gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultrafine microporous and mesoporous activated carbon fibers from alkali lignin (2013)

A facile and sustainable approach has been successfully devised to fabricate ultrafine (100–500 nm) highly porous activated carbon fibers (ACFs) by electrospinning of aqueous solutions of predominantly alkali lignin (low sulfonate content) followed by simultaneous carbonization and activation at 850 °C under N2. Incorporating a polyethylene oxide (PEO) carrier with only up to one ninth of lignin not only enabled efficient electrospinning into fibers but also retained fibrous structures during heating, alleviating the need for a separate thermal stabilization step. In situ impregnation of alkali hydroxide activating chemicals with only up to 50% of the lignin carbon precursor, i.e., merely one tenth to one quarter of the quantities used in manufacturing activated carbon particulates, allowed simultaneous carbonization and activation in a single heating step. A range of micropore-dominant to mesopore-dominant ACFs were successfully fabricated to achieve superior specific surface (>1400 m2 g−1) and porosity (>0.7 cm3 g−1) tuned by varying the type and contents of alkali hydroxides. This streamlined approach was robust and demonstrated the feasibility and versatility in processing and converting a readily available renewable carbon precursor, lignin, into highly porous activated carbon fibers.
Potent and Preferential Degradation of CDK6 via Proteolysis Targeting Chimera Degraders (2019)

A focused PROTAC library hijacking cancer therapeutic target CDK6 was developed. A design principle as "match/mismatch" was proposed for understanding the degradation profile differences in these PROTACs. Notably, potent PROTACs with specific and remarkable CDK6 degradation potential were generated by linking CDK6 inhibitor palbociclib and E3 ligase CRBN recruiter pomalidomide. The PROTAC strongly inhibited proliferation of hematopoietic cancer cells including multiple myeloma and robustly degraded copy-amplified/mutated forms of CDK6, indicating future potential clinical applications.
Siddons, Celebrity and Regality: Portraiture and the Body of the Ageing Actress (2005)

During the eighteenth century the concept of celebrity was in its formative stages. Although the effects and consequences of public recognition existed before this time, its by-products — including journalistic voyeurism, public obsession and image manipulation — were manifestations of a commercial culture that became especially strong in England during the latter half of the eighteenth century. Despite the ostensible differences between developing ideas of celebrity in the eighteenth century and a fully formed concept of celebrity perpetuated through the mass media of modernity, there are many continuities between Georgian London and twenty-first-century global culture. Mechanisms of publicity that were only in the process of invention in the eighteenth century remain: image-making, puffing, idolatry, the collapse of distinctions between public and private, and an obsession with the body. Furthermore, as Richard Dyer has argued, ‘stars’ can serve the function of either reinforcing dominant value systems or patching over often unspoken cultural problems,1 and these ideological operations existed as strongly in the ‘pre-cognitive’ celebrity culture of the eighteenth century as they do today.2 What changed in the intervening centuries was the way these ingredients gradually overturned the continuity and longevity of public ‘fame’ in favour of the evanescence and replaceability of ‘celebrity’.3
Modeling and design of circularly-polarized cylindrical wraparound microstrip antennas (2002)

Wraparound microstrip antennas are generating great interest in both the military and commercial sectors. Conformal microstrip antennas which can be wrapped around a missile or a lamp post are particularly useful in providing an inexpensive means of data transmission in applications ranging from telemetry to cellular base stations. Most existing wraparound antennas are linearly-polarized. The design of these wraparound antennas often entails using planar models to generate an initial design, then relying on cut-and-try to compensate for the curvature. When the radius of the mounting cylinder is large (greater than one guided wavelength), the effect of the curvature is negligible; therefore, planar models can be used. However, when the radius of the mounting cylinder becomes small, planar models with the cut-and-try approach are inadequate. This is particularly true for circularly-polarized wraparound arrays where the polarization purity of the array can be affected by the curvature much more than the input impedance. This paper discusses the design and modeling of an omnidirectional circularly-polarized wraparound microstrip array for cylinders with small radii. As shown, the inclusion of the cylindrical curvature effect in the modeling process is crucial in attaining an optimal design.
Use of Bamboo Strand Plywood in Box Beam Construction (2005)

As more engineers and architects wish to create structures using environmentally greenmaterials, resource providers are challenged to locate novel materials. One possible material sourceis bamboo strand plywood (BSP), which can be produced in a 3-5 year rotation, compared to a 20year rotation for softwood lumber products. This paper discusses the use of bamboo strip plywoodfor use as the web members of plywood box beams. Standard ASTM testing methods wereemployed to measure the strength and stiffness properties of BSP. Experimental testing comparedbox beams with BSP webs to box beams with conventional oriented strandboard webs. This limitedtesting found that the BSP web box beam carried approximately 70% more load than the OSB boxbeams with both beams containing identical flange material.. Current box beam prediction equationswere oversimplified and did not produce reasonable estimates for either web material.
3(5)‐(2‐Hydroxyphenyl)‐5(3)‐styrylpyrazoles: Synthesis and Diels−Alder Transformations (2004)

Abstract Reactions between cinnamoyl(2‐hydroxybenzoyl)methanes and hydrazine hydrate in acetic acid gave 3‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐5‐styrylpyrazoles, while the corresponding reactions with phenylhydrazine yielded 5‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1‐phenyl‐3‐styrylpyrazoles as the major products and 3‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1‐phenyl‐5‐styrylpyrazoles as by‐products. The reaction mechanism of this transformation is discussed. The first cycloaddition reactions between ortho ‐benzoquinodimethane and either 3‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐5‐styrylpyrazoles or 5‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1‐phenyl‐3‐styrylpyrazoles afforded 5‐[2‐(3‐aryl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronaphthyl)]‐3‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)pyrazoles or 3‐[2‐(3‐aryl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronaphthyl)]‐1‐phenyl‐5‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)pyrazoles, respectively. These cycloadducts were converted into the corresponding naphthylpyrazoles by oxidation with DDQ in dry 1,4‐dioxane. The structures of all new derivatives have been established by NMR spectroscopy. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Trade Beyond Europe (1973)

TRADE beyond Continental Europe (except to Mediterranean Turkey) was of little consequence before the Civil War. Then it rose dramatically, to an extent that changed the whole pattern of England’s overseas trade. By 1700 America and Asia were providing a third of all imports, and the re-export of their produce accounted for nearly a third of all English exports.5
Probability distribution of a passive scalar in grid-generated turbulence (1991)

The probability distribution of passive temperature fluctuations is experimentally studied in grid-generated wind tunnel turbulence. It is shown that exponential tails occur for a mean temperature gradient but do not in the absence of a mean gradient. The velocity probability distribution is Gaussian.
Multicast routing issues in ad hoc networks (2002)

The advent of ubiquitous computing and the proliferation of portable computing devices have raised the importance of mobile and wireless networking. At the same time, the popularity of group-oriented computing has grown tremendously. However, little has been accomplished to-date in bringing together the technologies for group-oriented communication and mobile networking. In particular, most modern wireless/mobile and ad hoc networks do not provide support for multicast communication. A major challenge lies in adapting multicast communication to environments where mobility is unlimited and outages/failures are frequent. This paper motivates the need for new multicast routing protocols aimed specifically at fully-mobile (ad hoc) networks. Our premise is that, due to their inherent broadcast capability, wireless networks are well-suited for multicast communication. Unlike the evolution of routing in wired networks, we believe that-in ad hoc networks-it is more effective to treat multicast routing as a separate problem. The paper also identifies outstanding research issues pertaining to multicast routing in mobile and ad hoc networks, and discusses one possible approach to multicast routing and packet forwarding in ad hoc networks.
Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Phosphopeptides after Peptide Carboxy Group Derivatization (2008)

A nearly 100% yield peptide carboxy group derivatization method was offered to largely enhance phosphopeptide ionization efficiency. This method, adopting 1-(2-pyrimidyl) piperazine (PP) as the derivatization reagent, shows several advantages such as good reproducibility, ease of handling, rapid reaction time, and no side reaction. PP derivatization improves the hydrophobicities, p I values, and gas-phase basicities of peptides especially those of phosphopeptides. In the matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) source, the ionization efficiencies of four synthetic phosphopeptides were increased by 50-101 times while that of three nonphosphopeptides were 10-40-fold. In the electrospray ionization (ESI) source, PP-derivatized phosphopeptides also gave much higher ionization efficiency improvements than nonphosphopeptides. When this method was applied to much more complex mixtures, tryptic BSA digests spiked with one single phosphopeptide in different molar ratios, the signal intensity of this phosphopeptide always had the largest increment among all those peptides. Obviously, this easily manipulated as well as highly specific method provides a promising tool for high-throughput phosphoproteome research.
Surface Preparation and Application of Plural Component Coatings to Pipeline During Rehabilitation (1991)

Abstract This paper discusses methods and equipment for surface preparation and coating of pipelines during refurbishment activities. The need for surface preparation prior to coating is considered and an evaluation of abrasive air blast cleaning and mechanical shot blast cleaning techniques are presented. The factors affecting mechanical shot blast efficiency are reviewed including important design elements that should be considered in the selection and specification of mechanical shot blast equipment. Equipment requirements for the application of high performance plural component coatings are presented. Field experience applying a plural component polyurethane coating is reviewed.
Use of Enrichment Culture for Directed Evolution of the <i>Vibrio fluvialis</i> JS17 ω-Transaminase, Which Is Resistant to Product Inhibition by Aliphatic Ketones (2005)

A novel high-throughput screening method that overcame product inhibition was used to isolate a mutant omega-transaminase from Vibrio fluvialis JS17. An enzyme library was generated using error-prone PCR mutagenesis and then enriched on minimal medium containing 2-aminoheptane as the sole nitrogen source and 2-butanone as an inhibitory ketone. An identified mutant enzyme, omega-TAmla, showed significantly reduced product inhibition by aliphatic ketone. The product inhibition constants of the mutant with 2-butanone and 2-heptanone were 6- and 4.5-fold higher than those of the wild type, respectively. Using omega-TAmla (50 U/ml) overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21, 150 mM 2-aminoheptane was successfully resolved to (R)-2-aminoheptane (enantiomeric excess, >99%) with 53% conversion with an enantioselectivity of >100.
Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas (2005)

We developed interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas (excluding Antarctica) at a spatial resolution of 30 arc s (often referred to as 1-km spatial resolution). The climate elements considered were monthly precipitation and mean, minimum, and maximum temperature. Input data were gathered from a variety of sources and, where possible, were restricted to records from the 1950–2000 period. We used the thin-plate smoothing spline algorithm implemented in the ANUSPLIN package for interpolation, using latitude, longitude, and elevation as independent variables. We quantified uncertainty arising from the input data and the interpolation by mapping weather station density, elevation bias in the weather stations, and elevation variation within grid cells and through data partitioning and cross validation. Elevation bias tended to be negative (stations lower than expected) at high latitudes but positive in the tropics. Uncertainty is highest in mountainous and in poorly sampled areas. Data partitioning showed high uncertainty of the surfaces on isolated islands, e.g. in the Pacific. Aggregating the elevation and climate data to 10 arc min resolution showed an enormous variation within grid cells, illustrating the value of high-resolution surfaces. A comparison with an existing data set at 10 arc min resolution showed overall agreement, but with significant variation in some regions. A comparison with two high-resolution data sets for the United States also identified areas with large local differences, particularly in mountainous areas. Compared to previous global climatologies, ours has the following advantages: the data are at a higher spatial resolution (400 times greater or more); more weather station records were used; improved elevation data were used; and more information about spatial patterns of uncertainty in the data is available. Owing to the overall low density of available climate stations, our surfaces do not capture of all variation that may occur at a resolution of 1 km, particularly of precipitation in mountainous areas. In future work, such variation might be captured through knowledge-based methods and inclusion of additional co-variates, particularly layers obtained through remote sensing. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
SQUINT BUSTERS (2006)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTSQUINT BUSTERSTool builders are pushing optical microscope vision to single-molecule sharpnessIVAN AMATOView Author Information C&EN WASHINGTONCite this: Chem. Eng. News 2006, 84, 36, 49–52Publication Date (Print):September 4, 2006Publication History Published online14 November 2010Published inissue 4 September 2006https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v084n036.p049https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v084n036.p049newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 2006 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETYArticle Views6Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Fluorescence,Microscopy,Molecules Get e-Alerts
Optical and thermal response of laser irradiated tissue (2009)

A Java simulation application was developed to simulate optical and thermal response of laser irradiated tissue by using Monte Carlo and finite difference methods. For light propagation Monte Carlo was preferred according to its high accuracy because a number of photon packets can be launched to increase efficiency. Also finite difference method was used for heat diffusion because of its simplicity. The results taken from Monte Carlo model are used as a source term in heat conduction equation. Thus, in small time steps by doing iterations of finite difference method thermal gradients are measured inside a tissue. At 1064 nm fluence and thermal contours of brain and liver tissues are obtained with same laser parameters. Also at different wavelengths, 1064 nm and 630 nm, fluence and thermal contours of liver tissue are calculated in the same conditions. The thermal gradients of laser irradiated tissue were plotted with 2D colored surface plotting.
Compile-time scheduling and assignment of data-flow program graphs with data-dependent iteration (1991)

Four scheduling strategies for dataflow graphs onto parallel processors are classified: (1) fully dynamic, (2) static-assignment, (3) self-timed, and (4) fully static. Scheduling techniques valid for strategies (2), (3), and (4) are proposed. The focus is on dataflow graphs representing data-dependent iteration. A known probability mass function for the number of cycles in the data-dependent iteration is assumed, and how a compile-time decision about assignment and/or ordering as well as timing can be made is shown. The criterion used is to minimize the expected total idle time caused by the iteration. In certain cases, this will also minimize the expected makespan of the schedule. How to determine the number of processors that should be assigned to the data-dependent iteration is shown. The method is illustrated with a practical programming example.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Phase comparison technique for measuring liquid–liquid phase equilibrium (1999)

In this article, a new method is demonstrated to measure the liquid–liquid phase equilibrium for binary systems. A phase comparison technique was employed to real-time display the phase–time curve in a “wave form (time) object” of Hewlett–Packard visual engineering environment. It was found that the phase–time curve showed a distorted wave form when liquid–liquid phase transition took place. The abnormal curve can therefore be used to detect liquid–liquid phase transitions. Measurements were performed in several binary systems such as nitromethane+1-hexanol, nitromethane+butanol, and nitroethane+n-hexane. The experimental results are in good agreement with those in the literature.
Aromatic sulphonation. Part 73. Behaviour of three 9-alkylanthracenes containing one side-chain α-hydrogen in dioxan–SO<sub>3</sub>complex in dioxan as sulphonating medium (1980)

The reactions of 9-isopropyl-, 9-s-butyl-, and 9-cyclohexyl-anthracene with dioxan–SO3 in dioxan at 17 °C lead to three types of products, viz. 9-alkenylanthracenes (2), unsaturated sulphonic acids (3), and seven-membered ring sultones (4). The 9-alkenylanthracenes (2) result from a redox reaction between the 9-alkylanthracenes and SO3 and the unsaturated sulphonic acids (3) from the subsequent sulphonation of (2). The seven-membered ring sultones are formed from the σ-complex (resulting from addition of SO3 to the 10-position of the original substrate) by a 1,2-hydride shift from the side-chain C-α to C-9.
An inverse relationship between the cost of static posture and the cost of cycling? (1992)

To test the hypothesis that both species and individuals with low metabolic costs in locomotion have high energetic costs in maintaining static posture (and vice versa), energy expenditure was measured in men engaged in different activities. Subjects were asked to exercise on a cycle ergometer at different speeds at constant work rates and to maintain a set isometric tension when sitting using different angles of the knee. Individuals with a low energy cost of sitting (minus BMR) had a high energy cost of cycling at 50 rev/min at an external work rate of 25 W (minus energy cost in a sitting position on the cycle). However, there was no significant correlation between the energy cost during a dynamic cycling task and the energy cost during maintenance of a standardized static posture. These findings suggest that mechanisms involved in the conservation of energy expended during cycling may be different from those involved during maintenance of standardized static postures. Curves relating energy expenditure to speed (for a constant work rate) were remarkably flat in the range 20-70 rev/min, indicating a difference in the way energy is conserved in cycling and within gaits. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Biologically inspired image processing (1995)

The rapidly advancing subject of visual science is discussed, including its inherent interdisciplinary nature and the benefits to be gained by those involved in digital image processing being aware of the subject and its key results. The remainder of the paper is dedicated to a discussion of how image processing can be inspired by the form, system or strategy of the visual systems of man and animals. In discussing form inspired image processing, the authors concentrate on the log polar mapping that results from the spatial distribution of sensors in the periphery of the human eye. Some original work in this field was reported in Wilson and Hodgson (1992). For examples of effective image processing inspired by natural systems, reference is made to the books and papers of Ian Overington. He is one of the pioneers of biologically inspired image processing. Finally, biological systems are considered as sources of high level strategy in image processing. The example taken is concerned with the application of instructional design theories developed for humans being applied to neural networks, a second biologically inspired computing paradigm.
Pulmonary versus Systemic Delivery of Antibiotics: Comparison of Vancomycin Dispositions in the Isolated Rat Lung (2007)

Vancomycin dispositions in the respiratory system were compared after systemic and inhalatory administration under two respiratory conditions using the isolated-lung model. Inhalatory delivery led to much higher drug levels in pulmonary tissue and fluids. The respiratory pattern affects vancomycin disposition in the pulmonary system regardless of the administration route.
Model Checking Embedded C Software using k-Induction and Invariants (extended version) (2015)

We present a proof by induction algorithm, which combines k-induction with invariants to model check embedded C software with bounded and unbounded loops. The k-induction algorithm consists of three cases: in the base case, we aim to find a counterexample with up to k loop unwindings; in the forward condition, we check whether loops have been fully unrolled and that the safety property P holds in all states reachable within k unwindings; and in the inductive step, we check that whenever P holds for k unwindings, it also holds after the next unwinding of the system. For each step of the k-induction algorithm, we infer invariants using affine constraints (i.e., polyhedral) to specify pre- and post-conditions. Experimental results show that our approach can handle a wide variety of safety properties in typical embedded software applications from telecommunications, control systems, and medical devices; we demonstrate an improvement of the induction algorithm effectiveness if compared to other approaches.