gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phase Gratings As Waferstepper Alignment Marks For All Process Layers (1985)

The performance of a wafer stepper alignment system based upon phase gratings etched in the silicon has been investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Measurements of the alignment accuracy as a function of the light intensity reflected from the wafer show that the accuracy is better than 0.1 micron down to reflectivities as low as 0.15%. The various factors influencing the alignment signal by processing layers have been analyzed. A standard marker geometry is given, which produces a 0.1 micron alignment accuracy for the vast majority of processing conditions. For some special cases such as planarizing resist layers a different marker geometry is preferrable.
Responsibility of Net-bank in Electronic Payment (2008)

This paper investigates five electronic payment tools which are prevalent in the virtual world nowadays. It is demonstrated that the net-banks play an important role in the process of electronic payment, and that they are also facing greater legal risks than ever before because consumer-protection regulations are pervasive in developed countries that govern net-banks' activities and impose more liabilities on them. This paper analyses the responsibilities of net-banks in handling electronic payments under the framework of law in the U.S. and recommends that China enact similar laws defining net-bank's liabilities and responsibilities to ensure the sustainable development of electronic payment.
Wyoming uranium miners set sights on higher production (1975)

The rising price of U$sub 3$O$sub 8$ due to current shortage of supply and stiff environmental regulations on the uranium mining serve as grounds for caution in assessing the future of the uranium industry. Some projections of the need for doubled uranium production in the next 5 years have sparked much exploration and mining in Wyoming. Currently working or near-working mining operations are discussed briefly. The discussions are divided as to the company carrying out the operation-- from Exxon to small drilling contractors. (BLM)
Public and Private Sector Compensation: What Is Affordable in This Recession and Beyond?-A Conference Summary (2009)

On February 26, 2009, the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago and The Civic Federation hosted a forum to examine the differences in wages and benefits between the public sector and private sector and to discuss best practices in work force sustainability.
Assessment of a prototype implantable cardioverter for ventricular tachycardia. Relation between synchronisation of sensing and origin of the tachycardia. (1984)

The feasibility of internal cardioversion for ventricular tachycardia using a prototype of an implantable cardioverter which delivers a low energy discharge via an intracardiac lead and its acceptability to the patient were studied. The cardioverting discharge was synchronised to the apical right ventricular electrogram. In 29 episodes of ventricular tachycardia (RR interval 250-700 ms) the apical electrogram was reliably sensed. The interval from the onset of the QRS complex to the marker of sensing of the electrogram was significantly greater in the 15 episodes arising from the left ventricle than in the 14 episodes arising from the right ventricle; in three cases of ventricular tachycardia arising from the left ventricle the interval exceeded 100 ms. In all cases except one, however, sensing occurred within the first 80% of the QRS complex. In two episodes (RR interval 150 and 190 ms--that is, less than the refractory period of the unit) sensing of the electrogram was unreliable. The unit successfully terminated 10 of 15 episodes of ventricular tachycardia using energies ranging between 0.01 and 1.0 J, but 19 of the 23 discharges delivered to conscious patients caused varying degrees of discomfort. Sensing within 100 ms of the onset of the QRS complex (-20% to 83% of QRS) permitted effective and safe termination of ventricular tachycardia. Although there was neither acceleration of tachycardia nor ventricular fibrillation, subthreshold discharges advanced the next local ventricular electrogram in seven instances. An external low energy cardioverter connected to an intracardiac lead is a useful alternative to repeated external direct current shocks.
Use of a 45 kDa protein in the detection of<i>Campylobacter jejuni</i> (1992)

Two techniques, both using the 45 kilodalton (kDa) outer membrane protein of Campylobacter jejuni to detect the presence of C. jejuni are described. The first technique describes a novel approach in the production of monospecific antiserum against a 45 kDa C. jejuni protein. C. jejuni was lysed, electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gel and blotted on to a polyvinyldifluoride (Immobilon-P) membrane. The membrane was stained with 0.01% Coomassie Blue, then destained to visualize protein bands. The 45 kDa band was excised from the membrane and inserted subcutaneously into chickens. After four insertions, the chickens produced a specific antibody to this protein, as determined by immunoblot. The second technique uses the same excised Immobilon-P membrane for amino acid sequence analysis. After analysis, an oligonucleotide of the corresponding sequence of the amino acids was synthesized. After labelling with an enhanced chemiluminescence kit, the oligonucleotide probe was capable of detecting the presence of C. jejuni in culture using dot-blot hybridization assays.
Polarization-Independent Plasmon-Induced Transparency in a Fourfold Symmetric Terahertz Metamaterial (2012)

Metamaterials that reveal fascinating and unique resonant properties allow for adequate control of electromagnetic waves at will. Recently, considerable studies have shown that the plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) effect can be realized by metamaterials via destructive interference between different resonance modes; however, most of them are sensitive to the polarization of incident wave. Here, we demonstrate a polarization-independent PIT metamaterial functioning in the terahertz regime. The proposed structure has a fourfold symmetry and exhibits a typical PIT behavior due to the coupling effect of four different modes, yielding polarization-independent characteristics.
Using Java 1.1 (Special Edition) (1996)

From the Publisher:
Special Edition Using Java 1.1, Third Edition is a thorough reference and explains how to program Java applets for any intended use. This edition includes an updated CD-ROM with over 100 Java applets and more coverage of advanced topics such as Java/database integration, Java development environments, and details of all aspects of the Java API.
Shows how to program Java applets for any use
Explores all the power of Java 1.1
CD-ROM includes the 1.1 JDK and contains over 100 Java applets to verified to run under Java 1.1
Similarity measurement for aggregation of spatial objects (2005)

SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) is increasingly important to display multimedia data over the Internet. Although SVG is powerful in exchange, transformation, and rendering of image data, it has still the weakness of content-based component-sensitive image search mainly because it does not provide yet the descriptors of (component) image objects and their spatial relationships. Also, although similarity matches have been studied for long, similarity measurements for images that contain component image objects are not successfully developed. In this paper, we describe a new approach of a similarity measurement of aggregated image objects.
Alkylation of Ammonium Salts Catalyzed by Imidazolium‐Based Ionic Liquid Catalysts (2007)

Abstract Quaternary ammonium salts were synthesized from ammonium salts and dialkyl carbonates over imidazolium ionic liquid catalysts. The reaction gave almost stoichiometric amounts of the quaternary ammonium salts for halides and nitrates. It was found that the electron‐donating property of the alkyl moieties of ammonium cations, the electrophilic nature of the alkyl group of the carbonate, the acidity of the acid that the anion of the ammonium salt corresponds to, and the steric hindrance of the ammonium salts and the dialkyl carbonates are the key factors that influence the yields of quaternary ammonium salts. Strong electron‐donating alkyl groups on the nitrogen atom of the ammonium salt, electron‐withdrawing groups on the methylene carbon of dialkyl carbonate, and weaker steric hindrance of the starting ammonium salts and dialkyl carbonates favor the alkylation reaction of ammonium salts.
Wideband planar antennas for millimeter-wave wireless communications (2008)

In this paper, we have presented a planar antenna with stacked microstrip patch configuration and a two-driving-patch feeding network for the millimeter-wave wireless applications. The developed antenna exhibits good antenna performance: a wide bandwidth larger than 14 GHz, relatively high gain larger than 9 dBi and stable radiation patterns over the whole band of mmWPAN. The main radiation part of the developed antenna has a small size about 4.5 mm (L) x 2.5 mm (W) x 0.5 mm (H). This antenna can be considered as a suitable antenna for the portable devices used in the millimeter-wave wireless communication systems such as mmWPAN or WirelessHD.
Identification of the Peptide-binding Site in the Heat Shock Chaperone/Tumor Rejection Antigen gp96 (Grp94) (2000)

Heat shock protein (HSP)-peptide complexes from tumor cells elicit specific protective immunity when injected into inbred mice bearing the same specific type of tumor. The HSP-mediated specific immunogenicity also occurs with virus-infected cells. The immune response is solely due to endogenous peptides noncovalently bound to HSP. A vesicular stomatitis virus capsid-derived peptide ligand bearing a photoreactive azido group was specifically bound by and cross-linked to murine HSP glycoprotein (gp) 96. The peptide-binding site was mapped by specific proteolysis of the cross-links followed by analysis of the cross-linked peptides using a judicious combination of SDS-gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and amino acid sequencing. The minimal peptide-binding site was mapped to amino acid residues 624-630 in a highly conserved region of gp96. A model of the peptide binding pocket of gp96 was constructed based on the known crystallographic structure of major histocompatibility complex class I molecule bound to a similar peptide. The gp96-peptide model predicts that the peptide ligand is held in a groove formed by alpha-helices and lies on a surface consisting of antiparallel beta-sheets. Interestingly, in this model, the peptide binding pocket abuts the dimerization domain of gp96, which may have implications for the extraordinary stability of peptide-gp96 complexes, and for the faithful relay of peptides to major histocompatibility complex class I molecule for antigen presentation.
Effect of Tablet Surface Area and Surface Area/Volume on Drug Release from Lamivudine Extended Release Matrix Tablets (2010)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of tablet surface area/ volume (SA/Vol) on drug release from extended-release matrix tablets of lamivudine prepared with hydroxy propyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Highly soluble drug such as lamivudine was utilized in this study to give predominantly diffusion-controlled release. Drug release from HPMC matrix tablets with similar values of SA/Vol was comparable within the same tablet shaped tablet. Tablets having the same surface area but different SA/Vol values did not result in similar drug release, tablets with larger SA/Vol values had faster release profiles. Utility of SA/Vol to affect drug release was demonstrated by changing drug doses, and altering tablet shape to adjust SA/Vol. When SA/Vol was held constant, similar release profiles were obtained. Thus, surface area/volume is one of the key variables in controlling drug release from HPMC matrix tablets. Proper use of this variable has practical application by formulators who may need to duplicate drug release profiles from tablets of different sizes and different shapes.
Role of Oral Medications in Spasticity Management (2009)

Oral medications are frequently used to manage spasticity. Some clinicians may believe that oral medications are a more conservative or "first-line" strategy to treat this condition. However, their use may lead to significant adverse events. Additionally, efficacy has not been well-established, in particular the ability of these medications to enhance functional outcome. The decision regarding the use of oral medications is further complicated by the fact that a number of different agents have been used for many different diagnoses. The relative dearth of well-controlled studies makes the choice of medications for a given clinical condition even more difficult. This article reviews the mechanisms of action of some of the medications that are more commonly used to treat spasticity and identifies some studies that may suggest efficacy, or lack thereof, for certain diagnoses. Because questions remain regarding the benefit of oral medications, potential side effects also are emphasized to help the reader consider both potential risks and benefits. The article is intended as a broad overview, rather than comprehensive review of the literature.
Experimental Detection of Tetraoxygen (2001)

Die Suche hat ein Ende – gemeint ist die Suche nach Tetrasauerstoff, die 1924 mit einer Arbeit von Lewis begann. Trotz theoretischer Voraussagen gelang bislang kein experimenteller Nachweis von O4, doch konnte eine intakte O4-Spezies jetzt durch Neutralisations-Reionisations-Massenspektrometrie nachgewiesen werden (siehe Spektrum). Die Lebensdauer in der Gasphase beträgt >1 μs, die für die Dissoziation zu überwindende Energiebarriere 10 kcal mol−1.
Simulation of mesa structures for III-V semiconductors under ion beam etching (1999)

An argon Ion Beam Etching (IBE) simulation model has been developed to investigate the mesa profile evolution in III-V semiconductors' technology. Particular attention has been focused on the sputtering yield angular dependence effect, on the influence of the material and 2D-morphology of the mask onto the pattern transfer. Experimental sputtering yield versus ion incidence angle is injected into the simulation model. The equations which govern the surface evolution, stem from the current method of characteristics. The simulated profiles show that the trenching phenomenon can appear by only considering the variation of the sputtering yield versus the etched surface canting. This is obtained when neither the ion reflection nor the electric field line deviation are taken into account. On the other hand, the slope transfer from the mask to the GaAs and InP substrates is studied.
Targeting of Protein Kinase A by Muscle A Kinase-anchoring Protein (mAKAP) Regulates Phosphorylation and Function of the Skeletal Muscle Ryanodine Receptor (2003)

Protein kinase A anchoring proteins (AKAPs) tether cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) to specific subcellular locations. The muscle AKAP, mAKAP, co-localizes with the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release channel or ryanodine receptor (RyR). The purpose of this study was to determine whether anchoring of PKA by mAKAP regulates RyR function. Either mAKAP or mAKAP-P, which is unable to anchor PKA, was expressed in CHO cells stably expressing the skeletal muscle isoform of RyR (CHO-RyR1). Immunoelectron microscopy showed that mAKAP co-localized with RyR1 in disrupted skeletal muscle. Following the addition of 10 microm forskolin to activate adenylyl cyclase, RyR1 phosphorylation in CHO-RyR1 cells expressing mAKAP increased by 42.4 +/- 6.6% (n = 4) compared with cells expressing mAKAP-P. Forskolin treatment alone did not increase the amplitude of the cytosolic Ca2+ transient in CHO-RyR1 cells expressing mAKAP or mAKAP-P; however, forskolin plus 10 mm caffeine elicited a cytosolic Ca2+ transient, the amplitude of which increased by 22% (p < 0.05) in RyR1/mAKAP-expressing cells compared with RyR1/mAKAP-P-expressing cells. Therefore, localization of PKA by mAKAP at RyR1 increases both PKA-dependent RyR phosphorylation as well as efflux of Ca2+ through the RyR. Therefore, RyR1 function is regulated by mAKAP targeting of PKA, implying an important functional role for PKA phosphorylation of RyR in skeletal muscle.
A vision system for automated crack detection in welds (1990)

The authors describe the development of a vision-based system for automated inspection of surface cracks in materials. The magnetic particle inspection method is used to reveal cracks in ferromagnetic materials. The vision system consists of an IBM AT compatible computer, a framestore and a camera. Details of the preparation procedure and the software algorithms for crack recognition are discussed. Results are presented for transverse and longitudinal cracks in welds used to fabricate structures.
Betylates. 4. The synthesis and preparative nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl <i>S</i>-[3]betylates (1983)

Alkyl S-[3]betylates (S,S-dialkyl-S-3[(alkyloxy)sulfonyl]propylsulfonium salts), the first examples of S-betylates (sulfonioalkanesulfonic esters), have been synthesized by two routes, and their suitability as intermediates in the transformation of alcohols by nucleophilic substitution reactions examined. They have been found to react readily in stoichiometric phase transfer processes, including substrate–reagent ion-pair reactions, like their previously studied nitrogen analogues, with the following particular features: (a) they may be used with basic nucleophiles (unlike [2]betylates), (b) they are more simply made from commercially available starting materials than [3]betylates, and (c) they can be made by a route that avoids a final alkylation step.
RNase E, an RNA processing enzyme from Escherichia coli. (1979)

An activity, RNase E, was purified about 100-fold from Escherichia coli cells, it can process p5 rRNA from a 9 S RNA molecule which accumulates in a mutant of E. coli defective in the maturation of 5 S rRNA. The enzyme requires Na+, K+, or NH4+, and Mg2+ or Mn2+. The molecular weight of the enzyme is about 70,000 and its pH optimum is 7.6 to 8.0. Its temperature optimum is around 30 degrees C, and it can be irreversibly inactivated at 50 degrees C. It has a very high degree of specificity but the reaction can be inhibited by nonspecific RNAs. We interpret its mode of action in producing p5 RNA as being accomplished in two steps, 9 S RNA is first processed to 7 S and 4 S, and subsequently 7 S is further processed to p5.
Shunts for High-Current Density Brushes (1979)

The conventional shunt size cannot be maintained with brush body current densities in the range of 1000A/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> (1.55 MA/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) and higher. The large shunts which are necessary to preserve low-voltage drops and acceptable temperatures ate found to be heavy and stiff. Brush body voltage drop may also become a significant contributor to electrical power loss. With bulky shunt leads, it is difficult to avoid adverse mechanical restraint of the brush by the shunt, and this in turn prevents achievement of the contact load control necessary for good brush performance. In some machines, the contact load is also modified by electromagnetic forces on the brush body associated with conventional shunting techniques. A sliding contact shunt is being developed to replace the conventional shunt. The new shunt greatly reduces the electrical power loss and the effect of magnetic forces. Friction interference with brush movement is made acceptable through the application of multiple-point contact configurations. Increasing the number of contact points reduces the total contact force required to achieve a given value of resistance. This force reduction associated with well-defined multiple contacts presents itself as a useful design tool in electrical machinery development. The concept of the multiple-point contact shunt has been demonstrated experimentally, and test results are found to be consistent with the theoretical predictions.
Local Edge-Preserving Multiscale Decomposition for High Dynamic Range Image Tone Mapping (2012)

A novel filter is proposed for edge-preserving decomposition of an image. It is different from previous filters in its locally adaptive property. The filtered image contains local means everywhere and preserves local salient edges. Comparisons are made between our filtered result and the results of three other methods. A detailed analysis is also made on the behavior of the filter. A multiscale decomposition with this filter is proposed for manipulating a high dynamic range image, which has three detail layers and one base layer. The multiscale decomposition with the filter addresses three assumptions: 1) the base layer preserves local means everywhere; 2) every scale's salient edges are relatively large gradients in a local window; and 3) all of the nonzero gradient information belongs to the detail layer. An effective function is also proposed for compressing the detail layers. The reproduced image gives a good visualization. Experimental results on real images demonstrate that our algorithm is especially effective at preserving or enhancing local details.
All-reflective zoom systems for infrared optics (2006)

The results of design effort for infrared zoom systems using all reflective aspheric surfaces are described. Issues such as the paraxial design theory and aberration balancing are discussed in detail. Two all reflective zoom optical systems are disclosed clearly. Both of them are to be used with uncooled infrared detectors. The first design is an unobscured three mirror zoom system without any intermediate image, and the second is a three mirror system with central obscuration which forms an intermediate image. With the design theory further developed, this kind of systems can be designed for cooled infrared detectors, for which cold stop matching is an important issue.
Anxiolytics for smoking cessation (2000)

There is no consistent evidence that anxiolytics aid smoking cessation, but the available evidence does not rule out a possible effect.
Interrelation of the Swiss Colour Atlas (SCA-2541) and the Munsell Color Order System (1997)

The CIE tristimulus values of measured Swiss Colour Atlas samples were converted to Munsell notations using a colour notation conversion program. A selected subset of SCA-2541 sample points was chosen: the samples on the fully populated regularly spaced hues 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, and 60. The resulting Munsell notations were plotted onto Munsell Value-Chroma and Hue-Chroma planes and analysed for regularity of spacing and hue distribution around the achromatic axis. An earlier article has detailed the interrelation between the Natural Color System (NCS) and the Munsell Color Order System using similarly constructed charts. Comparison is made with the sample spacing of the NCS and SCA-2541 points when mapped into Munsell colour space, to determine similarities and differences between these two geometrically similar systems; both are double cones forming equilateral triangular constant hue planes. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 22, 111–120, 1997
Measurement of the hall coefficient in liquid metals by the corbino method (1970)

Abstract A new method for the measurement of the Hall effect in liquid metals is described, based upon the Corbino disc principle. It appears to offer considerable advantages for work at high temperatures. So far it has been applied to liquid Ga (used as a reference metal), Hg, Zn, Ag and Pb with results that are in good agreement with the best values reported previously. The results for liquid Pb suggest that the Hall coefficient in this liquid metal is 12% below the free-electron value.