gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Mild, Ferrocene-Catalyzed C−H Imidation of (Hetero)Arenes (2016)

ABSTRACT: A simple method for direct C−H imidation is reported using a new perester-based self-immolating reagent and a base-metal catalyst. The succinimide products obtained can be easily deprotected in situ (if desired) to reveal the corresponding anilines directly. The scope of the reaction is broad, the conditions are extremely mild, and the reaction is tolerant of oxidizable and acid-labile functionality, multiple heteroatoms, and aryl iodides. Mechanistic studies indicate that ferrocene (Cp2Fe) plays the role of an electron shuttle in the decomposition of the perester reagent, delivering a succinimidyl radical ready to add to an aromatic system. Direct, intermolecular C−H amination of arenes is a highlysought-after transformation in organic chemistry. The ubiquity of amines in medicine, agrochemicals, and materials demands efficiency in their synthesis.1 Great strides have been
Intractability and clustering with constraints (2007)

Clustering with constraints is a developing area of machine learning. Various papers have used constraints to enforce particular clusterings, seed clustering algorithms and even learn distance functions which are then used for clustering. We present intractability results for some constraint combinations and illustrate both formally and experimentally the implications of these results for using constraints with clustering.
Traditional organizations and crisis management in transition—Organizational perspectives on new dynamics of independent civil engagement (2020)

Abstract Digitalization and the trend towards more short‐term and project‐oriented social engagement have had a direct impact on traditional crisis management. This societal change has supported the evolution of new types of volunteers who use low‐threshold potentials to organize and maintain support independently. Traditional institutions like the German Red Cross are challenged to deal with these rapid changes regarding their own organizational culture in relation to the new phenomenon of so‐called unaffiliated volunteers. This paper investigates how unaffiliated volunteers influence and change the organizational culture of German disaster management by analysing and reflecting organizational adaptation processes in the aftermath of the German floods in 2013, the storm events in the west of Germany in 2014 and the refugee relief mission in 2015–2016. Therefore, semi‐structured interviews with experts of the German Red Cross were held to analyse their reactions towards unaffiliated Volunteers during the Floods in 2013 and the refugee relief missions, and further focus group interviews were conducted to validate the extracted results. Findings suggest that among professionals and leading entities in the German Red Cross, a process of rethinking has emerged, recognizing the importance and necessity to open up organizational structures for the collaboration and coordination of unaffiliated volunteers.
Isolated perfusion of the limb with high-dose tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and melphalan for melanoma stage III. Results of a multi-centre pilot study. (1994)

We report an update of a multi-centre pilot study previously published. Fifty-three patients (42 women, 11 men) were accrued between October 1988 and May 1992: 34 had stage IIIA, 15 had stage IIIAB, and four had stage IV melanoma. Most of them had more than five in-transit metastases; 50% had been previously treated by regional chemotherapy. Protocol included 90-min isolation perfusion at 40 degrees C with 2-4 mg rTNF-alpha, 0.2 mg rIFN-gamma and 10/13 mg/l melphalan. We prevented severe TNF systemic side effects by administration of dopamine and fluid loading. There has been no toxic death and the toxicity remained acceptable, with only one multi-organ failure (MOF) and no prolonged shock. Response rates remained very high, with 90% complete remission, 10% partial response and no failure. With a median follow-up time of 26 months, there were 12 regional recurrences, 15 distant metastases and nine local and distant recurrences. The median overall survival has been 28 months. We conclude that high-dose rTNF-alpha associated with melphalan in isolation perfusion is the therapy of choice for in-transit melanoma metastases.
Gene replication in the presence of aphidicolin (1991)

DNA replication in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells is restricted to the S phase of the cell cycle, and different genes are duplicated at specific times, according to a well-defined temporal order. We have investigated whether activation of initiation sites, in proximity to genes that are replicated in different portions of the S phase, could be detected when synchronized 10T1/2 cells were maintained in aphidicolin (APC), an inhibitor of DNA polymerases alpha and delta. Cells released from confluence arrest into medium containing 2 micrograms/mL APC progressed into the S phase, and nascent DNA accumulated during incubations of 24 and 32 h. Exposure to APC for 40 or 48 h resulted in growth of the radiolabeled DNA into larger molecules. Replicating DNA was isolated in CsCl gradients and probed with 32P-labeled gene probes for early-replicating genes (e.g., Ha-ras, mos, and myc) and a late-replicating gene (VH Ig). DNA replicated during the 24-h incubation in APC was enriched in Ha-ras gene sequences. The VH Ig gene did not replicate in cells incubated for as long as 56 h with APC. The myc and the mos genes were detected after 32 and 40 h in APC, respectively. The myc gene is replicated in 10T1/2 cells after Ha-ras but before mos. Therefore, the order of activation of these genes was conserved in the presence of APC. The delay in replication of myc and mos correlated well with the slowing of DNA replication by APC.
Use of a charge reducing agent to enable intact mass analysis of cysteine-linked antibody-drug-conjugates by native mass spectrometry (2016)

Antibody-drug-conjugates (ADC) are a growing class of anticancer biopharmaceuticals. Conjugation of cysteine linked ADCs, requires initial reduction of mAb inter-chain disulfide bonds, as the drugs a<i>r</i>e attached <i>via</i> thiol chemistry. This results in the active mAb moiety being transformed from a covalently linked tetramer to non-covalently linked complexes, which hinders precise determination of drug load with LC-MS. Here, we show how the addition of the charge reducing agent triethylammonium acetate (TEAA) preserves the intact mAb structure, is well suited to the study of cysteine linked conjugates and facilitates easy drug load determination by direct infusion native MS.
Younger Dryas Event and Cold Events in Early-Mid Holocene: Record from the Sediment of Erhai Lake (2007)

Three cold events (the Younger Dryas, 9.4 ka cal BP, 5.8 ka cal BP) since the 13 ka cal BP in Erhai (EH) Lake catchment, Yunnan Province, were analyzed using the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) series of the EH core. By comparison of the EH core, Qinghai Lake core and Guliya ice core, differences of these cold events were determined. Erhai Lake's responses to the global cold events were lagged in time and weakened in intensity in comparison with Qinghai Lake's. The latitude location of Erhai Lake and the obstruction of Tibetan Plateau may in part explain the differences. However, the remarkable cold event of 8.2 ka cal BP in the Guliya ice core was absent in the records of Erhai Lake and Qinghai Lake. Power spectrum analysis of the TOC proxy series shows that there were three kinds of millennial cycles, i.e. 5 ka, 2.3 ka, and 1.5 ka, in climate changes in Erhai Lake, which reveal the responses of climate to sub-orbit cycles.
Inflammatory hypertrophic cauda equina following intrathecal neural stem cell injection (2013)

Safety of intrathecal stem cell treatments is not routinely regulated in overseas stem cell facilities. We wish to bring this potential complication to the attention of health care providers.
Single-Crystal Silicon Carbide: A Biocompatible and Hemocompatible Semiconductor for Advanced Biomedical Applications (2011)

Crystalline silicon carbide (SiC) and silicon (Si) biocompatibility was evaluated in vitro by directly culturing three skin and connective tissue cell lines, two immortalized neural cell lines, and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on these semiconducting substrates. The in vivo biocompatibility was then evaluated via implantation of 3C-SiC and Si shanks into a C57/BL6 wild type mouse. The in vivo results, while preliminary, were outstanding with Si being almost completely enveloped with activated microglia and astrocytes, indicating a severe immune system response, while the 3C-SiC film was virtually untouched. The in vitro experiments were performed specifically for the three adopted SiC polytypes, namely 3C-, 4H- and 6H-SiC, and the results were compared to those obtained for Si crystals. Cell proliferation and adhesion quality were studied using MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assays and fluorescent microscopy. The neural cells were studied via atomic force microscopy (AFM) which was used to quantify filopodia and lamellipodia extensions on the surface of the tested materials. Fluorescent microscopy was used to assess platelet adhesion to the semiconductor surfaces where significantly lower values of platelet adhesion to 3C-SiC was observed compared to Si. The reported results show good indicators that SiC is indeed a more biocompatible substrate than Si. While there were some differences among the degree of biocompatibility of the various SiC polytypes tested, SiC appears to be a highly biocompatible material in vitro that is also somewhat hemocompatible. This extremely intriguing result appears to put SiC into a unique class of materials that is both bio- and hemo-compatible and is, to the best of our knowledge, the only semiconductor with this property.
3.3㎾ On Board Charger for Electric vehicle (2011)

In this paper 3.3 ㎾ on-board charger is proposed for electric vehicles or plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Considering the life time of charger, new topology which is not using the high-voltage electrolytic capacitors is proposed. This charger is comprised of two stages that one is boost converter stage for PFC control and the other is uncontrolled LLC resonant converter for galvanic isolation and step-down of voltage. Proposed charger is implemented and it is 7.1 liters in volume and 6.8㎏ in weight. The experimental result indicates 92.5% of the efficiency at input voltage 220Vac and 88.3% at input voltage 110Vac under 3.3㎾ of output power. And the output voltage ranges is from 150V to 450V.
A brief description of natural neighbor interpolation (1981)

Bedridden households showed high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency without association with nutritional risk and level of dementia. Oral diet was associated with vitamin D deficiency, possibly due to low consumption of source foods.
Darcy's Law and the Field Equations of the Flow of Underground Fluids (1956)

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Vol. 207, 1956, pages 222–239. Paper prepared for presentation before Darcy Centennial Hydrology Symposium of the International Association of Hydrology held in Dijon, France. Sept. 20–26, 1956, and for dual publication as part of the Dijon Symposium and in the Darcy Centennial Issue of Journal of Petroleum Technology. ABSTRACT In 1856 Henry Darcy described in an appendix to his book, Les Fontaines Publiques de la Ville de Dijon, a series of experiments on the downward flow of water through filter sands, whereby it was established that the rate of flow is given by the equation: q = − K (h2 − h1) /l. in which q is the volume of water crossing unit area in unit time. l is the thickness of the sand, h1 and h2 the heights above a reference level of the water in manometers terminated above and below the sand, respectively, and K a factor of proportionality. This relationship, appropriately, soon became known as Darcy's law. Subsequently many separate attempts have been made to give Darcy's empirical expression a more general physical formulation, with the result that so many mutually inconsistent expressions of what is purported to be Darcy's law have appeared in published literature that sight has often been lost of Darcy's own work and of its significance. In the present paper, therefore. it shall be our purpose to reinform ourselves upon what Darcy himself did, and then to determine the meaning of his results when expressed explicitly in terms of the pertinent physical variables involved. This will be done first by the empirical method used by Darcy himself, and then by direct derivation from the Navier-Stokes equation of motion of viscous fluids.
Effect of Eye Dominance on Baseball Batting (1965)

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of eye dominance on baseball batting. After determining their dominant hand and eye, 28 players from two college baseball teams were divided into groups according to their particular laterality. The resulting groups were composed of crossed laterals and unilaterals. The two laterality groups were then compared in their batting performance. Comparisons were made in such batting departments as: on-base-average; batting average; strike-outs; called strike-outs and missed swings. The unilaterals scored better than the crossed laterals in most batting categories. The batting stances of the unilateral players significantly affected their performances in certain batting categories. The results indicate that eye dominance may have some effect on certain aspects of baseball batting.
Aerial Thermal Scanner to Determine Temperatures of Soils and of Crop Canopies Differing in Water Stress<sup>1</sup> (1972)

Abstract An airplane‐mounted thermal scanner was used to measure irradiance in the 8‐ to 14‐μm wavelength interval over an extensively instrumented agricultural area. The area included soils differing in water and tillage condition, and replicated cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) plots with a wide range of plant water stress. The scanner data were recorded on analog magnetic tape and on 70‐mm film. The film densities of the various soil and cotton treatments and film calibration information were determined with a microdensitometer. The observed irradiances corresponded to cotton plant canopy temperature differences up to 6 C between the most and the least water‐stressed plots. The irradiance data from soils showed large differences as a function of time after tillage and irrigation. It is concluded that thermal imagery offers potential as a useful aid for delineating waterstressed and nonstressed fields, evaluating uniformity of irrigation, and evaluating surface soil water conditions.
Reliability monitoring and screening issues with ultrathin gate dielectric devices (2001)

Installing appropriate quality and reliability monitoring procedures for ultrathin gate dielectrics is of utmost importance. Ensuring the integrity of VLSI products and unwavering customer satisfaction are the top priorities. Several key strategic avenues have been pursued to accomplish those priorities. First, basic tool and processing monitoring and measurement procedures are put into place for categories such as metallic contamination, foreign material control, and semiconductor stress-induced defects such as dislocations and stacking faults. Second, a new voltage ramp breakdown test, especially designed for ultrathin gate dielectrics, is installed based on a one-to-one correlation with TDDB testing, from which a fail criterion for minimum required breakdown voltage of the distribution is defined. The voltage ramp test is capable of identifying weaknesses or failures for either the intrinsic or extrinsic parts of the failure rate distribution. The voltage ramp test is installed at various processing levels starting with post silicide probing (PSP) utilizing very large guide area/perimeter structures (area>0.5 mm/sup 2//chip, and perimeter >1 meter/chip) with both shallow trench isolation (STI) and diffusion perimeters. Third, a voltage breakdown test is put into place for in-line charging effects at various processing levels. The structure used employs minimum polysilicon linewidth devices and contains a nonantenna reference device as well as a variety of antenna structures for various design levels starting with polysilicon and including all via, contact, and metal levels. Such a dielectric breakdown test for charging is also well correlated with other device failure mechanisms such as hot carriers. Fourth, a new methodology was adopted based on a one-to-one quantitative correlation between lifetime as derived from accelerated TDDB testing and the initial value of gate dielectric leakage at a predetermined value(s) of voltage(s). This excellent correlation was verified for gate dielectric thickness ranging from 10 nm to below 3 nm. Fifth, at product level, the standby I/sub ddQ/ and I/sub dd/ currents are measured and tracked for changes under accelerated stress conditions for numerous scan chains. This measurement is a good indicator of the defect level on products and the overall impact of ultrathin gate dielectric on product yield and reliability. Finally, various types of voltage screens and burn-in with duration ranging from few seconds to several hours (at wafer and packaged levels) can be implemented (at least on a selected set of products) to monitor and/ improve the reliability of the final assembly. Accordingly, the body of the text discusses the following topics: monitoring of gate dielectric reliability, monitoring of device stability, monitoring of thin dielectric initial leakage, semiconductor stress induced defects, metallic contamination, and reliability of integrated circuits.
Unequal error protection for wireless data transmission using superposition coding with feedback (2008)

High quality of data transmission services is an important task for wireless broadband communication systems. This paper is concerned with the design problem of real-time wireless data transmission which provides unequal error protection (UEP). Using superposition coding, the rea-time data stream is divided into two streams, high priority (HP) and low priority LP streams depending on their interest. These two bit streams are encoded separately, and then superimposed together with two different level of power to achieve the UEP for them in the receiver end. Feedback of channel state information (CSI) is used in adaptive physical layer channel for efficient use of the current available bandwidth. In this proposed scheme, same recourses; time, bandwidth and power are used to increase the transmission efficiency compared with other schemes which are use transmission of one data stream with one power level but in different techniques to exploit the available bandwidth.
One Step Electrodeposition of Graphene-Au Nanocomposites for Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Salbutamol (2017)

A simple and available strategy was developed for one step electrodeposition of graphene-Au (G-Au) nanocomposites which could be used for highly sensitive electrochemical detection of salbutamol. G-Au nanocomposites were simultaneously deposited on glassy carbon electrode by one step electrodeposition method. This resulting G-Au nanocomposites modified electrode was characterized by different methods. Compared to graphene or Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) modified electrodes, this G-Au nanocomposites modified electrode dramatically promote the electrooxidation of salbutamol on electrode surface and significantly enhance the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) current response towards salbutamol. In addition, this one step electrodeposition method improved the stability of the modified G-Au nanocomposites layer. This constructed G-Au nanocomposites based electrochemical sensor exhibits high sensitivity and good selectivity for salbutamol, which may introduce by the synergistic effect of G-Au nanocomposites. Under optimized conditions, the constructed salbutamol sensor showed two linear dynamic ranges (0.05-10 μM and 20-200 μM). The linear range and sensitivity of the proposed salbutamol electrochemical sensors are better than other reported values. Moreover, this electrochemical sensor has been successfully applied to the determination of salbutamol in salbutamol sulfate injections with satisfied recoveries (95.4 % to 103.1 %) and precision (1.5 % to 4.6 % of RSD).
Correlations between altimetric sea surface height and radiometric sea surface temperature in the South Atlantic (1998)

In the last decade, satellite altimetric measurements of sea surface height (SSH) and infrared radiometric measurements of sea surface temperature (SST) have provided a wealth of information about ocean circulation and atmosphere‐ocean interactions. SSH is a depth‐integrated quantity dependent upon the temperature and salinity structure of the water column and on the depth independent barotropic contribution. SST from infrared radiometers is a surface parameter representing the temperature of the top few microns of the ocean surface. Hence any relationship between SST and SSH provides dynamical information about the coupling between the ocean surface and subsurface. It also offers a promise of new techniques such as interpolating SSH data using SST and of improved calculations of eddy kinetic energy. We use SST data from the along‐track scanning radiometer on ERS‐I and SSH data from the TOPEX/POSEIDON instrument to examine the relationship between SST and SSH anomalies within the South Atlantic region for 1993 and 1994. We find that positive (≈0.2–0.6) spatial cross correlations between SST and SSH anomalies at zero lag are present throughout the region at large scales (wavelengths >1000 km). Small‐scale correlations, however, are high (≈0.7) only in areas associated with fronts and mesoscale variability. These small‐scale correlations are seasonal, being strongest in winter and weakest in summer. We discuss the application of these correlations to various techniques requiring the synergistic use of SSH and SST data.
Role of mitochondrial <scp>ROS</scp> in the brain: from physiology to neurodegeneration (2018)

Mitochondria are key cell organelles in that they are responsible for energy production and control many processes from signalling to cell death. The function of the mitochondrial electron transport chain is coupled with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the form of superoxide anion or hydrogen peroxide. As a result of the constant production of ROS, mitochondria are protected by highly efficient antioxidant systems. The rapidly changing levels of ROS in mitochondria, coupled with multiple essential cellular functions, make ROS apt for physiological signalling. Thus, mutations, environmental toxins and chronic ischaemic conditions could affect the mitochondrial redox balance and lead to the development of pathology. In long-living and non-mitotic cells such as neurons, oxidative stress induced by overproduction of mitochondrial ROS or impairment of the antioxidant defence results in a dysfunction of mitochondria and initiation of the cell death cascade. Mitochondrial ROS overproduction and changes in mitochondrial redox homeostasis have been shown to be involved in both a number of neurological conditions and a majority of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we summarise the involvement of mitochondrial ROS in the mechanism of neuronal loss of major neurodegenerative disorders.
Absorption of Effervescent Aspirin during Migraine (1974)

The absorption of effervescent aspirin was studied in 42 patients during acute attacks of migraine. When compared with normal controls and with themselves between attacks 19 out of the 42 patients showed impairment of absorption. Impairment of absorption seemed to correlate with the severity of the headache and the gastro-intestinal symptoms at the time of treatment but not with the duration of the attack or with the type of migraine. This study probably underestimated the prevalence of impairment of absorption in migraine attacks, and it is concluded that the treatment of acute migraine symptoms by oral drugs should use those formulations which are rapidly absorbed under normal conditions.