gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of Boron Carbide-Carbon Fiber Composite Ceramics as Plasma Facing Materials in Nuclear Fusion Reactor (Part 1) (1997)

New materials for plasma facing component such as divertor and the first wall armors in thermonuclear fusion were studied. The materials were fabricated by hot-pressing aggregates of unidimensionally oriented carbon fibers (CF) impregnated with boron carbide (B4C) powder. The relation between density, thermal properties and sintering temperature of B4C simple materials, bonding state between B4C and CF interface by sintering, and the effect of CF volume and sintering temperature on microstructure, thermal and mechanical properties of B4C/CF composite ceramics, were investigated in this study. As a result; Sintered body with high density over 95 percent was obtained, when sintered at 2100°C regardless of the CF content. Sintered body with thermal conductivity more than 150W/m·K was obtained when the sintering temperature was 2100°C and it contained more than 65 percent CF, and bending strength of the sintered body was over 500MPa and 20 to 30MPa for directions perpendicular and parallel to CF, respectively.
Reduction of optical crosstalk in silicon photomultipliers (2012)

The Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) is a novel device for low level light detection in various applications, for example scintillator- and fiber readout.<sup>1;2</sup> The SiPM is insensitive to magnetic fields and has a high photon detection effciency. Current devices have a high optical crosstalk probability, which causes a significant increase of the excess noise factor.<sup>3</sup> It may replace traditional Photo Multiplier Tubes (PMT) when the optical crosstalk is reduced to a lower level of below 10%. Depending on the quantity of hot electrons in the Geiger discharge approximately three to fifty secondary photons (in average three photons per 10<sup>5</sup> avalanche electrons<sup>4</sup>) with a wavelength range from 450nm to 1600nm are emitted from the excited cell in all directions.<sup>5</sup> Some of those secondary photons cause the discharge of the neighboring cell.<sup>6;7</sup> The different mechanism of optical crosstalk are categorized as direct and indirect crosstalk. To reduce direct crosstalk an optical barrier has to be implemented between the single micro cells.<sup>8</sup> Thus, we have investigated different technological concepts with regard to the trench shape, the trench etching process as well as the trench fill material.
Experimental characterization of continuous-variable entanglement (2004)

We present an experimental analysis of quadrature entanglement produced from a pair of amplitude squeezed beams. The correlation matrix of the state is characterized within a set of reasonable assumptions, and the strength of the entanglement is gauged using measures of the degree of inseparability and the degree of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox. We introduce controlled decoherence in the form of optical loss to the entangled state, and demonstrate qualitative differences in the response of the degrees of inseparability and EPR paradox to this loss. The entanglement is represented on a photon number diagram that provides an intuitive and physically relevant description of the state. We calculate efficacy contours for several quantum information protocols on this diagram, and use them to predict the effectiveness of our entanglement in those protocols.
Correcting M56 and T566 to obtain very short bunches at CEBAF (1996)

One primary determinant of the quality of the final CEBAF beam is the length of the accelerated bunches. Therefore, many studies on the bunch length have been completed over the years at CEBAF, using both computer simulations and experiment. The main goals of the effort were to quantify the smallest bunch length that could be obtained with the injector and to develop operational settings for the injector. By examining the evolution and distortion of the longitudinal phase space as bunching occurs, it becomes clear that the bunch length is minimized not only when the phase space distribution is oriented without slope (i.e. there is a longitudinal focus and σ56 is zero), but also when some of the non‐linearity in the bunching force is systematically corrected by a suitable phasing of the RF cavities producing the bunching. Settings with this property have been established in the CEBAF injector and have yielded phase transfer measurements in beautiful agreement with the calculations. The measurements are clearly precise enough to allow the first‐order non‐linearity to be corrected. A bunch length of 0.35° (at 1497 MHz) has been obtained for low currents at CEBAF. The compression ratio is about 200 in the ‘‘best’’ case and the bunch length is 200 μm (650 fsec.)
EQCM Study of the [Au<sup>III</sup>Cl<sub>4</sub>]<sup>−</sup>−[Au<sup>I</sup>Cl<sub>2</sub>]<sup>−</sup>−Au(0) Redox System in 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid (2010)

The electrochemical behavior of the [Au(III)Cl(4)](-)-[Au(I)Cl(2)](-)-Au(0) redox system in room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIBF(4)) has been investigated quantitatively using an in situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) technique based on a Pt film-coated quartz crystal electrode (Pt-QCE). A series of two-electron (2e) and one-electron (1e) reductions of the [Au(III)Cl(4)](-) to [Au(I)Cl(2)](-) and [Au(I)Cl(2)](-) to Au metal were recognized at the Pt surface. Besides, the disproportionation reaction of [Au(I)Cl(2)](-) (i.e., the 2e-reduction product of [Au(III)Cl(4)](-)) to [Au(III)Cl(4)](-) and Au metal was also observed. Electro-dissolution of the Au deposited on the Pt electrode through a 1e-oxidation reaction in the presence of chloride ions was also confirmed using the Pt-QCE based EQCM technique. A 2e-oxidation reaction of [Au(I)Cl(2)](-) (i.e., the dissolved product) to [Au(III)Cl(4)](-) along with the oxidation of Cl(-) ion on the Pt surface was also realized at high anodic potential. The results demonstrate that in situ EQCM technique is applicable and powerful in elucidating electrochemical surface phenomena accompanying a mass change in RTIL.
Correlation of Diet, Other Chewing Activities and Periodontal Disease in North American Client-Owned Dogs (1996)

In 1350 client-owned dogs in North America, the association of calculus, gingival inflammation and periodontal bone loss with diet (dry food only, or other than dry food only), and with access to other chewing materials was analyzed. There were few apparent differences seen in dogs fed dry food only compared with those fed other than dry food only. There was progressively less accumulation of calculus, less gingival inflammation and less periodontal bone loss in dogs that were given access to more types of chewing materials (rawhides, bones, biscuits, chew toys) compared with dogs given access to fewer or no chewing materials. When the effects of individual chewing materials were analyzed, access to rawhides overall had the greatest apparent periodontal protective effect, and this effect was more apparent in dogs fed dry food only compared with those fed other than dry food only.
Electron attachment to PCl3 and POCl3, 296–552 K (1998)

Rate constants for electron attachment to PCl3 and POCl3 have been measured over the temperature range 296–552 K in 135 Pa of helium gas, using a flowing-afterglow Langmuir-probe apparatus. Electron attachment to PCl3 is dissociative, producing only Cl− ions in this temperature range. The rate constant is 6.4±1.6×10−8 cm3 s−1 at 296 K and increases with temperature in a way that may be described by an activation energy of 43±10 meV. Electron attachment to POCl3 is a richer process in which a nondissociative channel (POCl3−) competes with two dissociative ones (POCl2− and Cl−). The rate constant for electron attachment to POCl3 is 1.8±0.4×10−7 cm3 s−1 at 296 K and is relatively temperature independent in our temperature range. POCl2− is the major product over the entire temperature range. Ab initio MP2 and MP4 calculations have been carried out on ground-state neutral and anionic PCln and POCln for n=1–3. The calculated adiabatic electron affinities agree with experimental estimates where available. The calculations yield C3v structural symmetries for PCl3 and POCl3, and Cs symmetries for PCl3− and POCl3−. The degree of distortion between the respective neutrals and anions is explored in the calculations, and the implications for electron attachment reactions are outlined.
Application of the Dropping Mercury Electrode to Diazo Chemistry (1950)

The reduction of diazotized aromatic amines has been observed to occur at the dropping mercury electrode. The reduction is irreversible and the polarographic waves are too complex to treat with electrochemical equations. Nevertheless distinct waves whose heights vary directly with concentration are obtained. One wave of the reduction occurs at a potential well below that of the azo or nitro groups or nitrite ion. Therefore, it is possible to use the dropping mercury electrode with an applied potential of 0.3 volt vs. the saturated calomel electrode as an indicator for the measurement of the concentration of diazotized amines. In this manner, amperometric coupling titrations, diazotization rates, coupling rates, etc., may be studied. The new technique is more generally applicable than either the gasometric or colorimetric methods of measuring the concentration of diazotized amines. In certain cases, such as measuring the rapid formation of an insoluble azo compound, the polarographic technique is the only practical method available.
Acceptance of the 2015 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America (2016)

Ladies and Gentlemen, Colleagues and Friends. 

My thanks to Peter Burns for his very kind words and generous citation.

Two hundred years ago the Swedish chemist, Jons Jacobs Berzelius (1815), first described the physical and chemical properties of what would come to be known as metamict minerals. Ninety-nine years passed before A. Hamberg (1914) correctly proposed that these properties were the result of radiation damage. Fifty years ago, Professor Adolf Pabst received the Roebling Medal, in part, for his classic work on the metamict state (Pabst 1966).

Pabst’s citationist was Ian Campbell, the namesake of the Ian Campbell Medal of the American Geoscience Institute. Pabst’s acceptance bears reading, particularly his reference of H.L. Menken’s concept of “messianic delusion” that Pabst applied to young scientists, as compared to his own “limited objectives” in his research. When I was a graduate student at Stanford and left without an advisor by the death of Colin Hutton, Pabst became a distant mentor from across the San Francisco Bay. Pabst and Hutton were among the few in the world with an interest in metamict minerals, a tradition that I have tried to carry forward.

Over the course of my career, I have been able to expand an early interest in the metamict state in many different directions. I have been able to do this, not out of cleverness, but rather through collaborations. Today, I want to take just a few moments to recognize these collaborators—a number of them graduate students and post-doctoral fellows, as well as colleagues at universities and national laboratories—by describing and citing the published results of our collaborations.

After receiving my Ph.D. at Stanford in 1974, my scientific career got off to an extremely slow start. The world was certainly not waiting to know more about the metamict state. At …
Optical measurement of the ambipolar diffusion length in a ZnCdSe–ZnSe single quantum well (1997)

We describe a straightforward technique for the measurement of carrier diffusion in semiconductors. Using an optical microscope we can spatially image luminescence with a resolution of ∼500 nm. We measured the ambipolar diffusion length in a Zn0.75Cd0.25Se–ZnSe single quantum well by fitting the spatially resolved luminescence profile with the solution of the two-dimensional diffusion equation. The ambipolar diffusion length was found to be 498 nm at a carrier density of ∼1×1018 cm−3 and we deduce an ambipolar diffusion constant of 1.7 cm2 s−1.
Etude comparée de la force inertielle et de la force magnétique dans une phase lyotrope de Δ<sub>χ</sub>< 0 en rotation rapide dans un champ magnétique (1987)

Abstract L'effet de la rotation rapide dans le champ magnétique d'une mésophase lyotrope est étudié pour des angles entre l'axe de rotation et le champ magnétique compris entre 25° et 90°. Le comportement à basse vitesse est analogue au comportement des nématiques thermotropes de Δχ < 0. Pour des vitesses élevées, la force d'inertie rotationnelle prend le pas sur la force magnétique et oriente le directeur perpendiculairement à l'axe de rotation. Pour des vitesses intermédiaires, il existe un angle o[ugrave] l'on a équilibre entre les deux forces. Cet équilibre conduit à une distribution du directeur autour de deux directions privilégiées, l'une parallèle à l'axe de rotation, l'autre perpendiculaire. Nous avons étudié cet équilibre en fonction de la vitesse de rotation. A l'angle magique, le directeur de la phase est distribué isotropiquement sur tout l'échantillon. Sitot que I'on s'écarte de l'angle magique, le directeur se distribue autour d'une direction privilégiée. L'étude des bandes de rotation permet alors de revenir à la largeur de la fonction de distribution du directeur.
Improved Human-Robot Teaming through Facilitated Initiative (2006)

This paper evaluates collaborative tasking tools that facilitate dynamic sharing of responsibilities between robot and operator throughout a search and detection task. The goal is to arbitrate human and robot initiative such that the user can provide input at different levels without interfering with the robot's ability to navigate, avoid obstacles, plan global paths, and achieve task goals. A real-world search and detection experiment is used to compare standard shared mode (SSM), where robot behavior unfolds from the robot's perception of its local environment and the attainment of task goals are the result of continuous operator supervision, to a collaborative tasking mode (CTM), where operators input mission level tasks and the system dynamically constrains user and robot initiative based on the task element. Participants who utilize CTM do not experience a significant performance penalty, yet benefit from reduced workload and fewer instances of confusion. In addition, CTM participants report a higher overall feeling of control as compared to those using SSM
The influence of brachytherapy dose heterogeneity on estimates of  /  for prostate cancer (2003)

The sensitivity of estimates of alpha/beta for prostate tumours to dose heterogeneity in 125I brachytherapy implants, as well as to variation in selected radiobiological parameters, is analysed. The tumour control probabilities of brachytherapy and external beam radiotherapy are equated for ranges of alpha, Tpot, RBE and external beam dose. For each combination of parameters, the equality is used to derive the value of alpha/beta. Different clinical (non-uniform) brachytherapy dose distributions, and three uniform brachytherapy dose distributions (120, 144 and 160 Gy) are used. For 'nominal' input parameter values of Tpot = 45 days, alpha = 0.2 Gy(-1), RBE = 1.4, and an external beam dose of 70 Gy, the values obtained for alpha/beta ranged between 2.1 and 12.3 Gy for all of the clinical DVHs, between 2.1 and 3.8 Gy for the better quality clinical implants and between 1.0 and 1.8 Gy for the uniform brachytherapy doses. When only 2% of the volume receiving the lowest dose is omitted from the clinical DVHs, the estimated alpha/beta values ranged between 1.4 and 2.1 Gy. When ranges of input parameters were also considered, the overall range of alpha/beta values for the clinical brachytherapy dose distributions lay between 1.1 and 12.3 Gy for the three best clinical implants, and between 0.7 and 6.3 Gy for uniform doses. We conclude that estimation of alpha/beta without taking into account dose heterogeneity and inter-patient variation may underestimate the actual value alpha/beta.
A new equivalent network method for analyzing discontinuity properties of open dielectric waveguides (1989)

A novel network approach is proposed for analyzing interacting discontinuities on open planar dielectric waveguides by accurately taking account of both surface modes and waves with continuous spectra. In this approach, a continuum of the radiation wave is recomposed into a set of the newly defined spectral composite modes, each of which carries a finite magnitude of radiation power. These new modes, in conjunction with surface modes, construct the complete orthonormal set for expressing an arbitrary local field on a dielectric slab waveguide. This leads to an equivalent network approach effective for solving discontinuity problems, even on an open waveguide using the conventional method for closed-waveguide problems. A number of numerical results are shown to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed approach.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Growth of Hafnium Dioxide Thin Films by MOCVD Using a New Series of Cyclopentadienyl Hafnium Compounds (2007)

Abstract Thin films of HfO 2 are grown by metal‐organic (MO)CVD on Si(001) and fused quartz substrates in the temperature range 400–500 °C, using a new series of bis‐cyclopentadienyl bis‐amino‐alkoxide hafnium precursors, namely [(C 5 H 5 ) 2 Hf{OC(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 } 2 ] and [(C 5 H 5 ) 2 Hf{OCH(CH 3 )CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 } 2 ], stable in air because of their strong coordination to the metal center. The films obtained are investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Monoclinic phase HfO 2 ( baddeleyite ) films, characterized by a correct stoichiometric ratio and a granular surface morphology with a roughness/thickness ratio that decreases with increasing deposition rate, are obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: FACILE SYNTHESIS OF 4‐HYDROXY‐(E)‐2‐ALKENOIC ESTERS FROM ALDEHYDES (1983)

Abstract Aldehyde (I) kondensieren mit den Phenylsulfinylessigsäuremethylestern (II) in Gegenwart von überschüssigem Piperidin unter Umlagerung in guten Ausbeuten zu den 4‐HydroxyQ‐alkensäureestern (III).
Condensed Cyclobutane Aromatic Compounds. VI. The Pyrolysis of 1,3-Dihydroisothianaphthene-2,2-dioxide: A New Synthesis of Benzocyclobutene<sup>1</sup> (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCondensed Cyclobutane Aromatic Compounds. VI. The Pyrolysis of 1,3-Dihydroisothianaphthene-2,2-dioxide: A New Synthesis of Benzocyclobutene1M. P. Cava and A. A. DeanaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1959, 81, 16, 4266–4268Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01525a038https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01525a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views752Altmetric-Citations197LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Variations in varus/valgus and internal/external rotational knee laxity and stiffness across the menstrual cycle (2010)

Cyclic variations in genu recurvatum (GR), general joint laxity (GJL), varus-valgus (VV), and internal-external (IER) rotational laxities and stiffnesses were examined in 64 females and 43 males at two time points during the females' menstrual cycle [days of minimum (T1) and maximum (T2) anterior knee laxity (AKL)]. Cyclic increases in AKL (9.5%), GR (37.5%), and GJL (13.6%) were observed in females but not males from T1 to T2 (p < 0.001). Cyclic increases in VV and IER laxity were negligible (1.5-3.2%, p > 0.320). Females compared to males had lower overall VV stiffness at T2 (F 37% <M) vs. T1 (F 26.9% <M; p = 0.011), but no difference across time points for IER stiffness (p = 0.452). Across both time points, females had consistently greater VV (30.2%) and IER (20%) laxity and less VV (32.5%) and IER (24.3%) incremental stiffness (p < 0.001). Low-to-moderate associations were observed between AKL, GR, and GJL with VV and IER laxities and stiffnesses in females as measured at T1 and the change in values from T1 to T2. Whether these findings reflect ligament-specific responses to hormone changes, or implicate changes in injury risk potential across the menstrual cycle requires further study.
Parametric local stability condition of a multi-converter system (2020)

We study local (also referred to as small-signal) stability of a network of identical DC/AC converters having a rotating degree of freedom by closing the loop with the matching control at each converter. We develop a stability theory for a class of partitioned linear systems with symmetries that has natural links to classical stability theories of interconnected systems but improves upon them. We find stability conditions descending from a particular Lyapunov function involving an oblique projection into the invariant set of synchronous steady states and enjoying insightful structural properties. Our sufficient and explicit stability conditions can be evaluated in a fully decentralized fashion, reflect a parametric dependence on the converter's steady-state variables, and can be one-to-one generalized to other types of systems exhibiting the same behavior, such as synchronous machines. Our conditions demand for sufficient reactive power support and resistive damping. These requirements are well aligned with practitioners' insights.
Neonatal supplementation of processed supernatant from <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus </i><scp>GG</scp> improves allergic airway inflammation in mice later in life (2012)

LGG-derived supernatants exert immunomodulatory activities, and neonatal administration of specifically processed supernatants may provide an alternative to viable probiotics in reducing allergic inflammatory responses.