gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint signal - a new treatment strategy for cancer]. (2014)

Recent studies have revealed that tumor cells can acquire several mechanisms to evade host immunity in the tumor microenvironment, called cancer immune escape. One of the most important mechanisms in this system is an immunosuppressive co- signal, called immune checkpoint, in the programmed cell death-1(PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1)pathway. PD-1 is mainly expressed on activated T cells, while PD-L1 is frequently expressed on tumor cells. Inhibition of the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1 enhances T-cell response and mediates antitumor activity. Several clinical trials by several institutions and pharmaceutical companies in the world have shown the antitumor efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 signal blockade in patients with some solid and hematological malignancies. Production of some drugs for use in anti-PD-1 therapies are on the verge of completion. Herein, we provide a background about the PD-1/PD-L1 signal and describe some previously performed foreign clinical trials, including a trial in our department.
Phosgenation Reactions: Sections 4.3.6–4.5.2 (2003)

Chlorocarbonylation at Carbon Centers; Synthesis of Ketones Phosgene Oxalyl Chloride Triphosgene N-Methoxy-N-methyl-2-pyridyl Urethane Chlorination Reactions Alkyl Chlorides. Chlorination of Alcohols to give Alkyl Chlorides Acid Chlorides. Chlorination of Carboxylic Acids Phosgene Oxalyl Chloride Diphosgene Triphosgene 1,1-Dichlorodimethyl Ether (Chloromyl®) Symmetric Anhydrides and Esters. Nucleophilic Substitution of Acyl Chloroformates Dehydration Reactions Cyanides Acidic Reagents Basic and Neutral Reagents Isocyanides Phosgene and Phosgene “Oligomers” Chloroformates Phosphorus Chlorides Triphenylphosphine/Haloalkanes Sulfurous Chlorides and Derivatives Sulfonyl Chlorides and Anhydrides Tailored Reagents
Complex Oscillations in a Human Motor System (1989)

Experiments were performed to investigate the oscillations arising in a human motor system with delayed visual feedback. Eight subjects were instructed to maintain a constant finger position relative to a stationary baseline. The finger displacement was measured using a microdisplacement transducer connected to the index finger, and was displayed on an oscilloscope. Time delays between 40 and 1,500 ms were inserted in the visual feedback loop for 100 s. Results show that, as the time delays increase, irregular rhythms appear with short intermittent periods of regular oscillations. These regular low-frequency oscillations have an amplitude that increases with the time delays and a period that is consistently about 2 to 4 times the time delay. Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT) show a peak between 8 and 12 Hz, corresponding to physiological tremor in half the subjects. No systematic variations in the FFT for the 2 to 15 Hz range were observed as time delay increased. In the 0 to 2 Hz range, the FFT show a consistent increase in power with the time delay. These results indicate that, under the conditions of this experiment, tremor is not affected by time delays in the visuomotor system, and time delays in the visuomotor feedback loop give rise to complex oscillatory behaviors.
Skimmed milk as an alternative to X-gal for visual discrimination of background in λgt11 libraries (1990)

Journal Article Skimmed milk as an alternative to X-gal for visual discrimination of background in λgt11 libraries Get access Richard Powell, Richard Powell Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar David Heery, David Heery Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Michael T. Dawson, Michael T. Dawson Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar L.Kieran Dunican, L.Kieran Dunican Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Frank Gannon Frank Gannon 1National Diagnostics Centre/BioResearch Ireland, University CollegeGalway, Ireland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 18, Issue 8, 25 April 1990, Page 2190, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/18.8.2190 Published: 25 April 1990 Article history Received: 23 March 1990 Published: 25 April 1990
On Closed-Chest Cardiac Resuscitation-Reply (1982)

In Reply.— We appreciate Dr Warshauer's generally favorable remarks and share with him the desire to study the efficacy of various CPR methods. However, we do not share his pessimistic view of conventional CPR. It is beneficial and life-saving to many in cardiac arrest. Most impressive are the studies demonstrating efficacy of lay-administered CPR in man by Thompson et al. 1 Furthermore, a good amount of information concerning the complications of conventional CPR has been obtained by Nagel et al. 2 Whether new approaches that we and others have proposed for performing CPR have clinical use remains at question. With regard to abdominal binding, our article concluded: This study provides justification for further detailed clinical studies to evaluate the long-term beneficial and side-effects of this technique. The major point of the study was to demonstrate that blood pressure (BP) rose consistently with abdominal binding during CPR in man. Some investigators
Bildungsenergie für eine Leerstelle im Germanium und dazugehörige Gitterverzerrung (1963)

Abstract Es wurde die Bildungsenergie U für eine Leerstelle im Germanium unter Benutzung der sogenannten Kopplungsparameter sowie der Bornschen Gitterenergie Φ 2 berechnet. Für die kovalenten Bindungen zwischen direkten Nachbaratomen wurde ein geeignetes Morse‐Potential angenommen. Für die Berechnungen wurde die Funktion U (σ 1 ,…, σ 96 ) der atomaren Verschiebungen σ λ als Bildungsenergie benutzt. Von U (σ 1 ,.…, σ 96 ) mußte das tiefste mögliche Minimum gesucht werden, welches die Bildungsenergie repräsentiert. Die atomaren Verschiebungen σ 1 ,.…,σ 98 wurden mit Hilfe einer elektronischen Rechenanlage unabhängig voneinander variiert. Man erhielt für U Werts zwischen 2,54 eV und 1,62 eV. Der experimentell gemessene Wert beträgt U = 2,0 eV.
Können diagnostische Score-Systeme bei Patienten mit Verdacht auf akute Appendizitis eine Entscheidungshilfe in der Praxis sein? (1999)

Both diagnostic scoring systems are better for excluding than correctly diagnosing AA; the decision to exclude could be made with a high degree of accuracy. Either scoring system may therefore be used in primary care of patients suspected of AA to help decide on referral to hospital.
The genus <i>Buglossoides</i> (Boraginaceae) in southern Africa (2002)

The genus Buglossoides Moench, a member of the family Boraginaceae. subfamily Boraginoideae. tribe Lithospermeae. is revised tor the Flora of southern Africa (FSA) region. Buglossoides comprises about seven species of annual, biennial or perennial herbs and subshrubs native to Asia, southern Europe and northern Africa. B. arvensis (L.) I.M Johnst.. a naturalized weed in many parts of the world, is the only member of the genus represented in the flora of southern Africa, presumably introduced with imported cereal seed. Although the similar polyaperturate pollen grains of Buglossoides and Lithospermum support the view that they are congeneric, they are retained as separate entities here. Diagnostic characters, a full description, various illustrations and a distribution map of B. arvensis in southern Africa are given.
Preparation and evaluation of well-defined di- and triblock copolymers based on poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] and poly(ε-caprolactone) (2014)

In this work, di- and triblock copolymers based on poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) and poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) have been prepared. The PDMAEMA length was kept constant for bo ...
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE WRIST. (2003)

The use of musculo-skeletal MRI is increasing at spectacular rate, however there have been few rigorous evaluations of its’ clinical effectiveness. This study was conducted to assess the impact of MRI of the wrist on clinical diagnosis and patient management. A controlled observational study was performed, in which referring clinicians completed questionnaires on diagnosis and intended management before and after wrist MRI. We analysed 118 consecutive patients referred for MRI of the wrist, to the magnetic resonance imaging units at a regional teaching hospital and a large district general hospital. We assessed: changes in clinicians’ leading and subsidiary diagnoses after MRI; their certainty of these diagnoses; and changes in intended patient management. Five patients had incorrectly completed requests, ten cancelled their appointments and two could not tolerate the MR examination. Complete follow up data is available for 98/101 patients with correctly completed request forms who were examined. The clinical diagnosis changed in 55 of 98 patients (56%). Diagnostic certainty increased in 23 of the remaining 43 patients (53%). Clinicians reported that MRI had substantially improved their understanding of the patients’ disease in 67/98 (68%) patients. There was a change in management in 46/98 (47%) patients, with a shift away from operative treatment. 28 out of 98 (29%) patients were discharged without further investigation. MRI was similarly effective in a regional teaching centre and a district general hospital. Magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist influences clinicians’ diagnoses and management plans. These results demonstrate the clinical effectiveness of MRI of the wrist in both a regional teaching centre and a district general hospital.
Greenhouse Gas and Criteria Emission Benefits through Reduction of Vessel Speed at Sea (2012)

Reducing emissions from ocean-going vessels (OGVs) as they sail near populated areas is a widely recognized goal, and Vessel Speed Reduction (VSR) is one of several strategies that is being adopted by regulators and port authorities. The goal of this research was to measure the emission benefits associated with greenhouse gas and criteria pollutants by operating OGVs at reduced speed. Emissions were measured from one Panamax and one post-Panamax class container vessels as their vessel speed was reduced from cruise to 15 knots or below. VSR to 12 knots yielded carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) emissions reductions (in kg/nautical mile (kg/nmi)) of approximately 61% and 56%, respectively, as compared to vessel cruise speed. The mass emission rate (kg/nmi) of PM(2.5) was reduced by 69% with VSR to 12 knots alone and by ~97% when coupled with the use of the marine gas oil (MGO) with 0.00065% sulfur content. Emissions data from vessels while operating at sea are scarce and measurements from this research demonstrated that tidal current is a significant parameter affecting emission factors (EFs) at lower engine loads. Emissions factors at ≤20% loads calculated by methodology adopted by regulatory agencies were found to underestimate PM(2.5) and NO(x) by 72% and 51%, respectively, when compared to EFs measured in this study. Total pollutant emitted (TPE) in the emission control area (ECA) was calculated, and emission benefits were estimated as the VSR zone increased from 24 to 200 nmi. TPE(CO2) and TPE(PM2.5) estimated for large container vessels showed benefits for CO(2) (2-26%) and PM(2.5) (4-57%) on reducing speeds from 15 to 12 knots, whereas TPE(CO2) and TPE(PM2.5) for small and medium container vessels were similar at 15 and 12 knots.
New synthesis of 2-thio-paf and related compounds as substrates of PAF acetylhydrolase and phospholipase A2. (1991)

2-Thio-PAF and related compounds (1a-c) as substrates of PAF acetylhydrolase and phospholipase A2 were synthesized stereoselectively from optically active 2-O-benzylglycerol monoacetate.
Model for the current–voltage characteristics of ultrathin gate oxides after soft breakdown (1998)

The current–voltage characteristics of metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors with a 4.2 nm SiO2 gate oxide are investigated. After the occurrence of soft breakdown, which is observed during constant current stress of the devices, the gate current is shown to behave like a power law of the applied gate voltage. We propose that this power law behavior is due to the formation of a percolation path between the electrons traps generated in the SiO2 layer during current stress of the capacitor. We describe a simple model which accounts for the current–voltage characteristics between two neighbor trapping sites, as well as a distribution of percolation thresholds in these (finite size) ultrathin SiO2 layers. The prediction of the model is in fair agreement with the experimental results in a large voltage range, and leads to a better description of the data than previously reported models. Furthermore, it is shown that this percolation model can also explain the temperature dependence of the gate current after the occurrence of soft breakdown.
A Single Midnight Serum Cortisol Measurement Distinguishes Cushing’s Syndrome from Pseudo-Cushing States<sup>1</sup> (1998)

Cushing's syndrome (CS) may be difficult to distinguish from pseudo-Cushing states (PCS) based on physical findings or urinary glucocorticoid excretion. As the lack of diurnal variation in serum cortisol is characteristic of CS, we studied whether diurnal cortisol determinations could discriminate CS from PCS. Two hundred and sixty-three patients were evaluated: 240 had CS, and 23 had PCS. Urine was collected for 24 h for measurement of cortisol and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17OHCS). Blood was drawn at 2300, 2330, 0000, 0030, and 0100 h and at 0600, 0630, 0700, 0730, and 0800 h the next morning for serum cortisol determination. The main outcome measure was the sensitivity of these parameters for the diagnosis of CS at 100% specificity. A midnight cortisol value greater than 7.5 microg/dL correctly identified 225 of 234 patients with CS and all PCS patients. This sensitivity (96%) was superior to that obtained for any other measure, including urinary cortisol (45%), 17OHCS (22%), any other individual cortisol time point (10-92%), the morning (23%) or the evening (93%) cortisol mean, and the ratio (11%) of morning to evening values. We conclude that at 100% specificity, a single serum cortisol value above 7.5 microg/dL at midnight discriminates CS from PCS with higher sensitivity than 24-h urinary cortisol or 17OHCS, or other individual or combined measures of serum cortisol.
Testing dataset for independent analysis of New Hampshire arsenic model (2017)

Existing multivariate logistic regression models that predict the probabilities of arsenic concentrations at 1, 5, and 10 micrograms per liter in bedrock aquifers of New Hampshire were tested using bedrock wells not included in the model development. This data release contains a table of measured arsenic concentrations and associated model input variables for the model testing dataset. Location data are censored to the county level.
Cervical kyphosis and myelopathy. Treatment by anterior corpectomy and strut-grafting. (1989)

Between 1976 and 1984, fourteen patients who had severe cervical kyphosis and myelopathy were treated with anterior decompression and arthrodesis. Eight had had spondylosis; five, a traumatic injury; and one, a benign intradural tumor. In eight of the fourteen patients, the severe kyphosis and myelopathy had developed after a laminectomy of three, four, or five cervical vertebrae. The laminectomy had been done for the treatment of spondylosis in five patients, of a traumatic lesion in two, and of a tumor in one. Considering all fourteen patients, an average of 2.25 vertebral bodies was removed from each, and the average extent of the subsequent fusion was 3.25 levels. Eight patients (six of whom had spondylosis; one, a traumatic lesion; and one, a tumor) were treated with a fibular graft that spanned an average of 4.10 levels, and six patients (four of whom had a traumatic lesion and two, spondylosis) were treated with an iliac graft that spanned an average of 2.70 levels. Of the five patients who had a traumatic lesion, four were treated with anterior decompression and arthrodesis, combined with posterior arthrodesis that was performed during the same period of anesthesia. In three patients, the anterior graft dislodged during the immediate postoperative period. Two of the three patients had posterior instability due to a prior laminectomy, and in the third the graft dislodged because of technical difficulties. Two of these grafts were revised to restore stability. At the latest follow-up, twelve of the fourteen fusions were solid. In the other two patients, who died six and ten months postoperatively, the fusion had been solid, as shown by radiographs, before the time of death. The average amount of correction of the kyphotic deformities was 32 degrees, a reduction from an average of 45 degrees to an average of 13 degrees. All but one patient had some recovery of neural function; nine had complete and four, partial recovery. The remaining patient had relief of pain, but he continued to be completely quadriplegic although he had some sensory sparing. Of the four patients who had been unable to walk preoperatively, three were able to walk postoperatively. No patient lost neural function after the anterior decompression and arthrodesis. We concluded that, in the presence of severe cervical kyphosis and myelopathy, adequate anterior decompression of the spinal cord, correction of the kyphosis, and anterior arthrodesis using a strut graft can yield excellent results without undue risk.
Simple Kinetic Model for Rapid Granular Flows Including Frictional Losses (1990)

A simple kinetic model for flows of nearly elastic granular materials in the grain‐inertia regime is presented, which includes the effects of frictional‐energy dissipation during collision. It is shown that frictional losses have the same effects as energy dissipation due to the inelasticity of granular particles. The special case of granular simple shear flow is treated in detail. Variations of stress components with solid volume fraction, coefficient of restitution, and friction coefficient are studied. The results are compared with the available experimental data for rapid shearing of glass and polystyrene beads and good agreement is observed. For small values of the coefficient of friction, it is shown that the shear and normal stresses decrease as frictional‐energy dissipation increases. The decrease in normal stress is more noticeable than that of the shear stress.
The Serpin-Enzyme Complex Receptor Recognizes Soluble, Nontoxic Amyloid-β Peptide but Not Aggregated, Cytotoxic Amyloid-β Peptide (1996)

There is now extensive evidence that amyloid-beta peptide is toxic to neurons and that its cytotoxic effects can be attributed to a domain corresponding to amyloid-beta 25-35, GSNKGAIIGLM. We have shown recently that the serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin)-enzyme complex receptor (SEC-R), a receptor initially identified for binding of alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1-AT) and other serine protease inhibitors, also recognizes the amyloid-beta 25-35 domain. In fact, by recognizing the amyloid-beta 25-35 domain, SEC-R mediates cell surface binding, internalization, and degradation of soluble amyloid-beta peptide. In this study, we examined the possibility that SEC-R mediates the neurotoxic effect of amyloid-beta peptide. A series of peptides based on the sequences of amyloid-beta peptide and alpha1-AT was prepared soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide or insoluble in water and examined in assays for SEC-R binding, for cytotoxicity in neuronal PC12 cells and murine cortical neurons in primary culture, and for aggregation in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis. The results show that amyloid-beta peptide 25-35 and amyloid-beta peptide 1-40 prepared soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide compete for binding to SEC-R, are nontoxic, and migrate as monomers in SDS-PAGE analysis. In contrast, the same peptides aged in water did not compete for binding to SEC-R but were toxic and migrated as aggregates in SDS-PAGE. An all-D-amyloid-beta 25-35 peptide was not recognized at all by SEC-R but retained full toxic/aggregating properties. Using a series of deleted, substituted, and chimeric ambeta/alpha1-AT peptides, toxicity correlated well with aggregation but poorly with SEC-R recognition. In a subclone of PC12 cells which developed resistance to the toxic effect of aggregated amyloid-beta 25-35 there was a 2.5-3-fold increase in the number of SEC-R molecules/cell compared with the parent PC12 cell line. These data show that SEC-R does not mediate the cytotoxic effect of aggregated amyloid-beta peptide. Rather, SEC-R could play a protective role by mediating clearance and catabolism of soluble, monomeric amyloid-beta peptide, if soluble amyloid-beta peptide proves to be an in vivo precursor of the insoluble, toxic peptide.
Pyrolysis/(GC)/sup 2//MS as a coal characterization technique (1981)

With the commercial availability of mini-pyrolyzers coupled with gc/ms instrumentation, many studies have been conducted on fossil fuels. However, the studies conducted to date have been limited in two important areas. The first is the lack of a suitable quantification method to describe the patterns of pyrolysates formed and the second is the absence of absolute quantitative yields for the major degradation products. These two features have been included in this present work to demonstrate a generally applicable method for quantifying a wide range of coal pyrolysis products. By employing rapid pyrolysis, that is, a 20/sup 0/C per millisec heat-up rate with a helium gas sweep, many secondary reactions are avoided. Many of the volatilized coal pyrolysates are swept out of the Pyroprobe hot zone quickly enough so that they still retain much of their structural identity. Analysis of the major chromatographable compounds, therefore, provides some information of the original coal structure. The pyrolysis products of two coals, Illinois No. 6 and Rawhide, are summarized. A major difference observed in the major degradation products of these two coals is that Rawhide's carbon dioxide yield was three times that of Illinois No. 6. This was attributed to the greater amount ofmore » carboxylic acid groups in Rawhide coal.« less
Polymer Multilayer Particles:  A Route to Spherical Dielectric Resonators (2006)

Polymer multilayer particles with radial variation in refractive index can possess a photonic band gap and therefore can be used as spherical dielectric resonators (SDRs). We synthesized multilayer microspheres with morphology “predesigned” by modeling their scattering cross section. The particles had a polystyrene core and four 150 ± 20 nm thick alternating layers of polystyrene and poly(trifluoroethyl methacrylate) which were used as a high and a low refractive index counterpart, respectively. We confirmed the morphology of microspheres by transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We undertook a further step in increasing refractive index contrast between the layers by copolymerizing styrene with vinylcarbazole.
ChemInform Abstract: DMAP‐Catalyzed Regel‐Type Direct C‐2 (Hetero)Aroylation of Oxazoles and Thiazoles Derivatives with Acid Chlorides. (2014)

Abstract The general and efficient method allows the synthesis of a wide range of 2‐ketoazoles via metal free reaction of oxazoles and thiazoles with acid chlorides.
Performance analysis of multistage interconnection networks with hierarchical requesting model (1988)

Analyzes the performance of the multistage interconnection networks (MINs) for interconnecting N processors or N processors to N commonly shared memory modules in a multiprocessor system. A general model, called hierarchical requesting model, has been proposed. The performance of the MINs with respect to their memory bandwidth is analyzed and is compared to that of a crossbar under the proposed model. Based on the analytical results, the authors present a task allocation strategy to increase the memory bandwidth of the MINs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>