gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Singular Vectors, Metrics, and Adaptive Observations (1998)

Singular vectors of the linearized equations of motion have been used to study the instability properties of the atmosphere–ocean system and its related predictability. A third use of these singular vectors is proposed here: as part of a strategy to target adaptive observations to “sensitive” parts of the atmosphere. Such observations could be made using unmanned aircraft, though calculations in this paper are motivated by the upstream component of the Fronts and Atlantic Storm-Track Experiment. Oceanic applications are also discussed. In defining this strategy, it is shown that there is, in principle, no freedom in the choice of inner product or metric for the singular vector calculation. However, the correct metric is dependent on the purpose for making the targeted observations (to study precursor developments or to improve forecast initial conditions). It is argued that for predictability studies, where both the dynamical instability properties of the system and the specification of the operational observing network and associated data assimilation system are important, the appropriate metric will differ from that appropriate to a pure geophysical fluid dynamics (GFD) problem. Based on two different sets of calculations, it is argued that for predictability studies (but not for GFD studies), a first-order approximation to the appropriate metric can be based on perturbation energy. The role of observations in data assimilation procedures (constraining large scales more than small scales) is fundamental in understanding reasons for the requirement for different metrics for the two classes of problems. An index-based tensor approach is used to make explicit the role of the metric. The strategy for using singular vectors to target adaptive observations is discussed in the context of other possible approaches, specifically, based on breeding vectors, potential vorticity diagnosis, and sensitivity vectors. The basic premises underlying the use of breeding and singular vectors are discussed. A comparison of the growth rates of breeding and singular vectors is made using a T21 quasigeostrophic model. Singular vectors and subjective potential vorticity (PV) diagnosis are compared for a particular case study. The areas of sensitivity indicated by the two methods only partially agree. Reasons for disagreement hinge around the fact that subjective PV diagnosis emphasizes Lagrangian advection, whereas singular vector analysis emphasizes wave propagation. For the latter, areas of sensitivity may be associated with regions of weak PV gradient, for example, mid to lower troposphere. Amplification of singular vectors propagating from regions of weak PV gradient to regions of strong PV gradient is discussed in terms of pseudomomentum conservation. Evidence is shown that analysis error may be as large in the lower midtroposphere as in the upper troposphere.
Tools for handling high amounts of wind generation in National Control Centre in Ireland (2012)

EirGrid Group which comprises the TSOs for Ireland and Northern Ireland and the single electricity market operator operates a synchronous system with a total generation installed capacity of 11.5 GW of which 17% is wind. With 12% of annual electricity output from wind, the instantaneous wind generation frequently reaches 50% of the total generation. This figure is set to increase as both Ireland and Northern Ireland have set a target that requires 40% of generation by 2020 to come from renewable energy sources, with the majority of this from wind (37%). In order to maximise wind generation while maintaining the reliable and secure operation of the system, a number of online tools to help Grid Controllers handle wind have been introduced in the EirGrid National Control Centre (NCC) in addition to the guidelines based on off-line studies and analyses. One such tool is the Wind Secure Level Assessment Tool (WSAT). WSAT calculates the Secure Wind Level (SWL) on the system on-line by modeling thousands of static and dynamic contingencies using real-time network topology and operating conditions as a starting point. At present SWL is defined by the voltage stability limit of the system assessed through analysis of a transfer between wind and conventional generation. In future SWL will also take account of thermal, transient, and frequency stability of the system with changing wind penetration. Another tool that EirGrid is considering is a Generator Ramping Tool (GRT) that will be estimating the ramping requirement of the system and the ramping capability of the power plant with varying amount of wind over time horizons from 1 hour to 12 hours. Outputs from WSAT and GRT will support decisions of the Grid Controller at EirGrid with regards to dispatch of wind generation through EirGrid's Wind Dispatch Tool (WDT) which allows two distinct forms of wind dispatch: Curtailment and Constraint.
Modulation of endogenous firing patterns by osmolarity in rat hippocampal neurones (1997)

1. Intracellular recordings in adult rat hippocampal slices were used to investigate the modulation of endogenous neuronal firing patterns by moderate changes (+/-13%) in the extracellular osmotic pressure (pi o). The responses of CA1 pyramidal cells to graded depolarizing current pulses were used to differentiate between regular and burst-firing patterns and to characterize the stimulus requirements for evoking endogenous burst discharge. 2. Decreasing or increasing pi o had no significant effects on resting membrane potential and input resistance, spike threshold and amplitude, and the amplitudes of the fast, medium and slow spike after-hyperpolarizations (AHPs). The apparent membrane time constant (tau m) increased in low pi o and decreased in high pi o. 3. Reducing pi o converted non-bursting neurones (non-bursters) to bursting neurones (bursters) and decreased the stimulus requirements for evoking burst firing in native bursters. Increasing pi o suppressed endogenous burst firing. 4. Lowering pi o increased the size of the 'active' (i.e. re-depolarizing) component of the spike after-depolarization (ADP). Conversely, increasing pi o suppressed the active ADP component. 5. The sensitivity of spike ADPs and firing patterns of pyramidal cells to the changes in pi o persisted also in Ca(2+)-free saline, indicating that the osmotic effects are not imparted by modulation of Ca2+ and/or Ca(2+)-activated K+ currents. 6. Blocking most K+ currents with Ca(2+)-free, TEA-containing saline induced large and prolonged (up to 1 s), TTX-sensitive plateau potentials following the primary fast spikes. These potentials were augmented by low pi o and abated by high pi o. 7. When injected with subthreshold depolarizing current pulses in Ca(2+)-free saline, pyramidal cells displayed a distinct TTX-sensitive inward rectification. This rectification was augmented by low pi o and reduced by high pi o. 8. The various effects of low-pi o and high-pi o saline solutions were reversible upon washing with normosmotic saline. 9. We conclude that pi o is a critical determinant of the endogenous firing patterns of CA1 pyramidal cells. The data suggest that the osmotic effects are most likely to be mediated by changes in the persistent Na+ current, which underlies the active spike ADP and the burst potential in CA1 pyramidal neurones. The possible contribution of these effects to changes in brain excitability in various abnormal osmotic states in discussed.
Automatic actors detection in musicals (2012)

Bollywood movies have become an important part of South Asian culture. Video musical pieces are integral parts of these movies. The growing ease of hosting multimedia contents online is resulting in a huge number of movie video songs available online. A common user usually likes to search a particular music piece, based on different criteria e.g. genre of a video song, or on-screen actor performing on a video song. Such information, in current implementation, is attached manually as a textual caption with the video songs. This textual caption with a video song is highly unreliable, especially when a video song is to be uploaded by an ordinary user, which is usually the case with online video songs. In this paper, we present an automatic approach of detecting the actors vocalizing a video song, who are usually the stars of the movie. Our approach is based on detecting actors faces from different parts of a video song and clustering the faces based on faces similarity. We tested the proposed actors detector on 30 video songs, belonging to different genres. An overall accuracy of 83.34% and 80% has been achieved on first and second main actors, respectively.
Ototoxicity of high‐dose cisplatin by bolus administration in patients with advanced cancers and normal hearing (1988)

Our institution undertook a phase I trial to define the toxicity of high-dose (150 to 225 mg) bolus administration (every 3 to 4 weeks) of cisplatin in patients with advanced cancers. All patients reported had baseline normal hearing. Hearing levels were measured prior to each course of chemotherapy. Audiological monitoring included conventional assessment of pure tone sensitivity at 500 to 8,000 Hz and assessment of ultra high frequencies (9,000 to 20,000 Hz). After one to two doses, 100% of patients failed to respond at 9,000 Hz and above. In the 2,000 to 8,000 Hz range, repeated administration of the drug effected successively lower frequencies with progressive loss, until a maximum threshold shift or plateau was reached at each frequency between 3,000 and 8,000 Hz. The plateau for cisplatin ototoxicity appears to fall within the moderate hearing loss range (40 to 60 dB HL) in the high frequencies. All patients complained of tinnitus and difficulty understanding speech in the presence of background noise. The pattern of pure tone audiometric alteration is consistent in all patients, all dosages, and each method of administration. The ultra high frequency alteration is prompt and dramatic.
Botulinum Toxin Off-Label Use in Dermatology: A Review (2017)

this potent drug can lead to several off-label indications of interest for dermatologists. Further clinical trials are still needed to better understand the real efficacy and safety of these applications and to standardize injection and dose protocols.
Complexity-Measure-Based Sequential Hypothesis Testing for Real-Time Detection of Lethal Cardiac Arrhythmias (2006)

A novel approach that employs a complexity-based sequential hypothesis testing (SHT) technique for real-time detection of ventricular fibrillation (VF) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) is presented. A dataset consisting of a number of VF and VT electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings drawn from the MIT-BIH database was adopted for such an analysis. It was split into two smaller datasets for algorithm training and testing, respectively. Each ECG recording was measured in a 10-second interval. For each recording, a number of overlapping windowed ECG data segments were obtained by shifting a 5-second window by a step of 1 second. During the windowing process, the complexity measure (CM) value was calculated for each windowed segment and the task of pattern recognition was then sequentially performed by the SHT procedure. A preliminary test conducted using the database produced optimal overall predictive accuracy of . The algorithm was also implemented on a commercial embedded DSP controller, permitting a hardware realization of real-time ventricular arrhythmia detection.
Two Novel Approaches to Online Partial Bitstream Relocation in a Dynamically Reconfigurable System (2007)

FPGAs allow the creation of partially reconfigurable systems; when compared to traditional reconfigurable systems based on total reconfiguration, recent approaches offer significant innovations. One of these is the possibility of dynamically change the functionalities hosted on the device only when needed and while the rest of the system keeps working. This permits better performance but increases the complexity of both module creation and placement. This paper describes and compares two different solutions, a HW and a SW one, to perform bitstream relocation: BiRF and BAnMaT Light. The former is a hardware filter in the fixed part of the reconfigurable architecture, the latter is a software solution, run on the internal processor of the FPGA.
Preparation of plasmid DNA by sequential enzymatic digestion. (1992)

A new method for the preparation of plasmid DNA from Escherichia coli, sequential enzymatic digestion, is described. The method is based on sequential and selective enzymatic digestion of all components of E. coli except for the supercoiled plasmid DNA. The key enzymes are exonuclease I and exonuclease III that specifically hydrolyze linear chromosomal DNA and are unable to attack supercoiled plasmid DNA under controlled conditions. Isolated plasmid DNA can be sequenced and digested with restriction enzymes.
The Effect of Stimulant and Depressant Drugs on a Measure of Emotional Reactivity in the Rat (1959)

(1959). The Effect of Stimulant and Depressant Drugs on a Measure of Emotional Reactivity in the Rat. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 95, No. 2, pp. 217-226.
Molecularly targeted drugs for metastatic colorectal cancer (2013)

The survival rate of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has significantly improved with applications of molecularly targeted drugs, such as bevacizumab, and led to a substantial improvement in the overall survival rate. These drugs are capable of specifically targeting the inherent abnormal pathways in cancer cells, which are potentially less toxic than traditional nonselective chemotherapeutics. In this review, the recent clinical information about molecularly targeted therapy for mCRC is summarized, with specific focus on several of the US Food and Drug Administration-approved molecularly targeted drugs for the treatment of mCRC in the clinic. Progression-free and overall survival in patients with mCRC was improved greatly by the addition of bevacizumab and/or cetuximab to standard chemotherapy, in either first- or second-line treatment. Aflibercept has been used in combination with folinic acid (leucovorin)-fluorouracil-irinotecan (FOLFIRI) chemotherapy in mCRC patients and among patients with mCRC with wild-type KRAS, the outcomes were significantly improved by panitumumab in combination with folinic acid (leucovorin)-fluorouracil-oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) or FOLFIRI. Because of the new preliminary studies, it has been recommended that regorafenib be used with FOLFOX or FOLFIRI as first- or second-line treatment of mCRC chemotherapy. In summary, an era of new opportunities has been opened for treatment of mCRC and/or other malignancies, resulting from the discovery of new selective targeting drugs.
Introduction (1991)

Abstract France during 1920s and 1930s contained a plethora of pacifists groups of various inspirations and orientations. However, there was no large encompassing pacifist organization in France. Indeed, the pacifist groups in France were lively but they are splintered and dispersed. French interwar pacifism was divided by the diversity of men and women and by the differing stand on the view of pacifism; some did not see pacifism as their rationale for their organizational existence. This book examines the history of pacifism in interwar France. In this book, the French peace movement, its organization, peace tactics and intellectual content are defined, explored and placed within the context of the French political culture during the interwar period. The three strands of dissent are discussed here along with the nature and the development of feminist pacifism in interwar France. While ethics and religion contoured the Anglo-American peace movements, the nature of French pacifism was grounded on political parameters wherein some of its elements were made to accept and advocate violence as a means to a desirable end.
492. Reactions of tropine and related bases with acid chlorides (1965)

B. J. Calvert and J. D. Hobson, J. Chem. Soc., 1965, 2723 DOI: 10.1039/JR9650002723
Randomized controlled trial comparing the effectiveness and safety of intranasal and intramuscular naloxone for the treatment of suspected heroin overdose (2009)

Concentrated intranasal naloxone reversed heroin overdose successfully in 82% of patients. Time to adequate response was the same for both routes, suggesting that the i.n. route of administration is of similar effectiveness to the i.m. route as a first-line treatment for heroin overdose.
An universal input and output RNS converter (1990)

A systolic architecture is presented which is capable of both input and output conversion with a throughput equal to that of the fast residue number system (RNS) processes of addition and multiplication. The converter can be used with an arbitrary RNS (within certain realization-imposed limits). An actual anticipated VLSI layout is described that will be programmable for RNSs with up to eight moduli of six bits or less. This should provide an off-the-shelf solution for many RNS conversion requirements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Plasma Exchange in Neurological Diseases: A Critical Approach (1983)

The rationale for and results of plasma exchange (PE) in the therapy of different immune-mediated neurological diseases such as myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, acute and chronic-relapsing Guillain-Barré syndromes, polymyositis, dermatomyositis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are reviewed. Dialysis dementia and Refsum's disease, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and schizophrenia are mentioned, too. If we exclude the treatment of acute Guillain-Barré syndrome, where PE alone appears to be sufficient to produce recovery or improvement, the combined use of immunosuppressive drugs and/or lymphocytapheresis is probably needed in the treatment of the other diseases. PE allows the disease to be controlled rapidly while long-term pharmacological control is established. An underlying theme in this review is the need of adequately controlled studies or at least of large case lists with exhaustive reports concerning both positive and negative results since a new perspective is needed for this topic. Nonetheless, a number of uncontrolled observations suggest that probably PE effectiveness in most immune-mediated neurological diseases could be proven if the requisite trials were performed.
Overview and Background (1982)

This chapter includes the following topics: Introduction Overview of the Book Background Material
Effects of a Korean traditional herbal supplement on symptoms of stress and mood profiles in high school girls: a randomized, double blind, placebo‐controlled trial (2005)

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a Korean traditional herbal remedy, Ondamtanggamibang, on symptoms of stress and mood state in a randomized, double blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Forty healthy high school girls volunteered to participate and were randomly assigned to either an herbal remedy group ( N = 20) or a placebo control group ( N = 20). Subjects consumed the supplement or placebo once a day for 3 days. Total symptoms of stress and total mood disturbance scores decreased significantly in the herbal remedy group as compared with the control group. These results suggest that this Korean traditional herbal supplement may be beneficial in alleviating the symptoms of stress and in enhancing mood. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XCVI.—Reactions involving the addition of hydrogen cyanide to carbon compounds (1903)

The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract.
Studies on the ability of a 98-kilodalton pseudorabies virus diagnostic antigen to detect latent infections induced by low-dose exposure to the virus. (1988)

The effect of low-dose challenge of immunity with pseudorabies virus (PRV) on subunit-vaccinated pigs was studied in 2 experiments. In the first experiment, we studied the effect of challenge dose on the antibody response to an early excreted 98-kilodalton PRV-glycoprotein that was used as a diagnostic antigen in the ELISA. In the second experiment, we studied the effect of low doses of virus on the establishment of latent infections in subunit-vaccinated pigs. The relationship of virus exposure dose and vaccine dose to the response of pigs to diagnostic antigen was studied in 18 pigs. Two groups of 3 pigs were vaccinated with a total of 200 micrograms of a lectin-derived PRV subunit vaccine over a 5-week period. Two groups of 3 pigs were similarly vaccinated with a total of 100 micrograms. Two groups of 3 pigs served as nonvaccinated controls. One group of pigs from each of the preceding categories was intranasally exposed to 10(6.0) and 10(2.7) plaque-forming units (PFU) of virus. Antibody to diagnostic antigen was detected by the ELISA and radioimmunoprecipitation 3 to 7 days earlier in pigs exposed to 10(6.0) PFU, demonstrating that the size of the virus challenge dose affects the antibody response to diagnostic antigen. The establishment of latent infections by low PRV doses and the ability to detect these infections was studied in 10 subunit-vaccinated pigs. Each pig was intranasally exposed to 10(2.3) PFU of virus (day 0).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Energetics of nanoscale graphitic tubules (1992)

Using both empirical potentials and first-principles total-energy methods, we have examined the energetics and elastic properties of all possible graphitic tubules with radii less than 9 \AA{}. We find that the strain energy per carbon atom relative to an unstrained graphite sheet varies as 1/${\mathit{R}}^{2}$ (where R is the tubule radius) and is insensitive to other aspects of the lattice structure, indicating that relationships derivable from continuum elastic theory persist well into the small-radius limit. We also predict that this strain energy is much smaller than that in highly symmetric fullerene clusters with similar radii, suggesting a possible thermodynamic preference for tubular structures rather than cage structures. The empirical potentials further predict that the elastic constants along the tubule axis generally soften with decreasing tubule radius, although with a distinct dependence on helical conformation.
Preferred Homework Style and Homework Environment in High- Versus Low-achieving Chinese Students (2000)

The study compared preferred homework styles of Chinese students-who were characterized by (a) high vs low self-perceived homework achievement and attitude; (b) high vs low teacher-rated homework completion and quality; and (c) high vs low academic achievement in mathematics-and examined gender differences of homework styles in these students. The participants were 329 5th graders (172 boys and 157 girls) and 244 7th graders (130 boys and 114 girls). More distinguishing homework style elements were found with the self-perceived homework achievement and attitude levels than in the teacher-rated achievement levels. Neither gender differences nor gender-achievement interaction effects were indicated. As expected, the motivational elements distinguished the high/low levels of all types of achievement and attitude towards homework. While high teacher-rated achievement was more closely associated with high scores of the teacher-motivated element, the self-perception of work accomplishment at home was more positive in those students who were highly motivated by parents as well as teachers. A number of environmental and organisational elements also distinguished the high from low achievers. The importance of the teacher and parent role in student achievement was discussed.</br>[Copyright of Educational Psychology is the property of Routledge. Full article may be available at the publisher's website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713663718]