gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques (2003)

There has been great interest in the possibility of identifying plaques that might be the site of future acute coronary events. These plaques are termed vulnerable and the majority are lipid-rich with an abundance of inflammatory cells and a thin fibrous cap. Several techniques developed to identify these plaques are in various stages of development and in the near future, one might employ a strategy to potentially identify and therapeutically modify such lesions during percutaneous intervention to avoid future acute events. Although this approach of identifying the vulnerable plaque seems promising, there are significant potential limitations. The natural history of a vulnerable plaque is unknown and clinical trials utilizing this strategy of identification and therapeutic intervention are lacking. Moreover, in any given patient, multiple vulnerable plaques are likely to be present. This article reviews some of the techniques for identifying a vulnerable plaque and discusses the potential advantages and limitations of this strategy.
The appearance and distribution of microglia in the developing retina of the rat (1989)

We have examined the development of microglia in the rat retina, using a peroxidase-conjugated lectin derived from Griffonia simplicifolia. Retinas were studied from animals aged from E(embryonic day)12, just after the invagination of the optic cup and prior to the closure of the optic fissure, to adulthood. The lectin also proved a sensitive label for the endothelial cells of the developing retina. Our results provide some support for the view that microglia are derived from the monocyte-macrophage series of blood cells. At E12, most labeled cells were found at the vitreal surface, suggesting that they had come from the hyaloid circulation, while some had entered the retina and appeared to be migrating towards its ventricular surface. From E14 to early postnatal ages, most labeled cells had processes and resembled the amoeboid microglial cells described in silver carbonate staining studies (Ling, 1982). The number of labeled cells rose from about 700 to E14 to a peak of about 27,000 at P(postnatal day)7, and fell to about 19,600 by P12. As early as E16, a regularity was apparent in the distribution of microglial cells over the surface of the retina, the cells tending to avoid each other. Microglial cells are found throughout the thickness of the very young retina, but as the layers of the retina differentiate, they are increasingly restricted to the inner half of the retina. Our findings indicate that microglia enter the retina well before the period of neuronal death, making it unlikely that they invade the retina solely in response to cell death. Our results confirm however that, once in the retina, microglia become associated with, and appear to phagocytose, the pyknotic debris which appears during the period of neuronal death. They also become closely associated with the retinal vasculature. In the adult, the intensity of the labeling of microglia was much reduced. Those cells which were labeled appeared more differentiated, resembling the "resting microglia" described in earlier studies.
Candida glabrata susceptibility to antifungals and phagocytosis is modulated by acetate (2015)

Candida glabrata is considered a major opportunistic fungal pathogen of humans. The capacity of this yeast species to cause infections is dependent on the ability to grow within the human host environment and to assimilate the carbon sources available. Previous studies have suggested that C. albicans can encounter glucose-poor microenvironments during infection and that the ability to use alternative non-fermentable carbon sources, such as carboxylic acids, contributes to the virulence of this fungus. Transcriptional studies on C. glabrata cells identified a similar response, upon nutrient deprivation. In this work, we aimed at analyzing biofilm formation, antifungal drug resistance, and phagocytosis of C. glabrata cells grown in the presence of acetic acid as an alternative carbon source. C. glabrata planktonic cells grown in media containing acetic acid were more susceptible to fluconazole and were better phagocytosed and killed by macrophages than when compared to media lacking acetic acid. Growth in acetic acid also affected the ability of C. glabrata to form biofilms. The genes ADY2a, ADY2b, FPS1, FPS2, and ATO3, encoding putative carboxylate transporters, were upregulated in C. glabrata planktonic and biofilm cells in the presence of acetic acid. Phagocytosis assays with fps1 and ady2a mutant strains suggested a potential role of FPS1 and ADY2a in the phagocytosis process. These results highlight how acidic pH niches, associated with the presence of acetic acid, can impact in the treatment of C. glabrata infections, in particular in vaginal candidiasis.
Crown Gall of Stone Fruit II. Identification and Nomenclature of Agrobacterium Isolates (1970)

Twenty-seven local isolates of Agrobacterium and twenty-three isolates supplied by other laboratories were compared by biochemical tests, serology, protein patterns following gel electrophoresis, and by pathogenicity. All isolates fell into two distinct biotypes and this was supported by their serological reactions and by their protein patterns. Biotype 1 contained tumour-inducing, root-proliferating, and non-pathogenic forms; biotype 2 contained both these pathogenic forms but no non-pathogens. We believe the present division of the genus into species based on pathogenicity is untenable. If the genus is to be retained, we propose that it should consist of one species, A. radiobacter, with pathogenicity indicated by a varietal epithet and the biotype specified.
Some properties of a system for sodium‐dependent outward movement of magnesium from metabolizing human red blood cells. (1987)

1. In agreement with the report by Féray & Garay (1986) it is shown that Mg2+ leaves human red cells mainly by a saturable pathway at a maximal rate of some 200 mumol 1(-1) cells h(-1) only if the medium contains Na+.Mg2+0.5 (i.e. the free Mg2+ concentration for half-maximal rate) at the internal membrane surface is 1.3 mM and the dissociation constant for Na+, KNa, at the external surface is 16-17 mM. Mg2+ shows co-operative behaviour. The Na+o-stimulated Mg2+ outflow is sensitive to millimolar amiloride concentrations. Implication of the Na+ or Ca+ pump can be ruled out. 2. Na+i is inhibitory by simple competition with Na+o. The affinity for Na+ inside is the same as outside. There is no detectable competition between Na+i and Mg2+i. 3. At approximately 1 mM-[Mg2+]i the outward Mg2+ movement stimulated by Na+o still proceeds when [Mg2+]o is increased up to 20 mM. Thus the Mg2+ movement is uphill and the apparent Mg2+0.5 at the external surface is larger than 20 mM. 4. Reversing the Na+ gradient (making [Na+]i greater than [Na+]o) does not elicit an inward Mg2+ movement, even if [Mg2+]o is simultaneously made larger than [Mg2+]i. 5. The Na+o-dependent Mg2+ outflow ceases nearly completely (falling to 5% of the control) in metabolically depleted cells. 6. The behaviour observed is compatible with the assumptions that (1) the system possesses distinct binding sites for Na+ and for Mg2+, (2) the ionophoric moiety is passively mobile when loaded with Na+, (3) the movement of the Na+ form is rate limiting, and (4) the Mg2+ form preferentially moves in the outward direction owing to an input of metabolic energy (ATP hydrolysis) and is immobile in starved cells. 7. Mg2+ may be required at a further site(s) not involved in the actual Mg2+ translocation but in the energy input. The simple kinetics suggesting translocation of one Na+ ion in exchange for one Mg2+ ion were found in selected cells of average maximum transport rate (Vmax) and may not hold for all cell specimens. 8. The conclusion is that the system is a Mg2+ extrusion pump driven by metabolic energy directly and not by the inward Na+ gradient, although net inward Na+ movement is necessary to bring the ionophoric part of the system back to the in-position. It appears that in intact cells the system operates far below saturation by Mg2+i and, by compensating for an inward leak of less than 5 mumol,1(-1) cells h(-1), sets the internal free Mg2+ concentration at about 0.5 of the equilibrium value.
History Matching of 4D Seismic Data Attributes using the Ensemble Kalman Filter (2013)

One of the most challenging tasks in the oil industry is the production of reliable reservoir forecast models. Because of different sources of uncertainties the numerical models employed are often only crude approximations of the reality. This problem is tackled by the conditioning of the model with production data through data assimilation. This process is known in the oil industry as history matching. Several recent advances are being used to improve history matching reliability, notably the use of time-lapse seismic data and automated history matching software tools. One of the most promising data assimilation techniques employed in the oil industry is the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) because its ability to deal with highly non-linear models, low computational cost and easy computational implementation when compared with other methods. A synthetic reservoir model was used in a history matching study designed to predict the peak production allowing decision makers to properly plan field development actions. If only production data is assimilated, a total of 12 years of historical data is required to properly characterize the production uncertainty and consequently the correct moment to take actions and decommission the field. However if time-lapse seismic data is available this conclusion can be reached 4 years in advance due to the additional fluid displacement information obtained with the seismic data. Production data provides geographically sparse data in contrast with seismic data which are sparse in time. Several types of seismic attributes were tested in this study. Poisson’s ratio proved to be the most sensitive attribute to fluid displacement. In practical applications, however the use of this attribute is usually avoided due to poor quality of the data. Seismic impedance tends to be more reliable. Finally, a new conceptual idea was proposed to obtain time-lapse information for a history matching study. The use of crosswell time-lapse seismic tomography to map velocities in the interwell region was demonstrated as a potential tool to ensure survey reproducibility and low acquisition cost when compared with full scale surface surveys. This approach relies on the higher velocity sensitivity to fluid displacement at higher frequencies. The velocity effects were modeled using the Biot velocity model. This method provided promising results leading to similar RRMS error reductions when compared with conventional history matched surface seismic data.
Cost benefit of safety investments using fault tree analysis (1973)

Fault tree and analysis is discussed in terms of its application to determining the cost benefit of safety investments. Four factors are considered when determining the cost benefit of an alternative. These are: a) the severity of the resulting head event; b) the frequency of occurrence of the head event; c) the cost of the alternative; and d) the amount by which this alternative can reduce the expected negative utility of the head event. Fault three analysis is used to relate the effect of an alternative upon a basic event to its effect upon the head event. Comparisons of the cost-benefits can then be made for all head events to aid in allocating the safety budget in an optimal manner.
Optimization for Pretreatment Condition according to Salt Concentration and Soaking Time in the Preparation of Perilla Jangachi (2002)

Jangachi(salted and fermented vegetable) has been made by Korean traditionally using several kinds of vegetables, which is a good source of variety of nutrients and vitamins. There are many methods for making Jangachi. Generally soy sauce Jangachi is made through two steps. First, as a pretreatment, vegetables are soaked in salt water. Second, soaked vegetables are fermented in various ingredients like soy sauce, sugar, garlic, ginger and so on. This study was performed to observe changes in contents of chemical components and sensory evaluation of pretreated perilla leaf. Perilla leaf was soaked in water with different levels of salt concentration(2, 5 and 8 %) and soaking time(1, 3 and 5 days). The optimal level of salt and soaking time was determined with the results of sensory evaluation by response surface methodology and analysis of composition. The moisture contents decreased as the levels of salt and soaking time increased. The moisture content of untreated sample was 87.5 % and when soaked for 5 days in the water of 8 % salt concentration, it became 78.27 %. pH of Perilla leaf was high in high levels of salt concentration and short soaking time. Total acidity was so opposite to pH that was low in high levels of salt concentration and short soaking time. In the water of 8 % salt concentration, total acidity was 0.14 % when soaked for 1 day, 0.20 % for 3 days and 0.30 % for 5 days. Salt contents became greater as the soaking time increased. As the results of puncture test, soaked Perilla leaf's toughness increased as the levels of salt increased and soaking time decreased. Among the sensory attributes, greenness increased as the levels of salt concentration increased when soaked for more than 3 days. Saltiness and bitterness became greater as the levels of salt concentration increased. Perilla flavor decreased with the short soaking time. Off-flavor increased with the increased levels of soaking time and decreased salt concentration when soaked for more than 3 days. Toughness decreased as the levels of soaking time increased. Crispness increased with the increased levels of salt concentration. The condition of pretreated Perilla was optimum when it soaked for 42 hours in 4 % salt concentration.
LDAP Directories Explained: An Introduction and Analysis (2003)

Directory technology promises to solve the problem of decentralized information that has arisen with the explosion of distributed computing. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is a set of protocols that has become the Internet standard for accessing information directories. Until now, however, those curious about LDAP had no introductory source to learn how the technology can help them centrally manage information and reduce the cost of computing services.LDAP Directories Explained provides technical managers and those new to directory services with a fundamental introduction to LDAP. This concise guide examines how the technology works and gives an overview of the most successful directory products in an easy-to-reference format.Key topics include: An overview of LDAP, including how directories differ from databases The LDAP namespace, with an overview of DNS, LDAP object structure, and LDAP object naming Client LDAP operations, including directory-enabled services and applications, searches, and the LDAP protocol LDAP schema, including object classes, attributes, syntaxes, matching rules, and more Directory management, including directory integration strategies, metadirectories, security, and more LDAP vendors OpenLDAP, Microsoft Active Directory, and Directory Server A case study of Stanford University's directory architecture, which illustrates how integral an LDAP directory can become to a businessIf you are an information technology manager,LDAP Directories Explained will provide the technical foundation you need to make sound business decisions about LDAP. If you're a developer, this straightforward reference will bring you quickly up to speed on LDAP and directories. 020178792XB01292003
Analysis of Microstrip Resonators (1974)

An accurate and efficient method was developed for computing the resonant frequencies of microstrip resonators. The formulation of the problem was carried out rigorously using the full-wave analysis rather than the quasi-static approximation. The characteristic equation was derived using Galerkin's method applied in the Fourier transform domain. The accuracy of the method has been proven by comparing the numerical results with the experimental data. Numerical data have been provided for the microstrip resonators with different structural parameters. Finally, the results for microstrip resonators have been used for predicting the end effect at the open end of microstrip structures.
Changes In Dietary Fiber Content of Barley during Pearling and Cooking (1992)

Three hull-less barleys and three covered barleys grown in Korea were pearled to give 0% and 60% yield, respectively. Whole barleys and pearled barleys were analyzed for total, insoluble, soluble dietary fiber and contents. Whole hull-less barleys contained average 17.1% total dietary fiber, and whole covered barleys contained average 23.9% total dietary fiber. Pearled hull-less barleys contained 9,2% total dietary fiber and 4.8% solule dietary fiber. Pearled covered barleys contained 11.9% total dietary fiber and 6.0% soluble dietary fiber. Whole barleys contained (, and pearled barleys contained (. Soluble dietary fiber and ( contents of barley were not affected by cooking, while insoluble dietary fiber content was increased by cooking.
Highlights for more complete sports video summarization (2004)

Summarization is an essential requirement for achieving a more compact and interesting representation of sports video contents. We propose a framework that integrates highlights into play segments and reveal why we should still retain breaks. Experimental results show that fast detections of whistle sounds, crowd excitement, and text boxes can complement existing techniques for play-breaks and highlights localization.
Effect of water presence on the electroplated nickel coatings from hydrated ChCl-2Urea ionic liquid (2016)

In the present study, hygroscopicity of the choline chloride-urea (ChCl-2Urea) ionic liquid (IL) was confirmed through Karl-Fisher titration examination, indicating that the water content in the hydrated ChCl-2Urea IL was exposure-time dependent and could be tailored by simple heating treatment. The impact of the absorbed water on the properties of ChCl-2Urea IL, including viscosity, electrical conductivity, electrochemical window and chemical structure was investigated. The results show that water was able to dramatically reduce the viscosity and improve the conductivity, however, a broad electrochemical window could be persisted when the water content was below similar to 6 wt.%. These characteristics were beneficial for producing dense and compact coatings. Nickel (Ni) coatings plating from hydrated ChCl-2Urea IL, which was selected as an example to show the effect of water on the electroplating, displayed that a compact and corrosion-resistant Ni coating was plated from ChCl-2Urea IL containing 6 wt.% water doped with 400 mg/L NA at a moderate temperature. As verified by FTIR analysis, the intrinsic reason could be ascribed that water was likely linked with urea through strong hydrogen bond so that the water decomposition was suppressed during plating. Present study may provide a reference to prepare some similar water-stable ILs for plating.
MOS transistors operated in the lateral bipolar mode and their application in CMOS technology (1983)

Operation of an MOS transistor as a lateral bipolar is described and analyzed qualitatively. It yields a good bipolar transistor that is fully compatible with any bulk CMOS technology. Experimental results show that high /spl beta/-gain can be achieved and that matching and 1/f noise properties are much better than in MOS operation. Examples of experimental circuits in CMOS technology illustrate the major advantages that this device offers. A multiple current mirror achieves higher accuracy, especially at low currents. An operational transconductance amplifier has an equivalent input noise density below 0.1 /spl mu/V//spl radic/Hz for frequencies as low as 1 Hz and a total current of 10 /spl mu/A. A bandgap reference yields a voltage stable within 3 mV from -40 to +80/spl deg/C after digital adjustment at ambient temperature. Other possible applications are suggested.
Learning to Probabilistically Identify Authoritative Documents (2000)

We describe a model of document citation that learns to identify hubs and authorities in a set of linked documents, such as pages retrieved from the world wide web, or papers retrieved from a research paper archive. Unlike the popular HITS algorithm, which relies on dubious statistical assumptions, our model provides probabilistic estimates that have clear semantics. We also find that in general, the identified authoritative documents correspond better to human intuition. 1. Introduction Bibliometrics has been described as a &quot;series of techniques that seek to quantify the process of written communication&quot; (Ikpaahindi, 1985). It typically attempts to give quantified answers to questions involving the relationships among documents, or authors and documents: &quot;Who are the authoritative authors in this field?&quot; &quot;What are the seminal papers?&quot; &quot;How many distinct communities are studying this subject?&quot; and others (see White &amp; McCain, 1989, for details). Traditionally, the statistics...
Evaluation of susceptibility testing methods for polymyxin (2010)

The E-test and agar dilution methods showed good concordance with BMD. The disk diffusion method can be useful for initial screening in diagnostic laboratories.
Dose Response for Ultraviolet Radiation A-induced Focal Melanocytic Hyperplasia and Nonmelanoma Skin Tumors in Monodelphis domestica¶ (2001)

Four groups of 30 dorsally shaved opossums (Monodelphis domestica) were exposed to graded doses of ultraviolet radiation A (UVA) (320–400 nm) three times per week for 90 weeks. Animals were monitored for the appearance of focal melanocytic hyperplasia (FMH) and nonmelanoma skin tumors (NMST) during the course of the exposures and for an additional 20 weeks following termination of exposures. FMH is the putative precursor for melanoma in the opossum. The lowest dose of UVA (2.5 × 103 J/m2) used in this study was selected based on the action spectrum for the induction of melanoma in a fish model. The prediction was that 2.5 × 103 J/m2 would induce FMH in the opossum if the action spectra for the induction of FMH in the opossum and melanoma in the fish were the same. The highest UVA dose was 2.5 × 105 J/m2. Only the highest dose of UVA gave a statistically significant induction of FMH and NMST in the opossum. As in previous studies, the FMH appeared earlier than the NMST during the course of exposures and the final prevalence of FMH was lower than the final prevalence of NMST. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the efficacy of UVA to induce FMH in the opossum is not as great as would be predicted from the action spectrum for melanoma induction in a fish model.
Electric discharge milling of polycrystalline diamond (1997)

Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) has been used widely in modern industry. However, the manufacture of PCD blanks is not an economical and efficient process. The shaping of PCD blanks with conventional machining methods (such as grinding), is a long, labour-intensive and costly process. Electromachining processes promise to be effective and economical techniques for the production of tools and parts from PCD blanks. Wire electric discharge machining is able to effectively slice PCD. Electrical discharge machining (EDM) and electrical discharge grinding (EDG) shape PCD blanks at a lower cost. However, EDM and EDG of a large surface area on PCD show lower efficiency. This paper presents a new process of machining PCD using electrical discharge (ED) milling. ED milling employs a DC source instead of the pulse generator used in EDM, and uses a water-based emulsion as the machining fluid. This process is able to effectively machine a large surface area on PCD, and effectively machine other advanced conducting materials such as cubic born nitride (CBN), and ceramics. The effect of pulse on-time, peak current, and polarity on the process performance has been investigated.