gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 1‐(substituted phenylcarbonyl/sulfonylamino)‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine‐5‐carboxylic acid diethylamides as potential anti‐inflammatory agents (2006)

Fifteen novel 1-(substituted phenylcarbonyl/sulfonylamino)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro- pyridine-5-carboxylic acid diethylamide (7, 15) were synthesized in fair to good yields via sodium borohydride reduction of the corresponding 1-(substituted phenylcarbonyl/ sulfonylimino)-3-diethylcarbamoyl pyridinium ylides (6, 14) in absolute ethanol.
Ranitidine bismuth(III) citrate (1995)

A variety of amines have been shown to solubilize bismuth(III) citrate, [Bi(Hcit)], and the nature of the adduct 1 between it and ranitidine [N,N-dimethyl-5-(3-nitromethylene-7-thia-2,4-diazaoctyl)furan-2-methanamine], which is currently on clinical trial as an antiulcer drug, has been investigated by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and polarography. Complex 1 undergoes a structural transition in aqueous solution with an associated pKa of 6.2. Ranitidine appears to be involved in second-co-ordination-sphere interactions with polymeric bismuth(III) citrate species via the HNMe2+ group for which the pKa is raised from 8.64 to 8.90, whereas the pKa of the diaminonitroethene group of ranitidine (2.2) is unaffected. In solutions of 1 in (CD3)2SO this interaction increases the rate of NH exchange compared to free ranitidine. The chemical properties of 1 in aqueous solution differ from those previously reported for the potassium ammonium adduct, colloidal bismuth subcitrate, a drug in current clinical use. Complexation of both citrate and ranitidine to BiIII in acidic solutions (pH 2.5–3) was detected by polarography, which demonstrated the existence of rapid deprotonation equilibria for bismuth(III) citrate complexes in the range pH 1–5.8. Since antiulcer drugs are subjected to low-pH environments in the stomach, such equilibria may be relevant to the biological activity of ranitidine bismuth citrate.
FK506 inhibits antigen receptor-mediated induction of <i>c-rel</i> in B and T lymphoid cells. (1995)

Stimulation of B and T cells via the antigen receptor, by phorbol ester or by phorbol ester and ionomycin, leads to nuclear translocation of the inducible transcription factor NF-kappa B, comprising the p50 and p65 rel-related polypeptides. In this report we show that c-rel is a component of the antigen receptor-induced kappa B binding proteins in both B and T cells. Whereas NF-kappa B can be induced by phorbol ester alone, optimal induction of c-rel requires stimulation by both phorbol ester and ionomycin, the dual signal that is necessary for proliferation of untransformed lymphocytes. Furthermore, c-rel induction is blocked by the immunosuppressive drug FK506 that is known to inhibit B and T cell activation. c-rel-dependent transactivation of the interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (IL-2R alpha) promoter is augmented by coexpression of calcineurin, suggesting the involvement of a calcineurin-dependent intracellular pathway. Our results identify c-rel as a target of immunosuppressive agents and illustrate the similarity of activation pathways in both B and T cells.
Daily rhythmicity of high affinity copper transport (2016)

A differential demand for copper (Cu) of essential cupro-proteins that act within the mitochondrial and chloroplastal electronic transport chains occurs along the daily light/dark cycles. This requires a fine-tuned spatiotemporal regulation of Cu delivery, becoming especially relevant under non-optimal growth conditions. When scarce, Cu is imported through plasma membrane-bound high affinity Cu transporters (COPTs) whose coding genes are transcriptionally induced by the SPL7 transcription factor. Temporal homeostatic mechanisms are evidenced by the presence of multiple light- and clock-responsive regulatory cis elements in the promoters of both SPL7 and its COPT targets. A model is presented here for such temporal regulation that is based on the synchrony between the basal oscillatory pattern of SPL7 and its targets, such as COPT2. Conversely, Cu feeds back to coordinate intracellular Cu availability on the SPL7-dependent regulation of further Cu acquisition. This occurs via regulation at COPT transporters. Moreover, exogenous Cu affects several circadian-clock components, such as the timing of GIGANTEA transcript abundance. Together we propose that there is a dynamic response to Cu that is integrated over diurnal time to maximize metabolic efficiency under challenging conditions.
A MAP kinase homolog, mpk-1, is involved in ras-mediated induction of vulval cell fates in Caenorhabditis elegans. (1994)

During development of the Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodite, the gonadal anchor cell induces nearby Pn.p cells to adopt vulval fates. The response to this signal is mediated by a receptor tyrosine kinase signal transduction pathway that has been remarkably well conserved during metazoan evolution. Because mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are activated by receptor tyrosine kinase pathways in vertebrate cells, we hypothesized that C. elegans MAP kinase homologs may play a role in vulval induction. Two C. elegans MAP kinase genes, mpk-1 and mpk-2 (mpk, MAP kinase), were cloned using degenerate oligonucleotide primers and PCR amplification; in parallel, genes involved in vulval induction were identified by screening for mutations that suppress the vulval defects caused by an activated let-60 ras gene. One such suppressor mutation is an allele of mpk-1. We used a new type of mosaic analysis to show that mpk-1 acts cell autonomously in the Pn.p cells. Our results show that mpk-1 plays an important functional role as an activator in ras-mediated cell signaling in vivo.
Poly(arylene ether)s Containing 1,2,4-Triazole and Phthalimide or Naphthalimide Moieties Joined by a N−N Linkage (2002)

The synthesis and characterization of new monomers and polymers containing the 1,2,4-triazole group are described. A model reaction of 4-N-amino-3,5-diphenyltriazole with phthalic and naphthalic anhydride demonstrated the preparation of the 1,2,4-triazole-imide compounds containing a N−N linkage. From 4-amino-3,5-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)triazole four new bisphenols with pendent phthalimide or naphthalimide moieties linked through a N−N linkage were prepared in a one-step reaction in high yield. Poly(aryl ether)s were synthesized from these bisphenols, or their carbamate derivatives, by reaction with various activated arylene difluorides. The reactions were carried out in DMSO in the presence of potassium carbonate to yield high molecular weight, amorphous, and thermally stable polymers with pendent imide moieties joined by a N−N linkage. A new bisphenol with a pendent 3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazole was prepared by an imidization reaction of an anhydride bisphenol with 4-amino-3,5-diphenyltriazole. Polymerization with activated difluoro compounds gave poly(aryl ether)s with a pendent 1,2,4-triazole moiety. These polymers had high Tg's, from 222 to 283 °C. Copolymers containing the 1,2,4-triazole in the polymer backbone as well as pendent were also prepared. Using decafluorobiphenyl as coreactant, extremely high molecular weight polymers were obtained at lower polymerization temperature, 90−100 °C, in a shorter reaction time. The polymers formed clear, transparent, flexible, and tough films from DMF solution. Many of the polymers showed strong blue to greenish-yellow fluorescence from 428 to 510 nm in solution and in the solid state under UV, depending upon the monomer composition of the polymer.
A Robust Natural-Frame-Based Interfacing Scheme for Grid-Connected Distributed Generation Inverters (2011)

This paper presents a robust natural-frame-based interfacing scheme for grid-connected distributed generation inverters. The control scheme consists of a dead-beat line-voltage sensorless natural-frame current controller, adaptive neural network (NN)-based disturbance estimator, and robust sensorless synchronization loop. The estimated uncertainty dynamics provide the necessary energy shaping in the inverter control voltage to attenuate grid-voltage disturbances and other voltage disturbances caused by interfacing parameter variation. In addition, the predictive nature of the estimator has the necessary phase advance to compensate for system delays. The self-learning feature of the NN adaptation algorithm allows feasible and easy adaptation design at different grid disturbances and operating conditions. The fact that converter synchronization is based on the fundamental grid-voltage facilitates the use of the estimated uncertainty to extract the position of the fundamental grid-voltage vector without using voltage sensors. Theoretical analysis and comparative evaluation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
Sensor fusion in anti-personnel mine detection using a two-level belief function model (2003)

A two-level approach for modeling and fusion of antipersonnel mine detection sensors in terms of belief functions within the Dempster-Shafer framework is presented. Three promising and complementary sensors are considered: a metal detector, an infrared camera, and a ground-penetrating radar. Since the metal detector, the most often used mine detection sensor, provides measures that have different behaviors depending on the metal content of the observed object, the first level aims at identifying this content and at providing a classification into three classes. Depending on the metal content, the object is further analyzed at the second level toward deciding the final object identity. This process can be applied to any problem where one piece of information induces different reasoning schemes depending on its value. A way to include influence of various factors on sensors in the model is also presented, as well as a possibility that not all sensors refer to the same object. An original decision rule adapted to this type of application is proposed, as well as a way for estimating confidence degrees. More generally, this decision rule can be used in any situation where the different types of errors do not have the same importance. Some examples of obtained results are shown on synthetic data mimicking reality and with increasing complexity. Finally, applications on real data show promising results.
Effect of denosumab treatment on the risk of fractures in subgroups of women with postmenopausal osteoporosis (2011)

Denosumab reduces the risk of new vertebral and nonvertebral fractures. Previous trials suggest that the efficacy of antiresorptives on fractures might differ by patients' characteristics, such as age, bone mineral density (BMD), and fracture history. In the FREEDOM study, 7808 women aged 60 to 90 years with osteoporosis were randomly assigned to receive subcutaneous injections of denosumab (60 mg) or placebo every 6 months for 3 years. New vertebral and nonvertebral fractures were radiologically confirmed. Subgroup analyses described in this article were prospectively planned before study unblinding to evaluate the effect of denosumab on new vertebral and nonvertebral fractures across various subgroups. Compared with placebo, denosumab decreased the risk of new vertebral fractures in the overall study population over 3 years. This effect did not significantly differ for any of the nine subgroups analyzed (p > 0.09 for all potential interactions). Denosumab also reduced all nonvertebral fractures by 20% in the full study cohort over 3 years. This risk reduction was statistically significant in women with a baseline femoral neck BMD T-score ≤ -2.5 but not in those with a T-score > -2.5; in those with a body mass index (BMI) < 25 kg/m(2) but not ≥ 25 kg/m(2); and in those without but not with a prevalent vertebral fracture. These differential treatment effects were not explained by differences in BMD responses to denosumab. Denosumab 60 mg administered every 6 months for 3 years in women with osteoporosis reduced the risk of new vertebral fractures to a similar degree in all subgroups. The effect of denosumab on nonvertebral fracture risk differed by femoral neck BMD, BMI, and prevalent vertebral fracture at baseline.
AN OPTIMIZATION METHOD USING AN ADJOINT EQUATION TO IDENTIFY SOLIDIFICATION FRONT LOCATION (1993)

Abstract A general optimization algorithm is studied for the accurate identification of solidification front location from noisy temperature measurements within the solid phase in a phase-change process. The method allows the determination of the heat flux entering the solid at the front. Numerical results are first compared with an exact solution. Then the method is implemented with experimental data obtained during the solidification of paraffin.
Temporo-spatial stability of complex fractionated atrial electrograms in two distinct and separate episodes of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (2009)

Complex fractionated atrial electrograms are reproducible at the same anatomic site in a separate episode of AF.
Abstract 4030: Resuscitation with Intraosseous Infusion of Artificial Oxygen Carrier of Liposome-Encapsulated Hemoglobin (LHb) from Lethal Hemorrhagic Shock and Its Effect on Cytokines (2008)

Liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (LHb), which is structurally similar to red blood cells (RBC) except smaller size (250 nm), can serve as blood substitute comparable to RBC. We have reported that intraosseous blood infusion (IOI) is effective treatment in shock mice model. IOI is alternative to peripheral i.v. infusion and is expected as an important field treatment in civilian emergency because of no collapse of intramedullary blood vessels in the bone marrow in shock. However, we did not evaluate the side effects of LHb in IOI. Total 70% hemorrhagic shock was induced by femoral vein bleeding. Immediately after bleeding, 17 mice were resuscitated with tibial bone IOI of 5% albumin (5% albumin), 18 mice resuscitated with mouse-washed RBC (Wash RBC) and 14 mice resuscitated with LHb (LHb-group). Survival rates were compared and the temporal changes in cytokins (TNF, INFγ) as well as liver and renal function (s-ALT, s-creatinine) were measured. All mice survived 48 h after IOI of LHb whereas only 47% and 45% mice survived in 5% albumin and Wash RBC, respectively (Fig. 1 ). The changes in TNF and INFγlevels after IOI were not statistically different among 3 groups (Fig. 2 ) and no side effects were found on liver and renal function.. Conclusions: LHb has a better anti-shock effect than RBC by using IOI probably due to smaller size and IOI of LHb could be useful in disaster medicine. In addition, IOI of LHb shows no significant effects on cytokins, liver and renal function. Figure 1 Figure 2
Skull growth in achondroplasic (cn) mice; a craniometric study. (1975)

Skull morphology in achondroplasic (cn/cn) mice was compared with that of normal siblings in order to determine the effects of this chondrodystrophy on skull growth, particular attention being given to dimensions reflecting growth at the synchondroses of the cranial base, the nasal septal cartilage and the condylar cartilage of the mandible. The central section of the cranial base (basicranial axis) was reduced by 25 percent, the length of the viscerocranium by 18 percent and the length of the condylar process by 11 percent. The evidence indicates that these reductions are due to diminished growth at respectively the spheno-occipital and missphenoidal synchondroses, the nasal septal cartilage and the condylar cartilage. The relative sizes of the reductions in cranial base, vicerocranium and condylar process suggest that the growth of synchondrotic and septal cartilages is diminished to a greater extent than that of condylar cartilage. This finding is in agreement with the observations that condylar cartilage, unlike synchondrotic and septal cartilage, grows by surface apposition and that the principal defect in cn/cn mice is a disturbance of interstitial cartilaginous growth. The posterior extension of the basicranial axis of the cn/cn mice was reduced by 14 percent and the anterior extension by 2 percent. The width of the cranial base was decreased by 9 percent and the angle between the basicranial axis and its anterior extension was decreased by 3 percent. The length of the neurocranium was reduced by 19 percent in the cn/cn animals while the volume of the endocranial cavity was diminished by only 18 percent. The latter reduction is less than would be expected from the cube relationship between volume and linear dimensions but is readily accounted for by the lack of reduction in the height or width of the neurocranium, the slight flattening of the cranial base and the doming of the neurocranial vault.
Plasmonic inverse rib waveguiding for tight confinement and smooth interface definition (2010)

A plasmonic inverse rib optical waveguide geometry is proposed and investigated, inspired by the recent CdS-nanorod-on-silver plasmonic laser. The proposed technology is suitable for large scale fabrication. It only uses a single wet resist development and several coatings onto a flat metal surface to define the waveguide geometry. It thus relieves the need to etch or lift-off a noble metal. High-index sol-gel inverse ribs are privileged candidates for the tightest confinement. We investigate and explain the guidance mostly for the case of Au and the wavelengths around λ=633 nm. We get spot sizes down to ∼25×60 nm2. We notably describe how easily the tight confinement is granted and the reasons why only a single critical step defines the modal geometry. We finally detail how the classical building-blocks of integrated optics such as distributed reflectors and couplers can be made within the very same approach and integrated into devices for which losses are described.
Pressure in the Cochlea During Infrared Irradiation (2016)

Neural responses required the spiral ganglion neurons to be directly irradiated.
Identification of prognostic biomarkers in gastric cancer using endoscopic biopsy samples (2008)

Endoscopic biopsy prior to chemotherapy provides an opportunity for studying biomarkers to predict the overall survival in gastric cancer patients. This prospective study was performed to identify prognostic biomarkers in patients with unresected gastric cancer. Fifty-nine cases of chemotherapy-naive metastatic gastric cancer were enrolled in this study. A microarray analysis was performed using 40 biopsy samples to identify candidate genes whose expressions might be correlated with the overall survival. After adjusting for clinical covariates based on a multivariate analysis, the identified genes were validated using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis in 19 independent validation samples. Ninety-eight candidate genes whose expression levels were significantly correlated with the overall survival were identified using a microarray analysis based on a proportional hazards model (P < 0.005). Multivariate analysis was performed to assess 10 of these genes, and the results yielded a statistical significance level for DACH1 and PDCD6. We further evaluated these two genes in independent samples using real-time RT-PCR and found that lower mRNA expression levels of PDCD6 were correlated significantly with a poor overall survival. We identified PDCD6 as a prognostic biomarker in patients with unresected gastric cancer using endoscopic biopsy samples. Our PCR-based single gene prediction strategy successfully predicted the overall survival and may lead to a better understanding of this disease subgroup.
Care of pediatric neurosurgical patients in Iraq in 2007: clinical and ethical experience of a field hospital (2010)

Pediatric patients represent a significant proportion of the neurosurgical patient volume at field medical hospitals in the Iraqi theater. The mature medical theater environment present in 2007 allowed for remarkable diagnostic evaluation and treatment of these patients. Penetrating and closed craniospinal injuries were the most common indication for consultation. Disease and nonbattle injuries were also encountered, with care provided when deemed appropriate. The deployed environment presents unique medical and ethical challenges to neurosurgeons serving in forward medical facilities.
What Can Be Expected of Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty in Adults? (2000)

Introduced more than 15 years ago, balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) has clearly delineated indications and limitations. Although, aortic valve replacement is undoubtedly the treatment of choice for healthy patients with aortic stenosis, BAV has been demonstrated as a valuable and safe palliative procedure for patients considered too risky or old for current day surgery. Between January 1991 and December 1999, 858 patients (mean age 76 ± 11 years, 479 [57%] women) underwent BAV at our center. Indications for BAV were contraindication to surgery in 16.2% of the patients, high risk in 40.4%, refusal of surgery in 10.7%, personal decision in 18.5%, and other in 14.2%. The mean gradient decreased from 65 ± 23 to 27 ± 12 mmHg and the valve area increased from 0.56 ± 0.19 cm 2 to 1.0 ± 0.38 cm 2 . Eleven (1.1%) patients died during the procedure. The other severe complications were complete AV block in 18 (1.8%) patients, stroke in 8 (0.8%), tamponade in 6 (0.6%), and massive aortic insufficiency in 4 (0.4%). In conclusion, BAV does not replace valve replacement, even in the elderly. All those who can be operated on, should be. However, if surgical intervention is not considered reasonable, BAV offers good immediate results with an acceptable complication rate. Furthermore, previous published series have demonstrated that BAV is particularly indicated in specific subgroups, such as very old patients with high operative risk, end‐stage heart failure, cardiogenic shock, or general anesthesia for noncardiac surgery.
Integrated Flexible Maritime Crane Architecture for the Offshore Simulation Centre AS (OSC): A Flexible Framework for Alternative Maritime Crane Control Algorithms (2015)

The Offshore Simulator Centre AS (OSC) is the world's most advanced provider of simulators for demanding offshore operations. However, even though the OSC provides very powerful simulation tools, it is mainly designed for training purposes and it does not inherently offer any flexible methods concerning the control methodology. In fact, each crane model is controlled with a dedicated control algorithm that cannot be modified, accessed, or replaced at runtime. As a result, it is not possible to dynamically switch between different control methods, nor is it possible to easily investigate alternative control approaches. To overcome these problems, a flexible and general control system architecture that allows for modeling flexible control algorithms of maritime cranes and more generally, robotic arms, was previously presented by our research group. However, in the previous work, a generic game engine was used to visualize the different models. In this work, the flexible and general control system architecture is integrated with a crane simulator developed by the OSC taking full advantage of the provided domain-consistent simulation tools. The Google Protocol Buffers protocol is adopted to realize the communication protocol. This integration establishes the base for the research of alternative control algorithms, which can be efficiently tested in a realistic maritime simulation environment. As a validating case study, an alternative control method based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) is also presented. Related simulations are carried out to validate the efficiency of the proposed integration.