gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrical and structural studies of copper and nickel precipitates in a Σ=25 silicon bicrystal (1994)

Deep-level transient spectroscopy measurements of electronic defect states in a coincidence Σ=25 grain boundary (GB) in silicon have been performed after quenching of heat-treated samples (900 °C, 2 h) containing copper and/or nickel. These elements are usually suspected to be nonintentionally contaminating impurities. The special care supplied to get processed samples free from transition-metal impurities (particularly copper) has led to the measurement of a continuous distribution of boundary levels between Ec−0.20 eV and Ec−0.38 eV which shift toward deeper energies (between Ec−0.25 eV and Ec−0.42 eV) with a gradual increase of the copper content. The heavily contaminated samples with Cu or with both Cu and Ni exhibit a single interface trap at Ec−0.54 eV. According to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) analyses, as well as comparable data reported earlier, this interface state seems characteristic of copper precipitates obtained by quenching from 900 °C; however, the incorporation of nickel in a ‘‘copper-free’’ bicrystal has been found to result in an almost discrete boundary level at Ec−0.50 eV. From TEM, EDX, and electron-diffraction investigations, the corresponding precipitates were geometrically shaped, intersecting the GB plane, and identified as two types (A and B) of NiSi2 silicide.
<i>T</i> <sub>2</sub> : The Transverse Relaxation Time (2003)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Physical Principles of the Phenomenon Relaxation Relaxation Mechanisms Rephasing the Signal Measurement of T2 Using MRI Exchange of Magnetization Multiexponential Decay How Many Time Points to Take? Artefacts Clinical Applications of Quantitative T2-weighted Imaging: Normals Medical Disorders Future References
The Bainite and Massive Transformations in Ti-X Eutectoid Systems (1976)

The survey of eutectoid decomposition mechanisms in hypoeutectoid Ti- X alloys has been virtually completed. At temperatures from the eutectoid to the Ms in the Ti-Bi, Ti-Co, Ti-Cu, Ti-Ni, Ti-Pb and Ti-Pd systems, the bainite reaction is the only one operative. Among the eutectoid alloys studied, Ti-Co, Ti-Cr and Ti-Cu exhibit eutectoid decomposition essentially only by the pearlite reaction and Ti-Ni, Ti-Pd and Ti-Pt transform predominantly or only by the bainite reaction; eutectoid decomposition by either mechanism has yet to be observed (because of its exceedingly slow kinetics) in the Ti-Fe, Ti-Ir and Ti- Mn eutectoid alloys. A theoretical discussion is presented of the nucleation and growth kinetics of intermetallic compound crystals at fixed and at moving ALPHA:beta boundaries. In studies of the massive transformation, beta-alpha sub m, in Ti-Ag, Ti-Au, Ti-Si and Ti-In alloys, the composition region in which this transformation occurs in each alloy system was defined. By means of continuous cooling experiments, the enthalpy of transformation and the average rate of growth as a function of temperature were determined in a number of alloys in the four systems.
Recursive estimation of emitter location using TDOA measurements from two UAVs (2007)

This paper considers the recursive estimation of emitter location using time difference of arrival measurements formed by the correlation of signals received by two unmanned aerial vehicles. The time difference of arrival measurement defines an hyperbola of possible emitter locations. This hyperbola is used as a measurement in a nonlinear filter. The performance of two such filters, an extended Kalman filter (EKF) and an unscented Kalman filter (UKF), is analysed for a stationary and moving emitter and compared with the Cramer-Rao lower bound. The UKF performs generally better than the EKF, but both algorithms suffer from diverged tracks.
The oxidation of hydrogen peroxide by tris(polypyridine) complexes of osmium(III), iron(III), ruthenium(III), and nickel(III) in aqueous media (1986)

The stoichiometry and kinetics of the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide by tris(2,2′-bipyridine) and tris(4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine) complexes of osmium(III), iron(III), ruthenium(III), and nickel (III) were studied in acidic and neutral aqueous media at 25 °C and I = 0.50 M (LiCF 3 SO 3 ). The reaction 2M(bpy) 3 3+ + H 2 O 2 → 2M(bpy) 3 2+ + O 2 + 2H + is observed with quantitative yields of dioxygen gas. The observed rate constants displayed an inverse acid dependence over the pH range 6.0–8.5; k obsd = k 1 + k 2 K 1 /[H + ], attributed to the oxidations of H 2 O 2 (k 1 ) and HO 2 − (k 2 ). An application of the Marcus theory relationship to the cross-reaction data gave a self-exchange rate constant of 10 −2 –10 −1 M −1 s −1 for the HO 2 − /HO 2 couple. The electron exchange rate constant is evaluated in terms of the inner-sphere and solvent reorganizational barriers and is compared to values reported for other small molecule couples. Rate and activation parameters for the reduction of the nickel(III) complexes by the hydroxide ion have been determined and are compared with the corresponding values for other metal tris(poly pyridine) complexes.
Electrode roughness and interfacial mixing effects on the tunnel junction thermal stability (2001)

The thermal stability of magnetic tunnel junctions with ultrathin (&lt;8 Å) Al2O3 barriers was studied and compared with 15 Å barriers. The tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) decay cannot be explained only by Mn diffusion into the pinned CoFe layer since this diffusion starts above 300 °C independently of the barrier thickness, while the TMR degradation already occurs at 250–270 °C for the thinner barriers. The thermal stability is probably controlled by changes at the CoFe/Al2O3 interfaces and/or barrier structure. Structural analysis of 15 Å barriers after annealing at 435 °C, shows the existence of an interface region (8–12 Å thick) where CoFe and Al2O3 are found. This interfacial region can be explained by the increased roughness in the bottom electrode after annealing, as measured by atomic-force microscopy (from 1.5 to 4 Å). Ultrathin barriers show a similar trend. The use of low-resistance junctions using thin barriers requires good control of the roughness of the low-resistance bottom electrodes. This is done by preannealing and low-angle ion-beam smoothing 500-Å-thick Cu or Al films, which will then keep a roughness &lt;2 Å during processing temperatures up to 400 °C. Low-resistance junctions (R×A∼40–60 Ω μm2) with 7 Å barriers grown on 600 Å Al buffers after the surface treatment show 25% TMR after annealing at 270 °C.
Ion current rectification inversion in conic nanopores: Nonequilibrium ion transport biased by ion selectivity and spatial asymmetry (2013)

We show both theoretically and experimentally that the ion-selectivity of a conic nanopore, as defined by a normalized density of the surface charge, significantly affects ion current rectification across the pore. For weakly selective negatively charged pores, intra-pore ion transport controls the current and internal ion enrichment/depletion at positive/reverse biased voltage (current enters/leaves through the tip, respectively), which is responsible for current rectification. For strongly selective negatively charged pores under positive bias, the current can be reduced by external field focusing and concentration depletion at the tip at low ionic strengths and high voltages, respectively. These external phenomena produce a rectification inversion for highly selective pores at high (low) voltage (ionic strength). With an asymptotic analysis of the intra-pore and external ion transport, we derive simple scaling laws to quantitatively capture empirical and numerical data for ion current rectification and rectification inversion of conic nanopores.
Comparative design validation based on event pattern mappings (1993)

Article Free Access Share on Comparative design validation based on event pattern mappings Author: Benoit A. Gennart View Profile Authors Info & Claims DAC '93: Proceedings of the 30th international Design Automation ConferenceJuly 1993 Pages 373–378https://doi.org/10.1145/157485.164936Published:01 July 1993Publication History 0citation186DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations0Total Downloads186Last 12 Months3Last 6 weeks0 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Scenario-based test case generation for state-based embedded systems (2003)

To reduce testing cost and effort, the paper proposes a systematic approach to generate test cases for state-based embedded systems. This process first derives a state/event tree based on a scenario specification, with a node of the tree representing a state, and a link a transition between two states. Once the tree is obtained, it is possible to generate test inputs based on partition testing, random testing and boundary value testing. It is also possible to perform various analyses such as completeness and consistency analysis, dependency analysis and relationship analysis. An XML-based tool has been developed to automate many of the steps in the process. Whenever there is a change to the system, the tester needs to modify the state/event tree, and the tool automatically re-generates the new test cases to test those changed parts as well as perform selective regression testing to test those affected parts. To illustrate the ideas, the paper uses a wireless mobile phone system as an example. The system consists of three parts: a mobile station center server, several base station servers, and clients.
아리랑 선무 수련이 간 기능, 콜레스테롤, 혈당 수치에 미치는 영향 (2015)

아리랑선무 댄스 전후의 간 기능, 콜레스테롤, 혈당 등에 미치는 효과를 비교분석하는 것이 본연구의 목적이었다. 연구대상자는 13명이었으며, 혈액 검사 데이터는 통계분석을 하였다. 실험군의 간 기능 검사수치 중에서 aspartate aminotransferase (AST)는 실험군이 -0.25 U/l 감소, alkaline phosphatase (ALP)는 실험군이 3.3% 감소, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 실험군은 0.38 U/l 증가, γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT)는 실험군이 0.63 U/l 증가, 빌리루빈은 실험군은 0.138 mg/dl 증가, ALB는 실험군은 0.05 mg/dl 증가되었으며, 유의성은 없었다. Fe는 실험군에서 영향이 없었다. 참고치 범위 내에서 변화가 있었다. 실험군의 총콜레스테롤 수치는 영향이 없었다. 중성지방은 실험군은 -5.43mg/dl 이 감소, 실험군의 LDL는 -1.0 mg/dl 로 감소하였으나 모두 유의성이 없었다. HDL은 실험군은 8.71 mg/dl 증가하여 유의성이 있었다. 크레아티닌의 수치는 실험군은 -0.029 mg/dl 로 감소, BUN은 실험군은 -0.129 mg/dl 로 감소하였으나 모두 유의성이 없었다. 공복혈당 수치의 증가는 대조군 보다 실험군(0.13 mg/dl)이 32배 낮았고, eAG현재의 혈당은 대조군의 평균은 3.6 mg/dl, 실험군은 1.13 mg/dl로 낮았으나 유의성이 없었다. 당화혈색소 HbA1c(NGSP)는 대조군은 증가, 실험군은 -0.05 mg/dl 감소하였다. HbA1c (IFCC)는 평균은 실험군은 0.13 mmol/ml로 대조군보다 1.475mmol/ml이 감소하였으나 유의성은 없었다. 요산의 수치는 실험군이 증가율이 0.31 mg/dl이 낮았으며, 혈중탄산가스양은 대조군의 평균은 -2.26 mmol/ml 이었고 실험군은 0.96 mmol/ml 로 증가하였으나 유의성이 없었다. 이상의 결과에서 보면 아리랑선무 수련과 노래를 부르는 것이 인체에 미치는 효과가 매우 높았다. 아리랑 선무와 소리수련을 자연치유적 건강의 도구로 활용한 가치가 있음을 시사하고 있다.
Survival of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in relation to human papillomavirus infection: Review and meta‐analysis (2007)

Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), especially of the oropharynx, with highest distribution in the tonsils. HPV infection has been associated with improved outcome, although not all the studies show consistent results. The reason for this is not clear. We reviewed all published articles and conducted a meta-analysis on the overall relationship between HPV infection and overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in HNSCC. Patients with HPV-positive HNSCC had a lower risk of dying (meta HR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.7-1.0), and a lower risk of recurrence (meta HR: 0.62, 95%CI: 0.5-0.8) than HPV-negative HNSCC patients. Site-specific analyses show that patients with HPV-positive oropharyngeal tumours had a 28% reduced risk of death (meta HR: 0.72, 95%CI: 0.5-1.0) in comparison to patients with HPV-negative oropharyngeal tumours. Similar observations were made for DFS (meta HR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.4-0.7). There was no difference in OS between HPV-positive and negative non-oropharyngeal patients. The observed improved OS and DFS for HPV-positive HNSCC patients is specific to the oropharynx; these tumours may have a distinct etiology from those tumours in non-oropharyngeal sites.
Stability of transformer's whole low voltage winding (2003)

Under short-circuit conditions, low voltage winding of a transformer suffers enormous radial electromagnetic forces. When these forces exceed certain value, the winding will be buckling. In the paper, a mechanic model of stability for the whole winding is set up. It's used in buckling analysis of the low voltage helicoidal winding in a single-phase 24000 kVA/500 kV power transformer.
Hypoxylon oceanicum sp. nov. from mangroves (1988)

Volume: 33
Effect of alcohol extracts of demospongiae on growth of periphytic diatoms (1999)

Antifoulin g potentialities of alcoh ol extracts of demospongiae, col lec ted otT east coast of Indi a, against I{,ur dominalll marine foulin g diatoms are report ed. Of th e 20 combinations worked out (5 sponges x 4 diatoms) 16 interaction s showed act ivity accounting to about 80%. Plakortis silllplex, Azorica pJeifJerae and Dacitopsis sp. showed 100% growth inhih itlon against all the 4 fouling di atoms (Navicllia .\'IIbinflata, Navicula cl'll cicllla, Nit zschia sp., Alllpho/'{/ sp. ) te sted. illlp lying th e presence of potent antifouling compounds whi lst, oth er extracts showed species specificity in their actilll 1. Ho weve r. th e same cells exh ibit ed normal growth , when transfe rr ed to extract free media, pointin g towards non lO xic wa y ot' action . Th e EC50 va lue s var ied with extracts and test organisms used and ranged from 14 jJg/m l (A. /!feU/el'([ £' . .\' N. ('1'116(,111(/) ( 0 5~n jJg/ml (Dercitopsis sp. vs Aili/I /W I'([ sp.). The ac tiv e . s totally arrested the silicate uptake on diatums. trea ted witli EC KI values, in relation to co nt rol. Th c degrce of silicatc up take impairment varicd with extracts and tcs t organi slll s lI sed. Th c resuits imply the possible potential itie s of the se extracts in controllin g the mi crofoul ers. Marine foulers cause world wide technical and economic problems to various indu stries in marine sector lik e shippin g, building and /or maintaining offshore structures, thermal power plants, OTEC systems, aquaculture systems and other submarine infrastructures l . Copper and orga notin compounds such as tributyltin oxide (TBTO) have been used as effect ive antifoulants 2. Howeve r, th ese compounds are of environmental concern' . Thus, most of the countri es have banned th e use of TBT based antifou lin g paints. In the wake of res tr ictio ns on TBT, researchers allover th e world have begun to search for environmental frie ndl y antifoulin g compounds. An area th at th e searc h for nontox ic anti fo ulants has led investigators is that of marine natural antifoulin g products. Laboratory and field studies conducted by va ri ou s investigators support th e hyp oth es is that sponges contai n compound s tha t act as anti -foul ant s 4 . 6. Howl! ver, most of th e in ves ti gators wo rki ng on marine natural antifouling products ha ve focus ed mainly on larvae of macrofoulers . The neglect of marine fouling diatom is surprisin g when on e considers th eir role in th e succession of biofoulin g community and it s effect on submerged obj ec ts. Therefore, an attempt has bcen made to stud y th e antifouling potentialities of somc of th e mcmbers of de mospongia e aga in st dominant marine foulin g diatoms and the resu lt s obtained are presented here.
Blindness as a complication of rhinosurgery (1981)

Three cases of unilateral permanent and severe visual impairment after rhinosurgery are reported. In two cases the pathogenesis appeared to be vascular disturbances in the ophthalmic arteries, possibly caused by intra-arterial injection of local anesthetics in combination with adrenaline. Retrograde flow into the ophthalmic arteries is anatomically possible and has been shown in earlier reports. In the third case direct surgical trauma, probably in connection with infarction of the inferior choncha, appeared to be the cause.
Bone marrow stromal fibroblasts secrete interleukin-6 and granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the absence of inflammatory stimulation: demonstration by serum-free bioassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (1992)

Bone marrow (BM) stromal fibroblasts produce hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs) in response to inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha or interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha). In the absence of such inflammatory stimuli, production of HGFs by BM stromal cells has been problematic and controversial. In vivo, however, basal hematopoiesis maintains blood counts within a normal homeostatic range even in the absence of inflammation, and HGFs are required for progenitor cell differentiation in vitro. To better ascertain the contribution of BM stromal fibroblasts to basal hematopoiesis, we therefore studied HGF production in quiescent BM stromal fibroblasts by three sensitive assays: serum-free bioassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Stromal fibroblasts were cultured in the presence or absence of normal human serum to determine if serum factor(s) present in the noninflammatory (basal) state induce secretion of HGFs. Human serum was found to induce or enhance transcription and secretion of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and enhance secretion of constitutively expressed IL-6. In contrast, no secretion of either granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF) or IL-3 was found. These data indicate that factors in normal human serum are active in enhancing GM-CSF and IL-6 production by stromal fibroblasts and suggest that these growth factors contribute to the maintainance of normal, basal hematopoiesis in vivo.
Text encoding for deep learning neural networks: A reversible base 64 (Tetrasexagesimal) Integer Transformation (RIT64) alternative to one hot encoding with applications to Arabic morphology (2018)

One Hot Encoding (OHE) is currently the norm in text encoding for deep learning neural models. The main problem with OHE is that the size of the input vector, and hence the number of neurons in the input layer, depends on the size of the vocabulary. Experience has shown that the training time for text classification neural models grows exponentially with the size of the vocabulary when OHE is used. For example, if the size of the vocabulary is 10,000, then the size of the input vector will be model 10,000 implying 10,000 neurons in the input layer. This paper proposes and illustrates the use of an alternative Reversible Integer Transformation (RIT) whereby each word in the training/testing set is transformed into base-64 integer format. The transformation is reversible, and the output of the network can easily be converted back to string format (without the need for an index). Another important feature is that each character in the word is represented using only six bits at the appropriate position in the resulting base-64 integer. The maximum number of neurons needed in the input layer is 64, but the actual number of neurons depends on the maximum word length in the vocabulary, and is usually below 64.
Anagram by Computer (1995)

In a recent issue of Word Ways, Harry Stern closed an otherwise wonderful article by impugning the value of computers in finding anagrams. Since I have no talent for finding them by hand, and rely almost entirely on a program, I felt I should rise on behalf of the anagram-impaired--and to defend the honor of the anagram software.
Stereoscopic acuity and observation distance (2005)

The amount of depth perceived from a fixed pattern of horizontal disparities varies with viewing distance. We investigated whether thresholds for discriminating stereoscopic corrugations at a range of spatial frequencies were also affected by viewing distance or whether they were determined solely by the angular disparity in the stimulus prior to scaling. Although thresholds were found to be determined primarily by disparity over a broad range of viewing distances, they were on average a factor of two higher at the shortest viewing distance (28.5 cm) than at larger viewing distances (57 to 450 cm). We found the same pattern of results when subjects' accommodation was arranged to be the same at all viewing distances. The change in thresholds at close distances is in the direction expected if subjects' performance is limited by a minimum perceived depth.
CMOS MEMS (1997)

The co-integration of MEMS and CMOS technology is reviewed and the IC MEMS CAD tools SOLIDIS and ICMAT are outlined.
Signal Analysis from a Long-Term Bridge Monitoring System in Yongjong Bridge (2006)

영종대교에 설치된 교량 모니터링 시스템의 구성특징을 살펴보고 이로부터 계측, 수집된 각 신호들의 특성을 조사 분석하였다. 3차원 자정식 현수교인 영종대교에 설치, 운영되는 모니터링 시스템의 구성은 센서-현장하드웨어-계측서버-관리자로 연결되는 자동화된 시스템으로써 개통 이후부터 교량의 거동 및 하중효과를 대변하는 물리량을 측정하고 있다. 이 논문에서는 시스템의 구성 및 측정항목에 대한 소개와 온도변화에 의한 시그널에의 영향을 감시 할 수 있는 알고리즘의 개발과정을 언급한다. 또한, 행어 케이블의 장력측정 방법의 일환으로 길이가 짧고 장력이 큰 케이블에 대해 정적으로 장력산정이 가능한 장치 및 알고리즘의 개발에 대해 소개한다. 특히 이 교량의 공용중에 이루어진 철도통행을 위한 설비의 추가로 교량 구조계의 변화를 계측 신호를 바탕으로 분석, 제시하였다. 이러한 각종 계측 및 모니터링 결과는 향후 교량의 상태판정의 기본자료로 활용되어 효율적 유지관리를 가능하게 할 것으로 기대된다. This paper presents schematically the monitoring system installed in Yongjong Bridge, a self-anchored suspension bridge located in the expressway linking Seoul and Incheon International Airport. Automatic measurement of instrumented civil engineering structures is now widely applied for behavior monitoring during construction in field as well as long-term monitoring for lifetime assessment of bridge structures. A representative example of results that can be acquired through structural health monitoring system is presented by means of data measured during a few years after the opening of the bridge. In order to effectively measure the tension force for hangers that have relatively short length or high tension force, a static tension measurement device has been explored. Newly equipped railway system on the existing bridge results in change of dead load, consequently dynamic characteristics have also been changed. This result can be detected by the monitoring system during and after railway construction.
Plasmon Hybridization Reveals the Interaction between Individual Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles Confined in an Optical Potential Well (2010)

The understanding of interaction forces between nanoparticles in colloidal suspension is central to a wide range of novel applications and processes in science and industry. However, few methods are available for actual characterization of such forces at the single particle level. Here we demonstrate the first measurements of colloidal interactions between two individual diffusing nanoparticles using a colorimetric assay based on plasmon hybridization, that is, strong near-field coupling between localized surface plasmon resonances. The measurements are possible because individual gold nanoparticle pairs can be loosely confined in an optical potential well created by a laser tweezers. We quantify the degree of plasmon hybridization for a large number of individual particle pairs as a function of increasing salt concentration. The data reveal a considerable heterogeneity at the single particle level but the estimated average surface separations are in excellent agreements with predictions based on the classical theory of Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek.