gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Facile dissolution of selenium and tellurium in a thiol–amine solvent mixture under ambient conditions (2014)

Despite their extremely low solubility in most solvents, hexagonal grey selenium and tellurium are shown to be remarkably soluble in binary mixtures of thiols and ethylenediamine (en) at room temperature and ambient pressure. A 1 : 4 vol/vol mixture of ethanethiol (EtSH) and en gave saturated solutions of 38 and 9.3 wt% for grey selenium and tellurium, respectively. Crystalline and phase-pure chalcogen is easily recovered from solution by drying and mild heat treatment at 250 °C (for selenium) or evaporation at room temperature (for tellurium). To demonstrate utility for these dissolved chalcogens, it was shown that elemental antimony readily reacts with the dissolved selenium to give a stable, solution processable Sb–Se precursor solution. In the same way, elemental tin reacts with the dissolved tellurium to generate a Sn–Te precursor solution. Upon solution deposition and heat treatment to 250 °C, these precursor solutions yielded crystalline Sb2Se3 and SnTe.
Femtosecond phase control in high-field terahertz-driven ultrafast electron sources (2019)

Terahertz-based electron acceleration has recently emerged as a promising candidate for driving next-generation high-brightness electron sources. Although initial demonstrations have proven the feasibility of this technology for accelerating and manipulating the phase space of electrons, further demonstrations of exquisite timing control are required to make use of terahertz acceleration for demanding applications such as light sources and ultrafast electron diffraction. In this paper, we use a two-stage segmented-terahertz-electron-accelerator-and-manipulator (STEAM) setup to demonstrate control over the electron beam energy, energy spread, and emittance. The first rebunching stage is used to tune the duration of 55 keV electron bunches from a DC electron gun that enables femtosecond phase control at the second accelerating stage. For optimized parameters, energy spread and emittance are reduced by 4× and 6×, respectively, relative to operation with the first stage off. A record energy gain of ∼70  keV was achieved at a peak accelerating field of 200 MV/m, resulting in a >100% energy boost in a terahertz-powered accelerator for the first time. These results represent a critical step forward for the practical implementation of terahertz-powered devices in ultrafast electron sources.
The sonochemical hot spot (1991)

The origin of “sonochemistry” is acoustic cavitation: the formation, expansion, and implosive collapse of bubbles in liquids irradiated with ultrasound. The compression of such bubbles generates intense local heating, which has been quantified recently from both chemical kinetic thermometry and from high-resolution sonoluminescence spectra. The temperatures reached during cavitation are ≈5000 K, but have an effective lifetime of only a few microseconds. Consistent with this, the sonoluminescence that accompanies sonochemistry closely resembles flame emission! The chemistry generated by these hot spots is different than either ordinary thermal or photochemical processes and sonochemistry represents a fundamentally unique interaction of energy and matter. [For recent reviews see K. S. Suslick, Sci. Am. 260, 80 (Feb. 1989) and Science 247, 1439 (1990).] Recently, the use of ultrasound in liquid-powder slurries to enhance dramatically their chemical reactivity has been explored. For example, heterogeneous catalysis can be induced in normally nonreactive metals and the catalytic activity of Ni has been enhanced by 105. Using a variety of surface science techniques, it was shown that ultrasound removed the passivating oxide coating normally found on Ni and other metal surfaces, thus increasing their activity. The origin of these effects comes from extremely high-speed interparticle collisions which occur during ultrasonic irradiation of liquid-solid slurries. Turbulent flow and shockwaves produced by acoustic cavitation can drive metal particles together at sufficiently high velocities to induce melting upon collision. A series of transition metal powders have been used to probe the maximum temperatures and speeds reached during such interparticle collisions. Metal particles that are irradiated in hydrocarbon liquids with ultrasound undergo collisions at roughly half the speed of sound and generate localized effective temperatures between 2600°C and 3400°C at the point of impact. [Work supported by NSF and the UIUC Materials Res. Lab.]
Powder painting of aluminium (1985)

The mechanisms involved in the production of chromate-phosphate conversion coatings on aluminium have been investigated. A sequence of coating nucleation and growth has been outlined and the principle roles of the constituent ingredients of the chromate-phosphate solution have been shown. The effect of dissolved aluminium has been studied and its role in producing sound conversion coatings has been shown. Metallic contamination has been found to have a dramatic influence on chromate-phosphate coatings when particular levels have been exceeded. Coating formation was seen to be affected in proportion to the level of contaminaton; no evidence of sudden failure was noted. The influence of substrate and the effect of an acidic cleaner prior to conversion coating have been studied and explained. It was found that the cleaner ages rapidly and that this must .be allowed for when attempting to reproduce industrial conditions in the laboratory. A study was carried out on the flowing characteristics of polyester powders of various size distributions as they melt using the hot-stage microscopy techniques developed at Aston. It was found that the condition of the substrate (ie extent of pretreatment), had a significant effect on particle flow. This was explained by considering the topography of the substrate surface. A number of 'low-bake' polyester powders were developed and tested for mechanical, physical and chemical resistance. The best formulation had overall properties which were as good as the standard polyester in many respects. However chemical resistance was found to be slightly lower. The charging characteristics of powder paints during application by means of electrostatic spraying was studied by measuring the charge per unit mass and relating this to the surface area. A high degree of correlation was found between charge carried and surface area, and the charge retained was related to the powder's formulation.
Observation of pulses on an interface (1962)

abstract Recent theoretical results show that, in addition to P and S pulses, two pulse-like phenomena, denoted by P and S , can be defined near the boundary of an elastic solid. The S pulse is the classic Rayleigh pulse in Lamb9s problem and is the classic Stoneley pulse in Cagniard9s problem. When the Stoneley existence conditions are violated, the S pulse still exists for many solid pairs and can be regarded as a radiating interface pulse. The P pulse is distinct only when σ (Poisson9s ratio) is greater than about 0.4. It seems to be the dual to the S pulse. It is the classic Stoneley pulse in Strick9s problem. The P pulse has been observed by Kisslinger in loess and clay near Florrisant, Missouri. The radiating S pulse has been observed by Pod99yapol9ski and Vassil9ev on a clay/granite interface, and by Roever and Vining on a fluid/solid interface. Roever and Vining may also have observed the P pulse on pitch. Two dimensional seismic model studies of the S pulse suggest that it is most easily recognized from its particle orbit. Model results for both the trapped and the radiating S pulse agree well with theoretical calculations of orbital motion and orbital tilt. The tilt of the P orbit in Lamb9s problem is virtually independent of the elastic parameters and the P velocity is very nearly twice the S velocity. In dispersion problems both radiating P and S pulses appear as kinks in the dispersion curves.
Feasibility of radiographic absorptiometry of the mandible as an osteoporosis screening method (2003)

We developed and evaluated single- and dual-energy radiographic absorptiometry (RA) for the measurement of mandibular bone mineral density (BMD), using standard dental equipment, that would allow for inexpensive and widespread osteoporosis screening. Accurately measured x-ray tube spectra are important for validating the simulations used in the design of the method. A constrained least-squares deconvolution technique for reducing the detector-induced blurring of the energy spectrum was developed. Application of this analytic correction to spectra acquired with a NaI-photomultiplier detector improved the measured data by 20%–60%. Implementation of the screening method is accomplished by simultaneously acquiring high- and low-energy images on a single dental radiograph by appropriate filtering of the dental x-ray tube output. Computer simulations were performed to optimize the filters with respect to error in the bone measurement. A custom-designed film holder housed the beam filters and accommodated calibration wedges that allowed the radiographs to be normalized for differences in exposure and developing conditions. Forty-six male and female subjects, ages 27 to 87 years, participated in a pilot study to assess the RA techniques. Left and right vertical periapical radiographs were taken of the premolar–molar region and, for comparison, the subjects' BMD was evaluated at the spine, left and right femur as well as total body by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Mandibular BMD by either high or low single-energy RA measurements was positively correlated with skeletal BMD, as assessed by DXA, at the arms, legs, trunk, ribs, pelvis, total body, and femoral neck. ROC analysis of the single-energy techniques for identification of osteopenic and osteoporotic female subjects, as defined by DXA at the left femoral neck, yielded an area under the curve of 0.73. This is comparable to commercial devices currently used for screening and indicates that the RA method may be valuable for early diagnosis of low bone mass.
Weak Converse Lyapunov Theorems and Control-Lyapunov Functions (2004)

Given a weakly uniformly globally asymptotically stable closed (not necessarily compact) set ${\cal A}$ for a differential inclusion that is defined on $\mathbb{R}^n$, is locally Lipschitz on $\mathbb{R}^n \backslash {\cal A}$, and satisfies other basic conditions, we construct a weak Lyapunov function that is locally Lipschitz on $\mathbb{R}^n$. Using this result, we show that uniform global asymptotic controllability to a closed (not necessarily compact) set for a locally Lipschitz nonlinear control system implies the existence of a locally Lipschitz control-Lyapunov function, and from this control-Lyapunov function we construct a feedback that is robust to measurement noise.
Optimization of an Aeroservoelastic Wing with Distributed Multiple Control Surfaces (2016)

This paper considers the aeroelastic optimization of a subsonic transport wing box under a variety of static and dynamic aeroelastic constraints. Three types of design variables are used: structural variables (skin thickness, stiffener details), the quasi-steady deflection scheduling of a series of control surfaces distributed along the trailing edge for maneuver load alleviation and trim attainment, and the design details of a linear quadratic regulator controller (for flutter suppression), which commands oscillatory hinge moments into those same control surfaces. Optimization problems are solved where a closed-loop flutter constraint is forced to satisfy the required flight margin, and mass reduction benefits are realized by relaxing the open-loop flutter requirements.
Broadband spatiotemporal axicon fields (2014)

We study the properties of broadband optical fields produced by two classes of axicons: reflective axicons creating fields with a frequency-independent cone angle, and diffractive axicons that generate fields with frequency-independent transverse scale. We also consider two different types of illumination: spectrally completely coherent pulses and spectrally incoherent (stationary) light assuming that the spectra are the same in both situations. In the former case we evaluate the spatiotemporal shape of the output field, and in the latter case its spatiotemporal coherence properties. Physical reasons for the substantially different fields produced by the two types of axicons are identified. Our results are useful for optical applications in which joint spatial and temporal field localization is desired.
Probabilistic Analysis of Partitioning Algorithms for the Traveling-Salesman Problem in the Plane (1977)

We consider partitioning algorithms for the approximate solution of large instances of the traveling-salesman problem in the plane. These algorithms subdivide the set of cities into small groups, construct an optimum tour through each group, and then patch the subtours together to form a tour through all the cities. If the number of cities in the problem is n, and the number of cities in each group is t, then the worst-case error is [Formula: see text]. If the cities are randomly distributed, then the relative error is O(t −1/2 ) (with probability one). Hybrid schemes are suggested, in which partitioning is used in conjunction with existing heuristic algorithms. These hybrid schemes may be expected to give near-optimum solutions to problems with thousands of cities.
Tufted hair folliculitis after scalp injury. (2001)

We describe the case of a 38-year-old epileptic man with tufted hair folliculitis. The condition started 5 years ago after a scalp laceration that had been sustained 3 months earlier during an epileptic crisis. There then appeared a circumscribed inflammatory bulging lesion (with exudation and crusts) that evolved to scarring alopecia with tufts of 20 to 30 apparently normal hair shafts. Results of bacteriologic examination of pus extruding from the dilated follicular ostia revealed Staphylococcus aureus. The cutaneous pathologic examination showed polymorphous inflammatory exudate in the upper and mid dermis, which was mostly perifollicular, and the presence of normal and independent follicles in the deep dermis, which, while ascending, converged to a common dilated follicular channel. The patient was treated successively with oral flucloxacillin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and with topical application of erythromycin, clindamycin, povidone iodine, and ketoconazole. Transient improvement was followed by recurrence and enlargement of the affected area.
Abstract 13: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effects of Intravenous Drug Administration on Survival to Hospital Discharge after Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest (2008)

Background: Intravenous (IV) epinephrine, atropine and amiodarone are included in CPR guidelines despite lacking evidence for increased survival to hospital discharge, and epinephrine has been associated with decreased survival in epidemiologic studies. Our hypothesis was that IV access and drug administration remove focus from the all important chest compressions, and consequently lead to more chest compression pauses (increased hands-off fraction) and subsequent adverse outcome. Materials and methods: Patients with non-ambulance witnessed adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of all causes (except trauma, anaphylactic shock and asthma induced) in the Oslo and Follo EMS between May 2003 and April 2008 were randomized to receive either standard ACLS (IV group) or ACLS without IV Access (No-IV group). Ambulance run sheets, Utstein forms, Hospital records and continuous ECGs with impedance signals were reviewed. Quality of CPR and clinical outcome was compared between the two groups using Chi square and t-tests as appropriate. Values are given as percentages or means ± standard deviation. Results: Resuscitation was attempted in 1112 patients of whom 835 were included in the study. There were 415 patients in the IV group and 420 patients in the No-IV group. Utstein variables known to affect survival were equally distributed between the two groups. The CPR quality parameters were adequate, and did not differ between the IV group and the No-IV group with hands-off fractions 0.18±0.11 and 0.17±0.11, compression rates 118±11 and 116±10, and ventilation rates 11±4 and 11±4, respectively. There were 10.6% surviving to hospital discharge in the IV group and 9.0% in the No-IV group (p=0.523). Conclusion: Quality of CPR was adequate and comparable for both randomization groups. There was no difference in survival to hospital discharge between the IV group and No-IV group.
Methods for investigation of ionic reactions in aqueous solutions with half-times as short as 10<sup>–9</sup>sec. Application to neutralization and hydrolysis reactions (1954)

M. Eigen, Discuss. Faraday Soc., 1954, 17, 194 DOI: 10.1039/DF9541700194
Efficient Feasibility Examination for Successive Interference Cancellation in DS-CDMA Systems (2008)

On the uplink of a DS-CDMA system, successive interference cancellation (SIC) technique can be employed to reduce multiple access interference and improve system capacity. In such a system with K active users, there are K possible decoding orders of SIC and not every decoding order is feasible due to some constraints. It is highly time-consuming to examine the system feasibility directly by using the exhaustive search method (ESM) for a system with even a moderate number of users. In this paper, we propose an efficient approach for examining the feasibility of DS-CDMA systems with imperfect SIC. The proposed approach has significantly less computational complexity than that of ESM, thus benefits the quick decision of admission control and/or scheduling in DS-CDMA systems. Furthermore, under the decoding order obtained by the proposed approach, we prove that the system is able to achieve the lowest outage probability among all possible decoding orders. Simulation experiments and numerical results validate our analysis and demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
<b>The Validity of Frequency Shift-Enthalpy Correlations. I. Adducts of Phenol with Nitrogen and Oxygen Donors</b> (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Validity of Frequency Shift-Enthalpy Correlations. I. Adducts of Phenol with Nitrogen and Oxygen DonorsMelvin D. Joesten and Russell S. DragoCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1962, 84, 20, 3817–3821Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1962https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00879a006https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00879a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views228Altmetric-Citations151LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ダルマギクに関する研究 : 第1報 花弁のアントシアニンについて (1975)

Anthocyanins in petals of Aster spathulifolius Maxim. were identified or partially characterised with chromatographic analysis. As a major anthocyanin, delphinidin 3, 5-diglucoside and its three derivatives were found in light violet flower strain. In addition to the delphinidin, small amount of cyanidin was detected in the same strain. In pink flower strain, the co-existence of two anthocyanidins, pelargonidin and cyanidin, were observed.
Novel cysteine proteinase in<i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>metacyclogenesis (2005)

With the aim to study proteinases released to the culture medium during Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclogenesis, the presence of cysteine proteinases (CPs) was analysed in culture supernatants obtained throughout the differentiation induced by stimulation of epimastigotes with Triatoma infestans hindgut homogenate. In SDS-gelatin containing gels, an important endopeptidase activity with apparent molecular weight range between 97 and 116 kDa was encountered at pH 6, which was abolished by the specific cysteine proteinase inhibitor E-64 and TLCK, but not by pepstatin, 1,10 phenantroline or PMSF. This novel CP, named TcCPmet, showed affinity to cystatin-Sepharose, denoting its thiol-proteinase character as well as to ConA-Sepharose, indicating it contains N-linked oligosaccharides. However, it presented a different elution pattern on ConA-Sepharose than cruzipain and, in addition, it was not recognized by anti-cruzipain serum, facts that strongly suggest the different nature of both CPs. Moroever, evidence is presented indicating that TcCPmet was able to hydrolyse the same chromogenic peptides as cruzipain at optimal alkaline pH values, although with a different order of effectiveness. Our results indicate the presence of a novel CP secreted by metacyclic trypomastigotes and reinforces the important role of these enzymes in metacyclogenesis.
Genetic variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome <i>c</i> oxidase subunit 1 within <i>Progamotaenia festiva</i> (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) from macropodid marsupials (2007)

Genetic variation was examined in the anoplocephalid cestode Progamotaenia festiva, from Australian marsupials, in order to test the hypothesis that P. festiva, is a complex of sibling species and to assess the extent of host switching reported previously based on multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MEE). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) was used for the analysis of sequence variation in the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene among 179 specimens of P. festiva (identified based on morphology and predilection site in the host) from 13 different host species, followed by selective DNA sequencing. Fifty-three distinct sequence types (haplotypes) representing all specimens were defined. Phylogenetic analyses of these sequence data (utilizing maximum parsimony and neighbour-joining methods) revealed 12 distinct clades. Other heterologous species, P. ewersi and P. macropodis, were used as outgroups and the remaining bile-duct inhabiting species, P. diaphana and P. effigia, were included in the analysis for comparative purposes. The latter 2 species were nested within the clades representing P. festiva. Most clades of P. festiva identified were restricted to a single host species; one clade primarily in Macropus robustus was also found in the related host species M. antilopinus in an area of host sympatry; another clade occurring primarily in M. robustus occurred also in additional kangaroo species, M. rufus and M. dorsalis. High levels of genetic divergence, the existence of distinct clades and their occurrence in sympatry provide support for the hypothesis that P. festiva represents a complex of numerous species, most of which, but not all, are host specific. Three distinct clades of cestodes were found within a single host, M. robustus, but there was no evidence of within-host speciation.