gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhalation of antibiotics in cystic fibrosis (1995)

Aerosol administration of antipseudomonal antibiotics is commonly used in cystic fibrosis. However, its contribution to the improvement of lung function, infection and quality of life is not well-established. All articles published from 1965 until the present time concerning the inhalation of antibiotics in cystic fibrosis were collected by computerized literature search and analysed. Effective aerosol delivery is compromised by nebulizers with limited capacity to produce particles in the respirable range. Twelve studies concerning maintenance treatment were published. Four uncontrolled studies evaluating antibiotic aerosol maintenance treatment in stable patients indicated a beneficial effect in terms of reducing the number of hospital admissions. Eight placebo-controlled studies were found; six of these showed a significant improvement of lung function in the treatment group. Four studies showed a reduction of the number of hospital admissions. In some studies, there was a considerable negative effect of the nebulized placebo solution on the outcome, probably due to the improper choice of its osmolarity. Studies with antibiotic aerosols as adjunct to intravenous therapy in cystic fibrosis patients with an acute exacerbation showed no enhancement of the clinical effects of the intravenous antibiotic by the aerosol; sputum colony counts, however, were lower. Toxicity studies carried out so far have shown no renal or ototoxicity; however, long-term toxicity studies still have to be performed using higher dosages. Introduction or selection of resistant bacteria is relatively rare, but remains a matter of concern. Aerosol maintenance treatment with an appropriate antibiotic in high enough dosage can be recommended for patients with cystic fibrosis chronically infected with P. aeruginosa, and may improve lung function and reduce the number of hospital admissions due to an acute exacerbation.
Role of phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase‐γ (PI3Kγ)‐mediated pathway in 17β‐estradiol‐induced killing of <i>L. mexicana</i> in macrophages from C57BL/6 mice (2008)

We recently demonstrated that 17beta-estradiol (E2) enhances killing of Leishmania mexicana in macrophages from both male and female DBA/2 mouse by increasing nitric oxide (NO) production. Here, we analyzed the effect of E2 on leishmanicidal activity and cytokine production by bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from male and female C57BL/6 mice in vitro, specifically examining the role of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-gamma (PI3Kgamma) in E2-induced parasite killing. Unlike its effect on macrophages from both male and female DBA/2 mice, E2 only increased leishmanicidal activity in macrophages from female C57BL/6 mice, which was evident by a significant reduction in both infection rates and infection levels compared to sham controls. E2-treated BMDMs from female C57BL/6 mice expressed higher levels of interferon-gammaRalpha, and also produced more interleukin (IL)-12, IL-6 and NO than both the sham controls and E2-treated male-derived macrophages. Sham-treated BMDMs from female PI3Kgamma-/- C57BL/6 mice displayed lower infection rates and infection levels compared to sham-treated wild-type (WT) macrophages. However E2, unlike its effect on macrophages from female WT C57BL/6 mice, failed to reduce infection rates and infection levels in BMDMs from female PI3Kgamma-/- mice. Interestingly, E2-treated BMDMs from female C57BL/6 mice produced significant amounts of inflammatory cytokines and NO in levels comparable to those observed in sham-treated PI3Kgamma-deficient macrophages as well as E2-treated macrophages from WT mice. These findings show that E2 exerts a distinct effect on leishmanicidal activity of macrophages from male versus female C57BL/6 mice. In addition, they suggest that PI3Kgamma is not required for E2-induced cytokine and NO production in L. mexicana-infected macrophages from female C57BL/6 mice but it may be involved in parasite clearance from these cells.
Hypoxic Cell Death in Human NT2‐N Neurons: Involvement of NMDA and Non‐NMDA Glutamate Receptors (1998)

Human NTera2 teratocarcinoma cells were differentiated into postmitotic NT2-N neurons and exposed to hypoxia for 6 h. The cultures were evaluated microscopically, and percent lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release after 24 and 48 h was used as an assay for cell death. After 48 h LDH release was 24.3 +/- 5.6% versus 13.8 +/- 3.7% in controls (p < 0.001). Cell death was greatly diminished by MK-801 pretreatment (15.4 +/- 5.1%, p < 0.001). If glutamine was omitted from the medium, glutamate levels after 6 h of hypoxia were reduced from 101 +/- 63 to 2.3 +/- 0.3 microM, and cell death at 48 h was also markedly reduced (15.4 +/- 4.5%, p < 0.001). The alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (18.7 +/- 5.1%, p < 0.001) and mild hypothermia (33.5-34 degrees C) during hypoxia (19.5 +/- 2.7%, p < 0.05) were moderately protective. Basic fibroblast growth factor (24.1 +/- 3.2%), the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (22.8 +/- 8.1%), the antioxidant N-tert-butyl-o-phenyinitrone (18.9 +/- 5.9%), and the 21-aminosteroid U74389G (24.0 +/- 3.4%) did not protect the cells. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine even tended to increase cell death (30.1 +/- 2.5%, p = 0.06). Treatment with MK-801 at the end of hypoxia did not reduce cell death (23.3 +/- 2.3%). In separate experiments, a 15-min exposure to 1 mM glutamate without hypoxia did not result in significant cell death (14.7 +/- 2.4 vs. 12.2 +/- 2.1%, p = 0.07). We conclude that, although somewhat resistant to glutamate toxicity when normoxic, NT2-N neurons die via an ionotropic glutamate receptor-mediated mechanism when exposed to hypoxia in the presence of glutamate. As far as we know, this is the first reported analysis of the mechanism of hypoxic cell death in cultured human neuronlike cells.
Modelling of a 4WS4WD vehicle and its control for path tracking (2013)

This paper presents a dynamic model representing the rigid body motion of a four wheel steer and four wheel drive (4WS4WD) vehicle which also takes into account the rotational dynamics of the individual wheels as well as the tyre terrain interactions. It also presents a modified pursuit algorithm taking into account the kinematic constraints as well as a decentralized wheel propulsion control system. Simulation results are presented to show the model validation and the successful implementation of the path tracking algorithm.
EFFECT ON HARVEST OF OLIVE TREES FERTILIZED WITH SEWAGE SLUDGE COMPOST (2003)

The soil of the Mediterranean regions is impoverishing.The need of organic matter to maintain soil productivity and to fight erosion and desertization has led to the search for new material as a complement or a substitute of the traditional ones, such as harvest wastes, animal manures or peats.Organic waste produced by society contains the fundamental nutrients plants which could incorporate to soil and use in agriculture, such us to olive grove soil.In order to evaluate the agricultural use of sewage sludge compost (SSC) it has been studied the effect of SSC on three parameters of olive fruit (humidity, fat and heavy metal content).Results indicate that olives which were fertilized with SSC and SSC + Urea presented more humidity content that fertilized with urea.Heavy metals from SSC do not affect to heavy metal content in olive fruit.
STEROIDS. XXVIII.<sup>1</sup> INTRODUCTION OF THE 11-KETO AND 11α-HYDROXY GROUPS INTO RING C UNSUBSTITUTED STEROIDS (PART 2) (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSTEROIDS. XXVIII.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE 11-KETO AND 11α-HYDROXY GROUPS INTO RING C UNSUBSTITUTED STEROIDS (PART 2)Carl Djerassi, O. Mancera, Gilbert Stork, and G. RosenkranzCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 9, 4496–4497Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01153a546https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01153a546research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views104Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ChemInform Abstract: The First Efficient Iodination of Unactivated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Imatinib is receptive to a collaboration (2011)

Before the introduction of imatinib, biologic therapy with IFN-α was the most promising treatment option for CML because it induced durable remissions in a subset of chronic-phase patients. 1 However, because of its toxicity as well as its limited and unpredictable efficacy, IFN-α therapy has been displaced by Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitors, which have limited toxicity and marked efficacy in the treatment of most CML patients.
Rat ovarian angiotensin II receptors. Characterization and coupling to estrogen secretion. (1987)

Angiotensin II receptor agonist (125I-angiotensin II) and antagonist (125I-[Sar1,Ile8]angiotensin II) bind in a specific and saturable manner to rat ovarian membranes. Agonist and antagonist binding affinity (KD approximately 0.5 nM) and the number of sites estimated (Bmax approximately 60 fmol/mg of protein) were similar. Dissociation of receptor-bound agonist was more rapid than the dissociation of receptor-bound antagonist, and agonist, but not antagonist, dissociation from the receptor was accelerated by GTP gamma S. A 0-150 mM increase in Na+ produced a 27% increase in the KD of agonist binding. Antagonist binding was not modified by Na+. These studies suggest that both agonist and antagonist identify putative angiotensin II receptors in the ovary but that the properties of agonist and antagonist binding are distinct. Angiotensin II antagonist binding sites are present on the granulosa cell layer of rat ovarian follicles (Speth, R. C., Bumpus, F. M., and Husain, A. (1986) Eur. J. Pharmacol. 130, 351-352). To determine the role of angiotensin II in ovarian function, we examined angiotensin II receptors and function during the onset of puberty. High affinity and low capacity angiotensin II receptors were present in ovaries from immature rats. After pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin induced ovulation in immature rats, antagonist binding to total ovarian membranes increased over 3-fold. In vitro incubation of peripubertal ovaries with 1 microM angiotensin II produced a stimulation of estrogen, but not progesterone, secretion. This steroidogenic effect of angiotensin II was most pronounced in the luteal phase of the estrus cycle. These studies point toward the involvement of angiotensin II in the regulation of ovarian function, possibly through modulation of follicular estrogen levels.
Sensitive Quantitative Fluorescence Detection of Proteins in Gels Using SYPRO® Ruby Protein Gel Stain (2005)

The fluorescent, noncovalent staining method, using SYPRO® Ruby dye resembles colorimetric staining procedures, such as colloidal Coomassie Blue dye staining. The dye provides noncovalent staining and is applied postelectrophoretically, which means that no alteration in the migration of proteins during electrophoresis can occur. The SYPRO Ruby dye-based staining method is also compatible with downstream applications such as Edman-based protein sequencing and peptide mass profiling by mass spectrometry-based methods.
Occurrence of the NIH Shift upon the Cytochrome P450-Catalyzed in Vivo and in Vitro Aromatic Ring Hydroxylation of Fluorobenzenes (1998)

The in vivo cytochrome P450-catalyzed aromatic hydroxylation of a series of fluorobenzenes was investigated with special emphasis on the importance of the fluorine NIH shift. The results obtained demonstrate a minor role for the NIH shift in the metabolism of the fluorobenzenes to phenolic metabolites in control male Wistar rats. These in vivo results could indicate that (1) the NIH shift is an inherently minor process for fluorine substituents or (2) it is a potentially significant process but the presumed epoxide that leads to formation of the NIH-shifted metabolite is lost to an alternative metabolic pathway. In contrast to the in vivo data, in vitro experiments showed a significant amount of an NIH-shifted metabolite for 1,4-difluorobenzene. This result eliminates the explanation that the NIH shift is an inherently minor process for fluorine substituents. Results of additional experiments presented in this paper show that the reduced tendency of fluorine-substituted benzenes to undergo an NIH shift in vivo can-at least in part-be ascribed to the possible existence of alternative pathways for metabolism of the epoxide, such as, for example, GSH conjugation, being more efficient for fluorinated than chlorinated arene oxides.
Cognitive Improvement after Deep Brain Stimulator Placement for Treatment of Movement Disorders (2008)

INTRODUCTION: We performed an analysis to determine the true rate of baseline neurocognitive impairment and the degree to which neurocognitive abilities change after deep brain stimulator (DBS) treatment for movement disorders. METHODS: An analysis was conducted on patients seen at the Hershey Medical Center Department Neurosurgery for DBS surgery as part of this standard clinical care. Patients were initially evaluated preoperatively, then followed after surgery at 3 and 6 months. Of the 21 patients followed, 14 were seen for at least one postoperative evaluation; 10 of them were seen for at least two follow-up evaluations. Global cognitive domains were assessed and included measures of attention, memory, initiation/perseveration, and construction. The standard cognitive battery included the Dementia Rating Scale-2 (DRS-2), Trail Making Test, Mini Mental Status Exam, and Geriatric Depression Inventory. The battery for adjusted as needed for age and ability of patients as needed. RESULTS: Of these patients, 58 were men, and 42% were women. Mean education was 13.618 years; 79.5% were right-handed. Most of the current patient sample were diagnosed with Parkinson's disease (59%), with 27.9% diagnosed with essential tremors. Most patients received bilateral STN placement of the DBS device (63.6%), or bilateral VIM placement (21.2%). Patient scores on measures of memory improved as evidenced by increased memory scores on the DRS-2 Memory subscale (P = 0.039), as well as on total cognitive ability, as measured by the DRS-2 Total Score (P = 0.058). Other analyses of data did not provide any additional statistically significant improvements; however, other data such as DRS-2 Construction scores remained the same across trials. CONCLUSION: Patients who undergo DBS treatment of movement disorders do not appear to be adversely affected by the procedure. In fact, over time, it appears that these patients are improving in terms of global cognition, as well as memory.
Functional and structural properties of lipid-associated apolipoprotein J (clusterin) (1999)

Apolipoprotein J (apoJ, clusterin) is a multifunctional protein normally associated with lipids in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, and secreted as lipoparticles by hepatocytes and astrocytes. To investigate whether the structural and functional properties of apoJ are modulated upon binding to lipids, we prepared apoJ high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-like particles employing either synthetic or plasma HDL-derived lipids. The majority of the resulting lipoparticles contained one molecule of apoJ per particle and exhibited the same α2 electrophoretic mobility characteristic of apoJ-containing plasma HDL. Particle size seemed to be dependent on the presence of cholesterol in the lipid mixture and ranged from diameters of 10 nm in the presence of cholesterol to 20 nm in the absence of cholesterol. CD analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed similar changes in the apoJ secondary structure induced by its incorporation into lipoparticles, namely a decrease in α-helix content and an increase in β-turn structures. Two functional assays, the binding interaction with Alzheimer's amyloid β peptides and the inhibitory activity of the complement membrane-attack complex, did not detect any changes in apoJ activity following its lipidation (P > 0.05). On the contrary, the binding affinity to the cellular receptor megalin was enhanced significantly (P < 0.01) after the association with lipids; the Kd value decreased from 78.8±10.7 nM for the delipidated form to 37.0±7.3 nM for apoJ-HDL. Although it is not known whether the structural changes observed are directly responsible for the higher receptor-binding affinity, the data suggest that the complement inhibition and amyloid β-binding motifs are located in areas of the molecule different from those involved in the apoJ-megalin interaction.
Modulating effect of SIRT1 activation induced by resveratrol on Foxo1‐associated apoptotic signalling in senescent heart (2014)

Elevations of cardiomyocyte apoptosis and fibrotic deposition are major characteristics of the ageing heart. Resveratrol, a polyphenol in grapes and red wine, is known to improve insulin resistance and increase mitochondrial biogenesis through the SIRT1-PGC-1α signalling axis. Recent studies attempted to relate SIRT1 activation by resveratrol to the regulation of apoptosis in various disease models of cardiac muscle. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that long-term (8-month) treatment of resveratrol would activate SIRT1 and improve the cardiac function of senescent mice through suppression of Foxo1-associated pro-apoptotic signalling. Our echocardiographic measurements indicated that the cardiac systolic function measured as fractional shortening and ejection fraction was significantly reduced in aged mice when compared with the young mice. These reductions, however, were not observed in resveratrol-treated hearts. Ageing significantly reduced the deacetylase activity, but not the protein abundance of SIRT1 in the heart. This reduction was accompanied by increased acetylation of the Foxo1 transcription factor and transactivation of its target, pro-apoptotic Bim. Subsequent analyses indicated that pro-apoptotic signalling measured as p53, Bax and apoptotic DNA fragmentation was up-regulated in the heart of aged mice. In contrast, resveratrol restored SIRT1 activity and suppressed elevations of Foxo1 acetylation, Bim and pro-apoptotic signalling in the aged heart. In parallel, resveratrol also attenuated the ageing-induced elevations of fibrotic collagen deposition and markers of oxidative damage including 4HNE and nitrotyrosine. In conclusion, these novel data demonstrate that resveratrol mitigates pro-apoptotic signalling in senescent heart through a deacetylation mechanism of SIRT1 that represses the Foxo1-Bim-associated pro-apoptotic signalling axis.
The tumor necrosis factor alpha-stimulating region of galactose-inhibitable lectin of Entamoeba histolytica activates gamma interferon-primed macrophages for amebicidal activity mediated by nitric oxide (1997)

Entamoeba histolytica adheres via galactose-lectin (Gal-lectin) to human colonic mucins and intestinal epithelial cells as a prerequisite to amebic invasion. Native Gal-lectin is a protective antigen in the gerbil model of amebiasis. Amino acids 596 to 1082 of Gal-lectin mediate E. histolytica adherence to target cells and stimulate tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) production by naive murine bone marrow macrophages (BMM). Resistance to amebiasis requires an effective cell-mediated immune response against E. histolytica trophozoites mediated by nitric oxide (NO) released from activated macrophages. Herein, we determine whether the TNF-alpha-stimulating region of Gal-lectin can activate gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-primed BMM for NO production and amebicidal activity. Native Gal-lectin (100 to 500 ng/ml) stimulated TNF-alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression in IFN-gamma-primed BMM as did lipopolysaccharide (100 ng/ml). Primed BMM produced TNF-alpha and NO in response to Gal-lectin in a dose-dependent manner. Antilectin monoclonal antibody IG7, which recognizes a domain (amino acids 596 to 818) of the TNF-alpha mRNA-stimulating region of Gal-lectin, specifically inhibited TNF-alpha and iNOS mRNA induction and TNF-alpha and NO production by primed BMM in response to Gal-lectin (100 ng/ml). Simultaneous treatment of BMM with IFN-gamma and Gal-lectin (100 ng/ml) activated the cells to kill E. histolytica trophozoites, whereas IFN-gamma treatment alone had no effect. In the presence of monoclonal antibody 1G7 or aminoguanidine (an iNOS inhibitor), NO production and amebicidal activity were inhibited >80%. These results suggest that the TNF-alpha-stimulating region of native Gal-lectin is a potent stimulus of IFN-gamma-primed BMM for NO production, which is essential for host defense against amebiasis.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Cyclopropanation via Unsymmetrical Oxatrimethylenemethanepalladium Intermediates. (1990)

Abstract The carbonates (I) react with the silyl triflates (II) to give the silyl enol ethers (III) and (IV) with predominance of (III).
One model to rule them all: unified classification model for geotagging websites (2012)

The paper presents a novel approach to finding regional scopes (geotagging) of websites. It relies on a single binary classification model per region type to perform the multi-label classification and uses a variety of different features that have not been yet used together for machine-learning based regional classification of websites. The evaluation demonstrates the advantage of our one model per region type method versus the traditional one model per region approach.
The Measurement of GLUT4 Translocation in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes (2009)

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the fastest growing threats to human health in westernised and developing countries and is associated with central obesity, atherosclerosis, dyslipidaemia, hyperinsulinaemia and hypertension. Insulin resistance, defined as a diminished response to ordinary levels of circulating insulin in one or more peripheral tissues, is an integral feature of T2D pathophysiology. This includes an impairment of insulin to inhibit hepatic glucose output and to stimulate glucose disposal into muscle and fat. While insulin is responsible for a number of specific biological responses, stimulation of glucose transport is critical for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. The primary mechanism for insulin stimulation of glucose uptake into muscle and fat is the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the cell surface from intracellular storage vesicles within the cell. A major advantage in focussing on insulin regulation of glucose transport is that this represents the endpoint of multiple upstream signalling pathways. This chapter describes the measurement of GLUT4 translocation in cultured cells and its potential application for both mechanistic and therapeutic studies.