gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A least-squares vector flow estimator for synthetic aperture imaging (2009)

This paper presents a least-squares (LS) vector flow estimator that is intended to calculate axial and lateral velocities using aperture-domain Doppler data from multiple transmit point sources and multiple receive apertures realized via the synthetic aperture (SA) technique. Our new estimator comprises two main stages. First, for each transmit point and receive aperture, we obtain aperture-domain Doppler ensembles and use them to compute a frequency estimate (via the lag-one autocorrelator) for every spatial point in imaging view. Subsequently, by noting that each transmit point and receive aperture deviates in flow angle, we estimate flow vectors through creating a set of Doppler equations with two unknowns (i.e. axial and lateral velocities) from the frequency estimates and solving this equation set as an over-determined LS problem. To evaluate the performance of new estimator, Field II simulations were performed for a scenario with a 5 mm-diameter steady flow tube (tube angle: 0°-90°, center velocity: 0-25 cm/s). For these simulations, a 5.5 MHz linear array with 128 elements was used; pre-beamform data was acquired for 97 virtual point sources (0.3 mm spacing, 32 elements), and 12 two-cycle pulses were fired through each point source (PRF: 5 kHz). Our LS estimator was then applied to a few different transmit-receive SA imaging configurations (e.g. 97 transmit points and 3 receive apertures). Results show that, if a multi-transmit configuration is used, the LS estimator is more capable of providing vector flow maps that roughly resemble the theoretical profile.
Measuring <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> Life Span on Solid Media (2009)

Aging is a degenerative process characterized by a progressive deterioration of cellular components and organelles resulting in mortality. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has emerged as a principal model used to study the biology of aging. Because virtually every biological subsystem undergoes functional decline with increasing age, life span is the primary endpoint of interest when considering total rate of aging. In nematodes, life span is typically defined as the number of days an animal remains responsive to external stimuli. Nematodes can be propagated either in liquid media or on solid media in plates, and techniques have been developed for measuring life span under both conditions. Here we present a generalized protocol for measuring life span of nematodes maintained on solid nematode growth media and fed a diet of UV-killed bacteria. These procedures can easily be adapted to assay life span under various common conditions, including a diet consisting of live bacteria, dietary restriction, and RNA interference.
ON THE STRUCTURE OF AGAR FROM GELIDIUM CARTILAGINIUM (1956)

Agar from Gelidium cartilaginium has been analyzed for D-galactose, 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose, and sulphate. From these analyses and a study of the products of mercaptolysis it is suggested that agar from this source be represented as a chain of alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose residues with a half-ester sulphate on about every 10th galactose unit.
Relations of Spanish Folk Song to the Gregorian Chant* (1964)

The sacred chant of Rome, apart from its liturgical value, is of importance to musicology. In it there lives on as a substratum the remembrance of popular traditional songs. Also from Roman Chant there came the development of polyphonic music and the art of instrumental variation in Europe. In addition, it was the origin of a great number of vernacular religious chants associated with the different Christian creeds. I consider, therefore, that I am justified in claiming that the liturgical chant of the Roman Church represents a musical repertory of the highest order which can be regarded as an artistic patrimony not only of the Christian Church but of all mankind The central corpus of the Roman Chant—known since the ninth century as “Gregorian Chant”—was already in existence during the eighth and ninth centuries. In it there are to be found reminiscences of eastern and western song of the most remote epochs: musical elements of the most ancient cultures which would have been lost for ever, had not Pontifical Rome recollected them and conserved them in its liturgy.
High-performance optical phase modulation using piezoelectric ZnO-coated standard telecommunication fiber (1996)

Optical phase modulation in a standard telecommunication fiber coated with a piezoelectric ZnO jacket has been investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The frequency response of the modulator exhibits 18 peaks between 20 and 800 MHz, which correspond to radial resonances of the coated fiber composite. A theoretical model was developed to explain the experimental results. The model takes into account the geometry of the modulator, nonuniform strain distributions, and the structure of the ZnO film. The calculated positions of the resonances and cancellation of phase modulation at frequencies higher than 800 MHz agree well with the measured data. The analysis also demonstrates the capability of tuning the resonances positions by varying the thickness of the ZnO jacket or the metal electrodes.
Transformative opportunities for single-cell proteomics (2018)

Many pressing medical challenges - such as diagnosing disease, enhancing directed stem cell differentiation, and classifying cancers - have long been hindered by limitations in our ability to quantify proteins in single cells. Mass-spectrometry (MS) is poised to transcend these limitations by developing powerful methods to routinely quantify thousands of proteins and proteoforms across many thousands of single cells. We outline specific technological developments and ideas that can increase the sensitivity and throughput of single cell MS by orders of magnitude and usher in this new age. These advances will transform medicine and ultimately contribute to understanding biological systems on an entirely new level.
Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal in Moving-Bed Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactors (1999)

A pilot moving-bed sequencing batch biofilm reactor (MBSBBR) fed with primary settled wastewater, was used in order to study organic carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen removal with and without external carbon sources. Patented KMT® polyethylene biofilm carriers were used. Organic carbon uptake and phosphorus release has been achieved in the anaerobic phase of the cycle, while nitrification, simultaneous denitrification (i.e., anoxic respiration of sequestered COD in the inner layer of the biofilm) and phosphorus uptake was observed in the aerobic phase. A stable biological phosphorus removal could be achieved only with an external carbon source. Since the process proved flexible and reliable, it is suitable for full scale application to municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), in order to meet EU total nitrogen and phosphorus limit values for discharge into sensitive receiving waters.
Structure and organization of the gene coding for the DNA binding protein of adenovirus type 5 (1981)

We have determined the nucleotide sequence of a region of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) DNA located between map positions 61.7 and 71.4, which covers the gene form the 72 kD DNA binding protein (DBP) and the sequence encoding the amino-terminal part of the 100 kD protein. Sequence analysis of cDNA copies of DBP mRNA revealed the existence of two abundant species of spliced mRNA molecules. One species consists of two short leader sequences from positions 75.2 (67 and 68 nucleotides long) and 68.8 (77 nucleotides long), respectively, and the main body of the RNA molecules. The other species contains only the leader sequence from position 75.2 and the main body. The amino acid sequence of DBP is encoded entirely by a long open reading frame of 1587 nucleotides in the main body of DBP mRNA. From the nucleotide sequence of the DBP gene it can be derived that DBP contains 529 amino acid residues and has an actual molecular weight of 59,049 daltons. The sites of mutation in the mutants H5hr404 and H5ts125 were determined at the nucleotide level. Single nucleotide alterations were detected in H5hr404 and H5ts125 in the sequences corresponding to the amino-terminal part and the carboxy-terminal part of DBP, respectively. The implications of these mutations are discussed.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) and Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering (SERRS) on HNO<sub>3</sub>-Roughened Copper Foil (1991)

Copper foils for a Raman study were prepared by a chemical etching method with HNO 3 . These foils were found to exhibit a strong SERS effect. SERS or SERRS spectra of cobalt phthalocyanine, cystamine dihydrochloride, benzylamine, and p-thiocresol have been taken to illustrate the usefulness of this sample preparation technique. The enhancement effect of HNO 3 -roughened copper foil shows better thermal stability than that of vacuum-deposited Ag/CaF 2 substrate. The HNO 3 -roughened copper foil seems to be a more easily prepared substrate system for SERS studies. There is a high potential that this technique could be used in studies of adsorption, molecular orientation, surface reaction, and surface catalysis at room or elevated temperatures.
X-Ray Observations of Distant Lensing Clusters (1997)

X-ray observations of three clusters are presented: RXJ1347.5-1145, Cl0939+47, and Cl0500-24. Although these clusters are the in same redshift range (0.32 - 0.45) and act all as gravitational lenses, they show very different properties. RXJ1347.5-1145 seems to be an old, well relaxed system, with a relaxed morphology, high X-ray luminosity, high temperature, high metallicity and strong cooling flow. The other two clusters have the appearance of young systems with substructure and low X-ray luminosity. The optical and X-ray luminosity shows hardly any correlation. A comparison with nearby clusters shows that many properties - like e.g. the metallicity or the amount of subclustering - show a large scatter and no clear trend with time.
Cotton leaf curl virus disease a principle cause of decline in cotton productivity in Pakistan (a mini review) (2014)

Among most serious threats of last two decades with reference to cotton crop in Pakistan is Cotton leaf Curl Virus. This disease inflicted huge losses not only to the cotton crop but also to the economy of Pakistan. It first appeared in 1967 on few plants in Multan and in 1992-93, caused a decline in production down to 9.05 million bales and during 1993-94, to 8.04 million bales well below the estimated targets in Pakistan. Various disease inducing procedures like grafting, delayed sowing, whitefly mediated disease transfer were exploited to screen out material against this notorious disease. Climate change and weather fluctuations have a profound influence on the spread of Cotton Leaf Curl Virus. Climate change is altering temperature and precipitation patterns, resulting in the shift of some insect/pest from small population to large population thus effecting crops yield. The abiotic factors like temperature and plant age influence cotton leaf curl virus disease epidemiology. Fiber quality traits like Ginning out turn, fiber length, fiber uniformity index, fiber fineness, fiber bundle strength, maturity ratio also deteriorated because of change in composition of major fiber components including cellulose, protein, wax and pectin. The ambiguity about inheritance is also prevailing whether it could be through dominant or recessive genes which may be monogenic or polygenic whereas Extrachrmosomal inheritance is also under discussion. The resistance break down depends upon the evolutionary potential of the pathogen and possibility of recombinations, by which new variants of viruses evolved. The resistance gained for Multan-CLCuV became susceptible to Burewala-CLCuV due to virus mutation and lack of durable resistance. Virus tolerant cultivars along with management practices like changing sowing dates, proper crop nutrition, better cultural practices, efficient vector control and buffer crops are the ways that can help to get better crop. Systemic poisoning of cotton seed by seed treatment may make the cotton crop safe in initial 40-50days after sowing. Biotechnology can also help in controlling this disease through transcriptional gene silencing. By exploiting biotechnological tools broad spectrum resistance can be introduced against all viruses present in the field.
Efficient Elimination of Organic Liquid Wastes: Wet Air Oxidation (1989)

Wet air oxidation is ideally suited to liquid wastes which are too dilute to be incinerated and too refractory to be handled by chemical or biological oxidation. This process relies on high temperature (470°–600° K) and pressure (2–20 mPa) conditions for oxidation of the organic substances by molecular oxygen in the liquid phase. Several types of industrial wastes, mainly paper‐mill black liquors, biological sludges, and acidic organic wastes, have been tested for oxidation in a batch reactor. This research provides evidence for the high efficiency of the wet air oxidation process for the transformation of most of the pollutants to carbon dioxide. An average removal efficiency of 98% was obtained. As acetic acid is the main intermediate appearing during oxidation of the heavier organics, the study of the behavior of sodium acetate under treatment conditions enabled the most efficient oxidation conditions to be determined for numerous wastes. The various data available are compiled in a general chart which makes a quick determination of the working conditions possible for any indexed waste. Moreover, it has been established that a continuous process usually leads to a net production of energy. It is believed that this research is the first step in the design of a large‐scale wet air oxidation unit.
Malignant histiocytosis in Bernese Mountain Dogs (1986)

Malignant histiocytosis was diagnosed in 10 male and 1 female Bernese Mountain Dogs. Nine of these dogs were closely related. The disease was characterized by a rapidly progressive and inevitably fatal course. Clinical signs varied, but lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, and respiratory and CNS abnormalities predominated. The lungs were the primary site of tumor involvement in 10 dogs. The eleventh dog had lymphadenopathy and severe anemia. Metastatic lesions were detected in all dogs. Anaplastic pulmonary carcinoma was diagnosed originally in 6 of the 11 cases, but this diagnosis was changed to malignant histiocytosis after electron microscopic examination of tissues and immunohistochemical identification of histiocytic markers in the tumor cells.
Is the Rhesus Monkey (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) Comparable to Humans? Histomorphology of the Sphincteric Musculature of the Lower Urinary Tract Including 3D‐reconstruction (2004)

The physiology of the muscle systems of the human lower urinary tract is still not known in detail. To study the functional basics of this complex organ system, experiments are often performed in animal models including rhesus monkeys. To apply the results of animal model studies to the humans, a clear knowledge of the comparative anatomy of both species is necessary. However, detailed comparative studies of the lower urinary tract of the rhesus monkey and the humans are lacking. Accordingly, a detailed study on the sphincteric musculature of the lower urinary tract of the rhesus monkey was performed in order to demonstrate anatomical correspondences and differences between both species. The lower urinary tract anatomy was investigated in 18 male and female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) by serial sections. Immunohistochemical staining methods were used to differentiate striated and smooth musculature. Three-dimensional reconstructions were performed in order to demonstrate the topographical anatomy of the different muscle systems. In both man and male rhesus monkeys, a urethral sphincter muscle exists independent of the pelvic floor musculature, with a smooth and a striated muscular part. A urinary diaphragm (diaphragma urogenitale) does neither exist in the rhesus monkey nor in the human. In contrast to women, a striated muscle encircles the urethra and vagina together in the female rhesus monkey. A vesical sphincter muscle, found in the human bladder outlet, does not exist in the rhesus monkey.
A traffic simulation approach to evaluating the benefits of incident management programs (2006)

Quantifying the impacts of ITS technologies is an important and necessary undertaking in order to justify the expenditure of public funds on ITS projects. For example, roadway incidents such as accidents, broken-down vehicles or other events that reduce the capacity of the facility impose a substantial cost to society when delays, congestion, secondary incidents, and environmental emissions are taken into consideration. These impacts can be substantially reduced through implementation of incident management programs. Significant benefits can be gained from early incident detection, quick response, provision of real-time traveller information and timely dispatch of emergence services. This can result in reducing traffic delays, secondary accidents, air pollution, and generally improve road safety and real-time traffic control. Recently, there has been a growing interest in developing traffic incident management plans for integrated freeway and arterial road networks and evaluating the effectiveness of such plans in minimising the effects of congestion. This is particularly important when evaluating incident management plans involving traffic being diverted to adjacent arterial networks. The impacts of incident management programs on network performance can be evaluated either in field studies or using traffic simulation. Field studies are generally expensive to conduct and they don't offer flexibility in investigating alternative scenarios. The use of computer modelling, and microscopic traffic simulation in particular, offers a more feasible and cost-effective approach, in which input conditions can be varied (e.g. to reflect incidents during peak and non-peak conditions) and their impacts on network performance evaluated.
Effect of DC Bias on the Plasma Properties in Remote Plasma Atomic Layer Deposition and Its Application to HfO[sub 2] Thin Films (2010)

Direct current biased remote plasma atomic layer deposition (RPALD) was developed and applied to deposit films, and these results were compared with those of RPALD. DC biased RPALD system exhibits effective features that allow the plasma density to be controlled by dc bias. When dc bias was applied to the radio frequency (RF) plasma, the amount of free radicals and ions were increased. The electrical properties of , such as the effective oxide thickness (EOT) and the breakdown voltage, were improved by dc bias when compared to those of RPALD. This is due to the relatively high amount of free radicals controlled by dc bias.
The Prognostic Significance of Altered Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors in Human Cancer (1999)

Progression through the cell cycle is governed by cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks), whose activity is inhibited by the cdk inhibitors. Cyclins, cdks, and cdk inhibitors are frequently deregulated in cancers. This chapter reviews the prognostic significance of alterations in cdk inhibitors. Loss of p27 protein provides independent prognostic information in breast, prostate, colon, and gastric carcinomas, and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for p27 may eventually become part of routine histopathologic processing of cancers. Loss of IHC staining for p21 may be prognostic in certain cancers but conflicting results are reported in breast cancer. Reports on homozygous deletion of p16 and p15 genes suggest the value of larger, prospective studies with standardized treatment protocols to definitively establish the prognostic utility of p15/p16 deletions in acute leukemias. Larger trials and the development of a consensus on methods for deletion analysis, IHC staining, and tumor scoring will be needed to move these molecular assays from bench to bedside.
Beyond Device Management: Route Analytics for Management of Dynamic Routing in IP Networks (2006)

Summary form only given. Network management has traditionally been carried out using SNMP polling, in some cases augmented by codebook-based correlation. But periodic polling falls far short of capturing the complex and dynamic layer 3 operations of IP networks. In particular, the routing dynamics of IP networks often lead to unpredictable and intermittent behaviors that leave network managers unable to explain what happened or why. This tutorial introduces an emerging technology called route analytics, which addresses the most difficult management problems in IP networks. The tutorial will demonstrate how route analytics can be used to manage routing protocols and the dynamic IP network topology to increase service predictability and availability. Specific topics will include 1) an explanation of why network-layer management is needed in IP networks (with a comparison to the complementary role of traditional layer 2 device-oriented management); 2) how route analytics works (managing logical versus physical elements); 3) route analytics as applied to three common interior gateway Protocols (OSPF, IS-IS, EIGRP); 4) the application of route analytics to the special challenges of managing the BGP protocol, including BGP root-cause analysis; and 5) the benefits of route analytics in managing MPLS VPNs. Practical examples of the use of route analytics in enterprise, educational and service provider networks will be offered
Cloud Storage Design Based on Hybrid of Replication and Data Partitioning (2010)

Most existing works on data partitioning techniques simply consider to partition data objects and distribute the shares to servers. Such pure data partitioning approaches may bring potential performance and scalability problems when used in widely distributed systems. First, it is difficult to apply lazy update. Second, the share consistency verification may incur costly communications among widely distributed servers. In this paper, we propose a two-level DHT (TDHT) approach for widely distributed cloud storage to address these problems. First, we analyze the tradeoffs on security and availability between TDHT and the conventional pure data partitioning approach (integrated with DHT and called GDHT (global DHT)). The results show that TDHT can provide better security than GDHT and almost the same level of availability as GDHT. To compare their performance, we design a two-level access (TLA) protocol for the TDHT approach and compare it with the distributed version server (DVS) protocol proposed in [Ye10] for the GDHT approach. The experimental results show that TLA can provide much better user perceived update response latency and the same level or even better read access latency compared to DVS.
Experimental carcinoma of the cervix: a comparative cytologic and histologic study. (1955)

1. The results of our experimental study indicate that the pathogenesis of 3,4-benzpyrene-induced carcinoma of the cervix and vagina in C3H mice is characterized by four definite stages: acute and chronic inflammation, epithelial dysplasia, noninvasive carcinoma, and invasive carcinoma.

2. On the basis of cytologic and histologic study it was established that a definite correlation existed between the histopathology and the cells exfoliated during these stages.

3. Atypical and malignant cells could be identified and distinguished among the exfoliated cells during the development of the neoplastic process. No differentiation could be made on the basis of exfoliated cells between noninvasive and invasive carcinoma.

4. The cyclic pattern of estrus in animals with dysplasia and carcinoma in situ was similar to that found in normal animals. It was definitely altered in animals with invasive carcinoma.

5. Cytochemical studies showed an increase in deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid and a positive phosphamidase reaction in many but not all exfoliated malignant cells.
Statement to Congress, January 23, 1992(Board's views on reforms to the regulation of the government securities market) (1992)

Government securities; Brokers; Mullins, David W.