gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Epidural catheters of the multi‐orifice type: dangers and complications (1986)

A study on epidural catheters of the multi-orifice type, investigating their tendency to epidurovasal (with an intravascularly positioned catheter tip) and epidurosubarachnoid (with the catheter tip inserted in the subarachnoid space) malpositioning, was conducted on 113 patients using clinical and radiological criteria as controls. Of the improperly placed catheters, 13 were in an epidurovasal (11.5%) and one was in an epidurosubarachnoid (0.9%) position. The findings demonstrate the occasional hazardous dual compartmental misplacement of multi-orifice catheters, in which a distal opening can lie intravascularly or within the subarachnoid space, while a proximal orifice simultaneously retains normal access to the epidural space. The insufficiency of controlling or even recognizing such improperly placed catheters which are only partially in the epidural space, as well as the danger of causing a secondary dural or vascular perforation with epidural catheters, is discussed. Since epidural catheters of the multi-orifice type apparently represent an inherent, vital danger due to their construction (regardless of the catheter material and workmanship), they should no longer be used.
A Paradigm Shift in Smart Card Ownership Model (2010)

Smart cards have been proliferated into many aspects of modern life. Historically, the ownership of smart cards has remained with the smart card issuers. Although this ownership model is favored by a wide range of industries and service providers, it does not provide optimum convenience and flexibility to cardholders. One potential solution could be to shift the control of smart cards from the smart card issuers to the smart card users. In this paper, we will analyze the feasibility of an ownership model that delegates the ownership of a smart card to its user. The operational and security requirements of the proposed ownership model will be provided. In addition, principal research questions are identified that would merit further in-depth analysis to test the viability of this ownership model.
Retarding field energy analyzer for the JET plasma boundary (2003)

Retarding field analyzers (RFAs) are essentially the only practical tool with which to measure the distribution of ion energies in the boundary plasma of magnetic fusion devices. The technique has long been attempted in such facilities with varying degrees of success, but, by virtue of the delicate nature of these material probes and the hostile environment in which they are inserted, its use has been limited to smaller plasma machines with easier access and more tolerable plasma conditions. This article describes in detail a new RFA probe head recently constructed and tested on the large JET tokamak facility and now being used for plasma physics studies. Emphasis is placed on the details of design and mechanical construction as they relate to the particularly harsh conditions imposed both by the JET boundary plasma and the requirement that the probe be used to sample this plasma by insertion via a multiple plunge, fast reciprocating drive system. Some preliminary physics results are also included demonstrating both successful operation of the new device and discussing its limitations.
Macrocyclic receptor molecules: aspects of chemical reactivity. Investigations into molecular catalysis and transport processes (1979)

Macropolycyclic receptor molecules form supramolecular structures by selective binding of suitable substrates. In addition to recognition, such supermolecules may perform two other functions, molecular catalysis and membrane transport if appropriate reactive sites or structural units are introduced into the receptor. A chiral macrocyclic receptor which binds primary ammonium salts has been modified so as to perform reactions on the bound substrate. Accelerated hydrogen transfer occurs inside the receptor-substrate complex between a derivative bearing dihydropyridine groups and bound pyridinium salts. Another derivative fitted with (L)-cysteinyl residues displays enhanced rates of intracomplex thiolysis of p-nitrophenyl esters of amino-acids and dipeptides; the reactions show marked structural selectivity; high chiral recognition is also observed for enantiomeric dipeptides esters. Various aspects of transport processes are discussed. Amino-acid transport may be pumped by acid-base reactions. Macrobicyclic cryptands function either as selective receptors or carriers for alkali cations. The transport rates
Graph-based optimizations for parameter passing in remote invocations (2002)

This paper proposes a graph-based solution to the problem of parameter passing in distributed object-oriented applications. The solution presented makes use of graph directives for the purpose of optimizing the copying of objects which are passed as parameters in remote invocations. These specifications are done using a very simple graph traversal language-GOOP. The resulting parameter passing scheme can be drastically improved for every situation in the applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Extinctiometric Methods for Studying Protective Colloid Action and Ostwald Ripening of Silver Bromide Sols (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTExtinctiometric Methods for Studying Protective Colloid Action and Ostwald Ripening of Silver Bromide SolsErnest J. PerryCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1958, 62, 5, 585–589Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j150563a016https://doi.org/10.1021/j150563a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views62Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
On the Downlink Transmission Strategies for MIMO-OFDM Systems (2006)

This paper addresses the downlink transmission strategies with dynamic resource allocation for multiuser MIMO-OFDM systems. The ultimate objective is to maximize the sum rate capacity subject to average power constraints. Considering that the performance of conventional Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is limited by users' exclusive use to subcamer, while Dirty Paper Coding (DPC) is capable of supporting multiple users, we propose joint subcarrier and power allocation and precoding schemes based on OFDMA combined with DPC, which is called DPC-OFDMA. The analysis is considered in two stages with channel state information (CSI) at transmitter. The first stage applies water-filling method to address subcarriers allocation, in which users are allowable to share subcarriers. The second stage employs DPC combined with preceding to deal with simultaneous transmissions of the users sharing the same subcarriers. An efficient algorithm to choose the best possible ordering of users for DPC and the optimal preceding design of each user are also involved. To reduce the complexity for practice, two simplified strategies are proposed. One is called suboptimal DPC-OFDMA, where the number of users using the same subcamer is restricted. Another employs beamfonning (BF) at every subcamer referred as BF-DPC-OFDMA. Simulation results show that the proposed simplified strategies can approach the optimal performance for most cases, and have higher spectral efficiency than conventional time-sharing OFDMA.
Toxic effects of <i>Heterosigma akashiw</i>o do not appear to be mediated by hydrogen peroxide (2001)

The ichthyotoxic red tide organism Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae) has been associated with fish kill events within the aquaculture industry for many years. The precise toxicological mechanism involved in these fish kills is unclear; however, much research attention has focused on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by these toxic algae. In this study, we investigated the production of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) by isolates of H. akashiwo and the nontoxic chlorophyte Tetraselmis apiculata . Subsequently, we tested those concentrations of H2O2 on vertebrate cell lines and the invertebrate Artemia salina (brine shrimp) to investigate mortality. Net production rates for the H. akashiwo isolates ranged from 0.46 to 7.89 pmol H 2 O 2 min −1 (10 4 cells) −1 while obtaining maximum concentrations between 0.14 and 0.91 µM H 2 O 2 . Conversely, T. apiculata produced only 0.03 pmol H 2 O 2 min ±1 (10 4 cells with a maximum level on 0.04 µM. However, toxic effects on UMRߚ106 and HEKߚ293 cells were only induced by acute and protracted exposure to concentrations of H 2 O 2 >= 0.1 mM. Additionally, significant mortality of A. salina in the presence or absence of ferric and ferrous iron was induced by H 2 O 2 levels >= 1 mM. Iron is a redox metal that reduces H 2 O 2 to hydroxy radicals. These data collectively indicate that production of H 2 O 2 by multiple isolates of H. akashiwo is orders of magnitude less than that required for mortality of either the vertebrate cell lines or the invertebrate A. salina . Other nonichthyotoxic roles for extracellular ROS are proposed.
Synthesis and Herbicidal Activity Evaluation of Novel β-Carboline Derivatives (2012)

Based on the original structure of harmine, several novel 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline, β-carboline and 1-substituted-β-carboline derivatives bearing a substituted carbohydrazide group at C-3 were designed and synthesized to investigate the structure-activity relationship of their analogues. All of the compounds were characterized by infrared (IR), proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR), and mass spectroscopy (MS). The bioassay tests showed that N'-benzylidene-1-phenyl-β-carboline-3-carbohydrazide (C(25)H(18)N(4)O, m.w. 390.4) (c2) and N'-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzylidene)-1-phenyl-β-carboline-3-carbohydrazide (C(26)H(17)N(4)OF(3), m.w. 458) (d2) exhibited good inhibitory activity against dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous weeds, with EC(50) values of 4.83 µM and 14.25 µM, respectively.
Reconstructing Ancient Proteins to Understand the Causes of Structure and Function (2017)

A central goal in biochemistry is to explain the causes of protein sequence, structure, and function. Mainstream approaches seek to rationalize sequence and structure in terms of their effects on function and to identify function's underlying determinants by comparing related proteins to each other. Although productive, both strategies suffer from intrinsic limitations that have left important aspects of many proteins unexplained. These limits can be overcome by reconstructing ancient proteins, experimentally characterizing their properties, and retracing their evolution through time. This approach has proven to be a powerful means for discovering how historical changes in sequence produced the functions, structures, and other physical/chemical characteristics of modern proteins. It has also illuminated whether protein features evolved because of functional optimization, historical constraint, or blind chance. Here we review recent studies employing ancestral protein reconstruction and show how they have produced new knowledge not only of molecular evolutionary processes but also of the underlying determinants of modern proteins' physical, chemical, and biological properties.
Perspectives in Supramolecular Chemistry—From Molecular Recognition towards Molecular Information Processing and Self‐Organization (1990)

Abstract The selective binding of a substrate by a molecular receptor to form a supramolecular species involves molecular recognition which rests on the molecular information stored in the interacting species. The functions of supermolecules cover recognition, as well as catalysis and transport. In combination with polymolecular organization, they open ways towards molecular and supramolecular devices for information processing and signal generation. The development of such devices requires the design of molecular components performing a given function (e.g., photoactive, electroactive, ionoactive, thermoactive, or chemoactive) and suitable for assembly into an organized array. Light‐conversion devices and charge‐separation centers have been realized with photoactive cryptates formed by receptors containing photosensitive groups. Eleclroactive and ionoactive devices are required for carrying information via electronic and ionic signals. Redox‐active polyolefinic chains, like the “caroviologens”, represent molecular wires for electron transfer through membranes. Push‐pull polyolefins possess marked nonlinear optical properties. Tubular mesophases, formed by organized stacking of suitable macro‐cyclic components, as well as “chundle”‐type structures, based on bundles of chains grafted onto a macrocyclic support, represent approaches to ion channels. Lipophilic macrocyclic units form Langmuir‐Blodgett films that may display molecular recognition at the air‐water interface. Supramolecular chemistry has relied on more or less preorganized molecular receptors for effecting molecular recognition, catalysis, and transport processes. A step beyond preorganization consists in the design of systems undergoing self‐organization, that is, systems capable of spontaneously generating a well‐defined supramolecular architecture by self‐assembling from their components under a given set of conditions. Several approaches to self‐assembling systems have been pursued: the formation of helical metal complexes, the double‐stranded helicates, which result from the spontaneous organization of two linear polybipyridine ligands into a double helix by binding of specific metal ions; the generation of mesophases and liquid crystalline polymers of supramolecular nature from complementary components, amounting to macroscopic expression of molecular recognition; the molecular‐recognition‐directed formation of ordered solid‐state structures. Endowing photo‐, electro‐, and ionoactive components with recognition elements opens perspectives towards the design of programmed molecular and supramolecular systems capable of self‐assembly into organized and functional supramolecular devices. Such systems may be able to perform highly selective operations of recognition, reaction, transfer, and structure generation for signal and information processing at the molecular and supramolecular levels.
Facile strategy for synthesis of mesoporous crystalline γ-alumina by partially hydrolyzing aluminum nitrate solution (2012)

The facile synthesis of mesoporous γ-alumina is developed through the partial hydrolysis of Al(NO3)3 aqueous solution with (NH4)2CO3 without organic surfactants. In this synthesis, the stable NH4NO3/Al species (AN/Al) hybrid containing Keggin-Al13 polycations is first prepared, which is the key for the successful formation of mesoporous γ-alumina. XRD, 27Al MAS NMR, TEM, and N2 adsorption and desorption results demonstrate that the as-prepared AN/Al hybrid can be transformed to γ-alumina by treatment at 200 °C and exhibit a wormhole-like mesoporous structure with large surface area up to ∼450 m2 g−1, pore volume of ∼0.3 cm3 g−1 and narrow pore size distribution peaked at ∼3.9 nm after completely removing NH4NO3 at 300 °C. The obtained mesoporous γ-aluminas have high thermal stabilities up to 900 °C and excellent hydrothermal stability. The investigation shows that the synergetic effect of NH4NO3 and Al13 species promotes crystallization of Al species to γ-alumina, which may have a unique mechanism distinct from the mesoporous aluminas reported previously. CO2 adsorption measurements indicate that these mesoporous γ-aluminas have a much higher CO2 adsorption capacity than ordered mesoporous alumina synthesized by the surfactant-templating method and conventional γ-alumina derived from aluminum oxyhydroxides. We believe that this research should be useful for providing new insights into the transformation of transition alumina phases and for synthesizing mesoporous γ-alumina with promising properties for various chemical applications.
Production of 2-Methylfuran by Vapor-Phase Hydrogenation of Furfural (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTProduction of 2-Methylfuran by Vapor-Phase Hydrogenation of FurfuralL. W. Burnett, I. B. Johns, R. F. Holdren, and R. M. HixonCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1948, 40, 3, 502–505Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1948https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50459a034RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views859Altmetric-Citations68LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (485 KB) Get e-Alerts
In-motion type pressure control system for vehicles (2002)

Vehicles used in military, agricultural, forestry, or construction applications often encounter different road surfaces during a single journey. In order to optimise the mobility of these vehicles, different tyre pressures are required for different types of terrain (sand, mud, cross country, tar road, etc.). A tyre pressure control system will enable the vehicle's operator to change the tyre pressures without leaving the vehicle. Such a system will not only allow optimum surface contact between the tyres and the terrain-thus improving vehicle traction, but it can also increase the lifespan of the tyres and reduce fuel consumption. The key design criteria for such a system are: quick reaction times, an effective operator interface, and reliability. The focus of this paper is on the design of a tyre pressure control system, receiving inputs from the driver and on-board vehicle sensors, and then adjusting individual tyre pressures-if necessary-while the vehicle is on the move. Based on the inputs to the control system, the optimum setting for the tyre pressure is determined from a look-up table stored in memory of an on-board computer.
IL-12 Deficiency in MRL- <i>Fas</i> <i>lpr</i> Mice Delays Nephritis and Intrarenal IFN-γ Expression, and Diminishes Systemic Pathology (2003)

Autoimmune disease in MRL-Fas(lpr) mice is characterized by fatal nephritis, systemic pathology, and autoantibodies, mimicking human lupus. We previously reported that 1) intrarenal IL-12 elicits nephritis by fostering the accumulation of intrarenal IFN-gamma-secreting T cells, and 2) MRL-Fas(lpr) mice deficient in the IFN-gamma receptor were spared from nephritis. Therefore, we hypothesized that eliminating IL-12 in MRL-Fas(lpr) mice reduces IFN-gamma-secreting cells and thereby prevents systemic pathology. For this purpose, we constructed an IL-12p40-deficient MRL-Fas(lpr)(IL-12(-/-)) strain. We determined that glomerular and interstitial, but not perivascular, renal pathology were decreased in IL-12(-/-) mice vs the wild-type (WT) strain (5 mo of age). Similarly, systemic pathology (lung, lacrimal and salivary glands, skin, and lymphadenopathy) was diminished. The intrarenal accumulation of T cells (CD4(+), CD8(+), CD4(-)CD8(-)B220(+)) and macrophages was dramatically reduced in IL-12(-/-) MRL-Fas(lpr) kidneys. We determined that there were fewer IFN-gamma transcripts (>70%) in the IL-12(-/-) protected kidneys compared with the WT kidneys. Similarly, cells propagated from IL-12(-/-) MRL-Fas(lpr) kidneys generated substantially less IFN-gamma when stimulated with IL-12 and IL-18 compared with those from WT kidneys, and we detected fewer CD8 and B220 T cells producing IFN-gamma in these IL-12(-/-) MRL-Fas(lpr) kidneys. Of note, survival was modestly extended in the IL-12(-/-) MRL-Fas(lpr) mice. While lung and lacrimal and salivary gland pathology remained reduced in moribund IL-12(-/-) MRL-Fas(lpr) mice, renal pathology and IFN-gamma expression were equivalent to those in the WT strain. Thus, we suggest that IL-12 is a therapeutic target for multiple tissues in lupus; however blocking IL-12 alone is not sufficient to confer enduring protection from lupus nephritis.
Primary breast cancer phenotypes associated with propensity for central nervous system metastases (2006)

Younger patients with hormone receptor-negative, highly proliferative, genomically unstable, and p53-altered tumors were at increased relative risk for CNS metastases. HER-2 expression and adjuvant systemic therapies did not increase this risk.
An injection-locked ring PLL with self-aligned injection window (2011)

In modern analog front-ends, there is an increasing demand on high performance analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), which require high sampling frequency and low-jitter sampling clock. This makes low-jitter phase-locked loops (PLLs) with jitter on the order of few picoseconds desirable. Unfortunately, due to stringent limit on die area, sometimes a PLL with a ring oscillator is the only choice. To get better phase noise, a wider loop bandwidth is needed to suppress the noise of the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). However, due to the discrete-time nature of the operations, the loop bandwidth is limited to one-tenth of the crystal oscillator (XTAL) frequency. One way to solve this problem is to use the injection-locking technique. This method exploits the clean reference clock but has several production problems. One is the frequency offset between injection signal and VCO, and this can be solved by using the injection-locked PLL architecture. However, extra loops are still needed to adjust the injection window due to on-chip variations. In this work, an injection-locked ring PLL (ILRPLL) architecture is proposed to solve this problem. Using the concept of sub-sampling PLL, the injection window is aligned automatically without feedback adjustment. A 432 MHz ILRPLL is realized in ATV/DTV system to justi fy this technique.