gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photodynamic therapy--coming of age. (1989)

With the advent of Phase III clinical trials, photodynamic therapy of solid tumors is about to gain respectability within the field of cancer therapy. This treatment modality uses visible light to activate tumor-localizing photosensitizers, and causes tissue destruction by generating highly cytotoxic molecular oxygen species. The almost universal tumor response achievable, mild general toxicity, and repeatability of treatment without loss of effectiveness account for its application in a wide variety of human neoplasms. A decade of basic and preclinical research has laid a solid foundation of knowledge of the mechanisms of the photodynamic effect, both on the cellular and tissue levels. Although open questions remain, these efforts have provided the rationale for new directions of development, such as the design of new photosensitizers and improved light sources. This report describes the events involved in photodynamic tumor destruction, emphasizing possible ways to improve this therapy in the future.
Data Reduction by Huffman Coding and Encryption by Insertion of Shuffled Cyclic Redundancy Code (2007)

Cryptography today is assumed as the study of techniques and applications of securing the integrity and authenticity of transfer of information under difficult circumstances. It uses mathematical techniques related to aspects of information security such as confidentiality, data integrity, entity authentication, and data origin authentication. The encryption here mainly of two types. They are private and public key cryptography.
TDOA Source Localization in the Presence of Synchronization Clock Bias and Sensor Position Errors (2013)

TDOA positioning requires the sensors to be synchronized when sampling the signals to locate an emitting source. It also demands the sensor positions to be accurate. Achieving synchronization may not be feasible when the sensors are widely separated or are many, and precise sensor positions are often not available in practice. This paper investigates TDOA localization using a set of imperfect sensors, where timing synchronization offsets and random position errors exist among different sensor groups. The degradation in localization accuracy caused by synchronization offsets and position errors is examined through the Cramér–Rao lower bound (CRLB) analysis under Gaussian noise. A novel method in obtaining sequentially algebraic solutions of the source location, the sensor positions, and the synchronization offsets is developed. Sequential estimation simplifies the localization task and offers complexity reduction. The performance of the proposed estimates is shown to reach the CRLB accuracy analytically using small noise analysis, although they are estimated sequentially and not jointly. Simulations support and corroborate the theoretical developments.
Proliferation of Excised Juice Vesicles of Lemon in vitro (1959)

Juice vesicles from mature lemon fruits will proliferate in vitro for indefinite periods. The comparatively simple tissue grows on a synthetic nutrient medium almost entirely inorganic in composition.
Maxamillion's Ordinary Day: Integrating Literacy and Numeracy across the Whole School (2006)

Maxamillion wakes early one morning expecting an ordinary day, but to his surprise he begins to see maths in the world around him. On his journey to 'maths enlightenment', Maxamillion meets his friend Alfie, visits the MCG, gets stuck in traffic on his way to the airport, and boards the plane to Athens for the 2004 Beanie Kid Olympics! During Literacy and Numeracy week, the students and teachers of Roberts McCubbin Primary School participated in the creation of a mathematical picture storybook called Maxamillion's Ordinary Day.
Recurrent genital herpes simplex infection. A trivial disorder. (1985)

Genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection can be viewed, in the main, as a trivial disorder causing patients minor physical discomfort and some alteration in the pattern of their normal sexual activity. Notwithstanding the fact that genital HSV may have oncogenic properties and may be life-threatening to a fetus at term or to the immune suppressed, the simple clinical fact remains that the disease is a benign, self-limiting infection for most healthy individuals. This, of course, is not how most patients actually view the affliction. Recurrent infection with genital HSV presents, instead, a number of special psychosocial problems to patients and therapeutic dilemmas to physicians that defy conventional approaches appropriate to other sexually transmitted diseases. Included in a list of issues considered peculiar, if not unique, to recurrent genital HSV infection are the following: (1) the failure of most For editorial comment see p 467. conventional medical treatments to influence
Trospium chloride: an effective option for medical treatment of bladder overactivity (2000)

This article provides an overview on pharmacological and clinical trials with trospium chloride (TC1) in the treatment of urinary incontinence. A total of 19 clinical trials and post-marketing surveillance studies including more than 10,000 patients is reported. Selected pharmacological and clinical pharmacokinetic data are discussed as a basis for a better interpretation and understanding of the clinical trial results. The efficacy and safety of trospium chloride in the treatment of detrusor overactivity is well proven. Given a favorable risk/benefit ratio trospium chloride qualifies as a first choice drug for the treatment of urge incontinence and reflex incontinence.
Native Village of Kivalina IRA Council v. United States Environmental Protection Agency (2013)

In this case, the Ninth Circuit affirmed the United States Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Appeals Board’s order denying review of petitioners’ Native Village of Kivalina IRA Council (Kivalina)’s challenge of a permit issued to the mining company Teck Alaska, Inc. Teck’s permit allows the company to discharge wastewater from the Red Dog Mine into the Wulik River in northwestern Alaska, near the Kivalina village. The Ninth Circuit held that Kivalina failed to address the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s allegedly inadequate responses to Kivalina’s public comments on the proposed permit. Thus, the United States Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Appeals Board properly denied Kivalina’s request for review.
Surface plasmon polaritons in metal stripes and wires (2004)

Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are collective electron oscillations coupled to a light field which are propagating along the interface of a metal and a dielectric. As a surface wave, SPP modes feature properties essentially different from light-field modes in all dielectric structures. These properties could allow the realization of novel photonic devices that overcome certain limitations of conventional devices. Specifically, the realization of two-dimensional optics and light-field transport in sub-wavelength SPP waveguides seems feasible. In this review we discuss recent experimental advances regarding SPP waveguides, i.e. laterally confined metal thin films that guide SPPs. Electron-beam lithography is applied to tailor these films with widths ranging from a few micrometres (stripes) to nanoscopic values (wires). We investigate SPP properties such as propagation length, mode field profile and reflection or scattering at interfaces. Various techniques for SPP excitation and detection are discussed.
Songs of the Sirens (2008)

Some companies think that mergers or acquisitions can put them on the path to greater success. Freek Vermeulen points out the warning signs along the path that show when a deal is not a good deal.
A Note on Colonel W. M. Leake (1988)

In AS XXXVII (1987) 23–35 J. M. Wagstaff writes interestingly of “Colonel Leake and the Classical Topography of Asia Minor”. Leake succeeded in identifying a large number of ancient sites in Asia Minor. Dr. Wagstaff is well aware of this and naturally enough does not make it his business to list them all. However, in view of current B.I.A.A. work at Oenoanda and Balbura in the Cibyratis, it seems worth pointing out, as a footnote to his article, that Leake was the first to identify both cities, although he never visited either of them. He identified them on the basis of epigraphical evidence collected in October 1841 by Richard Hoskyn, Master of H.M.S. Beacon, and the naturalist Edward Forbes, and his “Remarks on Mr. Hoskyn's Paper”, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society XII (1842) 162–9, may be added to Dr. Wagstaff's list of publications of the man whom Louis Robert justly described as “l'incarnation de la géographie du monde hellénique pendant la première partie du XIX e siècle”.
Genetic Variants in SNCA and the Risk of Sporadic Parkinson’s Disease and Clinical Outcomes: A Review (2017)

There is increasing evidence of the contribution of genetic susceptibility to the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Genetic variations in the SNCA gene are well established by linkage and genome-wide association studies. Positive associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SNCA and increased risk for PD were found. However, the role of SNCA variants in individual traits or phenotypes of PD is unknown. Here, we reviewed the current literature and identified 57 studies, performed in fourteen different countries, that investigated SNCA variants and susceptibility to PD. We discussed the findings based on environmental factors, history of PD, clinical outcomes, and ethnicity. In conclusion, SNPs within the SNCA gene can modify the susceptibility to PD, leading to increased or decreased risk. The risk associations of some SNPs varied among samples. Of notice, no studies in South American or African populations were found. There is little information about the effects of these variants on particular clinical aspects of PD, such as motor and nonmotor symptoms. Similarly, evidence of possible interactions between SNCA SNPs and environmental factors or disease progression is scarce. There is a need to expand the clinical applicability of these data as well as to investigate the role of SNCA SNPs in populations with different ethnic backgrounds.
Sacchariiication of Straw by Actinomycete Enzymes (1988)

Over 200 strains of actinomycetes, representing nine distinct genera, were screened directly for the ability to release reducing sugar from ball-milled wheat straw, using a microtitre plate assay system. Xylanase activity was detected in nearly all of the strains examined while activities against purified cellulosic substrates were less widespread and relatively low. Straw saccharification resulted from cooperative enzyme action and sugar yields were not simply correlated with substrate particle size. Straw-saccharifying activity was further characterized in selected strains comprising five representatives of the genera Thermomonospora and Streptomyces, one Micromonospora strain and the type strain of Microbispora bispora. Common features included optimal saccharification of straw in the pH range 6·0–9·0 and xylose and its oligomers as the principal products, although low concentrations of glucose were also detected. Optimal activity and increased stability at 70 °C was a feature of enzyme preparations from Thermomonospora and thermophilic Streptomyces strains. β-Xylosidase and β-glucosidase activities were largely intracellular, but significant amounts of extracellular β-xylosidase activity were also found in two strains. Other enzymes involved in straw saccharification include acetylesterase and arabinofuranosidase, and these activities were detected in all strains. Acetylesterase and arabinofuranosidase activities were largely extracellular, but in some strains significant amounts of intracellular activity were also detected.
Physiologically Distinct Temporal Cohorts of Cortical Interneurons Arise from Telencephalic <i>Olig2</i> -Expressing Precursors (2007)

Inhibitory GABAergic interneurons of the mouse neocortex are a highly heterogeneous population of neurons that originate from the ventral telencephalon and migrate tangentially up into the developing cortical plate. The majority of cortical interneurons arise from a transient embryonic structure known as the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), but how the remarkable diversity is specified in this region is not known. We have taken a genetic fate mapping strategy to elucidate the temporal origins of cortical interneuron subtypes within the MGE. We used an inducible form of Cre under the regulation of Olig2, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor highly expressed in neural progenitors of the MGE. We observe that the physiological subtypes of cortical interneurons are, to a large degree, unique to their time point of generation.
Design of a 100 MHz hybrid number system data execution unit (1990)

A hybrid number system data execution unit which supports the 32-b IEEE 754 floating-point and a 32-b logarithmic number system is described. By using the proposed conversion algorithms, a very-high-performance data execution unit is realized for all basic arithmetic operations, such as multiplication, division, squaring, and square root. These operations, in a pipelined structure, can be executed in 10 ns in a 0.8-μm CMOS technology. Critical paths, such as the required 12-b by 12-b Booth multiplier, are implemented with the redundant binary bit representation to enhance the performance, and the multiple-port ROMs are carefully laid out and use half-VDD precharge to reduce the access time. The architecture, circuit design, and design methodology are described in detail. Simulated circuit performance of this data execution unit is also discussed
Feature Selection with the<b>Boruta</b>Package (2010)

This article describes a <b>R</b> package <b>Boruta</b>, implementing a novel feature selection algorithm for finding emph{all relevant variables}. The algorithm is designed as a wrapper around a Random Forest classification algorithm. It iteratively removes the features which are proved by a statistical test to be less relevant than random probes. The <b>Boruta</b> package provides a convenient interface to the algorithm. The short description of the algorithm and examples of its application are presented.
Dislocations and mechanical properties of MgO-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} spinel single crystals (1999)

MgO{center{underscore}dot}nAl{sub 2}O{sub 3} spinel single crystals can be deformed plastically at high temperatures, displaying a range of interesting features. Stress-strain curves often exhibit strong work hardening followed by prominent work softening due to glide and climb processes. The critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) at a given temperature decreases dramatically, by almost 2 orders of magnitude, with increasing deviation from stoichiometry, i.e., as n increases from 1 to 3.5. The CRSS is proportional to exp({minus}T/T{sub 0}) and to [V{sub c}]{sup {minus}2}, where T is the temperature in kelvin, T{sub 0} a characteristic temperature, and [V{sub c}] the concentration of charge-compensating cation vacancies. The Burgers vector is 1/2{l{underscore}angle}110{r{underscore}angle}, and slip can occur on {l{underscore}brace}111{r{underscore}brace} and {l{underscore}brace}110{r{underscore}brace} planes. Slip on {l{underscore}brace}111{r{underscore}brace} planes is believed to occur between the Kagome cation layer and the adjacent anion layer. Slip on {l{underscore}brace}110{r{underscore}brace} planes is slightly easier (and has a higher T{sub 0}), because the planes are more widely separated. The temperature dependence of the CRSS can be explained in terms of the Peierls stress for partial dislocations, either in terms of a steep and high Peierls potential or in terms of temperature and stress-dependent kink diffusion. The dependence of CRSS on [V{sub c}]{sup {minus}2} can bemore » explained in terms of kink nucleation at cation vacancies.« less
Nuclear internalization of foreign DNA by zebrafish spermatozoa and its enhancement by electroporation (1996)

Mature sperm cells of zebrafish (Danio rerio) incubated with foreign DNA have the capacity to take up foreign DNA. Such uptake can be enhanced by electroporation. Mature spermatozoa of zebrafish were incubated and electroporated in the presence of either radiolabeled or unlabeled plasmid DNA at voltages of 500 or 1,000 or 1,500 V/cm. From the percentage of radiolabeled plasmids retained on the spermatozoa, some sperm showed an ability to spontaneously take up the plasmid DNA, and the ability was enhanced one- to twofold by electroporation. Fertilization of mature eggs with the treated sperm resulted in transmission of the plasmid DNA to the resulting offspring. Frequency of transgenic individuals, as monitored by polymerase chain reaction, increased marginally, more than doubled and nearly doubled in 500 V/cm, 1,000 V/cm, and 1,500 V/cm electroporated groups, respectively, when compared to the non-electroporated group. These results indirectly implied that electroporation enhanced the capacity of spermatozoa to take up plasmid DNA. The increased field strength, however, had a deleterious effect on the motility of the sperm, causing clumping of sperms at high voltages. Light microscopic autoradiography of treated spermatozoa was able to show that the plasmid DNA was associated with the majority of sperm but was unable to differentiate whether it was present inside the nucleus or not. Ultrastructural in situ hybridization on thin sections of zebrafish spermatozoa, however, was able to show that the exogenous DNA was internalized into the nucleus and that electroporation enhanced this internalization. The results provide direct evidence for nuclear internalization of foreign DNA by non-mammalian sperm as in mammalian sperm.
Diversity Among Microbial Cyclic Lipopeptides: Iturins and Surfactins. Activity-Structure Relationships to Design New Bioactive Agents (2003)

A prominent group of bioactive lipopeptides produced by Bacillus species is constituted by iturins, surfactins and lichenysins. Interest in such substances results in their exceptional surfactant power, and their valuable antifungal, antibacterial, antitumoral and anti-Mycoplasma properties. As is typical for peptidic secondary-metabolites synthesized by the polyenzymic pathway, they are produced as mixtures of components varying in the peptidic and/or in the lipidic structure. In the context of structure-activity relationships, it is possible to take advantage of the adaptability of the biosynthesis system by systematically adding selected amino acids in the culture medium of the producing bacterium. When an amino acid is used as the sole nitrogen source, it is inserted directly into selected positions of the peptide sequence, thus amplifying the original structural microheterogeneity via a production of variants. This method revealed very efficient for increasing the amounts of preexisting variants and for building new variants of surfactins and lichenysins but totally inefficient with iturins. In this group, the peptidic diversity strictly depends on the selected strain. So far the screening remained the only method to discover new iturins. Another interesting peculiarity is the common occurrence in a single strain of two lipopeptides with different core structures such as surfactins and iturins. Taken together, these features led to an extensive metabolite pattern. Besides, engineered variants and chemical derivatives enlarged the array of available molecules. Despite the high degree of chemical similarity, the separation of variants and/or homologues was successfully achieved by reversed-phase HPLC leading to well-separated compounds ideally suited to investigation of structure-activity relationships. Improved physical techniques such as 2D-NMR and mass spectrometry allowed to describe efficiently and rapidly the composition of cyclic lipopeptides even in mixtures containing several variants. From NMR, the 3D structure and dynamics gave crucial data for fine structure-activity relationships as well as for understanding of the properties at the membrane and/or at the air/water interface. Here the role of residues was identified in the context of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions that play a leader role. Such a comprehensive approach, based on both structural and biosynthesis knowledge, opened the way to rational design for enhanced properties and its validity was confirmed with 10 fold higher surfactant efficacy.
초등학생용 ICT 리터러시 검사의 수직 척도화 (2009)

이 연구의 목적은 한국교육학술정보원에서 2008년 개발된 초등학생용 ICT 리터러시 3개 단계 검사를 수직 연계하여 일관된 성장척도를 개발함으로써, 우리나라 초등학생의 단계별, 학년별 정보기술활용 소양의 변화와 성장을 진단하는 데 있다. 성장척도는 각 검사의 독자적인 점수를 일관된 척도상에 표현하는 것으로써, 점수간 비교 및 해석의 용이성을 높인다. 이러한 성장척도 개발을 위하여 평균방법, 선형방법, 동백분위 방법 등 세 가지 수직 척도화 방법을 적용하였다. 세 가지 통계 방법 중 수리모형의 간편성과 척도화 결과의 안정성이라는 측면에서 가장 적절한 것으로 평가된 선형방법을 이용하여 3개 단계와 6개 학년의 수직 척도점수를 비교한 결과, 상위학년 보다 하위학년에서 정보통신 소양 성장 속도가 빠르며, 능력 편차가 상대적으로 큰 것으로 나타났다. 또한 학생의 소양 정도를 나타내는 성취수준(우수수준과 기본수준)의 분할점수가 성장척도 상에서 일관된 간격을 유지하여 각 단계의 성취수준이 적절하게 설정된 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 성장척도는 7차 교육과정이후 학교현장에서 시행되는 수준별 학습을 위하여 학생 진단 및 평가에 적극 활용될 수 있을 것이다.
Taboo Search: An Approach to the Multiple Minima Problem (1995)

Described here is a method, based on Glover's taboo search for discrete functions, of solving the multiple minima problem for continuous functions. As demonstrated by model calculations, the algorithm avoids entrapment in local minima and continues the search to give a near-optimal final solution. Unlike other methods of global optimization, this procedure is generally applicable, easy to implement, derivative-free, and conceptually simple.
Regulation of <i>Candida albicans</i> Morphogenesis by Fatty Acid Metabolites (2004)

Candida albicans is an opportunistic dimorphic fungus that inhabits various host mucosal sites. Conversion from the yeast to the hyphal form has been associated with increased virulence and mucosal invasiveness. C. albicans morphogenesis is regulated by multiple signals and signaling pathways. However, signals that control morphogenesis in vivo are unknown. We investigated the effects of host long chain fatty acids, eicosanoids, and bacterial short chain fatty acids on control of germination. None of the C18 or C20 fatty acids tested had an effect on enhancing germ tube formation (arachidonic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, or gamma-linolenic acid). Among the different eicosanoids, both prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane B2 significantly enhanced serum-induced germination by C. albicans. Addition of antiprostaglandin or antithromboxane antibodies to serum alone inhibited germ tube formation by almost 30%, while control antibody had no effect, indicating that these eicosanoids are major morphogenic factors in the serum. Since these molecules also bind to albumin, this may also explain the hyphal transforming activity in serum that associates with albumin. Interestingly, short chain fatty acids (butyric acid), the product of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), inhibited germination. In addition, LAB culture supernatants as well as live LAB also inhibited C. albicans morphogenesis. Overall, these results indicate that fatty acid metabolites and fatty acid pathways can up-regulate and down-regulate germination in C. albicans.
A Multi-Institutional Prospective Trial Confirms Noninvasive Blood Test Maintains Predictive Value in African American Men (2017)

The 4Kscore test accurately predicts aggressive prostate cancer for biopsy decision making in African American and nonAfrican American men.