gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Endodontics. An overview. (1984)

The changes that have taken place in endodontic treatment over the past 25 years can be summarized succinctly. Although the methods and materials have changed markedly, the basic principles of asepsis, enlargement, and seal remained unchanged. Predictably successful endodontic treatment is an everyday occurrence in the 1980s. It is a result of understanding the basic principles of treatment, combined with the ability to deliver these services in an orderly, expeditious, and thorough manner. With future advances in research and technology, the elusive goal of 100 per cent success may become a reality in this century.
Enabling Rapid Production and Mass Customisation of Electronics Using Digitally Driven Hybrid Additive Manufacturing Techniques (2016)

Additive Manufacturing processes can facilitate the rapid iterative product development of electronic devices by optimising their design and functionality. In addition, these methods present a number of potential advantages for improving the production speed and complexity of mass customised and bespoke electronics. In this paper, we present a new digitally driven hybrid fabrication process chain, capable of producing functional, multilayer electronics embedded within geometrically complex 3D printed structures. This has been achieved by interleaving stereolithography, micro-dispensing and surface mount assembly. The resultant combination of different template-less manufacturing techniques enables both the formation of multi-material circuits (conductors and dielectrics) and where the package housing encapsulates the electronics and forms part of the final 3D device. This paper also details the developments around depositing novel freestanding z-axis interconnects. A 555 timer circuit with flashing LED manufactured within a 3D pyramid was used as a demonstrator. The demonstrator contained circuits with feature sizes down to 170µm, and packaged components of 0603 size, a Small Outline Integrated Circuit (SOIC) and a SMD LED. In addition, flip chip packaging on 3D printed substrates has been demonstrated.
Estimating the glomerular filtration rate in pregnancy: The evaluation of the Nanra and CKD-EPI serum creatinine-based equations (2020)

None of the equations were shown to reliably measure the estimated glomerular filtration rate in pregnant women. A valid serum creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate equation in pregnancy is yet to be established.
Inhibition of breast cancer cell growth by combined treatment with vitamin D3 analogues and tamoxifen. (1994)

The steroid hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] has potential to be used as an antitumor agent, but its clinical application is restricted by the strong calcemic activity. Therefore, new vitamin D3 analogues are developed with increased growth inhibitory and reduced calcemic activity. In the present study, we have examined the antiproliferative effects of four novel vitamin D3 analogues (CB966, EB1089, KH1060, and 22-oxa-calcitriol) on breast cancer cells, either alone or in combination with the antiestrogen tamoxifen. The estrogen-dependent ZR-75-1 and estrogen-responsive MCF-7 cell lines were used as a model. It was shown that, with EB1089 and KH1060, the same growth inhibitory effect as 1,25-(OH)2D3 could be reached at up to 100-fold lower concentrations, whereas CD966 and 22-oxa-calcitriol were nearly equipotent with 1,25-(OH)2D3. The growth inhibition by the vitamin D3 compounds could be augmented by combined treatment with tamoxifen. At the maximal effective concentrations of the vitamin D3 compounds, the effect of combined treatment was addictive (MCF-7 cells) or less than additive (ZR-75-1 cells). Tamoxifen increased the sensitivity of the cells to the vitamin D3 compounds 2- to 4000-fold, which was expressed by a shift to lower median effective concentration values. Thereby, the vitamin D3 compounds may be used at even lower dosages in combination therapy with tamoxifen. A major problem of tamoxifen therapy is the development of tamoxifen resistance. We have observed that tamoxifen-resistant clones of ZR-75-1 cells retain their response to the vitamin D3 compounds. Regulation of the growth-related oncogene c-myc (mRNA level) and the estrogen receptor (protein level) were studied but appeared not to be related to the antiproliferative action of the vitamin D3 compounds. Together, our data point to a potential benefit of combination therapy with 1,25-(OH)2D3 or vitamin D3 analogues and tamoxifen for the treatment of breast cancer.
944. Conjugated macrocylces. Part XXII. Tetrazaporphin and its metallic derivatives (1952)

R. P. Linstead and M. Whalley, J. Chem. Soc., 1952, 4839 DOI: 10.1039/JR9520004839
Συνολικό Τεύχος (2011)

Το Συνολικό Τεύχος του Περιοδικού
Magnon Mediated Electric Current Drag Across a Ferromagnetic Insulator Layer (2012)

In a semiconductor heterostructure, the Coulomb interaction is responsible for the electric current drag between two 2D electron gases across an electron impenetrable insulator. For two metallic layers separated by a ferromagnetic insulator (FI) layer, the electric current drag can be mediated by a nonequilibrium magnon current of the FI. We determine the drag current by using the semiclassical Boltzmann approach with proper boundary conditions of electrons and magnons at the metal-FI interface.
Advances in the Prevention of Heterosexual Transmission of HIV/AIDS Among Women in the United States (2011)

Despite recent advances in testing and treatment, the incidence of HIV/AIDS in the United States has remained stagnant with an estimated 56,300 new infections every year. Women account for an increasing proportion of the epidemic. The vulnerability of women to HIV stems from both increased biologic susceptibility to heterosexual transmission and also the social, economic, and structural disadvantages they often confront. This review describes the main reasons for the increased vulnerability of U.S. women to HIV transmission with particular emphasis on specific high-risk groups including: non-Hispanic blacks, women who use drugs, women with a history of incarceration, and victims of intimate partner violence. Although behavioral approaches to HIV prevention may be effective, pragmatic implementation is often difficult, especially for women who lack sociocultural capital to negotiate condoms with their male partners. Recent advances in HIV prevention show promise in terms of female-initiated interventions. These notably include female condoms, non-specific vaginal microbicides, and antiretroviral oral and vaginal pre-exposure prophylaxis. In this review, we will present evidence in support of these new female-initiated interventions while also emphasizing the importance of advocacy and the political support for these scientific advances to be successful.
Pressure tunes electrical resistivity by four orders of magnitude in amorphous Ge <sub>2</sub> Sb <sub>2</sub> Te <sub>5</sub> phase-change memory alloy (2012)

Ge-Sb-Te-based phase-change memory is one of the most promising candidates to succeed the current flash memories. The application of phase-change materials for data storage and memory devices takes advantage of the fast phase transition (on the order of nanoseconds) and the large property contrasts (e.g., several orders of magnitude difference in electrical resistivity) between the amorphous and the crystalline states. Despite the importance of Ge-Sb-Te alloys and the intense research they have received, the possible phases in the temperature-pressure diagram, as well as the corresponding structure-property correlations, remain to be systematically explored. In this study, by subjecting the amorphous Ge(2)Sb(2)Te(5) (a-GST) to hydrostatic-like pressure (P), the thermodynamic variable alternative to temperature, we are able to tune its electrical resistivity by several orders of magnitude, similar to the resistivity contrast corresponding to the usually investigated amorphous-to-crystalline (a-GST to rock-salt GST) transition used in current phase-change memories. In particular, the electrical resistivity drops precipitously in the P = 0 to 8 GPa regime. A prominent structural signature representing the underlying evolution in atomic arrangements and bonding in this pressure regime, as revealed by the ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, is the reduction of low-electron-density regions, which contributes to the narrowing of band gap and delocalization of trapped electrons. At P > 8 GPa, we have observed major changes of the average local structures (bond angle and coordination numbers), gradually transforming the a-GST into a high-density, metallic-like state. This high-pressure glass is characterized by local motifs that bear similarities to the body-centered-cubic GST (bcc-GST) it eventually crystallizes into at 28 GPa, and hence represents a bcc-type polyamorph of a-GST.
Combinatorial Materials Development (2002)

Our standard of living relies on the discovery and availability of materials (solids with a function). The fulfillment of many desires, such as environmentally friendly chemical production, moisture transporting fabrics, brilliant and stable colors, water- or scratch resistant paints, faster computers, smaller cellular phones, low energy cars or light bulbs and many others depends primarily on the discovery and development of suitable materials. Unfortunately, the discovery of new materials or catalysts is still dominated by serendipity, chemical intuition and systematic rows of experiments. Our chemical knowledge does not allow to predict novel chemical compositions or structures for materials based on desired properties. Better materials are searched for by conventional chemical research, based on one experiment at a time and trial and error. State of the art chemistry is well structured for the optimization and improvement of special properties of known materials. However, it does not provide a concept for the
Restoration of Breadmaking Properties to Frozen Dough by Addition of Sugar and Yeast and Subsequent Processing (2011)

ABSTRACT We prepared bread dough A (a mixture of wheat flour, sugar, salt, and water), bread dough B (a mixture of bread dough A and yeast), and bread dough C (first‐proofed, molded, and second‐proofed bread dough B) and froze them at –20°C for six days. They were thawed at 4°C for 16 hr and subjected to their breadmaking processes. The results indicated that breadmaking properties (bread height [mm] and specific volume [cm 3 /g]) after bread dough A and B processes were the same as those of control bread dough (unfrozen dough). However, in the case of bread dough C, the resulting bread showed depression of the properties. The amount of centrifuged liquid from thawed bread dough C increased. Sugar was added to thawed bread dough C (bread dough C‐1), and then yeast was further added to bread dough C‐1 (bread dough C‐2), and they were subjected to the breadmaking process. The results showed that the breadmaking properties of bread dough C‐2 were the same as those of the control. It was further found that when the first proof step in the bread dough C‐2 process was omitted, the breadmaking properties were depressed. Frozen and thawed bread dough C was packed into a plastic tube, and extension of the dough was compared with that of control dough under reduced pressure. Bread dough C extended to 50 mm, compared with 70 mm for control dough. First proof, mold, and second proof steps of dough C‐2 caused it to extend to the same height as control dough. It was concluded that the increased amount of the separated liquid in thawed dough C caused depression of breadmaking properties resulting from lack of water in the appropriate places to provide the expected properties, but these properties could be restored to the levels of control bread dough by the addition of sugar and yeast following the first proof, mold, and second proof steps.
Síntese, avaliação biológica e modelagem molecular de arilfuranos como inibidores da enzima tripanotiona redutase (2008)

Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan parasite that causes a severe disease (Chagas'disease) in Central and South America. The currently available chemotherapeutic agents against this disease are still inadequate. The enzyme trypanothione reductase (TR) is considered a validated molecular target for the development of new drugs against this parasite. In this regard, a series of arylfurans based on 2,5-bis-(4-acetamidophenyl)furan was synthesized and tested for their in vitro inhibitory activity against TR. Molecular modeling studies of putative enzyme-inhibitor complexes revealed a possible mechanism of interaction. From synthesized compounds, a benzylaminofuran derivative was found to be more active than the lead compound.
Cardiovascular responses to exercise. Effects of aging and exercise training in healthy men. (1994)

We conclude that there is an age-associated decline in heart rate, ejection fraction, and cardiac output responses to supine exercise in healthy men. Although the stroke volume responses of the young and old are similar, the old tend to augment stroke volume during exercise more through cardiac dilatation, with an increase in end-diastolic volume (+8%) but without much change in ejection fraction (+3 ejection fraction units), whereas the young rely more on an increase in the ejection fraction (+11 ejection fraction units) with no cardiac dilatation (-10%). Despite the significant cardiovascular changes that occur in the response to a single bout of exercise with aging, adaptations to chronic exercise training were not different with aging and included improvements in maximal workload and increases in ejection fraction, stroke volume index, and cardiac index at peak exercise.
Morphometric study of Schistosoma mansoni adult worms recovered from undernourished infected mice (2003)

Some unfavourable effects of malnutrition of the host on Schistosoma mansoni worm biology and structure have been reported based upon brigthfield microscopy. This paper aims to study by morphometric techniques, some morphological parameters in male and female adult worms recovered from undernourished albino mice in comparison with parasites recovered from well-fed infected mice. Undernourished animals were fed a multideficient and essentially low protein diet (RBD diet) and compared to well-fed control mice fed with the commercial diet NUVILAB. Seventy-five days post-infection with 80 cercarie (BL strain) animals were sacrificed. All adult worms were fixed in 10% formalin and stained with carmine chloride. One hundred male and 60 female specimens from each group (undernourished and control) were examined using an image system analysis Leica Quantimet 500C and the Sigma Scan Measurement System. The following morphometrical parameters were studied: body length and width, oral and ventral suckers, number and area of testicular lobes, length and width of ovary and uterine egg. For statistical analysis, the Student's t test for unpaired samples was applied. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were detected in body length and width, in parameters of suckers, uterine egg width, ovary length and area of testicular lobes, with lower values for specimens from undernourished mice. The nutritional status of the host has negative influence on S. mansoni adult worms, probably through unavailability of essential nutrients to the parasites.
An Empirical Test of Bootstrapping as a Method for Assessing Confidence in Phylogenetic Analysis (1993)

Bootstrapping is a common method for assessing confidence in phylogenetic analyses. Although bootstrapping was first applied in phylogenetics to assess the repeatability of a given result, bootstrap results are commonly interpreted as a measure of the probability that a phylogenetic estimate represents the true phylogeny. Here we use computer simulations and a laboratory-generated phylogeny to test bootstrapping results of parsimony analyses, both as measures of repeatability (i.e., the probability of repeating a result given a new sample of characters) and accuracy (i.e., the probability that a result represents the true phylogeny). Our results indicate that any given bootstrap proportion provides an unbiased but highly imprecise measure of repeatability, unless the actual probability of replicating the relevant result is nearly one. The imprecision of the estimate is great enough to render the estimate virtually useless as a measure of repeatability. Under conditions thought to be typical of most phylogenetic analyses, however, bootstrap proportions in majority-rule consensus trees provide biased but highly conservative estimates of the probability of correctly inferring the corresponding clades. Specifically, under conditions of equal rates of change, symmetric phylogenies, and internodal change of ≤20% of the characters, bootstrap proportions of ≥70% usually correspond to a probability of ≥95% that the corresponding clade is real. However, under conditions of very high rates of internodal change (approaching randomization of the characters among taxa) or highly unequal rates of change among taxa, bootstrap proportions >50% are overestimates of accuracy.
Membership List, 1988 (1988)

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An Efficient Block Motion Estimation Algorithm on Multimedia Processors (2005)

A predictive line search (PLS) algorithm has already been proved to be successful in block motion estimation on multimedia processors to take advantage of their flexibility and parallelism. The paper presents an efficient algorithm named modified PLS (MPLS) to avoid redundant computation of PLS. Dependent on the motion activity in videos, experimental results indicate that MPLS performs better than PLS in terms of MSE and requires less computation by up to 23% on average.
Efficient, context-aware privacy leakage confinement for android applications without firmware modding (2014)

As Android has become the most prevalent operating system in mobile devices, privacy concerns in the Android platform are increasing. A mechanism for efficient runtime enforcement of information-flow security policies in Android apps is desirable to confine privacy leakage. The prior works towards this problem require firmware modification (i.e., modding) and incur considerable runtime overhead. Besides, no effective mechanism is in place to distinguish malicious privacy leakage from those of legitimate uses. In this paper, we take a bytecode rewriting approach. Given an unknown Android app, we selectively insert instrumentation code into the app to keep track of private information and detect leakage at runtime. To distinguish legitimate and malicious leaks, we model the user's decisions with a context-aware policy enforcement mechanism. We have implemented a prototype called Capper and evaluated its efficacy on confining privacy-breaching apps. Our evaluation on 4723 real-world Android applications demonstrates that Capper can effectively track and mitigate privacy leaks. Moreover, after going through a series of optimizations, the instrumentation code only represents a small portion (4.48% on average) of the entire program. The runtime overhead introduced by Capper is also minimal, merely 1.5% for intensive data propagation.
Analysis of Gait Patterns in Normal School-Aged Children (1988)

The continuing development of gait in 60 children aged 7-16 years was studied with plantar surface-attached transducers to describe the time pressure profiles of foot segments during stance. Decreased pronation/supination of the subtalar and midtarsal joints was shown by simultaneous onset and simultaneous peak on medial and lateral heel sensors. The resultant midstance showed a rapid lateral-to-medial loading of the forefoot. The foot-flat position with decreased rotation about the longitudinal axis of the foot persists even after the temporal parameters of gait attain mature values.
Antihypertensive drug side effects in the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program. (1988)

The 5485 participants in the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program, Stepped-Care group form one of the largest groups to date on which detailed surveillance of long-term antihypertensive therapy and drug side effects has been reported. During a 5-year period, among all hypertensive persons (mild, moderate, and severe combined) who were not taking antihypertensive medications at the beginning of the study and who attended the clinic at least once during the 5-year trial, a total of 9.3% had definite or probable side effects severe enough to cause discontinuation of the drug treatment in question. Less than 1% of active participants required hospitalization for side effects. No death that could be attributed to side effects was detected. Thus, the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program data, which have previously demonstrated the beneficial effects of antihypertensive therapy, confirm the relative safety of such therapy.
Iterative MAP decoding for serial concatenated convolutional codes (1998)

The paper provides detailed computational steps for implementing an iterative serial concatenated convolutional code (SCCC) decoder. These are based on maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) decoding of a single, rate 1/2, recursive, systematic convolutional code, which is reduced to easily implemented equations for forward and backward recursion. In particular, the crucial information exchange between MAP decoders is clarified. Simulation of a rate 1/3 SCCC with memory-2 codes and a coding delay of N = 1000 shows a bit error rate of 10-6 for Eb/N0 = 1.5 dB, and gives a typical interleaver gain of N-3.