gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 Expression Defines a Discrete Subset of HIV-Specific CD8 <sup>+</sup> T Cells That Is Associated with Lower Viral Load (2013)

Mechanisms leading to the observed immune dysregulation in chronic HIV infection are not well understood. The MHC-II class ligand, lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3, CD223), has been implicated in the complex regulation mechanism of immune functions. In this study, we describe a new population of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells expressing LAG-3. These LAG-3(+)CD8(+) T cells do not display immunophenotypic patterns traditionally attributed to regulatory T cells. The LAG3(+)CD8(+) T cells are CCR7(+),CD127(-), and display heterogeneous surface expressions of CD45RA and CD25. Interestingly, HIV-specific LAG-3(+)CD8(+) T cells do not substantially express CTLA-4 and LAG-3 expression does not correlate with interleukin (IL)-10 or tumor growth factor (TGF)-β production. In addition, HIV-specific LAG3(+)CD8(+) T cells do not produce interferon (IFN-γ) or express CD107a. The frequency of HIV-specific LAG3(+)CD8(+) T cells negative correlated with plasma viral load. Our study introduces a new population of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells and proposes additional mechanisms of immune regulation in chronic HIV infection.
An Inverse Association Between Self-Reported Arthritis and Mortality in the Elderly: Findings from the National Long-Term Care Survey (2008)

Major musculoskeletal conditions including arthritis represent an increasing burden on individuals and societies. We analyzed the association between self-reported arthritis and mortality in the U.S. elderly disabled and non-disabled individuals using unique disability-focused data from the large-scale population-based National Long Term Care Survey. It was found that males and females who reported arthritis/rheumatism have, generally, smaller risks of death than those who did not report those conditions. This inverse relationship is more pronounced in disabled individuals. This finding holds for both short-term (relative risk [RR] = 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.75-0.88 for males and RR = 0.76; CI = 0.71-0.82 for females) and long-term follow-ups (RR = 0.82; CI = 0.78-0.87 for males and RR = 0.83; CI = 0.79-0.87 for females). For females, this effect is age insensitive, while for males it is limited to ages below 85. Demographic and 19 major self-reported geriatric conditions have trivial effect on these risks, supporting the view that a better survival of diseased individuals can be attributed to the effects of medical treatment. Given the widespread prevalence of arthritis/rheumatism and disability in elderly populations and the increasing population of the elderly, these findings call for comprehensive analyses of factors driving better survival and medical costs associated with extended lives.
Application of thermodynamics and kinetics in the designing of new type TRIP steels concerning Al and P effects (2008)

Abstract The influence of C and Al content on phase transformation temperatures is investigated by dilatometric analysis. With the new set of experimental data, an updated thermodynamic description of the Fe-Al-C system is presented, using the thermodynamic data of the limiting binaries and the parameters for the Fe-Al-C ternary system optimized by some of the present authors. A well reproduced vertical section of the Fe-Mn-Si-Al-C system is also presented according to the thermodynamic description of the lower order systems. For the development of P containing transformation induced plasticity steel, the possibility of phosphorous segregating at grain boundary is discussed by thermodynamics as well as kinetics. Lower critical temperature is estimated for the steel to obtain the starting temperature of fast cooling. To understand the minimum rate of fast cooling, pearlite growth kinetics is calculated with self-developed diffusion coefficients of elements at the grain boundary. Over-aging temperature is tentatively determined through the calculation of T0 temperature by both equilibrium and para-equilibrium assumptions.
Identification of Cotton Haploids by Stomatal Chloroplast‐count Technique<sup>1</sup> (1975)

Chloroplast counts were made from the stomatal guard cells in haploid (n = 2x = 26) and in natural tetraploid (2n = 4x = 52) plants of Gossypium hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L. The mean chloroplast number was 10.46 ± 2.18 for haploids and 21.00 ± 3.31 for tetraploids. The means from haploid plants did not overlap with the means from tetraploid plants in 280 plants evaluated. Cotton plants can be classified much easier and quicker from the cotyledon stage to maturity as haploids or tetraploids and as accurately as by chromosome counts.
AN IMPROVED DETECTION ALGORITHM FOR LOCAL FEATURES IN GRAY-LEVEL IMAGES (2006)

Several algorithms of intensity-based feature detection have been recently proposed. The paper further investigates one of them. The algorithm employs locally computed moments to detect image features. First, the best-match template feature is built for the current location. Then, the template is compared to the content of the image to determine the actual presence of the feature. The paper reports an improvement in the second step. The template feature and the image are compared using radial profiles. It improves the performance (especially for noised and textured images) and simplifies the prospective hardware implementation of the algorithm.
Scattering by Pruppacher‐Pitter raindrops at 30 GHz (1982)

Optimum design of modern ground‐satellite communication systems requires the knowledge of rain‐induced differential attenuation, differential phase shift, and cross‐polarization factors. After a comprehensive assessment of different available analytical techniques, an efficient technique is chosen to yield the desired scattering results. Tabulation of the scattered fields for Pruppacher‐Pitter raindrops with sizes ranging from 0.25 mm to 3.5 mm at 20°C and at 30 GHz for several incidence angles is given. Table 1 is available with entire article on microfiche. Order from American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Avenue, N. W., Washington, D. C. 20009. Document S82‐001; $5.00. Payment must accompany order.
The influence of chronic lobular hepatitis on pharmacokinetics of cefoperazone—a novel galactose single‐point method as a measure of residual liver function (1994)

Cefoperazone is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic containing a piperazine side chain, which results in antipseudomonal activity. Unlike the other cephalosporins, it is mainly cleared by the liver (60-80%) and it may be more sensitive to changes in the liver function and/or plasma protein binding than other cephalosporins, which are not primarily cleared by the liver. In order to study the influence of chronic lobular hepatitis on the pharmacokinetics of cefoperazone, a dose of 1 g of cefoperazone was administered to 11 normal, healthy volunteers and 16 subjects with chronic lobular hepatitis. In each volunteer or patient, a novel galactose single-point (GSP) method, the galactose elimination capacity (GEC) test, and the modified galactose elimination capacity (MGEC) test were also performed as a measure of residual liver function. Cefoperazone was administered intravenously over a period of 3-5 min. Blood and urine samples were collected at appropriate intervals after drug administration and stored at -30 degrees C until high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis. The cefoperazone hepatic clearance, mean residence time, and renal clearance in hepatitis patients were significantly different from those of normal healthy volunteers, whereas the plasma protein binding was unaltered between the two groups. Urinary excretion of cefoperazone showed a highly significant increase in patients, 23.95 +/- 5.06% and 37.54 +/- 13.61% for normal men and hepatitis patients respectively. Hepatic clearance and fraction excreted in urine significantly correlated with values of GSP and MGEC respectively (p < 0.05). These results suggest (i) cefoperazone kinetics was significantly altered in patients with chronic lobular hepatitis; (ii) GSP, a novel simple, clinically useful quantitative liver function test, can predict the cefoperazone hepatic clearance in patients with liver dysfunction.
Alternative Solvent Wash Process Using Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide Solution as Salt-Free Wash Reagent (1989)

A solvent wash procedure employing tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) as an alternative to sodium carbonate was investigated in order to minimize the volume of radioactive waste resulting from solvent regeneration in the Purex process. The wash efficiency of tetramethylammonium base solutions was measured in comparison with sodium carbonate solution on a 30% TBP-70% dodecane mixture containing zirconium-dibutyl phosphate complex. The experimental evidence showed tetrametylammonium base solutions to be as effective as sodium carbonate solution. In particular, addition of oxalic acid which complexes strongly with zirconium enhanced the wash efficiency. The 31P NMR spectra of dibutyl phosphate (DBP) indicated that the cleanup of DBP depended mainly on ionization of DBP. As tetrametylammonium hydroxide can be decomposed by heating at about 200°C, it is considered to have good applicability as a salt-free wash reagent.
Kinetic theory of galaxy correlations (1988)

A kinetic theory based on the BBKGY hierarchy is developed to describe galaxy correlation functions in Friedmann universes over a full range of values of the density parameters Ω0. The theory leads to the concept of a ‘thermal Hubble sphere’ (THS), whose radius is RTHS≡ C/H0, where C is the three-dimensional rms relative peculiar velocity. Non-dimensionalization and expansion schemes applied to the BBKGY equations yield a classification of universes in terms of Ω0 and a galaxy-number parameter |$N_{\text {THS}}=nV_{\text {THS}}$|⁠, where n is the mean proper galaxy number density and the volume |$V_{\text {THS}}=(4/3\pi)R^3_{\text {THS}}$|⁠. Nine separate models are studied for steady-state solutions of the two-point correlation function |$\xi(r)$|⁠, where r is the proper separation between galaxies. From these, the corresponding angular covariance functions are calculated and it is found that the observational data agree best with an open universe for which |$\xi(r)=0.01r^{-2}+0.21r^{-1}-0.37r$|⁠, 0.08≲Ω0≼0.4 and 0.2≲NTHS≲2.
Physical Map of the Chromosome of the Apple Proliferation Phytoplasma (2000)

A physical map of the apple proliferation phytoplasma strain AT chromosome was constructed from genomic DNA extracted from diseased tobacco plants. The map was generated with single and double digestions of the chromosome with BssHII, SmaI, MluI, and ApaI restriction endonucleases and resolving the fragments by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Partial digestion and Southern blot analysis were used to assist in the arrangement of the 14 contiguous restriction fragments obtained. From the restriction fragments generated by double digestions, the size of the circular chromosome was calculated to be approximately 645 kb. Locations of the two rRNA operons, the operon including the fus and tuf genes, and three other genes were placed on the map. Genome sizes and BssHII restriction profiles of apple proliferation strain AP15 and the pear decline and European stone fruit yellows phytoplasmas were different from that of strain AT.
Relative significance of environmental factors affecting hydrogen production from landfilled refuse samples (2000)

The relative significance of 11 environmental factors on the apparent steady-state concentration of hydrogen (ASSCH2) achieved during anaerobic degradation of refuse collected from landfills was evaluated by using multiple regression analysis. Simple correlation analysis revealed a significant negative association of ASSCH2 with newsprint moisture content (NMO) and pH of the sample. Application of five different variable selection procedures, which are commonly used in multiple regression analyses, showed that NMO, amylase (AMY), esterase (EST), cellulose to lignin ratio (CLR), volatile solids (VS), and nitrogen content (NIT) were significantly associated with ASSCH2 simultaneously. The other five factors did not show any significant effect on ASSCH2 in the presence of the six significant factors. Further analysis showed that the influence of AMY and EST on ASSCH2 was weak, hence they were not included in the regression model. CLR was also deleted from the final model because of the multicollinearity resulting from its high correlation with VS. The final model incorporated NMO, NMO2, VS2 and NIT2; it explained 95% of the total variability and predicted 98% of the observed ASSCH2. An assessment of the relative significance of the independent variables indicated that NMO contributed the most, followed by NMO2 and VS2, in that order, and the least by NIT2 towards ASSCH2. The NMO and NIT2 showed an inhibitory effect on ASSCH2. The results indicated that maintaining optimum moisture, along with optimum organic loading, and nitrogen content in landfills is necessary to achieve and maintain a low ASSCH2 and maximize refuse methanogenesis.
Extracting branching object geometry via cores (2004)

The extraction of branching objects and their geometry from 3D medical images is the goal of the research described here. The methods I develop and analyze are based on optimization of medial strength embodied in cores, a type of multiscale medial axis. The cores research described here focuses on object branches. 
The dissertation describes two sets of methods, one that computes ID cores of tubular objects and another that computes 2D cores of non-tubular, or slab-like, objects. Each of these sets of methods uses a core-following technique that optimizes a medialness measure over position, radius, and orientation. I combine methods for branch-finding, branch-reseeding, and core-termination with core-following to produce a tool that can extract complex branching objects from 3D images without the need for user interaction. 
I demonstrate the performance of the tubular core methods by extracting blood vessel trees from 3D head MR data, and I demonstrate the performance of the slab-like core methods by extracting kidneys from 3D abdominal CT data. I also integrate the two sets of methods with each other to extract kidneys and adjoining vasculature from CT data. Finally, I perform a thorough analysis of the effects of object geometry on cores using synthetic images. This analysis shows impressive resistance of the tubular core methods to image noise. It also shows that the slab-like core methods are not as robust but are still effective for extracting branching objects from medical images with relatively low noise.
Fabrication of Large‐Area Two‐Dimensional Colloidal Crystals (2012)

Nanopartikelbeschichtung: Eine Suspension kolloidaler Partikel in einer Wasser-Propanol-Lösung wurde auf eine Wasseroberfläche geschichtet, wo sich die Partikel in geordnete zweidimensionale Strukturen (>280 cm2) organisierten. Diese Strukturen wurden auf andere Trägermaterialien aufgebracht (siehe Bild) und in einen Chitosan-Hydrogel-Film, der zum visuellen pH-Nachweis verwendet wurde, eingebettet.
An experimental and theoretical study of longitudinal bulk strain waves generated by fracture (2019)

From a dipole lattice model, we derive a Boussinesq-type equation that governs the propagation\nof a longitudinal strain wave in a uniform pre-strained bar with constant cross section. We then describe an\nexperiment based on high-speed, single-point photoelasticity to measure strain waves in a\nPolymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bar generated when it breaks whilst undergoing a tensile test. The\nexperimental results are finally compared to the model predictions, showing a good correspondence in terms\nof wave propagation, strain rate at the leading edge and amplitude and frequency of the following ripple.
Nonlinear product property control in industrial gas‐phase polyethylene reactors (1993)

Abstract A nonlinear model‐based scheme is developed for product property control in industrial gas‐phase polyethylene reactors. The controller regulates instantaneous melt index and density, and provides servocontrol during grade changeovers. Hydrogen and butene feed rates are manipulated to force the product properties onto desired trajectories. During grade changeovers, these trajectories are determined from off‐line dynamic optimization studies. Optimal open‐loop policies for reactor temperature, bleed stream flow, catalyst feed rate, and bed level are implemented as part of the changeover strategy. The nonlinear feedback controller design is based on global input/output linearization methods. Disturbances are estimated, and plant/model mismatch is removed using an extended Kalman filter. Simulations on a complex mechanistic model of the process reveal that the nonlinear controller performs well for both regulatory and servocontrol. An analogous linear IMC controller is inadequate for disturbance rejection at different operating conditions and for control during grade changeovers. The simplicity of the nonlinear control algorithm makes it an interesting candidate for industrial application. This single controller can be used to control the properties of many grades of polyethylene made in the reactor and to accomplish near optimal changeovers between these grades.
Acquisition of cellular resistance to 9-nitrocamptothecin correlates with suppression of transcription factor NF-??B activation and potentiation of cytotoxicity by tumor necrosis factor in human histiocytic lymphoma U-937 cells (1998)

Resistance of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic agents is a major problem in cancer therapy. Continuous exposure of human histiocytic lymphoma U-937 cells to 9-nitro-camptothecin (9NC), an inhibitor of the nuclear DNA topoisomerase I, induces resistance to this drug. Because of the involvement of the nuclear factor NF-kappa B in the expression of several growth regulatory genes, we examined the activation of this transcription factor in 9NC-resistant U-937 cells. We found that resistance to increasing concentrations of 9NC correlated with resistance to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-dependent activation of NF-kappa B. However, the constitutive synthesis of NF-kappa B proteins remained unaffected. Cellular resistance was not unique to TNF, as other activators of NF-kappa B, including interleukin-1, phorbol ester and hydrogen peroxide, also had no effect. There was no difference between 9NC-sensitive and -resistant cells in the activation of NF-kappa B by okadaic acid. Other transcription factors, including AP-1 and Oct-1, were not affected in the resistant cells. When examined for the inhibitory subunit of NF-kappa B (I kappa B alpha), resistant cells showed a faster rate of resynthesis than the control. Interestingly, although 9NC resistance correlated with resistance to TNF-dependent NF-kappa B activation, TNF-dependent cytotoxicity in these cells was enhanced by several hundred fold despite a significant decrease in the number of TNF receptors. In conclusion, our results suggest that NF-kappa B activation may play a role in tumor cell killing by 9NC but not by TNF.
The TGF-β System As a Potential Pathogenic Player in Disease Modulation of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (2017)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) represents a fatal orphan disease with high unmet medical need, and a life time risk of approx. 1/400 persons per population. Based on increasing knowledge on pathophysiology including genetic and molecular changes, epigenetics, and immune dysfunction, inflammatory as well as fibrotic processes may contribute to the heterogeneity and dynamics of ALS. Animal and human studies indicate dysregulations of the TGF-β system as a common feature of neurodegenerative disorders in general and ALS in particular. The TGF-β system is involved in different essential developmental and physiological processes and regulates immunity and fibrosis, both affecting neurogenesis and neurodegeneration. Therefore, it has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for ALS: a persistent altered TGF-β system might promote disease progression by inducing an imbalance of neurogenesis and neurodegeneration. The current study assessed the activation state of the TGF-β system within the periphery/in life disease stage (serum samples) and a late stage of disease (central nervous system tissue samples), and a potential influence upon neuronal stem cell (NSC) activity, immune activation, and fibrosis. An upregulated TGF-β system was suggested with significantly increased TGF-β1 protein serum levels, enhanced TGF-β2 mRNA and protein levels, and a strong trend toward an increased TGF-β1 protein expression within the spinal cord (SC). Stem cell activity appeared diminished, reflected by reduced mRNA expression of NSC markers Musashi-1 and Nestin within SC-paralleled by enhanced protein contents of Musashi-1. Doublecortin mRNA and protein expression was reduced, suggesting an arrested neurogenesis at late stage ALS. Chemokine/cytokine analyses suggest a shift from a neuroprotective toward a more neurotoxic immune response: anti-inflammatory chemokines/cytokines were unchanged or reduced, expression of proinflammatory chemokines/cytokines were enhanced in ALS sera and SC postmortem tissue. Finally, we observed upregulated mRNA and protein expression for fibronectin in motor cortex of ALS patients which might suggest increased fibrotic changes. These data suggest that there is an upregulated TGF-β system in specific tissues in ALS that might lead to a "neurotoxic" immune response, promoting disease progression and neurodegeneration. The TGF-β system therefore may represent a promising target in treatment of ALS patients.
Improving the washability of smart textiles: influence of different washing conditions on textile integrated conductor tracks (2020)

After more than two decades, smart textiles have not yet reached a wide market. Enhancing their often still poor usability is necessary for improved user acceptance. Washability is a key requirement, especially concerning textile integrated conductor tracks. Those tracks exhibit a higher level of integration into the textile substrates compared to other, often removable components of smart textiles. In this article, the effect of textile substrates and washing factors time, temperature and mechanical action on the reliability of conductor tracks is researched. The effects of different washing conditions on different combinations of textile substrate and conductor tracks were determined via changes in conductivity. Differing results for each combination do not permit global conclusions about the washability of textile integrated conductor tracks or smart textiles. Instead, washability is influenced by the choice and combination of materials as well as methods of integration and processing – important to consider when developing new products.