gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gas−Liquid Desorption through Blind-Ended Microporous Hollow Fibers for an Intravascular Artificial Lung (1998)

The Penn State Intravascular Lung (PENSIL) consists of thousands of microporous, hollow, polypropylene fibers, each with one end sealed and the other end attached to an oxygen (O2) supply tube which is implanted in a major vein. Since diffusion resistance along the inside of the blind-ended fibers is significant, a hypobaric O2 supply might enhance the desorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) from blood. Therefore, CO2 desorption through small-scale PENSIL modules containing 14 polypropylene fibers, 380 μm in diameter and from 0.5 to 5.0 cm in length, was measured as the O2 supply pressure was varied from 300 to 900 Torr. The fiber modules were mounted in a 1.75-in.-diameter transfer chamber in which water saturated with 760 Torr of CO2 flowed around the fibers at 1.2 or 3.4 L/min. At atmospheric pressure, the CO2 desorption rate leveled off with increasing fiber length. At hypobaric conditions, however, the rate of CO2 desorption increased linearly with fiber length, and was as much as eight times greater than at atmospheric pressure. These data were analyzed with a one-dimensional binary diffusion model that utilized an overall mass transfer coefficient as a free parameter. The best estimates of the coefficient (20−40 μm/s) were independent of gas pressure but varied with fiber length.
Impurity Induced Absorption in Potassium Bromide Crystals for Infrared Optical Applications (1978)

Investigations of the optical properties of 'pure' and doped alkali halide crystals between 9 micrometers and 11 micrometers were carried out using CO2 lasers and Michelson interferometers. The extrinsic absorption due to residual impurities in purified alkali halides was used to categorize the optical quality of the crystals. The absorption in doped crystals was studied both interferometrically from which the internal vibrational modes of the molecular impurities were identified and by means of saturation spectroscopy from which excited-state lifetimes of molecular vibrations were determined.
Switching of the helical polymer conformation in a solid polymer film (2000)

A chiral photochromic polyisocyanate was incorporated into a solid polymer matrix of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), yielding an isotropic polymer film. Isomerization of the chiral photochromic azo side groups (cis-trans) triggers a reversible conformational change of the helical polyisocyanate backbone. Thus the chirooptical properties of the film can be switched photochemically. The isomerization of the helix is much slower than the isomerization of the azo side groups. Below Tg , the photochemically modified helix conformation is thus stable, despite thermal relaxation of the azo chromophores.
Effects of Mutated Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A on Atherosclerotic Lesion Development in Mice (2012)

Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) is a large multidomain metalloprotease involved in cleavage of IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-4 and -5 thereby causing release of bioactive IGF. Individual domains of PAPP-A have been characterized in vitro, including the metzincin proteolytic domain important for IGFBP proteolytic activity, short consensus repeats critical for cell surface association, and Lin-12/Notch repeat module demonstrated to determine IGFBP substrate specificity. To test the hypothesis that specific cleavage of IGFBP-4 by PAPP-A in close proximity to the cell surface is required for development of lesions in a murine model of atherosclerosis, the following PAPP-A transgenic (Tg) mice were generated: Tg(E483A), which lacks all PAPP-A proteolytic activity; Tg(D1499A), which selectively lacks proteolytic activity against IGFBP-4; and Tg(K1296A/K1316A), in which cell surface binding is compromised. Following cross-breeding with apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout (KO) mice, ApoE KO/Tg mice were fed a high-fat diet to promote aortic lesion development. Lesion area was increased 2-fold in aortas from ApoE KO/Tg wild-type compared with ApoE KO mice (P < 0.001). However, there was no significant increase in the lesion area in any of the ApoE KO/Tg mutant mice. We conclude that PAPP-A proteolytic activity is required for the lesion-promoting effect of PAPP-A and that its specificity must be directed against IGFBP-4. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that cleavage of IGFBP-4 at a distance from the cell surface, and hence from the IGF receptor, is not effective in promoting the development of the atherosclerotic lesions. Thus, PAPP-A exerts its effect while bound to the cell surface in vivo.
Effective permeability of a metamaterial: Against conventional wisdom (2012)

A method for finding the effective permeability of metamaterials is presented, based on the interaction between electromagnetic and magnetoinductive waves. Assuming a coupled circuit model for the interaction, a dispersion equation is derived that exhibits two types of bandgaps, one leading to complex solutions and the other to purely evanescent waves. Although losses are disregarded, the effective permeability (in contrast to established theories) is shown to have an imaginary part in part of the stop band, while its real part remains finite in both the pass band and the stop band.
The endocannabinoid system as a target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease (2010)

The Cannabis sativa plant has been exploited for medicinal, agricultural and spiritual purposes in diverse cultures over thousands of years. Cannabis has been used recreationally for its psychotropic properties, while effects such as stimulation of appetite, analgesia and anti-emesis have lead to the medicinal application of cannabis. Indeed, reports of medicinal efficacy of cannabis can been traced back as far as 2700 BC, and even at that time reports also suggested a neuroprotective effect of the cultivar. The discovery of the psychoactive component of cannabis resin, Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC) occurred long before the serendipitous identification of a G-protein coupled receptor at which Delta(9)-THC is active in the brain. The subsequent finding of endogenous cannabinoid compounds, the synthesis of which is directed by neuronal excitability and which in turn served to regulate that excitability, further widened the range of potential drug targets through which the endocannabinoid system can be manipulated. As a result of this, alterations in the endocannabinoid system have been extensively investigated in a range of neurodegenerative disorders. In this review we examine the evidence implicating the endocannabinoid system in the cause, symptomatology or treatment of neurodegenerative disease. We examine data from human patients and compare and contrast this with evidence from animal models of these diseases. On the basis of this evidence we discuss the likely efficacy of endocannabinoid-based therapies in each disease context.
ABC of transfusion. Therapeutic apheresis. (1990)

Therapeutic apheresis is the removal of blood or one of its components from the body for clinical purposes, usually by automated blood cell separators. Cytapheresis removes cellular constituents, whereas in plasmapheresis the cells are returned and the plasma retained. When large volumes of material are removed some form of replacement is required and the procedure is one t A t of "exchange" (for example, red cell exchange or plasma exchange); the terms plasmapheresis and plasma exchange are often (loosely) used interchangeably.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Calcitonin Derivatives by Fragment Condensation in Solution and on 2‐Chlorotrityl Resin. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Differential Expression of Immunobiological Mediators by Immortalized Human Cervical and Vaginal Epithelial Cells1 (1999)

We have recently generated human papillomavirus (HPV) 16/E6E7 immortalized epithelial cell lines from the human vagina, ectocervix, and endocervix to use in studies on the role of these cells in reproduction and immune defense. The cell lines maintain the differentiation characteristics of their tissues of origin: the endocervical cell line expresses characteristics of simple columnar epithelium, whereas the ectocervical and vaginal cell lines express characteristics of stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelia. As a first step in elucidating the role of these cells in immune defense, we have studied the expression of immunological mediators in nonstimulated and stimulated cultures. Without stimulation, all three lines consistently produced the cytokines macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and transforming growth factor beta1, the chemokine interleukin (IL)-8, prostaglandin E2, the secretory leukoproteinase inhibitor, and the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. The endocervical cell line, but not the others, also produced the lymphopoietic cytokines IL-6, IL-7, and consistently detectable levels of the chemokine known as "regulated-upon-activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted" (RANTES). Stimulation with the exogenous cytokines interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha induced or significantly up-regulated expression of several of the cytokines and chemokines (i.e., IL-6, IL-8, RANTES, and M-CSF), as well as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens, and membrane expression and shedding of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in all three cell lines. These data provide further evidence that epithelial cells in the lower human female genital tract participate in immunological functions, that their activity is up-regulated by proinflammatory/immune cytokines, and that epithelial cell immunological functions vary at different anatomical sites in the genital tract.
Motion and Sensing in Electrosensory Systems (2007)

I have chosen electrosensory systems as a platform
to explore sensing and control in both artificial and
biological systems. In particular,
active electrolocation is investigated, where the
task is to estimate the location of a target using
measurements from a self-generated electric field.
The fundamentals of electrolocation are described
first with a finite-element numerical approximation
of the governing equations, and then simple models
are used to predict electrosensory observations.
Several belief maintenance schemes are employed to
fuse sensor data and explicitly account for
uncertainties in the position of the target. In the
biological realm, a protocol for simulating the
sensory acquisition and belief maintenance during
prey-capture behavior in the weakly electric fish was
developed. Using these simulations optimal sensing
was investigated, and results provide insight into
the interdependencies and co-evolution of sensing and
motion systems of the weakly electric fish. In the
artificial realm, an electrosensory robot capable of
actively locating underwater targets by measuring
perturbations in a self-generated electric field was
built.
Why perform an ACL augmentation? (2011)

This study provides a detailed justification in preserving ACL remnants and their vital role in surgical reconstruction of partial anterior cruciate ligament tears.
Effect of Estrogen Antibodies on Pregnancy in the Rat (1972)

Treatment of pregnant rats with small amounts of non-specific estrogen antibodies did not inhibit pregnancy but increased the percent males in the litter. Administration of specific antibodies to estradiol immediately following mating prevented pregnancy in all animals, while administration at mid-pregnancy caused only some reduction in the number of pregnant animals. Administration of specific estriol antibody had no effect following mating but caused nearly total resorption of fetuses at mid gestation.
A Novel Method to Derive Separate Gray and White Matter Cerebral Blood Flow Measures from MR Imaging of Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients (2005)

Perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) measures can predict tissue outcome in acute ischemic stroke. Accuracy might be improved if differential tissue susceptibility to ischemia is considered. We present a novel voxel-by-voxel analysis to characterize cerebral blood flow (CBF) separately in gray (GM) and white matter (WM). Ten patients were scanned with inversion-recovery spin-echo EPI (IRSEPI), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), PWI<6 h from onset and fluid attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR) at 30 days. Image processing included coregistration to PWI, automatic segmentation of IRSEPI into GM, WM and CSF and semiautomatic segmentation of DWI/FLAIR to derive the acute and 30-day lesions. Five tissue compartments were defined: (1) 'Core' (abnormal acutely and at 30 days), (2) 'Growth' (or 'infarcted penumbra', abnormal only at 30 days), (3) 'Reversed' (abnormal acutely but normal at 30 days), (4) 'MTT-Delayed ' (tissue with delayed mean transit time but not part of the acute or 30-day lesion), and (5) 'Normal' brain. Cerebral blood flow in GM and WM of each compartment was obtained from quantitative maps. Gray matter and WM mean CBF in the growth region differed by 5.5 mL/100 g min (P=0.015). Mean CBF also differed significantly within normal and MTT-Delayed compartments. The difference in the reversed region approached statistical significance. In core, GM and WM CBF did not differ. The results suggest separate ischemic thresholds for GM and WM in stroke penumbra.
Novel lists of 7 +/- 2 known items can be reliably stored in an oscillatory short-term memory network: interaction with long-term memory. (1996)

This paper proposes a model for the short-term memory (STM) of unique lists of known items, as, for instance, a phone number. We show that the ability to accurately store such lists in STM depends strongly on interaction with the preexisting long-term memory (LTM) for individual items (e.g., digits). We have examined this interaction in computer simulations of a network based on physiologically realistic membrane conductances, synaptic plasticity processes, and brain oscillations. In the model, seven STMs can be kept active, each in a different gamma-frequency subcycle of a theta-frequency oscillation. Each STM is maintained and timed by an activity-dependent ramping process. LTM is stored by the strength of synapses in recurrent collaterals. The presence of preexisting LTM for an item greatly enhances the ability of the network to store an item in STM. Without LTM, the precise timing required to keep cells firing within a given gamma subcycle cannot be maintained and STM is gradually degraded. With LTM, timing errors can be corrected and the accuracy and order of items is maintained. This attractor property of STM storage is remarkable because it occurs even though there is no LTM that identifies which items are on the list or their order. Multiple known items can be stored in STM, even though their representation is overlapping. However, multiple, identical memories cannot be stored in STM, consistent with the psychophysical demonstration of repetition blindness. Our results indicate that meaningful computation (memory completion) can occur in the millisecond range during an individual gamma cycle.
Sixty years of EHL (2006)

Abstract It is now 60 years since Ertel produced the first solution to the elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) problem. There has been enormous progress since then, both in numerical modelling and in experimental research on EHL. The moving, rough surface EHL problem can now be solved on laptop‐level computers, while maps of film thickness, pressure and temperature can be obtained experimentally from within rolling/sliding contacts. However, there remain some important questions that have not been fully resolved. One of the most contentious is how to describe the rheological properties of lubricants under the very severe conditions present in thin film EHL contacts. A second is how to model mixed lubricated contact, where the fluid film can break down at asperity conjunctions. But perhaps the greatest challenge to researchers in EHL is to produce useful design equations for predicting the performance of machine components operating in EHL and thereby ensure that EHL theory becomes an integral part of the design process. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Equation of state of InP to 19 GPa (1987)

X-ray diffraction experiments have been carried out on InP at room temperature to pressures of 19 GPa. The compression curve for the zinc-blende phase (I) was found to fit the Murnaghan equation up to 10.8 GPa where a transformation to the rocksalt structure was observed. Values for the bulk modulus, ${B}_{\mathrm{I}0}$ and its pressure derivative, ${B}_{\mathrm{I}0{}^{\mathcal{'}}}$, at P=0 obtained by a best-fit procedure to the Murnaghan equation were ${B}_{\mathrm{I}0=76\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4}$ GPa and ${B}_{\mathrm{I}0{}^{\mathcal{'}}=4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2}$. These values are similar to those obtained from precision elastic constant measurements. Analogous parameters for the rocksalt phase (II) were obtained with reference to the transition pressure ${B}_{\mathrm{II}\mathit{t}=130\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10}$ GPa, ${B}_{\mathrm{II}\mathit{t}=1.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1}$. At 19 GPa a further transformation was observed to a phase which was tentatively identified as \ensuremath{\beta}-Sn-like. Data for these three phases are given and discussed in terms of models for the transitions.
The Scintillation Limit in Fluoroscopy (1954)

The ultimate performance which can theoretically be obtained with a fluoroscopic imaging device is determined by the quantum nature of the x-rays themselves. In medical fluoroscopy, the available x-ray intensity is set by the permissible patient dose, so that the information carried by the x-rays is quite definitely limited. This fact was first pointed out by R. C. Mason (1) in 1944. Since then, experimental work and calculations have been carried out by several others. The limitation has usually been expressed in terms of the minimum brightness gain of an ideal intensifier in which the perception is limited by the scintillation effect rather than by the observer's eye. Mason estimated that the scintillations would be noticeable at a brightness gain of about 10, and expressed serious doubt as to whether very large brightness gains (i.e. 10,000) would be of interest. An experimental test of the effect was carried out for a particular case by Coltman and Ebbighausen (2, 3). Under conditions equivalent to a gain of 5,000, they found that the contrast discrimination for small objects was not seriously impaired by the quantum noise. Morton (4), in discussing the photon limitations of the eye, ventured the opinion that in x-ray image amplification there was little point in going beyond a gain of 10, since no further information could be obtained from the x-rays. Sturm and Morgan (5), in a more elaborate analysis, arrived at a figure of 50 to 100. With the advent of the first operable image amplifier tubes (6), it became possible to prove directly that at brightness gain of 50 times, no measurable loss in visual acuity could be ascribed to the scintillation effect. At this brightness gain, the visual acuity was still limited by the eye rather than by the instrument. Thus it became certain that some of the early estimates of the scintillation limit were unduly pessimistic. Though Sturm and Morgan's work can be revised to yield a very much higher gain figure when certain previously neglected considerations are taken into account, the subject still remained in a very unsatisfactory state, first because of the wide variance of conclusions, and second because all of the methods were more or less indirect and employed extrapolations and assumptions which had not been adequately tested. The research reported here was undertaken to make a direct determination of the capabilities of an ideal fluoroscope limited only by quantum fluctuations. The problem resolves itself into two parts: first, a determination of the number of significant x-quanta available at the screen; second, a determination of the ability of the eye to integrate a scintillating picture into a meaningful pattern. With these data the performance of an ideal image intensifier over the entire range of fluoroscopic conditions can be predicted. Determination of Available Quanta
Decoding Protein−Protein Interactions through Combinatorial Chemistry:  Sequence Specificity of SHP-1, SHP-2, and SHIP SH2 Domains (2005)

A general, combinatorial library method for the rapid identification of high-affinity peptide ligands of protein modular domains is reported. The validity of this method has been demonstrated by determining the sequence specificity of four Src homology 2 (SH2) domains derived from protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 and SHP-2 and inositol phosphatase SHIP. A phosphotyrosyl (pY) peptide library was screened against the SH2 domains, and the beads that carry high-affinity ligands of the SH2 domains were identified and peptides were sequenced by partial Edman degradation and mass spectrometry. The results reveal that the N-terminal SH2 domain of SHP-2 is capable of recognizing four different classes of pY peptides. Binding competition studies suggest that the four classes of pY peptides all bind to the same site on the SH2 domain surface. The C-terminal SH2 domains of SHP-1 and SHP-2 and the SHIP SH2 domain each bind to pY peptides of a single consensus sequence. Database searches using the consensus sequences identified most of the known as well as many potential interacting proteins of SHP-1 and/or SHP-2. Several proteins are found to bind to the SH2 domains of SHP-1 and SHP-2 through a new, nonclassical ITIM motif, (V/I/L)XpY(M/L/F)XP, which corresponds to the class IV peptides selected from the pY library. The combinatorial library method should be generally applicable to other protein domains.
Clinical Significance of ErbB Receptor Family in Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2012)

The prognostic importance of examining ErbB receptor family expression in human bladder cancer remains uncertain. Using published evidence, we examined the clinical value and the updated results of clinical trials targeting ErbB receptor family members. Twenty-seven articles from 65 references related to ErbB receptor expression assessment in bladder cancer were reviewed. The estimates included the association significance, hazard ratios, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from actuarial curves and survival analyses. A meta-analysis was done on those reports using univariate log-rank tests or a Cox-regression model. The methods of analysis and study subjects chosen varied widely among studies. The overall risks of disease progression for patients with EGFR or ErbB2 overexpression were 4.5 (95% CI: 2.5-8.4) and 1.1 (95% CI: 0.6-1.9), and the risks of mortality were 3.0 (95% CI: 1.6-5.9) and 1.1 (95% CI: 1.0-1.2), respectively. However, the significance of coexpression patterns of the ErbB receptor family remains controversial. None of six clinical trials yielded convincing results for blockading ErbB receptor signaling in urothelial carcinoma. The results of this analysis suggest that assessing co-expression patterns of the ErbB family may provide better prognostic information for bladder cancer patients.