gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of microRNAs in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2013)

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by a pattern of qualitative abnormalities in three behavioral areas: reciprocal social interactions, communication, and repetitive interests and behaviors. Epigenetic differences in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are also strongly supported by a study which showed significant differences in gene expression profiles for lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) derived from discordantly diagnosed monozygotic twins. Notably, approximately half of the differentially expressed genes identified in this study are associated with neurological functions, suggesting that information gleaned from peripheral tissues may also shed light on dysfunctional genes and pathways in the brain and nervous system. The expanding role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in nervous system development and function automatically implicates aberrant expression of miRNAs as a potential contributor to neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders.
Primary and Secondary Kinetic Isotope Effects as Probes of the Mechanism of Yeast Enolase (1994)

Enolase catalyzes the interconversion of 2-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate. Kinetic isotope effects have been used to determine whether abstraction of the proton from C-2 and loss of hydroxide from C-3 of 2-phosphoglycerate occur in a concerted reaction or as sequential processes and whether these steps are kinetically significant for the enolase-catalyzed reaction. Enolase exhibits a significant primary deuterium isotope effect, as well as catalyzing the relatively rapid exchange of the C-2 proton with solvent water. Secondary C-3 deuterium isotope effects are also reported, both when the C-2 carbon carries a hydrogen and when this center is deuterated. These results provide information about the kinetic significance and timing of the transition state(s) associated with the loss of H+ and OH-. Strong evidence has been presented for a stepwise mechanism where both the rate of proton abstraction and one or both of the later transition states, i.e., those associated with hydroxide loss and product release, limit the overall reaction rate. If a concerted reaction were to be invoked, the presence of a small secondary 2H isotope effect in combination with the observed rate of exchange of the C-2 proton require the intrinsic secondary 2H kinetic isotope effect to be effectively unity. For the concerted mechanism, an intrinsic effect of unity would be consistent only with an extremely asymmetric transition state that is dominated by C-H bond cleavage.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF 4‐ACETOXY‐1,4‐BENZOXAZIN‐3‐ONE WITH DNA. A POSSIBLE CHEMICAL MECHANISM FOR THE ANTIFUNGAL AND MUTAGENIC ACTIVITIES (1983)

Abstract 4‐Acetoxy‐7‐methoxy‐benzoxazinon (I) reagiert mit 5′‐Desoxy‐guanylsäure (II) zu einem Kondensationsprodukt (III), das mit Trifluoressigsäure zu (IV) gespalten wird.
Species-specific Regulation of Toll-like Receptor 3 Genes in Men and Mice (2003)

Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) belongs to a family of evolutionary conserved innate immune recognition molecules and recognizes double-stranded RNA, a molecular pattern associated with viral infections. Earlier studies suggested a differential expression pattern in men and mice; the molecular basis for this observation, however, was unknown. Here we demonstrate that species-specific differences in tissue expression and responses to lipopolysaccaride (LPS) coincide with the presence of different, evolutionary non-conserved promoter sequences in both species. Despite the overall unrelatedness of TLR3 promoter sequences, mRNA expression of both TLR3 orthologues was induced by interferons, particularly by interferon (IFN)-beta. The basal and IFN-beta-induced activation of promoters from both species largely depended on similar interferon regulatory factor (IRF) elements, which constitutively bound IRF-2 and recruited IRF-1 after stimulation. In murine macrophages, IFN-beta-induced TLR3 up-regulation required IFNAR1, STAT1, and in part IRF-1, but not the Janus kinase (Jak) family member Tyk2. We also show that LPS specifically up-regulates TLR3 expression in murine cells through the induction of autocrine/paracrine IFN-beta. In humans, however, IFN-beta-induced up-regulation of TLR3 was blocked by pretreatment with LPS, despite the efficient induction of IRF-1. Our findings reveal a mechanistic basis for the observed differences as well as similarities in TLR3 expression in men and mice. The IFN-beta-TLR3 link further suggests a role of TLR3 in innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infections. It will be interesting and important to clarify whether the observed differences in the transcriptional regulation of TLR3 influence innate immune responses in a species-specific manner.
Isotropic Properties of Platelet-Reinforced Media (1979)

The effective moduli are derived for a composite material containing platelet-type inclusions. The platelets are taken to be randomly oriented in three-dimensional space and to have so large a diameter-to-thickness ratio that edge effects can be neglected. The effective moduli that are derived reduce to known results in the special case of a dilute suspension. Comparisons are made with the corresponding type of composite medium that involves randomly oriented fibers. For the same volume fraction of reinforcing phase, the platelet case provides a stiffening effect about three times greater than the fiber case.
State of Water in Soybean Polysaccharide Membranes and Their Pervaporation Performance (2008)

Self-standing durable membranes were obtained from a renewable polymer, soybean polysaccharide, by the introduction of crosslinking. Differential scanning calorimetric melting endotherms of the water-swollen membranes were studied to clarify the state of water in the membrane. The results revealed that there were two states of water in the membrane, such as bound and free waters. Those membranes selectively transported water from aqueous ethanol solutions by pervaporation. Permselectivity toward water reached 171.
IP Performance Metrics (IPPM) Metrics Registry (2005)

This memo defines a registry for IP Performance Metrics (IPPM). It
assigns and registers an initial set of OBJECT IDENTITIES to currently
defined metrics in the IETF. This memo also defines the rules for
adding IP Performance Metrics that are defined in the future and for
encouraging all IP performance metrics to be registered here. IANA
has been assigned to administer this new registry. This document
specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet
Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.
Role of TIF1α as a modulator of embryonic transcription in the mouse zygote (2006)

The first events of the development of any embryo are under maternal control until the zygotic genome becomes activated. In the mouse embryo, the major wave of transcription activation occurs at the 2-cell stage, but transcription starts already at the zygote (1-cell) stage. Very little is known about the molecules involved in this process. We show that the transcription intermediary factor 1 alpha (TIF1alpha) is involved in modulating gene expression during the first wave of transcription activation. At the onset of genome activation, TIF1alpha translocates from the cytoplasm into the pronuclei to sites of active transcription. These sites are enriched with the chromatin remodelers BRG-1 and SNF2H. When we ablate TIF1alpha through either RNA interference (RNAi) or microinjection of specific antibodies into zygotes, most of the embryos arrest their development at the 2-4-cell stage transition. The ablation of TIF1alpha leads to mislocalization of RNA polymerase II and the chromatin remodelers SNF2H and BRG-1. Using a chromatin immunoprecipitation cloning approach, we identify genes that are regulated by TIF1alpha in the zygote and find that transcription of these genes is misregulated upon TIF1alpha ablation. We further show that the expression of some of these genes is dependent on SNF2H and that RNAi for SNF2H compromises development, suggesting that TIF1alpha mediates activation of gene expression in the zygote via SNF2H. These studies indicate that TIF1alpha is a factor that modulates the expression of a set of genes during the first wave of genome activation in the mouse embryo.
Pumping glycol solutions in the HVAC industry (1997)

Ethylene and propylene glycols are used in heating, ventilating, and airconditioning (HVAC) water systems for operations that can occur below the freezing point of pure water. Typical applications are for generating ice storage and preventing freezing in coils that are exposed to outside air. The type of glycol and the percentage of solution to be used are decisions that are made by the designer of the water system utilizing the glycols. The purpose of this paper is to (1) present the basic procedures required for the selection of piping and pumps for the glycol that has been selected for a particular water system and (2) to demonstrate the effect that the specific gravity and the viscosity of the glycol solution can have on pipe friction and pump performance. Although much of this information has been presented in other ASHRAE technical documents, it is repeated here in the hopes that a relatively simple procedure will be provided for determining the effect of glycol solution viscosity and specific gravity upon piping design and pump operation. A brief review will be made of a glycol`s characteristics followed by the procedures for calculation of piping friction for a glycol system and computation of pumpmore » performance. Review also will be made of the use of variable-speed pumping on glycol systems. All of the information will be based upon ethylene glycol; similar data and calculations could be generated for propylene glycol.« less
Studies on the Flower Colours of the Sweet Pea (1976)

By the applications of paper chromatographic and spectrophotometric techniques quantitative and qualitative studies were made of developmental changes in the anthocyanidins in the flowers of the spring-flowering sweet pea. From the time the anthocyanin formation occurred, petals grew in weight exponentially until they reached their senescence. The logarithm of petal fresh weight increased linearly with time and served as a convenient morphological index to relate the progress of anthocyanin synthesis.The maximum relative anthocyanidin concentrations (optical density at λ maximum/ mg dry weight) were generally attained by the petals approximately 6 days after the initiation of anthocyanin synthesis, namely, the most rapid anthocyanin formation occurred after flower opening.Of the six kind of anthocyanidins identified, delphinidin, petunidin and malvidin were found in the deep purple or lavender coloured cultivars, cyanidin and peonidin were found in the deep red or deep pink coloured cultivars and pelargonidin was found in the salmon coloured cultivar. Furthermore, in the scarlet coloured cultivar pelargonidin, cyanidin and peonidin were found. And the relative contents of pelargonidin: cyanidin: peonidin in mature petals of the last cultivar was about 67: 12: 21.
First-Trimester Diagnosis of Fetal Congenital Heart Disease by Transvaginal Ultrasonography (1994)

High-resolution duplex Doppler transvaginal ultrasonography during the first trimester of pregnancy seems to be a useful diagnostic method for detecting some congenital heart diseases.
Enzymatic assay of fructose-1,6-diphosphate for the measurement of its utilization by tissues. (1977)

The enzymatic analysis of fructose-1,6-diphosphate by a coupled assay utilizing triose-phosphate isomerase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and aldolase was carried out in rat serum and human plasma after fructose-1,6-diphosphate administration. The rate of disappearance of fructose-1,6-diphosphate was determined and compared to the activity of aspecific phosphatase. The uptake of fructose-1,6-diphosphate by rat liver and ileum was also determined with the same method.
Leveraging Language ID in Multilingual End-to-End Speech Recognition (2019)

Recent advances in end-to-end speech recognition have made it possible to build multilingual models, capable of recognizing speech in multiple languages. Multilingual models can outperform their monolingual counterparts, depending on the amount of training data and the relatedness of languages. However, in some cases, these models rely on having perfect knowledge of the language being spoken; that is, they expect to be provided with an external language ID that augments the input features or modulates internal layers of the network. In this paper, we introduce a novel technique for inferring the language ID in a streaming fashion using RNN-T, and a novel loss function that pressures the model to identify the language after as few frames as possible. The output of this streaming language-ID model is used in training and inference of a multilingual recognition model. We show the effectiveness of our approach through experiments on two sets of languages, one consisting of different dialects of Arabic, and the other consisting of Nordic languages, Finnish and Dutch.
MRC performance for M-ary modulation in arbitrarily correlated Nakagami fading channels (2000)

We derive the symbol error probability for coherent detection of several types of M-ary modulation schemes using maximal ratio combining. We consider Nakagami fading channels, where the instantaneous signal-to-noise ratios of the diversity branches are not necessarily independent or identically distributed. The proposed problem is made analytically tractable by transforming the correlated physical diversity branches into independent virtual branches.
Three-dimensional imaging utilizing energy discrimination II (1992)

A new algorithm for three-dimensional image reconstruction in nuclear medicine in which scattered radiation rather than multiple projected images is used for determination of the source depth within the body is proposed. Images taken from numerous energy windows are combined for the reconstruction of the source distribution in the body. In the first paper of this series Gunter et al. [IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 37, 1300 (1990)] examined simple linear algorithms for recovering source depth information from scattered radiation. These linear algorithms were unsuccessful because the scattering process produces little signal in the low-energy images at high spatial frequencies. As a result, the reconstructed source distributions exhibited nodal patterns and blurring. The scattering kernel that was measured and reported in the first paper is now examined more carefully. The singular-value decomposition of the kernel matrices is used to break the reconstruction problem into distinct channels that relate energy spectra to source depth distributions. Based on this analysis, a new nonlinear reconstruction algorithm that avoids the earlier problems is proposed. The new algorithm does not degrade spatial resolution in the imaging plane and provides depth resolution with a standard deviation of 4 cm for point sources without requiring any camera motion. The algorithm also provides significant attenuation correction and, therefore, improved quantitation of the source distribution.
Finite Element Modeling of the Posterior Eye in Microgravity (2015)

Microgravity experienced during spaceflight affects astronauts in various ways, including weakened muscles and loss of bone density. Recently, visual impairment and intracranial pressure (VIIP) syndrome has become a major concern for space missions lasting longer than 30 days. Astronauts suffering from VIIP syndrome have changes in ocular anatomical and visual impairment that persist after returning to earth. It is hypothesized that a cephalad fluid shift in microgravity may increase the intracranial pressure (ICP), which leads to an altered biomechanical environment of the posterior globe and optic nerve sheath (ONS).Currently, there is a lack of knowledge of how elevated ICP may lead to vision impairment and connective tissue changes in VIIP. Our goal was to develop a finite element model to simulate the acute effects of elevated ICP on the posterior eye and optic nerve sheath. We used a finite element (FE) analysis approach to understand the response of the lamina cribrosa and optic nerve to the elevations in ICP thought to occur in microgravity and to identify which tissue components have the greatest impact on strain experienced by optic nerve head tissues.
The role of phenytoin (5, 5-diphenylhydantoin) and structurally related compounds in wound healing. (2000)

Low concentrations of PHT (5-10<IMG WIDTH=8 HEIGHT=14 ALIGN=MIDDLE SRC="/maths/mu.gif">g/ml) were found to upregulate the proliferation of some fibroblast and keratinocyte cell lines, but not others. Micro Chemotaxis Chamber assays revealed PHG (5-50<IMG WIDTH=8 HEIGHT=14 ALIGN=MIDDLE SRC="/maths/mu.gif">g/ml) to be a chemoattractant for both normal and RDEB fibroblasts and keratinocytes, indicating that it may facilitate the recruitment of cells into the wound space.\n\nProlonged treatment with PHG (20<IMG WIDTH=8 HEIGHT=14 ALIGN=MIDDLE SRC="/maths/mu.gif">g/ml) reduced the contraction of both the normal and the hypercontractile RDEB fibroblasts in vitro as measured by the reduction in surface area of untethered fibroblast-populated collagen lattices or directly by the Culture Force Monitor. Good correlations were observed with this finding in vivo in reducing wound contraction of pigs without impairment of healing after two or three weeks post-operatively (with either PHT powder or incorporated into Fibrin Sealant).\n\nThe effects of compounds structurally related to PHT were also investigated to see if a structure-activity relationship could be determined which would provide clues for the design of new drugs for wound healing. Both Micro Chemotaxis Chamber assays and Culture Force Monitor measurements indicated that metabolites of PHT were more active than the parent compound.
Revision of Failed Keller Arthroplasty With Intercalary Bone Graft (2007)

The purpose of this article is to report a new technique in the treatment of patients first metatarsophalangeal (MTP1) joint with arthrodesis after a failed Keller arthroplasty. A 3-cm intercalary bone graft, taken from the iliac crest, is used as a salvage procedure for bone-block distraction arthrodesis of the painful shortened MTP joint. Indications are younger patients with a short first metatarsal, cock-up deformity, and associated metatarsalgia of the lesser metatarsals in addition to a painful MTP1 joint. Using gait analysis preoperatively and postoperatively, a trend to normalization of the load-bearing pattern under the metatarsal heads and toes is observed. Although generally good results are observed, the complication rate is high, mainly because of malunion and nonunion.
Alarm Limits and Avionics Algorithm for Local-DGPS Integrity Monitoring (1995)

The standard ground-integrity monitoring procedure for landing systems has been to employ alarm limits on changes from the nominal course and the magnitude of certain signal characteristics. A similar procedure is applied to the integrity monitoring of the local Differential Global Positioning Systems (DGPS) that uses the coarse/acquisition (C/A) code for precision approach guidance. Because in DGPS the reference and the monitor perform the same signal processing function (both are receivers), the integrity monitor cannot accurately estimate absolute errors in the DGPS corrections derived by the reference, but it can verify that the reference’s corrections contain no significant errors. The alarm limits are derived through the application of a Markov chain model with continuity requirements as a constraint. The Markov model accounts for integrity monitoring decisions as they evolve in time, and for allowable malfunction warning delay. The alarm limits are then used as part of a total system error integrity algorithm that is exercised in avionics. Using parameters estimated from flight test data, the vertical-performance analyses indicate the potential of the integrity method for category (CAT) III approaches. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.** This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Functionally different isoforms of the human calcitonin receptor result from alternative splicing of the gene transcript. (1995)

Two subtypes of the human calcitonin receptor (hCTR) have been described which differ from one another by the presence or absence of a 16-amino acid insert in the first intracellular loop. Both isoforms were stably expressed in baby hamster kidney cells to compare their ligand binding and second messenger coupling. The binding affinity and the on/off rate of binding for salmon CT were identical for the two receptor isoforms. However, the presence of the insert significantly reduced the ability of the receptor to couple to both adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C. Stimulation of a transient calcium response was only observed with the insert-negative receptor. Similarly, the ED50 for the cAMP response is 100-fold higher for the insert-positive form compared with the insert-negative form of the receptor. However, the maximal cAMP response was equivalent for both receptor isoforms. The rate of internalization of the insert-positive form of the receptor is significantly impaired relative to the insert-negative receptor, which suggests that this process may be dependent on the stimulation of a second messenger pathway. Cloning and characterization of the relevant portion of the hCTR gene revealed that these isoforms are generated by alternative splicing. We also discovered a third isoform of the hCTR, which can be generated by alternative splicing at the same position. The presence of a stop codon in this newly described alternative exon would lead to premature termination of the receptor at the C-terminal end of the first transmembrane domain.
Recursion in a quantifier vs. elementary induction (1979)

Spector [21] proved that a relation R on ω is Π 1 1 if and only if it is (positive elementary) inductive on the structure 〈ω, +, ·〉; Kleene [8] showed that R is Π 1 1 if and only if it is semirecursive in the type 2 object E . These two “constructive” characterizations of the Π 1 1 relations have led to the independent study of (positive elementary) induction and recursion in E on an arbitrary structure, as natural generalizations of the theory of Π 1 1 relations on (ω, +, · 〉. The theory of (positive elementary) induction on an arbitrary structure was developed by Moschovakis in his book Elementary induction on abstract structures (EIAS) ; one of the most important theorems there is a generalization of the classical theorem of Spector [20] and Gandy [3] about the Π 1 1 relations on ω: a relation R is inductive on an acceptable structure . if and only if there is a formula φ( Y, x ) of the language of such that: where HYP is the collection of hyperelementary relations on . Moschovakis [17] and Kechris and Moschovakis [6] showed how to develop the theory of recursion in higher types as a chapter in the general theory of inductive definability. This approach to recursion in higher types makes it possible to use methods from the theory of inductive definability in studying recursion in E . In this paper we establish some results about recursion in E on a structure which bolster the naturalness of this theory and contribute to its comparison with (positive elementary) induction.