gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
XXVII. An account of the effect of mercurial vapours on the crew of His Majesty’s Ship Triumph, in the year 1810 (1823)

Abstract It has long been known, that in the vacuum of the baro­meter, mercury rises in a vaporous state at the usual tem­perature of this climate, and that persons employed in the mines from whence this metal is procured, as well as those who are employed in gilding and plating, have suffered paralytic and other constitutional affections, from inhaling the air saturated with mercurial vapours: had any doubt remained of mercury existing in the state alluded to, it would be effectually removed by the experiments made by Mr. Faraday, detailed in the twentieth number of the Journal of Science, &c. An unprecedented event, which occurred in one of His Majesty's ships of the line, at Cadiz, in the year 1810, a short time before I took upon me the charge of the Medical Department of the Mediterranean Fleet, has afforded me an opportunity of illustrating this subject on a very extensive scale, the details of which may not, perhaps, be uninteresting to the Royal Society.
Melanin photoprotection in the human retinal pigment epithelium and its correlation with light-induced cell apoptosis (2005)

Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy was used to study melanin free radicals in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and tyrosine-derived synthetic melanin. TREPR signal traces from RPE cells reveal in vivo light-induced melanin free radical photochemistry in more detail than previously known. Electron spin polarization reflecting a non-Boltzmann population within the energy levels of the spin system is observed in RPE cells as the result of the triplet state photoproduction and subsequent disappearance of free radicals in the melanin polymer. In a set of RPE cells cultured from individual sources, differences in optical absorption, continuous wave EPR spectra, and TREPR signals were correlated with apoptosis assays performed by flow cytometry. Continuous wave EPR spectra of RPE cells and TREPR of acidified synthetic melanin suggest that increased melanin aggregation provides an increase in photoprotection in the RPE cells that are relatively less susceptible to blue light-induced apoptosis.
A prefetching scheme based on the analysis of user access patterns in news-on-demand system (1999)

The NOD article makes a difference to VOD data in terms of media type, size, creation interval and user interactivity. Because of these intrinsic characteristics, user access patterns of the NOD article can be different from that of VOD data. In this paper, we analyze the log file of one electronic newspaper to show the short-term popularity and long-term popularity patterns. Based on these patterns, we propose LLBF (Largest Life-cycle Based Frequency) prefetching scheme that uses the two popularity patterns to cache a set of popular articles. In Simulation, we show that the proposed LLBF prefetching scheme increases hit ratio, and reduces the number of replacements more than other replacement algorithms as a small number of articles such as headline news is prefetched in main memory.
Resource Allocation for OFDMA-Based Cognitive Radio Systems with Primary User Activity Consideration (2011)

In OFDMA-based Cognitive Radio (CR) systems, how to deal with the time-varying nature of avaliliable spectrum resources has become a hotspot and challenging problem in resource allocation. Traditional resource allocation algorithm can not guarantee proportional rates among non-real-time CR user (CRU) because the number of available subchannels is smaller than the number of CRUs in some OFDM symbol durations. In this paper, taking the maximizing of the sum-rate of all CRUs as the optimization objective, we propose a resource allocation algorithm in OFDMA-based CR systems using dual methods which can maintain statistical proportional rates among CRUs while keeping the interference introduced to Primary users (PU) under the specified thresholds. In contrast to traditional resource allocation algorithms, the proposed algorithm can achieve higher transmission rate and guarantee non-real-time services of CRUs.
An NF-κB-sensitive Micro RNA-146a-mediated Inflammatory Circuit in Alzheimer Disease and in Stressed Human Brain Cells (2008)

Human brains retain discrete populations of micro RNA (miRNA) species that support homeostatic brain gene expression functions; however, specific miRNA abundance is significantly altered in neurological disorders such as Alzheimer disease (AD) when compared with age-matched controls. Here we provide evidence in AD brains of a specific up-regulation of an NF-kappaB-sensitive miRNA-146a highly complementary to the 3'-untranslated region of complement factor H (CFH), an important repressor of the inflammatory response of the brain. Up-regulation of miRNA-146a coupled to down-regulation of CFH was observed in AD brain and in interleukin-1beta, Abeta42, and/or oxidatively stressed human neural (HN) cells in primary culture. Transfection of HN cells using an NF-kappaB-containing pre-miRNA-146a promoter-luciferase reporter construct in stressed HN cells showed significant up-regulation of luciferase activity that paralleled decreases in CFH gene expression. Treatment of stressed HN cells with the NF-kappaB inhibitor pyrollidine dithiocarbamate or the resveratrol analog CAY10512 abrogated this response. Incubation of an antisense oligonucleotide to miRNA-146a (anti-miRNA-146a; AM-146a) was found to restore CFH expression levels. These data indicate that NF-kappaB-sensitive miRNA-146a-mediated modulation of CFH gene expression may in part regulate an inflammatory response in AD brain and in stressed HN cell models of AD and illustrate the potential for anti-miRNAs as an effective therapeutic strategy against pathogenic inflammatory signaling.
Image and Video Coding (2003)

Abstract Image and video coding is a research topic with a rich history and enormous amount of publications. This article provides an overview of some basic concepts, principles, techniques, and standards in this research area.
Current Research (1965)

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Imaging structure with fluid fluxes at the Brady geothermal field, Nevada using satellite interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) (2004)

We present an example of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar's (InSAR) remarkable utility for defining an operating geothermal reservoir's lateral extent and hydrologically active fault systems. InSAR reveals millimeter‐level surface deformation due to volume change in the reservoir and overlying aquifer systems caused by fluid pressure reduction and to a lesser extent temperature decrease. Fluid reinjection is revealed in the reverse process as surface inflation. The relevant characteristics and limitations of the InSAR method are discussed. We conclude that when integrated with other geophysical observations and reservoir production data, InSAR analysis will be able to guide new exploration and aid field management.
Studies on the relationship between boron and magnesium which possibly affects the formation and maintenance of bones. (1990)

Recent findings are reviewed indicating that changes in dietary boron and magnesium affect calcium, and thus bone, metabolism in animals and humans. In animals, the need for boron was found to be enhanced when they needed to respond to a nutritional stress which adversely affected calcium metabolism, including magnesium deficiency. A combined deficiency of boron and magnesium caused detrimental changes in the bones of animals. However, boron deprivation did not seem to enhance the requirement for magnesium. In two human studies, boron deprivation caused changes in variables associated with calcium metabolism in a manner that could be construed as being detrimental to bone formation and maintenance; these changes apparently were enhanced by low dietary magnesium. Changes caused by boron deprivation included depressed plasma ionized calcium and calcitonin as well as elevated plasma total calcium and urinary excretion of calcium. In one human study, magnesium deprivation depressed plasma ionized calcium and cholesterol. Because boron and/or magnesium deprivation causes changes similar to those seen in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis, these elements are apparently needed for optimal calcium metabolism and are thus needed to prevent the excessive bone loss which often occurs in postmenopausal women and older men.
Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering in Various Cellulose Fibers and Its Relation to the Micellar structure (1949)

The study of the molecular structure of cellulose fibers by x-rays has been concerned until very recently with diffraction of only relatively wide angles. Almost no work has been done on the diffraction and scattering of x-rays within very small angles adjacent to the primary beam. The only fact known was that such "small-angle scattering" is produced by ramie and viscose rayon. In the present study, the small-angle scattering by various cellulose fibers has been investi gated and it has been found that the scattering by different fibers is completely different. The hypothesis that the small-angle scattering in cellulose fibers would be related to the micellar size and distance is substantiated by the fact that an experimental change of those distances results in a corresponding (inverse) change in the extent of the scattering. On this basis the difference in the scattering patterns of different fibers is explained as a difference in the size and distance of the cellulose micelles or crystallites. An orientation of crystallites is also expressed in the small-angle diffraction pattern giving rise to the interesting phenomenon of "cross" formation when the crystallites form an angle with the long axis of the fiber. The angle between the intersecting lines of the cross proved to be related to the pitch of the spiral of the crystallites in the fiber.
Investigation of the antifungal activity and mechanism of action of LMWS-chitosan. (2008)

Chitosan, a cationic polysaccharide, has been widely used as a dietary supplement and in a variety of pharmacological and biomedical applications. The antifungal activity and mechanism of action of low molecular weight water-soluble chitosan (LMWS-chitosan) were studied in fungal cells and vesicles containing various compositions of fungal lipids. LMWS-chitosan showed strong antifungal activity against various pathogenic yeasts and hyphae-forming fungi but no hemolytic activity or cytotoxicity against mammalian cells. The degree of calcein leakage was assessed on the basis of lipid composition (PC/CH; 10:1, w/w). Our result showing that LMWS-chitosan interacts with liposomes demonstrated that chitosan induces leakage from zwitterionic lipid vesicles. Confocal microscopy revealed that LMWS-chitosan was located in the plasma membrane. Finally, scanning electron microscopy revealed that LMWS-chitosan causes significant morphological changes on fungal surfaces. Its potent antibiotic activity suggests that LMWS-chitosan is an excellent candidate as a lead compound for the development of novel anti-infective agents.
Relative Humidity Sensor Based on Microfiber Loop Resonator (2013)

A novel relative humidity (RH) sensor based on a microfiber loop resonator (MLR) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. As refractive index of the microfiber in the MLR is modified by environmental humidity, resonant wavelength of the MLR changes with RH level. By detecting this wavelength shift, RH measurement is realized with a linear response sensitivity of 1.8 pm/% RH. The obvious advantage of this technique over others is that no coating of humidity-sensitive material is required.
Parallel operation of IGBTs modular converter system for high power high frequency induction heating applications (2008)

The aim of this work is to develop a modular converter system for induction heating application, which considerably reduces the expenditure, while covering the whole range of power at high frequency (400 KHz). Such a system shall consist of identical converter-modules, which are combined to produce the desired power. To increase the power, parallel connection of modules was employed. At high power high frequency, the IGBT losses are very important and the IGBT losses are totally dominated by the turn-off losses. The maximum output power rating of the inverter is manly limited by the IGBT losses. For parallel operation of IGBTs modules, which used to increase the output power, there are two ways used to distressing of IGBTs, normal parallel operation method and cycle control parallel operation method. This paper presents the influence of these two different methods which used for IGBTs modules operate at 400 KHz and 100 KW for one bridge on the maximum output power.
Wetting behaviour during evaporation and condensation of water microdroplets on superhydrophobic patterned surfaces (2007)

Superhydrophobic surfaces have considerable technological potential for various applications due to their extreme water repellent properties. The superhydrophobic surfaces may be generated by the use of hydrophobic coating, roughness and air pockets between solid and liquid. The geometric effects and dynamic effects, such as surface waves, can destroy the composite solid-air-liquid interface. The relationship between the water droplet size and geometric parameters governs the creation of composite interface and affects transition from solid-liquid interface to composite interface. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of droplets of various sizes. We have studied the effect of droplet size on contact angle by evaporation using droplets with radii ranging from about 300 to 700 microm. Experimental and theoretical studies of the wetting properties of silicon surfaces patterned with pillars of two different diameters and heights with varying pitch values are presented. We propose a criterion where the transition from Cassie and Baxter regime to Wenzel regime occurs when the droop of the droplet sinking between two asperities is larger than the depth of the cavity. The trends are explained based on the experimental data and the proposed transition criteria. An environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) is used to form smaller droplets of about 20 microm radius and measure the contact angle on the patterned surfaces. The investigation has shown that ESEM provides a new approach to wetting studies on the microscale.
A Unified Model for Functional and Statistical Epistasis and Its Application in Quantitative Trait Loci Analysis (2007)

Interaction between genes, or epistasis, is found to be common and it is a key concept for understanding adaptation and evolution of natural populations, response to selection in breeding programs, and determination of complex disease. Currently, two independent classes of models are used to study epistasis. Statistical models focus on maintaining desired statistical properties for detection and estimation of genetic effects and for the decomposition of genetic variance using average effects of allele substitutions in populations as parameters. Functional models focus on the evolutionary consequences of the attributes of the genotype-phenotype map using natural effects of allele substitutions as parameters. Here we provide a new, general and unified model framework: the natural and orthogonal interactions (NOIA) model. NOIA implements tools for transforming genetic effects measured in one population to the ones of other populations (e.g., between two experimental designs for QTL) and parameters of statistical and functional epistasis into each other (thus enabling us to obtain functional estimates of QTL), as demonstrated numerically. We develop graphical interpretations of functional and statistical models as regressions of the genotypic values on the gene content, which illustrates the difference between the models--the constraint on the slope of the functional regression--and when the models are equivalent. Furthermore, we use our theoretical foundations to conceptually clarify functional and statistical epistasis, discuss the advantages of NOIA over previous theory, and stress the importance of linking functional and statistical models.
Wisdom: A Software Engineering Method for Small Software Development Companies (2000)

Wisdom is a new software engineering method addressing the specific needs of small teams that develop and maintain interactive systems. Because Wisdom defines a process, notation, and project philosophy, it can smoothly be applied in small companies leveraging on their communication, speed, and flexibility.
Crowdsourcing for Multiple-Choice Question Answering (2014)

We leverage crowd wisdom for multiple-choice question answering, and employ lightweight machine learning techniques to improve the aggregation accuracy of crowdsourced answers to these questions. In order to develop more effective aggregation methods and evaluate them empirically, we developed and deployed a crowdsourced system for playing the “Who wants to be a millionaire?” quiz show. Analyzing our data (which consist of more than 200,000 answers), we find that by just going with the most selected answer in the aggregation, we can answer over 90% of the questions correctly, but the success rate of this technique plunges to 60% for the later/harder questions in the quiz show. To improve the success rates of these later/harder questions, we investigate novel weighted aggregation schemes for aggregating the answers obtained from the crowd. By using weights optimized for reliability of participants (derived from the participants’ confidence), we show that we can pull up the accuracy rate for the harder questions by 15%, and to overall 95% average accuracy. Our results provide a good case for the benefits of applying machine learning techniques for building more accurate crowdsourced question answering systems.
[Prognostic significance of ventricular echo beats induced during programmed ventricular stimulation (author's transl)]. (1981)

To determine the incidence and prognostic significance of the repetitive ventricular response, the present retrospective study was done in 123 patients (75 male, 48 female, mean age +/- S.D. 49 +/- 14 years) with a variety of cardiac rhythm disorders. Programmed right ventricular stimulation was done at a basic pacing rate of 120 b.p.m. using one (S2) and two (S2,S3) premature stimuli. The data were analysed as to the presence ro absence of a repetitive ventricular response and the outcome of the patients ((1) sudden death less than or equal to 1 h or documented ventricular fibrilllation without myocardial infaction without myocardial infarction; (2) survivors or patients dying from non-cardiac or non-suddenly). A repetitive ventricular response was observed in 45/123 patients (36.6%) after one and in 51/120 patients (42.5%) after two premature stimuli. It occurred in 9/9 patients with ventricular fibrilation and in 20/23 patients (87%) with ventricular tachycardia. Mean follow-up period was 84 +/- 37.1 weeks (+/- S.D.). Five patients were lost to follow-up. 17/123 patients were classified as sudden death patients, the remaining patients were regarded as surviving (or dying non-suddenly). After one premature stimulus, a repetitive ventricular response was observed in 34.9% of survivors and in 47.1% of non-survivors (n.s.). After two premature stimuli, the incidence of a repetitive ventricular response increased from 36.8% in survivors to 70.6% in non-survivors (p less than 0.005). 12/106 of patients (11.3%) surviving and 10/17 patients (58.8%) non-surviving had more than three ventricular echo beats (p less than 0.005). All patients non-surviving who demonstrated a repetitive ventricular response has intraventricular reentry. Depending on the regidity of the criteria used (i.e. number of echo beats), the sensitivity of the test ranged between 47 to 88%, whereas the specificity ranged between 44 to 94%. The number of false-positives was high (43 to 80%); however, the number of false-negatives was low (4 to 8%). Concluding, this retrospective study has shown a correlation between sudden death and the incidence and number of repetitive ventricular response (depending on the number of premature stimuli) and the type of reentrant beats (bundle branch reentry or intraventricular reentry).
A Digital-Controlled SiC-Based Solid State Circuit Breaker with Soft Switch-Off Method for DC Power System (2019)

Due to the lower on-state resistance, direct current (DC) solid state circuit breakers (SSCBs) based on silicon-carbide (SiC) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) can reduce on-state losses and the investment of the cooling system when compared to breakers based on silicon (Si) MOSFETs. However, SiC MOSFETs, with smaller die area and higher current density, lead to weaker short-circuit ability, shorter short-circuit withstand time and higher protection requirements. To improve the reliability and short-circuit capability of SiC-based DC solid state circuit breakers, the short-circuit fault mechanisms of Si MOSFETs and SiC MOSFETs are revealed. Combined with the desaturation detection (DESAT), a “soft turn-off” short-circuit protection method based on source parasitic inductor is proposed. When the DESAT protection is activated, the “soft turn-off” method can protect the MOSFET against short-circuit and overcurrent. The proposed SSCB, combined with the flexibility of the DSP, has the μs-scale ultrafast response time to overcurrent detection. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by the experimental platform. The method can reduce the voltage stress of the power device, and it can also suppress the short-circuit current.
Interleukin-1β Induces Different Gene Expression of Stromelysin, Aggrecan and Tumor-Necrosis-Factor-Stimulated Gene 6 in Human Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes in vitro (2000)

In our culture system, the response of osteoarthritic chondrocytes to IL-1beta is preserved. Therefore, this system might be helpful for further investigation of the influences of drugs, cytokines and growth factors, for example, on the metabolism of chondrocytes at the level of gene transcription as the most basic level of regulation.
SULFUR DIOXIDE-ETHANOL-WATER PULPING OF HARDWOODS (1991)

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) has developed a two-stage process to separately convert hemicellulose and cellulose to sugars leaving behind a high-lignin solid residue. Research at The University of Alabama has led to a proposed three-stage process utilizing sulfur dioxide to remove hemicellulose, followed by organosolv delignification to remove lignin and the remaining hemicellulose, then acid hydrolysis of the cellulose to glucose. The purpose of the work presented in this paper was to determine whether the sulfonation and delignification steps could be successfully combined. This would result in a simpler process with improved yield of glucose. Pulping of hardwoods in a sulfur dioxide-ethanol-water system has been shown to give a 50 to 52 percent yield of solid residue with a lignin content of approximately 7%.These results offer improvements to the TVA process in several ways. Removal of the lignin from the lignocellulose matrix would allow more efficient acid hydrolysis of cellulose and the use of less severe conditions. Delignification also serves to increase yields from enzymatic hydrolysis. Use of an organosolv to remove lignin prior to condensation reactions from acid hydrolysis would produce a lignin product which is more reactive and has higher commercial potential. The results of this work have shown the feasibility of combining the University process with the TVA process while maintaining a two-stage process.