gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CMOS Electrochemical Imaging Arrays (2019)

Abstract: Energy conversion devices make use of thin films and functional materials that exhibit microscopic spatial heterogeneity in their efficiency. The relationship between the distribution of such irregularities and their impact on device performance is not well understood. Hence there is a requirement to map the electrochemical activity in a range of thin films and functional materials. This is termed “electrochemical imaging” [1]. This need is presently addressed by high resolution electrochemical current mapping techniques. One such approach is the use of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) [2]. However high‐resolution mapping techniques (example: SECM) are slow (order of minutes) over a wider area (~cm2 scale). Hence there is a need to do 2D spatial electrochemical activity mapping at a faster rate (~μs/ms) than those obtained from the conventional techniques. A potential solution is the CMOS active‐matrix electrochemical imager – an integrated circuit whose high‐level architecture is similar to that of an CMOS optical imager but whose optically sensitive element (photodiode) is replaced by an electrochemically sensitive element (a working electrode (WE)). This is an interdisciplinary project between Schools of Chemistry and Engineering, in collaboration with NPL to develop an electrochemical array imaging sensor. The main aim is to produce an integrated sensor system with active matrix read‐out capability for 2D electrochemical imaging. This has been achieved by the design and fabrication of micro‐electrode array with active CMOS circuits on a single silicon CMOS chip. The device would potentially be used as an imager, functionally similar to the existing scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) technology. As a result, the device will be a lab‐on‐a‐chip, allowing to get images of samples of interest within milli‐seconds/micro‐seconds rather than much longer times required for typical SECM images.
Application of continuous flow centrifugation to contaminant analysis of suspended sediment in fluvial systems (1982)

Abstract Suitability of continuous‐flow centrifugation for bulk recovery of suspended sediment for biogeochemical purposes is reviewed. Centrifuge recovery characteristics and efficiencies in a variety of rivers and for different regimes are presented. The observed distribution of organochlorine residues amongst water, aquatic plants and suspended sediments demonstrate the necessity for standardized bulk collection protocol for suspended sediment.
Amelioration of depressed cardiopulmonary reflex control of sympathetic nerve activity by short-term exercise training in male rabbits with heart failure (2003)

The reflex regulation of sympathetic nerve activity has been demonstrated to be impaired in the chronic heart failure (CHF) state compared with the normal condition (Liu JL, Murakami H, and Zucker IH. Circ Res 82: 496-502, 1998). Exercise training (Ex) appears to be beneficial to patients with CHF and has been shown to reduce sympathetic outflow in this disease state (Hambrecht R, Hilbrich L, Erbs S, Gielen S, Fiehn E, Schoene N, and Schuler G. J Am Coll Cardiol 35: 706-713, 2000). We tested the hypothesis that Ex corrects the reduced cardiopulmonary (CP) reflex response to volume expansion in the CHF state. Normal, normal with Ex, CHF, and CHF with Ex (CHF-Ex) groups (n = 10-21) of male New Zealand White rabbits were studied. CHF was induced by chronic ventricular pacing. Rabbits were instrumented to record left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). Experiments were carried out with the animals in the conscious state. Volume expansion was performed with 6% dextran in normal saline at a rate of 5 ml/min to approximately 20% of estimated plasma volume without any significant effect on mean arterial pressure being exhibited. The relationships between RSNA and LVEDP and between RSNA and LVEDD were determined by linear regression; the slopes served as an index of CP reflex sensitivity. Normal rabbits exhibited a CP reflex sensitivity of -8.4 +/- 1.5%delta RSNA/mmHg. This value fell to 0.0 +/- 1.3%delta RSNA/mmHg in CHF rabbits (P < 0.001). Ex increased CP reflex sensitivity to -5.0 +/- 0.7%delta RSNA/mmHg in CHF-Ex rabbits (P < 0.05 compared with CHF). A similar trend was seen when related to the change in LVEDD. Furthermore, resting RSNA expressed as a percentage of maximum RSNA in response to cigarette smoke was also normalized by Ex in rabbits with CHF. Ex had no effect on these parameters in normal rabbits. These data confirm an impairment of CP reflex sensitivity and sympathoexcitation in CHF vs. normal animals. Ex substantially restored both CP reflex sensitivity and baseline RSNA in CHF animals. Thus Ex beneficially affects reflex regulation in CHF, thereby lowering resting sympathetic nerve activity.
Impact of Influenza Vaccination on All-Cause Mortality and Hospitalization for Pneumonia in Adults and the Elderly with Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies (2020)

Diabetes is a chronic condition that can be worsened by complications such as seasonal influenza virus infections. The aim of the present meta-analysis is the systematic retrieval and analysis of all available evidence on the effects of an influenza vaccine on diabetic patients. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis by searching MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane databases from inception until April 2019. We included all types of studies reporting on the effectiveness of influenza vaccination in adult and elderly patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess risk of bias, the GRADE methodology was used to assess the evidence for each outcome. A total of 2261 studies were identified, of those, 6 studies completely fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In the 6 studies included in the analysis, influenza vaccination was associated with a lower mortality rate (Mantel Haenszel Odds Ratio (MH-OR), 95% CI: 0.54 (0.40; 0.74), <i>p</i> < 0.001). Patients who received influenza vaccination showed a lower risk of hospitalization for pneumonia (MH-OR, 95% CI: 0.89; (0.80; 0.98), <i>p</i> = 0.18). A sensitivity analysis using fixed effect model confirmed the results (MH-OR, 95% CI: 0.91; (0.87; 0.96); <i>p</i> = 0.001). The results of this meta-analysis are clinically relevant and support the recommendation for all persons with diabetes to receive influenza vaccination.
Bioconversion of C-6 Sulfidopeptide Leukotrienes by the Responding Guinea Pig Ileum Determines the Time Course of its Contraction (1983)

The naturally occurring sulfidopeptide leukotrienes, leukotriene (LT) C(4) (LTC(4)) [5(S)-hydroxy - 6(R) - S - glutathionyl - 7,9 - trans, 11,14 - cis - eicosatetraenoic acid] and its cysteinylglycine (LTD(4)) and cysteinyl (LTE(4)) analogs, which are derived by peptide cleavage, differ in the concentrations required to elicit comparable contractions of the guinea pig ileum, with respective potencies of 1.2:5:1. The effect of the ongoing bioconversion of LTC(4) and LTD(4) on the contractile response of the guinea pig ileum to each was determined by recording the pattern of the contraction and quantitating the initial agonist and its metabolic products. The contraction was elicited by radiolabeled agonist, and its conversion products were sampled at defined intervals and resolved by their retention times on reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. After a latent period of 60 s. LTC(4) initiated a linear response, followed by a slower, progressive response to a maximum level that was maintained without relaxation. The metabolic conversion of LTC(4) was <5% during the linear phase of contraction and complete inhibition of bioconversion of LTC(4) to LTD(4) by the presence of serine-borate complex did not alter the pattern of the spasmogenic response. As the maximum response in the presence of serine-borate complex was three-quarters of that obtained without the inhibitor of bioconversion, the predominant response was to LTC(4) itself. The spasmogenic response of the ileum to LTD(4) was immediate, linear to a maximum level, and immediately followed by a marked relaxation. That the failure of LTD(4) to sustain a contraction was due to its immediate, rapid, and quantitative conversion to the less potent LTE(4) was established by pharmacologically inhibiting and anatomically deleting the converting activity. In the presence of L-cysteine the conversion of LTD(4) to LTE(4) was largely inhibited and the maximum contractile response was well maintained. After anatomic removal of the mucosa that contained the LTD(4) dipeptidase activity, the longitudinal smooth muscle preparation gave a maximal response to LTD(4) that was fully maintained. Thus, bioconversion is not a prerequisite for the spasmogenic activity of LTC(4) and accounts for the transient response of the ileum to LTD(4).
The nature of the counter-anion can determine the rate of water exchange in a metal aqua complexElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: representative NMRD profile (298 K) and 17O-NMR analysis for the chloride complex. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b3/b302211k/ (2003)

The nature of the counter-anion determines the water exchange rate for a series of cationic gadolinium complexes in aqueous solution, as a consequence of the ordering effect that the anion imposes on the structure of the second hydration sphere.
Measuring the Ratio of Thermal to Resonance Neutron Densities Using Thick Indium Foils (1957)

Measurements have been made of the cadmium ratios of indium foils for thicknesses ranging from 0.012 mg/cm2 to approximately 100 mg/cm2. Correction factors are presented both graphically and in tabular form to determine the ratio of thermal to resonance neutron densities from measurements made with an indium foil of any thickness up to 100 mg/cm2.
Focal compensatory enlargement of human arteries in response to progressive atherosclerosis. In vivo documentation using intravascular ultrasound. (1994)

Human arteries enlarge in response to progressive atherosclerosis. This compensatory mechanism results in an increase in arterial size that is proportionate to the cross-sectional area of plaque that has accumulated in the vessel. Intravascular ultrasound demonstrates that this process is focal compensatory enlargement at discrete sites of atherosclerotic narrowing immediately adjacent to more normal areas in which arterial size is smaller.
Semantics for Algebraic Operations (2001)

Given a category C with finite products and a strong monad T on C, we investigate axioms under which an ObC-indexed family of operations of the form αx:(Tx)n → Tx provides a definitive semantics for algebraic operations added to the computational λ-calculus. We recall a definition for which we have elsewhere given adequacy results for both big and small step operational semantics, and we show that it is equivalent to a range of other possible natural definitions of algebraic operation. We outline examples and non-examples and we show that our definition is equivalent to one for call-by-name languages with effects, too.
Preclinical <sup>1</sup> H-Mrs Neurochemical Profiling in Neurological And Psychiatric Disorders (2012)

The ongoing development of animal models of neurological and psychiatric disorders in combination with the development of advanced nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques and instrumentation has led to increased use of in vivo proton NMR spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) for neurochemical analyses. (1)H-MRS is one of only a few analytical methods that can assay in vivo and longitudinal neurochemical changes associated with neurological and psychiatric diseases, with the added advantage of being a technique that can be utilized in both preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, recent progress in the use of (1)H-MRS to investigate animal models of neurological and psychiatric disorders is summarized with examples from the literature and our own work.
NADPH diaphorase activity in the rabbit retina is modulated by glutamatergic pathways (2001)

NADPH diaphorase activity in the rabbit retina is modulated by the state of visual adaptation. In this study, we tested possible glutamatergic control of this phenomenon. Rabbits were injected intravitreally with agonists and antagonists of glutamate. After adaptation (3 hours) to either room light or darkness, the rabbits were killed and the retinae were prepared for NADPH diaphorase histochemistry. Kainic acid significantly reduced the number of NADPH diaphorase amacrine cells but augmented NADPH diaphorase activity in horizontal cells in both light- and dark-adapted animals. 6,7-Dinitroquinoxaline-2,3(1H,4H)-dione exerted no effect on amacrine cells but eliminated NADPH diaphorase activity in horizontal cells. 2-Amino-4-phosphono butyric acid did not affect NADPH diaphorase activity in horizontal cells but reduced the degree of staining in the neuronal processes of amacrine cells. MK-801 and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) had no effect on NADPH diaphorase activity in horizontal cells. However, MK-801 reduced staining in the neuronal processes of amacrine cells but not in their cell bodies. NMDA effects were expressed in a significant reduction in the number and size of amacrine cells that were NADPH diaphorase positive. These results indicate that activation of NADPH diaphorase in horizontal cells by darkness is mediated by the activation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)/kainic acid (KA)-type glutamate receptors. The ON pathway in the retina is probably involved in modulation of NADPH diaphorase in the neuronal processes of amacrine cells. Amacrine cells that are NADPH diaphorase positive contain NMDA-type and AMPA/KA-type receptors and are highly susceptible to NMDA and kainic acid toxicity.
Osteogenic superiority of bone marrow-derived osteoblastic cells (ALLOB(R)) over bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (2016)

ALLOB displays superior osteogenic capacity over BM-MSCs in vitro and in vivo, and is therefore a good clinical candidate. Product injection over the calvaria 2. Analysis of chondro-and osteoblastic markers gene expression (n=7) 1. Cells immunophenotype, ALP activity and morphology (n=7) Bone marrow aspirate from iliac crest In vitro culture process MSC ALLOB ALLOB also expressed significantly higher levels of Sox9 (fold change (FC) >5), Ctsk (FC > 200), Bglap (FC > 16), Bmp2 (FC > 120) compared to MSC.
Principles of the Generalized Spectroradiometry (1977)

The progress in the fields of radiation sources and their applications is remarkable nowadays. This naturally demands a substantial innovation in the field of spectroradiometry, the essential technique for the progress.The author succeeded in establishing new general principles in the spectral measurements of radia-tion, and accomplished a versatile system of spectroradiometry. This offers a powerful technical means to the fields of practical applications.The spectral measurement of radiation is a common procedure of obtaining the accurate results of weighted integrals through numerical integrations. Then, the demand for spectral decomposition is to be optimized with reference to the accuracy of the recomposed results. This problem is considered in two ways; as a demand for the slit width of monochromator and as a demand for the sampling intervals.Conclusions are summarized as follows:1. The fundamental condition to obtain properly the spectral information is to realize a conformity of sampling intervals to the slit widths.2. Concerning the photometry and colorimetry, the general standard to be applied to an arbitrary spectral distribution is the slit width of 2.5nm. Then, the whole visible spectrum is perfectly obtaina-ble as the values at 161 sampling points.3. When utilizing a prism monochromator, it is a reasonable way to apply the condition of mechan-ically constant slit widths and intervals. Then, the whole visible spectrum is also perfectly obtainable as the values at 161 sampling points.
Forage Yield and Digestibility of African Pearl Millet Landraces in Diallel with Missing Cross (1996)

Shortage of nutritious forage is limiting animal production in the semiarid regions of Africa. This study was conducted to evaluate the magnitude of heterosis for forage production and dry matter digestibility in African landraces of pearl millet [ Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]. Five landrace populations, 9 of 10 interpopulation crosses, and two hybrids were evaluated in a randomized complete‐block design with five replications for dry matter forage yield and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) in 1989 and 1990 in Tifton, GA. Entries in only two replications were evaluated for digestibility. The missing cross was estimated, and both the traditional and Gardner‐Eberhart analyses were performed. Highly significant difference between crosses (9.94 t ha −1 ) and parents (8.50 t ha −1 ), or average heterosis, well as general combining ability was observed in the combined analyses for dry weight forage yield. No other partitions of entries for either trait were significant. Year × entries was significant for forage yield but not for IVDMD. All midparent and high‐parent heterosis values were positive for forage yield but were nonsignificant. High‐parent heterosis values ranged from 3.3 (‘Iniari’ × ‘Mansori’) to 22.9% (Iniari × ‘P 3 Kolo’) for dry matter forage yield. No heterosis was observed for IVDMD. Heterosis for forage yield did not affect IVDMD. These results suggest that use of pearl millet hybrids can contribute to increased forage production in semiarid Africa.
Experiments for Sand Erosion Model Improvement for Elbows in Gas Production, Low-Liquid Loading and Annular Flow Conditions (2014)

Abstract Solid particle erosion is a complex process that is affected by numerous factors which can significantly affect the damage it causes for the oil and gas industry. Detection of erosion as it progresses is also difficult and oil and gas operators must have a good measure of the internal condition of the pipes and fittings in their systems. Therefore, it is extremely beneficial to have accurate models that can be used to predict erosion. Erosion measurements has been conducted in standard 76.2 mm (3-inch) elbows for evaluation of mechanistic models for predicting erosion rates for elbows in gas, low-liquid loading and annular flow conditions that occur frequently in gas production conditions. Erosion data has been collected using a non-intrusive ultrasonic technique with a modified data acquisition algorithm. Erosion experiments were conducted in a large scale multiphase flow loop with varying gas (air) and liquid (water) velocities and with particle sizes of 150 and 300 microns with 1% concentration by weight (based on liquid rate). The experiments were performed in the upward vertical orientation. Based on the experimental results, a mechanistic model that was previously developed has been validated and improved to predict erosion in the gas dominant flow regimes considering the effects of sand particle distribution and particles velocities in gas-liquid flows.
Patching as translation (2020)

Machine Learning models from other fields, like Computational Linguistics, have been transplanted to Software Engineering tasks, often quite successfully. Yet a transplanted model's initial success at a given task does not necessarily mean it is well-suited for the task. In this work, we examine a common example of this phenomenon: the conceit that "software patching is like language translation". We demonstrate empirically that there are subtle, but critical distinctions between sequence-to-sequence models and translation model: while program repair benefits greatly from the former, general modeling architecture, it actually suffers from design decisions built into the latter, both in terms of translation accuracy and diversity. Given these findings, we demonstrate how a more principled approach to model design, based on our empirical findings and general knowledge of software development, can lead to better solutions. Our findings also lend strong support to the recent trend towards synthesizing edits of code conditional on the buggy context, to repair bugs. We implement such models ourselves as "proof-of-concept" tools and empirically confirm that they behave in a fundamentally different, more effective way than the studied translation-based architectures. Overall, our results demonstrate the merit of studying the intricacies of machine learned models in software engineering: not only can this help elucidate potential issues that may be overshadowed by increases in accuracy; it can also help innovate on these models to raise the state-of-the-art further. We will publicly release our replication data and materials at https://github.com/ARiSE-Lab/Patch-as-translation.
Reduction of Chloro-acid Derivatives by Lithium Aluminum Hydride: Synthesis of Dichloroethanol (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReduction of Chloro-acid Derivatives by Lithium Aluminum Hydride: Synthesis of DichloroethanolCyrus E. Sroog, Chen Ming. Chih, Franklin A. Short, and Henry M. WoodburnCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 5, 1710–1711Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01173a046https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01173a046research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views234Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Low-frequency resonances in asymmetric external cavity semiconductor lasers: theory and experiment (1995)

A simple adjustment of the "Lang and Kobayashi" delayed rate-equations which describe the dynamics of an external-cavity semiconductor laser is shown to predict low-frequency resonances in the output intensity spectrum of the system. Numerical simulations with control parameter values-driving current and feedback strength-corresponding to our experiments show excellent agreement with theory. A possible mechanism for the occurrence of low-frequency self-oscillations is also proposed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>