gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of nonconventional additives as fire retardants on polyamide 6,6: Phosphorous‐based master batch, α‐zirconium dihydrogen phosphate, and β‐cyclodextrin based nanosponges (2011)

Abstract The influence of new types of additives, such as halogen‐ and antimony‐free flame‐retardant master batches based on phosphorus, α‐zirconium dihydrogen phosphate, and β‐cyclodextrin nanosponges, on the flame retardancy of polyamide 6,6 (PA6,6) by means of cone calorimetry and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests was investigated. A significant decrease of the heat release rate, depending by the type of additive used, was observed. Furthermore, with the consideration that the life safety during the fire could be improved by a decrease in the fire hazard, a decrease in the quantity of the smoke and its toxicity, depending also on the type of additive, was revealed. With regard to the LOI test, neat PA6,6 showed a slight increase in the LOI value in comparison with the PA6,6 composites. However, all of the PA6,6/composites showed a slower burning velocity and antidripping effects at oxygen concentrations corresponding to the LOI value. To understand the flame‐retardancy mechanism of these novel PA6,6 composites, we thoroughly investigated their thermal decomposition behavior and microstructure/elemental analysis by scanning electron microscopy/energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. Furthermore, the combustion behavior of these novel PA6,6 composites was compared with that of conventional nanofillers (e.g., modified montmorillonite clay and carbon nanotubes). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
ZnO Nanorod Arrays for Organic Solar Cells (2010)

We report on the synthesis and characterization of vapor phase grown zinc oxide nanorod arrays on sputtered aluminum-doped zinc oxide substrates. These arrays can serve as nanostructured electrodes for P3HT:PCBM solar cells, possibly improving their photovoltaic performance.
Involvement of thyroid hormones in the effect of intracerebroventricular leptin infusion on uncoupling protein-3 expression in rat muscle. (2000)

We have shown previously that continuous (6 days) intracerebroventricular (ICV) leptin infusion in normal rats resulted in decreases in food intake and body weight. A reduction of food intake imposed on control rats (pair-feeding), aimed at mimicking leptin-induced hyperphagia, produced a marked decrease in the expression of muscle uncoupling protein-3 (UCP-3), whereas ICV infusion of leptin prevented such a decrease in UCP-3. To investigate an involvement of thyroid hormones in this effect of leptin, plasma levels of these hormones were determined in ICV leptin-infused, ICV vehicle-infused ad libitum fed or pair-fed controls. ICV leptin infusion and pair-feeding resulted in decreased plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and T4 levels relative to ad libitum fed controls. ICV leptin infusion maintained plasma levels of T3, but the levels were decreased by pair-feeding. The activity of the enzyme (hepatic 5'-monodeiodinase) responsible for T4/T3 conversion was measured. In the leptin-infused group, the activity of 5'-monodeiodinase was maintained at the values measured in ad libitum fed rats; in pair-fed rats, activity was reduced. Thus, conversion of T4 to T3 is decreased by pair-feeding, whereas such is not the case during leptin infusion. To further substantiate an involvement of thyroid hormones in the effect of leptin on muscle UCP-3 expression, hypothyroid rats were ICV infused with leptin or vehicle. It was observed that in hypothyroid rats, ICV leptin was unable to maintain muscle UCP-3 expression at values measured in ad libitum fed controls. These results suggest that central leptin stimulates T3 production via an activation of T4 to T3 conversion, and that this stimulation could be responsible for the effect of leptin on muscle UCP-3 expression. Thyroid hormones could thus be important mediators of the effect of leptin on energy expenditure.
A stiffness probe for soft tissue abnormality identification during laparoscopic surgery (2012)

this paper presents a smart, novel stiffness probe capable of detecting the abnormality within soft tissue during minimally invasive surgery. The proposed probe is based on force-contact area feedback of target soft tissue. A prototype for validating the concept was developed. The prototype comprises a force/torque sensor, a probe with a transparent round head and a digital camera capturing contact area of probe-tissue interaction during indentation test. By measuring the change of contact area, the indentation depth can be estimated. The stiffness then can be evaluated by measuring indentation force and depth simultaneously. The probe can also generalize a mechanical image to help a surgeon identify embedded tumors when sliding over soft tissue. The performance of the developed probe was validated by tests of uniaxial tissue indentation and sliding tissue indentation on silicone phantoms and pork organs. A comparative study of the proposed probe with manual palpation was conducted. The results show that the robe can perform stiffness measurement effectively when the probe indents and slides on the tissue surface. Due to the small size of the probe it can be employed during minimally invasive surgery to reach tissue surfaces where the manual palpation is prevented by the restricted access.
Antibody-Dependent Eosinophil-Mediated Damage to 51Cr-Labeled Schistosomula of <i>Schistosoma Mansoni</i>: Mediation by IgG, and Inhibition by Antigen-Antibody Complexes (1977)

Abstract The properties of the antibodies responsible for complement-independent, eosinophil-mediated damage to schistosomula have been characterized in serum samples from Schistosoma mansoni-infected baboons and human patients. The antibody is opsonic for the target larvae, but is not detectably cytophilic. It is associated with IgG-rich fractions after DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and is removed by anti-IgG immunoadsorbents. In studies on the specificity of the antibody, it was found that activity was also removed by absorption with whole schistosomula, but not with an insoluble adult worm membrane preparation. In this preparation, however, membrane antigens may have been masked; and immunofluorescence studies showed that absorption with schistosomula was associated with loss of activity against the adult worm membrane, indicating a cross-reactivity between schistosomular and adult worm antigens. A finding that activity was also lost after incubation of sera with soluble adult worm antigens was possibly attributable to the formation of immune complexes which blocked effector cell activity. In further studies, it was shown that preincubation of effector cells with exogenous immune complexes resulted in a loss of cytotoxic activity, supporting the hypothesis that Fc receptors are involved in the initial interaction between eosinophils and antibody-coated larvae. The blockade of eosinophil-enriched effector cells by immune complexes was not reversed by washing and subsequent overnight culture before assay. A possible relationship between circulating immune complexes and the relative inactivity of cells from patients with schistosomiasis and eosinophilia is discussed.
Diametrical clustering for identifying anti-correlated gene clusters (2003)

We present a new diametrical clustering algorithm that explicitly identifies anti-correlated clusters of genes. Our algorithm proceeds by iteratively (i). re-partitioning the genes and (ii). computing the dominant singular vector of each gene cluster; each singular vector serving as the prototype of a 'diametric' cluster. We empirically show the effectiveness of the algorithm in identifying diametrical or anti-correlated clusters. Testing the algorithm on yeast cell cycle data, fibroblast gene expression data, and DNA microarray data from yeast mutants reveals that opposed cellular pathways can be discovered with this method. We present systems whose mRNA expression patterns, and likely their functions, oppose the yeast ribosome and proteosome, along with evidence for the inverse transcriptional regulation of a number of cellular systems.
Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy (1993)

Twenty cases of melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy (MNTI) are reported. The patients (13 females, seven males), whose ages ranged from 1 to 9 months (mean, 5 months), typically presented with a rapidly growing mass. Tumor sites included the maxilla (13 cases), mandible (three cases), dura (two cases), brain (one case), and skull/orbit (one case). The mean tumor size was 3.5 cm (range, 1.0-10.0 cm). Follow-up was obtained on 12 cases. Five tumors (45%) recurred within 4 months of diagnosis, but none metastasized. One surgical death occurred. Histologic appearance was distinctive, with tubular or alveolar formations of large melanin-containing cells around nests of smaller neuroblastic cells possessing scant or fibrillar cytoplasm. Twelve tumors were studied immunohistochemically; tumor was positive for cytokeratin in 12 of 12, for HMB 45 in 12 of 12, for vimentin in seven of eight, and for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) in four of nine tumors, mainly in the large cells. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) (seven of 12) and Leu 7 (nine of 12) were positive in small and large cells; some tumors also expressed synaptophysin (four of 12), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, three of 12 tumors), or S-100 protein (two of 12 tumors). No staining was found for chromogranin, desmin, or carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Eight of 10 tumors studied had interpretable results on flow cytometry (FCM) (four DNA diploid, three DNA aneuploid, and one DNA diploid with a prominent shoulder). Tumor recurred locally in two of five cases with follow-up, and we were unable to demonstrate the usefulness of FCM in predicting recurrences. Further studies are necessary to define better the potential usefulness of FCM in predicting aggressive behavior. Distinctive morphology and multiphenotypic (epithelial, neural, melanocytic) expression distinguish MNTI from melanoma and metastatic neuroblastoma.
Thermal Diels–Alder Reactions of 3‐(Benzoylamino)‐6‐(polyfluoroalkyl)pyran‐2‐ones – New Synthesis of <i>p</i>‐(Polyfluoroalkyl)anilines (2006)

Abstract A new practical method for the regioselective synthesis of the N ‐benzoyl‐4‐(polyfluoroalkyl)anilines 5a – g by thermal Diels–Alder cycloaddition of 5‐substituted 3‐(benzoylamino)‐6‐(polyfluoroalkyl)pyran‐2‐ones 1a – e with fluorostyrenes 2 and 7 , acetylenes 8a – c or vinyl ethers 10 and 13a and 13b is described. In the case of the reactions of pyrone 1a with cyclic vinyl ethers 13a and 13b , the dihydrobenzenes 14a and 14b were obtained. Free 4‐(polyfluoroalkyl)anilines 16a – c were smoothly formed in good yields by DBU‐assisted benzoyl deprotection. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Humoral Immune Responses in <i>Cr2</i> −/− Mice: Enhanced Affinity Maturation but Impaired Antibody Persistence (2000)

Deficiency in CD21/CD35 by disruption of the Cr2 loci leads to impaired humoral immune responses. In this study, we detail the role of CD21/CD35 on Ab responses to the hapten (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl conjugated to chicken gamma-globulin. Surprisingly, Cr2-/- mice generate significant Ab responses and germinal center (GC) reactions to low doses of this Ag in alum, although the magnitude of their responses is much reduced in comparison with those of Cr2+/- and C57BL/6 controls. Increasing Ag dose partially corrected this deficit. In situ study of the somatic genetics of GC B cells demonstrated that VDJ hypermutation does not require CD21/CD35, and Cr2-/- mice exhibited enhanced affinity maturation of serum Ab in the post-GC phase of the primary response. On the other hand, Cr2-/- mice displayed accelerated loss of serum Ab and long-lived Ab-forming cells. These observations suggest that B cell activation/survival signals mediated by CD21 and/or the retention of Ag by CD21/CD35 play important roles in the generation, quality, and maintenance of serum Ab.
Chemical Modification of Hydrophobic Block in Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Poly(Caprolactone) Based Nanocarriers: Effect on the Solubilization and Hemolytic Activity of Amphotericin B (2010)

The aim of this study was to develop methoxy poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (MePEO-b-PCL) containing stearyl (St) substituents on PCL, and assess the efficacy of nanocarriers formed from this structure in comparison to unmodified MePEO-b-PCL and those with carboxyl substitutes on PCL on the solubilization and delivery of Amphotericin B (AmB). Prepared block copolymers were characterized for their molecular weight by (1)H NMR and gel permeation chromatography. The self-assembly of synthesized MePEO-b-PStCL to spherical particles of nanometer size range was shown by dynamic light scattering as well as electron and atomic force microscopy. Encapsulated AmB showed a reduction in its hemolytic activity against rat red blood cells in comparison to the commercial formulation of AmB, Fungizone.
pHLIP and acidity as a universal biomarker for cancer. (2012)

Of great importance to clinical cancer diagnosis is the use of organic biomarkers. The detection of RNA, DNA, and protein antigen are all established methods for identifying specific cancer types and instrumental in promoting greater survivorship of the patient. Despite many decades of intense cancer research, we have yet to identify a "universal" protein or nucleic acid that allows us to diagnose more than a small subset of cancers at a time. In this review, we examine the use of localized cellular acidity as a universal marker for solid tumors, outlining some successes with a small peptide we call pHLIP, a pH-sensitive biosensor that allows us to label tumor tissue in live mice.
Co-Generation: Grid Independent Power and Cooling for a Data Center (2009)

This paper presents an overview of the application of co-generation technology to data centers. Data center powers are increasing at an ever increasing rate and the power and cooling supply to these data centers are putting pressure on businesses to evaluate the issues related to the delivery of power and cooling. These evaluations stem from three key concerns in providing power to IT equipment in data centers — total cost of power delivery, reliability of power delivery, and finally the availability of power. This paper will present the key features of the cogeneration technology and where it might make business sense to consider its application.
Pollen development in male-fertile and cytoplasmic male-sterile rye (1979)

Pollen development in a male-fertile and a cytoplasmic male-sterile line of rye (Secale cereals L.) was investigated using histological techniques. In the male-fertile line a high degree of organization was evident within the locule, and polarity within the microspore was also apparent. In the male-sterile line, development appeared to proceed normally until the tetrad stage. Just after tetrad breakup, the tapetum became vacuolate and invaded the locule. Two days later the organization within the locule had broken down completely. Microspores and tapetum had become an unorganized mass within the locule. By 10 days after tetrads, the middle layer had also broken down. At dehiscence the contents of the locule remained as a compressed layer over the endothecium of the anther.
X‐and K‐band transient EPR of the light induced radical ion pairs in photosynthetic model systems (1996)

Abstract The light induced electron transfer in the complex 2‐tetraalkylphenylenediamine‐Zinc porphyrin‐2‐naphtho‐quinone (TAPD‐ZnP‐NQ) is investigated using transient EPR at X‐band (9 GHz) and K‐band (24 GHz). Spin polarized spectra are presented for the radical pair TAPD +• NQ −• which is generated by light excitation of the complex at 30 K in 2‐methyl‐tetrahydrofuran and the liquid crystal BDH E7. In the liquid crystal, the complex is partially ordered and the spectra depend on the orientation of the sample with respect to the magnetic field. A qualitative interpretation of the spectra on the basis of the coupled, correlated radical pair (CCRP) model is presented. The spectra of the partially oriented samples clearly show that: (i) the exchange interaction, J , makes a substantial contribution to the coupling between the radicals and is of the same order of magnitude as the dipole‐dipole coupling (ii) when this coupling is taken into account, the experimental spectra are consistent with the expected geometry of the complex. This system is one of the few cases in which the two couplings are of similar magnitude and allows their influence on the polarization pattern to be investigated. The value of J ≈0.1 mT obtained from the spectra is at least two orders of magnitude larger than that found in the analogous radical pair, P +• Q −• , in photosynthetic reaction centres, although the average distance between the spins in the two systems differ at most by a factor of 1.5. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed.
Functional Characterization of MicroRNA-27a-3p Expression in Human Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2017)

The goal of this study was to characterize the function of microRNA-27a-3p (miR-27a-3p) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). miR-27a-3p expression was analyzed in excised granulosa cells (GCs) from 21 patients with PCOS and 12 normal patients undergoing in vitro fertilization cycle treatments and in 17 nontreated cuneiform ovarian resection PCOS samples and 13 control ovarian samples from patients without PCOS. We found that the expression of miR-27a-3p was significantly increased in both excised GCs and the ovaries of patients with PCOS compared with the controls. Insulin treatment of the human granulosa-like tumor cell line (KGN) resulted in decreased downregulated expression of miR-27a-3p, and this effect appeared to be mediated by signal transducer and activator of transcription STAT1 and STAT3. The overexpression of miR-27a-3p in KGN cells inhibited SMAD5, which in turn decreased cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis. After KGN cells were stimulated with insulin for 48 hours, there was increased expression of SMAD5 protein and decreased apoptosis. Additionally, knockdown/overexpression of SMAD5 in KGN cells reduced/increased cell number and promoted/inhibited cell apoptosis. Insulin-stimulated primary GCs isolated from patients with PCOS, in contrast to normal GCs or KGN cells, did not exhibit decreased miR-27a-3p expression. The differences in the expression levels in KGN cells and human PCOS GCs are likely explained by increased miR-27a-3p expression in the GCs caused by insulin resistance in PCOS. Taken together, our data provided evidence for a functional role of miR-27a-3p in the GCs' dysfunction that occurs in patients with PCOS.
Terahertz Generation and Detection by Plasma Waves in Nanometer Gate High Electron Mobility Transistors (2005)

The high electron mobility transistors can act as a resonator cavity for the plasma waves that can reach THz frequencies for a nanometer size devices. As was predicted by Dyakonov and Shur in 1993, the steady state of the current flow in a gated 2D electron gas can become unstable leading to the emission of an electromagnetic radiation at the plasma wave frequencies. The theory predicted also that the plasma waves can be used for resonant detection of THz electromagnetic radiation. In the present paper we review our recent experiments on THz emission and detection performed on high electron mobility transistors based on different semiconductor structures: InGaAs/GaAlAs, GaAs/GaAlAs, and Si.
ROADM architectures and technologies for agile optical networks (2007)

We review the different optoelectronic component and module technologies that have been developed for use in ROADM subsystems, and describe their principles of operation, designs, features, advantages, and challenges. We also describe the various needs for reconfigurable optical add/drop switching in agile optical networks. For each network need, we present the different ROADM subsystem architecture options with their pros and cons, and describe the optoelectronic technologies supporting each architecture.
Xi. The origin of fatigue fracture in copper (1956)

Abstract The paper describes metallographic observations of the development of fatigue cracks in copper. The specimens (polycrystal and single crystals) were tested in push-pull at 1000 c.p.s. It was shown that the fatigue crack started in a slip band inside a single grain. An electropolishing technique showed changes in the character of the slip band after 5% of the life had expired. Cracks more than one grain long were present when half the life had expired. It was confirmed that the fatigue life could be increased by preventing access of oxygen to the surface. The bearing of these observations on the problem of the origin of a fatigue crack is discussed.
Downregulation of survivin and aurora A by histone deacetylase and RAS inhibitors: A new drug combination for cancer therapy (2010)

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, such as valproic acid (VPA), constitute a novel class of anticancer agents that cause an increase in acetylated histones and thus restore the expression of dormant tumor-suppressor and other genes related to cell differentiation, cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis of tumor cells. The Ras inhibitor farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS, salirasib) attenuates cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo and, under certain circumstances, induces cell death. FTS by itself does not induce differentiation or complete growth arrest. The abovementioned activity of VPA as a differentiation agent suggested that it might be worth investigating its possible therapeutic potential in synergistic combination with FTS. Here, we examined whether the combined application of VPA and FTS could synergistically inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells that express oncogenic K-Ras (A549 nonsmall-cell lung carcinoma cells), DLD1 (colon carcinoma cells) or chronically active wild-type K-Ras and constitutively active B-Raf (ARO, thyroid carcinoma cells). The results showed that combined treatment with VPA and FTS synergistically reduces proliferation in all of these cancer cell lines by downregulating Ras and blocking the expression of Survivin and Aurora A. These alterations, which were most pronounced following the combined treatment, led to a mitotic crisis, as reflected by mislocalization of the chromosomal passenger complex. Our findings thus demonstrate that combination therapy with VPA and FTS might offer a promising therapeutic approach to the treatment of epithelial tumors.
In vivo CRISPR screening for phenotypic targets of the <i>mir-35-42</i> family in <i>C. elegans</i> (2020)

Identifying miRNA target genes is difficult, and delineating which targets are the most biologically important is even more difficult. We devised a novel strategy to test the phenotypic impact of individual microRNA-target interactions by disrupting each predicted miRNA-binding site by CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in <i>C. elegans</i> We developed a multiplexed negative selection screening approach in which edited loci are deep sequenced, and candidate sites are prioritized based on apparent selection pressure against mutations that disrupt miRNA binding. Importantly, our screen was conducted in vivo on mutant animals, allowing us to interrogate organism-level phenotypes. We used this approach to screen for phenotypic targets of the essential <i>mir-35-42</i> family. By generating 1130 novel 3'UTR alleles across all predicted targets, we identified <i>egl-1</i> as a phenotypic target whose derepression partially phenocopies the <i>mir-35-42</i> mutant phenotype by inducing embryonic lethality and low fecundity. These phenotypes can be rescued by compensatory CRISPR mutations that retarget <i>mir-35</i> to the mutant <i>egl-1</i> 3'UTR. This study demonstrates that the application of in vivo whole organismal CRISPR screening has great potential to accelerate the discovery of phenotypic negative regulatory elements in the noncoding genome.