gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transformaciones recientes de la población española residente en el exterior, 1997-2007 (2009)

A partir del Censo de Electores Residentes-Ausentes (CERA) se describe, a nivel sociodemografico, la geografia actual de los nacionales espanoles en el mundo, su composicion por lugar de nacimiento y su estructura demografica. Se destaca que, gran parte del crecimiento del colectivo espanol en el exterior, es consecuencia del incremento de las inscripciones de descendientes espanoles nacidos en el fuera. Ello ha supuesto el rejuvenecimiento de la diaspora espanola y su feminizacion. En cuanto a la distribucion territorial de la diaspora destacan, como areas que ganan poblacion nacida en Espana, los paises asiaticos y America del Norte, mientras se aprecia la perdida de poblacion espanola en otras regiones de importancia historica como Europa. El auge de inscripciones de nacidos en el exterior se concentra en America Latina y significa un proceso de latinoamericanizacion de la diaspora. ; A partir de les dades el Censo de Electores Residentes-Ausentes (CERA), es descriu, a nivell sociodemografic, la geografia actual dels nacionals espanyols en el mon, la seva composicio per lloc de naixement i la seva estructura demografica. L'estudi destaca que, gran part del creixement del col·lectiu d'espanyols a l'exterior es consequencia de l'increment de les inscripcions de descendents espanyols nascuts a l'exterior. Aixo ha suposat el rejoveniment de la diaspora espanyola i la seva feminitzacio. Pel que fa la distribucio territorial d'aquesta diaspora destaquen, com a arees guanyadores de poblacio nascuda a Espanya, els paisos asiatics i America del Nord, mentre que s'aprecia la perdua de poblacio espanyola en altres regions d'importancia historica com era Europa. L'augment d'inscripcions de nascuts a l'exterior es concentra a l'America Llatina i significa un proces de llatinoamericanitzacio de la diaspora. ; On the basis of data collected by the Censo de Electores Residentes Ausentes (Census of Absentee Voters Residing Abroad), this study describes the current geography of Spaniards abroad from a sociodemographic perspective, taking into account differences by place of birth in Spain and the demographic structure of this Diaspora. Results point to a broad increase in the size of this population, largely explained by the substantial rise in the new generations of Spanish citizens born abroad, and its consequent feminization and rejuvenation. From a spatial perspective, North American and Asian countries report net gains in Spanish-born population, while Europe has experienced a net loss. The great increase in registries from Spanish citizens born abroad is located in Latin America, and has entailed a Latinization of the Diaspora over the last decade.
Speaking the users' languages (2003)

The authors describe a system that generates descriptions of museum objects tailored to the user. The texts presented to adults, children, and experts differ in several ways, from the choice of words used to the complexity of the sentence forms. M-PIRO can currently generate text in three languages: English, Greek, and Italian. The grammar resources are language independent as much as possible. M-PIRO's system architecture is significantly more modular than that of its predecessor ILEX. In particular, the linguistic resources, database, and user-modeling subsystems are now separate from the systems that perform the natural language generation and speech synthesis.
Automatic Teeth Axes Calculation for Well-Aligned Teeth Using Cost Profile Analysis Along Teeth Center Arch (2012)

In dental implantology and virtual dental surgery planning using computed tomography (CT) images, the examination of the axes of neighboring and/or biting teeth is important to improve the performance of the masticatory system as well as the aesthetic beauty. However, due to its high connectivity to neighboring teeth and jawbones, a tooth and/or its axis is very elusive to automatically identify in dental CT images. This paper presents a novel method of automatically calculating individual teeth axes. The planes separating the individual teeth are automatically calculated using cost profile analysis along the teeth center arch. In this calculation, a novel plane cost function, which considers the intensity and the gradient, is proposed to favor the teeth separation planes crossing the teeth interstice and suppress the possible inappropriately detected separation planes crossing the soft pulp. The soft pulp and dentine of each individually separated tooth are then segmented by a fast marching method with two newly proposed speed functions considering their own specific anatomical characteristics. The axis of each tooth is finally calculated using principal component analysis on the segmented soft pulp and dentine. In experimental results using 20 clinical datasets, the average angle and minimum distance differences between the teeth axes manually specified by two dentists and automatically calculated by the proposed method were 1.94° ± 0.61° and 1.13 ± 0.56 mm, respectively. The proposed method identified the individual teeth axes accurately, demonstrating that it can give dentists substantial assistance during dental surgery such as dental implant placement and orthognathic surgery.
Non-targeted and Delayed Effects of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation: II. Radiation-Induced Genomic Instability and Bystander Effects<i>In Vivo,</i>Clastogenic Factors and Transgenerational Effects (2003)

The goal of this review is to summarize the evidence for non-targeted and delayed effects of exposure to ionizing radiation in vivo. Currently, human health risks associated with radiation exposures are based primarily on the assumption that the detrimental effects of radiation occur in irradiated cells. Over the years a number of non-targeted effects of radiation exposure in vivo have been described that challenge this concept. These include radiation-induced genomic instability, bystander effects, clastogenic factors produced in plasma from irradiated individuals that can cause chromosomal damage when cultured with nonirradiated cells, and transgenerational effects of parental irradiation that can manifest in the progeny. These effects pose new challenges to evaluating the risk(s) associated with radiation exposure and understanding radiation-induced carcinogenesis.
Contour Crafting Process Planning and Optimization (2009)

Contour Crafting Process Planning and Optimization Jing Zhang, Behrokh Khoshnevis Pages 576-583 (2009 Proceedings of the 26th ISARC, Austin, USA, ISBN 978-0-578-02312-0, ISSN 2413-5844) Abstract: Contour Crafting is an emerging technology that uses robotics to construct free form structures by repeatedly laying down layers of material such as concrete. The Contour Crafting technology scales up the additive fabrication process from building small industrial parts to constructing buildings. Tool path planning and optimization for Contour Crafting benefit the technology by increasing the efficiency of construction of complicated structures. This research has intended to provide a systematic solution for improving the overall system efficiency and realizing the automation of the Contour Crafting technology for building custom-designed houses. An approach is presented to find the optimal tool path for the single nozzle Contour Crafting system incorporating the physical constraints of the technology and construction considerations. Several algorithms are given to find the collision-free tool path for the multiple nozzle system based on the single nozzle approach. Keywords: No keywords DOI: https://doi.org/10.22260/ISARC2009/0028 Download fulltext Download BibTex Download Endnote (RIS) TeX Import to Mendeley
Hydrogen water chemistry in boiling water reactors (1988)

Hydrogen water chemistry (HWC) has been determined as a viable method for reducing the dissolved oxygen concentration in boiling water reactors. The reduction of dissolved oxygen concentrations decreases the susceptibility of austenitic stainless steel to intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC), as demonstrated by monitoring the electrochemical potential (ECP) and by constant extension rate tests during short-term HWC minitests performed at several reactors. Additionally, HWC has been conducted for two fuel cycles at Dresden-2, which demonstrates the viability of the method under sustained operation. The findings to date are discussed.
Article : Students` percepStion on e-learning at tertiary level education (2001)

This paper reports the reswts from a survey on students`` perception on e- Iearn· ing at tertiary level education. The Questionnaire included items in four categories: learner inputs. management related factors. learning materials. and learning outcomes. The resulting data set includes Lhe responses from 609 sludenL<;; who were enrolled in one or more online courses in undergraduate or graduate schools at the time of survey. The participants mayor may not have previous experience with e-learning. The analysis of the survey items on learning outcomes reveals that students with previous experience in e- Iearning tend to spend more hours for courses than stu· dents in traditional classroom courses and are generally satisfied with the Quality of cyber education, which lead them to take e-Iearning more again in the future. The e-Iearning courses orfered by tertiary level educational institutes seem to be well established and well received among students. Students relt tha t there IS a need for regulations on student numbers and independent outside audit. There are a few issues to be taken care of, however. such as the conflict between the demand for lower tuition level in cyber education and the demand for better contents and management and the control of class size that translate into higher education costs per student. The solution to this conflict seems to be one of the important keys to the continuation of the new trend of cyber education, One way out of this dilemma would be the packaging of e-Iearning as a solution to the weaknesses of traditional classroom learning such as time and space limitations and costly interactive multimedia implementation rather than as a cheap substitute to the face-ta-face classroom learning_ Students liked all types of c-learning courses almost equally but there was a slight preference for question/answer and homework/discussion type courses over courses with fancy audio-visual technologies. This calls for more careful studies but one of the probable implications is that interaction from lhe faculty members and tutors are more important than expensive embedded technologies per se such as video streaming. Students did not show strong preference regarding subject areas suitable for e-Iearning, which means literature and social science courses are equally w I received as natural or engineering courses.
Synthesis Gas Production Configurations for Gas‐to‐Liquid Applications (2012)

Abstract Different syngas configurations in a gas‐to‐liquid plant are studied including autothermal reformer (ATR), combined reformer, and series arrangement of gas‐heated reformer and ATR. The Fischer‐Tropsch (FT) reactor is based on a cobalt catalyst and the degrees of freedom are steam‐to‐carbon ratio, purge ratio of light ends, amount of tail gas recycled to synthesis gas (syngas) and FT synthesis units, and reactor volume. The production rate of liquid hydrocarbons is maximized for each syngas configuration. Installing a steam methane reformer in front of an ATR will reduce the total oxygen consumption per barrel of product by 40 % compared to the process with only an ATR. The production rate of liquid hydrocarbons is increased by 25.3 % since the flow rate of the purge stream for the ATR is the highest one compared to other configurations and contains mainly CO 2 .
Molecular Mechanisms of Tumor Angiogenesis (2011)

Tumors have been recently recognized as aberrant organs composed of a complex mixture of highly interactive cells that in addition to the cancer cell include stroma (fibroblasts, adipocytes, and myofibroblasts), inflammatory (innate and adaptive immune cells), and vascular cells (endothelial and mural cells). While initially cancer cells co-opt tissue-resident vessels, the tumor eventually recruits its own vascular supply. The process of tumor neovascularization proceeds through the combined output of inductive signals from the entire cellular constituency of the tumor. During the last two decades, the identification and mechanistic outcome of signaling pathways that mediate tumor angiogenesis have been elucidated. Interestingly, many of the genes and signaling pathways activated in tumor angiogenesis are identical to those operational during developmental vascular growth, but they lack feedback regulatory control and are highly affected by inflammatory cells and hypoxia. Consequently, tumor vessels are abnormal, fragile, and hyperpermeable. The lack of hierarchy and inconsistent investment of mural cells dampen the ability of the vessels to effectively perfuse the tumor, and the resulting hypoxia installs a vicious cycle that continuously perpetuates a state of vascular inefficiency. Pharmacological targeting of blood vessels, mainly through the VEGF signaling pathway, has proven effective in normalizing tumor vessels. This normalization improves perfusion and distribution of chemotherapeutic drugs with resulting tumor suppression and moderate increase in overall survival. However, resistance to antiangiogenic therapy occurs frequently and constitutes a critical barrier in the inhibition of tumor growth. A concrete understanding of the chief signaling pathways that stimulate vascular growth in tumors and their cross-talk will continue to be essential to further refine and effectively abort the angiogenic response in cancer.
A Convergent O(n) Temporal-difference Algorithm for Off-policy Learning with Linear Function Approximation (2008)

We introduce the first temporal-difference learning algorithm that is stable with linear function approximation and off-policy training, for any finite Markov decision process, target policy, and exciting behavior policy, and whose complexity scales linearly in the number of parameters. We consider an i.i.d. policy-evaluation setting in which the data need not come from on-policy experience. The gradient temporal-difference (GTD) algorithm estimates the expected update vector of the TD(0) algorithm and performs stochastic gradient descent on its L_2 norm. Our analysis proves that its expected update is in the direction of the gradient, assuring convergence under the usual stochastic approximation conditions to the same least-squares solution as found by the LSTD, but without its quadratic computational complexity. GTD is online and incremental, and does not involve multiplying by products of likelihood ratios as in importance-sampling methods.
The Argument via Rationality (2006)

This chapter examines the rationality-based argument for the claim that human rights are Western. Human rights may be considered Western in the sense that they involve the rationality of intuitions; that this rationality has to be consensual in nature and that such consensus has been achieved around human rights only in the West. (See chapter for detailed clarification.) The problem with developing a rationality based on moral intuitions is that as these institutions may vary from person to person, such an approach always runs the risk of being subjective and in the extreme case, solipsistic. However, if these intuitions could be brought in relationship to rationality, which is considered more firm and consistent compared to intuitions, then these moral sentiments can evolve into a morality. Inasmuch as such interpersonal ‘moral’ rationality has been achieved by human rights discourse in the West, human rights could be said to be Western. This chapter brings into discussion Enlightenment, Reason, and Rationality in course of the argument.
CAN in Automotive Applications: a Look Forward 1 (2012)

There is today more than 20 years of experience in automotive CAN applications, and CAN has certainly proven very successful as a robust, cost effective and all-around network technology. But the use of CAN in vehicles is evolving, in particular because of more complex and heterogeneous architectures with FlexRay or Ethernet networks, and because of recent needs like hybrid, electric propulsion or driver assistance that involves more stringent real-time constraints. Besides, there are other new requirements on CAN: more fine-grained ECU mode management for energy savings, multi-ECU splitted functions and huge software downloads. In parallel, safety issues request more and more mechanisms to protect against potential failures and provide end-to-end integrity. The development process is also evolving with the advent of multi-domain cooperation, Autosar, ISO2626-2 and the always shorter time-to-market requirements. In this landscape, CAN has now to be used at much higher bus load level than in the past, and there is less margin for error. What does it imply in terms of verification and validation? What are the characteristics of the communication stacks that should be paid attention to? This article is intended to shed some light and share our views on these issues.
Adaptive Fuzzy Control of Cutting Temperature Based on Cutting Fluid in High-Speed Machining (2010)

Green manufacturing is the theme of manufacturing industry in the 21st century. The environment can be seriously polluted by a large quantity of waste cutting fluid .In manufacturing industry, it’s critical to restrict the quantity of waste cutting fluid poured in the environment in order to assure a green earth. Cutting temperature has a major impact on processing quality. A stable cutting temperature means a high quality process. Cutting temperature is also a comprehensive embodiment of process state. In order to control cutting temperature in an appropriate level, an adaptive fuzzy control system is developed to control the flow of cutting fluid injected to machining tool and workpiece which can not only reduce the consumption of cutting fluid but also ensure process quality. Simulation and experiment results show that this control system can achieve the desired purpose.
Facet Propagation in Si and SiGe Epitaxy or Etching (2006)

The facets propagation during silicon and SiGe epitaxial growth has been studied in terms of morphology and kinetics. In a similar way the faceting effects during chemical etching of monocrystalline silicon have been examined. In both cases, the appearance of certain facets in certain experimental conditions have been explained on the basis of activation energies of the growth kinetics of the main high density crystal planes.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Maltogenic Amylase from Deinococcus geothermalis (2011)

D. geothermalis의 dgeo_0475 유전자로부터 만들어지는 효소를 정제하여 그 특성을 확인하였다. DGMA는 분자량이 약 68 kDa 크기의 효소로서 <TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>-CD, soluble starch 및 pullulan을 가수분해하는 CD 분해 효소임을 확인하였다. 효소의 최적 온도는 <TEX>$40^{\circ}C$</TEX> 최적 pH 는 6.0이며 대부분의 기질들을 glucose와 maltose로 가수분해 하였고 pullulan 및 soluble starch로부터 미량의 panose를 생성하였다. <TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>-CD를 가장 잘 가수분해하나 기질간 상대적 활성차이는 다른 CD 분해효소에 비하여 크지 않았다. A putative maltogenic amylase gene (DGMA) was cloned from the Deinococcus geothermalis DSM 11300 genome using the polymerase chain reaction. The gene encoded 608 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 68,704 Da. The recombinant DGMA was constitutively expressed using the pHCXHD plasmid. As expected, the recombinant DGMA hydrolyzed cyclodextrins and starch to maltose and pullulan to panose by cleaving the <TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>-(1,4)-glycosidic linkages, as observed for typical maltogenic amylases. Characterization of the recombinant DGMA revealed that the highest maltogenic amylase activity occurred at <TEX>$40^{\circ}C$</TEX> and pH 6.0. The half-life of catalytic activity at <TEX>$65^{\circ}C$</TEX> and <TEX>$55^{\circ}C$</TEX> were 8.2 min and 187.4 min, respectively. DGMA mainly hydrolyzed <TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>-cyclodextrin, soluble starch, and pullulan and its efficient ratio of those substrates was 9:4.5:1.
Effects of Picotamide, an Antithromboxane Agent, on Carotid Atherosclerotic Evolution (1995)

In diabetic patients compared with patients receiving placebo, long-term treatment with picotamide can slow the evolution of early carotid atherosclerotic lesions, inhibiting progression of plaque number and growth.
Hearing loss and the risk of disability pension in Norway: The Hunt Study (2013)

Hearing loss diagnoses are rarely reported as main causes in disability statistics, however, degree of hearing loss increased the risk of being granted with disability pensioning with diagnoses not related to hearing loss.
Mechanism of glucose dissimilation by the propionic acid bacteria (1936)

THE first work of importance on the chemistry of the propionic acid fermentation was that of Fitz [1878] who suggested that the dissimilation of lactic acid occurs according to equation (1).
Reviewing real-time performance of nuclear reactor safety systems (1993)

The purpose of this paper is to recommend regulatory guidance for reviewers examining real-time performance of computer-based safety systems used in nuclear power plants. Three areas of guidance are covered in this report. The first area covers how to determine if, when, and what prototypes should be required of developers to make a convincing demonstration that specific problems have been solved or that performance goals have been met. The second area has recommendations for timing analyses that will prove that the real-time system will meet its safety-imposed deadlines. The third area has description of means for assessing expected or actual real-time performance before, during, and after development is completed. To ensure that the delivered real-time software product meets performance goals, the paper recommends certain types of code-execution and communications scheduling. Technical background is provided in the appendix on methods of timing analysis, scheduling real-time computations, prototyping, real-time software development approaches, modeling and measurement, and real-time operating systems.
Non-destructive in situ analysis of interface processes and thin film growth (1996)

Optical second harmonic generation (SHG) was applied to monitor the growth of films of polyamic acid on polycrystalline gold substrates. Different diamines such as 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA), 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl disulfide (DAPS) and 4,4′-diaminobiphenyl (benzidine) were codeposited from the gas phase with pyromel-litic dianhydride (PMDA). Depending on the diamine, the second harmonic signal varies differently during formation of the polymer/metal interface and the subsequent film growth. A three-layer model which takes into account the optical properties of thin films reveals that the shape of the thickness-dependent SH signal is related to the orientation of the molecules in the film. A fit of the experimental data based on the model indicates a structural transition that occurs several tens of nanometers above the substrate for PMDA/ODA and PMDA/DAPS. The experiments demonstrate that SHG can be applied to monitor the growth of thin films and to extract structural information.
Adopting STING agonist cyclic dinucleotides as a potential adjuvant for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (2020)

Abstract A novel STING agonist CDG SF unilaterally modified with phosphorothioate and fluorine was synthesized. CDG SF displayed better STING activity over dithio CDG. Immunization of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein with CDG SF as an adjuvant elicited an exceptional high antibody titer and a robust T cell response, which were better than the group using aluminium hydroxide as a adjuvant. These results highlighted the adjuvant potential of STING agonist in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine preparation for the first time.