gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Backhauling 5G small cells: A radio resource management perspective (2015)

Developing efficient backhauling solutions for small cells is considered as one of the most significant challenges in the rollout of the upcoming 5G cellular systems where massive numbers of small cells will be deployed. In this article, we first review small cell evolutions and the consequent radio access network architecture evolution toward heterogeneity and centralized baseband processing. The backhaul solution, which is mainly determined by the availability of existing backhaul infrastructures and service demand, will lead to a heterogeneous backhaul network architecture. Radio resource management issues including cell association, and interference management and scheduling with inter-node coordination, as well as how they are related to backhaul solutions are discussed. Based on the existing RRM solutions and their limitations in multi-tier 5G systems with heterogeneous backhaul network architecture, backhaul- aware RRM strategies are envisioned. Results from a simple case study of joint cell association and bandwidth allocation with a massive MIMO-based in-band wireless backhauling framework are presented to demonstrate the performance gain with backhaul-aware RRM in a multi-tier cellular RAN. Several related open research issues are highlighted, and possible solution approaches are briefly discussed.
A Protein Relational Database and Protein Family Knowledge Bases to Facilitate Structure‐Based Design Analyses (2010)

The Protein Data Bank is the most comprehensive source of experimental macromolecular structures. It can, however, be difficult at times to locate relevant structures with the Protein Data Bank search interface. This is particularly true when searching for complexes containing specific interactions between protein and ligand atoms. Moreover, searching within a family of proteins can be tedious. For example, one cannot search for some conserved residue as residue numbers vary across structures. We describe herein three databases, Protein Relational Database, Kinase Knowledge Base, and Matrix Metalloproteinase Knowledge Base, containing protein structures from the Protein Data Bank. In Protein Relational Database, atom-atom distances between protein and ligand have been precalculated allowing for millisecond retrieval based on atom identity and distance constraints. Ring centroids, centroid-centroid and centroid-atom distances and angles have also been included permitting queries for pi-stacking interactions and other structural motifs involving rings. Other geometric features can be searched through the inclusion of residue pair and triplet distances. In Kinase Knowledge Base and Matrix Metalloproteinase Knowledge Base, the catalytic domains have been aligned into common residue numbering schemes. Thus, by searching across Protein Relational Database and Kinase Knowledge Base, one can easily retrieve structures wherein, for example, a ligand of interest is making contact with the gatekeeper residue.
On Optimal TTL Sequence-Based Route Discovery in MANETs (2005)

In on-demand multi-hop routing protocols for MANETs such as DSR and AODV, a fundamental requirement for peer-to-peer connectivity is to discover routes to a remote node via flooding of route request messages. Historically, such floodings of requests have used a TTL (time-to-live) large enough to reach all nodes in the network to ensure successful route discovery in one round of flooding. Recently (N. Chang et al., 2004), it was shown that the generic minimal cost flooding search problem can be solved via a sequence of floodings with an optimally chosen set of TTLs. The theoretical result, when applied to DSR route discovery, does not take into account optimizations such as route caching and overhearing, which can significantly reduce the frequency and the propagation range of route discovery operations. Equally importantly, the impact of using a sequence of floodings on the packet delivery delay is not clear. In this paper, we study the impact of using the optimal TTL sequence-based route discovery on DSR routing performance. Our results show when caching and overhearing are considered, the route discovery enhanced by an optimal TTL sequence has very similar overhead but higher delay than the basic route discovery mechanism.
Repeated effects of asenapine on adrenergic and cholinergic muscarinic receptors (2009)

Adrenergic (alpha1 and alpha2) and cholinergic muscarinic (M1-M5) receptor binding in rat forebrain was quantified after 4 wk of twice-daily subcutaneous administration of asenapine or vehicle. Asenapine (0.03, 0.1, and 0.3 mg/kg) produced increases in [3H]prazosin binding to alpha1-adrenergic receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC: 30%, 39%, 57%) and dorsolateral frontal cortex (DFC: 27%, 37%, 53%) and increased [3H]RX821002 binding to alpha2-adrenergic receptors in mPFC (36%, 43%, 50%) and DFC (41%, 44%, 52%). Despite showing no appreciable affinity for muscarinic receptors, asenapine produced regionally selective increases in binding of [3H]QNB to M1-M5 receptors in mPFC (26%, 31%, 43%), DFC (27%, 34%, 41%), and hippocampal CA1 (40%, 44%, 42%) and CA3 (25%, 52%, 48%) regions. These regionally selective effects of asenapine on adrenergic and cholinergic muscarinic receptor subtypes may contribute to its beneficial clinical effects in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
ChemInform Abstract: Visualization of Macromolecules — A First Step to Manipulation and Controlled Response (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Retrospective cohort analysis of prescription patterns of cancer medications during periods of drug stockouts in Botswana (2021)

The aetiology of suboptimal events differed during stockout and non-stockout periods. Prescription patterns that involved de-escalation of initiated therapy and substitution of paclitaxel with docetaxel occurred frequently during periods of drug stockout. Further research needs to be conducted to understand the impact of stockout on survival and barriers to maintaining essential cancer medicines supplies in SSA, and the factors driving frequent delays in therapy delivery.
New Strategies in Diagnosing Cancer in Thyroid Nodules: Impact of Molecular Markers (2013)

Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine malignancy, with approximately 55,000 new cases diagnosed in the United States in 2012. However, thyroid nodules are much more prevalent, particularly with increased age, and only a small fraction of those are malignant. Therefore, the major clinical challenge is to reliably differentiate those nodules that are malignant and need to be treated surgically from the majority of nodules that are benign and do not require surgery. The traditional diagnostic approach to this clinical situation is ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of the thyroid nodule followed by cytologic examination, which together reliably establish the diagnosis in 70% to 80% of cases. However, in the rest of nodules the presence of cancer cannot be ruled out by FNA cytology, hampering appropriate surgical management and frequently resulting in unnecessary surgical interventions. New approaches to diagnosis of cancer in thyroid nodules are based on mutational and other molecular markers, which can be reliably detected in cells aspirated during the FNA procedure. These markers offer significant improvement in the diagnostic accuracy of FNA cytology and are poised to make a profound effect on the management of patients with thyroid nodules. In addition to the molecular markers that have recently become available for clinical use, rapid development of new sequencing techniques is expected to further improve the accuracy of cancer diagnosis in thyroid nodules and allow for a fully individualized approach to the management of patients with thyroid nodules.
Characterization of multiple deep level systems in semiconductor junctions by capacitance measurements (1972)

Capacitance and conductance of junction devices are modified by deep lying impurities in the semiconductor and should therefore in principle be useful for determining deep level parameters, viz, the concentration, the depth of the energy level from the conduction band and the capture cross section of the impurity species present. However, the presence of deep lying impurities in junction devices has been frequently ignored because of difficulties in handling the problem. We show that when deep lying impurities act as majority carrier traps expressions for capacitance and conductance (imaginary capacitance) can be obtained as a solution of a simple different equation.
Microscopic and Spectroscopic Observations in the Bio‐Nanoworld (2009)

Biophysics in Linz: In February biophysicists from across the world converged on Linz for two biophysical conferences. The city which is the Cultural Capital of Europe 2009, provided the perfect environment for fruitful discussions on single-molecule techniques in biophysics, bio-nanotechnology, cell biology, and drug discovery.
Antiviral Effects of Amino Acid Derivatives With the Fluorene Substituent on Murine Leukemia Viruses (1983)

Two new amino acid derivatives with the fluorene substituent, when administered ip to female inbred ICR-CD1 mice inoculated with Friend murine leukemia virus, significantly inhibited virus-induced splenomegaly, reduced viable virus titers in spleen and plasma, and significantly prolonged survival time. These compounds also inhibited multiplication of the strains of the Friend and Moloney murine leukemia viruses in a cell culture system. The action of these compounds on murine leukemia virus was presumely different from that of tilorone.
Magnetoresistance values exceeding 21% in symmetric spin valves (1995)

We report values of the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect exceeding 21% in symmetric spin valves, the highest values ever reported for such structures. The key elements in this achievement are the use of a Co/Cu/Co/Cu/Co multilayer in which the center Co layer is substantially thicker than the outer Co layers and the use of the antiferromagnetic insulator NiO at the top and bottom to pin the adjacent Co layers magnetically. The relative Co layer thicknesses suggest that some specular scattering of conduction electrons may occur at the metal/insulator interfaces and may enhance the GMR.
Spatial and temporal imaging of gas-phase protein and DNA produced by matrix-assisted laser desorption (1994)

The sensitivity of a transient imaging technique based on laser-excited fluorescence is shown to be within the levels required for studying matrix-assisted laser-desorption (MALD) of large biomolecules. Results show that film morphology, particularly film thickness, has a major influence on plume dynamics. Fluorescent labeling of protein and of DNA is used to allow imaging in UV-MALD-generated plumes. Evidence that intact molecules are monitored is provided. Dye molecules, proteins and DNAs were found to behave very differently in the vaporization process. The spatial and temporal distributions are important for the design of secondary ionization schemes to enhance ion yields, for the optimization of ion collection, and for maximizing resolution in time-of-flight mass spectrometers.
The Power Ratio and the Interval Map: Spiking Models and (1998)

We describe a new, computationally simple method for analyzing the dynamics of neuronal spike trains driven by external stimuli. The goal of our method is to test the predictions of simple spike-generating models against extracellularly recorded neuronal responses. Through a new statistic called the power ratio, we distinguish between two broad classes of responses: (1) responses that can be completely characterized by a variable firing rate, (for example, modulated Poisson and gamma spike trains); and (2) responses for which firing rate variations alone are not sufficient to characterize response dynamics (for example, leaky integrate-and-fire spike trains as well as Poisson spike trains with long absolute refractory periods). We show that the responses of many visual neurons in the cat retinal ganglion, cat lateral geniculate nucleus, and macaque primary visual cortex fall into the second class, which implies that the pattern of spike times can carry significant information about visual stimuli. Our results also suggest that spike trains of X-type retinal ganglion cells, in particular, are very similar to spike trains generated by a leaky integrate-andfire model with additive, stimulus-independent noise that could represent background synaptic activity.
Specificity for the tumor-associated self-antigen WT1 drives the development of fully functional memory T cells in the absence of vaccination (2011)

Recently, vaccines against the Wilms Tumor antigen 1 (WT1) have been tested in cancer patients. However, it is currently not known whether physiologic levels of WT1 expression in stem and progenitor cells of normal tissue result in the deletion or tolerance induction of WT1-specific T cells. Here, we used an human leukocyte antigen-transgenic murine model to study the fate of human leukocyte antigen class-I restricted, WT1-specific T cells in the thymus and in the periphery. Thymocytes expressing a WT1-specific T-cell receptor derived from high avidity human CD8 T cells were positively selected into the single-positive CD8 population. In the periphery, T cells specific for the WT1 antigen differentiated into CD44-high memory phenotype cells, whereas T cells specific for a non-self-viral antigen retained a CD44(low) naive phenotype. Only the WT1-specific T cells, but not the virus-specific T cells, displayed rapid antigen-specific effector function without prior vaccination. Despite long-term persistence of WT1-specific memory T cells, the animals did not develop autoimmunity, and the function of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells was unimpaired. This is the first demonstration that specificity for a tumor-associated self-antigen may drive differentiation of functionally competent memory T cells.
DIODE PUMPED Nd∶YVO4 LASER EMITTING AT 1342nm AND 671nm (1998)

We report here a diode pumped Nd∶YVO4 laser emitting at 1342 and 671nm.A maximum output power of 1.75W at 1342nm was obtained under an incident pump power of 5.45W,with an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of up to 32.1%.With a type Ⅰ noncritically phase-matched LBO crystal as the intracavity frequency doubler,over 500mW of 671nm light was obtained at 6W of incident pump power,the optical-optical conversion efficiency being 8.3%.The output power fluctuates less than 5% while the temperature change of the LBO crystal oven was maintained ±0.5℃ at the phase-matched temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of C‐Trisaccharides Exploiting the Stereochemical Diversity of a Central Sugar. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
THE KINETICS OF THE HIGH-TEMPERATURE HYDROLYSIS OF MAGNESIUM FLUORIDE (thesis) (1964)

was followed. Activation energies of 25, 56.1 plus or minus 6, and 42.3 plus or minus 5 kcal per mole were obtained for the powdered, sintered polycrystalline, and single-crystal specimens, respectively. The single-crystal value agreed with the heat of reaction of 43.8 kcal per mole, indicating that the rate-controlling step was the chemical reaction itself. The low value for the powdered specimens was a result of area changes caused by sintering. The structure of the product layer on the presintered poly crystalline specimens was such that it provided greater impedance to gas flow than the single-crystal product layer. Consequently, a greater reaction-rate temperature coefficient and higher activation energy resulted. (auth)
Low Loss Electromechanical Optical Scanner (1987)

A low loss electromechanical scanner based on rotary motion is presented, which allows to address a number of optical fiber sensors by means of only one optical fiber connected to the detection and signal processing unit. To alleviate radial and axial tolerances and to reduce insertion losses, quarter-pitch graded index lenses are used. Details about design and experimental results are reported.
Effect of butyrate and Lactobacillus GG on a butyrate receptor and transporter during Campylobacter jejuni exposure (2017)

Campylobacter jejuni frequently infects humans causing many gastrointestinal symptoms, fever, fatigue and several long-term debilitating diseases. Current treatment for campylobacteriosis includes rehydration and in some cases, antibiotic therapy. Probiotics are used to treat several gastrointestinal diseases. Butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid known to promote intestinal health. Interaction of butyrate with its respective receptor (HCAR2) and transporter (SLC5A8), both expressed in the intestine, is associated with water and electrolyte absorption as well as providing defense against colon cancer and inflammation. Alterations in gut microbiota influence the presence of HCAR2 and SLC5A8 in the intestine. We hypothesized that adherence and/or invasion of C. jejuni and alterations in HCAR2 and SLC5A8 expression would be minimized with butyrate or Lactobacillus GG (LGG) pretreatment of Caco-2 cells. We found that both C. jejuni adhesion but not invasion was reduced with butyrate pretreatment. While LGG pretreatment did not prevent C. jejuni adhesion, it did result in reduced invasion which was associated with altered cell supernate pH. Both butyrate and LGG protected HCAR2 and SLC5A8 protein expression following C. jejuni infection. These results suggest that the first stages of C. jejuni infection of Caco-2 cells may be minimized by LGG and butyrate pretreatment.
Alkaline‐developable, chemically amplified, negative‐type photosensitive polyimide based on polyhydroxyimide, a crosslinker, and a photoacid generator (2009)

Abstract A chemically amplified photosensitive polyimide based on polyhydroxyimide (PHI) from cyclobutanetetracarboxylic dianhydride and 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)bis(2‐aminophenol), 4,4′‐methylenebis[2,6‐bis(hydroxymethyl)phenol] (MBHP) as a crosslinker, and (5‐propylsulfonyloxyimino‐5 H ‐thiophen‐2‐ylidene)‐(2‐methylphenyl)acetonitrile (PTMA) as a photoacid generator was developed to obtain the abilities of low temperature patterning, low dielectric constant, and high sensitivity. The chemically amplified photosensitive polyimide, consisting of PHI (70 wt %), MBHP (20 wt %), and PTMA (10 wt %), showed a high sensitivity ( D 0.5 ) of 5.9 mJ/cm 2 and a good contrast (γ 0.5 ) of 3.9, respectively, producing a clear negative‐tone line‐and‐space pattern with 6‐μm resolution. Furthermore, the chemically amplified photosensitive polyimide showed a high transparency in the i ‐line region and a low dielectric constant of 2.54. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
The low-frequency dielectric properties of biological cells (1995)

The passive electrical or “dielectric” properties of biological cells have been studied since the last century [1]. Important advances in our knowledge that have accrued from the application of dielectric spectroscopy to biological systems include the recognition of the molecular thickness of biological membranes [2] and of the existence of voltage-gated ion channels as embodied in the Hodgkin-Huxley [3] equations. However, as judged by its complete omission from a book on Biological Spectroscopy [4], the technique has not achieved as widespread a recognition and exploitation in biophysics as it warrants [5]. Notwithstanding, and due in large part to advances in instrumentation which make the acquisition, display and interpretation of biological dielectric spectra much more convenient than has historically been the case, the last 10 or 15 years have seen a significant increase in the use of the technique [5–18a].
Reducing disease risk in aquaculture (2014)

There are thousands of rickettsial, viral, bacterial, protozoan, and metazoan parasites that cause disease in farmed aquatic animals. While the basics of farm-level disease management are known, the interconnectedness among aquaculture installations and between aquaculture and the external environment means that only a few careless farms can ruin an industry. Considering the gravity and frequency of fish disease outbreaks, guidelines on the development and implementation of national policies for their prevention, detection, and management are urgently needed. Hampering this is the lack of a comprehensive overview of the practical ways and means of regulating aquaculture that will permit both governments and aqua culturists to: (1) calculate the cost-benefit ratio of investments in disease control, and (2) find a cost-effective strategy for the implementation of best practices. The study is based on review of published and unpublished data supplied by the Chilean, Vietnamese, Malagasy, and Mozambican authorities, researchers, and local aquaculture investors and other stakeholders. The selection of case studies was guided by the need to explore disease outbreaks in a range of geographical and industrial development scenarios. The three case studies capture the breadth and depth of experience among farmers and governments confronted with catastrophic disease outbreaks in aquaculture. The overarching lesson is that successful aquaculture depends on the capacity of biological systems to support it. Defining the capacities of bodies of water is essential in order to regulate the number of farms and to set limits on the maximum production in farming areas.
Control of Growth and Squamous Differentiation in Normal Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells by Chemical and Biological Modifiers and Transferred Genes (1989)

The majority of human lung cancers arise from bronchial epithelial cells. The normal pseudostratified bronchial epithelium is composed of basal, mucous, and ciliated cells. This multi-differentiated epithelium usually responds to xenobiotics and physical injury by undergoing basal cell hyperplasia, mucous cell hyperplasia, and squamous metaplasia. One step of the multistage process of carcinogenesis is thought to involve aberrations in control of the squamous metaplastic processes. Decreased responsiveness to regulators of terminal squamous differentiation may confer a selective clonal expansion advantage to an initiated cell. We studied the effects of endogenous [e.g., transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) and serum] and exogenous [e.g., 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-phorbol-acetate (TPA), tobacco smoke condensate, and aldehydes] modifiers of normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cell in a serum-free culture system. NHBE cells are growth inhibited by all of these compounds and induced to undergo squamous differentiation by TGF-beta 1 or TPA. In contrast, lung carcinoma cell lines are relatively resistant to inducers of terminal squamous differentiation which may provide them with a selective growth advantage. Chemical agents and activated protooncogenes (ras,raf,myc) altered the response to endogenous and exogenous inducers of squamous differentiation and caused extended cellular lifespan, aneuploidy, and/or tumorigenicity. The data suggest a close relationship between dysregulation of terminal differentiation pathways and neoplastic transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells.