gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sintesi di 1,2,4-ossadiazoli fluorurati analoghi del Linezolid come potenziali anti-batterici (2009)

L'aumentata multidrug resistance tra i batteri patogeni Gram-positivi ha riacceso l'interesse verso la ricerca di nuove classi strutturali di antibiotici attivi nei confronti di batteri multiresistenti.1 Il Linezolid, appartenente alla classe degli ossazolidinoni, è il capostipite di una nuova generazione di anti-batterici di sintesi attivi contro patogeni Gram-positivi.2 La ricerca di nuovi analoghi del Linezolid risulta quanto mai attuale dato il recente riscontro di fenomeni di resistenza batterica a tale farmaco.3 In questo contesto, verranno presentati alcuni risultati preliminari relativi allo sviluppo di nuove metodologie di sintesi per l’ottenimento di composti eterociclici fluorurati del tipo 1 che possono riflettere, dal punto di vista stereoelettronico, le proprietà chimiche e chimico-fisiche del Linezolid. In riferimento alla struttura del Linezolid, di cui si riporta uno schema di nomenclatura delle porzioni modificate, verranno illustrati i risultati relativi alla sostituzione dell'anello A (ossazolidinonico) con un residuo 1,2,4-ossadiazolico, alle variazioni strutturali della catena laterale (R in figura 1), e all’inserimento di atomi di fluoro nelle diverse posizioni dell’anello B.
Can we reach very high intensity in air with femtosecond PW laser pulses? (2009)

In the course of femtosecond pulse filamentation in atmospheric density gases, the peak intensity is always limited by optical-field-induced ionization. This intensity clamping phenomenon is universal in all the cases we studied, namely, single and multiple filament regimes with and without external focusing using pulses of up to subpetawatt level. Even in the tight focusing cases, the clamped intensity along the propagation direction does not exceed 30% of the global intensity maximum. The remarkable shot-to-shot stability of the clamped intensity (better than 1% of the maximum value) is revealed both experimentally and numerically in a single filament regime in air.
A Network-Assisted Approach for Ransomware Detection (2020)

Ransomware is a kind of malware using cryptographic mechanisms to prevent victims from normal use of their computers. As a result, victims lose the access to their files and desktops unless they pay the ransom to the attackers. By the end of 2019, ransomware attack had caused more than 10 billion dollars of financial loss to enterprises and individuals. In this work, we propose a Network-Assisted Approach (NAA), which contains local detection and network-level detection, to help users determine whether a machine has been infected by ransomware. To evaluate its performance, we built 100 containers in Docker to simulate network scenarios. A hybrid ransomware sample which is close to real-world ransomware is deployed on stimulative infected machines. The experiment results show that our network-level detection mechanisms are separately applicable to WAN and LAN environments for ransomware detection.
Using Biotechnology for the Production and Enhancement of Livestock Feed (2004)

The human race has previously utilized biotechnology (defined as the use of microorganisms or biological substances to perform industrial purposes) for thousands of years to produce foods such as beer, wine, cheese and yogurt. In recent decades, biotechnology has been successfully employed to improve plant and animal products beneficial to livestock and humans while indirectly improving the environment through pesticide reduction.
Reactor power monitoring using silicon carbide fast neutron detectors (2006)

Silicon Carbide semiconductor detectors have been demonstrated for fast fission-neutron monitoring in a nuclear reactor. A linear response of the fast-neutron response to reactor power has been demonstrated over a factor of twenty in power range. The relative precision of the Silicon Carbide response compared to the reactor power monitors was better than 0.6% and was 0.2% compared to a Silicon Carbide thermal neutron detector over this power range. Initial current-mode thermal neutron response measurements also showed a linear response to power. (authors)
NADH and flavin fluorescence responses of starved yeast cultures to substrate additions (1989)

Model experiments were performed with starved yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cultures in a batch reactor in order to develop a better understanding of NAD(P)H and flavin culture fluorescence. Fluorescence was monitored during aerobic-anaerobic-aerobic transitions and ethanol and glucose substrate addition experiments. Interpretations of the fluorescence responses obtained are provided, with consideration given to redox compartmentation and the formation of ethanol shortly after a glucose addition. An analytical spectrofluorophotometer was interfaced to a personal computer and adapted to measure fluorescence in a bioreactor. This was achieved by the use of quartz fiber-optic waveguides to convert the right-angle cuvette geometry of the analytical spectrofluorophotometer to an open-ended fluorescence probe geometry, resulting in a flexible culture fluorescence apparatus. Features of the apparatus include variable excitation and emission wavelengths, allowing for detection of NAD(P)H or flavin fluorescence, as well as small slit widths, a variable sampling rate, excitation and emission scanning capabilities, and good sensitivity.
Donor and acceptor concentrations in degenerate InN (2002)

A formalism is presented to determine donor (ND) and acceptor (NA) concentrations in wurtzitic InN characterized by degenerate carrier concentration (n) and mobility (μ). The theory includes scattering not only by charged point defects and impurities, but also by charged threading dislocations, of concentration Ndis. For a 0.45-μm-thick InN layer grown on Al2O3 by molecular beam epitaxy, having Ndis=5×1010 cm−2, determined by transmission electron microscopy, n(20 K)=3.5×1018 cm−3 and μ(20 K)=1055 cm2/V s, determined by Hall effect measurements, the fitted values are ND=4.7×1018 cm−3 and NA=1.2×1018 cm−3. The identities of the donors and acceptors are not known, although a comparison of ND with analytical data, and also with calculations of defect formation energies, suggests that a potential candidate for the dominant donor is H.
4,5‐diaminofluoroscein imaging of nitric oxide synthesis in crayfish terminal ganglia (2002)

We have analyzed the synthesis of nitric oxide in the terminal abdominal ganglion of the crayfish using the fluorescent probe 4,5-Diaminofluoroscein diacetate, DAF-2 DA. Following DAF-2 loading, ganglia showed cell-specific patterns of fluorescence in which the occurrence of strongly fluorescent cell bodies was highest in specific anterior, central, and posterior regions. We found that preincubation with the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NAME prevented much of the initial development of DAF-2 fluorescence, whereas the inactive isomer D-NAME had no effect. Washout of preincubated L-NAME caused increased cell-specific fluorescence due to endogenous NOS activity. Application of the NOS substrate L-arginine also resulted in an increase of DAF-2 fluorescence in a cell-specific manner. We bath applied the NO donor SNAP to increase exogenous NO levels which resulted in DAF-2 fluorescence increases in most cells. We therefore presume that the cell-specific pattern of DAF-2 fluorescence indicates the distribution of neurones actively synthesizing NO. The similarity between the DAF-2 staining pattern and previously published studies of NOS activity are discussed.
Effectiveness of advisory warnings based on cooperative perception (2015)

Cooperative perception makes it possible to provide drivers with early advisory warnings about potentially dangerous driving situations. On the basis of the research results pertaining to imminent crash warnings, it was expected that the effectiveness of such advisory warnings depends on situation‐specific anticipations by the driver. During a simulator study, N = 20 drivers went through a wide range of longitudinal traffic and intersection scenarios. The scenarios varied in the possibility to anticipate traffic conflicts (anticipation: high against low) and were completed under different visibility conditions (visibility: obstructed against visible), with and without driver assistance based on cooperative perception (i.e. visual–auditory advisory warnings 2 s prior to the last‐possible warning moment; assistance: no assistance against with assistance). The warning concept was based on empirical pre‐studies and previously validated on a public test intersection. During non‐assisted driving, critical situations were mainly experienced when the possibility to anticipate traffic conflicts was low. Visual obstructions lead to a further increase in the frequency of critical situations. Furthermore, the results indicate a clear mitigation of critical encounters when providing early advisory warnings. This applies particularly to surprising and unexpected scenarios and thus illustrates the potential of cooperative perception to enhance active traffic safety.
Photoluminescence and x-ray diffraction measurements of InN epifilms grown with varying In∕N ratio by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy (2008)

Photoluminescence (PL) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) have been performed to examine the In∕N ratio effect on the InN films. The PL of N-rich InN are more asymmetric, broadened, and have higher energy compared with In-rich ones. An important finding is that the N-rich and In-rich InN show a sharp difference in their PL peak energies. XRD shows that lattice constant a is affected more by the In∕N ratio rather than lattice constant c. The PL behavior of N-rich and In-rich InN films are explained in terms of two different types of native point defects that dominate the two growth regimes.
Influence of germination on lectin in Lens culinaris seeds (2000)

The effect of germination conditions on the lectin of Lens culinaris var. Magda 20 seeds was studied. The seeds were germinated at 20 °C under different conditions of watering and light and for different periods of time. The seed lectin was assayed by haemagglutination and quantified by competitive ELISA. Changes in lectin content during germination were also monitored by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. Haemagglutinating activity and lectin content in the seeds were not changed during the first three days regardless of the conditions of the germination. However, lectin concentration was significantly higher after six days of germination; relative lectin levels being particularly high when germination was carried out in the light and with daily watering. The results of SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting have also shown that the lectin was not degraded during the first six days of germination however, other storage-proteins were broken down by proteolysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Handbook of Metathesis (2015)

Abstract Review: new edition of the handbook containing 80% new content compared to the first edition with focus on new ligands, diastereoselective metathesis, alkyne metathesis, industrial applications and self‐healing polymers
Implications of electrically-induced action potential prolongation for reentry induction in the heart (1992)

We have investigated the effects of electric field stimulation on repolarlzation of the myocardial action potential, and assessed the consequences of these effects for reentry induction around a critical point in the heart.
Eliminating rank reversal in multicriteria analysis of urban transportation system alternatives (1990)

Abstract This note shows how to eliminate rank reversal in practical applications of TODIM, a method for multicriteria ranking of projects. A technique for eliminating rank reversal is then utilized in applications of both TODIM and AHP to the same data base. A comparison of results suggests that those two alternative methods tend to lead to the same results.
National Cooperative Gallstone Study: the effect of chenodeoxycholic acid on lipoproteins and apolipoproteins. (1982)

Subjects in the National Cooperative Gallstone Study undergoing 12 mo of therapy with chenodeoxycholic acid for the dissolution of gallstones (low-dose, 375 mg/day, n =252; high-dose, 750 mg/day, n = 253) had a mean increase in serum cholesterol of 20 mg/dl as compared with a 5 mg/dl increase in the placebo group (n = 258). The effect of chenodeoxycholic acid on lipoproteins was determined in a random subset of the high-dose (n = 136) and placebo (n = 143) groups. For men, the mean baseline adjusted estimated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level at 12 mo was significantly higher in the high-dose group than in the placebo group (159 vs. 148 mg/dl, p less than 0.01), whereas among women this difference was not demonstrated. Change in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was inversely related to baseline cholesterol to an equivalent degree in each group among men and women. Women in the high-dose group had significantly lower very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels than did the corresponding placebo group (27 vs. 32 mg/dl, p less than 0.003). Very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels did not differ significantly between the high-dose and placebo group in men. Treatment did not significantly affect the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or apoproteins A-I, A-II, or B. Chenodeoxycholic acid therapy produces an increase in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol but does not alter high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.
Small regulatory RNAs control the multi‐cellular adhesive lifestyle of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2012)

Small regulatory RNA molecules have recently been recognized as important regulatory elements of developmental processes in both eukaryotes and bacteria. We here describe a striking example in Escherichia coli that can switch between a single-cell motile lifestyle and a multi-cellular, sessile and adhesive state that enables biofilm formation on surfaces. For this, the bacterium needs to reprogramme its gene expression, and in many E. coli and Salmonella strains the lifestyle shift relies on control cascades that inhibit flagellar expression and activate the synthesis of curli, extracellular adhesive fibres important for co-aggregation of cells and adhesion to biotic and abiotic surfaces. By combining bioinformatics, genetic and biochemical analysis we identified three small RNAs that act by an antisense mechanism to downregulate translation of CsgD, the master regulator of curli synthesis. Our demonstration that basal expression of each of the three RNA species is sufficient to downregulate CsgD synthesis and prevent curli formation indicates that all play a prominent role in the curli regulatory network. Our findings provide the first clue as to how the Rcs signalling pathway negatively regulates curli synthesis and increase the number of small regulatory RNAs that act directly on the csgD mRNA to five.
Copper-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Methoxyphenols (1985)

Abstract A variety of methoxyphenols were selectively converted methoxy-p-benzoquinones by the use of copper-catalyzed aerobic oxidation.
Differential Response of the Cynomolgus Macaque Gut Microbiota to Shigella Infection (2013)

Little is known about the role of gut microbiota in response to live oral vaccines against enteric pathogens. We examined the effect of immunization with an oral live-attenuated Shigella dysenteriae 1 vaccine and challenge with wild-type S. dysenteriae 1 on the fecal microbiota of cynomolgus macaques using 16 S rRNA analysis of fecal samples. Multi-dimensional cluster analysis identified different bacterial community types within macaques from geographically distinct locations. The fecal microbiota of Mauritian macaques, observed to be genetically distinct, harbored a high-diversity community and responded differently to Shigella immunization, as well as challenge compared to the microbiota in non-Mauritian macaques. While both macaque populations exhibited anti-Shigella antibody responses, clinical shigellosis was observed only among non-Mauritian macaques. These studies highlight the importance of further investigation into the possible protective role of the microbiota against enteric pathogens and consideration of host genetic backgrounds in conducting vaccine studies.
Step-bunching in 6H-SiC growth by sublimation epitaxy (1999)

Thick 6H-SiC epitaxial layers grown by sublimation epitaxy have been investigated concerning step-bunching. The macrostep appearances on the surfaces were studied for both (0001) Si and (000) C faces. The surface structure on the Si face is less regular compared with the C face. Data on the steps have been collected and the step height shows a linear relation with the step width.
Garbage collection and local variable type-precision and liveness in Java virtual machines (1998)

Full precision in garbage collection implies retaining only those heap allocated objects that will actually be used in the future. Since full precision is not computable in general, garbage collectors use safe (i.e., conservative) approximations such as reachability from a set of root references. Ambiguous roots collectors (commonly called "conservative") can be overly conservative because they overestimate the root set, and thereby retain unexpectedly large amounts of garbage. We consider two more precise collection schemes for Java virtual machines (JVMs). One uses a type analysis to obtain a type-precise root set (only those variables that contain references); the other adds a live variable analysis to reduce the root set to only the live reference variables. Even with the Java programming language's strong typing, it turns out that the JVM specification has a feature that makes type-precise root sets difficult to compute. We explain the problem and ways in which it can be solved.Our experimental results include measurements of the costs of the type and liveness analyses at load time, of the incremental benefits at run time of the liveness analysis over the type analysis alone, and of various map sizes and counts. We find that the liveness analysis often produces little or no improvement in heap size, sometimes modest improvements, and occasionally the improvement is dramatic. While further study is in order, we conclude that the main benefit of the liveness analysis is preventing bad surprises.
A New Azoxyalkene from a Strain of an<i>Actinomadura</i>-Like Fungus (2003)

A new proximal alpha,beta-( cis)-unsaturated azoxyalkene (1) was produced by a fungal strain named A7, identified as Actinomadura sp., isolated from apricot (Prunus armeniaca) roots. Compound 1 was isolated together with the polyene macrolide fungichromine, and its structure and geometry were established mainly by UV, MS and 1H- and 13C-NMR mono-dimensional and two-dimensional experiments. Compound 1 showed a weak antibiotic activity against Rhodotorula sp.
The Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane as an In Vivo Angiogenesis Model (2003)

The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay for angiogenic activity is a model originally developed to study the angiogenic activity of tumor samples. It is an in vivo assay that can be readily performed in any laboratory setting. The effects of a test compound on angiogenesis are tested by exposing day 10 embryos to the compound and following the patterns of blood vessel development, scoring the appearance of the CAM at day 12 or 13.
NF-IL6 represses early gene expression of human papillomavirus type 16 through binding to the noncoding region (1993)

The expression of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) early genes, including E6 and E7 transforming genes, is regulated by several cellular factors binding to the noncoding region (NCR), such as the glucocorticoid receptor, NF-I, and AP1, all of which are positive regulators. We demonstrated that the nuclear factor for interleukin 6 expression (NF-IL6) specifically binds to the HPV16 NCR ranging from nucleotides 7007 to 7766 and represses the early gene expression of HPV16. The responsive element in HPV16 NCR was determined within the region ranging from nucleotides 7454 to 7766. In this region, many binding sites for other cellular transactivators, such as NF-I and AP1, have been detected. Interestingly, three of seven binding sites for NF-I and two of two binding sites for AP1 in this region overlap with the putative NF-IL6 binding sites identified by computer analysis. Competition experiments with the oligonucleotides containing such NF-I or AP1 sites indicated that NF-IL6 certainly binds to them. Furthermore, in a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assay using mutant NF-IL6 expression vectors, the DNA binding domain of NF-IL6 was shown to be necessary for repression, whereas the functional domain was not. These findings indicate that repression may be caused by competition with other transcriptional activators, such as NF-I and AP1. Thus, NF-IL6 may play a significant role in the regulation of viral transcription as a part of the host's resistance to viral infection.
Fabrication of Scaffold for Cell Adhesion on Plasma-irradiated Polystyrene (2011)

POlystyreneCelladhesion 1Introduction The adhesion of cells onto the extracellular matrix(ECM)ismainlymediatedbyintegrinsthe mOr family of cell-Surface receptorsand the interactions ofintegrlnS With ECM proteins play importantroles onregulatlngmanyCe11functions SuChasmlgrationPrOlifbrationanddifferentiation In cell culture experimentsin vitrothe animal Serum COntainlng Various celladhesion factorsis COmmOnly addedinto medium to promote cell adhesion and maintain cell function on the Synthetic substrateHoweverSince the animal Serumis a mixture of many and various COnStituentsthe ect of serum COmPOnentS On culturedcells oftenremains unclearand some cell functionsmightbeinterfbredbyundennedserum COmPOnentSTherefbrea Substrate with cell adhesion properties under serum-free conditions Should be more helpfu1for evaluatlng the characteristics of cultured cellsThe substrates COated with the purined ECM protein such as COllagenandnbronectinhavebeenwidelyusedfbr Serum-freecellcultureTheactivltyOftheproteins COatedonthesubstrateshoweverisinfluencedby the conformation andOr orientation so that the StOrage under well-COntrOlled conditions is requlredInordertoovercometheseproblemsthe covalent immobilization of cell adhesive Arginine-Glycine-Asparticacid(RGD)peptide1 onto the substrateis an effbctive method to Stimulatecelladhesion2
Uric Acid Level Has a U-Shaped Association with Loss of Kidney Function in Healthy People: A Prospective Cohort Study (2015)

This study showed that low as well as high levels of uric acid are associated with the loss of kidney function. Hypouricemia is a candidate predictor of kidney function decline in healthy people.