gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Beamforming With a Maximum Negentropy Criterion (2009)

In this paper, we address a beamforming application based on the capture of far-field speech data from a single speaker in a real meeting room. After the position of the speaker is estimated by a speaker tracking system, we construct a subband-domain beamformer in generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC) configuration. In contrast to conventional practice, we then optimize the active weight vectors of the GSC so as to obtain an output signal with maximum negentropy (MN). This implies the beamformer output should be as non-Gaussian as possible. For calculating negentropy, we consider the Gamma and the generalized Gaussian (GG) pdfs. After MN beamforming, Zelinski postfiltering is performed to further enhance the speech by removing residual noise. Our beamforming algorithm can suppress noise and reverberation without the signal cancellation problems encountered in the conventional beamforming algorithms. We demonstrate this fact through a set of acoustic simulations. Moreover, we show the effectiveness of our proposed technique through a series of far-field automatic speech recognition experiments on the Multi-Channel Wall Street Journal Audio Visual Corpus (MC-WSJ-AV), a corpus of data captured with real far-field sensors, in a realistic acoustic environment, and spoken by real speakers. On the MC-WSJ-AV evaluation data, the delay-and-sum beamformer with postfiltering achieved a word error rate (WER) of 16.5%. MN beamforming with the Gamma pdf achieved a 15.8% WER, which was further reduced to 13.2% with the GG pdf, whereas the simple delay-and-sum beamformer provided a WER of 17.8%. To the best of our knowledge, no lower error rates at present have been reported in the literature on this automatic speech recognition (ASR) task.
Delay distortion characteristics of optical fiber splices (1977)

The delay distortion characteristics of optical fiber splices are evaluated. Two 1.35-km graded index fibers with different transmission characteristics were each bisected and spliced together to determine how longitudinal and transverse displacement of fibers in a splice affect the delay distortion characteristics of a transmission path. The transmission characteristics of both the optical source and the fibers used play an important role in determining how delay distortion is affected by splice misalignment. The first fiber exhibited a great deal of mode mixing and a very small increase in delay distortion as the fibers were offset in the splice. In contrast, the second fiber exhibited very little mode mixing, but increased markedly in delay distortion as the fibers in the splice were displaced.
Six Years (2011–2016) of Mandatory Nationwide Bovine Viral Diarrhea Control in Germany—A Success Story (2017)

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is one of the most important infectious diseases in cattle, causing major economic losses worldwide. Therefore, control programs have been implemented in several countries. In Germany, an obligatory nationwide eradication program has been in force since 2011. Its centerpiece is the detection of animals persistently infected (PI) with BVD virus, primarily based on the testing of ear tissue samples of all newborn calves for viral genome or antigen, and their removal from the cattle population. More than 48,000 PI animals have so far been detected and removed. Between the onset of the program and the end of 2016, the prevalence of these animals among all newborn calves decreased considerably, from 0.5% to less than 0.03%. The number of cattle holdings with PI animals likewise decreased from 3.44% in 2011 to only 0.16% in 2016. Since a large number of naïve, fully susceptible animals are now confronted with BVD virus, which is still present in the German cattle population, the challenge of the coming years will be the identification of remaining PI animals as quickly and efficiently as possible, and the efficient protection of BVD-free farms from reinfection.
Improved function and joint kinematics after correction of tibial malalignment. (2014)

Malunion after tibia fracture can have a negative effect on a patient's gait, joint kinematics, and functional outcome. We conducted a study to determine whether surgical correction of malunited tibias improves gait, joint kinematics, and patients' perception of their health and overall well-being. Eleven patients with tibial malunions were treated with osteotomy, deformity correction, and open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Minimum follow-up was 7 months (mean, 11 months; range, 7-17 months). In all cases, the osteotomy eventually healed. Two patients needed revision surgery: One had late collapse of the regenerate bone and underwent revision ORIF away from the site of deformity correction; the other required exchange intramedullary nailing. Surgical correction of malunited tibia fractures resulted in significant improvement toward the normative in lower extremity joint kinematic values and patients' perceptions of their health and overall well-being. Surprisingly, there was little effect on gait. Symptomatic malunited tibia fractures should undergo surgical correction, as it is likely to improve overall lower extremity function and patient satisfaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of Lithium Aluminum Hydride in the Synthesis of Substituted Ethyl and Propylamines. (1983)

Abstract Aus den durch Knoevenagel‐Kondensation zugänglichen α‐Cyanalkensäureestern (I) führt die Umsetzung mit Kaliumcyanid zu Dicyaniden (‐ll), die mit Lithiumalanat zu primären Aminen (III) reduziert werden.
Blind deconvolution of sources from the transmission responses of one-dimensional inhomogeneous continuous and discrete layered absorbing media (1997)

Non-destructive testing and reconstruction of lossy non-uniform transmission lines require solving inverse scattering problems for inhomogeneous one-dimensional (1D) lossy media. Often the source waveform used to probe the medium is unknown, since it cannot be measured separately. This paper shows that the blind deconvolution problem of reconstructing both an unknown source and an unknown lossy 1D medium can be solved, provided the medium absorption is sufficiently large. We generalize the minimum-phase property of the transmission response to a more severe property for lossy media. We also show how partial knowledge of the source can be used to reconstruct low-loss and lossless 1D media. Both discrete and continuous 1D layered media are considered. Numerical examples are presented.
Random walks on percolation clusters at the percolation threshold (1983)

The authors develop a two-parameter position-space renormalisation group transformation to study random walks on percolation clusters at site percolation thresholds of the square and simple cubic lattices. The fractal dimensionality df of the walks is calculated and is found to be in very good agreement with the available numerical data. df is then used to deduce, by using scaling relations, the critical exponents t of percolation conductivity in two and three dimensions. Excellent agreement is found between estimates of t and available data in both two and three dimensions. The nature of the waiting time distribution of an associated continuous-time random walk and the memory kernel of a generalised master equation describing the time evolution of the random walks are also investigated.
Synthesis Utilizing Reducing Ability of Carbon Monoxide. New Methods for Synthesis of <i>N</i>-Substituted Selenoamides (1985)

Abstract Convenient one-pot syntheses of N-substituted selenoamides (2) from nitriles, metallic selenium, carbon monoxide, water, and amines have been developed on the basis of an amino-group-exchange reaction of in situ formed N-unsubstituted selenoamides (1) with primary or secondary amines. The reactions consist of two processes, i.e., the formation of selenoamides 1 by the reaction of nitriles and H2Se formed from selenium, carbon monoxide and water, and the subsequent amino-group-exchange reaction of 1 with aliphatic amines. The obtained 2 are generally stable enough to be kept for several weeks under the atmosphere of nitrogen at 0 °C without any appreciable degradation. In the cases of primary amines, the corresponding selenoamides were also obtained from nitriles, selenium, carbon monoxide, and primary amines by a single-step mixing at the beginning of the reaction.
Improving the dyeability of polypropylene fabrics using laser technology (2013)

In this research work, dyeability of polypropylene (PP) fabrics due to laser irradiation was studied. The laser intensities used during the experiments were 3, 3.8, 4.2, and 4.8 W cm−2. The morphology of the modified surfaces was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Also, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to examine the functional groups of the corresponding samples. For the dyeing process, aqueous solutions, containing 3.0 wt.% of the Astrazon Red Violet 3RN (CI Basic Violet 16) dye, were employed. For comparing the amount of fabrics dye exhaustion, reflective spectrophotometer was used. Also, light and wash fastnesses of dyed samples were measured. The results show a significant increase in the color depth upon dyeing after treating PP fabrics with CO2 laser.
Investigations of June 7, 1988 Earthquake of Magnitude 4.5 near Idukki Dam in Southern India (1995)

A mildly damaging earthquake of magnitude 4.5 and intensity VI occurred 20 km east of the Idukki reservoir, Kerala in southern India. With a network of 5 seismic stations, the aftershocks which continued for 3 1/2 months were monitored. The hypocentral parameters, b value, M 1/M 0 ratio indicate that this earthquake sequence does not qualify to be categorized as induced. The trend of the aftershocks, composite fault plane solution and local tectonics point towards reactivation of a NW-SE fault along the Kallar river. The existence of such a fault is also supported by gravity studies.
Controle de plantas daninhas em arroz irrigado em função de doses de herbicidas pré-emergentes e início da irrigação (2006)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do início da irrigação, associado a doses dos herbicidas penoxsulam e clomazone, no controle de plantas daninhas e rendimento de grãos da cultura do arroz. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos casualizados e parcelas subsubdivididas, com entradas de água (19, 24 e 29 dias após emergência) e os herbicidas penoxsulam (18, 36, 54 e 72 g ha-1) e clomazone (300, 400, 500 e 600 g ha-1) aplicados em préemergência da cultura e das plantas daninhas. Os herbicidas penoxsulam, entre 18 e 72 g ha¹, e clomazone, entre 400 e 600 g ha-1, aplicados em pré-emergência na cultura do arroz irrigado, permitiram o início da irrigação até os 29 dias após emergência sem prejuízos no controle de plantas daninhas ou no rendimento de grãos da cultura.
Quantitative Analysis of an Aberrant Glycoform of TIMP1 from Colon Cancer Serum by L-PHA-Enrichment and SISCAPA with MRM Mass Spectrometry (2009)

Variations in glycosylation levels or in the glycoprofile of a certain glycoprotein in tumor-related sera have been widely reported and can be used as a means of differentiation. However, quantitative mass analysis of glycoproteins is difficult because of their high structural complexity and low mass sensitivity of glycopeptides. Therefore, more powerful technologies are required for the discovery of these potential biomarkers. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1), a glycoprotein typically present at a low concentration in serum, is known to be aberrantly glycosylated in colorectal cancer cell lines as a result of the terminal addition of beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine (beta-1,6-GlcNAc) by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-V (GnT-V), which is reportedly up-regulated in invasive/metastatic cancer cells. In this report, a highly sensitive method is presented for the quantitative analysis of aberrant GlcNAcylated TIMP1 in the serum of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Glycoproteins having an N-linked glycan terminating with beta-1,6-GlcNAc were enriched by phytohemagglutinin-L(4) (L-PHA), a lectin that specifically recognizes the beta-1,6-GlcNAc moiety of N-linked glycan. The L-PHA-enriched glycoproteins were digested in solution with trypsin. With the use of a monoclonal anti-peptide TIMP1 antibody linked covalently to magnetic beads, a unique target peptide (antigen) of TIMP1 was immuno-enriched from the L-PHA-enriched tryptic digests and analyzed quantitatively by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mass analysis. The systematic coupling of L-PHA lectin enrichment followed by stable isotope standards and capture by anti-peptide antibodies (SISCAPA) with MRM mass analysis afforded quantitation of TIMP1 at attomolar (10(-18)) concentrations. An aberrantly GlcNAcylated substoichiometric TIMP1 isoform was quantified at approximately 0.8 ng/mL serum, using sample equivalent to only 1.7 microL of serum from a CRC patient. This approach provides a useful tool for the quantitation of a specific aberrant glycoform from human serum containing a variety of protein isoforms and may be helpful in studies of biological function as it pertains to protein glycan heterogeneity.
A Laser Flash Photolysis Study of Fenofibric Acid in Aqueous Buffered Media: Unexpected Triplet State Inversion in a Derivative of 4-Alkoxybenzophenone¶ (2002)

Laser excitation of aqueous solutions of fenofibric acid (FA) at pH 7.4 show the formation of two reaction intermediates, the triplet state and the hydrated electron. The former is longer lived in water than in acetonitrile; its anionic form decays irreversibly by decarboxylation to give a carbanion that protonates before or after rearrangement. Several spectroscopic and quenching studies suggest that in aqueous media the triplet state of FA has a pi,pi* character, in comparison with an n,pi* character in organic media. Further, the known chemistry of the triplet, including decarboxylation and hydrogen abstraction, occurs predominantly from the n,pi* state, and as a consequence, activation energies are higher when the lowest triplet has a pi,pi* character. Photoionization is more important in aqueous than in organic media and involves a biphotonic process. Hydrated electrons are trapped by FA, leading to the corresponding ketyl radical after protonation.
The future of space exploration: the next 50 years (2008)

This repository item contains a single issue of Issues in Brief, a series of policy briefs that began publishing in 2008 by the Boston University Frederick S. Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer-Range Future.
Disruption of a novel regulatory element in the erythroid-specific promoter of the human PKLR gene causes severe pyruvate kinase deficiency (2003)

We established the molecular basis for pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency in a white male patient with severe nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. The paternal allele exhibited the common PKLR cDNA sequence (c.) 1529G>A mutation, known to be associated with PK deficiency. On the maternal allele, 3 in cis mutations were identified in the erythroid-specific promoter region of the gene: one deletion of thymine -248 and 2 single nucleotide substitutions, nucleotide (nt) -324T>A and nt -83G>C. Analysis of the patient's RNA demonstrated the presence of only the 1529A allele, indicating severely reduced transcription from the allele linked to the mutated promoter region. Transfection of promoter constructs into erythroleukemic K562 cells showed that the most upstream -324T>A and -248delT mutations were nonfunctional polymorphisms. In contrast, the -83G>C mutation strongly reduced promoter activity. Site-directed mutagenesis of the promoter region revealed the presence of a putative regulatory element (PKR-RE1) whose core binding motif, CTCTG, is located between nt -87 and nt -83. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay using K562 nuclear extracts indicated binding of an as-yet-unidentified trans-acting factor. This novel element mediates the effects of factors necessary for regulation of pyruvate kinase gene expression during red cell differentiation and maturation.
OPINION (1985)

This opinion presents an overview of recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Japan. The use of Ethiodol (iodized ethyl esters of the fatty acid of poppyseed oil) for hepatic angiography in diagnosing and treating (combined with chemotherapeutic agents) HCC has been reported. Ethiodol has been found to localize in HCC and remain there for long periods. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Laser Probe Analysis of Slot Filters for a Channelized Receiver (1982)

Surface acoustic wave filters having 10 dR of insertion loss, 60 dB of t riple transit suppression, and strong frequency selectivity are components in a channelized receiver. These characteristics are achieved by the use of two asymmetrically apodized unidirectional transducers. A multistrip coupler is employed as well to avoid bandshape distortion due to the spatially nonuniform SA'rl amplitudes generated by the apodi zed transducers. A laser probe analysis of these devices has been performed using a knife edge heterodyne laser probe to obtain SAW spatial energy distributions. Two specific issues are addressed in this analysis. These are (1) the response of the MSC to spatially nonuniform SAW amp1 i tudes, and (2) the determination of the in- and out- of band radiation characteristics of the apodized three phase unidirectional transducers. The impact of these characteristics on device performance will be discussed in this paper.
Effect of Magnetic-Head Slot Orientation on Pole Tip Recession and Debris Generation in Linear Tape Drives (2001)

Pole tip recession (PTR) and debris generation lead to signal loss at the head-tape interface. Accelerated tape drive experiments and measurements of head-tape spacing were conducted using heads with different slot orientations. PTR was higher for blind-slotted (slots in the direction of tape travel) heads than for transverse-slotted (slots in the direction transverse to tape travel) heads. More tape debris was found on the surface of transverse-slotted heads, but most of this debris resided in the slots rather than on the bearing surface. The slots in the transverse-slotted heads act as tape cleaners, which accounts for the large debris buildup in the slots. This leaves fewer loose debris particles at the interface for the transverse-slotted heads. Little difference was found in the head-tape spacing for the two types at the conditions used in the drive experiments. It is proposed that the greater amount of loose debris available at the interface for use in three-body abrasive wear, which is believed to cause PTR, results in higher PTR in blind-slotted heads.
2-D Structure Reconstruction for a DOT Method based on Linear Perturbation Approach (2009)

Biological imaging with a method for diffusion optical tomography is demonstrated. The present method is based on weight function of discrete model for scattering tissues. The weight function is given as a product form between sensitivity function and optical mean path length. The method is applied to two-dimensional imaging for inhomogeneous media by simulation. As results of the simulation, it is verified that the present method can extract parts with stronger absorption coefficient from backgrounds.
Mixed integer nonlinear model for optimal cutting in continuous steel casting (2010)

A mixed integer nonlinear model for continuous steel casting production is proposed. For each casting line a set of allowed products is fixed; each product is characterized by a nominal length with a corresponding tolerance range. The model is used to formulate a constrained optimization problem whose objective consists of finding casting lines speeds and cutting plan that minimize scrap material and production time. A corresponding algorithm is implemented in a tool which has been experimentally tested in a steel production plant located in Italy.
Relations Among Student Attention Behaviors, Teacher Practices, and Beginning Word Reading Skill (2011)

The role of student attention for predicting kindergarten word reading was investigated among 432 students. Using Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior Rating Scale behavior rating scores, the authors conducted an exploratory factor analysis, which yielded three distinct factors that reflected selective attention. In this study, the authors focused on the role of one of these factors, which they labeled attention-memory, for predicting reading performance. Teacher ratings of attention-memory predicted word reading above and beyond the contribution of phonological awareness and vocabulary knowledge. In addition, the relations between four teacher practices and attention ratings for predicting reading performance were examined. Using hierarchical linear modeling, the authors found significant interactions between student attention and teacher practices observed during literacy instruction. In general, as ratings of attention improved, better kindergarten word reading performance was associated with high levels of classroom behavior management. However, better word reading performance was not associated with high levels of teacher task orienting. A significant three-way interaction was also found among attention, individualized instruction, and teacher task redirections. The role of regulating kindergarten student attention to support beginning word reading skill development is discussed.
Zirconium(IV) Chloride Mediated Cyclodehydration of 1,2‐Diacylhydrazines: A Convenient Synthesis of 2,5‐Diaryl 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles (2004)

Abstract Zirconium(IV) chloride was invented as a mild catalyst for the cyclodehydration of 1,2‐diacylhydrazines. Efficient synthesis of several 2,5‐disubstituted 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles is reported.
HYDROBORATION OF QUATERNARY ALLYLAMMONIUM BROMIDE: SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS (1998)

In the course of a study of organoboron compounds with surfactant properties we investigated the hydroboration of quaternary allylammonium halides 1. We found that the double bond could not be reduced using dialkylboranes, and only the intermolecular ammonium borate complexes 2 were detected. Compounds 2 were not suitable surfactants as they are susceptible to hydrolysis. On the other hand, borane dimethylsulfide (BMS) was shown to add at room temperature to the double bond leading to the intramolecular dihydroborammonium complexes 3 in quantitative yield. These relatively unstable compounds were shown to undergo exclusive elimination of the N-propyl borate group. This excellent selectivity was exploited to synthesize disymmetric tertiary amines by a "one-pot" hydroboration-methanolysis reaction. These results illustrate some of the limitations of the hydroboration reaction applied to unsaturated amine systems and the reactional possibilities stemming from nitrogen-boron interactions.
Synthesis of L-(+)-Selenomethionine (1993)

A novel three-pot synthesis of L-(+)-selenomethionine suitable for small and large scale preparations is presented. The method gives high optical purity and avoids evil smelling selenium species.
ALFA: Automatic Ligand Flexibility Assignment (2014)

ALFA is a fast computational tool for the conformational analysis of small molecules that uses a custom-made iterative algorithm to provide a set of representative conformers in an attempt to reproduce the diversity of states in which small molecules can exist, either isolated in solution or bound to a target. The results shown in this work prove that ALFA is fast enough to be integrated into massive high-throughput virtual screening protocols with the aim of incorporating ligand flexibility and also that ALFA reproduces crystallographic X-ray structures of bound ligands with great accuracy. Furthermore, the application includes a graphical user interface that allows its use through the popular molecular graphics program PyMOL to make it accessible to nonexpert users. ALFA is distributed free of charge upon request from the authors.