gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single-Molecule Spectroscopy Reveals the Conformational Heterogeneity of Conducting Polymers Encapsulated within Hollow Silica Spheres (2008)

Poly-2,6-naphthylidenevinylene (PNV) has been synthesized inside microporous hollow silica spheres of a uniform diameter of 600 nm. The spheres obtained by acid hydrolysis followed by basic condensation of phenyltrimethoxysilane and final aerobic calcination at 550 °C have a specific surface area (SBET) of 482 m2 g-1, have an average pore size of 6.8 Å, and are nonfluorescent. Adsorption of 2,6-bis(bromomethyl)naphthalene as PNV precursor and subsequent room-temperature treatment with potassium tert-butoxide renders PNV inside the hollow spheres. Use of small monomer amounts allows preparation of silica spheres with only one or very few encapsulated polymers, as revealed by single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence intensity and polarization experiments on individual PNV molecules within the spheres uncover different spectroscopic behaviors arising from the heterogeneous distribution of polymer chain conformations. Tight-coiled PNV molecules fluoresce from a small number of emitting sites due to efficient excited-state energy funneling, whereas multiple emitter behavior is found for extended polymer chains. Coexistence of both extended and coiled segments in individual polymers accounts for the intermediate fluorescing properties encountered for a significant portion of PNV molecules within the particles.
Syntheses, X-ray Crystal Structures, and Solution Behavior of Cationic, Two-Coordinate Gold(I) η<sup>2</sup>-Diene Complexes (2011)

A family of cationic gold π-diene complexes of the form {[P(t-Bu)2o-biphenyl]Au(η2-diene)}+SbF6– were isolated in >80% yield from reaction of various dienes with a mixture of [P(t-Bu)2o-biphenyl]AuCl and AgSbF6 and were characterized by spectroscopy and, in four cases, by X-ray crystallography. Solution and solid-state analysis of these complexes established selective binding of gold to the less substituted C═C bond of the diene in the case of dienes that possessed differentially substituted C═C bonds. 13C NMR analysis and evaluation of the relative binding affinities of substituted dienes point to a bonding model in which the gold–alkene interaction is stabilized via donation of electron density from the uncomplexed C═C bond to the complexed C═C bond of the diene. Variable-temperature NMR analysis of gold π-diene complexes revealed fluxional behavior consistent with facile (ΔG‡ = 9.6–11.9 kcal mol–1) intramolecular exchange of the complexed and uncomplexed C═C bonds of the diene ligand.
Hodgkin's disease: the role of bone marrow transplantation. (1990)

Because results with conventional salvage therapy remain disappointing, the approach of using high-dose therapy and bone marrow transplantation has gained increasing support in recent years. Several trials have now been reported using various conditioning regimens and hematopoietic rescue sources. Although it is not clear which high-dose chemotherapy is the best conditioning regimen, many of the trials contain patients who are long-term disease-free survivors using this therapeutic approach. As more experience is gained with this therapy, the patient population for which it offers the best results will be better defined. High-dose therapy and bone marrow transplantation has been shown to offer better long-term disease-free survival to patients who are transplanted after failing one or two chemotherapy regimens, have good performance status, and still have chemotherapy-sensitive disease. For research to continue in this area, it is important that patients who are otherwise eligible for high-dose therapy and bone marrow transplantation participate in clinical trials to address the unanswered questions concerning high-dose therapy and bone marrow transplantation.
Large Changes in the CRAC Segment of gp41 of HIV Do Not Destroy Fusion Activity if the Segment Interacts with Cholesterol (2008)

The membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the gp41 fusion protein of HIV is highly conserved among isolates of this virus and is considered a target for vaccine development. This region also appears to play a role in membrane fusion as well as localization of the virus to cholesterol-rich domains in membranes. The carboxyl terminus of MPER has the sequence LWYIK and appears to have an important role in cholesterol interactions. We have tested how amino acid substitutions that would affect the conformational flexibility of this segment could alter its interaction with cholesterol. We studied a family of peptides (all peptides as N-acetyl-peptide amides) with P, G, or A substituting for W and I of the LWYIK sequence. The peptide having the greatest effect on cholesterol distribution in membranes was the most flexible one, LGYGK. The corresponding mutation in gp41 resulted in a protein retaining 72% of the fusion activity of the wild-type protein. Two other peptides were synthesized, also containing two Gly residues, GWGIK and LWGIG, and did not have the ability to sequester cholesterol as efficiently as LGYGK did. Making the corresponding mutants of gp41 showed that these other two double Gly substitutions resulted in proteins that were much less fusogenic, although they were equally well expressed at the cell surface. The study demonstrates that drastic changes can be made in the LWYIK segment with the retention of a significant fraction of the fusogenic activity, as long as the mutant proteins interact with cholesterol.
<i>Plesioungella kathleenae</i> gen. n. et sp. n. (Nematoda: Drilonematoidea) from the Australian endemic megascoiecid earthworm <i>Fletcherodrilus unicus</i> (Fletcher, 1889) (1998)

Abstract Plesioungella kathleenae gen. n. et sp. n. is described from the coelom of the earthworm Fletcherodrilus unicus (Fletcher, 1889), collected in New South Wales. It represents the first nematode of the superfamily Drilonematoidea described from Australia. P. kathleenae gen. n. et sp. n. is characterised by the presence of two thin hooks on the anterior body end, large circular suckers on the tail, and small spines on the eggshell. The male of P. kathleenae gen. n. et sp. n. differs from all other ungellids by the two rows of subventral papillae on the tail and the unusual spicula with ventro‐lateral pieces. Juveniles and a single female of an undescribed thelastomatid nematode were also found in the same earthworm host.
Kinetic Characterization of Yeast Pyruvate Carboxylase Isozyme Pyc1 and the Pyc1 Mutant, C249A (2003)

The yeast Pyc1 isoform of pyruvate carboxylase has been further characterized and shown to differ from the Pyc2 isoform in its K(a) for K(+) activation. Pyc1 differs from chicken liver pyruvate carboxylase in the lack of effect of acetyl-CoA on ADP phosphorylation by carbamoyl phosphate, which may be a result of differences in the loci of action of the effector between the two enzymes. Solvent D(2)O isotope effects have been measured with Pyc1 on the full pyruvate carboxylation reaction, the ATPase reaction in the absence of pyruvate, and the carbamoyl phosphate-ADP phosphorylation reaction for the first time for pyruvate carboxylase. Proton inventories indicate that the measured isotope effects are due to a single proton transfer step in the reaction. The inverse isotope effects observed in all reactions suggest that the proton transfer step converts the enzyme from an inactive to an active form. Kinetic measurements on the C249A mutant enzyme suggest that C249 is involved in the binding and action of enzyme activators K(+) and acetyl-CoA. C249 is not involved in ATP binding as was observed for the corresponding residue in the biotin carboxylase subunit of Escherichia coli acetyl-CoA carboxylase, nor is it directly responsible for the measured inverse (D)(k(cat)/K(m)) isotope effects. The size of the inverse isotope effects indicates that they may result from formation of a low-barrier hydrogen bond. Modification of the wild type and C249A mutant with o-phthalaldehyde suggests that C249 is involved in isoindole formation but that the modification of this residue is not directly responsible for the accompanying major loss of enzyme activity.
Molecular Analysis of the <i>SCARECROW</i> Gene in Maize Reveals a Common Basis for Radial Patterning in Diverse Meristems (2000)

Maize and Arabidopsis root apical meristems differ in several aspects of their radial organization and ontogeny. Despite the large evolutionary distance and differences in root radial patterning, analysis of the putative maize ortholog of the Arabidopsis patterning gene SCARECROW (SCR) revealed expression localized to the endodermis, which is similar to its expression in Arabidopsis. Expression in maize extends through the quiescent center, a population of mitotically inactive cells formerly thought to be undifferentiated and to lack radial pattern information. Zea mays SCARECROW (ZmSCR), the putative maize SCR ortholog, was used as a molecular marker to investigate radial patterning during regeneration of the root tip after either whole or partial excision. Analysis of the dynamic expression pattern of ZmSCR as well as other markers indicates the involvement of positional information as a primary determinant in regeneration of the root radial pattern.
Innovation in Growing Rod Technique (2011)

STUDY DESIGN.: Prospective in vivo randomized study. OBJECTIVE.: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a distraction-based magnetically controlled growing rod (MCGR) in a porcine model. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA.: A high number of complications related to frequent surgical rod lengthenings has been a generally accepted outcome in growing rod surgery for early-onset scoliosis. A potentially safer technique is a system that does not require repetitive surgery. METHODS.: Seven-month-old pigs were randomly assigned to an experiment group (EG; n = 6) and a sham group (SG; n = 3). One animal in the EG became paralyzed because of a misplaced pedicle screw and was killed per the study protocol. Therefore, a total of 8 animals completed the study. The EG underwent weekly spine distraction using the MCGR. Spinal height was assessed by vertebral unit height measurements on weekly lateral radiographs. RESULTS.: A total of 49 mm of distraction across the unfused vertebral levels was planned during a 7-week period (7 mm per wk). Radiographical analysis of the MCGR device revealed an average distraction of 39 mm (range, 32-46 mm), resulting in achievement of 80% of predicted spinal height. Prior to removal of implants, spinal height for the EG was similar to the SG. However, accelerated increase in vertebral unit height was noted in the EG during the 3-week period after implant removal, which resulted in significantly greater overall spinal height in the EG (32.2% vs. 11.7%, P ≤ 0.05). No MCGR-related complications occurred. CONCLUSION.: The MCGR provided 80% of predicted spinal height by noninvasive remote distraction in this animal model. The accelerated increase in spinal height of the experimental animals after implant removal was an unexpected finding which requires additional research to better understand the effect of distraction on spinal growth. This study establishes a foundation for future research in an attempt to use a less invasive technique in distraction-based correction of early-onset scoliosis.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Method to Prepare 3‐Alkyl‐2‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinones: Synthesis of Lapachol and Phthiocol. (2011)

Abstract Lawsone (I) is used as starting material for the optimized reductive alkylation process to yield the title compounds including phthiocol (IIa) and lapachol (IIIb).
Incorporating cellular sorting structure for better prediction of protein subcellular locations (2011)

This article explores the interdependences between subcellular locations and incorporates them with support vector machines for prediction of protein subcellular localisation. Traditional prediction systems utilise a ‘flat’ structure of classifiers, such as the one-versus-all and one-versus-one schemes, with amino acid compositions to perform the prediction. Apart from those existing studies that ignore the interdependences between subcellular locations, we take advantage of a hierarchical structure to organise the subcellular locations and model their relationships. Here, we propose to use four kinds of hierarchical prediction methods and make comparative studies on three datasets. Experimental results show that three of the hierarchical models outperform the traditional ‘flat’ model in terms of tree loss values. In particular, one hierarchical model outperforms the traditional ‘flat’ model for all evaluation measures. Moreover, we gained some valuable insights into the sorting process by using hierarchical structures.
Photoresponses of human rods<i>in vivo</i>derived from paired-flash electroretinograms (1997)

In the human eye, domination of the electroretinogram (ERG) by the b-wave and other postreceptor components ordinarily obscures all but the first few milliseconds of the rod photoreceptor response to a stimulating flash. However, recovery of the rod response after a bright rest flash can be analyzed using a paired-flash paradigm in which the test flash, presented at time zero, is followed at time t by a bright probe flash that rapidly saturates the rods (Birch et al., 1995). In ERG experiments on normal subjects, the hypothesis that a similar method can be used to obtain the full time course of the rod response to test flashes of subsaturating intensity was tested. Rod-only responses to probe flashes presented at varying times t after the test flash were used to derive a family of amplitudes A(t) that represented the putative rod response to the test flash. These rod-only responses to the probe flash were obtained by computational subtraction of the cone-mediated component of each probe flash response. With relatively weak test flashes (11-15 scot-td-s), the time course of the rod response to the test flash derived in this manner was consistent with a four-stage impulse response function of time-to-peak approximately 170 ms. A(170), the amplitude of the derived response at 170 ms, increased with test flash intensity (Itest) to a maximum value Amv and exhibited a dependence on Itest given approximately by the relation, A(170)/Amo = 1 - exp(-kItest), where k = 0.092 (scot-td-s)-1. In steady background light, the falling (i.e. recovery) phase of the derived response began earlier, and the sensitivity parameter k was reduced several-fold from its dark-adapted value. As the sensitivity, sensitivity, kinetics, and light-adaptation properties of the derived response correspond closely with those of photocurrent flash responses previously obtained from isolated rods in vitro, it was concluded that the response derived here from the human ERG approximates the course of the massed in vivo rod response to a test flash.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. UND IDENTIFIZIERUNG VON DEUTERIERTEN CYCLOHEXAN‐ UND CYCLOHEXEN‐VERBINDUNGEN, DIEN‐KONDENSATIONEN, ADDITIONEN VON DEUTERIUM UND STEREOSPEZIFISCHER AUSTAUSCH IN DER HOMOALLYL‐STELLUNG (1973)

Abstract 9 Das durch Kondensation des Butadiens (I) mit dem Acrylat (II) erhaltene Cyclohexen (III) addiert Deuterium unter Bildung der 4 isomeren Cyclohexane (IV)‐(VII) [NMR‐Spektrum von (V)].
Distributional Change of Alpha-Tocopherol in the Rat Lens with Age (1996)

Concentration of alpha-tocopherol (alpha-Toc.) in the rat lens (1, 4 and 12 months old) was determined in single lenticular layers using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The highest concentration of alpha-Toc. in lens was found in the nucleus, followed by the deeper anterior and deeper posterior cortices, the shallow anterior and shallow posterior cortices, and the equatorial region. The topographic alpha-Toc. distribution in the lens did not differ between lenses of 1-, 4- and 12-month-old rats. A significant decrease of alpha-Toc. concentration was seen in lenses of 4- and 12-month-old rats compared to those 1 month old. Concentration and distribution in 4- and 12-month-old rat lenses were almost the same. The concentration of alpha-Toc. in the lens changes in relation to age.
A reference signal based GLRT for simultaneous sensing and reception in cognitive LTE-A systems (2016)

We explore the application of cognitive radio (CR) principles to 3GPP LTE-A. In such a system, a cognitive radio (CR), synchronized to the macro base station (BS), exploits the spectral holes in the orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) time-frequency grid. Spectrum sharing between different network operators and device-to-device (D2D) communications in LTE-A are presented as potential applications. Sensing is expected to play a prominent role in such systems. We focus on simultaneous sensing and reception (SSR) that can avoid the overhead in sensing before transmission (SBT) protocols. Firstly, for a flat fading channel, we develop generalized likelihood ratio tests (GLRTs) based on the demodulation reference signals (DMRSs) of transmission mode 9 in LTE-A that do not require the knowledge of signal powers, channel statistics and noise parameters. Secondly, using a polynomial fitting, we extend the algorithm to frequency-selective fading scenarios. Simulation results are presented to compare the different algorithms which indicate that good performance can be achieved for SSR with full knowledge of the DMRSs.
Bombesin Inhibits Histamine Release from the Rat Oxyntic Mucosa by a Somatostatin-dependent Mechanism (1997)

Background and methods: This study examines the effect of bombesin on endogenous somatostatin and the histamine-synthesizing enterochromaffin-like cells. Somatostatin and histamine were measured in the venous effluent of isolated/antrectomized vascularly perfused rat stomachs after administration of bombesin and gastrin alone or combined. Histidine decarboxylase (HDC) enzyme activity and mRNA abundance were measured in the gastric corpus after intravenous administration of bombesin to conscious rats. Results: Bombesin released somatostatin from the isolated stomachs and reduced basal and gastrin-stimulated venous histamine. Somatostatin antiserum partially reversed the effect of bombesin on basal and gastrin-stimulated histamine release. In conscious fed rats, intravenous bombesin doubled serum gastrin concentrations and increased HDC activity. Conclusion: We conclude that endogenous (paracrine) somatostatin inhibits basal and gastrin-stimulated histamine release from the ECL cell. In intact animals this effect is surmountable by simultaneously released gastrin, suggesting that a balance between the effects of gastrin and somatostatin determines the activation of the ECL cell.
Effects of a Specifically Designed Physical Conditioning Program on the Load Carriage and Lifting Performance of Female Soldiers. (1997)

Abstract : Forty-six women were studied to determine whether their ability to perform very heavy Army jobs could be improved by a specially designed 24-week physical training program administered within normal Army time constraints; 32 subjects remained for the entire testing and training program. The training program proved effective. The weight of boxes the women could lift to three different heights improved between 30% and 47%. After training, the average box-weight the women could lift onto a truck was 118 pounds, 81% of the Army male value. The number of 40-pound boxes the women could lift onto a truck in 10 minutes increased from 106 to 140. The number of 40-pound boxes that could be lifted off the ground, carried 25 feet and placed onto a truck increased from 53 to 62. Vertical jump and standing long jump distance increased 20% and 15% respectively. The speed at which a 75 pound backpack could be carried over a 2-mile mixed-terrain course increased from 3.4 to 4.4 miles per hour. Before the training, only 24% of the women could qualify for very heavy Army jobs; after the training, 78% could qualify. Body composition improved as well.
Isolation and Characterization of I Region Genes from the Major Histocompatibility Complex of the Mouse (1983)

The major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 17 of the mouse contains several families of genes which encode cell-surface recognition structures (1). One of these families, the immune response genes of the I region, is of particular interest because it regulates the ability of mice to make immune responses to simple antigens. A question of fundamental importance is how the immune response genes function. One hypothesis is that they are the genes encoding the T-cell receptors (2). More recent data suggest that the immune response gene products are in fact the Ia antigens, cell-surface molecules found on B cells, macrophages, and some T cells which have been analyzed serologically (3).
Non-monotonic reasoning using dempster's rule (1984)

Rich's suggestion that the arcs of semantic nets be labelled so as to reflect confidence in the properties they represent is investigated in greater detail. If these confidences are thought of as ranges of acceptable probabilities, existing statistical methods can be used effectively to combine them. The framework developed also seems to be a natural one in which to describe higher levels of deduction, such as reasoning about reasoning.
Detection and Location of GPS Interference Sources Using Digital Receiver Electronics (2000)

GPS is now being used to provide positioning and timing information for a number of applications where it is essential that the accuracy and reliability of the GPS information can be assured. These include safety of life systems, such as aircraft navigation during approach and landing, transportation applications such as railroad control, and also critical commercial applications such as mobile communication networks where GPS timing is used. The susceptibility of the GPS signals to interference is of concern to the GPS user community. Because of the low received power of the GPS signals, outages can easily occur due to unintentional interference, and the potential exists to deny access to the GPS signals using easily obtainable RF hardware. In this paper, an advanced GPS receiver is described that includes the capability to detect and locate GPS interference sources. This enables prompt action to be taken to protect the integrity of the GPS signal sources for safety of life or system critical applications of GPS.
Overview of the range of mechanisms (2000)

For more than 35 years, a wide range of biomedical research has been conducted in order to understand the biophysical factors which influence laser induced retinal injury. Although the optical effects which influence retinal imaging and the initial physical events which lead to the absorption and dissipation of the laser energy are well understood, the stages of biological damage which take pace after the deposition of energy are not so well understood. The greatest body of research was initial centered on the interaction of laser energy with ocular tissues. Much of the research was to derive occupational health and safety standards that provide maximum permissible exposure limits. These limits are based both upon the theoretical understanding and the large body of experimental data. Current laser safety research has recently focused almost exclusively on deriving retinal injury thresholds for sub- nanosecond exposures. Setting limits in this temporal region has been difficult, since there have been conflicting data sets and there are limited data to extrapolate to other spectral regions. Because of the transparency of some ocular tissues, the ocular injury studies offer an opportunity to study all interaction mechanism with greater ease of viewing the effects directly with greater clarity than working with other biological tissues.