gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of the Grapevine Fanleaf Viruses Away from the Period of Vegetation (1987)

Abstract Best conditions for the detection of AMV (Arabis Mosaic Virus) and GFV (Grapevine Fanleaf Virus) in grapevine tissues at different seasons in the year have been determined. Leaves, rootlets and wood shavings are good virus sources for ELISA. The commonly used nicotine solution can be replaced by a PBS‐ or Tris‐HCl buffer, as extraction medium, provided its molarity is high and it contains polyvinylpyrrolidone. In our conditions, detection of AMV and GFV was possible in leaves from May to October, There was no clear‐cut advantage in using extracts prepared either from leaves obtained from the top, middle or bottom parts of a plant. Away from the period of vegetation, the use of wood shavings allowed virus detection, even when cuttings were harvested a few months ago and kept at 6°C.
Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase increases (±)-<i>anti</i>-benzo[<i>a</i>]pyrene diolepoxide-induced micronuclei formation and p53 accumulation in isolated human peripheral blood lymphocytes (1995)

In response to DNA damage, in particular DNA strand breaks, the proposed roles for normal tumour suppressor protein p53 are to increase the period of time available for DNA repair prior to replication, or to direct damaged cells into programmed cell-death. Since treatment of mammalian cells with (+/-)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide [(+/-)-anti-BPDE] --a mixture of metabolites comprising the most reactive (+)-anti-enantiomer of the full environmental carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene--has been shown to result in induction of DNA repair processes and consequently in DNA strand break formation, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether p53 accumulation is induced in (+/-)-anti-BPDE-treated phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). Both immunocytochemical and immunoblot analysis indicated that treatment of PBLs with (+/-)-anti-BPDE results in p53 accumulation. Optimal accumulation was observed at 2.5 microM, while no increase of p53 levels was observed at concentrations < 2.5 microM and > 10 microM. Further, (+/-)-anti-BPDE-induced p53 accumulation in PBLs was found to be time-dependent with accumulation up to 24 h after the onset of treatment. Treatment of PBLs with 2.5 microM of (+/-)-anti-BPDE and 1 mM of 3-aminobenzamide, an inhibitor of the DNA strand break-dependent enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, resulted in increased p53 levels, in comparison to cells treated with (+/-)-anti-BPDE alone. This combination also potentiated the frequency of (+/-)-anti-BPDE-induced micronuclei. These findings suggest that (+/-)-anti-BPDE-induced DNA strand break formation is responsible for the observed p53 accumulation. It is unlikely that poly(ADP-ribose) polymer formation is a prerequisite in the process of p53 accumulation, as triggered by DNA strand-break inducing agents like (+/-)-anti-BPDE. It is hypothesized that p53-dependent pathways may be activated in phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed ex vivo to (+/-)-anti-BPDE.
Effect of the Various Sources of Dietary Additives on Growth, Body Composition and Shell Color of Abalone Haliotis discus hannai (2006)

Effect of the various sources of dietary additives on growth, body composition and shell color of abalone Haliotis discus hannai was investigated for 16 weeks. Forty juvenile abalone averaging 13.5 g were randomly stocked into 21 of 50 L plastic rectangular containers each. Eight kinds of additives were prepared for this study: four commercially available microalgae [Haeatococcus (Hae), Isochrysis galbana (Iso), Shizochytrium (Sch) and Spirulina (Spi)], three crustacean meals [krill meal (KM), shrimp head meal (Shm) and red crab meal (Rcm)], and green tea by-product (Gre). In addition, dry sea tangle (Dst), Laminaria japonica, as a control, was prepared. Casein, dextrin and a mixture corn oil and fish oil was protein, carbohydrate and lipid sources, respectively, in the experimental diets. The 2% each additive was included into the experimental diets. The experimental diets were fed to abalone once a day at the ratio of total biomass of abalone with a little leftover throughout the 16-week feeding trial. Survival of abalone was not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the experimental diets. However, weight gain of abalone fed the all experimental diets containing the various sources of additives was significantly (P0.05) affected by the experimental diets. However, shell width of abalone fed the all experimental diets containing the various sources of additives was significantly (P
The Proliferative Capacity of Antigen-Sensitive Precursors of Hemolytic Plaque-Forming Cells (1966)

Summary The antigen-sensitive precursors of hemolytic plaque-forming cells (7, 8) can be transplanted into heavily-irradiated mice. In the presence of antigen, these cells proliferate and differentiate, giving rise to progeny which form clusters detectable by their capacity to produce foci of hemolysis in a layer of agar containing sheep erythrocytes. The enumeration of such foci provides an assay techniques for antigen-sensitive cells (9). When the same spleen cell suspensions were assayed for these cells both by this technique and by the method of limiting dilution, both techniques yielded similar values. This similarity indicates that the hemolytic focus assay does indeed detect antigen-sensitive cells. By combining assays for antigen-sensitive cells and for their hemolysinproducing progeny, we have obtained an estimate of 4 to 7 for the number of divisions which result from the stimulation of antigen-sensitive cells by sheep erythrocytes. By a technique of serial transplantation, the fraction, f, of the total number of injected antigen-sensitive cells which are detectable in the spleens of heavily-irradiated mice following the intravenous injection of spleen cells was determined to be 0.15. Using this value, f, along with the number of antigen-sensitive cells detected in a given number of spleen cells and the number of cells in normal mouse spleens, one may calculate that there are approximately 103 antigen-sensitive cells in intact spleens. This estimate agrees with a previous value obtained using a radiobiologic technique (4).
Integrated optical delay lines: a review and perspective [Invited] (2018)

Optical delay lines (ODLs) are one of the key enabling components in photonic integrated circuits and systems. They are widely used in time-division multiplexing, optical signal synchronization and buffering, microwave signal processing, beam forming and steering, etc. The development of integrated photonics pushes forward the miniaturization of ODLs, offering improved performances in terms of stability, tuning speed, and power consumption. The integrated ODLs can be implemented using various structures, such as single or coupled resonators, gratings, photonic crystals, multi-path switchable structures, and recirculating loop structures. The delay tuning in ODLs is enabled by either changing the group refractive index of the waveguide or changing the length of the optical path. This paper reviews the recent development of integrated ODLs with a focus on their abundant applications and flexible implementations. The challenges and potentials of each type of ODLs are pointed out.
Thermal-mechanical enhanced high-performance silicone gels and elastomeric encapsulants in microelectronic packaging (1995)

A modern electronic device is a complex 3-D structure that consists of millions of components for each single integrated circuit (IC) chip. This complex and delicate device requires effective encapsulation and packaging to ensure its long-term reliability. This device encapsulant requires not only excellent electrical and physical properties, but also suitable mechanical properties for hostile and extreme temperature cycling requirements (from -65/spl deg/ to 150/spl deg/C). Hence, the mechanical and thermal behavior of the encapsulant plays a critical role in device reliability. Low stress encapsulants are the preferred choice for microelectronic packaging. Silicone-based materials, either the elastomers or gels, with their low modulus and excellent electrical properties, are the best encapsulants. However, the intrinsic low modulus silicone provides weak mechanic protection for the IC device. We have, however, modified the silicone material with a high loading of silica to improve its mechanical and physical properties. This high-silica filler loading material improves not only its mechanical property, but also its modulus. Furthermore, this modified high modulus silicone material tends to have microcracks during the high temperature thermal cycling testing that generates the device reliability problem. In this paper, we will describe a modified version of the thermal-mechanical enhanced silicone-based encapsulant, its material formulation, curing process, thermal mechanical failure and its protecting mechanisms, and its application.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Structure of TRAF Family: Current Understanding of Receptor Recognition (2018)

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) proteins are key signaling molecules that function in various cellular signaling events including immune response, cell death and survival, development, and thrombosis. Their roles in cellular signaling are mediated mostly by direct interactions with various receptors via the TRAF domain. To determine how specific TRAF domains can interact with various receptors with a limited binding interface and how similar binding interfaces of TRAF family members can recognize their specific binding partners, extensive structural studies on TRAF family proteins have been conducted for several decades. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the structural and molecular diversity of the TRAF domain and TRAF-binding motifs in many receptors according to available structural information.
<i>Bacillus atrophaeus:</i> main characteristics and biotechnological applications – a review (2014)

The genus Bacillus includes a great diversity of industrially important strains, including Bacillus atrophaeus (formerly Bacillus subtilis var. niger). This spore-forming bacterium has been established as industrial bacteria in the production of biological indicators for sterilization, in studies of biodefense and astrobiology methods as well as disinfection agents, in treatment evaluation and as potential adjuvants or vehicles for vaccines, among other applications. This review covers an overview of the fundamental aspects of the B. atrophaeus that have been studied to date. Although the emphasis is placed on recent findings, basic information's such as multicellularity and growth characteristics, spore structure and lifecycle are described. The wide biotechnological application of B. atrophaeus spores, including vegetative cells, is briefly demonstrated, highlighting their use as a biological indicator of sterilization or disinfection.
Building cooperative translation environment via multi-tier architecture (2005)

In a translation project participated by a lot of people, terms and vocabulary need to be unified and the formulation of key content to be consistent. Besides, mutual citation in context needs correspondence. Therefore a cooperative work among translators is necessary. A use of multitier architecture is able to establish a distributed cooperative translation environment (with management or not), in which asynchronous and implicit cooperation are given priority while synchronic and explicit cooperation act as complement. In this way every translator can gain information in time from others and provide needed information for them as well, which ensures a smooth and synchronic translation. This article introduces relevant background, cooperative problems and ways to realize cooperation in a cooperative translation environment and presents an assumption of multiagent cooperative translation in the future.
Use of a recurrent neural network indiscrete sliding-mode control (1999)

The paper discusses a class of nonlinear discrete sliding-mode control. The control system is designed on the basis of a discrete Lyapunov function. Part of the equivalent control is estimated by an on-line estimator, which is realised by a recurrent neural network (RNN) because of its outstanding ability for modelling a dynamical process. A real-time iterative learning algorithm is developed and used to train the RNN. Unlike the conventional learning algorithms for RNNs, the proposed algorithm ensures that the learning error converges to zero. As a result, the stability of the control system is always assured. In addition, this learning algorithm can be applied for on-line estimation. The proposed controller eliminates chattering and provides sliding-mode motion on the selected manifolds in the state space. Numerical examples are given and simulation results strongly demonstrate that the control scheme is very effective.
Ultrawideband Radar (2012)

Providing a practical review of the latest technology in the field, Ultrawideband Radar Applications and Design presents cutting-edge advances in theory, design, and practical applications of ultrawideband (UWB) radar. This book features contributions from an international team of experts to help readers learn about a wide range of UWB topics, including: History of the technology American and European governmental regulations and key definitions Nonsinusoidal wave propagation theory Random signal radar Object detection by ground permittivity measurements Large-target backscattering effects Medical applications Large current radiator antenna design Materials-penetrating theory Radar signal processing Weak-signal detection methods Holographic and real time radar imaging This books contributors use practical information to illustrate the latest theoretical developments and demonstrate UWB radar principles through case studies. Radar system engineers will find ideas for precision electronic sensing systems for use in medical, security, industrial, construction, and geophysical applications, as well as those used in archeological, forensic and transportation operations.
Analytical optimization of high-transmission attenuated phase-shifting reticles (2009)

For sub-50-nm semiconductor patterning processes, extremely coherent illumination and high-transmission (Hi-T) attenuated background phase-shifting reticles are becoming increasingly important in delivering high-quality aerial images. Here, a Hi-T reticle is defined as any attenuated phase-shifting mask with a background transmission intensity of 12% or higher of incident light. While numerical simulation has served as a powerful tool in reticle design, the analytical relation of image log slope (ILS) and mask error enhancement factor (MEEF) are calculable in concise, exact form to reveal additional insight into reticle optimization. The properties of ILS and MEEF can be derived analytically in predicting the optimal range of mask bias in terms of image contrast and sensitivity for improved critical dimension (CD) control. These derived relations also demonstrate the capability for analysis beyond extensive numerical simulation and can be easily scaled and applied to various pitches and mask CDs. These relations are also verified in this paper with simulation of realistic process parameters and thus prove the applicability in optimization of Hi-T reticles.
Scheduling semiconductor wafer fabrication (1988)

The impact that scheduling can have on the performance of semi-conductor wafer fabrication facilities is assessed. The performance measure considered is the mean throughput time (sometimes called cycle time, turnaround time or manufacturing interval) for a lot of wafers. A variety of input control and sequencing rules are evaluated using a simulation model of a representative, but fictitious, semiconductor wafer fabrication. Certain of these scheduling rules are derived by restricting attention to the sub-set of stations that are heavily utilized, and by using a Brownian network model, which approximates a multi-class queuing network model with dynamic control capability. Three versions of the wafer fabrication model, which differ only by the number of servers present at particular stations, are studied. The three versions have one, two, and four stations, respectively, that are heavily utilized (near 90% utilization). The simulation results indicate that scheduling has a significant impact on average throughput time, with larger improvements coming from discretionary imput control than from lot sequencing. The effects that specific sequencing rules have are highly dependent on both the type of input control used and the number of bottleneck stations in the fabrication.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Antibacterial property on Gram‐positive bacteria of polypyrrole‐coated fabrics (2014)

ABSTRACT Antibacterial activity against Gram‐negative bacteria of polypyrrole‐coated fabrics has been demonstrated in the past. In this work, biocidal efficacy of polypyrrole has been evaluated against Gram‐positive bacteria on textiles with different polypyrrole loading. Excellent bacterial reduction (≥99%) was found on cotton fabrics containing more than ∼9 wt % of polypyrrole. Polypyrrole loading can be greatly reduced in presence of silver. Silver‐containing fabrics used in this work alone does not guarantee a complete biocidal effect, but the addition of just 2 wt % of polypyrrole showed a bacteria reduction of 99%. Moreover, stability to different washing procedures of the antibacterial activity was evaluated. Fabrics were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, and infrared spectroscopy. Stability of the coating was assessed by abrasion tests. PPy showed excellent fastness to abrasion. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132 , 41670.
On The Language Instinct (1994)

In this extremely valuable book, very informative, and very well written (Noam Chomsky), one of the greatest thinkers in the field of linguistics explains how language works--how people, ny making noises with their mouths, can cause ideas to arise in other people's minds.
Transform coding of color images with limited palette size (1991)

An approach for the compression of color images with limited palette size that does not require color quantization of the decoded image is presented. The technique restricts the pixels of the decoded image to take values only in the original palette. Thus, the decoded image can be readily displayed without having to be quantized. Results obtained with a typical image are included to compare a conventional coding scheme to the proposed one. For comparable quality and bit rates, the proposed technique significantly reduces the decoder computational complexity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Total Synthesis of Salinamide A: A Potent Anti‐Inflammatory Bicyclic Depsipeptide (2008)

It's swell! The first total synthesis of potent anti-inflammatory agent salinamide A was achieved. This synthesis features a concise elaboration of the phenylglycine-derived epoxide fragment and the identification of two possible macrolactamization sites (see scheme). Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2008/z800397_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A new medium access control scheme for wireless ATM networks (2002)

We study medium access control (MAC) requirements for the wireless ATM and propose a new MAC scheme named the dynamic slot allocation multiple access (DSAMA) for wireless ATM networks. For a transparent and seamless transport of ATM traffic, the DSAMA supports a variety of service classes, bit rates, and QoS levels associated with ATM. The DSAMA provides a reliable, predictable aspects of medium access similar to those obtained in time division multiple access (TDMA) but is extended for the support of multirate CBR traffic. The DSAMA is a collision-free MAC scheme, and it enables one to limit the maximum slot access delay for multirate CBR traffic to the period of the traffic for guaranteed QoS.
Ghrelin and Adipose Tissue Regulatory Peptides: Effect of Gastric Bypass Surgery in Obese Humans (2003)

Presently surgery is the most effective way to obtain a controlled weight reduction in morbidly obese patients. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) surgery is effective and used worldwide, but the exact mechanism of action is unknown. The effect of RYGBP on ghrelin, insulin, adiponectin, and leptin levels was investigated in 66 obese subjects; mean weight 127 kg (range, 96-195 kg) and mean body mass index (BMI) 45 kg/m(2) (range, 33-64) before and after surgery. Ghrelin levels were also compared in 10 nonoperated and 10 operated obese, BMI-matched women. RYGBP resulted in 22% and 30% weight loss at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Ghrelin increased by 44% and 62% and adiponectin by 36% and 98%, but insulin declined by 57% and 62% and leptin by 60% and 64%. The changes were all related to the reduction in BMI. In addition, ghrelin and insulin were inversely correlated at all time points as were changes of the peptides at 12 months (F = 4.9, P = 0.031), independent of the change in BMI. No evidence for RYGBP surgery per se having an effect on ghrelin levels, independent of weight loss, was obtained. The profound changes in the regulatory peptides are likely to reflect the new state of energy balance achieved. A close inverse association between ghrelin and insulin was observed, supporting an important role for ghrelin in glucose homeostasis.
New Enhancements for the Exact Solution of the Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (2017)

The vehicle routing problem with time windows (VRPTW) consists of finding least-cost vehicle routes to satisfy the demands of customers that can be visited within specific time windows. We introduce two enhancements for the exact solution of the VRPTW by branch-price-and-cut (BPC). First, we develop a sharper form of the limited-memory subset-row inequalities by representing the memory as an arc subset rather than a node subset. Second, from the elementary inequalities introduced by Balas in 1977, we derive a family of inequalities that dominate them. These enhancements are embedded into an exact BPC algorithm that includes state-of-the-art features such as bidirectional labeling, decremental state-space relaxation, completion bounds, variable fixing, and route enumeration. Computational results show that these enhancements are particularly effective for the most difficult instances and that our BPC algorithm can solve all 56 Solomon instances with 100 customers and 51 of 60 Gehring and Homberger instances with 200 customers.