gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prediction of health risks from accidents: A comprehensive assessment methodology (1992)

We have developed two computer programs to predict radiation risks to individuals and/or the collective population from exposures to accidental releases of radioactive materials. When used together, these two codes provide a consistent, comprehensive tool to estimate not only the risks to specific individuals but also the distribution of risks in the exposed population and the total number of individuals within a specific level of risk. Prompt and latent fatalities are estimated for the exposed population, and from these, the risk to an average individual can be derived. Uncertainty in weather conditions is considered by estimating both the ``median`` and the ``maximum`` population doses based on the frequency distribution of wind speeds and stabilities for a given site. The importance of including all dispersible particles (particles smaller than about 100 {mu}m) for dose and health risk analyses from nonfiltered releases for receptor locations within about 10 km from a release has been investigated. The dose contribution of the large particles (> 10 {mu}m) has been shown to be substantially greater than those from the small particles for the dose receptors in various release and exposure conditions. These conditions include, particularly, elevated releases, strong wind weather, and exposure pathways associated withmore » ground-deposited material over extended periods of time.« less
Neutralizing Antibody Responses of Pigs Infected with Natural GP5 N-Glycan Mutants of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (2006)

In order to assess the effect of the N-glycans associated with the GP5 neutralization epitope of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) on the neutralizing antibody (Ab) response of swine, groups of young pigs were infected with PRRSV strains differing in N-glycosylation pattern. The humoral immune response to strain VR-2332, harboring four potential N-glycan sites, was compared to that of two natural field isolates carrying mutations either abolishing the N-glycosylation site at position 44 (N44) or the two N-glycosylation sites in the hypervariable region upstream of the neutralization epitope (HV-1). The pigs were bled at intervals and their sera were assayed for neutralizing Abs by indirect and competition ELISAs using peptides containing the GP5 neutralization epitope, and selectively for infectivity neutralization of a number of PRRSV strains. In addition, viremia was monitored by quantitative RT-PCR, and anti-N-protein Ab formation was measured by HerdChek ELISA. The neutralizing Ab responses as measured by peptide ELISA varied greatly between individual pigs infected with each PRRSV strain. Some pigs generated high titers of peptide binding Abs between 7 and 28 days post infection (p.i.), whereas other pigs had not generated a response by 90 days p.i. However, the HV-1-infected pigs generated Abs to the neutralization epitope more rapidly and to a 5-10 times higher level than VR-2332-infected pigs, and the Abs neutralized the homologous HV-1 virus 10-20 times more efficiently than PRRSV strains VR-2332, N44, MN184, or SDSU73. In contrast, most N44-infected pigs generated neutralizing Abs only after 42 days p.i. and only to low levels. The results suggest that the deletions of the N-glycans or other amino acid substitutions in the GP5 ectodomains of the mutants affect the immunogenicity of the neutralization epitope and the specificity of the Abs raised to it but not the sensitivity of the virions to Ab neutralization.
Nanopatterns of Surface-Bound EphrinB1 Produce Multivalent Ligand–Receptor Interactions That Tune EphB2 Receptor Clustering (2017)

Here we present a nanostructured surface able to produce multivalent interactions between surface-bound ephrinB1 ligands and membrane EphB2 receptors. We created ephrinB1 nanopatterns of regular size (<30 nm in diameter) by using self-assembled diblock copolymers. Next, we used a statistically enhanced version of the Number and Brightness technique, which can discriminate-with molecular sensitivity-the oligomeric states of diffusive species to quantitatively track the EphB2 receptor oligomerization process in real time. The results indicate that a stimulation using randomly distributed surface-bound ligands was not sufficient to fully induce receptor aggregation. Conversely, when nanopatterned onto our substrates, the ligands effectively induced a strong receptor oligomerization. This presentation of ligands improved the clustering efficiency of conventional ligand delivery systems, as it required a 9-fold lower ligand surface coverage and included faster receptor clustering kinetics compared to traditional cross-linked ligands. In conclusion, nanostructured diblock copolymers constitute a novel strategy to induce multivalent ligand-receptor interactions leading to a stronger, faster, and more efficient receptor activation, thus providing a useful strategy to precisely tune and potentiate receptor responses. The efficiency of these materials at inducing cell responses can benefit applications such as the design of new bioactive materials and drug-delivery systems.
Electrical Breakdown and Pumping in an Axial-field Nitrogen Laser (1974)

An experimental technique is described for investigating the electrical breakdown process which determines the pumping of an axial-field self-terminating gas laser. The method is applied to the transition C3Πu(v = 0) → B3Πg(v = 0) in nitrogen (0.3371 μm). The pumping from the ground level to these two laser levels is computed from electrical measurements. Use is made of the following published data: (1) mean electron energy and (2) electron drift speed as functions of the ratio of electric field to pressure and (3) cross-sections for electron impact excitation to the laser levels. An additional estimate of the pumping to the upper laser level is obtained from spontaneous emission detected from the side of the discharge tube.
Neurochemical plasticity in the enteric nervous system of a primate animal model of experimental Parkinsonism (2008)

Emerging evidences suggest that the enteric nervous system (ENS) is affected by the degenerative process in Parkinson's disease (PD). In addition lesions in the ENS could be associated with gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunctions, in particular constipation, observed in PD. However, the precise alterations of the ENS and especially the changes in the neurochemical phenotype remain largely unknown both in PD and experimental Parkinsonism. The aim of our study was thus to characterize the neurochemical coding of the ENS in the colon of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated monkeys, a well-characterized model of PD. In the myenteric plexus, there was a significant increase in the number of neurons per ganglia (identified with Hu), especially nitric oxide synthase immunoreactives (IR) neurons in MPTP-treated monkeys compared to controls. A concomitant 72% decrease in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-IR neurons was observed in MPTP-treated monkeys compared to controls. In contrast no change in the cholinergic or vasoactive intestinal peptide-IR population was observed. In addition, the density of enteric glial cells was not modified in MPTP-treated monkeys. Our results demonstrate that MPTP induces major changes in the myenteric plexus and to a lesser extent in the submucosal plexus of monkeys. They further reinforce the observation that lesions of the ENS occur in the course of PD that might be related to the GI dysfunction observed in this pathology.
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐ and Chemoselective Synthesis of Fully Substituted Furans. (2011)

Abstract Magnesation of furyl substrates by C—H activation and subsequent addition of nucleophiles offers a variable synthesis of substituted derivatives.
Efficient Pattern-Based Time Series Classification on GPU (2012)

Time series shapelet discovery algorithm finds subsequences from a set of time series for use as primitives for time series classification. This algorithm has drawn a lot of interest because of the interpretability of its results. However, computation requirements restrict the algorithm from dealing with large data sets and may limit its application in many domains. In this paper, we address this issue by redesigning the algorithm for implementation on highly parallel Graphics Process Units (GPUs). We investigate several concepts of GPU programming and propose a dynamic programming algorithm that is suitable for implementation on GPUs. Results show that the proposed GPU implementation significantly reduces the running time of the shapelet discovery algorithm. For example, on the largest sample dataset from the original authors, the running time is reduced from half a day to two minutes.
Vorinostat enhances the antimyeloma effects of melphalan and bortezomib (2009)

Vorinostat enhanced the anti-MM effects of melphalan and bortezomib in vitro. Synergism was observed with vorinostat and melphalan in RPMI8226 and U266 cell lines. Vorinostat 100 mg/kg in combination with melphalan 3 mg/kg resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth in vivo, compared with control (tumor volume P = 0.0001; hIgG P = 0.0001), single-agent vorinostat (tumor volume P = 0.0025; hIgG P = 0.0137), and single-agent melphalan (tumor volume P = 0.0043; hIgG P = 0.0426). Vorinostat also enhanced the antimyeloma effects of bortezomib in vivo. Vorinostat enhances the anti-MM activity of melphalan and bortezomib in vitro and in vivo. This study provides rationale for further evaluation of vorinostat in combination with chemotherapeutic agents and bortezomib for the treatment of MM.
Plasma concentrations of thyroid hormone in steers treated with Synovex-S® and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (1992)

This experiment examined the effect of daily administration of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) on plasma profiles of T3, thyroxine (T4), 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3; rT3) and thyrotropin (TSH) in beef steers in which protein accretion was increased by using implants of Synovex-S (SYN). Twenty-four Angus-Hereford steers (302 +/- 16 kg) were individually fed a diet of a corn-based concentrate and silage mixture for 56 d at equal energy intake per steer (ME/unit BW.75). A 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used in which treatments were SYN ear implants (200 mg of progesterone and 20 mg of estradiol benzoate) or no implants and s.c. injections of T3 in polyethylene glycol (2 micrograms of T3/kg BW every 48 h) or no injections of T3. Blood samples were collected every 2 wk. Plasma T3 concentration during the experimental period was increased in T3-treated steers (3.0 +/- .1 vs 2.2 +/- .1 ng/mL, P < .01) and was decreased in SYN-implanted steers (2.4 +/- .1 vs 2.7 +/- .1 ng/mL, P < .01). Plasma T4 and rT3 concentrations were reduced (22 +/- 4 vs 75 +/- 2 and .04 +/- .01 vs .12 +/- .01 ng/mL, respectively, P < .01) in T3-treated steers. Concurrently, plasma TSH concentration was decreased in T3-treated steers (.37 +/- .01 vs .51 +/- .02 ng/mL, P < .02). Synovex-S increased BW gain (21.0%, P < .01) and protein gain (35.6%, P < .01) compared with that of nonimplanted steers. Body weight gain and protein gain were not affected by treatment with T3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Costs of illness due to typhoid fever in an Indian urban slum community: implications for vaccination policy. (2004)

Data on the burden of disease, costs of illness, and cost-effectiveness of vaccines are needed to facilitate the use of available anti-typhoid vaccines in developing countries. This one-year prospective surveillance was carried out in an urban slum community in Delhi, India, to estimate the costs of illness for cases of typhoid fever. Ninety-eight culture-positive typhoid, 31 culture-positive paratyphoid, and 94 culture-negative cases with clinical typhoid syndrome were identified during the surveillance. Estimates of costs of illness were based on data collected through weekly interviews conducted at home for three months following diagnosis. Private costs included the sum of direct medical, direct non-medical, and indirect costs. Non-patient (public) costs included costs of outpatient visits, hospitalizations, laboratory tests, and medicines provided free of charge to the families. The mean cost per episode of blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever was 3,597 Indian Rupees (US$ 1=INR 35.5) (SD 5,833); hospitalization increased the costs by several folds (INR 18,131, SD 11,218, p<0.0001). The private and non-patient costs of illness were similar (INR 1,732, SD 1,589, and INR 1,865, SD 5,154 respectively, p=0.8095). The total private and non-patient ex-ante costs, i.e. expected annual losses for each individual, were higher for children aged 2-5 years (INR 154) than for those aged 5-19 years (INR 32), 0-2 year(s) (INR 25), and 19-40 years (INR 2). The study highlights the need for affordable typhoid vaccines efficacious at 2-5 years of age. Currently-available Vi vaccine is affordable but is unlikely to be efficacious in the first two years of life. Ways must be found to make Vi-conjugate vaccine, which is efficacious at this age, available to children of developing-countries.
A seasonal shift in egg‐laying behaviour in response to cues of future competition in a treehole mosquito (1998)

1. We tested a set of hypotheses to predict egg‐laying behaviour in Aedes triseriatus in the field in Massachusetts. These hypotheses reflect three main themes: females avoid competitive or predatory threats to their larvae; females judge larvae or eggs as cues to future permanence or productivity within a treehole; and females are either opportunistic ovipositors, or hedge their bets by scattering their eggs in multiple habitats. We predicted that mosquitoes might vary in their response depending on whether their offspring will hatch immediately or enter diapause and hatch the next year. 2. We stocked artificial treeholes with larvae at four densities ranging from 0 to 90 larvae per habitat for four trials in 1992 and eight trials in 1994. In 1992, we added predatory Anopheles barberi larvae to half the replicates of each density level. In 1994, we tested for an interaction between egg and larval density by stocking additional traps with eggs in batches of 0, 20 and 200, and larvae in densities as in the previous trials. 3. The population revealed a significant interaction between time of year and larval density. More eggs accumulated in traps stocked with fewer larvae (0 or 15) early in the season, but females showed a slight positive response to higher densities (45 or 90) later on, after their offspring were all likely to enter diapause. These results suggest that potential ambiguities of larval cues, with indications of habitat permanence as well as adversity of future competition, are resolved by females. Females did not respond differentially to the predatory Anopheles barberi larvae. 4. The estimated batch size obtained in oviposition traps did not differ from the fecundity of field‐caught females allowed to oviposit under confinement in laboratory vials, suggesting that bet‐hedging by scattering of eggs among multiple habitats did not occur. 5. An unexpected result, a positive response to higher egg densities, is discussed in light of studies on other insects. This result conflicts with our predictions based on females choosing less competitive environments for their larvae and also conflicts with previously published accounts of avoidance of eggs in this species. Preference for habitats with conspecific eggs might be explained if eggs reflect habitat stability or if larvae gain an advantage from being in an aggregation. Neither hypothesis is resolved by the present study.
Engineering Anisotropic Biomimetic Fibrocartilage Microenvironment by Bioprinting Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Nanoliter Gel Droplets (2014)

Over the past decade, bioprinting has emerged as a promising patterning strategy to organize cells and extracellular components both in two and three dimensions (2D and 3D) to engineer functional tissue mimicking constructs. So far, tissue printing has neither been used for 3D patterning of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in multiphase growth factor embedded 3D hydrogels nor been investigated phenotypically in terms of simultaneous differentiation into different cell types within the same micropatterned 3D tissue constructs. Accordingly, we demonstrated a biochemical gradient by bioprinting nanoliter droplets encapsulating human MSCs, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF- β1), engineering an anisotropic biomimetic fibrocartilage microenvironment. Assessment of the model tissue construct displayed multiphasic anisotropy of the incorporated biochemical factors after patterning. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) results suggested genomic expression patterns leading to simultaneous differentiation of MSC populations into osteogenic and chondrogenic phenotype within the multiphasic construct, evidenced by upregulation of osteogenesis and condrogenesis related genes during in vitro culture. Comprehensive phenotypic network and pathway analysis results, which were based on genomic expression data, indicated activation of differentiation related mechanisms, via signaling pathways, including TGF, BMP, and vascular endothelial growth factor.
Pollyynes and the formation of fullerenes (1993)

The synthesis and microwave study of linear cyanopolyynes, HC5N and HC7N, in the mid-1970s was followed by the unanticipated detection of these, and longer chains (HC9N and HC11N), in space. To gain insight into the way in which such species and carbon clusters in general might form, an experiment was devised in 1985 to simulate conditions in carbon stars, involving the laser vaporization of graphite in a supersonic nozzle and detection of the resulting carbon species by mass spectrometry. This initiative resulted in the serendipitious discovery of an entirely new allotrope of carbon, C60, named buckminsterfullerene after the inventor of the geodesic dome.
Vapor phase doping and sub-melt laser anneal for ultra-shallow extension junctions in sub-32 nm CMOS technology (2009)

peer reviewed
FGF4, a direct target of LEF1 and Wnt signaling, can rescue the arrest of tooth organogenesis in <i> Lef1 <sup>−/−</sup> </i> mice (2002)

Lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF1), a nuclear mediator of Wnt signaling, is required for the formation of organs that depend on inductive interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. In previous tissue recombination experiments with normal and Lef1(-/-) tooth germs, we found that the effect of LEF1 expression in the epithelium is tissue nonautonomous and transferred to the subjacent mesenchyme. Here we examine the molecular basis for LEF1 function and find that the epithelium of the developmentally arrested Lef1(-/-) tooth rudiments fails to express Fgf4, Shh, and Bmp4, but not Wnt10a. We identify the Fgf4 gene as a direct transcriptional target for LEF1 and show that beads soaked with recombinant FGF4 protein can fully overcome the developmental arrest of Lef1(-/-) tooth germs. In addition, we find that FGF4 beads induce rapidly the expression of Fgf3 in dental mesenchyme and that both epithelial and mesenchymal FGF proteins induce the delayed expression of Shh in the epithelium. Taken together, these data indicate that a single target of LEF1 can account for the function of LEF1 in tooth development and for a relay of a Wnt signal reception to a cascade of FGF signaling activities, allowing for a sequential and reciprocal communication between epithelium and mesenchyme.
A preliminary evaluation of alternatives for treatment of INEL Low-Level Waste and low-level mixed waste (1992)

The Mixed and Low-Level Waste Treatment Facility (MLLWTF) project was established in 1991 by the US Department of Energy Idaho Field Office to provide treatment capabilities for Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) low-level mixed waste and low-level waste. This report identifies and evaluates the alternatives for treating that waste. Twelve treatment alternatives, ranging from ``no-action`` to constructing and operating the MLLWTF, are identified and evaluated. Evaluations include facility performance, environmental, safety, institutional, schedule, and rough order-of-magnitude cost comparisons. The performance of each alternative is evaluated against lists of ``musts`` and ``wants.`` Also included is a discussion of other key considerations for decision making. Analysis of results indicated further study is necessary to obtain the best estimate of future waste volumes and characteristics from the expanded INEL Decontamination and Decommissioning Program. It is also recommended that conceptual design begin as scheduled on the MLLWTF, maximum treatment alternative while re-evaluating the waste volume projections.
Boundary Layer Analysis of an SF6 Circuit Breaker Arc (1971)

This paper covers the derivations of a hyperbolic partial differential equation for the dynamic arc radius in a circuit breaker nozzle. Starting at peak current, this equation is solved for a linear current ramp to determine the current zero arc radius. It is shown that axial convection cooling, augmented by radiation and diffusion, can produce a constricted arc radius of the order of 0.1 cm at current zero. Equations are derived, expressing the thermal time constant, at current zero as a function of the pressure, current derivative, arc length and gas properties. Finally, it is shown that the hyperbolic equation can be integrated to obtain a Cassie type equation for arc resistance during the pre-current- zero arcing period.
Abstands- und Formvermessung schnell bewegter Festkörperoberflächen mit dem optischen Doppler-Effekt (Distance and Shape Measurement of Fast Moving Solid-State Surfaces Using the Optical Doppler Effect) (2008)

In diesem Beitrag werden auf der Laser-Doppler-Velozimetrie basierende neuartige Sensoren vorgestellt, die eine gleichzeitige Messung von Geschwindigkeit und Position bewegter Festkörper ermöglichen. Dadurch ist es möglich, die absolute Form eines rotierenden Objektes zu berechnen. Da die Messunsicherheit dieser Sensoren unabhängig von der Geschwindigkeit des Messobjektes ist, sind sie besonders für die Vermessung schnell bewegter Objekte geeignet.
Myelin inhibitorsof neurite outgrowthin spinal cord injury (2012)

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ChemInform Abstract: Electrochromic Conjugated Polyheterocycles and Derivatives—Highlights from the Last Decade Towards Realization of Long Lived Aspirations (2012)

Abstract Review: 167 refs.
A Rare De novo Complex Chromosomal Rearrangement (CCR) Involving Four Chromosomes in An Oligo-asthenosperm Infertile Man. (2014)

Complex chromosomal rearrangements (CCRs) are rare events involving more than two chromosomes and over two breakpoints. They are usually associated with infertility or sub fertility in male carriers. Here we report a novel case of a CCR in a 30-year-old oligoasthenosperm man with a history of varicocelectomy, normal testes size and normal endocrinology profile referred for chromosome analysis to the Genetics unit of Royan Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center. Chromosomal analysis was performed using peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures and analyzed by GTG banding. Additional tests such as C-banding and multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) procedure for each of the involved chromosomes were performed to determine the patterns of the segregations. Y chromosome microdeletions in the azoospermia factor (AZF) region were analyzed with multiplex polymerase chain reaction. To identify the history and origin of this CCR, all the family members were analyzed. No micro deletion in Y chromosome was detected. The same de novo reciprocal exchange was also found in his monozygous twin brother. The other siblings and parents were normal. CCRs are associated with male infertility as a result of spermatogenic disruption due to complex meiotic configurations and the production of chromosomally abnormal sperms. These chromosomal rearrangements might have an influence on decreasing the number of sperms.