gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Islet Amyloid Polypeptide, Islet Amyloid, and Diabetes Mellitus (2011)

Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP, or amylin) is one of the major secretory products of β-cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. It is a regulatory peptide with putative function both locally in the islets, where it inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion, and at distant targets. It has binding sites in the brain, possibly contributing also to satiety regulation and inhibits gastric emptying. Effects on several other organs have also been described. IAPP was discovered through its ability to aggregate into pancreatic islet amyloid deposits, which are seen particularly in association with type 2 diabetes in humans and with diabetes in a few other mammalian species, especially monkeys and cats. Aggregated IAPP has cytotoxic properties and is believed to be of critical importance for the loss of β-cells in type 2 diabetes and also in pancreatic islets transplanted into individuals with type 1 diabetes. This review deals both with physiological aspects of IAPP and with the pathophysiological role of aggregated forms of IAPP, including mechanisms whereby human IAPP forms toxic aggregates and amyloid fibrils.
Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences from two Denisovan individuals (2015)

Denisovans, a sister group of Neandertals, have been described on the basis of a nuclear genome sequence from a finger phalanx (Denisova 3) found in Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains. The only other Denisovan specimen described to date is a molar (Denisova 4) found at the same site. This tooth carries a mtDNA sequence similar to that of Denisova 3. Here we present nuclear DNA sequences from Denisova 4 and a morphological description, as well as mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data, from another molar (Denisova 8) found in Denisova Cave in 2010. This new molar is similar to Denisova 4 in being very large and lacking traits typical of Neandertals and modern humans. Nuclear DNA sequences from the two molars form a clade with Denisova 3. The mtDNA of Denisova 8 is more diverged and has accumulated fewer substitutions than the mtDNAs of the other two specimens, suggesting Denisovans were present in the region over an extended period. The nuclear DNA sequence diversity among the three Denisovans is comparable to that among six Neandertals, but lower than that among present-day humans.
Kinetic and regulatory mechanisms for (Escherichia coli) homoserine dehydrogenase-I. Equilibrium isotope exchange kinetics. (1993)

Isotope exchange kinetics at chemical equilibrium were used to probe the mechanisms of substrate binding and regulatory behavior of homoserine dehydrogenase-I from Escherichia coli. At pH 9.0, 37 degrees C, Keq = 100 (+/- 20) for the catalyzed reaction: L-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde + NADPH + H+ = L-homoserine + NADP+. Saturation curves for the exchange reactions, [14C]L-homoserine <--> L-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde and [3H]NADP+ <--> NADPH were observed as a function of different reactant-product pairs, varied in constant ratio at equilibrium. The NADP+ <--> NADPH exchange rate was inhibited upon variation of pairs involving L-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde and L-homoserine, consistent with preferred order random binding of cofactors before amino acids. Optimal rate constants, derived by simulations of equilibrium isotope exchange kinetics data with the ISOBI program, indicate faster dissociation of amino acids than cofactors from the central complexes but nearly equal rates for association of cofactors and amino acids to free enzyme. Rate limitation of net turnover in both directions is determined by dissociation of cofactor from the E-cofactor complex. The allosteric modifier, L-threonine, produces distinctive perturbations of the saturation curves for isotope exchange, which were analyzed systematically with the ISOBI program. The best fit to the data was obtained by L-threonine inhibiting catalysis between the central complexes without altering substrate association-dissociation rates. Simulations also showed that rate-limiting catalysis suppresses the kinetic inhibition effects that are characteristic of preferred order substrate binding, producing patterns typical for a (rapid equilibrium) random kinetic scheme.
Studies on the formation of intrachain disulphide bonds in newly biosynthesised bovine prolactin (1985)

Native disulphide-bonded prolactin (band III) was distinguished from reduced prolactin (band II) and intermediate unstable disulphide-linked conformations by: (a) faster mobility of the former in sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and (b) high-pressure liquid chromatography analyses of tryptic-digested peptides derived from prolactin in various conformations during its refolding pathway from reduced, unfolded to native conformation. The electrophoretic separation has been used to examine the state of disulphide bonding in newly synthesised prolactin translated from bovine pituitary mRNA in a rabbit reticulocyte translation system supplemented with nuclease-treated dog pancreatic microsomal membranes. The formation of correct disulphide pairing in prolactin (band III), synthesised in the in vitro translation system in the presence of pancreatic microsomes, required the presence of a thiol oxidant such as oxidised glutathione during the translation. The action of thiol oxidants on the in vitro biosynthesised and microsomally processed prolactin were both dose-dependent and catalytic; non-thiol oxidants such as NAD+ and NADP+ were ineffective. Examination of the time course of addition of oxidised glutathione to translating lysates showed that efficient and correct disulphide pairing in newly biosynthesised prolactin occurred when the oxidant was present co-translationally, but much lower yields of correctly disulphide-bonded prolactin were obtained when the oxidant was added after translation and processing were complete. The presence of protein-disulphide isomerase in dog pancreatic microsomes, employed in the in vitro translation system to process preprolactin, was demonstrated by (a) two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the membrane proteins, and (b) enzymic activity to accelerate reactivation of scrambled ribonuclease. Protein-disulphide isomerase activity was latent in intact microsomal vesicles, full activity being expressed upon sonication. A procedure has been devised to prepare pancreatic microsomal vesicles depleted of protein-disulphide isomerase which are active in processing and segregating in vitro biosynthesised prolactin. These membranes in the presence of low concentrations of oxidised glutathione are less active but in the presence of saturating levels of oxidised glutathione are fully competent in forming correct disulphide bridges in newly synthesised prolactin.
Bayesian Decision Theory and the Simplification of Models (1980)

This chapter discusses the problem of evaluating econometric models as a particular case of a general class of problems called decision problems. It discusses what light can be shed by Bayesian decision theory on the evaluation of econometric models. Suppose, the decisions d that might be chosen lie in some decision space D. There is some space Ω of possible alternative circumstances θ and one's opinion over this space is given by the probability density with element p(θ) d θ . If one's utility function is U( d , θ ), representing the relative desirability of the decision d if the alternative θ were true, Bayesian decision theory recommends that one should choose that decision d that maximizes the integral ∫ Ω U( d , θ ) p(θ) d θ . The view that this simple paradigm might play a fundamental role in statistics by providing a theory analogous to price theory in microeconomics has been met with considerable controversy among statisticians. Some statisticians maintain that the inputs, particularly the opinion p(θ)d θ and the utility function U(d, θ), are very difficult to obtain in applied contexts, while others resist the notion of any kind of organizing principle for statistics.
Evaluation de l'efficacité de la technique d'adsorption-élution du poliovirus 1 sur filtres en fibres de verre: application à l'analyse virologique de 100 ml à 1000 ℓ d'eau (1978)

The efficiency of the adsorption-elution technique using fiber glass filters to concentrate viruses from water was evaluated to detect poliovirus type 1 in drinking, river, and sewage water. At pH 3.5 and with 5 × 10 −4 M aluminium chloride more than 99% were adsorbed to a 0.25-μm filter. Beef extract (3%), pH 9, eluted 85–95% of the adsorbed viruses and organic flocculation at pH 3.5 permitted to reconcentrate the viruses in 1/20of the elution volume with a 50–72% efficiency. The overall efficiency of the technique for 100 ml to 1000 ℓ of the different types of water using 10 2 to 10 6 PFU was 38 to 58%.
ThermaIly Resistant Whiteware (1950)

Thermal endurance in the field zircon‐calcium zirconium silicate‐clay was evaluated together with those physical properties that should contribute most to this characteristic. The coefficient of thermal expansion was similar throughout the field, resulting in an area of high thermal endurance which coincided quite closely with that of high transverse strength. The best compositions did not fail until the 500 °F. quenching cycle (one cycle at each temperature) and withstood 30 cycles from 400°F. Petrographic analysis revealed that good thermal endurance could be attained over a wide range of compositions.
Effects of ulinastain on experimental arthritis. (1988)

Effects of the urinary enzyme inhibitor ulinastatin on experimental arthritis were investigated. Ulinastatin at the dose of 30,000 units/kg/day, i.v., significantly restored the swelling of hind paw, inflammatory score and bone damage in adjuvant arthritic rats. Intraarticular administration of ulinastatin at 3000 units/site x 3, significantly suppressed the articular swelling and the elevated inflammatory parameters in the synovial fluid of carrageenin-induced arthritic rabbits. Moreover, ulinastatin at the dose of 50000 units/kg/day, i.v., significantly prevented the elevation of serum rheumatoid factor and articular lesions in MRL/l mice. In addition, ulinastatin significantly inhibited human granulocyte elastase and cathepsin G. These findings indicate that ulinastatin may be a useful therapeutic agent for arthritis.
Polypyrrole/multiwalled carbon nanotubes‐based biosensor for cholesterol estimation (2011)

The nanocomposite electrode comprising of polypyrrole (PPY) and carboxy functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) has been electrochemically fabricated onto indium–tin–oxide (ITO) electrode using p ‐toluene sulfonic acid (PTS). Cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) and cholesterol esterase (ChEt) have been immobilized onto this PPY– MWCNT/ITO nanocomposite electrode using N ‐ethyl‐ N ‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide and N ‐hydroxy succinimide chemistry for estimation of esterified cholesterol. The ChEt–ChOx/PPY–MWCNT/PTS/ITO bioelectrode has been characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, electrochemical techniques, and scanning electron microscope. This ChEt–ChOx/PPY–MWCNT/PTS/ITO nanobioelectrode has a response time of about 9 s, linearity of 4 × 10 −4 to 6.5 × 10 −3 M/l of cholesterol oleate concentration, K m of 0.02 mM, and thermal stability of upto 45°C. This electrode exhibits improved biosensing characteristics compared with other total cholesterol electrodes reported in literature till date and can be used to estimate cholesterol in blood serum samples. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of stock kitchen cabinets and laboratory-produced cabinets based on joint tests (2006)

This study determined the deflections at different load levels and the load at failure for three purchased stock kitchen cabinets and nine laboratory-produced kitchen cabinets. The laboratory-produced cabinets were designed and constructed based on an earlier study which tested the effectiveness of different combinations of hot-melt adhesives and joint design. The laboratory-produced cabinets had back panels constructed from particleboard, plywood, and hardboard. A comparison of the deflection results of the purchased cabinets to the laboratory-produced cabinets indicated that laboratory-produced cabinets performed better than the purchased cabinets since they had lower deflections and higher failure loads. Based on the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test, there was no significant difference at the 0.05 confidence level between the purchased and laboratory-made cabinets at relatively low loads of up to 200 pounds for horizontal deflection and 400 pounds for vertical deflection. Significance differences occurred at higher loadings.
Rod Bartoňů na zámku Nové Hrady (2011)

This work describes industrial and knight family Bartoň from Dobenín situated on the castle Nové Hrady. I concentrated on the lifetime history of some important members of this family from the begining to the end of the 20th century. A special focus has been given on the castle Nové Hrady, which is extraordinary architectural jewel, situated in the Czech Republic. The castle Nové Hrady is connected with some important names, for example Jan Ludvík and Jan Antonín Harbuval de Chamaré or architect Josef Jäger and others. There is another important family of Čerych. The current owners Mr. and Mrs. Kučera are trying to bring back its previous glance. Were the members of the Bartoň family from Dobenín different from the ordinary people living in that time? Has the knighthood changed them in some way? You can find the answers in this work. Keywords: castle Nové Hrady, Harduval de Chamaré, Bartoňs from Dobenín, textile production, history, family of Čerych, Mr.and Mrs. Kučera, Náchod, benefactor
Root pass solidification cracking in low carbon pipeline girth welds deposited via cellulosic manual metal arc welding (2013)

AbstractThe factors that influence solidification cracking in low carbon low alloy steels are reviewed and the susceptibility of cellulosic weld metals to such cracking is investigated for root pass pipeline girth welds. Particular emphasis has been placed on the influence of weld metal composition and welding speed. Root pass welds were deposited on X80 grade pipe using the manual metal arc welding process and a range of both undermatching (E6010) and strength matching (E9010) cellulosic consumables from commercial suppliers. The crack testing was carried out on pipe pups using a standard pipe preparation and simulated stovepipe welding of quadrants restrained by tack welds. Solidification cracking was found in both E6010 and E9010 welds, with cracking being more prevalent in the lower strength weld metal. In general, solidification cracking was enhanced by an increase in welding speed from 300 to 500 mm min-1. Increased phosphorus or sulphur contents up to approximately 0.03 wt-% were found to have litt...
Safety Assessment of Probiotics in the European Union (EU) (2019)

One of the most auspicious tasks of European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has been to safety assessment of regulated products, such as food and feed additives, food contact materials, processing aids, genetically modified foods, and feeds and novel foods. The safety assessment of novel foods in the European Union (EU) is performed according to the principles outlined in the Regulation 2015/2283 on Novel Foods. Microorganisms intended as feed additives are by far subject to most stringent safety assessment in the EU. EFSA has two approaches regarding the safety assessment of individual microorganisms, regardless of its eventual use. There is a generic safety assessment base on the “qualified presumption of safety” (QPS), and there are specific safety studies required for those microorganisms that do not qualify for the QPS. The safety assessment procedures are outlined in the EFSA guidance document.
ChemInform Abstract: A SHORT AND EFFICIENT SYNTHESIS OF 3,6‐ANHYDROHEXOSIDES (1983)

Abstract Die aus Methylglykosiden (I) mit Hilfe von Hexamethylphosphorsäuretriamid (HMPT) und Tetrachlormethan zugänglichen Phosphoniumsalze (II) werden bei der Behandlung mit Na‐ 179 triummethylat in der Siedehitze in 3,6‐Anhydro‐hexoside (III) übergeführt.
Media consumption and population characteristics of political opinion leaders (1978)

The information sources from which opinion leaders and nonleaders hear about political candidates in a race for the United States Senate were examined in this study. The age and sex of political opinion leaders were examined, and data were gathered to determine if political opinion leaders are more likely to develop candidate preferences than nonleaders. Results demonstrated that opinion leaders hear about candidates from all media as well as interpersonal communication. No significant age differences were found between leaders and nonleaders. Males, however, were significantly more likely to be political opinion leaders than females. The incidence of political opinion leadership was also found to be higher among registered voters who state their preference for a political candidate.
Synchronous and asynchronous (1996)

article Free AccessSynchronous and asynchronous Author: Flaviu Cristian Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of California, San Diego Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of California, San DiegoView Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 39Issue 4April 1996 pp 88–97https://doi.org/10.1145/227210.227231Published:01 April 1996Publication History 102citation2,137DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations102Total Downloads2,137Last 12 Months335Last 6 weeks39 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Observations on Cavitation Damage in a Flowing System (1962)

Cavitation damage to specimens of stainless steel, carbon steel, aluminum, and plexiglas, placed in a cavitating venturi using water and mercury as test fluids is mostly in the form of irregularly shaped pits which do not change with additional exposure to the cavitating field within the limited durations utilized. The rate of damage is very high initially, decreases for a relatively short period of time, then increases again up to the maximum test durations of 150 hours with water and 270 hours with mercury. Observation of damage effects by several independent techniques, using a variety of specimen materials, with two different fluids under various fluid dynamic conditions, leads to a suggested correlating model in terms of the cavitation bubble density and energy and specimen material strength.
The role of envelope fluctuations in an apparent demonstration of suppression in simultaneous masking (1992)

Fastl and Bechly [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 74, 754-757 (1983)] reported that the threshold of a brief 900-Hz signal simultaneously masked by a band of noise. 100 Hz wide, centered at 1000 Hz, was reduced by approximately 8 dB by the addition of an 1150-Hz tone having a level of 20 dB above that of the narrow-band masker. They concluded that this decrease in threshold was a demonstration of suppression in simultaneous masking. Here it is argued that Fastl and Bechly's results simply reflect the poorer detectability of signals masked by higher-frequency fluctuating maskers (their narrow-band masker) than by relatively flat-envelope maskers (their composite narrow-band plus tonal masker). The results of three experiments support the masker-envelope explanation. In the first experiment, as in the report of Fastl and Bechly, the masker centered at 1000 Hz (M1) was a narrow-band noise and the masker centered at 1150 Hz (M2) was a tone. Fastl and Bechly's result was replicated. However, thresholds obtained when M1 was presented alone (the M1-only condition) were more affected by the starting level of the signal within each adaptive track than were thresholds obtained when M1 and M2 were presented together (the M1+M2 condition). This result paralleled a previous report that starting level influenced performance more with fluctuating than with flat-envelope maskers. For the four of seven subjects wh showed learning, there was also more improvement in the M1-only than in the M1 + M2 condition. In the second experiment, M1 was a tone and M2 was a narrow-band noise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
An overview of immunization practices in Pakistan (2016)

Effective immunization practices are invariably a big challenge for Pakistan, facing many problems and barriers to immunize children against vaccine preventable diseases. Immunization coverage in Pakistan requires up-gradation. Barriers in attaining immunization goals are lack of Parents acceptance, lack of Parents awareness and knowledge about benefits of vaccination, socioeconomic inequity and lack of security for vaccinators. The problems of vaccine procurement are its transportation, storage and administration which also contribute to errors of immunization practices. In Pakistan Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) with the support of WHO & UNICEF has a significant impact on overcoming these barriers. Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) is facilitating through many vaccination centers, mobile vaccination sessions and public awareness campaigns, health visitors and EPI trained vaccinators to eradicate the barriers towards poor immunization practices in Pakistan. It is concluded from this study that it is the responsibility of Government and Health Professionals to find solutions to increases vaccination rate and coverage. It is the need of hour to find ways for creating awareness among parents and motivate them to follow complete vaccination schedule for the sake of better child health.Wain et al., International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, October 2016, 5(11): 94-96http://www.icpjonline.com/documents/Vol5Issue11/01.pdf
Syntheses of Nitrogen-containing Triterpenes. I. Derivatives of Ursolic Acid and Oleanolic Acid (1973)

Several nitrogen-containing derivatives of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid were synthesized ; methyl 3-cyano-3, 4-seco-urs-12-en-28-oate (II), methyl 3b-aza-3a-oxo-A-homo-urs-12-en-28-oate (III), methyl 2, 2-dichloro-3b-aza-3a-oxo-A-homo-urs-12-en-28-oate (IV), methyl pyrazo1o [3, 2-c] olean-12-en-28-oate (VI, VII), methyl 2'-phenyl-2'H-pyrazo1o [3, 2-c] olean-12-en-28-oate (VIII), methyl isoxazo1o [3, 2-c] olean-12-en-28-oate (IX), methyl 2-hydroxy-iminooleanonate (XII), methyl 2, 3-bis (hydroxyimino) olean-12-en-28-oate (XIII), and methyl furazano [2, 3-c] olean-12-en-28-oate (XIV).
Thermodynamic study of the linde sieve 5A + methane system (1976)

The heat capacity from 50 to 300 K of the empty sieve and of samples containing 0.893, 1.808 and 4.099 methane molecules per cavity are reported. A large “hump” with its maximum near 200 K is found in the plot of the contribution of the sorbate against temperature for all three sorption systems. Adsorption isotherms have been measured over the range 194 to 300 K, and from these the isosteric heat of sorption has been calculated.A statistical mechanical theory for point particles sorbed in the α-cavities of Linde Sieve 5A has been examined for the case in which the sorbate–sorbate interactions and the interactions between each sorbate molecule and an element of the cage wall are of the Lennard-Jones 6–12 type. In the course of the treatment the sorbate-wall interactions are approximated by a potential derived from the Lennard-Jones and Devonshire cell model. For the evaluation a coupling parameter modification of the usual Monte Carlo procedure has been developed, which should prove useful in other adsorption studies. Fairly good agreement with the results for methane as sorbate are obtained for the isotherms and for the isosteric heats, but not for the heat capacities.