gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Main Chain Chiral Polymer via Asymmetric Radical Cyclocopolymerization using a Chiral Diol as a Template. (2000)

The cyclocopolymerization of bis (4-vinylbenzoate) (1) of a chiral diol with styrene has been studied in order to clarify the relationship between chiral template structure and its chirality inductivity. The polymerization was carried out using AIBN as an initiator in dry toluene ([1+styrene] 0 = 0.1 mol·L-1) at 60°C. After removal of the chiral template from the resulting polymer 2, the template-free polymer, i.e., poly [(methyl 4-vinylbenzoate) -co-styrene] (3), showed optical activity, which significantly depended on the chiral template used. When the optically active polymer 3 was obtained, the specific rotations ([α] 435) of the polymer increased with a decrease in the mole fraction of methyl 4-vinylbenzoate unit in the polymer, indicating that the optical activity was attributable to the isolated benzoate diad. According to the exciton chirality method, the CD spectra of polymers 3 indicated that the dextrorotatory polymer 3 had a higher content of (S, S) -racemo benzoate diad over (R, R) -racemo one and the levorotatory polymer 3 was in the reverse situation. The stereoselection was also observed in the radical cyclization using an organotin compounds as a chain transfer reagent. In addition, the stereoisomer distribution of the resulting cyclized unimers indicated that the chiral template inhibited the formation of the unfavorable racemo diad in four possible diads. The calculated heat of formation of cyclized radical by means of semiempirical MO calculation supported the experimental results and gave a model for chirality induction.
Spectral Broadening in Ultrasonic Doppler Flowmeters Due to Unsteady Flow (1987)

It is shown that time-varying velocity produces frequency modulation of the backscattered signal in ultrasonic Doppler flowmeters. Further, for blood flow in the ascending aorta, it is estimated that the spectrum of the backscattered signal would have a very wide bandwidth in the acceleration phase.
Ring Shear Characteristics of Waste Rock Materials in Terms of Water Leakage (2016)

흙의 전단특성을 조사하기 위하여 다양한 전단시험장치가 사용되고 있다. 특히 흙의 무한변형에 따른 잔류전단강도(residual shear strength)를 측정하고자 할 경우 링전단시험장치가 사용된다. 본 연구는 배수, 압밀 및 전단속도 제어가 가능한 비배수전단강도 측정용 링전단시험장치를 사용하여 전단동안 발생하는 누수현상(water leakage)이 전단특성에 미치는 영향성에 대하여 조사하였다. 실험은 비배수조건에서 동일한 수직응력(50 kPa)을 재하하고 전단속도(0.01, 0.1, 1 mm/sec)를 3단계로 구분하여 적용하였다. 실험결과에 따르면, 동일한 수직응력에서 비배수전단강도는 전단속도에 의존하는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만, 상대적으로 낮은 전단속도(V = 0.01 mm/sec)에서는 변형률 경화 거동(strain hardening behavior)을 보였고 상대적으로 높은 전단속도(V ≥ 0.1 mm/sec)에서는 변형률 연화 거동(strain softening behavior)을 보였다. 시험기 성능평가를 통하여 누수가 발생할 경우 전단속도 크기에 관계없이 전단응력은 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 누수가 크면 클수록 전단응력이 증가된다. 이러한 실험결과는 전단동안 발생하는 누수로 인한 흙 입자의 재배열과 다짐도의 증가에 따른 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 육안조사 및 반복적인 포화와 압밀과정을 통하여 실험오차를 최소화할 수 있는 작업이 필요하다. Shear characteristics of soils can be investigated using various types of shear stress measuring apparatus. Ring shear tests are often applied for examining the residual shear strength under the unlimited deformation. This paper presents drainage-consolidation-shear velocity dependent undrained shear strengths measured in terms of water leakage. A series of ring shear tests were performed under the constant normal stress (50 kPa) and controled shear velocity ranging from 0.01~1 mm/sec under the undrained condition. As a result, undrained shear strengths are dependent on shear velocity. It exhibits that straining hardening behavior is observed for the shear velocity lower than 0.1 mm/sec; however, the strain softening behavior is observed for the shear velocity higher than 0.1 mm/sec. Water leakage can cause the increase in shear stress irrespective of shear velocity. Shear stress increases with increasing amount of water leakage. It is due to the fact that the small grains and water flow out through the rubble edge in the ring shear box. Repetitive saturation and consolidation processes may minimize the error.
Asmens sveikatos ugdymas (2000)

sud. Jonas Poderys
Protocols for in vivo measurement of the ion transport defects in cystic fibrosis nasal epithelium (1994)

New treatments for cystic fibrosis (CF), including gene therapy, are currently being assessed. These aim to correct the basic defects of increased sodium absorption and decreased chloride secretion in airway epithelia. Assessment of these bioelectric parameters, particularly in the nasal epithelium, is likely to be used as a measure of treatment efficacy. However, the optimal in vivo protocol to discriminate cystic fibrosis from non-cystic fibrosis subjects is unclear. We have, therefore, compared three protocols for measurement of the cystic fibrosis ion transport defects in vivo in the nasal epithelium. Sodium absorption was measured using both the baseline potential difference and the response to the sodium channel blocker, amiloride. Chloride secretion was assessed in the presence of amiloride, using perfusion with isoprenaline, or terbutaline, or a low chloride solution followed by isoprenaline. Baseline potential difference (PD) and the absolute response to amiloride clearly differentiated the increased sodium absorption in the cystic fibrosis subjects. The responses both to terbutaline (delta PD: non-CF: -0.8 (SEM 0.7) mV; CF: -3.6 (0.5) mV) and isoprenaline (non-CF: 1.5 (0.6) mV; CF: -2.9 (0.6) mV) differentiated the two groups of subjects, but there was considerable overlap of values. Perfusion with a low chloride solution (non-CF: 12.6 (1.2) mV; CF: 0.6 (0.4) mV), as well as subsequent perfusion with isoprenaline (non-CF: 10.0 (1.1) mV; CF: -1.4 (0.4) mV) allowed clear separation of the two groups, with no overlap of values. Some CF subjects showed a transient hyperpolarization to these stimuli, which could clearly be differentiated from the sustained responses seen in non-cystic fibrosis subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Contrast Enhancement of the LOASIS CPA Laser and Effects on Electron Beam Performance of LWFA (2009)

A nonlinear optical pulse cleaning technique based on cross‐polarized wave (XPW) generation filtering [1] has been implemented to improve laser pulse contrast, and consequently to control pre‐ionization in laser‐plasma accelerator experiments. Three orders of magnitude improvement in pre‐pulse contrast has been achieved, resulting in 4‐fold increase in electron charge and improved stability of both the electron beam energy and THz radiation generated as a secondary process in the gas‐jet‐based LWFA experiments.
ADSORPTION OF BENZENE AND ETHANOL UP TO HIGH RELATIVE PRESSURES ON FINELY DIVIDED SODIUM CHLORIDE: PART I. PARTICLE SIZE EFFECTS AND THE ADSORPTION OF BENZENE: PART II. THE LOWERING OF SURFACE FREE ENERGY BY ETHANOL (1961)

Adsorption of benzene has been studied using four samples of fine sodium chloride. The range of relative pressures employed extended to 0.99. The data were employed to show that a correction to the relative pressure should be applied because of the curvature of the surface. The correction was made in the form of a reduction of the apparent relative pressure by application of the Kelvin equation, since the relative pressure over a convex surface would be less than over a plane surface. The adsorption data at high relative pressures for several samples of salt could then be represented by a common curve. It was further concluded that the thick-layer theory of adsorption due to Frenkel, Halsey, and Hill was applicable to adsorption on salt. Adsorption data for ethanol were then obtained and the reduction of surface free energy of the salt by the saturated vapor was evaluated. This figure was then combined with van Zeggeren's and Benson's value of the solid–liquid interfacial free energy for salt and ethanol to provide a provisional value of the surface free energy of sodium chloride of 227 ergs cm −2 .
CD44 and hyaluronate in the differential diagnosis of dermatofibroma and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (2003)

The histological distinction between dermatofibroma (DF) and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) may be extremely difficult. CD34 and Factor XIIIa have been used to differentiate DF from DFSP. However, there is an overlap and relative lack of specificity of their expressions. CD44 is a widely distributed integral membrane glycoprotein, which is expressed as a multitude of isoforms generated by alternative splicing of at least 10 different variant exons and post-translational modifications. CD44 is currently thought to be the principal cell surface receptor for hyaluronate (HA), the major component of the extracellular matrix. In this study we aimed to assess the expression of standard CD44 (CD44s) and its isoforms (CD44v3, CD44v4, CD44v5, CD44v6, CD44v7, CD44v7v8, and CD44v10), and HA in DF and DFSP. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on the biopsy specimens of 15 cases of DF and four cases of DFSP, using antibodies that recognize the CD44s, different CD44 isoforms and the hyaluronate binding protein (HABP). Tumor cells displayed a strong CD44s immunoreactivity in all cases of DF whereas a faint HA positivity was observed in the tumor stroma. The DF cells were negative for CD44v3, CD44v4, CD44v6, CD44v7 and CD44v7v8 but showed a strong reactivity for CD44v5 and CD44v10. In contrast, CD44s' expression was significantly reduced or absent in all DFSP lesions and the tumor stroma displayed strong staining for HA. Our results indicate that CD44 and HA can be used as additional diagnostic markers to distinguish DF from DFSP.
Advice through mice: individual and advisor-system differences in online recommendations (2004)

Internet advice and recommendations technologies provide innumerable ways for companies to help consumers make choices. However, basic questions about the acceptance and usefulness of online advice remain unanswered. A large web-based survey found differences in use of advice sources and topics, trust and confidence in human versus automated advice and preferences for advice speed and ease of use. Tactics and strategies for web vendor implementation of online advice systems are discussed.
Introduction to “A Compendium of Strategies to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections in Acute Care Hospitals: 2014 Updates” (2014)

Since the publication of “A Compendium of Strategies to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections in Acute Care Hospitals” in 2008, prevention of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) has become a national priority. Despite improvements, preventable HAIs continue to occur. The 2014 updates to the Compendium were created to provide acute care hospitals with up-to-date, practical, expert guidance to assist in prioritizing and implementing their HAI prevention efforts. It is the product of a highly collaborative effort led by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA), the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), the American Hospital Association (AHA), the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC), and The Joint Commission, with major contributions from representatives of a number of organizations and societies with content expertise, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI), the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS), the Society for Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), the Society for Hospital Medicine (SHM), and the Surgical Infection Society (SIS).
Morphine and Clonidine Synergize to Ameliorate Low Back Pain in Mice (2012)

Chronic low back pain (LBP) is a debilitating condition associated with signs of axial and radiating pain. In humans with chronic LBP, opioids are often prescribed with varying outcomes and a multitude of side effects. Combination therapies, in which multiple pharmacological agents synergize to ameliorate pain without similar potentiation of adverse reactions, may be useful in improving therapeutic outcome in these patients. The SPARC-null mouse model of low back pain due to disc degeneration was used to assess the effects of opioid (morphine) and α(2)-adrenergic agonist (clonidine) coadministration on measures of axial and radiating pain. The results indicate that systemic morphine and clonidine, coadministered at a fixed dose of 100 : 1 (morphine : clonidine), show a synergistic interaction in reversing signs of axial LBP, in addition to improving the therapeutic window for radiating LBP. Furthermore, these improvements were observed in the absence of synergy in assays of motor function which are indicative of side effects such as sedation and motor incoordination. These data show that the addition of low-dose systemic clonidine improves therapeutic outcome in measures of both axial and radiating pain. Combination therapy could be of enormous benefit to patients suffering from chronic LBP.
Through-silicon via plating void metrology using focused ion beam mill (2012)

3D IC integration continues to increase in complexity, employing advanced interconnect technologies such as throughsilicon
vias (TSVs), wafer-to-wafer (W2W) bonding, and multi-chip stacking. As always, the challenge with developing
new processes is to get fast, effective feedback to the integration engineer. Ideally this data is provided by nondestructive
in-line metrology, but this is not always possible. For example, some form of physical cross-sectioning is still
the most practical way to detect and characterize TSV copper plating voids. This can be achieved by cleaving, followed
by scanning electron microscope (SEM) inspection. A more effective physical cross-sectioning method has been
developed using an automated dual-beam focused ion beam (FIB)-SEM system, in which multiple locations can be
sectioned and imaged while leaving the wafer intact. This method has been used routinely to assess copper plating voids
over the last 24 months at SEMATECH. FIB-SEM feedback has been used to evaluate new plating chemistries, plating
recipes, and process tool requalification after downtime.
The dualbeam FIB-SEM used for these studies employs a gallium-based liquid metal ion source (LMIS). The overall
throughput of relatively large volumes being milled is limited to 3-4 hours per section due to the maximum available
beam current of 20 nA. Despite the larger volumetric removal rates of other techniques (e.g., mechanical polishing,
broad-ion milling, and laser ablation), the value of localized, site-specific, and artifact-free FIB milling is well
appreciated. The challenge, therefore, has been to reap the desired FIB benefits, but at faster volume removal rates. This
has led to several system and technology developments for improving the throughput of the FIB technique, the most
recent being the introduction of FIBs based on an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) ion source. The ICP source offers
much better performance than the LMIS at very high beam currents, enabling more than 1 μA of ion beam current for
fast material removal. At a lower current, the LMIS outperforms the ICP source, but imaging resolution below 30 nm has
been demonstrated with ICP-based systems. In addition, the ICP source allows a wide range of possible ion species, with
Xe currently the milling species of choice, due to its high mass and favorable ion source performance parameters. Using
a 1 μA Xe beam will have an overall milling rate for silicon some 20X higher than a Ga beam operating at 65 nA.
This paper will compare the benefits already seen using the Ga-based FIB-SEM approach to TSV metrology, with the
improvements in throughput and time-to-data obtained by using the faster material removal capabilities of a FIB based
on an ICP ion source. Plasma FIB (PFIB) is demonstrated to be a feasible tool for TSV plating void metrology.
The Causal Element for the Lactase Persistence/ non‐persistence Polymorphism is Located in a 1 Mb Region of Linkage Disequilibrium in Europeans (2003)

Expression of lactase in the intestine persists into adult life in some people and not others, and this is due to a cis-acting regulatory polymorphism. Previous data indicated that a mutation leading to lactase persistence had occurred on the background of a 60 kb 11-site LCT haplotype known as A (Hollox et al. 2001). Recent studies reported a 100% correlation of lactase persistence with the presence of the T allele at a CT SNP at -14 kb from LCT, in individuals of Finnish origin, suggesting that this SNP may be causal of the lactase persistence polymorphism, and also reported a very tight association with a second SNP (GA -22 kb) (Enattah et al. 2002). Here we report the existence of a one megabase stretch of linkage disequilibrium in the region of LCT and show that the -14 kb T allele and the -22 kb A allele both occur on the background of a very extended A haplotype. In a series of Finnish individuals we found a strong correlation (40/41 people) with lactose digestion and the presence of the T allele. The T allele was present in all 36 lactase persistent individuals from the UK (phenotyped by enzyme assay) studied, 31/36 of whom were of Northern European ancestry, but not in 11 non-persistent individuals who were mainly of non-UK ancestry. However, the CT heterozygotes did not show intermediate lactase enzyme activity, unlike those previously phenotyped by determining allelic transcript expression. Furthermore the one lactase persistent homozygote identified by having equally high expression of A and B haplotype transcripts, was heterozygous for CT at the -14 kb site. SNP analysis across the 1 megabase region in this person showed no evidence of recombination on either chromosome between the -14 kb SNP and LCT. The combined data shows that although the -14 kb CT SNP is an excellent candidate for the cause of the lactase persistence polymorphism, linkage disequilibrium extends far beyond the region searched so far. In addition, the CT SNP does not, on its own, explain all the variation in expression of LCT, suggesting the possibility of genetic heterogeneity.
Structure of low-coverage phases of Al, Ga, and In on Si(100) (1991)

The atomic structures of the low-coverage 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2 phases of Al, Ga, and In on Si(100) were determined on the basis of first-principles total-energy calculations and angle-resolved photoemission experiments. The proposed structure consists of rows of ad-dimers, with the ad-dimers oriented parallel to the underlying Si dimers. Angle-resolved photoemission experiments performed for Si(100)2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2:ln are in good agreement with the calculated surface-state dispersions for the parallel ad-dimer model. The existence of lower coverage 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2 and 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2 phases results from repulsive interactions between neighboring rows of ad-dimers.
<I>vic</I>-Diacrylic ester porphyrins as starting materials for monobenzoporphyrin and <I>opp</I>-dibenzoporphyrin syntheses (1998)

Synthesis of a bis(vic-diacrylic ester) porphyrin using the "3+1" methodology is described. A two-step procedure is used to convert the vic-diacrylic ester porphyrin and the bis(vic-diacrylic ester) porphyrin to the monobenzoporphyrin and the opp-dibenzoporphyrin, respectively. Characterization of the compounds by 1H NMR and UV-visible spectroscopies is also discussed.Key words: tripyrrane, diformylpyrrole, vic-diacrylic ester porphyrin, "3+1" synthesis methodology, monobenzoporphyrin, opp-dibenzoporphyrin, photosensitizer.
SU-GG-T-57: Investigation of Dose Interpolation Errors with a 4D Monte Carlo Method (2008)

Purpose: Tracking dose deformations from a source to target geometry typically interpolates source voxel doses to estimate target geometry doses. This study investigates errors inherent to the interpolation method. Method and Materials: A hypothetical 24×24×24 voxels deforming water phantom is created such that its deformation involves voxel splitting and coalescence. The phantom is irradiated by a 6MV beam. Dose at its original status is calculated by EGSnrc/DOSXYZnrc and mapped to the deformed status by the dose interpolation approach. Deformed dose is also directly computed using analytical functions. A 4D MC method is implemented as a modification of EGSnrc/DOSXYZnrc. It separates the particle transport and energy scoring grids. Particle transport occurs in the source image, while particle energy deposition events are tracked at the target image. Dose is computed as energy deposited per unit mass in the target voxel. The 4D MC is used calculate the dose on the deforming phantom irradiated by a beam parallel and perpendicular to the phantom's deformation, respectively. The deformation resultant voxel coalescence or splitting occurs along the beam direction as well as at the beam edge. Their results are compared with the dose calculated by the interpolation method. Results: The doses calculated by the 4D MC code have less than 0.45% errors from analytical estimates on the deforming water phantom. The interpolation method has a deviation of 2.7% in its depth profile with a beam parallel to tissue deformation and a maximum of 23.5% at the edge of the 6MV beam. Conclusion: The dose interpolation method ignores the different energy contributions made by each source voxel to the deformed voxel in the case of voxel coalescence, as occurs as lungs deform from inhale to exhale. This may result in a large discrepancy in the deformed dose, especially at beam edges.
A Real-Time Implementation of a PBIL Based Stabilizing Controller for Synchronous Generator (2009)

This paper presents the optimal tuning of power system stabilizer parameters using a newly introduced evolutionary algorithm called Population Based Incremental Learning (PBIL). To robustly stabilize the system, an objective function that minimizes the infinity norm of the closed-loop system is introduced such that the parameters of a fixed structure PSS are optimally tuned and the controller stabilizes a pre-specified set of system models. The PBIL-PSS is compared with the Conventional PSS (CPSS). The simulation results presented in this paper show that the proposed PBILPSS is more effective than the Conventional PSS in damping the low frequency oscillations. The performance of the proposed PSS is also evaluated using the Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS). The experimental results obtained from the RTDS confirm the proposed controller is robust for under small disturbance.
Development of New Composite Material for Hydrogen Storage Using Mg as a Binder (1990)

In most applications of metal hydrides, breaking into a very fine powder upon hydriding is one of the important problems to be solved. In this paper, we have developed new composite materials for hydrogen storage which contain LaNi5, Zr(Fe0.7Cr0.3)2 or TiMn1.5 as the storage material and magnesium as a binder. The influence of composition, compacting pressure and heat treatment on the storage capacity and the stability behaviour of the pellets was investigated by repeating absorption-desorption cycles. The pellets obtained by sintering the mixture of Zr(Fe0.7Cr0.3)2 and Mg powder at 773 K for 20 h absorb hydrogen easily and very fast under hydrogen pressures less than 1 MPa without any special activation treatment, and exhibits no significant decrease in hydrogen storage capacity without any disintegration after 1000 hydrogen absorption-desorption cycles. In order to clarify the origin of the improvement, we observed the microstructure and the distribution of the metals and oxygen atoms in the composite by SEM, EPMA and ESCA. The results indicate that the heat treatment at 773 K for 20 h not only promotes the so-called Mg reduction and makes the surface of the hydrides clean, but also it helps form a new thin composite phase on the boundary between the hydride and Mg metal, which acts as a binder, remaining the pellet intact upon hydriding.
As-Needed Vs Immediate Etoposide Chemotherapy in Combination With Antiretroviral Therapy for Mild-to-Moderate AIDS-Associated Kaposi Sarcoma in Resource-Limited Settings: A5264/AMC-067 Randomized Clinical Trial (2018)

NCT01352117.