gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inter-Relationships of Carbonate, Phosphate, Monohydrogen Phosphate, Calcium, Magnesium and Sodium in Uraemic Bone: Comparison of Dialysed and Non-Dialysed Patients (1977)

1. Chemical and morphological features of uraemic bone disease were studied by comparison of bone composition in 44 patients with uraemia (12 dialysed and 32 non-dialysed) and 36 control subjects. The significant changes included decreased bone mineral carbonate associated with calcium, a concomitant increase in phosphate, and an increase in magnesium. There was also an increase in osteoid and a reduction in the specific gravity of the compact bone. 2. The most marked changes in bone composition were observed in patients with uraemia of more than 1 year's duration, who had been dialysed. Bone mineral sodium concentrations were not significantly altered in any group. 3. The changes in bone mineral composition appeared to be the result of several simultaneous and/or successive mechanisms: (i) loss of fixed base, calcium carbonate; (ii) replacement of carbonate by phosphate; (iii) the addition of immature bone mineral, which contains high concentrations of phosphate and relatively low concentrations of carbonate. 4. These observations are consistent with earlier views of the bone salt as an indefinite calcium/phosphate/carbonate complex. Variations in bone composition may arise from a reciprocal relationship between phosphate and carbonate. The bone mineral analogue that best explains these variations in bone composition is octacalcium phosphate carbonate [Ca4 (PO4)2(HPO4)x(CO3)1-x,zH2O].
A 25/50MHz dual-mode parallel multiplier/accumulator (1984)

A 12 × 12 parallel multiplier/accumulator using standard 3μm bipolar oxide-isolated ISL technology will be described. A gated pipeline-register which can be bypassed allows the chip to be used in a direct mode at a 25MHz rate or in a pipeline mode at a 50MHz clock rate. Power dissipation is 900mW.
On Lean Enterprise and Its Potential Healthcare Applications (2003)

1Karen Martin is principal with Karen Martin & Associates in San Diego, CA. She can be reached at 858/350-8999.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of Ag photodoping in Se-Ge amorphous films (1981)

The Ag-deposited Se80Ge20 (at. %) amorphous films are found to show a large chemical shift (∼1.2 eV) in the Se 3d level toward lower binding energies and to form a Ag2Se phase on the surface region. The chemical shift of the Se 3d level by Ag photodoping becomes large with increasing UV exposure (15 mW/cm2) and is saturated at about 0.6 eV for UV exposure of more than 60 s. The chemical shift can be almost explained by the electronegativity scale. Pauling’s charge on the Se atom can be estimated as −0.04 in the Ag-photodoped state.
Collaborative geometry-aware augmented reality with depth sensors (2014)

Augmented reality (AR) has progressed to the point where geometry-aware real-time applications involving multiple users are now possible. We present an approach for a collaborative augmented reality environment using an RGB-D camera and KinectFusion, collecting visual and depth data from a static environment that is used as a fiducial for multiple users. This allows for collaborative augmented reality environments where digital data and real world objects can appear to interact. We anticipate that the combination of technologies that we used in our prototype will soon be available in mobile devices and will support our approach to collaborative augmented reality.
A dual band phased array using interleaved waveguides and dipoles printed on high dielectric substrate (2005)

A dual band phased array using interleaved waveguides and dipoles has been developed. Waveguides are used for high frequency band (e.g., C-band) and printed dipoles are used for low frequency band (e.g., S-band). The dipoles are printed on Hi-K dielectric board to shorten the dipole length. The element spacings for the dipole array are equal to the element spacings of the waveguide array. This densed array environment for dipoles greatly improves impedance matching and completely eliminates the grating lobe formation for both bands.
Four Channel, 40 ps Resolution, Fully Integrated Time-to-Amplitude Converter for Time-Resolved Photon Counting (2011)

Recently, a growing interest has arisen about the time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) technique, that allows the analysis of fast and weak light waveforms with a time resolution in the picosecond order. Since TCSPC basically consists of the measurement of the arrival time of a photon, a high resolution and high linearity time measurement block is of the utmost importance; moreover, the use of multianode Photo Multiplier Tube and of single photon avalanche diode arrays led to the development of multichannel acquisition systems, where the time measurement block has to be integrated to reduce both cost and area. We have designed and fabricated a four channel fully integrated time-to-amplitude converter (TAC), built in 0.35 μm Si-Ge technology, characterized by an excellent time resolution (less than 50 ps full width half maximum), low differential nonlinearity (better than 0.02 LSB peak-peak and 0.0003 LSB rms), high counting rate (16 MHz), low and constant power dissipation (50 mW) and low area occupation (2.58 × 1.28 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ). Moreover, the very low crosstalk ( -115 dB) between channels, together with low power and low area makes the converter suitable for large scale multi-channel acquisition chains.
Optically controlled phased-array beam forming using time delay (1992)

An optical time delay network (OTDN) for time delay steering of phased arrays of various sizes is projected. The approach involves integrated optic switches and sections of optical waveguide for time delays. An example phased array radar is defined. The impact of time delay network performance parameters such as insertion loss, network switch isolation and triple transit effects on radar system performance such as noise figure, dynamic range, phase and amplitude linearity and sidelobe levels is analyzed. Performance levels needed within the optical time delay network to meet projected radar system requirements are identified.
Emotion Recognition and Synthesis Based on MPEG‐4 FAPs (2002)

This chapter contains sections titled: Abstract Introduction Description of the Archetypal Expressions Using FAPs The Range of Variation of FAPs in Real Video Sequences Creating Profiles for Nonarchetypal Expressions The Emotion Analysis System Experimental Results Conclusion – Discussion References
Reinforcement learning design for cancer clinical trials (2009)

We develop reinforcement learning trials for discovering individualized treatment regimens for life-threatening diseases such as cancer. A temporal-difference learning method called Q-learning is utilized that involves learning an optimal policy from a single training set of finite longitudinal patient trajectories. Approximating the Q-function with time-indexed parameters can be achieved by using support vector regression or extremely randomized trees. Within this framework, we demonstrate that the procedure can extract optimal strategies directly from clinical data without relying on the identification of any accurate mathematical models, unlike approaches based on adaptive design. We show that reinforcement learning has tremendous potential in clinical research because it can select actions that improve outcomes by taking into account delayed effects even when the relationship between actions and outcomes is not fully known. To support our claims, the methodology's practical utility is illustrated in a simulation analysis. In the immediate future, we will apply this general strategy to studying and identifying new treatments for advanced metastatic stage IIIB/IV non-small cell lung cancer, which usually includes multiple lines of chemotherapy treatment. Moreover, there is significant potential of the proposed methodology for developing personalized treatment strategies in other cancers, in cystic fibrosis, and in other life-threatening diseases.
Implementation of Kansei Engineering to product development-an empirical study (2010)

The effects of globalisation and the breakdown in trade barriers between nations have resulted in having an influx of products from all over the world, providing consumers with an abundance of choices for products that share similar prices and capabilities. This opportunity to have a multitude of choices has created a change of attitudes among consumers, where quality parameters are viewed as necessary prerequisites. Kansei Engineering (KE) is a product development tool that enhances the design parameters of a product by translating consumers' product impressions and emotions into design elements. In this research, several visual aspects of laptops were considered and critical design parameters were identified in order to identify the user's preferences. A KE methodology was developed with a total of six components: Choice of Domain, Span the Semantic Space, Span the Space of Properties, the Synthesis phase, Test of Validity and Creation of Model. These components are grouped into Qualitative and Quantitative studies. This paper covers the methodology of the survey as well as summarizing the results achieved.
A Review on Chitin and Chitosan Polymers: Structure, Chemistry, Solubility, Derivatives, and Applications (2015)

Abstract Chitin and chitosan are considerably versatile and promising biomaterials. The deacetylated chitin derivative chitosan is a useful and interesting bioactive polymer. Despite its biodegradability, it has many reactive amino side groups, which offer possibilities of chemical modifications, formation of a large variety of beneficial derivatives, which are commercially available or can be made available via graft reactions and ionic interactions. This study looks at the contemporary research in chitin and chitosan towards structure, properties, and applications in various industrial and biomedical fields.
Companies Strive To Better Understand Shale Wells (2012)

Fracture science While drilling more than 2,000 wells in the Fayetteville Shale, Southwestern Energy systematically established standards for drilling and completing wells. Based on the numbers, the company mixes slickwater with a 50:50 mix of fine and coarse grains of sand when fracturing wells in the shale formation. The proppant mix was chosen after a field test comparing 26 pairs of wells where everything, but the sand used, was the same. It found that generally the 50:50 mix of coarse-grained sand and fine-grained proppant (100 mesh and 30/70 mesh) was more productive than all coarse-grained (30/70 mesh). There was little benefit shown in the five pairs of wells using all of one or the other. But there were some wells where a mix was used with lower production than the paired well using all coarse-grained sand. Those five with lower output lost less—down an average of 15%—than the 16 wells that benefited from the mix—up an average of 27%. In the past year, Southwestern has increased its research and laboratory capacity to learn why such things as proppant size matter. “We are now trying to understand what the mechanism really is,” said Karen Olson, completions expert for the Fayetteville Shale at Southwestern, in a presentation at the recent SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference in The Woodlands, Texas. Southwestern has been a leader in the way things are done in the shale business. It discovered the second major shale play because of an anomaly—a well had produced many times more gas than it should have based on the size of its reservoir. A small group in exploration ultimately concluded the excess was due to gas seeping up from the Fayetteville formation, which covers a large part of Arkansas. Southwestern’s system of learning by changing one variable per well in search of better ways has been typical of the industry’s approach to steady improvement. The thinking by Olson and other experts is that shale formations have a lot of upside that can be unlocked with a greater understanding.
THE QUEST FOR A NEW WELFARE SAFETY NET IN LATIN AMERICA (2013)

In two decades, a process of democratization occurred in Latin America, leading tonew public policies that have helped reduce inequality and poverty. Government programs hadbeen set up for that purpose, in a first stage through conditional cash transfer programs, and ina second stage through income policies to wage adjustment. Not all the countries followed thesepolicies, therefore, the paper explores in a counterfactual analysis, the trends that have emergedfrom these reforms and how they have reshaped the welfare systems of Brazil, Argentina, Chile,Colombia and Mexico.
Biocompatible high performance hyperbranched epoxy/clay nanocomposite as an implantable material (2014)

Polymeric biomaterials are in extensive use in the domain of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. High performance hyperbranched epoxy is projected here as a potential biomaterial for tissue regeneration. Thermosetting hyperbranched epoxy nanocomposites were prepared with Homalomena aromatica rhizome oil-modified bentonite as well as organically modified montmorillonite clay. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction and scanning and transmission electron microscopic techniques confirmed the strong interfacial interaction of clay layers with the epoxy matrix. The poly(amido amine)-cured thermosetting nanocomposites exhibited high mechanical properties like impact resistance (>100 cm), scratch hardness (>10 kg), tensile strength (48-58 MPa) and elongation at break (11.9-16.6%). Cytocompatibility of the thermosets was found to be excellent as evident by MTT and red blood cell hemolytic assays. The nanocomposites exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 11632), Escherichia coli (ATCC 10536), Mycobacterium smegmatis (ATCC14468) and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) strains. In vivo biocompatibility of the best performing nanocomposite was ascertained by histopathological study of the brain, heart, liver and skin after subcutaneous implantation in Wistar rats. The material supported the proliferation of dermatocytes without induction of any sign of toxicity to the above organs. The adherence and proliferation of cells endorse the nanocomposite as a non-toxic biomaterial for tissue regeneration.
The Inquiry, Communication, Construction and Expression (ICCE) Framework for Understanding Learning Experiences in Games (2014)

There is a paucity of research frameworks that focus on aiding game selection and use, analyzing the game as a holistic system, and studying learner experiences in games. There is a need for frameworks that provide a lens for understanding learning experiences afforded in digital games and facilitating knowledge construction and motivation to learn. Towards this goal, the purpose of this article is to introduce the inquiry, communication, construction, and expression (ICCE) framework. This qualitative study with interviews and observations examined the mathematics game Dimension M. It was analyzed using the ICCE framework. It reports the interpretive results of twenty 9th graders' motivation and achievement in a game-based learning course to learn mathematics using Dimension M. The ICCE framework may be a valuable tool for aiding teachers to assess the efficacy of games for learning and for students to benefit from the possible designed experiences within games.
Interaction of Genetic and Environmental Factors in a<i>Drosophila</i>Parkinsonism Model (2007)

Catastrophic loss of dopaminergic neurons is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease. Despite the recent identification of genes associated with familial parkinsonism, the etiology of most Parkinson's disease cases is not understood. Environmental toxins, such as the herbicide paraquat, appear to be risk factors, and it has been proposed that susceptibility is influenced by genetic background. The genetic model organism Drosophila is an advantageous system for the identification of genetic susceptibility factors. Genes that affect dopamine homeostasis are candidate susceptibility factors, because dopamine itself has been implicated in neuron damage. We find that paraquat can replicate a broad spectrum of parkinsonian behavioral symptoms in Drosophila that are associated with loss of specific subsets of dopaminergic neurons. In parallel with epidemiological studies that show an increased incidence of Parkinson's disease in males, male Drosophila exhibit paraquat symptoms earlier than females. We then tested the hypothesis that variation in dopamine-regulating genes, including those that regulate tetrahydrobiopterin, a requisite cofactor in dopamine synthesis, can alter susceptibility to paraquat-induced oxidative damage. Drosophila mutant strains that have increased or decreased dopamine and tetrahydrobiopterin production exhibit variation in susceptibility to paraquat. Surprisingly, protection against the neurotoxicity of paraquat is conferred by mutations that elevate dopamine pathway function, whereas mutations that diminish dopamine pools increase susceptibility. We also find that loss-of-function mutations in a negative regulator of dopamine production, Catecholamines-up, delay the onset of neurological symptoms, dopaminergic neuron death, and morbidity during paraquat exposure but confer sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide.
Lead Poisoning (2004)

Understanding of lead toxicity has advanced substantially over the past three decades, and focus has shifted from high-dose effects in clinically symptomatic individuals to the consequences of exposure at lower doses that cause no symptoms, particularly in children and fetuses. The availability of more sensitive analytic methods has made it possible to measure lead at much lower concentrations. This advance, along with more refined epidemiological techniques and better outcome measures, has lowered the least observable effect level until it approaches zero. As a consequence, the segment of the population who are diagnosed with exposure to toxic levels has expanded. At the same time, environmental efforts, most importantly the removal of lead from gasoline, have dramatically reduced the amount of lead in the biosphere. The remaining major source of lead is older housing stock. Although the cost of lead paint abatement is measured in billions of dollars, the monetized benefits of such a Herculean task have been shown to far outweigh the costs.
The Clinical Investigation and Management of Chest Pain in an Emergency Department (1977)

Criteria Mapping, a recently developed chart review method, was tested for its ability to assess the quality of symptom investigation and management for the presenting complaint of chest pain in an emergency department. A criteria map, which is based on decision making logic and permits use of criteria relevant to individual patients, was used to review the records of 137 patients who were examined for chest pain and subsequently discharged from the emergency department. All 111 patients assessed as receiving adequate process had positive outcomes. Twenty-six charts (19 per cent) were determined to have inadequate process, having failed at least one relevant and critical criterion; 23 of these 26 patients had positive outcomes. Review of the unmet criteria in these 23 charts revealed their uncertain predictive validity regarding immediate risk of death. We conclude that the Criteria Mapping method--the first reported technique for evaluating care for patient problems (as opposed to diagnoses)--provides an effective and feasible means for assessing the quality of symptom investigation and management.
Studies on the Analysis of Benzo(a)pyrene and Its Metabolites on Biological Samples by Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Fluorescence Detection and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (2003)

An analytical method the determination of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and its hydroxylated metabolites, 1hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (1-OHBaP), 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (3-OHBaP), benzo(a)pyrene-4,5-dihydrodiol (4,5-diolBaP) and benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol (7,8-diolBaP), in rat urine and plasma has been developed by HPLC/FLD and GC/MS. The derivatization with alkyl iodide was employed to improve the resolution and the detection of two mono hydroxylated metabolites, 1-OHBaP and 3-OHBaP, in LC and GC. BaP and its four metabolites in spiked urine were successfully separated by gradient elution on reverse phase ODS C 18 column (4.6 mm I.D., 100 mm length, particle size 5 μm) using a binary mixture of MeOH/H2O (85/15, v/v) as mobile phase after ethylation at 90 o C for 10 min. The extraction recoveries of BaP and its metabolites in spiked samples with liquid-liquid extraction, which was better than solid phase extraction, were in the range of 90.3101.6% in n-hexane for urine and 95.7-106.3% in acetone for plasma, respectively. The calibration curves has shown good linearity with the correlation coefficients (R 2 ) varying from 0.992 to 1.000 for urine and from 0.996 to 1.000 for plasma, respectively. The detection limits of all analytes were obtained in the range of 0.010.1 ng/mL for urine and 0.1-0.4 ng/mL for plasma, respectively. The metabolites of BaP were excreted as mono hydroxy and dihydrodiol forms after intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg of BaP to rats. The total amounts of BaP and four metabolites excreted in dosed rat urine were 3.79 ng over the 0-96 hr period from adminstration and the excretional recovery was less than 0.065% of the injection amounts of BaP. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of BaP and its hydroxylated metabolites in rat urine and plasma for the pharmacokinetic studies.
Health Care Utilization in Patients With Migraine: Demographics and Patterns of Care in the Ambulatory Setting (2003)

Perhaps in part due to newer treatment options, the number of visits for the treatment of migraine doubled over the study interval. Even so, most patients with migraine continue to be treated with older and presumably less effective medications.
Mental disorder prevalence at the gateway to the criminal justice system (2012)

Many criminal justice practitioners have observed that offenders experience poor mental health. While international studies have found mental health to be poorer among prisoners than in the general population, less information is available either about offenders who are not imprisoned or alleged offenders detained by police. The mental health of offenders is of key policy interest from both health service and crime prevention perspectives. This is the first Australian study to measure the prevalence of mental disorder among offenders nationally, using information provided by 690 police detainees who participated in the Australian Institute of Criminology’s Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA) program. Around half reported having been diagnosed with a mental disorder in the past. The study was also the first to use the Corrections Mental Health Screen (CMHS), an instrument validated for gender-specific screening, on an Australian offender population. Results suggest that almost half of detainees may have a diagnosable mental disorder at the time of arrest, including 42 percent of women and 28 percent of men with no previous diagnosis. In the routine screening of police detainees as they enter the criminal justice system, the CMHS could be used to identify for the first time those who would benefit from psychological assessment and appropriate intervention.
Voronoi region-based spatiotemporal GIS databases (2004)

The use of Voronoi diagrams in GIS-oriented spatiotemporal databases is considered. The Voronoi algorithms generate appropriate meshes for data interpolation. We illustrate the data representation in this database generated from a point-based spatiotemporal relation in the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) database.