gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adenovirus-mediated E2F-1 gene transfer sensitizes melanoma cells to apoptosis induced by topoisomerase II inhibitors. (2002)

Melanoma has proven to be resistant to conventional chemotherapy; however,the mechanism of chemoresistance is still unclear. Recent reports show that the transcription factor, E2F-1, may play a role in mediating cytotoxicity of certain chemotherapeutic agents. We have shown in a previous study that adenovirus-mediated overexpression of E2F-1 can efficiently induce apoptosis in melanoma cells. In the present study, the effect of E2F-1 expression on drug sensitivity of melanoma cells was evaluated. Two human melanoma cell lines, SK-MEL-28 and SK-MEL-2, were treated with drugs (etoposide, Adriamycin, roscovitine, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, or cycloheximide), alone or in combination with adenoviral vectors expressing beta-galactosidase (Ad-LacZ) or E2F-1 (Ad-E2F-1) at a multiplicity of infection of 1 in vitro. E2F-1 expression was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Sublethal concentrations of each drug alone or infection with Ad-E2F-1 alone produced <5% apoptosis by 3 days posttreatment. Conversely, cotreatment with Ad-E2F-1 and low concentrations of etoposide or Adriamycin markedly sensitized melanoma cells to apoptotic cell death. A slight enhancement of the cytotoxicity of roscovitine was demonstrated in combination with E2F-1 overexpression, but not to cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, or cycloheximide. Ad-LacZ infection showed no obvious effects on drug sensitivity. Overexpression of p21 can block apoptosis induced by the combination chemogene therapy of Ad-E2F-1 and topoisomerase II poisons and does not require its proliferating cell nuclear antigen-binding ability. The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide also has a cytotoxicity-protective effect against topoisomerase II inhibitor/E2F-1-induced apoptosis and suggests that new protein synthesis is required for this process. Topoisomerase II inhibitors also cooperated with Ad-E2F-1 to enhance antitumor activity in an in vivo model using xenografts in nude mice. When combined with Adriamycin or etoposide, E2F-1 adenovirus therapy resulted in an 87% or 91% decrease in tumor size, respectively, compared with controls (P < 0.002). Our results show that adenovirus-mediated E2F-1 gene transfer can sensitize melanoma cells to some chemotherapeutic agents, particularly topoisomerase II poisons, in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest a new chemosensitization strategy for melanoma gene therapy.
Long-term effects of a single 24-hour maternal separation on three different latent inhibition paradigms (2000)

Basing animal models for psychiatric diseases on purely environmental manipulations would be a great asset in biological research, such as in the screening of antipsychotic drugs, since they preclude possible interference from pharmacologically induced deficits. Recent investigations have yielded evidence that a single 24-h maternal separation (MS) in rats during the stress hyporesponsive period (SHRP) alters hypothalamic-adrenal-pituitary (HPA) axis response in adult rats and produces long-term behavioral effects, such as deficits in sensorimotor gating (prepulse inhibition) and selective attention (latent inhibition [LI]), which have been related to schizophrenia. Since there are implications that the age of the pups at the time of separation may be a crucial parameter for the neuroendocrine and behavioral effects on adult animals, we investigated the effects of a single 24-h MS on postnatal day (PND) 4, 9, or 18 in unrelated adult male and female Wistar rats on three paradigms of LI: conditioned taste aversion (CTA), active avoidance (AA), and conditioned emotional response (CER). Whereas there was no effect of MS on CER, MS on PND 9 enhanced LI in the CTA paradigm, and MS on PND 18 disrupted LI in the AA paradigm in males only. Within subjects separated on PND 4, males displayed a severe learning deficit in the AA paradigm, and consequently LI was not observed. The results suggest that a single 24-h MS, irrespective of the developmental stage of the pups when separated, does not provide a robust animal model for adult disruption of selective attention similar to that observed in schizophrenia.
Dual Activation in N-Heterocyclic Carbene-organocatalysis (2011)

Abstract N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed transformations have found increasing interest in the last years. Recently, dual catalytic approaches using NHCs in combination with a second catalyst such as another organocatalyst or a metal-based catalyst or by the NHC itself have emerged. The careful choice of the proper combination of catalysts allows two compatible yet independent catalytic systems in one-pot to undergo tandem processes. Moreover, simultaneous action of two activators in a bond-forming event enables new reactivity, which often cannot be achieved by monocatalytic approaches.
Reducing Uncertainty for the DeltaQ Duct Leakage Test (2004)

The thermal distribution system couples the HVAC components to the building envelope, and shares many properties of the buildings envelope including moisture, conduction and most especially air leakage performance.Duct leakage has a strong influence on air flow rates through building envelopes (usually resulting in much greater flows than those due to natural infiltration) because unbalanced duct air flows and leaks result in building pressurization and depressurization.As a tool to estimate this effect, the DeltaQ duct leakage test has been developed over the past several years as an improvement to existing duct pressurization tests.It focuses on measuring the air leakage flows to outside at operating conditions that are required for envelope infiltration impacts and energy loss calculations for duct systems.The DeltaQ test builds on the standard envelope tightness blower door measurement techniques by repeating the tests with the system air handler off and on.The DeltaQ test requires several assumptions to be made about duct leakage and its interaction with the duct system and building envelope in order to convert the blower door results into duct leakage at system operating conditions.This study examined improvements to the DeltaQ test that account for some of these assumptions using a duct system and building envelope in a test laboratory.The laboratory measurements used a purpose-built test chamber coupled to a duct system typical of forced air systems in US homes.Special duct leaks with controlled air-flow were designed and installed into an airtight duct system.This test apparatus allowed the systematic variation of the duct and envelope leakage and accurate measurement of the duct leakage flows for comparison to DeltaQ test results.This paper will discuss the laboratory test apparatus design, construction and operation, the various analysis techniques applied to the calculation procedure and present estimates of uncertainty in measured duct leakage.
Parsec-Scale Radio Properties of Gamma-Ray Emitting Blazars (2012)

The parsec-scale radio properties of blazars detected by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope have been investigated using observations with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA). Comparisons between LAT and non-LAT detected samples were made using contemporaneous data. In total, 232 sources were used in the LAT-detected sample. This very large, radio flux-limited sample of active galactic nuclei (AGN) provides insights into the mechanism that produces strong gamma-ray emission. It has been found that LAT-detected BL Lac objects are very similar to the non-LAT BL Lac objects in most properties, although LAT BL Lac objects may have longer jets. The LAT flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) are significantly different from non-LAT FSRQs and are likely extreme members of the FSRQ population. Contemporaneous observations showed a strong correlation, whereas no correlation is found using archival radio data. Most of the differences between the LAT and non-LAT populations are related to the cores of the sources, indicating that the gamma-ray emission may originate near the base of the jets (i.e., within a few pc of the central engine). There is some indication that LAT-detected sources may have larger jet opening angles than the non-LAT sources. Strong core polarization is significantly more common among the LAT sources, suggesting that gamma-ray emission is related to strong, uniform magnetic fields at the base of the jets of the blazars. Observations of sources in two epochs indicate that core fractional polarization was higher when the objects were detected by the LAT. Included in our sample are several non-blazar AGN such as 3C84, M82, and NGC 6251.
Fracture Behavior and Its Shear Lag – Monte Carlo Simulation of SiC/SiC Composite Exposed in Air at High Temperatures (2005)

It has been reported that SiC/SiC composite has high strength and toughness, but is degraded when exposed in air at high temperatures due to the propagation of the crack made by the premature fracture of the SiO2 layer. The present work aimed to describe such a behavior with a computer simulation. For this aim, the shear lag - Monte Carlo simulation method was applied. The variation of strength of the composite as a function of thickness of the SiO2 layer and change of fracture morphology with progressing oxidation could be reproduced satisfactorily by this method.
Transcription In Vitro by Reovirus-Associated Ribonucleic Acid-Dependent Polymerase (1970)

Digestion of purified reovirus type 3 with chymotrypsin degrades 70% of the viral protein and converts the virions to subviral particles (SVP). The SVP contain 3 of the 6 viral structural proteins and all 10 double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome segments but not adenine-rich, single-stranded RNA. An RNA polymerase which is structurally associated with SVP transcribes one strand of each genome segment by a conservative mechanism in vitro. The single-stranded products include large (1.2 x 10(6) daltons), medium (0.7 x 10(6) daltons), and small (0.4 x 10(6) daltons) molecules which hybridize exclusively with the corresponding genome segments. The enzyme obtained by heating virions at 60 C synthesizes similar products. Kinetic and pulse-chase studies indicate that the different-sized products are synthesized simultaneously but at rates which are in the order: small > medium > large.
Prediction of CO{sub 2} corrosion of carbon steel (1994)

Various aspects of the mechanism of CO{sub 2} corrosion are reviewed, together with a discussion of the validity of a number of simplifications which can be used with models for predicting the corrosion rate. A ``worst case`` rate can often be predicted. To this end a number of parameters has been identified, the influence of which has to be accounted for. The effects of protective corrosion product layers and of dissolved corrosion product on pH needs to be included in the prediction. More quantitative information about the effect of flow pattern and flow rate is needed. For wet gas pipelines, the prediction of the effect of injection of glycol as a measure against corrosion is of special interest. Predictive models consisting of a system of rules and equations can be conveniently developed in computer spreadsheets. (author)
Pulmonary hypertension in Saudi Arabia: A single center experience (2013)

These results offer the first report of incident cases of PH across five groups in Saudi Arabia.
Novel .alpha.- and .omega.-conotoxins and Conus striatus venom (1992)

Three neurotoxic peptides from the venom of Conus striatus have been purified, biochemically characterized, and chemically synthesized. One of these, an acetylcholine receptor blocker designated alpha-conotoxin SII, has the sequence GCCCNPACGPNYGCGTSCS. In contrast to all other alpha-conotoxins, SII has three disulfide bonds (instead of two), has no net positive charge, and has a free C-terminus. The other two paralytic peptides are Ca channel-targeted omega-conotoxins, SVIA and SVIB. omega-SVIA is the smallest natural omega-conotoxin so far characterized and has the sequence CRSSGSPCGVTSICCGRCYRGKCT-NH2. Although omega-conotoxin SVIA is a potent paralytic toxic in lower vertebrate species, it was much less effective in mammals. The third toxin, omega-conotoxin SVIB, has the sequence CKLKGQSCRKTSYDCCSGSCGRSGKC-NH2. This peptide has a different pharmacological specificity from other omega-conotoxins previously purified from Conus venoms; only omega-conotoxin SVIB has proven to be lethal to mice upon ic injection. Binding competition experiments with rat brain synaptosomal membranes indicate that the high-affinity binding site for omega-conotoxin SVIB is distinct from the high-affinity omega-conotoxin GVIA or MVIIA site.
Antitermination by GlpP, catabolite repression via CcpA and inducer exclusion triggered by P~GlpK dephosphorylation control <i>Bacillus subtilis glpFK</i> expression (2002)

The Bacillus subtilis glpFK operon encoding the glycerol transport facilitator (GlpF) and glycerol kinase (GlpK) is induced by glycerol-3-P and repressed by rapidly metabolizable sugars. Carbon catabolite repression (CCR) of glpFK is partly mediated via a catabolite response element cre preceding glpFK. This operator site is recognized by the catabolite control protein A (CcpA) in complex with one of its co-repressors, P-Ser-HPr or P-Ser-Crh. HPr is a component of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS), and Crh is an HPr homologue. The hprK-encoded HPr kinase phosphorylates HPr and Crh at Ser-46. But in neither ccpA nor hprK mutants was expression of a glpF'-lacZ fusion relieved from CCR, as a second, CcpA-independent CCR mechanism implying the terminator tglpFK, whose formation is prevented by the glycerol-3-P-activated antiterminator GlpP, is operative. Deletion of tglpFK led to elevated expression of the glpF'-lacZ fusion and to partial relief from CCR. CCR completely disappeared in DeltatglpFK mutants carrying a disruption of ccpA or hprK. The tglpFK-requiring CCR mechanism seems to be based on insufficient synthesis of glycerol-3-P, as CCR of glpFK was absent in ccpA mutants growing on glycerol-3-P or synthesizing H230R mutant GlpK. In cells growing on glycerol, glucose prevents the phosphorylation of GlpK by P-His-HPr. P-GlpK is much more active than GlpK, and the absence of P~GlpK formation in DeltaptsHI strains prevents glycerol metabolism. As a consequence, only small amounts of glycerol-3-P will be formed in glycerol and glucose-exposed cells (inducer exclusion). The uptake of glycerol-3-P via GlpT provides high concentrations of this metabolite in the ccpA mutant and allows the expression of the glpF'-lacZ fusion even when glucose is present. Similarly, despite the presence of glucose, large amounts of glycerol-3-P are formed in a glycerol-exposed strain synthesizing GlpKH230R, as this mutant GlpK is as active as P-GlpK.
A novel donor for the synthesis of 2-deoxy-β-glycosides (1996)

C. H. Marzabadi and R. W. Franck, Chem. Commun., 1996, 2651 DOI: 10.1039/CC9960002651
Treating Disorders of Consciousness With Apomorphine: Protocol for a Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial Using Multimodal Assessments (2019)

<b>Background:</b> There are few available therapeutic options to promote recovery among patients with chronic disorders of consciousness (DOC). Among pharmacological treatments, apomorphine, a dopamine agonist, has exhibited promising behavioral effects and safety of use in small-sample pilot studies. The true efficacy of the drug and its neural mechanism are still unclear. Apomorphine may act through a modulation of the anterior forebrain mesocircuit, but neuroimaging and neurophysiological investigations to test this hypothesis are scarce. This clinical trial aims to (1) assess the treatment effect of subcutaneous apomorphine infusions in patients with DOC, (2) better identify the phenotype of responders to treatment, (3) evaluate tolerance and side effects in this population, and (4) examine the neural networks underlying its modulating action on consciousness. <b>Methods/Design:</b> This study is a prospective double-blind randomized parallel placebo-controlled trial. Forty-eight patients diagnosed with DOC will be randomized to receive a 30-day regimen of either apomorphine hydrochloride or placebo subcutaneous infusions. Patients will be monitored at baseline 30 days before initiation of therapy, during treatment and for 30 days after treatment washout, using standardized behavioral scales (Coma Recovery Scale-Revised, Nociception Coma Scale-Revised), neurophysiological measures (electroencephalography, body temperature, actigraphy) and brain imaging (magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography). Behavioral follow-up will be performed up to 2 years using structured phone interviews. Analyses will look for changes in behavioral status, circadian rhythmicity, brain metabolism, and functional connectivity at the individual level (comparing before and after treatment) and at the group level (comparing apomorphine and placebo arms, and comparing responder and non-responder groups). <b>Discussion:</b> This study investigates the use of apomorphine for the recovery of consciousness in the first randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial using multimodal assessments. The results will contribute to define the role of dopamine agonists for the treatment of these challenging conditions and identify the neural correlates to their action. Results will bring objective evidence to further assess the modulation of the anterior forebrain mesocircuit by pharmacological agents, which may open new therapeutic perspectives. <b>Clinical Trial Registration:</b> EudraCT n°2018-003144-23; Clinicaltrials.gov n°NCT03623828 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03623828).
[Transcript of Letter from William K. Wilson to Samuel M. Williams, April 26, 1835] (1835)

Copy of transcript for a letter from Wilson K. Wilson to Samuel M. Williams, in which Wilson proposes that Williams trade his league on the Brazos for four hundred dollars worth of lumber and Wilson's league on Dickinson Bayou. Wilson also requests Williams assistance in preventing his land from being forfeited.
SIMS characterization of isotope antimony implant for buried implant (2015)

A case study on isotope antimony for buried implant is presented in this paper. The electrical test was found to correlate to the total dopant dose instead of each isotope present at the wafer. Thus the SIMS qualification has to use sum of both isotopes <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">121</sup> Sb and <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">123</sup> Sb for dopant matching.
Regulation of phototransduction responsiveness and retinal degeneration by a phospholipase D–generated signaling lipid (2005)

Drosophila melanogaster phototransduction proceeds via a phospholipase C (PLC)-triggered cascade of phosphatidylinositol (PI) lipid modifications, many steps of which remain undefined. We describe the involvement of the lipid phosphatidic acid and the enzyme that generates it, phospholipase D (Pld), in this process. Pld(null) flies exhibit decreased light sensitivity as well as a heightened susceptibility to retinal degeneration. Pld overexpression rescues flies lacking PLC from light-induced, metarhodopsin-mediated degeneration and restores visual signaling in flies lacking the PI transfer protein, which is a key player in the replenishment of the PI 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) substrate used by PLC to transduce light stimuli into neurological signals. Altogether, these findings suggest that Pld facilitates phototransduction by maintaining adequate levels of PIP2 and by protecting the visual system from metarhodopsin-induced, low light degeneration.
Secondary ions produced by 400 eV He+ ion impact on N2 and O2 thin films at 8 K (2002)

Secondary ions produced by 400 eV He+ ion impact on N2 and O2 thin films deposited on a silicon substrate at 8 K were measured as a function of film thickness using a time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometer. While the Nn+ ions with n up to 4 were observed for N2 film, formation of larger cluster ions On+ (n up to 10) were observed for O2 film. The secondary ion intensities for N2 reached the plateau with film thickness of about 20 monolayers, whereas those for O2 with film thickness of about 400 monolayers. The observed marked difference in the film-thickness dependence between N2 and O2 films is discussed on the viewpoint of relaxation of electronic energy deposited in the solid films by the 400 eV He+ ion impact.
Micromechanical optical switch using planar lightwave circuits (2000)

Optical switches are indispensable for improving the reliability of optical communication systems and for enhancing the functionality of various measurement devices. As the optical communication technology has advanced, switches have come to occupy an extremely important position. With a view to developing a miniature, low-loss mechanical optical switch, an optical switch is trial fabricated in which the planar optical waveguide is moved mechanically. In this paper, the operating principle and the fabrication process of the newly conceived optical switch are described. In addition, from the measurement of the losses in each section of the optical switch with planar optical waveguide elements and from the simulation of the optical coupling loss, the effectiveness of the optical switch structure is studied. It is found that most of the insertion loss is the propagation loss of the planar waveguide itself and that the increase of loss due to the gap in the optical switch section and to the deformation of the planar optical waveguide at the time of switching is much smaller than the propagation loss of the planar waveguide. Further, an optical switch loaded with an electromagnetic actuator is fabricated for trial. It is demonstrated that self-sustaining switching is possible. From the results of simulation and test, it becomes clear that the loss of the optical switch can be kept below 1 dB if the error of the optical switching stroke is reduced. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 83(5): 13–20, 2000
Use of enzymatic and electron microscopy (freeze-etching) methods for studying ATP-dependent masking of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids. (1979)

Membrane phospholipids of ATP-depleted chicken, rat, and toad erythrocytes are more susceptible than fresh cells to hydrolysis by phospholipase C (Bacillus cereus), phospholipase A (bee venom), or the combination of these enzymes and sphingomyelinase. ATP depletion of chicken and rat erythrocytes greatly increased the membrane phospholipid fraction, which can be extracted by dry ether. Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid attacked about 20% of the phosphatidylethanolamine of fresh chicken erythrocytes and 45% of ATP-depleted chicken erythrocytes. The intramembranous particles on the PF face of fresh chicken, rat, and toad erythrocytes are evenly distributed, while those in the same ATP-depleted erythrocytes are significantly clustered. The average distance between the intramembranous particles in the PF face of fresh chicken erythrocytes is about 13 nm, while in ATP-depleted erythrocytes it is about 30 nm. Studies with chicken erythrocytes revealed that ATP depletion is accompanied by dephosphorylation of certain membrane polypeptides. The correlation of dephosphorylation of membrane polypeptides, exposure of membrane phospholipids, and clustering of intramembranous particles is discussed.