gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fluoroquinolones for the treatment of respiratory tract infections other than pneumonia (2003)

A variety of bacterial species are associated with acute respiratory tract infections, including Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and atypical pathogens. The most common pathogens include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella species, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Because of cost considerations and specimen collection difficulties, primary care physicians seldom attempt to identify the causative pathogen. As a result treatment is necessarily empiric with agents including: the 13-lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). However, antimicrobial resistance among the most common respiratory tract pathogens to these agents is increasing [1-5]. Specifically, the growing problem of multidrug resistant pneumococci has been the catalyst for the development of fluoroquinolones such as levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, which are effective against this resistant organism. However, there are reports of fluoroquinolone resistance emerging among pneumococci from a number of countries including: Canada, Spain, Hong Kong, Eastern and Central Europe, and Northern Ireland Figure 1. In Canada, Chen et al. [6] found that the prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant pneumococci (MIC >_ 4.ug/ml) increased from 0% in 1993 to 1.7% in 1997-1998 (p = 0.01). In adults, the prevalence increased from 0% in 1993 to 3.7% in 1998.
Optimal database combinations for literature searches in systematic reviews: a prospective exploratory study (2017)

Optimal searches in systematic reviews should search at least Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar as a minimum requirement to guarantee adequate and efficient coverage.
An Improved Method for Shifting Sliding Sleeves on ICD Screen Completions in Extended- and Mega-Reach Applications Combining a Novel Shifting Tool with Coiled Tubing Well Tractor Technology (2017)

Abstract Korchagina and Filanovskoe oil fields in the north Caspian Sea have many extended- and mega-reach wells that uses inflow control device (ICD) screen completions with sliding sleeves. This completion technique empowers the operator with the ability to shut off unwanted water/gas breakthrough and allows for more control of injection or inflow with unlimited number of stages or zones. This paper describes a new verified workflow to successfully intervene these wells and manipulate (open/close) these sliding sleeves using coiled tubing (CT). It has proven challenging to shift these sliding sleeves using conventional methods with CT owing to the limitation of available weight on bit (WOB) at the toe end of those extended-reach wells, even when using large-size CT strings. The new proposed workflow uses a well tractor operated in tandem with a hydraulic shifting tool to generate the required shifting force downhole. The bottomhole assembly (BHA) also includes a novel flow control sub, assembled between the shifting tool and the tractor, with the ability to control the flow to selectively activate the tractor, the shifting tool, or both, based on surface commands by manipulating pump rate. To verify the methodology, a realistic well scenario was simulated at a test site by installing two ICD screens with sliding sleeves at the end of a 1,000-ft-long horizontal flow loop. The sleeves on each ICD screen required approximately 4,000 lbf set-down force to open. The available WOB at the end of horizontal loop with 2-in. CT was only 1,000 lbf; applying more than 1,000 lbf set-down load could have detrimental effects, including CT buckling. The 3⅞-in. OD well tractor used for the job was able to generate 6,000 lbf of pulling force downhole, which was more than enough to shift the sleeves open. Both sleeves were successfully opened by tractoring down while maintaining both the tractor and the shifting tool in the on position, which was achieved by manipulating the flow control sub using pump rate cycles. Both sleeves were then successfully closed, one after the other, by pulling with the CT with the tractor turned off while maintaining the shifting tool in the on position, again achieved by manipulating the flow control sub. Live downhole pressure and force measurements were key in confirming proper functionality of the tractor and identifying different tool modes. Having real-time data is also crucial for proper depth correlation using casing collar locators (CCL) or gamma ray measurements to ensure activating the correct sleeves. This marks the first time that a workflow was verified on the use of pull force generated by a well tractor to manipulate completion accessories in extended-reach well interventions using CT. The technology, preparation, results, and prospects of implementation are discussed in this paper.
A Comparison of Spur Gear Response under Non-Ideal Loading Conditions (2009)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The current practice of gear design is based on the Lewis bending and Hertzian contact models. The former provides the maximum stress on the gear base, while the latter calculates pressure at the contact point between gear and pinion. Both calculations are obtained at the reference configuration and ideal condition; i.e., zero tolerances. The first purpose of this paper is to compare these two analytical models with the numerical results, in particular, using finite element analysis. It turns out that the estimations from the two analytical equations are closely matched with that from the numerical analysis. The numerical analysis also estimates the variation of contact pressure and bending stress according to the change in the relative position between gear and pinion. It has been shown that both the maximum bending stress and contact pressure occur at non-reference configuration, which should be considered in the calculation of safety factor. In reality, the pinion-gear assembly is under the tolerance of each part and clearance in assembly. The second purpose of this paper is to estimate the effect of these uncertain parameters on the maximum bending stress and contact pressure. For the case of the selected gear-pinion assembly, it turns out that due to a 0.57% increase of clearance, the maximum bending stress is increased by 4.4%. Due to a 0.57% increase of clearance, the maximum contact pressure is increased by 17.9%.</div>
Firm Size and Profitability (1967)

A BASIC proposition of economic theory is that, under competition, profit rates will tend toward equality. Baumol, on the other hand, has put forward the hypothesis that increased money will not only increase the total profits of the firm, but because it puts the firm in a higher echelon of imperfectly competing groups, it may very well also increase its earnings per dollar of investment [5, p. 33]. The logic of Baumol's proposition is that large firms have all of the options of small firms, and, in addition, they can invest in lines requiring such scale that small firms are excluded. It follows that . . so long as any industries are peculiarly well suited to large investments, and so yield disproportionate returns to sizeable funds, then, provided is prepared to move in response to profit differences, this will tend to be true of all other industries in which large firms operate [5, p. 37]. If this hypothesis is correct, we should find higher rates of return in large enterprises even in the long run and even in the absence of barriers to entry other than those directly associated with availability of capital. An empirical test of this proposition should give a basis for judging the height of the capital requirements barrier [2, p. 156], a potentially important element in the explanation of industry performance. The primary goal of this paper is to test Baumol's hypothesis. It is divided into three parts. In section I we discuss our data and our model, in section II we present and analyze our results, and in section III we draw a few tentative conclusions. I
Assessing market demand for an open HMO (1989)

Gates, Roger PhD Professor of Marketing; McDaniel, Carl PhD Associate Professor of Marketing; Jarboe, Glen PhD Chair and Professor of Marketing Author Information
Transform domain adaptive filter in active noise control (2003)

The main shortcoming of the filtered-X LMS algorithm, which is widely used in a variety of active noise control (ANC) systems, is that its convergence behavior highly depends on the power spectrum or autocorrelation of the filtered reference signal. The more correlated the filtered reference signal is, the slower convergence speed the adaptive filter can achieve. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the transform domain adaptive filter (TDAF) into ANC to solve this problem. For the strongly correlated broadband signal, TDAF can achieve much faster convergence speed than LMS with relative low computational cost. A practical filtered-X DCT-LMS algorithm for ANC is also typically presented in this paper. Our experimental results with an ANC headset system prove the advantage of TDAF in ANC.
The Physicochemical Properties and Growth Mechanism of Oxide  ( SiO2 − x  F  x  )  by Liquid Phase Deposition with  H 2 O  Addition Only (1994)

Silicon oxide formation was studied by a novel liquid phase deposition (LPD) method with addition only at 35°C. The deposition rate could be controlled by varying the quantity of added. The LPD‐oxide was lightly oxygen‐deficient. FTIR spectra and AES depth profiles indicate that a small amount of fluorine was incorporated into the oxide. The composition of LPD‐oxide can be represented as . The physicochemical properties of LPD oxide were investigated, as was the behavior of fluorine in the oxide and the chemical reaction. A model for the LPD mechanism is proposed that satisfactorily explains all of the experimental phenomena observed.
Parathyroid hormone‐related protein and hypercalcemia (1997)

The discovery of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP) arose from interest in the mechanisms by which certain cancers cause hypercalcemia without necessarily metastasizing to bone. The humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) had for a long time been ascribed to inappropriate production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by cancers. The amino-terminal portions of PTH-rP and PTH have essentially identical actions through a common receptor for PTH/PTH-rP: to elevate plasma calcium by promoting bone resorption and decreasing calcium excretion. Assays for plasma PTH-rP fail to detect protein convincingly in normal plasma, but measurable levels have been found in up to 100% of patients with HHM, in 75% of patients with breast carcinoma metastatic to bone, and in some hypercalcemic patients with miscellaneous cancers. Whereas PTH-rP clearly functions as a hormone in those cancers in which it is produced in excess, in normal circumstances it is produced locally in many tissues in which it is a paracrine effector. There appears to be little doubt that PTH-rP is the major mediator of hypercalcemia in patients with HHM, although it is possible that other factors (e.g., bone resorbing cytokines) also could contribute in some patients. In the case of breast carcinoma, another possible role arises for PTH-rP. The high incidence of PTH-rP production by primary breast carcinomas, elevated plasma levels in 60% of those with hypercalcemia and lytic metastases, and higher incidence of PTH-rP production in skeletal versus those with nonskeletal metastases have led to the hypothesis that PTH-rP might contribute to breast carcinoma growth in bone. Experimental evidence currently is available to support this hypothesis. The discovery of PTH-rP has contributed greatly to current understanding of the skeletal complications of cancer.
Brown-Midrib Corn Silage for Lactating Dairy Cows (1979)

Brown midrib-3 mutant (low lignin) corn silage and its normal genetic counterpart were fed to more cows longer than in most trials. Twenty lactating Holstein cows (10 per ration group) were group fed corn silage (brown midrib-3 or normal) ad libitum, 2.25 kg alfalfa hay/head and grain at 1 kg/3 kg milk produced daily through 12 wk. Cows averaged 6 wk postpartum at the start of the trial. Chemical composition was similar for the two silages. Silage and total intakes of dry matter were similar, although intakes tended to be larger for cows fed the mutant corn silage. Milk production and its composition were similar (25.0 and 25.5 kg milk/day, 3.79 and 3.88% fat, 2.99 and 3.03% protein, and 12.44 and 12.42% total solids for cows fed brown midrib-3 and normal silages). Cows fed the ration of mutant corn gained more weight than those fed the normal corn silage ration. Apparent digestibilities of nutrient constituents were 1 to 10 percentage units higher for the brown midrib-3 ration. Utilization of nitrogen from the two rations was similar. Concentrations of total volatile fatty acids and butyrate were greater in rumen contents of cows fed the normal ration. Rumen pH and ammonia were similar. Glucose and urea nitrogen concentrations in serum did not differ between treatments. The slightly greater consumption and digestibility of silage made from the
NavigaTone (2018)

As humans, we have the natural capability of localizing the origin of sounds. Spatial audio rendering leverages this skill by applying special filters to recorded audio to create the impression that a sound emanates from a certain position in the physical space. A main application for spatial audio on mobile devices is to provide non-visual navigation cues. Current systems require users to either listen to artificial beacon sounds, or the entire audio source (e.g., a song) is repositioned in space, which impacts the listening experience. We present NavigaTone, a system that takes advantage of multi-track recordings and provides directional cues by moving a single track in the auditory space. While minimizing the impact of the navigation component on the listening experience, a user study showed that participants could localize sources as good as with stereo panning while the listening experience was rated to be closer to common music listening.
Control of Nodulin Genes in Root-Nodule Development and Metabolism (1991)

Crop loss due to soil salinization is an increasing threat to agriculture worldwide. This review provides an overview of cellular and physiological mechanisms in plant responses to salt. We place cellular responses in a time- and tissue-dependent context ...Read More
A Cytotoxic Proteinase Isolated from Human Lymphocytes (1978)

Abstract A proteinase active at physiologic pH was isolated from unstimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes with gel filtration and affinity chromatography. The proteinase with a molecular mass of approximately 30,000 daltons was completely inhibited by diisopropylfluoro-phosphate (DFP) and soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI). Incubation of the lymphocyte enzyme with 3H-proline labeled T24 human bladder carcinoma cells resulted in significant cytotoxicity of the target cells. Cytotoxicity was only observed with much higher concentrations of trypsin. Similar results were obtained with a 51Cr release assay. This investigation demonstrates that unstimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes contain a cytotoxic proteinase capable of killing pre-labeled target cells. The proteinase may be involved in lymphocytemediated cytotoxicity.
Structural Reliability Methods (1996)

Partial Safety Factor Method Probabilistic Information Simple Reliability Index Geometric Reliability Index Generalized Reliability Index Transformation Sensitivity Analysis Monte Carlo Methods Load Combinations Statistical and Model Uncertainty Decision Philosophy Reliability of Existing Structures System Reliability Analysis Introduction to Process Descriptions.
LED INTER-LIGHTING IN YEAR-ROUND GREENHOUSE MINI-CUCUMBER PRODUCTION (2012)

Inter-lighting, applying part of supplemental light within crop canopy, can improve light distribution within canopy and thus increase crop yield and light use efficiency. Inter-lighting with HPS (high pressure sodium) lamps has been successfully tested in Scandinavia. However, the high bulb temperature with HPS has prevented its use in the popular twin-row greenhouse vegetable cultivation system (with small row width). Light emitting diodes (LEDs) have low bulb temperature, making it a potentially suitable light system for inter-lighting. The ‘waste’ heat generated by the inter-light LED may also be beneficial to the crop as our previous study with grow pipes has shown that adding some heat inside crop canopy improves microclimate and cucumber productivity. Light quality can affect the content of antioxidants and produce quality, and a specific spectral composition may trigger a special crop response. Therefore, we investigated the response of greenhouse mini-cucumber to LED inter-lighting with different spectra. Mini-cucumber plants were grown in 2 greenhouses during the winter. Top-lighting (145 µmol PAR m-2 s-1) was provided with HPS lamps. Control (no LED inter-lighting) and 3 LED inter-lighting treatments (red, blue and white LEDs, 14.5 µmol PAR m-2 s-1, 10% of the top-lighting) were applied inside both greenhouses. All LED inter-lighting treatments improved fruit visual quality. They also increased fruit yield beyond the increase in PAR (more than 10%) in early production period. However, the yield increase with LED inter-lighting gradually diminished toward the late production period. The smaller crop canopy and lower canopy coverage over the LED inter-lighting system in the late growing season might have reduced inter-light interception, decreasing its beneficial effects. Further winter experiments are being conducted to improve mini-cucumber response to LED inter-lighting in late growth period.
Can You Catch a Liar? How Negative Emotions Affect Brain Responses when Lying or Telling the Truth (2013)

The capacity to deceive others is a complex mental skill that requires the ability to suppress truthful information. The polygraph is widely used in countries such as the USA to detect deception. However, little is known about the effects of emotional processes (such as the fear of being found guilty despite being innocent) on the physiological responses that are used to detect lies. The aim of this study was to investigate the time course and neural correlates of untruthful behavior by analyzing electrocortical indexes in response to visually presented neutral and affective questions. Affective questions included sexual, shameful or disgusting topics. A total of 296 questions that were inherently true or false were presented to 25 subjects while ERPs were recorded from 128 scalp sites. Subjects were asked to lie on half of the questions and to answer truthfully on the remaining half. Behavioral and ERP responses indicated an increased need for executive control functions, namely working memory, inhibition and task switching processes, during deceptive responses. Deceptive responses also elicited a more negative N400 over the prefrontal areas and a smaller late positivity (LP 550-750 ms) over the prefrontal and frontal areas. However, a reduction in LP amplitude was also elicited by truthful affective responses. The failure to observe a difference in LP responses across conditions likely results from emotional interference. A swLORETA inverse solution was computed on the N400 amplitude (300-400 ms) for the dishonest - honest contrast. These results showed the activation of the superior, medial, middle and inferior frontal gyri (BA9, 11, 47) and the anterior cingulate cortex during deceptive responses. Our results conclude that the N400 amplitude is a reliable neural marker of deception.
Flash pyrolysis and hydropyrolysis of coal (1980)

A brief summary of the major findings of pyrolysis and hydropyrolysis are as follows: Rapid pyrolysis of coal usually produces larger yields of volatile matter including liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons than slow pyrolysis. Rapid pyrolysis in vacuum or with an inert atmosphere yields lower conversions of coal to liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons than hydropyrolysis in a hydrogen atmosphere. Pyrolysis in a higher pressure inert atmosphere tends to decrease overall yields. Rapid pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere produces larger amounts of heavier liquids and tars than hydropyrolysis. Hydropyrolysis at higher hydrogen pressures produces higher overall yields. Rapid pyrolysis at higher temperatures tends to decrease yields and produce lower molecular weight species. Rapid hydropyrolysis at higher temperatures produces more gaseous hydrocarbons and lower liquid yields. There are optimum residence times for maximizing either liquid or gaseous yields. Pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere at longer residence times tend to increase conversions but then becomes constant after devolatilization is complete. Heating rate is a function of the method of heating. Entrained gas heating with hydrogen produces the highest heating rates and the highest yields. Lower rank coals tend to be more reactive and produce higher yields of gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons than higher rankmore » coals. From a process economics point of view, pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere requires the need for a consumer of residual char, and an upgrading of heavier liquids. In a flash hydropyrolysis process, the char can be used to produce hydrogen consumed in the process. A considerable fraction of the process cost is involved in production, recovery and recycle of hydrogen.« less
Using reagent strips for rapid diagnosis of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. (2005)

Rapid diagnosis of peritonitis remains a significant goal in the management of patients who are maintained on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Several attempts to use leukocyte esterase reagent strips to diagnose peritonitis have been described. In the present study, we evaluated the usefulness of a new reagent strip, the PeriScreen Test Strip (Serim Research, Elkhart, IN, U.S.A.), for diagnosis of peritonitis in PD patients. This reagent strip for leukocyte esterase was designed to test PD fluid. It has 4 colorimetric grades (negative, trace, small, and large). We used the strips to evaluate PD fluid in 54 PD patients. In those patients, we diagnosed 19 episodes of peritonitis as defined by the criteria set out by the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis. The test strips showed a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 97%, a positive predictive value of 95%, and a negative predictive value of 100%. PeriScreen Test Strip reagent strips have excellent utility as a simple, rapid bedside screening test to exclude peritonitis in PD patients.
Passive mode-locking by use of waveguide arrays (2005)

A novel mode-locking technique is presented in which the intensity-dependent spatial coupling dynamics of a waveguide array is used to achieve temporal mode-locking in a passive optical fiber laser. By use of the discrete, nearest-neighbor spatial coupling of the waveguide array, low-intensity light can be transferred to the neighboring waveguides and ejected (attenuated) from the laser cavity. In contrast, higher-intensity light is self-focused in the waveguide and remains largely unaffected. Numerical studies of this pulse shaping mechanism (intensity discrimination) show that using current waveguide arrays and standard optical fiber technology produces stable and robust mode-locked soliton-like pulses.
Susceptibilities of oxyR regulon mutants of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium to isoniazid (1993)

Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium are normally resistant to > 500 micrograms of the antituberculosis drug isonicotinic acid hydrazide (isoniazid; INH) per ml. Susceptibility to INH (< 50 micrograms/ml) has now been found for mutants that are deficient in OxyR, the oxidative stress response regulator. Two OxyR-regulated enzymes, alkyl hydroperoxide reductase and hydroperoxidase I, were identified as playing important roles in INH resistance. OxyR regulon mutants should be useful for identifying other determinants of INH resistance in both E. coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis and for finding new INH-like drugs.