gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Psychological and biological models (1986)

What makes people smarter than computers? These volumes by a pioneering neurocomputing group suggest that the answer lies in the massively parallel architecture of the human mind. They describe a new theory of cognition called connectionism that is challenging the idea of symbolic computation that has traditionally been at the center of debate in theoretical discussions about the mind. The authors' theory assumes the mind is composed of a great number of elementary units connected in a neural network. Mental processes are interactions between these units which excite and inhibit each other in parallel rather than sequential operations. In this context, knowledge can no longer be thought of as stored in localized structures; instead, it consists of the connections between pairs of units that are distributed throughout the network. Volume 1 lays the foundations of this exciting theory of parallel distributed processing, while Volume 2 applies it to a number of specific issues in cognitive science and neuroscience, with chapters describing models of aspects of perception, memory, language, and thought. David E. Rumelhart is Professor of Psychology at the University of California, San Diego. James L. McClelland is Professor of Psychology at Carnegie-Mellon University. A Bradford Book.
Second-order channel parameter estimation assisted cancellation of channel variation-induced inter-subcarrier interference in OFDM systems (2002)

OFDM transmission is known to be sensitive against carrier frequency offsets, as well as against the channel impulse response (CIR) variations incurred during an OFDM symbol period. Both of these phenomena lead to inter-subcarrier interference (ICI). Here, we concentrate on the latter phenomenon. ICI can be considered as an additional noise contribution, which linearly depends on the signal power, and thus it potentially limits the achievable BER at relatively high SNRs. In this contribution, we propose a second-order time-domain CIR tap variation estimator, which relies on both the received signal as well as on tentative symbol decisions. Our simulation results, obtained in the context of a system employing decision-directed channel-prediction, demonstrate that, with the aid of the proposed algorithm, ICI cancellation can be performed even in high Doppler frequency channel scenarios. This is achieved without inserting additional time-domain pilot symbols.
Keeping Reactions Under Quantum Control (2001)

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Regulation of alternative <scp>mRNA</scp> splicing: old players and new perspectives (2018)

Nearly all human multiexon genes are subject to alternative splicing in one or more cell types. The splicing machinery therefore has to select between multiple splice sites in a context-dependent manner, relying on sequence features in cis- and trans-acting splicing regulators that either promote or repress splice site recognition and spliceosome assembly. However, the functional coupling between multiple gene regulatory layers signifies that splicing can also be modulated by transcriptional or epigenetic characteristics. Other, less obvious, aspects of alternative splicing have come to light in recent years, often involving core components of the spliceosome previously thought to perform a basal rather than a regulatory role in splicing. Together this paints a highly dynamic picture of splicing regulation, where the final splice site choice is governed by the entire transcriptional environment of a gene and its cellular context.
Evaluación de un modelo de dirección médica de hospital elegida por los profesionales (2003)

Desde 1996 los directores medicos (DM) de los hospitales publicos de Andalucia se eligen mediante un proceso participativo. Objetivos: Conocer el perfil de los DM y evaluar este cambio organizativo a traves de la opinion de los profesionales implicados. Material y metodos: El estudio se realizo entre abril de 1997 y enero de 2001, e incluyo todos los hospitales publicos. Para su realizacion se utilizo un cuestionario de 20 items (13 cerrados y 7 abiertos) para conocer el perfil de los DM y un estudio Delphi (dos rondas), que se aplico a un grupo de 97 expertos (10 directivos, 24 gerentes, 23 DM y 40 medicos) seleccionados con arreglo a criterios explicitos (tiempo minimo de permanencia y relacion con la DM). Los datos se presentan como descripcion de las variables, del grado de acuerdo/desacuerdo y de las diferencias en las respuestas entre categorias profesionales (ANOVA). Resultados: Perfil de DM: tasa de respuesta 69,5% (16/23). El DM es un varon de 45 anos (media), especialista via MIR, adjunto clinico y sin experiencia en gestion; refiere haber cubierto sus expectativas en estos anos y que sus mayores dificultades se debieron a los propios medicos. Estudio Delphi: participacion del 67,5% (directivos solo 20%). No se identifican areas de retroceso y la DM se valora en un plano positivo para accesibilidad y relacion gestores/medicos; pero la confianza en el modelo es limitada y la DM tiene un papel poco definido y ambiguo. Las diferencias mas significativas en la respuesta se establecen entre gerentes y DM. Comentario: El modelo parece suponer un cambio interesante mas teorico que real en la manera de entender la relacion entre medicos y gestores, ya que produce recelo entre ambos y escaso entusiasmo.
The proteins and genes of Alzheimer's disease. (1988)

The discovery of beta-protein, the major component of the amyloid fibrils of the plaques and cerebral vessels and the paired helical filaments of the neurofibrillary tangles, has provided a means to decipher the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The same lesions in aged Down syndrome individuals have also been shown to be composed of beta-protein. Gene probes localize the gene for beta-protein, as well as that for familial Alzheimer's disease, to chromosome 21. A study of post-translational modifications in the 695 amino acid beta-protein gene precursor with specific reference to abnormal proteolysis may provide insights into the causation of the amyloidotic lesions of Alzheimer's disease.
Design, Testing, and Optimization of Trading Systems (1992)

On Optimization. Trading System Development. Trading System Structure. The Rules of Simulation. Search and Judgment. Exercises in Testing. Optimizing the Trading System. The Evaluation of Performance. The Many Faces of Overfitting. The Evaluation of Real--Time Trading. Index.
Ozone depletion: causes, potential effects and remedies. (1993)

The ozone layer functions as a protective screen, filtering out most of the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. This protective layer is located in the stratosphere between 15km and 35km above the earth's surface. Ozone is actually a form of oxygen. In the lower atmosphere, oxygen atoms commonly bond with each other in pairs. This molecule, abbreviated as O2, is the form of oxygen we need to breathe. Ozone is a more unstable and uncommon molecule made up of 3 oxygen atoms and is abbreviated O3.
Influence of modified current collector on double layer capacitor (2007)

In organic double layer capacitor, it is easy to form a layer of nonconductive oxide material which make the resistance increased between current collector and activated materials when aluminum foil is used as current collector. The increased resistance can degrade the performances of double layer capacitor.In this experiment,oxide film was firstly removed by etching treatment with alkali(NaOH) liquid.Then thin conductive metal zinc film was deposited on the surface of aluminum foil to improve the performance of the current collector.The results show that the modified current collector can significantly deduce the resistance between current collector and activated materials and improve the utilization of activated materials.The resistance can be reduced greatly when the aluminum foil is immersed for 10 seconds. Double-layer capacitor with modified current collector has well performance of capacitance and cycle stability.
Measurement of Surface Topography Using SEM with Two Secondary Electron Detectors (1985)

Journal Article Measurement of Surface Topography Using SEM with Two Secondary Electron Detectors Get access Tadao SUGANUMA Tadao SUGANUMA ELIONIX Inc., 3-7-6, Motoyokoyama-cho, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, 192 Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Electron Microscopy, Volume 34, Issue 4, December 1985, Pages 328–337, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jmicro.a050525 Published: 01 December 1985 Article history Published: 01 December 1985 Received: 08 January 1986 Accepted: 25 February 1986
Bioisosteric Replacement of Anilide with Benzoxazole: Potent and Orally Bioavailable Antagonists of VLA‐4. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Photoelectronic Circuit Applications (1959)

A photoelectronic circuit consists of a combination of electroluminescent cells and photoconductors, interconnected by electrical as well as optical paths. A study is made of the properties of electroluminescent cells and photoconductors, and of the applications of these elements to the design of switching circuits. The asymmetrical bistable stage is taken up in detail, and analyzed with a view to determining its advantages and disadvantages. It is shown that this stage suffers from the inherent disadvantage that any improvement in the speed of turn-on results in a deterioration of the recovery characteristic. Furthermore, the switching requirements for turn-on and turn-off are dissimilar. A symmetrical version of this circuit is also presented; this circuit eliminates many of the disadvantages of the asymmetrical version, and also considerably speeds up the recovery characteristic without increasing the turn-on time. Circuits are developed for performing the logical operations of transmission, negation, conjunction and disjunction, and their principles of operation are described. In conclusion, techniques are developed for the synthesis of over-all computing operations, such as those of a half-adder, even parity checker, and a shift register.
Pharmacological Treatment Options for Autism Spectrum Disorders in Children and Adolescents (2008)

Autism and other pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) are frequently associated with dysfunctional behaviors and are characterized by deficits in socialization, communication, and behavioral rigidity. Despite the absence of a pharmacological cure for PDDs, many of the dysfunctional, coinciding behaviors may be treated pharmacologically. This article reviews what is known about the efficacy and tolerability of pharmacological interventions for the treatment of children and adolescents suffering from autistic spectrum disorders.
Studies on the biological effects of ozone: 7. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after exposure of human blood to ozone. (1998)

The acceptance of any complementary medical approach is conditioned by the results obtained after the same scientific scrutiny applied in orthodox medicine. Otherwise any claim of efficacy remains in the realm of fiction. In the case of ozone therapy, the mechanisms of action have remained nebulous and in a series of publications we are trying to present the biochemical, immunological and morphological evidence in favour or against ozone therapy. We have now shown that ozone (O3) dissolved in the water of either plasma or serum or physiological saline generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), of which hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can be unequivocally demonstrated by using specific methods for its detection. Lipids present in plasma preferentially those present in lipoproteins, undergo peroxidation that is somewhat O3-dose dependent and can be observed by the measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). While the generation of H2O2 is crucial in activating both biochemical (hexose monophosphate shunt) and immunological (via the transcription factor NF-kB) mechanisms, the role of lipid oxidation products (LOP) remains to be investigated. We have shown here that there is a small but consistent induction of some cytokines (TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and IL-2) when human blood is directly exposed to O3 concentrations up to 100 micrograms/ml per g of blood. On the other hand, isolated blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in tissue culture medium are far more sensitive to the oxidant action of O3 as shown by a progressive reduction of the proliferation index with comparatively far lower O3, concentrations. On the whole, these results support the concept that much of the O3 toxicity is neutralized by the powerful antioxidant system of blood. The minimal hemolysis supports this idea but as far as platelets are concerned, we must mention that they tend to aggregate in heparinized blood, even when it is exposed to an O3 concentration of 40 micrograms/ml. In spite of the lack of side-effects after autohemotherapy, this drawback must be kept in mind and avoided in clinical practice.
Reading Assessment: Linking Language, Literacy, and Cognition (2012)

Acknowledgments ix Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Reading Theory and Stages of Reading Acquisition 7 Chapter 3 Oral Language 27 Chapter 4 Linguistic and Cultural Diversity 47 Chapter 5 Statistics and Test Development 59 Chapter 6 Test Administration and Report Writing 75 Chapter 7 Response to Intervention 97 Chapter 8 Role of Intellectual Assessment 119 Chapter 9 Oral Language Assessment 139 Chapter 10 Underlying Processes 163 Chapter 11 Decoding 193 Chapter 12 Comprehension 233 Chapter 13 Informal Inventories and Readability 259 Chapter 14 Written Expression and Spelling 279 Chapter 15 Last Words 307 Appendix A: Answer Key 311 Appendix B: Glossary 319 References 327 Additional Resources 359 Author Index 369 Subject Index 379
Global execution time minimization by allocating tasks in parallel systems (2002)

We have studied the allocation of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) into a given parallel machine (PM); this is an NP-complete problem. Previous papers presented allocation algorithms all making many rough simplifications so that the achieved allocations are too far from the optimum and do not minimize the actual execution time of the program. We analyzed the impact of the precedence relations on the execution time of DAG into PM issuing a new cost function (f/sub PR/) which takes into account both the PM topology and the precedence relations. f/sub PR/ is minimized through a genetic algorithm and, in order to speed up its convergence, we developed a heuristic criterion, based on the critical path idea, for the choice of the starting population. The best results achievable using our cost function have been illustrated by comparing the actual execution times of the allocation given by the minimization of f/sub PR/ with the ones obtained using the allocations given by the minimization of two cost functions described in literature.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Application of Organolithium and Related Reagents in Synthesis. Part 11<sup>1</sup>. Metallation of 2-Methyl- and 4-Methylnicotinic Acids. A Useful Method for Preparation of AZA-Isocoumarins (1992)

Abstract The metallation (LDA/THF) of 2-methyl- and 4-methylnicotinic acids (1) and (2), and the subsequent reaction of the lithiated species (3) and (4) with carbonyl electrophiles as a synthetic route of 5-aza- and 7-aza-isocoumarins (7), (8), (9) and (10), is described. The isocoumarins (9) and (10) appeared to be readily transformable into the corresponding naphthyridines (11) and (12).
Maximum Likelihood Decoding of Codes on the Z-channel (2006)

The aim of this paper is to extend some basic concepts related to the Maximum Likelihood decoding of codes on the Z-channel, which is a particular, but very important, example of an asymmetric channel. We study distance properties of linear codes over the Z-channel, in order to define a suitable metric for the implementation of a Maximum Likelihood decoder on the channel. A combinatorial expression for an approximation on the probability of incorrect Maximum Likelihood decoding is also provided, and comparisons are given to evaluate the tightness of the estimation, when a Hamming code, a Turbo code and an LDPC code are used for communicating over the Z-channel.
The dependence of the electrical characteristics of the GaN epitaxial layer on the thermal treatment of the GaN buffer layer (1996)

The GaN buffer layer was grown on the sapphire substrate by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (LP-MOCVD) at 525 °C. The following 1.3 μm epitaxial GaN growth was carried out at 1025 °C. We varied the ramping rate from 12.5 to 100 °C/min to study the quality of the epitaxial GaN. It has been found that the x-ray peak width, photoluminescence (PL) linewidth, Hall mobilities, and carrier concentrations of GaN epitaxial layer strongly depend on the in situ thermal ramping rate. An optimum thermal ramping rate was found to be of 20 °C/min. The maximum mobility is 435 cm2/V s at carrier concentration of 1.7×1017 cm−3. The minimum full width at half maximum (FWHM) of x ray and PL were 5.5 min and 12 meV occur at a ramping rate of 20 °C/min. The decrease of the mobility at high and low ramping rate can be attributed to the thermal stress and the reevaporation of the GaN buffer layer.
Glass-ceramic materials as sealants for SOFC applications (2002)

At Forschungszentrum Jülich, glass-ceramic materials from the BaO-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-system are used to join high temperature fuel cell stacks. Requirements for the sealant and characterisation of the glasses are shown in this paper. Characterisation is done in three steps: determination of glass properties, characterisation of the glass to metal joint and application in fuel cell stacks. Glaskeramische Materialien als Lote für SOFC-Anwendungen Am Forschungszentrum Jülich werden Glaskeramiken aus dem BaO-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-System zum Fügen von Hochtemperatur-Brennstoffzellenstapeln eingesetzt. Die Anforderungen an das Lotmaterial und die Charakterisierung der Gläser werden in dieser Arbeit vorgestellt. Die Charakterisierung erfolgt in drei Schritten: Bestimmung der Glaseigenschaften, Untersuchung von Glas-Metall-Verbindungen und Einsatz in Brennstoffzellenstapeln.
Electroanalysis of Plant Thiols (2007)

Due to unique physico-chemical properties of –SH moiety thiols comprise widegroup of biologically important compounds. A review devoted to biological functions ofglutathione and phytochelatins with literature survey of methods used to analysis of thesecompounds and their interactions with cadmium(II) ions and Murashige-Skoog medium ispresented. For these purposes electrochemical techniques are used. Moreover, we revealedthe effect of three different cadmium concentrations (0, 10 and 100 μM) on cadmiumuptake and thiols content in maize plants during 192 hours long experiments usingdifferential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry to detect cadmium(II) ions and highperformance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection to determineglutathione. Cadmium concentration determined in tissues of the plants cultivated innutrient solution containing 10 μM Cd was very low up to 96 hours long exposition andthen the concentration of Cd markedly increased. On the contrary, the addition of 100 μMCd caused an immediate sharp increase in all maize plant parts to 96 hours Cd expositionbut subsequently the Cd concentration increased more slowly. A high performance liquidchromatography with electrochemical detection was used for glutathione determination intreated maize plants after 96 and 192 hours of treatment. The highest total content of glutathione per one plant was 6 μg (96 h, 10 μM Cd) in comparison with non-treated plant (control) where glutathione content was 1.5 μg. It can be concluded that electrochemical techniques have proved to be useful to analyse plant thiols.
Synthesis and properties of thiazoline based ionic liquids derived from the chiral pool (2003)

A novel class of chiral ionic liquids derived from amino alcohols is prepared in multi-gram scale. Their potential in chiral recognition is shown in a preliminary example with racemic Mosher's acid salt.
Efficacy of concomitant use of PUVA and methotrexate in disease clearance time in plaque type psoriasis. (2004)

The results suggest that combination of PUVA and methotrexate is an effective and safe modality for clearance of psoriasis.
Quality assessment for pre-detection diversity switching (2002)

In cellular mobile systems the on-line assessment of a radio link performance is normally associated with measurements of the received signal power, and is taken before signal demodulation. It determines the thresholds for handover policies, transmitting power control, diversity switching schemes, and other operations. However, a large received signal power does not necessarily mean "good quality" when it comes to considering radio links corrupted by cochannel interference, multipath propagation and background noise. In such cases, a better parameter that can be used to assess the signal quality is the signal-to-interference-plus-noise power ratio (SINR). Although this quality factor parameter is well-known in the literature, little has been written about how to measure it in a practical context. This article presents a method for the SINR estimation applied to a system using the Digital European Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) specification, but it can also be used by any other system employing constant modulus signals.
Contrast Material‐Induced Renal Failure: An Overview (2005)

The administration of iodinated contrast media (CM) is integral to many cardiovascular procedures. While it is clear that CM provide significant diagnostic benefit, there is some risk of contrast medium-related adverse events in a small percentage of patients. Potentially the most serious complication associated with the use of iodinated contrast agents is contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). Most patients undergoing contrast-enhanced radiographic procedures are not at risk for CIN, however subjects with pre-existing renal insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, or cardiovascular disease receiving intra-arterial administrations of contrast material are at increased risk. Typically, patients with CIN will experience changes in serum creatinine 1-5 days following contrast exposure. While decrements in renal function are generally small and transient, some patients experience a more prolonged decrease and, in rare cases, require dialysis. More importantly, there is substantial literature documenting that patients with CIN after cardiac intervention experience greater morbidity (including prolonged hospitalization) and acute and 1-year mortality. The present article aims to briefly review the pathogenesis of CIN and reviews current opinion on how best to prevent CIN and manage at-risk patients.
Are your friends who they say they are? (2009)

How sure are you that your friends are who they say they are? In real life, unless you are the target of some form of espionage, you can usually be fairly certain that you know whom your friends are because you have a history of shared interests and experiences. Likewise, most people can tell, just by using common sense, if someone is trying to sell them on a product, idea, or candidate. When we interact with people face-to-face, we reevaluate continuously whether something just seems off based on body language and other social and cultural cues.