gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Robust Hybrid Foreground Detection and Adaptive Background Model (2010)

Identifying moving objects in video sequence is fundamental and important task in visual tracking systems and computer vision applications. Background removal algorithms are usually used to separate the foreground from the background. Despite the existence of many background removal algorithms, they didn't solve some problems such as cast shadows, highlighting and ghost effect. In this paper we propose, a robust foreground detection and background maintenance algorithm based on hybrid background removal methods in well known color space (RGB) combined with motion information. Numerous experiments were performed with different scenes showing that our system is robust to various types of background scenarios. We compared our system with different background removal algorithms and a promising performance was achieved, especially in the efficiency in detection with respect to frame rate performance.
Market liquidity and its incorporation into risk management (2006)

The excessively optimistic assessment of market liquidity, i.e. the belief that transactions can be settled at current prices without any notable delays or transaction costs, may be a serious threat to financial stability–the near failure of the LTCM hedge fund in 1998 was a case in point. Admittedly, the financial community today appears to have a better grasp of the risks arising from liquidity illusion. The fact nonetheless remains that current risk management tools, particularly the most common Value at Risk (VaR) measures, do not capture this complex component of market risk satisfactorily. In fact, standard VaR calculations do not take specific account of the risk to which a portfolio is exposed at the time it is liquidated. This article aims to explore the different aspects of liquidity risk and provide signposts to methods for incorporating this risk into existing risk control tools. We fi rst examine “normal” or average liquidity risk, which corresponds to the costs of liquidating or hedging a position in tranquil periods, then illiquidity risk that arises in crisis periods and results in the market’s inability to absorb order flows without violent price adjustments. Two separate methodologies, which must nonetheless be combined in a comprehensive approach, are required to analyse these two situations. In the first case we seek to assess the frictions that emerge in imperfect markets by using bid-ask spread measures and by analysing the negative impact on prices resulting from the liquidation of a sizeable portfolio. In the case of extreme risk, we assess the potential consequences of occurrences that are rare, fundamentally uncertain and systemically important. In each case, we suggest and describe a number of techniques that aim to incorporate these elements into the risk measurement and management systems used by private market participants, while underscoring the obstacles to application given the frequent unavailability of the data required. We show that these techniques are relevant because they provide a more cautious and more realistic assessment of financial institutions’ exposure to risk. Lastly, it is in market participants’ own interest for central banks and supervisory bodies to have at their disposal the information required to construct indicators for monitoring market liquidity or conducting suffi ciently comprehensive stress tests in order to assess the fi nancial system’s resilience to liquidity shocks, while taking into account all the externalities that market participants do not individually consider.
Research and Application of Intelligent Building System Integration Methods (2009)

This paper explains the different layers of integration in intelligent building system and analyses characteristics and problems of four existing integration modules. Two new solutions of parallel integration module and OPC componential integration module are presented. The core idea of parallel integration module is that BMS network is divided into management network and monitor network with its subsystems running in monitoring network and system integration database running in management network. The integration of each subsystem and management network can be divided into two types according to the additional application program. The first one is to realize integration through industrial standard protocol. Another one is to develop gateway software by using application program of API/Net API function provided by system to ensure access to database when both communication sides do not have one standard protocol interface. The core idea of OPC componential integration module is to develop an OPC server running between central monitoring and control station of BMS and each subsystem to ensure the same standard OPC being used by OPC server and OPC client and direct intercommunication.
Computers and Automata (1953)

This paper reviews briefly some of the recent developments in the field of automata and nonnumerical computation. A number of typical machines are described, including logic machines, game-playing machines and learning machines. Some theoretical questions and developments are discussed, such as a comparison of computers and the brain, Turing's formulation of computing machines and von Neumann's models of self-reproducing machines.
<title>Holographic Video Disc And Laser Scanning Optics.</title> (1983)

Holographic optical elements or systems of holographic elements may replace glass optical imaging systems or may be used for the correction of glass optics. The main advantages of such systems are their low weight, small and compact construction, and their simple and inexpensive manufacture. The disadvantages to be overcome are mainly the low light through-put and chromatic aberrations. In the special case of optics for video discs we present an optical imaging system which is capable of giving the required high resolution for illumination with polychromatic radiation of limited bandwidth in the case of semiconductor laser diodes. Optimization programs based on ray tracing yield highly corrected imaging systems by comparably simple holographic means. The use of only two surfaces gives very compact and lightweight systems, the image quality of which is described for monochromatic and polychro-matic irradiance by means of optical transfer functions. The holograms are recorded on photo-resist material with short wavelength laser radiation. Such holograms have almost no scatter light and do not alter their properties with time or under radiation. These holograms generate wavefronts for the correction of aberrations which, in the case of glass optics, could only be achieved by aspherical surfaces.
CONTROL OF CLONED ALLOREACTIVE T LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATIVE RESPONSES (1984)

Previous studies using flow cytofluorometry demonstrated that passively acquired alloantigens encoded by the I-A and H-2K/D regions of the MHC could be identified on the surface of murine cloned T lymphocytes. The present studies were designed to further characterize the nature of that bound alloantigenic material on cloned lines of alloreactive amplifier T cells (Th). Immune precipitation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used to substantiate that allogeneic I-A and H-2K/D antigens were present on he surface of these cloned Th. Using proteolytic digestion with papain, bound allogeneic I-A and H-2K/D was removed from the surface of a cloned Th designated L2. Allogeneic I-A or surface of a cloned Th designated L2. Allogeneic I-A or H-2K/D antigens were not reexpressed if papain digested cells were incubated overnight in culture medium without addition of fresh alloantigen. Further, cloned cells did not release detectable amounts of interleukin 2 (IL-2) in response to Con A stimulation immediately following enzymatic digestion. After overnight culture, papain-digested cells released amounts of IL-2 similar to untreated controls. The proliferative response of these cells measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation, however, was significantly less than that observed using undigested controls, unless alloantigen was provided in the form of fresh irradiated stimulating cells. The addition of partially purified preparations of monoclonal anti Ia antibodies to cultures of cloned Th resulted in marked reduction in incorporation of 3HTdR. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that modulation of the Th proliferative response may occur at least partially through binding of allogeneic material to the cell surface.
Bridged polycyclic compounds. LXI. Synthesis and some properties of tribenzobicyclo[3.2.2]nonatriene (homotriptycene) and derivatives (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBridged polycyclic compounds. LXI. Synthesis and some properties of tribenzobicyclo[3.2.2]nonatriene (homotriptycene) and derivativesStanley J. Cristol and Donald K. PennelleCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1970, 35, 7, 2357–2361Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00832a056https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00832a056research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views141Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Stability and gait transition of the five-link biped on stochastically rough terrain using a discrete set of sliding mode controllers (2013)

The five-link biped is a simple, planar model of human-like walking in which scuffing can be avoided. In this paper, we focus on controller design and stability analysis for the important case of non-steady walking, toward such goals as avoiding obstacles on terrain or meeting specific requirements in speed or energetics. To achieve such tasks as new sensor information about upcoming terrain becomes available, control must be adjusted on-the-fly, preferably using a continuous family of controllers. Here, we present an illustrative case using only two, discrete sets of controllers and investigate the effect of switching between them on a stochastically rough terrain. Of note, we find that the tenth-order system dynamics of unsteady walking can be accurately represented as a Markov process, using only a sparse, quasi-2D mesh of discrete states. This transition matrix approach is then used to determine bounded limits on terrain noise for which guarantees of stability (i.e., never falling) may be given for a particular controller and for arbitrary switching between the controllers, as well as to estimate fall rates for cases where these bounds are exceeded. Our results also allow us to quantify the increase in stability gained by a simple policy of switching based on a noisy, single-step lookahead on terrain. This illustrative example, using two controllers that behave differently and allow for arbitrary switching, provides a framework for future work where tasks or requirements for biped walking are clearly defined and can only be achieved by a wider set of, or ideally a continuous range of, controllers.
Physicochemical Characterization of Essential and Fixed Oils of Skimmia laureola and Zanthoxylum armatum (2012)

3 Abstract: This paper reports the isolation and characterization of essential oil and fatty acids of Skimmia laureola and Zanthoxylumarmantum. The fatty acid was extracted from the fruit of Zanthoxylumarmatumwith n-hexane and petroleum ether using Soxhletapparatus. The essential oil was extracted from the leaves of S. laureola and Z. armatum through hydro-steam distillation using Modified Clevenger type apparatus. Zanthoxylum armatum fruit showed 9.40 and 9.97% yield of fixed oil while Z. armatum showed 0.395 and 0.198% yield of essential oil. Some of the physico-chemical properties of the extracted essential oil and fixed oil such as colour, odour, %, refractive index, specific gravity, carbon residue, absolute viscosity, kinematic viscosity, total acid number, iodine number and saponification value are given in table 1. The present research work suggestsexploring the title plants for chemical constitutions and pharmacological action.
Probabilistic Graphlet Cut: Exploiting Spatial Structure Cue for Weakly Supervised Image Segmentation (2013)

Weakly supervised image segmentation is a challenging problem in computer vision field. In this paper, we present a new weakly supervised image segmentation algorithm by learning the distribution of spatially structured super pixel sets from image-level labels. Specifically, we first extract graph lets from each image where a graph let is a small-sized graph consisting of super pixels as its nodes and it encapsulates the spatial structure of those super pixels. Then, a manifold embedding algorithm is proposed to transform graph lets of different sizes into equal-length feature vectors. Thereafter, we use GMM to learn the distribution of the post-embedding graph lets. Finally, we propose a novel image segmentation algorithm, called graph let cut, that leverages the learned graph let distribution in measuring the homogeneity of a set of spatially structured super pixels. Experimental results show that the proposed approach outperforms state-of-the-art weakly supervised image segmentation methods, and its performance is comparable to those of the fully supervised segmentation models.
Melphalan and purine analog–containing preparative regimens: reduced-intensity conditioning for patients with hematologic malignancies undergoing allogeneic progenitor cell transplantation (2001)

A reduced-intensity preparative regimen consisting of melphalan and a purine analog was evaluated for allogeneic transplantation in 86 patients who had a variety of hematologic malignancies and were considered poor candidates for conventional myeloablative therapies because of age or comorbidity. Seventy-eight patients received fludarabine 25 mg/m(2) daily for 5 days in combination with melphalan 180 mg/m(2) (n = 66) or 140 mg/m(2) (n = 12). Eight patients received cladribine 12 mg/m(2) continuous infusion for 5 days with melphalan 180 mg/m(2). The median age was 52 years (range, 22-70 years). Disease status at transplantation was either first remission or first chronic phase in 7 patients, untreated first relapse or subsequent remission in 16 patients, and refractory leukemia or transformed chronic myelogenous leukemia in 63 patients. Nonrelapse mortality rates on day 100 were 37.4% for the fludarabine/melphalan combination and 87.5% for the cladribine/melphalan combination. The median percentage of donor cells at 1 month in 75 patients was 100% (range, 0%-100%). The probability of grade 2-4 and 3-4 acute graft-versus-host disease was 0.49 (95% CI, 0.38-0.60) and 0.29 (95% CI, 0.18-0.41), respectively. Disease-free survival at 1 year was 57% for patients in first remission or chronic phase and 49% for patients with untreated first relapse or in a second or later remission. On multivariate analysis the strongest predictor for disease-free survival was a good or intermediate risk category. In summary, fludarabine/melphalan combinations are feasible in older patients with associated comorbidities, and long-term disease control can be achieved with reduced-intensity conditioning in this population.
Salivary Gland Chromosome Variation in the Drosophila affinis Subgroup (1969)

Journal Article Salivary Gland Chromosome Variation in the Drosophila affinis Subgroup: IV. The short arm of the X chromosome in “western” and “eastern“ Drosophila athabasca Get access DWIGHT D. MILLER, DWIGHT D. MILLER University of Nebraska Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar ROBERT A. VOELKER ROBERT A. VOELKER graduate student Department of Zoology, University of Texas. University of Nebraska, Department of Zoology, Contribution Number 414 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Heredity, Volume 60, Issue 6, November 1969, Pages 307–311, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a108001 Published: 01 November 1969
Extraction characteristics of a cw double-hexagonal Talbot cavity with stochastic propagation phase (2001)

We solve the coupled cw electric field differential equations for an hexagonal array of fiber gain elements all sharing a common monolithic Talbot cavity mirror. A threshold analysis shows that the lowest gains are nearly equal, within 10% of one another, and that one of these corresponds to an in-phase supermode. Above threshold we study the extraction characteristics as a function of the Talbot cavity length, and we also determine the optimum outcoupling reflectivity. These simulations show that the lasing mode is an in-phase solution. Lastly, we study extraction when random linear propagation phases are present by using Monte Carlo techniques. This shows that the coherence function decreases as $\exp(-\sigma;2)$, and that the near-field intensity decreases faster as the rms phase $\sigma;2$ increases. All of the above behaviors are strongly influenced by the hexagonal array rotational symmetry.
Increased Oxidative Damage of RNA in Early‐Stage Nephropathy in db/db Mice (2017)

To evaluate RNA oxidation in the early stage of diabetic nephropathy, we applied an accurate method based on isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadruple mass spectrometry to analyze the oxidatively generated guanine nucleosides in renal tissue and urine from db/db mice of different ages. We further investigated the relationship between these oxidative stress markers, microalbumin excretion, and histological changes. We found that the levels of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) were increased in the urine and renal tissue of db/db mice and db/db mice with early symptoms of diabetic nephropathy suffered from more extensive oxidative damage than lean littermate control db/m mice. Importantly, in contrast to the findings in db/m mice, the 8-oxoGuo levels in the urine and renal tissue of db/db mice were higher than those of 8-oxodGuo at four weeks. These results indicate that RNA oxidation is more apparent than DNA oxidation in the early stage of diabetic nephropathy. RNA oxidation may provide new insight into the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, and urinary 8-oxoGuo may represent a novel, noninvasive, and easily detected biomarker of diabetic kidney diseases if further study could clarify its source and confirm these results in a large population study.
Mucosal SIV Vaccines Comprising Inactivated Virus Particles and Bacterial Adjuvants Induce CD8+ T-Regulatory Cells that Suppress SIV-Positive CD4+ T-Cell Activation and Prevent SIV Infection in the Macaque Model (2014)

A new paradigm of mucosal vaccination against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been investigated in the macaque model. A vaccine consisting of inactivated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)mac239 particles together with a living bacterial adjuvant (either the Calmette and Guerin bacillus, Lactobacillus plantarum or Lactobacillus rhamnosus) was administered to macaques via the vaginal or oral/intragastric route. In contrast to all established human and veterinary vaccines, these three vaccine regimens did not elicit SIV-specific antibodies nor cytotoxic T-lymphocytes but induced a previously unrecognized population of non-cytolytic MHCIb/E-restricted CD8(+) T-regulatory cells that suppressed the activation of SIV-positive CD4(+) T-lymphocytes. SIV reverse transcription was thereby blocked in inactivated CD4(+) T-cells; the initial burst of virus replication was prevented and the vaccinated macaques were protected from a challenge infection. For 3-14 months after intragastric immunization, 24 macaques were challenged intrarectally with a high dose of SIVmac239 or with the heterologous strain SIV B670 (both strains grown on macaques PBMC). Twenty-three of these animals were found to be protected for up to 48 months while all 24 control macaques became infected. This protective effect against SIV challenge together with the concomitant identification of a robust ex vivo correlate of protection suggests a new approach for developing an HIV vaccine in humans. The induction of this new class of CD8(+) T-regulatory cells could also possibly be used therapeutically for suppressing HIV replication in infected patients and this novel tolerogenic vaccine paradigm may have potential applications for treating a wide range of immune disorders and is likely to may have profound implications across immunology generally.
Protein phosphorylation in multidrug resistant Chinese hamster cells. (1989)

Protein phosphorylation is altered in multidrug resistant, reverse transformed Chinese hamster cells selected for resistance to vincristine (DC-3F/VCRd-5L) or actinomycin D (DC-3F/AD X), as compared to drug-sensitive parental DC-3F cells. Evidence for this was obtained by gel electrophoretic analysis of proteins phosphorylated in vitro in the presence of [gamma -32P]ATP. In general, the level of incorporation of 32P into resistant cell proteins was higher than into proteins of sensitive cells, when reactions were carried out in either the presence or absence of exogenous protein kinase modulators. Phosphorylation of P-glycoprotein a multidrug resistance-related protein, and of sorcin, a 22 kDa calcium-binding protein overproduced in many multidrug resistant cells including DC-3F/VCRd-5L, was demonstrated. Analysis of proteins metabolically labeled with [32P]-orthophosphate suggests that protein phosphorylation differences in cell-free extracts are representative of events in the intact cells. Data support the probability that a variety of kinase and/or phosphatase activities were altered in the multidrug resistant cells. These may be associated with resistance development, P-glycoprotein function, reverse transformation, state of differentiation, inhibition of cellular proliferation, or all of these components.
[Stimulating and inhibiting effect of Spirulina platensis on microorganisms]. (2002)

The blue-green microalga (cyanobacterium) S. platensis and the complex of its metabolites in the culture fluid being added into nutrient agar in doses of 0.01, 0.1 and 10 mg/ml, may produce a stimulating and inhibiting effect on microorganisms. In Spirulina biomass and in culture fluid substances which may be associated with the stimulation or inhibition of the growth of some microorganisms are supposedly contained. The manifestation of stimulating or inhibiting properties depended on the concentration of S. platensis and the complex of its metabolites, as well as on sterilization methods of nutrient media supplemented with these substances.