gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A PRELIMINARY CHECKLIST OF THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF THE CHIQUIBUL FOREST, BELIZE (2006)

Covering an area of 177,000 hectares, the region known within Belize as the Chiquibul Forest comprises the country's largest forest reserve and includes the Chiquibul Forest Reserve, the Chiquibul National Park and the Caracol Archaeological Reserve. Based on 7047 herbarium and live collections, a checklist of 1355 species of vascular plant is presented for this area, of which 87 species are believed to be new records for the country. Of the 41 species of plant known to be endemic to Belize, four have been recorded within the Chiquibul, and 12 species are listed in The World Conservation Union (IUCN) 2006 Red List of Threatened Species. Although the Chiquibul Forest has been relatively well collected, there are geographical biases in botanical sampling which have focused historically primarily on the limestone forests of the Chiquibul Forest Reserve. A brief review of the collecting history of the Chiquibul is provided, and recommendations are given on where future collecting efforts may best be focused. The Chiquibul Forest is shown to be a significant regional centre of plant diversity and an important component of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor.
<title>Feedback-controlled cartilage reshaping with an Nd:YAG laser: effects of pH variation</title> (1998)

In this study, we examined the effect of variation of pH environment on the thermal, mechanical and optical response of cartilage to laser-mediated heating. Our previous studies have demonstrated that cartilage undergoes accelerated stress relaxation during laser irradiation at fluences below the ablation threshold. Characteristic changes in integrated backscattered light intensity, radiometric surface temperature and internal stress are consistently observed during irradiation at physiologic pH. A peak in integrated backscattered light intensity occurs when surface temperature reaches approximately 65 degrees Celsius. Internal stress increases, plateaus, and subsequently decreases in a similar manner. In this study, porcine nasal septal cartilage specimens were immersed for 24 hours in physiologic buffer solution titrated to pH 1.1., 7, and 11. Cartilage samples were then irradiated (equals 1.3 micrometer, 4 W, spot size 4 - 5 mm) and integrated backscattered light intensity, radiometric surface temperature and internal stress were recorded. While specimens at pH 7 and 11 demonstrated qualitatively similar behavior, notable differences at pH 1.1 were observed, including: (1) temporal decoupling of the internal stress and light scattering responses; (2) rapid increases in integrated backscattered light intensity measurements during the early phases of laser irradiation; and (3) prolonged elevation in integrated backscattered light intensity and internal stress following laser irradiation. In addition, during successive laser irradiation to the same specimen, we observed a temporal decoupling between integrated backscattered light intensity and internal stress at pH 7 and 11. This was not observed at pH 1.1. These observations are discussed in the context of cartilage structure and chemical interactions within the extracellular matrix. Mechanisms for the observed differences are proposed, including interactions by the cartilage proteoglycan moieties, which are sensitive to changes in the pH environment and provide cartilage tissue with its characteristic viscoelastic properties.
Growth and Field Emission of Reactive Sputtered Pd–PdO Core–Shell Nanoflakes on Platinum (2008)

Palladium oxide (PdO) was deposited on platinum by reactive sputter deposition, and the PdO thin film grown on the Pt substrate had a flakelike morphology. The nanosized flake had a core–shell structure with a single Pd grain encapsulated by a crystalline PdO surface layer. The formation of the PdO capped nanoflakes was ascribed to a large interfacial stress due to a lattice mismatch between PdO and Pt. Field emission characteristics of the nanoflakes were studied and a field-enhancement factor of 791 was obtained.
Cloning and Expression of Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Genes in the Rainbow Trout Brain (1995)

Salmonids, a group of tetraploid fish including salmon and trout, produce the vertebrate neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) in a group of hypothalamic magnocellular neurons in the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT). NLT neurons project both to the brain and to the neural lobe of the pituitary gland from where MCH is released into the circulation to play a central role in camouflage (+/- stress). We have cloned and sequenced the MCH1 and MCH2 genes from the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and used the data firstly to examine the position of O. mykiss in salmonid phylogeny, and secondly to enable central nervous system MCH1 and MCH2 gene expression to be mapped. In the immature adult female trout brain, only MCH2 was detectable at the hybridization stringency used. In addition to the known location of MCH-positive neurons, immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization histochemistry revealed a previously undescribed nucleus of MCH-positive neurons located more dorsal and posterior to those of the NLT, over the paraventricular organ of the lateral ventricular recess. Axons from this second group of MCH neurons project dorsally into the brain, while a few extend down toward the lateral ventricle near the paraventricular organ. They make little, if any, direct contact with the neurohypophysis, and thus may subserve a central function, unrelated to hormonal colour regulation.
A Multicenter Study of [-2]Pro-Prostate Specific Antigen Combined With Prostate Specific Antigen and Free Prostate Specific Antigen for Prostate Cancer Detection in the 2.0 to 10.0 ng/ml Prostate Specific Antigen Range (2011)

The prostate health index may be useful in prostate cancer screening to decrease unnecessary biopsy in men 50 years old or older with prostate specific antigen 2 to 10 ng/ml and negative digital rectal examination with minimal loss in sensitivity.
Optimization of the detection coil of high-Tc superconducting quantum interference device-based nuclear magnetic resonance for discriminating a minimum amount of liver tumor of rats in microtesla fields (2013)

This study presents an optimization of the detection coil of high-Tc superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID)-based nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in microtesla fields for discriminating a minimum amount of liver tumor in rats by characterizing the longitudinal relaxation rate, T1−1, of tested samples. The detection coil, which was coupled to the SQUID through a flux transformer, was optimized by varying the copper wires’ winding turns and diameters. When comparing the measured NMR signals, we found that the simulated NMR signal agrees with simulated signals. When discriminating liver tumors in rats, the averaged longitudinal relaxation rate was observed to be T1−1 = 3.3 s−1 for cancerous liver tissue and T1−1 = 6.6 s−1 for normal liver tissue. The results suggest that it can be used to successfully discriminate cancerous liver tissue from normal liver tissues in rats. The minimum amount of samples that can be detected is 0.2 g for liver tumor and 0.4 g for normal liver tissue in 100 μT fields. The specimen was not damaged; it can be used for other pathological analyses. The proposed method provides more possibilities for examining undersized specimens.
Investigation of phase-modulator-based all-optical bandpass microwave filter (2005)

Theoretical analysis and experimental implementation of an all-optical bandpass microwave filter are presented. Bandpass filtering is implemented using an electrooptic phase modulator combined with a dispersive device to eliminate the baseband resonance of a typical low-pass filter. In addition to bandpass operation, the proposed filter also provides an improved mainlobe-to-sidelobe ratio (MSR) and a reduced mainlobe bandwidth compared with those of the conventional microwave filters with windowing. A four-tap bandpass microwave filter with a 3-dB mainlobe bandwidth of 2.65 GHz and an MSR of 30 dB is demonstrated. The filter performances, including the reconfigurability, tunability, and the dynamic range, are also discussed.
Expression of resistance to tetracyclines in strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (2000)

A diverse collection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates resistant to tetracycline was screened by PCR for the presence of the resistance determinants tetK, tetL, tetM or tetO. Twenty-four of 66 isolates had tetM alone, 21 had tetK alone and 21 had both tetK and tetM (tetKM). All isolates were tetL- and tetO-negative. MICs of tetracycline, doxycycline and minocycline were evaluated for all isolates with or without preincubation in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of tetracycline or minocycline. All isolates with one or more tetracycline resistance determinants were resistant to tetracycline 8 mg/L without induction of resistance. Some MRSA isolates of each of these three genotypes showed an unexpected lack of resistance to tetracyclines when the disc diffusion or agar dilution method was applied to uninduced cells. Resistance to tetracycline and doxycycline was greater (two- to four-fold) in tetK cells preincubated with tetracycline (tetK MRSA isolates were susceptible to minocycline </=0.25 mg/L under all conditions tested). For isolates with tetM alone, preincubation with tetracycline or minocycline gave up to a four-fold increase in the level of resistance to doxycycline and minocycline. Induction of doxycycline and minocycline resistance was clearly observed for tetKM isolates when cells were preincubated with minocycline. This study suggests that, despite the results of susceptibility testing, all tetracycline-resistant S. aureus isolates should be treated as resistant to doxycycline, and all tetM-positive isolates should be treated as resistant to all tetracyclines. A double disc diffusion method has been developed to identify inducible resistance to minocycline and to distinguish between tetK, tetM and tetKM isolates.
A millimeter-wave integrated-circuit antenna based on the Fresnel zone plate (1992)

A new type of millimeter-wave integrated-circuit antenna is based on a quasi-optical design is investigated. It consists of a Fresnel zone plate on one side of a dielectric substrate and a resonant strip dipole antenna at the focus of the zone plate on the opposite side of the substrate. All of the components are made using simple integrated-circuit fabrication techniques: thin-film metal depositions on planar dielectric substrates. Another features of this design is the short focal length of the zone plate; the focal length/diameter (f/d) for the zone plates studied ranges from 0.1 to 0.5. The antennas described are for a frequency of 230 GHz ( lambda /sub 0/=1.3 mm); however, the design is easily scaled to other millimeter-wave or submillimeter-wave frequencies. Measured results are reported for four different focal length zone plates. Moderate gains, above 20 dB, are obtained. A theory is developed which predicts the on-axis gain, beamwidth, and sidelobe levels. Design graphs are given to aid in the selection of the geometrical parameters to achieve a desired gain from the integrated-circuit zone-plane antenna.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Fracture Resistance in Line Pipe (1965)

The program of research on line pipe under the sponsorship of the A.G.A. Pipeline Research Committee is a comprehensive effort to investigate the important properties of pipe used in gas transmission. Several different phases are involved in this project, ranging from fundamental laboratory studies to fracture-behavior experiments on large-diameter pipe. This paper discusses the full-scale experimental parts of the program in which the fracture toughness of line pipe is being studied. Some of the factors that influence full-scale fracture behavior are discussed—material properties, fracture speed, temperature, wall thickness, nominal stress level, and type of backfill. Laboratory fracture tests that are being run and correlated with full-scale behavior are also described.
Effects of Temperature on Diapausing Cocoons of the Yellowheaded Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis12 (1981)

Journal Article Effects of Temperature on Diapausing Cocoons of the Yellowheaded Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis Get access Robert J. Bartelt, Robert J. Bartelt Department of Entomology, Fisheries, and Wildlife, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Herbert M. Kulman, Herbert M. Kulman Department of Entomology, Fisheries, and Wildlife, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Richard L. Jones Richard L. Jones Department of Entomology, Fisheries, and Wildlife, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Annals of the Entomological Society of America, Volume 74, Issue 5, 15 September 1981, Pages 472–477, https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/74.5.472 Published: 15 September 1981 Article history Received: 14 November 1980 Published: 15 September 1981
The Family as an Incomplete Annuities Market (1979)

The Family as an Incomplete Annuities Market Families provide individuals with risk sharing opportunities which may not otherwise be available. Within the family there is a degree of trust and a level of information which alleviates three key problems in the provision of insurance by markets open to the general public, namely, moral hazard, adverse selection, and deception. The informational advantages of pooling risk within families must be set against the inability of families to provide complete insurance because of the small size of the risk pooling group.
European Perspective of 2-Person Rule for Biosafety Level 4 Laboratories (2009)

To the Editor: Recently, the directors of Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) laboratories in the United States published their views of the requirement of having ≥2 persons present at all times while biological work is undertaken in a BSL-4 laboratory (1). They concluded that safety and security would be better assured in some situations by video monitoring systems rather than by the presence of a fellow scientist. As members of the European Network of Biosafety Level-4 laboratories (Euronet-P4) who have developed guidelines in this area (2–4), we discussed the article during a recent network meeting. Biosafety and biosecurity are the major concerns for all involved in BSL-4 activities, and we support the authors’ initiative and broadly agree with their position. The consensus among European BSL-4 experts is that, in the interest of safety, standard practice should be for all laboratories to perform a risk assessment before any activity is undertaken. This preliminary assessment is the best way to determine procedures to be used, including whether 2 persons should work together as part of laboratory procedure. A 2-person rule is inappropriate simply because the best approach is not to have inflexible rules that are not objectively assessed according to laboratory-specific circumstances.

Surveillance video monitoring and data storing have their place in protecting laboratory facilities from unauthorized access and theft of materials, but their effectiveness for ensuring proper handling of pathogens is quite limited. Finally, we agree with the authors that both biosafety and biosecurity must be founded on careful selection and monitoring of staff, without which even the most sophisticated of control systems would fail.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CLAY FRACTIONS IN A CHERNOZEMIC TO PODZOLIC SEQUENCE OF SOIL PROFILES IN SASKATCHEWAN (1963)

The clay fractions of four Saskatchewan soils ranging from Orthic Black to Orthic Grey Wooded have undergone small but significant changes as a result of pedogenic processes. The fine clay fractions (< 0.2 μ) are composed almost entirely of montmorillonite and illite which occur in a ratio of approximately three to one. Trace amounts of kaolinite and chlorite are present. Montmorillonite and illite, occurring in about equal amounts in the coarse clay fractions (2.0—0.2 μ), account for less than three-quarters of the total weights; kaolinite, chlorite and primary minerals make up the remainder of the fractions.The fixation of potassium by expanding-type clay minerals has resulted in an increase in illite content within the sola of all four profiles. Illitization is most pronounced in the Ah horizon of the Black soil. The chlorite content of the clays decreases within the sola of all profiles, the greatest decrease occurring in the Ae of the Grey Wooded soil, indicating more intensive weathering in the Podzolic than in the Chernozemic soil.Surface area and cation exchange capacity data substantiate, to some degree, currently held views on the close relationship between micas and expanding 2:1 layer silicate minerals in soils. The lack of preferential movement of montmorillonite within profiles in which marked clay translocation has occurred may serve as a good indication that montmorillonite and illite occur as interstratified clays and as such cannot move separately within these soils.
<i>In vivo</i> detection and automatic analysis of GABA in the mouse brain with MEGA‐PRESS at 9.4 T (2017)

The goals of this study were to develop an acquisition protocol and the analysis tools for Meshcher-Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy (MEGA-PRESS) in mouse brain at 9.4 T, to allow the in vivo detection of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and to examine whether isoflurane alters GABA levels in the thalamus during anesthesia. We implemented the MEGA-PRESS sequence on a Bruker 94/20 system with ParaVision 6.0.1, and magnetic resonance spectra were acquired from nine male wild-type C57BL/6 J mice at the thalamus. Four individual scans were obtained for each mouse in a 2-h time course whilst the mouse was anesthetized with isoflurane. We developed an automated analysis program with improved correction for frequency and phase drift compared with the standard creatine (Cr) fitting-based method and provided automatic quantification. During MEGA-PRESS acquisition, a single voxel with a size of 5 × 3 × 3 mm<sup>3</sup> was placed at the thalamus to evaluate GABA to Cr (GABA/Cr) ratios during anesthesia. Detection and quantitative analysis of thalamic GABA levels were successfully achieved. We noticed a significant decrease in GABA/Cr during the 2-h anesthesia (by linear regression analysis: slope < 0, p < 0.0001). In summary, our findings demonstrate that MEGA-PRESS is a feasible technique to measure in vivo GABA levels in the mouse brain at 9.4 T.
Micro-crystalline diamond and nano-carbon structures produced using a high argon concentration in hot-filament chemical vapor deposition (2001)

Micro-crystalline diamond films and nano-carbon structures in the form of wires have been grown by the introduction of argon at very high concentrations (60%–87.5% vol Ar) into the feed mixture (ethanol and hydrogen) of a hot-filament chemical vapor deposition reactor. The argon, in addition to acting as an inert diluent, also modified the kinetics of the carbon deposition process; its presence apparently minimized the deposition of intergranular hydrogenated species, induced an increase in the number of flaws between the diamond grains, increased the porosity of the films, and formed new carbon structures. Well-faceted diamond films, diamond-like carbon (DLC) balls, spongy-like wires, and multilayer structures were observed at different concentrations of Ar. Raman spectroscopy of the deposited material showed that structures of high quality diamond (60%–65% vol Ar) and carbon structures related to DLC, fullerenes and carbon nanotubes, may be deposited by this process.
Temporal organization in birdsong production (1996)

Birdsong is a complex time-series behavior that requires learning. Although neural characteristics of the temporal domain in the songbird brain are described in some detail, few studies addressed temporal parameters at a behavioral level. Temporal organization of Bengalese finch (Lonchura striata var. domestica) song in several behavioral paradigms was examined. First, a detailed sequence analysis of song episodes was conducted and a transitional diagram of the song was obtained. Next, ongoing song production was interrupted by a flash-light stimulation, and the pattern of stopping was analyzed. Third, auditory and/or proprioceptive feedback was deprived and the temporal deterioration in the song was analyzed. All data suggest that the song in the Bengalese finch is a hierarchical behavior; a string of produced songs was comprised of subunits. The anatomical and physiological basis of the hierarchical organization of birdsong should be addressed in future studies.
Semi-analytical finite-element modeling approach for guided wave assessment of mechanical degradation in bones (2017)

Numerical models based on the Semi Analytical Finite-Element method are used to study the characteristics of guided wave modes supported by bone-like multi-layered tubular structures. The method is first validated using previous literature and experimental studies on phantoms mimicking healthy and osteoporotic conditions of cortical bone, and later used to study a trilayer marrow–bone–tissue system at varying mechanical degradation levels. The results show that bone condition strongly affects the modal properties of axially propagating guided waves and indicates that L(0,3) and F(1,6) are suitable modes for assessing the mechanical condition of the bone. The work here reports suitable modal selection and their dispersion properties which would the aid in development of a transduction mechanism for mechanical assessment of bones.
ChemInform Abstract: The Design, Synthesis, and Activity of Non‐ATP Competitive Inhibitors of pp60<sup>c‐src</sup> Tyrosine Kinase. Part 2. Hydroxyindole Derivatives. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Expression of Primary Cilia on Liver Stem and Progenitor Cells: Potential Role for Mechanosensing in Liver Development (2013)

The primary cilium is a non-motile organelle that projects out from the plasma membrane of many cell types in the body. It consists of an axoneme with microtubules arranged in a 9+0 arrangement that extends from the mother centriole contained within the basal body. Once thought to be a non-essential organelle, it is now known that primary cilia have an important role in embryonic and post-natal development, as well as maintenance of adult tissues. Mutations affecting primary ciliary development result in a class of serious diseases known as ciliopathies [1, 2]. Recent research suggests that the primary cilia/ centrosomes might play a role in embryonic stem cell differentiation through cell cycle regulation and their association with the Hedgehog signaling pathway [3, 4].