gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Insulin resistance - the new goal! (2003)

Diabetes mellitus is a well-recognized risk-factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). Epidemiological studies have shown that the risk of CAD increases two to sixfold in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with those without the disease. Furthermore the prevalence of diabetes in the UK has increased by 30% since 1991 and the world population of people with diabetes in 2010 is expected to be twice that of 1990. In addition whilst the mortality from CAD in patients without diabetes has declined over the past 20 years the mortality in men with type 2 diabetes has not changed and in women may have increased. UKPDS and other studies have shown a significant improvement in the onset and course of microvascular complications with good diabetic control. However the same is not true for macrovascular complications for which there is no good evidence of improvement with better diabetic control. This apparent lack of benefit from improved care of diabetic patients has led to many different approaches. These include attempts to achieve even better glycaemic control, greater emphasis on other risk factors particularly hypertension and interestingly attention to the prediabetic state characterized by insulin resistance (IR). The latter is associated with a number of abnormalities which could play a causative role in the development of cardiovascular disease. This article will review the concept of IR and the possible interventions available to tackle it.
Remote Measurement of the Pipe Thickness Reduction by Microwaves (2007)

A method which can inspect a pipe in a large scale and measure the thickness reduction remotely was demonstrated. A copper pipe having 17 mm inner diameter, 1 mm wall thickness, and 900 mm length was measured. The thickness reduction having the value from 10% to 80% of the wall thickness was detected significantly. By building up a resonance for the microwave signal propagated in the pipe, it is possible to determine the thickness reduction using the measured resonance frequency.
Ultra-high-stability two-stage superfluorescent fibre sources for fibre optic gyroscopes (2002)

A two-stage ultra-high-stability Er3+-doped superfluorescent fibre source for fibre optic gyroscopes is presented. Versatile tunability of the output characteristics against fibre length and pump conditions enables minimisation of all temperature-induced instabilities.
“A Manual of Tropical Medicine” (1955)

The first edition of the Manual of Tropical Medicine was published during World War II under the auspices of the National Research Council to meet the needs of the armed forces in the tropics. The primary objective of the Manual was a concise presentation of the important aspects of the most significant tropical diseases. In the preparation of the second edition the authors have adhered to the fundamental objectives of the original volume. They have capitalized on the vast amount of data accumulated during the past ten years as a result of the stimulation to clinical and laboratory research imparted by the necessities and experiences of World War II. The second edition exceeds by more than 200 pages the length of the original Manual and in many fields there have been deletions and substitutions in the original text and many sections have been largely or entirely rewritten.
Structure of Glutamate Decarboxylase and Related PLP-Enzymes: Computer-graphical Studies (2000)

Amino acid sequences of E. coli glutamate decarboxylase (GADa) and those of 36 GAD of different origin were compared by pairwise alignment using computer program CLUSTAL. GADalpha and plant enzymes showed 59.8-67.8% subunit homology, GADalpha and other bacterial GAD--49.8-77.6%, whereas GADalpha and animal enzymes--13.9-58.8%. Two PLP domains exhibited higher homology comparing to that of the whole subunit in the case of GAD67, plant (68.4-73.9%), and bacterial (46.7-83.2%) enzymes. The alignment of PLP-domains of 37 GAD, three group II decarboxylases, and two pyridoxal enzymes with known 3D structures (bacterial ORD and mAAT from chicken heart) allowed us to reveal conserved residues of the active sites. Their functional role is discussed. Modelling of the PLP-binding sites in active centers for GADalpha and human brain GAD67 was done using the Swiss-PdbViewer homology modelling program. Although the homology between GADalpha and GAD67 is rather low, structural similarity of their active sites allows us to consider here a functional convergence. Thus, glutamate decarboxylation by GADalpha may be helpful for understanding general mechanism of this reaction.
Photolytic, Thermal, Addition, and Cycloaddition Reactions of 2-Diazo-5,6- and -3,8-disubstituted Acenaphthenones (2004)

Preparation and varied thermal and photolytic reactions of 2-diazo-5,6-(disubstituted)acenaphthenones (11a-d) and 2-diazo-3,8-dimethoxyacenaphthenone (12) are reported. Alcohols react thermally and photolytically with 11a-c with losses of N(2) to yield 2-alkoxynaphthenones (24a,band 47a,b) and acenaphthenones (25 and 48a,b). Aniline and diphenylamine are converted by 11a-c at 180 degrees C to acenaph[1,2-b]indoles (29a,b and 53a,b). Thermolyses of 11a-c at approximately 450 degrees C (0.15 mmHg) yield reduction products 25 and 48a,b, respectively. Wolff rearrangements to 1,8-naphthyleneketenes (15a-d) and/or their derivatives are not observed in the above experiments. Oxygen converts 11a-c thermally to acenaphthenequinones (19a-c) and/or 1,8-naphthalic anhydrides. Insertion, addition, substitution, and/or isomerization reactions occur upon irradiation of 2-diazoacenaphthenones in cyclohexane, benzene, and tetrahydrofuran. Photolysis of 11d in benzene in the presence of O(2) yields the insertion-oxidation product 2-hydroxy-5,6-dinitro-2-phenylacenaphthenone (60). Photolyses of 11a-c in nitriles result in N(2) evolution and dipolar cycloaddition to give acenaph[1,2-d]oxazoles (41 and 61a,b). Acetylenes undergo thermal and photolytic cycloaddition/1,5-sigmatropic rearrangement reactions with 11a-d with N(2) retention to give pyrazolo[5,1-a]quinolin-7-ones (69f-j). 2-Diazoacenaphthenones 1a and 11a react thermally and photolytically with electronegatively-substituted olefins with N(2) expulsion to yield (E)- and (Z)-2-oxospiro[acenaphthylene-1(2H),1'cyclopropanes] 73a-c and 74a-c, respectively. The mechanisms of the reactions of 1a, 11a-d, and 12 reported are discussed.
A Multiple Treatment Approach to the Group Treatment of Insomnia: A Follow-up Study (1989)

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of psychological methods on the group treatment of insomnia. Assessments were administered on measures of general and physical health, symptoms associated with anxiety and benzodiazepine usage and specific measures related to sleep pre- and post-treatment, and at a one year follow up. Fifteen patients were referred from GPs in one practice, and were sequentially assigned into three groups. Treatment took the form of 11 to 13 sessions of weekly group therapy. The group treatment consisted of (1) cognitive-behavioural strategies, including sleep monitoring, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, problem solving, anxiety management and progressive relaxation; (2) sleep education; (3) gradual drug withdrawal. The results indicated that immediate post-treatment improvements on measures of general health, symptom reduction, reduction of hypnotic-sedative medication, and on the quantity and quality of sleep were maintained after an interval of one year after treatment. Insomnia was less severe, less frequent, of shorter duration and more easily managed. However, there were no improvements on measures aimed to assess general coping strategies nor on measures of sleep maintenance insomnia between the three periods. The findings and implications for future research in this area are discussed.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Tomato, 1979 (1980)

Abstract 'Tempo' transplants were set during the first week of February in a commercial field on 3 ft wide beds of nonfumigated Myakka fine sand covered with black ployethylene mulch. Plants were spaced 32 in. in rows 6 ft apart and stoked. Plots consisted of 4 rows 500-ft long and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. No insecticides were applied to the foliage of the plants prior to the experiment. A single application of each treatment was made Apr 9 with a tractor pulled high clearance power sprayer equipped with 6 nozzles (' 4 disks)/row, delivering 70 gal/acre at 200 psi. One and 3 days later the number of lepldopterous larvae observed in the equivalent of 1 manhour search/plot was recorded. Three days after the application, foliage with 100 leaf mines containing either living or parasitized larvae was randomly removed from each plot and held in 1 qt ice cream cartons for the emergence of leafminer and parasite adults.
Impedance spectroscopy dependent water content detection in dynamic oil-water emulsions (2018)

The water content in static crude emulsions has been extensively studied. However, the dynamic emulsions under shear conditions have a higher stability of the water content, primarily affecting the characteristics of the oil–water two-phase flow in the gathering lines. In this study, a dynamic apparatus was fabricated to investigate the impedance characteristics of water content in oil–water emulsions under the influence of the shear force. The characteristic frequency was proposed to describe the water content in a cubic function. The equivalent circuit model of emulsion has provided an explanation for the variation of the characteristic frequency is mainly caused by the capacitance with the increasing water content. The dynamic conditions have an effect on the electrical properties, which is related to the measurement of water content of the emulsion system. The characteristic function of water content can contribute to a quantitative characterization of the water content of dynamic crude oil, and promote the efficiency and safety of crude oil exploitation.
Les transformations agraires au Pays de Galles à l'époque moderne (1999)

Abstract There was no «agricultural revolution» in eighteenth-century Wales and the enclosure movement was not in the main directed towards improved farming. Reasons for backward husbandry are explored, particular attention focussing on difficult physical terrain, want of good markets and neglect on the part of both landlords, many of them absentee, and their peasant- tenants to adventure capital. What patchy progress there was achieved occured on the horn farms of the big estate-owners and, more importantly, on the farms of the lesser gentry and those of a number of enterprising non-gentry freeholders, some of them clergymen, and prosperous tenant farmers. Moreover, progress, however slow, was facilitated by road improvements, canal construction and to a limited extent by parliamentary enclosure, all these innovations funded by local gentlemen. Farming progress apart, changes to the rural landscape came about through new farms being carved out of the upland waste, the gradual rationalisation of farm structures through exchange of intermixed lands and by the rape of woodlands.
Simultaneous loss of N5-(carboxyethyl)ornithine synthase, nisin production, and sucrose-fermenting ability by Lactococcus lactis K1 (1990)

A spontaneous derivative of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis K1 (formerly Streptococcus lactis K1) lacking N5-(carboxyethyl)ornithine synthase (EC 1.5.1.24) was isolated. This mutant had also lost the abilities to ferment sucrose and to produce the antibiotic nisin. Hybridization studies indicate that these linked traits are encoded on the chromosome of L. lactis K1 and that they may be located on a conjugative transposon.
Unsupervised Structured Data Extraction from Template-generated Web Pages (2020)

This paper studies structured data extraction from template-generated Web pages. Such pages contain most of structured data on the Web. Extracted structured data can be later integrated and reused in very big range of applications, such as price comparison portals, business intelligence tools, various mashups and etc. It encourages industry and academics to seek automatic solutions. To tackle the problem of automatic structured Web data extraction we present a new approach - structured data extraction based on clustering visually similar Web page elements. Our method called ClustVX combines visual and pure HTML features of Web page to cluster visually similar Web page elements and then extract structured Web data. ClustVX can extract structured data from Web pages where more than one data record is present. With extensive experimental evaluation on three benchmark datasets we demonstrate that ClustVX achieves better results than other state-of-the-art automatic structured Web data extraction methods.
Phase‐manipulable synthesis of Cu‐based nanomaterials using ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazole tetrafluoroborate (2010)

Abstract Using the ionic liquid (IL), 1‐butyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazole tetrafluoroborate, and the precursor Cu 7 Cl 4 (OH) 10 ·H 2 O, series of phase‐manipulable Cu‐based nanomaterials were synthesized by hydrothermal and microwave assisted routes, respectively. The structural characters of the as‐prepared CuO, CuO/Cu 2 O composites and pure Cu nanoparticles were investigated by XRD, SEM, TEM and HRTEM, and their surface photovoltaic properties were studied by surface photovoltage spectra. Via hydrothermal route Cu 2+ ions were found to be reduced gradually into Cu + and subsequently Cu 0 with increasing the IL, and various phase ratio of CuO, Cu 2 O and Cu composite nanosheets and pure Cu nanoparticles were obtained. This implies that the IL could function as both a reductant in the oxygen‐starved condition and a template for the nanosheet products. The 1 H‐NMR result of the IL supports it being a reductant. In microwave assisted route, however, only monoclinic single crystalline CuO nanosheets were obtained, which indicates the IL being a template only in oxygen‐rich condition. Therefore, the crystal phase, composition and morphology of the Cu‐based products could be controlled by simply adjusting the quantity of the IL and oxygen in solution routes. The molecular structure of the IL after oxidation reactions was investigated by 1 H‐NMR and a possible reaction mechanism was proposed. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
U.S. Photovoltaic Prices and Cost Breakdowns. Q1 2015 Benchmarks for Residential, Commercial, and Utility-Scale Systems (2015)

The price of photovoltaic (PV) systems in the United States (i.e., the cost to the system owner) has continued to decline across all major market sectors. This report provides a Q1 2015 update regarding the prices of residential, commercial, and utility scale PV systems, based on an objective methodology that closely approximates the book value of a PV system. Several cases are benchmarked to represent common variations in business models, labor rates, and system architecture choice. We estimate a weighted-average cash purchase price of $3.09/W for residential scale rooftop systems, $2.15/W for commercial scale rooftop systems, $1.77/W for utility scale systems with fixed mounting structures, and $1.91/W for utility scale systems using single-axis trackers. All systems are modeled assuming standard-efficiency, polycrystalline-silicon PV modules, and further assume installation within the United States.
Stomach Perforation Induced by a Migrating Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt (2008)

We describe an unusual presentation of stomach perforation induced by a migrating ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt. An 86-year-old man suffered a head injury with traumatic intracranial and subdural hemorrhage, and had received a craniotomy 1 year previously. A VP shunt was inserted 8 months previously because of hydrocephalus. He came to our emergency department because of nausea, vomiting, and abdominal tenderness. A coffee-ground substance was noted in his vomitus. Gastroscopy revealed a stomach perforation induced by a migrating VP shunt. Placement of a VP shunt is the most common treatment for hydrocephalus. The procedure is associated with various complications, 25% of which are abdominal. Bowel perforation by a VP shunt is rare with an overall frequency of 0.01%~0.07%. In our experience, laparoscopic repair of a stomach perforation induced by a migrating VP shunt is a suitable and minimally invasive procedure. The patient was successfully treated with laparoscopic surgery. After the operation, the patient had no symptoms of stomach perforation or bleeding, and was free of signs of increasing intracranial pressure.
A NEW CRITICAL HEAT FLUX MODEL FOR SUBCOOLED TWO-PHASE FLOW THROUGH A VERTICAL TUBE (1987)

The critical heat flux (CHF) mechanisms for subcooled flow boiling have been reviewed. According to the various subcooled conditions, four types of CHF mechanisms are proposed. A new mechanistic critical heat flux (CHF) model has been developed for vertical subcooled flow at high pressure and high mass velocity. The model is based on dryout of the microlayer beneath an intermittent vapor blanket caused by a Helmholtz instability at the micro-vapor interface. The parametric trends of CHF have been explored qualitatively and quantitatively by the analysis of the microlayer thickness, the relative mass velocity entering the microlayer, the length of the microlayer and the heat balance on the microlayer liquid. A comparison of the model predictions with the experimental data for water, Freon-11, and Freon-113 shows good agreement in the simulation of subcooled flow conditions of Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs). The advantages of the present model are that, first, it predicts CHF independent of geometric effects or the heat flux distribution because it is based on the local bulk instantaneous conditions of pressure, mass velocity, subcooling, diameter; and second, provides a theoretical basis for studying the transient CHF of PWR's in future research.
High-impedance drive for the elimination of crossover distortion (1962)

Crossover distortion in a class B transistor power amplifier can be greatly reduced by driving the output stage from a high-impedance source. Doing this capitalizes upon the fact that the current-to-current gain characteristic of a class B stage is much more linear in the crossover region than the voltage-to-current gain. High-impedance drive can be most easily applied to a complementary output stage, but can also be applied to two transistors of the same polarity if a driver transformer is used. In circuits of this type, no temperature-compensated bias arrangements are necessary, and "thermal runaway" is virtually impossible, as only one of the output transistors can be biased on at a time. Moreover, reverse bias is applied to the "off" transistor, reducing its turn-off time and minimizing the increase in power supply drain at high signal frequencies. Amplifiers designed according to this principle have operated with very low distortion and have exhibited unequalled thermal stability.
Improved Neural Network using Integral-RELU based Prevention Activation for Face Detection (2019)

Numerous variation of neural networks improved the face detection performance significantly. However, extravagant computation becomes a major problem found when the window explored the non-face candidate. To prevent useless detection in the non-face area, our proposed method is the addition of a prevention function using integral representation in the RELU (Rectified Linear Units) activation function. If the integral of RELU does not reach the threshold, the convolution is skipped and the window shifts to the neighboring area. Both functions are selected because they are easy to calculate and achieve convergence speed rapidly. Based on the results of trials on 10 data, the Integral CNN + Integral is faster than CNN + RELU with a speed ratio of 125: 285 FPS. Besides, ‘RELU CNN + Integral’ has fewer face detection redundancies compared to Viola & Jones algorithms. This result shows that our proposed method is superior to the state-of-the-art algorithms.
Embryonic and fetal hemopoiesis: an overview. (1991)

Our current knowledge of embryonic and fetal hemopoiesis is critically reviewed in this article. In both murine and human systems, embryonic and fetal development is associated with multiple switching in the sites of hemopoiesis. The phenomenon is first extraembryonic, occurring in blood islands of the yolk sac. Hemopoietic stem cells (HSC) appear to derive from hemangioblasts that are of mesodermal origin. Yolk sac milieu is permissive only for erythropoiesis which proceeds synchronously and may be erythropoietin-insensitive. Yolk sac milieu is not permissive for the development of other cell lines. The final product is nucleated red cells. Yolk sac hemopoiesis is an example par excellence of primitive (as compared to definitive) form of hemopoiesis. HSC then seem to migrate via the bloodstream to the liver and spleen to seed these tissues, which then carry the burden of hemopoiesis until birth and for some time thereafter. Here also erythropoiesis predominates, but some granulopoiesis also occurs. Thus, the milieu is not totally impermissive. Hemopoiesis is in definitive form, lacking synchronicity of cell growth with the end product being anucleated cells and synthesized hemoglobin not limited to embryonic type. The site of hemopoiesis is finally transferred to the bone marrow, which is predominantly granulopoietic. Certain cellular and embryological features of these types of hemopoiesis in the context of more recent molecular understanding of stem cell homing are discussed.
PASSENGERS' CHOICE OF AIRPORT: AN APPLICATION OF THE MULTINOMIAL LOGIT MODEL (1988)

The authors sought to establish that airports do not have catchment areas as such and that air travelers make choices among available airports when they elect to travel. A model that describes this choice mechanism will permit airport systems to be planned on a more reliable basis. This work develops a model for passengers in central England based on data collected in 1975 and 1978 by the Civil Aviation Authority. The model chosen was one of discrete behavioral choice; the particular form that was successfully calibrated was the multinomial logit model. For business and inclusive tour travel, the most important variables of choice were access time to the airport and frequency to the chosen destination. For domestic and leisure trips there were three factors: air fare, access time, and frequency of available flights, in that order of importance. The calibrated model showed high agreement between observed and predicted market shares. The model was also found to be transferable to data from a separate survey of air travel from the London area. The model is expected to be of use to airport authorities and airlines in planning and determining business strategy in the increasingly competitive deregulated environment of air transport.
The rubber fat pad retractor: Use in arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (1993)

Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery requires adequate visualization of the anterior intercondylar area. Described is a quick, inexpensive, safe, and easily learned technique. Secondary benefits of the improved visualization provided by the technique include increased ease of the portal entry, facility for dry intraarticular arthroscopy, and harvest of drilled bone for later grafting of donor sites. The technique is described for use in arthroscopic knee surgery, but can be adapted for use in other joints and procedures.