gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cimetidine, C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>16</sub>N<sub>6</sub>S, form C: crystal structure and modelling of polytypes using the superspace approach (2013)

The H2 antagonist cimetidine forms many polymorphs, several of which have resisted structural analysis thus far. Using single-crystal X-ray measurements obtained from synchrotron radiation, the crystal structure of cimetidine form C has been solved. This layered structure crystallizes in space group C 2/ c with an unusually large lattice parameter, a = 82.904 Å. The thickness of each layer L is equal to a ′ = a /6 = 13.82 Å, and a = 6 a ′ originates from a sixfold LLLL ′ L ′ L ′ sequence with L and L ′ differing by 0.5 b . This packing is reminiscent of polytypic stacking in metals. A (3 + 1)-dimensional superspace model is derived and used to explain and predict many polytypic modifications. This model is characterized by (i) the (3 + 1)-dimensional symmetry group X 2/ c (α0γ)00, where X = 0\textstyle{1 \over 2}0\textstyle{1 \over 2}; (ii) the lattice parameter a ′ and modulation vector q = 1/ n ( a ′*); (iii) the atomic positions of a single molecule of cimetidine form C; (iv) the primary variable, 1/ n . The model reproduces the previously solved structure, the 6M polytype, and generates the related polytypes n M with lattice parameter a n M = na ′ for n = 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. A comparison of powder X-ray diffraction patterns available for cimetidine form C with those simulated for the n M polytypes suggests that the powder samples published previously probably contain a mixture of various polytypes.
Molecular genetics of human major histocompatibility complex: clinical applications. (1986)

Techniques in molecular biology have proved to be very useful in the study of the biology and genetics of the MHC. In particular we have been able to study the Class II gene region in more detail. It is very important because most of the clinical interest of MHC has been focused on the Class II: Certain Class II alleles are strongly associated with autoimmune diseases, and Class II molecules play a crucial role in the interactions between the cells in immune response. DNA polymorphism studies (RFLP) have shown us that polymorphism of MHC genes seems to be considerable. Other close associations between diseases and Class II markers than using serological HLA typings have been found. Molecular cloning of the Class III genes has allowed us to analyse the molecular basis of the complement protein deficiencies, which are often associated with autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, cloning of the genes coding for steroid 21-hydroxylase has revealed the reason for the linkage between CAH and HLA, and has given a possibility for prenatal diagnosis of this disease at the DNA level.
Above-Bandgap Polarization Anisotropies in Cubic Semiconductors: A Visible-Near uv Probe of Surfaces (1985)

Recent work on the 0.5 eV below-bandgap surface state on 2x1-<111> Si cleaved in ultrahigh vacuum showed strong polarization anisotropy in near-normal incidence absorptance and reflectance measurements. 1,2 The present work describes the first experiments undertaken to systematically study anisotropies in the above -bandgap reflectance of cubic semiconductors. An experimentally simple configuration is used, wherein the sample is rotated while being illuminated with near-normal-incidence linearly polarized light and the second harmonic of the mechanical rotation frequency in the reflected beam is phase-sensitively detected and determined as a function of photon energy.
Surface of a spin-polarized electron gas (1976)

The surface of a spin-polarized electron gas is used to model the conduction electrons at the surface of both a simple metal in a magnetic field and ferromagnetic gadolinium. A self-consistent calculation based on the Hohenberg-Kohn-Sham density-functional formalism obtains the densities of majority and minority-spin electrons at the surface. For a simple metal, we calculate the position-dependent susceptibility which describes the response of the surface to a uniform magnetic field. For gadolinium, we obtain the change in work function, surface magnetization, and surface energy between the paramagnetic and saturated ferromagnetic states.
Corrigendum: A noncanonical auxin-sensing mechanism is required for organ morphogenesis in <i>Arabidopsis</i> (2017)

We have realized that there is an error in Figure By mistake, the images in Figure This image is from the untreated control experiment (Fig. We have built a revised Figure
The problem of painting rusty steel (1959)

Abstract Rust on steel specimens exposed in Cambridge always contains ferrous sulphate, the amount of which is lowest in July and highest in January‐February. It is shown that rust catalyses the oxidation of SO 2 in the air to SO 2 . Paint applied to rusty steel when the ferrous sulphate content is lowest has the best durability. A “limpet cell” is described for the determination of ferrous sulphate on structures in situ . The implications to the practical painting of rusty structures are discussed.
Effects of the Use of a Laser Beam on Leaf Blade of Rice Plants (2004)

物理的な病害虫防除方法としてレーザ利用の効果を検討する研究の一環として, 水稲葉身の外観に及ぼすレーザ照射の影響を調べた. レーザ照射処理は緑色光 (波長532nm) を用い, 照射強度は342×4GW m-2であった. レーザ照射処理の影響は照射部位に限定され, 照射後数日で安定し, その後は進行しなかった. 主稈葉位別にみると出葉後間もない上位葉ほど影響は小さかった. また, 幼穂分化期の処理が出穂期の処理よりも影響は小さく, 出葉後日数の短い若い葉ほど影響は小さかった. これらの傾向に品種間差異はみられなかった.
Influence de la compression sur les propriétés élastiques des matériaux poreux (2010)

National audience
Hybrid Task Cascade for Instance Segmentation (2019)

Cascade is a classic yet powerful architecture that has boosted performance on various tasks. However, how to introduce cascade to instance segmentation remains an open question. A simple combination of Cascade R-CNN and Mask R-CNN only brings limited gain. In exploring a more effective approach, we find that the key to a successful instance segmentation cascade is to fully leverage the reciprocal relationship between detection and segmentation. In this work, we propose a new framework, Hybrid Task Cascade (HTC), which differs in two important aspects: (1) instead of performing cascaded refinement on these two tasks separately, it interweaves them for a joint multi-stage processing; (2) it adopts a fully convolutional branch to provide spatial context, which can help distinguishing hard foreground from cluttered background. Overall, this framework can learn more discriminative features progressively while integrating complementary features together in each stage. Without bells and whistles, a single HTC obtains 38.4 and 1.5 improvement over a strong Cascade Mask R-CNN baseline on MSCOCO dataset. Moreover, our overall system achieves 48.6 mask AP on the test-challenge split, ranking 1st in the COCO 2018 Challenge Object Detection Task. Code is available at: https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmdetection.
Faceting of High‐Angle Grain Boundaries in Titanium‐Excess BaTiO <sub>3</sub> (2004)

The grain boundaries in BaTiO 3 with excess Ti of 0.5, 0.3, and 0.1 at.% sintered at 1300° or 1250°C have been examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscattered diffraction pattern (EBSP), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the 0.1% Ti‐excess specimen, large grains growing abnormally form high‐angle grain boundaries when they impinge on each other as verified by EBSP. A large fraction of these grain boundaries are faceted with hill‐and‐valley shapes. In the 0.5% Ti‐excess specimen, large grains growing abnormally are elongated in the directions of their {111} double twins. These grains often form flat grain boundaries parallel to their {111} planes with the fine matrix grains, and the grain‐boundary segments between the large impinging grains with high misorientation angles are often also parallel to the {111} planes of one of the grains. These grain boundaries are expected to be singular. Most of the grain boundaries between the randomly oriented fine‐matrix grains in the 0.3 at.% Ti‐excess specimen are also faceted with hill‐and‐valley shapes at finer scales when observed under TEM. The facet planes are parallel to {111}, {011}, and {012} planes of one of the grain pairs and are also expected to be singular. These high‐angle grain boundaries lying on low index planes of one of the grain pairs are similar to those observed in other oxides and metals.
ChemInform Abstract: Water‐Soluble Metal Complexes of Sulfonated Triphenylphosphane (TPPTS) (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Reactions of Penicillin Derivatives with tert‐Butyl Perbenzoate. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Technology Focus: Cementing/Zonal Isolation (May 2017) (2017)

Technology Focus The terms “cement” and “isolation” are used interchangeably in the oil field. Stating the obvious, cement is a material that is mixed as a slurry, pumped into place, and then predictably turns into an impermeable (very low permeability) solid. Despite cement’s remarkable properties, the search continues for enhancements in the areas of cost and isolation performance. Several themes are evident throughout the sessions and papers that were presented at SPE events this year. Efficiencies and enhancements have been explored even to the point of replacing cement with other materials. Along with each improvement, verification of zonal isolation has been investigated. Replacements for cement systems, such as geopolymers and resins, are investigated in a number of papers. Geopolymers have promising long-term strength and bonding properties. Resins also have desirable performance characteristics, especially related to strength and flexibility. However, we have yet to find a system that exceeds both the economic and the technical performance of cement in today’s wells for zonal isolation. As we continue to search for new isolation systems, we also continue to enhance our existing processes and materials. Enhancing performance in cementing is a necessary component of challenging, and improving, the costs of drilling a well. New components, updates to additives, and specifically designed cement systems are enablers to providing zonal isolation in increasingly challenging environments, including deeper water, long-reach wells, and wells subjected to large temperature and pressure cycles throughout the life of the well. Every geographic location presents unique challenges. As engineers in the drilling industry, we also continue to look for verification that isolation has been achieved. Programs, laboratory tests, real-time monitoring, and post-job documentation all contribute to a holistic approach to cementing and barrier verification. The featured papers, along with the additional reading, explore new materials, improved techniques, and optimized performance for zonal isolation. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE/IADC 184672 High Assurance on Barrier Placement and Evaluation for Deepwater Wells in Brazil by V. Reveth, Schlumberger, et al. SPE 180344 Relating Cement-Additive Performance to Mix-Water Composition for Deepwater and Salt-Zone Applications by B.R. Reddy, Aramco, et al. SPE/IADC 184675 True Self-Healing Geopolymer Cements for Improved Zonal Isolation and Well Abandonment by Xiangyu Liu, The University of Texas at Austin, et al.
Proteolytic Control of Bacteriophage HK97 Capsid Maturation. (1998)

Abstract HK97 is a tailed temperate bacteriophage of E. coli that builds an icosahedral capsid using steps that include regulated assembly, proteolysis, radical conformational changes and the formation of novel covalent bonds (Fig. 1). This pathway is being exploited as a model system to explore how the formation of multiprotein complexes can be regulated by each of these mechanisms. We have identified and purified at least four intermediates (Prohead I, Prohead II, Head I and Head II) and examined them by cryo-electron microscopy and three dimensional reconstruction procedures (Fig. 2). Comparison of particle reconstructions at resolution of about 25 - 30 A have lead to major insights into the causes and purposes of the regulated changes that we have also characterized biochemically and genetically. Prohead I consists of 420 copies of the 42 kDa gp5 capsid protein arranged as 72 blister-shaped morphological capsomers in a thick walled hollow T=7 icosahedral particle with a diameter of -470 Å.
Imaging of tissue displacement induced during focused ultrasound neuromodulation <i>in vivo</i> (2017)

Our group has recently shown feasibility of FUS modulation of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) in vivo. However, the interplay between FUS and the PNS is not completely understood and has never been imaged. To unveil both the mechanism as well as provide an image-guided approach to modulation monitoring, a new modulation system was designed to simultaneously image the mechanical perturbation of the tissue during modulation in vivo. The system consisted of a 4.5 MHz HIFU confocally aligned with a 7.8 MHz imaging transducer. Activation of the sciatic nerve of the mouse was induced with parameters previously reported for successful modulation. 200 RF frames at a 10 kHz pulse repetition frequency were used for 1D cross-correlation (20 lambda window, 90% overlap) to calculate the inter-frame axial displacement before, during, and after modulation. Displacement maps overlaid on the B-mode images illustrate that once FUS is applied, downward displacement was detected where the highest displacement is located at the focus (9.8 micron average peak displacement). After FUS modulation, displacement steadily reduced to baseline (0.5–0.8 ms). Our findings indicate that FUS neuromodulation is associated with the radiation force effect and therefore successful application is dependent upon sufficient displacements induced.
Preoperative Calcium and Parathyroid Hormone Values Are Poor Predictors of Gland Volume and Multigland Disease in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Review of 2,000 Consecutive Patients (2020)

Naples, Robert DO; Monteiro, Rosebel MD; Thomas, Jonah MS; Zolin, Samuel J. MD; Shin, Joyce J. MD, FACS; Krishnamurthy, Vikram D. MD, FACS; Berber, Eren MD, FACS; Siperstein, Allan MD Author Information
Combinatorial optimization applied to variable scale 2D model matching (2002)

A local search optimization procedure, subset-convergent local search, is developed for identifying known 2D models in broken and skewed line data. Due to fragmentation in the data, the mapping between model and data line segments may be one-to-many. The proposed algorithm starts with a model-data mapping selected at random and refines it until it is locally optimal. Results are presented in which the algorithm frequency converges upon the globally optimal match. This best match can be found with greater confidence by independently running the algorithm several times. The match error being minimized has two basic components, a spatial fit error and an omission error. Spatial fit is a function of the integrated squared perpendicular distance between model lines and data line segments. This measure is minimized, subject to rotation, translation, and scaling, for every set of correspondences tested. The closed-form equation solving for this optimal transform is second order. Although the matching system itself is 2D, results are presented in which the matcher, in conjunction with a 3D robot navigation system, correctly updates estimates of robot position.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Three generalizations of Weyl's denominator formula (1996)

We give combinatorial proofs of three identities, each of which generalizes Weyl's denominator formula for two of the three root systems $B_n$, $C_n$, $D_n$. Two of the three identities are due to S. Okada; the third appears in the author's doctoral thesis, upon which this work is based. Each of the identities we prove has a "sum side" and a "product side"; both sides are polynomials in several commuting indeterminates. We use weighted digraphs to represent the terms on each side; the set of such digraphs that corresponds to the sum side is a proper subset of the set corresponding to the product side.
Experimental characterization of the flux-line lattice in superconducting V&lt;inf&gt;3&lt;/inf&gt;Si (1983)

Several microscopic properties of the flux-line lattice (FLL) in three separate single crystals of V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> Si have been investigated by means of small-angle neutron diffraction. These low-field FLL characterizations have been correlated with the following material and superconducting properties: (A) The real crystal symmetry parallel to the applied magnetic field; (B) The micro-structure as determined by TEM; (C) Magnetic irreversibilities in the mixed state; (D) Reversible flux-line motion in ac response; (E) Martensitic structural transformation observed by X-ray diffraction. The three samples, V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> Si-MP3, -MP4, and -MP5 possessed different defect structures, and this was manifested foremost in the FLL perfection. At low field (B<0.2 T) and T=4.85 K, only MP3, which is free of second-phase precipitates, showed a highly resolved FLL. Sample MP5 contains a low density of small (200 Å) coherent precipitates, and revealed well-defined FLL Bragg peaks for <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B\gsim0-.5</tex> T, but a highly mosaic, nearly polycrystalline FLL at lower fields. Sample MP4 contained large (500-1000 Å) incoherent precipitates, and showed only a polycrystalline FLL at low field. In both MP3 and MP5, distinct anisotropic correlations were observed between the FLL morphology and the real-crystal direction along the applied field. The FLL perfection was strongly dependent on the growth history. The peak width history dependence for two different scattering geometries can be qualitatively modeled by proposed flux-pinning mechanisms. Quantitative comparisons with critical current measurements, however, are not totally reconcilable.
A Simple One-Step Hemolytic Assay for C2 with C2-Deficient Human Serum (1977)

A simple one-step procedure has been developed for the molecular titration of C2 by utilizing the ability of the test material to restore the hemolytic activity of human serum selectively deficient in C2 (C2D serum). In this assay, equal volumes of EA (10(8) cells/ml), C2D serum (1/20), and a suitable dilution of a source of C2 were incubated at 37 degrees C for 60 min and the fraction of cells lysed was used to calculate the effective molecules of C2/ml test material. The assay can be used to titrate C2 in human, guinea pig, rat, mouse and rabbit sera, but not C2 in dog serum. The assay is simple and reproducible, and comparable in sensitivity to the conventional two-step assay with EAC14 cells and Cgp-EDTA.
Esec '91: 3rd European Software Engineering Conference, Esec '91, Milan, Italy, October 21-24, 1991, Proceedings (1992)

Software configuration management: Past uses and future challenges.- Architectural design for user interfaces.- The Eureka Software Factory: Concepts and accomplishments.- Integrating structured and formal methods: A visual approach to VDM.- Rational design of distributed applications.- Test data selection from algebraic specifications: Application to an automatic subway module.- Specification in COLD-1 of a CAD package for drawing shadow masks.- ASTRAL: An assertion language for specifying realtime systems.- Execution environment for ELECTRE applications.- An engineering approach to hard real-time system design.- An application of artificial intelligence to prototyping process in performance design for real-time systems.- Dynamically Replaceable Software: A design method.- Software merge: Models and methods for combining changes to programs.- A theory for software design extraction.- SESADA: An environment supporting software specialization.- Metric-driven classification analysis.- A dynamic failure model for predicting the impact that a program location has on the program.- Relation between source code metrics and structure analysis metrics.- Algebraic validation of software metrics.- An algebraic view of inheritance and subtyping in object oriented programming.- Scaling up rule-based software development environments.- Inference-based support for programming in the large.- TICKLE: Object-oriented description and composition services for software engineering environments.- Integrated project support environments, text generation and technical writing.- The Arcs experience.- Panel presentation.- The production of software in the FINSIEL group.- The impact of software engineering researches on industrial practice - a personal view.- Impact of methods on productivity & quality.- Requirements engineering - Getting right from wrong.- A (neat) alphabet of requirements engineering issues.- The scruffy side of requirements engineering.- Expediency and appropriate technology: An agenda for requirements engineering research in the 1990s.- CASE support for the software process.- CASE support for the software process: A research viewpoint.- CASE support for large systems.- CASE seen from both sides of the fence.- CASE support for the software process: Advances and problems.
<i>N</i>‐(2‐Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) Copolymer‐Linked Nitroxides: Potential Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agents (2003)

Abstract N ‐(2‐Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer‐linked nitroxides were synthesized as macromolecular contrast agents for MR imaging. Molar relaxivities of HPMA copolymer‐linked nitroxides increased linearly in proportion to the number of nitroxides attached per gram of copolymer. HPMA copolymer‐linked nitroxides with 15, 20 and 30 mol‐% nitroxide exhibited higher relaxivities than gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd‐DTPA). These results demonstrate the potential of HPMA copolymer‐linked nitroxides as MR contrast agents for solid tumors. Structure of HPMA copolymer‐linked nitroxides. magnified image Structure of HPMA copolymer‐linked nitroxides.
Core x-ray photoelectron shake-up states of model molecules for polyaniline (1992)

The shake-up features of the N1s and C1s core-level x-ray photoelectron spectra of model molecules of polyaniline are studied theoretically using the intermediate neglect of differential overlap method in combination with configuration interaction. The calculations are performed on N,N′-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine and N,N′-diphenyl-1,4-benzo-quinondiimine, which are model molecules for fully reduced and fully oxidized polyaniline, respectively. The core-level spectra of these two molecules are also studied experimentally by means of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Experimental and theoretical results are found to be in excellent agreement, which allows for a detailed interpretation of the observed shake-up spectra. Core ionization of imine nitrogens is shown to be accompanied by large shake-up intensity. Our studies of model molecules are compared with recently published core-level spectra of polyaniline at various oxidation levels. The increase in imine nitrogen content upon oxidation of the polymer give rise to an increase in the N1s shake-up intensity, a result which is in agreement with what we find for the model molecules.