gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy-logic-based torque control strategy for parallel-type hybrid electric vehicle (1998)

In a parallel-type hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), torque assisting and battery recharging control using the electric machine is the key point for efficient driving. In this paper, by adopting the decision-making property of fuzzy logic, the driving map for an HEV is made according to driving conditions. In this fuzzy logic controller, the induction machine torque command is generated from the acceleration pedal stroke and its rotational speed. To construct a proper rule base of fuzzy logic, the dynamo test and road tests for a hybrid powertrain are carried out, where the torque and the nitrogen oxides (NO/sub x/) emission characteristic of the diesel engine and the driver's driving patterns are acquired, respectively. An HEV, a city bus for shuttle service, with the proposed fuzzy-logic-based driving strategy was built and tested at a real service route. It reveals that the improved NO/sub x/ emission and better charge balance without an extra battery charger over the conventional deterministic-table-based strategy.
Foreign direct investment: financial benefits could surpass gains in technology (2015)

Many emerging markets offer financial incentives to attract foreign direct investment, believing that such investment provides advanced technology or management skills. However, it appears developing economies such as China could benefit more from multinational corporations’ financial resources.
The Potential of Spaceborne Dual-Wavelength Radar to Make Global Measurements of Cirrus Clouds (1999)

Spaceborne millimeter-wave radar has been identified as a possible instrument to make global measurements in ice clouds, which have an important but poorly understood role in the earth’s radiation budget. In this paper, the authors explore the potential of a dual-frequency spaceborne radar to estimate crystal size in cirrus clouds and, hence, determine ice water content and the shortwave extinction coefficient more accurately than would be possible using a single radar. Calculations show that gaseous attenuation is not a serious problem for a nadir-pointing radar measuring down to cirrus altitudes at frequencies between 35 and 215 GHz, provided the frequencies are chosen to lie in the window regions of the atmospheric absorption spectrum. This enables one to exploit the significant benefits of using frequencies too high to be operated from the ground. Radar reflectivity at 35, 79, 94, 140, and 215 GHz has been calculated from aircraft ice particle size spectra obtained during the European Cloud Radiation Experiment (EUCREX) and the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment (CEPEX), and it is shown that overall the most promising dual-wavelength combination for measuring crystal size and ice water content is 79 and 215 GHz. For a minimum radar sensitivity of −30 dBZ, this combination can measure ice water content and median volume diameter with errors of between 10% and 30% when the reflectivity is greater than −15 dBZ (equivalent to an ice water content of around 0.015 g m−3). If only a single wavelength radar were affordable, then, for estimating ice water content, 215 GHz would be the preferred choice. Since the two radars would be likely to use the same antenna, the authors also consider the effect of cloud inhomogeneities to introduce a random error into the reflectivity ratio because of the different beamwidths at each frequency. It is found, using data from the cloud radars at Chilbolton, England, that this is more than 0.2 dB for frequency pairings that include 35 GHz but for all other combinations is less than 0.1 dB, which is comparable to the other errors in the system and much smaller than the typical values being measured. Nonspherical crystals are shown to have a significant effect on the size measured by a nadir-pointing dual-wavelength radar, but the authors present evidence that this can be largely eliminated by viewing at 45° from nadir.
Epilepsy in the dog–a comparative approach (1973)

ABSTRACT A review of the current theories of the physiopathogenesis of the epilepsies is presented; emphasis is placed on the value of a more basic approach to the naturally–occuring seizure disorders of the dog, from both a clinical and electroencephalographic viewpoint. The comparative and veterinary rewards of such an approach are stressed. Résumé. On a présenté une revue des théories courantes de la physiopathogenèse des épilepsies. On a fait ressortir la valeur d'une approche plus fondamentale concernant les troubles d'attaque brusque se produisant naturellement chez le chien d'un point de vue à la fois clinique et électro‐encephalographique. On a souligné les récompenses comparatives et vétérinaires d'une telle approche. Zusammenfassung. Eine nochmalige Obersicht der zur Zeit herrschenden Théorie von der Physiopathogenèse ùber Epilepsien wird vorgelegt; nachdrùcklich betont man den Wert von einer mehr fundamentalen Stellungsnahme zu den spontanen Epilepsieanfall‐St&#x006f;&#x030c;rungen des Hundes, von klinischer wie elektroenzephalographischer Hinsicht aus. Man betont die relativen und veterina&#x030c;ren Belohnungen von solch einer Annàherung des Problems.
Physical, structural, and mechanical characterization of calcium–shellac microspheres as a carrier of carbamide peroxide (2009)

Abstract Calcium–shellac microspheres with encapsulated carbamide peroxide (CP) were made by emulsification to generate an emulsion including shellac ammonium salt aqueous solution with soluble CP dispersed in sunflower oil with calcium chloride powders, followed by gelation between shellac and calcium. The effects of formulation and processing conditions on the encapsulation efficiency of CP, the physical, structural, and mechanical properties of calcium–shellac microspheres, including size, inner structure, and mechanical strength, were investigated. The sizes of the prepared microspheres were in the range of 10–100 μm, depending on the agitation speed used in the emulsification process. The morphology of calcium–shellac microspheres was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and image analysis. Their inner structure was evaluated using X‐ray microcomputed tomography, and their mechanical strength was determined by a micromanipulation technique. The structure and mechanical strength of the microspheres were compared with those bigger calcium–shellac beads (1–3 mm in diameter) made by extrusion followed by gelation (Xue and Zhang, J Microencapsul 2008, 25, 523), and clear contrast in the properties between the two preparation methods has been found. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
PCI DSS - closing the loop on 'card not present' fraud (2006)

PCI DSS is based on proven security principals and rules. It enable to prevent CNP fraud, protect existing cardholder data. Also ensure the integrity and availability of your organization's information. All storage and transmission of cardholder data has to be encrypted. Therefore it is worthwhile checking all applications that process cardholder data. This includes any test data that may be used. Where applications do not store cardholder data in an encrypted format, project plan and remediation strategy.
Field Trial to Investigate the Effect of Fuel Composition and Fuel-Lubricant Interaction on Sludge Formation in Gasoline Engines (1992)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Engine Sludge has reappeared in the last decade as a source of operation problems and in manufacturers warranty claims in Europe and the USA, due to engine malfunction and in some cases engine failure through oil starvation. This sludge has become known as ‘Black sludge’ or ‘Hot sludge’ in Europe. As a result of the problem, bench engine tests have been developed in Europe (CEC-L-41-T-88), and the USA (ASTM Sequence VE). Both these tests have been shown to be particularly sensitive to changes in the fuel composition, even between batches of the same gasoline.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A field trial has been conducted by Shell Research Ltd at Thornton Research Centre, to study the effect of fuel composition and fuel-lubricant interactions on the propensity to form sludge, using a mileage accumulation cycle designed to be severe with respect to sludge formation.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Fuel compositions were taken at the extremes of levels currently found commercially, and the effect of a gasoline detergent additive was also included in the study. Oils with performance meeting API SF and API SG levels were used. The test was designed using a statistical half replicate approach with sixteen vehicles. Four additional vehicles were included to provide a reference to the Sequence VE test.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The results show clear fuel and fuel-lubricant interaction effects on sludge formation and piston cleanliness. The controlling fuel parameters were found to be different for sludge formation in the rocker cover and sump areas. The use of a fuel detergent additive has been seen to have a beneficial effect on sludge control in these vehicles.</div>
Una Economía de frontera con el norte europeo : el desarrollo de Cataluña en los siglos XVIII al XX (2001)

El presente ensayo pretende evaluar la contribución que haya podido suponer la condición de territorio de frontera a las particularidades del proceso de desarrollo económico de Cataluña desde el siglo XVIII en adelante. En su mismo nacimiento como espacio político y administrativo diferenciado y con soberanía sobre el territorio, Cataluña fue una frontera o límite: la “Marca Hispánica” que el Imperio carolingio interpuso frente a los territorios dominados por los musulmanes en la Península Ibérica. La posición fronteriza con Francia no la perdió ya jamás. Pero a mediados del siglo XVII, tras la derrota militar española frente a Francia, la Paz de los Pirineos (1659) consagró la división del territorio en dos partes. La menor, que contenía a Perpiñán, segunda ciudad más importante, pasó a soberanía francesa. La mayor, con capitalidad en Barcelona, quedó del lado español. Sin embargo, los contactos, incluso familiares, entre las dos Cataluñas y las relaciones de todo orden fueron desde entonces frecuentes e intensas. La existencia de una lengua común y distinta a las que dominaban en el resto de Francia y de España facilitó esos intercambios. En las secciones que siguen dedicaré un breve espacio a presentar cada uno de los mecanismos relacionales que pueden asociarse a la existencia de la frontera y a los contactos que se mantuvieron regularmente con las economías de los países al Norte de la misma. El primer apartado se dedica a las oportunidades del comercio, con el recurso a dos ejemplos específicos. El segundo se ocupa del comercio transfronterizo ilegal o de contrabando. El tercero atiende a los canales empleados para la transferencia de tecnología. El cuarto se refiere a la inversión extranjera directa. El quinto está reservado al turismo internacional. El sexto trata de ponderar la nueva situación que ha suscitado en la región la incorporación de España a la Unión Europea a partir de 1986. Una sección final ensaya una breve valoración de conjunto.
Fine-Tuning Control of<i>phoBR</i>Expression in Vibrio cholerae by Binding of PhoB to Multiple Pho Boxes (2011)

The control of Vibrio cholerae phoBR expression by PhoB involves its binding to Pho boxes at -35 (box 1), -60 (box 2), and -80 (box 3) from the putative phoB translation start site. These loci were located in the sense (box 1) and antisense (boxes 2 and 3) strands of the phoBR regulatory region, and PhoB binds to these individual boxes with distinct affinities. Fusions of sequences containing different combinations of these boxes upstream of the lacZ reporter in a plasmid demonstrated that only those carrying boxes 1, 2, and 3, or 1 alone, activated transcription under inorganic phosphate (P(i)) limitation. When a fragment, including only boxes 1 and 2, was fused to lacZ, expression was no longer induced by low P(i), suggesting a repressive role for PhoB~box2 (PhoB bound to box 2) over the transcriptional activity induced by PhoB~box1. The similarity between lacZ expression levels from promoter fragments containing the three boxes or box 1 alone showed that PhoB~box3 eliminated the repressive effect imposed by PhoB~box2 on phoBR transcription. Complementation assays with a phoBR-containing plasmid demonstrated that the 234-bp promoter fragment carrying the three boxes is absolutely required for operon expression in Vibrio cholerae ΔphoBR cells. This was observed under P(i) abundance, when phoBR was expressed at a basal level and, also in low P(i) conditions, when Pho regulon genes were fully expressed. Thus, under P(i) limitation, PhoB exerts dual regulatory functions by binding sequentially distinct Pho boxes to enable the fine-tuning and precise control of phoBR expression in V. cholerae cells.
The price to park: Assessing the determinants of Garage prices and their interaction with curbside regulation. (2016)

Curbside parking regulation has been widely implemented in cities around the world and increasingly they are adopting market-oriented perspectives. However, policy-makers face a complex task when they seek to foster efficiency in this market due to its intrinsic distortions (most notably, cruising in search of a parking space and garage market power). Theoretical studies stress that the right price differential between curbside and garage parking fees is critical in addressing this task; yet, the interactions between the two have received little attention to date in the literature. By drawing on a new self-constructed database for all the garages in the city of Barcelona, we empirically explore the determinants of garage prices. Our results indicate that prices are mainly influenced by fixed and variable cost drivers, the dominance position of the garage in its surrounding market and the garage’s interaction with curbside parking. In this regard, we find that prices react to the scarcity of parking spaces in the street and to the curbside price fixed by the public authority. In short, this paper stresses the importance of the interactions between the curb and off-street garages when considering policy alternatives that might establish the optimal price differential.
Pre-Eclampsia Is Associated With Increased Risk of Stroke in the Adult Offspring (2009)

People born after pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia or gestational hypertension are at increased risk of stroke. The underlying processes may include a local disorder of the blood vessels of the brain as a consequence of either reduced brain growth or impaired brain growth leading to "brain-sparing" responses in utero.
DOLICHOPODIDAE FROM SOUTHWESTERN CHINA— III: FOUR NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS <i>TACHYTRECHUS</i> (DIPTERA)* (1998)

Abstract This paper describes four new species of the genus Tachytrechus Haliday 1851, from Guizhou in southwestern China, namely, T. absarista Wei, sp. nov., T. crysus Wei, sp. nov, T. crypsusoideus Wei, sp. nov. and T. modestus Wei, sp. nov. A key to all 9 named species is given. The type specimens are deposited in the author's collection.
Are Pb–Bi Ordering Waves Instrumental for the Metal-Insulator Transition in BaPb<sub>1-x</sub>Bi<sub>x</sub>O<sub>3</sub>? (1987)

We propose that the metal-semiconductor transition in the BaPb 1- x Bi x O 3 alloy system in caused by a cooperative effect of both `breathing' type charge density waves and ordering waves on the Pb-Bi lattice. The wavevectors Q are nesting vectors over the proper Fermi surfaces and should increase with Bi concentration x. They should be observable in the diffuse elastic scattering.
Study and Realization of Content-based Web Retrieval System for Wallpaper (2006)

The color and the characteristics of the overall arrangement of the pattern of the wallpaper products are analysed,a prototype system called YL-WRS is developped based on a kind of content-based wallpaper image retrieval algorithm design which is put forward here to implement the establishments of information for wallpaper.Experimental results indicate that algorithm design is feasible and good for the improvement of the accuracy of the retrieving rate to content-based image.
Table of Contents (2006)

Abstract Features State Renewable Energy Policies Having Increasing Effect Lori Bird, Karlynn Cory, Elizabeth Brown, and Doug Arent Technology Superconductor Power Cables Going Strong and Crucial for the Future John B. Howe Finance and Accounting “SPACs” Present Advantages to Midsize to Smaller Energy Companies Robert S. Matlin Residential Market Time‐Honored Methods Work Well in Residential Marketing Brennan Mulcahy Electric Transmission Wide Array of Views About Adequate Level of Reliability for Bulk Power David R. Poe and Sonia C. Mendonca Columns Workforce Issues New Workforce Challenges Abound John Juliano
Low-cost bump bonding activities at CERN (2010)

Conventional bumping processes used in the fabrication of hybrid pixel detectors for High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments use electroplating for Under Bump Metallization (UBM) and solder bump deposition. This process is laborious, involves time consuming photolithography and can only be performed using whole wafers. Electroplating has been found to be expensive when used for the low volumes which are typical of HEP experiments. In the low-cost bump bonding development work, electroless deposition technology of UBM is studied as an alternative to the electroplating process in the bump size / pitch window beginning from 20 μm / 50 μm. Electroless UBM deposition used in combination with solder transfer techniques has the potential to significantly lower the cost of wafer bumping without requiring increased wafer volumes. A test vehicle design of sensor and readout chip, having daisy chains and Kelvin bump structures, was created to characterize the flip chip process with electroless UBM. Two batches of test vehicle wafers were manufactured with different bump pad metallization. Batch #1 had AlSi(1%) metallization, which is similar to the one used on sensor wafers, and Batch #2 had AlSi(2%)Cu(1%) metallization, which is very similar to the one used on readout wafers. Electroless UBMs were deposited on both wafer batches. In addition, electroplated Ni UBM and SnPb solder bumps were grown on the test sensor wafers. Test assemblies were made by flip chip bonding the solder-bumped test sensors against the test readout chips with electroless UBMs. Electrical yields and individual joint resistances were measured from assemblies, and the results were compared to a well known reference technique based on electroplated solder bumps structures on both chips. The electroless UBMs deposited on AlSi(2%)Cu(1%) metallization showed excellent electrical yields and small tolerances in individual joint resistance. The results from the UBMs deposited on AlSi(1%) metallization were non-uniform and closer inspection revealed micro cracks at aluminum — electroless nickel interface. UBM deposition was also done for Timepix wafers and solder ball placement process was prototyped with 40 μm balls.
Automation of specification process for PLC control systems software (2003)

The specification process for advanced industrial process control systems should be conducted by means of a methodology that takes into consideration the specification of control functions and the system architecture. For the domain of industrial process control by PLCs, we have implemented the automation of the specification process within a pragmatic low-cost and easy to use CASE environment, comprising commercial computer tools extended by a dedicated software. Such an environment makes possible domain-oriented non-redundant data entry, automatic data expansion and transfer into the CASE tool repository, and remains an advantage of CASE tool generic functions.
Surface Structure in Corundum: I, Etching of Dislocations (1960)

Triangular etch pits, corresponding to the intersection of individual edge dislocations with the surface, have been observed in corundum single crystals after about 5 minutes of immersion in boiling phosphoric acid. Dislocations of both the (0001), (1120) and (1210), (1010) slip systems (where reference is made to the slip plane and slip direction, respectively) have been detected by this method. Edge dislocations of the (0001), (1120) system etched on surfaces close to and including the (1011) and {2021} planes. Dislocations of the {1210}, (1010) systems etched on the basal (0001) plane. The orientation dependence and technique of etching is described. The agreement with the Nye formula and with some of the expected properties of dislocations is cited as evidence that individual edge dislocations are actually detected. Typical photomicrographs of the etched surface in as‐received, deformed, flame‐polished, and polygonized crystals are shown. The dislocation structure produced in basally deformed crystals was found to depend critically on the constancy of the temperature during deformation. Crystals held at 2000°C. during bending exhibited dislocations arrayed in rows in the slip planes in good agreement with the Nye formula. Crystals bent while cooling (quench‐bent) had about twice as many dislocations as predicted by the Nye formula and these were distributed randomly. The possibility of vacancy condensation as a method for dislocation generation in quench‐bent crystals is discussed.
Effects of <i>In Situ</i> Ozonation on Structural Change of Soil Organic Matter (2003)

Four different soils were collected from the field and oxidized using gaseous ozone. The soil organic matter (SOM) was extracted from test soils and analyzed to examine the structural changes of SOM due to the chemical oxidation. Various characteristics of the water-soluble SOM, such as the pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), specific UV absorbance (SUVA), carboxylic acidity, average molecular weight, and structure, were strongly affected by SOM content and ozonation time. The pH values of the extracts were found to decrease with longer ozonation times, and this was due to the formation of carboxylic acids originating from the oxidation of the SOM. The DOC concentration and SUVA increased with a greater oxidation time due to the increased dissolution of humic or fulvic acids into the extracts. As well, the ozonation of SOM enhanced the dissolution of hydrophilic fraction of SOM into the soil water phase. Hence, the biologically degradable fraction of the water-soluble SOM increased proportional with ozone treatment due to an increase in its hydrophilic content.
BRDF invariant stereo using light transport constancy (2005)

Nearly all existing methods for stereo reconstruction assume that scene reflectance is Lambertian, and make use of color constancy as a matching invariant. We introduce a new invariant for stereo reconstruction called light transport constancy, which allows completely arbitrary scene reflectance (BRDFs). This invariant can be used to formulate a rank constraint on multiview stereo matching when the scene is observed in several lighting configurations. In addition, we show that this multiview constraint can be used with as few as two cameras and two lighting configurations. Unlikely previous methods for BRDF invariant stereo, light transport constancy does not require precisely configured or calibrated light sources, nor calibration objects in the scene. Importantly, the new constraint can be used to provide BRDF invariance to any existing stereo method, whenever appropriate lighting variation is available.