gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Temporal Language Models for the Disclosure of Historical Text (2005)

Historical and heritage collections consist for a considerable part of text and may incorporate diverse text types such as journals, archival documents, and catalogue descriptions. Because of the historical distance, access to this content is not straightforward. Historical variants of text are often more complex to identify and retrieve than modern variants. This is due to the less standardized spelling, the effect of on-going language change and different word (de)compounding principles. Moreover, more words are ambiguous because one or more meaning shifts may have occurred. Common full-text search tools can only be applied successfully by users who are able to formulate queries with (a) knowledge of historical language and (b) insight in the relevant time spam from which the words have evolved. This paper explores techniques which may compensate for these linguistic obstacles: linking of contemporary search terms to their historical equivalents and ’dating’ of texts. We envisage to restore the diachronic relationship between terms which may be obscured by language evolution and usage, by applying statistical language models. These models may support the automatic detection of semantic similarities between words and word ambiguities, and they also allow to classify a text according to the time span from which it originates. This approach involves building temporal profiles of words as longitudinal sections in a reference corpus and temporal language models as cross sections. In section 2 some detailed examples will be presented of the added value of this approach both for the accessibility of historical content and the detection of language change in relatively recent corpora from the news domain. In section 3 an overview of related work will be given, plus some technical background on statistical language models. Section 4 describes the proposed methodology in more detail, and some experiments for it in the news domain will described in section 5.
Epigenetic Regulation of <i>bdnf</i> Gene Transcription in the Consolidation of Fear Memory (2008)

Long-term memory formation requires selective changes in gene expression. Here, we determined the contribution of chromatin remodeling to learning-induced changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) gene expression in the adult hippocampus. Contextual fear learning induced differential regulation of exon-specific bdnf mRNAs (I, IV, VI, IX) that was associated with changes in bdnf DNA methylation and altered local chromatin structure. Infusions of zebularine (a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor) significantly altered bdnf DNA methylation and triggered changes in exon-specific bdnf mRNA levels, indicating that altered DNA methylation is sufficient to drive differential bdnf transcript regulation in the hippocampus. In addition, NMDA receptor blockade prevented memory-associated alterations in bdnf DNA methylation, resulting in a block of altered bdnf gene expression in hippocampus and a deficit in memory formation. These results suggest epigenetic modification of the bdnf gene as a mechanism for isoform-specific gene readout during memory consolidation.
Multiple Laser Stripe Scanning Profilometry Based on Microelectromechanical Systems Scanning Mirror Projection (2019)

In traditional laser-based 3D measurement technology, the width of the laser stripe is uncontrollable and uneven. In addition, speckle noise in the image and the noise caused by mechanical movement may reduce the accuracy of the scanning results. This work proposes a new multiple laser stripe scanning profilometry (MLSSP) based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) scanning mirror which can project high quality movable laser stripe. It can implement full-field scanning in a short time and does not need to move the measured object or camera. Compared with the traditional laser stripe, the brightness, width and position of the new multiple laser stripes projected by MEMS scanning mirror can be controlled by programming. In addition, the new laser strip can generate high-quality images and the noise caused by mechanical movement is completely eliminated. The experimental results show that the speckle noise is less and the light intensity distribution is more even. Furthermore, the number of pictures needed to be captured is significantly reduced to 1 / N ( N is the number of multiple laser stripes projected by MEMS scanning mirror) and the measurement efficiency is increased by N times, improving the efficiency and accuracy of 3D measurement.
Effects of monosodium glutamate on chick embryo retina in culture. (1975)

Monosodium glutamate added to 12-day chick embryo retinas in culture causes severe morphologic damage to the retina as judged by light microscopic examination. Damage is evident after a few hours with concentrations as low as 0.3 mM. Glutamyltransferase induction is also appreciably inhibited by the amino acid. General protein synthesis and RNA synthesis appear to be less affected.
A Bidirectional Refinement Type System for LF (2008)

We present a system of refinement types for LF in the style of recent formulations where only canonical forms are well-typed. Both the usual LF rules and the rules for type refinements are bidirectional, leading to a straightforward proof of decidability of type-checking even in the presence of intersection types. Because we insist on canonical forms, structural rules for subtyping can now be derived rather than being assumed as primitive. We illustrate the expressive power of our system with several examples in the domain of logics and programming languages.
The Breakdown and Repair of Inhibitive Films in Neutral Solution (1976)

Some early work on the inhibition of the corrosion of iron in neutral nitrite and phosphate solutions is reviewed. Weight loss and potential measurements were made on specimens exposed to aerated chloride containing nitrite and phosphate solutions. The specimens were also examined for the number and size of pits using optical and replica electron microscopy. On the basis of these and related studies, the mechanisms of protective film breakdown and repair are discussed. It is postulated that one of the major pit repair mechanisms is the anodic deposition of γFeOOH in the pit.
THE THECAL STRUCTURE OF MONOCLIMACIS? GALAENSIS (1968)

Monoclimacis? galaensis (Lapworth), a biform Llandoverian graptolite, is interpreted as having proximal thecal ‘hooks’ composed of paired lateral lappets, and lacking retroversion of the dorsal thecal wall. A parallel is drawn between M? galaensis and members of the Ludlovian genus Lobograptus Urbanek. The significance of the thecal structure is discussed with reference to the principles involved in the classification of the monograptids.
Food plants of the gipsy moth in America / (1915)

no.250 (1915)
Exploring supervised and unsupervised methods to detect topics in biomedical text (2006)

Our results indicate that the supervised topic spotting methods outperformed the unsupervised topic clustering; on the other hand, the unsupervised topic clustering methods have the advantages of being robust and applicable in real world settings.
Designing simulation experiments: Taguchi methods and response surface metamodels (1991)

G. Taguchi (1987) has made an innovative contribution to quality planning activities through the integrated use of loss functions and orthogonal arrays. The authors focus on the improvement and implementation of some of these techniques in the simulation arena. The orthogonal arrays advocated by Taguchi are related to classical experimental designs, which have played important tactical roles in the exploration of mathematical metamodels for the simulation response surface. However, the loss function and the associated robust design philosophy provide fresh insights into the process of optimizing or improving the simulation's performance. The authors use examples to illustrate concepts such as the simultaneous treatment of variability and mean of performance measures, strategies for achieving system robustness, and implementation of noise through factorial designs. Relationships to other issues in designing and analyzing simulation experiments, such as response surface metamodels and variance reduction, are discussed. >
Calibration method between dual 3D lidar sensors for autonomous vehicles (2017)

Various types of sensors are required to drive autonomous vehicles in order to perceive surroundings on behalf of human beings. Among the various sensors for obtaining the distance information of obstacles, the light detection and ranging (lidar) sensor is chosen as a representative. The quality and amount of information that can be obtained depends on the number and location of lidar sensors. It is necessary to reduce the measurement limit by distributing many lidar sensors. This paper focuses on processing and reconstructing more useful information using dual low-channel 3D lidar sensors. We propose a calibration method for two 3D lidar sensors. We verify the performance and usefulness of the proposed method using two 16-channel 3D lidar sensors.
Cut-and-Fold: Automatic 3D modeling from a single image (2014)

This paper presents a novel approach to automatically generate a plausible 3D model from a single outdoor image. Outdoor scene can be modeled as a set of planar billboards such as ground, sky and vertical trees or buildings. This Cut-and-Fold system takes the advantages of the statistical classification method for high-level geometric labeling of the image regions and the automatic image segmentation algorithm for detailed boundaries of the geometric regions to generate accurate geometric labeling and realistic rendering of novel views. Taking a single image as input, our method first roughly classifies each sub-region to the geometric categories: vertical, ground or sky. Then image segmentation algorithm is employed to refine the labeling results and generate accurate boundaries for the geometric regions. After cutting the image into several regions with their geometric labels, the system folds the regions into 3D billboards with accurate boundaries. The experimental results demonstrate that our method is capable of creating plausible 3D models automatically for a wide range of outdoor scenes.
An easy colorimetric assay for glycosyltransferases (2010)

Glycosyltransferases are involved in biosynthesis of both protein-bound and non-bound glycans that have multiple and important biological functions in all species. A variety of methods for assaying glycosyltransferase activity have been developed driven by the specific interests and type of information required by researchers. In this work, a novel colorimetric assay for the glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reaction was established. Compared with measuring the newly formed product, which might not exhibit visible absorption, the unreacted acceptor could be readily detected by measuring the visible absorption of the hydrolysis product. In the assay, 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glycoside (glycosyl-beta-pNP) is used as the glycosyl acceptor, which can be hydrolyzed by a special exoglycosidase to release the p-nitrophenol before glycosylation reactions. Absorbance change of the p-nitrophenolate corresponds to unreacted glycosyl acceptor that accompanied the glycosyl transfer. The assay is demonstrated to be useful in the initial characterization of recombinant glycosyltransferases for their kinetic parameters, optimal metal cofactor, and pH value. It provides a simple, sensitive, and quantitative method for assessing glycosyltransferase activity and is thus expected to have broad applications including automated high-throughput screening.
Effect of Diazoxide on Brain Capillary Insulin Receptor Binding and Food Intake in Hyperphagic Obese Zucker Rats (1999)

Insulin is believed to act as a central adiposity signal by binding to hypothalamic and other brain insulin receptors. Entry of circulating insulin into the brain is accomplished by a saturable receptor-mediated transendothelial transport system and is believed to be impaired in hyperinsulinemic, insulin-resistant, and hyperphagic obese Zucker rats. Theoretically, if hyperinsulinemia is decreased simultaneously while brain capillary insulin binding is increased, uptake of insulin into the brain can be enhanced leading to reduced food intake. To test this hypothesis, we administered diazoxide (DZ, 150 mg/kg/day), an inhibitor of glucose-mediated insulin secretion, or vehicle (control) to 7-week-old female obese and lean Zucker rats for 4 weeks (n = 24–28/subgroup-strain). Animals were assigned to either fasted (FD) or free-fed (FF) protocol for determination of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) insulin and brain capillary insulin binding at the end of 4 weeks. DZ obese consumed fewer calories (P< 0.01) and gained less weight than control obese (P < 0.01), whereas DZ lean had similar amounts of caloric intake and weight gain compared with lean controls. DZ obese had lower fasting and random plasma glucose than control obese (P < 0.05). FD and FF DZ-treated obese and lean rats had lower plasma insulin than their respective obese (P < 0.01) and lean (P < 0.01) controls. FD and FF DZ-treated obese rats demonstrated higher CSF insulin (P < 0.05) and CSF/plasma insulin ratio (P < 0.01) than their controls, while only FF DZ lean animals showed higher CSF/plasma insulin ratio (P < 0.01) than their controls (P < 0.05). This was associated with enhanced brain capillary insulin binding in FD and FF DZ-treated obese (P < 0.01) and lean (P < 0.05) animals compared with their respective controls. It was concluded that DZ treatment in obese Zucker rats caused a decrease in insulin secretion and partially reversed impaired insulin binding to brain capillaries, leading to enhanced brain insulin uptake, and resulted in reduced food intake and weight gain observed in these animals.
School Reform Initiatives as Balancing Acts: Policy Variation and Educational Convergence among Japan, Korea, England, and the United States. (2001)

Adult Neural Stem Cells (aNSCs) generate new neurons that integrate into the pre-existing networks in specific locations of the Vertebrate brain. Moreover, aNSCs contribute with new neurons to brain regeneration in some non-mammalian Vertebrates. The similarities and the differences in the cellular and molecular processes governing neurogenesis in the intact and regenerating brain are still to be assessed. Toward this end, we recently established a protocol for non-invasive imaging of aNSC behavior in their niche in vivo in the adult intact and regenerating zebrafish telencephalon. We observed different modes of aNSC division in the intact brain and a novel mode of neurogenesis by direct conversion, which contributes to stem cell depletion with age. After injury, the generation of neurons is increased both by the activation of additional aNSCs and a shift in the division mode of aNSCs, thereby contributing to the successful neuronal regeneration. The cellular behavior we observed opens new questions regarding long-term aNSC maintenance in homeostasis and in regeneration. In this commentary we discuss our data and new questions arising in the context of aNSC behavior, not only in zebrafish but also in other species, including mammals.
Image Processing in a Science Classroom The Role of Students’ Understanding of the Technology (1999)

This dissertation explores capabilities o f high school science students for reasoning about representational displays of data. Like Galileo, the students were attempting to understand astronomical observations. On the one hand, the students had the advantage of using the latest tools and data of astrophysicists. These included high-resolution digital images created by attaching very sensitive digital cameras to telescopes, revealing objects far fainter and in greater detail than could be seen through Galileo’s telescope. The students also used image enhancing computer software as a tool for displaying and analyzing the digital image data. On the other hand, these powerful tools have vastly compounded the potential for being deceived by appearances. Indeed, this is a problem not just for students and scientists, but all of us, whenever we try to make sense o f computer-generated displays of data. Recently, such displays have accompanied front-page newspaper articles, as shownin Figure1-1. So it is timely to explore ways for students to develop their capabilities for interpreting informative, but deceptive computer-generated representational displays o f data. The students’ substantial capabilities for interpreting image displays made this study possible. When high school physics and astronomy teacher Richard Lohman and I first introduced image-processing activities, we were struck by the variety of interpretations that were invented by his students. Over the years, we sought ways to help students build upon their capabilities for interpreting image displays. We tried to create image-processing based activities where students’ inventiveness was valued over their ability to learn any particular methods. We tried to find image data that could be interpreted in different ways. We often encouraged each student to create multiple methods. And we tried to ensure that students had adequate resources for creating and critically evaluating their methods. In these ways I learned how to engage students in articulating and evaluating interpretations o f a variety o f image data in the context o f various data analytic tasks. Analyzing a corpus of student-generated interpretations, I’ve identified intellectual resources that contribute to their interpretive capabilities.
Not surprisingly, students’ perceptual capabilities may be their most fundamental resource for interpreting the visually rich image displays. In particular, students frequently focus their attention on particular visual attributes, such as those identified in Figure 1-2, and base their interpretations upon what the visual attributes suggest. A few examples will illustrate the range of students’ capabilities for interpreting visual attributes. I begin with examples demonstrating the best of the students’ work.
Efficiency and Matching Tradeoffs for Inductively Loaded Short Antennas (1975)

Efficiency and input resistance of short monopoles (or dipoles) may be significantly improved through use of a loading coil in series with the monopole wire. The piecewise sinusoidal moment method is used to analyze the loaded monopole. When loaded to resonance, the current rises from the feed value to a peak slightly beyond the load point with decay to zero at the end. Radiation resistance improvement factors as large as 5 have been calculated. The resonant loading reactance is shown to vary inversely with the antenna length for most lengths. Efficiency varies slowly with load point and peaks at roughly 0.4 from the feed, in contrast to earlier approximate theory that predicted higher efficiency for loads farther out toward the end. The curves allow a tradeoff between slightly reduced efficiency and larger input resistance (to allow easier matching) to be made. For this case, a 2/3 loading point may be a good compromise. The length for which efficiency is 50 percent is a useful design guide. This length varies slowly with <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</tex> and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">h/a</tex> and is in the range 0.06 to 0.09 λ. Thus shorter monopoles will have low efficiency. Bandwidth is improved due to loading coil losses at the expense of efficiency; lossless loading bandwidth is unchanged over the unloaded monopole as the radiation resistance and reactance slope increase commensurately. Extensive graphical data are presented.
Characterization of pal-1, a common proviral insertion site in murine leukemia virus-induced lymphomas of c-myc and Pim-1 transgenic mice (1997)

Insertional mutagenesis with Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) in c-myc and Pim-1 transgenic mice permits the identification of oncogenes that collaborate with the transgenes in lymphomagenesis. The recently identified common insertion site pal-1, in MoMLV-induced lymphomas, is located in a region in which several independent integration clusters are found: eis-1, gfi-1, and evi-5. Proviral insertions of MoMLV in the different integration clusters upregulate the transcriptional activity of the Gfi-1 gene, which is located within the pal-1 locus. The eis-1/pal-1/gfi-1/evi-5 locus serves as a target for MoMLV proviral insertions in pre-B-cell lymphomas of Emu-myc transgenic mice (20%) and in T-cell lymphomas of H-2K-myc (75%) and Emu-pim-1 (93%) transgenic mice. Many tumors overexpress both Gfi-1 as well as Myc and Pim gene family members, indicating that Gfi-1 collaborates with Myc and Pim in lymphomagenesis. Proviral integrations in the previously identified insertion site bmi-1 are, however, mutually exclusive with integrations in the eis-1/pal-1/gfi-1/evi-5 locus. This finding suggests that Bmi-1 and Gfi-1 belong to the same complementation group in lymphoid transformation.
Second trimester unruptured ampullary ectopic pregnancy with variable presentations: Report of two cases (2012)

Introduction: Ninety­five percent of ectopic pregnancies occur in the fallopian tube. Diagnosis and exact location of ectopic pregnancy is usually easy during the 1st trimester of pregnancy by ultrasonography. Ampulla is the most common site for ectopic tubal pregnancies. Case Series: Here we report two cases of ampullary ectopic pregnancy with variable presentation. First case was a 27­year­old female who presented with bleeding pervaginum following IUCD insertion in lactational amenorrhea period. She was diagnosed as a case of viable, unruptured, tubal ampullary ectopic pregnancy of 14 weeks gestational age with copper­T in situ. Second case presented with seven months amenorrhea with dead fetus and repeated failed attempts of induction of labour. Later on she was diagnosed as a case of 26 weeks unruptured ampullary ectopic pregnancy with a dead fetus. Conclusion: Second trimester unruptured tubal pregnancy is rare among ectopic pregnancies. Ultrasonography is still the diagnostic modality of choice. The probability of ectopic pregnancy should be born in mind in cases of IUCD with spotting pervaginum and repeated failure of labour induction even at advanced gestational age.
Hereditary Angioedema Therapy: Kallikrein Inhibition and Bradykinin Receptor Antagonism (2010)

Current strategies for the treatment of hereditary angioedema (HAE) include targeted inhibition or antagonism of the contact system, which is dysregulated in HAE patients by a C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency. Ecallantide, a plasma kallikrein inhibitor, and icatibant, a selective bradykinin-2 receptor antagonist, have recently been evaluated in clinical studies for the treatment of acute HAE attacks. Both drugs have demonstrated evidence of efficacy and safety in treating acute HAE episodes, with ecallantide approved for use in the United States and icatibant approved for use in Europe. As therapeutic options for HAE expand for both for prophylactic and acute treatment strategies, a number of patient-specific and drug-specific factors have emerged as important considerations when developing individualized HAE management plans. Optimization of HAE therapy will require further integration of new therapies into the current treatment paradigm.
Fast prediction of deleterious angiogenin mutations causing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2013)

Certain single nucleotide polymorphisms causing missense mutations in angiogenin result in its loss-of-function and onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Although several such associations are reported across diverse ethnic groups, no method is available for predicting if a new mutation is deleterious. We present here a fast molecular dynamics based method for determining the mechanisms of functional loss caused by mutations, and attributes to ascertain whether a mutation causes ALS.