gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nucleation and crystallization of blends of poly(propylene) and ethylene/α-olefin copolymers (2000)

In this work, the nucleation and crystallization of immiscible blends of poly(propylene) (PP) with ethylene/α-olefin copolymers of different branching contents (Linear Low Density Poly(ethylene), LLDPE, Very Low Density Poly(ethylene), VLDPE, and Ultra Low Density Poly(ethylene), ULDPE) were studied. Melt-mixed blends of LLDPE/PP, VLDPE/PP and ULDPE/PP were prepared covering a wide composition range by means of twin screw extrusion. Additionally, blends containing 0.1% of the nucleating agent Sorbitol were prepared. The thermal behaviour of the blends was studied by means of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) whereas the morphology was investigated by means of Scanning Electron Microsopy. When PP droplets constituted the dispersed phase of the blends, fractionated crystallization of the PP component lead to coincident crystallization with the ethylene/α-olefin matrix, regardless of the branch content of the copolymer. This complex crystallization process occurred when a small fraction of PP droplets initiated the crystallization upon cooling, causing nucleation of the ethylene/α-olefin copolymer matrix and subsequently simultaneous crystallization of the rest of the PP droplets and the matrix. The fractionated crystallization process disappears if nuclei capable of being active at low supercooling are injected in any of the blends. The injection of nuclei was achieved by the use of sorbitol (a powerful nucleating agent for α-PP) or by self-nucleation of the PP component. When PP constituted the matrix in the blends, a nucleation process of the ethylene/α-olefin copolymers was observed. The nucleation of the ethylene/α-olefin copolymers by PP, sorbitol or PP/sorbitol mixture was found to be particularly effective for the most linear chains within the wide chain branching distribution present in these copolymers. A peculiar synergistic nucleation effect on LLDPE was produced by the addition of a mixture of PP and sorbitol. Even the addition of 1% PP and 0.1% sorbitol was enough to produce a very strong nucleation effect on the LLDPE, only comparable to that caused by self-nucleation.
Cooperativity Manifest in the Binding Properties of Purified Cardiac Muscarinic Receptors (1995)

Muscarinic receptors were solubilized from porcine atria in digitonin-cholate and were purified by chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose and 3-(2'-aminobenzhydryloxy)tropane-Sepharose. The product identified on Western blots migrated with an apparent molecular mass of 60-75 kDa, with additional bands indicative of homotrimers (190 kDa) and homotetramers (240 kDa). Receptor eluted from the affinity column was accompanied by a mixture of guanyl nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins) identified on Western blots as Gi1/2, G(o), Gq/11, and Gs (preparation M2G); the G-proteins were largely removed by further processing on hydroxyapatite (preparation M2). Solubilized purified receptors bound muscarinic ligands in an apparently cooperative manner. In studies at equilibrium, the antagonists [3H]AF-DX 384, N-[3H]methylscopolamine (NMS), and [3H]quinuclidinylbenzilate (QNB) revealed Hill coefficients between about 0.8 and 1.2. Also, the apparent capacity for [3H]QNB exceeded that for [3H]AF-DX 384 and [3H]NMS by about 1.5-fold in M2 and by 2-fold in M2G. Binding to M2G at high concentrations of [3H]QNB was fully inhibited by unlabeled NMS, which therefore affected sites not labeled at similar concentrations of [3H]NMS. Oxotremorine-M displayed a biphasic inhibitory effect on the binding of [3H]AF-DX 384 in M2 and M2G, suggesting that multiple states of affinity are intrinsic to the receptor; 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate was without appreciable effect in M2 but resulted in a bell-shaped binding profile for the agonist in M2G. All of the data can be described in terms of cooperative interactions within a receptor that is at least tetravalent and presumably an oligomer. In the context of the model, copurifying G-proteins and guanyl nucleotides serve to regulate the degree of cooperativity between successive equivalents of muscarinic ligands.
Evolution of Influenza A Virus by Mutation and Re-Assortment (2017)

Influenza A virus (IAV), a highly infectious respiratory pathogen, has continued to be a significant threat to global public health. To complete their life cycle, influenza viruses have evolved multiple strategies to interact with a host. A large number of studies have revealed that the evolution of influenza A virus is mainly mediated through the mutation of the virus itself and the re-assortment of viral genomes derived from various strains. The evolution of influenza A virus through these mechanisms causes worldwide annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. Importantly, influenza A virus can evolve from an animal infected pathogen to a human infected pathogen. The highly pathogenic influenza virus has resulted in stupendous economic losses due to its morbidity and mortality both in human and animals. Influenza viruses fall into a category of viruses that can cause zoonotic infection with stable adaptation to human, leading to sustained horizontal transmission. The rapid mutations of influenza A virus result in the loss of vaccine optimal efficacy, and challenge the complete eradication of the virus. In this review, we highlight the current understanding of influenza A virus evolution caused by the mutation and re-assortment of viral genomes. In addition, we discuss the specific mechanisms by which the virus evolves.
Algorithm and VLSI Architecture for Polar Codes Decoder (2015)

University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. July 2015. Major: Electrical Engineering. Advisor: Chris Kim. 1 computer file (PDF); viii, 137 pages.
Establishment of hepatic cell polarity in the rat hepatoma-human fibroblast hybrid WIF-B9: A biphasic phenomenon going from a simple epithelial polarized phenotype to an hepatic polarized one (1996)

By immunofluorescence and freeze fracture methods, we have studied the establishment of hepatic cell polarity in WIF-B9 cells, a subclone of the WIF-B rat hepatoma-derived hybrid cell line. As previously shown (Ihrke et al. (1993) J. Cell Biol. 123, 1761-1775; Shanks et al. (1994) J. Cell Sci. 107, 813-825), these cells are a suitable model for in vitro studies of various hepatic functions, particularly polarity: in confluent cultures, the majority of cells form bile canaliculus-like structures; membrane domains are settled, according to plasma membrane protein localization similar to rat hepatocytes in situ. We here report that the establishment of WIF-B9 cell polarity is a slow progressive biphasic phenomenon. During the first days of culture, the majority of cells do not make bile canaliculus-like structures. However, they display a polarity similar to that of simple epithelial cells: apical membrane proteins and villin are found at the cell apex; basolateral ones, excluded from this area, are expressed in the remaining membrane area; the tight junction-associated protein ZO-1 and actin are concentrated at the boundary of these two poles, whereas E-cadherin is present at the lateral pole just under the apex. With time in culture, the number of cells expressing this simple epithelial polarized phenotype decreases progressively and, after 10-15 days, depending on the plating density, nearly all the cells express the typical hepatic polarized phenotype. The expression of these two phenotypes is mutually exclusive. Freeze-fracture replicas of both types of polarized cells show either macula occludens, fascia occludens (simple epithelial polarity) or zonula occludens (hepatic polarity), associated with gap junctions. In this last case, two or three continuous strands are generally present all around the bile canaliculus-like structures.
Anodic oxidation pathways of N-alkylanilines (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAnodic oxidation pathways of N-alkylanilinesRodney L. Hand and Robert F. NelsonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 3, 850–860Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1974https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00810a034Request reuse permissionsArticle Views650Altmetric-Citations191LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Understanding User Profiles on Social Media for Fake News Detection (2018)

Consuming news from social media is becoming increasingly popular nowadays. Social media brings benefits to users due to the inherent nature of fast dissemination, cheap cost, and easy access. However, the quality of news is considered lower than traditional news outlets, resulting in large amounts of fake news. Detecting fake news becomes very important and is attracting increasing attention due to the detrimental effects on individuals and the society. The performance of detecting fake news only from content is generally not satisfactory, and it is suggested to incorporate user social engagements as auxiliary information to improve fake news detection. Thus it necessitates an in-depth understanding of the correlation between user profiles on social media and fake news. In this paper, we construct real-world datasets measuring users trust level on fake news and select representative groups of both “experienced” users who are able to recognize fake news items as false and “naïve” users who are more likely to believe fake news. We perform a comparative analysis over explicit and implicit profile features between these user groups, which reveals their potential to differentiate fake news. The findings of this paper lay the foundation for future automatic fake news detection research.
Jugendliche ohne allgemeinbildenden Schulabschluß in Europa: regionale Disparitäten eines tabuisierten Problems (1998)

The consequences of dropping out of school without leaving qualifications for young peoples' career perspectives are severe. Wherever a meritocratic system and professionalisation of typical jobs mean that formal qualifications are decisive for an individual's career, the lack of a minimum school leaving qualification has extremely negative effects on further career possibilities. In order to examine this question on an European level, various countries with differing political structures and geographic locations, welfare state traditions and centralist-federalist organisation were selected: France as a centralist, western European country, Hungary as a formerly communist country, which started its process of transformation relatively early on, Sweden as the prototype of the Scandinavian welfare state and Germany as a federalist, western European country after reunification. There are large regional differences in the examined countries with regard to the "failure rate" in compulsory school education. In a national comparison, there are repeated patterns of regional inequality and comparable influential factors on regional inequality. These influential factors range from "individual" factors, such as sex, social origins and national/ethnic minorities, through to "structural" factors, such as the school system itself or the economic situation within the country. In addition to this, there may be synergy/ accumulative effects through a combination of individual and structural influential factors. Regional inequality with regard to the school success still exist in the examined countries. The influential factors are also subject to change. It remains true, however, that these problem groups -which have grown in Germany in the past few years- deserve more attention than they have received. The approaches to explaining regional inequality in the school system must also be reconsidered, as the regional di stributions of "winners" and "losers" is not complementary.
A mature mixed-mode simulator (2003)

A simulator that is routinely used to simulate MOS VLSI circuits at the transistor level is described. The analog simulation technique has been built into a digital simulator to allow circuits to be simulated with digital or analog models or a mixture of the two. The simulator provides a natural interface between the analog and digital portions of a circuit.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene (2013)

Controlled polymerization of 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene using reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization has been demonstrated for the first time. 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene, more commonly known as chloroprene, has significant industrial relevance as a crosslinked rubber, with uses ranging from adhesives to integral automotive components. However, problems surrounding the inherent toxicity of the lifecycle of the thiourea-vulcanized rubber have led to the need for control over the synthesis of poly(2-chloro-1,3-butadiene). To this end, four chain transfer agents in two different solvents have been trialed and the kinetics are discussed. 2-Cyano-2-propylbenzodithioate (CPD) is shown to polymerize 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene in THF, using AIBN as an initiator, with complete control over the target molecular weight, producing polymers with low polydispersities (Mw/Mn < 1.25 in all cases).
AlphaSim: Software for Breeding Program Simulation (2016)

This paper describes AlphaSim, a software package for simulating plant and animal breeding programs. AlphaSim enables the simulation of multiple aspects of breeding programs with a high degree of flexibility. AlphaSim simulates breeding programs in a series of steps: (i) simulate haplotype sequences and pedigree; (ii) drop haplotypes into the base generation of the pedigree and select single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and quantitative trait nucleotide (QTN); (iii) assign QTN effects, calculate genetic values, and simulate phenotypes; (iv) drop haplotypes into the burn-in generations; and (v) perform selection and simulate new generations. The program is flexible in terms of historical population structure and diversity, recent pedigree structure, trait architecture, and selection strategy. It integrates biotechnologies such as doubled-haploids (DHs) and gene editing and allows the user to simulate multiple traits and multiple environments, specify recombination hot spots and cold spots, specify gene jungles and deserts, perform genomic predictions, and apply optimal contribution selection. AlphaSim also includes restart functionalities, which increase its flexibility by allowing the simulation process to be paused so that the parameters can be changed or to import an externally created pedigree, trial design, or results of an analysis of previously simulated data. By combining the options, a user can simulate simple or complex breeding programs with several generations, variable population structures and variable breeding decisions over time. In conclusion, AlphaSim is a flexible and computationally efficient software package to simulate biotechnology enhanced breeding programs with the aim of performing rapid, low-cost, and objective in silico comparison of breeding technologies.
Photoreceptor dystrophy in the RCS rat: roles of oxygen, debris, and bFGF. (1998)

The death of RCS rat photoreceptors in the period P16 to P27 is precipitated by hypoxia that may result from the accumulation of photoreceptor debris in the subretinal space. This debris, the result of the phagocytotic failure of the retinal pigment epithelium in this strain, lies in the normal pathway of oxygen diffusing to the photoreceptors from the choriocapillaris. During this period the retina responds to hypoxia by increasing expression of a potentially protective protein (bFGF), but hypoxia-induced damage overwhelms any protection provided by this or other mechanisms. Later stages of the dystrophy may not be hypoxia-induced.
Oxygen conformance of cellular respiration in hepatocytes (1993)

Cellular respiratory rates are normally determined by metabolic activity, but become rate limited by O2 availability if the cell O2 tension (PO2) falls below a critical value (typically 1-10 Torr). An ability to reduce metabolic activity and energy demand in response to a falling O2 availability might confer an increased resistance to a diminished O2 supply. Isolated rat hepatocytes were studied in primary culture under controlled O2 tensions. Cells were obtained by collagenase digestion and seeded into nutritive media in control and experimental spinner flasks at identical cell densities. Cells subjected to rapid reduction in PO2 (100-->0 Torr over < 40 min) exhibited undiminished O2 uptake until PO2 fell below 10 Torr. By contrast, when cell PO2 was reduced over several hours, significant decreases in O2 uptake became evident at O2 tensions as high as 70 Torr. These decreases were associated with a reduction in ATP concentration and an increase in NAD(P)H, compared with rapidly deoxygenated cells at the same PO2. No loss in cell viability was detected after 24 h at reduced PO2. The decrease in respiratory rate was associated with an increased rate of lactic acid production relative to normoxic controls. Restoration of normoxia was associated with an immediate return of O2 uptake to control levels. These results demonstrate that hepatocytes are capable of reversibly decreasing metabolic activity and O2 demand during sustained moderate reductions in PO2, via a mechanism that appears to involve an inhibition of mitochondrial function other than O2 supply limitation. This response may alter cellular susceptibility to physiological stresses including hypoxia.
Human glomerular smooth muscle (mesangial) cells in culture. (1976)

Glomerular smooth muscle cells were grown and subcultured from human glomeruli in vitro. These cells, stained with antiserum to smooth muscle actomyosin and examined by immunofluorescence, had brightly stained intracellular fibrils similar to those seen in smooth muscle cells. Actomyosin fibrils were altered by conditions affecting actomyosin in vitro. Glomerular smooth muscle cells lacked the antihemophilic factor and blood group antigens present in endothelial cells, and are, therefore, most likely derived from the smooth muscle cells of the glomerular mesangium. By radio-labeled amino acid analysis, they synthesize a collagen differing from that of fibroblasts, and which probably differs from basement membrane collagen. Other cell types could be grown and subcultured using a different glomerular isolation technique, culture medium and method of subculture.
Medicine for mountaineering & other wilderness activities (1992)

Compiled by highly recognised medical professionals in the emergency response and trauma field, the latest edition of Medicine for Mountaineering features fully revised and expanded information to help mountaineers weather storms, animal attacks, injuries, and more. With a new foreword by Buck Tilton and updated essentials on reacting to wilderness accidents, the 6th edition includes new chapters on drowning, avalanche injuries, evacuation procedures, eye disorders, lightning, and more. This is the best-selling backcountry medical guide of its kind providing expert information on prevention, diagnosis, treatment, plus medications, medical kits, and legal & ethical considerations.
Penile Implant for Erectile Impotence (1973)

No AccessJournal of Urology1 Apr 1973Penile Implant for Erectile Impotence P.A. Morales, J.B. Suarez, J. Delgado, and E.D. Whitehead P.A. MoralesP.A. Morales , J.B. SuarezJ.B. Suarez , J. DelgadoJ. Delgado , and E.D. WhiteheadE.D. Whitehead View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)60503-2AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail © 1973 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByMasterson J, Kava B and Ramasamy R (2018) Commercial Insurance Coverage for Inflatable Penile Prosthesis at a Tertiary Care CenterUrology Practice, VOL. 6, NO. 3, (155-158), Online publication date: 1-May-2019.Moul J and McLeod D (2018) Experience with the AMS 600 Malleable Penile ProsthesisJournal of Urology, VOL. 135, NO. 5, (929-931), Online publication date: 1-May-1986.Rossier A and Fam B (2018) Indication and Results of Semirigid Penile Prostheses in Spinal Cord Injury Patients: Long-Term FollowupJournal of Urology, VOL. 131, NO. 1, (59-61), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1984.Golji H (2018) Experience with Penile Prosthesis in Spinal Cord Injury PatientsJournal of Urology, VOL. 121, NO. 3, (288-289), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1979.Smith A, Lange P and Fraley E (2018) A Comparison of the Small-Carrion and Scott-Bradley Penile ProsthesesJournal of Urology, VOL. 121, NO. 5, (609-611), Online publication date: 1-May-1979.W.H.C. (2018) Editorial CommentJournal of Urology, VOL. 121, NO. 5, (611-611), Online publication date: 1-May-1979.Finney R (2018) New Hinged Silicone Penile ImplantJournal of Urology, VOL. 118, NO. 4, (585-587), Online publication date: 1-Oct-1977.Melman A (2018) Experience with Implantation of the Small-Carrion Penile Implant for Organic ImpotenceJournal of Urology, VOL. 116, NO. 1, (49-50), Online publication date: 1-Jul-1976.Beutler L, Scott F and Karacan I (2018) Psychological Screening of Impotent MenJournal of Urology, VOL. 116, NO. 2, (193-197), Online publication date: 1-Aug-1976.Nellans R, Naftel W, Stein J, Tansey L, Perley J and Ravera J (2018) Experience with the Small-carrion Penile Prosthesis in the Treatment of Organic ImpotenceJournal of Urology, VOL. 115, NO. 3, (280-283), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1976. Volume 109Issue 4April 1973Page: 641-645 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1973 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information P.A. Morales More articles by this author J.B. Suarez More articles by this author J. Delgado More articles by this author E.D. Whitehead More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Loading ...