gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A nearly optimal transformation (2005)

A new transform, the phase shift cosine transform (PSCT), is introduced. It almost diagonizes the even part of the covariance matrix of a high correlated Markov-I sequence. Several criteria are established for measuring the closeness of a transform to the Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT). All these criteria show that the PSCT measures closer to the even part of the KLT than the version II of the discrete cosine transform (DCT-II).
Effets de l'énucléation oculaire bilatérale sur l'ultrastructure de l'épiphyse chez la femelle du Lérot (Eliomys quercinus L.). Corrélations avec l'axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-ovarien (1981)

Dormice were blinded by bilateral enucleation in December before hibernation or in March at the end of hibernation and were then studied in July and October. All the animals stayed in permanent anoestrus even at long-term. The ultrastructure of the pinealocyte was very characteristic, presenting typical elements of both hibernal anoestrus and sexual activation. Two organelles were well developed in enucleated dormice: reticulo-endoplasmic vacuoles and liposomes whose development seemed to be associated with protein secretions and pineal serotonine level, respectively. The hypothalamo-hypophyseal characterististics of the enucleated animals were also surprising: the hypothalamic LHRH load was important and hypophyseal gonadotropic cell development normal although the ovaries were hypoactive. The dormouse has a seasonal sexual cycle which cannot be realized without light. Pineal ultrastructural findings correlated with the activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis lead us to think that this endocrine gland plays a role in the action of light on sexual activity.
Applied Coding and Information Theory for Engineers (1998)

1. Discrete Sources and Entropy. 2. Channels and Channel Capacity. 3. Run-Length-Limited Codes. 4. Linear Block Error-Correcting Codes. 5. Cyclic Codes. 6. Convolutional Codes. 7. Trellis-Coded Modulation. 8. Information Theory and Cryptography. 9. Shannon's Coding Theorems. Index.
Spectrum measurement using discrete detector arrays (1998)

Modern spectrometers can produce highly resolved spectra, but this ability has not yet been matched by an ability to measure them efficiently and for instruments such as a spatially dispersive mass spectrometer it is in the development of high-performance focal plane detectors (FPDs) where there are enormous gains in efficiency to be achieved. In this paper two key questions are addressed: (a) how much information does a 1D spectrum or 2D image contain?; and (b) can a given FPD capture all this information? In answering these questions, issues of performance, data quality and technology limitations of 1D and 2D arrays of counters arise naturally. A procedure is evolved for comparing the performance of a detector and a spectrometer which is not limited to spatially dispersive instruments. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Si/SiGe HBT sub-harmonic mixer/downconverter (2003)

A wideband sub-harmonic mixer/direct conversion downconverter is implemented in Si/SiGe HBT technology, with improved rejection of the local oscillator, high input intercept and low current requirements. The circuit utilizes a combination of phase shifters operating at forty five degrees and ninety degrees to achieve better than 33 dB rejection of the local oscillator; each mixer has an input intercept point in excess of 2 dBm (extrapolated) and dc current of 2.4 mA from a 3.3 V supply.
Magnetic Susceptibilities of Some Rare-Earth-Zinc (RZn2) Intermetallic Compounds (1967)

Data on the paramagnetic susceptibilities of the rare-earth-zinc intermetallic compounds, NdZn2, SmZn2, GdZn2, TbZn2, HoZn2, and YbZn2, in the 77° to 300° K region, are presented. The susceptibility obeys the Curie—Weiss law for all the compounds except YbZn2. YbZn2 has a susceptibility which is negative at room temperature but positive at lower temperatures. The data obtained from the paramagnetic region for the other compounds, except GdZn2, yield effective magnetic moments in agreement with the theoretical moments for the corresponding free tripositive ions. The reason for the anomalous value for GdZn2 is not understood.
Formation of Chloropyromorphite in a Lead-Contaminated Soil Amended with Hydroxyapatite (2001)

Conversion of soil Pb to pyromorphite [Pb5(PO4)3Cl] was evaluated by reacting a Pb contaminated soil collected adjacent to a historical smelter with hydroxyapatite [Ca5(PO4)3OH]. In a dialysis experiment where the soil and hydroxyapatite solids were placed in separate dialysis bags suspended in 0.01 M NaNO3 solution a crystalline precipitate, identified as chloropyromorphite, formed on the dialysis membrane containing the soil. The aqueous composition of the solution indicated that dissolution of solid-phase soil Pb was the rate-limiting step for pyromorphite formation. Addition of hydroxyapatite to the soil caused a decrease in each of the first four fractions of sequential extractable Pb and a 35% increase in the recalcitrant extraction residue. After a 240-d incubation at field-moisture content there was a further increase in the recalcitrant extraction residue fraction of the hydroxyapatite-amended soil to 45% of the total soil Pb. The increase in the extraction residue fraction in the hydroxyapatite amended 0-d incubated soil as compared to the control soil illustrates that the chemical extraction procedure itself caused changes in extractability. Thus, the chemical extraction procedure cannot easily be utilized to confirm changes occurring in amended soils. The further increase after the 240-d incubation implies that the reaction also occurs in the soil during incubation. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy indicated that after the 240-d incubation the hydroxyapatite treatment caused a change in the average, local molecular bonding environment of soil Pb. Low-temperature EXAFS spectra (chi data and radial structure functions--RSFs) showed a high degree of similarity between the chemical extraction residue and synthetic pyromorphite, providing additional evidence that the change of soil Pb to pyromorphite is possible by simple amendments of hydroxyapatite to soil.
Weed resistance to acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitors: an update (2005)

Herbicides targeting grass plastidic acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) are effective selective graminicides. Their intensive use worldwide has selected for resistance genes in a number of grass weed species. Biochemistry and molecular biology have been the means of determining the herbicidal activity and selectivity toward crop plants of ACC-inhibiting herbicides. In recent years, elucidation of the tridimensional structure of ACC and identification of five amino acid residues within the ACC carboxyl transferase domain that are critical determinants for herbicide sensitivity shed light on the basis of ACC-based resistance to herbicides. However, metabolism-based resistance to ACC-inhibiting herbicides is much less well known, although this type of resistance seems to be widespread. A number of genes thus endow resistance to ACC-inhibiting herbicides, with the possibility for various resistance genes that confer dominant resistance at the herbicide field rate to accumulate within a single weed population or plant. This, together with a poor knowledge of the genetic parameters driving resistance, renders the evolution of resistance to ACC-inhibiting herbicides unpredictable. Future research should consider developing tactics to slow the spread of resistance. For this purpose, it is crucial that our understanding of metabolism-based resistance improves rapidly because this mechanism is complex and can confer resistance to herbicides with different target sites.
Spinel‐Layered Core‐Shell Cathode Materials for Li‐Ion Batteries (2011)

Abstract In an attempt to overcome the problems associated with LiNiO 2 , the solid solution series of lithium nickel‐metal oxides, Li[Ni 1–x M x ]O 2 (with M = Co, Mn, Al, Ti, Mg, etc.), have been investigated as favorable cathode materials for high‐energy and high‐power lithium‐ion batteries. However, along with the improvement in the electrochemical properties in Ni‐based cathode materials, the thermal stability has been a great concern, and thus violent reaction of the cathode with the electrolyte needs to be avoided. Here, we report a heterostructured Li[Ni 0.54 Co 0.12 Mn 0.34 ]O 2 cathode material which possesses both high energy and safety. The core of the particle is Li[Ni 0.54 Co 0.12 Mn 0.34 ]O 2 with a layered phase (R3‐m) and the shell, with a thickness of < 0.5 μm, is a highly stable Li 1+x [CoNi x Mn 2–x ] 2 O 4 spinel phase (Fd‐3m). The material demonstrates reversible capacity of 200 mAhg‐1 and retains 95% capacity retention under the most severe test condition of 60 °C. In addition, the amount of oxygen evolution from the lattice in the cathode with two heterostructures is reduced by 70%, compared to the reference sample. All these results suggest that the bulk Li[Ni 0.54 Co 0.12 Mn 0.34 ]O 2 consisting of two heterostructures satisfy the requirements for hybrid electric vehicles, power tools, and mobile electronics.
Dientamoeba fragilis: the unflagellated human flagellate. (1999)

Dientamoeba fragilis is a pathogenic protozoan parasite with a world-wide distribution. Although originally described as an amoeboid organism, it has been reclassified as a flagellate, on the basis of a number of electron microscopic and immunological findings. Except for its lack of a flagellum, D. fragilis closely resembles Histomonas and Trichomonas. Interestingly, a resistant cyst stage has not been demonstrated and it is unlikely that its trophozoites can survive successfully outside the human host. As a consequence of its higher than anticipated coincidence of infection with Enterobius vermicularis, transmission may occur via ova of this pinworm. D. fragilis infection may be acute or chronic, and has been reported in both children and adults. The most common clinical symptoms include abdominal pain, persistent diarrhoea, loss of appetite, weight loss and flatulence. Occasionally, eosinophilia, urticaria and pruritus have been described. Demonstration of the characteristic nuclear structure of D. fragilis, needed for a definitive diagnosis, cannot be achieved in unstained faecal material; therefore, permanently stained smears are essential. Treatment is recommended in symptomatic cases, and iodoquinol, tetracycline and metronidazole have been used successfully.
Ketamine: Current applications in anesthesia, pain, and critical care (2014)

Ketamine was introduced commercially in 1970 with the manufacturer's description as a "rapidly acting, nonbarbiturate general anesthetic" and a suggestion that it would be useful for short procedures. With the help of its old unique pharmacological properties and newly found beneficial clinical properties, ketamine has survived the strong winds of time, and it currently has a wide variety of clinical applications. It's newly found neuroprotective, antiinflammatory and antitumor effects, and the finding of the usefulness of low dose ketamine regimens have helped to widen the clinical application profile of ketamine. The present article attempts to review the current useful applications of ketamine in anesthesia, pain and critical care. It is based on scientific evidence gathered from textbooks, journals, and electronic databases.
Ueber Verbindungen des Siliciums mit Sauerstoff und Wasserstoff (1863)

Die Korper, die den Gegenstand dieser Abhandlring ausmachen
Differential detection of quadrature frequency/phase modulated signals (1999)

This paper proposes a pilot-symbol-assisted (PSA) signaling format that enables the differential detection of the differentially phase-encoded quadrature frequency/phase modulated (NDQFPM) signal using N orthogonal frequencies. The PSA-NDQFPM signal is transmitted on a frame-by-frame structure. The channel considered is an additive white Gaussian noise channel where the channel phase varies so slowly that it is assumed constant over one frame duration. Each frame consists of J NQFPM pilot symbols and I data blocks, each containing L NDQFPM symbols, with the first symbol differentially phase encoded with respect to pilot symbols. Based on the maximum-likelihood sequence estimation principle, the maximum-likelihood differential-detection (ML-DD) algorithm is developed to detect the PSA-NDQFPM signal on a block-by-block basis. Tight upper and asymptotic bounds are derived and verified by simulation to evaluate the bit error performance of the ML-DD algorithm. Both bandwidth and power efficiencies of PSA-NDQFPM with ML-DD are compared to NQFPM with coherent detection, constant-envelope NQFPM with coherent detection, constant-envelope NDQFPM (also known as NFSK/4DPSK) with ML-DD, and conventional 2DQFPM (also known as DQ/sup 2/PSK) with ML-DD. It is analytically shown that PSA-NDQFPM with ML-DD has lower power efficiency than NQFPM with coherent detection and NFSK/4DPSK with ML-DD, but still can provide noticeably higher power efficiency than DQ/sup 2/PSK with ML-DD when a medium frame length is used. Due to the use of pilot symbols, PSA-NDQFPM with a medium frame length has marginally lower bandwidth efficiency than its coherent counterpart NQFPM, but still yields significantly higher bandwidth efficiency than constant-envelope NQFPM and NFSK/4DPSK.
Overview of the TREC 2006 Question Answering Track 99. (2006)

The TREC 2007 question answering (QA) track contained two tasks: the main task consisting of series of factoid, list, and “Other ” questions organized around a set of targets, and the complex, interactive question answering (ciQA) task. The main task differed from previous years in that the document collection comprised blogs in addition to newswire documents, requiring systems to process diverse genres of unstructured text. The evaluation of factoid and list responses distinguished between answers that were globally correct (with respect to the document collection), and those that were only locally correct (with respect to the supporting document but not to the overall document collection). The ciQA task provided a framework for participants to investigate interaction in the context of complex information needs. Standing in for surrogate users, assessors interacted with QA systems live over the Web; this setup allowed participants to experiment with more complex interfaces but also revealed limitations in the ciQA design for evaluation of interactive systems. 1
Technology and Product Development at Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd (2001)

Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd (CFCL) has constructed and tested a complete 25 kW experimental systems test bed in May 2000. With the lessons learnt from this experiment, CFCL has embarked on a development program for its first product. CFCL uses the principles of concurrent engineering with requirements management for the development project. Intensive marketing studies have identified as the market entry product a 40 kW SOFC fuelled by natural gas that is cogeneration-capable (e.g. combined with an absorption chiller). The planning phase for the product development was closed in August 2000, and the concept generation phase for cell and stack design and materials selections and systems components is in progress. An extensive field validation program is planned prior to product launch.
Chain Scission upon Fracture of Autoadhesive Joints Formed from Glassy Poly(phenylene oxide) (2013)

By employing the ion mechanoemission technique, the fracture process of lap shear autoadhesive joints formed from the two identical samples of 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide (PPO) at constant healing temperatures (T) lower than the PPO bulk glass transition temperature by 60–92 K has been investigated in high vacuum at ambient temperature. For the first time, the ion emission due to the PPO chain scission has been observed during fracture of both the PPO–PPO autoadhesive joints and the PPO bulk sample. It has been found that the number of ions emitted upon the PPO–PPO joints fracture and the lap shear strength of the PPO–PPO joints increases with T. This behavior is attributed to an increase in the number of broken chains provided by an increase in the number of intermolecular physical bonds and of topological entanglements evolved from the chains segments interdiffused across the PPO–PPO interface with an increase in T. The kinetics of the PPO–PPO joints fracture has been discussed.
Compilation and Contemplation: Beholding Thomas Hoccleve's Series in Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Selden Supra 53 (2011)

Lomefloxacin (LMF), a third-generation fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent, is often used to treat bacterial and mycoplasma infections. However, due to its prolonged half-life and slow metabolism, it is prone to residues in animal-derived foods, posing a potential food safety risk. Therefore, it is particularly urgent and important to establish a method for detecting lomefloxacin. In this study, direct and indirect competitive fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (dc-FLISA and ic-FLISA) based on quantum dots (QDs) was established for the detection of LMF. As for dc-FLISA, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC<sub>50</sub>) and limit of detection (LOD) were 0.84 ng/mL, 0.04 ng/mL, respectively, the detection ranges from 0.08 to 9.11 ng/mL. The IC<sub>50</sub> and LOD of ic-FLISA were 0.43 ng/mL and 0.03 ng/mL, respectively, meanwhile the detection ranges from 0.05 to 3.49 ng/mL. The recoveries of dc-FLISA and ic-FLISA in animal-derived foods (milk, fish, chicken, and honey), ranged from 95.8% to 105.2% and from 96.3% to 103.4%, respectively, with the coefficients of variation less than 8%. These results suggest that the dc-FLISA and ic-FLISA methods, which are based on QD labelling, are highly sensitive and cost-effective, and can be effectively used to detect LMF in animal-derived foods.
QFD in product development: methodological characteristics and a guide for intervention (2003)

This paper aims to contribute further to QFD applications in product development system of organisations by drawing reflections from managing an action research program on QFD applications in Brazilian organisations in the last ten years. The reflection follows two interwoven lines, theory and practice, as it is assumed that effective practice requires good understanding of methodological basis and methodological basis is continuously refined by good actual practices, so the construction and accumulation of QFD knowledge may be obtained. Thus, this article attempts to highlight the methodological characteristics of QFD in a structured manner by bringing a three‐dimensional analytical framework (phenomenon of interest, "manifest" methodological characteristics, and "underlying" methodological characteristics) and to formulate a guide for application of QFD method in intervention processes, with a potential for context diagnosis, circumscription of problem situation, and operational features.
Advancing the State-of-the-Art in Transportation Security Identification and Verification Technologies: Biometric and Multibiometric Systems (2007)

This paper updates and expands upon the research work presented by the authors in "Evaluation of Biometric Technologies for Access Control at Transportation Facilities and Border Crossings". Biometric technologies are being tested and deployed in a variety of transportation applications at the national, state, and local levels – border crossings, transportation worker credentials, real IDs – biometric-enabled driver's licenses and identification cards, and facility and computer access control. A discussion of the current and planned deployment status for the biometrics technologies is provided. An overview of existing and emerging physical and behavioral biometric technologies is also presented. Single biometric systems are applicable in low to moderate security applications. As security needs increase and terrorists and criminals gain more expertise in biometrics technologies, unimodal systems may not be sufficient. Multibiometric systems fuse together the data and features of unimodal systems and can provide higher levels of security. A well-planned and designed multibiometric system is potentially more accurate than the best unimodal system. An overview of multibiometric systems and their design issues are covered. Also, key evaluation techniques for biometric and multibiometric systems are presented.
Rigorous Approximated Determinization of Weighted Automata (2011)

A nondeterministic weighted finite automaton (WFA) maps an input word to a numerical value. Applications of weighted automata include formal verification of quantitative properties, as well as text, speech, and image processing. Many of these applications require the WFAs to be deterministic, or work substantially better when the WFAs are deterministic. Unlike NFAs, which can always bedeterminized, not all WFAs have an equivalent deterministic weighted automaton (DWFA). In \cite{Moh97}, Mohri describes a determinization construction for a subclass of WFA. He also describes a property of WFAs (the {\em twins property}), such that all WFAs that satisfy thetwins property are determinizable and the algorithm terminates on them. Unfortunately, many natural WFAs cannot be determinized. In this paper we study {\em approximated determinization\/} of WFAs. We describe an algorithm that, given a WFA $\A$ and an approximation factor $t \geq 1$, constructs a DWFA $\A'$ that{\em $t$-determinizes\/} $\A$. Formally, for all words $w \in \Sigma^*$, the value of $w$ in $\A'$ is at least its value in $\A$ and at most $t$times its value in $\A$. Our construction involves two new ideas:attributing states in the subset construction by both upper and lower residues, and collapsing attributed subsets whose residues can be tightened. The larger the approximation factor is, the more attributed subsets we can collapse. Thus, $t$-determinization is helpful not only for WFAs that cannot be determinized, but also in cases determinization is possible but results in automata that are too big to handle. In addition, $t$-determinization is useful for reasoning about the competitive ratio of on line algorithms. We also describe a property (the {\em $t$-twins property}) and use it in order to characterize $t$-determinizable WFAs. Finally, we describea polynomial algorithm for deciding whether a given WFA has the $t$-twins property.
Interaction of ostreolysin, a cytolytic protein from the edible mushroom <i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i>, with lipid membranes and modulation by lysophospholipids (2003)

Ostreolysin is a 16-kDa cytolytic protein specifically expressed in primordia and fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. To understand its interaction with lipid membranes, we compared its effects on mammalian cells, on vesicles prepared with either pure lipids or total lipid extracts, and on dispersions of lysophospholipids or fatty acids. At nanomolar concentrations, the protein lysed human, bovine and sheep erythrocytes by a colloid-osmotic mechanism, compatible with the formation of pores of 4 nm diameter, and was cytotoxic to mammalian tumor cells. A search for lipid inhibitors of hemolysis revealed a strong effect of lysophospholipids and fatty acids, occurring below their critical micellar concentration. This effect was distinct from the capacity of ostreolysin to bind to and permeabilize lipid membranes. In fact, permeabilization of vesicles occurred only when they were prepared with lipids extracted from erythrocytes, and not with lipids extracted from P. ostreatus or pure lipid mixtures, even if lysophospholipids or fatty acids were included. Interaction with lipid vesicles, and their permeabilization, correlated with an increase in the intrinsic fluorescence and alpha-helical content of the protein, and with aggregation, which were not detected with lysophospholipids. It appears that either an unknown lipid acceptor or a specific lipid complex is required for binding, aggregation and pore formation. The inhibitory effect of lysophospholipids may reflect a regulatory role for these components on the physiological action of ostreolysin and related proteins during fruiting.