gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatic Identification of Arabic Dialects USING Hidden Markov Models (2008)

The Arabic language has many different dialects, they must beidentified before Automatic Speech Recognition can take place.This thesis examines the difficult task of properly identifyingvarious Arabic dialects. We also present a novel design of anArabic dialect identification system using Hidden Markov Models(HMM). Due to the similarities and the differences between Arabicdialects, we build a ergodic HMM that has two types of states; oneof them represents the common sounds across Arabic dialects, whilethe other represents the unique sounds of the specific dialect. Wetie the common states across all models since they share the samesounds. We focus only on two major dialects: Egyptian and theGulf. An improved initialization process is used to achieve betterArabic dialect identification. Moreover, we utilize many differentcombinations of speech features related to MFCC such as timederivatives, energy, and the Shifted Delta Cepstra in training andtesting the system. We present a detailed comparison of theperformance of our Arabic dialect identification system using thedifferent combinations. The best result of the Arabic dialectidentification system is 96.67\% correct identification.
Using Storybooks To Teach Science Themes (1994)

Sympathy, empathy, respect, admiration, affection: These are not words normally found in the science texts of primary level classrooms, and the emotions they name are not ordinarily associated with the teaching of science. Yet the young writer quoted above communicates an involvement with small creatures —even an urgency —that was learned through literature. And this emotional involvement was gained right along with a knowledge of spider anatomy, web building and feeding habits. Through literature—storybooks — this student learned science content intertwined with values.
A role for astrocyte‐derived amyloid β peptides in the degeneration of neurons in an animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy (2018)

Kainic acid, an analogue of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, can trigger seizures and neurotoxicity in the hippocampus and other limbic structures in a manner that mirrors the neuropathology of human temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). However, the underlying mechanisms associated with the neurotoxicity remain unclear. Since amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, which are critical in the development of Alzheimer's disease, can mediate toxicity by activating glutamatergic NMDA receptors, it is likely that the enhanced glutamatergic transmission that renders hippocampal neurons vulnerable to kainic acid treatment may involve Aβ peptides. Thus, we seek to establish what role Aβ plays in kainic acid-induced toxicity using in vivo and in vitro paradigms. Our results show that systemic injection of kainic acid to adult rats triggers seizures, gliosis and loss of hippocampal neurons, along with increased levels/processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP), resulting in the enhanced production of Aβ-related peptides. The changes in APP levels/processing were evident primarily in activated astrocytes, implying a role for astrocytic Aβ in kainic acid-induced toxicity. Accordingly, we showed that treating rat primary cultured astrocytes with kainic acid can lead to increased Aβ production/secretion without any compromise in cell viability. Additionally, we revealed that kainic acid reduces neuronal viability more in neuronal/astrocyte co-cultures than in pure neuronal culture, and this is attenuated by precluding Aβ production. Collectively, these results indicate that increased production/secretion of Aβ-related peptides from activated astrocytes can contribute to neurotoxicity in kainic acid-treated rats. Since kainic acid administration can lead to neuropathological changes resembling TLE, it is likely that APP/Aβ peptides derived from astrocytes may have a role in TLE pathogenesis.
Short Notices (1972)

Journal Article Short Notices Get access HAROLD PERKIN HAROLD PERKIN University of Lancaster Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume LXXXVII, Issue CCCXLII, January 1972, Pages 211-b–212, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/LXXXVII.CCCXLII.211-b Published: 01 January 1972
Distribution of α-tocopherol stereoisomers in liver and thigh of chickens (2004)

The effect of supplementation with different levels of all-rac -α-tocopheryl acetate and the inclusion of different dietary contents of PUFA on the deposition of α-tocopherol stereoisomers in liver and thigh of chickens was evaluated. Ninety-six 1-d-old Ross female broiler chickens were randomly distributed into eight experimental treatments (three replicates each) resulting from four levels of α-tocopheryl acetate without supplementation and supplemented with 100, 200 and 400 mg α-tocopheryl acetate/kg and two levels of dietary PUFA (15 and 61 g/kg). The feeds supplemented with α-tocopheryl acetate contained a similar proportion of each stereoisomer. The diets without α-tocopheryl acetate had the following α-tocopherol stereoisomers (%): RRR 35·1, RRS 24·5, RSR 25·3, RSS 13·9 and total 2 S forms 1·3. Consumption of different levels of α-tocopheryl acetate did not lead to statistical differences in α-tocopherol stereoisomer proportion in the liver and thigh. In general, the stereoisomer profiles in the tissues studied were similar, responding to the stereoisomer profile of the diet. Both tissues preferentially accumulated 2 R stereoisomer (69–100%). However, when α-tocopheryl acetate was used the discrimination was not specific for the RRR α-tocopherol form. Furthermore, the 2 R :2 S ratio had a tendency to increase as the polyunsaturation level of the diet increased.
National Transmission Grid Study (2002)

The National Energy Policy Plan directed the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to conduct a study to examine the benefits of establishing a national electricity transmission grid and to identify transmission bottlenecks and measures to address them. DOE began by conducting an independent analysis of U.S. electricity markets and identifying transmission system bottlenecks using DOE’s Policy Office Electricity Modeling System (POEMS). DOE’s analysis, presented in Section 2, confirms the central role of the nation’s transmission system in lowering costs to consumers through increased trade. More importantly, DOE’s analysis also confirms the results of previous studies, which show that transmission bottlenecks and related transmission system market practices are adding hundreds of millions of dollars to consumers’ electricity bills each year. A more detailed technical overview of the use of POEMS is provided in Appendix A. DOE led an extensive, open, public input process and heard a wide range of comments and recommendations that have all been considered.1 More than 150 participants registered for three public workshops held in Detroit, MI (September 24, 2001); Atlanta, GA (September 26, 2001); and Phoenix, AZ (September 28, 2001).
Introduction (2015)

This book is the product of an odd confluence of events: a secret predilection for lurid crime fiction that unexpectedly collided with readings from a graduate seminar in evolutionary biology many years ago. In a rational world, these divergent realms would not intersect. The reason I started reading lowbrow crime novels in the first place was to escape the highbrow tedium that characterized my anthropology graduate seminars. (There are only so many long-winded discussions of Gramsci and Bourdieu one can endure.) Late-night infusions of lean, minimalist crime fiction offered a compelling antidote to the rhetorical excesses of postmodern theory. But evolutionary biology turned out to be anything but tedious. It was quite enthralling, and over time the class readings began to compete with my stash of pulp fiction until I became equally immersed in both genres. At some point, cognitive wires crossed, and evolutionary theory suddenly sparked a whole new way of thinking about organized crime.
Design of a pulse oximeter for price sensitive emerging markets (2010)

While the global market for medical devices is located primarily in developed countries, price sensitive emerging markets comprise an attractive, underserved segment in which products need a unique set of value propositions to be competitive. A pulse oximeter was designed expressly for emerging markets, and a novel feature set was implemented to reduce the cost of ownership and improve the usability of the device. Innovations included the ability of the device to generate its own electricity, a built in sensor which cuts down on operating costs, and a graphical, symbolic user interface. These features yield an average reduction of over 75% in the device cost of ownership versus comparable pulse oximeters already on the market.
Mechanism-Based Treatment in Chronic Neuropathic Pain: The Role of Antidepressants (2005)

Antidepressant drugs have been widely used for many years to treat neuropathic pain, despite the rationale for their use was still unclear. We review recent insights into their mechanism of action, focusing on central and peripheral analgesic actions. Beside the traditional monoaminergic hypothesis, other pharmacological actions have been studied: antidepressants interfere with the opioid system, interact with the NMDA receptors, and inhibit ion channel activity. Firm evidence from randomised controlled trials demonstrated that TCAs are the most effective drugs for treatment of different neuropathic pain conditions. They exhibit the lowest number needed to treat compare with all other drugs investigated. SSRIs failed to provide an adequate analgesia, due to their high selectivity. SSRIs are clearly less effective than TCAs (NNT: 6.7 vs 2.4) supporting the hypothesis that a balanced inhibition of noradrenaline and serotonin reuptake is more effective in relieving pain. On the basis of initial results Venlafaxine seems to be the most promising of the newer antidepressants as analgesic. Newer antidepressants show a better side effects profile, but further investigation are warranted to clarify their potential role in management of pain. Neuropathic pain remains a challenging condition to treat, as all currently available drugs fail to achieve adequate pain relief in a significant proportion of patients. TCAs should be currently considered the first choice in treatment of neuropathic pain and the gold standard against which to compare other potential new treatments.
Arginine racemization by coupled catabolic and anabolic dehydrogenases (2009)

D-amino acids exist in living organisms as specialized components of many different machineries. Biosynthesis of D-amino acids from racemization of predominant L-enantiomers is catalyzed by a single enzyme. Here, we report the finding of a novel 2-component amino acid racemase for D-to-L inversion in D-arginine metabolism of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. From DNA microarray analysis, the putative dauBAR operon (for D-arginine utilization) of unknown functions was found to be highly induced by D-arginine. The importance of the dau operon in D-arginine metabolism was demonstrated by the findings that strains with a lesion at dauA or dauB failed to use D-arginine as sole carbon source. Two lines of evidence suggest that DauA and DauB are required for D-to-L racemization of arginine. First, growth complementation of an L-arginine auxotroph by D-arginine was abolished by a lesion at dauA or dauB. Second, D-arginine induced L-arginine-specific genes in the parental strain PAO1 but not in its dauA or dauB mutants. This hypothesis was further supported by activity measurements of the purified enzymes: DauA catalyzes oxidative deamination of D-arginine into 2-ketoarginine and ammonia, and DauB is able to use 2-ketoarginine and ammonia as substrates and convert them into L-arginine in the presence of NADPH or NADH. Thus, we propose that DauA and DauB are coupled catabolic and anabolic dehydrogenases to perform D-to-L racemization of arginine, which serves as prerequisite of D-arginine utilization through L-arginine catabolic pathways.
Synthesis of a new cationic surfactant for the alkaline hydrolysis of solvent‐pretreated polyester fabrics (2002)

Abstract The synthesis of a cationic surfactant was based on diethanolamine and alkyl halides such as cetyl bromide with epichlorohydrin as a quaternizing agent. It was characterized by the elemental microanalysis of nitrogen and chloride and infrared spectroscopy. Polyester (PET) crepe fabric was pretreated with a series of solvents, including tetrachloroethane and tetrachloroethylene, at 25, 50, and 100°C. Untreated and solvent‐pretreated PET fabric was hydrolyzed with 8 g/L NaOH at 100°C in the absence and presence of a cationic surfactant as a catalyst, and the weight loss was determined. The effects of solvent pretreatment on alkaline hydrolysis and PET dyeing were also examined. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1652–1660, 2002.
Fresnel Zone Plate for Optical Image Formation Using Extreme Ultraviolet and Soft X Radiation (1961)

A new type of Fresnel zone plate has been constructed which can focus ultraviolet radiation of any wavelength down to the soft x-ray region. It consists of a set of thin circular gold bands made self supporting by radial struts, leaving the transparent zones empty. Experimental tests at 6700, 4358, and 2537 A showed that the theoretical minimum angular resolution obeys the Rayleigh criterion, sinθmin=1.22λ/D. The diameter of the zone plate is D=0.26 cm and contains 19 opaque zones, the narrowest of which measured about 20 μ across. The zone plate was better than the optimum pinhole in resolution by a factor of about 6 and in speed by a factor of 40. The zone plate produced pictures that compared favorably with those made with a lens of similar focal length and aperture. The lens was about 20 times faster than the zone plate at 4358 A, but at 1000 A the zone plate would have been far faster than the lens. Focusing tests are contemplated at 1000 A and at 100 A where lenses and mirrors, the conventional image-forming devices, may fail. The angular resolution at 2537 A was close to the theoretical value of 1.2×10−4 rad and held over a field of at least 1.75×10−2 rad, which is 2.0 times the angle subtended by the sun’s disk at the earth. A zone plate telescope, operating in the soft x-ray or extreme ultraviolet region, far above the earth’s atmosphere in an orbiting satellite, now seems possible.
"A revista de tropas do exército católico": os Congressos Católicos realizados pelos Jesuítas alemães no sul do Brasil (2004)

A intenção do trexto é analisar os congressos católicos realizados pelos jesuítas alemães junto aos imigrantes no sul do Brasil no periodo de 1898 até 1940. Os jesuítas imigraram para o Brasil a partir de meados do século XIX, trazendo em sua bagagem a experiência de atividades vivenciadas na Europa e que foram implementando junto a imigrantes, resultando num conjunto de instituições voltadas para a esfera econômica e social, no qual os Congressos reuniam fiéis de diversas comunidades para discutir problemas da comunidade. Os congressos podem ser concebidos também como mecanismos normativos, através dos quais os Jesuítas vinculavam concepções acerca da vida em sociedade.
Federated matrix factorization with privacy guarantee (2021)

Matrix factorization (MF) approximates unobserved ratings in a rating matrix, whose rows correspond to users and columns correspond to items to be rated, and has been serving as a fundamental building block in recommendation systems. This paper comprehensively studies the problem of matrix factorization in different federated learning (FL) settings, where a set of parties want to cooperate in training but refuse to share data directly. We first propose a generic algorithmic framework for various settings of <u>f</u>ederated <u>m</u>atrix <u>f</u>actorization (FMF) and provide a theoretical convergence guarantee. We then systematically characterize privacy-leakage risks in data collection, training, and publishing stages for three different settings and introduce privacy notions to provide end-to-end privacy protections. The first one is vertical federated learning (VFL), where multiple parties have the ratings from the same set of users but on disjoint sets of items. The second one is horizontal federated learning (HFL), where parties have ratings from different sets of users but on the same set of items. The third setting is local federated learning (LFL), where the ratings of the users are only stored on their local devices. We introduce adapted versions of FMF with the privacy notions guaranteed in the three settings. In particular, a new private learning technique called embedding clipping is introduced and used in all the three settings to ensure differential privacy. For the LFL setting, we combine differential privacy with secure aggregation to protect the communication between user devices and the server with a strength similar to the local differential privacy model, but much better accuracy. We perform experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approaches.
Self-calibrating transceiver for source synchronous clocking system with on-chip TDR and swing level control scheme (2009)

A transceiver chip with per-pin de-skew and read latency detection scheme utilizing on-chip TDR was implemented in 60nm DRAM process for the interface with source synchronous clock system. Without multi-phase clock, each time skew between Strobe and 16 Data was corrected within 0.028UI at 1.6-Gb/s data rate. Also, the jitter reduction of 50% was measured with swing-level controlled voltage-mode driver in the absence of destination termination at 1.6-Gb/s.
A Thermodynamic Model for the Prediction of Asphaltene Precipitation (2004)

Abstract Asphaltene precipitation in reservoirs, wells, and facilities can have a severe and detrimental impact on the oil production. Due to the extreme chemical complexity of the asphaltene and crude oil and the lack of comprehensive experimental data, the modeling of asphaltene precipitation in crude oil remains as a challenging task. In this article, a compositional thermodynamic model was developed to predict asphaltene precipitation conditions. The proposed model is based on a cubic equation of state with an additional term to describe the association of asphaltene molecules. Extensive testing against the literature data, including asphaltene precipitation from crude oil and solvent injection systems, concludes that the proposed model provides reasonable predictive results.
Novel Solubility Prediction Models: Molecular Fingerprints and Physicochemical Features vs Graph Convolutional Neural Networks (2022)

Predicting both accurate and reliable solubility values has long been a crucial but challenging task. In this work, surrogated model-based methods were developed to accurately predict the solubility of two molecules (solute and solvent) through machine learning and deep learning. The current study employed two methods: (1) converting molecules into molecular fingerprints and adding optimal physicochemical properties as descriptors and (2) using graph convolutional network (GCN) models to convert molecules into a graph representation and deal with prediction tasks. Then, two prediction tasks were conducted with each method: (1) the solubility value (regression) and (2) the solubility class (classification). The fingerprint-based method clearly demonstrates that high performance is possible by adding simple but significant physicochemical descriptors to molecular fingerprints, while the GCN method shows that it is possible to predict various properties of chemical compounds with relatively simplified features from the graph representation. The developed methodologies provide a comprehensive understanding of constructing a proper model for predicting solubility and can be employed to find suitable solutes and solvents.
(<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:math>) Cross Sections of Copper and Zinc (1958)

The ($p, n$) reaction cross sections of ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{63}$, ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{65}$, ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{64}$, ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{66}$, and ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{68}$ were measured at energies up to 12 Mev. The energy dependence agrees with that predicted by the Shapiro calculations, but the large variation of cross section among these nuclides suggests that interactions, other than compound nucleus formation, are taking place at these energies. The threshold of the reaction ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{64}(p, n){\mathrm{Ga}}^{64}$ was determined, giving $Q=\ensuremath{-}7.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15$ Mev.
A better understanding of CMOS latch-up (1984)

Both lumped-element two-transistor circuit model and two-dimensional finite-element analyses are used to study the latch-up phenomena in CMOS structures. The equivalent circuit model offers a simple view on latch-up, while 2-D modeling provides more physics and quantitative understanding of latch-up. A generalized criterion for p-n-p-n latch-up is derived based on the equivalent circuit. 2-D modeling confirms the latch-up triggering condition described by the criterion. Furthermore, 2-D simulation models the entire latch-up process, including the dynamic triggering stage, and determines the intrinsic steady-state I - V characteristics of p-n-p-n devices.
Purification and Characterization of an 85 kDa Sialoglycoprotein in Liver Lysosomal Membranes1 (1992)

Sialoglycoprotein with a molecular mass of 85 kDa (LGP85) was purified from rat liver lysosomal membranes with a 0.9% recovery to apparent homogeneity, as determined from the pattern on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence and in the absence of SDS. The purification procedures included: preparation of lysosomal membranes, elimination of LGP107 and LGP96 with immunoaffinity columns, WGA-Sepharose affinity chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography, and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. LGP85 contains about 22.8% carbohydrate and the carbohydrate moiety is composed of mannose, galactose, fucose, glucosamine, galactosamine, and neuraminic acid, in a molar ratio of 40:20:2:23:3:13. Susceptibility to neuraminidase and immunoreactivity of the protein in intact tritosomes were examined to study the topology of the protein in tritosomal membranes. Neuraminidase susceptibility and immunoreactivity of the protein were not observed in intact tritosomes until the tritosomes had been disrupted by osmotic shock. These observations suggest that both oligosaccharide chains and the main protein portion of the protein are located on the interior surface of the tritosomal membranes. Subcellular localization of LGP85 was determined using enzyme immunoassay. The lysosomes seem to be the major location. LGP85 in the lysosomes was divided into the membrane bound form (90%) and the soluble form (10%). Immunoelectron microscopy clearly confirmed that the localization of LGP85 is mainly confined to lysosomes.
Model selection via the AUC (2004)

We present a statistical analysis of the AUC as an evaluation criterion for classification scoring models. First, we consider significance tests for the difference between AUC scores of two algorithms on the same test set. We derive exact moments under simplifying assumptions and use them to examine approximate practical methods from the literature. We then compare AUC to empirical misclassification error when the prediction goal is to minimize future error rate. We show that the AUC may be preferable to empirical error even in this case and discuss the tradeoff between approximation error and estimation error underlying this phenomenon.