gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Semi-Solid Processing of Magnesium Alloys (2003)

Semi-solid processing is an emerging technology for near net-shape production of engineering components. Although there has been significant progress in semi-solid processing of Al alloys, very limited information is available on semi-solid processing of Mg alloys, except for the thixomolding process. In semi-solid casting process, it is necessary to properly control the flow and solidification behavior of semi-solid slurries for high quality products. There are a number of parameters that affect the flow and solidification behavior of semi-solid slurries such as viscosity, casting pressure, shapes of gate and mold cavity, gate velocity, mold temperature, etc. In the present study, the effects of various thermo-mechanical treatments were investigated on the change in viscosity of the semi-solid AZ91D magnesium alloys by using a concentric cylinder type viscometer. The effects of gate velocity and thickness on mold filling behavior of the semi-solid AZ91D alloys were also investigated by using a high-speed camera and the results were compared with those obtained from computer simulations. From these results and microstructure examination, a processing map for high pressure die casting of the semi-solid AZ91D alloy was constructed in order to produce sound castings.
Decreased surfactant proteins in lambs with pulmonary hypertension secondary to increased blood flow (2001)

Infants with increased pulmonary blood flow secondary to congenital heart disease suffer from tachypnea, dyspnea, and recurrent pulmonary infections. We have recently established a model of pulmonary hypertension secondary to increased pulmonary blood flow in lambs after in utero placement of an aortopulmonary vascular graft. The purpose of the present study was to utilize our animal model to determine the effects on the expression of surfactant proteins A (SP-A), B (SP-B), and C (SP-C). At age 4 wk, SP-A mRNA content in lambs decreased to 61.4 +/- 8% of age-matched control value (n = 5; P < 0.05). In addition, SP-A protein content was decreased to 50 +/- 12% of control value (n = 6; P < 0.0001). Although we did not observe statistically significant changes in SP-B mRNA content, SP-B protein was decreased to 74 +/- 25% of control value (n = 4; P < 0.02). There was no difference in SP-C mRNA. These data show that in a model of congenital heart disease with pulmonary hypertension secondary to increased pulmonary blood flow, there is a decrease in SP-A gene expression as well as a decrease in SP-A and SP-B protein contents.
Extracting unstable periodic orbits from chaotic time series data (1997)

A general nonlinear method to extract unstable periodic orbits from chaotic time series is proposed. By utilizing the estimated local dynamics along a trajectory, we devise a transformation of the time series data such that the transformed data are concentrated on the periodic orbits. Thus, one can extract unstable periodic orbits from a chaotic time series by simply looking for peaks in a finite grid approximation of the distribution function of the transformed data. Our method is demonstrated using data from both numerical and experimental examples, including neuronal ensemble data from mammalian brain slices. The statistical significance of the results in the presence of noise is assessed using surrogate data.
The Murphy Indole Synthesis (2016)

Following the exploration of the synthetic utility of aren-ediazonium salts in radical formation and cyclization, radical-polar crossover, Murphy described a new indole synthesis based on his methodology. The requisite precursor diazonium salts can be rapidly assembled from o-nitroaniline. In cases where the fully aromatic indole ring is not obtained, isomerization can be achieved with acid. The Murphy radical indolization avoids the use of toxic tin compounds and is often superior in product yield. Murphy and coworkers presented tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE) as a new reagent for the generation of aryl radicals from arenediazonium salts.
R56865 inhibits catecholamine release from bovine chromaffin cells by blocking calcium channels (1993)

1. The effects of R56865 (a new class of cardioprotective agent which prevents Na+ and Ca2+ overload in cardiac myocytes) on catecholamine release, whole-cell current through Ca2+ channels (IBa) and cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations, [Ca2+]i, have been studied in bovine chromaffin cells. 2. R56865 caused a time- and concentration-dependent blockade of catecholamine release from superfused cells stimulated intermittently with 5 s pulses of 59 mM K+. After 5 min superfusion, a 3 microM concentration inhibited secretion by 20%; the blockade increased gradually with perfusion time, to reach 85% after 40 min. The IC50 to block secretion after 5 min periods of exposure to increasing concentrations of R56865 was around 3.1 microM. The blocking effects of R56865 were reversible after 5-15 min wash out. In high Ca2+ solution (10 mM Ca2+), the degree of blockade of secretion diminished by 20% in comparison with 1 mM Ca2+. 3. In electroporated cells, R56865 (10 microM) did not modify the secretory response induced by the application of 10 microM free Ca2+. 4. R56865 blocked the peak IBa current in a concentration- and time-dependent manner; its IC50 was very similar to that obtained for secretion (3 microM). The compound not only reduced the size of the peak current but also promoted its inactivation; when the effects of R56865 were measured at the most inactivated part of the current, its IC50 was 1 microM. Both the inactivation and the reduction of the peak currents were reversible upon washing out the drug. 5. In fura-2-loaded single chromaffin cells the basal [Ca2+]i of around 100 nM was elevated to a peak of1.5 microM by the application of a 5 s pulse of 59 mM K+. R56865 (10 microM) did not affect the basal [Ca2+]but blocked by 90% the K+-evoked increase. This effect was fully reversible after 5-10 min of wash out.6. The results are compatible with the idea that R56865 blocks Ca2+ entry into K+-depolarized chromaffin cells by promoting the inactivation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels; this would lead to the limitation of the rise in [Ca2+]i and of the release of catecholamines. The restriction of catecholamine release may favour indirectly the known direct beneficial cardioprotective actions of R56865.
Observation of Hypervelocity Dust in Dense Supersonic Plasma Flows: Physics and Applications (2008)

Synthetic diamond and graphite dust powders with a wide range of sizes, from a few to several tens of microns in diameter were accelerated to velocities up to 4 km/s in vacuum by plasma jet produced in a coaxial gun. Some of the key features of the plasma flow are high density, of the order of 1022 m−3, low ion and electron temperatures, of only a few eV, and good collimation over a distance of ≈2 m due to confinement by the self‐generated magnetic field. The main features of this plasma‐drag acceleration technique are presented and discussed. From basic science point of view hypervelocity dust is useful for studying the physics of dust interaction with energetic plasma flows at microscopic level. In physical applications, it has been proposed to use hypervelocity dust for diagnostic or control of magnetically confined fusion plasmas. In engineering, hypervelocity dusty plasmas are extensively employed in industrial processes involved in the processing of surfaces.
Preferred Orientation in Sputtered TiO<sub>2</sub> Thin Films and Its Effect on the Photo-Oxidation of Acetaldehyde (2012)

Crystal orientation is not typically considered when investigating the reactivity of thin films. We propose that accounting for the preferred crystallographic orientation may serve as an indirect measure of the active sites along the solid–solid interface that are difficult to measure with direct techniques. The goal of this work is to identify the preferred orientation, examine its evolution as a function of synthesis parameters, and determine its effect on photoreactivity. We examine the effect of substrate radio frequency (RF) bias and reactive gas partial pressure on the structure and photoreactivity of TiO2 films synthesized by reactive direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering. We characterize these films using ellipsometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), and pole figure scans, and test their photoreactivity with the degradation of acetaldehyde under 365 nm UV light. We find that, in the parameter space investigated, changes in RF bias strongly influence both film texture and reactivity, and that the orientation of the crystallites is the best predictor of photoreactivity. Under the synthesis conditions tested, we observe an optimum RF bias of −50 V at which the films exhibit biaxial texture with the c-axis parallel to the surface with maximum crystallinity and degree of orientation, corresponding to a maximum in the reactivity as well. Beyond this point a change in the preferred orientation is observed, and the films transition to a fiber texture with the c-axis normal to the film surface and the appearance of small amounts of rutile. The effect of texture on reactivity is discussed.
The Association between Emergency Medical Services Staffing Patterns and Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Survival (2009)

The presence of three or more paramedics at the scene of OHCA was not associated with improved survival to hospital discharge when compared to crews with two paramedics. Additional research is needed to determine the potential cause of this finding.
300-MHz Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Oxytocin in Aqueous Solution: Conformational Implications (1973)

The 300-MHz nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the peptide hormone, oxytocin, in water, was obtained. Extensive nuclear magnetic resonance spindecoupling experiments, including those involving irradiation of the alpha-proton resonance under the water peak, studies using partially deuterated hormone derivatives, and nuclear magnetic resonance studies of some precursor peptides to oxytocin, permitted us to assign most of the proton resonance of the hormone unambiguously. The JNalpha values and temperature dependence of the chemical shift of the peptide amide and carboxamide protons of oxytocin were also obtained. These studies indicate that, in aqueous solution, oxytocin is a flexible molecule possessing several different conformations. Corresponding studies of [4-leucine]oxytocin were also made, with similar results and conclusions.
Nanomechanics and Origin of Rubber Elasticity of Novel Nanostructured Thermoplastic Elastomeric Blends Using Atomic Force Microscopy (2015)

PeakForce quantitative nanomechanical mapping is an advanced atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique for measuring the mechanics of a sample surface by probing at the nanoscale. This nanomechanical mapping is performed in novel nanostructured thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) and thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) consisting of nanolevel dispersion of fluoroelastomer phase (60–80 nm) in the continuous polyamide matrix. Both in the case of TPE and TPV, elastic modulus and adhesion force (between the tip and sample surface) from the continuous matrix phase to the dispersed rubber particle through the nanometric interface (4–5 nm) are analyzed. The effect of dynamic vulcanization on the nanomechanical properties of the interface and the dispersed rubber phase of the blends is discussed. The origin of rubber elasticity in thermoplastic elastomeric blends in spite of the plastic as the continuous phase is proposed. It was shown for the first time that the interconnected dispersed rubber phase through the thin rubber ligament of 4–12 nm width in the thermoplastic matrix significantly contribute to the rubber elasticity in TPE and TPV. image
A novel point-of-care information system reduces anaesthesiologists' errors while managing case scenarios (2006)

This preliminary study demonstrates the potential value of the OLEH in decreasing the number of knowledge-based errors made by anaesthesiologists. According to the encouraging results, the OLEH system is currently under evaluation using full-scale simulation scenarios in an operating room environment.
AFBC bed material performance with low-rank coals (1983)

The purpose of this paper is to describe the reasons for carefully screening any candidate bed material for use in low-rank coal atmospheric fluidized-bed combustion, before the final selection is made. The sections of this paper describe: (1) the experimental equipment used to obtain the data, as well as the experimental and analytical procedures used in evaluation; (2) the results of tests utilizing various bed materials with particular emphasis on the problem of bed material agglomeration; and (3) the conclusions and recommendations for bed material selection and control for use with low-rank coal. Bed materials of aluminum oxide, quartz, limestone, dolomite, granite, gabbro, and mixtures of some of these materials have been used in the testing. Of these materials, gabbro appears most suitable for use with high available sodium lignites. 17 figures, 8 tables. (DMC)
Reduced goal‐directed action control in autism spectrum disorder (2016)

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of heterogeneous neurodevelopmental conditions associated with persistent, stereotyped or repetitive actions, and patterns of interest that are maintained in spite of possible negative outcomes. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether impairments in the ability to execute flexible goal-directed actions may be an underlying feature in ASD contributing to these symptoms. Young adults diagnosed with ASD were recruited along with controls and adults with social anxiety disorder (SAD). Participants were trained to make keyboard actions for food outcomes and then subsequently allowed to consume one outcome till satiety. As expected, this outcome devaluation procedure reduced subsequent responding for actions predicting the devalued outcome, while maintaining responding on the other still-valued action, in controls. However, both ASD and SAD participants were unable to demonstrate flexible goal-directed actions, and were insensitive to the change in outcome value on subsequent action control. This behavioral deficit was not due to impairments in appropriate contingency awareness, as all groups rated the devalued food outcome as less pleasant after devaluation. A lack of control over actions may underlie persistent and habitual actions in anxiety-inducing contexts typical in both ASD and SAD, such as avoidance and safety behaviors. Using a translational behavioral paradigm, this study demonstrated that individuals with ASD are unable to use changes in the environment to flexibly update their behavior in the same context. This reduced behavioral control may underlie persistence of intrusive actions and restricted inflexible cognition, representing a specific area for targeted behavioral interventions. Autism Res 2016. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Autism Res 2016, 9: 1285-1293. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A kinetic study of the suicide inactivation of an enzyme measured through coupling reactions. Application to the suicide inactivation of tyrosinase (1989)

A systematic procedure for the kinetic study of reaction mechanisms with enzyme inactivation induced by a suicide substrate in the presence or in the absence of an auxiliary substrate, when the enzyme activity is measured through coupling reactions, enzymically catalysed or not, was developed and analysed by using the transient-phase approach. The methodology is established to determine the parameters and kinetic constants corresponding to the enzyme suicide inactivation and the coupling reactions. This approach is illustrated by a study of the suicide inactivation of tyrosinase by catechol in the presence of L-proline. Treatment of the experimental data was carried out by non-linear regression.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Multifunctional Stereodefined Dienes. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Aqueous zinc-organic polymer battery with a high rate performance and long lifetime (2016)

A novel redox-active polymer based on a 9,10-di(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-9,10-dihydroanthracene (exTTF) system in combination with a conjugated backbone was synthesized via rhodium (Rh)-catalyzed polymerization of 2-ethynyl(exTTF), leading to polymers with low polydispersities. Composite electrodes containing this polymer exhibited chemically reversible two-electron oxidation in aqueous media. The application of these electrodes as active cathode materials in hybrid zinc-organic batteries using an aqueous electrolyte enabled the production of air-stable charge storage systems with a theoretical capacity of 133 mAh g−1. These batteries featured high performance, charge/discharge rates of up to 120 C (30 s) and an ultra-long lifetime, of over 10 000 charge/discharge cycles (accompanied by a minor capacity loss of 14%). Finally, the polymer was compared with its nonconjugated derivative, revealing the positive influence of the conjugated backbone on the material activity owing to improved electron transfer within the polymer chain. Researchers in Germany have unlocked the secret to using water as an electrolyte in rechargeable batteries with a new conjugated polymer. Polymer batteries are flexible and lightweight, but a reliance on flammable organic solvents for electrolytes has raised concerns. Ulrich S. Schubert and colleagues synthesized a poly(acetylene)-based compound containing charge-active organosulphurs to improve battery safety while maintaining high performance. Water has a narrow range of stability under applied voltages, making it tricky to use as an electrolyte. The team's polymer, however, is capable of a reversible, two-electron oxidation reaction in this range. A prototype with the polymer cathode, a zinc anode and an aqueous electrolyte revealed the possibilities of this approach — the battery could be charged to its 1-volt potential within 30 seconds and had a lifetime exceeding 10,000 recharge cycles. The application of a conjugated polymer with 9,10-di(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-9,10-dihydroanthracene (exTTF) units as cathode and zinc as anode enables an aqueous-based hybrid organic battery. This energy storage device features ultra-high rate performance of up to a full charge in 30 s and an extended lifetime up to 10 000 cycles.
Evaluation of a physiologically based auditory model using psychophysical data (1989)

A physiologically based auditory model [O. Ghitza, J. Phon. 16(1), 109–123 (1988)] was tested against human psychophysical data. The model consists of a set of cochlear filters inferred from frequency selectivity of primary auditory fibers in cat, rate-level processing, and synchrony extraction. Isoloudness contours for pure tones are calculated from the model and are compared to those measured in human by Fletcher and Munson (1933) and by Robinson and Dadson (1956). The model is also used to simulate Scharf's [J. Acoust. Am. 31, 365–370 (1959)] critical-band measurements using complex sounds of four components. In addition, both calculated and measured critical-band results are plotted as a function of cochlear place using formulas for human and cat cochlear maps in Greenwood's recent paper (submitted to J. Acoust. Soc. Am.). The comparison of calculated and measured data suggests possible improvements of the model. Laboratories, Acoustics Research Department.
[In vivo antibacterial activity of cefbuperazone. Synergy of cefbuperazone for bactericidal effect with human polymorphonuclear leukocytes]. (1986)

Studies were done utilizing E. coli No. 59 which are resistant against human and mouse serum, and the following results were obtained. The therapeutic effect of cefbuperazone (CPBZ) against systemic infections of mice was much higher than that of cefmetazole (CMZ), cefotetan (CTT), latamoxef (LMOX) and cefoperazone (CPZ). Synergistic bactericidal effect with human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was more marked for CBPZ than CMZ.
Decreasing the time-to-market through virtual risk assessment and risk mitigation (1997)

One of the most time consuming activities in new product development is reliability risk assessment, defined as an audit of the ability of the design, manufacture, and assembly processes to meet reliability goals; that is, whether the anticipated reliability is indeed achieved under actual life cycle loads for some specified length of time. In general, qualification methods have been borrowed from the military, without knowledge of the rationale or assessment of the true benefits. In fact, prediction of field reliability from these tests has generally been quite poor. Nevertheless, the amount and length of such qualification testing has increased over the years. This presentation provides a background to the reliability risk assessment problem that much of the electronics product and systems industry is faced with today. Then an approach to reliability risk assessment and risk mitigation is given, along with a virtual method, which requires very little time and money, because the process is simulated.
Development of Multiple Linguistic Equation Models with Takagi-Sugeno Type Fuzzy Models. (2009)

Abstract — Multimodel approaches are widely used with linear submodels, but border areas around submodels are problematic. Special cases of fuzzy linguistic equation models, which can be understood as linguistic Takagi-Sugeno (LTS) type fuzzy models, can be used to solve these problems in many cases. These models use a special nonlinear scaling approach for both inputs and outputs. The LTS models are robust solutions for applications where the same variables can be used for defining operating areas and also in the submodels. No special smoothing algorithms are needed.
Absorption recovery dynamics in 2<i>µ</i>m GaSb-based SESAMs (2014)

The interplay between growth and design parameters of GaSb-based quantum-well semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors (SESAMs) and their corresponding absorption recovery time is investigated. The analysis proves an inherently rapid absorption recovery time of GaSb SESAMs operating at a 2 µm wavelength range, which is surprisingly independent of the growth temperature for a large temperature range from 350 to 530 °C. Moreover, SESAMs incorporating InxGa1−xAsySb1−y quantum wells exhibit a weak variation of the absorption recovery time with changing indium content and with varying lattice strain. The strongest reduction of the absorption recovery time is observed upon placing the quantum wells in the proximity of the SESAM's top layer, and applying an antireflection coating to enhance the interaction with the optical field. Stable mode-locking of a Tm : YAG laser at 2 µm is obtained with an antireflection coated sample incorporating a single surface quantum well.