gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular Assembly of an Aptamer–Drug Conjugate for Targeted Drug Delivery to Tumor Cells (2009)

The conjugation of antitumor drugs to targeting reagents such as antibodies is a promising method that can increase the efficacy of chemotherapy and reduce the overall toxicity of the drugs. In this study, we covalently link the antitumor agent doxorubicin (Dox) to the DNA aptamer sgc8c, which was selected by the cell-SELEX method. In doing so, we expected that this sgc8c-Dox conjugate would specifically kill the target CCRF-CEM (T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, T-cell ALL) cells, but with minimal toxicity towards nontarget cells. The results demonstrated that the sgc8c-Dox conjugate possesses many of the properties of the sgc8c aptamer, including high binding affinity (K(d)=2.0+/-0.2 nM) and the capability to be efficiently internalized by target cells. Moreover, due to the specific conjugation method, the acid-labile linkage connecting the sgc8c-Dox conjugate can be cleaved inside the acidic endosomal environment. Cell viability tests demonstrate that the sgc8c-Dox conjugates not only possess potency similar to unconjugated Dox, but also have the required molecular specificity that is lacking in most current targeted drug delivery strategies. Furthermore, we found that nonspecific uptake of membrane-permeable Dox to nontarget cell lines could also be inhibited by linking the drug with the aptamer; thus, the conjugates are selective for cells that express higher amounts of target proteins. Compared to the less effective Dox-immunoconjugates, these sgc8c-Dox conjugates make targeted chemotherapy more feasible with drugs having various potencies. When combined with the large number of recently created DNA aptamers that specifically target a wide variety of cancer cells, this drug-aptoconjugation method will have broad implications for targeted drug delivery.
Knowledge Acquisition in the Development of a Large Expert System (1987)

This article discusses several effective techniques for expert system knowledge acquisition based on the techniques that were successfilly used to develop the Cen- tral Office Maintenance Printout Analysis and Suggestion System (COMPASS) Knowledge acquisition is not a science, and expert system developers and experts must tailor their methodologies to fit their situation and the people involved. Devel- opers of future expert systems should find a description of proven knowledge-acquisi- tion techniques and an account of the experience of the COMPASS project in applying these techniques to be useful in developing their own knowledge-acquisi- tion procedures nowledge acquisition is the process by which expert sys- tem developers find the knowl- edge that domain experts use to perform the task of interest. This knowledge is then implemented to form an expert system. The essential part of an expert system is its knowl- edge, and therefore, knowledge acqui- sition is probably the most important task in the development of an expert system. In this article, several effective techniques for expert system knowl- edge acquisition are discussed based on the techniques that were success- fully used at GTE Laboratories to develop the COMPASS expert system. Knowledge acquisition for expert sys- tem development is still a new field and not (yet?) a science. Therefore, expert system developers and the experts they work with must tailor their knowledge-acquisition method- ologies to fit their own particular situ- ation and the people involved. As expert system developers define their own knowledge-acquisition proce- dures, they should find a description of proven knowledge-acquisition tech- niques and an account of the experi- ence of the COMPASS developers in applying these techniques to be use- ful. The next section of this article is a discussion of the COMPASS project. The major portion of the article fol- lows, with over SO points on knowl- edge acquisition that were found to be important during the work on COM- PASS. Initial points cover the knowl- edge-acquisition considerations in selecting an expert and an appropriate domain for the expert system. The remaining points highlight techniques for getting started in knowledge acqui- sition, documenting the knowledge, and finally, actually acquiring and recording the knowledge. Each point is followed by a general discussion and then by a description of how the point specifically applied to the COMPASS project.
Malaria Proteins Implicated in Host-Parasite Interactions (2007)

The invasive and transmission stages of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum express several proteins with domains implicated in host-parasite interactions, that are potential vaccine candidates or drug targets. The expression patterns of two proteins PfTRAMP (Plasmodium Related Apical Merozoite Protein) and PCRAGS (Plasmodium cysteine related antigen of gametocytes and schizonts), containing such putative domains, are examined and their potential roles in merozoite invasion and egress are discussed. PfTRAMP has a possible role in merozoite invasion. Transcription occurs in mature schizonts as shown by Northern blot. Recombinant protein was successfully expressed in insect cells indicating that this eukaryotic system can be utilised for the expression of Plasmodium proteins. PCRAGS is a member of the Plasmodium Cysteine Repeat Modular Proteins (PCRMPs), a family of high molecular weight proteins with highly conserved, cysteine-rich regions and multipass transmembrane domains. The gene encodes a signal sequence, a truncated extracellular domain, an EGF-like domain and a multipass-transmembrane domain. PCRAGS is highly conserved in Plasmodium spp and other Apicomplexa. The extracellular domain has been under purifying selection, suggesting that the sequence or the structure of this domain is important for function. The gene is transcribed throughout the asexual erythrocytic cycle and is expressed in both gametocytes and schizonts in P. falciparum and in the rodent malaria P.berghei. Antibodies raised against a short peptide in the C-terminus detect PfCRAGS during schizont rupture and in mature segmenting schizonts but not in merozoites. Western blotting showed that PfCRAGS is present in the membrane fraction. Co-localisation studies showed that PfCRAGS is associated with the infected erythrocyte membrane, suggesting a role in merozoite egress. PfCRAGS is also expressed in stage II-IV male gametocytes in association with a membrane and is the earliest known male specific protein expressed. Gene knock-out of pbcrags in P. berghei showed that PbCRAGS is not essential for asexual development. In vivo evaluation of phenotype showed that pbcrags knock-out parasites are less virulent than wildtype parasites and have an increased gametocyte production in a non-susceptible host. The unique expression and localisation pattern of PfCRAGS in combination with putative host-parasite binding domains implicate this novel protein as a potential vaccine candidate or drug target.
The effectiveness of inpatient and outpatient treatment for alcohol abuse: the need to focus on mediators and moderators of setting effects (1996)

Previous reviews have concluded that there was no evidence for the superiority of inpatient over outpatient treatment of alcohol abuse, although particular types of patients might be more effectively treated in inpatient settings. In this review, we first consider the conceptual rationales that have been offered to support inpatient and outpatient treatment. Following that, the results of the relevant research on setting effects are presented. Five studies had significant setting effects favoring inpatient treatment, two studies found day hospital to be significantly more effective than inpatient treatment, and seven studies yielded no significant differences on drinking-related outcome variables. In all but one instance in which a significant effect emerged, patients in the 'superior' setting received more intensive treatment and patients were not 'preselected' for their willingness to accept random assignment to treatment in either setting. Studies finding significant setting effects also conducted more treatment contrasts (18.6 vs. 4.9), on average, and had a mean statistical power level of 0.71 (median 0.79) to detect a medium-sized effect, whereas studies with no significant findings had an average power level of 0.55 (median 0.57). When inpatient treatment was found to be more effective, outpatients did not receive a respite in the form of inpatient detoxification and the studies were slightly less likely to have social stability inclusion criteria and to use random assignment to treatment settings. We consider the implications of our findings for future research, especially the need to examine the conceptual rationales put forward by proponents of inpatient and outpatient treatment, i.e. mediators and moderators of setting effects.
Sesquiterpene Benzoxazoles and Sesquiterpene Quinones from the Marine Sponge <i>Dactylospongia elegans</i> (2010)

A new sesquiterpene benzoxazole, nakijinol B (3), its acetylated derivative, nakijinol B diacetate (6), and two new sesquiterpene quinones, smenospongines B (4) and C (5), were isolated from the methanol extract of the marine sponge Dactylospongia elegans. Also isolated were the known compounds dactyloquinone B and a 1:1 mixture of ilimaquinone and 5-epi-ilimaquinone. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses and comparison with literature data. The isolated compounds were assessed for their cytotoxicity against a panel of human tumor cell lines (SF-268, H460, MCF-7, and HT-29) and a normal mammalian cell line (CHO-K1). All compounds were found to have activities in the range 1.8-46 μM and lacked selectivity for tumor versus normal cell lines.
The GRADE approach for assessing new technologies as applied to apheresis devices in ulcerative colitis (2010)

The GRADE approach could be appropriate for making the recommendation development process for Health Technology Assessment (HTA) reports more explicit, especially with regard to new technologies.
Fiber-optic fluorescence array to study free convection in porous media (1989)

A 64-point fiber-optic fluorescence array is integrated into a heated-packed bed to study free convection in porous media. The array consists of 64 individual fluorescence coupler-detector modules. The array modules are designed for rhodamine 6G dye and allow real-time measurement of tracer concentrations to about 40 ppb. The coupler-detectors are inexpensive and allow a single fiber to carry both the excitation light and the emitted fluorescence light between the detectors and the remote probe terminations at known locations within the bed. Dilute pulses of tracer dye are injected into the packed bed and the dye concentration at each of the 64 fiber-optic probe terminations is monitored as a function of elapsed time. The tracer concentration as a function of time and position allows the fluid movement to be followed within the porous medium.
Development of Molecular Electrocatalysts for CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction and H<sub>2</sub> Production/Oxidation (2009)

The conversion of solar energy to fuels in both natural and artificial photosynthesis requires components for both light-harvesting and catalysis. The light-harvesting component generates the electrochemical potentials required to drive fuel-generating reactions that would otherwise be thermodynamically uphill. This Account focuses on work from our laboratories on developing molecular electrocatalysts for CO(2) reduction and for hydrogen production. A true analog of natural photosynthesis will require the ability to capture CO(2) from the atmosphere and reduce it to a useful fuel. Work in our laboratories has focused on both aspects of this problem. Organic compounds such as quinones and inorganic metal complexes can serve as redox-active CO(2) carriers for concentrating CO(2). We have developed catalysts for CO(2) reduction to form CO based on a [Pd(triphosphine)(solvent)](2+) platform. Catalytic activity requires the presence of a weakly coordinating solvent molecule that can dissociate during the catalytic cycle and provide a vacant coordination site for binding water and assisting C-O bond cleavage. Structures of [NiFe] CO dehydrogenase enzymes and the results of studies on complexes containing two [Pd(triphosphine)(solvent)](2+) units suggest that participation of a second metal in CO(2) binding may also be required for achieving very active catalysts. We also describe molecular electrocatalysts for H(2) production and oxidation based on [Ni(diphosphine)(2)](2+) complexes. Similar to palladium CO(2) reduction catalysts, these species require the optimization of both first and second coordination spheres. In this case, we use structural features of the first coordination sphere to optimize the hydride acceptor ability of nickel needed to achieve heterolytic cleavage of H(2). We use the second coordination sphere to incorporate pendant bases that assist in a number of important functions including H(2) binding, H(2) cleavage, and the transfer of protons between nickel and solution. These pendant bases, or proton relays, are likely to be important in the design of catalysts for a wide range of fuel production and fuel utilization reactions involving multiple electron and proton transfer steps. The generation of fuels from abundant substrates such as CO(2) and water remains a daunting research challenge, requiring significant advances in new inexpensive materials for light harvesting and the development of fast, stable, and efficient electrocatalysts. Although we describe progress in the development of redox-active carriers capable of concentrating CO(2) and molecular electrocatalysts for CO(2) reduction, hydrogen production, and hydrogen oxidation, much more remains to be done.
Antigenic Determinants of Infective and Inactivated Human Rhinovirus Type 2 (1973)

Treatment of human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV 2) virions at pH 5, at 56 C or in 2 M urea, produces one or both of two types of subviral particles. These subviral particles sediment at 135 S or at 80 S and both share what have been designated as C-antigenic determinants; the determinants of native virions have been designated D. These sets of determinants have been contrasted by the techniques of immunodiffusion, complement fixation, and serum blocking, and the results indicate that many or most of the D-determinants are lost in the conversion to C antigenicity. Some of the HRV 2 C-determinants also react, in immunodiffusion and in complement fixation tests, with antisera produced against HRV 1A virions. The inverse reaction has also been detected by complement fixation. Purified natural top component (NTC) of HRV 2 contains C- and, to a lesser extent, D-determinants. The D-determinants of NTC are also, like those of virions, lost upon treatment at pH 5. These results are discussed in terms of a conformational model for the D- to C-antigenic conversion.
A Novel Approach for Text-Independent SpeakerIdentification Using Artificial Neural Network (2013)

This article presents the implementation of Text Independent Speaker Identification system. It involves two parts- “Speech Signal Processing” and “Artificial Neural Network”. The speech signal processing uses Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) acquisition algorithm that extracts features from the speech signal, which are actually the vectors of coefficients. The backpropagation algorithm of the artificial neural network stores the extracted features on a database and then identify speaker based on the information. The direct speech does not work for the identification of the voice or speaker. Since the speech signal is not always periodic and only half of the frames are voiced, it is not a good practice to work with the half voiced and half unvoiced frames. So the speech must be preprocessed to successfully identify a voice or speaker. The major goal of this work is to derive a set of features that improves the accuracy of the text independent speaker identification system.
T-lymphocyte activation pathways in alcoholic liver disease. (1991)

Immune system derangement in cirrhotic patients with evidence of malnutrition is a well-recognized characteristic of chronic alcohol abuse. However, in vitro studies on cellular immune function performed with lectin mitogens have produced conflicting results. The recent development of more accurate immunological techniques for studying lymphocyte transformation, that use monoclonal antibodies directed against surface structures (CD3 and CD2) involved in antigen recognition, as well in adhesion functions, prompted us to study discrete in vitro T-cell hypo-responsiveness in a series of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) patients with no evidence of malnutrition or hepatic cirrhosis. The results indicated that the CD2 pathway is markedly defective in ALD T lymphocytes, accompanied by reduced interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor expression upon in vitro activation. This defect cannot be reversed by the addition of recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2) or rIL-1. Faulty intracellular signal transduction by protein kinase C (PKC) and defective intracellular Ca2+ mobilization may be responsible for the CD2 pathway impairment. The addition of small amounts of phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate, but not Ca2+ ionophore A23187, is able to overcome the defect, thereby suggesting a direct PKC involvement. The hypothesis of a direct ethanol effect on transmembrane signal transduction systems is suggested by the demonstration of an expansion of circulating virgin (naive) T cells (CD3+/UCHL1-low) that binds tyrosine phosphatase (CD45RA antigen) on their surface.
Dependence of Fermi energy on size (1970)

Employing an appropriate model of the potential energy of an electron outside the surface of a metal, which takes into account the image force, the Fermi energy of electrons has been calculated for thin films and tiny spherical particles. It is seen that the thermionic currents, emitted by a thin tungsten film of thickness 50 Å deposited on an insulator substrate of dielectric constant equal to 10, or by a spherical tungsten particle of radius 100 Å at a temperature 1000 °K, are about 79% and 70% of the corresponding values obtained by using the value of work function for bulk metal.
Effect of body mass index on all-cause mortality and incidence of cardiovascular diseases--report for meta-analysis of prospective studies open optimal cut-off points of body mass index in Chinese adults. (2002)

BMI < or = 18.5, 24-27.9 and > or = 28 (kg/m2) is the appropriate cut-off points for underweight, overweight and obesity in Chinese adults.
Quantitative measurement of cyanide released from Prussian Blue (2007)

PB had the highest cyanide release at pH 1 (135 ug/g) and lowest release at pH 5.0-7.0 from the highest daily dose of PB (17.5 g) (21 ug/g). Considering the minimal lethal dose of cyanide is approximately 50 mg, the maximal cyanide released (1.6 mg) does not present a safety concern.
Low-Energy-Consumption Ad Hoc Mesh Network Based on Intermittent Receiver-driven Transmission (2014)

In the ad hoc network, it is considered that mesh structure topology can achieve high communication reliability. However, since the power consumption in an ad hoc network of the mesh configuration becomes large, it is an important research topic to control it. In efforts to develop a method for controlling such power consumption, this research targets a network in which communication starts when multiple receiver nodes transmit their own IDs intermittently and a transmitting node receives them. However, the basic characteristics of an ad hoc mesh network constructed using this method is not yet clear. Therefore, in this study we clarify, by simulation, the influence that parameter values which determine operation of the system have on basic system properties, such as data collection rate, average delay, and power consumption. Furthermore, we show a guideline of parameter setting that improves performance by considering the basic properties of the target ad hoc mesh network.
Optimal Computing Of Structure From Motion Using Point Correspondences In Two Frames (2005)

One of the problems associated with any approach to the structure from motion problem using point correspondence, i.e. recovering the structure of a moving object from its successive images, is the use of least squares on dependent variables. We formulate the problem as a quadratic minimization problem with a non-linear constraint. Then we derive the condition for i,he solution to be optimal under the assumption of Gaussian noise in the input, in the Maximum Likelihood Principle sense. This constraint minimization reduces to the solution of a nonlinear system which in the presence of modest noise is easy to approximate. We present two efficient ways to approximate it and we discuss some inherent limitations of the structure from motion problem when two frames are used that should be taken into account in robotics applications that involve dynamic imagery. In addition, our formulation introduces a framework in which previous works on the subject become special cases.
Modulation of altered hepatic foci induction by diallyl sulphide in Wistar rats (2004)

Diallyl sulphide (DAS) is a sulphur-containing volatile compound present in garlic (Allium sativum). It has been shown to inhibit a number of chemically induced forms of cancer in experimental animals. The present study demonstrates the inhibitory effect of DAS on the development of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) initiated and 2-acetyl-aminofluorene (2-AAF) promoted preneoplastic altered hepatic foci (AHF) in Wistar rats. AHF were scored and analysed by quantitative stereology using the Image Analysis system from frozen liver sections stained for biological markers, namely glutathione S-transferase, placental form (GST-P), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6 Pase) and alkaline phosphatase (AlkPase). DAS-supplemented rats were found to restore the near-normal levels of enzymes GST-P and GGT when exposed to DEN and 2-AAF. DAS administration following DEN and 2-AAF exposure led to the restoration of enzymic activity of ATPase, G6 Pase and AlkPase, as evident by number and area of the foci. These findings suggest the protective role of DAS in rat hepatocarcinogenesis, by suppressing DEN- and 2-AAF-induced AHF development.