gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Triniobium Polytungstophosphates. Syntheses, Structures, Clarification of Isomerism and Reactivity in the Presence of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (1998)

The reaction of K(7)[HNb(6)O(19)], H(2)O(2) and A-Na(9)[PW(9)O(34)] in water followed by treatment with Cs(+) or (n-Bu(4)N)(+) (TBA) affords the corresponding salts of the tris(peroxoniobium) heteropolyanion A,beta-[(NbO(2))(3)PW(9)O(37)](6)(-) (1) in approximately 60% isolated yields. An X-ray structure of the Cs salt, Cs1 (monoclinic P2/c; a = 16.92360(10) Å, b = 13.5721(2) Å, c = 22.31890(10) Å, beta = 92.0460(10) degrees, and Z = 4) confirms the A-type substitution pattern of the three Nb atoms and clarifies the M(3) rotational (Baker-Figgis) isomerism in the Keggin unit as beta. The three terminal eta(2)-O(2)(2)(-) groups on the Nb atoms give 1 an overall symmetry approximating the chiral C(3). These terminal peroxo ligands, and these groups only, thermally decompose when either Cs1 or TBA1 is in solution unless additional H(2)O(2) is present. The peroxo groups can be titrated with triphenylphosphine (2.8 +/- 0.3 peroxide groups found per molecule). Refluxing TBA1 in acetonitrile for 24 h in the presence of base generates the parent heteropolyanion, [Nb(3)PW(9)O(40)](6)(-) (2) in 80% yield after isolation. Treatment of 2 with glacial acetic acid in acetonitrile converts it to [Nb(6)P(2)W(18)O(77)](6)(-) (3) in approximately 100% yield, while treatment of TBA3 with hydroxide converts it back to 2 in high yield. Spectroscopic (FTIR, Raman, (183)W NMR, and (31)P NMR), titrimetric, mass spectrometric (FABMS), and elemental analysis data are all consistent with these formulas. The addition of TBA1 to solutions of alkenes and 33% aqueous peroxide in acetonitrile at reflux results in the generation of the corresponding vicinal diols in high selectivity and yield at high conversion of substrate. Several spectroscopic and kinetics experiments, including a novel one correlating the incubation time of TBA1 under the reaction conditions with the rates of alkene oxidation, establish that TBA1 functions primarily as a catalyst precursor and that much of the catalytic activity is derived from generation of tungstate under the reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkaloids and Saponins from Blue Cohosh. (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Approximate Analysis of Space Trusses (1996)

For decades, space trusses have been designed using approximate numerical methods that are based on simplified truss layouts. Although these methods still rely on using computers, their demand on computer time and resources is considerably less than that associated with full finite element analyses. However, as the last decade has seen a revolutionary advance in computer technology, full F.E. analyses are no longer time consuming or expensive, and as a consequence, the old approximate analysis methods have become almost obsolete. Now the need has shifted towards methods that are quick and easy to use, and yet accurate enough for preliminary designs and as a check on F.E. analysis results. In practice, a suitable method is adopted for a first choice of member sizes, then the results obtained are fed into a cycle or more of F.E. analysis and redesign until a final design is reached. Following a discussion on the required characteristics of modem approximate methods of space truss analysis, two examples of these methods are presented and assessed in this paper.
Extremely potent Human Monoclonal Antibodies for the Prophylaxis and Therapy of Tetanus (2021)

ABSTRACT Human monoclonal antibodies were used here to study the mechanism of neuron intoxication by tetanus neurotoxin protein toxins and as a safe preventive and therapeutic substitute of hyperimmune sera. By screening memory B cells of immune donors, we selected two monoclonal antibodies specific for tetanus neurotoxin with exceptionally high neutralizing activities, which have been extensively characterized both structurally and functionally. We found that these antibodies interfere with the binding and translocation of the neurotoxin into neurons by interacting with two epitopes, whose definition pinpoints crucial events in the cellular pathogenesis of tetanus. Some mechanistic aspects of tetanus neurotoxin intoxication were revealed, explaining at the same time, the unprecedented neutralization ability of these antibodies. Importantly, these antibodies are exceptionally efficient in preventing experimental tetanus when injected in mice long before the neurotoxin. Moreover, their Fab derivatives neutralize tetanus neurotoxin in post-exposure experiments, suggesting their potential therapeutic use upon intrathecal injection. As such, these human monoclonal antibodies, as well as their Fab derivatives, meet all requirements for being considered for prophylaxis and therapy of human tetanus and are ready for clinical trials.
IBM solidDB: In-Memory Database Optimized for Extreme Speed and Availability. (2013)

A relational in-memory database, IBM solidDB is used worldwide for its ability to deliver extreme speed and availability. As the name implies, an in-memory database resides entirely in main memory rather than on disk, making data access an order of several magnitudes faster than with conventional, disk-based databases. Part of that leap is due to the fact that RAM simply provides faster data access than hard disk drives. But solidDB also has data structures and access methods specifically designed for storing, searching, and processing data in main memory. As a result, it outperforms ordinary diskbased databases even when the latter have data fully cached in memory. Some databases deliver low latency but cannot handle large numbers of transactions or concurrent sessions. IBM solidDB provides throughput measured in the range of hundreds of thousands to million of transactions per second while consistently achieving response times (or latency) measured in microseconds. This article explores the structural differences between in-memory and disk-based databases, and how solidDB works to deliver extreme speed. 1
ChemInform Abstract: An Enantioselective Synthesis of the Resorcylic Acid Lactone L‐783,277 via Addition of an Acetylide Anion to a Tethered Weinreb Amide. (2011)

Abstract The resorcylic acid lactone L‐783,277 (V), a potent and irreversible inhibitor of nitrogen‐activated protein kinase, is prepared via macrocyclization of alkyne (II) followed by a Lindlar‐type hydrogenation and a subsequent deprotection of compound (IV) with BCl 3 as key steps.
Amphiphilic Polymethacrylate‐ and Polystyrene‐Based Chemical Delivery Systems for Damascones (2005)

Abstract Amphiphilic polystyrene‐ and polymethacrylate‐based β ‐acyloxy ketones were investigated as potential delivery systems for the controlled release of damascones by retro ‐1,4‐addition in applications of functional perfumery. A series of random copolymers being composed of the hydrophobic damascone‐release unit and a second hydrophilic monomer were obtained by radical polymerization in organic solution by using 2,2′‐azobis[2‐methylpropanenitrile] (AIBN) as the radical source ( Schemes 2 and 3 ). A first evaluation of the polymer conjugates in acidic or alkaline buffered aqueous solution, and in the presence of a surfactant, showed that polymethacrylates and polystyrenes having a carboxylic acid function as hydrophilic group are particularly interesting for the targeted applications ( Table 2 ). The release of δ ‐damascone ( 1 ) from polymers with poly(methacrylic acid) and poly(vinylbenzoic acid) comonomers in different stoichiometric ratios was thus followed over several days at pH 4, 7, and 9 by comparison of fluorescence probing, solvent extraction, and particle‐size measurements ( Tables 3 and 4 ). In acidic media, the polymers were found to be stable, and almost no δ ‐damascone ( 1 ) was released. In neutral or alkaline solution, where the carboxylic acid functions are deprotonated, the concentration of 1 increased over time. In the case of the polymethacrylates, the fluorescence probing experiments showed an increasing hydrophilicity of the polymer backbone with increasing fragrance release, whereas in the case of the polystyrene support, the hydrophilicity of the environment remained constant. These results suggest that the nature of the polymer backbone may have a stronger influence on the fragrance release than the ratio of hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers in the polymer chain.
Performance Limitations and Measurement Analysis of a Near-Field Microwave Microscope for Nondestructive and Subsurface Detection (2012)

Near-field microwave microscopy provides a means for nondestructive localized characterization of both surface and subsurface materials and devices. This paper details the design and implementation of a near-field microwave measurement system capable of achieving large scan areas (>; 1 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) with micrometer spatial resolution, good signal-to-noise and long-term measurement stability. We discuss the measurement topology, system design, and qualification, as well as the design and optimization of the probe circuit and equivalent microwave circuit. The system noise floor is measured and noise-limiting elements are identified. A calibration method is discussed that allows for the quantitative extraction of the tip-sample impedance and enables tip-sample modeling. Several demonstration measurements are provided that show differentiation of not just metals and dielectrics, but compound targets. Additionally, resolution of 10-μm features at the surface are demonstrated with a factor of 4 degradation in spatial resolution at a depth approximately equal to the tip diameter.
Water Metabolism of the Growing Domestic Fowl with Special Reference to Water Balance (1959)

INTRODUCTORY REVIEW 1. Water Intake. The amount of water consumed by a laying White Leghorn hen was reported by Heywang (1941) as approximately 18.2–18.3 gallons per year. He further stated that the amount of water consumed increased with increases in air temperature, live weight and rate of egg production. The converse was also found to be true. It was shown by Kare and Biely (1948) that the addition of increasing amounts of salt to the ration caused a progressive increase in water intake per gram of feed consumed. Increasing the protein content of the feed also increased the water consumption (Wheeler and James, 1950). Patrick (1955), in studying the same relationship, found that increasing the protein content of the feed does not always increase water consumption but may actually decrease it. Heywang (1940), studying the effects of cold drinking water on chick growth and yolk absorption, found that the …
Radical Cyclizations of Vinylogous Systems Involving Oxime Ethers Connected with Carbonyl Groups (1999)

Stannyl radical addition-cyclization of the isolated oxime ethers or a,Punsaturated oxime ethers connected by a tether to a,!.-unsaturated aldehydes or ketones provides a new entry to the adjacently functionalized heterocycles.Free radical cyclization has been an important tool for the conshuction of various types of cyclic compounds including biologically active natural products and medicinals.' Among hitherto known radical
Spurious Modulation of Electron Beams (1956)

This paper describes spurious modulation effects commonly observed in electron tubes employing high current electron beams. The modulation is caused by positive ions and secondary electrons moving in the beam. It is eliminated by pumping the tube to high vacuum and retarding or deflecting the secondary electrons.
10 kV, 10 A Bipolar Junction Transistors and Darlington Transistors on 4H-SiC (2010)

4H-SiC Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) and hybrid Darlington Transistors with 10 kV/10 A capability have been demonstrated for the first time. The SiC BJT (chip size: 0.75 cm2 with an active area of 0.336 cm2) conducts a collector current of 10 A (~ 30 A/cm2) with a forward voltage drop of 4.0 V (forced current gain βforced: 20) corresponding to a specific on-resistance of ~ 130 mΩ•cm2 at 25°C. The DC current gain, β, at a collector voltage of 15 V is measured to be 28 at a base current of 1 A. Both open emitter breakdown voltage (BVCBO) and open base breakdown voltage (BVCEO) of ~10 kV have been achieved. The 10 kV SiC Darlington transistor pair consists of a 10 A SiC BJT as the output device and a 1 A SiC BJT as the driver. The forward voltage drop of 4.5 V is measured at 10 A of collector current. The DC forced current gain at the collector voltage of 5.0 V was measured to be 440 at room temperature.
Emerging evolutionary features in noise driven STDP networks? (2005)

In this paper we study the emergent structure of networks in which spike-timing dependent synaptic plasticity is induced only by external random noise. We show that such noise driven Hebbian networks are able to develop a broad range of network structures, including scale-free small-world networks. The development of such network structures may provide an explanation of the role of noise and its interplay with Hebbian plasticity. We also argue that this model can be seen as a unification of the famous Watts-Strogatz and preferential attachment models of small-world and scale-free nets. Our results may support Edelman's idea on that the development of central nervous system may have evolutionary components.
Role of TNF-α in gut mucosal changes after severe burn (2002)

Gut epithelial cell death by apoptosis is increased in the gut epithelium after severe burn associated with mucosal atrophy. We hypothesized that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-TNF receptor (TNFR) interaction activates apoptosis in small bowel mucosal cells after severe burn. C57BL6 mice received a 30% total body surface area scald burn and were treated with neutralizing anti-TNF-alpha. The proximal small bowel was assessed for mucosal atrophy. Proliferation and apoptosis of mucosal cells were assessed by proliferative cell nuclear antigen-immunostaining and terminal deoxyuridine nick-end labeling assay, respectively. Mucosal height and mucosal cell number decreased after burn. Anti-TNF-alpha-treated mice showed significantly less mucosal atrophy. Proliferation of intestinal cells was not changed with burn or anti-TNF-alpha treatment. An over threefold increase in apoptotic cell number was seen after burn, which was diminished by anti-TNF-alpha treatment. Changes in gut mucosal homeostasis after severe burn are affected, in part, by the activation of apoptosis by TNF-alpha-TNFR interaction.
Cathodic arc modulator systems for metallic plasma ion implantation (2002)

This paper describes the electrical design and operation of a cathodic arc modulator system for metallic plasma ion implantation. Depending on the ion implantation process recipe, various repetition rates, pulse widths and currents are required. In addition, the cathodic arc system may be synchronized with a higher voltage "target" modulator system. The cathodic arc is water cooled and usually uses a self-generated axial B-field, by use of a series connected solenoid around the arc anode. Typical arc currents of 800 amperes may be utilized with pulse widths ranging from 20 /spl mu/S to 4 mS. Typical pulse repetition frequencies may exceed 400 Hz, with overall system power limited by the presently available 10 kW transformer-rectifier. The cathodic arc modulator system consists of a command charged 10 kV trigger generator, a high voltage arc "starter", and a low voltage, high current arc sustain circuit. The arc start and sustain circuits are independently adjustable and utilize a common IGBT device in a "hot-deck" configuration. This paper will provide circuit design and performance information in addition to various process applications.
Evidence for Abnormal Pain Processing in Fibromyalgia Syndrome (2001)

Multiple abnormal findings in fibromyalgia patients strongly indicate a neuropathic pain syndrome, reminiscent of complex regional pain syndrome or postherpetic neuralgia. In addition, fibromyalgia syndrome seems to share similar characteristics with these neuropathic pain syndromes, including ineffective response to many analgesics.
Simple Method for Determination of Dietary Fiber in Frozen Foods (1993)

A simple method was developed for the determination of dietary fiber in multicomponent foods. The method involves dispersing the sample into pH 7.4 phosphate buffer and adding bile and pancreatic enzyme as described. Results were comparable to AOAC methods with correlation coefficients of 86% for multicomponent dinners and 89% for breakfast foods. Coefficients of variation ranged from 7.4 to 20.0% for multicomponent foods and 1.0 to 3.6% for single component foods. In addition, blind duplicate samples had a correlation of 0.99. The described method required less time, labor, and manipulation than AOAC methods.
Simulation and Detection Performance Evaluation of a UAV-mounted Passive Radar (2018)

This paper presents the concept of an UAV-mounted passive radar. Since the radar has no active transmitter and uses signals transmitted by illuminators of opportunity (IOO), it is a low cost, lightweight, low-power consuming solution perfectly fitting for mobile applications, especially for mounting on a UAV. Moreover, it does not require supplemental frequency allocation and creates no additional interference to existing wireless networks. Longterm evolution (LTE) is a good candidate for illuminators of opportunity (IOO) due to the fact that orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals are used. Moreover, LTE base stations are widely deployed. In this paper, the detection performance of a drone-mounted passive radar is presented, with various settings in terms of targets, wireless propagation, realistic antenna patterns and signal processing.
Influence of pulse width on ultraviolet laser ablation of poly(methyl methacrylate) (1988)

The etching of poly(methyl methacrylate) using pulses of 248 nm laser radiation which had a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 40–100 ns is reported. These pulses were created by combining two identical pulses, each of 40 ns FWHM, with a set time delay. The etch depth/pulse is sensitive to the pulse width and, therefore, the power density in this polymer. It can be explained by the changes in absorptivity during a pulse that have been reported by G. M. Davis and M. C. Gower [J. Appl. Phys. 61, 2090 (1987)]. The shape of the pulse was also found to influence the etch depth/pulse. The etching of polyimide by these extended pulses shows trends that are opposite to those observed in poly(methyl methacrylate). In this instance, the shielding of the latter portion of the incoming pulse by the products that are ablated by the front portion is probably a serious effect.
Biochemical correlates of responsiveness and collateral sensitivity of some methotrexate-resistant murine tumors to the lipophilic antifolate, metoprine. (1982)

The M5076 murine "ovarian" tumor which is naturally refractive to methotrexate was found to be highly responsive to the lipophilic antifolate, metoprine. M5076 cells were markedly deficient in mediated entry of methotrexate. This was in contrast to the L1210 leukemia, a tumor highly responsive to methotrexate but poorly responsive to metoprine. Two L1210 leukemia sublines, with acquired resistance to methotrexate by virtue of a deficiency in mediated entry of drug similar to that seen for M5076 cells, were found to be collaterally sensitive to metoprine. The insensitivity to methotrexate of the M5076 tumor and the two L1210 sublines is associated with low saturability (high Km) and reduced capacity (low Vmax) for mediated influx of drug. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate, the major circulating folate in blood but not metoprine, shares this mediated route for entry. Therefore, a relatively low level of accumulation of this natural folate in these methotrexate-resistant tumors, in the face of a metoprine-induced blockade at the level of dihydrofolate reductase, probably accounts for the high sensitivity of these tumors to this lipophilic agent. Evidence for this notion was derived during transport and growth experiments in vitro using 5-formyltetrahydrofolate as a model folate coenzyme. The value for influx Vmax of this folate compound in a transport-deficient methotrexate-resistant subline compared to the parental L1210 was reduced to the same extent as that shown for methotrexate. Growth of this resistant L1210 subline showed a greater requirement for this model compound than did the parental line. Also, the concentration necessary for 50% inhibition by metoprine in the presence of this reduced folate was lower in the resistant subline. Inhibition of each cell line by metoprine, on the other hand, was the same when folic acid was used as the folate source. The implications of these findings for the use of lipophilic antifolates as alternative therapy for some methotrexate-resistant tumors are discussed.
From Molecules to Crystallizers (2000)

<italic>From Molecules to Crystallizers</italic> begins by stating that crystallization is one of the oldest separation processes used in the chemical industry and is still one of the most important. It is also going through an exciting renaissance, the text argues, with the result that it is becoming yet more central to the needs of the modern chemical industry. As well as its long-standing use in the commodity chemicals business, it is central to the fine and speciality areas. The emphasis on crystallization has thus been changing from the simple production of bulk solid particles to one in which ever higher standards and reproducibility of particle size, size distribution, crystal form and particle morphology are demanded in both product and process development.
Accelerated Corrosion Behavior due to Alternating Dry-Wet Conditions for LP Steam Turbine Materials of Fossil Power Plants (2005)

The materials of the attachment near the last stage of low-pressure steam turbines in power plants will be exposed to a severe corrosion condition due to the concentration of corrosive chemicals produced by the alternating dry and wet environment, a phenomenon caused by the frequent shutdown and the load change of power plants. The corrosion behavior of typical low-pressure steam turbine materials is evaluated mainly by tests under dry-wet conditions. An increase in the concentration of sulfate ion and chloride ion in waters enhanced the general corrosion particularly for the 3.5NiCrMoV rotor steel. As for 12Cr blade steel, the coexistence of sulfate ion and chloride ion accelerated the general corrosion. An alternating dry-wet condition increased the maximum corrosion pit depth of 3.5NiCrMoV steel remarkably with the application of stress. The pitting corrosion potential of 3.5NiCrMoV steel showed almost the same values in all water qualities tested. However, the coexistence of Cl- and DO (dissolved oxygen) lowered the pitting corrosion potentials of 12Cr steel. From the consideration between the corrosion and the Cr content in corrosion films, it is clearly evident that the Cr content in the films controls the corrosion resistance.