gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
QCA system design using blocks with vertically stacked active elements (2014)

Quantum Dot Cellular Automata is one among the various technologies proposed by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) as a viable alternative to CMOS. Circuits designed in QCA are potentially better with respect to speed, power and area when compared to their counter parts in CMOS. But as the circuit complexity increases, there is a linear growth in the horizontal area leading to lengthier interconnects with increased delay. To circumvent this problem we propose a new design paradigm using vertically stacked QCA cells. As the active elements are placed right one above the other in this new approach, the number of cells used for the interconnection will be drastically reduced. Thus would result in very compact designs. This technique provides greater flexibility in routing due to the availability of both vertical and horizontal planes. Each majority gate which forms the basic element of a QCA circuit/Block is implemented in a different layer; hence it explores a new concept of reusability in QCA along with the reduction of time for determination of errors. In this paper we establish this idea with the design of adders, subtractors, ripple adders, ripple adder cum subtractors using vertically stacked QCA circuits. These circuits are implemented using the least number of cells and minimum clocking zones. Results obtained by simulation show a maximum reduction in the number of cells used for the overall design by 77% and the cells used for the interconnection by 90% in comparison to their primitive counterparts respectively.
Preparation of Essential Oils Loaded Granule by Melt Granulation (1994)

A comparative study on three granulation methods; melt granulation, fluidized bed granulation and wet granulation was performed to fabricate an essential oils loaded granule. The granule properties such as particle size distribution and the loading efficiency of anethole from fennel and cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon showed that the melt granulation in a high shear mixer was the most feasible method among the three methods.In melt granulation, the granule particle size was well controlled by polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) content of which the optimum value was found to De 20%. Impeller speed and massing time in high shear mixer had small contribution to the particle growth when PEG content was optimized, while PEG particle size had some effect. Finer PEG powder improved the uniformity of granule size. Moreover, the cooling method of the hot mass affected the final granule properties significantly. The cooling with a fluid bed dryer was the best method.Both of the retention rates of anethole and cinnamaldehyde in the final granule were more than 95% of initial doses irrespective of cooling method. Further, the adoption of a fluid bed dryer enabled very rapid cooling of hot granule with negligible loss of essential oils.
2-Mercaptoglyoxalines. Part VIII. The preparation of 2-mercaptoglyoxalines from glutamic acid (1954)

R. A. F. Bullerwell, A. Lawson and H. V. Morley, J. Chem. Soc., 1954, 3283 DOI: 10.1039/JR9540003283
Notching up another pathway (2002)

The Notch proteins play a vital role in cell fate decisions in both invertebrate and vertebrate development.Careful analysis of this role has led to a model of signalling downstream of these receptors, via the CSL (CBF1, Suppressor of Hairless, Lag-1) family of transcription factors.However there have been suggestions that Notch can signal through other pathways.In the current paper, Ramain et al. ( 1) provide compelling evidence for Notch signalling through a CSLindependent pathway and they demonstrate that the cytoplasmic protein, Deltex, is required for this signal.In addition they show that Wnt signalling may regulate this Deltex dependent signal.
팬시상품에서의 캐릭터 특성과 중요성 연구 (1998)

Fancy industry has been further developed along with active economy and markets since late in 80s. The Fancy industry is called the forth dimenslon industry of `Dream industry`. It contributes to preparation of new environments in design as a messenger of human communication within our life. Meanwhile, it provides environment in which people live with relaxation and vision and is a large industry which affects others promoting development of related industries. While changes in the Fancy industry have been gradually leveling off practicality and functionality of goods, discrimination pollces in design are getting stronger and stronger and engrafting characters and Fancy goods has vitalized the Fancy business opening a new chapter. Especially characters in the Fancy goods have acquired a function of media to change consumer`s purchasing patterns and induce consumers to buy goods from thier image, which is a noncommercial function. Characters in Fancy goods have become direct media, a starting point to develop new items and induce purchase, and they have become catalysts. The scale of the characters industry in our country is still small comparing with 50,000,000,000,000 Won per year in the American market and the Japanese market which will grow to 2,000,000,000,000 Yen until 2000. [It is estimated that the sales in the first dimensionaln characters goods including stationery and Fancy toys are about 500,000,000,000 Won and 1,200,000,000,000 Won if games and multi-media fields are included. This study is to accomplish not only commercial goals of goods but also practical performance of social responsibillties of enterprises and to inspire concepts on characters which will have inportant roles as media with unlimited posslbilities, studying characteristics and importance of characters in Fancy goods in order to design and develop our own creative characters with Korean wits and humors under difficult market situations in which foreign characters occupy 80 percent of the characters market in Korea.
A Pure Rubidium/Quartz Source for Alkali Flame Ionization Detectors (1978)

Pure rubidium/quartz sources for alkali flame ionization detectors (AFID's) were produced by mixing and melting various amounts of quartz powder and rubidium hydroxide. The resulting materials were tested as beads in a commercial AFID and found to yield excellent response for phosphorous and nitrogen compounds. The sensitivity, selectivity and minimum detectable amount of some pesticide standards were determined.
Über monomolekulares und trimolekulares Glyoxal (1907)

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What Are the <i>bona fide</i> GSK3 Substrates? (2011)

Nearly 100 proteins are proposed to be substrates for GSK3, suggesting that this enzyme is a fundamental regulator of almost every process in the cell, in every tissue in the body. However, it is not certain how many of these proposed substrates are regulated by GSK3 in vivo. Clearly, the identification of the physiological functions of GSK3 will be greatly aided by the identification of its bona fide substrates, and the development of GSK3 as a therapeutic target will be highly influenced by this range of actions, hence the need to accurately establish true GSK3 substrates in cells. In this paper the evidence that proposed GSK3 substrates are likely to be physiological targets is assessed, highlighting the key cellular processes that could be modulated by GSK3 activity and inhibition.
Kala-azar: a comparative study of parasitological methods and the direct agglutination test in diagnosis (1992)

In a comparative study 88 patients were diagnosed as suffering from kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) using 3 parasitological methods simultaneously. Splenomegaly was absent in 4 cases. In 84 patients with splenomegaly, splenic aspiration appeared to be the most sensitive method (96.4%), followed by bone marrow aspiration (70.2%) and lymph node aspiration (58.3%). There was no relation between titres in the direct agglutination test and parasite load as determined by the number of parasitological methods which were positive or parasite density in splenic aspirates. Splenic aspiration and bone marrow aspiration were compared as an assessment of cure in kala-azar. In 6 (13%) of 46 patients tested, parasites were found, all by splenic aspiration. Bone marrow showed parasites in one of these. The literature with regard to parasitological investigations before and after treatment is reviewed.
Recent Advances in Research on Carbon Nanotube–Polymer Composites (2009)

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) demonstrate remarkable electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties, which allow a number of exciting potential applications. In this article, we review the most recent progress in research on the development of CNT-polymer composites, with particular attention to their mechanical and electrical (conductive) properties. Various functionalization and fabrication approaches and their role in the preparation of CNT-polymer composites with improved mechanical and electrical properties are discussed. We tabulate the most recent values of Young's modulus and electrical conductivities for various CNT-polymer composites and compare the effectiveness of different processing techniques. Finally, we give a future outlook for the development of CNT-polymer composites as potential alternative materials for various applications, including flexible electrodes in displays, electronic paper, antistatic coatings, bullet-proof vests, protective clothing, and high-performance composites for aircraft and automotive industries.
Study design, statistical analysis, and interpretation of QT-prolonging effects of ICH-E14 (2009)

綿密な（thorough）QT/QTc試験は，被験薬の治療用量，最大曝露量の数倍の用量，プラセボ，陽性対照の4薬剤を比較する臨床薬理試験である．陽性対照は試験の分析感度を証明するために用いられる．主要なエンドポイントは，同じ時間に測定した被験薬とプラセボの平均値の差の，収集の全期間を通じた最大値であり，これはQTc間隔の日内変動，PharmacokineticsやPharmacodynamicsの特徴，統計学的性質を考慮して決定された．時点毎に被験薬とプラセボの平均値の差とその95%片側信頼区間を求め，全ての時点で信頼区間の上限が10 msを下回っていれば陰性と判断される．試験を計画する際は，QTc間隔の変動要因を考慮し，Fisherの3原則を適用して，バイアスとなる系統誤差を可能な限り除去し，偶然誤差を可能な限り小さくすべきである．ベースライン値による調整は，個体間変動や日内変動の影響を減じるために重要である．Time-matched baselineとPre-dose baselineがよく用いられており，一般に並行群間比較試験では前者が薦められるのに対し，クロスオーバー試験では後者も適切であると考えられる．
Accurate Measurements and Precise Modeling of Power Dissipation of CUDA Kernels toward Power Optimized High Performance CPU-GPU Computing (2009)

Power dissipation is one of the most imminent limitation factors influencing the development of High Performance Computing (HPC). Toward power-efficient HPC on CPU-GPU hybrid platform, we are investigating software methodologies to achieve optimized power utilization by algorithm design and programming technique. In this paper we discuss power measurements of GPU, propose a method of automatic extraction of power data of CUDA kernels from long measurement sequence, and execute an exactitude and effective power analysis on CUDA kernels. By using the proposed method above, we measured a sample kernel that performs single precision floating point additions on GeForce 8800 GTS. Our results suggest that the power consumption by a non-working thread in underoccupied half-warp is 71% of the power consumed by a working thread.
Bounds on the Benefit of Network Coding: Throughput and Energy Saving in Wireless Networks (2008)

In this paper we establish fundamental limitations to the benefit of network coding in terms of energy and throughput in multihop wireless networks. Thereby we adopt two well accepted scenarios in the field: single multicast session and multiple unicast sessions. Most of our results apply to arbitrary wireless network and are, in particular, not asymptotic in kind. In terms of throughput and energy saving we prove that the gain of network coding of a single multicast session is at most a constant factor. Also, we present a lower bound on the expected number of transmissions of multiple unicast sessions under an arbitrary network coding. We identify scenarios for which the network coding gain for energy saving becomes surprisingly close to 1, in some cases even exactly 1, corresponding to no benefit at all. Interestingly, we prove that the gain of network coding in terms of transport capacity is bounded by a constant factor pi in any arbitrary wireless network and for all traditional channel models. This shows that the traditional bounds on the transport capacity [1]-[4] do not change more than constant factor pi if we employ network coding. As a corollary, we find that the gain of network coding on the throughput of large scale homogeneous wireless networks is asymptotically bounded by a constant. Note that our result is more general than the previous work [5] and it is obtained by a different technique. In conclusion, we show that in contrast to wired networks, the network coding gain in wireless networks is constraint by fundamental limitations.
Mid-infrared fluoride fiber lasers in multiple cascade operation (1995)

CW fiber laser cascades in an Er/sup 3+/-doped fluorozirconate fiber operating simultaneously at 2.7 μm/1.55 μm or at 3.45 μm/2.7 μm/1.55 μm pumped around 650 nm are reported. Output powers of nearly 20 mW at 1.55 μm and 1.2 mW around 2.7 μm were obtained with a nonoptimized experimental setup for the 2.7 μm/1.55 μm cascade. At 1.55 μm a laser efficiency of 5% was achieved. By varying the parameters of the experimental setup, additional effective simultaneous laser action at 3.45 μm was demonstrated.
A successive approximation method for solving multi‐objective fuzzy optimization problems (1997)

An efficient method utilizing a “max‐pro” optimum scheme for solving the “max‐min” decision function in a fuzzy optimization environment. The proposed method significantly simplifies the “max‐min” optimum solving problem, especially in the case when the number of objectives and constraints is large. Presents illustrative examples. The technique may also have valuable applications in solving general optimization problems with a piecewise‐smoothed objective function.
Electric Power Data Repair Model Based on Neural Network (2021)

This paper studies and proposes a power grid data restoration method based on SOM-LSTM neural network. First, analyze the data in the power grid data to determine the type of missing data. On this basis, the SOM neural network is used to classify the power data, and the LSTM neural network is trained based on the characteristic values of different users and historical data to complete the detection and repair of different types of missing power data. Finally, the actual power data in a certain area is used for analysis. The experimental results show that the proposed detection and repair method based on SOM-LSTM neural network can effectively detect and repair the missing data when different kinds of data are missing.
Power Electronic Signaling Technology—A New Class of Power Electronics Applications (2010)

The application of power electronics to facilitate the transmission or conversion of electric energy has been well known. This paper presents a different class of power electronic applications-the power electronic circuits are deployed to create small but discernible signals online. The signals are utilized for monitoring, power line communication and other information-oriented purposes. We use the term “power electronic (PE) signaling technology” to designate the technologies involved in these applications. The objective of this paper is to survey and review the developments in this fascinating field. Several highly successful PE signaling technologies and their applications are illustrated. It is believed that signaling-oriented power electronic techniques will have many potential applications in power systems and can be a major source of innovation for the smart grid initiative.
Origins of enantioselectivity in asymmetric ketone hydrogenation catalyzed by a RuH<sub>2</sub>(binap)(cydn) complex: insights from a computational study (2012)

In this paper, the origins of enantioselectivity in asymmetric ketone hydrogenation catalyzed by RuH(2)(binap)(cydn) (cydn = trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane) were discussed. Fifteen substrates involving aromatic, heteroaromatic, olefinic and dialkyl prochiral ketones were used to probe the catalytic mechanism and find an effective way to predict the chirality of the products. The calculated results demonstrate that the hydrogen transfer (HT) step from the Ru complex to the ketone substrate is the chirality-determining step in the H(2)-hydrogenation of ketones. The hydrogenation of aromatic-alkyl ketones can give higher enantiomeric excess (ee) values than that of dialkyl ketones. An interesting intermediate (denoted as ) could be formed if there is an α-hydrogen for R/R' groups of the ketone due to the H(2)-H(α) interaction. Two substituent groups of the ketone could rotate around the C=O axis in two directions, clockwise or counter-clockwise. This rotation, with the big or conjugative substituent group away from/toward the closer binap ligand of the Ru catalyst, will form favorable/unfavorable chiral products with an Re-/Si- intermediate structure. On the contrary, if there is no such α-hydrogen in any substituent group of the ketone, ABS and another intermediate (denoted as INT) would not exist. This study indicates that the conjugative effect of the substituent groups of the ketone play an important role in differentiating the R/R' groups of the ketone, while steric and electrostatic effects contribute to a minor extent. Furthermore, the disparity of the R and R' groups of the ketone is of importance in the enantioselectivity and the favorable chiral alcohol is formed when the structure of the conjugative/big substituent group is away from the closer binap ligand of the RuH(2)(binap)(cydn) catalyst. According to the three factors of the substituent group and the fourth quadrant theory, the enantioselectivity of 91 prochiral ketones catalyzed by a series of Ru catalysts were predicted. All of the predictions are consistent with the experimental results.
Maximally dependent random variables (1976)

Let X(1),..., X(n) have an arbitrary common marginal distribution function F, and let M(n) = max(X(1),..., X(n)). It is shown that EM(n) </= m(n), where m(n) = a(n) + n[unk](an) (infinity)[1 -F(x)]dx and = F(-1)(1 - n(-1)), and that EM(n) = m(n) when X(1),..., X(n) are "maximally dependent"; i.e., P(M(n) > x) = min{1, n[1 - F(x)]} for all x. Moreover, as n --> infinity, a(n) approximately m(n) approximately m(n) (*), where m(n) (*) = EM(n) when X(1),..., X(n) are independent, provided that [1 - F(cx)]/[1 - F(x)] --> 0 as x --> infinity for every c > 1, and E(X(1) (-))(r) < infinity for some r > 0. The case in which F is standard normal is considered in detail.
Histopathological changes in Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fingerlings to various acclimation temperatures (2011)

Background: Histopathological changes induced by a rise in the acclimation temperature in advanced Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fingerlings were studied to understand their adaptive ability to thermal changes. The histopathological changes in relation to the thermal changes have been widely used as bioparameters in the evaluation of fish health. Materials and Methods: The six experimental temperatures that the fishes were exposed to were 32, 34, 36, 38, and 40ºC for a period of 30 days each. The fishes kept at an ambient temperature of 29.3΁1.5ºC were used as control. The major organs studied were gills, liver, kidney, and heart. No specific alterations were observed at control, 32, and 34ºC. The organs were sampled at the end of 30 days exposure and histopathological changes of different organs were examined. Result and discussion: Different organs (gill, liver. Kidney and heart) show different histopathological changes in higher temperatures. However, adaptive and degenerative changes were found to occur at the higher temperatures of 36, 38, and 40ºC. Conclusions: Changes of temperature can be tolerated by the fishes and it brings about adaptive physiological changes to compensate the effects of temperature. Significance: The study was helpful; to understand the adaptive mechanisms used by fishes with changes of environmental temperatures.
Physicians, pharmaceutical sales representatives, and the cost of prescribing (1996)

Frequency of use of information provided by pharmaceutical representatives and the group practice, nonacademic and nonhospital setting may be associated with increased primary care physician prescribing costs.
Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection of <i>Ustilago hordei</i> in Leaves of Susceptible and Resistant Barley Varieties (1999)

ABSTRACT Although Ustilago hordei infects barley seedlings, symptoms of the disease covered smut are not visible until heading. Natural or artificial inoculation usually results in inconsistent infection, even in highly susceptible lines. Thus, breeding for resistance to covered smut is time consuming and difficult. The ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of U. hordei were sequenced and a primer pair was developed for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These primers amplified a 574-bp fragment from DNA of Ustilago spp., but did not amplify DNA from barley or other common barley pathogens. DNA extracted from as few as four U. hordei sporidia was detected by this method. U. hordei DNA was amplified from leaf tissue of inoculated susceptible and resistant plants at different stages of plant development in differential varieties. Growth of the fungus in different leaves of an individual plant was variable. Several highly resistant varieties were shown to contain U. hordei DNA in the first three to four leaves, but not in later leaves. Thus, although the fungus can infect many resistant plants, the plants remain symptomless. Detection of U. hordei prior to heading should assist efforts for breeding for resistance and provide clues concerning the mechanisms of resistance employed by different resistance genes.
Cost-Utility Analysis of Screening Intervals for Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2000)

Annual retinal screening for all patients with type 2 diabetes without previously detected retinopathy may not be warranted on the basis of cost-effectiveness, and tailoring recommendations to individual circumstances may be preferable. Organizations evaluating quality of care should consider costs and benefits carefully before setting universal standards.
The retrograde tunnel: a method for the fixation of central venous catheters in the military environment. (1991)

Central venous catheters (CVCs) are prone to accidental removal during patient transportation. Of the casualties who require transfer between medical facilities, those with CVC in situ require additional vigilance to prevent loss of the CVC, which continues to occur despite various methods of fixation. The fashioning of a subcutaneous tunnel has become an integral part of the placement of central venous catheters. Several methods have been described, but the long-term CVCs in paediatric practice pose special problems, particularly that of the patients continually testing the CVCs fixation. Using a new polyurethane CVC, a retrograde tunnelling technique has been developed which affords immediate and secure fixation. We propose that this CVC, together with the technique of retrograde tunnelling, is the solution to inadvertent central venous line removal during patient transfer.
Gluten free breads using rice flour and hydrocolloid gums (2004)

Breads made from non-wheat flours often have poor crust and crumb characteristics and the current study aimed to overcome this problem. Loaf breads made with rice flour and potato starch and breads made with wheat/rice mixtures, with the addition of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), guar gum and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), were compared with wheat flour loaf controls for loaf volume, texture and crust and crumb colour. HPMC had the most favourable effect on bread qualities; CMC had little effect while guar gum had no effect. The combination of HPMC and CMC showed the most potential and gave a dough with the viscosity necessary to trap fermented gases, and also to develop a rigid but porous cell structure and good loaf volume.