gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Source-enhanced condensation in monocomponent disperse systems (1995)

Homogeneous condensation in the presence of a spatially uniform source producing a condensible monocomponent substance is considered within the model assuming the condensation growth to follow the scheme (g)+(1)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(g+1), with g being the number of monomers (molecules of the condensing substance) in the growing particle. The mass spectrum is expressed in terms of the function describing time evolution of the monomer concentration. In contrast to the case of free condensation (no external source) the mass spectrum is a smooth function of the particle mass with the frontal peak moving with time to the right along the mass axis. The particle number concentration is shown to either grow unlimitedly with increasing time or remain finite, depending on how fast the condensation coefficients ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathit{g}}$ describing the rates for monomer accretion grow with the particle mass g. For power dependencies ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathit{g}}$\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{g}}^{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$, the condensation regime changes at \ensuremath{\lambda}=1/2. The analogy of this phenomenon with the second order phase transitions is marked. Numerical calculations for powerlike ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathit{g}}$ at \ensuremath{\lambda}=0,1/3 1/2, 2/3, and 1 illustrate the characteristic features of the mass spectra in source-enhanced condensing systems. The cases \ensuremath{\lambda}=0 and \ensuremath{\lambda}=1 are treated analytically.
Parental willingness to enter a child in a controlled vaccine trial. (1998)

Altruistic reasons motivate parents' decision to enrol a child in a randomized, controlled vaccine trial. Nonparticipating parents seem most concerned about painful procedures in the study. Parents' decisions regarding participation do not appear to be affected by adverse media attention regarding the purported adverse sequelae of pertussis vaccines.
Electronic structure and vibrational spectra of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">B</mml:mi><mml:mn>10</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>-based clusters and films (2006)

The electronic structure, total energy, and vibrational properties of ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{B}}_{10}{\mathrm{H}}_{12}$ (carborane) molecules and ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{B}}_{10}$ clusters formed when the hydrogen atoms are removed from carborane molecules are studied using density functional methods and a semiempirical model. Computed vibrational spectra for carborane molecules are shown to be in close agreement with previously published measured spectra taken on carborane solids. Semiconducting boron carbide films are prepared by removing hydrogen from the three polytypes of ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{B}}_{10}{\mathrm{H}}_{12}$ deposited on various surfaces. Results from x-ray and Raman scattering measurements on these films are reported. Eleven vibrationally stable structures for ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{B}}_{10}$ clusters are described and their energies and highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gaps tabulated. Calculated Raman and infrared spectra are reported for the six lowest-energy clusters. Good agreement with the experimental Raman spectra is achieved from theoretical spectra computed using a Boltzmann distribution of the six lowest-energy free clusters. The agreement is further improved if the computed frequencies are scaled by a factor of 0.94, a descrepancy which could easily arise from comparing results of two different systems: zero-temperature free clusters and room-temperature films. Calculated energies for removal of hydrogen pairs from carborane molecules are reported.
Why is Helfenstein's claim about equichordal points false? (2012)

This article explains why a paper by Heinz G. Helfenstein entitled "Ovals with equichordal points", published in J.London Math.Soc.31, 54-57, 1956, is incorrect. We point out a computational error which renders his conclusions invalid. More importantly, we explain that the method cannot be used to solve the equichordal point problem with the method presented there. Today, there is a solution to the problem: Marek R. Rychlik, "A complete solution to the equichordal point problem of Fujiwara, Blaschke, Rothe and Weizenböck", Inventiones Mathematicae 129 (1), 141-212, 1997. However, some mathematicians still point to Helfenstein's paper as a plausible path to a simpler solution. We show that Helfenstein's method cannot be salvaged. The fact that Helfenstein's argument is not correct was known to Wirsing, but he did not explicitly point out the error. This article points out the error and the reasons for the failure of Helfenstein's approach in an accessible, and hopefully enjoyable way.
Phylogenetic Networks Based on the Molecular Clock Hypothesis (2006)

A classical result in phylogenetic trees is that a binary phylogenetic tree adhering to the molecular clock hypothesis exists if and only if the matrix of distances between taxa is ultrametric. The ultrametric condition is very restrictive. In this paper we study phylogenetic networks that can be constructed assuming the molecular clock hypothesis. We characterize distance matrices that admit such networks for 3 and 4 taxa. We design an efficient algorithm for a special class of phylogenetic networks that can detect the existence of a network and constructs it.
A review of the scientific basis for uncertainty factors for use in quantitative risk assessment for the induction of allergic contact dermatitis (2002)

Safety evaluations for chemicals which possess the ability to cause sensitization by skin contact have traditionally been done using an ad hoc comparative risk assessment technique. Recently, several papers have been published supporting the use of an alternative, and potentially better, quantitative risk assessment approach. While they represent a relatively new approach to risk assessment for sensitizers, quantitative methods have been used for decades to support risk assessments for systemic toxicity. Historically, these methods have involved the extrapolation of toxicity data - generally from studies in laboratory animals at relatively high doses to human exposures at lower doses. For toxicity endpoints with a threshold, this process has traditionally involved the use of uncertainty factors. For example, uncertainty factors are commonly used to extrapolate from laboratory animals to humans, and from 'average' humans to sensitive subpopulations. In the absence of data to support a different value, a default factor of 10 is widely accepted for each of these areas. Recent papers have advocated the use of a similar approach to characterize the risk of the induction of skin sensitization by allergens of varying potency and potential for skin contact. As with other forms of toxicity, a quantitative assessment of risk for allergic skin reactions can be approached by identifying a NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level) and applying appropriate uncertainty factors. Three major areas of data extrapolation have been identified: inter-individual susceptibility, the influence of vehicle or product matrix, and exposure considerations. This paper provides an overview of each of these areas with an evaluation of the available scientific database to support an uncertainty factor in the range of 1-10 for each area.
Novel method of full‐thickness bladder closure with an endoscopic suturing machine: a survival study in a porcine model (2014)

This study describes a successful novel method for endoscopic closure of bladder perforations. The technique was easy, reproducible and safe. Nevertheless, further experimental investigation should be carried out before clinical application of this method.
Water exchange and inflow affect the accuracy of <i>T</i><sub>1</sub>‐GRE blood volume measurements: Implications for the evaluation of tumor angiogenesis (2002)

The goal of this study was to determine the degree to which vascular water exchange and blood flowing into an imaging slice affect the accuracy of blood volume measurements of brain and tumor tissue when using intravascular T(1) contrast agents. The study was performed using 2D and 3D gradient-echo imaging sequences, since these are two of the most commonly used MRI methods used to evaluate tissue blood volume fraction. Computer simulations were performed and measurements made in a rat 9L gliosarcoma brain tumor model. The computer simulations demonstrate that, with either water exchange or inflow effects alone, the dependence on the physiologic and imaging parameters can be well characterized and therefore potentially offset. In the exchange only case, the parametric dependence of 3D simulations suggest that the best accuracy is achieved with high flip angles, short TR, and low blood contrast agent concentrations. However, for a 2D GRE sequence which is influenced by both water exchange and inflow, the simulations predict that the error trend as a function of the imaging and physiologic parameters is unpredictable and therefore difficult to compensate. With both 2D and 3D GRE the measured blood volume data in rat brain and tumor tissue demonstrate tissue-specific trends, which reflect differences in the considered physiologic parameters. The experimental data strongly support the computer simulations and also indicate that minimization of the physiological effects by proper selection of imaging parameters, contrast concentration, and volume calculation methods is crucial for accurate assessment of absolute blood volume fraction.
Huntingtin-associated protein (HAP1): discrete neuronal localizations in the brain resemble those of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. (1996)

Huntington disease stems from a mutation of the protein huntingtin and is characterized by selective loss of discrete neuronal populations in the brain. Despite a massive loss of neurons in the corpus striatum, NO-generating neurons are intact. We recently identified a brain-specific protein that associates with huntingtin and is designated huntingtin-associated protein (HAP1). We now describe selective neuronal localizations of HAP1. In situ hybridization studies reveal a resemblance of HAP1 and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) mRNA localizations with dramatic enrichment of both in the pedunculopontine nuclei, the accessory olfactory bulb, and the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Both nNOS and HAP1 are enriched in subcellular fractions containing synaptic vesicles. Immunocytochemical studies indicate colocalizations of HAP1 and nNOS in some neurons. The possible relationship of HAP1 and nNOS in the brain is reminiscent of the relationship of dystrophin and nNOS in skeletal muscle and suggests a role of NO in Huntington disease, analogous to its postulated role in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Multistate Outbreak of Norwalk-like Virus Gastroenteritis Associated with a Common Caterer (2001)

In February 2000, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred among employees of a car dealership in New York. The same meal was also supplied to 52 dealerships nationwide, and 13 states reported illness at dealerships where the banquet was served. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to identify risk factors associated with the illness. Stool samples were collected to detect Norwalk-like virus, and sera were drawn and tested for immunoglobulin A antibodies to the outbreak strain. By univariate analysis, illness was significantly associated with consumption of any of four salads served at the banquet (relative risk = 3.8, 95% confidence interval: 2.5, 5.6). Norwalk-like virus was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay in 32 of 59 stool samples from eight states. Nucleotide sequences of a 213-base pair fragment from 16 stool specimens collected from cases in eight states were identical, confirming a common source outbreak. Two of 15 workers at caterer A had elevated immunoglobulin A titers to an antigenically related Norwalk-like virus strain. This study highlights the value of molecular techniques to complement classic epidemiologic methods in outbreak investigations and underscores the critical role of food handlers in the spread of foodborne disease associated with Norwalk-like virus.
Localization and quantification of radical production in cavitating flows with luminol chemiluminescent reactions (2020)

Hydrodynamic cavitation experiments in microfluidic systems have been performed with an aqueous solution of luminol as the working fluid. In order to identify where and how much reactive radical species are formed by the violent bubble collapse, the resulting chemiluminescent oxidation reaction of luminol was scrutinized downstream of a constriction in the microchannel. An original method was developed in order to map the intensity of chemiluminescence emitted from the micro-flow, allowing us to localize the region where radicals are produced. Time averaged void fraction measurements performed by laser induced fluorescence experiments were also used to determine the cavitation cloud position. The combination void fraction and chemiluminescence two-dimensional mapping demonstrated that the maximum chemiluminescent intensity area was found just downstream of the cavitation clouds. Furthermore, the radical yield can be obtained with our single photon counting technique. The maximum radical production rates of 1.2*10<sup>7</sup> OH/s and radical production per processed liquid volume of 2.15*10<sup>10</sup> HO/l were observed. The proposed technique allows for two-dimensional characterisation of radical production in the microfluidic flow and could be a quick, non-intrusive way to optimise hydrodynamic cavitation reactor design and operating parameters, leading to enhancements in wastewater treatments and other process intensifications.
An enhancement of lssd to reduce test pattern generation effort and increase fault coverage (1982)

In this paper we propose designs of latches which can be used in Level Sensitive Scan Design (LSSD). These new designs can use the existing software support for design rule checks but result into a reduction of effort in test pattern generation and provide a better fault coverage. The system performance is not degraded with the use of latches proposed in this paper.
Rearrangement and cyclization reactions of carboxylic acids and esters (1969)

This chapter contains sections titled: Rearrangements and Cyclizations Forming and Destroying the Carboxylic Acid and Ester Functions Rearrangements of Carboxylate Salts Varrentrapp and Related Reactions Carbonyl-forming Decarboxylation Reactions References
GLONASS Inter-frequency Biases and Their Effects on RTK and PPP Carrier-phase Ambiguity Resolution (2011)

GLONASS uses frequency division multiplexing (FDMA) to make the signals from individual satellites distinguishable. Thus, in both frequency bands the receiving equipment has to deal with up to 14 different frequencies. Due to code and carrier-phase inter-frequency biases in the receiving equipment, data processing gets more difficult as compared to GPS. The carrier-phase inter-frequency biases mainly depend on the receiver type and can be modeled and corrected based on a linear function of the signal’s frequency. The code inter-frequency biases are more difficult to handle since they mostly seem to be receiver individual and of non-linear character. GLONASS Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) positioning is very similar to GPS RTK as long as a priori corrections for the carrier-phase inter-frequency biases are applied. Precise Point Positioning (PPP), however, usually uses dual-frequency code observations to resolve widelane ambiguities with the Melbourne-Wubbena linear combination. Due to the code inter-frequency biases this technique does not work for the present GLONASS receiving equipment and it must be substituted by a pure carrier-phase widelane ambiguity resolution technique.
Preparation of Dimethyl 7‐Oxobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane‐exo‐2, exo‐3— dicarboxylate. An Easy Route to Functionalized Norbornane Derivatives and Cage Compounds (1990)

A four‐step preparation of dimethyl 7‐oxobicyclo[2.2.1]‐heptane‐exo‐2, exo‐3‐dicarboxylate ( 4 ) in satisfactory yield from the readily available 6,6‐dimethylfulvene and maleic anhydride is described. Compound 4 represents a well‐functionalized intermediate for the synthesis of norbornane derivatives which is used for an improved synthesis of the tricyclic diester 7 , precursor of the cage compound 8 . An alternative approach to diester 7 from dimethyl 7‐isopropylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane‐exo‐2, exo‐3‐dicarboxylate ( 2 ) is also discussed.
Degradation of phenylalanine and tyrosine by <i>Sporobolomyces roseus</i> (1968)

Ammonia-lyase activity for l-phenylalanine, m-hydroxyphenylalanine and l-tyrosine was demonstrated in cell-free extracts of Sporobolomyces roseus. Cultures of this organism converted dl-[ring-(14)C]phenylalanine and l-[U-(14)C]tyrosine into the corresponding cinnamic acid. Tracer studies showed that these compounds were further metabolized to [(14)C]protocatechuic acid. Benzoic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were intermediates in this pathway. Washed cells of the organism readily utilized cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, benzoic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Protocatechuic acid was the terminal aromatic compound formed during the metabolism of these compounds. The cells of S. roseus were able to convert m-coumaric acid into m-hydroxybenzoic acid, but the latter compound, which accumulated in the medium, was not further metabolized. 4-Hydroxycoumarin was identified as the product of o-coumaric acid metabolism by this organism.
Fault modeling and testing of retention flip-flops in low power designs (2009)

Low power circuits have become a necessary part in modern designs. Retention flip-flop is one of the most important components in low power designs. Conventional test methodologies are not sufficient to test the retention flip-flop thoroughly. This paper presents four new fault models and the testing of retention flip-flop. The four fault models are awake-mode stuck-at fault, sleep-mode stuck-at fault, awake-mode transition fault, and sleep-mode transition fault. The four faults model the defects that affect the retained value, wakeup time, and sleep time of retention flip-flops. Based on the new fault models, test patterns for retention flip-flop can be easily generated by current automatic test pattern generation tools. The proposed test methodology is validated by performing experiments on ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits and some realistic industrial low power designs. The experimental results show that the faults of retention flip-flops can be easily detected by our method and the average fault coverage is higher than 98%. The fault coverage of conventional single stuck-at fault and transition fault test can be increased by more than 1%.
Living Anionic Stereospecific Polymerization of 2-Vinylpyridine (1981)

The anionic polymerization of 2-vinyl pyridine initiated by benzyl-2 pyridylmethylmagnesium (benzyl picolyl magnesium) in hydrocarbon solvents, leads to highly isotactic polymers. Analysis of multads distribution by 13C NMR, propagation kinetics and study of electron density on active centers model molecules, suggest the stereoregulating mechanism. Carbanionic active centers are non aggregated and sp3 hybridizated. Isoregulation is ascribed to a most probable position for the complexation of active centers by the monomer molecules.
Circulating Tumor Cell cluster phenotype allows monitoring response to treatment and predicts survival (2019)

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are putative markers of tumor prognosis and may serve to evaluate patient's response to chemotherapy. CTCs are often detected as single cells but infrequently as clusters and are indicative of worse prognosis. In this study, we developed a short-term culture of nucleated blood cells which was applied to blood samples from breast, lung, esophageal and bladder cancer patients. Clusters of different degrees of compactness, classified as very tight, tight and loose were observed across various cancer types. These clusters show variable expression of cytokeratins. Cluster formation from blood samples obtained during the course of chemotherapy was found to be associated with disease progression and shorter overall survival. The short-term cultures offer a robust and highly reliable method for early prediction of treatment response in different cancer types.
Corrosion protection of Arctic offshore structures: Final report. [Effects of temperature and salinity on required cathodic protection current] (1985)

Results are presented for a research program on corrosion prevention for Arctic offshore structures which are in contact with sea ice for a significant portion of the year. The electrical method most adaptable for structure protection involves the injection of impressed current from several remote anodes buried just beneath the sea floor. The electrical resistivity of annual sea ice as a function of temperature and salinity is presented. Details of the interface layers formed between sea ice and steel in the presence of current injection are shown. A computer program was developed to enable the calculation of protective current density into the structure, in the presence of ice rubble and ridges around the structure. The program and the results of an example calculation are given for a caisson- retained island structure. 81 refs., 103 figs., 3 tabs.
Development of Slow-Release Chemical Oxidation Methods for Environmental Remediation (2009)

Chemical oxidation (chemox) is an emerging method used for treating subsurface water and soil. In chemox, highly reactive liquids or gases are injected into a contaminated zone where the oxidants rapidly react to oxidize and breakdown subsurface contaminants to less toxic byproducts. Examples of oxidants used in chemox include ozone gas, Fenton's Reagent, and crystalline permanganate or persulfate dissolved in water. Despite the effectiveness of chemical oxidation, there are drawbacks to current chemox technologies. These drawbacks include the need (1) to inject very strong gases or copious volumes of chemox liquids into the ground, (2) to reapply the oxidants into the subsurface to fully clean sites due to side reactions occurring with natural organic matter or plugging of the subsurface system with chemox precipitates, (3) to prevent explosion hazards caused by the rapid reactions, and (4) to protect workers from the health and safety hazards associated with use of these chemicals. A novel approach to improving chemical oxidation treatment is to develop slow-release, or controlled release systems, to deliver chemical oxidants for water and soil remediation. This paper addresses the development of slow-release oxidant prototypes which are able to delay the release of a chemical oxidants which can be used for various applications in water treatment.