gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Familial Sarcoidosis is Linked to the Major Histocompatibility Complex Region (2000)

Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disorder associated with high CD4+ cell activity, but no pathogen is detectable. Clustering in families occurs, and the existence of a genetic predisposition to sarcoidosis is widely accepted. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is believed to contribute to this susceptibility. Many studies testing this hypothesis have produced conflicting results. We have genotyped 122 affected siblings from 55 families for seven DNA polymorphisms that flank and cover the MHC region on chromosome 6, and for HLA-DPB1, a candidate gene for granulomatous disorders. Multipoint nonparametric linkage (NPL) analysis showed linkage (NPL score > 2.5; p < 0.006) for the entire MHC region with a maximum NPL score of 3.2 (p = 0.0008) at marker locus D6S1666 in the Class III gene cluster. There was a significant excess of marker haplotype sharing among affected siblings. However, the frequency of HLA-DPB1 alleles on 104 shared chromosomes did not differ from that of a control group of founders from the family panel. Transmission disequilibrium was found for allele DPB1*0201, but only nine families contributed to this result. We conclude that genes of the MHC are involved in the genetic predisposition to sarcoidosis, but HLA-DPB1 alone does not sufficiently explain this fact.
High-density image-storage holograms by a random-phase sampling method (1973)

The random phase sampling method that has been proposed to make high quality and high storage density holograms capable of storing image information is described and discussed from the aspect of the quantitative characteristics of its reconstructed image. The method enables the uniform distribution of light energy over the hologram area made on the exact Fourier transformed plane. The details of the characteristics of the method are investigated, especially with respect to the luminance tone linearity, the signal-to-noise ratio, and the resolution to give good agreement with the results of a calculation. In the experiment, reconstructed images with high quality were obtained from holograms of 2-mm diam, which were made by 10(6) sampling and random phase shifting. By using the random phase sampling medthod, an image retrievel model system storing twenty kinds information was developed. This system holds promise of being used in various practical applications such as holographic ultramicrofilm system or a holographic videopackage system.
Magnetoresistance at artificial interfaces in the itinerant<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">SrRuO</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>ferromagnet (1999)

The magnetoresistance across interfaces in the itinerant ferromagnetic oxide ${\mathrm{SrRuO}}_{3}$ have been studied. To define appropriately the interfaces, epitaxial thin films have been grown on bicrystalline and laser-patterned ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ substrates. Comparison is made with results obtained on similar experiments using the double-exchange ferromagnetic oxide ${\mathrm{La}}_{2/3}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{1/3}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}.$ It is found that in ${\mathrm{SrRuO}}_{3},$ interfaces induce a substantial negative magnetoresistance, although no traces of the low-field spin tunneling magnetoresistance are found. We discuss these results on the basis of the distinct degree of spin polarization in ruthenates and manganites and the different nature of the surface magnetic layer formed at interfaces.
Structural Evolutions of Vertically Aligned Two-Dimensional MoS<sub>2</sub> Layers Revealed by in Situ Heating Transmission Electron Microscopy (2019)

Benefiting from a large density of layer edges exposed on the surface, vertically aligned two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) layers have recently harvested excellent performances in the field of electrochemical catalysis and chemical sensing. With their increasing versatility for high-temperature, demanding applications, it is vital to identify their thermally driven structural and chemical stability, as well as to clarify its underlying principle. Despite various ex situ and in situ characterizations on horizontally aligned 2D MoS2 layers, the direct in situ heating of vertically aligned 2D MoS2 layers and the real-time observation of their near-atomic-scale dynamics have never been approached, leaving their thermal stability poorly understood. Moreover, the geometrical advantage of the surface-exposed vertically aligned 2D MoS2 layers is anticipated to unveil the structural dynamics of interlayer van der Waals (vdW) gaps and its correlation with thermal energy, unattainable with 2D MoS2 layers in any other geometry. Herein, we report a comprehensive in situ heating TEM study on cleanly transferred, vertically aligned 2D MoS2 layers up to 1000 °C. Several striking phenomena were newly observed in the course of heating: (1) formation and propagation of voids between the domains of vertical 2D MoS2 layers with distinct grain orientations starting at ∼875 °C; (2) subsequent decompositions of the 2D MoS2 layers accompanying a formation of Mo nanoparticles at ∼950 °C, a temperature much lower than the melting temperature of their bulk counterpart; and (3) initiation of decomposition from the surface-exposed 2D layer vertical edge sites, congruently supported by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. These new findings will offer critical insights into better understanding the thermodynamic principle that governs the structural stability of general vdW 2D crystals as well as providing useful technological guidance for materials design and optimization in their potential high-temperature applications.
A Review of Techniques for Improved Foam Conductivity: Reducing Radiation Heat Transfer, Limiting Aging and Inclusion of Vacuum Elements (1991)

To comply with international agreement closed cell polyurethane and polyisocyanerate foams must be made with blowing agents which minimize ozone depletion in the stratosphere. Candidate blowing agents have higher vapor conductivities resulting in lower R values for the foams. This paper reviews recent results of research at M.I.T. sponsored by the Department of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency to find means to recover high R values. Use of small opaque particles or smaller foam cells reduces the radiative transfer in foams which is usually one third of the total heat transfer at standard conditions. The thermal aging of foams made with new blowing agents is a function of the permeability which has been measured for several new materials. The rate of aging can be reduced by proper use of diffusion barriers on the foam surface. The inclusion of vacuum elements in foam should increase the overall R value. A key problem is to find packaging materials for the vacuum elements which preserve the vacuum over the insulation life while not causing substantial secondary heat transfer around the circumference of the element.
Outcome of intensive care of the “oldest-old” critically ill patients (1992)

These findings suggest that age alone may be an inappropriate criterion for allocation of ICU resources.
Interleukin‐2, interferon‐α, 5‐fluorouracil, and vinblastine in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2002)

Immunochemotherapy is effective and well-tolerated by patients with MRCC. Surgical intervention for resection of residual disease is justified.
A Computer Algebra Approach for the Modeling and Design of Smart Piezoelectric Structures (2001)

Abstract The field of applications for smart structures based on piezoelectric devices is manifold. An advantage of this technology is that one can construct spatially distributed devices. This fact requires special control techniques to use the additional freedom for the design of the overall system. The structures under consideration are composite beams and plates consisting of a large number of thin layers of laminae with and without piezoelectric properties that can be well described by Lagrangian systems. Furthermore, there exists a wide range of controller design methods. To apply this machinery, one has to derive the potentials and energy functions related to the piezoelectric structures, which is a laborious task for more complex structures. But this task can be perfectly performed by a computer algebra system. Therefore, this contribution deals with the application of the Lagrangian formalism to the modeling and design of smart piezoelectric structures, and the implementation of the proposed approach in a computer algebra system.
The metastasis suppressor CD82/KAI1 regulates cell migration and invasion via inhibiting TGF-β 1/Smad signaling in renal cell carcinoma (2017)

The tetraspanin KAI1/CD82 was identified as a tumor metastasis suppressor that downregulated in various malignant cell types. However, the function of CD82 and its underlying anti-metastasis role in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is still unraveled. Here, we investigated the expression of CD82 in RCC and explored its regulatory mechanism in RCC cell lines. We found that CD82 was down-regulated in RCC tissues and cells and its expression was significantly associated with histological grade(p=0.041), tumour stage (p=0.036) and tumor size(p=0.020) by analyzing tissue microarrays. After upregulation of CD82 through lentivirus, reduced ability of migration and invasion in Caki-1 cells were detected. In contrast, gene silencing of CD82 by small interfering RNA promoted metastatic and invasive potential of 786-O cells. Furthermore, Western blot was performed to identify the influence of CD82 on MMP family and TGF-β1/Smad pathway in RCC. Subsequently, upregulating protein level of TGF-β1 with the overexpression of CD82 could rescue the malignant behaviors inhibited by CD82 which indicated that CD82 played its inhibitory role in RCC partially by attenuating the expression of TGF-β1. Taken together, CD82 played a prominent role in migration and invasion of RCC cells and it might exhibit its inhibitory role in RCC metastasis via block TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway.
Reverse transcriptase-associated RNase H activity. II. Inhibition by natural and synthetic RNA (1978)

The RNase H activity associated with purified avian myeloblastosis virus and Rauscher murine leukemia virus DNA polymerases is inhibited by homopolymeric RNA molecules, although the efficiency of inhibition by each homopolymer appears enzyme specific. Formation of duplex RNA molecules abolished the inhibitory activity. In contrast to these results, DNA polymerase-independent RNase H activities, such as the RNase H-II from Rauscher murine leukemia virus and calf thymus RNase H, were unaffected by the addition of exogenous RNA molecules to reaction mixtures. These results support the concept (M. J. Modak and S. L. Marcus, J. Virol. 22:253--256, 1977) that the catalytic site of DNA polymerase-associated RNase H activity may be that which is also involved in template binding. Naturally occurring RNA molecules of oncornaviral, procaryotic, or eucaryotic origin also proved to be efficient inhibitors of avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase-associated RNase H activity. In contrast to this result, naturally occurring RNA molecules, at concentrations which inhibited the avian myeloblastosis virus enzyme, did not inhibit Rauscher murine leukemia virus DNA polymerase-catalyzed RNase H activity. This finding represents a new biochemical distinction between the two reverse transcriptases, and may be indicative of differences in the relative affinities of these enzymes for natural RNA molecules.
Germ Tube Mediated Invasion of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Amphibian Skin Is Host Dependent (2012)

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is the causative agent of chytridiomycosis, a fungal skin disease in amphibians and driver of worldwide amphibian declines.We focussed on the early stages of infection by Bd in 3 amphibian species with a differential susceptibility to chytridiomycosis. Skin explants of Alytes muletensis, Litoria caerulea and Xenopus leavis were exposed to Bd in an Ussing chamber for 3 to 5 days. Early interactions of Bd with amphibian skin were observed using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. To validate the observations in vitro, comparison was made with skin from experimentally infected frogs. Additional in vitro experiments were performed to elucidate the process of intracellular colonization in L. caerulea. Early interactions of Bd with amphibian skin are: attachment of zoospores to host skin, zoospore germination, germ tube development, penetration into skin cells, invasive growth in the host skin, resulting in the loss of host cell cytoplasm. Inoculation of A. muletensis and L. caerulea skin was followed within 24 h by endobiotic development, with sporangia located intracellularly in the skin. Evidence is provided of how intracellular colonization is established and how colonization by Bd proceeds to deeper skin layers. Older thalli develop rhizoid-like structures that spread to deeper skin layers, form a swelling inside the host cell to finally give rise to a new thallus. In X. laevis, interaction of Bd with skin was limited to an epibiotic state, with sporangia developing upon the skin. Only the superficial epidermis was affected. Epidermal cells seemed to be used as a nutrient source without development of intracellular thalli. The in vitro data agreed with the results obtained after experimental infection of the studied frog species. These data suggest that the colonization strategy of B. dendrobatidis is host dependent, with the extent of colonization most likely determined by inherent characteristics of the host epidermis.
Improvement of Posttranslational Bottlenecks in the Production of Penicillin Amidase in Recombinant <i>Escherichia</i> <i>coli</i> Strains (2003)

Using periplasmic penicillin amidase (PA) from Escherichia coli ATCC 11105 as a model recombinant protein, we reviewed the posttranslational bottlenecks in its overexpression and undertook attempts to enhance its production in different recombinant E. coli expression hosts. Intracellular proteolytic degradation of the newly synthesized PA precursor and translocation through the plasma membrane were determined to be the main posttranslational processes limiting enzyme production. Rate constants for both intracellular proteolytic breakdown (k(d)) and transport (k(t)) were used as quantitative tools for selection of the appropriate host system and cultivation medium. The production of mature active PA was increased up to 10-fold when the protease-deficient strain E. coli BL21(DE3) was cultivated in medium without a proteinaceous substrate, as confirmed by a decrease in the sum of the constants k(d) and k(t). The original signal sequence of pre-pro-PA was exchanged with the OmpT signal peptide sequence in order to increase translocation efficiency; the effects of this change varied in the different E. coli host strains. Furthermore, we established that simultaneous coexpression of the OmpT pac gene with some proteins of the Sec export machinery of the cell resulted in up to threefold-enhanced PA production. In parallel, we made efforts to increase PA flux via coexpression with the kil gene (killing protein). The primary effects of the kil gene were the release of PA into the extracellular medium and an approximately threefold increase in the total amount of PA produced per liter of bacterial culture.
A genetic variant of the atrial natriuretic peptide gene is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy in a non-diabetic population – the Malmö preventive project study (2013)

In a non-diabetic population, the minor allele of rs5068 was associated with lower left ventricular mass. These findings suggest that rs5068, or genetic variants in linkage disequilibrium, might affect susceptibility to left ventricular hypertrophy and support the possible protective role of natriuretic peptides.
An international standardization programme towards the application of gene expression profiling in routine leukaemia diagnostics: the Microarray Innovations in LEukemia study prephase (2008)

Gene expression profiling has the potential to enhance current methods for the diagnosis of haematological malignancies. Here, we present data on 204 analyses from an international standardization programme that was conducted in 11 laboratories as a prephase to the Microarray Innovations in LEukemia (MILE) study. Each laboratory prepared two cell line samples, together with three replicate leukaemia patient lysates in two distinct stages: (i) a 5-d course of protocol training, and (ii) independent proficiency testing. Unsupervised, supervised, and r(2) correlation analyses demonstrated that microarray analysis can be performed with remarkably high intra-laboratory reproducibility and with comparable quality and reliability.
Spontaneous Gamma Activity in Schizophrenia (2015)

A major goal of translational neuroscience is to identify neural circuit abnormalities in neuropsychiatric disorders that can be studied in animal models to facilitate the development of new treatments. Oscillations in the gamma band (30-100 Hz) of the electroencephalogram have received considerable interest as the basic mechanisms underlying these oscillations are understood, and gamma abnormalities have been found in schizophrenia (SZ). Animal models of SZ based on hypofunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) demonstrate increased spontaneous broadband gamma power, but this phenomenon has not been identified clearly in patients with SZ.
CREEP IN PRESTRESSED LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE (1967)

A PROCEDURE, USING THE RATE-OF-CREEP METHOD, IS DEVELOPED FOR PREDICTING CREEP STRAINS, CAMBER, AND PRESTRESS LOSS IN PRETENSIONED, PRESTRESSED CONCRETE HIGHWAY BRIDGE BEAMS. THE PROCEDURE USES SHRINKAGE DATA AND CREEP PER PSI DATA, BOTH EXPRESSED AS FUNCTIONS OF TIME, DEVELOPED FROM SMALL CONCRETE SPECIMENS. NON-LOADED PRETENSIONED PRESTRESSED LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE BEAMS 5 X 8 IN. IN SECTION, 8 FT. LONG, WERE USED TO TEST THE PROCEDURE. CREEP AND PRESTRESS LOSSES TAKEN FROM THE BEAMS WERE COMPARED WITH VALUE PREDICTED BY USING THE PROCEDURE DEVELOPED IN THE PAPER. THE METHOD WAS EXTENDED TO ACCOMODATE PRECAST PRESTRESSED BEAMS WITH CAST- IN-PLACE REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS, AND LABORATORY BEAMS WERE TESTED TO VERIFY THE PROCEDURES. A FULL SIZE HIGHWAY BEAM AND SLAB WERE INSTRUMENTED IN FIELD INSTALLATION TO CHECK OUT TECHNIQUES PROPOSED FOR USE IN A FULL SIZE HIGHWAY BRIDGE INSTALLATION. A FULL SIZE HIGHWAY BRIDGE USING PRECAST PRESTRESSED BEAMS AND CAST-IN-PLACE SLABS WAS INSTRUMENTED FOR PURPOSES OF TESTING THE PREDICTION METHOD. DATA FROM BEAMS HAS BEEN COLLECTED FOR APPROXIMATELY ONE YEAR. THE SLAB WAS BEING READIED FOR PLACING AT THE TIME OF WRITING. CREEP, SHRINKAGE, CAMBER, AND PRESTRESS LOSSES WERE TAKEN BY MEASUREMENTS OF STRAIN AND ELEVATIONS FROM THE BRIDGE BEAMS. PREDICTED CREEP, CAMBER, AND PRESTRESS LOSS BASED ON DATA FROM SMALL SPECIMENS ARE COMPARED WITH DATA DEVELOPED FROM MEASUREMENTS WITH THE 10IN. MECHANICAL STRAIN GAGE AND AN ENGINEERS LEVEL. REASONABLE AGREEMENT IS REACHED BETWEEN PREDICTIONS AND MEASUREMENTS. PRESTRESS LOSSES IN LIGHTWEIGHT FULL SIZE BRIDGE BEAMS ARE APPROXIMATELY 23% AND FOR NORMAL WEIGHT, APPROXIMATELY 14% AT 300 DAY AGE. /AUTHOR/
Mach-Zehnder wavelength converter with integrated preamplifiers (2002)

Summary form only given. In summary, a Mach-Zehnder WDM fibre network wavelength converter with variable input and output wavelengths has been presented. The integrated signal and probe pre-amplifiers potentially reduce input power requirements. Around 25-dB extinction ratio has been demonstrated, as well as operation at 2.5 Gbit/s.
Neural networks for fast arbitration and switching noise reduction in large crossbars (1991)

A neural-network-based controller for the real-time arbitration of routing paths in large crossbar switches constructed from one-sided crosspoint chips is presented. This controller is suitable for a synchronous environment where a number of connection requests are simultaneously presented to the switch. The controller aims to maximize the effective bandwidth of the switch and to minimize the simultaneous-switching noise in the individual chips. The controller uses multiple winner-take-all networks coupled with some competitive-cooperative mechanisms to achieve the joint optimization. The effects of various network parameters are studied through simulation, and cases leading to nonoptimal solutions are analyzed. A hierarchical neural network controller for a packet-switched environment where connections are established and broken asynchronously is introduced. This controller provides almost the same level of performance as the first, but with significantly reduced computation for each connection request.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Heat protection behaviors and positive affect about heat during the 2013 heat wave in the United Kingdom (2015)

Heat waves pose serious health risks, and are expected to become more frequent, longer lasting, and more intense in the future under a changing climate. Yet, people in the UK seem to feel positive when thinking about hot weather. According to research on the affect heuristic, any positive or negative emotions evoked by potentially risky experiences may be used as cues to inform concerns about risk protection. If so, then their positive feelings toward hot weather might lead UK residents to lower intentions to adopt heat protection behaviors. Here, we examine the relationships between heat protection behaviors during the July 2013 UK heat wave and self-reports of having heard heat protection recommendations, feeling positive affect about heat, seeing heat protection measures as effective, and trusting the organizations making those recommendations. Responses to a national survey revealed that 55.1% of participants had heard heat protection recommendations during the 2013 UK heat wave. Those who reported having heard recommendations also indicated having implemented more heat protection behaviors, perceiving heat protection behaviors as more effective, feeling more positive about heat, and intending to implement more protection behaviors in future hot summers. Mediation analyses suggested that heat protection recommendations may motivate heat protection behaviors by increasing their perceived effectiveness, but undermine their implementation by evoking positive affect about hot weather. We discuss our findings in the context of the affect heuristic and its implications for heat protection communications.
ChemInform Abstract: Eu<sub>2</sub>(CN<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub> and KEu[Si(CN<sub>2</sub>)<sub>4</sub>]: Missing Members of the Rare Earth Metal Carbodiimide and Tetracyanamidosilicate Series. (2016)

Abstract Compounds (III) and (V) are prepared by solid state metathesis reactions and characterized by powder XRD, photoluminescence, and nonlinear optical measurements.
Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Structure Solar Cell Prepared by Low-Temperature (<400°C) Anodization Technique (2009)

In this work, simple and low-cost metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) structure solar cells with silicon dioxide prepared by anodization technique in deionized water at room temperature are proposed. The characteristics of MOS structure solar cells are dependent on anodization time. It was observed that the efficiency and the leakage current density of MOS structure solar cells increase when the anodization time decreases. Oxide thickness is critical for the MOS structure solar cell and it can be controlled by anodization techniques. For a cell exposed under , efficiency up to 9.7% was demonstrated in this work.