gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Avian neural crest cells can migrate in the dorsolateral path only if they are specified as melanocytes (1995)

Neural crest cells are conventionally believed to migrate arbitrarily into various pathways and to differentiate according to the environmental cues that they encounter. We present data consistent with the notion that melanocytes are directed, by virtue of their phenotype, into the dorsolateral path, whereas other neural crest derivatives are excluded. In the avian embryo, trunk neural crest cells that migrate ventrally differentiate largely into neurons and glial cells of the peripheral nervous system. Neural crest cells that migrate into the dorsolateral path become melanocytes, the pigment cells of the skin. Neural crest cells destined for the dorsolateral path are delayed in their migration until at least 24 hours after migration commences ventrally. Previous studies have suggested that invasion into the dorsolateral path is dependent upon a change in the migratory environment. A complementary possibility is that as neural crest cells differentiate into melanocytes they acquire the ability to take this pathway. When quail neural crest cells that have been grown in culture for 12 hours are labeled with Fluoro-gold and then grafted into the early migratory pathway at the thoracic level, they migrate only ventrally and are coincident with the host neural crest. When fully differentiated melanocytes (96 hours old) are back-grafted under identical conditions, however, they enter the dorsolateral path and invade the ectoderm at least one day prior to the host neural crest. Likewise, neural crest cells that have been cultured for at least 20 hours and are enriched in melanoblasts immediately migrate in the dorsolateral path, in addition to the ventral path, when back-grafted into the thoracic level. A population of neural crest cells depleted of melanoblasts--crest cells derived from the branchial arches--are not able to invade the dorsolateral path, suggesting that only pigment cells or their precursors are able to take this migratory route. These results suggest that as neural crest cells differentiate into melanocytes they can exploit the dorsolateral path immediately. Even when 12-hour crest cells are grafted into stage 19-21 embryos at an axial level where host crest are invading the dorsolateral path, these young neural crest cells do not migrate dorsolaterally. Conversely, melanoblasts or melanocytes grafted under the same circumstances are found in the ectoderm. These latter results suggest that during normal development neural crest cells must be specified, if not already beginning to differentiate, as melanocytes in order to take this path.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Effect of progesterone on the invasive properties and tumor growth of progesterone receptor-transfected breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231. (2001)

One of the potential therapeutic interventions to hormone-independent breast cancer would be to reactivate the expression of estrogen receptor or progesterone receptor (PR) in the tumor cells so as to render the tumor responsive to the hormones. We have reported previously that progesterone markedly inhibited cell growth and induced remarkable focal adhesions in PR-transfected MDA-MB-231 cells. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of progesterone on the invasive properties and in vivo tumor growth of PR-transfected MDA-MB-231 cells. It was found that progesterone has increased cell resistance to trypsin digestion and increased cell attachment to extracellular matrix proteins, especially laminin and fibronectin. In vitro invasion assays using modified Boyden chambers showed that progesterone increased cell migration through matrix protein-coated membranes. However, Northern blotting analysis demonstrated that progesterone strongly down-regulated (up to 60-fold) the gene expression of urokinase plasminogen activator and increased (up to 5-fold) the expression of tissue-type plasminogen activator in these cells. This pattern of gene regulation suggested an inhibition of cell invasiveness because numerous clinical studies have indicated that low levels of urokinase plasminogen activator and high levels of tissue-type plasminogen activator in breast cancer are associated with favorable prognosis. Furthermore, animal studies showed that progesterone strongly inhibited the tumor formation and growth in Scid mice. After 12 weeks of inoculation, the median weight of tumors in the progesterone-treated group was 25 mg compared with 203 mg in the placebo group (P < 0.001). These results suggest that progesterone may provide effective treatment for estrogen receptor- and PR-negative breast cancer if the PR expression were reactivated. Alternatively, activation of progesterone-mediated molecular pathways in hormone-independent breast cancer may achieve similar therapeutic effects.
Role of free radicals in toxic hepatic injury II. Are free radicals the cause of toxin-Induced liver injury? (1993)

(1993). Role of free radicals in toxic hepatic injury II. Are free radicals the cause of toxin-Induced liver injury? Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 173-196.
Human Brain Imaging of Tinnitus and Animal Models (2008)

Because subjective tinnitus is typically localized to the ear with hearing loss, tinnitus was traditionally thought to originate from neural hyperactivity in the damaged ear. However, most studies have found that hearing loss reduces the neural outputs from the damaged cochlea. These negative findings led to the hypothesis that rinnitus arises from aberrant neural activity in the central auditory system. Positron emission tomography imaging studies performed on tinnitus patients that could modulate their tinnitus provide evidence showing that the aberrant neural activity that gives rise to tinnitus resides in the central auditory pathway. To investigate the biological basis of tinnitus in more detail, an animal model was developed that allowed behavioral measures of tinnitus to be obtained from individual rats after inducing tinnitus with high doses of salicylate or high-intensity noise. This behavioral model was used to test the efficacy of memantine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, and scopolamine, an anticholinergic, in suppressing salicylate-induced tinnitus. Neither drug completely suppressed salicylate-induced tinnitus. To detect the physiological changes associated with tinnitus, chronic microwire electrodes were implanted in the auditory cortex and measurements were obtained from the auditory cortex before and after salicylate and noise exposures known to induce tinnitus. High doses of salicylate or high-level noise exposure generally resulted in sound-evoked hyperactivity in the electrophysiological responses recorded from the auditory cortex of awake-animals. However, anesthetic tended to suppress or abolish the hyperactivity.
Complications of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Therapy in 440 Consecutive Patients (2005)

We conclude that more than one quarter of ICD patients experience complications during a mean follow-up of almost 4 years, although serious complications such as intraoperative death or ICD system infections are rare in patients with nonthoracotomy ICD systems. Recognition of these complications is the prerequisite for advances in ICD technology and management strategies to avoid their recurrence.
Reflective supervision (2014)

Being able to talk to an experienced, professional colleague about the needs and challenges of a group of children provides a wonderful and regular opportunity for practitioners to reflect on their provision.
Synthesis of pseudorandom signals derived from <i>p</i> -level <i>m</i> sequences (1966)

A method is presented for generating plevel pseudorandom signals, derived from their corresponding p-level m sequences, using standard binary logic elements. The technique is illustrated by considering the direct generation of ternary signals suitable for system identification.
Differential expression and regulation of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in two human breast cancer cell lines. (1996)

Cyclooxygenase (COX), also referred to as prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase, is the rate-limiting enzyme for the metabolic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins (PGs) and related eicosanoids. Some human breast cancers synthesize large quantities of PGE2, but the regulatory mechanisms involved are unclear. We have examined the expression of the two isoforms of this enzyme, COX-1 and COX-2, their regulation by tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA), and the associated PGE2 production in two human breast cancer cell lines with different biological phenotypes. Estrogen-dependent MCF-7 cells exhibited a relatively high expression of COX-1; COX-2 was barely detectable but was transiently induced by treatment with TPA (10 nM). In contrast, the estrogen-independent, highly invasive, metastatic MDA-MB-231 cell line showed a low expression of COX-1 but a high constitutive level of COX-2. This high COX-2 expression applied to both the protein and mRNA and increased further over a relatively long period of time in the presence of TPA. The extent of PGE2 production by the two cell lines correlated well with the level of COX-2 protein, suggesting that this isoform is required for both their constitutive and mitogen-induced PGE2 synthesis. Moreover, overexpression and persistent expression of COX-2 may be influenced by breast tumor hormone status and seem to be a feature of the aggressive, metastatic phenotype.
Immunization with Native or Recombinant <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> Neuraminidase Affords Protection in the Chinchilla Otitis Media Model (2004)

Streptococcus pneumoniae neuraminidase has been implicated as a virulence factor in the pathogenesis of pneumococcal otitis media. In this study, native neuraminidase was partially purified from cultures of S. pneumoniae by serial chromatography with DEAE-Sepharose and Sephacryl S-200. Recombinant neuraminidase, a 3,038-bp fragment of the neuraminidase A (nanA) gene, was cloned into the pET-28b vector and then expressed at high levels in Escherichia coli. Chinchillas were immunized subcutaneously with either the gel-purified native or recombinant neuraminidase, and all responded with elevated titers of antineuraminidase antibody in serum. Immunization with neuraminidase resulted in a significant reduction in nasopharyngeal colonization as well as in the incidence of otitis media with effusion. These data demonstrate for the first time that neuraminidase affords protection against S. pneumoniae nasopharyngeal colonization and experimental otitis media.
Towards More Flexible and Common-Sensical Reasoning about Beliefs (1995)

Some important research problems within reasoning about beliefs are how to deal with incomplete, inaccurate or uncertain beliefs, when to ascribe beliefs and how to make reasoning about beliefs more common-sensical. We present two systems that attack such problems. The first, called CaseMent, uses case-based reasoning to reason about beliefs. It appears that using cases as opposed to rules has advantages with respect to reusability, context-sensitivity of reasoning, belief ascription and introspection. Although the program is still in an initial stage, the first results from the existing implementation look promising. The second system, ATT-Meta, addresses the fact that metaphorical descriptions of mental states play an important role in the coherence of mundane discourse (including stories). ATT-Meta&apos;s reasoning module has an advanced prototype implementation. It incorporates powerful facilities for defeasible and uncertain reasoning. Both systems use simulative reasoning and thereby...
Synthesis of liquid crystalline–amorphous block copolymers by combination of CFRP and ATRP mechanisms (2005)

Abstract Block copolymers of liquid crystalline 6‐(4‐cyanobiphenyl‐4′‐oxy) hexyl acrylate (LC6) and styrene (St) were obtained by the combination of two different free‐radical polymerization mechanisms namely conventional free‐radical polymerization (CFRP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). In the first part, thermosensitive azo alkyl halide, difunctional initiator (AI), was prepared and then used for CFRP of LC6 monomer. The obtained bromine‐ended difunctional liquid crystalline polymers (PLC6) were used as initiators in ATRP of St, in bulk in conjunction with CuBr/ N , N , N ′, N ″, N ″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) as catalyst. In the second part, AI was firstly polymerized by CFRP in the presence of St and then the obtained difunctional bromine ended polystyrenes (PSt) were used as initiators in ATRP of LC6 in diphenyl ether solvent in conjuction with CuBr/PMDETA. The spectral, thermal, and optical measurements confirmed a fully controlled living polymerization, which results in formation of ABA‐type block copolymers with very narrow polydispersities. In both cases, blocks of the different chemical composition were segregated in the solid and melt phases. The mesophase transition temperatures of the liquid crystalline block were found to be very similar to those of the corresponding homopolymers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Active Structural Control for Damping Augmentation and Compensation of Thermal Distortion (1992)

A large space-based interferometer (FMI) is used as a testbed for ideas de veloped in the NASA Controls and Structures Interaction (CSI) program. An end-to-end simulation of the optical performance of the system has been developed and used to dem onstrate impedance-based adaptive structural control and control of thermal disturbances. Other issues briefly addressed include integrated optical/structural modeling and a hier archical, layered control strategy.
Nonamplifying alleles at microsatellite loci: a caution for parentage and population studies (1995)

While genotyping wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) at microsatellite loci for paternity assignment, we found three loci (MAF65, BOVIRBP and CelJP23) with segregating nonamplifying alleles. Nonamplifying alleles were detected through mismatches between known mother-offspring pairs and by significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibria. In a wide range of molecular ecology application, and especially in parentage assignment, the possible existence of undetectable alleles must be taken into account; this may be particularly important for microsatellite data.
A VR Based 3D Graphics User Interface for CAD Modeling System (1999)

Abstract With the advancement of computer techniques, a greater emphasis has been placed on intuitive human-computer interactions (HCIs). Virtual Reality systems can offer a novel way for users to interact with the objects in the computer generated environment (the so called Virtual Environment, VE). Through VR technology, we have the ability to replace the traditional input device, such as keyboard and mouse, with other modes such as speech and gesture. In our research project, we use a CyberGlove, developed by Virtual Technology Inc., as an input device to develop a desktop CAD modeling system for conceptual designers. We elaborate the limitations of the Dataglove and use gestures to support intuitive human-computer interface. To develop this gesture interface, we emphasize that conceptual designers are allowed full-freedom to use different kinds of gestures to conduct various geometric shape operations instead of depending solely on keyboard and 2D mouse. The designers can indicate objects or directions simply by pointing with the hand, and manipulate the position and orientation of an object by grasping and turning. The “virtual tools” can be used for shaping, cutting, and joining objects. We employ the 3D GUIs for enhancing the gesture interface. In the VE, the 3D menu and “virtual hand” float over the objects rather than being part of the scene. Various 3D cursors can be used to select menu or manipulate the object.
Transfer Factor Preparations : some Physico-Chemicaland Biological Properties (1975)

Some biological and physico-chemical properties were tested in 50 lots of transfer factor (TF). Each lot contained the extracts of a pool of 20 buffy coats,each originating from a 400 ml blood donation of a healthy individual. The optical densities at 260 and 280 nm were within a narrow range in all TF lots. The ratio 260/280 was 2.56-3.02. One unit TF (defined as the extract of two buffy coats (corresponding to 1-2 x 10^9 leucocytes) contained 36.58 ± 3.77 mg of peptides as measured by the Lowry method and 123.6 ± 4.5 mg ribose as estimated by the orcinol method. Cytotoxicity of TF lots was tested by measurement of chromium release of PHA-stimulated lymphocytes. Cytotoxicity was above 10% in 20 of 27 TF lots tested,most of which were produced by an Amicon ultrafiltration cell. Pyrogenicity was present in 8 of 42 TF lots produced by Amicon filters, but only in 1 of 8 lots produced by Sartorius filters. Sephadex G-10 chromatograms of TF gave characteristic patterns yielding 8 peaks. Sephadex G-25 chromatograms reproducibly showed 5 peaks. The distribution of osmotic activity, peptides and ribose in respect of the chromatographic fractions is given.
Application of MoSi/sub 2/ to the Double-Level Interconnections of I/sup 2/L Circuits (1980)

A new MoSi/sub 2/-CVD-Al double-level interconnection system is developed to obtain a high packing density in I/sup 2/L circuits. Taking advantage of MoSi/sub 2/, a fine pattern consisting of a Iinewidth of 2.5 /spl mu/m aid a spacing of 1 /spl mu/m is achieved for the first-level interconnections. This new system has a higher reliability than the normaf Al-CVD-Al structure because of the stability of the MoSi2 surface. The fundamental properties of 1/sup2/L gates with MoSi2 interconnections, namely, gain, propagation delay time, and toggle frequency of a T flip-flop, are measured. At practical injector currents, they show nearly the same values as with Al interconnectiorm The resistance effects of MoSi/sub 2/ interconnections are calculated with regard to the unbalance of the injector currents and increase of the propagation delay time. The calculations show that these effects can be ignored at an injector current of 1 /spl mu/A/gate. At higher injector currents, the MoSi/sub 2/ interconnection resistance must be taken into account in I/sup 2/L pattern layout.
Nonnarcotic Methods of Pain Management (2019)

Pain is “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or [is] described in terms of uch dama e” when there is no h sical deran ement <sup>1</sup> The function of ain is to protect the body by making the organism aware of damaging events and to promote healing by causing sensitivity to movement or other stimuli that may delay recovery. However, pain is not always related to tissue damage and does not always serve a protective function. This is the case with neuropathic pain, which is caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory parts of the nervous system, and with some other chronic pain conditions, such as fibromyalgia and migraine.<sup>2</sup> Acute and chronic pain may cause suffering and interfere with daily life, factors that influence the choice of treatment. Acute pain is the most common reason for visiting an emergency department,<sup>3</sup> and surgical procedures are often associated with acute postoperative pain.<sup>4,5</sup> Chronic pain also causes suffering, as reflected by the finding in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 that chronic low back pain was the leading cause of years lived with disability.<sup>6</sup> In addition to the contribution of pain to disability, that study showed that the associated problem of opioid use disorders accounted for 5.8 million additional years lived with disability,<sup>6</sup> an observation that underpins attempts to treat pain with drugs other than opioids. Long-term opioid administration has minimal effects on chronic pain and can cause tolerance, drowsiness, and dependence, as well as impaired memory, concentration, and judgment.<sup>7</sup> For these reasons, the International Association for the Study of Pain recommends caution in prescribing opioids for chronic pain,<sup>8</sup> and there has been an increased emphasis on the use of nonopioid pain management. The choice of treatment for pain depends on many factors, and the heterogeneity and large number of acute and chronic pain conditions preclude a general treatment algorithm. In cooperation with the World Health Organization, the International Association for the Study of Pain has developed a classification of chronic pain for the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases<sup>2</sup> (Table 1), and a similar classification has been proposed for acute pain,<sup>5</sup> providing the bases for facilitating treatment pathways.
Prospects for Domesticating Western Huckleberries (2003)

ABSTRACT Western huckleberries (Vaccinium spp.) are native to the western United States and western Canada. The fruits were important for food and trade among some Native American nations and were popular with European settlers. Commercial sales of huckleberry food and health products have increased dramatically, with demand often exceeding supplies. All fruits are presently harvested from naturally-occurring stands, predominantly from 1,200 to 1,800 m (4,000 to 6,000 ft) elevation mountain sites. Harvest labor costs and weather-related fluctuations in yields have limited commercial expansion. Forest and fire management practices on public lands have adversely impacted the size and productivity of huckleberry colonies, further limiting commercialization and increasing the potential for overharvest. This paper describes western huckleberries, summarizes pertinent research, and outlines prospects for domestication.
Time-frequency transforms: a new approach to first heart sound frequency dynamics (1992)

The binomial joint time-frequency transform is used to test the hypothesis that first heart sound frequency rises during the isovolumic contraction period. Cardiac vibrations were recorded from eight open-chest dogs using an ultralight accelerometer cemented directly to the epicardium of the anterior left ventricle. Three characteristic time-frequency spectral patterns were evident in the animals investigated: (1) a frequency component that rose from approximately 40-140 Hz in a 30-50-ms interval immediately following the ECG R-wave, (2) a slowly varying or static frequency of 60-100 Hz beginning midway through the isovolumic contraction period, and (3) broadband peaks occurring at the time of the Ia and Ib high frequency components. The binomial transform provided much better resolution than the spectrograph or spectrogram. By revealing the onset and dynamics of first heart sound frequencies, time-frequency transforms may allow mechanical assessment of individual cardiac structures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Use of Nisentil in Urology: A Clinical Evaluation (1955)

No AccessJournal of Urology1 Oct 1955Use of Nisentil in Urology: A Clinical Evaluation R.M. Yow, J.E. Mathias, and R.C. Bunts R.M. YowR.M. Yow More articles by this author , J.E. MathiasJ.E. Mathias More articles by this author , and R.C. BuntsR.C. Bunts More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)67319-1AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail © 1955 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 74Issue 4October 1955Page: 570-572 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1955 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information R.M. Yow More articles by this author J.E. Mathias More articles by this author R.C. Bunts More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Loading ...