gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
HEDONIC PRICING, INFORMATION, AND THE MARKET FOR THOROUGHBRED YEARLINGS (2001)

Building on the 1997 work of Chezum and Wimmer, and the 1998 work of Lansford, Freeman, Topliff, and Walker, we estimated a hedonic hammer price model on a random and representative sample of 212 yearlings from the 1999 Keeneland September Yearling Sale. Explanatory variables representing day of sale, age of yearling, stud fee, racing performance of sire and dam, geographic origin of yearling, and yearling health information were statistically significant. In each model, we failed to reject the null hypothesis of no adverse selection; sellers who breed and race horses did not receive a statistically significant price penalty on their yearlings sold in this auction, compared to sellers who just breed horses.
Down-sampling based embedded compression in video systems (2015)

With rapid increase of image resolution in modern video processing and display systems, the bandwidth and power consumption of external memory are becoming serious bottlenecks. This problem can be alleviated by high-fidelity embedded compression (EC) techniques for video frame buffers. Classic lossless or near-lossless coding methods like CALIC are ill suited for embedded systems due to their high complexity. In this work, a new, simple infra-frame EC technique based on downsampling and side-information aided upsampling is developed. Through a study of a family of downsampling schemes, an optimal one is found and analyzed for EC. This downsampling scheme gives birth to the new EC technique. The main idea is to first split an image into blocks, and then adaptively choose different down sampling patterns and upsampling methods to code/decode these blocks. For a memory bandwidth reduction of 60%, the proposed EC system can achieve PSNR above 40dB, while allowing very simple, low-cost real-time hardware realization. A noteworthy novelty of this work is compression without entropy coding. The resulting code stream is of fixed-rate, supporting random access to pixel blocks.
Synthesis and biological activity of (6aS)-10,11-dihydroxyaporphine, the optical antipode of apomorphine (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and biological activity of (6aS)-10,11-dihydroxyaporphine, the optical antipode of apomorphineWalfred S. Saari, Stella W. King, and Victor J. LottiCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1973, 16, 2, 171–172Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00260a022https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00260a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views153Altmetric-Citations44LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Abstracting a specification from code (1993)

Abstract Much of the work on developing program transformation systems has concentrated on systems to assist in program development. However, the four separate surveys carried out between 1977 and 1990 (Foster and Kiekuth, 1990; Lientz and Swanson, 1980; Morton, 1988; Nosek and Palvia, 1990), summarized in Foster (1991), show that between 40% and 60% of all commercial software effort is devoted to software maintenance rather than the development of new systems. In this paper we describe a joint project between the University of Durham and CSM Ltd to develop a method and tool for reverse‐engineering and software maintenance based on program transformation theory. We present an example which illustrates how such a tool can extract a high‐level abstract specification from the low‐level source code of a program by a process of formal program transformation based on a theory of program equivalence (Ward, 1989a). All the code‐level reverse‐engineering of the example program was carried out on the prototype tool with the resulting code pasted directly into the paper.
A Comparison of Ligase Chain Reaction toPolymerase Chain Reaction in the Detection of<i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> Endocervical Infections (1998)

Objective: To compare the reliability of ligase chain reaction (LCR) to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in detecting Chlamydia trachomatis endocervical infections. Methods: We conducted a prospective study of 486 patients at risk for chlamydial infection of the endocervix. We obtained two endocervical specimens from each patient and used LCR and PCR to detect C. trachomatis . Discrepant results between the two techniques were resolved by repeat testing and by testing for the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) gene, if necessary. We determined the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for each test, using concordant results or MOMP gene results as the “gold standard”. Results: Of the 486 patients, 42 (8.6%) had evidence of C. trachomatis infection after resolution of discrepant results. Of the 42 true positive specimens, 41 were positive by initial LCR and 38 were positive by initial PCR. Of the 444 true negative specimens, none had a positive initial LCR result, while 2 had a positive initial PCR test. Therefore, compared to the gold standard, LCR had a sensitivity of 97.6% and specificity of 100%, while PCR had a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 99.5%. The positive and negative predictive values of LCR were 100% and 99.8%, respectively. PCR had a positive predictive value of 95% and a negative predictive value of 99.1%. The difference in sensitivity of LCR versus PCR was not statistically significant ( P = .125). Conclusion: LCR and PCR perform equally well in detecting C. trachomatis endocervical infections.
A Rapid and Low-Cost Procedure for Fabrication of Glass Microfluidic Devices (2007)

In this paper, we present a simple, rapid, and low-cost procedure for fabricating glass microfluidic chips. This procedure uses commercially available microscopic slides as substrates and a thin layer of AZ 4620 positive photoresist (PR) as an etch mask for fabricating glass microfluidic components, rather than using expensive quartz glasses or Pyrex glasses as substrates and depositing an expensive metal or polysilicon/amorphous silicon layer as etch masks in conventional method. A long hard-baking process is proposed to realize the durable PR mask capable of withstanding a long etching process. In order to remove precipitated particles generated during the etching process, a new recipe of buffered oxide etching with addition of 20% HCl is also reported. A smooth surface microchannel with a depth of more than 110 mum is achieved after 2 h of etching. Meanwhile, a simple, fast, but reliable bonding process based on UV-curable glue has been developed which takes only 10 min to accomplish the efficient sealing of glass chips. The result shows that a high bonding yield (~ 100%) can be easily achieved without the requirement of clean room facilities and programmed high-temperature furnaces. The presented simple fabrication process is suitable for fast prototyping and manufacturing disposable microfluidic devices.
Changes in the gastric ghrelin concentration after whole-abdominal irradiation in rats: Is this related to the radiation-induced anorexia and weight loss? (2013)

Background : Ghrelin is a hormone related to food intake in rodents and humans, mainly produced in stomach. This study aimed to determine the effect of irradiaon on ghrelin concentraon in the gastric mucosa of rats. Materials and Methods : Twenty-five rats were exposed to 15 Gy of whole- abdominal irradiaon. Gastricssue samples were ob tained 1, 3, 7, 30, and 90 days a'er irradiaon. Five non-irradiated rats w ere used as controls. The number of ghrelin cells that reacted with an�-ghrelin anbody was counted. Moreover, ghrelin mRNA expression was determined. Food intake and body weight changes were measured simultaneously. Results : Compared to the controls, irradiated rats showed a significantly decreased gastric ghrelin cell count, i.e., 29%, 30%, 32%, and 32% at 1, 3, 30, and 90 days, respecvely, a'er irradiaon (p < 0.05). Irradiated rats also sh owed decreased ghrelin mRNA expression; the expression decreased by 54.1%, 58.8%, 52.0%, and 52.7% at 1, 3, 30, and 90 days, respecvely (p < 0.05). Food intake of irradiated rats decreased connuously compared with the control rats, except at 90 days. Body weight of the irradiated rats was lower than that of the controls at 7 and 30 days. Conclusion : This study demonstrated that abdominal irradiaon can reduce gastric ghrelin concentraon. Though decrease of food intake and body weight was observed simultaneously, further evaluaon needs to find out the relaonship between gastric ghrelin level and food intake a'er exposure to irradiaon.
Isoguvacine Binding, Uptake, and Release: Relation to the GABA System (1983)

Isoguvacine (1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-4-carboxylic acid) is a GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) agonist with limited conformational flexibility. In these studies we investigated the binding, uptake, and release of [3H] isoguvacine by use of tissue preparations of rat CNS, comparing the results with similar studies of [3H]GABA. The results from these investigations indicate that isoguvacine binds to membrane preparations of rat forebrain with pharmacological characteristics similar to the post-synaptic GABA recognition site; that it is transported into synaptosomal preparations by an uptake system similar to the high-affinity GABA uptake system; and that recently accumulated isoguvacine is released in a Ca2+-dependent manner and by heteroexchange with external GABA. The ability of isoguvacine and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid to decrease the K+-stimulated Ca2+-dependent release process was also investigated. The results indicate that isoguvacine interactions have many of the biochemical features of GABA synaptic function, isoguvacine being, however, less potent than GABA.
A Distributed Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm with a New Cycling Operator and its Application in Fractal Image Compression (2012)

QUANTUM EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHM (QEA) IS A NOVEL OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM , PROPOSED FOR COMBINATORIAL PROBLEMS LIKE KNAPSACK AND TRAP PROBLEMS . WHILE FRACTAL IMAGE COMPRESSION IS IN THE CLASS OF NP-HARD PROBLEMS AND QEA IS HIGHLY SUITABLE FOR THE CLASS OF COMBINATORIAL PROBLEMS , QEA IS NOT WIDELY USED IN FRACTAL IMAGE COMPRESSION YET . IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF FRACTAL IMAGE COMPRESSION ALGORITHMS, THIS PAPER PROPOSES A DISTRIBUTED QEA WITH A NOVEL OPERATOR CALLED CYCLING QUANTUM EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHM . IN STANDARD QEA THE DIVERSITY IN THE POPULATION DECREASES ACROSS THE GENERATIONS . DECREASING THE DIVERSITY OF THE POPULATION DECREASES THE EXPLORATION PERFORMANCE OF THE ALGORITHM AND CAUSES THE ALGORITHM TRAPPING IN THE LOCAL OPTIMA . IN THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM , THERE ARE SOME SUBPOPULATIONS SEARCHING THE SEARCH SPACE . AFTER THE SUBPOPULATIONS ARE TRAPPED IN A LOCAL OPTIMUM , THE BEST OBSERVED POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS IN THE SUBPOPULATIONS ARE EXCHANGED IN A CYCLIC MANNER . THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM IS USED IN FRACTAL IMAGE COMPRESSION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ON SEVERAL IMAGES SHOW BETTER PERFORMANCE FOR THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM THAN GENETIC ALGORITHMS AND QEA. IN COMPARISON WITH CONVENTIONAL FRACTAL IMAGE COMPRESSION , THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM FINDS A SUITABLE SOLUTION WITH MUCH LESS COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY
Structural building blocks (2009)

We propose a modified version of the mountain clustering method (MCM) to find a library of structural building blocks for the construction of three-dimensional (3-D) structures of proteins. The algorithm decides on building blocks based on a measure of local density of structural patterns. We tested our algorithm on a well-known data set and found it to successfully reconstruct a set of 71 test proteins (up to first 60 residues as done by others) with lower global-fit root mean square (RMS) errors compared to an existing method that inspired our algorithm. The constructed library of building blocks is also evaluated using some other benchmark data set for comparison. Our algorithm achieved good local-fit RMS errors, indicating that these building blocks can model the nearby fragments quite accurately. In this context, we have proposed two alternative ways to compare the quality of such quantization and reconstruction results, which can be used in other applications too.
Watermarking Protocol for Broadcast Monitoring (2010)

Digital watermarks have recently been proposed for the purpose of broadcast monitoring and copyright protection for multimedia content. In broadcast monitoring, an advertiser wants to inserts a unique watermark into the advertisement before it is sent to the broadcast station. In view of the fraud between advertiser and broadcast station, authentication of a video clip and an embedding watermark find application in the detected process of broadcast monitoring. For the problem of double authentication, a video watermarking protocol for broadcast monitoring is proposed. In the proposed protocol, the generation and embedding of watermark are based on the homomorphic public-key cryptosystems. Furthermore, the watermark, the advertisement and the transaction are bound according to the embedding of a unique watermark. It can not only deal with the customer's right problem and unbinding problem, but also avoid the fraud between advertiser and broadcast station.
A review of inorganic solid electrolyte/electrode interface in all-solid-state lithium batteries (2017)

All-solid-state lithium batteries have attracted great interest, due to its potential to significantly improve battery safety and realize higher energy density. A solid electrolyte with high Li-ion conductivity, a small electrolyte/electrode (including cathode and anode interface) interfacial resistance and good strain tolerant is a key component in all-solid-state lithium batteries. Rational design of efficient electrolyte/electrode interfaces to improve the stability of interface and significantly decrease the interfacial resistance is one of the key challenges in enabling all-solid-state lithium batteries. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art development of some solid electrolytes which has received extensive attention, eg. sulfides and garnet type oxides. Major issues associated with electrolyte/electrode interface of these two type solid electrolytes are summarized and analyzed.
His345 mutant of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) remains enzymatically active against angiotensin II (2021)

Glasgow et al. (1) report their mutagenesis survey of ACE2 traps for treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus invades human cells via host ACE2 receptor, and strategies aimed at disrupting this process are being explored. As compared to monoclonal antibodies and targeted vaccines that are prone to mutational escape of the virus, the ACE2 trap strategy has unique advantages and was shown to be efficacious in experimental and clinical tests (2, 3). Current studies, including Glasgow et al., focus on further improvements through alternative designs. These include extending in vivo half-life with an Fc tag (4, 5), increasing Spike-binding affinity via mutagenesis (1, 6), and inactivating ACE2 peptidase activity (1, 4). The Glasgow study combined all three approaches in their lead design (1 … 

[↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: jing.jin{at}northwestern.edu.

 [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Role of infection in chronic bronchitis. (1976)

Twenty-five patients with chronic bronchitis were studied intensively from 1968 to 1972. Viral, bacteriologic, mycologic, and mycoplasmal studies, both serologic and cultural, were carried out in an attempt to determine the role these agents play in exacerbations. All of the usual viral agents associated with exacerbations and 2 members of the coronavirus group, 229E and OC43, were detected. One third (33.6 per cent) of the 116 exacerbations observed could be related to viral infection or Mycoplasma pneumoniae (1 exacerbation). Viral infection was also noted to occur during periods of remission but was more commonly associated with periods of exacerbation(P less than 0.001). No interrelationship between viral and bacterial infection was apparent and neither Streptococcus pneumoniae nor Haemophilus influenzae was present more frequently in the sputum of patients in exacerbation. However, the number of S. pneumoniae organisms present in the sputum was significantly greater (P=0.04) during exacerbation than during remission and their presence was significatnly correlated with increases sputum purulence (P LESS THAN 0.01). This was not true of H. influenzae. Ampicillin was effective in clearing the sputum of S. pneumoniae but not of H. influenzae; the reverse was true of tetracycline.
Programmable switched-capacitor low-pass ladder filters (1986)

Switched-capacitor filters with digitally programmable capacitor arrays (DPCAs) offer a solution to the diverse needs to the market for audio-frequency high-order low-pass filters. Cascading switched-capacitor biquads which contain binary or geometrically weighted DPCAs are not a viable way to produce precision high-order responses, because of the errors introduced by capacitance quantization. To overcome this problem, a ladder-based structure is proposed. It uses DPCAs tailored to provide exactly the capacitances required to realize a restricted but useful set of responses. A simple procedure for synthesizing such filters is presented and illustrated with a detailed example. A CMOS prototype chip which provides eight seventh-order responses was fabricated. A 3-bit word programs its response: elliptic (with four different selectivities), Chebyshev, inverse Chebyshev, Butterworth, or modified Bessel (modified to have stopband notches). Experimental results are included which show that with this design philosophy, performance is not sacrificed for programmability.
Low Pulsatility Signals Through the Orbits (1996)

A focal signal from the internal carotid artery siphon region with low pulsatility index and normal mean flow velocity, identified in the absence of other transcranial Doppler abnormalities, is not related to an arteriovenous malformation or proximal arterial stenosis. LPS, as defined, are not of venous origin since mean flow velocity was in the arterial range. LPS are likely related to prominent venous flow in the cavernous sinus secondary to unusually strong pulsation of the intracavernous internal carotid artery.
Electron-Bombardment Damage in Silicon (1958)

The nature of 1-Mev electron-bombardment damage in silicon is investigated by using Hall effect, conductivity, and carrier-lifetime measurements. It is shown that the bombardment imperfections consist of sites containing at least two electrically active point defects. The connection between these sites and the energy levels in the forbidden gap found in an earlier investigation is established. The state of charge, the electron and hole-capture cross sections, and the temperature dependence of the energy levels of these imperfections are obtained.
The Physiology of Endothelial Xanthine Oxidase: From Urate Catabolism to Reperfusion Injury to Inflammatory Signal Transduction (2002)

Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a ubiquitous metalloflavoprotein that appears in two interconvertible yet functionally distinct forms: xanthine dehydrogenase (XD), which is constitutively expressed in vivo; and xanthine oxidase (XO), which is generated by the posttranslational modification of XD, either through the reversible, incremental thiol oxidation of sulfhydryl residues on XD or the irreversible proteolytic cleavage of a segment of XD, which occurs at low oxygen tension and in the presence of several proinflammatory mediators. Functionally, both XD and XO catalyze the oxidation of purines to urate. However, whereas XD requires NAD+ as an electron acceptor for these redox reactions, thereby generating the stable product NADH, XO is unable to use NAD+ as an electron acceptor, requiring instead the reduction of molecular oxygen for this purine oxidation and generating the highly reactive superoxide free radical. Nearly 100 years of study has documented the physiologic role of XD in urate catabolism. However, the rapid, posttranslational conversion of XD to the oxidant-generating form XO provides a possible physiologic mechanism for rapid, posttranslational, oxidant-mediated signaling. XO-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in various clinicopathologic entities, including ischemia/reperfusion injury and multisystem organ failure. More recently, the concept of physiologic signal transduction mediated by ROS has been proposed, and the possibility of XD to XO conversion, with subsequent ROS generation, serving as the trigger of the microvascular inflammatory response in vivo has been hypothesized. This review presents the evidence and basis for this hypothesis.
High pressure<i>in situ</i>HCl etching of Si<sub>1−</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>Ge<i><sub>x</sub></i>versus Si for advanced devices (2008)

We have studied the gaseous hydrochloric acid selective etching of SiGe versus silicon in a reduced pressure-chemical vapor deposition reactor. Non-classical metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) architectures, such as silicon on nothing (SON) and multi-bridge channels (MBC) devices require high SiGe:Si etch selectivities in order to get rid of the sacrificial SiGe layers. We have probed the in situ HCl etching of Si and SiGe blanket layers of SiGe/Si stacks grown selectively in the Si windows of patterned wafers ('SON-like' substrates) and of SiGe/Si superlattices ('MBC-like' substrates) as a function of the reverse absolute temperature. A switch from high temperature, diffusion-limited/low temperature, Cl-desorption-limited etch regimes to a unique LT regime, together with a significant etch rate increase, has been evidenced when drastically increasing the HCl partial pressure. Very good selectivities (versus Si) have been obtained when laterally etching high Ge content Si1−xGex layers (typically ⩾30%). A preferential etch by HCl of the {1 0 0} crystallographic planes compared to the {1 1 0} ones has been noticed both for the lateral etch of the 'SON-like' patterns (preferential etch of the pattern corners) and for the 'MBC-like' patterns (fullsheet (0 0 1) etch rates ≈10 times the {1 1 0} lateral etch rates). A slight etch rate difference between 'bottom-located' and 'top-located' Si1−xGex layers in Si/SiGe superlattices has also been highlighted. This etching technique is thus usable for the processing of SON or MBC devices provided that the selective {1 0 0}:{1 1 0} HCl etch reported here is taken into account.
A Multivariate Approach to the Analysis of Average Evoked Potentials (1966)

An approach to the quantitative analysis of average evoked potential data is presented. An average evoked potential is assumed to be a sample from a multivariate normal distribution. Using this assumption, multivariate statistical techniques can be applied to test hypotheses about the similarity or difference of evoked potentials obtained under different conditions.