gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Abrupt self-switching in fused GaAs/InP vertical-cavity lasers (2003)

Summary form only given. GaAs/InP wafer fusion is a key technology in fabricating vertical-cavity lasers (VCLs) with long emission wavelength (1.3 /spl mu/m and 1.55 /spl mu/m). The fusion joins highly reflective AlGaAs/GaAs distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) with InGaAsP/InP active regions. Fused VCLs show the best performance of any long-wavelength VCL with electrically pumped continuous-wave operation up to 71/spl deg/C (1.55 /spl mu/m). However, a number of questions remains concerning the nature of the fused junction, and its effect on performance and long-term reliability of the laser. In particular, the current-voltage (I-V) and light-current (L-I) curves often show abrupt self-switching. We present the first detailed analysis and physical explanation of this switching phenomenon.
Interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) Enhances Homotypic Adhesion of Activated B‐Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (B‐CLL) Cells via a Selective Up‐Regulation of CD54 (1993)

It is well established that cell-to-cell contact modifies cytokine signalling but little is known on the role of homotypic cell adhesion for proliferation and differentiation of B cells. Homotypic adhesion involves mainly the interaction between the adhesion molecules Leukocyte Function Antigen-1 (LFA-1) and its ligand CD54 (ICAM-1). A well-characterized B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) clone (I-83) was used as a source of monoclonal B cells inducible to DNA synthesis and differentiation by using 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in combination with interleukin-4 (IL-4) and thioredoxin (Trx)-containing supernatant from a T-cell hybridoma (BSF-MP6). This paper shows that IL-4 alone was able to induce aggregation of B-CLL cells and to strongly enhance TPA+BSF-MP6-induced aggregation. The results from studying the expression of CD11a and CD18, the two subunits of LFA-1, and CD54 during stimulated DNA synthesis and differentiation suggest that IL-4-induced, or enhanced, aggregation was mainly mediated by a selective up-regulation of CD54. It was further demonstrated by antibody blockade to either CD11a, CD18 or CD54 that aggregation could be inhibited without affecting induced DNA synthesis or differentiation.
Study of the Disintegration of Poly (butylene adipate-<i>co</i>-terephthalate) and Starch Co-Extruded Materials (2012)

The disintegration behavior of biodegraded plastics materials including poly (butylene adipate- co -terephthalate) (Ecoflex), Ecoflex/starch blend, poly (butylene adipate- co -terephthalate) (Enpol) and Enpol/starch blend in controlled composting was described. The blends were compounded using a twin screw extruder with co-rotating mixing screw. The aerobic disintegration tests were carried out in the reactors under constant temperature at 58 + 2 °C for 90 days. During testing moisture, mixing and aeration of the samples were periodically determined and controlled according to ISO 20200:2004. The results showed that the percentage of disintegration of Ecoflex, Ecoflex/starch blend (50:50 %wt.), Enpol and Enpol/starch blend (50:50 %wt.) were 25.91%, 80.57%, 56.29% and 91.08%, respectively. It was also found that starch content facilitate the disintegration of the polymers. The morphologies and thermal properties of the residues were studied using SEM and TGA. It was found that the surface morphologies and the thermal properties results are in accordance with the biodisintegration degree.
A user-customizable Xwindow-like GUI system for mobile phones (2006)

No abstract available.
Fluoride-Selective Optical Sensor Based on Aluminum(III)−Octaethylporphyrin in Thin Polymeric Film:  Further Characterization and Practical Application (2005)

More detailed analytical studies of a new fluoride-selective optical sensor based on the use of aluminum(III)-octaethylporphyrin and a lipophilic pH indicator (4',5'-dibromofluorescein octadecyl ester; ETH-7075) within a thin plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) film are reported. The sensor exhibits extraordinary optical selectivity for fluoride over a wide range of other anions, including anions with far more positive free energies of hydration (e.g., perchlorate, thiocyanate, nitrate, etc.). UV-visible spectrophotometric studies of the sensing films indicate that fluoride interacts with the Al(III) center of the porphyrin structure, yielding both a change in the Soret band lambda(max) of the porphyrin and a change in the protonation state of the pH indicator within the film. The same change in spectral properties of the metalloporphyrin occurs in the absence of added pH indicator or with added tetraphenylborate derivative anionic sites, but optical responses to fluoride in these cases are shown to be irreversible. The presence of the pH indicator and the simultaneous fluoride/proton coextraction equilibrium chemistry is shown to greatly enhance the reversibility of fluoride binding to the Al(III) porphyrin. Optical response toward fluoride can be observed in the range of 0.1 microM-1.6 mM. Optical selectivity coefficients of <10(-6) for common anions (e.g., sulfate, chloride, nitrate, etc.) and <10(-4) for perchlorate and thiocyanate are obtained. Measurements of fluoride in drinking water via the new optical sensor are shown to correlate well with values obtained for the same samples using a classical LaF3-based fluoride ion-selective electrode method.
Device for the measurement of small liquid flow rates (1979)

A device has been developed for continuously monitoring liquid flow rates as low as 10(-5) cm(3)/min. This is achieved by using a sensitive displacement transducer to follow the motion of a low-density float.
Arginine metabolic endotypes related to asthma severity (2017)

The high FENO phenotype represents a large portion of the asthma population, and is typified by greater arginine metabolism and more severe and reactive asthma.
Trabeculectomy or Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation as Initial Treatment of Secondary Childhood Glaucoma in Northern Tanzania (2017)

A high proportion of secondary childhood glaucoma in Northern Tanzania was caused by trauma and previous cataract surgery. Trabeculectomy was associated with better IOP control but also a higher complication rate. The ability to maintain visual function was comparable after both interventions. Failure was associated with a journey to the eye hospital (>100 km) possibly leading to late presentation with advanced disease and erratic follow-up.
Evaluation and Comparison of a Large Machine Tool Structure with ISO Standard Alignment Tests (2009)

In order to satisfactorily machine precision components it is necessary for\nmachine tools to be able to achieve extremely high levels of geometric accuracy.\nThis requires their structures to be extremely rigid such that deflections caused\nby self weight and traversing of the moving elements do not induce distortions\nthat exceed the required tolerances of the components which are manufactured\nby the machines.\nTo aid this aspect of machine tool technology, a range of standards have been\nsystematically created which specify in great detail a variety of geometric tests\nwhich can be applied to the various configurations of machine tools currently in\nuse today. Certain machine tool companies will use national or ISO standards,\nothers will create their own, often based upon the ISO but tailored to suit their\nspecific machine configuration and characteristics.\nHowever, achieving the required tolerances can be extremely difficult due to\na number of reasons such as geometric errors, thermal distortions causing errors\nto change as temperatures change and load errors causing the errors to change\ndue to the variation in load magnitude and the changes in positions of the loads.\nOne major source of load errors on large machine is caused by the machine’s\nown weight and its re-distribution as the machine is traversed through its own\nworking stroke, whereas another significant source is caused by the variety in\ncomponent weights and their variation in position, either on static or moving\ntable machines. In some cases the tolerances specified in standard tests can be\ntighter than grade “A” straightedge tolerances and achieving this accuracy under\nconditions which apply to large and heavy machine tool installations can cause\nsignificant problems and considerable unanticipated costs.\nA review is made here of how these difficulties might be overcome by use of\nmodern technology and adopting the outlined planned approach to the design\nand build procedure used of large and heavy machine tools.
Development of Homogenization Analysis System Based on General-Purpose FEM Code (1995)

Microscopic stress analysis of composite materials is important for evaluating the strength of structures made of composite materials. However, there are many cases in which it is impossible to calculate the stresses of heterogeneous composite materials by means of the finite-element method because of the material's complex geometry. Therefore, heterogeneous composite materials are treated as homogeneous materials. A homogenization method has been proposed to evaluate accurately the microscopic stresses of heterogeneous composite materials. We developed a homogenization analysis system based on a general-purpose finite-element method code. To discuss the efficiency and the accuracy of this system, numerical experiments are conducted. This paper presents a basic study to investigate microscopic stresses of soft composite materials.
Thermodynamic Calculation for the Vapor Growth of In<sub><i>x</i></sub>Ga<sub>1-<i>x</i></sub>As: The In-Ga-As-Cl-H System (1972)

The composition of the gas phase in equilibrium with InxGa1-xAs is calculated for various parameters, using a computation procedure previously developed for the analysis of the growth of InxGa1-xP crystals. It is shown that the major vapor species are H2, InCl, GaCl, As4 and HCl and that some of the experimental features of the published works can be explained by the thermodynamic model.
An Evaluation of Alternative Power Sources for Low-Emission Automobiles (1975)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Two successive surveys and round-robin interviews were conducted to determine if there might be in the offing for automobiles an alternative engine which would exhibit low emissions meeting the most stringent requirements. Comparison between engines were couched in terms of selected “acceptability factors” which went well beyond emissions, alone. The overall acceptability was evaluated considering emissions, customer requirements for an engine, manufacturers' requirements for an engine, and engine efficiency and fuel versatility. An attempt was made to establish a time scale as to R and D requirements and eventual production. Comparison of all engines was made with equivalent pre-control Otto cycle engines as the standard.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Alternative engines were deemed to be any power plant that was not based on spark ignition Otto cycle engines, or diesel engines. The remaining heat engines largely used continuous combustion as the heat source. Electrical power plants considered were batteries and fuel cells. Hybrid engines and fuel-less stored energy power plants were given some consideration.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The unsettled nature of the present socio-economic structure precluded singling out any particular engine or power plant most suitable for development. Evaluations of the characteristics, comparison with pre-control spark ignition engines, problems yet to be solved, and the most optimistic time schedule to be anticipated are attempted and reported. Best probable candidate power plants are then enumerated.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Keeping in mind that the future will require lowered emissions in urban air and improved efficiency of the overall transportation system, comment is made on the use of engines and automobiles. Methods of accomplishing in part the goals of the clean air act with changes in structure of the transportation system, taxes, and urban areas are suggested only as means of illustrating that low-emission engines are only one part of the overall problem of maintaining clean air and viable urban centers.</div>
The utilization of SANS to solve polymer latex structural problems: Basic science and engineering (1990)

Abstract Small‐angle neutron scattering studies have been used to clarify several aspects of the internal structure of latexes and subsequent film formation modes. This paper reviews work both around the world and at Lehigh University on those subjects. Two points have been made clear: (1) The appearance of core‐shell phenomena in latexes depends on the size of the polymer chain to that of the latex particle; the phenomenon is most marked when the radius of gyration of the chain is about one fifth as big as the latex radius. (2) Strength build‐up during film formation depends on the extent of interdiffusion of the chains. For moderate molecular weights, interdiffusion distances of one radius of gyration yield maximum strength. For both moderate (250,000 g/mol) and high (2,000,000 g/mol) molecular weights, full strength was achieved in two hour's annealing time at 144°C.
Emissions Performance of the Parker Macrolaminate Premixer Tested Under Simulated Engine Conditions (2004)

Single-injector high-pressure rig evaluation of the prototype Parker macrolaminate dual fuel premixer (previously tested at NETL, Mansour et al., 2001) with pressure swirl macrolaminate atomizers was conducted under simulated engine operating conditions running on No. 2 diesel fuel (DF2). Emissions, oscillations and lean blowout (LBO) performance on liquid fuel at high, part and no load operating points (pressures of 160, 100, 120 psig, and inlet temperatures of 690, 570, 590°F, respectively) and various pressure drops (ΔP/P) and air fuel ratio conditions were investigated. The results indicate that the Parker premixer design has the potential to reduce the DF2 NOX emission to below 15 ppmv, 15% O2. At simulated high load conditions with a nominal flame temperature TPZ of 2700°F, the NOX and CO emissions are approximately 10 and 2.5 ppmv at 15% O2, respectively. These NOX results have not been corrected for fuel bound nitrogen (FBN). From the studies of Lee (2000), small amounts of FBN in the liquid fuel generally are completely converted over to fuel NOX under lean premixed conditions. The fuel tested has a nominal 60 ppmw of FBN which converts to an estimated fuel NOX of 4 ppmv at 15% O2. These results compare extremely favorable to existing commercially available premixer technologies tested under similar rig operating conditions. More importantly, the NOX yield for the Parker Macrolaminate premixer appears to be independent of operating conditions (from high to no load and various pressure drop conditions). Variations in combustor pressure, inlet temperature T2 and residence time (τ) or pressure drop (ΔP/P) does not seem to have an effect on the formation of NOX. According to Leonard and Stegmaier (1993), insensitivity of NOX formation to operating conditions is a good indication of high degree of premixing. Additionally, the premixer NOX data is only 1 to 2 ppmv higher than the jet stirred reactor (JSR) results (ran at T2=661°F,PCD=1 atm and TPZ=2762°F with similar DF2) of Lee et al. (2001) further confirming the quality of premixing achieved. Combustion driven oscillations was not investigated by tuning the rig so that oscillations would not be a factor.
A 44 GHz single-Feed Fabry-P&#x00E9;rot Cavity antenna designed and fabricated on quartz (2011)

In this paper, a design of Fabry-Pérot Cavity antenna at millimiter-waves frequencies is investigated. Four Fabry-Pérot cavity antennas, covered by different Frequency Selective Surfaces, are discussed which are fabricated on a Quartz disk to guarantee mechanical stability and also for ease of fabrication, probing and measurement. A planar feed, a slot dipole fed by a coplanar waveguide, is also designed to excite the cavities. Prototypes have been designed and fabricated at central frequencies in frequency range of 42 to 46 GHz with various gains; however the same design can be adopted at higher frequencies. Full-wave simulations, done by Ansys HFSS, are verified with measurement results.
Fundamental behaviours of production traffic in underground mine haulage ramps (2015)

Ramps (or declines) are often used in underground mines to transport ore, waste, materials, and personnel. This paper studies mine ramp productivity and presents results from a set of computer simulations designed to model the fundamental behaviours of ramp haulage systems. Simulations show that, under fundamental assumptions without random disturbances, the haulage system always converges to a periodic behaviour in the steady state, but that productivities vary between equilibria. Simulations also demonstrate how productivity per vehicle does not necessarily decrease as more vehicles are added and, for example, in the five-vehicle case, how a 3.1% improvement can be achieved over the use of four vehicles. The result reveals the inefficiency of commonly-used lockout-style vehicle coordination strategies, and suggests a possible avenue for improving the productivity of haulage ramps by controlling the system to achieve more productive behaviours.
Gasless Laparoscopic Varicocele Ligation: Experience with New Instrumentation and Technique for Retroperitoneal and Intraperitoneal Approaches (1997)

Laparoscopic access to the retroperitoneum without abdominal insufflation has recently been made possible by devices designed to create a dilated laparoscopic cavity maintained by a fixed retraction system. This technique was applied in 10 patients undergoing laparoscopic ligation of the internal spermatic vein via extraperitoneal and intraperitoneal approaches. Gasless laparoscopic varicocelectomy was completed in 7 of 8 men by the extraperitoneal route and in neither of the 2 men approached intraperitoneally. The mean operative time was 170+/-55 min and postoperative pain exceeded the norm for standard insufflative laparoscopic varicocelectomy. Whereas certain theoretical advantages are offered by the gasless extraperitoneal approach to varicocele ligation, exposure through the gasless technique is currently suboptimal. Further development of "retraction" technology is required, prior to its routine application for varicocele ligation.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Listeriolysin O allows Listeria monocytogenes replication in macrophage vacuoles. (2008)

Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that replicates rapidly in the cytosol of host cells during acute infection. Surprisingly, these bacteria were found to occupy vacuoles in liver granuloma macrophages during persistent infection of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Here we show that L. monocytogenes can replicate in vacuoles within macrophages. In livers of SCID mice infected for 21 days, we observed bacteria in large LAMP1(+) compartments that we termed spacious Listeria-containing phagosomes (SLAPs). SLAPs were also observed in vitro, and were found to be non-acidic and non-degradative compartments that are generated in an autophagy-dependent manner. The replication rate of bacteria in SLAPs was found to be reduced compared to the rate of those in the cytosol. Listeriolysin O (LLO, encoded by hly), a pore-forming toxin essential for L. monocytogenes virulence, was necessary and sufficient for SLAP formation. A L. monocytogenes mutant with low LLO expression was impaired for phagosome escape but replicated slowly in SLAPs over a 72 h period. Therefore, our studies reveal a role for LLO in promoting L. monocytogenes replication in vacuoles and suggest a mechanism by which this pathogen can establish persistent infection in host macrophages. PMID: 18202661
Diketo Acids Derivatives as Dual Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Integrase and the Reverse Transcriptase RNase H Domain (2011)

The HIV-1 integrase (IN) and reverse transcriptase (RT) are essential enzymes in the virus cycle. RT is crucial for the retrotranscription of the RNA viral genome, while IN is involved in the insertion in host chromosome of the proviral double strand DNA produced by RT. This enzyme has two associated functions: the RNA- and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RDDP and DDDP) and the ribonuclease H (RNase H). The RNase H function catalyzes the selective hydrolysis of the RNA strand of the RNA:DNA heteroduplex replication intermediate. Since the discovery that catalytic cores of both HIV-1 RNase H and IN are folded in a very similar way, have very similar active site geometries, and show the same DDE triad absolutely required for catalytic activity, some researches were devoted to study IN and RNase H dual inhibitor. Our decennial interest in design and synthesis of IN inhibitors led us to study the activity of our compounds also on RNase H activity. The results of the activities showed by pyrrolyl and quinolonyl diketo acids are reported and discussed.
Development of Spectroscopic Imaging Arrays Using Epitaxially Grown Thick Single Crystal CdTe Layers on Si Substrates (2012)

We present the design and fabrication of a 2D monolithic pixelated detector array using metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy grown thick CdTe epitaxial layers on Si substrates. Each pixel in the array consists of a p-CdTe/n-CdTe/n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -Si heterojunction diode structure, and pixels were patterned by cutting deep vertical grooves using a dicing saw. We also developed a low-temperature conductive-epoxy based bonding technique to bond the array to the read out electronic circuit via an interface board. Preliminary evaluation shows that the fabricated array is capable of discriminating energies of the incident radiation and can be applied for the energy discriminating imaging purpose. Moreover, this fabrication technique is useful in developing larger imaging arrays.
A maximum stress at a distance criterion for the prediction of crack propagation in adhesively-bonded joints (2014)

The present work relates to the numerical prediction of the mode I failure of metal-to-metal adhesive joints under 2D quasi-static, steady-state conditions by means of a criterion based on attaining a critical value of maximum principal stress, deltac , at a critical distance, rc , ahead of the crack tip. The model, which fully accounts for the complex elastic-plastic fields inside the adhesive, predicts very accurately the failure of the structural adhesive (i) over a wide range of the thickness of the adhesive layer from 0.1 to 1 mm, and (ii) for two very different test geometries: namely the linear elastic fracture-mechanics (LEFM) tapered double-cantilever beam (TDCB) test and the elastic-plastic fracture-mechanics (EPFM) wedge-peel test. This approach is applied to an epoxy-based structural adhesive where failure occurs cohesively in the adhesive layer. Additional non-dimensional parametric studies have been performed to unravel the link between the geometric effects, the various contributions to the fracture energy, the local stress and strain fields, and the material parameters. It is shown that the proposed criterion based on attaining a critical value of the maximum principal stress at a critical distance ahead of the crack tip provides a better predictive model than that based upon using a cohesive zone model approach.