gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
RELATIONS ENTRE LE CARACTÈRE MÉSOGÈNE ET L'ÉNERGIE CONFORMATIONNELLE DES POLYMÈRES LYOTROPES (1979)

Des informations fournies par l'analyse conformationnelle de molécules modèles, il est possible de déduire qualitativement l'évolution de la flexibilité et du caractère lyotrope dans la série des copolyamides aromatiques.
Conditionals in context (2004)

Abstract Ordinary conditionals are not asserted in isolation. They are used in a context where a speaker communicates with a listener. This context includes the goals and motivations of the speaker and via his/her theory of mind those of the listener and the shared knowledge that they possess. The previous chapters have discussed the importance of pragmatics in understanding the use of conditionals and have looked at some experimental work on how context influences reasoning or judgement in the previous chapter on the Wason selection task. This chapter focuses mostly on content and context effects on the conditional inferences Modus Ponens (MP), Denial of the Antecedent (DA), Affirmation of the Consequent (AC), and Modus Tollens (MT) that were discussed with reference to experiments on arbitrary materials in Chapter 3.
A Conflict Resolution Environment for Autonomous Mediation Among Heterogeneous Databases (2001)

Our objective in this research is to develop a formal framework and methodology to facilitate semantic interoperability among distributed and heterogeneous information systems. The primary research question is, “how do we identify and resolve various dataand schematic-level conflicts among such disparate information sources?” A comprehensive formal framework for managing various semantic conflicts is proposed. We employ set theory and logic to formalize our framework, which provides a unified view of the underlying representational and reasoning formalism for the semantic mediation process. This framework is then used as a basis for automating the detection and resolution of semantic conflicts among heterogeneous information sources. Our framework is based on the concept of a “mediator.” We define several types of semantic mediators to achieve semantic interoperability. An ontology is used to capture various semantic conflicts. A mediation-based query processing technique is developed to provide uniform and integrated access to the multiple heterogeneous databases. This framework serves as the underlying basis of a semantically interoperable system environment. A usable prototype is implemented as a proof of concept for this work. The system has been integrated with the Internet and can be accessed through any Java-enabled web browser. Finally, the usefulness of our approach is evaluated using three cases in different application domains. Various heterogeneous datasets are used during the evaluation phase. The results of the evaluation suggest that correct identification and construction of both schema and ontology-schema mapping knowledge play very important roles in achieving interoperability at both the data and schema levels. The research adopts a multimethodological approach that incorporates set theory, logic, prototyping, and case study.
The cyclodesulphurization of thio-compounds. Part 12: A new simple method for the synthesis of N-alpha-substituted benzimidazoles from thiourea derivatives. (1976)

A new facile method has been established for the synthesis of N-alpha-substituted benzimidazoles by cyclodesulphurization of various N-[2-amino]-phenyl-N'-alkyl, -aryl and -aralkylthiourea derivatives with mercuric salts. Besides mercuric chloride, the use of mercuric oxide and mercuric acetate was successful for the first time in effecting ring closure of thio-compounds. The attempted use of acid condensing agents showed phosphoryl chloride to be less efficient than mercuric salts in conducting the cyclization reactions and led to poor yields of cyclized products.
Anammox transited from denitrification in upflow biofilm reactor. (2004)

Anammox was successfully transited from heterotrophic denitrification and autotrophic denitrification in two upflow biofilm reactors, respectively. The results showed that the volumetric loading rate and nitrogen removal efficiency in the reactor transited from heterotrophic denitrification were higher than that in its counterpart. When the hydraulic retention time was 12 h or so, the total nitrogen loading rate was about 0.609 kg N/(m3 x d), and the effluent ammonia and nitrite concentrations were less than 8.5 mg/L and 2.5 mg/L, respectively. The upflow anammox biofilm reactor was capable of keeping and accumulating the slow-growing bacteria efficiently. During operation of the reactor, the biomass color was gradually turned from brownish to red, and the ratio of ammonia consumption, nitrite consumption and nitrate production approached the theoretical one. These changes could be used as an indicator for working state of the reactor.
Data dissemination on MANET using content delivery network (CDN) technique (2014)

One major problem in MANET is the mutual interferences between each nodes sending data to destination. In this paper, we propose a data dissemination technique on Vehicular Network deploying OLSR mobile ad hoc network in a city scenario. In our proposed algorithm, when deploying content delivery network (CDN) technique, data is delivered via the CDN nodes which are closer to final destination than the original sender node. In this work, multipoint relays (MPRs) nodes are used as the CDN nodes since these node cover all the subscriber nodes optimally due to the nature of OLSR. It can be anticipated that this scheme is suitable to deliver the information from unexpected event or congestions arising in a city.
Histology of salmonid testes during maturation. (2003)

The commonly applied classification systems of fish gonad maturity divide the maturation process into certain stages. However, the scales do not entirely reflect the continuity of the maturation process. Based on light microscope observations, the paper describes a comprehensive pattern of testicular transformations during maturation. The study was carried out on precocious underyearling and 1-year-old males of sea trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta L.), 1-year-old males of salmon (Salmo salar L.), and males of brown trout (Salmo trutta m. fario L.) aged from 7 months to 4 years. A total of 821 gonads collected during all seasons of the year were examined. The fish were fixed in Bouin's fluid. Histological slides of the mid-part of the gonad were made using the standard paraffin technique. The 3-6 microm sections were stained with Heidenhain haematoxylin. Histological changes of testes during maturation were similar in the three species studied. Immature and resting gonads contained type A spermatogonia in lobules only. The appearance of cystic structures containing type B spermatogonia in the lobules signalled the beginning of the sexual cycle in male gonads. Type B spermatogonia underwent synchronous mitotic divisions resulting in an increase in the total number of spermatogonia. As the spermatogenesis continued, the gonads showed a gradual increase in the number of cysts containing cells at all the spermatogenetic stages: type B spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa. The well-formed spermatozoa were released to the lobule lumen once the Sertoli cells and spermatozoa connections broke up and the cyst disappeared. This was a continuous process observed throughout the spawning season. The spermatozoa were moved to the efferent duct. While some of the germ cells were completing spermatogenesis, the lobules contained less and less cysts with type B spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes, and spermatids; eventually all the cells completed spermatogenesis. At the end of maturation, vacuoles, up to 18.9 microm in final diameter (brown trout), appeared in the Sertoli cells. The vacuoles were visible in the lobule wall epithelium for a prolonged period of time. In most salmonid individuals examined, the reproductive cycles were observed to overlap. In some fish, the preparation for another cycle began very early, i.e., at the and of preceding spermatogenesis, which had not been observed before. Gonad maturation in some males was incomplete.
Different Ca<sup>2+</sup> releasing action of caffeine and depolarisation in skeletal muscle fibres of the rat (2001)

1. The relative abilities of caffeine and transverse tubular (T-) system depolarisation to induce Ca2+ release in mammalian skeletal muscle were compared in mechanically skinned fibres of the rat, in order to determine whether normal excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling is achieved by up-regulating the Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release process, as caffeine is known to do. 2. Caffeine triggered Ca2+ release in soleus (slow-twitch) fibres at much lower concentrations than in extensor digitorum longus (EDL) (fast-twitch) fibres when the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of each type was loaded with Ca2+ at close to endogenous levels. The difference in caffeine sensitivity resulted at least in part from the SR being loaded endogenously at near maximal capacity in soleus fibres but at less than half of maximal capacity in EDL fibres. The caffeine sensitivity could be reversed by reversing the relative level of SR loading. 3. The ability of caffeine to induce Ca2+ release was markedly reduced by lowering the level of SR loading or by raising the free [Mg2+] from 1 to 3 mM. Caffeine, even at 30 mM, triggered little or no Ca2+ release in EDL fibres (a) at 1 mM (physiological) Mg2+ when the SR was loaded at two-thirds or less of the endogenous level, and (b) at 3 mM Mg2+ when the SR was loaded at close to the endogenous level. In contrast, depolarisation potently elicited Ca2+ release under these conditions in the same fibres. 4. The inability of 30 mM caffeine to induce Ca2+ release under certain conditions was not attributable to desensitisation or inactivation of the release channels, because there was no response even upon initial exposure to caffeine and depolarisation always remained able to trigger Ca2+ release. It instead appeared that caffeine was a relatively ineffectual stimulus in EDL fibres except under conditions where (a) the SR was heavily loaded, (b) the free [Mg2+] was low, or (c) a high [Cl-] was present. 5. These results show that the normal E-C coupling mechanism in mammalian skeletal muscle does not involve just enhancing Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release, and evidently requires the removal or bypassing of the inhibitory effect of Mg2+ on the Ca2+ release channels.
[Choice and use of antifungal drugs]. (2001)

During the last decade the incidence of deep mycotic infections has continued to increase dramatically. This new epidemiological feature is mostly due to the expanding population of at risk subjects submitted to intensive and protracted immunosupression. Amphotericin B has a broad spectrum and has remained the drug of choice for these life threatening invasive fungal infections. However adverse events, particularly renal insufficiency, are limiting factors in achieving an effective dose. Since the 1990s the number of oral and parenteral antifungal agents has significantly increased. The use of phospholipid carriers for amphotericin B or cyclodextrine for triazoles improved safety profil and/or pharmacokinetics. New families of drugs with a new target in the fungal cell are under clinical investigation and should be soon available. Comparative studies, consensus on diagnosis criteria and practice guidelines for the treatment of fungal infections will contribute to a better management of the patients and optimize the use of antifungal agents.
DNA polymerase: evidence for multiple molecular species. (1968)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Beyond Belief: Deleuze's Hume and the Fear of Politics (2008)

Abstract This chapter investigates the political implications of Gilles Deleuze's transcendental empiricism, where it is argued that there are indeed — despite the criticisms that claim Deleuze's project has no effective connection with the political — important political ramifications in his thought. It first reviews Deleuze's theory of multiplicity, stressing how Alain Badiou's critique ultimately relies upon an historical/ahistorical dichotomy that Deleuze rejects. It also illustrates that understanding Deleuze's philosophy in light of Bruno Latour's own project, as has been done in part throughout this work, enables Deleuze's political philosophy to be better situated. It then argues that Deleuze provides a concept that can engage fruitfully with the work of Michel Foucault and Giorgio Agamben. Moreover, it reports how for Deleuze ‘becoming-imperceptible’ is indispensable to ‘becoming-revolutionary’. Deleuze is calling for a countering move to capitalism, or a revolutionary movement. For Deleuze, the revolutionary potential to transform the current system involves a becoming-revolutionary of desires.
Effects of Mentioning the Incentive Prize in the Email Subject Line on Survey Response (2014)

Objective – This study examined the effects that mentioning the survey incentive prize in the subject line of a reminder email had on the response rate and data quality. To date, manipulation of the subject line, specifically in terms of mentioning the incentive prize, has received limited attention in the survey design literature. Methods – The delivery of the survey invitation is discussed in terms of the timing of the launch and reminder emails. Particular emphasis is given to the design of the email subject line and justification of the format. Weekly response rates from four LibQUAL+TM surveys were compared. In addition, weekly responses for one year were analyzed using SPSS to investigate if there were any between means differences in terms of three elements of data quality. The three elements were: length of time it took to complete the survey, the number of core questions with an N/A response, and the number of illogical responses where minimum scores were higher than desired. Results – The response rates for the second week were grouped together based on the presence or absence of the subject line manipulation. There was a significant difference between these means (4.75%, p 0.033). There was no statistical difference in regards to the measures of data quality as determined by a one-way ANOVA test. Conclusions – Reminding survey participants with an email that mentions the incentive prize in the subject line appears to increase response rates with no deleterious effects on data quality. The results of this investigation are encouraging, and those running the LibQUAL+TM survey in their universities should consider implementing this method to increase response rates. Further research to replicate these findings in other contexts and using an experimental design would be beneficial.
A one-step photolithography method for fabrication of a staggered herringbone mixer using inclined UV lithography (2011)

We present a facile method for fabrication of a staggered herringbone mixer using inclined UV lithography, in which the incident UV angle is not perpendicular to the wafer. With this fabrication method, we were able to fabricate staggered herringbone ridges and microchannels simultaneously. As a result, complicated photolithography processes were reduced to a single step. Herein, we describe the fabrication method and performance of the resulting mixers in detail, including the effects of ridge height on mixing. This fabrication technique can be applied directly to the fabrication of other 3D structures on microfluidic chips.
Asthma Improved by Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (1978)

A patient who claimed benefit from aspirin for her reversible bronchospasm was challenged orally in a placebo-controlled study with aspirin and other aspirin-like drugs. Specific airways conductance and spirometry were monitored for up to 150 minutes after oral challenge. Aspirin, mefenamic acid, and ibuprofen administration resulted in marked (45% to 80%) improvement in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) compared to lactose placebo. Indomethacin, sodium salicylate, and tartrazine resulted in modest (15% to 25%) FEV1 improvement, while phenylbutazone produced a 25% decrease. These results are discussed here in terms of the ability of these drugs to inhibit the prostaglandin synthetase enzyme system. This case suggests that aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be beneficial rather than harmful in some asthmatic patients.
Chemical-looping combustion — a thermodynamic study (2008)

The poor performance of internal combustion (IC) engines can be attributed to the departure from equilibrium in the combustion process. This departure is expressed numerically, as the difference between the working fluid's temperature and an ideal ‘combustion temperature’, calculated using a simple expression. It is shown that for combustion of hydrocarbons to be performed reversibly in a single reaction, impractically high working fluid temperatures are required — typically at least 3500 K. Chemical-looping combustion (CLC) is an alternative to traditional, single-stage combustion that performs the oxidation of fuels using two reactions, in separate vessels: the oxidizer and reducer. An additional species circulates between the oxidizer and reducer carrying oxygen atoms. Careful selection of this oxygen carrier can reduce the equilibrium temperature of the two redox reactions to below current metallurgical limits. Consequently, using CLC it is theoretically possible to approach a reversible IC engine without resorting to impractical temperatures. CLC also lends itself to carbon capture, as at no point is N 2 from the air allowed to mix with the CO 2 produced in the reduction process and therefore a post-combustion scrubbing plant is not required. Two thermodynamic criteria for selecting the oxygen carrier are established: the equilibrium temperature of both redox reactions should lie below present metallurgical limits. Equally, both reactions must be sufficiently hot to ensure that their reaction velocity is high. The key parameter determining the two reaction temperatures is the change in standard state entropy for each reaction. An analysis is conducted for an irreversible CLC system using two Rankine cycles to produce shaft work, giving an overall efficiency of 86.5 per cent. The analysis allows for irreversibilites in turbine, boiler, and condensers, but assumes reactions take place at equilibrium. However, using Rankine cycles in a CLC system is considered impractical because of the need for high-temperature, indirect heat exchange. An alternative arrangement, avoiding indirect heat exchange, is discussed briefly.
Mechanism of Eukaryotic RNA Polymerase III Transcription Termination (2013)

Gene expression in organisms involves many factors and is tightly controlled. Although much is known about the initial phase of transcription by RNA polymerase III (Pol III), the enzyme that synthesizes the majority of RNA molecules in eukaryotic cells, termination is poorly understood. Here, we show that the extensive structure of Pol III-synthesized transcripts dictates the release of elongation complexes at the end of genes. The poly-T termination signal, which does not cause termination in itself, causes catalytic inactivation and backtracking of Pol III, thus committing the enzyme to termination and transporting it to the nearest RNA secondary structure, which facilitates Pol III release. Similarity between termination mechanisms of Pol III and bacterial RNA polymerase suggests that hairpin-dependent termination may date back to the common ancestor of multisubunit RNA polymerases.
High capacity real time broadcast monitoring (2002)

The authors address the problem of continuous real time monitoring of broadcast radio and television stations to identify when and where specific musical recordings and advertisements are transmitted. The technology has been deployed in a large scale network of remote monitors covering the United States. The method used involves a two stage pattern recognition procedure for eliminating unlikely candidate signatures with a minimum of computational effort. The first stage classification is biased to minimize the probability that a valid pattern will be missed while tolerating a relatively large number of false alarms. The second stage uses time warped matched filters to perform a confirming classification that minimizes false detections while maintaining a detection rate greater than 99%. The pattern recognition technique minimizes processor loading, allowing each remote monitor to search continuously for over 10000 candidate signatures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Major Initiatives For Optical Computing (1987)

Optics is under serious consideration with regard to the implementation of parallel multiprocessing systems, especially those involving a high degree of interprocessor interconnection. This paper discusses multiprocessing architectures and describes the developing technology directed toward advanced multiprocessor machines that is supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The emerging device and materials technology is discussed. The major device development is categorized into four areas: sources and detectors integrated with electronics, two-dimensional spatial light modulators, optical beam steering, and bistable optical devices.
Accurate Downdating of Least Squares Solutions (1994)

Solutions to a sequence of modified least squares problems, where either a new observation is added (updating) or an old observation is deleted (downdating), are required in many applications. Stable algorithms for downdating can be constructed if the complete QR factorization of the data matrix is available. Algorithms that only downdate R and do not store Q require less operations. However, they do not give good accuracy and may not recover accuracy after an ill-conditioned problem has occurred. The authors describe a new algorithm for accurate downdating of least squares solutions and compare it to existing algorithms. Numerical test results are also presented using the sliding window method, where a number of updatings and downdatings occur repeatedly.
The Architecture of the Heart in Systole and Diastole (1967)

Techniques for rapid fixation of the canine left ventricle in systole or diastole that have permitted analysis of ventricular geometry under known hemodynamic conditions are described. Six ventricles were arrested at and diastole, 7 at end ejection, and 7 in diastole following acute ventricular overdistension. The architecture of the ventricles was analyzed from measurements of the fixed ventricles and silicone-rubber casts of the ventricular cavities. In ventricles of matched weights, the average reduction, from end diastole to end ejection, of the apex to mitral valve distance was 4.6%, while that from apex to aortic valve was less than 1%. The minor internal equator was reduced by 26%, the midwall radius by 16%, and the outer radius by 8.5%. The ratio of the average end-diastolic volume minus end-systolic volume to the end-diastolic volume (analogous to stroke volume/end-diastolic volume) averaged 59%. The average wall thickness was 28% greater in systolic than in diastolic ventricles. The papillary muscle volume averaged 5.0%e of ventricular volume at end diastole and 14.7% at end systole. The area of the mitral valve orifice averaged 28% less at end systole than at end diastole; this area was 39% more in the hearts subjected to over-transfusion than in those with normal filling pressures. These data provide a framework for construction of a geometric model suitable for use in analyses of the mechanics of left ventricular contraction. Moreover, the methods described offer the possibility of correlating ventricular geometry and ultrastructure with cardiac function in normal and in abnormal hearts.