gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Three-Frequency, Geometry-Free, Technique for Ambiguity Resolution (2006)

A new technique for ambiguity resolution at long distances is described. It uses the code and carrier measurements on three frequencies in an unusual way. Specifically, it uses an averaging method to arrive at an accurate ambiguity-resolved and refraction-corrected measurement that largely overcomes the disadvantage of the close spacing between the L2 and the L5 frequencies. Of course, it works better when the second and third frequencies are farther apart, such as the Galileo L5 and E6 frequencies. The technique is unique in that there is no requirement to resolve the ambiguities of the fundamental L1, L2 and L5 carrier phase measurements. Instead a wide-lane, but noisy, refraction-corrected carrier phase measurement is formed from two of the three widelane carrier phase differences formed from the difference of pairs of the fundamental phase measurements. These differences are ambiguity resolved using ionosphericmatching code measurements and are then combined into a refraction-corrected composite measurement. While this wide-lane composite is quite noisy, it can be smoothed with a refraction-corrected, composite measurement with much lower noise. The ambiguities of this low-noise composite measurement are not required since it is simply used to smooth the noise in the wide-lane refraction-corrected composite. By not requiring the stepping from one ambiguity-resolved carrier phase measurement to another, it is largely immune to clock differences at the different frequencies which can sabotage the stepped approach. In addition, because the initial ambiguity resolution is done with wide-lane combinations, the reliability of the ambiguity resolution is robust and relatively insensitive to the presence of small code-carrier biases. The geometry-free approach of individually resolving the ambiguities removes the tropospheric refraction from the ambiguity resolution problem. Thus, the final smoothed, refraction-corrected composite measurement is insensitive to both ionospheric and tropospheric refraction effects. Though the smoothing process may require some minutes to reach the optimal accuracy level, the result should significantly extend the ranges over which RTK results can be obtained without requiring the modeling of the ionosphere.
A new method of lifetime estimation for high-voltage insulating systems in rotating machines (2011)

The stator wedge supporting material is used for diagnosing the state of the main insulation in rotating machines. The stator wedge is placed in a stator slot, and the material is aged using the same degradation conditions experienced by the bar winding insulating system itself. The possibility of easy replacement of the supporting material without causing any damage to the whole insulating system during device shutoff is a major advantage of this approach. The samples were tested with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and were prepared from isolated bars of a real hydroelectric generator (after 57,984 operation hours). The bar insulating system material (glass-mica-based) and the stator wedge material (laminated glass-fabric and laminated cellulose paper (paper-phenolic laminates) were tested. Additional laboratory thermal aging of the samples from both the bar winding insulating system and the supporting material was conducted to verify the suitability of the DSC method. Based on previous experience and on the thermal class of the insulating system (F − 155 °C), the aging temperature was set to 180 °C. Enthalpies were measured after 52, 70, 100 and 200 hours of aging. The samples from three bars (phase, zero and changed bar) were analyzed. Powdered samples from compacted bar insulation and stator wedge material were measured using DSC in a pure air atmosphere. The area of the first thermal oxidative peak (enthalpy) was evaluated. The experiment showed good agreement with the enthalpy results for the insulating system and the supporting material.
An empirical study of business request emails in the context of Business English as a Lingua Franca (2017)

This paper reports on a linguistic analysis of request emails written in English by young Business English (BE) graduates working in trading companies in China. The emails were extracted from a corpus of 307 messages (34,837 words) between these graduates and their clients around the world, mostly in countries where English is only used as a Lingua Franca. The BE graduates often dealt with multiple clients simultaneously, under considerable time constraints, and made use of templates and prefabricated phrases to speed up the writing process. The findings have interesting implications for English language teaching and the teaching of Business English as a Lingua Franca (BELF). The writers of the emails collected for this study clearly had a restricted command of English, and for this reason English language teachers might be unwilling to use authentic texts of this kind as models for their students’ writing. However, BELF usage may help to achieve business writers’ purposes more effectively than ‘textbook English’, and there may be a case for concentrating, in the Business English classroom, less on grammar and more on ways to minimise the risk of losing face. Keywords: BELF; English as a Lingua Franca; business requests; email; Business English; English for Professional Purposes.
A concha bullosa crusher for use in endoscopic sinus surgery (2000)

A concha bullosa may require surgical reduction to facilitate access to the middle meatus during endoscopic sinus surgery. Here we describe an original instrument which enables this procedure to be performed simply with minimal mucosal damage.
Application of THM Predictive Model in Water Distribution System (2007)

THM models have been developed in several researchers in order to better understand and manage the presence of these compounds in water distribution system. Several developed models were demonstrated in this study for estimating THM concentrations in target water distribution system. In order to investigate the performance of developed THM models, lab and field test were investigated. Predicted THM concentrations by all kind of models were showed good correlation with observed values. When the developed models were compared with lab and field test, the Rodriguez model was most predictive than the other models.
Synthesen antimikrobieller biskationischer 2‐(Phenoxyphenyl)‐indole und ‐1‐benzofurane (1984)

Abstract Zehn 2‐(phenoxyphenyl)indole und vier 2‐(Phenoxyphenyl)‐1‐benzofurane mit endständigen Amidinium‐ oder Imidazolinium‐Gruppen wurden im Hinblick auf wachstumshemmende Eigenschaften synthetisiert.
Immunohistochemical survey of p16INK4A expression in normal human adult and infant tissues. (1999)

p16INK4A is a cell cycle inhibitor that is commonly inactivated in human tumors and tumor cell lines. Despite its importance in human neoplasia, the normal pattern of p16 expression remains largely unknown. Therefore, we analyzed the immunohistochemical localization of p16 in all human organs and demonstrated that cellular p16 expression is highly selective. In adults, proliferative endometrium, breast ductal epithelium, squamous and tubal metaplastic epithelium of the uterine cervix, esophageal squamous epithelium, salivary glands, and antral gastric glands all strongly express the protein. p16 is also widely expressed in endocrine glands, including Langerhans cells in the pancreas and anterior pituicytes and Leydig and Sertoli cells in testis. Within each tissue, however, p16 expression does not correlate with cellular proliferation or maturation. In infants, p16 staining was limited to thymic Hassall's corpuscles, occasional thymic lymphocytes, and only rare pancreatic epithelial cells. Therefore, increased expression of p16 in adult tissues, as in mouse tissues, may reflect a role of p16 in cellular senescence. Restriction of p16 expression in infants to the thymus, the only organ committed to early senescence, is also consistent with such a role. Documentation of the pattern of p16 expression in normal tissues will contribute to our understanding of the normal function of this protein and to interpretation of potentially altered p16 expression in human tumors.
Simple-Cell-Like Receptive Fields Maximize Temporal Coherence in Natural Video (2003)

Recently, statistical models of natural images have shown the emergence of several properties of the visual cortex. Most models have considered the nongaussian properties of static image patches, leading to sparse coding or independent component analysis. Here we consider the basic time dependencies of image sequences instead of their nongaussianity. We show that simple-cell-type receptive fields emerge when temporal response strength correlation is maximized for natural image sequences. Thus, temporal response strength correlation, which is a nonlinear measure of temporal coherence, provides an alternative to sparseness in modeling simple-cell receptive field properties. Our results also suggest an interpretation of simple cells in terms of invariant coding principles, which have previously been used to explain complex-cell receptive fields.
A Small-Scale Laboratory Dispersant Effectiveness Test (1978)

A small-scale laboratory system is described in which known amounts of oil and dispersant are introduced on a water surface at a controlled temperature and turbulence and the dispersion behavior observed. Turbulence is provided by circulating an air current over the oil-water surface, thus simulating, to some extent, natural wave action and avoiding the atypical turbulence introduced by mechanical agitation devices. Oil adherence to solid surfaces is minimized. The apparatus is believed to be particularly suitable for studying the effectiveness and behavior of dispersants under conditions where little or no artificial turbulence is provided. The design and performance of the apparatus is described and some results presented in which turbulence, oil-to-dispersant ratio, and temperature are varied. The system is suitable for close observation of the dispersion process and subsequent emulsified oil behavior. The advantages and disadvantages of the system are outlined and the possibility of relating sea state to conditions in the apparatus is discussed.
Lightweight Stacked Hourglass Network for Human Pose Estimation (2020)

Human pose estimation is a problem that continues to be one of the greatest challenges in the field of computer vision. While the stacked structure of an hourglass network has enabled substantial progress in human pose estimation and key-point detection areas, it is largely used as a backbone network. However, it also requires a relatively large number of parameters and high computational capacity due to the characteristics of its stacked structure. Accordingly, the present work proposes a more lightweight version of the hourglass network, which also improves the human pose estimation performance. The new hourglass network architecture utilizes several additional skip connections, which improve performance with minimal modifications while still maintaining the number of parameters in the network. Additionally, the size of the convolutional receptive field has a decisive effect in learning to detect features of the full human body. Therefore, we propose a multidilated light residual block, which expands the convolutional receptive field while also reducing the computational load. The proposed residual block is also invariant in scale when using multiple dilations. The well-known MPII and LSP human pose datasets were used to evaluate the performance using the proposed method. A variety of experiments were conducted that confirm that our method is more efficient compared to current state-of-the-art hourglass weight-reduction methods.
Wideband electronically tunable integrated magneto-optic frequency shifter at <i>X</i> band (1993)

A new wideband integrated optical frequency shifter that utilizes noncollinear guided-wave magneto-optic (MO) Bragg diffraction from magnetostatic-forward-volume waves (MSFVW) in a bismuth-doped yttrium-iron-garnet/gadolinium-gallium-garnet (YIG/GGG) waveguide, 6×10 mm2 in size, is reported. Constancy in the output angle of the frequency-shifted light beam, irrespective of the amount of frequency shift, is facilitated by synchronous tuning of the carrier frequency of the MSFVW and the bias magnetic field using an electronic synchronizer. The device operating at the optical wavelength of 1.302 μm and the carrier frequency centered at X band has demonstrated desirable characteristics including large frequency shift, very large tunable bandwidth, large dynamic range, and fast tuning speed. Specifically, bandwidths of 1.61 and 2.35 GHz and dynamic ranges of 35 and 32 dB at the center carrier frequencies of 6.035 and 11.025 GHz, respectively, and a tuning speed of 50 μs have been accomplished.
Attachment Formation Following Replantation of Cultured Cells into Periodontal Defects—a Study in Minipigs (1998)

Regeneration processes in the periodontium occur by the interaction of different cell populations. It is known that these cells are also capable of forming new periodontal tissue after culture in vitro. The present study investigated whether replanted cultured cells from the periodontium could contribute to attachment formation. Primary cell cultures from alveolar bone and periodontal ligament were obtained from 11 minipigs. Experimentally induced furaction and interdental defects (n = 168) were treated in groups: (a) flap surgery, replantation of alveolar bone cells, and covering of the defects with Teflon membranes (ABC group); (b) flap surgery, replantation of periodontal ligament cells and membranes (PLC group); (c) flap surgery, bone gelatin (carrier material) and membranes (BG group); (d) flap surgery and membranes (NBG group); (e) flap surgery (FS group); and (f) no treatment (NT group). The defects were clinically and histologically (polyfluorochrome labeling) assessed after 10, 30, and 90 days. In the ABC group, initial calcified tissue formation at the roots was apparent after only 8 days. Marked new formation of cementum and alveolar bone and the development of a new attachment were observed after 90 days. In the BG and the NBG groups, wound healing varied depending on membrane healing and the morphology of the defects, which led to significantly poorer and variable results. Similar results were found in the PLC group, although some defects showed extensive cementum and bone formation. Defects in the FS and the NT groups healed largely by epithelialization. The study shows that replantation of cultured alveolar bone cells leads to formation of new cementum and bone, which, in turn, leads to formation of a new attachment. It is likely that the cells stabilize the tissue formation in the defect or on the root surface in the early phase of wound healing and prevent epithelial downgrowth. Results also show that regeneration in the periodontium is determined by the availability of (precursor) cells capable of forming calcified tissues.
Experimental Evaluation of Staple Lines in Gastric Surgery (1987)

This study was designed to evaluate the bursting pressure, tensile strength, and healing of staple lines in the dog stomach. Pavlov pouches were created in 30 dogs using a single, double, or triple application of a stapler loaded with 4.8-mm staples. Staple lines were assessed immediately in half of the animals and after 21 days in the remaining animals. Acutely, reinforcing a single staple line with a second or third application of the stapler resulted in an anastomosis more resistant to leakage and disruption. Satisfactory healing occurred by 21 days and contributed to staple line strength in the pouches using a single and double application of the stapler. The orientation of collagen deposition in the anastomosis was related to the number of staples used. The degree of collagen deposition across the muscularis mucosa correlated with the healed staple line strength. Although healing occurred when a triple application of the stapler was utilized, the orientation of the fibroconnective tissue was parallel to the anastomosis and did not contribute to staple line integrity.
A Microcomputer-Based System for Auditory Evoked Potentials (1989)

We have been using a microprocessor/microcomputer-based system which affords flexibility in the recording of neuroaudiologic and neurophysiologic data. To date, we have used it to record auditory sensory and neural events. Data such as spontaneous oto-acoustic emissions, evoked oto-acoustic emissions, compound action potentials, and auditory brain-stem responses can be recorded, displayed and analysed. The system hardware is configured from commercially available and 'off-the-shelf' components. The software which directs stimulus generation, data recording, data display and analysis is all written in compiled BASIC or C. A hard-disk organizational scheme has also been developed to permit ease in categorizing, storing, and using in-house or commercially available systems, utility and applications software.
Comprehensive Analysis and Comparison on the Codon Usage Pattern of Whole<i> Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Coding Genome from Different Area (2018)

Phenomenon of unequal use of synonymous codons in <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> is common. Codon usage bias not only plays an important regulatory role at the level of gene expression, but also helps in improving the accuracy and efficiency of translation. Meanwhile, codon usage pattern of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> genome is important for interpreting evolutionary characteristics in species. In order to investigate the codon usage pattern of the <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> genome, 12 <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> genomes from different <i>area</i> are downloaded from the GeneBank. The correlations between G<sub>3</sub>, GC<sub>12</sub>, whole GC content, codon adaptation index, codon bias index, and so on of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> genomes are calculated. The ENC-plot, relationship between A<sub>3</sub>/(A<sub>3</sub> + T<sub>3</sub>) and G<sub>3</sub>/(G<sub>3</sub> + C<sub>3</sub>), GC<sub>12</sub> versus GC<sub>3</sub> plot, and the RSCU of overall/separated genomes all show that the codon usage bias exists in all 12 <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> genomes. Lastly, relationship between CBI and the equalization of ENC shows a strong negative correlation between them. The relationship between protein length and GC content (GC<sub>3</sub> and GC<sub>12</sub>) shows that more obvious differences in the GC content may be in shorter protein. These results show that codon usage bias existing in the <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> genomes could be used for further study on their evolutionary phenomenon.
Learning in Robotics (2017)

Machine learning is currently identified as one of the major parts of the research in Robotics. However the advanced concept of machine learning plus optimization reported effective for developing learning systems. This article considers the novel integration of machine learning and optimization for the complex and dynamic context of Robot learning. Further the proposed case study presents an effective framework for learning and solving the global optimization problem within the context of Robotics and learning.
Tachykinins, Neurotrophism and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Critical Review on the Possible Role of Tachykinins in the Aetiology of CNS Diseases (1996)

The tachykinins are a family of undecapeptides that are widely distributed throughout the body, including the central nervous system (CNS). They have several well defined roles in non-CNS sites as well as in the dorsal horn, where they are involved in the transmission of nociceptive information. However their function(s) in other CNS sites is unclear, but there is some evidence that they function as neuromodulators rather than neurotransmitters. This neuromodulation includes a possible role in maintaining the integrity of neuronal populations, analogous to the functions of neurotrophic factors. This review critically evaluates the role of tachykinins as neurotrophic factors, with particular reference to the common neurodegenerative diseases of the CNS.
Management of severe craniofacial deformity (1980)

The concepts of craniofacial surgery and its place in our society are discussed, with a historical survey detailing the development of the techniques used. The range of conditions seen in the South Australian Craniofacial Unit and the results and complications of surgery are presented. Discussion includes the types of patients considered for craniofacial surgery, the optimal age for operation, the limitations of surgery, and the benefits of a team approach to the patient. Problems associated with the formation and operation of a regional craniofacial service in Australasia are presented.
Optics of Light Scattering Media: Problems and Solutions (1999)

Introduction: light field particles radiative transfer scattering theory. Single light scattering: particles small compared to the wavelength particles compared to the wavelength particles large compared to the wavelength particles with the refractive index close to the refractive index of a host medium particles with the refractive index large comparatively to the refractive index of a host medium layered particles. Multiple light scattering: radiative transfer equation thin layers thick layers isotropically light scattering layers highly anisotropically light scattering layers strongly absorbing media weakly absorbing media. Light scattering and radiative transfer in close-packed disperse media: single light scattering by densely packed large particles multiple light scattering in disperse media with densely packed particles. Applications: radiative characteristics of natural media image transfer remote sensing and inverse problems bio-optics planetary optics. Appendices: refractive indices exact solutions of light scattering problems for uniform, two-layered and optically active spherical particles special functions light scattering in Internet phase functions.
Comparison of Transvaginal Sonography in a Recumbent and Standing Position to Predict Spontaneous Preterm Birth (2005)

Objective: To evaluate whether longitudinal transvaginal sonography (TVS) in a standing position improves the prediction of spontaneous preterm birth (SPB). Methods: For upright and recumbent posture, the inter- and intra-observer agreement of cervical length (CL) was calculated. In 363 pregnancies at risk for SPB, we determined CL and funnel width (FW), differences between positions and longitudinal measurements from 15 weeks to term. Multivariate logistic regression, ROC analysis and contingency tables were performed in singleton and twin pregnancies. Results: The inter-class correlation coefficient was 0.952 in the recumbent and 0.942 in the upright position and merely influenced by experience. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that increasing results of CL and FW in the upright position were positively correlated with either a reduction (long CL) or increase (wide FW) of SPB. The improvement of the prediction of SPB by the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) in the upright position was evident for FW but not for CL. ROC revealed that FW predicted SPB better in a standing compared to a recumbent position at any gestational age in both singleton and twin pregnancies. Conclusions: TVS in both positions non-invasively reflects the impact of natural postures on the cervical tissue. Recently, it has been shown that funneling is a significant risk factor for adverse perinatal outcome (Rust et al.,AJOG April 2005; 192:1060). The fact that FW occurs earlier in the upright position might help to find proper interventions not only to prevent impending SPB but also to prevent serious neonatal mortality and morbidity.