gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a New Combined Antigen and Antibody Human Immunodeficiency Virus Screening Assay, VIDAS HIV DUO Ultra (2002)

Combined antigen and antibody screening (fourth-generation) assays reduce the diagnostic window period between the time of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and laboratory diagnosis by 4 days, on average, in comparison to antibody-only (third generation) enzyme immunoassays (EIAs). The aim of the present study was to assess whether the new VIDAS HIV DUO Ultra (Biomérieux, Marcy-l'Etoile, France) showed an improved sensitivity and specificity in comparison to licensed fourth-generation assays. A total of 16 seroconversion panels, 15 cell culture supernatants infected with different HIV type 1 (HIV-1) subtypes, and 257 potentially cross-reactive serum samples were tested with VIDAS DUO HIV Ultra, Genscreen Plus HIV Ag-Ab, Enzygnost HIV Integral, Enzymun-Test HIV Combi, Genscreen HIV 1/2, version 2 (third-generation EIA), and Genetic Systems HIV-1 Ag EIA (p24 antigen assay). VIDAS HIV DUO Ultra showed a comparable sensitivity to the single p24 antigen assay in seroconversion panels and a dilution series of virus lysates. The diagnostic window was reduced with VIDAS HIV DUO Ultra by 3.82 days, on average, in comparison with the fourth-generation assay with the lowest sensitivity of the antigen detection module. HIV-1 infection was detected 5.88 days earlier than with third-generation EIA. The mean time delay between reverse transcription-PCR and VIDAS HIV DUO Ultra was only 2.31 days. The specificity of fourth-generation assays after retesting ranged between 98.1 and 100%. In conclusion, VIDAS HIV DUO Ultra can replace single-antigen screening for laboratory diagnosis and screening of HIV infection in blood donors. There was no evidence for a second diagnostic window due to impaired sensitivity of the antibody detection module of all the fourth-generation EIAs evaluated in the present study. The specificity after initial and/or repeated testing of VIDAS HIV DUO Ultra was equivalent to that of a third-generation assay.
Radikalische Polymerisation von Vinylmonomeren in Gegenwart von Disulfiden, 2. Polymerisation von Styrol bzw. Methylmethacrylat in Gegenwart von Polydisulfiden (1976)

Abstract Durch radikalische Substanz‐ oder Lösungspolymerisation von Styrol oder Methylmethacrylat in Gegenwart polymerer Disulfide werden Copolymere gebildet, deren Zusammensetzung stark vom Umsatz abhängt. Die Copolymerbildung erfolgt durch eine Übertragung der wachsenden Vinylpolymerketten mit den polymeren Disulfiden unter SS Spaltung. Mit zunehmendem Umsatz entstehen daneben zunehmend reine Vinylpolymere.
The role of autophagy in asparaginase-induced immune suppression of macrophages (2017)

Erwinia asparaginase, a bacteria-derived enzyme drug, has been used in the treatment of various cancers, especially acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). One of the most significant side effects associated with asparaginase administration is immune suppression, which limits its application in clinic. Macrophages are phagocytic immune cells and have a central role in inflammation and host defense. We reported here that asparaginase disturbed the function of macrophages including phagocytosis, proliferation, ROS and nitric oxide secretion, interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) secretion, and major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) molecule expression, thus induced immune suppression in interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. We also observed that asparaginase inhibited autophagy in macrophages via activating Akt/mTOR and suppressing Erk1/2 signaling pathway as evidenced by less formation of autophagosomes, downregulation of autophagy-related protein LC3-II, and decreased number of autophagy-like vacuoles. Further study discovered that treatment with autophagy inhibitor 3-MA in place of asparaginase on activated macrophages could also downregulate phagocytosis, cytokine secretion, and MHC-II expression. Moreover, incubation with autophagy inducer trehalose restored the capacity of phagocytosis, IL-6 and TNF-α secretion, and MHC-II expression in macrophages. These results prove the important role of autophagy in the function of macrophages, and activation of autophagy can overcome asparaginase-induced immune suppression in macrophages.
Bioavailability and cancer preventive activity of green tea polyphenols. (2008)

Consumption of tea (Camellia sinensis) has been associated with many health benefits including the prevention of cancer. Many mechanisms have been proposed based on studies with cancer cell lines in culture. The importance of most of these mechanisms remains to be determined in vivo. The bioavailability of tea components plays a key role in determining the importance of various mechanisms in vivo. In this chapter, we review the cancer chemopreventive activities of tea and tea polyphenols and the major putative mechanisms to account for these activities. We discuss the biotransformation and pharmacokinetic data available on the tea polyphenols, and critique proposed mechanisms in light of this data. Thoughtful interpretation of available data, carefully designed animal experiments and integration of bioavailability and biological activity data are needed if the cancer preventive activity of tea is to be understood. We hope this chapter will spark research efforts on some of the important questions regarding tea polyphenol bioavailability and cancer chemoprevention.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of C2‐Symmetric and Pseudosymmetric HIV‐1 Protease Inhibitors from D‐Mannitol and D‐Arabitol. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
<title>High-resolution radar ranging for multiple targets</title> (2002)

The similarity between the multiple-target radar ranging problem and the multi-user detection problem in CDMA is drawn: in CDMA, users' bits modulate distinct but correlated signature signals; while, in radar, the bits are range-bin occupancies and the signatures correspond to the known transmitted signal translated to be centered on the appropriate range bin. The analogy is useful: there has been a great deal of recent experience in CDMA, and one of the best and fastest algorithms uses a variant of probabilistic data association (PDA, the target-tracking philosophy). PDA can be augmented by group decision feedback (GDF) -- another idea from CDMA -- to refine the target delay estimates; and finally minimum description length (MDL) is applied to estimate the number of targets. Simulation examples are given to illustrate the resolution of closely spaced targets within what would normally be thought the same range bin. Its performance is also compared with the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) and the alternating projection (AP) algorithm.
Biologically distinct subtypes of Mycobacterium avium differ in possession of insertion sequence IS901 (1992)

Mycobacterium avium causes disease, principally tuberculosis in immunocompromised individuals. It is the most frequent cause of disseminated infections in AIDS patients in the West. The pathogen is also associated with disease in animals, chiefly birds and livestock, and may be isolated from environmental samples such as soil and water. Analysis of strains of M. avium isolated from clinical, veterinary, and environmental sources for the presence of the mycobacterial insertion sequences IS900 and IS901 demonstrates the specific association of IS901 to animal pathogenic M. avium strains. In contrast, most clinical M. avium strains and all AIDS-derived strains examined so far lacked IS901. Significant differences in the plasmid contents and serotypes of strains with and without IS901 were also found. We therefore suggest that the presence of IS901 divides M. avium into two clearly distinct subtypes with differing host range, virulence, plasmid possession, and serotyping antigens. By using DNA sequence data from IS901 and M. avium DNA, a set of polymerase chain reactions were developed for the specific detection and differentiation of these subtypes.
On the Transient Heat Transfer through the Solid Phase in Aggregates and Deposits (2002)

In this study, explicit criteria are derived for the applicability of the uniform temperature approximation (UTA) to unsteady heat transfer through the solid phase in assemblies of spheres. The sources of unsteadiness studied are temperature variation and contact area variation. It is shown that, for the case of temperature variation, the UTA cannot be used for a certain range of frequency of the fluctuations. For the case of contact area variation, the UTA is shown to be applicable in all cases, provided that the contact radius is smaller than 10% of the particle radius. Following the assessment of its validity, the UTA is employed to illustrate the effect of aggregate and deposit morphology on the aggregate thermal relaxation behavior, considering the limiting case of linear aggregates and simple two-dimensional on-lattice deposits.
Ab initio Computations for the Ring-Opening Potential of Propylene Oxide: Roles of a Proton and a Water Molecule # (2003)

Ab initio computations for the ring–opening potential of propylene oxide were carried out. The MP2/6–31G**, MP2/6–31++G**, MP3/6–31G**, MP3/6–31++G**, and QCISD/6–31G** calculations were used to obtain the most stable structure of propylene oxide. MP2/6–31G** calculations were performed for the C–O bond stretching of propylene oxide in five systems: an isolated propylene oxide, a hydrated propylene oxide, a protonated propylene oxide, a protonated and hydrated propylene oxide, and a propylene oxide with a hydronium ion. The aim of these calculations was to reveal what conditions allow spontaneous completion of the ring– opening process of propylene oxide to create a propanal. Two conclusions can be drawn from our results. The first is that the ring–opening process never proceeds spontaneously under the conditions considered in this study. The second conclusion, drawn from the IRC calculations, is that both the ring–opening process and the hydrogen transfer process occur in a one–step reaction and that the reaction paths are slightly affected by the level of basis set and electronic correlation used in the calculation. The results of the localized molecular orbitals calculations reveal that the low valence of the carbon atom of a breaking C–O bond hinders the C–O bond breaking.
Optical colour image encryption using spiral phase transform and chaotic pixel scrambling (2019)

In this study, we propose a new optical colour image encryption technique using spiral phase transform and chaotic pixel scrambling. For encryption, three channels of the colour image i.e. red, green and blue are first separated and modulated with three different structured phase masks. Spiral phase transform (SPT) with a particular order of modified spiral phase function (MSPF) is utilized for further processing. Random modulus decomposition is applied to the complex output after SPT to generate the private key for decryption. The pixels of the image are scrambled by using the chaotic Tinkerbell map for enhanced security. The order of MSPF, three structured phase masks, parameters of Tinkerbell mapping, and the private key generated during the encryption process serve as the security keys. The robustness of the proposed method is checked against various potential attacks. A series of numerical simulation results are presented to validate the proposed colour image encryption method.
Enhanced spot noise for vector field visualization (1995)

Spot noise is a technique for texture synthesis, which is very useful for vector field visualization. This paper describes improvements and extensions of the basic principle of spot noise. First, better visualization of highly curved vector fields with spot noise is achieved, by adapting the shape of the spots to the local velocity field. Second, filtering of spots is proposed to eliminate undesired low frequency components from the spot noise texture. Third, methods are described to utilize graphics hardware to generate the texture, and to produce variable viewpoint animations of spot noise on surfaces. And fourth, the synthesis of spot noise on grids with highly irregular cell sizes is described.
Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Properties of a New Chloro-Bridged Dimer [Cu<sub>2</sub>(dpt)<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>]Cl<sub>2</sub> with an Unusual Structure and Ferromagnetic Coupling (1999)

The complexes [Cu2(dpt)2Cl2]X2 (dpt = dipropylenetriamine; X = Cl, 1; X2 = (Cl)(BPh4), 2) have been prepared and their magnetic properties studied. The crystal structure of complex 1 has been solved. The compound belongs to the C2/c space group with Z = 4, a = 17.201(2) Å, b = 10.873(2) Å, c = 11.835(2) Å, and β = 99.720(10)°. The geometry about each copper approximates that of a distorted square pyramid. The three N-atoms of the dpt ligand and one of the Cl bridging ligands form the base of the pyramid while the other chloro bridging ligand occupies the axial site. The two pyramids share a base-to-apex edge with the basal planes being perpendicular, an arrangement which had not been previously observed for this type of dimers. The chloro counterions are responsible for interdimer interactions through hydrogen bonding forming chains of dimers throughout the lattice. Magnetic susceptibility data show a ferromagnetic coupling between the two Cu(II) centers (J = 42.94 cm-1 for 1 and J = 13.89 cm-1 for 2). Dimer−dimer interaction and ZFS have been considered with the J‘ parameter (1, J‘ = −3.92 cm-1; 2, J‘ = −2.9 cm-1). Extended Hückel calculations on complex 1 clearly reveal that the intradimer magnetic interaction only takes place through the basal chloro bridging ligand (with a CuCl(1)Cu angle of 91.4°) which in turn is consistent with the observed ferromagnetic coupling.
Mutational Analysis of Duck δ2 Crystallin and the Structure of an Inactive Mutant with Bound Substrate Provide Insight into the Enzymatic Mechanism of Argininosuccinate Lyase (2002)

The major soluble avian eye lens protein, delta crystallin, is highly homologous to the housekeeping enzyme argininosuccinate lyase (ASL). ASL is part of the urea and arginine-citrulline cycles and catalyzes the reversible breakdown of argininosuccinate to arginine and fumarate. In duck lenses, there are two delta crystallin isoforms that are 94% identical in amino acid sequence. Only the delta2 isoform has maintained ASL activity and has been used to investigate the enzymatic mechanism of ASL. The role of the active site residues Ser-29, Asp-33, Asp-89, Asn-116, Thr-161, His-162, Arg-238, Thr-281, Ser-283, Asn-291, Asp-293, Glu-296, Lys-325, Asp-330, and Lys-331 have been investigated by site-directed mutagenesis, and the structure of the inactive duck delta2 crystallin (ddeltac2) mutant S283A with bound argininosuccinate was determined at 1.96 A resolution. The S283A mutation does not interfere with substrate binding, because the 280's loop (residues 270-290) is in the open conformation and Ala-283 is more than 7 A from the substrate. The substrate is bound in a different conformation to that observed previously indicating a large degree of conformational flexibility in the fumarate moiety when the 280's loop is in the open conformation. The structure of the S283A ddeltac2 mutant and mutagenesis results reveal that a complex network of interactions of both protein residues and water molecules are involved in substrate binding and specificity. Small changes even to residues not involved directly in anchoring the argininosuccinate have a significant effect on catalysis. The results suggest that either His-162 or Thr-161 are responsible for proton abstraction and reinforce the putative role of Ser-283 as the catalytic acid, although we cannot eliminate the possibility that arginine is released in an uncharged form, with the solvent providing the required proton. A detailed enzymatic mechanism of ASL/ddeltac2 is presented.
Evaluation of bioequivalence of five 0.1 mg dutasteride capsules compared to one 0.5 mg dutasteride capsule: a randomized study in healthy male volunteers (2015)

Five 0.1 mg dutasteride capsules were shown to be bioequivalent to one 0.5 mg dutasteride capsule in healthy adult male subjects under fasted conditions, suggesting that the two dose strengths can be interchanged. Both treatments were generally well tolerated in healthy male subjects.
Observing single and multiple laser glints through anisotropic turbulence with a plenoptic sensor (2019)

Laser beams used in many open space applications, such as in defense, optical communication, and remote sensing, will subject to turbulence distortions that disrupt the intended beam profiles at the end of propagation. To guide the transmitted beam properly through an open space channel, adaptive optics (AO) are often used to implement beam corrections based on the reciprocity principles. In specific, if wave distortion from a remote spot can be determined and field conjugated at the site of the transmitter, the transmitted light will focus to the same spot at the receiver. Many experiments have demonstrated such a principle using a cooperative laser guide star on the target plane. However, finding or creating a well-defined guide star is impractical in real-world applications. The second best beacon choice is temporal glint signals that are relatively refined in geometry and brighter than ambient target illumination. To date, the best approach to extract information from arbitrary glint signals to instruct AO correction is still unknown. We propose the plenoptic sensor technique to extract phase distortion information from glint signals with minimum loss of information. In addition, as the addressed turbulence channel is typically a lateral path near the ground, we also validate the function of the plenoptic sensor in revealing the anisotropic state of turbulence.
Static power converter synchronization and control under varying frequency conditions (2012)

Due to the increasing use of distributed and non-conventional power generation sources, grid synchronization and control of static power converters under variable grid frequency is of particular interest. This work develops a discrete-time phase locked loop (PLL) based on a rotating reference frame to be used in variable frequency systems. The PLL is used in combination with a time-varying transformation based on a rotating frame for control purposes. Finally, for a back-to-back static converter topology, linear and nonlinear control strategies are proposed and evaluated under frequency variations and different operating points. The results - including stability analysis - show their particular performance under frequency variations.
<title>Monolithic integration of refractive lenses with vertical-cavity lasers and detectors for optical interconnections</title> (1996)

We present a technique for monolithic integration of vertical cavity lasers and detectors with refractive microlenses etched on the back side of the semiconductor substrate in a wafer-scale process. This integration provides collimated or focused laser beam sources for applications in free-space interconnections or for coupling to optical fibers, and it improves the collection efficiency of detectors.
Texture Primitive Extraction Using an Edge-Based Approach (1979)

Abstract : Many textures are characterizable as a collection of primitive elements arranged over a background field. This paper defines an edge-based procedure for extracting primitives from textures. The technique groups edges into region boundaries by joining facing pairs of edge points. A pilot evaluation is performed by examining the usefulness of these primitives for texture classification. (Author)
Protein structure by solid-state NMR spectroscopy (1987)

The three-dimensional structures of proteins are among the most valuable contributions of biophysics to the understanding of biological systems (Dickerson & Geis, 1969; Creighton, 1983). Protein structures are utilized in the description and interpretation of a wide variety of biological phenomena, including genetic regulation, enzyme mechanisms, antibody recognition, cellular energetics, and macroscopic mechanical and structural properties of molecular assemblies. Virtually all of the information currently available about the structures of proteins at atomic resolution has been obtained from diffraction studies of single crystals of proteins (Wyckoff et al , 1985). However, recently developed NMR methods are capable of determining the structures of proteins and are now being applied to a variety of systems, including proteins in solution and other non-crystalline environments that are not amenable for X-ray diffraction studies. Solid-state NMR methods are useful for proteins that undergo limited overall reorientation by virtue of their being in the crystalline solid state or integral parts of supramolecular structures that do not reorient rapidly in solution. For reviews of applications of solid-state NMR spectroscopy to biological systems see Torchia and VanderHart (1979), Griffin (1981), Oldfield et al . (1982), Opella (1982), Torchia (1982), Gauesh (1984), Torchia (1984) and Opella (1986). This review describes how solid-state NMR can be used to obtain structural information about proteins. Methods applicable to samples with macroscopic orientation are emphasized.
Layout driven optimization of datapath circuits using arithmetic reasoning (2004)

This paper proposes a new formalism for layout-driven optimization of datapaths. It is based on preserving an arithmetic bit level representation of the arithmetic circuit portions throughout various design stages. The arithmetic bit level description takes into account the arithmetic nature of the datapath and facilitates arithmetic reasoning to identify circuit transformations that are too complex to derive for Boolean reasoning. It is a bit-level representation so that it integrates well into standard design flows. Based on this representation, we developed an optimization algorithm for cycle time. It takes interconnect delay into account and can be applied at late design stages. A prototype has been integrated into a commercial EDA environment. For circuits implementing complex arithmetic expressions we achieved performance improvements of up to 32%.
Ultrasonic attenuation due to grain boundary scattering in copper and copper-aluminum (2004)

Ultrasonic attenuation in copper and copper-aluminum samples is measured as a function of frequency and average grain size. At low frequencies the attenuation scales quadratically with the frequency and linearly with average grain size. In addition, there is a large difference in attenuation between powder metallurgy samples and cast-and-wrought samples, although their qualitative behaviors are similar both in terms of frequency dependence and grain size dependence. Such difference and the discrepancy with the existing theory may point to mechanisms of scattering by grain boundaries that are not included in the current theoretical model.
Simple Measurement of the Chirp Parameter of Optical Modulators Using Partial Optical Filtering (2002)

A novel and simple technique for measuring the chirp parameter of optical modulators using optical filtering and phase comparison is demonstrated. Chirp parameters, as well as the signs, of both electro-optic (EO) and electro-absorption (EA) modulators are measured with sensitivity < 0.1 under varying bias conditions.