gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemical induction of cancer : modulation and combination effects : an inventory of the many factors which influence carcinogenesis (1995)

In the approach to the analysis of disease, including, of course, cancer, two major thrusts may be distinguished. These may be referred to, in shorthand, as agents and processes: the causative agents (chemical, microbial, physical, environmental, and psychosocial) and the organismic processes, initiated and furthered by the agents, culminating in observable pathology (at the macromolecular, cytological, histological, organ function, locomotor, and behavioral levels). The past 25 years, since the appearance of the first volume of the predecessor series (1) authored by the Editors of this present volume, have seen an impressive number of studies on chemicals (and other agents) as etiologic factors in the induction of cancer. The major emphasis has been on the discovery of many chemical carcinogens of widely different structures, their metabolism by various tissues and cells, and, in turn, their molecular-biochemical effects on the cells. This rapidly expanded body of information, as effectively covered in the predecessor volumes, is an excellent entree to the second half of the overall problem of chemical carcinogenesis, the processes. The active agents trigger a large array of molecular-biochemical alterations to which the target cells, target tissues, and target organisms respond in many select and common ways. This second major aspect of the induction of cancer by chemicals (and by other agents)- the sequence of cellular and tissue changes clearly relevant to cancer-remains the challenge for the future
Space Rotor - A French Concept for a Reusable Recovery System (1967)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The space rotor corresponds to a device designed to satisfy the general requirement for a light, maneuvrable, fully reusable reentry system, having a high capability to spot-land, softly, a variety of space vehicles in unprepared areas.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Recent feasibility studies carried out for the “Centre de Prospective et d'Evaluation” under French Ministry of Defence contracts have shawn that the space rotor exhibits a number remarkable features, its light weight characteristics, when compared with maneuvrable or ballistic reentry means, being the most striking ones. In general the combined system, space-rotor-vehicle, can be regarded as a hypersonic glider having a L/D ratio of the order of 1.0 to 1.5. However, whatever are the applications envisaged, booster recoveries, orbital recoveries of manned or unmanned vehicles, the weight penalty incurred by this new system is fairly constant and situated well below that of the equivalent, more conventional, means of reentry and recovery. The feasibility studies show that the rotating parts of a space rotor amount to 7 % to 9 % and the total recovery system to 11 % to 14 % of the total landed weight. In consequence equivalent missions can be satisfied using half as powerful launchers, or inversely the same launchers can put, for the same mission, twice as much useful load into the orbit.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">From a practical point of view the space rotor represesnts a fully reusable metallic structure built from nickel superalloys to withstand temperature ranging from 1650°F to 1800°F. During the reentry the heat problems of the space rotor are considerably reduced thanks to the migrating stagnation point effect which eliminates the usual “hot spots” present on fixed geometry vehicles and levels down the temperature distribution to the mean radiation temperature. The variable geometry of the space rotor confers to this system the capability to reconcile, in one integral system, the difficult problems of the maneuvrable hypersonic reentry and the soft spot landing. In fact the final flare permits to use the stored kinetic energy of the rotor to reduce the approach velocity of the vehicle from 40 kts to 6 ft/sec.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The paper ends with an analysis of the technological and economical advantages of the space rotor and their comparison with other reentry and recovery means. A project of an aerospace transporter is presented as an other example of the potential capabilities of the rotary wing techniques for low cost orbital transportation.</div>
Graphene‐<i>β</i>‐Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Heterojunction for Highly Sensitive Deep UV Photodetector Application (2016)

A deep UV light photodetector is assembled by coating multilayer graphene on beta-gallium oxide (β-Ga<sub>2</sub> O<sub>3</sub> ) wafer. Optoelectronic analysis reveals that the heterojunction device is virtually blind to light illumination with wavelength longer than 280 nm, but is highly sensitive to 254 nm light with very good stability and reproducibility.
<i>AINTEGUMENTA</i> Promotes Petal Identity and Acts as a Negative Regulator of <i>AGAMOUS</i> (2000)

The Arabidopsis AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) gene has been shown previously to be involved in ovule development and in the initiation and growth of floral organs. Here, we show that ANT acts in additional processes during flower development, including repression of AGAMOUS (AG) in second whorl cells, promotion of petal epidermal cell identity, and gynoecium development. Analyses of ap2-1 ant-6 double mutants reveal that ANT acts redundantly with AP2 to repress AG in second whorl cells. The abaxial surface of ant petals contains features such as stomata and elongated, interdigitated cells that are not present on wild-type petals. The loss of petal identity in these second whorl cells does not result from ectopic AG expression, suggesting that ANT acts in a pathway promoting petal cell identity that is independent of its role in repression of AG. These data suggest that ANT may function as a class A gene.
Clinical Guide to Comprehensive Ophthalmology (1999)

I. The Presenting Patient: Ocular Symptoms and Signs II. The Ophthalmic Examination III. Refractive Errors IV. Ocular Trauma V. Diseases of the Lacrimal and Orbital System VI. Eyelid and Eyelid Skin Diseases VII. Cornea and External Disease VIII. Intraocular Inflammatory Diseases IX. Cataract and Lens Disorders X. Glaucoma XI. Diseases of the Retina and Vitreous XII. Intraocular Tumors XIII. Neuro-ophthalmological Diseases XIV. Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus XV. Common Medical Conditions: Current Concepts in Diagnosis and Management XVI. Practice Management XVII. Risk Management XVIII. Managed Care Contracting XIX. Total Quality Management
Über die verteilung und migration von antistatika in formstücken aus polyolefinen und polystyrol (1973)

Abstract Bereits unmittelbar nach dem Spritzguß von Platten aus Polyolefinen und schlagfestem Polystyrol, die anionenaktive Antistatika (Lithium‐Salze von carboxy‐methylierten Alkanoloxäthylaten sowie Alkan‐und Alkylbenzol‐sulfonsäuren) enthielten, war ein Gleichgewichtszustand zwishen den auf der Oberfläche und im Innern der Formstücke befindlichen Antistatika‐Molekülen festzustellen, d. h. die Höhe der Oberflächenbelegung veränderte sich während mehrwöchiger Lagerung nur noch geringfügig. Sie war abhängig von der Art des Polymeren und der Art und der Konzentration des Antistatikums. Sie nahm beträchtlich zu bei zusätzlicher Einarbeitung von Glycerin um das 2‐bis 21fache, was auf eine Förderung der Diffusionsgeschwindigkeit des Antistatikums durch die Anwesenheit von Glycerin zurückgeführt wird. Aus Abwaschversuchen wurde geschlossen, daß sich unterhalb der Oberfläche beim Spritzguß ein Minimum in der Antistatikum‐Konzentration einstellt, welches sich bei längerem Lagern der Prüfkörper auffüllt. Durch kontinuierliches Extrahieren wurden Diffusionskoeffizienten für die Antistatika erhalten, die in guter Relation zu den Oberflächenbelegungswerten stehen.
The Buick Flight Pitch Dynaflow (1959)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">THE Buick Flight Pitch Dynaflow is unique among automatic transmissions in that it contains no gear shifts. Rather, it employs three turbines, each geared at its own speed ratio to the driven shafts.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The transmission contains a 5-element torque converter — an engine-driven pump member, three turbines, and the stator — combined with two planetary gearsets. The total transmission weighs about 200 lb, a result of the extensive use of aluminum.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The authors outline in detail the design of the unit and its functioning.</div></div>
Kinetics and Compositional Dependence on the Microwave Power and SiH4 /  N 2 Flow Ratio of Silicon Nitride Deposited by Electron Cyclotron Resonance Plasmas (1994)

Silicon nitride layers have been deposited at a low temperature, 150~ in an electron cyclotron plasma from nitrogen and silane as gas precursors. Deposition conditions have been varied in a wide range. Nitrogen flows from 25 to 400 sccm and silane flows from 2.5 to 35 sccm have been used in our experiments. The microwave power was varied from 190 to 1509 W. The result of the nitride growth kinetics show strong dependence on the silane to nitrogen flow ratio and on the microwave power. For large flow ratios and small powers the kinetics exhibits a nearly linear behavior whereas for low flow ratios and high powers a saturated regime was observed. Ellipsometry, infrared spectroscopy, and etch rate studies showed that the best material quality, 95% Si3N4, is obtained in the saturated regime for the lowest flow ratios and the highest powers used.
Two-dimensional Cutting Stock with Multiple Stock Sizes (1991)

In this paper an algorithm for a cutting stock problem in the wood industry is presented. Cuts are of guillotine type and requirements have to be met exactly, i.e. no over- or under-production is allowed. There are several different board sizes from which panels can be cut and the problem is to find the best mix of boards and respective cutting patterns that satisfies the demand for panels with minimum wastage. The heuristic algorithm uses a pattern-building procedure combined with an enumeration scheme for the mix of boards.
Deep learning for supernovae detection (2017)

In future astronomical sky surveys it will be humanly impossible to classify the tens of thousands of candidate transients detected per night. This thesis explores the potential of using state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms to handle this burden more accurately and quickly than trained astronomers. To this end Deep Learning methods are applied to classify transients using real-world data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Using cutting-edge training techniques several Convolutional Neural networks are trained and hyper-parameters tuned to outperform previous approaches and find that human labelling errors are the primary obstacle to further improvement. The tuning and optimisation of the deep models took in excess of 700 hours on a 4-Titan X GPU cluster.
An Input-Output Analysis on Soybean-Products Export in Brazil (1999)

積極的な外資導入と工業化によって，かつての深刻な経済危機を克服したブラジルは，今や先進諸国に比肩する経済規模を有するまでになった。しかしながら，その経済は依然として農業部門の発展の成否に依存していることも事実である。そこで，今回は農林水産省国際農林水産業研究センターとブラジル農牧研究公社との共同プロジェクトの成果のなかから，主要農産物の一つである大豆の生産と輸出が，ブラジル経済の発展において果たす役割を産業連関表から数量的に分析した結果を報告する。
Shortcomings of linear programming in optimizing river basin allocation (2008)

Numerous computer models for river basin planning and management have been developed and used extensively since the mid‐1970s. Early developments have relied on the use of network flow algorithms (NFA), due mainly to higher execution speed than the standard Simplex solvers. However, subsequent efforts to include proper modeling of hydraulic and hydrologic constraints introduced iterative schemes into the NFA‐based models, which diminished the initial advantages in execution speed and which also caused concerns over the accuracy of the convergence schemes. Hence full‐blown commercial linear programming (LP) solvers were introduced as a replacement to the iterative solution strategy of the NFA approach. This paper demonstrates one possible failure to solve a simple allocation problem using the NFA‐based model and shows how this problem can be solved using the standard LP approach. It then identifies cases when even a full‐blown LP approach cannot properly model two critical aspects of river basin management, one related to reservoirs with multiple outflows and the other one related to modeling of hydrologic channel routing. For NFA‐based models the failures are the result of the inability to include relationships between flows on different model components directly into the search process. For the models based on LP solvers, the failures are caused by the fact that integrated reservoir outflow capacity between the starting and the ending storage levels is assumed over the entire length of the assumed time step, while the actual outflow can only take place during the portion of the time step when the storage level is above the invert of the outlet structure.
The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO <sub>2</sub> (2004)

Using inorganic carbon measurements from an international survey effort in the 1990s and a tracer-based separation technique, we estimate a global oceanic anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) sink for the period from 1800 to 1994 of 118 +/- 19 petagrams of carbon. The oceanic sink accounts for approximately 48% of the total fossil-fuel and cement-manufacturing emissions, implying that the terrestrial biosphere was a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere of about 39 +/- 28 petagrams of carbon for this period. The current fraction of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions stored in the ocean appears to be about one-third of the long-term potential.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) (1999)

Principal Proposed Use: Nausea due to motion sickness, morning sickness, general anesthesia or chemotherapy Other Proposed Uses: Headaches and arthritis, chills associated with viral infections, high cholesterol
Biotechnological applications of supersonic cluster beam‐deposited nanostructured thin films: Bottom‐up engineering to optimize cell–protein–surface interactions (2013)

Technological innovations in biomaterial sciences harness nanoparticle (NP) production, manipulation, and deposition with supreme precision, enabling the development of industrial processes. This review first discusses the basic components of this approach, introducing cluster sources, experimental apparatus, and growth mechanisms for NP formation. The second part of this review provides an overview of how the nanoscale bottom-up engineering can control protein adsorption, which in turn determines the fate of nanostructured coating for prokaryotic and mammalian (primary and stem) cell interactions. In addition, we briefly address the implications of the cluster beam deposition technique for nanostructuration of biocompatible microdevices and its potential as a facile coating method to promote protein-surface interactions for microarray applications in biotechnology.
Teenage, Lower-Class, Black Mothers and Their Preterm Infants: An Intervention and Developmental Follow-up (1980)

To assess the combined risks of being born preterm and to a teenage mother, and to evaluate the effects of an early intervention, preterm infants born to lower-class, black, teenage mothers were provided a home-based, parent-training intervention, and their development was then compared with that of nonintervention controls, of term infants of teenage mothers, and of term and preterm infants of adult mothers. Despite equivalence on prenatal care, factors which placed the preterm infant of the teenage mother at greater risk at birth were the small-for-date size of the infant and the less realistic developmental milestones and child rearing attitudes expressed by the mother. The preterm infants of teenage mothers who received intervention showed more optimal growth, Denver scores, and face-to-face interactions at 4 months. Their mothers rated their infants' temperaments more optimally, expressed more realistic developmental milestones and child-rearing attitudes, and received higher ratings on face-to-face interactions. At 8 months, the intervention group received superior Bayley mental, Caldwell, and infant temperament scores.
Development of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi-Organic Fertilizer Pellets Encapsulated with Alginate Film (2018)

A novel formulation consisting of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spores mixed with sterilized organic fertilizer (AMF-F) encapsulated by an insoluble calcium alginate film was developed to enhance AMF efficacy and stability. The hardness of the pellets increased from 7–8 N to approximately 80 N by increasing the alginate concentration of the coating film from 1 to 3%. The AMF spore germination rate for the AMF and AMF-F pellets coated with calcium alginate films depended on the alginate concentration. A 2% sodium alginate formulation for the coating films resulted in optimal AMF spore germination rates and mechanical properties for handling, transport, and stability. The inclusion of a sterilized organic fertilizer in the encapsulated AMF-F pellets considerably induced AMF mycelial growth and helped prolong the shelf life of the pellets. In soil, the AMF-F pellets encapsulated with alginate initially degraded faster than the alginate-encapsulated AMF pellets. However, both types of pellets were fully degraded within 30 days. It was demonstrated that AMF and AMF-F could promote colonization and provided resistance to drought stress in maize potted plants.
Enzyme immunoassays for invasive Candida infections: reactivity of somatic antigens of Candida albicans (1991)

The main problem encountered with serodiagnostic tests for Candida infections is their failure to differentiate between invasive and superficial candidosis. Recent immunoblotting studies suggested that the use of selective somatic proteins of Candida albicans as antigens might be a promising approach toward developing a new generation of serodiagnostic assays. In this study major cytoplasmic protein antigens with molecular weights of 47,000 (47K), 46,000 (46K), 45,000 (45K), and 29,000 (29K) were identified as potential marker antigens for antibody detection in invasive candidosis. Continuous-flow isoelectric focusing was employed to enrich the proteins in two fractions, one of them containing the 47K and 29K proteins and the other one containing predominantly the 47K and 45K major proteins. These antigens and a whole somatic antigen extract were used to establish enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for antibody detection. Whereas all tests were able to discriminate between patients with invasive candidosis (n = 27) and normal healthy volunteers (n = 167), as proved by graphic marker analysis, the selective antigen EIAs were highly superior to the whole somatic antigen EIA and two serological standard assays (indirect immunofluorescence assay and indirect hemagglutination assay) when a panel of sera from patients with superficial candidosis (n = 34) was used as a negative control group. The use of the 47K-29K antigen fraction allowed the best differentiation between invasive and noninvasive candidosis. The corresponding immunoglobulin G class-specific EIA had a sensitivity of 81.5% and a specificity of 97% for both negative control groups as well.
Cardiovascular toxicity associated with adjuvant trastuzumab therapy: prevalence, patient characteristics, and risk factors (2014)

Before the advent of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeted monoclonal antibody trastuzumab, HER2-positive breast cancers were difficult to treat and had a poor prognosis. Adjuvant trastuzumab is now an important part of the treatment regimen for many women with HER2-positive breast cancer and has undoubtedly resulted in a significant improvement in prognosis, but it is associated with a risk for cardiotoxicity. In this review, we describe the prevalence, patient characteristics, and risk factors for cardiotoxicity associated with use of adjuvant trastuzumab. Understanding risk factors for trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity and appropriate patient monitoring during trastuzumab treatment allows for safe and effective use of this important adjuvant therapy.
[Experience with the work of a chronic hemodialysis unit]. (1978)

Within the Esprit Working Group 21108, Integration in Manufacturing and Beyond, our subgroup is concerned with the management of product data and knowledge in the extended enterprise and the learning organisation. Our focus is on concepts and approaches and methods for creation, capture, maintenance, management, and use of knowledge about products and manufacturing processes in the extended enterprise and the learning organisation. Eventually, our work will deliver an inventory of research directions and topics that has been validated by both industrial practitioners and R&amp;D experts. This working paper reports on our current understanding of the problems of product data and knowledge management. It is a means for engaging in a "roundtable" discussion with industrial practitioners and R&amp;D experts.
Solid state photomultipliers for biomedical imaging applications (2009)

Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are often used in scanning imaging systems requiring high sensitivity, due to their low noise and high gain. Solid-state photomultipliers (SSPMs), an array of independent Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes, each with an integrated quenching resistor, have shown potential to outperform PMTs in terms of signal to noise ratio (SNR) because of higher achievable photon detection efficiency and lower excessive noise factor. Here, the factors affecting SNR of commercially available PMTs and SSPMs will be compared under different wavelengths (simulating dye emissions: 500-700 nm) in order to quantify the potential performance gain when PMTs are replaced by SSPMs.
The in-vivo activity of an antifungal antibiotic, benanomicin A, in comparison with amphotericin B and fluconazole (1997)

The in-vivo antifungal activity of benanomicin A administered intravenously or subcutaneously was compared with that of amphotericin B and fluconazole using animal models of systemic infections with Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Cryptococcus neoformans. The efficacy of benanomicin A in C. albicans infection was more pronounced when administered in multiple doses than in a single dose. This was also true of fluconazole, but not of amphotericin B, which showed no difference between single and multiple dosings. Benanomcin A eradicated C. albicans cells from the kidneys of infected mice in a manner comparable to that of amphotericin B, but more effectively than fluconazole. The histopathological findings obtained from the kidneys of the C. albicans-infected mice confirmed the therapeutic efficacy of benanomicin A. The subcutaneous ED50 values of benanomicin A were 1.30 mg/kg/day (C. albicans) and 19.0 mg/kg/day (A. fumigatus) which were intermediate between those of amphotericin B and fluconazole in the two models. The subcutaneous ED50 value of benanomicin A for C. neoformans was 21.5 mg/kg/day, which was higher than that of amphotericin B.