gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low-Risk Cigarettes: A Prescription (1976)

Antismoking education campaigns in out society have met with only partial success: today 55 to 60 million Americans smoke, and the habit is increasing among teenagers and women. It is important to protect individuals who continue to smoke despite all warnings. There is evidence that this can be accomplished in at least two ways. First, it may be possible to remove toxic smoke components and thus reduce specific hazards. Second, the doseresponse evidence suggests that, if the total intake of smoke can be reduced, after an appropriate time a reduction in disease incidence should occur. The technology to achieve these results has been developed and can be applied to the manufacture of commercial cigarettes. These cigarettes will not conform to traditional flavour patterns, but consumer perception can be made to change and compensating flavours and fragrances can be added. The feasibility of less hazardous cigarettes raises the question of whether there are limits of cigarette and smoke composition that may approach relative safety. These limits can be defined as the smoke intake doses at which the risk of disease in smokers approaches that in nonsmokers. Such values can be extimated by dose-response analysis of several epidemiological studies and by extrapolation of blood concentrations at different rates of intake for certain smoke components, such as carbon monoxide. Critical values determined by these methods should not be interpreted as indicators of safe smoking levels; they do imply, however, that a rapid shift in cigarette consumption habits toward the proposed range of values will make possible a substantial reduction in the current epidemic proportions of smoking-related diseases.
Authentication of sequences with the SL2 hash function: application to video sequences (1997)

This paper presents an interesting application of the Tillich–Zémor function TZ . In particular, we emphasize the concatenation property of this one-way hash function. i.e., TZ ( S | T ) = TZ ( S ) TZ ( T ) where S and T are two binary strings. This
Tuning the Absorption, Charge Transport Properties, and Solar Cell Efficiency with the Number of Thienyl Rings in Platinum-Containing Poly(aryleneethynylene)s (2007)

The synthesis, characterization, and photophysics of a series of solution-processable and strongly visible-light absorbing platinum(II) polyynes containing bithiazole-oligo(thienyl) rings were presented. Tuning the polymer solar cell efficiency, as well as optical and charge transport properties, in soluble, low-band gap PtII-based conjugated poly(heteroaryleneethynylene)s using the number of oligothienyl rings is described. These materials are highly soluble in polar organic solvents due to the presence of solubilizing bithiazole moieties and show strong absorptions in the solar spectra, rendering them excellent candidates for bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells. Their photovoltaic responses and power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) depend to a large extent on the number of thienyl rings along the main chain, and some of them can be used to fabricate highly efficient solar cells with PCEs of up to 2.7% and a peak external quantum efficiency to 83% under AM1.5 simulated solar illumination, which is comparable to that of poly(3-hexylthiophene)-based devices fabricated without additional processing (annealing or TiO(x) layer). The influence of the number of thienyl rings and the metal group on the performance parameters and optimization of solar cell efficiency was evaluated and discussed in detail. At the same blend ratio of 1:4, the light-harvesting ability and PCE increase sharply as the thienyl chain length increases. The present work provides an attractive approach to developing conjugated metallopolymers offering broad solar absorptions and tunable solar cell efficiency and demonstrates the potential of metalated conjugated polymers for efficient power generation.
Volume Diffusion During Anodic Dissolution of a Binary Alloy (1968)

The occurrence of volume diffusion during anodic dissolution of Cu‐Au alloys at room temperature is shown again by x‐ray and electron diffraction, confirming the result of a previous study. After dissolution the intensity of the diffracted x‐rays is increased at Bragg angles, θ, corresponding to intermediate Cu‐Au compositions. Electron diffraction patterns exhibit new broad diffraction rings corresponding to the formation of intermediate compositions after very early stages of anodic dissolution of about 100 atomic layers of Cu dissolved.
ChemInform Abstract: An Investigation of the Mitsunobu Reaction in the Preparation of Peptide Oxazolines, Thiazolines, and Aziridines. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Autoignition Process in Compression Ignition Engine Fueled by Diesel Fuel and Biodiesel with 20% Rapeseed Biofuel in Diesel Fuel (2018)

Controlled autoignition delay is considered a very promising new technology, having the potential of combining low fuel consumption with low pollutant emissions. In this study, the effect of pure diesel fuel and biodiesel B20 (20% rapeseed oil mixed with 80% diesel fuel, by volume) on ignition delay period, at different engine speeds, under full load operating conditions, has been investigated experimentally and numerically. For this purpose, two models were proposed. The experimental results were compared with the ignition delay predicted by some correlations and by the considered models. The results showed that the ignition delay period of biodiesel B20 is shorter than that of pure diesel fuel at similar operating conditions. Regarding pure diesel fuel, the ignition delay periods are in good accordance with Arrhenius type correlations, whereas for biodiesel B20 the correlation results are significantly different than the experimental data.
Activation of a <i>p44</i> pseudogene in <i>Anaplasma phagocytophila</i> by bacterial RNA splicing: a novel mechanism for post‐transcriptional regulation of a multigene family encoding immunodominant major outer membrane proteins (2002)

Immunodominant 44 kDa major outer membrane proteins of Anaplasma phagocytophila (human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent) are encoded by the p44 multigene family. One of the paralogues, p44-18 is predominantly expressed by A. phagocytophila in mammalian hosts, but is downregulated in the arthropod vector. The expression of p44-18 was upregulated in A. phagocytophila cultivated in HL-60 cells at 37 degrees C compared with 24 degrees C. However, the molecular mechanism of such gene expression was unclear, as p44-18 has a pseudogene-like structure, i.e. it lacks an AUG start codon and is out of frame with an upstream overlapping paralogue, p44-1. In the present study, we found that an amplicon detected by reverse transciption-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) [808 basepair (bp)] for the p44-1/p44-18 gene locus was smaller than that detected by PCR with the genomic DNA (1652 bp) in the A. phagocytophila-infected HL-60 cells cultured at 37 degrees C. A circularized RNA molecule corresponding to the 844 bp region missing from the locus in the RT-PCR product was detected by inverse RT-PCR, indicating that this is an intron (designated p44-1 intervening sequence, p44-1 IVS). The splicing event of p44-1 IVS was also observed when the p44-1 IVS-carrying plasmid was introduced into Escherichia coli, suggesting that the splicing is sequence-dependent. Structural analysis and in vitro splicing experiments of p44-1 IVS suggested that this is likely to represent a new class of introns in eubacteria. The primer extension analysis showed the presence of a putative sigma(32)-type promoter in region upstream from p44-1. Collectively, the novel RNA splicing and the temperature-dependent transcription may account for the dominant p44-18 expression in mammals.
Lack of Circumcision Increases the Risk of Urinary Tract Infection in Young Men (1992)

(1) Lack of circumcision increases the risk of UTI in young adult men. (2) The majority of these infections result from urovirulent strains of E coli. (3) Clinically, these infections often produce urethritis as well as UTI.
Steep Slope MoS2 2D Transistors: Negative Capacitance and Negative Differential Resistance (2017)

The so-called Boltzmann Tyranny (associated with the Boltzmann distribution of electrons) defines the fundamental thermionic limit of the subthreshold slope (SS) of a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) at 60 mV/dec at room temperature, which prohibits the decrease of the supply voltage and the power consumption. Adding a ferroelectric negative capacitor in the gate stack of a MOSFET is one of the promising solutions to break this thermionic limit. Meanwhile, 2-dimensional (2D) semiconductors, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), due to its atomically thin layered channel, low dielectric constant, and ease of integration in a junctionless transistor topology, offer the best electrostatic control of the channel. Here, we combine these two advantages and demonstrate for the first time molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) 2D steep slope transistors using ferroelectric hafnium zirconium oxide (HZO) as part of the gate dielectric stack. These transistors exhibit extraordinary performance in both on-states and off-states, with maximum drain current of 510 {\mu}A/{\mu}m, minimum SS of 5.6 mV/dec. Negative differential resistance (NDR) was observed at room temperature on the MoS2 negative capacitance field-effect-transistors (NC-FETs) as the result of negative capacitance induced negative drain-induced-barrier-lowering (DIBL). High on-current induced self-heating effect was also observed and studied.
Organic acid production using a membrane bioreactor. (1989)

Research on organic acid production using bioreactors with membranes was reviewed. Firstly, procedures of organic acid production in biochemical processes were presented. Secondly, recent topics about application of membranes to bioreactors were discussed. Thirdly, research on membrane bioreactors (MBR) to produce organic acids e. g. acetic acid, lactic acid, fatty acids etc. were presented. Finally, our research on muconic acid production using a MBR was shown.
SUMOylation Silences Heterodimeric TASK Potassium Channels Containing K2P1 Subunits in Cerebellar Granule Neurons (2012)

The standing outward K(+) current (IKso) governs the response of cerebellar granule neurons to natural and medicinal stimuli including volatile anesthetics. We showed that SUMOylation silenced half of IKso at the surface of cerebellar granule neurons because the underlying channels were heterodimeric assemblies of K2P1, a subunit subject to SUMOylation, and the TASK (two-P domain, acid-sensitive K(+)) channel subunits K2P3 or K2P9. The heterodimeric channels comprised the acid-sensitive portion of IKso and mediated its response to halothane. We anticipate that SUMOylation also influences sensation and homeostatic mechanisms in mammals through TASK channels formed with K2P1.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of α-galactosidase I from<i>Mortierella vinacea</i> (2003)

alpha-Galactosidases catalyze the hydrolysis of a galactosyl residue from galactooligosaccharides and galactopolysaccharides. alpha-Galactosidase I from Mortierella vinacea was crystallized in two crystal forms using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. Type 1 crystals belonged to space group I422, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 142.4, c = 131.5 A, and diffracted to beyond 2.1 A resolution, while type 2 crystals belonged to space group P4, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 100.9, c = 102.7 A, and diffracted to beyond 1.6 A resolution. This enzyme crystallized as a glycoprotein tetramer and the tetrameric structure was located around the crystallographic fourfold axis.
Role of Safety and Product Integrity (2012)

The challenge faced by safety professionals continues to grow in complexity driven by factors such as larger more sophisticated systems, environmental issues, legal ramifications, moral concerns, and an ever-increasing desire to inch closer and closer towards achieving the goal of “zero-defects”. The strive for process improvement is on a continuum and the desire for process excellence has become more than just a fashionable obsession. Arguably a more sophisticated means to capture the safety efforts is required. Over the last few years there has been a trend towards making safety regulations less prescriptive and be more goal oriented. Are goal-based safety regulations truly a step forward? Although ‘Safety Case’ is stated as a requirement in many safety standards, should it be included as an explicit requirement? Let's take a closer look at what is a Safety Case. According to one of the definitions employed in the Industry, a Safety Case is, “A documented body of evidence that provides a convincing and valid argument that a system is adequately safe for a given application in a given environment”. This may be a starting point in the attempt to define and describe a safety case.
Sesquiterpenes from the Leaves of Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis (2000)

From the leaves of Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis, a new eremophilanolide, 8 alpha-methoxy-6-oxoeremophil-7(11)-en-12,8-olide (6-oxoeremophilenolide) and a eudesmane-type sesquiterpene, (+)-intermedeol were isolated. The structures were determined on the basis of 2D-NMR spectral data. Data on cytotoxicity showed that the latter was clearly more potent than the former compound.
NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS FOR DEADLOCKS IN FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS BASED ON A DIGRAPH MODEL (2004)

ABSTRACT As typical discrete event systems, flexible manufacturing systems have been extensively studied in such aspects as modeling, control and performance analysis. One important topic in the study of such systems is the deadlock detection, prevention and avoidance. In the past decade, two major modeling formalisms, i.e., Petri nets and digraphs, have been adopted for developing deadlock control policies for flexible manufacturing systems. In this paper, the concepts of slack, knot, order and effective free space of circuits in the digraph are established and used to concisely and precisely quantify the sufficient conditions for a system state to be live. Necessary conditions for this liveness is quantified for a special class of system states ‐ called evaluation states. The significance of the result is that the conditions are true for avoiding both primary deadlocks and impending deadlocks that are arbitrary steps away from a primary one, whereas only second level deadlocks have been studied in the literature. Examples are provided to illustrate the method.
ChemInform Abstract: A Trinucleating Oxygen‐Containing Ligand with Two Different Coordination Sites and Its Heterotrinuclear Complexes. (1989)

Abstract The reaction of isomerically pure mononuclear compounds (I) with uranyl acetate (II) gives heterotrinuclear complexes (yield in g), which cannot be obtained in an analytically pure form.
The Role of Selective Attention in Perceptual and Affective Priming (2000)

Two kinds of perceptual priming (word identification and word fragment completion), as well as preference priming (that may rely on special affective mechanisms) were examined after participants either read or named the colors of words and nonwords at study. Participants named the colors of words more slowly than the colors of nonwords, indicating that lexical processing of the words occurred at study. Nonetheless, priming on all three tests was lower after color naming than after reading, despite evidence of lexical processing during color naming shown by slower responses to words than to nonwords. These results indicate that selective attention to (rather than the mere processing of) letter string identity at study is important for subsequent repetition priming.
A Phase 1 Comparative Pharmacokinetic and Cardiac Safety Study of Two Intravenous Formulations of CO-101 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors (2013)

Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article at the publisher's web-site. Figure S1. Structural formula CO-101 Figure S2. Cellular uptake, activation and deactivation of CO-101 (dFdCMP, gemcitabine monophosphate; dFdCDP, gemcitabine diphosphate; dFdCTP, gemcitabine triphosphate; dFdU, 2′,2- difluorodeoxyuridine; dFdDUMP, 2′,2-difluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate). Figure S3. Study scheme. Figure S4. Mean change from predose baseline QTcF for both formulations. Table S1. Patient Demographics Table S2. Adverse Events With a Possible, Probable, or Definite Relationship to CO-101 (Incidence Rate of at Least 10% in the Total Safety Population (N = 17)) Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Synthesis of Amitriptyline and Related Substances. Hydroboration of 5-Allylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]-10,11-dihydrocycloheptene (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of Amitriptyline and Related Substances. Hydroboration of 5-Allylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]-10,11-dihydrocyclohepteneR. D. Hoffsommer, D. Taub, and N. L. WendlerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1963, 28, 7, 1751–1753Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01042a004https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01042a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views645Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Response change in linearized circuits and systems: Computational algorithms and applications (1985)

A unified overview of linear and nonlinear system response change induced by multiparameter or state change is presented via an investigation of system equations transformed to a parameter based representation. General matrix modification formulas, applicable to analog and digital systems, are developed for both small and large change response sensitivities. Numerous previous response change results are examined and shown to be encompassed by the general approach taken here. Detailed analysis of numerical algorithms clearly demonstrates their relative cost efficiency for a large variety of applications. Exact efficiency crossover points are identified for both recursive and nonrecursive algorithms. Applications utilizing the parameter-based response change formulation are developed in several areas. They include pole assignment, feedback compensation, system augmentation and linkage, switched capacitor network analysis, nonlinear circuit analysis, and effective medium response of random variable systems.
Leucine-Rich Pentatricopeptide-Repeat Containing Protein Regulates Mitochondrial Transcription (2010)

Mitochondrial function depends upon the coordinated expression of the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Although the basal factors that carry out the process of mitochondrial transcription are known, the regulation of this process is incompletely understood. To further our understanding of mitochondrial gene regulation, we identified proteins that bound to the previously described point of termination for the major mRNA-coding transcript H2. One was the leucine-rich pentatricopeptide-repeat containing protein (LRPPRC), which has been linked to the French-Canadian variant of Leigh syndrome. Cells with reduced expression of LRPPRC had a reduction in oxygen consumption. The expression of mitochondrial mRNA and tRNA was dependent upon LRPPRC levels, but reductions in LRPPRC did not affect the expression of mitochondrial rRNA. Reduction of LRPPRC levels interfered with mitochondrial transcription in vitro but did not affect the stability of mitochondrial mRNAs or alter the expression of nuclear genes responsible for mitochondrial transcription in vivo. These findings demonstrate the control of mitochondrial mRNA synthesis by a protein that has an established role in regulating nuclear transcription and a link to mitochondrial disease.
Comparison of Canonical versus Silver(I)-Mediated Base-Pairing on Single Molecule Conductance in Polycytosine dsDNA (2016)

Intercalation of metal ions into double-stranded DNA has recently been proposed as a path to efficient charge transport in DNA wires. Until now, the effect of Ag(I) intercalation between mismatched cytosine nucleobases on the conductance of DNA has not been assessed. Here we use a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) break-junction technique to evaluate and compare the single molecule conductance of polynucleotide sequences of 11 base pairs in length. The resulting single molecule conductance for Ag(I)–polyC is found to be an order of magnitude greater than the control strand made using canonical Watson–Crick pairing. This finding suggests that Ag(I) intercalation alters the dominant electron transport process from standard π-orbital delocalization common in sequences with multiple stacked guanines to an alternate and ultimately more efficient conduit.
Impacts of global change on diseases of agricultural crops and forest trees. (2008)

Abstract The fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projects rising levels of greenhouse gas and global temperature. The well-known dependence of plant diseases on weather has long been exploited for predicting epidemics and to time applications of control measures for tactical disease management. Fingerprints of inter-annual climatic variation on pathogens have recently been shown in literature linking pathogen abundance to atmospheric composition. Past reviews have dealt with impacts of changing atmospheric composition and climate on diseases, regional or country-wide assessments of climate change impacts and impacts on specific disease/pathogen or pathogen groups. All agree on paucity of knowledge prompting a need to generate new empirical data on host-pathogen biology under a changing climate. Focused on experimental research, the purpose of this review is to summarize published and unpublished studies on plant pathogens and diseases in free-air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) facilities and open top chambers and other current non-FACE research to offer a summary of future research needs and opportunities. Critical review of recent literature on the influence of elevated CO 2 and O 3 on agriculture and forestry species forms a major part of the treatise. Summaries of unpublished or ongoing experimental research on plant pathogens from FACE studies are included as a catalogue of work in this neglected area. The catalogue and knowledge gaps are intended as a resource for workers initiating research in this area as well as the general scientific community grappling with the design and scope of next generation of FACE facilities.