gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quadratic wavefront and traveltime approximations in inhomogeneous layered media with curved interfaces (1982)

Abstract A quadratic approximation for the square of the traveltime from a source region to a receiver region is given for a three-dimensional (3-D) medium consisting of inhomogeneous layers with curved interfaces. The square of the traveltime, being a function of source and receiver coordinates, is developed in a Taylor series around a reference source and receiver point. The relationships of the traveltime parameters to the ray parameters and the wavefront curvature matrices are shown. Using midpoint, half-offset coordinates gives a simplified traveltime function compared to using source-receiver coordinates only in the case that the reference source point and the reference receiver point coincide (zero-offset approximation). For a medium consisting of homogeneous layers with plane dipping interfaces, the traveltime approximation is further simplified. The derived traveltime approximation is shown to be exact for a reflection from a plane dipping interface in a homogeneous medium.Explicit expressions for the traveltime parameters in terms of the layer parameters are derived for a horizontally layered medium. The traveltime errors of two different approximations are compared for a given layered model in a numerical example.
Cdk12 is essential for embryonic development and the maintenance of genomic stability (2015)

The maintenance of genomic integrity during early embryonic development is important in order to ensure the proper development of the embryo. Studies from cultured cells have demonstrated that cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (Cdk12) is a multifunctional protein that maintains genomic stability and the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. Perturbation of its functions is also known to be associated with pathogenesis and drug resistance in human cancers. However, the biological significance of Cdk12 in vivo is unclear. Here we bred mice that are deficient in Cdk12 and demonstrated that Cdk12 depletion leads to embryonic lethality shortly after implantation. We also used an in vitro culture system of blastocysts to examine the molecular mechanisms associated with the embryonic lethality of Cdk12-deficient embryos. Cdk12(-/-) blastocysts fail to undergo outgrowth of the inner cell mass because of an increase in the apoptosis of these cells. Spontaneous DNA damage was revealed by an increase in 53BP1 foci among cells cultured from Cdk12(-/-) embryos. Furthermore, the expression levels of various DNA damage response genes, namely Atr, Brca1, Fanci and Fancd2, are reduced in Cdk12(-/-) embryos. These findings indicate that Cdk12 is important for the correct expression of some DNA damage response genes and indirectly has an influence on the efficiency of DNA repair. Our report also highlights that DNA breaks occurring during DNA replication are frequent in mouse embryonic cells and repair of such damage is critical to the successful development of mouse embryos.
Undebuggability and cognitive science (1988)

A resource-realistic perspective suggests some indispensable features for a computer program that approximates all human mentality. The mind's program would differ fundamentally more from familiar types of software. These features seem to exclude reasonably establishing that a program correctly and completely models the mind.
An Overview of PEER's Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering Methodology (2003)

fragility function, damage analysis, loss analysis. ABSTRACT: Various analytical approaches to performance-based earthquake engineering are in devel-opment. This paper summarizes the approach being pursued by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Re-search (PEER) Center. It works in four stages: hazard analysis, structural analysis, damage analysis, and loss analysis. In the hazard analysis, one evaluates the seismic hazard at the facility site, producing sample ground-motion time histories whose intensity measure (IM) is appropriate to varying hazard lev-els. In the structural-analysis phase, a nonlinear time-history structural analysis is performed to calcu-late the response of the facility to a ground motion of given IM in terms of drifts, accelerations, ground failure, or other engineering demand parameters (EDP). In the third, damage-analysis, phase, these EDPs are used with component fragility functions to determine measures of damage (DM) to the facility components. Finally, given DM, one evaluates repair efforts to determine repair costs, operability, and repair duration, and the potential for casualties. These measures of performance are referred to as deci-sion variables (DV), since they can be used to inform stakeholder decisions about future performance. Each relationship, from location and design to IM, IM to EDP, EDP to DM, and DM to DV, involves uncertainty and is treated probabilistically. PEER is currently exercising and illustrating its methodol-ogy on six real facilities, called testbeds, each of which explores a different aspect of PBEE.
Gastroprotective effects of flavonoids in plant extracts. (2005)

The purpose of this paper is to overview the relations between plant-originated substances and their bioactivity measured in terms of antioxidant, cytoprotective and antiulcer activities. In addition, we assessed whether these compounds are capable of affecting the gastric mucosal lesions induced by absolute ethanol applied intragastrically (i.g.). The following plant-originated flavonoid substances were considered; Solon (Sophoradin extract), Amaranth seed extract, grapefruit-seed extract (GSE) and capsaicin (extract of chilly pepper). The area of gastric mucosa lesions and gastric blood flow were measured in rats with ethanol-induced lesions without (control) and with one of the tested substances without and with capsaicin denervation of afferent nerves or administration of L-nitro-arginine (L-NNA), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Male Wistar rats, weighing 180-220 g fasted for 24 h before the study where used 100% ethanol was applied i.g. to induce gastric lesions, whose area was determined by planimetry. Gastric blood flow was assessed using electrolytic regional blood flowmeter. All tested plant-originated substances afforded gastroprotection against ethanol-induced damage and this was accompanied by increase in gastric microcirculation, both changes being reversed by pretreatment with neurotoxic dose of capsaicin or by pretreatment with L-NNA. We conclude that plant-originated flavonoid substances are highly gastroprotective probably due to enhancement of the expression of constitutive NOS and release of NO and neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) released from sensory afferent nerves increasing gastric microcirculation.
Increased Crystalline Cellulose Activity via Combinations of Amino Acid Changes in the Family 9 Catalytic Domain and Family 3c Cellulose Binding Module of <i>Thermobifida fusca</i> Cel9A (2010)

Amino acid modifications of the Thermobifida fusca Cel9A-68 catalytic domain or carbohydrate binding module 3c (CBM3c) were combined to create enzymes with changed amino acids in both domains. Bacterial crystalline cellulose (BC) and swollen cellulose (SWC) assays of the expressed and purified enzymes showed that three combinations resulted in 150% and 200% increased activity, respectively, and also increased synergistic activity with other cellulases. Several other combinations resulted in drastically lowered activity, giving insight into the need for a balance between the binding in the catalytic cleft on either side of the cleavage site, as well as coordination between binding affinity for the catalytic domain and CBM3c. The same combinations of amino acid variants in the whole enzyme, Cel9A-90, did not increase BC or SWC activity but did have higher filter paper (FP) activity at 12% digestion.
Automatic Web Page Categorization Using Machine Learning and Educational-Based Corpus (2017)

The Internet is a powerful instrument that contains hundreds to thousands of resources. There is a need to categorize these resources based on certain categories in order to organize the contents of the Web better. This research aims to build a corpus that would be representative of pre-defined educational categories. This study will experiment on seven different algorithms that will be able to categorize web pages based on educational domain. Many studies about web categorization have already been conducted but is based on a general set of categories. This research will focus primarily on a predefined set of categories that are closely related to educational domains. With the use of machine learning, the classifier will be able to analyze what a web page is all about and determine its category. The study will also compare the different classifiers used. As a result, the system will be able to assign a web page to a particular educational domain and can be used by schools to determine the categories of web pages frequently requested by students. Linear SVM was also able to build a lexicon for the different categories. The top words for each category were then determined using this lexicon.
ESTUDIO ECONOMÉTRICO DE LA INFLUENCIA DEL CAPITAL HUMANO EN EL CRECIMIENTO DE LA PRODUCTIVIDAD INDUSTRIAL DE MÉXICO, 1960-1993 (2001)

The main purpose of this article is to analyse the positive influence of human capital on industrial productivity in Mexico. An econometric model is fitted with a cross-section of industries, showing that initial conditions are of great importance for explaining productivity growth. We found also that in the stage of imports substitution the importance of changes in human capital was greater than the influence of changes in physical capital, but the following stage, during the last two decades, does not show a clear trend in this respect due to the changing circumstances of Mexican economy. Although it is difficult sometimes to isolate the effect of human capital the conclusion is that the efforts in improving the educative level of population should follow in order to achieve higher standards of industrial productivity and development.
The Music of the Court (2009)

Many of the Jacobites at Urbino also shared an appreciation of music, which was by far the most important form of entertainment provided for James III and his courtiers while they were in the city. Some music was organised and even performed by the Jacobites themselves. Some was provided by the more important noble families of the town. Although there was disagreement over musical taste, it did not necessarily coincide with the rivalries between the old and the new servants. Indeed a common love of music was one thing which managed to bring together some of the Jacobites who were otherwise divided. For a short time during 1718 Urbino became one of the most significant musical centres in the Papal States, a fact which has escaped the attention of previous historians.
Cognitive pilot channel: Enabler for radio systems coexistence (2009)

With an increasing number of collocated personal, local and cellular wireless communication systems, the question of optimum coexistence and inter-networking are raised. Although some mitigation techniques, like DAA, LDC, Frequency band notching etc. are being widely studied by industries, regulation bodies and standardization authorities, none of them show good performance in terms of detection and energy consumption without having a priori knowledge about the primary system which is not usually available. Cognitive radios and networks with cognitive signaling and data-aided mitigation techniques can become then key enablers for true heterogeneous communication environment with optimal sharing of the spectrum and coexistence. Cognitive pilot channel (CPC) is a novel, recently proposed approach which could guarantee a conflict-free coexistence. In this paper we show a generic scheme to achieve better coexistence between UWB and WIMAX through enhancing existing mitigation techniques.
<scp>Li</scp>–Air Battery: Electrocatalysts (2018)

The Li-O2 battery is viewed as a promising energy storage device benefiting from its ultrahigh energy density compared with that of Li-ion battery. This chapter discusses the various kinds of materials including noble metals, transition metals, their oxides, and so on have been intensively used to facilitate oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and/or oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In Li-O2 field, the generated discharge product Li2O2 can precipitate on the cathode, which can bury the catalytic sites on the oxygen electrode gradually. In Li-O2 battery, the reactions taking place is a complicated process. The analysis of reaction process and understanding the reaction mechanism hold the key for the development of efficient and long life Li-O2 battery. The indium layer can reduce the growth of dendrites from the Li anode surface in the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) electrolyte.
Binding of IL-1 <i>beta</i> to <i>alpha</i> -macroglobulins and release by thioredoxin. (1990)

Human alpha 2-macroglobulin (H alpha 2M) is a major IL-1 beta binding plasma protein. The characteristics of the H alpha 2M IL-1 beta complex formation suggested, that cleavage of the internal thiol ester in other members of the alpha-macroglobulin family (alpha M) could enable these proteins to bind IL-1 beta. Characterization of optimal conditions for binding 125I IL-1 beta to H alpha 2M showed that H alpha 2M-IL-1 beta complex formation could be obtained over a pH range of 6.3 to 9 in the presence of some metal cations (i.e., Zn2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+). Other divalent metal cations (i.e., Mn2+, Mg2+, Ca2+) were without effect. Time kinetic studies showed that binding of IL-1 beta to H alpha 2M was complete within 200 min and that H alpha 2M-IL-1 beta complexes became increasingly resistant to dissociation by boiling in SDS as a function of incubation time. Human pregnancy zone protein, rat alpha 1-, alpha 2-macroglobulin (R alpha 1M, R alpha 2M), all homologous with H alpha 2M, were tested for their ability to bind IL-1 beta. In each instance, alpha M-IL-1 beta complex formation was observed only after treatment of alpha M with methylamine, a primary amine that causes cleavage of the internal thiol ester in alpha M and the appearance of free thiol groups. Similarly, for each of these proteins, complex formation was increased several fold in the presence of Zn2+. Competition experiments using cytokines or proteins of similar molecular mass as IL-1 beta established that only unlabeled IL-1 beta was effective in inhibiting binding of 125I IL-1 beta to H"F" alpha 2M. Acylation of H"F" alpha 2M by diethylpyrocarbonate blocked the binding of IL-1 beta when analyzed by native PAGE. Deacylation of H"F" alpha 2M with hydroxylamine partially restored the binding capacity of H"F" alpha 2M further supporting the involvement of histidyl residues in the Zn2(+)-dependent binding of IL-1 beta. Reduced thioredoxin, but not its alkylated form, from Escherichia coli readily releases H"F" alpha 2M bound IL-1 beta under conditions that did not lead to reduction of disulfide bonds in H"F" alpha 2M. The action of thioredoxin also augmented IL-1-like activity in two independent bioassays suggesting that H"F" alpha 2M bound IL-1 beta is partially biologically inactive or latent. These results suggest that "activated" alpha M exert a modulating role for IL-1 beta by exposing specific binding sites, which are inaccessible in the native proteins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
태권도장 교육환경 변화와 지도철학 탐색 (2014)

이 연구는 태권도장 교육환경 변화와 지도철학을 탐색하고자 하였다. 첫째, 태권도장 교육환경의 변화는 초등학생 위주의 학교체육과 수행평가 종목을 진행하고, 띠의 계급이 다양해졌고, 계절의 변화에 따라 하복과 동복을 착용한다는 특징이 있다. 둘째, 태권도장 지도철학의 변화는 태권도장의 증가와 홍보수단이 다양해짐에 따라 서로의 경쟁이 심해졌고, 최근에는 지나치게 수련생과 학부모의 요구를 수용하여 운영된다는 문제점이 도출되면서 태권도장의 정체성이 위기에 직면하였다. 셋째, 태권도장의 전망은 다양한 수련층을 확보하는 일이며, 협회와 같은 관련기관에서 회비책정, 승급·승단의 기간, 띠의 색깔등에 대한 체계적인 제도를 마련하여 규제하는 방안이 도입되어야 한다. 넷째, 태권도장 지도자의 태도는 태권도를 소중하게 생각하는 자세와 태권도 인으로서 자부심 있게 행동하고, 태권도장 교육의 질을 향상시킬 수 있도록 지속적으로 노력해야 할 것이다.
The bidiffractive grating coupler (1993)

A novel optical device for coupling a light beam to a planar waveguide structure and for decoupling the guided wave after a certain distance of propagation is demonstrated. The beam coupler comprises two superimposed uniform dielectric diffraction gratings with different periodicities and/or different orientations incorporated into a planar surface-wave supporting structure. The bidiffractive coupler has translational invariant coupling efficiency and is ideally suited for optical surface probing using electromagnetic surface mode propagation over short distances only.
Conservatives and Progressives in South Korea (2008)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsHaesook ChaeHaesook Chae is an associate professor in the Department of Political Science at Baldwin-Wallace College in Berea, Ohio.Steven KimSteven Kim is an assistant professor at the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies in Honolulu. The authors would like to thank the Fulbright Scholar Program and Baldwin-Wallace College for their generous financial support, which partially funded this survey, as well as Yong-Chool Ha, Doo Seung Hong, Soo Il Chae, Tae Dong Lee, and Ramona McNeal for their valuable insight and assistance
The discovery of susceptibility genes for mental disorders (2002)

Research on the genetic basis of mental disorders crossed a major watershed this summer. For the first time, specific genes have been discovered that influence susceptibility to schizophrenia, a psychosis that affects nearly 1% of people throughout the world and accounts for about 2.5% of health-care costs (1). In this issue of PNAS, Chumakov and colleagues (2) describe a new human gene, G72 , on chromosome 13q34 that interacts with the gene for d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) on 12q24 to regulate glutaminergic signaling through the N- methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor pathway. Using traditional positional cloning techniques of linkage and linkage disequilibrium, they show that both of these genes are associated with increased susceptibility to schizophrenia. Therefore, this is the first discovery of a specific gene that also provides a pathogenic molecular mechanism that can account for the major symptoms of a psychiatric disorder. Similarly, two other groups reported this summer that the gene dysbindin on 6p22.3 (3) and the gene neuregulin 1 on 8p (4) also influence susceptibility to schizophrenia and may operate via the same NMDA mechanism. Each of these gene discoveries came from association analysis targeting chromosomal regions first identified by linkage analysis. The success of groups working on three different chromosomal regions of interest confirms the effectiveness of traditional positional cloning techniques in complex mental disorders. Consequently, these results justify optimism for future progress in unraveling complex disorders in which there is interaction among multiple genetic and environmental variables. However, it is important to recognize both the strengths and the limitations of the genetic and functional strategies used by Chumakov and colleagues (2). It is also important to recognize the continuing significance of the prior work that laid the foundation for these particular experiments.

Twin and adoption studies demonstrated that susceptibility to schizophrenia is strongly …
Utilization of cholestyramine resin as a preventive treatment for antibiotic (clindamycin) induced enterotoxaemia in the rabbit (1992)

Cholestyramine, an ion exchange resin shown to bind bacterial toxins, was utilized to treat rabbits with antibiotic induced enterotoxaemia. Three groups of 6 rabbits were administered 30 mg/kg clindamycin phosphate intravenously on day 1. One group was untreated; 2 groups were treated daily by gavage with 2 g cholestyramine in 20 ml water until day 21, starting on either day 1 or 3. Daily body weights, faecal output, faecal occult blood, food and water consumption, and body temperatures were determined. Four of 6 rabbits in the untreated group either died or were moribund and euthanased. There were no deaths in either treatment groups. Dramatic decreases in food consumption (86%), water consumption (62%), and faecal output (89%) were noted within 3 days after clindamycin administration in all groups. These parameters remained depressed throughout the study. There was no clear trend in body weight changes, body temperature, or faecal occult blood test results. Cholestyramine was effective in eliminating mortality associated with the intravenous administration of clindamycin and is recommended to prevent the development of enterotoxaemia when pyrogen testing or administering antibiotics known to induce the syndrome in rabbits.
Naturally occurring mutations to HCV protease inhibitors in treatment-naïve patients (2012)

Although major PI resistance mutations were not detected, other resistance mutations conferring low level resistance to PIs together with a number of natural polymorphisms were observed in proteases of PI naïve HCV patients. A more extensive analysis is needed to better evaluate the impact of baseline resistance and compensatory mutations in the efficacy of HCV PI treatment.
Simultaneous Fast Deformation and Solidification in Supercooled Liquid Gallium at Room Temperature (2017)

The authors demonstrate that it is possible to transform a supercooled liquid metal at room temperature into a variety of shapes in solids by combined liquid metal deformation and induced crystallization from the supercooling state. The authors discover that both reversible deformation and irreversible deformation can be achieved simultaneously for supercooled liquid gallium in alkaline or acid electrolytes by using electrodes that are non‐wetted or wetted with liquid gallium, respectively. Our findings on the simultaneous deformation and solidification offer a novel approach to controlled patterning and solidification of supercooled liquid gallium at room temperature.
Extending Squeeze Lifetimes Using Miscible Displacement (2002)

Abstract As the industry moves towards increasing deepwater production, the very high cost of well intervention places large constraints upon the performance of scale control options. In particular, where scale is managed by squeeze treating, it is an absolute requirement that the treatment lasts as long as possible and efficiently utilizes the applied chemical. This paper discusses using enhanced oil recovery-type surfactant systems in conjunction with scale inhibitors to dramatically extend the squeeze treatment lifetime. It is believed that the treatment lifetime is extended by the miscible displacement of organic material from formation surfaces thereby increasing the surface area available for the scale inhibitor to adsorb onto. The efficacy of this approach, using simple to formulate packages, is demonstrated by coreflood data in which the lifetime of the treatment is extended by up to four times.
Anomaly Detection with Partially Observed Anomalies (2018)

In this paper, we consider the problem of anomaly detection. Previous studies mostly deal with this task in either supervised or unsupervised manner according to whether label information is available. However, there always exists settings which are different from the two standard manners. In this paper, we address the scenario when anomalies are partially observed, i.e., we are given a large amount of unlabeled instances as well as a handful labeled anomalies. We refer to this problem as anomaly detection with partially observed anomalies, and proposed a two-stage method ADOA to solve it. Firstly, by addressing the difference between the anomalies, the observed anomalies are clustered, while the unlabeled instances are filtered to get potential anomalies and reliable normal instances. Then, with the above instances, a weight is attached to each instance according to the confidence of its label, and a weighted multi-class model is built, which will be further used to distinguish different anomalies to the normal instances. Experimental results show that in the aforementioned setting, existing methods behave unsatisfactorily and the proposed method performs significantly better than all these methods, which validates the effectiveness of the proposed approach.