gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Routing Optimization with IP Fast Reroute (2010)

This draft gives a summary of findings about routing optimization of
not-via addresses [I-D.ietf-rtgwg-ipfrr-notvia-addresses] and LFAs
[RFC5286] in IP networks. The optimization is done only by tuning IP
link costs. Optimization goals for both IP FRR techniques is the
maximum link utilization in the failure-free scenario and for a set of
failure scenarios such as all single link (and node) failures as well
as the failure coverage by LFAs. For LFAs, the failure coverage is
another optimization goal.
Hydraulic Design of Shale Drill Bit Using an Integrated Numerical and Experimental Approach (2015)

Abstract Hydraulic design of drill bits for shales is challenging due to the sticky nature of the drilled formation which may cause balling. An integrated numerical and experimental approach was used to tackle this challenge. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) along with a new particle tracking method was used to hydraulically design a fixed cutter drill bit for shales. Following CFD simulations, experimental tests in Pressurized Drilling Lab (PDL) were performed to validate the CFD results. Spherical particles with diameters ranging from 0.1 mm to 10 mm were injected from cutters surface and their average velocities were calculated when leaving the drill bit using discrete particle modeling (DPM) technique. The ratio of average particle velocity to average annulus fluid velocity at a plane with one bit diameter from bottomhole, referred to as the bit Cuttings Transport Ratio (Ct), was then evaluated to study the hydraulic performance of drill bits under different conditions. Effect of nozzle orientation on drill bit hydraulic was modeled in CFD and then validated in the lab using special adjustable oriented nozzles. Furthermore, effects of nozzle count and blade height as well as flow guide on drill bit hydraulics performance were studied both numerically and experimentally. Baseline bits with different nozzle orientations were tested in PDL. Rate of Penetration (ROP) increased up to 17% compared to the baseline bit using improved nozzle orientations. Also, it was found that higher nozzle count is helpful for drill bit cleaning improving the drill bit performance. Drill bits with different blade heights were built and tested in PDL and it was found that there is an optimum blade height which can improve the bit drilling performance. Also, the effect of flow guide on drill bit hydraulics was modeled using CFD and particle tracking method and then it was tested in PDL. Both CFD and PDL results indicated drill bit hydraulics improvement when flow guide was added to drill bit. ROP for the bit with flow guide increased 10% and 20% in high and low hydraulic conditions, respectively. The final shale bit was designed using improved nozzle orientations, proper blade height as well as flow guide. While the final bit balling tendency decreased, the ROP increased about 35% compared to baseline bit in PDL tests indicating the significance of drill bit hydraulics in its drilling performance.
Liquid-Side Mass-Transfer Resistance of Structured Packings (2004)

Stripping of oxygen from water using air was performed in four different structured packings. Because the transfer of oxygen to air is easy, the resistance to mass transfer lies on the liquid side. From these experiments, the measured global volumetric mass-transfer coefficient (KLae) is equal to the individual mass-transfer coefficient of the liquid phase (kLae). The value of the interfacial area ae is estimated using a model proposed in 1992, and the individual mass-transfer coefficient of the liquid is deduced and compared to one based on the penetration theory used in the first model proposed for structured packing in distillation columns published in 1985. It was found that the correction factor CE used to equate both coefficients is close to unity.
An analytic model for the barrier-limited mode of operation of the permeable base transistor (1983)

The Permeable Base Transistor (PBT) is a novel semiconductor device structure employing a metal control electrode embedded in a single crystal of semiconductor. Over much of the operating range of the PBT the current density is limited by the energy barrier in the vicinity of the control electrode, An analytic description of this mode of operation is presented. The microscopic electrostatic potential within the device is calculated within the depletion-layer approximation. The electrostatic potential determines the height and shape of the energy barrier, which in turn determines the current density. Transport over the barrier is studied, with both dissipative mechanisms (described by the diffusion equation) and ballistic mechanisms (thermionic emission) taken into account.
<title>X-ray microscopy resource center at the advanced light source</title> (1993)

An x-ray microscopy resource center for biological x-ray imaging will be built at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) in Berkeley, California. The unique high brightness of the ALS allows short exposure times and high image quality. Two microscopes, an x-ray microscope (XM) and a scanning x-ray microscope (SXM) are planned. These microscopes serve complementary needs. The XM gives images in parallel at comparable short exposure times, and the SXM is optimized for low radiation doses applied to the sample. The microscopes extend visible light microcopy toward significantly higher resolution and permit images of objects in an aqueous medium. High resolution is accomplished by the use of Fresnel zone plates. Design considerations to serve the needs of biological x-ray microscopy are given. Also the preliminary design of the microscopes is presented. Multiple wavelength and multiple view images will provide elemental contrast and some degree of 3-D information.
33. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANIC CARBON PRESERVATION AND MINERAL SURFACE AREA IN AMAZON FAN SEDIMENTS (HOLES 932A AND 942A) 1 (1997)

Mineral surface area (SA), neutral sugar (aldose) concentrations, and organic carbon content (OC) were measured in two holes from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 155 (Holes 932A and 942A) and compared to analogues from the modern Amazon River and Delta. Nearly all (>90%) of the OC in the ODP holes was tightly associated with the mineral phase; the two phases could not be quantitatively separated after sonication and density fractionation. Organic matter in Holes 932A and 942A can thus be functionally defined as adsorbed. There is a relationship between OC and a sediment transport pathway prior to deposition. When OC is normalized to a mineral surface area (OC:SA), sediments that were rapidly deposited and strongly influenced by the river had average OC:SA ratios of 0.46 and 0.39 mgCm -2 for Holes 932A and 942A. Sediment deposited indirectly through nepheloid transport had lower OC:SA ratios (average 0.32 and 0.24 mgCm -2 ). For comparison, OC:SA ratios of suspended sediments from the Amazon River average 0.67 mgCm -2 , and modern Amazon Delta sediments have a loading of ~0.30 mgCm -2 . Although aldose concentrations in Hole 932A decreased downcore, corresponding molecular compositional patterns do not suggest extensive in situ diagenesis. Rather, the aldose composition throughout Hole 932 lithologic Subunits IIA and IIB is similar to that of fine suspended particulate materials carried by the modern Amazon River, which are largely composed of degraded material derived from plants and riverine microorganisms. The aldose data support isotopic and lignin compositional evidence for a terrestrial-riverine source of organic matter in Unit II of Hole 932A, as suggested by Goni (this volume).
Creation and dynamics of molecular states prepared with coherent vs partially coherent pulsed light (1991)

The mixed state of an isolated molecule, which results from one-photon absorption using a pulsed laser of arbitrary coherence, is obtained using a simple model for a partially coherent laser source. The relative effect of the pulse time τ, source coherence time τcoh, and field correlation time τc on the prepared state and on its subsequent molecular dynamics are described. Numerical computations on several properties are provided and support obtained for the analytical result showing that under certain circumstances the falloff of the survival probability of the created molecular state depends primarily on the pulse time τ.
Parathyroid Hormone Effects on Serum 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Levels in Patients with X-Linked Hypophosphatemic Rickets: Evidence for Abnormal 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-1-Hydroxylase Activity* (1982)

Patients with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH) have normal or marginally low serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] levels despite manifesting hypophosphatemia and phosphate depletion, which increase 1,25-(OH)2D production in many animal species. These data are consistent with the possibility that regulation of vitamin D metabolism is abnormal in XLH. However, controversy concerning the role of phosphate in the regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1-hydroxylase activity in man has raised doubt about this proposed defect. The presence of a defect in vitamin D metabolism could be established if hormonal or metabolic factors, other than hypophosphatemia, were unable to stimulate 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1-hydroxylase activity normally in patients with XLH. Thus, we compared the effects of parathyroid hormone infusion on serum 1,25-(OH)2D levels in patients with XLH and normals. In response to iv infusion of parathyroid extract (200 U at 0915 and 1700 h), the serum 1,25-(OH)2D concentration increased 218% above base line (from 34.0 +/- 3.0 to 108.8 +/- 2.5 pg/ml) in normals and only 68% (from 30.6 +/- 3.0 to 48.8 +/- 5.5 pg/ml) in patients with XLH. The disparate response occurred in spite of an equivalent increase in urinary cAMP excretion in the normals (from 3.00 +/- 0.14 to 8.70 +/- 0.25 mumol/g creatinine . 24 h) and XLH patients (from 3.10 +/- 0.39 to 8.30 +/- 1.0 mumol/g creatinine . 24 h) as well as equivalent decreases in the renal tubular maximum for the reabsorption of phosphate per liter glomerular filtrate (1.2 +/- 0.1 and 0.9 +/- 0.2 mg/dl, respectively). These observations support the possibility that regulation of vitamin D metabolism is abnormal in XLH.
PHOTODISSOCIATION OF $Na_{2}{^{+}}$ OBSERVED IN $NA_{2}$ THREE-PHOTON ABSORPTION (1978)

A crossed beams study of $Na_{2}$ multiphoton absorption at wavelengths resonant with X $\\rightarrow$ B vibronic transitions has led to the observation of $Na_{2}{^{+}}$ and $Na^{+}$ products at pulsed laser intensities of $5-100\\times 10^{22}$ photons/$cm^{2}$ sec. Product ions are detected with an electron multiplier and resolved by time of flight from the interaction region. The production of Na by molecular dissociation has been confirmed by the observation at low collection fields of distinct $Na^{+}$ signals resulting from ions ejected parallel and anti-parallel to the detection axis. Flight time measurements yield a value for the $Na^{+}{_{2}}$ dissociation energy of 1.08 $\\pm$ 0.14 eV. Investigations of the dependence of the ion signals on laser intensity show that the total ion yield varies linearly with intensity while the ratio $Na_{2}{^{+}}/Na{^{+}}$ decreases as the intensity Increases. The observed intensity dependences agree with the results of a rate equation model which employs the $Na_{2}/Na{^{+}}$photodissociation cross section as the only free parameter. Preliminary results at 4921 {\\AA} yield a value for this cross section of $1.7\\pm0.5\\times 10^{-17}$ $cm^{2}$, which is consistent with the recent calculations of Kirby-Docken, Cerjan, and $Dalgarno^{1}$ for photodissociation of ground state $Na_{2}{^{+}}$.
DNA Minor Groove Binders as Potential Antitumor and Antimicrobial Agents (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structure and morphology of synthetic magnesium calcite (1998)

The X-ray crystal structure refinements of two synthetic calcite single crystals containing 3.1 and 5.7 mol% magnesium were carried out. The structure of the second crystal was also refined at –80 °C. No significant structural difference from biogenic magnesium calcite was found. Magnesium within the crystals of calcite forms a solid solution over the compositional range investigated. The principal axes of vibration ellipsoids at –80 °C resemble very closely those of calcite suggesting that the large thermal parameters in magnesium calcite reflect increased thermal vibrations more than positional disorder. The crystals of magnesium calcite express new rhombohedral faces due to the interaction of magnesium with growing crystals. The role of magnesium in the morphology of single crystal and globular aggregates of magnesium calcite is discussed in view of its possible relevance in both biomineralization and crystal growth.
EFFECT OF EARLY FULL WEIGHT-BEARING AFTER JOINT INJURY ON INFLAMMATION AND CARTILAGE DEGRADATION (2006)

Background: Early full weight-bearing after an acute osteochondral injury avoids problems associated with immobility but may also be harmful by amplifying the inflammatory response. To investigate these effects, we developed an in vivo model of subchondral trauma. Methods: After an impact injury to the femoral condyle, fourteen dogs were randomized to immediate full weight-bearing or to four weeks of minimal weight-bearing before full weight-bearing. Synovial fluid was sampled by aspiration at one, two, four, eight, twelve, sixteen, twenty, and twenty-four weeks. Neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes were enumerated, and the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-10, nitric oxide, matrix metalloproteinases, and glycosaminoglycans were measured. Results: Compared with the findings for uninjured joints, the synovial fluid from the impacted joints of full-weight-bearing dogs had significantly higher peak concentrations of neutrophils (p = 0.0006 at one week), mononuclear leukocytes (p = 0.001 at four weeks), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (p = 0.001 at one week), nitric oxide (p = 0.001 at one week), matrix metalloproteinases (p = 0.008 at one week), and glycosaminoglycans (p = 0.002 at four weeks and p = 0.001 at six months). The size of the bone bruise correlated with the peak concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (r2 = 0.89, p = 0.007; Spearman rank test), matrix metalloproteinases (r2 = 0.96, p = 0.0004), and glycosaminoglycans (r2 = 0.96, p = 0.0004). However, restriction to minimal weight-bearing for four weeks after the injury led to a significant reduction in the synovial fluid concentrations of neutrophils (p = 0.007 at one week and p = 0.01 at two weeks), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (p = 0.0006 to 0.02 during the first four weeks), nitric oxide (p = 0.001 to 0.04 during the first four weeks), and matrix metalloproteinases (p = 0.007 to 0.01 from the second week to the eighth week). In contrast, interleukin-10 concentrations were significantly higher (p = 0.002 at one week) and glycosaminoglycan levels remained at normal levels in animals that were restricted from immediate full weight-bearing after the injury. Conclusions: The magnitude of the inflammatory response is proportional to the size of the bone bruise. Restriction to minimal weight-bearing for four weeks reduces the magnitude of the inflammatory response and the cartilage degradation following articular cartilage impact injury. Clinical Relevance: Strategies to minimize mechanical stress during the early postinjury period may help to preserve cartilage integrity and forestall the development of osteoarthritis.
Some Observations on the Deposition of Americium-241 in the Thyroid Gland of the Beagle (1969)

W. Stevens, Betsy J. Stover, F. W. Bruenger, G. N. Taylor, Some Observations on the Deposition of Americium-241 in the Thyroid Gland of the Beagle, Radiation Research, Vol. 39, No. 1 (Jul., 1969), pp. 201-206
Conducting graft copolymers of poly(3‐methylthienyl methacrylate) with pyrrole and thiophene (2002)

Abstract A thiophene‐functionalized methacrylate monomer (3‐methylthienyl methacrylate) was synthesized via the esterification of 3‐thiophene methanol with methacryloyl chloride. The methacrylate monomer was polymerized by free‐radical polymerization in the presence of azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator. Graft copolymers of poly(3‐methylthienyl methacrylate) (PMTM2) and polypyrrole and of PMTM2 and polythiophene were synthesized by constant‐potential electrolyses. p ‐Toluene sulfonic acid, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate were used as the supporting electrolytes. PMTM2‐coated platinum electrodes were used as anodes in the polymerization of pyrrole and thiophene. Moreover, the oxidative polymerization of poly(3‐methylthienyl methacrylate) (PMTM1) was studied with FeCl 3 as the oxidant. The self‐polymerization of PMTM1 was also investigated by galvanostatic electrolysis both in dichloromethane and in propylene carbonate. The structures of PMTM1 and PMTM2 were investigated by several spectroscopic and thermal methods. The grafting process was elucidated with conductivity measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy studies. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 4131–4140, 2002
ChemInform Abstract: ATTEMPTED SYNTHESIS OF THE 2,4‐BENZODIAZEPINE ISOMER OF ALPRAZOLAM (1976)

Abstract Zur Herstellung von Analogen des Alprazolams (I), einer Verbindung mit ZNS‐Aktivität, l wird das 2,4‐Benzodiazepinon (IIa) mit Phosphorpentasulfid zu (IIb) geschwefelt und mit Acetylhydrazin in Äthanol zu (He) kondensiert.
Motion Planning In Phase Space For Intelligent Robot Arm Control (2005)

Abstruct- This paper presents new robot aim1 planiiiiig and control schemes compatible with sensing based planning and control. These developiiieiits are a central component of robot arm coiitrol intelligence. The sclieines iise pliase space (velocity versus position) representation of robot arm motion in tlie task space, and apply time and energy optimization tecliiiiqiics to deteriiiiuc non-time based trajectories for giveii geometric path in tlie task space. A new pliasc space crror defiiiitioii aiid coiripiitatioii liavc been introtliiced aiid combined witli kiiowii nonlinear fcetlback control law, whicli linearizes and decoiiples the control in tlie task space. Tlic! system stability lias been proveii. Tlie new phase space plaiiiiiiig aiid coiitrol schemes were experiiiieiitally iiiipleiiieiited and tested on the 3-DOF positioii coiitrol of a PUMA 560 robot arm with very good results. I. INTRODIICTION
Bioremediation as an Oil Spill Response Tool (1999)

In the long run, biodegradation is the principal removal mechanism for spilled oil that cannot be collected or burnt. Stimulating biodegradation is thus an important option for maximising the removal of oil from the environment, and minimising the environmental impact of a spill. While oil is still floating on the sea, dispersants maximise the surface area available for microbial attack, and stimulate biodegradation. If oil reaches a shoreline where physical removal is difficult, beach cleaners can aid washing technologies, and minimise the residual oil remaining for biodegradation to remove. Since oils lack nitrogen and phosphorus, the careful application of fertilisers stimulates the biodegradation of residual beached oil in environments where nitrogen and phosphorus are limiting. Taken together, these approaches epitomise modern environmental technologies; working with natural processes to minimise undesirable environmental impacts.
ChemInform Abstract: S<sub>N</sub>2′ Boron‐Mediated Mitsunobu Reactions — A New One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of Substituted Enamides and Enol Benzoates. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A FACILE RING OPENING OF COUMARINS: SYNTHESIS OF FUROPINNARIN (1982)

Abstract Aus Bergapten (I) wird durch alkylierende Ringöffnung mit Prenylbromid (II) die cis‐Zimtsäure (III) erhalten.
High pressure X-ray diffraction studies of purely siliceous zeolites (2005)

Bonding nature between atoms in ABX 3 perovskites is considered to be closely related to their phase instability The bond length would have primary importance to bonding nature. The bond length can be easily controlled by applying pressure onto the materials. In this study, bonding nature of KMnF 3 is investigated by visualizing the charge density distributions under high-pressure.
Effects of botulinum toxin type D on secretion of tumor necrosis factor from human monocytes. (1989)

Botulinum toxins are potent neurotoxins which block the release of neurotransmitters. The effects of these toxins on hematopoietic cells, however, are unknown. Monocytes secrete a variety of polypeptide growth factors, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF). In the study reported here, the effects of botulinum toxin type D on the secretion of TNF from human monocytes were examined. The results demonstrate that botulinum toxin type D inhibits the release of TNF from monocytes activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) but not by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Botulinum toxin type D had no detectable effect on intracellular TNF levels in LPS-treated monocytes, indicating that the effects of this toxin involve the secretory process. This inhibitory effect of botulinum toxin type D on TNF secretion from LPS-treated monocytes was partially reversed by treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate or introduction of guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate into these cells. The results demonstrate that TNF secretion is regulated by at least two distinct guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, one responsible for the activation of phospholipase C and another which acts as a substrate for botulinum toxin type D. ADP-ribosylation of monocyte membranes by botulinum toxin type D demonstrated the presence of three substrates with Mrs of 45,000, 21,000, and 17,000. While the role of these substrates in exocytosis is unknown, the results suggest that the Mr 21,000 substrate is involved in a process other than TNF secretion.
Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies against Four Structural Proteins of Rinderpest Virus (1989)

SUMMARY Twenty-four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against rinderpest virus (RPV) were established and characterized by several serological tests. Of the 24 MAbs, 10 recognized the nucleoprotein (NP), six the phosphoprotein (P), four the haemagglutinin (H), and two the fusion (F) protein as determined by radioimmunoprecipitation assay. The specificities of the remaining two MAbs could not be determined. From a competitive binding assay using MAbs against each structural protein, at least five, four and two separate antigenic sites were identified on the NP, P and H proteins, respectively. MAbs against the H protein neutralized the infectivity of the virus, but those against the F protein were only neutralizing in the presence of guinea-pig complement. The reactivities of each of the MAbs for other strains of morbillivirus were tested using an indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay. The MAbs against four out of five antigenic sites on the NP showed cross-reactivity amongst all the strains of morbillivirus tested whereas the fifth antibody reacted only with RPV. Of the antibodies specific for the P protein, the antibody against one site was cross-reactive with all the strains of RPV, measles virus (MV) and canine distemper virus (CDV), the antibody against another site was reactive with RPV and MV but not with CDV, and the antibodies against the other two sites were specific for RPV.