gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Chemistry of Electron-Accepting Molecules in the Cavities of the Basic Microporous P4VP Polymer by in situ FTIR Spectroscopy (2008)

A systematic in situ FTIR investigation of the interaction of several molecules characterized by a different electron accepting ability (or acidity) with the basic pyridine units contained in a commercial poly(4-vinylpyridine) system characterized by a high surface area is here reported, with the final goal to fully understand the role of basicity in the catalytic processes. This approach, for the first time applied to polymeric materials, has only some similarities with the method usually adopted in the investigation of catalytic acid sites hosted inside oxidic porous materials (such as zeolites), where the probes are molecules characterized by an increased basicity. The experimental results are confirmed by ab initio theoretical calculations conducted on the 4-methylpyridine, which is the simplest molecule resembling the pyridine moiety in the P4VP system.
Optical Design for Wide‐Viewing‐Angle TN‐LCD with Hybrid Aligned Nematic Compensation Film (1998)

Abstract Novel optical compensation film with hybrid aligned nematic structure was developed for the improvement of the viewing‐angle characteristics of TN‐LCDs. Influence of the film and the TN‐cell parameters on the viewing‐angle characteristics will be discussed. As a result of optimization, the compensated NW‐TN‐LCD shows wide‐viewing‐angle performance on practical use.
Comparison of ABO Isoagglutinin Titers by Different Tube Hemagglutination Techniques (2009)

Background: The ABO isoagglutinin titer is useful for the evaluation and observation of ABO incompatible bone marrow transplantation or organ transplantation, yet the results can be different depending on the test methods. Measurement of isoagglutinin titer using the gel test has recently been reported, but this test is expensive. In this study, we investigated isoagglutinin titer distribution of normal individuals using the different tube hemagglutination technique to help select the best test method and to interpret the agglutinin titer. Methods: Normal healthy individuals were selected from those patients who underwent a physical examination at Ajou University Hospital, during July 2009. Sixty healthy individuals, (10 men and 10 women per each ABO blood group) were recruited for the study. The immediate spin method (IS), the anti-human globulin method with dithiothreitol treatment (DTT-AHG) and the anti-human globulin method without DTT treatment (AHG) were performed simultaneously. The reciprocal of the highest serum dilution that showed macroscopic agglutination 1 + or more was regarded as the isoagglutinin titer. Results: The isoagglutinin titer measured by the AHG was the highest in the all blood groups. In case of blood groups A and B, the isoagglutinin titer by the IS was higher than that by the DTT-AHG, but this was quite the reverse in the case of the blood group O. Conclusion: If it is not necessary to distinguish IgM antibody and IgG antibody, then it seems that the AHG is the best practical method of those three methods. It was more sensitive than the IS and more rapid and easier than the DTT-AHG. (Korean J Blood Transfus 2009;20:227-234)
Location-Control of Large Si Grains by Dual-Beam Excimer-Laser and Thick Oxide Portion (2000)

An array of large Si grains was placed at a predetermined position by dual excimer-laser irradiation of a multi-layer structure of silicon (Si), silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) with an array of bumps and metal on a glass substrate. We have investigated the effects of irradiating energy density and the topology of the structure on the grain size and crystallographic structure by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron back-scattering pattern (EBSP) analysis. In the low-energy-density regime, numerous small grains and petal shaped grains formed on top of the SiO 2 bumps. The number of small grains on the bumps decreased with increasing irradiating energy density. At sufficiently high energy densities, one single Si grain as large as 3.5 µm was positioned at the center of the bumps. Although most of the area of the large Si grain has a single crystallographic orientation, twins and low-angle grain boundaries are often formed at the periphery of the grain. There was no preferred crystallographic orientation in the center of the location-controlled Si grain. Numerical analysis of the temperature profile showed that a temperature drop occurs at the center of the bump, during and immediately after laser irradiation. The diameter of the location-controlled Si grain increased with total thickness of the intermediate SiO 2 layer, and took the maximum value of 6.2 µm.
Opportunities in System testing (2007)

Performing an effective system test requires an in-depth knowledge of the domain and system being tested and an effective test design method, coupled with the right test infrastructure. The current state-of-the-art does not respect the constraint that subject matter experts (SMEs) are in short supply, nor exploit the fact that similar systems have been built and tested in the past. Most current state-of-the-art methods do not leverage the various models and specifications and other design or implementation artifacts to simplify the test process. While there is a lot of focus on generating test inputs from specifications, inadequate attention has been paid to verifying test results. This paper tries to highlight some of the problems and research opportunities in this area.
An Anatomic Study of the S2 Iliac Technique for Lumbopelvic Screw Placement (2009)

S2 iliac technique is a potential option for distal fixation in spine surgery. Biomechanical and clinical data are required to fully evaluate the potential of this technique.
Recharging Batteries using Energy Harvested from Thermal Gradients (2006)

With the recent advances in wireless technology and low power electronics the idea of capturing the ambient energy surrounding a system and using it to provide electrical power to devices that do not rely on external power supplies has received a significant amount of attention. Much of this attention has been aimed at the use of piezoelectric materials to capture ambient vibrations. However, the energy generated by such materials is far too small to directly power most of the electronic devices. Therefore, in the present study a Seebeck heat pump is used to convert the ambient thermal gradient generated by solar radiation and waste heat into usable electrical energy. To increase the amount of thermal radiation captured by the power harvesting device, the hot side of the thermoelectric generator is placed in a small greenhouse, while the cold side is secured against a thermal sink, such as a highway bridge. The power generated by the thermoelectric device is shown to be substantially greater than that produced by piezoelectric materials and the ability to recharge a discharged battery is demonstrated. This research focuses on the use of thermal electric generators in a passive configuration where only conduction is used to remove heat from the device. The majority of previous studies have implemented convective heat transfer to increase power output and have only reported gross energy production. The results show that thermal electric materials when used in a passive fashion can form effective power sources with the ability to quickly recharge discharged batteries.
Use of GSO for inelastic gamma-ray spectroscopy measurements in the borehole (2002)

A novel inelastic gamma-ray spectroscopy tool using GSO (gadolinium oxyorthosilicate) detectors has been optimized for oil saturation measurements in the borehole. The use of GSO detectors has made it possible to perform gamma-ray spectroscopy in a small diameter tool at elevated temperatures. The design was optimized by taking into account the properties of the GSO scintillator in addition to other physical processes that affect the statistics of the measurement. The ability to compensate the oil saturation measurement for varying borehole fluid has also been demonstrated. The large neutron cross section of the gadolinium in the scintillation crystal, its second decay constant, and the desired precision of the coil saturation measurement were found to have important consequences in the tool design.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Hemolytic activity and invasiveness in strains of Proteus penneri (1987)

Twenty strains of Proteus penneri obtained from the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga., were tested for their ability to hemolyze sheep and human erythrocytes, a property that is thought to be connected with the invasiveness and virulence of Proteus species. In the logarithmic phase of growth, P. penneri cultures are hemolytic for such erythrocytes. This ability is comparable to the hemolysis exhibited by nearly 100% of P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis strains, which is due to the production of a cell-bound hemolytic factor; is demonstrated only in broth cultures; and seems to facilitate the penetration of P. penneri and other Proteus species into the cells without cytotoxic effects. In contrast, a filterable alpha-hemolysin, which is produced transiently by a very few strains of P. mirabilis, was present in 4 of 20 P. penneri strains. This property, which is expressed at a high level over a long period, suggests a chromosomal origin. The penetration of an alpha-hemolytic P. penneri strain into Vero cells was accompanied by a drastic cytotoxic effect.
High throughput high resolution Vortex/spl trade/ detector for X-ray diffraction (2003)

Vortex/spl trade/ is a multicathode drift-type X-ray detector produced from high-purity silicon using state-of-the-art CMOS production technology . Based on the Vortex/spl trade/ detector, we have developed a compact detector package for X-ray diffraction applications. The spectrometric package contains a 50 mm/sup 2/ detector cooled using a small Peltier element. The detector package was interfaced with a digital pulse processor, and its performance was tested as a function of the input count rate and pulse peaking time. A pure Cu sample was irradiated with varying flux from an X-ray generator, and the output count rate and energy resolution were measured. The system was able to operate at very high rate (>1 Mcps) with virtually zero loss in resolution and no peak shift. Finally, the performance of the Vortex/spl trade/ system was tested on a Philips (Model PW 1835) powder diffractometer, replacing the sealed tube proportional counter and the graphite monochromator with the silicon detector. The elimination of the graphite monochromator resulted in improvement of the detection efficiency by a factor of 2.5 and improvement in the detection limits due to the low background of the semiconductor detector.
Toxoplasmosis in a Hawaiian Monk Seal (Monachus schauinslandi ) (2005)

Toxoplasma gondii infection in marine mammals is intriguing and indicative of contamination of the ocean environment with oocysts. T. gondii was identified in a Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) that had visceral and cerebral lesions. Tachyzoites were found in the lymph nodes, spleen, diaphragm, heart, adrenal glands, and brain. A few tissue cysts were found in sections of the cerebrum. The diagnosis was confirmed serologically, by immunohistochemical staining with T. gondii-specific polyclonal rabbit serum, and by the detection of T. gondii DNA. The genotype was determined to be type III by restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the SAG2 gene. This is the first report of T. gondii infection in a Hawaiian monk seal.
Obesity and Plasma Concentrations of Alpha-Tocopherol and Beta-Carotene in Epileptic Girls Treated with Valproate (2004)

To investigate whether epileptic patients who become obese after valproic acid (VPA) therapy can have a high risk of atherosclerosis related to the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein, we prospectively studied the plasma concentrations of lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamins in a group of 20 epileptic girls and 20 controls. After 1 year of VPA treatment, epileptic patients who gained weight had decreased plasma concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and alpha- and beta-carotene, the main lipid-soluble antioxidants. Moreover, 5 patients who gained weight were reevaluated 6 months after withdrawal from VPA therapy and showed normal body mass indices and normalized plasma levels of antioxidants. In conclusion, the data suggest that epileptic patients who gain weight after VPA therapy have reduced plasma concentrations of antioxidant vitamins and that these reductions are reversible after VPA withdrawal.
Is complete spatial coherence necessary for the generation of highly directional light beams? (1978)

An equivalence theorem is formulated that provides conditions under which planar sources of different states of spatial coherence will generate optical fields that have identical far-zone intensity distributions. As an example, a partially coherent source whose linear dimensions are large compared with the correlation length of the light across the source is described that will generate a field whose far-zone intensity distribution is identical with that of a Gaussian laser beam.
Graphene cones: Classification by fictitious flux and electronic properties (2004)

Multiple five- and seven-membered rings in graphene surfaces have long-range effects which are very sensitive to their relative placement. The sensitivity is described by an $\mathrm{``}n\ensuremath{-}m\mathrm{''}$ combination rule derived here. This rule classifies graphene cones by the localized fictitious gauge flux through their apices, leading to two classes of graphene cones with two apical pentagons. The local density of states vanishes at the Fermi energy in one class, but in the other, it is nonzero and decreases inversely with distance from the apex. Fictitious apical flux also affects the response of electrons to a magnetic field, leading to position dependent local degeneracy of Landau levels as well as anomalous Landau levels which are semiclassically linked to cyclotron orbits which encircle the apex multiple times before closing. We derive these results in a continuum theory, but confront them with numerical tight-binding computations, finding good agreement. We also discuss an intrinsic Aharonov-Bohm effect which persists in the ray-optics limit, and possibilities for producing different inhomogeneous effective fields by exploiting the conical shape.
On the computation of the direct kinematics of parallel manipulators using polynomial networks (1998)

Polynomial learning networks are proposed in this paper to solve the forward kinematic problem for a planar three-degree-of-freedom parallel manipulator with revolute joints. These networks rapidly learn complex nonlinear functions based on a database mapping. The networks learn the forward kinematics of the manipulator based on examples of the transformation. The obtained networks are then used to follow a test trajectory. For comparison purposes, a neural network approach using backpropagation is also used for this problem. The results show that, in this application, polynomial networks learn much faster and exhibit less error than neural networks.
<sup>13</sup>C and <sup>19</sup>F nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of multisubstituted methanes (1992)

Abstract The 13 C and 19 F (when appropriate) chemical shifts of a variety of di‐, tri‐ and tetrasubstituted methanes of the type CH 2 XCOOEt (I), CHXYCOOEt (II) and CXYZCOOEt (III), where the substituents X, Y and Z are F, Br, OEt, OPh, SEt, SPh and NO 2 , were determined. The prediction of the observed C‐α chemical shifts of I, II and III based on the simple additivity of substituent effects in monosubstituted methanes [MeX; SCS(IV)] is not satisfactory, although those of I are well correlated with SCS (IV). The C‐α chemical shifts of II and III can be correlated in terms of the multi‐parameter analysis of individual SCS (I), the difference between δ (CH 2 XCOOEt) and δ (CH 3 COOEt). The origin of the chemical shifts is discussed. The 19 F chemical shifts of I, II and III were also satisfactorily analysed in terms of σ I and σ .
Viral response to therapy: viral dynamics (2004)

The response to therapy of chronic viral hepatitis B and C can be measured by a variety of parameters; virological (plasma levels of viral nucleic acids and antigens), biochemical (plasma markers of liver injury, function or fibrosis such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin, bilirubin, prothrombin time, platelets, α2-macroglobulin, haptoglobin, apolipoprotein A2, γ-glutamyltransferase), immunological (plasma levels of antibodies against viral antigens or the magnitude and breadth of the viral-specific T cell response), histological (Knodell and Ishak scores of liver inflammation, necrosis and fibrosis) and clinical (Childs—Pugh score, hepatocellular carcinoma, survival). Although all these parameters are of value, they all have relative strengths and weakness with regard to sensitivity, dynamic range, specificity and accessibility.
Inactivation of calcium-activated chloride channels in smooth muscle by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (1997)

To determine the mechanisms responsible for the termination of Ca2+-activated Cl- currents (ICl(Ca)), simultaneous measurements of whole cell currents and intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) were made in equine tracheal myocytes. In nondialyzed cells, or cells dialyzed with 1 mM ATP, ICl(Ca) decayed before the [Ca2+]i decline, whereas the calcium-activated potassium current decayed at the same rate as [Ca2+]i. Substitution of AMP-PNP or ADP for ATP markedly prolonged the decay of ICl(Ca), resulting in a rate of current decay similar to that of the fall in [Ca2+]i. In the presence of ATP, dialysis of the calmodulin antagonist W7, the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) inhibitor KN93, or a CaMKII-specific peptide inhibitor the rate of ICl(Ca) decay was slowed and matched the [Ca2+]i decline, whereas H7, a nonspecific kinase inhibitor with low affinity for CaMKII, was without effect. When a sustained increase in [Ca2+]i was produced in ATP dialyzed cells, the current decayed completely, whereas in cells loaded with 5'-adenylylimidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP), KN93, or the CaMKII inhibitory peptide, ICl(Ca) did not decay. Slowly decaying currents were repeatedly evoked in ADP- or AMP-PNP-loaded cells, but dialysis of adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) or okadaic acid resulted in a smaller initial ICl(Ca), and little or no current (despite a normal [Ca2+]i transient) with a second stimulation. These data indicate that CaMKII phosphorylation results in the inactivation of calcium-activated chloride channels, and that transition from the inactivated state to the closed state requires protein dephosphorylation.
Stability Analysis of Three UV-Filters Using HPLC (1995)

Abstract UV-absorbing substances are widely used in sunscreens to filter out ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. These substances need to be stable in sunscreens in order to obtain the expected protection during the shelf-life of the products. A conveniant HPLC method for the separation and quantification of three common UV-filters in a sunscreen emulsion is presented. Using this method the stability of benzophenone-3, butylmethoxy dibenzoylmethane and octyl methoxycinnamate was determined. Calibration curves for the three UV-filters showed linear response in the interval 0.03 to 30 μg. The absolute recovery of the spiked sample was close to 100 %. The shelf life data indicate good stability of the filters.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Numb and Numbl are required for maintenance of cadherin-based adhesion and polarity of neural progenitors. (2007)

The polarity and adhesion of radial glial cells (RGCs), which function as progenitors and migrational guides for neurons, are critical for morphogenesis of the cerebral cortex. These characteristics largely depend on cadherin-based adherens junctions, which anchor apical end-feet of adjacent RGCs to each other at the ventricular surface. Here, we show that mouse numb and numb-like are required for maintaining radial glial adherens junctions. Numb accumulates in the apical end-feet, where it localizes to adherens junction-associated vesicles and interacts with cadherins. Numb and Numbl inactivation in RGCs decreases proper basolateral insertion of cadherins and disrupts adherens junctions and polarity, leading to progenitor dispersion and disorganized cortical lamination. Conversely, overexpression of Numb prolongs RGC polarization, in a cadherin-dependent manner, beyond the normal neurogenic period. Thus, by regulating RGC adhesion and polarity, Numb and Numbl are required for the tissue architecture of neurogenic niches and the cerebral cortex. PMID: 17589506 Funding information This work was supported by: NINDS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: NS047200 NICHD NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: HD045481 NIA NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: AG019394 Autism Speaks, United States Grant ID: AS1672
Experimental study on the separability of reaction‐deactivation kinetics: Thermal desorption of alcohols from fresh and Na‐poisoned γ–Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (1986)

Abstract Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of methanol and ethanol from fresh and Na‐poisoned γ–Al 2 O 3 has been employed to investigate experimentally the separability of reaction‐deactivation kinetics. The analysis of the TPD spectra has provided both an energetic characterization of the nonhomogeneous catalytic surface and the kinetic parameters of the desorption reaction, and has allowed quantitative discussion of the separability of the expression for the rate of desorption. The results obtained have been related to the chemical causes of nonseparability of reaction‐deactivation kinetics; they also demonstrate the influence of catalyst decay on selectivity. For the systems considered, it appears that the assumption of separable deactivation kinetics is generally not a satisfactory approximation.
Improving aircraft engine operability through electric system design and operation (2010)

With modern passenger aircraft requiring greater levels of electrical power to supply the novel technologies employed, the potential for interaction between the aircraft engine and electrical system is greatly increased. There is therefore a strong requirement to develop a thorough appreciation of the interrelationships governing the behaviour of the integrated system such that undesirable modes of operation may be avoided, and, in the longer term, globally optimised engine-electrical system designs may be produced. This paper presents the findings of a number of investigative studies conducted on a high fidelity, integrated aircraft engine and electrical power system simulation tool. These studies assess the effectiveness of a variety of electrical system design and operation methods in optimising the behaviour of the aircraft engine, whilst illustrating key trends in the behaviour of the integrated system.
A still image encoder based on adaptive resolution vector quantization employing needless calculation elimination architecture (2003)

We have developed an advanced vector quantization (VQ) encoding hardware for still image encoding systems. By utilizing needless calculation elimination method, computational cost of VQ encoding is reduced to 40% or less, while maintaining the accuracy of full-search VQ. We have successfully implemented the advanced encoding method and Adaptive resolution VQ (AR-VQ), which realizes compression ratio over 1/200 while maintaining image quality, into a still image encoding processor. The processor can compress still image of 1600 x 2400 pixels within one second, which is 60 times faster than software implementation on current PCs.