gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer of Nanofluid in Turbulent Pipe Flow Considering Particle Coagulation and Breakage (2014)

Numerical simulations of Al2O3/water nanofluid in turbulent pipe flow are performed with considering the particle convection, diffusion, coagulation, and breakage. The distributions of particle volume concentration, the friction factor, and heat transfer characteristics are obtained. The results show that the initial uniform distributions of particle volume concentration become nonuniform, and increase from the pipe wall to the center. The nonuniformity becomes significant along the flow direction from the entrance and attains a steady state gradually. Friction factors increase with the increase of particle volume concentrations and particle diameter, and with the decrease of Reynolds number. The friction factors increase remarkably at lower volume concentration, while slightly at higher volume concentration. The presence of nanoparticles provides higher heat transfer than pure water. The Nusselt number of nanofluids increases with increasing Reynolds number, particle volume concentration, and particle diameter. The rate increase in Nusselt number at lower particle volume concentration is more than that at higher concentration. For a fixed particle volume concentration, the friction factor is smaller while the Nusselt number is larger for the case with uniform distribution of particle volume concentration than that with nonuniform distribution. In order to effectively enhance the heat transfer using nanofluid and simultaneously save energy, it is necessary to make the particle distribution more uniform. Finally, the expressions of friction factor and Nusselt number as a function of particle volume concentration, particle diameter and Reynolds number are derived based on the numerical data.
Salivary Sodium-Potassium Ratio and Plasma Renin Activity in Hypertension (1969)

The cause of the suppression of plasma renin activity (PRA) in many patients with essential hypertension and normal aldosterone excretion is unknown. Since mineralocorticoid excess can lower PRA, we attempted to evaluate the activity of salt-retaining hormones in these patients by measuring the salivary Na/K ratio. The median Na/K ratio in 20 hypertensive patients with suppressed PRA and normal or low aldosterone excretion was 0.71. This was significantly lower than the median of 1.38 in 29 normal subjects and the median of 1.05 in 15 hypertensive patients with normal PRA. Excess dietary intake of salt is a possible cause of PRA suppression in these patients, but our findings indicate that high rather than low Na/K ratios would be expected if this were present. On the other hand, both the salivary electrolyte changes and the suppression of PRA are consistent with the hypothesis that mineralocorticoid excess is present in these patients, despite the failure to demonstrate elevated excretion of aldosterone.
A Secure m-Payment Protocol for Mobile Devices (2006)

Mobile devices, such as cell phones, and PDAs are becoming more popular each day. The large number of mobile users along with the ubiquitous nature of mobile devices has created a huge market for mobile commerce. But for that market to be realized users have to trust the security measures of m-commerce in general and m-payment in particular. In this paper a secure m-payment protocol for mobile devices has been proposed. The main objective in the proposed technique is to have the highest impact, and acceptance among average users. Hence, GSM the fastest growing network that accounts for 75% of the world's digital mobile market is selected as the network. For wider acceptance the simple and user friendly SMS text messaging protocol is selected as the transport channel. The proposed technique is independent of security measures and the systems inside banks and financial institutions. A pilot version of the protocol has been implemented. Simulation results, presented in this paper, indicate that the protocol achieves the expected level of security and can manage most security attacks, while remaining cost effective and easy to use for both the users, and the service providers
Ueber Arylanthranilsäuren (1907)

Der o-Chlorbenzaldehyd wurde mir von K a l l e u.Co. in Biebrich zur Verfugung gestellt, wofiir ich auch an dieser Stelle meinen ") Die o-Chlorbenzoesaure siedet unter
Model of interfacial thermal resistance of diamond composites (1999)

The effective thermal conductivity of diamond and aluminum nitride layered composites was analyzed for three different types of interfaces. A sharp interface with a stepwise discontinuity, a graded interface with a linear variation and a diffused interface with a minimum or a maximum in thermal conductivity across the interface were considered. The results of the modeling analysis were used to explain the experimental results described in the literature of improved heat spreader characteristics of diamond and aluminum nitride composites.
IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society (2006)

Provides a listing of current staff, committee members and society officers.
Apparatus for the measurement of light reflection of cholesteric mesophases at high pressures (1974)

An apparatus for determining the wavelength of maximum reflection of light lambda R of cholesteric mesophases at high static pressures is described. The arrangement of the whole high pressure equipment is briefly outlined. The pressure chamber allows optical measurements up to 5000 bar and can be thermostated by oil on the outside. Details of the sample cell are illustrated. The generated oil pressure is transmitted to the sample layer of 25 mu m by means of a thin Teflon membrane. By way of example the effect of pressure on the reflection of a cholesteric mixture of cholesteryloleylcarbonate and cholesterylchloride is shown. In a definite pressure range the sensitivity of lambda R to pressure is so large that it can provide a new accurate means of pressure measurement. This behaviour is probably caused by a pretransition effect of the mesophase.
The assessment of end-user training needs (1995)

article Free Access Share on The assessment of end-user training needs Authors: R. Ryan Nelson Center for the Management of Information Technology, McIntire School of Commerce, The University of Virginia Center for the Management of Information Technology, McIntire School of Commerce, The University of VirginiaView Profile , Ellen M. Whitener McIntire School of Commerce, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA McIntire School of Commerce, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VAView Profile , Henry H. Philcox Internal Revenue Service, Department of the Treasury, Washington, D.C. Internal Revenue Service, Department of the Treasury, Washington, D.C.View Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 38Issue 7July 1995 pp 27–39https://doi.org/10.1145/213859.214793Published:01 July 1995Publication History 44citation3,750DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations44Total Downloads3,750Last 12 Months123Last 6 weeks34 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my Alerts New Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Differentiation between serological responses to <i>Brucella suis</i> and <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i> serotype O[ratio ]9 after natural or experimental infection in pigs (2005)

False-positive serological reactions (FPSR) due to infections with Yersinia enterocolitica serotype Oratio9 (YeOratio9) are a problem in tests for brucellosis. In the present study, FPSR in classical and novel tests for brucellosis following experimental infections of pigs with YeOratio9 were compared with responses of B. suis biovar 2-inoculated pigs. FPSR were limited to 2-9 weeks post-YeOratio9 inoculation, while B. suis-infected pigs were test-positive throughout the 21-week period of investigation. Although YeOratio9-inoculated pigs exhibited FPSR in Brucella tests for a limited period of time, the serological responses in a YeOratio9-purified O-antigen indirect ELISA did not decrease accordingly. Analysis of available cross-sectional serum samples from pig herds naturally infected with YeOratio9 or B. suis biovar 2 confirmed that the observed difference in the duration of the serological responses between the two infections could be used to discriminate between herds infected with B. suis biovar 2 and YeOratio9.
On-line frequency adaptation and movement imitation for rhythmic robotic tasks (2011)

In this paper we present a novel method to obtain the basic frequency of an unknown periodic signal with an arbitrary waveform, which can work online with no additional signal processing or logical operations. The method originates from non-linear dynamical systems for frequency extraction, which are based on adaptive frequency oscillators in a feedback loop. In previous work, we had developed a method that could extract separate frequency components by using several adaptive frequency oscillators in a loop, but that method required a logical algorithm to identify the basic frequency. The novel method presented here uses a Fourier series representation in the feedback loop combined with a single oscillator. In this way it can extract the frequency and the phase of an unknown periodic signal in real time and without any additional signal processing or preprocessing. The method determines the Fourier series coefficients and can be used for dynamic Fourier series implementation. The proposed method can be used for the control of rhythmic robotic tasks, where only the extraction of the basic frequency is crucial. For demonstration several highly non-linear and dynamic periodic robotic tasks are shown, including also a task where an electromyography (EMG) signal is used in a feedback loop.
Formation of structural modifications in copper nanoclusters (2007)

The melting and crystallization of copper nanoclusters are investigated using the molecular dynamics simulation with tight-binding potentials. The formation of a cluster structure depends on the conditions used for cooling from the liquid phase. Slow cooling results predominantly in the formation of a face-centered cubic structure, whereas rapid cooling in the majority of cases leads to the formation of an icosahedral structure. Therefore, the simulation performed has demonstrated the possibility of controlling the formation of a structure of copper nanoclusters during crystallization.
Hematopoietic stem cell: self‐renewal versus differentiation (2010)

The mammalian blood system, containing more than 10 distinct mature cell types, stands on one specific cell type, hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). Within the system, only HSCs possess the ability of both multipotency and self-renewal. Multipotency is the ability to differentiate into all functional blood cells. Self-renewal is the ability to give rise to HSC itself without differentiation. Since mature blood cells (MBCs) are predominantly short-lived, HSCs continuously provide more differentiated progenitors while properly maintaining the HSC pool size throughout life by precisely balancing self-renewal and differentiation. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of self-renewal and differentiation of HSC has been a central issue. In this review, we focus on the hierarchical structure of the hematopoietic system, the current understanding of microenvironment and molecular cues regulating self-renewal and differentiation of adult HSCs, and the currently emerging systems approaches to understand HSC biology.
Automated Classification of Static Code Analysis Alerts: A Case Study (2013)

Due to copyright restrictions, the access to the full text of this article is only available via subscription.
Auditing Standards, Legal Liability, and Auditor Wealth (1993)

There has been an enormous increase in auditing and accounting standards and in litigation against auditors. This paper examines some of the consequences of these changes by developing a model of the audit market relating auditors' liability to auditing standards. The paper demonstrates how equilibrium audit fees depend on both the informational value of the audit and the option value of the claim financial statement users have on the auditor's wealth in the event the audit is determined to have been substandard. Auditors' attitudes toward and responses to auditing standards are studied, and characteristics of optimal liability rules are evaluated. Copyright 1993 by University of Chicago Press.
Catalytic Enantioselective Fluorination of Oxindoles (2005)

We have developed a highly efficient catalytic enantioselective fluorination of oxindole derivatives. In the presence of a catalytic amount of chiral Pd complex 2 (2.5 mol %), various substrates, including aryl- and alkyl-substituted oxindoles, were fluorinated in a highly enantioselective manner (up to 96% ee). In addition, when R was a hydrogen atom, enantioselective fluorination followed by solvolysis gave a monofluorinated ester with up to 93% ee. To our knowledge, this is the first example of catalytic enantioselective fluorination of oxindoles.
Topical corticosteroids in atopic dermatitis (2003)

Recent research reassures that they are safe and effective in the medium term 

Topical corticosteroids have been the mainstay of treatment for atopic dermatitis over the past 40 years. Hydrocortisone was the first to be used; some 30 additional corticosteroid compounds have now been licensed for treatment of atopic dermatitis. The recent development of the topical immuno-modulators, tacrolimus and pimecrolimus, has provided alternatives to topical corticosteroids, but these remain expensive and are not effective in every case.1 Atopic dermatitis remains a therapeutic challenge, and topical corticosteroids continue to have an important role.

Topical applications containing corticosteroid compounds vary greatly in potency. In general the more potent ones are associated with the greater risk of adverse effects. When one of the more potent topical corticosteroids is applied for the first time by a patient with atopic dermatitis the benefit is likely to be rapid and striking, often resulting in clearance of the rash within a few days. The snag is that persistent application of a potent preparation will put the patient at risk of unwanted local effects on the skin. These effects vary from barely perceptible, fully reversible thinning, to irreversible telangiectasiae and striae distensae. Worse still, patients find that the initial benefit is generally rather rapidly lost because …
Bevacizumab: current indications and future development for management of solid tumors (2009)

Bevacizumab has an established role in the treatment of metastatic colon, breast, and lung cancer. Yet many questions remain on its use in other disease types and demographic groups.
A Brief History of the United States Postal Monopoly Law (2008)

The postal and delivery sector has been the subject of considerable interest in recent years. This Handbook brings together a number of contributions directed at understanding developments in the field of postal reform. The authors review the experience and plans of individual countries to provide some perspective on the problems faced in the area and the varied approaches being taken to address it. They also review key elements of policy and strategy that are important in this debate.
Rare Loot Box Rewards Trigger Larger Arousal and Reward Responses, and Greater Urge to Open More Loot Boxes (2019)

Loot boxes are a purchasable video-game feature consisting of randomly determined, in-game virtual items. Due to their chance-based nature, there is much debate as to whether they constitute a form of gambling. We sought to address this issue by examining whether players treat virtual loot box rewards in a way that parallels established reward reactivity for monetary rewards in slots play. Across two sets of experiments, we show that loot boxes containing rarer items are more valuable, arousing, rewarding and urge-inducing to players, similar to the way slots gamblers treat rare large wins in slots play. Importantly, we show in Experiment 2 that the duration of Post Reinforcement Pauses, an index of reward reactivity, are longer for boxes with rarer items. Boxes containing rarer rewards also trigger larger Skin Conductance Responses and larger force responses-indices of positive arousal. Findings of Experiment 2 also revealed that there was an increase in anticipatory arousal prior to the reveal of loot box rewards. Collectively, our results elucidate the structural similarities between loot boxes and specific gambling games. The fact that players find rarer game items hedonically rewarding and motivating has implications for potential risky or excessive loot box use for some players.
Modeling Long-Term Corn Yield Response to Nitrogen Rate and Crop Rotation (2016)

Improved prediction of optimal N fertilizer rates for corn (Zea mays L.) can reduce N losses and increase profits. We tested the ability of the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) to simulate corn and soybean (Glycine max L.) yields, the economic optimum N rate (EONR) using a 16-year field-experiment dataset from central Iowa, USA that included two crop sequences (continuous corn and soybean-corn) and five N fertilizer rates (0, 67, 134, 201, and 268 kg N ha-1) applied to corn. Our objectives were to: a) quantify model prediction accuracy before and after calibration, and report calibration steps; b) compare crop model-based techniques in estimating optimal N rate for corn; and c) utilize the calibrated model to explain factors causing year to year variability in yield and optimal N. Results indicated that the model simultaneously simulated well long-term crop yields response to N (relative root mean square error, RRMSE of 19.6% before and 12.3% after calibration), which provided strong evidence that important soil and crop processes were accounted for in the model. The prediction of EONR was more complex and had greater uncertainty than the prediction of crop yield (RRMSE of 44.5% before and 36.6% after calibration). For long-term site mean EONR predictions, both calibrated and uncalibrated versions can be used as the 16-yr mean differences in EONR’s were within the historical N rate error range (40 to 50 kg N ha-1). However, for accurate year-by-year simulation of EONR the calibrated version should be used. Model analysis revealed that higher EONR values in years with above normal spring precipitation were caused by an exponential increase in N loss (denitrification and leaching) with precipitation. We concluded that long term experimental data were valuable in testing and refining APSIM predictions. The model can be used as a tool to assist N management guidelines in the US Midwest and we identified five avenues on how the model can add value towards agronomic, economic, and environmental sustainability.
Synchronous handshake circuits (2002)

We present the synchronous implementation of handshake circuits as an extra feature in the otherwise asynchronous design flow based on Tangram. This synchronous option can be used in the mapping onto FPGAs or as a fallback option to provide a circuit that is easier to test and integrate in a synchronous environment. When single-rail and synchronous realizations of the same handshake circuit are compared, the synchronous versions typically require fewer state-holding elements, occupy less area, have similar performance, but consume significantly more power (in the examples studied up to a factor four). Synchronous handshake circuits provide a means to study clock-gating techniques based on the synthesis starting from a behavioral-level specification. In addition, the study provides hints as to where the asynchronous handshake circuits may be optimized further.
Transporte de masa en medio fracturado: impacto del modelo estocástico de conductividad en las fracturas (2003)

Caracterizar la incertidumbre asociada a las predicciones de modelos de flujo y transporte de contaminantes requiere la definicion de modelos estocasticos para loe parametros hidrodinamicos implicados. Entre estos se tienen la porosidad y la conductividad hidraulica (K) que presentan variaciones de ordenes de magnitud. K es normalmente el parametro cuya variacion influye mas notablemente en el transporte. En el caso de un medio fracturado, es critica la caracterizacion de este parametro en las zonas mas alteradas, donde se concentre el flujo y el movimiento de solutos. Dado que las medidas de K son generalmente pocas y dispersas, es necesario llevar a cabo una modelizacion estocastica del parametro que permita cuantificar la incertidumbre de las predicciones del flujo y del transporte.
Interaction of Nuclear Factors with Multiple Sites in the Somatic Cytochrome c Promoter (1989)

The rat somatic cytochrome c promoter is resolved into a mosaic of cis-acting upstream and intron elements required for maximal activity. Mutations in each diminished cytochrome c promoter activity and eliminated the specific binding of cognate nuclear factors. Among these is the recognition sequence for a nuclear factor designated NRF-1 (nuclear respiratory factor 1) also found in the upstream regions of several other nuclear genes whose products function in the mitochondria. The NRF-1 site was tightly coupled to a second functionally independent element (region I), and together these sites constitute a major determinant of cytochrome c expression. In addition to these novel sequence elements, the promoter also contained recognition sites for the common transcriptional activators ATF and Sp1. A potent promoter element within the first intron consisted of two adjacent Sp1 binding sites. Point mutations in the first site eliminated the promoter activity of the element as well as Sp1 binding to both sites. An ATF recognition sequence in the upstream promoter was identical to an authentic cyclic AMP (cAMP) responsive element in stimulating promoter activity and in conferring a cAMP response upon a heterologous promoter. These promoter elements and their cognate nuclear factors likely contribute to the housekeeping function of cytochrome c and to the coordinate modulation of respiratory gene expression according to cellular energy demands.