gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Liquid Phase Photochlorination and Sulfuryl Chloride Chlorination of Branchedchain Hydrocarbons; the Effect of Structure on the Relative Reactivities of Tertiary Hydrogen in Free Radical Chlorinations<sup>1,2</sup> (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Liquid Phase Photochlorination and Sulfuryl Chloride Chlorination of Branchedchain Hydrocarbons; the Effect of Structure on the Relative Reactivities of Tertiary Hydrogen in Free Radical Chlorinations1,2Glen A. Russell and Herbert C. BrownCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 15, 4031–4035Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1955https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01620a021https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01620a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views505Altmetric-Citations48LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Synthetic and recombinant antithrombin drugs (1998)

As the final enzyme in the activation of the coagulation system, the serine protease, thrombin, is believed to be an important target for the development of new anticoagulant/antithrombotic drugs. Direct thrombin inhibitors are either derived from natural sources, such as hirudin or are chemically synthesised, such as argatroban. The coupling of hirudin or parts of it with other entities leads to novel agents with different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG)-hirudin or the hirulogs. Due to the reversible or irreversible inactivation of the enzyme, thrombin inhibitors exert strong anticoagulant effects that can be measured in global clotting assays. Furthermore, these compounds inhibit thrombin-induced platelet reactions and influence other cellular, receptor-mediated actions of thrombin, e.g., on vascular cells. Directly acting thrombin inhibitors prevent blood clotting and are also capable of inhibiting clot-associated thrombin; however, they do not effectively block the further generation of the enzyme. Comprehensive experimental studies suggest that thrombin inhibitors may be effective drugs in a wide range of intravascular thrombus formation, also including the inhibition of vascular restenosis. Recent clinical trials revealed the effectiveness of direct thrombin inhibitors in various thrombotic and cardiovascular indications, but also a tendency to an increased risk of bleeding complications. At present, thrombin inhibitors are the most promising class of drugs for the initial therapy of patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia (HIT) or the heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia and thrombosis syndrome (HITTS). They are also useful for the management of venous thrombosis and for acute ischaemic syndromes as well as for invasive procedures. However, with regard to the long-term outcome, a superiority of thrombin inhibitors over heparin has not yet been demonstrated. Several important issues, such as monitoring, pharmacological antagonism and drug interactions will also play an important role in the development of these new drugs. Further clinical trials are required to confirm the effectiveness of direct thrombin inhibitors in the prophylaxis and treatment of various thromboembolic and cardiovascular disorders.
Asymmetric synthesis of 1,2-amino alcohols using (S)-indoline chiral auxiliary (2000)

Chiral hydrazones 1 reacted with aryl- or alkyl-lithiums at -78 degrees C in a short reaction time, within 10 min, to afford arylated or alkylated chiral hydrazines 3 with extremely high diastereoselectivity (up to >99% de) and high chemical yields. The hydrazines are readily converted to chiral amino alcohols 4.
Different spatial distribution between germinal center B and non-germinal center B primary central nervous system lymphoma revealed by magnetic resonance group analysis (2014)

A PCNSL frequency map showed that these tumors tended to occur around the lateral, third and fourth ventricles. Moreover, GCB (27 cases) and non-GCB (63 cases) PCNSL frequency maps showed GCB lymphomas located at the upper tegmentum and cerebellum around the fourth ventricle, while non-GCB lymphomas tended to occupy the anterior fornix. These differences were significant and confirmed by the existence of voxels with P values <.05 (random permutation analysis with voxel-wise Fisher' exact test). This is the very first report to address phenotypical and spatial distributional differences between GCB and non-GCB PCNSL using an MR group analytical method.
Improve corrosion control in refining processes (1995)

New guidelines show how to control corrosion and environmental cracking of process equipment when processing feedstocks containing sulfur and/or naphthenic acids. To be cost competitive refiners must be able to process crudes of opportunity. These feedstocks when processed under high temperatures and pressures and alkaline conditions can cause brittle cracks and blisters in susceptible steel-fabricated equipment. Even with advances in steel metallurgy, wet H{sub 2}S cracking continues to be a problem. New research data shows that process conditions such as temperature, pH and flowrate are key factors in the corrosion process. Before selecting equipment material, operators must understand the corrosion mechanisms present within process conditions. Several case histories investigate the corrosion reactions found when refining naphthenic crudes and operating amine gas-sweetening systems. These examples show how to use process controls, inhibitors and/or metallurgy to control corrosion and environmental cracking, to improve material selection and to extend equipment service life.
Abstract 2989: Expression of immune checkpoints proteins and their prognostic relevance in prostate cancer (2017)

Abstract Immune checkpoint proteins including programmed death ligand 1, 2 (PD-L1, PD-L2) and B7-H3 play important roles for immune evasion in many cancer types. PD-L1 is an established therapeutic target in lung cancer and in a growing number of other indications. The clinical success of PD-L1 inhibitors has accelerated the development of drugs also targeting PD-L2 and B7-H3. In prostate cancer, studies on the prevalence and clinical relevance of these proteins have been inconclusive. Here, we performed immunohistochemical analysis of PD-L1, PD-L2 and B7-H3 in our large prostate cancer prognosis tissue microarray (TMA) containing tissue samples from more than 17,000 patients. Normal prostate glands were negative for PD-L1 and B7-H3, but positive for PD-L2. We found that 47% of 12,808 interpretable cancers showed B7-H3 expression, and 92% of 9,463 cancers showed PD-L2 expression, while expression of PD-L1 was virtually absent (0.2% of 17,392 tumors) in epithelial cells. Stroma cells and immune cells were entirely negative for PD-L1 and B7-H3, while some faint staining of lymphocytes was occasionally observed for PD-L2. In cancers, PD-L2 and B7-H3 staining had different prognostic impact, which depended on the ERG status: B7-H3 expression was linked to young patient age, advanced stage, high Gleason grade, lymph node metastasis (p&lt;0.0001 each), presence of PTEN deletion (p&lt;0.0001), and poor prognosis in ERG negative cancers (p&lt;0.0001), while PD-L2 expression was linked to beneficial tumor features and good prognosis exclusively in tumors with ERG fusion (p&lt;0.0001). In a multivariate analysis including pT stage, Gleason grade, nodal stage, resection margin and preoperative PSA level, B7-H3 expression was an independent prognostic factor (p=0.0004). In summary, the results of our study identify a subset of young patients with ERG negative aggressive prostate cancers that might benefit from anti-B7-H3 therapy in the future. PD-L2 expression appears to protect tumors from progression and does not seem to be suitable as a potential target in prostate cancer. PD-L1 expression is extremely rare in this disease, suggesting that only few prostate cancer patients might benefit from PD-L1 inhibitors. Citation Format: Claudia Hube-Magg, Cornelia Schroeder, Ronald Simon, Martina Kluth, Till Krech, Franziska Büscheck, Frank Jacobsen, Doris Höflmayer, Lars Budäus, Hartwig Huland, Markus Graefen, Guido Sauter, Thorsten Schlomm. Expression of immune checkpoints proteins and their prognostic relevance in prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2989. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2989
Five-Dimensional Microscopy using Widefield-Deconvolution: Practical Considerations and Biological Applications (1996)

The ability to image cells in three dimensions has brought about a revolution in biological microscopy, enabling many questions to be asked which would be inaccessible without this capability. There are currently two major methods of three dimensional microscopy: laser-scanning confocal microscopy and widefield-deconvolution microscopy. The method of widefield-deconvolution uses a cooled CCD to acquire images from a standard widefield microscope, and then computationally removes out of focus blur. Using such a scheme, it is easy to acquire time-lapse 3D images of living cells without killing them, and to do so for multiple wavelengths (using computer-controlled filter wheels). Thus, it is now not only feasible, but routine, to perform five dimensional microscopy (three spatial dimensions, plus time, plus wavelength). Widefield-deconvolution has several advantages over confocal microscopy. The two main advantages are high speed of acquisition (because there is no scanning, a single optical section is acquired at a time by using a cooled CCD camera) and the use of low excitation light levels Excitation intensity can be much lower than in a confocal microscope for three reasons: 1) longer exposures can be taken since the entire 512x512 image plane is acquired in parallel, so that dwell time is not an issue, 2) the higher quantum efficiently of a CCD detect over those typically used in confocal microscopy (although this is expected to change due to advances in confocal detector technology), and 3) because no pinhole is used to reject light, a much larger fraction of the emitted light is collected. Thus we can typically acquire images with thousands of photons per pixel using a mercury lamp, instead of a laser, for illumination. The use of low excitation light is critical for living samples, and also reduces bleaching. The high speed of widefield microscopy is also essential for time-lapse 3D microscopy, since one must acquire images quickly enough to resolve interesting events.
Non-H-2 restriction of expression of passively transferred delayed sensitivity. (1982)

The results of this study of allogeneic restriction of passively transferred delayed sensitivity to Listeria antigens serve to illustrate the complexity of in vivo models. They show that the H-2 restriction observed when delayed-type hypersensitivity was transferred between H-2-congenic strains was no more severe than the restriction observed when delayed-type hypersensitivity was transferred between parental and F1 mice and between different strains sharing the same H-2 haplotype. It is obvious that genes, in addition to those of the H-2 locus, can be responsible for allogeneic restriction in vivo.
Glutathione transferase P1-1: self-preservation of an anti-cancer enzyme (2003)

Self-preservation is a typical property of living organisms, observed in the simplest prokaryotic cell as well as in the more complex pluricellular organisms. Surprisingly we found a self-preservation mechanism operating at the level of a single enzyme. Human glutathione transferase P1-1 operates in such a way towards either killer compounds (competitive and irreversible inhibitors) or physical factors (temperature and UV-rays), which could suppress its detoxicating and anti-cancer activity in the cell. This property, here termed 'co-operative self-preservation', is based on a structural intersubunit communication, by which one subunit, as a consequence of an inactivating modification, triggers a defence arrangement in the other subunit. Paradoxically this ability, developed during evolution for the survival of the cell, may not always be advantageous for us. In fact, glutathione transferase P1-1 is overexpressed in most tumour cells and pharmacological attempts to inhibit this enzyme in vivo, to prevent the drug resistance phenomenon during chemotherapy, may be thwarted by such self-preservation.
OVERLAP AND INTERACTION WITHIN THE SMAD 1, 5, AND 8 MOLECULAR SIGNALING PATHWAY. (2007)

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), members of the TGF-beta superfamily, are involved in cellular differentiation and a number of pathologic conditions. Mice deficient in BMP receptors Bmpr1a and Bmpr1b present phenotypically with severe chondrodysplasia. BMPs signal through Smad proteins, which play several essential roles during cellular development. It is known that signaling proteins Smad 1, 5, and 8 are the direct targets for BMPR1A and BMPR1B. Smad 1, 5, and 8 are phosphorylated by BMPRs, allowing interactions with Smad 4 and relocation to the nucleus, thus altering gene transcription and cellular maturation. Despite their importance, the function and interaction patterns of Smad proteins remain unclear. It is hypothesized that inter-Smad regulation and functional overlap exists between Smads 1, 5, and 8. We tested this hypothesis through the generation of mice lacking Smad1 or Smad8 singly or in combination using Cre-loxP technology and a floxed allele of Smad1. Genotypic and phenotypic analyses were used to examine Smad 1, 5, and 8 interactions. A PCR multiplex strategy was designed to genotype potential Smad mutants. After identification of informative litters, comparisons were made using histologic, skeletal preparation, and immunofluorescent staining techniques. In Smad1 and Smad8 mutants, skeletal preparations revealed essentially unaffected gross patterning. This phenotype suggests that either there is extensive functional redundancy, non-Smad signaling, based on comparison with Bmpr1a/Bmpr1b knockout phenotypes. Histologic slides revealed subtle disorganization within the growth plates of Smad1CKO; Smad8 +/{1338} (CKO = cartilage-specific knockout) mice that was not apparent in Smad1CKO or Smad8−/− mice, demonstrating a role for these Smads in the growth plate, and functional redundancy. Immunofluorescence highlighted comparable levels of phospho-Smad 1, 5, and 8 staining in Smad1CKO; Smad8+/− mice and WT littermates. This suggests compensatory up-regulation of Smad 5/8 proteins in the absence of Smad 1. Taken together, our results support roles for Smads in transducing BMP signaling in the growth plate and suggest a high degree of functional redundancy among the members of the Smad 1, 5, 8 subgroup.
Differential effects of aging on human chondrocyte responses to transforming growth factor β. Increased pyrophosphate production and decreased cell proliferation (1997)

Abstract Objective . To address the influence of age on inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) accumulation in human articular chondrocytes. Methods . Articular cartilage was obtained from men and women in 2 different age groups: ages 15‐55 and 56‐91. The effects of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) on PPi levels in the media and cell lysates of chondrocytes were investigated. In addition, the effects of TGFβ on PPi accumulation were compared with chondrocyte proliferation. Results . TGFβ1 increased PPi levels to a greater extent in chondrocytes from subjects in the older age group compared with those obtained from younger subjects. Treatment of chondrocytes with TGFβ1 led to a similar increase in total intracellular protein in both age groups. Although TGFβ increased nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase activity and decreased alkaline phosphatase activity, these effects did not differ between the 2 age groups. Analysis of the same cell preparations showed an age‐related decrease in TGFβ‐induced chondrocyte proliferation, whereas these same cells showed an increased response with respect to PPi elaboration. Conclusion . These results show that aging differentially affected TGFβ‐induced PPi accumulation versus proliferation in human articular chondrocytes. These differences in TGFβ response are likely to contribute to the development of age‐associated cartilage diseases such as osteoarthritis.
The pan-PIM inhibitor INCB053914 displays potent synergy in combination with ruxolitinib in models of MPN (2019)

Aberrant JAK2 tyrosine kinase signaling drives the development of Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), including polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis. However, JAK2 kinase inhibitors have failed to significantly reduce allele burden in MPN patients, underscoring the need for improved therapeutic strategies. Members of the PIM family of serine/threonine kinases promote cellular proliferation by regulating a variety of cellular processes, including protein synthesis and the balance of signaling that regulates apoptosis. Overexpression of PIM family members is oncogenic, exemplified by their ability to induce lymphomas in collaboration with c-Myc. Thus, PIM kinases are potential therapeutic targets for several malignancies such as solid tumors and blood cancers. We and others have shown that PIM inhibitors augment the efficacy of JAK2 inhibitors by using in vitro models of MPNs. Here we report that the recently developed pan-PIM inhibitor INCB053914 augments the efficacy of the US Food and Drug Administration-approved JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib in both in vitro and in vivo MPN models. INCB053914 synergizes with ruxolitinib to inhibit cell growth in JAK2-driven MPN models and induce apoptosis. Significantly, low nanomolar INCB053914 enhances the efficacy of ruxolitinib to inhibit the neoplastic growth of primary MPN patient cells, and INCB053914 antagonizes ruxolitinib persistent myeloproliferation in vivo. These findings support the notion that INCB053914, which is currently in clinical trials in patients with advanced hematologic malignancies, in combination with ruxolitinib may be effective in MPN patients, and they support the clinical testing of this combination in MPN patients.
Assessment of dereverberation algorithms for large vocabulary speech recognition systems (2003)

The performance of large vocabulary recognition systems, for instance in a dictation application, typically deteriorates severely when used in a reverberant environment. This can be partially avoided by adding a dereverberation algorithm as a speech signal preprocessing step. The purpose of this paper is to compare the effect of different speech dereverberation algorithms on the performance of a recognition system. Experiments were conducted on the Wall Street Journal dictation benchmark. Reverberation was added to the clean acoustic data in the benchmark both by simulation and by re-recording the data in a reverberant room. Moreover additive noise was added to investigate its effect on the dereverberation algorithms. We found that dereverberation based on a delay-and-sum beamforming algorithm has the best performance of the investigated algorithms.
DMML: An XML Language for Interacting with Multi-Modal Dialog Systems (2000)

We present Dialog Moves Markup Language (DMML): an extensible markup language (XML) representation of modality independent communicative acts of automated conversational agents. In our architecture, DMML is the interface to and from conversational dialog managers for user interactions through any channel or modality. The use of a common XML interface language across different channels promotes high cost efficiency for the business. DMML itself has no application or domain specific elements; DMML elements embed elements representing application business logic. DMML captures the abstractions necessary to represent arbitrary multi-agent dialogs and to build cost-efficient, sophisticated natural language dialog systems for business applications.
Performance modeling and simulation of range-gated imaging systems (2007)

Range-gated or burst illumination systems have recently drawn a great deal of attention concerning the use for target classification. The development of eye-safe lasers and detectors will make these systems ideal to be combined with thermal imagers for long range targeting at night but also for short range security applications. This presentation will describe performance modelling and simulation of range-gated systems and discuss these together with experimental data.
Optical Properties of CdS Microcrystallite-Doped SiO<sub>2</sub> Glass Thin Films (1990)

The optical properties of SiO 2 glass thin films containing CdS microcrystallites have been investigated. The thin films were deposited onto SiO 2 and GaAs substrates using an rf-sputtering technique. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction measurement indicated that the Cd and S atoms were doped as CdS with a hexagonal system in SiO 2 glass matrixes. In the optical absorption spectra, the absorption edge of the films with 18.5 at% of CdS clearly exhibited a blue shift by about 0.13 eV in comparison with that of the bulk CdS. In accordance with this result, the photoluminescence spectra of the films exhibited a blue band-edge emission at a higher energy than that of the bulk CdS. The shift to higher energy seems to be a low-dimensional quantum size effect due to confinement of electrons and holes in CdS microcrystallites.
Adhesion of hydrophobizing agents: A comparison of values determined by contact angle and the JKR approaches (2008)

-The work of adhesion of hydrophobizing agents of the type typically used for paper and board – alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) and alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) – as well as of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) to hydrophilic and hydrophobic model surfaces was studied. The work of adhesion was determined by contact angle measurements and also by a recently developed contact mechanics technique based on the JKR methodology. The results obtained by these different techniques were compared with each other and the correlation between the contact angle and the JKR methods was found to be good. Both the contact angle and the JKR approaches are applicable to determining adhesion to macroscopic surfaces and they also facilitate the investigation of many different materials, which makes them very practical in studying interactions that are of great interest in different applications related to papermaking.
International Conference on Advances in Infrared Fibers, Los Angeles, January 26–28, 1982 (1982)

A review is given of the main results on the technology, research, and applications of infrared fiber waveguides presented at the Conference on Advances in Infrared Fibers.
ChemInform Abstract: The Flow Thermolyses of 1‐Isobutenyl Alkynyl‐ and 2‐Methylphenyl Alkynyl Ketones. Synthesis of Methylenomycin B. (1986)

Abstract Die Thermolyse von Acetylenketonen wie (I), (IV), (IX) und (XIII) wird bei verschiedenen Temperaturen untersucht, und es werden unterschiedliche im Formelschema aufgeführte Anteile an Phenolen, Cy‐ clopentenonen wie Methylenomycin B (VIII) und Indanonen erhalten.