicory, Cichorium intybus L. and Cichorium endivia L., purchased in different market of Florence in the period from December to February. In particular in this work both green (cv “catalogna”) and red (cv rossa di Chioggia and di Treviso) varieties, for the species Cichorium intybus L., and witloof one (cv belgian endivia), for Cichorium endivia L., have been investigated. To our knowledge only a few earlier papers are reported in literature focused on the phytochemical investigation of Chicorium intybus L and Cichorium endivia L. [2],[3],[4],[5]. The aerial parts of all the samples were considered and different extraction procedures were compared in order to obtain enriched polyphenolic extracts. In the case of green coultivars, used as pot herb or salad plants, two different extractions were applied: decoction and hydroalcoholic extraction. For the other varieties, mainly used as salad plants, only a hydroalcoholic extraction procedure was considered. HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS analysis were applied for the identification and quantification of the poliphenolic compounds. The characterised molecules mainly belong to four chemical groups: cinnamoyl tartaric esters of which cichoric acid is the main component, flavonol glycosides, quinic esters and anthocyanins.
Word embeddings and discourse information for Quality Estimation (2016)

In this paper we present the results of the University of Sheffield (SHEF) submissions for the WMT16 shared task on document-level Quality Estimation (Task 3). Our submission explore discourse and document-aware information and word embeddings as features, with Support Vector Regression and Gaussian Process used to train the Quality Estimation models. The use of word embeddings (combined with baseline features) and a Gaussian Process model with two kernels led to the winning submission in the shared task.
A study of micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (1989)

We started this progress report with a list of publications and presentations in order to avoid the inefficiency and redundancy of repeating the technical detail contained in these papers. A summary of past work will be given, followed by Abstracts from the published papers this year. The publications should be consulted for more details. Colloid-enhanced ultrafiltration methods are a new class of water purification techniques which have been invented and are being patented by our group at the University of Oklahoma. The methods are designed to remove dissolved ions and/or organic molecules from water. Potential applications include industrial and home water purification units, wastewater clean-up, and ship-board water treatment.
Morphometric Studies on the Juxta-Insular and Tele-Insular Acinar Cells of the Pancreas in Normal and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats (1993)

In the present study on the exocrine pancreas, stereological techniques were applied at the level of electron microscopy to confirm morphological differences between juxta-insular and tele-insular acinar cells of normal rats and to evaluate the effect of B cell secretion on these differences in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. As no similar data have been previously published, we conducted a systematic sampling analysis with special reference to the acinar cell volume, the granule content and the nuclear size. In the normal rats, the juxta-insular acinar cell had an average volume of 918 microns3 and contained 420 zymogen granules which occupied 10.2% of the cell. In tele-insular acini, the average cell volume was estimated at 755 microns3 and the cell contained 231 zymogen granules which amounted to 6.8% of the cell. The juxta-insular acinar cell was 18% larger in size and contained 45% more zymogen granules, but no difference was observed in the size of zymogen granules. In addition, the numerical density of cell nuclei was slightly larger in the tele-insular acini in spite of the similarity in the volume density and diameter of the nuclei in the cells of the two areas. In the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, no differences were observed in the cell volume and the zymogen granule content between the juxta- and tele-insular acini. These data suggest that the morphological inhomogeneity in the pancreatic acini is caused by the influence of B cell secretion on the activity of the juxta-insular acini.
TISSUE-BOUND, ACID-LABILE PHOSPHORUS IN TOBACCO LEAVES, OAT COLEOPTILES, AND RAT LIVER (1949)

In much of the work on phosphorus metabolism in plants and animals, primary attention has been focused on the P which is easily extracted with cold acid. However, such an extraction procedure usually removes only about one-half of the total P contained in many tissues (1, 3, 8, 11). As a result of recent work with radioactive P32, it has become increasingly apparent that the acid-insoluble P is subject to rapid turnover and hence is of interest in P metabolism. For example, Gest and Kamen (4) have shown with Chlmella hhat there is rapid turnover of the acid-insoluble P and that the rate of turnover is markedly accelerated during photosynthesis. Our own work, which will be presented elsewhere, indicates that auxin influences the rate of turnover of the acid-insoluble P during the growth of oat coleoptiles. It becomes of interest, therefore, to determine the nature of the substances in which such acid-insoluble P is found. Various attempts have been made to characterize the bound P in tissues (5, S), and as a result the general current view is that a large proportion of such P is bound to proteins, although there is little direct experimental evidence to suggest what proteins are the responsible agents. In a study of 2’ metabolism of green spinach leaves (ll), it was found that almost onehalf of the total P contained in leaves is acid-insoluble. Further investigation revealed that a large part of the bound P is associated with a bulk prot’ein of spinach cytoplasm. This protein, Fraction I, constitutes about 75 per cent of the i,otal cytoplasmic proteins, is electrophoretically homogeneous, contains 0.3 per cent total P, and has t.he enzymatic properties of a phospha.tase (10). The 1’ present in Frnct,ion I protein can be separated from the protein into two distinct, subfractions (11). When the purified protein is precipit,ated wh trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and irreversibly denat,ured as a consequence, about 50 per cent of the t,otal protein P is freed into t,he clesr Supernatant T which remains after removal of the protein by cent,rifuging. The cold acid extraction comes to an end-point, since a second identical treatment removes less than 8 per cent as much P as the first. Extending the extraction period for as long as 8 hours does not sig-
Oligomerization Dynamics of Cell Surface Receptors in Living Cells by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy Combined with Number and Brightness Analysis (2019)

Despite the importance and ubiquity of receptor oligomerization, few methods are applicable for detecting clustering events and measuring the degree of clustering. Here, we describe an imaging approach to determine the average oligomeric state of mEGFP-tagged-receptor homocomplexes in the membrane of living cells. The protocol is based on Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy combined with Number and Brightness (N&B) analysis. N&B is a method similar to fluorescence-correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and photon counting histogram (PCH), which are based on the statistical analysis of the fluctuations of the fluorescence intensity of fluorophores diffusing in and out of an illumination volume during an observation time. In particular, N&B is a simplification of PCH to obtain information on the average number of proteins in oligomeric mixtures. The intensity fluctuation amplitudes are described by the molecular brightness of the fluorophore and the average number of fluorophores within the illumination volume. Thus, N&B considers only the first and second moments of the amplitude distribution, namely, the mean intensity and the variance. This is, at the same time, the strength and the weakness of the method. Because only two moments are considered, N&B cannot determine the molar fraction of unknown oligomers in a mixture, but it only estimates the average oligomerization state of the mixture. Nevertheless, it can be applied to relatively small time series (compared to other moment methods) of images of live cells on a pixel-by-pixel basis, simply by monitoring the time fluctuations of the fluorescence intensity. It reduces the effective time-per-pixel to a few microseconds, allowing acquisition in the time range of seconds to milliseconds, which is necessary for fast oligomerization kinetics. Finally, large cell areas as well as sub-cellular compartments can be explored.
Activation of Thymic Regeneration in Mice and Humans following Androgen Blockade (2005)

The thymus undergoes age-related atrophy, coincident with increased circulating sex steroids from puberty. The impact of thymic atrophy is most profound in clinical conditions that cause a severe loss in peripheral T cells with the ability to regenerate adequate numbers of naive CD4+ T cells indirectly correlating with patient age. The present study demonstrates that androgen ablation results in the complete regeneration of the aged male mouse thymus, restoration of peripheral T cell phenotype and function and enhanced thymus regeneration following bone marrow transplantation. Importantly, this technique is also applicable to humans, with analysis of elderly males undergoing sex steroid ablation therapy for prostatic carcinoma, demonstrating an increase in circulating T cell numbers, particularly naive (TREC+) T cells. Collectively these studies represent a fundamentally new approach to treating immunodeficiency states in humans.
Abstract 1069: Clinicopathological significance of CARD10 alterations in Middle Eastern colorectal cancer (2011)

Abstract The incidence of Colorectal Carcinoma (CRC) in Saudi Arabia is rising and CRC is among the top 3 Saudi cancers in both men and women. NF-κB gene plays a role in tumorgenesis through the transcriptional activation of genes associated with cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, tumor promotion, inflammation and suppression of apoptosis. NF-κB protein activation, defined as nuclear expression of NF-kB by immunohistochemistry was seen in 43.2% (164/380) CRC and was an independent prognostic marker for poor survival. CARD10 and A20 genes are known positive and negative regulators of the NF-kB activation pathway and can activate the NF-kB activity. CARD10 is an enzyme that is encoded by the CARD10 gene and it associates with IKK complex resulting in NF-κB activation. CARD11 which shares a high degree of structure, domain and functional homology to CARD10 is oncogenic in diffuse large B cell lymphoma and results in activation of NF-κB. Considering the potential therapeutic utility of targeting NF-kB and its key modulators, we studied CARD10 genetic alterations (mutations and amplifications) and immunohistochemical expression of CARD10 in over 300 CRC cases and 13 colon cell lines. We detected missense mutations in 5.2 % (15/288) and 2 colon cell lines. Our results showed that CARD10 protein is widely expressed in CRC (67.7%) and expression levels of CARD10 progressively increase from normal colorectal mucosa to pre-malignant colorectal adenomas to CRC. CARD10 protein expression associated significantly with NF-KB activation (P = 0.0313). Interestingly, there was a mutual exclusivity between CARD10 protein overexpression and A20 loss of expression which might suggest that NFKB can be activated by alteration in one of these genes in CRC. Furthermore, CARD10 amplification (15.3%) was significantly associated with CARD10 protein expression and presence of distance metastasis (p=0.0487) Interestingly CARD10 mutations were detected in 21.4% of MSI CRC and only 78.6% of MSS CRC (p=0.0251), suggesting that CARD10 mutations play a role in both subsets of CRC but might represent more important oncogenic event for the development/progression of MSI CRC than MSS CRC. Our study highlights for the first time the role of CARD10 protein overexpression as a novel mechanism for NF-kB activation and demonstrates clinico-pathological significance of CARD10 alterations in Middle Eastern CRC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1069. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1069
Early Changes in Homer1 Proteins in the Spinal Dorsal Horn Are Associated with Loose Ligation of the Rat Sciatic Nerve (2009)

The ligation-associated changes in the protein levels of Homer1a and Homer1b/c in the ipsilateral PSD of spinal dorsal horn neurons may be an important early reflection of the injury-associated plasticity that in time leads to the development of persistent pain.
W-CDMA random access channel transmission over satellite-UMTS (2003)

The random access channel (RACH) is an uplink transport channel defined in UMTS for initial channel access to the network as well as for sending short data bursts. The RACH structure and procedure as defined by 3GPP are not directly applicable for satellite-UMTS (S-UMTS) due to the different characteristics of the satellite channel. Based on the optimized schemes proposed for S-UMTS RACH, this paper investigates the issue of assigning services with different quality of service (QoS) requirements to different access service classes (ASCs). Such service differentiation is required in third generation wireless systems where multiple service classes with different QoS parameters are to be supported. Via simulations, it is shown that service differentiation is possible through appropriate RACH resource allocation among these different ASCs.