gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of <i>Escherichia coli</i> by the nutrient agar plus 4-methylumbelliferyl β-<scp>D</scp>-glucuronide (MUG) membrane filter method (1993)

A two-step membrane filter procedure was evaluated to determine the ability to differentiate Escherichia coli from other coliform bacteria recovered from water. M-Endo LES agar incubated at 35 degrees C for 24 +/- 2 h was used as the initial isolation medium. Membranes containing coliform colonies were transferred to nutrient agar plus 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-glucuronide (MUG) and incubated for an additional 4 h at 35 degrees C. Escherichia coli colonies were distinguished by fluorescence when viewed under a long-wavelength ultraviolet light. A total of 119 MUG-positive colonies were isolated from 15 water sources, of which 115 (96.6%) were identified as E. coli. An examination of 182 pure culture environmental E. coli isolates revealed that 167 isolates (91.8%) exhibited fluorescence on the nutrient agar plus MUG medium. Survivors of E. coli cultures exposed to chlorination were also capable of producing a positive MUG reaction.
[Phylogenetic analysis of Nocardiopsis species based on 16S rRNA, gyrB, sod and rpoB gene sequences]. (2007)

In order to understand the phylogenetic relationships among Nocardiopsis species more rationally, the gyrB, sod and rpoB gene partial sequences of 24 validly published Nocardiopsis species were determined. The phylogenetic trees were reconstructed including 16S rRNA gene and above-mentioned three housekeeping genes. The average similarities of gyrB, sod and rpoB of Nocardiopsis species were 87.7%, 87.3% and 94.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, the average similarity of 16S rRNA gene of Nocardiopsis species was 96.65%. The variabilities of gyrB, sod and rpoB gene in Nocardiospis are greater than that of 16S rRNA gene. By comparing the phylogenetic trees, the topology of gyrB gene tree is almost consistent with that of 16S rRNA gene tree. Consequently, the gyrB gene possesses the superiority in phylogenetic taxonomy of the genus Nocardiopsis.
Spreading the silence: Epigenetic transcriptional regulation during <i>Drosophila</i> development (1994)

In early Drosophila development a complex cascade of diffusible transcription factors generates an intricate expression pattern of developmental regulators such as the homeotic genes. The mechanism which subsequently maintains the pattern during the rest of development is mainly using epigenetic features for its function. Evidence comes from the analysis of the Polycomb-group (Pc-G), a class of genes which is responsible for maintaining the inactive state of expression. The Pc-G was found to share many parallels to genes involved in heterochromatin formation. Different members of the Pc-G interact in large multiprotein complexes, which apparently can cover and inactivate large chromosomal domains. Specific DNA elements have been identified that are used by the Pc-G proteins to nucleate these specialized domains of silent chromatin. Thus, the Pc-G proteins appear to permanently inactivate genes by generating heterochromatin-like structures which could then be inherited by the daughter cells in an epigenetic manner. Heritable gene silencing is an important but little understood mechanism in pattern formation. Phenomenologically related effects have been observed in many organisms. These range from the transcriptional silencing of the inactive mating type loci in yeast to parental imprinting phenomena and X-chromosome inactivation in mammals. Analysis of these functions in Drosophila provides an excellent model system for studying the molecular basis of such epigenetic mechanisms that use higher order chromatin structures for transcriptional repression.
Software engineering issues for mobile application development (2010)

This paper provides an overview of important software engineering research issues related to the development of applications that run on mobile devices. Among the topics are development processes, tools, user interface design, application portability, quality, and security.
Factor Graphs and MCMC Approaches to Iterative Equalization of Nonlinear Dispersive Channels (2006)

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2006.
Chatbot Using a Knowledge in Database: Human-to-Machine Conversation Modeling (2016)

A chatterbot or chatbot aims to make a conversation between both human and machine. The machine has been embedded knowledge to identify the sentences and making a decision itself as response to answer a question. The response principle is matching the input sentence from user. From input sentence, it will be scored to get the similarity of sentences, the higher score obtained the more similar of reference sentences. The sentence similarity calculation in this paper using bigram which divides input sentence as two letters of input sentence. The knowledge of chatbot are stored in the database. The chatbot consists of core and interface that is accessing that core in relational database management systems (RDBMS). The database has been employed as knowledge storage and interpreter has been employed as stored programs of function and procedure sets for pattern-matching requirement. The interface is standalone which has been built using programing language of Pascal and Java.
Stable and Transportable Regional Magnitudes Based on Coda-Derived Moment-Rate Spectra (2003)

We describe an empirical calibration method for obtaining stable seismic source moment-rate spectra derived from regional coda envelopes using broadband stations. The results of applying this method yield source spectra that are more stable than any other direct-phase measure to date. The procedure accounts for all propagation, site, and S -to-coda transfer function effects. The resultant coda-derived moment-rate spectra are then used to provide traditional band-limited magnitudes (e.g., M L , m b ), as well as an unbiased, unsaturated magnitude (moment magnitude, M w ) that is tied to a physical measure of earthquake size (i.e., seismic moment). We validate our results by comparing our coda-derived moment estimates with those obtained from long-period waveform modeling. Most importantly, we demonstrate that the interstation magnitude scatter is significantly reduced when using long-window-length coda (i.e., M w (coda) and m b (coda)). However, when we use short-window coda measurements of 5 sec in length taken after twice the direct-wave travel time, the scatter remains large, comparable to direct waves. Once calibrated, the coda-derived source spectra provide stable, unbiased magnitude estimates for events that are too small either to be reliably waveform modeled or to be seen at far-regional and teleseismic distances. This property is ideal for sparse local or regional networks. We found that our source amplitude estimates were nearly insensitive to the expected source radiation pattern and exhibited roughly a factor of 3-5 less interstation scatter when compared against coda duration and conventional direct-phase measurements (e.g., P g , L g ). We also found that the coda stability, as measured by the interstation scatter for common events, reached a minimum value beyond a certain critical measurement window length. For example, at 6-8 Hz, the interstation standard deviation was less than 0.08 provided the coda measurement was at least ∼80 sec in duration, whereas at 1.5-2.0 Hz, the critical window length was ∼100 sec. For all frequency bands, as the coda window becomes shorter, the standard deviation increases, asymptotically approaching the direct-wave scatter. In this article we describe in detail the calibration methodology and address concerns related to choosing optimal measurement window lengths, estimating error, testing empirical path corrections, and tying coda amplitudes to an absolute scale. In order to demonstrate the usefulness and transportability of our method, we chose the Dead Sea Rift as our study area.
Galanin Antagonists Block Galanin‐induced Feeding in the Hypothalamus and Amygdala of the Rat (1993)

Galanin significantly increased food intake when microinjected into the region of the central nucleus of the amygdala as well as into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. In the amygdala this effect was specific to feeding; no change in grooming, resting, or other behaviour was observed after galanin treatment. These results provide evidence that the amygdala may be an important site in the mediation of galanin-induced feeding. The galanin receptor antagonists, C7 and M40, antagonized galanin-induced feeding, while having no effect alone on food consumption in free-feeding rats. These new galanin receptor antagonists provide useful tools for further investigating the role of endogenous galanin in the regulation of feeding.
Electrical impedance model for evaluation of skin irritation in rabbits and humans (2007)

The proposed electrical model of skin seems to be suitable for the detection and interpretation of changes in the impedance characteristics of skin induced by SLS in rabbits and humans.
The function of complexes between the outer mitochondrial membrane pore (VDAC) and the adenine nucleotide translocase in regulation of energy metabolism and apoptosis. (2003)

The outer mitochondrial membrane pore (VDAC) changes its structure either voltage-dependently in artificial membranes or physiologically by interaction with the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) in the c-conformation. This interaction creates contact sites and leads in addition to a specific organisation of cytochrome c in the VDAC-ANT complexes. The VDAC structure that is specific for contact sites generates a signal at the surface for several proteins in the cytosol to bind with high capacity, such as hexokinase, glycerol kinase and Bax. If the VDAC binding site is not occupied by hexokinase, the VDAC-ANT complex has two critical qualities: firstly, Bax gets access to cytochrome c and secondly the ANT is set in its c-conformation that easily changes conformation into an unspecific channel (uniporter) causing permeability transition. Activity of bound hexokinase protects against both, it hinders Bax binding and employs the ANT as anti-porter. The octamer of mitochondrial creatine kinase binds to VDAC from the inner surface of the outer membrane. This firstly restrains interaction between VDAC and ANT and secondly changes the VDAC structure into low affinity for hexokinase and Bax. Cytochrome c in the creatine kinase complex will be differently organised, not accessible to Bax and the ANT is run as anti-porter by the active creatine kinase octamer. However, when, for example, free radicals cause dissociation of the octamer, VDAC interacts with the ANT with the same results as described above: Bax-dependent cytochrome c release and risk of permeability transition pore opening.
610. The preparation of some cytotoxic epoxides (1950)

J. L. Everett and G. A. R. Kon, J. Chem. Soc., 1950, 3131 DOI: 10.1039/JR9500003131
Natural Inhibitors of Fungal Polygalacturonases in Infected Fruit Tissues (1981)

Isoelectric focusing of extracts of plum and peach tissue infected with Monilinia spp. revealed the presence of polygalacturonase even though little or no activity was detectable in crude extracts prior to fractionation. Mixing experiments confirmed the presence of an inhibitor of polygalacturonase which was separable from the enzyme by isoelectric focusing. The inhibitor was macromolecular, polydisperse and heat-labile, and its activity was destroyed by trypsin. Similar inhibitors. were found in other host-pathogen combinations.
Password-Based Access Control Scheme with Remote User Authentication Using Smart Cards (2007)

In this paper, a bilinear mapping based password-based access control scheme with remote user authentication scheme using smart cards is presented. The proposed scheme enables one user to choose his password freely in the registration phase and easily change it as needed. We take the novel technique of binding one user's private key to his identity, which enables the AS (authentication server) to be unnecessary to maintain a password table to verify the login request and thus enhances the practicality and reliability of the system. Additionally, based on the difficulty of Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm (ECDL) problem, the proposed scheme can efficiently withstand replaying attacks, forgery attacks, Masquerade attacks, guessing and stolen verifier attacks and insider attacks.
Leveraging serverless cloud computing architectures : developing a serverless architecture design framework based on best practices utilizing the potential benefits of serverless computing. (2019)

Serverless computing is a new and interesting cloud computing concept concerned with the deployment of small pieces of software applications and services as serverless functions. Serverless computing has a lot to offer to software application architects, developers and owners, however due to the novelty of the technology and the relatively high architectural and economic impact, its adoption is lacking behind or at the very least, is not maximally utilized. The objective of this thesis is to create a framework for designing serverless architectures which can be used by software architects and developers. An extensive literature review analysis is conducted which forms the theoretical basis for the framework. The proposed framework consists of four viewpoint and 5 cross-viewpoint variables. The framework is evaluated by applying it to a case study and by performing interviews with three domain experts. It is concluded that the domain experts see added value in the framework and think that it can contribute to creating better serverless architectures more easily, however they struggle with understanding the framework based on the graphical representation. Based on the conclusions of the evaluation the graphical representation of the framework is revised and improved.
Probable Cause Means Probable Cause: Why the Circuit Courts Should Uniformly Require Officers to Establish Probable Cause for Every Element of an Offense (2016)

Historically, some of the most divisive Fourth Amendment issues stemmed from the conflicting interests imbedded within the Amendment.When drafting the Fourth Amendment, the Framers sought to protect individuals from arbitrary government interference, while still preserving the State's security interest in maintaining law and order.'The development of the probable cause concept was one of the most direct ways courts balanced these competing interests.While many of the nuances of probable cause are settled law, there still remains much ambiguity surrounding the doctrine's application by law enforcement in the area of warrantless arrests.In Adams v. Williams, 2 the Supreme Court concluded that "[p]robable cause does not require the same type of specific evidence of each element of the offense as would be needed to support a conviction." 3 Significantly, Adams did not address whether "probable cause can exist without at least some evidence of every element of a suspected crime." 4 In the forty years following Adams, a circuit split developed over this question.The Fourth, Seventh, and Ninth Circuits hold that an officer need not establish probable cause for each element of an offense in order to make a warrantless arrest (hereafter, the t B.
Dichloran as an Inhibitor of Mold Spreading in Fungal Plating Media: Effects on Colony Diameter and Enumeration (1981)

Problems associated with overgrowth by spreading molds are not addressed by currently recommended fungal enumeration media. Twenty-two fungi, including 12 mold and 3 yeast genera, were evaluated for the effects of dichloran (2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline), previously identified as a mold-spreading inhibitor, on colony diameter and enumeration. On malt agar or antibiotic-potato-dextrose agar (APDA), colony diameters were effectively reduced when dichloran was added. Colony diameters decreased as the dichloran concentration increased. Counts obtained with mixed mold spore suspensions were lower on APDA supplemented with 25 mug of dichloran per ml than on APDA and were higher than APDA with the addition of 5 mug of dichloran per ml (APDA-D-5). Overall counts of mixed and individual mold spore and yeast suspensions were higher in APDA-D-5 than in APDA. The additional advantages of APDA-D-5 may be useful in routine enumeration of fungi.
The critical role of carbon in marrying silicon and graphite anodes for high‐energy lithium‐ion batteries (2019)

Abstract Increasing the energy density of conventional lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) is important for satisfying the demands of electric vehicles and advanced electronics. Silicon is considered as one of the most‐promising anodes to replace the traditional graphite anode for the realization of high‐energy LIBs due to its extremely high theoretical capacity, although its severe volume changes during lithiation/delithiation have led to a big challenge for practical application. In contrast, the co‐utilization of Si and graphite has been well recognized as one of the preferred strategies for commercialization in the near future. In this review, we focus on different carbonaceous additives, such as carbon nanotubes, reduced graphene oxide, and pyrolyzed carbon derived from precursors such as pitch, sugars, heteroatom polymers, and so forth, which play an important role in constructing micrometer‐sized hierarchical structures of silicon/graphite/carbon (Si/G/C) composites and tailoring the morphology and surface with good structural stability, good adhesion, high electrical conductivity, high tap density, and good interface chemistry to achieve high capacity and long cycling stability simultaneously. We first discuss the importance and challenge of the co‐utilization of Si and graphite. Then, we carefully review and compare the improved effects of various types of carbonaceous materials and their associated structures on the electrochemical performance of Si/G/C composites. We also review the diverse synthesis techniques and treatment methods, which are also significant factors for optimizing Si/G/C composites. Finally, we provide a pertinent evaluation of these forms of carbon according to their suitability for commercialization. We also make far‐ranging suggestions with regard to the selection of proper carbonaceous materials and the design of Si/G/C composites for further development.
Influenza A virus M2 protein triggers mitochondrial DNA-mediated antiviral immune responses (2019)

Cytosolic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) activates cGAS-mediated antiviral immune responses, but the mechanism by which RNA viruses stimulate mtDNA release remains unknown. Here we show that viroporin activity of influenza virus M2 or encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) 2B protein triggers translocation of mtDNA into the cytosol in a MAVS-dependent manner. Although influenza virus-induced cytosolic mtDNA stimulates cGAS- and DDX41-dependent innate immune responses, the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza virus associates with mtDNA to evade the STING-dependent antiviral immunity. The STING-dependent antiviral signaling is amplified in neighboring cells through gap junctions. In addition, we find that STING-dependent recognition of influenza virus is essential for limiting virus replication in vivo. Our results show a mechanism by which influenza virus stimulates mtDNA release and highlight the importance of DNA sensing pathway in limiting influenza virus replication.
1,4,2‐Diazaphospholidine‐3,5‐diones and Related Compounds: A Lecture on Unpredictability in Catalysis (2009)

Whereas 1-organyl-phospholanes and 1-organyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-phospholes catalyze isocyanate oligomerization, the reaction of isocyanates with 1-organyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-phospholes results in the formation of 1,3-dienes and a novel class of P-heterocycles, 1,4,2-diazaphospholidine-3,5-diones. Isothiocyanates and carbodiimides exhibit analogous behavior. The resultant species readily form P-oxides, P-sulfides (see picture), and quaternary onium salts.
Optimization of the UWB Radar System in Medical Imaging (2011)

During the last decades, we have witnessed a widespread deployment of the ultra wide band (UWB) radar systems. Considering a medical field, an algorithm optimizing these systems is pointed out in this contribution. Beginning with the description of the UWB radar system, this algorithm has proved to be not only able to take a medical image of the human body but also capable of diverting the human tissue. Moreover, we insist on the fact that this algorithm can easily optimize different radar parameters. So, the human body layer width, the incident angle and the frequency maximizing reflection coefficient are estimated in this paper.
Update on the treatment of chronic ankle instability and syndesmotic injuries (2006)

Purpose of review: The purpose of this article is to review the current understanding of chronic ankle instability and syndesmotic injuries, as pertains to their treatment, and to highlight recent advances that may influence the management of these conditions. Recent findings: Recent studies continue to reinforce the long-term success of anatomical reconstructions for chronic lateral ankle ligament injuries. Associated conditions such as chondral injury and functional instability, however, are being recognized as a cause of persistent disability after successful anatomic reconstruction. Arthroscopy is evolving as a useful tool in the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions. Newer techniques (such as free tendon grafts), which restore stability without compromising normal biomechanics, are increasing in popularity. Thermal energy in the treatment of ankle instability, as well as the use of newer fixation devices to treat syndesmotic injuries are also addressed. Summary: Anatomic restoration of ankle stability, recognition of associated injuries, and functional rehabilitation are essential to a successful and durable outcome when addressing these disabling conditions of the ankle.
Die quantitative Real‐Time‐PCR (qRT‐PCR). Methoden und Anwendungsgebiete (2007)

Abstract Die fluoreszenzbasierende Real‐Time‐PCR ist ein wichtiges Werkzeug in der Wissenschaft, der molekularen Medizin und Pharmakologie sowie der Biotechnologie. Die Verfahren sind, einmal etabliert, einfach durchzuführen und alle Formate erlauben einen hohen Probendurchsatz. Die Real‐Time‐PCR kombiniert hohe Sensitivität mit einer verlässlichen Spezifität. Die Entwicklung vieler neuer Anwendungen hat aber auch neue Probleme aufgezeigt, die bei der Etablierung und Durchführung der PCR sowie der anschließenden Auswertung und Interpretation der Ergebnisse eine besondere Aufmerksamkeit verlangen. Standardisierte Assays und verbesserte Auswertealgorithmen werden in Zukunft die Probleme der Referenzgene und Standardkurven überwinden und die Real‐Time‐PCR zu einer der empfindlichsten Nachweismethoden für Nukleinsäuren machen.