gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biodegradable Poly(Butylene Succinate) Modified by Gas Plasmas and Their In vitro Functions as Bone Implants (2012)

Artificial implants are alternatives to autologous grafts in repairing severe bone damage and in many clinical applications, the artificial implant materials should be biodegradable in order to avoid chronic problems associated with biostable implants. In this study, a biodegradable biopolymer, poly(butylene succinate) (PBSu), is treated by N(2), NH(3) and H(2)O plasmas and investigated as bone replacement materials in vitro to obtain a better understanding of the behavior of osteoblasts on the different plasma-treated materials. N(2), NH(3), and H(2)O plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) produces dominant C-N, C═N, and C-O surface functional groups, respectively rendering the materials with hydrophilic characteristics which favor osteoblast adhesion and early proliferation. In particular, N-containing groups, especially C═N, are more positive to osteogenic differentiation of the seeded osteoblasts than C-O. Among the 3 plasma treatments, NH(3) PIII is the most effective, yielding surface properties that are suitable for artificial bone implants.
Impaired cervical homeostasis upon selective ablation of RXRα in epithelial cells (2008)

Retinoids play critical regulatory roles in the maintenance of mammalian epithelia and exert pleiotropic effects through nuclear receptors. RXRalpha, which is a ligand-dependent transcription factor, is the most abundant RXR isotype expressed in cervical epithelia, and may play a crucial role in cervix development and homeostasis. We have previously described a mouse model to induce the temporally controlled epithelia-specific somatic mutagenesis of RXRalpha alleles in epidermis. To study the role of RXRalpha in cervical homeostasis, we ablated RXRalpha in cervix epithelial cells of adult mice. We found that such mutant mice develop ectocervical atrophy with moderate epidermoid metaplasia. In addition, we report a simultaneous increase of cell proliferation and apoptosis levels accompanied by alteration in the expression of genes involved in both processes.
Hydrothermal crystal growth from SiO2-GeO2 solid solution for piezoelectric applications (2015)

Hydrothermal crystal growth offers a complementary alternative to many of the classical techniques of crystal growth used to synthesize new materials and grow bulk crystals for specific applications...
An e-textile edge-fed spiral antenna for flexible wearable applications (2016)

This paper presents an e-textile embroidered Archimedean spiral antenna using conductive silver thread on polyester fabric for wearable applications. The two-arm spiral antenna has 5 turns with an extension of 180 deg of one arm to enable an edge-feed. The edge-feed enables a planar feed suitable for a wearable planar fabric configuration. The spiral is feed at the edge with coaxial cable. The spiral was designed to cover the wireless bands from 2.4 to 6 GHz. An initial design was done with a high-fidelity computational electromagnetic mode, and then the antenna was fabricated and tested.
Gate Insulators in Organic Field-Effect Transistors (2004)

In this paper, we review recent progress in the understanding of insulator/semiconductor interfaces in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). We would like to emphasize that the choice of gate insulator is as important for high-quality OFET devices as the semiconductor itself, especially because of the unique transport mechanisms operating in them. To date researchers have explored numerous organic and inorganic insulator materials, some of them designed to improve the morphology of the organic semiconductor (OSC). Surface treatments, particularly on inorganic insulators, have been shown to influence significantly molecular ordering and device performance. In addition, the deposition technique used for the insulator and semiconductor layers has a further impact on the active interface. Dielectric related effects are reviewed here for a variety of polymeric and molecular semiconductors reported in the literature, with an emphasis on electronic transport. We also review in more detail experiences at Philips and the recent work at Avecia to clarify some of the interface phenomena using amorphous OSC.
Is the lynch mob coming for biotech? (2004)

How much is one extra day of life worth?

For a terminally ill cancer patient, the answer to that can run high.

Take cetuximab (Erbitux). When the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the new cancer drug recently, its scientific advisors were only too aware that it was no cure-all. In fact, patients bought themselves, on average, 60 days of life at the rate of $500 a day — a $30,000 price tag that hasn’t hurt its market much at all.

Other drug companies are working on drugs that would add only weeks to a patient’s life. Yet a drug that can demonstrate, in terms of life expectancy, any sort of statistically significant improvement over existing drugs has the potential to create a niche worth hundreds of millions of dollars. In a recent clinical trial of erlotinib (Tarceva), pancreatic cancer patients — whose life expectancy can be measured in months — gained a two-week extension of life, effectively increasing the drug’s value dramatically.

All this is common knowledge on Wall Street, where such statistical data can move millions of dollars in and out of a given biotech stock in a matter of hours. Increasingly, though, the numbers are driving a new debate — one that investors and drug developers are not at all happy to see. This debate grows around the sticker shock of biotech and other drugs and a growing chorus of calls for finding a way to cap pharmaceutical prices.
Alfalfa Insect Control, Minnesota, 1983 (1985)

Abstract Experiments were conducted at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment station on the third regrowth of second year ‘Pacer’ alfalfa. Plots were 52 ft X 52 ft in size replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Spray treatments were applied with a tractor-drawn boom sprayer on 31 Aug in 30 gal water/acre at 1(K) psi. Samples were taken 1 day posttreatment, 7 days posttreatment, 14 days posttreatment, and 21 days posttreatment using a vacuum sampler with a 20 cm diameter hose mouth. Plots were sampled by holding the hose mouth near ground level for 2-3 s, then moving to another site until 15 sites had been sampled. The total area sampled per plot was approximately 0.47 m.
HgCdTe avalanche photodiode detectors for airborne and spaceborne lidar at infrared wavelengths (2017)

We report results from characterizing the HgCdTe avalanche photodiode (APD) arrays developed for lidar at infrared wavelengths by using the high density vertically integrated photodiodes (HDVIP®) technique. The results show >90% quantum efficiencies between 0.8 μm and the cut-off wavelength, >600 APD gain, near unity excess noise factor, 6-10 MHz electrical bandwidth and <0.5 fW/Hz1/2 noise equivalent power (NEP). The detectors provide linear analog output with a dynamic range of 2-3 orders of magnitude at a fixed APD gain without averaging, and over 5 orders of magnitude by adjusting the APD gain settings. They have been used successfully in airborne CO2 and CH4 integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar as precursors for use in space lidar.
Different Reactivities of Divalent Silicon Compounds Towards Metallocene Derivatives of Molybdenum and Tungsten (2000)

The thermal and photochemical reactivity of divalent silicon species, decamethylsilicocene (Cp*2Si) and 1, 3-di-teri-butyl-1, 3, 2-diazasilol-2-ylidene (SiLN2), towards Cp2MH2 (M = Mo, W) and Cp2Mo(PEt3) is investigated. In the case of Cp*2Si no conversion of the silicon(II)-species is observed. This is attributed to the high steric demand of the bulky Cp* ligands. In SiLN2 the silicon atom is less shielded. So the reactivity of SiLN2 in analogous reactions is much higher. The reactions with Cp2MH2 lead via silylene insertion to the corresponding metallosilanes. The photolysis of an equimolar amount of SiLN2 and Cp2Mo(PEt3) results in the formation of the first molybdenum silylene complex with a tricoordinated silicon atom.
Repeated Intrathecal Injections of Dezocine Produce Antinociception Without Evidence for Neurotoxicity in the Rat (1992)

This study was designed to determine the antinociceptive and spinal cord histologic effects of a new agonist/antagonist opioid drug dezocine. This drug was injected intrathecally in rats at a dose of 50 or 125 micrograms twice daily for 14 days. The tail-flick test showed that the antinociceptive effect declined gradually, with no detectable effects by day 14. Quantitative histologic techniques and light and electron microscopy showed that neither dose, compared with vehicle, created any morphologic changes in the spinal cord that could be attributed to a neurotoxic or otherwise degenerative effect of the drug. In conclusion, dezocine is a drug that gives rise to sustained antinociceptive effects when administered intrathecally and causes no morphologic changes in the rat spinal cord that could be indicative of neurotoxic potential.
Significance of plasma lysolecithin in patients with multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal study (1973)

Five patients with multiple sclerosis and four normal subjects have been followed for over two years. Plasma phospholipid levels and phospholipid fatty acid composition have been assayed periodically. The increased amount of plasma lysolecithin already described by us has been confirmed in this longitudinal study. A significant increase in saturated fatty acids of lysolecithin has also been demonstrated. In contrast, the lecithin concentration and fatty acid composition do not show any significant variations. The lysolecithin saturated/unsaturated fatty acid ratio was different in the same patients at different times, but no correlation was established between these variations and the clinical symptoms measured using the Kurtzke scale. The possible significance of saturated fatty acid increase in lysolecithin in the pathogenetic mechanisms of multiple sclerosis is discussed.
Beta-lactamase production and susceptibilities to amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, ticarcillin, ticarcillin-clavulanate, cefoxitin, imipenem, and metronidazole of 320 non-Bacteroides fragilis Bacteroides isolates and 129 fusobacteria from 28 U.S. centers (1990)

beta-Lactamase production (nitrocefin disk method) and agar dilution susceptibility of amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, ticarcillin, ticarcillin-clavulanate, cefoxitin, imipenem, and metronidazole were determined for 320 Bacteroides species (not Bacteroides fragilis group) and 129 fusobacteria from 28 U.S. centers. Overall, 64.7% of Bacteroides species and 41.1% of fusobacteria were beta-lactamase positive. Among the Bacteroides species, positivity rates were highest for B. bivius (85.0%), followed by B. splanchnicus (83.3%), B. eggerthii (77.8%), and B. oralis (77.1%); 54.5% of black-pigmented Bacteroides species were beta-lactamase positive. Among the fusobacteria, Fusobacterium mortiferum showed the highest rate of beta-lactamase positivity (76.9%). MICs of amoxicillin (128 micrograms/ml) and ticarcillin (64 micrograms/ml) for 90% of all beta-lactamase-positive strains were reduced to 4 and 2 micrograms/ml, respectively, with the addition of clavulanate. MICs of amoxicillin and ticarcillin for 90% of all beta-lactamase-negative strains were 1 and 4 micrograms/ml, respectively, and greater than or equal to 98.4% of the strains were susceptible to the beta-lactams tested. Of the beta-lactamase-producing strains, 45.9% were susceptible to amoxicillin at less than or equal to 4 micrograms/ml and 93.4% were susceptible to ticarcillin at less than or equal to 64 micrograms/ml; the addition of clavulanate raised the rates to 90.4 and 100%, respectively. All strains were susceptible to cefoxitin, imipenem, and metronidazole. The activity of amoxicillin against 29 beta-lactamase-producing strains (10 Bacteroides species and 19 fusobacteria) was not enhanced by the addition of clavulanate; however, 82.7% of these strains were susceptible to amoxicillin, and all were susceptible to ticarcillin. Although beta-lactamase positivity is on the increase in non-B. fragilis group Bacteroides species and fusobacteria, amoxicillin-clavulanate, ticarcillin, cefoxitin, imipenem, and metronidazole should be suitable for the treatment of infections with these strains. The addition of clavulanate does not appreciably improve the efficacy of ticarcillin against these organisms.
Clinical and Biological Effects of Valproic Acid as a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor on Tumor and Surrogate Tissues: Phase I/II Trial of Valproic acid and Epirubicin/FEC (2009)

Valproic acid is a clinically relevant HDAC inhibitor, and PBMCs may serve as a surrogate for tumor histone acetylation in solid tumor malignancies. HDAC2 should be further considered as a relevant therapeutic target.
Advanced LSI embedded with FeRAM for contactless IC cards and its manufacturing technology (1999)

Abstract High performance LSIs embedded with ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM) for contactless IC cards are now commercially available. The emphasis is placed on the materials solution with SrBi2(Ta,Nb)2O9 (SBTN) which enables to exploit the potential performance of FeRAMs for composite logic/microcontroller LSIs operating at high speeds and low powers. The leading-edge 0.6-μm and double-level-metal FeRAM technology produces microcontroller-embedded LSIs with 14-kbit or 64-kbit FeRAM. A mature 0.8-μm and single-level-metal process has been built to maximize the die yield. Yields exceeding 90% indicate the excellent process stability. Product qualification data have proven the robust FeRAM technologies.
Coherent UDWDM PON with joint subcarrier reception at OLT (2014)

In this contribution, we report on the experimental investigation of an ultra-dense wavelength-division multiplexing (UDWDM) upstream link with up to 700 × 2.488 Gb/s polarization-division multiplexing differential quadrature phase-shift keying parallel upstream user channels transmitted over 80 km of standard single-mode fiber. We discuss challenges of the digital signal processing in the optical line terminal arising from the joint reception of several upstream user channels. We present solutions for resource and cost-efficient realization of the required channel separation, matched filtering, down-conversion and decimation as well as realization of the clock recovery and polarization demultiplexing for each individual channel.
Two serologically active polysaccharides from Bacillus anthracis (1954)

J. E. Cave-Browne-Cave, E. S. J. Fry, H. S. El Khadem and H. N. Rydon, J. Chem. Soc., 1954, 3866 DOI: 10.1039/JR9540003866
Fundamental Thermochemical Properties of Amino Acids: Gas-Phase and Aqueous Acidities and Gas-Phase Heats of Formation (2012)

The gas-phase acidities of the 20 L-amino acids have been predicted at the composite G3(MP2) level. A broad range of structures of the neutral and anion were studied to determine the lowest energy conformer. Excellent agreement is found with the available experimental gas-phase deprotonation enthalpies, and the calculated values are within experimental error. We predict that tyrosine is deprotonated at the CO(2)H site. Cysteine is predicted to be deprotonated at the SH but the proton on the CO(2)H is shared with the S(-) site. Self-consistent reaction field (SCRF) calculations with the COSMO parametrization were used to predict the pK(a)'s of the non-zwitterion form in aqueous solution. The differences in the non-zwitterion pK(a) values were used to estimate the free energy difference between the zwitterion and nonzwitterion forms in solution. The heats of formation of the neutral compounds were calculated from atomization energies and isodesmic reactions to provide the first reliable set of these values in the gas phase. Further calculations were performed on five rare amino acids to predict their heats of formation, acidities, and pK(a) values.
Cement particles containing radio-opacifiers stimulate pro-osteolytic cytokine production from a human monocytic cell line (2003)

Proponents of the biological theory of aseptic loosening have in recent years tended to concentrate on the production and distribution of particulate ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) debris around the potential joint space. However, mechanical loading of cemented implants with the differing elastic moduli of metal stems, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement and bone can result in relative micromotion, implying the potential for production of metal and PMMA particles from the stem-cement interface by fretting wear. In order to investigate the production and biological reactivity of debris from this interface, PMMA and metal particulate debris was produced by sliding wear of PMMA pins containing barium sulphate and zirconium dioxide against a Vaquasheened stainless steel counterface. This debris was characterised by SEM, energy-dispersive analysis by X-ray (EDAX) and image analysis, then added to cell cultures of a human monocytic cell line, U937, and stimulation of proosteolytic cytokines measured by ELISA. Large quantities of PMMA cement debris were generated by the sliding wear of PMMA pins against Vaquasheened stainless steel plates in the method developed for this study. Both cements stimulated the release of pro-osteolytic TNFalpha from the U937 monocytic cell line, in a dose-dependent fashion. There was a trend towards greater TNFalpha release with Palacos cement than CMW cement at the same dose. Palacos particles also caused significant release of IL-6, another pro-osteolytic cytokine, while CMW did not. The particulate cement debris produced did not stimulate the release of GM-CSF or IL1beta from the U937 cells. These results may explain the cytokine pathway responsible for bone resorption caused by particulate PMMA debris. Radio-opaque additives are of value in surgical practice and clinical studies to quantify the relevance of these in vitro findings are required before the use of cement containing radio-opacifier is constrained.
Nox2 NADPH Oxidase Promotes Pathologic Cardiac Remodeling Associated with Doxorubicin Chemotherapy (2010)

Doxorubicin is a highly effective cancer treatment whose use is severely limited by dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. It is well established that doxorubicin increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In this study, we investigated contributions to doxorubicin cardiotoxicity from Nox2 NADPH oxidase, an important ROS source in cardiac cells, which is known to modulate several key processes underlying the myocardial response to injury. Nox2-deficient mice (Nox2-/-) and wild-type (WT) controls were injected with doxorubicin (12 mg/kg) or vehicle and studied 8 weeks later. Echocardiography indicated that doxorubicin-induced contractile dysfunction was attenuated in Nox2-/- versus WT mice (fractional shortening: 29.5±1.4 versus 25.7±1.0%; P<0.05). Similarly, in vivo pressure-volume analysis revealed that systolic and diastolic function was preserved in doxorubicin-treated Nox2-/- versus WT mice (ejection fraction: 52.6±2.5 versus 28.5±2.3%, LVdP/dtmin: -8,379±416 versus -5,198±527 mmHg s(-1); end-diastolic pressure-volume relation: 0.051±0.009 versus 0.114±0.012; P<0.001). Furthermore, in response to doxorubicin, Nox2-/- mice exhibited less myocardial atrophy, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and interstitial fibrosis, together with reduced increases in profibrotic gene expression (procollagen IIIαI, transforming growth factor-β3, and connective tissue growth factor) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity, versus WT controls. These alterations were associated with beneficial changes in NADPH oxidase activity, oxidative/nitrosative stress, and inflammatory cell infiltration. We found that adverse effects of doxorubicin were attenuated by acute or chronic treatment with the AT1 receptor antagonist losartan, which is commonly used to reduce blood pressure. Our findings suggest that ROS specifically derived from Nox2 NADPH oxidase make a substantial contribution to several key processes underlying development of cardiac contractile dysfunction and remodeling associated with doxorubicin chemotherapy.
High-resolution Carbon/Carbon Multilayers (2002)

To synthesize X-ray optical multilayers showing both high resolution and high reflectivity, spacer and absorber materials with low absorption coefficients for the desired spectral range are required. Beside the well-known candidates the material system Carbon / Carbon is interesting because of its low absorption coefficient over a wide spectral range and the opportunity, to deposit C-layers with different modifications, i.e. different optical properties. Simulations of C/C multilayers with different period thicknesses d and single layer densities ρ show, that reflectivities R (Cu Kα ) > 80% and a resolution ΔΘ≈0.002° can be achieved for C/C layer stacks with d= 3 nm and N= 1000 periods. An advanced large area Pulsed Laser Deposition (LA-PLD) technology was used to deposit C/C multilayers on Si-substrates up to 4" diameter. The carbon film growth conditions for the spacer and absorber layers were optimised by the variation of selected laser parameters like pulse energy and ablation wavelength, to achieve a sufficient density contrast and smooth interfaces. C/C multilayers with period thickness d= 1.1...7.0 nm and more than 500 periods were deposited. The X-ray optical performance of the C/C multilayers was characterized by means of X-ray reflectometry. A reflectivity R > 50 % (CuKα) was measured for C/C multilayers with d= 17.2 nm and N= 106 periods. A peak resolution (Δλ/λ) ≈ 1.1 % was obtained for a C/C multilayer structure with N= 80 periods and a period thickness d= 1.1nm. Results of TEM investigations indicate a regular morphology as well as smooth interfaces in the C-C layer stacks. Low compressive stresses were determined in C/C multilayers with different period thicknesses using X-ray diffraction techniques.
3‐Butylcyclobutenone (2003)

Abstract 3‐Butylcyclobutenone intermediate: 3‐butyl‐4,4‐dichlorocyclobutenone product: 3‐butylcyclobutenone
Wear Properties of Surface-Oxided TiAl-Sb (1999)

TiAl-Sb rods of 10 mm diameter and 13 mm length were grown by a directional solidfication. The crystals contained lamellar grains (γ phase + α 2 phase ) and Sb-rich phase grains.Diameter and aspect ratio of the Sb-rich grains were 14∼20 μm and 7, respectively Further, oxidized surface layerof 100 μm was formed in an Ar-O 2 mixture. Microvickers hardness of the lammellar grains, the Sb-rich phase, and the oxided surface layers were 300, 506 and 1000, respectively Wear properties were measured with an Ohgoshi-type test machine at room temperature The friction velocities were from 0.2 m/s to 3.6 m/s. Wear resistance of TiAl-Sb was depended on friction velocities Columnar structure improved the wear resistance of TiAl-Sb at above 1.0 m/s of friction velocities The wear resistance of columnar TiAl-Sb was superior to that of stelite alloys (practically used for wear resistance). However the wear resistance of the columnar TiAl-Sb at friction velocities of 0.2 m/s ∼ 1.0 m/s was inferior to that of stelite alloys The oxided surface layers brought to excellent wear resistance of columnar TiAl-Sb at friction velocities of 0.2 m/s ∼3.6 m/s.
A Reformation Scheme of Steel Bars and An Estimation Method of Stress Requirement Using Fuzzy Clustering Method (1998)

In order to secure the precise straightness, the steel bars is reformed by bender. Up to this time, this bender has been operated by experts. However, the number of experts has been decreasing year by year. Automatic reformation is required.This paper presents a reformation scheme to cope with variations in physical characteristics of the steel bars, and an estimation method of the stress required to reform the steel bars using a fuzzy clustering method. The results of simulations are highly satisfactory. The precision of reform experiment also satisfies the target.