gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Making progress on the natural history of multiple sclerosis (2006)

Typically, the clinical course of multiple sclerosis is characterized by episodes, from which recovery may occur, and by progression. These phases usually evolve in sequence as part of the natural history. The number and frequency of episodes and the interval between first presentation and the often somewhat blurred transition to disease progression are generally held to be rather unpredictable. By definition, progression is not preceded by episodes in individuals with primary progressive multiple sclerosis. At one time, the essential pathological process in multiple sclerosis was thought to be loss of the myelin sheath that normally surrounds axons in the CNS, as a result of local inflammation, from which followed a cascade of secondary events culminating in development of the multifocal sclerotic lesions from which the disease gets its name. Thus, episodes were considered to be the critical component of the disease, and their reduction presented a natural and sufficient target for treatment.

That perspective changed with the rediscovery of axonal pathology as a significant additional component of the disease process and its correlation with the accumulation of disability, especially during the progressive phase. The concept of multiple sclerosis as a focal inflammatory demyelinating disorder took a further step backwards with the recognition that, in this disorder, normal appearing white matter is far from normal. The evidence is both histological and radiological, but the available observations do not resolve the ambiguous relationship between inflammation and neurodegeneration that remains central to understanding mechanisms of tissue injury in multiple sclerosis, and the relative contribution of each to clinical deficits occurring during different phases of the disease. Thus, magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies of whole brain white matter in multiple sclerosis show abnormalities indicating widespread axonal changes in the absence of apparent tissue inflammation (Filippi et al ., 2003). But, while MRI and spectroscopy allow …
First Synthesis of<i>Bacillus cereus</i>Ch HF-PS Cell Wall Trisaccharide Repeating Unit (2014)

The first total synthesis of Ch HF-PS, a cell wall trisaccharide repeating unit of B. cereus, is reported. The synthetic trisaccharide is appended with an aminopropyl linker at the reducing end to allow for conjugation to proteins and microarrays. The convergent synthesis involves transformation of d-mannose into an orthogonally protected rare AAT sugar building block, two consecutive α-stereoselective glycosylations, β-selective attachment of the linker by solvent participation, and amide bond formation, as key steps.
Evidence that macrophages in the marginal zone have no role in the migration of lymphocytes into the periarteriolar lymphocyte sheaths (PALS). (1985)

The macrophages in the marginal zones in the spleens of mice were eliminated by the intravenous injection of dichloromethylene diphosphonate encapsulated in liposomes. When syngeneic splenic lymphocytes were labelled with [3H]uridine and injected intravenously into the treated mice, their migration from the marginal zones into the periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths did not differ significantly from than seen in untreated animals. We concluded that the migration of lymphocytes from the marginal zones of the spleen is not mediated by the local macrophages.
Modeling and optimization of micromachined air-coupled capacitance transducers (2002)

A transmission line equivalent circuit network model has been developed to understand and control the high frequency performance of micromachined air-coupled capacitance transducers. The geometric size of the air cavities, the spacing between cavities, diaphragm thickness, air viscosity, bias voltage of the diaphragm and the compressibility of the air gap separating the film and the backplate are included. The performance of transducers was predicted before construction since the use of total dissipation resistance is avoided in our network model. The model has been validated using data from electrical admittance measurements and from published results of other transducer designs. This work is expected to allow optimization of air-coupled capacitance transducers for applications to production engineering and non destructive evaluation.
Trapped torsional modes in solid cylinders (1996)

An approximate theory is presented for torsional modes in a solid cylinder having a larger-diameter central section. Modes in a narrow frequency range just above the cutoff of each branch are ‘‘trapped’’ such that, in long samples, the amplitudes decay exponentially with distance from the central section. To confirm the theory, measurements were performed on aluminum alloy cylinders using noncontacting electromagnetic-acoustic transduction. Vibrational amplitudes of a trapped mode measured as a function of position along the length of a sample are in good agreement with theoretical calculations. The resonant frequencies of three samples with different dimensions also closely match the theory for trapped modes. Additional generally weak resonances that are observed may be associated with torsional modes that vary sinusoidally along the entire length of the samples.
Vasodilator Effects of Acetylcholine and Nitroprusside are not Potentiated by Dietary Supplementation with Anti-Oxidants in Healthy Volunteers (1995)

Conference Abstract| July 01 1995 Vasodilator Effects of Acetylcholine and Nitroprusside are not Potentiated by Dietary Supplementation with Anti-Oxidants in Healthy Volunteers JR Cockcroft; JR Cockcroft 1Department of Clinical Pharmacology United Medical and Dental School of Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar SE Brett; SE Brett 1Department of Clinical Pharmacology United Medical and Dental School of Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar PJ Chowienczyk; PJ Chowienczyk 1Department of Clinical Pharmacology United Medical and Dental School of Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar K Calzada; K Calzada 1 Department of Biochemistry United Medical and Dental School of Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar C Rice-Evans; C Rice-Evans 1 Department of Biochemistry United Medical and Dental School of Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar JM Ritter JM Ritter 1Department of Clinical Pharmacology United Medical and Dental School of Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Clin Sci (Lond) (1995) 89 (s33): 39P. https://doi.org/10.1042/cs089039P Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation JR Cockcroft, SE Brett, PJ Chowienczyk, K Calzada, C Rice-Evans, JM Ritter; Vasodilator Effects of Acetylcholine and Nitroprusside are not Potentiated by Dietary Supplementation with Anti-Oxidants in Healthy Volunteers. Clin Sci (Lond) 1 July 1995; 89 (s33): 39P. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/cs089039P Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentAll JournalsClinical Science Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1995 The Biochemical Society and the Medical Research Society1995 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Renyi entropy based divergence measures for ICA (2003)

Information measures based on Renyi entropy provide a distance measure among a group of probability densities with tunable and flexible parameters to allow differentially granular differences in data. We interpret a recently developed measure, a /spl alpha/-JR divergence, as an alternative to mutual information (MI). We also present in this paper, its potential as an improved ICA criterion, and demonstrate its performance. We also propose a computationally efficient technique to approximate Renyi mutual divergence and apply it to analyze dependent data.
Influence of prenatal experience with human voice on the neonatal behavioural reaction to human voices with different emotion (2014)

Farm animals have to adapt to human presence from birth and being handled may lead to fear and stress reactions. It is known that the mother can be used as a postnatal model in the development of young-human relationship. Through her, some information like auditory ones may even be learnt prenatally. We tested this idea in pigs because they communicate a lot by acoustic signals. The hypotheses were that prenatal experience with human voice could modify behavioural reactions to the experienced voice and to an unfamiliar voice expressing different emotions. We worked with 30 pregnant sows from the last month of gestation. Ten sows (treatment A) were submitted to recordings of human voices during handling: vA during positive interactions and vB during negative interactions, twice a day, 5 days a week, for 10 minutes. Ten other sows (treatment B) received the contrary, i.e. vB during positive interactions and vA during negative interactions. Ten last sows (treatment C) received no vocal stimulations during handling sessions. Two days old piglets (36 A, 39 B, 35 C) were submitted to a 5 min choice test between voices vA and vB in a testing pen (2×1 m). Each voice was played back through loudspeakers positioned at each end of the pen. At 15-18 days of age, 20 other piglets from each treatment were tested in the same conditions except that we played back the voice of an unknown person, reading the same text with a joyful or angry intention. In both tests we recorded vocalisations and locomotion. Data were analysed using non parametric statistics (Statview). In both tests, A and B piglets started to move sooner (P 0.05) to be and the time spent (178 s (46s)) close to the loudspeakers did not depend on the treatment (P>0.05). We also found no difference between the time spent close to one loudspeaker or the other, neither for vA versus vB, nor for joyful versus angry intention (P>0.05). The results show that the prenatal experience of human voice reduces postnatal behavioural reactions of stress (vocalisations, latency to move) during the playback human voices. However, it does not seem to induce specific attraction toward human voice, or human emotional intention. Therefore prenatal experience with human voice may be a good way of reducing fear reactions to human voice after birth.
Efficacy of the porcine species in biomedical research (2015)

Since domestication, pigs have been used extensively in agriculture and kept as companion animals. More recently they have been used in biomedical research, given they share many physiological and anatomical similarities with humans. Recent technological advances in assisted reproduction, somatic cell cloning, stem cell culture, genome editing, and transgenesis now enable the creation of unique porcine models of human diseases. Here, we highlight the potential applications and advantages of using pigs, particularly minipigs, as indispensable large animal models in fundamental and clinical research, including the development of therapeutics for inherited and chronic disorders, and cancers.
Effect of RNA editing and subunit co‐assembly single‐channel properties of recombinant kainate receptors. (1996)

1. Patch-clamp methods have been used to examine single-channel properties of recombinant GluR5 and GluR6 kainate-preferring glutamate receptors which differ in a single amino acid residue as a result of RNA editing at the Q/R (glutamine/arginine) site. Subunits were expressed alone or in combination with the high-affinity kainate receptor subunit KA - 2 in transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells. 2. In outside-out patches, unedited homomeric GluR6(Q) receptors exhibited directly resolved domoate-activated single-channel conductances of 8, 15 and 25 pS. Variance analysis of GluR6(Q) responses gave a mean conductance of 5.4 pS, while the edited isoform GluR6(R) had an unusually low channel conductance (225 fS). 3. Homomeric channels composed of GluR5(Q) subunits exhibited three conductance states of 5, 9 and 14 pS characterized by prolonged burst activations in the presence of domoate. In contrast, the GluR5(R) subunit, which has not previously been reported to form functional homomeric receptors, had an extremely low conductance (< 200 fS). 4. Heteromeric GluR6(Q)/KA-2 kainate receptors gave single-channel events indistinguishible from homomeric GluR6(Q) channels. Conversely, openings produced by GluR5(Q)KA-2 and GluR5(Q) receptors differed from each other in their kinetic properties. The primary effect of co-expression of KA-2 with GluR5(Q) was a dramatic shortening in channel burst length. 5. Spectral and variance analyses were used to estimate mean single-channel conductances of heteromeric edited receptor-channels; channel conductances were 950 fS for GluR5(R)KA-2 receptors and 700 fS for GluR6(R)/KA-2 receptors. Both receptor types had significantly higher conductances than the respective homomeric channels, GluR5(R) and GluR6(R). 6. We conclude that Q/R site editing dramatically reduces single-channel conductance. Furthermore, we find similarity between the kainate receptor-channels described in sensory neurones and the recombinant GluR5(Q) homomeric channel. Characterization of recombinant single-channel properties could therefore aid identification of the native kainate receptors.
Electron Holography of the Magnetic Phase Shift of a Current-Carrying Wire (2014)

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Phase-aberration correction with a 3-D ultrasound scanner: feasibility study (2006)

We tested the feasibility of using adaptive imaging, namely phase-aberration correction, with two-dimensional (2-D) arrays and real-time, 3-D ultrasound. Because of the high spatial frequency content of aberrators, 2-D arrays, which generally have smaller pitch and thus higher spatial sampling frequency, and 3-D imaging show potential to improve the performance of adaptive imaging. Phase-correction algorithms improve image quality by compensating for tissue-induced errors in beamforming. Using the illustrative example of transcranial ultrasound, we have evaluated our ability to perform adaptive imaging with a real-time, 3-D scanner. We have used a polymer casting of a human temporal bone, root-mean-square (RMS) phase variation of 45.0 ns, full-width-half-maximum (FWHM) correlation length of 3.35 mm, and an electronic aberrator, 100 ns RMS, 3.76 mm correlation, with tissue phantoms as illustrative examples of near-field, phase-screen aberrators. Using the multilag, least-squares, cross-correlation method, we have shown the ability of 3-D adaptive imaging to increase anechoic cyst identification, image brightness, contrast-to-speckle ratio (CSR), and, in 3-D color Doppler experiments, the ability to visualize flow. For a physical aberrator skull casting we saw CSR increase by 13% from 1.01 to 1.14, while the number of detectable cysts increased from 4.3 to 7.7.
Analytical and numerical studies of sequence dependence of passage times for translocation of heterobiopolymers through nanopores (2008)

We consider chaperone-assisted translocation of biopolymers with two distinct monomers or bases A and B, with the size of the chaperones being lambda sigma, where sigma is a monomer's size. The probability that A and B are neighbors in the biopolymer is P(AB). A master equation is used, together with the detailed-balanced condition, in order to derive analytical results for the statistics of the first-passage times of the biopolymer as a function of P(AB), lambda, and the biopolymer's configuration. Monte Carlo simulations have also been carried out in order to compute the same quantities for biopolymers with 100-900 monomers and several lambda. The results indicate nontrivial dependence of the variance of the translocation times on the biopolymer's composition. It is also shown that measurements of the first two moments of the biopolymer's first-passage time distribution provide information on its length and ordering. Moreover, the probability density function Q(t) of the first-passage times is almost Gaussian for small chaperone size lambda, but becomes non-Gaussian as lambda increases. At large times, Q(t) decays exponentially.
Potential Energy Surfaces and Conformational Transitions in Biomolecules: A Successive Confinement Approach Applied to a Solvated Tetrapeptide (2002)

A simple approach for the efficient exploration of the potential energy surface of a many-body system is presented. The method uses Langevin dynamics trajectories that are successively confined in the various basins of the potential energy surface. The approach is illustrated by determining the potential energy surface, and the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of a solvated model for the alanine tetrapeptide, the shortest peptide that can form an alpha-helical turn. All possible cis isomers are sampled, even though the barriers separating them are as high as 25 kcal/mole. Comparisons with conventional Langevin dynamics confirm the greater efficacy of the approach.
Effect of room temperature transport vials on DNA quality and phylogenetic composition of faecal microbiota of elderly adults and infants (2016)

The commercial storage vials appear to be suitable for high diversity microbiota samples, but may be less appropriate for lower diversity samples. Differences between fresh and stored samples mean that where storage is unavoidable, a consistent storage regime should be used. We would recommend extraction ideally within the first week of storage.
Application of hydrolyzed carrot pomace as a functional food ingredient to beverages (2003)

Utilization of a carotene-rich functional food ingredient recovered through mechanical and enzymatic breakdown of the tissue of carrot pomace was evaluated by its application to model beverages based on cloudy apple juice, aiming at sustainable carrot juice production. Contrary to synthetic β-carotene supplements, the stability of the natural α- and β-carotene in the beverages proved to be excellent after 20 and 24 weeks storage under moderate and even intense illumination at 23 and 19°C, respectively. Neither degradation nor isomerization were observed, thus confirming the extraordinary stability of carotenes in their natural matrix. Furthermore, cloud stabilities as determined by centrifugation and real time sedimentation tests were satisfactory. Although increasing proportions of pectin only slightly delayed sedimentation of coarse cloud particles, the positive effect of pectin was more pronounced with respect to improved serum turbidity of the beverages which might be ascribed to higher serum viscosity.
PF545 EASIX FOR PREDICTION OF SURVIVAL IN LOWER RISK MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (2019)

Background: Patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are at risk of early death from cardiovascular complications due to the link between clonal hematopoiesis and endothelial dysfunction. EASIX (Endothelial Activation and Stress Index) is a novel marker of endothelial dysfunction that is calculated from serum creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase levels, and thrombocyte counts. EASIX has been established to predict endothelial complications after allogeneic transplantation. Aims: To analyze the impact of EASIX on the survival of patients with lower risk MDS and correlation with markers of endothelial activation. Methods: We investigated the impact of EASIX measured at first diagnosis on survival of lower risk MDS patients who received supportive treatment in two independent institutions: n = 100 (cohort I) and n = 338 (cohort II). Serum Angiopoietin‐2, suppressor of tumorigenicity (ST)‐2, soluble thrombomodulin (sCD141), interleukin (IL)‐18, IL37, S100A9, and HMGB1 were measured as markers of endothelial cell distress and inflammasomal activity and correlated to EASIX. Results: Univariate analysis showed that high EASIX was associated with shorter survival in both cohorts (Cohort I: hazard ratio (HR) per log2 increase: 1.50; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.27–1.79; p‐value < 0.001 / Cohort II: HR 1.31 [1.20–1.42]; p‐value < 0.001). We visualized this continuous effect of EASIX by grouping patients into quartiles according to EASIX (Figure 1 A and B). Multivariate Cox regression analysis confirmed that EASIX remains a significant predictor of survival even after adjustment for age, sex, cytogenetic abnormalities and bone marrow blast counts (Cohort I: HR 1.35 [1.12–1.63]; p‐value = 0.002 / Cohort II HR 1.18 [1.08–1.29]; p‐value <0.001]. Models including EASIX showed lower prediction errors over time. Serum levels of Angiopoietin‐2 correlated significantly with EASIX (Spearman's rank correlation = 0.455, 95%CI 0.264–0.616, n = 74). Due to the lack of correlation between EASIX and S100A9 or IL‐1b, we performed a pathway analysis including serum HMGB1 and IL37. We observed a strong intra‐pathway correlation of S100A9 with IL1b, IL18, IL37, and HMGB1, arguing for the validity of our serum analyses Summary/Conclusion: We introduce EASIX as an easily accessible predictor for survival in patients with low‐risk MDS in best supportive care. image
Different types of allospecific CTL clones identified by their ability to recognize peptide loading‐defective target cells (1991)

Allospecific immune responses against the MHC of another individual are remarkably strong, due t a high number of responding T cell clones. Although it has been demonstrated that some allospecific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) recognize peptides presented by allogeneic MHC class I molecules, it has remained unclear whether MHC molecules can be recognized directly. We used the H-2b-derived murine lymphoma mutant RMA-S, which has a defect affecting peptide loading of class I molecules, to test whether recognition by allospecific CTL always requires the presence of peptides. Three types of anti-H-2Kb CTL clones can be distinguished by their ability to lyse RMA-S target cells. Type A CTL clones efficiently lyse these target cells, the lysis by type B CTL clones is inefficient, and type C clones fail to lyse RMA-S. Up-regulation of the levels of H-2Kb density improved lysis by type B clones, but did not lead to lysis by type C clones. Some type A and B CTL clones apparently can recognize class I molecules devoid of peptides, while others are likely to recognize peptides which are not affected by the presentation defect of RMA-S. We suggest that type C clones are specific for peptides which are not presented by the mutant cells. The results show that the majority of alloreactive CTL recognize peptide/MHC complexes, while some CTL behave as if they can recognize class I molecules in the absence of MHC-bound peptides.