gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
P1–049: Alzheimer–type neurofibrillary lesions and neurofilamentous inclusions are cell–type specific in transgenic mice expressing mutated tau proteins G272V/P301S (2006)

Animal models of neurofibrillary degeneration are necessary to investigate the cellular mechanisms leading to different types of neuronal pathology in tauopathies with various clinical phenotypes. We have generated a transgenic mouse line (Tau30) expressing in the telencephalon and the spinal cord a human tau protein (1N4R) bearing a double pathogenic mutation (G272V and P301S) identified in familial forms of frontotemporal dementia. The progression of the pathology in these mice was analyzed by motor testing, immunocytochemical, biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. These mice developed brain atrophy, a progressive motor impairment and males had a reduced survival leading to death before 12 months. At 3 months of age, a somatodendritic accumulation of phosphorylated tau proteins was observed in many neurons. From 3 to 6 months of age, abundant neuronal inclusions developed in the spinal cord and in the brainstem but were also numerous in the hippocampus, the cortex and subcortical nuclei. Biochemical analysis showed an age–dependent increase in hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. A first type of neuronal inclusions, more abundant in the cortex and hippocampus were argyrophilic, Congo Red positive, phospho–tau immunoreactive, and composed of both straight 19 nm wide filaments and PHF–like filaments. A second type of neuronal inclusions, more abundant in the spinal cord, were argyrophilic, immunoreactive with neurofilament and phosphotau antibodies and composed of 10 nm wide filaments admixed with straight 19 nm filaments. Accumulations of degraded organelles were observed in association with these inclusions, suggesting the existence of axoplasmic flow disturbances. Axonal spheroids were also detected. In addition, a progressive neurogenic muscle atrophy with an axonal loss in peripheral nerves was documented. Thus, depending on the cell type, tau aggregation leads to at least two kinds of pathology. Indeed, these transgenic mice develop an Alzheimer–like neurofibrillary pathology predominantly in the telencephalon, and an axonopathy with neurofilament–rich inclusions affecting predominantly the spinal motor neurons. This transgenic model will be useful for the study of tauopathies characterized by both frontotemporal degeneration and motor neuron disease.
<title>Comparison of measured and modeled spectral ultraviolet irradiance at Antarctic stations used to determine biases in total ozone data from various sources</title> (2002)

Global solar UV measurements performed with high-resolution SUV-100 spectroradiometers in Antarctica and Alaska are compared with results of the radiative transfer model UVSPEC/libRadtran. The instruments are part of the National Science Foundation's Office of Polar Programs (NSF/OPP) UV monitoring network, and are located at the South Pole (90 degree(s)S), McMurdo (78 degree(s)S), Palmer Station (65 degree(s)S), and Barrow, Alaska (71 degree(s)N). A new algorithm to retrieve total column ozone from the ratio of measured and modeled UV spectra is presented, which is then used to uncover biases in column ozone data from different sources (Earth Probe TOMS Version 7, Dobson, GOME, TOVS) at the previously mentioned high-latitude locations. The analyses suggest that EP/TOMS overestimates total column ozone at all Antarctic sites by 4-10%, which is consistent with recent findings reported elsewhere. SUV-100 and Dobson total column ozone measurements at the South Pole, Barrow and McMurdo agree to within +/- 1.5%, +/- 2%, and +/- 1%, respectively. GOME measurements at Palmer and McMurdo Station are 2% and 6% lower than the SUV-100 data. TOVS ozone values show in general a larger deviation. The data further reveal that ozone and temperature profiles used in the model have an important influence, particularly at low sun elevations. This is quantified by comparing the UV measurements with model calculations using either standard profiles or actual profiles measured by balloon sondes. When using Dobson ozone measurements and actual ozone profiles, and correcting SUV- 100 UV measurements for the cosine error of the entrance optics, spectral clear-sky measurements typically agree with model results to within +/- 5% for solar elevations greater than 5 degrees.
Radiofrequency-induced thermotherapy in benign prostatic hyperplasia. (2006)

Radiofrequency-induced thermotherapy of the prostate is a new, safe, and effective treatment for BPH. This technique is carried out under local anesthesia and mild sedation with little bleeding. It is especially appropriate for patients who present as high risk for general anesthesia.
Improving Ultrasound Systems by User-Centered Design (1994)

A series of user-centered design methods were applied during the development of an ultrasound system. The methods included hospital site visits, interviews with sonographers, videotapes of examinations and usability testing with simulations of the console and displays. Based on user feedback and preferences, over one-hundred design changes were made to both the console and control panel. The resulting system accommodates users through an adjustable control panel and display monitor. In addition, the control panel and corresponding operator interface software reflects frequency-of-use and sequencing-of-use of functions, leading to more efficient interaction with the system.
Highly Proton Conductive Poly(vinyl acetate)/Nafion® Composite Membrane for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Application (2018)

A novel blend of membranes made of cast Nafion® and poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) was prepared and its proton conductivity and ion exchange capacity (IEC) were characterized to investigate its applicability in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The intermolecular interactions and morphology of these membranes were assessed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). A twofold increase in the proton conductivity is observed for the PVAc/Nafion® composite membrane (2 × 10-2 Scm-1) compared to that of cast Nafion® (1.1 × 10-2 Scm-1). In addition to that, the composite membranes exhibited better mechanical strength and adequate water retention ability as well as IEC comparable to that of cast Nafion®. The thermal property and chemical degradation property were also investigated. The results indicate that the introduction of PVAc as a modifier played a vital role in improving the membrane performance. Accordingly, these polymer electrolyte membranes with suitable PVAc contents have prospect for use in low-temperature PEMFCs.
DISCUSSION. REPORT ON THE MEASUREMENT OF THE PRESSURE OF THE WIND ON STRUCTURES. (1925)

Keywords MEASUREMENT, PRESSURE, WIND, STRUCTURES, GUSTS, INTENSITY, RECORDS, GIRDERS, EXPERIMENTS, INSTRUMENTS, ANEMOMETERS, TEMPERATURE, WIDTH, BRIDGES, BEARING, METEOROLOGY, INSTRUMENTATION TOWER BRIDGE, FORTH BRIDGE, MENAI BRIDGE UK... Show All
Synthesis of nanostructured Bi2Te3 by spark plasma sintering. (2011)

Abstract not provided.
SECARB Phase III Anthropogenic Test Characterization: Categorical Exclusion (Cx) Designation Form (2009)

Abstract not provided.
Annotation of Tribolium nuclear receptors reveals an increase in evolutionary rate of a network controlling the ecdysone cascade (2008)

The Tribolium genome contains 21 nuclear receptors, representing all of the six known subfamilies. This first complete set for a coleopteran species reveals a strong conservation of the number and identity of nuclear receptors in holometabolous insects. Two novelties are observed: the atypical NR0 gene knirps is present only in brachyceran flies, while the NR2E6 gene is found only in Tribolium and in Apis. Using a quantitative analysis of the evolutionary rate, we discovered that nuclear receptors could be divided into two groups. In one group of 13 proteins, the rates follow the trend of the Mecopterida genome-wide acceleration. In a second group of five nuclear receptors, all acting early during the ecdysone cascade, we observed an even higher increase of the evolutionary rate during the early divergence of Mecopterida. We thus extended our analysis to the 12 classic ecdysone transcriptional regulators and found that six of them (ECR, USP, HR3, E75, HR4 and Kr-h1) underwent an increase in evolutionary rate at the base of the Mecopterida lineage. By contrast, E74, E93, BR, HR39, FTZ-F1 and E78 do not show this divergence. We suggest that coevolution occurred within a network of regulators that control the ecdysone cascade. The advent of Tribolium as a powerful model should allow a better understanding of this evolutionary event.
Interferon Bioassay: Reduction in Yield of Myxovirus Neuraminidases (1973)

SUMMARY Interferon reduced the production of virus neuraminidase during single-cycle growth of A2/HK/1/68 or recombinant X7(F1) influenza viruses in chicken embryo cell cultures. Neuraminidase activity, measurable within 6 h after infection, was reduced as much as 70 to 80% below control levels in interferon-treated cultures. X7(F1) neuraminidase yield was at least as sensitive a measure of interferon inhibition as vesicular stomatitis virus in the standard plaque-reduction assay. Interferon titre, expressed as the 30% neuraminidase reduction dose or NRD30, is derived from semi-logarithmic sigmoidal dose—response curves. The advantages that recommend the neuraminidase reduction bioassay for interferon assay include the precision of the enzyme assay (±1.0%), the precision of measurement of replicate samples of interferon (±9%), the reproducibility of interferon titres obtained sequentially (±20%), as well as the rapidity and economy of the method.
The role of the cytoskeleton in sensing changes in gravity by nonspecialized cells (2013)

A large body of evidence indicates that single cells in vitro respond to changes in gravity, and that this response might play an important role for physiological changes at the organism level during spaceflight. Gravity can lead to changes in cell proliferation, differentiation, signaling, and gene expression. At first glance, gravitational forces seem too small to affect bodies with the size of a cell. Thus, the initial response to gravity is both puzzling and important for understanding physiological changes in space. This also offers a unique environment to study the mechanical response of cells. In the past 2 decades, important steps have been made in the field of mechanobiology, and we use these advances to reevaluate the response of single cells to changes in gravity. Recent studies have focused on the cytoskeleton as initial gravity sensor. Thus, we review the observed changes in the cytoskeleton in a microgravity environment, both during spaceflight and in ground-based simulation techniques. We also evaluate to what degree the current experimental evidence supports the cytoskeleton as primary gravity sensor. Finally, we consider how the cytoskeleton itself could be affected by changed gravity. To make the next step toward understanding the response of cells to altered gravity, the challenge will be to track changes quantitatively and on short timescales.
Salicylic Acid: A Natural Inducer of Heat Production in <i>Arum</i> Lilies (1987)

For more than 50 years the identity of "calorigen," the agent that triggers pronounced heat production in the flowers and inflorescences of some thermogenic plants, remained obscure. Mass spectroscopic analysis of highly purified calorigen extracted from the male flowers of Sauromatum guttatum Schott (voodoo lily) revealed the presence of 2-hydroxybenzoic (salicylic) acid. Application of salicylic acid at 0.13 microgram per gram (fresh weight) to sections of the upper part of the plant's immature spadix, known as the appendix, led to temperature increases of as much as 12 Celsius degrees. These increases duplicated, in both magnitude and timing, the temperature increases produced by the crude calorigen extract. The sensitivity of appendix tissue to salicylic acid increases daily with the approach of anthesis and is controlled by the photoperiod. Thus, at least in some Arum lilies, salicylic acid functions as an endogenous regulator of heat production.
LRRK2 protein levels are determined by kinase function and are crucial for kidney and lung homeostasis in mice (2011)

Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause late-onset Parkinson's disease (PD), but the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and the normal function of this large multidomain protein remain speculative. To address the role of this protein in vivo, we generated three different LRRK2 mutant mouse lines. Mice completely lacking the LRRK2 protein (knock-out, KO) showed an early-onset (age 6 weeks) marked increase in number and size of secondary lysosomes in kidney proximal tubule cells and lamellar bodies in lung type II cells. Mice expressing a LRRK2 kinase-dead (KD) mutant from the endogenous locus displayed similar early-onset pathophysiological changes in kidney but not lung. KD mutants had dramatically reduced full-length LRRK2 protein levels in the kidney and this genetic effect was mimicked pharmacologically in wild-type mice treated with a LRRK2-selective kinase inhibitor. Knock-in (KI) mice expressing the G2019S PD-associated mutation that increases LRRK2 kinase activity showed none of the LRRK2 protein level and histopathological changes observed in KD and KO mice. The autophagy marker LC3 remained unchanged but kidney mTOR and TCS2 protein levels decreased in KD and increased in KO and KI mice. Unexpectedly, KO and KI mice suffered from diastolic hypertension opposed to normal blood pressure in KD mice. Our findings demonstrate a role for LRRK2 in kidney and lung physiology and further show that LRRK2 kinase function affects LRRK2 protein steady-state levels thereby altering putative scaffold/GTPase activity. These novel aspects of peripheral LRRK2 biology critically impact ongoing attempts to develop LRRK2 selective kinase inhibitors as therapeutics for PD.
Potential for Using Biogeochemical Markers to Assess and Monitor the Impact of Military Training Exercises on Desert Ecosystems: Proof-of-Concept. (1999)

Abstract : The rate of nitrogen fixation and nitrogen flux in soil samples collected from a pristine and heavily disturbed site at Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center (MCAGCC) Twenty-Nine Palms were 6 +/- 2.05 and 3 +/- 1.04 mM ethylene/g-h and 30.1 +/- 6.47 and 21.9 +/- 6.95 micrograms/sq m - d respectively (P </= 0.05). In addition, significantly more bacteria are present in the disturbed soil samples and principle component analysis demonstrates distinct differences in the bacteria at each site. These data can be interpreted in terms of the destruction of vegetation and release of nutrients that accompany military training exercises. Decay of damaged vegetation releases nutrients that support bacterial growth and suppresses nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The bacteria at the disturbed site also appear to be experiencing an increase in environmental stress that may be associated with the damaged vegetation, soil compaction, reduced percolation of water, and/or a decrease in oxygen in the soil gas. A solid state ammonia sensor constructed by American Research Corporation of Virginia and tested in desert soil detected ammonia concentrations as low as 20 ppb which is the concentration reported for desert soils in this and other studies.
Fusion of Histology and Shear Stress Based on In Vivo Images (2009)

Evidence is accumulating for a role of high wall shear stress (WSS) in plaque destabilization, leading to plaque rupture [1–2]. To study this in detail we can use carotid plaques that are removed during surgery. The in vivo WSS distribution can be obtained by combining 3D lumen data, derived from pre-operative CT angiography (CTA) imaging, with computational fluid dynamics. Plaque composition can be studied by means of histological processing. Accurate registration of CT imaging with histology is an essential step to study the relationship between WSS and plaque composition.
Bronchus associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in human lung: its distribution in smokers and non-smokers. (1993)

The findings support the view that BALT in humans is an integral feature in a comparatively small proportion of lungs from non-smokers while being significantly more prominent in lungs from smokers. The tissue shows several important differences from that described in other mammals.
Small Interference RNA Targeting Connexin-43 Improves Motor Function and Limits Astrogliosis After Juvenile Traumatic Brain Injury (2019)

Juvenile traumatic brain injury (jTBI) is the leading cause of death and disability for children and adolescents worldwide, but there are no pharmacological treatments available. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4), an astrocytic perivascular protein, is increased after jTBI, and inhibition of its expression with small interference RNA mitigates edema formation and reduces the number of reactive astrocytes after jTBI. Due to the physical proximity of AQP4 and gap junctions, coregulation of AQP4 and connexin 43 (Cx43) expressions, and the possibility of water diffusion via gap junctions, we decided to address the potential role of astrocytic gap junctions in jTBI pathophysiology. We evaluated the role of Cx43 in the spread of the secondary injuries via the astrocyte network, such as edema formation associated with blood–brain barrier dysfunctions, astrogliosis, and behavioral outcome. We observed that Cx43 was altered after jTBI with increased expression in the perilesional cortex and in the hippocampus at several days post injury. In a second set of experiments, cortical injection of small interference RNA against Cx43 decreased Cx43 protein expression, improved motor function recovery, and decreased astrogliosis but did not result in differences in edema formation as measured via T2-weighted imaging or diffusion-weighted imaging at 1 day or 3 days. Based on our findings, we can speculate that while decreasing Cx43 has beneficial roles, it likely does not contribute to the spread of edema early after jTBI.
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone Analog TA-0910 Suppresses Alcohol Intake in Alcohol Drinking African Green Monkeys (1997)

In previous studies, we found that single injections of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone analog TA-0910 dose-dependently reduced alcohol intake and preference in alcohol-preferring (P) and Fawn-Hooded (FH) rats over a 24-hr period of continuous access to alcohol and water. However, several consecutive daily injections of TA-0910 resulted in the development of tolerance to these effects. In the present study, we found that in a 5-hr limited-access schedule in which monkeys could select an aqueous alcohol solution (7.5% v/v) or tap water, single doses of TA-0910 (0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 mg/kg), similar to those found effective in P and FH rats, reduced consumption of alcohol. In this protocol, tolerance to the attenuating effects of TA-0910 on alcohol intake was not evident after five consecutive once-daily doses of 0.5 mg/kg. Furthermore, it was shown that a single dose of 0.75 mg/kg TA-0910 did not significantly influence 24-hr water intake when water was the only available fluid, but did reduce the intake of a preferred solution of saccharin. These findings suggest that activation of brain thyrotropin-releasing hormone systems reduces alcohol intake in primates and that tolerance to this effect is not evident within 5 days under a limited access schedule.
Flexible Electrochemical Biochip Array of Patterned Gold on Silver Inkjet Printed Polyimide (2017)

Flexible electrodes for bio-electrochemical sensing were fabricated using state-of-the-art inkjet printing followed by two consecutive gold plating steps. Silver nanoparticle printed thin film (1.5μm thick) was sintered at 300°C for 30 minutes and used as seed for the electroless plating of gold (2μm). A further gold electroplating layer was then applied allowing good electrode properties overcoming the printed film roughness and porous morphology which the electroless plating step could not fully cover. The various layers as well as their composite were investigated using electrical, electrochemical and analytical techniques. Eventually, the final electrode was tested with a 3-electrodes setup in a chronoamperometric experiment to detect the Alkaline Phosphatase enzyme in presence of its substrate, ρ-Aminophenyl Phosphate. The electrodes demonstrated a sensitivity of 11.8μA/mM and a limit of detection of 0.9mM.
Efficient PHY layer security in MIMO-OFDM: Spatiotemporal selective artificial noise (2013)

Beamforming and artificial noise (AN) are two major techniques to maintain physical (PHY) layer security. Using AN to degrade eavesdroppers' signal reception enables data secrecy with less power compared to no-AN scenarios. Existing AN approaches make use of the spatial selectivity of the wireless channel however these techniques do not consider the associated signal structure. In this paper we extend the existing AN techniques to MIMO-OFDM, where we prove that the optimization problem can be inverted to a convex form in multi-antenna, multi-carrier systems, hence show that convex optimization can still be applied to preserve privacy. Furthermore, inspired by the fact that pilot symbols are critical in error-free the reception of the information symbols, we propose a spatiotemporal selective AN approach that can make use of both the space and time selectivity, as our main contribution. We also show that our proposed method can cause extensive channel estimation error for eavesdroppers and achieves significant transmission power savings at the same time.
Thermally stable Ar-implantation-induced intermixed quantum dot laser diode in high-temperature region (2017)

Laser diodes (LDs) and other optical devices using quantum dots (QDs) are promising devices, as have already been reported. Compact and highly functional photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are desired to establish advanced photonic networks. Moreover, characteristics such as high temperature stability are essential if the PICs are integrated with large-scale integration (LSI), because the heat diffused from that causes the surrounding temperature to increase, which is detrimental to the operating conditions. We have investigated the QD intermixing (QDI) technique [1] to apply it to the fabrication of QD integrated PICs [2]. This is advantageous in that it is easy to fabricate PICs without any epitaxial re-growth. In this study, we found that the temperature stability of intermixed QD-LDs, fabricated using the Ar-implantation-induced QDI technique, could be improved, with a characteristic temperature (T0) greater than 570 K in the high temperature region.
An experimental comparison of the maintainability of object-oriented and structured design documents (1997)

Presents a controlled experiment focusing on the following issues. (1) Are object-oriented design documents easier to understand and modify than structured design documents? (2) Must they comply with quality design principles, such as the ones provided by Coad and Yourdon (1991)? (3) What is the impact of such design principles on the understandability and modifiability of design documents? The results of the experiment strongly suggest that such design principles have a beneficial effect on the maintainability of object-oriented design documents. However, there is no strong evidence regarding the alleged higher maintainability of object-oriented design documents over structured design documents. Furthermore, the results suggest that object-oriented design documents are more sensitive to poor design practices, in part because their cognitive complexity becomes increasingly unmanageable. However, as our ability to generalise these results is limited, they should be considered as preliminary, i.e. it is very likely that they can only be generalised to programmers with little object-oriented training. However, such programmers can be commonly found on maintenance projects