gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The ILC Adopts a Statute for an International Criminal Court (1995)

As an offshoot of its work on a Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind, the International Law Commission has for the past several years been working on the idea of an international criminal court. At its forty-fourth session in 1992, the Commission established a working group, which laid down basic parameters for a Draft Statute. The general approach of the working group was endorsed by the Commission and by the General Assembly in 1992. At its forty-fifth session in 1993, the Commission received the report of a working group containing a Draft Statute for an International Criminal Tribunal and, without formally adopting the text, referred it to the General Assembly for comment. The 1993 Draft Statute gave effect to the general approach adopted in 1992, but with a number of modifications and refinements and with much further detail. The General Assembly “took note with appreciation” of the Draft Statute and invited the Commission to continue its work “as a matter of priority,” with a view to elaborating a final draft, if possible, at its 1994 session.
Radiation-Induced Vascular Damage in Tumors: Implications of Vascular Damage in Ablative Hypofractionated Radiotherapy (SBRT and SRS) (2012)

We have reviewed the studies on radiation-induced vascular changes in human and experimental tumors reported in the last several decades. Although the reported results are inconsistent, they can be generalized as follows. In the human tumors treated with conventional fractionated radiotherapy, the morphological and functional status of the vasculature is preserved, if not improved, during the early part of a treatment course and then decreases toward the end of treatment. Irradiation of human tumor xenografts or rodent tumors with 5-10 Gy in a single dose causes relatively mild vascular damages, but increasing the radiation dose to higher than 10 Gy/fraction induces severe vascular damage resulting in reduced blood perfusion. Little is known about the vascular changes in human tumors treated with high-dose hypofractionated radiation such as stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). However, the results for experimental tumors strongly indicate that SBRT or SRS of human tumors with doses higher than about 10 Gy/fraction is likely to induce considerable vascular damages and thereby damages the intratumor microenvironment, leading to indirect tumor cell death. Vascular damage may play an important role in the response of human tumors to high-dose hypofractionated SBRT or SRS.
Oxygen‐dependent K<sup>+</sup> influxes in Mg<sup>2+</sup>‐clamped equine red blood cells (1999)

1. Cl--dependent K+ (86Rb+) influxes were measured in oxygenated and deoxygenated equine red blood cells, whose free [Mg2+]i had been clamped, to examine the effect on O2 dependency of the K+-Cl- cotransporter. 2. Total [Mg2+]i was 2.55 +/- 0.07 mM (mean +/- s.e.m. , n = 6). Free [Mg2+]i was estimated at 0.45 +/- 0.04 and 0.68 +/- 0. 03 mM (mean +/- s.e.m., n = 4) in oxygenated and deoxygenated red cells, respectively. 3. K+-Cl- cotransport was minimal in deoxygenated cells but substantial in oxygenated ones. Cl--dependent K+ influx, inhibited by calyculin A, consistent with mediation via the K+-Cl- cotransporter, was revealed by depleting deoxygenated cells of Mg2+. 4. Decreasing [Mg2+]i stimulated K+ influx, and increasing [Mg2+]i inhibited it, in both oxygenated and deoxygenated red cells. When free [Mg2+]i was clamped, Cl--dependent K+ influxes were always greater in oxygenated cells than in deoxygenated ones, and changes in free [Mg2+]i of the magnitude occurring during oxygenation-deoxygenation cycles had a minimal effect. Physiological fluctuations in free [Mg2+]i are unlikely to provide the primary link coupling activity of the K+-Cl- cotransporter with O2 tension. 5. Volume and H+ ion sensitivity of K+ influx in Mg2+-clamped red cells were increased in O2 compared with those in deoxygenated cells at the same free [Mg2+]i, by about 6- and 2-fold, respectively, but again these features were not responsible for the higher fluxes in oxygenated cells. 6. Regulation of the K+-Cl- cotransporter by O2 is very similar in equine, sheep and in normal human (HbA) red cells, but altered in human sickle cells. Present results imply that, as in sheep red cells, O2 dependence of K+-Cl- cotransport in equine red cells is not mediated via changes in free [Mg2+]i and that cotransport in Mg2+-clamped red cells is still stimulated by O2. This behaviour is contrary to that reported for human sickle (HbS) cells.
Magnetic Resonance Elastography with Twin Drivers for High Homogeneity and Sensitivity (2006)

Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE) is a phase-contrast technique using conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging system to visualize propagating shear waves and study the stiffness of tissues. Usually, shear vibrations are applied to the surface of tissues by means of mechanical driver at one point. But it is hard for the single driver to detect very small tumors. Multiple drivers are expected to provide better elastogram and to be more sensitive to the small stiff inclusions. In this study, a pair of drivers was used and compared with the single driver. The result shows that using the twin drivers is more sensitive to small hard inclusions than using single driver. It is expected that the twin drivers can detect small tumors in tissues which can hardly be detected by a single driver. Further study will be conducted with the twin drivers in ex-vivo and in-vivo studies.
Emerging Therapies for Serious Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections: A Focus on Linezolid (2000)

Respiratory tract infections and skin and soft-tissue infections frequently are caused by gram-positive cocci, and treating these infections with standard antibiotics has recently become problematic. Many of the primary pathogens causing these infections are now resistant to current standard treatment regimens. In addition, the frequency of these infections is increasing, particularly among patients with complex medical conditions. Thus, new and effective antimicrobial agents are needed, and many are currently in various stages of development. Linezolid, the first approved oxazolidinone, has enhanced activity against gram-positive organisms. Recent results of 5 large, randomized, phase 3 trials evaluating linezolid for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, nosocomial pneumonia, and uncomplicated and complicated skin and soft-tissue infections are encouraging and indicate that linezolid is as effective as standard comparator agents as therapy for these infections. Thus, the recent availability of linezolid offers clinicians a promising new agent for the treatment of serious gram-positive bacterial infections.
Erratum: “Theory of nonlinear optical properties of C60-derived nanotubes” [J. Appl. Phys. <b>83</b>, 3001 (1998)] (1999)

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Effect of heterocyclic capping groups on the self-assembly of a dipeptide hydrogel (2016)

The mechanism and design rules associated with the self-assembly of short peptides into hydrogels is currently not well understood. In this work, four diphenylalanine-based peptides have been synthesised, bearing heterocyclic capping groups which have different degrees of hydrogen bonding potential and nitrogen substitution. For these four peptides, zeta potential and electrical impedance spectroscopy measurements were undertaken to monitor gelation, with the impedance data showing different gelation times for each peptide hydrogel. Through a combination of atomic force microscopy and rheological measurmeents, including dynamic strain and frequency sweeps, and thixotropic tests, the relationship between the mechanism of self-assembly in these hydrogels and their macroscopic behaviour can be established. It is observed that the degree of nitrogen substitution affects the self-assembly mechanisms of the hydrogels and as such, that there is an interplay between branching and bundling self-assembly pathways that are responsible for the final properties of each hydrogel.
The Relationship Between Regulatory Pressure and Insurer Risk Taking (2013)

Abstract The article examines the risk‐taking behavior of property–liability insurers in the presence of risk‐based capital regulation. An option pricing model is developed to evaluate the expected regulatory cost and predict a nonlinear relationship between regulatory pressure and insurers’ risk taking. We then conduct an empirical test using the simultaneous threshold regression. The result shows that there is a threshold effect of regulatory pressure on insurer risk taking. Poorly capitalized insurers seem to be aware of their proximity to regulatory interventions but do not fully respond to the impending regulatory pressure. This implies either regulatory interventions are not costly enough or they are too late, or both.
Simple Liquid Scrubber for Large-Volume Air Sampling (1972)

A new large-volume air sampler called the "simple liquid scrubber" is described. It can recover a high percentage of microorganisms from large volumes of air, up to 950 liters/min, and concentrate them into a small volume of liquid at a ratio of about 400,000 to 1. The principle of operation of the scrubber is based on the production of a fine mist in a rapidly moving airstream with ultimate collection of the airborne particles by impingement into the film of liquid formed upon impaction of the mist droplets on the scrubber walls. The scrubber compared favorably with the all-glass impinger (AGI-30) and the slit sampler in tests with the normal flora and with experimental aerosols of Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores.
Recent advances in benzodiazepine receptor (BZR) binding studies (1995)

The discovery of benzodiazepines (BZs) 1and their receptors have opened a new era in the discovery and characterization of drugs acting on the central nervous system (CNS). The pioneering and explorative synthetic work of Sternbach in the early days of the BZ era led to the development of compound 2with its unusual pharmacological profile. The story of its development as narrated by Sternbach himself is very interesting [1a-c]. While its structure was studied by Sternbach and Reeder [1d], its sophisticated pharmacological tests were done by Randall and his staff [2]. It was given the generic name chlordiazepoxide and was launched under the trade name Librium®. The synthesis of this compound was rapidly followed by its derivative diazepam 3, which was given the trade name Valium®. These two drugs, which appeared on the market in rapid succession, soon became the most frequently prescribed CNS drugs. The success of these two drugs led Sternbach and his group to synthesize a number of related products (for examples see papers in ref. [3]) and, by the end of 1983, about 35 benzodiazepine drugs were available for therapy. The BZ drugs have a wide range of therapeutic applications [4].
Phylogenetic analysis of Streptococcus saccharolyticus based on 16S rRNA sequencing (1990)

Reverse transcriptase sequencing of 16S rRNA of Streptococcus saccharolyticus was performed in order to determine the phylogenetic position of this organism. On the basis of the sequence data Streptococcus saccharolyticus formed a distinct group with Enterococcus faecalis (type species of the genus Enterococcus) and other enterococcal species. Streptococcus saccharolyticus was found to be only distantly related to members of the genus Streptococcus sensu stricto. It is therefore proposed that Streptococcus saccharolyticus be reclassified in the genus Enterococcus, as Enterococcus saccharolyticus comb. nov.
High doses of atorvastatin do not affect activity of prothrombinase in patients with acute coronary syndromes (2002)

Membrane-dependent coagulation processes play a key role in acute coronary syndromes (ACS), where the generation of thrombin depends on the complex of activated factors X and V (prothrombinase complex) assembled on activated platelets. The aim of the present study was to evaluate prothrombinase activity in patients with ACS and to examine the effect of treatment with 80 mg/day atorvastatin on prothrombinase activity. Blood samples were obtained at admission from 22 patients with ACS, and then again at 2 weeks and at 16 weeks after double-blind randomization to either placebo or atorvastatin. Prothrombinase activity was evaluated by measuring the generation of thrombin by in vitro reconstructed thrombi, and also by measuring plasma levels of prothrombin fragment F1 + 2. Twenty age-matched subjects with stable angina and 11 without coronary disease were used as controls. At admission, prothrombinase activity and F1 + 2 were significantly higher in ACS patients than in controls. Prothrombinase activity was still high at 2 weeks while it returned to normal levels at 16 weeks. F1 + 2 remained high both at 2 and at 16 weeks. Our data indicate that prothrombinase activity is high in patients with ACS, and that it is not affected by high-dose atorvastatin.
REVERSED SELF-SEALING PARS PLANA SCLEROTOMIES (2000)

ASSI, ALEXANDRE C. FRCOphth; SCOTT, ROBERT A.H. FRCOphth; CHARTERIS, DAVID G. MD, FRCS, FRCOphth Author Information
The National Institute for Health Research Leadership Programme: An evaluation of programme progress and delivery (2012)

RAND Europe evaluated the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leadership Programme in an effort to help the English Department of Health consider the extent to which the programme has helped to foster NIHR's aims, extract lessons for the future, and develop plans for the next phase of the leadership programme. Successful delivery of high-quality health research requires not only an effective research base, but also a system of leadership supporting it. However, research leaders are not often given the opportunity, nor do they have the time, to attend formal leadership or management training programmes. This is unfortunate because research has shown that leadership training can have a hugely beneficial effect on an organisation. Therefore, the evaluation has a particular interest in understanding the role of the programme as a science policy intervention and will use its expertise in science policy analysis to consider this element alongside other, more traditional, measures of evaluation.
42. Quinoa – is the United Nations’ featured crop of 2013 bad for biodiversity? (2013)

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), an ancient staple grain crop of subsistence farmers in the highlands of South America, has recently become a premium-priced gourmet specialty of the world’s affluent. B...
Univariate analysis of collateral circulation and nerve function in patients with severe stenosis or occlusion of internal carotid artery (2009)

Objective To investigate the relation between compensation of collateral circulation and the severity of clinical neurologic deficit in patients with severe stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Methods National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) examination was performed in 52 patients with cerebral infarction caused by consecutive stenosis or occlusion of ICA during admission and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was employed to evaluate the compensation of collateral circulation to analyze the results through statistical methods. Results DSA demonstrated occlusion oflCA in 18 patients, severe stenosis of unilateral ICA in 28, and severe stenosis of bilateral ICA in 6. Anterior communicating artery (ACoA) compensation was presented in 18 patients;posterior communicating artery (PCoA) compensation appeared in 8;both ACoA and PCoA compensations were showed in 12. Only 14 patients have no compensation by Willis circle. Significant differences of average ranks of the NIHSS were found in non Willis circle (35.75) and Willis circle (23.09) (P 0.05). Conclusions Effective collateral circulation can be established spontaneously through multiple ways when occlusion or severe stenosis of ICA appears. The NIHSS scores and the compensation, the location of vessel occlusion are significantly correlative. It is extremely important to investigate the collateral circulation carefully through DSA before treatment intervention.

Key words: 
Stenosis of internal carotid artery; Occlusion of internal carotid artery; Collateral circulation; Cerebral angiography
Changes in synaptic expression of clathrin assembly protein AP180 in Alzheimer's disease analysed by immunohistochemistry (1999)

Clathrin assembly protein AP180 plays a regulatory role in clathrin-mediated synaptic vesicle recycling in synapses. Previously, using immunoblot analysis, we observed a significant reduction of AP180 protein in Alzheimer's disease neocortex. In this study, we examined immunohistochemically the expression of AP180 in post mortem brains with Alzheimer's disease (n = 5) in comparison with neurologically normal controls (n = 5). Overall, AP180 was revealed as immunoreactive punctate granules located in the neuropil, and around neuronal cell bodies and their processes, consistent with the typical expression of synaptic proteins. Reduced density of AP180 immunoreactive puncta was seen throughout all layers of the superior frontal gyrus in Alzheimer's disease, but the loss of AP180 immunoreactivity was not as prominent in the cerebellum. This regional difference is in agreement with our previous results from immunoblot analyses. In the hippocampus, cell body AP180 immunoreactivity normally seen in the hilus and the CA3 regions of control brains was completely lost in Alzheimer's disease. In addition, AP180 immunoreactivity in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus showed several changes in Alzheimer's disease. These appeared to be expansion of the inner molecular layer and relative changes in immunoreactivity that resulted in clearer delineation of the inner and outer molecular layers. These results provide anatomical and spatial information on AP180 expression in Alzheimer's disease brains. The variations in altered AP180 immunoreactivity in different brain regions of Alzheimer's disease may underlie the dysfunction of the corresponding synapses.
Optimizing average power in low quantum defect lasers (2015)

Waste heat generation is a generic problem in high-power solid-state laser systems. One way to reduce heat loading while improving efficiency is to reduce the laser's quantum defect. This paper presents a simple analysis of low quantum defect laser materials. In these laser materials, the effects of fluorescent cooling and weak loss processes should not be ignored. Simple expressions are developed for efficiency and heating in a steady-state purely radiative material. These expressions are then extended to include weak losses and fluorescence reabsorption. Evaluation of these relations using ytterbium-doped YAG is used to illustrate several optimization schemes and the impact of realistic losses.
OPPORTUNITIES FOR GENETIC INVESTIGATION AFFORDED BY<i>ACINETOBACTER BAYLYI</i>, A NUTRITIONALLY VERSATILE BACTERIAL SPECIES THAT IS HIGHLY COMPETENT FOR NATURAL TRANSFORMATION (2005)

The genetic and physiological properties of Acinetobacter baylyi strain ADP1 make it an inviting subject for investigation of the properties underlying its nutritional versatility. The organism possesses a relatively small genome in which genes for most catabolic functions are clustered in several genetic islands that, unlike pathogenicity islands, give little evidence of horizontal transfer. Coupling mutagenic polymerase chain reaction to natural transformation provides insight into how structure influences function in transporters, transcriptional regulators, and enzymes. With appropriate selection, mutants in which such molecules have acquired novel function may be obtained. The extraordinary competence of A. baylyi for natural transformation and the ease with which it expresses heterologous genes make it a promising platform for construction of novel metabolic systems. Steps toward this goal should take into account the complexity of existing pathways in which transmembrane trafficking plays a significant role.
Some Effects of Emulsifiable Coatings on Weight Loss, Stem Discoloration, and Surface Damage Disorders in ‘Van’ Sweet Cherries1 (1981)

Abstract Preharvest antitranspirant sprays were most effective in decreasing the incidence of surface pitting in ‘Van’ sweet cherries ( Prunus avium L.) when applied immediately prior to harvest. Antitranspirant or wax coatings applied to ‘Van’ cherries as a postharvest dip decreased weight loss in storage, the incidence of discolored stems and surface pitting in storage. Antitranspirant concentration in the postharvest dipping solution was negatively correlated to the incidence of surface pitting.
Patrimoni i turisme: una convivència necessària (2002)

Aquest article l’he volgut plantejar en dos apartats: un primer de reflexions personals, fruit de la meva experiencia en el camp del patrimoni i molt especialment en la meva anterior etapa professional al front del Museu Etnologic del Montseny d’Arbucies, i un altre d’analisi de casos concrets que exemplifiquen aquestes reflexions.
Effects of a 5‐hydroxytryptamine3 receptor antagonist (ICS 205‐930) on colonic motor activity in healthy men. (1989)

1. ICS 205-930 (Sandoz) is a selective antagonist at 5-hydroxytryptamine3 receptors and exerts marked effects on gastrointestinal motility in animals. 2. This study investigated, under random double-blind conditions, the effects of 10 and 20 mg ICS 205-930 infused intravenously in comparison with placebo on colonic motor activity. 3. Twelve healthy men participated each in three studies in which they received, in random double-blind fashion, each of the treatments. Colonic pressures were recorded pneumohydraulically with four catheter orifices 20-40 cm from the anal verge. Treatments were administered after a basal 30 min. One hour later, subjects ingested a 4200 kJ meal and 90 min thereafter, 1 mg neostigmine was administered intramuscularly and recording continued for another 90 min. 4. After both doses of ICS 205-930, the number of contractions as averaged over the entire recording time was slightly but significantly higher than after placebo. 5. After 10 mg but not after 20 mg ICS 205-930, amplitude of contractions and area under the curve as averaged over the entire recording time were significantly higher than after placebo. 6. ICS 205-930 induced few and mild side effects, but significantly more self-rated drowsiness and tiredness than placebo.