gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evanescent field sensors with periodically segmented waveguides (1997)

An evanescent field-sensing configuration, based on a periodically segmented waveguide, is proposed and analyzed. It has advantages over existing configurations that relate to its simple realization (in single-step lithography). The sensitivity and operating point can be controlled easily with geometric parameters alone, which facilitates realization of more complex sensing arrays.
Regulation of TGF-β receptor activity (2012)

TGF-β signaling regulates diverse cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, cell plasticity and migration. Its dysfunctions can result in various kinds of diseases, such as cancer and tissue fibrosis. TGF-β signaling is tightly regulated at different levels along the pathway, and modulation of TGF-β receptor activity is a critical step for signaling regulation. This review focuses on our recent understanding of regulation of TGF-β receptor activity.
Protein growth in pigs (1987)

Without knowledge of potential protein growth, nutrient requirements of pigs cannot be accurately determined. Daily protein retention [Pr] was estimated with 45 crossbred pigs serially slaughtered between 20 and 200 kg body weight. An understanding of growth to maturity is vital for the adequate nutrition of pigs grown to slaughter at heavier weights and for breeding sows, but the determined function: Pr(kg) - 0.125 [±0.009] -0.0002 [±0.0001] mean live weight, having no significant slope, was an inadequate descriptor of instantaneous Pr for pigs of more than 110 kg. Allometry was therefore used to predict protein weight at any given body weight and the Gompertz function to express body weight changes with time and derive values for weight at maturity. Predicted values for Pr attained maxima at 75 kg body weight of 130 g for entire males. 120 g for females and 105 g for castrates. Between 45 and 110 kg body weight Pr was within 10 g of the maximum rate (Figure 1); mature body weights were estimated to be 240, 215 and 225 kg. Allometric expressions for dissected carcass and chemical components as a function of empty body weight are given in Table 1. Figure 2 compares currently predicted potential rates of protein retention with those of Carr et al. [1977] and Thorbek (19751. It is evident that weight and age at maturity are crucial to the quantification of protein growth; such measurements are prerequisite to the provision of a quantitative description of improved pig genotypes.
Drag reduction for external and internal boundary layers using riblets and polymers (1988)

Abstract : Two hydrodynamic experiments were conducted to measure drag reduction using riblets in turbulent boundary layers. The first was an external boundary layer experiment using a flat plate in a water tunnel, and the second was an internal boundary layer experiment using a 6-inch diameter pipe. Both experiments used adhesive-backed, vinyl, riblet film, manufactured by the 3M Co., with height and spacing of the symmetric v-grooves equal to 0.003 in. For the flat plate test, free stream velocities ranged from 6.5 ft/sec to 20 ft/sec, and Re sub theta ranged from 1260-7040. The results are in good agreement with aerodynamic data, and show a maximum drag reduction of 8.1% + or - 2.5% at s(+) = 13.1. Much larger percentages of friction reduction (approx. 3x as much) were measured with riblets in the pipe. When a drag-reducing polymer solution was used in conjunction with the riblets in the pipe flow, the total drag reduction was approximately equal to the sum of the drag reductions of the two techniques used separately, with some dependence on Reynolds number. Before these pipe flow results can be extended to general situations, further experiments are needed to investigate the boundary layer transition from smooth to riblet surface.
《中国海外投资：一种网络研究》书评 (2006)

自从中国现阶段经济改革展开以来，学术界对外国对华直接投资的广度、格局、决定因素及其影响所倾注的关注之多，大大超平寻常。但同样值得关注的是，在拥抱市场经济仅仅一代人的时间之内，中国企业现在就正成为重要的对外直接投资者，这在美国和日本花费了一百多年的时间。根据联合国贸发会议2005年统计数据，中华人民共和国的对外直接投资存量在2004年达到了388亿美元，超出了1990年的9倍。虽然相对而言，中国对外直接投资对本土经济的重用性依然不及其主要伙伴香港、新加坡和台湾，但中国现已是发展中国家中位居巴西、韩国以及以上三个经济体之后的第6大对外直接投资者。
Cobalt catalysts: very efficient for hydrogenation of biomass-derived ethyl levulinate to gamma-valerolactone under mild conditions (2014)

A cobalt catalyst is very efficient and stable for hydrogenation of biomass-derived ethyl levulinate to gamma-valerolactone under mild conditions.
A Closed-Form Design Technique for Ultra-Wideband Doherty Power Amplifiers (2014)

This paper presents an innovative architecture to drastically enlarge the bandwidth of the Doherty power amplifier (DPA). The proposed topology, based on novel input/output splitting/combining networks, allows to overcome the typical bandwidth limiting factors of the conventional DPA. A complete and rigorous theoretical investigation of the developed architecture is presented leading to a closed-form formulation suitable for a direct synthesis of ultra-wideband DPAs. The theoretical formulation is validated through the design, realization, and test of a hybrid prototype based on commercial GaN HEMT device showing a fractional bandwidth larger than 83%. From 1.05 to 2.55 GHz, experimental results with continuous-wave signals have shown efficiency levels within 83%-45% and within 58%-35% at about 42- and 36-dBm output power, respectively. The DPA has also been tested and digitally predistorted by using a 5-MHz Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) signal. In particular, to evaluate the ultra-wideband and the multi-mode capabilities of the prototype, f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> = 1.2 GHz, f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> = 1.8 GHz, and f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> = 2.5 GHz have been selected as carrier frequencies for the 3GPP signal. Under these conditions and at 36-dBm average output power, the DPA shows 52%, 35%, and 52% efficiency and an adjacent channel power ratio always lower than -43 dBc.
Dual function of CTLA-4 in regulatory T cells and conventional T cells to prevent multiorgan autoimmunity (2010)

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is an inhibitory receptor on T cells essential for maintaining T cell homeostasis and tolerance to self. Mice lacking CTLA-4 develop an early onset, fatal breakdown in T cell tolerance. Whether this autoimmune disease occurs because of the loss of CTLA-4 function in regulatory T cells, conventional T cells, or both is unclear. We show here that lack of CTLA-4 in regulatory T cells leads to aberrant activation and expansion of conventional T cells. However, CTLA-4 expression in conventional T cells prevents aberrantly activated T cells from infiltrating and fatally damaging nonlymphoid tissues. These results demonstrate that CTLA-4 has a dual function in maintaining T cell tolerance: CTLA-4 in regulatory T cells inhibits inappropriate naïve T cell activation and CTLA-4 in conventional T cells prevents the harmful accumulation of self-reactive pathogenic T cells in vital organs.
A TQCS-based Scheduling Approach for Manufacturing Grid (2004)

With Open Grid Service Architecture (OGSA) as system framework, and Globus Toolkit3.0 (GT3) as developing tools, Manufacturing Grid (MG) is proposed in this research to realize resource sharing and collaborative working among manufacturing resources, and task scheduling is one of the most critical components in this system. Nevertheless, the Globus Resource Allocation Manager (GRAM) does not provide scheduling system by default, and traditional performance-guided or economy-guided schedulers cannot satisfy our needs in MG. So, in this paper, a TQCS (Time, Quality, Cost, Service)-based scheduling approach is presented and the corresponding scheduler (Manufacturing Grid Task Scheduler, MGTS) is implemented with the functions of Global Process Planning (GPP) analyzing, resource discovery, resource selection, AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process)-based resource mapping, and fault-tolerant handling. Furthermore, the application architecture is depicted at the end of the paper to illustrate the utilization of our scheduler.
ChemInform Abstract: PALLADIUM‐CATALYZED α‐MONOSULFONATION OF ANTHRAQUINONE BY SULFUR TRIOXIDE IN LIQUID SULFUR DIOXIDE (1980)

Abstract Für die Umsetzung des Anthrachinons (I) mit Schwefeltrioxid zur Sulfonsäure (II) erweist sich Schwefeldioxid als ein ideales Lösungsmittel.
Globalization, Law and Development: Introduction and Overview (Globalization, Law and Development Conference) (2004)

The current period of globalization (defined loosely as increasing global economic integration), which began with the liberalization of exchange and capital controls and lowering of trade and investment barriers in the 1980s, is not the first time the world got economically smaller. The period from 1870 to the outbreak of World War I in 1914 was by some measures (such as the percentage of GNP in developed countries derived from overseas investment, and labor migration) marked by more extensive globalization than the post-1980 one. This earlier globalization came to a halt with the hostilities of World War I, followed by the high tariffs and limits on migration in the inter-war period.
IL28B SNP rs12979860 Is a Critical Predictor for On-Treatment and Sustained Virologic Response in Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Genotype-1 Infection (2011)

rs12979860 is the critical predictor for RVR, EVR, ETR and SVR in treatment-naïve patients of GT1-HCV chronic infection. Furthermore, this SNP is the only predictor for SVR in patients without RVR. These results have provided evidence that rs12979860 is the ideal IL28B SNP for genetic testing in treating patients of GT1-HCV chronic infection.
<i>New worlds, lost worlds. The rule of the Tudors, 1485–1603.</i> By Susan Brigden. (The Penguin History of Britain, 5.) Pp. xiv+434 incl. 7 ills. London: Allen Lane–Penguin, 2000. £20. 0 713 99067 8 <i>Figures in the landscape. Rural society in England, 1500–1700.</i> By Margaret Spufford. (Collected Studies, p. 666.) Pp. xii+364 incl. frontispiece, 4 maps and 13 figs. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000. £59.50. 0 86078 804 0 (2002)

New worlds, lost worlds. The rule of the Tudors, 1485–1603. By Susan Brigden. (The Penguin History of Britain, 5.) Pp. xiv+434 incl. 7 ills. London: Allen Lane–Penguin, 2000. £20. 0 713 99067 8 Figures in the landscape. Rural society in England, 1500–1700. By Margaret Spufford. (Collected Studies, p. 666.) Pp. xii+364 incl. frontispiece, 4 maps and 13 figs. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000. £59.50. 0 86078 804 0 - Volume 53 Issue 2
Heart Failure in South Asia (2013)

South Asia (SA) is both the most populous and the most densely populated geographical region in the world. The countries in this region are undergoing epidemiological transition and are facing the double burden of infectious and non-communicable diseases. Heart failure (HF) is a major and increasing burden all over the world. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology of HF in SA today and its impact in the health system of the countries in the region. There are no reliable estimates of incidence and prevalence of HF (heart failure) from this region. The prevalence of HF which is predominantly a disease of the elderly is likely to rise in this region due to the growing age of the population. Patients admitted with HF in the SA region are relatively younger than their western counterparts. The etiology of HF in this region is also different from the western world. Untreated congenital heart disease and rheumatic heart disease still contribute significantly to the burden of HF in this region. Due to epidemiological transition, the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity and smoking is on the rise in this region. This is likely to escalate the prevalence of HF in South Asia. We also discuss potential developments in the field of HF management likely to occur in the nations in South Asia. Finally, we discuss the interventions for prevention of HF in this region.
Evidence for a link between mechanical and electrical alternans in acutely ischaemic myocardium of anaesthetized dogs (1991)

In order to examine the relation between mechanical alternans and associated electrical alternans during acute myocardial ischaemia, we determined the effect of a ventricular premature beat and calcium antagonists on mechanical and electrical alternans during acute coronary occlusion in anaesthetized dogs. Isometric contractions and unipolar electrocardiograms were recorded from ischaemic myocardium. During coronary occlusion, mechanical alternans was accompanied by electrical alternans, which was an alternate change in the ST segment elevation, i.e. the higher ST and the lower ST. Electrical alternans was frequently discordant and in some cases accompanied by discordant mechanical alternans. Both discordant electrical and mechanical alternans became concordant and were potentiated after the ventricular premature beat. In all cases, concordant mechanical alternans was accompanied by concordant electrical alternans and vice versa. In this situation, the higher and the lower ST corresponded to the larger and the smaller contractions respectively. Thus, a fixed correspondence was observed between mechanical and electrical alternans. A fixed correspondence was also observed between mechanical alternans and the variation in the time taken for repolarization of the monophasic action potential. Verapamil and diltiazem inhibited both electrical and mechanical alternans. The present results support the idea that a common mechanism, such as a beat-to-beat cycle of the transmembrane and intracellular movement of calcium ions, may play a role in the mechanisms of electrical and mechanical alternans.
Perfluoroalkyl complexes of palladium and platinum (1968)

Treatment of the zero-valent platinum or palladium complexes (Ph3P)4M or (Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2)2M with perfluoroalkyl iodides represents a convenient synthesis of the perfluoroalkyl(iodo)-compounds (Ph3P)2M(RF)I or diphosM(RF)I (RF= CF3, C2F5, or C3F7). The new compounds are somewhat insoluble in organic solvents, but are stable in air. An oxidative-addition reaction also occurs between pentafluorobenzoyl chloride and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)platinum.
Tests of Possible Substitutes for Hydrocyanic Acid in Fumigation of California Red Scale (1936)

Journal Article Tests of Possible Substitutes for Hydrocyanic Acid in Fumigation of California Red Scale Get access H. L. Cupples, H. L. Cupples U.S.D.A., Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar H. R. Yust, H. R. Yust U.S.D.A., Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Julian Hiley Julian Hiley U.S.D.A., Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 29, Issue 3, 1 June 1936, Pages 611–618, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/29.3.611 Published: 01 June 1936
[An experimental study to evaluate mineralization of vertebral bone by computerized tomography (author's transl)]. (1979)

Computerized tomography ("tomodensitometry") should, in principle, be able to calculate the linear attenuation coefficient of a compact or spongy bone volume. This coefficient is related to the amount of mineralization, enabling the use of the Scanner X to measure the density of the bone. Thirty vertebrae from the vertebral columns of 14 subjects who died after acute infections were examined by C.T. and by standard methods, and then calcinified. The correlation between ashes weight-Houns-field number was positive but only moderate (r = 0.54), and lower than the result obtained (r = 0.84) with standard methods. Errors occur with presently used apparatuses which are related to: polychromatism, too high an energy of the beam, artefacts, and the effects of "partial volume". Futhermore, the mineral concentration by unit of vertebral volume is very low, and large variations must occur for it to be detectable. Finally, considerable errors arise from the intravertebral bone fat. Suggestions are made with the objective of improving the quality of C.T. as a measuring instrument.
Demonstration of a broad band spectral head-mounted display with freeform mirrors (2014)

It has been demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the retina can produce visual perception for blind patients suffering from macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa. In order to let the retinal chip generate enough electrical stimulation, the near infrared ray source is added to enhance the stimulation current. However, it is a challenge to design a head-mounted display (HMD) that covers both visible and infrared rays. Since the HMD system covers such a broad spectral band, large color aberrations will be induced. In order to eliminate these large aberrations, a mirror system is adopted that will create a no color aberration system. We also use two freeform mirrors (FFMs) to reduce residual aberrations such as spherical aberrations and coma. The FFMs serve as the near-eye viewing optics that magnifies the image which is displayed through a microdisplay. Based on a 0.61 in. microdisplay, the HMD system demonstrates a diagonal field of view (FOV) of 30 degree and an f/# of 3.75, with an exit pupil diameter of 8 mm and eye clearance of 15mm.
Healthcare Costs Associated with Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Among Older Adults in a Defined Community (2001)

Direct charges associated with PEG tube feeding over 1 year are conservatively estimated at $31,832; there was considerable variation in charges because of the cost of rare but costly major complications. Also, feeding patients via PEG resulted in cost shifts in terms of the primary payor. The economic cost of PEG tube feeding is another consideration in decision making for long-term enteral feeding among older adults.
Epidemiology of Invasive Mycoses in North America (2010)

The incidence of invasive mycoses is increasing, especially among patients who are immunocompromised or hospitalized with serious underlying diseases. Such infections may be broken into two broad categories: opportunistic and endemic. The most important agents of the opportunistic mycoses are Candida spp., Cryptococcus neoformans, Pneumocystis jirovecii, and Aspergillus spp. (although the list of potential pathogens is ever expanding); while the most commonly encountered endemic mycoses are due to Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis/posadasii, and Blastomyces dermatitidis. This review discusses the epidemiologic profiles of these invasive mycoses in North America, as well as risk factors for infection, and the pathogens' antifungal susceptibility.
Experiences with the enforcement of access rights extracted from ODRL-based digital contracts (2003)

In this paper, we present our experiences concerning the enforcement of access rights extracted from ODRL-based digital contracts. We introduce the generalized Contract Schema (CoSa) which is an approach to provide a generic representation of contract information on top of rights expression languages. We give an overview of the design and implementation of the xoRELInterpreter software component. In particular, the xoRELInterpreter interprets digital contracts that are based on rights expression languages (e.g. ODRL or XrML) and builds a runtime CoSa object model. We describe how the xorbac access control component and the xoRELInterpreter component are used to enforce access rights that we extract from ODRL-based digital contracts. Thus, our approach describes how ODRL-based contracts can be used as a means to disseminate certain types of access control information in distributed systems.
Ischemic Necrotic Bowel Disease in Thermal Injury (1997)

The severity of thermal injury and systemic infection are risk factors for the development of INBD. This entity is more frequent currently because of increased survival of the more severely injured patients. Systemic infection may alter the integrity of the bowel, which becomes less "tolerant" of enteral feedings. The role of large-volume high-density enteral feedings as a usually associated event in these patients remains speculative.
Enzyme Linked to Alcohol Sensitivity in Mice (1997)

In the movie Days of Wine and Roses, the drunken stupors of the alcoholic couple add to the pathos of the story. But in the laboratory of Hiroaki Niki at the RIKEN Brain Science Institute in Wako City, Japan, the drunken stupors of certain genetically altered mice are cause for celebration: These mice are providing new insights into how alcohol affects brain neurons, and hints of why some people are more susceptible to alcohol addiction than others.
Biodegradable poly(<scp>D,L</scp>‐lactide) coating of implants for continuous release of growth factors (2001)

Local application of growth factors like insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) from a biodegradable thin layer of poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA) coated implants could stimulate fracture healing. A new "cold coating technique" for metallic implants was established to produce a biodegradable coating with a high mechanical stability that provides a continuous release of incorporated growth factors. The properties of this bioactive coating were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Scanning electron microscope analysis revealed a coating thickness of in average 14.8 microm on titanium and 10.7 microm on steel wires. Intramedullary implantation and extraction experiments depicted a loss of PDLLA coating from titanium and steel implants of less than 5%. After explantation of the implants, the coating displayed a complete and regular layer without any defects of PDLLA uncovering the metallic surface. Smear tests demonstrate that the coating can be performed under sterile conditions. The PDLLA depicted a reduction of about 8% within 6 weeks in vitro and in vivo. The growth factors were incorporated in a stable form and demonstrated a loss of stability of less than 3% within 42 days and less than 5% within one year. In an elution experiment, 54% IGF-I and 48% TGF-beta1 were released within the first 48 h. After 42 days, 76% of IGF-I and 71% of TGF-beta1 were detected in the elution fluid by ELISA. Comparable results were obtained in the in vivo experiments after 42 days.
Erythropoietin after Bone Marrow Transplantation (1994)

The anemia associated with bone marrow transplantation is in part related to a relative erythropoietin deficiency. Recombinant human erythropoietin has been studied in different clinical situations. After allogenic bone marrow transplant, recombinant human erythropoietin has enhanced erythroid engraftment and in several studies, decreased transfusion requirement.
Provenance-Based Debugging and Drill-Down in Data-Oriented Workflows (2012)

Panda (for Provenance and Data), a system for data-oriented workflows that supports debugging and drill-down using logical provenance-provenance information stored at the processing-node level is demonstrated. In this demonstration, Panda is used to integrate, process, and analyze actual education data from multiple sources.
Sleep and wakefulness in preadolescent children with deficits in attention, motor control and perception (1992)

In 10 children with deficits in attention, motor control and perception (DAMP), the relation between daytime vigilance and night-time sleep quality was examined with polygraphic sleep recordings, multiple sleep latency tests and measurements of reaction times. Two girls and eight boys, 6-12 years of age were studied. Eighteen normal children served as controls. Normal sleep regulation and sleep quality was found, but the children with DAMP tolerated the recording procedure less well than the controls. Most patients did not suffer from increased daytime sleepiness, but at MSLT 3, patients had short sleep latencies as in daytime hypersomnolence. Reaction times were significantly longer among the patients than among the controls. It is proposed that the findings may be related to functional changes in the forebrain.