gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Common packet channel (CPCH): the optimum wireless Internet mechanism in W-CDMA (2000)

Wideband packet CDMA was introduced to the 3GPP process in February of 1999. GBT championed the specification of common packet channel (CPCH), which was the main distinguishing feature of WP-CDMA, the RTT submitted to the ITU. In this paper, the CPCH mechanism in W-CDMA is compared with the dedicated channel (DCH) and the random access channel (RACH) mechanisms for bursty packet data transfer. CPCH is the most efficient wireless Internet mechanism in W-CDMA. It operates at all rates including 384 kbps and could also support 2.048 Mbps, if the entire cell were dedicated to packet data services. The CPCH is more spectrum efficient as compared to the DCH mode of operation in the uplink and downlink directions. We show that the CPCH offers 25% and 11.2% more capacity in the uplink and downlink direction, respectively. We specifically compared the CPCH with the stop and resumption control of the DCH. Other proposed methods, such as the gating method for DCH, are even less efficient from a spectrum efficiency perspective than the stop and resumption control. In the gating method for DCH, the MS generates even more interference than the stop and resumption control. The CPCH requires 5-10 times less channel cards in the base node, which leads to a significant reduction in base node complexity. This has been shown in a comparative study of circuit mode versus packet mode of operation. The use of the CPCH leads to a decrease of 24% in power consumption in the MS as compared to DCH. In consequence, this will increase the talk time by 24%. The CPCH operates in closed loop power control as compared to the random access channel, which operates in open loop power control, this leads to a 2-4 capacity ratio of CPCH over RACH.
Epigenetic regulation of RGS2 (Regulator of G-protein signaling 2) in chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells (2017)

Regulator of G-protein signaling 2 (RGS2) is a GTPase-activating protein functioning as an inhibitor of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). RGS2 dysregulation was implicated in solid tumour development and RGS2 downregulation has been reported in prostate and ovarian cancer progression. However, the molecular mechanism by which RGS2 expression is suppressed in ovarian cancer remains unknown. The expression and epigenetic regulation of RGS2 in chemosensitive and chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells were determined by qRT-PCR and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, respectively. In the present study, the molecular mechanisms contributing to the loss of RGS2 expression were determined in ovarian cancer. The data indicated that suppression of RGS2 gene in chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells, in part, due to accumulation of histone deacetylases (HDACs) and DNA methyltransferase I (DNMT1) at the promoter region of RGS2. Inhibition of HDACs or DNMTs significantly increases RGS2 expression. These results suggest that epigenetic changes in histone modifications and DNA methylation may contribute to the loss of RGS2 expression in chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells. The results further suggest that class I HDACs and DNMT1 contribute to the suppression of RGS2 during acquired chemoresistance and support growing evidence that inhibition of HDACs/DNMTs represents novel therapeutic approaches to overcome ovarian cancer chemoresistance.
DT-diaphorase: possible roles in cancer chemotherapy and carcinogenesis. (1997)

DT-diaphorase [also called NAD(P)H:menadione oxidoreductase; NAD(P)H:(quinone acceptor) oxidoreductase; quinone reductase, azo-dye reductase] (EC.1.6.99.2) has been shown to have a role in activation of quinone-containing cancer chemotherapeutic prodrugs to their active form, as well as inactivation of a variety of xenobiotics involved in carcinogenesis. To illustrate the basis of this dichotomy, a brief review of the historical and recent background of studies on DT-diaphorase is given. Recent data from the laboratory of the authors on the nature of the protein coded for by a recently identified human polymorphism, a C to T transition at nucleotide 609 of DT-diaphorase cDNA, and the frequency of this mutation in anal canal carcinoma patients is presented. Finally, a series of questions about the role of DT-diaphorase in both normal and malignant cells is raised based on the results of others that have been published in the last 2-3 years.
Measuring explained variation in linear mixed effects models (2003)

We generalize the well-known R(2) measure for linear regression to linear mixed effects models. Our work was motivated by a cluster-randomized study conducted by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, to compare two different versions of informed consent document. We quantify the variation in the response that is explained by the covariates under the linear mixed model, and study three types of measures to estimate such quantities. The first type of measures make direct use of the estimated variances; the second type of measures use residual sums of squares in analogy to the linear regression; the third type of measures are based on the Kullback-Leibler information gain. All the measures can be easily obtained from software programs that fit linear mixed models. We study the performance of the measures through Monte Carlo simulations, and illustrate the usefulness of the measures on data sets.
Evaluation Factors Of Clinical Decision Support System In U_Healthcare Service (2013)

Automated intelligent, clinical decision support systems generally promote to help or to assist physicians and patients regarding to prevention of diseases or treatment of illnesses using computer represented knowledge and information. In this paper, assessment factors affecting the proper design of clinical decision support system were investigated. The required procedure steps for gathering the data from clinical trial and extracting the information from large volume of healthcare repositories were listed, which are necessary for validation and verification of evidence-based implementation of clinical decision support system. The goal of this paper is to extract useful evaluation factors affecting the quality of the clinical decision support system in the design, development, and implementation of a computer-based decision support system.
Surfactant protein A, but not surfactant protein D, is an opsonin for influenza A virus phagocytosis by rat alveolar macrophages (1997)

Surfactant protein A (SP-A) and surfactant protein D (SP-D) are collectins, and both proteins were shown to interact with influenza A virus and alveolar macrophages. However, it is not known whether SP-A and SP-D can serve as opsonins for the phagocytosis of influenza A virus by alveolar macrophages. In the present study, we investigated the opsonic activities of SP-A and SP-D for phagocytosis of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled influenza A (H3N2) virus by rat alveolar macrophages using flow cytometry. SP-A enhanced the association of the virus with macrophages in a dose-dependent manner, reaching a maximum at an SP-A concentration of 60 microg/ml. An approximate threefold increase in association of influenza A virus with alveolar macrophages in the presence of SP-A over control incubations which contained no SP-A was observed. Half of the total cell-associated fluorescence could be quenched as demonstrated using the extracellular quenching dye trypan blue. These results indicate that SP-A mediates internalization of FITC-labeled influenza A (H3N2) virus by alveolar macrophages. Removal of the carbohydrate moiety of SP-A by N-glycosidase F treatment or cleavage of its sialic acid residues by neuraminidase abolished the enhancement of the phagocytosis of FITC-labeled influenza A virus by alveolar macrophages. Mannan, a mannose homopolysaccharide known to bind to the carbohydrate-binding domain of SP-A, did not affect the SP-A-mediated phagocytosis of FITC-labeled influenza by alveolar macrophages. In contrast, SP-D neither enhanced the association of FITC-labeled influenza A virus with alveolar macrophages nor affected the opsonic activity of SP-A for FITC-labeled influenza A (H3N2) virus at the SP-D concentrations tested. It is concluded that SP-A acts via its sialic acid residues as an opsonin in the phagocytosis of influenza A virus by alveolar macrophages.
The Biology of Proteostasis in Aging and Disease (2015)

Loss of protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is a common feature of aging and disease that is characterized by the appearance of nonnative protein aggregates in various tissues. Protein aggregation is routinely suppressed by the proteostasis network (PN), a collection of macromolecular machines that operate in diverse ways to maintain proteome integrity across subcellular compartments and between tissues to ensure a healthy life span. Here, we review the composition, function, and organizational properties of the PN in the context of individual cells and entire organisms and discuss the mechanisms by which disruption of the PN, and related stress response pathways, contributes to the initiation and progression of disease. We explore emerging evidence that disease susceptibility arises from early changes in the composition and activity of the PN and propose that a more complete understanding of the temporal and spatial properties of the PN will enhance our ability to develop effective treatments for protein conformational diseases.
Isothiazolopyridines. I. Synthesis and Spectra of Isothiazolo[3,4-<i>b</i>]-, 3-Amino-isothiazolo[4,3-<i>b</i>]-, Isothiazolo[5,4-<i>b</i>]-, and 3-Methylisothiazolo[5,4-<i>c</i>]pyridines. Preparation and Spectra of Some 2,3- and 3,4-Disubstituted Pyridines (1973)

Isothiazolo[3,4-b]pyridine was synthesized from 2-aminonicotinonitrile in three steps: by the reaction with ammonia and hydrogen sulfide to produce 2-aminothionicotinamide; oxidative cyclization with hydrogen peroxide to give 3-aminoisothiazolo[3,4-b]pyridine, followed by diazotization and reduction with hypophosphorous acid. 3-Aminoisothiazolo[4,3-b]pyridine was prepared in a similar way from 3-aminopicolinonitrile via 3-aminothiopicolinamide. Isothiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine was synthesized from 2-chloronicotinonitrile in three steps: by the reduction with formic acid in the presence of Raney nickel to obtain 2-chloronicotinaldehyde; transformation of the latter into 2-thiocyanonicotinaldehyde; and finally cyclization with ammonia to obtain isothiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine. 3-Methylisothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine was prepared by cyclization of 4-acetyl-3-thiocyanopyridine with ammonia. N.m.r. and u.v. spectra of the isothiazolopyridines, their derivatives, and the pyridine intermediates were recorded and interpreted.
Table-top sources of ultrashort THz pulses (2007)

In this paper techniques for the generation and measurement of ultrashort pulses in the frequency range from about 0.1 to 10 THz are reviewed. The methods for generation are restricted to table-top systems based on short-pulse lasers in the visible or in the near-infrared. Three techniques are dealt with in detail: photoconductive switches, difference frequency generation and plasma sources. Definitions and methods to measure the pulse width are given, among them cross-correlation and measurements of the electric field of these pulses as a function of time by photoconductive switches and electro-optic sampling.
Design and evaluation of a high throughput MAC with QoS guarantee for wireless LANs (2009)

The IEEE 802.11e and the IEEE 802.11n focus on quality of service (QoS) and enhancements for high throughput respectively. Modern wireless LAN (WLAN) products should integrate both features. This paper presents a design of a high throughput MAC with QoS guarantee which combines the hybrid coordination function (HCF) of the 802.11e with the frame aggregation technique in the 802.11n. The basic idea of the design is to improve the throughput of best-effort traffic under the constraint that QoS is just met for real-time traffic. Simulation results show that the proposed MAC has high channel utilization and the delay of best-effort traffic is also reduced.
Anatomic Endodontic Technology (AET) – a crown‐down root canal preparation technique: basic concepts, operative procedure and instruments (2005)

Most current canal shaping techniques do not prepare all the canal walls and can result in over-enlargement in some areas. AET defines three regions of the canal: coronal (from the cavo-surface of the access cavity), coronal-middle, and apical. Coronal-middle instrumentation is undertaken with four mechanically driven stainless steel shaping instrument used in brushing-milling action against canal walls. Apical preparation is completed by hand and with the formation of a stop.
Appearance of Microscopic Fibrils in Cellulose Gel Biosynthesized by Acetobacter xylinum (1982)

The change in the fine structure of the cellulose gel biosynthesized by Acetobacter zylinum with time was studied by means of electron microscopy. It was found that in the process of time, the inhomogeneous distribution cellulose chain arised in the vertical direction against the long axis of the amorphous fibril initially and finally many microscopic fibrils with the width of about 40∼50 Å appeared simultaneously in the amorphous fibril. This microscopic fibril corresponds to the elementary fibril reported in the previous paper. It was also found that the bacterial cellulose microfibril is composed of the microscopic fibril.
Butyrate ingestion improves hepatic glycogen storage in the re-fed rat (2008)

The main hepatic effect of butyrate is a sparing effect on glycogen storage explained (i) by competition between butyrate and glucose oxidation, glucose being preferentially directed to glycogenosynthesis during the post-prandial state; and (ii) by a likely reduced glycogenolysis from the newly synthesized glycogen. This first demonstration of the improvement of liver glycogen storage by acute butyrate supply may be an important contribution to explaining the beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis of nutritional supply increasing butyrate amount such as fiber diets.
Statistical generation of 3D facial animation models (2003)

This article reports results of a modeling system that is part of a larger project which seeks to achieve perceptually realistic animations of 3D models driven by speech. This system generates individualized animated 3D face models driven by "muscles" and compatible with MPEG-4. Our main contribution is in the use of an extensive facial database and statistical techniques to generate plausible facial models from limited data: from a single image using eigenface-like statistical recognition techniques, from descriptions (identikit) or randomly within the parameters of the population represented in the facial database. An interactive module and a muscle-based animation player are also part of the system.
Capacitively-tuned split microstrip resonators for RFID barcodes (2005)

A new method of realising RF barcodes is presented using arrays of identical microstrip dipoles capacitively tuned to be resonant at different frequencies within the desired licensed-free ISM bands. When interrogated, the reader detects each dipole's resonance frequency and with n resonant dipoles, potentially 2/sup n/-1 items in the field can be tagged and identified. Results for RF barcode elements in the 5.8 GHz band are presented. It is shown that with accurate centre frequency prediction and by operating over multiple ISM and other license-exempt bands, a useful number of information bits can be realised. Further increase may be possible using ultra-wideband (UWB) technology. Low cost lithographic printing techniques based on using metal ink on low cost substrates could lead to an economical alternative to current RFID systems in many applications.
Dynamic Backward Slicing of Model Transformations (2012)

Model transformations are frequently used means for automating software development in various domains to improve quality and reduce production costs. Debugging of model transformations often necessitates identifying parts of the transformation program and the transformed models which have causal dependence on a selected statement. In traditional programming environments, program slicing techniques are widely used to calculate control and data dependencies between the statements of the program. Here, we introduce program slicing for model transformations where the main challenge is to simultaneously assess data and control dependencies over the transformation program and the underlying models of the transformation. In this paper, we present a dynamic backward slicing approach for both model transformation programs and their transformed models based on automatically generated execution trace models of transformations. We evaluate our approach using different transformation case studies.
Coverage Driven Test Generation Framework for RTL Functional Verification (2007)

Functional verification is widely recognized as the bottleneck of the hardware design cycle. The coverage-driven verification approach makes coverage the core engine that drives the whole verification flow, which enables reaching high quality verification in a timely manner. In this paper, we present a coverage driven test generation methodology and a set of tools. We present a novel method for automatic generating simulation vectors from HDL descriptions based on path coverage and constraint solving. We present a novel approach to generate functional vectors based on assertions for RTL design verification. Our approach combines program-slicing based design extraction, word-level SAT and dynamic searching techniques. We also present a coverage analysis method based on VCD file, which only replaying the simulation of the control statements in the HDL description. Experimental results show the efficiency of our methodology.
[The role of Toll-like receptors (TLR) in innate and adaptive immune responses and their function in immune response regulation]. (2006)

The innate immune response is a universal mechanism of host defense against infection. It functions on the basis of special receptors called PRRs (pattern-recognition receptors) which recognize conserved microbial structures called PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns). Due to PRRs, the human organism is able to discriminate between self and non-self antigens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of PRRs that play a crucial role in "danger" recognition and the induction of immune response. Cells of the immune system (macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, B lymphocytes), epithelial cells, endothelium, cardio-myocytes and adipocytes all recognize pathogens via TLRs. TLR stimulation via microbial products activates the innate immune response. This results in an upregulated synthesis of anti-bacterial substances and pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as the activation of dendritic cell maturation (increased expression of co-stimulatory molecules and MHC antigens), thereby becoming more effective in antigen presentation. In some cases, the innate immune response is not able to eliminate infection and requires the induction of the adaptive immune response. When activated via TLRs, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) release elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12), chemokines, and nitric oxide (NO) and show increased expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, CD86). All these changes in APC function allow the induction of the adaptive immune response, where both T and B lymphocytes play a crucial role. TLRs also play a role in the regulation of immune response via direct or indirect influence on the function of CD4+ CD25+ T regulatory cells (Tregs), which results in their induction and subsequent suppression of the immune response or a reversal of suppression (contrasuppression).
Primary structure of 12 neutral oligosaccharide-alditols released from the jelly coats of the anuran <i>Xenopus laevis</i> by reductive β-elimination (1995)

The O-linked oligosaccharides of the jelly coat surrounding the eggs of Xenopus laevis were analysed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Among the 12 neutral oligosaccharide-alditols which have been characterized, three of them possess the following unusual structures: [sequence: see text] As previously observed for six other amphibian species, the carbohydrate chains of the jelly coat of Xenopus eggs display a high species specificity which could support a biological role during the fertilization processes.
Airflow and Normal Lung Sounds (1988)

The relationship between total air flow and normal breath sounds recorded at 2 sites on the chest was investigated. Sounds were measured during rhythmic breathing, during flow rate tracking, and during flow rate tracking against an external resistance by subjects seated and in the left lateral decubitus position. The sound amplitude during inspiration varied directly with the square of the air flow at the mouth. Changes in subject position and breathing pattern altered the gain between the square of the flow and the sound amplitude but not the functional relationship.
Refractory metal silicide/N+ polysilicon in CMOS/SOS (1980)

Dual layer gate structure of refractory metal silicides, namely tantalum silicide and molybdenum silicide over the N <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> doped polysilicon were investigated. The processing technique related to deposition of the metals, silicide film anealing, oxidation, and etching of the films will be reported in this paper. Established techniques were applied in the CMOS/SOS N <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> gate process. Excellent transistor characteristics of 2um gate length were obtained, and circuits with 4um gate dimensions had speed advantages over those fabricated with polysilicon. The final sheet resistance of this composite structure is approximately 4ohms/.
Photoassisted Electrochemical Degradation of Organic Pollutants on a DSA Type Oxide Electrode:  Process Test for a Phenol Synthetic Solution and Its Application for the E1 Bleach Kraft Mill Effluent (2001)

In this paper, the performance of a photoassisted electrolysis process, for the degradation of organic pollutants, is investigated. Results obtained in this work have shown that the thermally prepared anode of titanium, coated with 70TiO2/30RuO2, exhibits photoactivity and may be used for the treatment of effluents. A synthetic phenol aqueous solution and a real paper mill industry effluent were treated. Kinetic analysis showed a synergetic effect of electrolysis and photocatalysis and degradation rates are an order of magnitude greater than the sum of the results reached by using both processes individually. Using a 125 W mercury bulb and 20 mA cm-2, the phenol concentration decayed 85% in 90 min and 70% reduction of TOC was obtained. In the application of the treatment process for the degradation of the E1 bleach Kraft mill effluent, total phenols were practically eliminated in a short period of processing time, and color, usually resistant to biological treatment, was reduced to 10% from its initial value measured in terms of absorbance. Reductions of AOX, COD, and BOD by 25%, 30%, and 35%, respectively, were also observed.
Ambulatory and inpatient procedures in the United States, 1995. (1998)

An estimated 69.2 million procedures were performed on 38.7 million discharges from hospitals and freestanding ambulatory surgery centers during 1995: 39.8 million procedures were for inpatients, and 29.4 million were for ambulatory patients. Females had more procedures than males, and the rate of procedures increased with age in ambulatory and inpatient settings. The leading procedures for ambulatory surgery patients and inpatients combined were endoscopy of small intestine, arteriography and angiocardiography, extraction of lens, and endoscopy of large intestine.