gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design for a near-infrared immersion echelle spectrograph: breaking the R=100,000 barrier from 1.5 to 5 μm (1998)

We have designed a near IR spectrograph, sensitive in the 1.5-5 micrometers range, that uses a silicon immersion echelle grating. The cross-dispersed design demonstrates that immersion echelles allow compact spectrographs which have excellent spectral coverage and very high resolving power. Our instrument will have continuous spectral coverage over a 5.7 percent passband at 2.3 micrometers or a 7.6 percent passband at 4.6 micrometers and resolving power ranging from R equals 87,000 at 4.6 micrometers to 109,000 at 2.3 micrometers . We discuss design issues that are unique to spectrographs using silicon immersion echelle gratings in the near IR such as grating parameters, geometry, and the mechanical and thermal properties of large pieces of single crystal silicon.
Advances in Large Diameter GaN on Diamond Substrates (2014)

The use of diamond or silicon on diamond (SOD) as a thermal heat spreader substrate for GaN high power transistor and solid state lighting devices has been demonstrated previously with active devices on a small scale but not at wafer sizes of 50 to 100 mm. The capability to reduce heat has been demonstrated but the benefits of this for large volume applications such as Wimax or commercial lighting require that the technology be scaled to much larger wafer sizes. This paper will highlight recent advances in scaling GaN on SOD wafers to 100 mm diameters and will report on the electrical characterization of GaN HEMT devices fabricated on 100 mm SOD wafers. Results will include whole wafer parametric data which illustrate the large area viability and consistency of the process as well as physical characterization showing the consistency of the structure across the wafer. In addition, it will discuss yield issues related to these larger diameter substrates including film stress, wafer thinning, and packaging.
PROTOPORPHYRIN‐INDUCED PHOTODAMAGE: STUDIES USING CULTURED SKIN FIBROBLASTS (1983)

Abstract A new system is described for the study of protoporphyrin‐induced photodamage of cells. This system differs from those previously described in that fibroblasts are induced to synthesize protoporphyrin from its precursor δ‐aminolevulinic acid. Fibroblasts were cultured from skin biopsies of 6 normal individuals and 6 patients with protoporphyria. All cell lines in both groups accumulated protoporphyrin when incubated with δ‐aminolevulinic acid in the absence of iron. Irradiation for 2 min with long‐wave UV light caused death of cells which had accumulated protoporphyrin, but not of cells which had been incubated without δ‐aminolevulinic acid. Cell damage could be quantitatively assessed by the release of chromium‐51 into the medium. Examination of irradiated protoporphyrin‐rich fibroblasts by electron microscopy revealed no significant differences between lines from patients with protoporphyria and normal individuals. The earliest indications of photodamage were rarifaction of the mitochondrial matrix with dilatation of cristae. dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum, and loss of plasma membrance integrity. Condensation of the cells correlated with cell death. These structural alterations suggest a generalized cellular injury.
Irinotecan, a key chemotherapeutic drug for metastatic colorectal cancer (2015)

Irinotecan hydrochloride is a camptothecin derivative that exerts antitumor activity against a variety of tumors. SN-38 produced in the body by carboxylesterase is the active metabolite of irinotecan. After irinotecan was introduced for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) at the end of the last century, survival has improved dramatically. Irinotecan is now combined with 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin and several molecularly-targeted anticancer drugs, resulting in the extension of overall survival to longer than 30 mo. Severe, occasionally life-threatening toxicity occurs sporadically, even in patients in relatively good condition who have a low risk of chemotherapy-induced toxicity, often causing the failure of irinotecan-based chemotherapy. Clinical pharmacological studies have revealed that such severe toxicity is related to exposure to SN-38 and genetic polymorphisms in UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 gene. The large inter- and intra-patient variability in systemic exposure to SN-38 is determined not only by genetic factors but also by physiological and environmental factors. This review first summarizes the roles of irinotecan in chemotherapy for metastatic CRC and then discusses the optimal dosing of irinotecan based on the aforementioned factors affecting systemic exposure to SN-38, with the ultimate goal of achieving personalized irinotecan-based chemotherapy.
Language generation for spoken dialogue systems (2011)

The goal of spoken dialogue systems (SDS) is to offer efficient and natural access to applications and services. A common task for SDS is to help users select a suitable option (e.g., flight, hotel, restaurant) from the set of options available. When the number of options is small, they can simply be presented sequentially. However, as the number of options increases, the system must have strategies for summarizing the options to enable the user to browse the option space. In this talk, we evaluate two recent approaches to information presentation in SDS: (1) the Refiner approach (Polifroni et al., 2003) which generates summaries by clustering the options to maximize coverage of the domain, and (2) the user-model based summarize and refine (UMSR)
A guided bibliography to sorting (1971)

In this paper, we restrict the word sorting to mean the ordering of data by a digital computer. Given a collection of data entries and an ordering key, various processes can be invoked to arrange the entries into a desired order. The order is commonly an ascending or descending numerical or alphabetic sequence, but other orders are possible. At one time, the meaning of the word sorting was limited to the process of pigeon-hole classification, whereas the words “re-arranging” or “ordering” carried the broader meaning. More recently, however, sorting has come to include all techniques for the ordered arrangement of data.
The Selection Landscape of Malaria Parasites (2010)

Malaria parasites have to survive and transmit within a highly selective and ever-changing host environment. Because immunity to malaria is nonsterilizing and builds up slowly through repeated infections, commonly the parasite invades a host that is immunologically and physiologically different from its previous host. During the course of infection, the parasite must also keep pace with changes in host immune responses and red-blood-cell physiology. Here, we describe the "selection landscape" of the most virulent of the human malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum, and the adaptive mechanisms it uses to navigate through that landscape. Taking a cost-benefit view of parasite fitness, we consider the evolutionary outcomes of the most important forces of selection operating on the parasite, namely immunity, host death, drugs, mosquito availability, and coinfection. Given the huge potential for malaria parasite evolution in the context of the recently renewed effort to eradicate malaria, a deeper understanding of P. falciparum adaptation is essential.
Pesticide effects on soil algae and cyanobacteria (1992)

Despite increasing research efforts toward crop improvement by methods obviating the use of pesticides (Day 1987), agriculture remains heavily dependent on these chemicals (Gadkari 1988; Greaves et al. 1988). The importance of monitoring the effect of pesticides on nontarget organisms has been emphasized (Hill and Wright 1978). Among those nontarget organisms potentially susceptible to pesticides are the soil algae and cyanobacteria; these are known to contribute to the maintenance of soil fertility and are consequently considered to be an important component of soil microflora (McCann and Cullimore 1979). It is therefore imperative that regular monitoring be undertaken to evaluate the influence of pesticides on these organisms. A review of published work on this subject appeared in 1979 (McCann and Cullimore). Although other more recent reviews on related topics have been published (Lal and Saxena 1980; MacRae 1989; Padhy 1985; Sharma 1986; Stratton 1987), studies on the precise topic of pesticide effects on soil algae and cyanobacteria have not been reviewed since 1979. The present article aims to do this. The uptake, accumulation, and metabolism of pesticides by soil algae and cyanobacteria are not addressed in this review.
An Automated Technique for Obtaining Cloud Motion from Geosynchronous Satellite Data Using Cross Correlation (1971)

An automated procedure has been developed for determining cloud motion from geosynchronous satellite pictures based on the use of cross correlation. The speed required for use in a real-time operational system is attained by application of the fast Fourier Transform as a computation algorithm in determining the cross-correlation coefficients. The input data consists of a pair of pictures from the Applications Technology Satellite ATS-I taken 24 main apart and mapped on a Mercator projection. Relative mapping errors are automatically corrected by matching common landmarks on the two pictures. A sample of 300 vectors determined from low-level clouds was compared with those obtained by manual methods in a non-operational environment. Speeds agreed within 10 kt in 82% of the cases and directions within 30° in 72% of the sample. Comparisons of 300 vectors with those obtained from a manual operational procedure showed similar results for direction but indicated that the automated procedure was better at resolving differences in speed. With multiple cloud layers, the ability to determine the individual motions is dependent upon the structure of the pattern in each layer as well as the difference in speed between the layers and the amount and opacity of the upper layer. Test results to date indicate that a combination of the manual and automated techniques provide the best operational solution to obtaining cloud motion vectors from geosynchronous satellite data.
Effect of glycosylation on the mechanism of renaturation of invertase from yeast. (1988)

N-Glycosylation occurs cotranslationally as soon as the growing polypeptide chain enters the endoplasmic reticulum, before the final native-like folded state is reached. We examined the role of the carbohydrate chains in the mechanism of protein folding. The in vitro folding and association of yeast invertase are used as an experimental system. External invertase contains approximately 50% carbohydrate, whereas cytoplasmic invertase is not glycosylated. The functional native state of both proteins is a homodimer. At pH greater than or equal to 6.5 and at protein concentrations below 3 micrograms/ml, the kinetics of reactivation and the final yields are similar for the two invertases. For both proteins, reactivation is a sequential reaction with a lag phase at the beginning. The nonglycosylated protein tends to aggregate during reactivation at low pH and at protein concentrations above 3 micrograms/ml. After separation of inactive material, the renatured protein is indistinguishable from the original native state by a number of physicochemical and functional criteria. The results suggest that the carbohydrate moiety does not affect the mechanism of folding and association of invertase. However, glycosylation improves the solubility of unfolded or partially folded invertase molecules and hence leads to a suppression of irreversible aggregation. Such a protective effect may also be important for the in vivo maturation of nascent glycosylated protein chains.
Tuning forks in silicon (2003)

The authors describe microfabricated tuning forks in silicon, which are excited electrodynamically. The pressure dependence of the resonance frequency and the Q-factor was measured by an interferometer over a range of pressure 1 mu bar to 2 bar. It is shown that micromachined structures in silicon have Q-factors which are comparable to those of similar quartz structures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Microcrystalline BaTiO <sub>3</sub> by Crystallization from Glass (1964)

The properties and composition of glasses suitable for crystallization of BaTiO 3 are described. The crystallization of certain glasses results in a nearly complete recovery of BaTiO 3 , besides the feldspar BaAl 2 SiO 3 as a minor phase. The mechanism of crystallization was investigated by thermal analysis, viscosity, and grainsize measurements as a function of the temperature whereas density data were used for evaluation of the BaTiO 3 content. Within the range 30 to 60% by volume of BaTiO 3 at about 1μ grain size, the measured dielectric constant increased from 100 to 1200. The calculated partial dielectric constant of the Titanate phase at this grain size was about 3500. As the grain size approached 0.1μ, the dielectric constant decreased and became nearly independent of the temperature because of the predominance of surface states. Other effects were attributed to special structural characteristics, such as absence of porosity and clamping of the titanate particles within the microcrystalline matrix. Data are also presented on dielectric constant and loss tangent at different frequencies, dc breakdown strength, dc resistivity, and ferroelectric properties as a function of the grain size of the crystallized material.
Influence of adenosine deaminase inhibition on the phosphoinositide turnover in the initial stages of human T cell activation (1990)

An experimental model of adenosine deaminase deficiency was established on the human T cell line Jurkat by using 2'-deoxycoformycin, a strong specific inhibitor of the enzyme. When deoxyadenosine was added to the inhibited cells, the nucleotide profile was modified reproducing that found in lymphocytes from adenosine deaminase-deficient children. The metabolism of phosphoinositides, analyzed by either the release of [3H]inositol phosphates or the breakdown of 32P-prelabeled phosphatidyl inositides, was compared in normal and modified cells where dATP was accumulated. No modification in 32P labeling of phosphoinositides was detectable within the 32P-loading period. However, when the cells were stimulated by phytohemagglutinin or anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody, the phosphoinositide hydrolysis was strongly reduced in the dATP-containing lymphoblasts. This decrease was correlated with the intracellular dATP concentration.
Atmospheric effect in the three-space scenario for the Stokes-Helmert method of geoid determination (2004)

Transformation from the NT-space into H-space For the transformation of the gravity anomalies from the real space into the No Topography (NT-) space the effect of atmospheric masses on the gravitational attr action must be evaluated. This effect consists of the direct atmospheric effect and the secondary indirect atmospheric effect. (NT-space is the space obtained after disregarding the external masses , both topographical and atmospheric, above the geoid, i.e. No Topography space, which is also called Bouguer space), After obtaining the NT-anomalies at the geoid surface, they are further transformed from the NTspace into the Helmert (H-)space. The effect of condensed atmospheric masses on the gravitational attraction must be then evaluated. By analogy with the effect of atmospheric masses, the effect of condensed atmospheric masses consists of the direct condensed atmospheric effect and the secondary indirect atmospheric effect. The programs used for the evaluation shown here are part of the UNB package for precise geoid determination. Numerical realization of each of these four effects For the numerical integration pertaining to the computation of e ach one of these effects the following DTM spacing was used to model the topography: 30 × 30 minutes for the inner-zone integration; 5 × 5 minutes for the middle zone; and, 1 × 1 degree for the far-zone.
Alternative stress indicators in sea bass <i>Dicentrarchus labrax</i>, L. (2008)

Stress indicators (plasma cortisol, glucose and lactate) were evaluated in sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax submitted to different pre‐slaughter conditions, and cortisol levels in plasma were found to correlate with those detected in mucus, gut contents and muscle. The results demonstrate new possibilities for monitoring stress status in fishes in which blood sampling is difficult or impossible.
Recent advances in near-infrared II fluorophores for multifunctional biomedical imaging (2018)

In recent years, owing to unsatisfactory clinical imaging clarity and depths in the living body for early diagnosis and prognosis, novel imaging modalities with high bioimaging performance have been actively explored. The remarkable headway made in the second near-infrared region (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) has promoted the development of biomedical imaging significantly. NIR-II fluorescence imaging possesses a number of merits which prevail over the traditional and NIR-I (400-900 nm) imaging modalities in fundamental research, such as reduced photon scattering, as well as auto-fluorescence and improved penetration depth. Functional probes for instant and precise feedback of <i>in vivo</i> information are at the core of this modality for superb imaging. Herein, we review the recently developed fluorophores including carbon nanotubes, organic small molecules, quantum dots, conjugated polymers and rare-earth-doped materials to present superior and multifunctionality of biomedical imaging in the NIR-II regions (1000-1700 nm).
Nonlinear Control of Aircraft at High Angles of Attack (2004)

small area about the point in the Right envelope at which the perturbation was induced. For commercial aircraft such as civil transports, this may not present any concern as the aircraft deviates little from the equilibrium point throughout its Right. However, high performance aircraft often have a flight envelope which deviates significantly from the trim or equilibrium position. In this case, use of the linear aircraft model becomes limited. High performance aircraft require the utilization of the maximum possible Right envelope in order lo become fully efficient. Currently, the method of determining the aircraft control laws utilizes the control theory applied at a selected number of points throughout the Right envelope. The aircraft control laws
Complement Inhibition Promotes Endogenous Neurogenesis and Sustained Anti-Inflammatory Neuroprotection following Reperfused Stroke (2012)

Targeted complement inhibition through low-dose antagonism of the C3a receptor promotes post-ischemic neuroblast proliferation in the SVZ. Furthermore, C3aRA administration suppresses T-lymphocyte infiltration and improves delayed functional and histologic outcome following reperfused stroke. Post-ischemic complement activation may be pharmacologically manipulated to yield an effective therapy for stroke.
Functional Modules in Ribosomal Protein L5 for Ribonucleoprotein Complex Formation and Nucleocytoplasmic Transport (1999)

Ribosomal protein L5 forms a small, extraribosomal complex with 5 S ribosomal RNA, referred to as the 5 S ribonucleoprotein complex, which shuttles between nucleus and cytoplasm in Xenopus oocytes. Mapping elements in L5 that mediate nuclear protein import defines three separate such activities (L5-nuclear localization sequence (NLS)-1, -2, and -3), which are functional in both oocytes and somatic cells. RNA binding activity involves N-terminal as well as C-terminal elements of L5. In contrast to the full-length protein, none of the individual NLSs carrying L5 fragments are able to allow for the predominating accumulation in the nucleoli that is observed with the full-length protein. The separate L5-NLSs differ in respect to two activities. Firstly, only L5-NLS-1 and -3, not L5-NLS-2, are capable of promoting the nuclear transfer of a heterologous, covalently attached ribonucleoprotein complex. Secondly, only L5-NLS-1 is able to bind strongly to a variety of different import receptors; those that recognize L5-NLS-2 and -3 have yet to be identified.
Ammonium sulphate enhances adherence of Escherichia coli J-5 to hydrocarbon and polystyrene (1984)

Bacterial adherence to hydrocarbons (BATH) is a convenient method for the study of relatively pronounced cell surface hydrophobicity exhibited by various microbial cells, but has proven relatively ineffective in the study of less pronounced examples of bacterial hydrophobicity. It is well known that hydrophobic interactions can be enhanced by addition of salting-out agents, such as ammonium sulphate. In the present manuscript, the effect of ammonium sulphate on adherence to hexadecane of Escherichia coli strains K-12 and J-5 was studied. In the absence of ammonium sulphate, neither strain adhered to hexadecane. However, adherence of rough strain J-5 was enhanced dramatically in the presence of rising ammonium sulphate concentrations. Ammonium sulphate similarly enhanced adherence to other test hydrocarbons, and to the solid hydrophobic surface, polystyrene. The results show that the presence of ammonium sulphate can promote bacterial adherence to hydrocarbon and thus extend the use of this technique to include a wider array of microorganisms.
SAM: A novel motif in yeast sterile and<i>drosophila</i>polyhomeotic proteins (1995)

Single copies of an approximately 65-70 residue domain are shown to be present in the sequences of 14 eukaryotic proteins, including yeast byr2, STE11, ste4, and STE50, which are essential participants in sexual differentiation. This domain, named SAM (sterile alpha motif), appears to participate in other developmental processes because it is also present in Drosophila polyhomeotic gene product and related homologues, which are thought to regulate determination of segmental specification in early embryogenesis. Its appearance in byr2 and STE11, which are MEK kinases, and in proteins containing pleckstrain homology, src homology 3, and discs-large homologous region domains, suggests possible participation in signal transduction pathways.
SEREX, Proteomex, AMIDA, and beyond: Serological screening technologies for target identification (2008)

Despite the great body of knowledge about the aetiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, and associated molecular processes, cancer remains a prime health concern. Over the past decades scientific and medical research focused on the identification of biomarkers and target molecules for the diagnosis and therapy of cancer. Such markers may allow for improved and early diagnosis, as well as for immunotherapeutic approaches for cancer treatment. A plethora of technologies dedicated to the identification of target molecules was developed including those relying on a humoral response against tumour-associated antigens (TAA) in diseased individuals. As for other diseases, cancers elicit immune responses that result in the induction of T and B lymphocytes specific for tumour-associated proteins, largely self-antigens, but also those comprising viral and bacterial proteins. Cancer-specific serum antibodies are of great use for the isolation and subsequent identification of their cognate antigens. The present review will concentrate on three major serological target identification methods, i.e. SEREX, Proteomex, and AMIDA, concluding with a summary of the milestones in the clinical advancement and applications of serological TAA.
Transmission Tower Foundations in Weathered Rock (1985)

A case history is presented which discusses the siting, design and construction of the tower foundations for a transmission line in southwest Alaska. The project, completed in 1983, consists of a 17-mile (27. 4 km), 138 kV transmission line sited in a remote mountainous area on highly-weathered slaty argillite and graywacke rock. The design approach and criteria are discussed. Construction practices in the difficult terrain and resolution of problems encountered during construction are also discussed.