gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Type 1 corticotropin‐releasing factor receptor expression reported in BAC transgenic mice: Implications for reconciling ligand‐receptor mismatch in the central corticotropin‐releasing factor system (2008)

In addition to its established role in initiating the endocrine arm of the stress response, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) can act in the brain to modulate neural pathways that effect coordinated physiological and behavioral adjustments to stress. Although CRF is expressed in a set of interconnected limbic and autonomic cell groups implicated as primary sites of stress-related peptide action, most of these are lacking or impoverished in CRF receptor (CRFR) expression. Understanding the distribution of functional receptor expression has been hindered by the low resolution of ligand binding approaches and the lack of specific antisera, which have supported immunolocalizations at odds with analyses at the mRNA level. We have generated a transgenic mouse that shows expression of the principal, or type 1, CRFR (CRFR1). This mouse expresses GFP in a cellular distribution that largely mimics that of CRFR1 mRNA and is extensively colocalized with it in individual neurons. GFP-labeled cells display indices of activation (Fos induction) in response to central CRF injection. At the cellular level, GFP labeling marks somatic and proximal dendritic morphology with high resolution and is also localized to axonal projections of at least some labeled cell groups. This includes a presence in synaptic inputs to central autonomic structures such as the central amygdalar nucleus, which is implicated as a stress-related site of CRF action, but lacks cellular CRFR1 expression. These findings validate a new tool for pursuing the role of central CRFR signaling in stress adaptation and suggest means by which the pervasive ligand-receptor mismatch in this system may be reconciled.
Books on India and Central Asia - 11. Antiquities of Bhimbar and Rajauri : Report of a Tour by Ram Chandra Kak (Supt. Arch. Jammu and Kashmir). 13×10, ii+16+iii pp., 12 plates. Calcutta : Government Press, 1923. (1924)

Books on India and Central Asia - 11. Antiquities of Bhimbar and Rajauri : Report of a Tour by Ram Chandra Kak (Supt. Arch. Jammu and Kashmir). 13×10, ii+16+iii pp., 12 plates. Calcutta : Government Press, 1923. - Volume 56 Issue 2
Control of Trapped-Ion Quantum States with Optical Pulses (2004)

We present new results on the quantum control of systems with infinitely large Hilbert spaces. A control-theoretic analysis of the control of trapped-ion quantum states via optical pulses is performed. We demonstrate how resonant bichromatic fields can be applied in two contrasting ways--one that makes the system completely uncontrollable and the other that makes the system controllable. In some interesting cases, the Hilbert space of the qubit-harmonic oscillator can be made finite, and the Schrödinger equation controllable via bichromatic resonant pulses. Extending this analysis to the quantum states of two ions, a new scheme for producing entangled qubits is discovered.
A high resolution study of ordering in Au4Mn2) I. The microstructure of fully ordered Au4Mn (1978)

The ordered Au4Mn alloy is studied by high resolution dark field electron microscopy. Fully ordered Au4Mn is isostructural with Ni4Mo and it presents features which make it particularly suitable for structure imaging especially if the crystal is in a [001] orientation and if the image is formed exclusively by superlattice reflections. By this technique detailed “atomic level” information can be obtained concerning the structure of the domain boundaries. At inclined twin boundaries evidence is given for the occurrence of a coincidence structure. At antiphase boundaries relaxation of the structure can be observed in the vicinity of the boundary region. Die geordnete Au4Mn-Legierung wird mit hochauflösender Dunkelfeld-Elektronenmikroskopie untersucht. Vollständig geordnetes Au4Mn ist isostrukturell mit Ni4Mo und zeigt Einzelheiten, die es für Strukturabbildungen besonders geeignet machen, insbesondere wenn sich der Kristall in einer [001]-Orientierung befindet und wenn das Diagramm ausschließlich durch Übergitterreflexionen gebildet wird. Mit dieser Technik wird eine detaillierte Information auf „atomarer Ebene”︁ bezüglich der Struktur der Domänengrenzen erhalten. Bei geneigten Zwillingsgrenzen werden Hinweise für das Auftreten einer Koinzidenzstruktur gefunden. An Antiphasengrenzen kann eine Relaxation der Struktur in der Nähe des Grenzbereiches beobachtet werden.
Content repurposing of electrical diagrams for presentation in handheld devices (2004)

ion, like summarization, concentrates information by hiding the lower-level data and presenting only the higher-level representations. (Egyed, 2002) proposes an abstraction technique for class diagrams in UML. His approach is based on a rule-based system with rules that cover the limited set of relationships in UML. He also discusses the scaling of the abstraction process, proposing methods for serialization of the process and for resolving ambiguities. The gist of his abstraction method is to identify patterns of components that can be grouped to form a single construct that replaces those components. Finding these patterns is the most critical part of this process. Some general rules that can be very useful in recognizing patterns are mentioned by (Nesbitt & Friedrich, 2002). In their work, they apply the Gestalt principles of organization, named by the Gestalt school of psychology (Russell & Norvig, 2003). These principles can be stated in simple laws, such as the law of similarity which states, similar things appear to be grouped together (Nesbitt & Friedrich, 2002). Such rules can be applied to many kinds of diagram for grouping related components together. E. CONTENT REPURPOSING The content repurposing process can be described as three steps (Singh, 2004). The first step is to analyze and understand the content; the second step is to describe the content in flexible ways to facilitate reformatting and repurposing; and the third step is to transform the content to fit the specific circumstances. With proper repurposing, we can reduce many problems of handheld devices. For example, when a mobile device cannot handle well a certain type of content, then the proper strategy for the server is to not send it at all. The techniques for content repurposing can be classified into four categories: scaling (down), manual authoring, transducing, and transforming (Schilit, Trevor, Hilbert, & Koh, 2002; Suh, 2003). Scaling means to make the
ChemInform Abstract: The Chemical Development of CI‐972 and CI‐1000: A Continuous Nitration, a MgCl<sub>2</sub>/Et<sub>3</sub>N‐Mediated C‐Alkylation of a Chloronitropyrimidine, a Catalytic Protodediazotization of a Diazonium Salt, and an Air Oxidation of an Amine. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Detection of Access Strictures and Outlet Stenoses in Vascular Accesses Which Test Is Best? (1997)

The location of stenoses within an access may influence the diagnostic value of access monitoring tests. Whereas decreasing access flow (QACC) should occur with both venous outlet stenoses and strictures within the body of the access, normalized intra-access venous pressure (vPIA/MAP) depends on location of the venous needle relative to the lesion. The authors determined the value of vPIA/MAP and direct measurement of percent access recirculation (AR) and QACC in detecting venous outlet stenoses and strictures. Abnormal access studies were evaluated by Doppler ultrasound and fistulography. Well functioning grafts and arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) have no AR; QACC averages 1,101 ± 26 and 1,073 ± 35 ml/min, and vPIA/MAP ratios are 0.34 and 0.16, respectively. Venous
Prebiotics and gut function: Use of novel mass spectrometric based methodology to characterize gut microbial metabolomics (2009)

Prebiotics such as dietary resistant starch (RS) have been shown to promote a healthy gut environment, profoundly alter gut microflora, decrease plasma cholesterol and triglycerides, increase insulin sensitivity, decrease fat storage, and produce anticancer effects in humans. The mechanisms for these beneficial effects remain unclear. We used novel mass spectrometry (MS) based methods of applied reversed‐phase ultra‐performance liquid chromatography, based on the use of sub 2 micron particles, combined with quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight MS to investigate production of global metabolite profiles from feces of rats fed a high RS diet. More than 9000 components were detected in these analyses. Data were further analyzed using multivariate statistical methods. Database searching using the exact mass followed by further structural characterization using high energy fragmentation data identified differentially regulated species which include steroid esters, glycolipids, and amino acids. E.g., melatonin is up regulated by a factor of 155 fold in animals on the RS diet, and melabaricone C, a factor involved in the healing of gastric ulceration, is present in animals fed the RS diet, but non‐measurable in those fed the control diet. These observations provide guidance for future studies on the impact of a prebiotics on improving human health.
<i>Vitis rupestris</i>B38 Confers Isolate-Specific Quantitative Resistance to Penetration by<i>Erysiphe necator</i> (2015)

Vitis rupestris B38 is a North American grapevine resistant to the major pathogen of cultivated grapevines, Erysiphe necator. Sources of powdery mildew resistance, like V. rotundifolia, are widely used in grape breeding but are already threatened, even before commercialization, by isolates that can reproduce on Run1 and other rotundifolia-derived breeding lines. Thus, complementary sources of resistance are needed to improve resistance durability. The segregation of foliar powdery mildew severity in an F1 family, derived from a cross of V. rupestris B38×V. vinifera 'Chardonnay', was observed in the field over three growing seasons and in potted vines following single-isolate inoculation. A pattern of continuous variation was observed in every instance. Mechanisms of resistance were analyzed on the resistant and susceptible parent by using microscopy to quantify the ability of the pathogen to penetrate and to form a colony on detached leaves. While 'Chardonnay' was susceptible in all tested conditions, V. rupestris B38 resistance was characterized by a reduction in pathogen penetration, with an effect of leaf position and significant differences among powdery mildew isolates. Segregation of the ability of the pathogen to penetrate and form a colony in F1 individuals showed a pattern of quantitative penetration resistance with no delay or restriction on colony formation once penetration has been achieved. Moreover, V. rupestris B38 showed an enhanced penetration resistance to a powdery mildew isolate with the ability to overcome the Run1 gene, making it an interesting resistance source to prolong the durability of this gene.
Asymmetric Co(II)-Catalyzed Cyclopropanation with Succinimidyl Diazoacetate: General Synthesis of Chiral Cyclopropyl Carboxamides (2009)

[Co(P1)] is an effective catalyst for asymmetric cyclopropanation with succinimidyl diazoacetate. The Co(II)-catalyzed reaction is suitable for various olefins, providing the desired cyclopropane succinimidyl esters in high yields and excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivity. The resulting enantioenriched cyclopropane succinimidyl esters can serve as convenient synthons for the general synthesis of optically active cyclopropyl carboxamides.
<i>Ehrlichia chaffeensis</i> and <i>E. sennetsu</i> , but Not the Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis Agent, Colocalize with Transferrin Receptor and Up-Regulate Transferrin Receptor mRNA by Activating Iron-Responsive Protein 1 (1999)

Ehrlichia chaffeensis and E. sennetsu are genetically divergent obligatory intracellular bacteria of human monocytes and macrophages, and the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) agent is an obligatory intracellular bacterium of granulocytes. Infection with both E. chaffeensis and E. sennetsu, but not HGE agent, in the acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1 almost completely inhibited by treatment with deferoxamine, a cell-permeable iron chelator. Transferrin receptors (TfRs) accumulated on both E. chaffeensis and E. sennetsu, but not HGE agent, inclusions in THP-1 cells or the cells of the promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60. Reverse transcription-PCR showed an increase in the level of TfR mRNA 6 h postinfection which peaked at 24 h postinfection with both E. chaffeensis and E. sennetsu infection in THP-1 or HL-60 cells. In contrast, HGE agent in THP-1 or HL-60 cells induced no increase in TfR mRNA levels. Heat treatment of E. chaffeensis or the addition of monodansylcadaverine, a transglutaminase inhibitor, 3 h prior to infection inhibited the up-regulation of TfR mRNA. The addition of oxytetracycline 6 h after E. chaffeensis infection caused a decrease in TfR mRNA which returned to the basal level by 24 h postinfection. These results indicate that both internalization and continuous proliferation of ehrlichial organisms or the production of ehrlichial proteins are required for the up-regulation of TfR mRNA. Results of electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that both E. chaffeensis and E. sennetsu infection increased the binding activity of iron-responsive protein 1 (IRP-1) to the iron-responsive element at 6 h postinfection and remained elevated at 24 h postinfection. However, HGE agent infection had no effect on IRP-1 binding activity. This result suggests that activation of IRP-1 and subsequent stabilization of TfR mRNA comprise the mechanism of TfR mRNA up-regulation by E. chaffeensis and E. sennetsu infection.
Range segmentation using focus cues (2002)

A new scene segmentation scheme is proposed. A scene with different depth ranges (e.g., with multiple objects) is segmented into ranges. Focus cues are used to measure depth ranges and segmentation is performed using a multiresolution approach. To use focus cues in a multiresolution framework, we develop a criterion function and pyramid for focus measure. The segmentation algorithm first segments a scene at a coarse resolution and proceeds progressively to finer resolutions. This segmentation into ranges gives a description of the 3-dimensional structure of a scene. This segmentation method does not require any prior knowledge of depth ranges. The segmentation results for a scene with multiple objects with different depth ranges is presented.
NFκB Activation in Mouse Pituitary: Comparison of Response to Interleukin‐1β and Lipopolysaccharide (2003)

The mouse anterior pituitary contains both types of interleukin (IL)-1 receptors, IL-1 receptor type I (IL-1RI) and IL-1 receptor type II (IL-1RII). These receptors are expressed mainly on somatotroph cells. In the present study, the ability of the mouse pituitary to respond in vivo to IL-1 or to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was demonstrated by measuring, with an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, the presence of an active NF kappa B complex in cell nuclei from pituitaries of mice injected intraperitoneally with recombinant rat-IL-1 beta or LPS. Using immunohistochemistry with an antibody directed against the p65 NF kappa B subunit, a rapid and transient NF kappa B response to LPS was observed. This response was present predominantly in the nuclei of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells and F4/80-labelled cells of the posterior and the anterior pituitary 15 min after stimulation and became faint after 2 h. In comparison, the early and strong NF kappa B response to IL-1 beta treatment was localized into somatotroph cells, GFAP positive cells and F4/80-labelled cells of the posterior and anterior pituitary. Activation of NF kappa B in response to IL-1 beta was no longer apparent in IL-1RI knockout mice, confirming that this receptor is essential for the transduction of IL-1 signal in the pituitary, but remained after LPS treatment. In addition, we investigated the effect of IL-1 on target genes by measuring the mRNA and proteins synthesis of growth hormone (GH), IL-6 and IL-1ra in the pituitary and the plasma. IL-1 beta was shown to induce a rapid and strong synthesis of IL-6 and IL-1ra in the pituitary but failed to regulate GH contents or release. These data suggest that the pituitary is able to respond to a systemic infection via cytokine-mediated responses transduced by IL-1.
Increased in vivo release of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like material from the spinal cord in arthritic rats (1993)

Possible alterations in spinal systems containing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) due to polyarthritis were assessed in rats 3-4 weeks after an intradermal injection of Freund's adjuvant in the low back. The tissue levels of CGRP-like material (CGRPLM) were approximately 50% higher in the dorsal zone of the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia at both the cervical and lumbar (but not thoracic) segments in polyarthritic rats than in age-paired control animals. In addition the rate of the spinal release of CGRPLM determined through an intrathecal perfusion procedure in halothane-anaesthetized animals was approximately 15-fold higher in polyarthritic rats than in controls. The blockade of mu-opioid receptors by intrathecal perfusion with 10 microM naloxone produced a larger increase in the spontaneous CGRPLM outflow in polyarthritic rats than in age-paired controls. Furthermore, the stimulation of mu-opioid receptors by intrathecal perfusion with 10 microM DAGO significantly inhibited the spinal outflow of CGRPLM only in polyarthritic rats. These data indicate that CGRP-containing primary afferent fibres are markedly activated in chronic suffering polyarthritic rats. This activation occurs in spite of an increased tonic inhibitory control by endogenous opioids acting at mu receptors.
The discovery of valproate (1999)

Like many important discoveries in the history of pharmacology, valproate was not developed by any “rational strategy,” but its anticonvulsant activity was serendipitously discovered by Pierre Eymard in France in 1962. Valproic acid (VPA; valproate; di-n-propylacetic acid, DPA; 2-propylpentanoic acid, or 2-propylvaleric acid) was first synthesized in 1882, by Burton [1], but there was no known clinical use until its anticonvulsant activity was fortuitously discovered by Eymard. Because valproic acid is a liquid, it was used as a lipophilic vehicle to dissolve water-insoluble compounds during preclinical drug testing. As part of his thesis in 1962, Eymard had synthesized a number of khelline derivatives in the laboratory of G. Carraz at the School of Medicine and Pharmacy in Grenoble, France [2]. Two colleagues, H. Meunier and Y. Meunier, working for a small company, Berthier Laboratories, in Grenoble, had used valproate for a long time as a vehicle for dissolving of a bismuth salt. So the three scientists Eymard, Meunier and Meunier had the idea to use this vehicle also for dissolving some of the khelline derivatives synthesized by Eymard. In order to evaluate the pharmacological activities of the khelline derivatives, Carraz proposed to test the most active derivative in the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) seizure test. By doing this, the researchers found that the vehicle, valproate, alone exerted an anticonvulsant effect.
The Engrailed-2 homeobox gene and patterning of spinocerebellar mossy fiber afferents (1996)

The mouse Engrailed-2 gene, En-2, appears to be involved in cerebellar pattern formation. Homozygous null mutants for En-2 have abnormal foliation patterns in the posterior half of the cerebellum and there are changes in Purkinje and granule cell gene expression in some posterior folia, possibly reflecting changes in cell identity. We have examined the distribution of spinocerebellar mossy fiber terminals in homozygous En-2hd null mutants to determine if En-2 is involved in regulating the pattern of afferent connectivity in the cerebellum. Spinocerebellar mossy fiber terminals were labeled following WGA-HRP injections in the lumbar region of 5 homozygous En-2hd mutants and 4 heterozygous controls. The distribution of spinocerebellar mossy fiber terminals was consistently altered in lobules VIII and IX of the En-2hd mutants. The principal changes were a reduction in the number of mossy fiber terminal fields in the dorsal aspect of lobule VIII and the dorsal midline field in lobule IX was fused into a single compartment. The results suggest that the deletion of En-2 expression does not transform lobule identity, at least with respect to afferent fiber positional information cues. However, the changes in foliation and afferent connectivity in the En-2 mutant support a broad role for the En-2 gene in cerebellar patterning.
Modeling Nitronium Ion Concentrations in HNO<sub>3</sub>—H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>—H<sub>2</sub>O Mixtures (1996)

Nitronium ion (NO+2) data reported by Zaman (1972), for HNO3-H2SO4-H2O mixtures have been modeled using four ionization reactions that produce NO+2, H3O+, HSO-4, and NO-3. Zaman had measured NO+2 concentrations for 62-66 acid mixtures at 20°, 30°, and 40°C. The equilibrium constants for the four reversible reactions were calculated using a non-linear least squares programming technique. The predicted NO+2 concentrations agree well with the experimental data. The application of the results to industrial nitrations and the extrapolation of the findings to mixed acids containing N2O5 and SO3 are discussed.
A Tutorial on Auditory Attention Identification Methods (2019)

Auditory attention identification methods attempt to identify the sound source of a listener's interest by analyzing measurements of electrophysiological data. We present a tutorial on the numerous techniques that have been developed in recent decades, and we present an overview of current trends in multivariate correlation-based and model-based learning frameworks. The focus is on the use of linear relations between electrophysiological and audio data. The way in which these relations are computed differs. For example, canonical correlation analysis (CCA) finds a linear subset of electrophysiological data that best correlates to audio data and a similar subset of audio data that best correlates to electrophysiological data. Model-based (encoding and decoding) approaches focus on either of these two sets. We investigate the similarities and differences between these linear model philosophies. We focus on (1) correlation-based approaches (CCA), (2) encoding/decoding models based on dense estimation, and (3) (adaptive) encoding/decoding models based on sparse estimation. The specific focus is on sparsity-driven adaptive encoding models and comparing the methodology in state-of-the-art models found in the auditory literature. Furthermore, we outline the main signal processing pipeline for how to identify the attended sound source in a cocktail party environment from the raw electrophysiological data with all the necessary steps, complemented with the necessary MATLAB code and the relevant references for each step. Our main aim is to compare the methodology of the available methods, and provide numerical illustrations to some of them to get a feeling for their potential. A thorough performance comparison is outside the scope of this tutorial.