gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ascenso y caída del imperio estadounidense: conversación con Paul Kennedy (2003)

Photoamidation of 3-O-acetyl-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-erythro-hex-3-enofuranose (1) afforded 3-O-acetyl-4-C-carbamoyl-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-gulofuranose (2) and 3-O-acetyl-3-C-carbamoyl-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-alpha-allofuranose (3) in 65 and 26% yields, respectively (based on consumed 1). Treatment of 2 and 5% hydrochloric acid in methanol yielded the spiro lactone 5, which was deacetylated to yield 7. Reduction of 5 with sodium borohydride afforded 4-C-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-gulofuranose (9) in 79% yield. Oxidation of 9 with sodium metaperiodate afforded a dialdose that was reduced with sodium borohydride to give 4-C-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-erythro-pentofuranose (11) in 88% yield. Treatment of the acetate 12, derived from 11, with trifluoroacetic acid, followed by acetylation, afforded the branched-chain sugar acetate 14. Condensation of the glycosyl halide derived from 14 with N6-benzoyl-N6,9-bis-(trimethylsilyl)adenine yielded an equimolar anomeric mixture of protected nucleosides 15 and 16 in 40% yield. Treatment of the latter compounds with sodium methoxide in methanol afforded 9-[4-C-(hydroxymethyl)-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl] adenine (17) and the alpha-D anomer 18. The structure of 3 was determined by correlation with the known 5,3'-hemiacetal of 3-C-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha,alpha'-D-ribo-pentodialdose (25).
A Correspondence Principle for Simultaneous Equation Models (1970)

Simultaneity as a LimitA well-known and highly convincing position on the nature of simultaneity in econometric models is that such models are only approximations to the true state of affairs.In fact, causation takes time, and the reactions given by the equations of the model truly occur not instantaneously but with a very small time lag.Unfortunately, however, data do not come to us sufficiently finely divided in time to allow us to observe such fastmoving reactions, so we take simultaneous instantaneously-holding relations as approximations, valid between the observations which nature allows us.Time lags are thus considered negligible provided they are sufficiently small.The consequences of this position for parameter estimation when observations occur at discrete points of time separated by an interval much larger than that in which the true reactions take place have been discussed 2 in the literature.In fact, however, this particular variant of the above view does not seem a very realistic one, We very seldom have observations on the value of a particular variable at precise discrete moments in time, 3 and, if we do, we seldom use the observations in that form.Much more common is the case in which the observations either by necessity or by choice are in the form of averages or sums over a non-zero time interval.Simultaneous This view has been discussed at length by Bentzel and Hansen [2].The basic position on causation has been vigorously maintained by H. Wold in several works, e.g., Wold and Jureen [11]. 2 Strotz [10]; but see also Gorman [6].
19th century auroral observations reveal solar activity patterns. (1997)

Growing interest in the aurora in the early part of the eighteenth century, which resulted from the spectacular reappearance of the aurora in 1707 and 1716, followed a relative scarcity of great auroras during the Maunder minimum, a period of prolonged reduced solar activity from about 1645–1715. Observations in the early eighteenth century led to questions about the geographical extent, nature, and temporal variability of the auroras. Typically, such observations were included as part of recorded meteorological notations, though occasionally early astronomers, such as Tycho Brahe in the 1590s, included auroras in their observations. Meteorological observations were important because of the effects of weather and climate on agriculture, and, according to the belief at the time, on disease.
Coordination Chemistry of the Lanthanide Elements — One Hundred Years of Development and Understanding (1967)

Coordination compounds of the lanthanide elements are distinguished by profound property differences from the derivatives of the d-transition elements and similarities to those of the alkaline-earth elements. Predominantly ionic bonding and lack of interactions of the 4f orbitals are significant in establishing these differences and similarities. Coordination numbers of at least six through 12 are observed. Irregularities in thermodynamic stability in aqueous solution are traceable to changes in coordination number or differences in degree of penetration of the primary hydration sphere. Complexation alters to a limited degree properties dependent upon the 4f electrons but changes significantly and quite regularly properties dependent upon ion concentrations and useful in separations. Absorption of energy by aromatic ligands leads to important fluorescent or line-like emission with certain cations.
Ribose. An oxidation product of glucose 6-phosphate in microsomal fraction. (1983)

An oxidative metabolism of glucose 6-phosphate was studied in rat liver microsomal fraction. Although radioactive 14CO2 was formed from [1-14C]glucose 6-phosphate in the microsomal fraction (Hino, Y., and Minakami, S. (1982) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 92, 547-557), the formation was negligible when [2-14C]glucose 6-phosphate was used as a starting substrate. These results indicated an inability of the microsomal fraction to rearrange [2-14C]glucose 6-phosphate to form [1-14C] glucose 6-phosphate, and it was expected that a certain compound derived from glucose 6-phosphate accumulated as an end-product of the reaction. We, therefore, have tried to identify the product by high performance liquid chromatography, and found that ribose accumulated as the end-product. The formation of ribose was inhibited in the same manner as that of 14CO2 by antibodies against rat liver microsomal hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and the ratios of ribose to 14CO2 formed in the reaction were 0.5-0.8 on a molar basis. The finding of ribose formation further suggested the involvement of ribose phosphate isomerase and phosphatase activities in the reaction.
Mutations in diphtheria toxin to improve immunotoxin selectivity and understand toxin entry into cells. (1991)

Diphtheria toxin can be used to selectively kill target cells by coupling it to cell-type-specific binding moieties such as monoclonal antibodies. These reagents have important potential in treating diseases, selectively ablating cell populations in experimental systems and for understanding how proteins cross membranes. Point mutations and deletions in the diphtheria toxin gene have been used to identify and localize regions of diphtheria toxin involved in cell killing. Mutations have been identified that prevent binding of the toxin to a cell surface receptor yet these mutations do not inhibit the cell entry activity or the intracellular cytotoxicity of the toxin. Coupling of these mutant toxins to new, cell-type-specific binding moieties yields potent reagents with up to 200,000-fold selectivity between target and nontarget cells. Mutations and deletions in the membrane transport regions are beginning to explain how the toxin enters cells and may also help in the design of more effective therapeutic reagents.
BOA: Targeting Multi-Gigahertz with Binary Translation (1999)

This paper presents BOA (Binary-translation Optimized Architecture), a processor designed to achieve high frequency by using software dynamic binary translation. Processors for software binary translation are very conducive to high frequency because they can assume a simple hardware design. Binary translation eliminates the binary compatibility problem faced by other processors, while dynamic recompilation enables re-optimization of critical program code sections and eliminates the need for dynamic scheduling hardware. In this work we examine the implications of binary translation on processor architecture and software translation and how we support a very high frequency PowerPC implementation via dynamic binary translation. The design of processors with clock speeds of 1 GHz or more has been a topic of considerable research in both industry and academia. Binary translation presents an interesting alternative for processor design as it enables good performance on simple processor designs. Processors for binary translation achieve maximum performance by enabling high frequency processors while still exploiting available parallelism in the code. The effect of both of these optimizations is to minimize
Pressure effect on the zero-phonon line emission of Mn4+ in K2SiF6 (2015)

In this work, effects of pressure and temperature on the luminescent properties of the K2SiF6:Mn(4+) system have been presented. At ambient pressure, the luminescent spectrum of Mn(4+) consists of several lines at 610-650 nm attributed to phonon repetitions of the (2)Eg → (4)A2g transition and does not contain the zero phonon line (ZPL). At pressure above 9 kbar, an additional line at about 624 nm occurs, which can be attributed to the ZPL of the (2)Eg → (4)A2g transition in the Mn(4+) ions. This change in the emission spectra is accompanied by shortening of the luminescence decay time. Further increasing pressure up to 220 kbar causes the red shift of all emission lines. Upon releasing pressure, all observed lines are going back to their previous positions. The ZPL remains visible even at ambient pressure. Taking into account XRD and Raman spectra at ambient pressure before and after compression-decompression, we have attributed these changes to pressure-induced local structure change of MnF6 (2-) octahedron.
A survey on biometric fingerprints: The cardless payment system (2008)

In daily life people use credit cards for shopping, check card, bus card, subway card for traveling, student card for library and department, and many kinds of cards for unlimited purposes and etc. So problem is that a person has to take many cards and has to remember their passwords or secret codes and to keep secure to take with him all time. In this paper biometric the fingerprints payment system is used for various kinds of payment system instead of the tension of cards to place with them and to memorize theirs difficult passwords. Biometric fingerprints payment system is much safe and secure and very easy to use and even without using any password or secret codes to remember as compare with previous system like credit card payment system, wireless system and mobile system etc. Biometric fingerprints payment system is reliable and expensive and it has more advantages as compare with others.
Dynamic Warp Resizing in High-Performance SIMT (2012)

Modern GPUs synchronize threads grouped in a warp at every instruction. These results in improving SIMD efficiency and makes sharing fetch and decode resources possible. The number of threads included in each warp (or warp size) affects divergence, synchronization overhead and the efficiency of memory access coalescing. Small warps reduce the performance penalty associated with branch and memory divergence at the expense of a reduction in memory coalescing. Large warps enhance memory coalescing significantly but also increase branch and memory divergence. Dynamic workload behavior, including branch/memory divergence and coalescing, is an important factor in determining the warp size returning best performance. Optimal warp size can vary from one workload to another or from one program phase to the next. Based on this observation, we propose Dynamic Warp Resizing (DWR). DWR takes innovative microarchitectural steps to adjust warp size during runtime and according to program characteristics. DWR outperforms static warp size decisions, up to 1.7X to 2.28X, while imposing less than 1% area overhead. We investigate various alternative configurations and show that DWR performs better for narrower SIMD and larger caches.
The Role of Kidney Biopsy in Heart Transplant Candidates With Kidney Disease (2010)

Renal biopsy provides useful diagnostic information to differentiate intrinsic renal disease from renal hypoperfusion and helps guide the decision for OHT alone versus combined HKT.
Improving speaker verification with figure of merit training (2002)

A novel discriminative training method of Gaussian mixture model for text-independent speaker verification, Figure of Merit (FOM) training, is proposed in this paper. FOM training aims at maximizing the FOM of a ROC curve by adjusting the model parameters, rather than only approximating the underlying distribution of acoustic observations of each speaker that Maximum Likelihood Estimation does. The text-independent speaker verification experiments were conducted on the 1996 NIST Speaker Recognition Evaluation corpus. Compared with standard EM training method, FOM training provides significantly improved performance, e.g. the detection cost function (DCF) was reduced to 0.0286 from 0.0369 and to 0.0537 from 0.0826 in matched and mismatched conditions respectively.
Efficacy of tooth whitening with different calcium phosphate‐based formulations (2013)

The aim of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the efficacy of tooth whitening using different calcium phosphate-based formulations. Teeth were treated with three different hydroxyapatite preparations at different concentrations and with two control preparations; each tooth was treated a total of three times. After application of the last material, hydrodynamic shear force was applied to mimic mechanical loading. After each treatment, tooth color was measured using a dental spectrophotometer, and the mean changes in L*a*b* values between different measurements were expressed as ∆E. The results indicated significant differences between the materials, but neither dose- nor time-dependent associations were found. The suspension containing tricalcium phosphate (10 wt%) showed the most obvious color change (∆E = 2.20 ± 0.90), while the suspension containing zinc-carbonate-apatite (20 wt%) showed the least obvious color change (∆E = 0.91 ± 0.50). Calcium phosphate-based formulations that can adhere to the enamel surface and contribute to tooth whitening have promising tooth-whitening potential.
Placebo versus Best-Available-Therapy Control Group in Clinical Trials for Pharmacologic Therapies: Which Is Better? (2007)

There are valid scientific and ethical considerations for using a control group in a clinical trial. Placebo-controlled trials are justifiable when they are supported by sound methodologic consideration and when their use does not expose research participants to excessive risk of harm. Consideration should be given to "best available therapy" control groups in the evaluation of a new therapy or intervention over an existing therapy. Investigators should keep in mind that one should not sacrifice the scientific merit of a trial to include a best-available-therapy control group as long as the placebo control group poses little harm to participants and, importantly, the trial offers potential benefit to the subject. The pros and cons of using placebo versus best-available-therapy control groups are discussed.
Creating Depth Map from 2D Scene Classification (2008)

Although the depth information of the scene is not stored while taking a picture, some features about the depth information still exist in the captured image. In this paper, we propose a method that generates the depth map of a single image based on scene classification. At first, it classifies the scene of the image into categories according to the color feature; then it generates the depth map of the image by using the related information of the scene category. Depth map contains the depth information of 2D image and can be used to generate the stereo-image pairs by left and right shifting the original image. The stereoscopic image with three-dimensional visual effect can be viewed through a 3D display. The experiments have shown that the proposed method works well and produces good stereoscopic effect.
A panoramic video system by direct manipulation video navigation (2014)

This paper presents a panoramic video system by direct manipulation video navigation without any image stitching. Our panoramic video browsing is interacted with user by displaying overlapped region of consecutive input video frames with corresponding viewing angle. That is, when user slides, the panoramic video will switch video frames to corresponding viewing angle according to sliding distance. When user stops to slide, the video will display the overlapped region of consecutive video frames in the same viewing angle. The switching of viewing angle and cropping of the overlapped region are based on video frame registration. The major advantage of our method is to provide a panoramic video navigation from hand-held mobile camera phone with low computation and high quality. Comparing to other panoramic video stitching approaches, our method can guarantee no ghosting and no distortion. Our demo video is in http://youtu.be/XYpPAdypIuI for detail.
Design techniques and test methodology for low-power TCAMs (2006)

Ternary content addressable memories (TCAMs) are gaining importance in high-speed lookup-intensive applications. However, the high cost and power consumption are limiting their popularity and versatility. TCAM testing is also time consuming due to the complex integration of logic and memory. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the design techniques for low-power TCAMs. We also propose a novel test methodology for various TCAM components. The proposed test algorithms show significant improvement over the existing algorithms both in test complexity and fault coverage
Evaluation of in vitro chemosensitivity using human lung cancer cell lines (1996)

The use of well-characterized human lung cancer cell lines has allowed for new opportunities in preclinical and clinical drug evaluation. Development of semiautomated tests of in vitro cytotoxicity such as the MTT assay, which utilizes the formazan salt 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), has allowed for preclinical evaluation of novel chemotherapeutic agents and drug combinations. In addition, techniques such as this make possible the testing of sufficient data sets to allow determination of true biochemical drug synergy. Assessment of drug combinations which possess in vitro synergy or supraadditive effects can suggest chemotherapeutic regimens for further clinical testing. Using the MTT assay in conjunction with isobolographic analysis, it is possible to test commonly used regimens which are based on presumed or apparent in vivo drug synergy, such as the combination of etoposide and cis-platinum. This frequently prescribed combination was found to lack in vitro biochemical synergy when tested with human lung cancer cell lines, indicating that the observed clinical benefits of this drug combination may be due to factors in the tumor microenvironment, drug metabolism, or non-overlapping toxicities. Finally, although it remains to be determined if a significant role for in vitro drug testing will be found in direct clinical applications, preclinical drug evaluation during the drug development process using cultured tumor cell lines may ultimately allow for disease or patient specific therapies for testing.
Applications and Optimization of Immunization Procedures (2005)

Classical immunization protocols have produced an antibody-based humoral response that is very effective against susceptible infectious diseases. Immunization introduces an external substance to induce the host immune system to respond specifically. Typically an antigen is used, but DNA, or a primed, pre-existing leukocyte or antigen-presenting cell, can also be used. Immunization is currently being used or investigated for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, cancer, addictions, allergies, pregnancy, and autoimmune diseases. It is also being used to produce biologically active materials such as polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, antivenins, and anti-toxins for treating a wide range of conditions. Animals have been integral to the development of immunization techniques, as producers of toxoids and antitoxins, as models (e.g., to validate materials and protocols used for immunization, to understand the impact of immunization itself on the immune system, and to help investigators devise methods for determining the efficacy of vaccines) and as beneficiaries themselves of vaccines and antitoxins. The choice of immunization protocols is complex, and results may be affected by many factors such as dose and concentration of antigen, choice of adjuvants, time between inoculation and response measurement, and method of detection. The immune system responses to an antigen are also complex and continue to develop with advancing age. Anatomical, physiological, and immune system differences between species influence responses to immunization, as do the purity and presentation of the antigens and adjuvants. When directly comparing results, animals should be sourced from the same supplier. This review highlights the many uses of immunization techniques and introduces important considerations for the choice of protocols and animal models.
Matrix effects due to calcium in inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectrometry: their nature, source and remedy (1985)

Matrix effects due to calcium in inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectrometry have been characterised for a representative selection of analyte lines. Operating conditions were typical of those widely used for routine analysis. Calcium is among the most potent elements causing matrix effects and is an important geological matrix element. Most analyte sensitivities were suppressed, by as much as 30% in some instances, but lithium could be supressed or enhanced depending on small changes in the conditions. The effects are strongly related to analyte excitation potentials, and were found to be caused by changes in excitation conditions in the plasma. Several effective methods of obviating the matrix problem are demonstrated and compared.
The concept of motion adaptive colorplus encoding (1994)

The basic idea of colorplus is the phase segregation of high frequency luminance and chrominance signals. Due to the fact that colorplus encoding is reducing the temporal resolution to 25 Hz it cannot be used for higher motion velocities, otherwise heavy motions judder would be introduced. In picture areas with higher motion intra-frame averaging will be switched of and standard PAL encoding/decoding will be used. The luminance processing of motion adaptive colorplus (MACP) is shown. High horizontal frequencies will be faded of in picture parts with higher motion. This concept allows that colorplus is only switched of in critical areas. For most of the picture parts colorplus is used with all the benefits.