gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dried blood spots can expand access to virological monitoring of HIV treatment in resource-limited settings (2009)

The global scale-up of antiretroviral treatment in past years has, unfortunately, not been accompanied by adequate strengthening of laboratory capacity. Monitoring of treatment with HIV viral load and resistance testing, as recommended in industrialized countries, is rarely available in resource-limited settings due to high costs and stringent requirements for storage and transport of plasma. Consequently, treatment failure usually passes unnoticed until severe symptoms occur, when resistance mutations have accumulated and second-line drug options are restricted. Dried blood spots (DBS) are easy to collect and store, and can be a convenient alternative to plasma. Recently, a number of studies have demonstrated the feasibility and reliability of using DBS to monitor viral load and genotypic resistance. Moreover, several African countries have already started to use DBS for paediatric HIV screening. In the absence of point-of-care assays, the WHO should encourage virological monitoring on DBS in antiretroviral treatment programmes in resource-limited settings.
Direct Synthesis of 1,6‐Hexanediol from HMF over a Heterogeneous Pd/ZrP Catalyst using Formic Acid as Hydrogen Source (2013)

A new approach is developed for hydrogenolytic ring opening of biobased 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), dehydration product of hexoses, towards 1,6-hexanediol (HDO) under atmospheric pressure. The highest yield of HDO, 43%, is achieved over reusable Pd/zirconium phosphate (ZrP) catalyst at 413 K in the presence of formic acid as hydrogen source. In comparison with various Brønsted and/or Lewis acidic supports, the specific Brønsted acidity on ZrP support effectively accelerated the cleavage of C-O bond in a furan ring.
Current recommendations for community-acquired pneumonia. (1995)

The question of which antimicrobial agents to use is compounded by the imprecision of presenting signs and symptoms and the limitations of diagnostic tests. The use of empiric therapy is explored along with suggested management if treatment fails.
Effect of 5 GPa Pressure Treatment on the PhaseTransformation of α + γ(subscript 2)→β in Cu-Al Alloy (2012)

Before and after 5 Gpa pressure treatment, the phase transformation temperature and time of α + γ(subscript 2)→s in Cu-Al alloy were measured by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and its activation energy was also calculated. On the basis of that, the effect of 5Gpa pressure treatment on the phase transformation of α + γ(subscript 2)→s in the alloy was discussed. The results show that 5 Gpa pressure treatment can decreases the transformation temperature and transformation activation energy, shorten the transformation time, it is conducive to the phase transformation of α + γ(subscript 2)→s in the Cu-Al alloy, but has little effect on the phase transformation mechanism.
Designing Effective User Interfaces for Web Courseware (2001)

Current courseware development has moved to integrate multimedia, the WWW and Internet techniques. We think that the courseware design should not only put teaching materials on the Web and integrate audio/video facilities, but also should focus on other issues, such as user interfaces and software architecture. Our approach is to adapt the general architecture for building a Web site to our courseware development by identifying the roles of system programmers, Web developers, and course designers. The user interfaces is the crucial part for a courseware system. This paper introduces the design for effective user interfaces which can help students' learning.
Brain imaging as a tool in establishing a theory of brain pathology in obsessive compulsive disorder. (1990)

Positron emission tomography (PET) studies using 18F-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) to determine glucose metabolic rates have been used recently to correlate the symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) with neuroanatomically localized brain dysfunctions. These studies, as well as data from other techniques and other disease states, suggest that the orbital cortex and the striatum are dysfunctional in OCD. This information can be used to construct a theory of how the symptoms of OCD and the related Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and chronic motor tics are mediated by the central nervous system.
Debris flows of the Simud-Tiu outflow system of Mars (1988)

It is seen that the magnitude of geologic happenings are commonly quite different between the Earth and Mars because of differences in the makeup and breakup of their crusts. By assessing the differences, and the similarities, between planets, the geologic history of Mars can be more fully understood. The identification of debris-flow deposits in channels of Mars, for example, helps to establish which of several competing explanations for the origin of the channels actually occurred. In turn, the Earth is viewed in new, and commonly enlightening perspectives. By the way, it is fortunate that on Earth, thick sequences of impact ejected are not found that could be transformed into the monstrous debris flows that have devastated the Martian surface.
Nanodiagnostics: application of nanotechnology in molecular diagnostics (2003)

Nanotechnology extends the limits of molecular diagnostics to the nanoscale. Nanotechnology-on-a-chip is one more dimension of microfluidic/lab-on-a-chip technology. Biological tests measuring the presence or activity of selected substances become quicker, more sensitive and more flexible when certain nanoscale particles are put to work as tags or labels. Magnetic nanoparticles, bound to a suitable antibody, are used to label specific molecules, structures or microorganisms. Magnetic immunoassay techniques have been developed in which the magnetic field generated by the magnetically labeled targets is detected directly with a sensitive magnetometer. Gold nanoparticles tagged with short segments of DNA can be used for detection of genetic sequence in a sample. Multicolor optical coding for biological assays has been achieved by embedding different-sized quantum dots into polymeric microbeads. Nanopore technology for analysis of nucleic acids converts strings of nucleotides directly into electronic signatures. DNA nanomachines can function as biomolecular detectors for homogeneous assays. Nanobarcodes, submicrometer metallic barcodes with striping patterns prepared by sequential electrochemical depositon of metal, show differential reflectivity of adjacent stripes enabling identification of the striping patterns by conventional light microscopy. All this has applications in population diagnostics and in point-of-care hand-held devices.
Polycrystalline-silicon thin-film transistor technology for low cost, high-power integrated circuits (1992)

The feasibility of fabricating power ICs by integrating CMOS logic and control elements formed from polycrystalline-silicon thin-film transistors (TFTs) on the field oxide of single-crystal, vertical-current flow, power devices is described. Complete, dielectric, isolation between the TFT control elements and the power output device is thus provided in a simple, low-cost process. The device and circuit characteristics of the integrated TFT/vertical power devices are described. Functional power ICs using this technology are demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Investigation of a new method of designing computer-aided customized appliance on lingual orthodontics (2013)

Objective The purpose of the study is to investigate a new method of designing customized lingual orthodontic appliance based on standard digital dental model.Methods The maxillary standard permanent dentition models were scanned by CBCT and imported into Mimics for reconstructing 3-dimensional digital models.By means of V-STARS,the contour data of STbbrackets (Ormco) were obtained.In Solidworks,database of bracket bodies with horizontal and vertical slots were set up by drawing from the contour data.Meanwhile,lingual surfaces of teeth were extracted from digital models to design customized lingual bracket bases and lingual arch wires.Then,the bodies of bracket,the bases of bracket and arch wire were assembled together.Results Through computer-aided technology,we successfully designed two sets of lingual brackets (horizontal slot and vertical slot)and built up a database.Moreover,we explored a method to design customized lingual appliance by Solidworks and Mimics.Conclusions is feasible to design customized lingual arch wire and brackets with computer software Solidworks and Mimics.

Key words: 
Customized;  Lingual arch wire;  Lingual bracket;  Computer-aided design
BSA, a fast and accurate spike train encoding scheme (2004)

In this paper we introduce a new algorithm for encoding analog information into spike trains, given that the reconstruction will take place using a FIR filter. An older technique called HSA is reviewed and an optimal threshold value is found. A new technique called BSA is introduced. These methods are then compared experimentally.
Detection and Mapping of Intraabdominal Adhesions by Using Functional Cine MR Imaging: Preliminary Results (2000)

Detection of visceral slide at functional cine MR imaging is easy to perform and represents a well-tolerated and accurate procedure for use in the identification of intraabdominal adhesions in patients with chronic pain and equivocal clinical findings.
Big-Box Bullies Bust Benign Buyer Behavior: Wal-Mart, Get Your Hands Off My Receipt! (2008)

We prove ergodicity of unitary random-matrix theories by showing that the autocorrelation function with respect to energy or magnetic field strength of any observable vanishes asymptotically. We do so using Efetov's supersymmetry method, a polar decomposition of the saddle-point manifold, and an asymptotic evaluation of the boundary terms generated in this fashion.
The role of object-oriented metrics (1998)

Perhaps the most common concern of project managers who use or who are about to use object technology is for more measurement tools. There is, in fact, an extensive literature on software metrics, including much that pertains to object-oriented development, but surprisingly little of it is of direct use to actual projects. The author presents a classification of software metrics and five basic rules for their application.
Species, Concept, and Thing: Theories of Signification in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century (1999)

Students of later medieval semantics are familiar with the controversy that developed at the end of the thirteenth century over the signification of names. The debate focused on the signification of common nouns such as ‘man’ and ‘animal’: Do they signify an extramental thing or a mental representation of an extramental thing?Some authors at the end of the thirteenth century also discussed another question concerning what names signify, that is, whether they signify the composite of matter and form or only the form of the composite. This second debate will not be considered in this article. Duns Scotus is commonly recognized as having played an important role in this debate.See Costantino Marmo, “Ontology and Semantics in the Logic of Duns Scotus,” in Umberto Eco and Costantino Marmo, ed., On Medieval Theory of Signs, (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1989), pp. 161–63; and esp. Dominik Perler, “Duns Scotus on Signification,” Medieval Philosophy and Theology 3 (1993): 97–120. On the topic in general, see Paul Vincent Spade, “The Semantics of Terms,” in N. Kretzmann, A. Kenny, J. Pinborg, eds., The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 1982), pp. 188–90; Jan Pinborg, “Bezeichnung in der Logik des XIII. Jahrhunderts,” in Albert Zimmermann, ed., Der Begriff der Repraesentatio im Mittelalter, Miscellanea Mediaevalia 8 (Berlin and New York: de Gruyter, 1971): 238–81; Elizabeth J. Ashworth, “Signification and Modes of Signifying in Thirteenth-Century Logic: A Preface to Aquinas on Analogy,” Medieval Philosophy and Theology 1 (1991): 43–53; Claude Panaccio, “From Mental Word to Mental Language,” Philosophical Topics 20 (1992): 125–47. In his Ordinatio, he alludes to a magna altercatio among his contemporaries concerning signification.John Duns Scotus, Ordinatio 1.27.1–3 n.83, in Commissio Scotistica, ed, Opera omnia 6 (Vatican City: Typis Polyglottis, 1963), p. 97. What is more, he gives, in his two commentaries on Aristotle’s Peri hermeneias, a detailed and fair analysis of the two contrasting positions on this issue.John Duns Scotus, Super Peri hermeneias 1.2, and Super Peri hermeneias 2.1, in Opera omnia 1 (Paris: L. Vivès, 1891), pp. 540–44, 582–85. Scotus’s logical commentaries are usually thought to have been composed before his theological writings, in the last decade of the thirteenth century.
Analyzing the Performance of Active Queue Management Algorithms (2010)

Congestion is an important issue which researchers focus on in the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) network environment. To keep the stability of the whole network, congestion control algorithms have been extensively studied. Queue management method employed by the routers is one of the important issues in the congestion control study. Active queue management (AQM) has been proposed as a router-based mechanism for early detection of congestion inside the network. In this paper we analyzed several active queue management algorithms with respect to their abilities of maintaining high resource utilization, identifying and restricting disproportionate bandwidth usage, and their deployment complexity. We compare the performance of FRED, BLUE, SFB, and CHOKe based on simulation results, using RED and Drop Tail as the evaluation baseline. The characteristics of different algorithms are also discussed and compared. Simulation is done by using Network Simulator(NS2) and the graphs are drawn using X- graph.
Proliferation and Cytokine Production of Human Mesangial Cells Stimulated by Secretory IgA Isolated from Patients with IgA Nephropathy (2015)

The biological effects of SIgA on mesangial cells differ from those of pIgA. SIgA stimulates mesangial cell proliferation and production of proinflammatory cytokines. IL-6 production is regulated by miR-16 in mesangial cells.
Software radios: Survey, critical evaluation and future directions (1993)

A software radio is defined as a set of digital signal processing (DSP) primitives, a metalevel system for combining the primitives into communication system functions (transmitter, channel model, receiver, etc.), and a set of target processors on which the software radio is hosted for real-time communications. The performance of enabling hardware technologies is related to software radio requirements, portending a decade of shift from hardware radios toward software intensive approaches. Computational models and architecture are discussed, stressing the need for topological consistency of radio functions and host architectures. A layered topology-oriented design approach encapsulated in a canonical open architecture software radio model is presented. The model provides a unified mathematical framework for quantitative analysis of algorithm structures, host architectures, and system performance for CAD.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Complex Structural Dynamics at Adsorbed Alkanethiol Layers at Au(111) Single-Crystal Domains (1998)

The structure and dynamics of dodecanethiol and butanethiol monolayers adsorbed on Au(111) at 298 K have been followed by in situ and ex situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Results show that a gaslike initial adsorption stage where monatomic deep pit clustering occurs is followed by an advanced adsorption stage in which adlayer structural changes p(n×1) ⇒ (√3×√3)R30° ⇔ c(4×2) take place. The first change is interpreted as the motion of adsorbed molecules from fcc to hcp sites, and the second one is explained by the fluctuations of adsorbed molecules from hollow to bridge sites. The structural fluctuations at adsorbate domains occur simultaneously with fluctuations in the size of monatomic deep pits. These processes reveal the complexity of surface dynamics of alkanethiol adlayers on Au(111) at 298 K.
The effect of obstructive sleep apnea and treatment with continuous positive airway pressure on stroke rehabilitation: rationale, design and methods of the TOROS study (2014)

Dutch Trial Register NTR3412.
Secure and Reliable IPTV Multimedia Transmission Using Forward Error Correction (2012)

With the wide deployment of Internet Protocol (IP) infrastructure and rapid development of digital technologies, Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) has emerged as one of the major multimedia access techniques. A general IPTV transmission system employs both encryption and forward error correction (FEC) to provide the authorized subscriber with a high-quality perceptual experience. This two-layer processing, however, complicates the system design in terms of computational cost and management cost. In this paper, we propose a novel FEC scheme to ensure the secure and reliable transmission for IPTV multimedia content and services. The proposed secure FEC utilizes the characteristics of FEC including the FEC-encoded redundancies and the limitation of error correction capacity to protect the multimedia packets against the malicious attacks and data transmission errors/losses. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme obtains similar performance compared with the joint encryption and FEC scheme.
Aportacion a la farmacologia del tiotixeno (1983)

Se estudia el efecto de tiotixeno sobre el metabolismo oxidativo cerebral asi como sus interacciones con distintos neurotransmisores en preparaciones de organo asilado. El consumo de oxigeno se determina manometricamente la actividad atp-asa fotocolorimetricamente y las interacciones con neurotransmisores en preparaciones de organo aislado. El tiotixeno a 10-3 m disminuye el consumo de oxigeno cerebral desacopla la fosforilizacion oxidativa mitoconsdrial a ninguna de las concentraciones ensayadas modifica la actividad atp-asa cerebral y a 10-7m antagoniza el incremento de consumo de consumo de oxigeno inducido por dopamina en cortes de cerebro de rata. El tiotixeno de comporta como antagonista no competitivo de acetilcolina adrenalina histamina y serotonina en preparaciones de organo aislado.
A plaque assay for all cells secreting Ig of a given type or class (1976)

Abstract A modification of the hemolytic plaque assay using protein A‐coated red cells is described which makes use of the fact that the Fc portion of IgG binds to protein A. A number of murine plasmacytomas secreting different classes of Ig have been tested for plaque formation with these indicator red cells. In the presence of complement‐binding antibodies specific for the corresponding class of secreted Ig, between 10 and 70 % of all plated myeloma cells formed plaques. The assay shows a prozone effect in excess of antibody, suggesting that complexes of antibody and secreted Ig effect lysis of the target cells. This assay can be used to enumerate cells secreting any molecules for which complement‐binding antibodies are available.
A Unified View of the Law of the Wall Using Mixing-Length Theory (1973)

Summary It is shown that, if the well-known mixing-length formula is regarded simply as a relationship between the velocity and the stress distributions in the wall region of a turbulent flow, then a truly universal distribution of mixing length is sufficient to describe the experimentally observed departures of the velocity distribution from the usual law of the wall as a result of severe pressure gradients and transverse surface curvature. Comparisons have been made with a wide variety of experimental data to demonstrate the general validity of the mixing-length model in describing the flow close to a smooth wall. An extension of the re-laminarisation criterion of Patel and Head, and some experimental evidence, suggest that the thick axisymmetric boundary layer on a slender cylinder placed axially in a uniform stream cannot be maintained in a fully turbulent state for values of the Reynolds number, based on friction velocity and cylinder radius, below a certain critical value.
Veterinary Computing at Iowa State University (1983)

During the past year or so, a great deal has been written and spoken about computers and the ways they are influencing our lives. Considerable hoopla has accompanied these pronouncements, and of course much of it has taken a distinctly commercial tone. After Time magazine proclaimed the computer "Man of the Year," one might conclude that anyone who doesn't own a computer and speak fluent BASIC is condemned to a life of social and intellectual deprivation. Conversely, the whole thing could be dismissed as a fad: most of the home computers purchased this year might well be gathering dust in the attics two years hence, when we're all immersed in the next national fascination.
New approaches for itaconic acid production: bottlenecks and possible remedies (2017)

Currently, growing attention is being devoted to the conversion of biomass into value-added products, such as itaconic acid (IA), which is considered as the cleanest alternative to petroleum-based acrylic acid. IA is an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid that is used as a building block chemical for the production of several value-added products such as poly-itaconic acid. IA and its derivatives have a wide range of potential applications in textile, paint, pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Presently, industries are producing IA on the large scale by fermentation from glucose. However, due to the primary utility of glucose as a food, it cannot meet the global demand for IA production in an economical way. The main challenge, so far, has been the production technology, which does not support cost-effective and competitive production of IA. This review discusses the various bottlenecks faced during each step of IA production, along with possible remedies to deal with these problems. Furthermore, it reviews the recent progress in fermentative IA production and sheds light on different microorganisms used, potential substrates and fermentation conditions. The review also covers market potential for IA, which indicates that IA can be produced cost-effectively from sustainable substrates, and it has the potential to replace petrochemicals in the near future.
Guidelines for exercise therapy of the elderly after myocardial infarction (1984)

We have previously demonstrated that elderly male cardiac patients benefit from participation in early exercise programmes through enhancement of functional capacity and improved psychological responses to exertion. Based on our experience, we present guidelines for early exercise therapy in elderly cardiac patients. It appears that no special considerations need be made to reduce risk beyond those precautions already present in a standard programme for younger patients. In general, it is recommended that exercise therapy in the elderly utilize 70-85% of maximal heart rate, 3 days per week for 40 min per session. Specific modifications include: decreasing intensity of work on certain modalities due to limitations of specific muscle groups, increasing frequency of exercise sessions for persons with particularly low functional capacity, and emphasizing flexibility exercises which should also be included in the regular exercise therapy sessions. Our experience has indicated that elderly cardiac patients have little problem with adherence and safety in the exercise programme and that standard methods of exercise prescription can be utilized with only minor modifications.