gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Novel Network Architecture for 3G Evolution (2006)

With the increasing requirement on QoS of data service, the long term evolution (LTE) of 3G is being researched and standardized to provide higher bit rates with lower latency, lower cost and improved coverage. In this paper, a novel network topology optimization of UMTS access networks combining mobility management and improved authentication schemes is proposed to support these requirements. The architecture presents a concept of URA (UMTS terrestrial radio access network registration area) self-control system in control plane (C-plane) of access network, so that the handover process of C-plane can be independent of that of user plane (U-plane), which significantly reduces the handover latency. Moreover, a novel layered tunnels topology method is proposed in U-plane to achieve load equilibrium in access gateway (AGW). Based on the proposed network architecture, we give examples of signaling sequence combining fast handover process and proposed authentication scheme, and shows that their performance is generally superior to current 3G network architecture, in terms of reducing handover latency and increasing data security and integrity
Predictive value of an early Glasgow Outcome Scale score: 15-month score changes (2005)

Baseline GOS score was a reliable predictor of outcome in patients with an initial score of 5 (no disability) or 4 (mild disability), but not in patients with an initial score of 3 (severe disability). Patients who remained unconscious for more than 24 hours did not have significantly lower outcome scores than those who experienced loss of consciousness for less than 24 hours at 15 months postinjury. Interestingly, the duration of unconsciousness did not affect the likelihood of an improved score during the study period in patients with a GOS score of 3 or 4 at baseline. An updated evaluation conducted after the early phases of treatment is needed to provide a realistic prognosis of severe TBI.
Controversies and Subjectivity (2005)

This collective volume focuses on two closely connected issues whose common denominator is the embattled notion of the subject. The first concerns the controversies on the nature of the subject and related notions, such as the concepts of ‘I’ and ‘self’. From both theoretical and historical viewpoints, several of the contributors show how different and incompatible perspectives on the subject can help us understand today’s world, its habits, style, power relations, and attitudes. For this purpose, use is made of insights in a broad range of disciplines, such as sociology, psychoanalysis, pragmatics, intellectual history, and anthropology. This interdisciplinary approach helps to clarify the multifaceted character of the subject and the role it plays nowadays as well as over the centuries. The second issue concerns the subject in inter-personal as well as in intra-personal controversies. The enquiry here focuses on the ways in which different aspects of the subject and subjective differences affect the conduct, content, and rationality of controversies with others as well as within oneself on a variety of topics. Among such aspects, the contributors analyse the subject’s emotions, cognitive states, argumentative practices, and individual and collective identity. The interaction between the two issues, the controversies on the subject and the subject of controversies, sheds new light on the debate on modernity and its alleged crisis.
Development of ultrasonic flip chip bonding for flexible printed circuit (2004)

Small form factor and high density printed circuit boards (PCB) have been already realized by flip chip (FC) bonding technology. However, the requirement for finer pitch PCB is still increasing with shrinkage of die and wiring. Therefore, conventional flip chip bonding technology will not provide sufficient capability or productivity to meet future demands. The authors have focused on flip chip bonding method utilizing ultrasonic vibration. Flip chip modules using flexible printed circuit (FPC) are strongly required for such as mobile phone applications. For that purpose, we have investigated to assemble semiconductor devices with FPCs applying this method, particularly for large size die with multiple pads. In this report, we have evaluated relationship between bonding parameters and reliability using several kinds of copper clad laminate (CCL) with different plating conditions. We show the correlation between formation of microscopic metallic bond and actual chip on flex (COF) module performance. As a result, we succeed to realize 35/spl mu/m pad pitch COF module.
Invitación al Congreso Internacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía: NEUROCUBA 2013 (2012)

La Sociedad Cubana de Neurologia y Neurocirugia se complace en invitarlo a participar en el Congreso Internacional NEUROCUBA 2013. El mismo incluira al congreso cuatrienal de la Sociedad Cubana de Neurologia y de Neurocirugia, la Jornada de Neuroenfermeria 2013, el I encuentro Internacional de Historia de las Neurociencias (NEUROHISTORIA 2013), y el V Simposio Internacional de Ataxias Hereditarias.
New protocol transfer module for USB2.0-to-IEEE 1394 interfaces using synchronous packet control for audio and video data streams (2003)

This paper describes the development of a protocol transfer module for universal serial bus interface version 2.0 USB2.0-to-IEEE 1394 interface using synchronous packet control for audio and video (AV) data streams. This protocol transfer module can easily transmit AV data streams from a personal computer (PC) embedded USB2.0 interface port to a digital video camcorder (DVC) unless the AV data stream unsynchronizes between the USB2.0 and IEEE 1394 interfaces. This protocol transfer module is used for transmitting and editing AV data streams on PC and AV consumer appliances standardized with IEEE 1394. USB2.0 and IEEE 1394 interfaces are largely used for consumer electronics appliances especially home network devices. This protocol transfer module is used for AV consumer appliances standardized with IEEE 1394.
Use of the dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum as a sustainable source of biodiesel production (2009)

Microalgae are microscopic heterotrophic-autotrophic photosynthesizing organisms with enormous potential as a source of biofuel. Dinoflagellates, a class of microalgae, contain large amounts of high-quality lipids, the principal component of fatty acid methyl esters. The biotic characteristics of the dinoflagellate species Karlodinium veneficum include a growth rate of 0.14 day(-1), a wet biomass of 16.4 g/L, a growth period of approximately 30 days, and an approximate 97% increase in fatty acid content during the transition from exponential phase to stationary phase. These parameters make K. veneficum a suitable choice as a bioresource for biodiesel production. Similarly, two other species were also determined to be appropriate for biodiesel production: the Dinophyceae Alexandrium andersoni and the Raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo.
Injection Port Derivatization Following Ion-Pair Hollow Fiber-Protected Liquid-Phase Microextraction for Determining Acidic Herbicides by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (2006)

Injection port derivatization following ion-pair hollow fiber-protected liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) for the trace determination of acidic herbicides (2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid, 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid, 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid) in aqueous samples by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed. Prior to GC injection port derivatization, acidic herbicides were converted into their ion-pair complexes with tetrabutylammonium chloride in aqueous samples and then extracted by 1-octanol impregnated in the hollow fiber. Upon injection, ion pairs of acidic herbicides were quantitatively derivatized to their butyl esters in the GC injection port. Thus, several parameters related to the derivatization process (i.e., injection temperature, purge-off time) were evaluated, and main parameters affecting the hollow fiber-protected LPME procedure such as extraction organic solvent, ion-pair reagent type, pH of aqueous medium, concentration of ion-pair reagent, sodium chloride concentration added to the aqueous medium, stirring speed, and extraction time profile, optimized. At the selected extraction and derivatization conditions, no matrix effects were observed. This method proved good repeatability (RSDs <12.3%, n = 6) and good linearity (r2 > or = 0.9939) for spiked deionized water samples for five analytes. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.51-13.7 ng x L(-1) (S/N =3) under GC/MS selected ion monitoring mode. The results demonstrated that injection port derivatization following ion-pair hollow fiber-protected LPME was a simple, rapid, and accurate method for the determination of trace acidic herbicides from aqueous samples. In addition, this method proved to be environmentally friendly since it completely avoided open derivatization with potentially hazardous reagents.
A sensitivity coefficient method for the reconstruction of electrical impedance tomograms (1989)

A number of proposed reconstruction algorithms for electrical impedance tomography have employed the concept of a sensitivity coefficient which can be used to relate the magnitude of a voltage change measured at the surface of an object to the change in impedance within the object which has given rise to it. Iterative algorithms are required where the approach to the full non-linear problem involves the formal inversion of the sensitivity coefficient matrix, but the task of matrix inversion is still not trivial even for a linearised version of the problem. An alternative approach is to use sensitivity coefficients calculated from Laplace fields for single-pass image reconstruction in a manner more closely related to back-projection methods. A reconstruction algorithm employing sensitivity coefficients in this manner is described and images of a phantom and a human chest section produced using the algorithm are displayed.
Pharmacotherapy for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder In Combat Veterans: Focus on Antidepressants and Atypical Antipsychotic Agents. (2012)

The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs defines post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as “the development of characteristic and persistent symptoms along with difficulty functioning after exposure to a life-threatening experience or to an event that either involves a threat to life or serious injury.”1 Patients with PTSD usually present for primary care with unexplained somatic and/or psychological symptoms, including sleep disturbances, night sweats, fatigue, and difficulty with memory or concentration (Table 1). PTSD consists of three main symptom “clusters:”1,2

Table 1

Common Signs and Symptoms After Exposure to a Traumatic Event
Molecular Diodes and Applications (2007)

Due to the huge power consumption and expensive fabrication methods required, down scaling silicon devices to sub-100 nm dimensions is becoming very unattractive. On the other hand, it is easier to build electronic circuits using molecules since they are small and their properties can be tuned. In this review, we first discuss the building blocks of molecular electronics. We then describe how these building blocks can be used to build single molecule based digital logic such as AND, OR and XOR gates. The distinction of these molecular electronic building blocks is that for first time, (i) the Tour wires are used as the conductive backbone for the rectifying junctions, (ii) donor/acceptor principles are implemented in the molecular wire itself and (iii) the logic gates are realized using molecular rectifying diodes embedded in the molecular conducting wire itself.
Backward Raman Amplification in a Plasma Waveguide (2008)

Backward Raman amplification of a short laser pulse in a plasma waveguide is demonstrated. With a guided seed pulse of 0.8-microJ energy and a pump pulse of 345-mJ energy in a 9-mm-long optically preformed plasma waveguide, 910-fold energy amplification is achieved. Heating of the plasma by the long pump pulse is identified to be a key issue for plasma-waveguide-based backward Raman amplifiers.
Heutige Schwerpunkte der Prophylaxe und Therapie bei Infektionen in der Schwangerschaft (1990)

ZusammenfassungInfektionen waren früher die Hauptursache der schwangerschaftsbedingten mütterlichen und Neugeborenen-Mortalität. Heute sind Infektionen so weit verdrängt, daß sie als Risikoangabe in den mit viel Erfolg durchgeführten Perinatalerhebungen überhaupt nicht erscheinen. Liegt dies nun daran, daß wir keinerlei Infektionsprobleme in der Schwangerschaft mehr haben, oder daran, daß Infektionen bei uns zu wenig beachtet werden?
Many-Core Scheduling of Data Parallel Applications Using SMT Solvers (2014)

To program recently developed many-core systems-on-chip two traditionally separate performance optimization problems have to be solved together. Firstly, it is the parallel scheduling on a shared-memory multi-core system. Secondly, it is the co-scheduling of network communication and processor computation. This is because many-core systems are networks of multi-core clusters. In this paper, we demonstrate the applicability of modern constraint solvers to efficiently schedule parallel applications on many-cores and validate the results by running benchmarks on a real many-core platform.
Effects of static magnetic field and pulsed electromagnetic field on viability of human chondrocytes in vitro (2007)

Effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on human cell lines were described in numerous studies, but still many questions remain unanswered. Our experiment was designed with the aim of studying the effects of EMFs on the metabolic activity of chondrocytes in vitro. Human chondrocyte in vitro cultures, cultured in medium supplemented with 20 % fetal calf serum, were exposed to static magnetic field (SMF) (intensity of 0.6 T) and pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) (21.2 MHz period of 15 ms, burst duration of 2 ms, amplification 3 dBm (0.1 V) and maximum output of 250 W) continually for 72 h. After the exposure, viability was determined using the MTT test and compared with a non-exposed control culture. As compared to the control sample the exposure to SMF resulted in a statistically significant increase (p 0.001) in viability. However, the increase of viability after PEMF exposure was not significant. This could be due to the frequency dependent effect on human cells. The experiments demonstrated that magnetic fields, using the above parameters, have a positive effect on the viability of human chondrocytes cultured in vitro.
Thermodynamic Speed of Sound Data for Liquid and Supercritical Alcohols (2019)

Because of their caloric and thermal nature, speed of sound data are vital for the development of fundamental Helmholtz energy equations of state for fluids. The present work reports such data for methanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, and 1-butanol along seven isotherms in the temperature range from 220 to 500 K and a pressure of up to 125 MPa. The overall expanded uncertainty varies between 0.07% and 0.11% with a confidence level of 95%. The employed experiment is based on a double path length pulse-echo method with a single piezoelectric quartz crystal of 8 MHz, which is placed between two reflectors at different path lengths. Measured speed of sound data for the four alcohols are fitted with double polynomial equations and compared with literature sources.
Generation of Subjective Colors in an Electroluminescent Display (1965)

Subjective color techniques have been adapted to the field of electroluminescent display to produce six distinct colors from an essentially monochromatic source. The system required to achieve this effect includes a frame sequential presentation of scheduled intensity patterns of diverse spectral content. The patterns are generated by varying the voltage applied to the appropriate display areas, while the shifting of impressed frequency controls the primary output color. Subjective complements are generated in the darker areas and mixed with the primaries to form a variety of hues, depending on the relative intensity of the components.
Binding of H-2Kb-specific Peptides to TAP and Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I in Microsomes from Wild-type, TAP1, and β2-Microglobulin Mutant Mice (1996)

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are trimolecular complexes consisting of a heavy chain (HC), beta2-microglobulin (beta2m), and a short peptide. Assembly of MHC class I molecules is thought to take place early during biosynthesis. Deficiency in either beta2m or the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) results in accumulation of class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In this study, we have assessed peptide binding to TAP and MHC class I in purified microsomes derived from wild-type, TAP1(-/-), beta2m-/-, and TAP1/beta2m-/- mice using a cross-linkable H-2Kb-binding peptide. This enabled us to study the influence of an intact TAP complex and beta2m on peptide binding to MHC class I and to analyze the stepwise interaction of peptide with TAP and MHC class I molecules. Peptide bound both immature and mature (terminally glycosylated) class I molecules in intact as well as permeabilized microsomes from wild-type mice. Efficient peptide binding to immature class I molecules was also detected in permeabilized microsomes from TAP1(-/-) mice. In contrast, no peptide binding to beta2m-free HC was detected in permeabilized microsomes from beta2m-/- and TAP1/beta2m-/- mice. However, the addition of exogenous beta2m allowed peptide binding to class I in permeabilized beta2m-/- and TAP1/beta2m-/- microsomes. These results demonstrate that a preformed class I HC middle dotbeta2m heterodimer is necessary for efficient peptide binding under physiological conditions. The observed peptide binding to class I in permeabilized TAP1(-/-) microsomes further suggests that TAP1 is not required for peptide binding to class I in the ER. Finally, kinetic studies allowed the demonstration of a stepwise binding of peptide to TAP, subsequent translocation across the ER membrane, a step that required ATP hydrolysis, and binding of peptide to preformed class I HC.beta2m heterodimers.
Exploring the Depths: Inquiry to Apply and Deepen Students’ Understanding of Density (2010)

This activity is designed to deepen students' understanding of the concept of density through scientific inquiry. Students devise procedures to determine the relative and absolute (qualitative and quantitative) densities of several solutions of salt water, and establish a class consensus on their results. Students then apply their findings to estimate the density of an unknown solution. The targeted grade-level for this activity is 8 grade physical science. However, because we know students at all grade levels struggle to understand density, this activity could also be useful in high school Earth science and chemistry. This activity promotes National Science Education Content Standards A, B, and G, and Iowa Teaching Standards 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Hematopoiesis is severely altered in mice with an induced osteoblast deficiency (2004)

We previously reported a transgenic mouse model expressing herpesvirus thymidine kinase (TK) gene under the control of a 2.3-kilobase fragment of the rat collagen alpha1 type I promoter (Col2.3 Delta TK). This construct confers lineage-specific expression in developing osteoblasts, allowing the conditional ablation of osteoblast lineage after treatment with ganciclovir (GCV). After GCV treatment these mice have profound alterations on bone formation leading to a progressive bone loss. In addition, treated animals also lose bone marrow cellularity. In this report we characterized hematopoietic parameters in GCV-treated Col2.3 Delta TK mice, and we show that after treatment transgenic animals lose lymphoid, erythroid, and myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow, followed by decreases in the number of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Together with the decrease in bone marrow hematopoiesis, active extramedullary hematopoiesis was observed in the spleen and liver, as measured by an increase in peripheral HSCs and active primary in vitro hematopoiesis. After withdrawal of GCV, osteoblasts reappeared in the bone compartment together with a recovery of medullary and decrease in extramedullary hematopoiesis. These observations directly demonstrate the role of osteoblasts in hematopoiesis and provide a model to study the interactions between the mesenchymal and hematopoietic compartments in the marrow.
One-Year Entecavir or Lamivudine Therapy Results in Reduction of Hepatitis B Virus Intrahepatic Covalently Closed Circular DNA Levels (2006)

Entecavir and lamivudine are potent nucleoside analogues that can suppress hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. However, the effects of these two antiviral agents on intrahepatic total HBV DNA and covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) are not known. In this study, we aimed to assess the effect of 48 weeks of entecavir/lamivudine therapy on intrahepatic total HBV DNA and cccDNA levels. Forty chronic hepatitis B patients, participating in two Phase III entecavir trials at our centre, were randomized to receive 48 weeks of either 0.5 mg once daily of entecavir (n = 21) or 100 mg once daily of lamivudine (n = 19). Their serological, virological and biochemical responses, as well as intrahepatic HBV DNA levels were monitored. There was no significant difference between entecavir and lamivudine therapy in terms of post-treatment serological, virological and biochemical responses. Both nucleoside analogues reduced serum viral load, intrahepatic total HBV DNA, and cccDNA by about 4.8 logs, 2 logs, and 1 log respectively. An increase in the proportion of intrahepatic HBV DNA in the form of cccDNA was seen after 48 weeks of therapy. In conclusion, both entecavir and lamivudine can successfully reduce intrahepatic HBV DNA and cccDNA. CccDNA becomes the dominant form of HBV DNA during viral suppression and is possibly responsible for viral rebound after short-term antiviral therapy.
Physics in combustion research (1975)

Virtually all the energy we derive from fossil fuels is obtained through some form of combustion. Any technical advance that can result in more efficient combustion systems without sacrificing environmental quality would therefore be a major contribution to energy conservation. For example, every one-percent increase in auto engine combustion efficiency saves about 14.5 million barrels of oil per year, gaining the US over 150 million dollars per year in balance of payments. Although research in specific technological areas is usually difficult to justify from economic arguments, this is not the case for combustion research, as these figures show. The return on the investment pays for combustion research many times over. In addition, improved control of combustion processes should result in lower pollutant emissions and thereby reduce such hidden costs of burning fossil fuels as exhaust-gas cleanup and damages to health and environment. However, combustion devices, like most other engineering systems, face performance limitations of an inherently scientific nature.
Children and Everyday Cognition (2000)

This section presents an insight into the role of intellectual curiosity and child's imagination as critical ingredients of the child's world. It also tries to clarify the elements that affect the developing child's cognition and helps the adults' in understanding children's thinking skills.