gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>Methoden der Organischen Chemie</i> (Houben-Weyl). Volume VIII. Oxygen Compounds III. Fourth Edition. Edited by Eugen Müller (1954)

Journal Article Methoden der Organischen Chemie (Houben-Weyl). Volume VIII. Oxygen Compounds III. Fourth Edition. Edited by Eugen Müller Get access J B Stenlake J B Stenlake Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Volume 6, Issue 1, September 1954, Page 88, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1954.tb10922.x Published: 12 April 2011
Bite Angle Effects of Diphosphines in Carbonylation Reactions (2008)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydroformylation Introduction Steric Bite Angle Effect and Regioselectivity Electronic Bite Angle Effect and Activity Isotope Effects [24] Platinum-Catalyzed Alkene Hydroformylation Palladium-Catalyzed CO/Ethene Copolymerization Polyketone Formation Chain Transfer Mechanisms (Initiation–Termination) Methyl Propanoate Formation Theoretical Support Rhodium-Catalyzed Methanol Carbonylation: the Ligand-Modified Monsanto Process References
HPMA copolymer–aminoglutethimide conjugates inhibit aromatase in MCF-7 cell lines (2005)

N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-doxorubicin (Dox) has already shown clinical activity in breast cancer patients. Moreover, we have recently found that an HPMA conjugate containing a combination of both Dox and the aromatase inhibitor aminoglutethimide (AGM) shows significantly increased anti-tumour activity in vitro. To better understand the mechanism of action of HPMA copolymer-AGM conjugates several models were used here to investigate their effect on cell growth and aromatase inhibition. Cytotoxicity of HPMA copolymer conjugates containing AGM, Dox and also the combination AGM-Dox was determined by MTT assay in MCF-7 and MCF-7ca cells. Androstenedione (5 x 10(- 8) M) stimulates the growth of MCF-7ca cells. Both free AGM and polymer-bound AGM (0.2-0.4 mg/ml) were shown to block this mitogenic activity. When MCF-7ca cells were incubated [(3)H]androstenedione both AGM and HPMA copolymer-GFLG-AGM (0.2 mg/ml AGM-equiv.) showed the ability to inhibit aromatase. Although, free AGM was able to inhibit isolated human placental microsomal aromatase in a concentration dependent manner, polymer-bound AGM was not, suggesting that drug release is essential for activity of the conjugate. HPMA copolymer conjugates containing aromatase inhibitors have potential for the treatment of hormone-dependant cancers, and it would be particularly interesting to explore further as potential therapies in post-menopausal women as components of combination therapy.
Phenylalanine tolerance tests in patients receiving chloramphenicol (1968)

Chloramphenicol has been shown to inhibit the intestinal transport of phenylalanine in animals. Phenylalanine tolerance tests were performed on 22 patients receiving chloramphenicol. Serum phenylalanine levels were depressed in patients with chloramphenicol‐induced hematopoietic toxicity. This alteration in phenylalanine tolerance did not precede the development of hematopoietic toxicity. Impaired intestinal transport of phenylalanine is the most likely explanation for the reduced blood levels. Defective transport of phenylalanine is another manifestation of chloramphenicol toxicity in man.
In vivo distribution of carbon-11 phenytoin and its major metabolite, and their use in scintigraphic imaging. (1978)

Curie quantities (0.3--1.5 Ci) of H11CN were used in the synthesis of C-11-tagged phenytoin (C-11.DPH) and 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (C-11.HPPH), using a modified Bücherer-Bergs reaction. The H11CN was produced from a mixture of 95% nitrogen and 5% hydrogen by a 45-min bombardment with 10-MeV protons at 10 muA. Following i.v. infusions of C-11 DPH (13.7 mg/kg at a rate of 29 mg/min) into the left femoral vein of Rhesus monkeys, DPH shows persistent concentration in the brain and liver fields. Extravascular administration shows significant retention at the site of administration. Intravenous bolus injection of [11C]-HPPH into a Rhesus monkey, at a dose of 6.4 mg/kg, resulted in localization of this compound in the liver, gallbladder, urinary bladder, and intestinal fields. Loss of activity from the liver region, with appearance of this activity in the intestinal field, suggests that [11C]-HPPH is secreted into the intestine via the bile. Further investigation is needed to study the potential of [11C]-DPH as a brain-scanning agent and [11C]-HPPH as a possible cholescintigraphic agent.
Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Sequencing Proanthocyanidins (2007)

Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are a group of bioflavonoids consisting of oligomers based on catechin monomeric units. These polyphenolic compounds are widely distributed in higher plants and are an integral part of the human diet. A sensitive LC-tandem mass spectrometric (LC/ESI-MS(n)) method in the positive ion mode for sequencing these ubiquitous and highly beneficial antioxidants is described. The hydroxylation patterns and interflavanoid linkage for A- and B-type PAs were determined by fragment ions derived from a retro-Diels-Alder (RDA) fission, heterocyclic ring fission (HRF), a novel benzofuran-forming (BFF) fission described here for the first time, and a quinone methide (QM) fission. The subunit sequence of the PAs was determined by diagnostic ions derived from HRF/RDA fission, HRF/BFF fission, and RDA/HRF fission together with QM fission. A total of 26 PAs were reliably sequenced by the newly established tandem mass spectrometric protocol. It is shown that the protocol based on a combination of these different fragmentation patterns allows for uniquely identifying PA oligomers.
Valutazione sperimentale di un attuatore conico ad elastomeri dielettrici (2010)

In questa memoria viene presentato un attuatore lineare ad Elastomeri Dielettrici (ED) ottenuto accoppiando un film di ED di forma conica ad un meccanismo compliant (i.e. cedevole). Il meccanismo ”compliant” stato progettato per mezzo di un modello di corpo pseudo-rigido al fine di modificare adeguatamente la forza elastica generata dal film di elastomero. L’attuatore risultante fornisce una spinta utile quasi costante lungo la sua corsa quando il film di ED viene attivato e si riporta ad una posizione iniziale di riposo quando il film di ED viene disattivato. Il concetto proposto validato mediante procedura sperimentale. Possibili applicazioni di questa tipologia di attuatori sono le celle di Braille, i robot leggeri e le interfacce aptiche.
Abstract 1114: Linker region of the BRCA2 protein increases chemoresistance to cisplatin: Screen for the characterization of cancer-associated variants (2010)

Abstract Screening for mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes is standard for patients with family histories suggesting Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (HBOC). Often, patients present with a familial cancer pedigree and a BRCA sequence containing an uncharacterized missense mutation. Such mutations are termed “Variants of Unknown Significance” (VUS) because their ability to alter function of the protein in vivo is unknown [1]. VUS complicate the genetic counseling process as the genetic counselor cannot advise patients if their VUS predisposes them to cancer. We discovered a novel VUS that occurred in the BRCA2 gene in a cancer registry patient in Delaware. Further mining of this registry identified two novel VUS occurring in the same region of the BRCA2 gene encoding the linker region of the BRCA2 protein, a poorly understood functional region of the protein. The two variants were R2341C and N2452D, both carried by breast cancer patients whose family histories were indicative of HBOC. The Breast Cancer Information Core (BIC)[2] in the National Institutes of Health National Human Genome Research Institute catalogues cancer-associated mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2, including over 500 mutations reported to occur in the linker region; over 300 of these are VUS's. Our lab-based study focused on the linker region peptide encoded by exons twelve through fourteen of the BRCA2 gene. To develop a new method to characterize VUS in the BRCA2 gene, we chose 13 VUS occurring on evolutionarily conserved residues with varying frequencies. One, I2285V, was reported 79 times, whereas several others were reported only once. To determine if these VUS represent polymorphisms or if they change the function of the BRCA2 protein, we constructed expression plasmids encoding each mutant peptide for use in stable transfection experiments in T47D cells. Four mutant peptide expression clones and a wild-type linker region expression clone were studied by challenging the cell lines with the DNA crosslinking compound cisplatin. Several of the mutants increased survival in transected cell lines, indicating that the linker region peptide may interact directly or indirectly with a protein or DNA partner in the DNA damage repair pathway. In this case, the reported VUS mutations may change the activity of the BRCA2 linker region. We conclude that this may be a good method for screening the effect of VUS on protein function. Further study is required to create a high-throughput, standardized assay for characterization of VUS which would benefit patient and clinician alike. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1114.
Online Recognition of Bimanual Coordination Provides Important Context for Movement Data in Bimanual Teleoperated Robots (2021)

An important problem in designing human-robot systems is the integration of human intent and performance in the robotic control loop, especially during complex tasks. Bimanual coordination is a complex human behavior that is critical in many fine motor tasks, including robot-assisted surgery. To fully leverage the capabilities of the robot as an intelligent and assistive agent, online recognition of bimanual coordination could be important. Robotic assistance for a suturing task, for example, will be fundamentally different during phases when the suture is wrapped around the instrument (i.e., making a c-loop), than when the ends of the suture are pulled apart. In this study, we develop an online recognition method of bimanual coordination modes (i.e., the directions and symmetries of right and left hand movements) using geometric descriptors of hand motion. We (1) develop this framework based on ideal trajectories obtained during virtual 2D bimanual path following tasks performed by human subjects operating Geomagic Touch haptic devices, (2) test the offline recognition accuracy of bimanual direction and symmetry from human subject movement trials, and (3) evalaute how the framework can be used to characterize 3D trajectories of the da Vinci Surgical System’s surgeon-side manipulators during bimanual surgical training tasks. In the human subject trials, our geometric bimanual movement classification accuracy was 92.3% for movement direction (i.e., hands moving together, parallel, or away) and 86.0% for symmetry (e.g., mirror or point symmetry). We also show that this approach can be used for online classification of different bimanual coordination modes during needle transfer, making a C loop, and suture pulling gestures on the da Vinci system, with results matching the expected modes. Finally, we discuss how these online estimates are sensitive to task environment factors and surgeon expertise, and thus inspire future work that could leverage adaptive control strategies to enhance user skill during robot-assisted surgery.
Toward Implementation of Quorum Sensing Autoinducers as Biomarkers for Infectious Disease States (2013)

The opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes chronic lung infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Importantly, virulence factor expression and biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa is coordinated by quorum sensing (QS) and one of the key QS signaling molecules is 3-oxo-C12-HSL. Remarkably, a tetramic acid, (C12-TA), with antibacterial properties is formed spontaneously from 3-oxo-C12-HSL under physiological conditions. Seeking to better understand this relationship, we sought to investigate whether 3-oxo-C12-HSL and C12-TA may be contributing factors to the overall pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa in CF individuals and if their detection and quantitation in sputum samples might be used as an indicator to assess disease states and monitor therapy success in CF patients. To this end, 3-oxo-C12-HSL and C12-TA concentrations were initially analyzed in P. aeruginosa flow cell biofilms using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based method was then developed and validated for their detection and quantification in the sputa of CF patients. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to show the presence of both the quorum sensing molecule (3-oxo-C12-HSL) and its rearranged product (C12-TA) in human clinical samples such as sputum. A total of 47 sputum samples from 20 CF and 2 non-CF individuals were analyzed. 3-Oxo-C12-HSL was detected and quantified in 45 samples with concentrations ranging from 20 to >1000 nM; C12-TA was found in 14 samples (13-900 nM). On the basis of our findings, quorum sensing autoinducers merit further investigation as biomarkers for infectious disease states.
TOSThreads (2009)

Many threads packages have been proposed for programming wireless sensor platforms. However, many sensor network operating systems still choose to provide an event-driven model, due to efficiency concerns. We present TOS-Threads, a threads package for TinyOS that combines the ease of a threaded programming model with the efficiency of an event-based kernel. TOSThreads is backwards compatible with existing TinyOS code, supports an evolvable, thread-safe kernel API, and enables flexible application development through dynamic linking and loading. In TOS-Threads, TinyOS code runs at a higher priority than application threads and all kernel operations are invoked only via message passing, never directly, ensuring thread-safety while enabling maximal concurrency. The TOSThreads package is non-invasive; it does not require any large-scale changes to existing TinyOS code.
<sup>15</sup>N NMR spectroscopy 14. Neighboring residue effects in glycine‐containing polypeptides (1979)

Abstract The sequence polypeptides (Ala * ‐Ala‐Gly) n , (Ala‐Gly * ‐Gly) n , (Leu‐Gly‐Gly) n , (Val‐Gly‐Gly) n , and (Pro‐Gly‐Gly) n were synthesized by known methods, and their natural abundance 15 N NMR spectra were measured in trifluoroacetic acid. These spectra were compared with those of other previously described sequence polypeptides and with the corresponding homopolypeptides. The spectra of all sequence polypeptides exhibit neighboring residue effects, so that glycine nitrogen atoms acylated by other χ‐(or ω‐)amino acids have chemical shifts different from that of the Gly‐Gly bond. These neighboring residue effects cannot be summarized or explained by simple rules; however, they are useful for the characterization of copolypeptides. Such an application was tested in the case of four sequence polypeptides consisting of isomeric sequences of identical monomeric units. All isomeric sequences can be distinguished from each other, and the observed shift effects could be related to the neighboring residue effects of other copolypeptides.
Mathematical Analysis of Specific Anatomic Foveal Configurations Predisposing to the Formation of Macular Holes (2011)

Premacular hole foveal configurations are significantly different from normal foveal configurations. Suspicious macular configurations are easy to recognize on OCT scans and may allow early diagnosis, follow-up, and better management of macular hole-prone patients.
pH-induced effects on median frequency and conduction velocity of the myoelectric signal (1991)

H+ accumulation at the sarcolemma is believed to play a key role in determining the electrophysiological correlates of fatigue. This paper describes an in vitro method to externally manipulate muscle pH while measuring the resultant effect on surface-detected median frequency (MDF) and conduction velocity (CV) parameters. Hamster muscle diaphragm strips (n = 8) were isolated with the phrenic nerve intact and placed in an oxygenated Krebs bath (26 degrees C). The muscle was clamped to a noncompliant load cell to measure isometric contractile tension. Tetanic contraction was developed via 40-Hz supermaximal stimulation of the phrenic nerve. Differential signals were recorded from three electromyogram (EMG) detection surfaces for computation of CV (via the phase shift in the EMG signals) and MDF. Repeated trials were conducted at bath pHs of 7.4, 7.0, and 6.6. Bath pH was altered by aerating predetermined concentrations of O2 and CO2 into the bath. Decreases in bath pH resulted in decreases in both initial MDF and initial CV. The differences in initial MDF and initial CV were significant (P less than 0.001) for each of the bath pH conditions. In general, the change in bath pH resulted in an equal percent change in initial MDF and initial CV. This suggests that the change in bath pH caused a decrease in CV without significantly altering the fundamental shape of the M wave. In contrast, the EMG was altered differently during stimulated contractions. During stimulation, the rate of decay of CV was 65% of the rate of decay of MDF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Probing the local strength and toughness of microscopic hard second phases in alloys and composites (2015)

Many engineering alloys and composites combine a ductile matrix with discrete microscopic reinforcing phases. It is known that the mechanical properties of such alloys and composites are strongly influenced by those of those reinforcing phases; however, surprisingly little is known of the toughness, or of strength-limiting flaws within those phases. To investigate the strength and fracture toughness of such microscopic particles directly, we have developed test methods that combine focused ion beam (FIB) milling with microtesting and bespoke finite element simulation. Local strength is measured using a nanoindenter probing micromachined samples carved into individual reinforcing particles in such a way that tensile stresses are produced in a volume of material that is free of FIB and polishing artifacts. Fracture toughness is measured using the chevron-notch fracture test technique adapted for microscopic samples. Testing methods are established using nanocrystalline alumina fibers as the testbench material, so as to compare data thus obtained with known fiber properties from tensile tests on long sections of the fibers. These test methods are now being transposed towards the microscopic testing of more irregularly shaped and anisotropic brittle second phases, while other tests are being developed to probe phases the shape of which enables the design of other tailored testing procedures.
Effects of Turning Forging Steels Which Lead to Discontinuous Cutting Conditions (1991)

An important component of the total production costs of forged parts are the costs for finish turning. During the last few years near-net - shape technology has been advanced, so that the realizable accuracy by chipless forming has been enhanced and cutting operations are necessary at connection surfaces. This can lead to discontinuous cutting processes caused by the varying depth of cut or interrupted cut. Results obtained from turning tests with continuous cutting cannot be used as a base for the machining of those forged parts. For a reduction of production costs of near-net-shape forged parts further investigations on machinability are necessary by adapted testing methods.
Reduced basal ganglia blood flow and volume in pre-symptomatic, gene-tested persons at-risk for Huntington's disease (1999)

The aim of this study was to examine basal ganglia volumes and regional cerebral blood flow in asymptomatic subjects at-risk for Huntington's disease who had undergone genetic testing. We determined which measures were the best 'markers' for the presence of the mutation and for the onset of symptoms. Twenty subjects who were Huntington's disease gene mutation-positive and 24 Huntington's disease gene mutation-negative participants, all of whom had a parent with genetically confirmed Huntington's disease, and were therefore 50% at-risk for inheriting the Huntington's disease gene mutation, were included in the study. To evaluate basal ganglia structure and function, MRI and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) were used. Quantitative measures of regional volumes and relative measures of regional perfusion were calculated. SPECT and MRI scans were co-registered so that MRI anatomy could be used accurately to place SPECT regions. Estimated years-to-onset in the mutation-positive subjects was calculated based on a regression formula that included gene (CAG)(n) repeat length and parental age of onset. Changes in imaging measures in relation to estimated years-to-onset were assessed. The imaging measure that was most affected in mutation-positive subjects was putamen volume. This was also the measure that correlated most strongly with approaching onset. In subjects >/=7 years from estimated onset age, the putamen volume measures were similar to those of the mutation-negative subjects. However, in subjects </=6 years from estimated onset age, there were dramatic reductions in putamen volume, resulting in >90% discrimination from both the far-from-onset and the mutation-negative subjects. Caudate volume and bicaudate ratio also showed a significant decline in the close-to-onset subjects, although to a lesser degree than putamen volume reductions. Furthermore, SPECT basal ganglia perfusion deficits were observed in mutation-positive subjects. Imaging markers of neuropathological decline preceding clinical onset are important for assessing the effects of treatments aimed at slowing the course of Huntington's disease. The current study suggests that quantitative assessment of basal ganglia may provide a means to track early signs of decline in individuals with the Huntington's disease gene mutation prior to clinical onset.
Digital radiology using active matrix readout of amorphous selenium: Theoretical analysis of detective quantum efficiency (1997)

A flat-panel x-ray imaging detector using a layer of amorphous selenium (a-Se) for direct conversion of x rays (to charge) and an active matrix for self-scanned readout is being investigated for digital radiology. A theoretical analysis of the spatial frequency dependent detective quantum efficiency (DQE(f)) of the self-scanned a-Se detector is performed based on a model of signal and noise propagation in a cascaded imaging system. Because of the high intrinsic resolution of a-Se and the pixelated active matrix readout method, such detectors are inherently undersampled and aliasing is present. The presampling modulation transfer function (MTF) and aliased noise power spectrum (NPS) of the detector were used in the analysis of DQE(f). It is proven that the aliased NPS for the self-scanned a-Se detectors is white. Since the shape of DQE(f) is determined by the ratio of MTF squared and the NPS, the shape of DQE(f) follows the square of the presampling MTF of the detector as a result of the white NPS. The analysis also shows that DQE(0) is proportional to the pixel fill factor, i.e., the fraction of each pixel area used for image charge collection. The DQE analysis is applied to detector parameters for three x-ray imaging applications: mammography, chest radiography, and fluoroscopy. The effects of pixel fill factor, imaging geometry (i.e., incident angle of x rays), and various sources of electronic noise on the detector DQE(f) are discussed. Strategies for maximizing detector DQE for each x-ray imaging application are proposed.