gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phosphonate reagents for the synthesis of enol ethers and one-carbon homologation to aldehydes (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhosphonate reagents for the synthesis of enol ethers and one-carbon homologation to aldehydesArthur F. Kluge and Ian S. CloudsdaleCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 26, 4847–4852Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00394a022https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00394a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2069Altmetric-Citations67LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ChemInform Abstract: SOME ASPECTS OF NITRATION OF AROMATICS BY LOWER OXIDATION STATES OF NITROGEN (1983)

Abstract Aromaten wie Benzol oder Toluol werden mit Natriumnitrit oder Stickstoffdioxid in Trifluoressigsäure nitriert, und hierbei werden neben den Nitro‐Verbindungen (II) bzw. (IV) weitere Oxidationsprodukte mit Phenol‐Struktur u.a. erhalten.
Poor responders in in vitro fertilization (IVF) therapy: the challenge continues. (2011)

Poor responders represent more than a third of women undergoing assisted reproduction. Typically they are patients with advanced maternal age and low ovarian reserve. However, there is a younger group that unexpectedly demonstrates impaired response to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. The etiologies in many of these cases are still unclear. In our program, the determination of basal cycle day 3 serum FSH, LH and E2 levels, measurement of AMH, and the estimation of the basal antral follicular count by transvaginal ultrasonography, are the preferred screening tests for ovarian reserve in all IVF patients, and together with the woman's age, determine the ovarian stimulation regimen to be chosen for the cycle treatment. In spite of a -variety of protocols and adjuvant therapies of unproven benefit, these patients have compromised outcomes and continue to represent a challenge to reproductive endocrinologists.
Spectral Learning for Non-Deterministic Dependency Parsing (2012)

In this paper we study spectral learning methods for non-deterministic split head-automata grammars, a powerful hidden-state formalism for dependency parsing. We present a learning algorithm that, like other spectral methods, is efficient and non-susceptible to local minima. We show how this algorithm can be formulated as a technique for inducing hidden structure from distributions computed by forward-backward recursions. Furthermore, we also present an inside-outside algorithm for the parsing model that runs in cubic time, hence maintaining the standard parsing costs for context-free grammars.
Vertical Cross Contamination of Trichloroethylene in a Borehole in Fractured Sandstone (2005)

Boreholes drilled through contaminated zones in fractured rock create the potential for vertical movement of contaminated ground water between fractures. The usual assumption is that purging eliminates cross contamination; however, the results of a field study conducted in a trichloroethylene (TCE) plume in fractured sandstone with a mean matrix porosity of 13% demonstrates that matrix-diffusion effects can be strong and persistent. A deep borehole was drilled to 110 m below ground surface (mbgs) near a shallow bedrock well containing high TCE concentrations. The borehole was cored continuously to collect closely spaced samples of rock for analysis of TCE concentrations. Geophysical logging and flowmetering were conducted in the open borehole, and a removable multilevel monitoring system was installed to provide hydraulic-head and ground water samples from discrete fracture zones. The borehole was later reamed to complete a well screened from 89 to 100 mbgs; persistent TCE concentrations at this depth ranged from 2100 to 33,000 microg/L. Rock-core analyses, combined with the other types of borehole information, show that nearly all of this deep contamination was due to the lingering effects of the downward flow of dissolved TCE from shallower depths during the few days of open-hole conditions that existed prior to installation of the multilevel system. This study demonstrates that transfer of contaminant mass to the matrix by diffusion can cause severe cross contamination effects in sedimentary rocks, but these effects generally are not identified from information normally obtained in fractured-rock investigations, resulting in potential misinterpretation of site conditions.
Brillouin scattering from transverse phonons in a molecular liquid and in an ionic salt melt mixture–a comparison (1999)

Abstract We compare in this report the Brillouin spectra of transverse (TA) phonons in two very different glass-forming systems above the glass transition temperature T g. The first system is the fragile molecular van der Waals liquid m-tricresyl phosphate (mTCP), while the other is the (mainly) ionic salt melt mixture (NaPO3)0.94(Al(PO3)3)0.06, which is of intermediate fragility. The depolarized spectra of mTCP show a pronounced orientational line beside the TA modes. We analyse the spectra using the theoretical ansatz (Dreyfus et al., 1998, Europhys. Lett., 42, 55) which produces the TA spectral shape from a rotation-translation coupling mechanism. The salt melt gives rise to only a weak unresolved central line. The spectral shapes of the phonons are similar as predicted by the ansatz given in Dreyfus et al. (1998). We believe we see here, for the first time experimentally, a transverse line shape, which consists of a propagating part, as usual, but also shows a 'Mountain'-like non-propagating part, which is known to exist for density waves.
<sup>1</sup><i>J</i><sub>CC</sub>‐edited HSQC‐1,<i>n</i>‐ADEQUATE: a new paradigm for simultaneous direct and long‐range carbon–carbon correlation (2012)

Establishing the carbon skeleton of a molecule greatly facilitates the process of structure elucidation, leaving only heteroatoms to be inserted, heterocyclic rings to be closed, and stereochemical features to be defined. INADEQUATE, and more recently PANACEA, have been the only means of coming close to the goal of totally defining the carbon skeleton of a molecule. Unfortunately, the extremely low sensitivity and prodigious sample requirements of these experiments and the multiple receiver requirement for the latter experiment have severely restricted the usage of these experiments. Proton-detected ADEQUATE experiments, in contrast, have considerably higher sensitivity and more modest sample requirements. By combining experiments such as 1,1-ADEQUATE and 1,n-ADEQUATE with higher sensitivity experiments such as GHSQC through covariance processing, sample requirements can be further reduced with a commensurate improvement in the s/n ratio and F(1) resolution of the covariance processed spectrum. We now wish to report the covariance processing of an inverted (1)J(CC) 1,n-ADEQUATE experiment with a non-edited GHSQC spectrum to afford a spectrum that can trace the carbon skeleton of a molecule with the exception of correlations between quaternary carbons.
Advances in Drug Design Based on the Amino Acid Approach: Taurine Analogues for the Treatment of CNS Diseases (2012)

Amino acids are well known to be an important class of compounds for the maintenance of body homeostasis and their deficit, even for the polar neuroactive aminoacids, can be controlled by supplementation. However, for the amino acid taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) this is not true. Due its special physicochemical properties, taurine is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier. In addition of injured taurine transport systems under pathological conditions, CNS supplementation of taurine is almost null. Taurine is a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory semi-essential amino acid extensively involved in neurological activities, acting as neurotrophic factor, binding to GABA A/glycine receptors and blocking the excitotoxicity glutamate-induced pathway leading to be a neuroprotective effect and neuromodulation. Taurine deficits have been implicated in several CNS diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, epilepsy and in the damage of retinal neurons. This review describes the CNS physiological functions of taurine and the development of new derivatives based on its structure useful in CNS disease treatment.
Room Temperature Steady-State and Transient Carrier Transport Properties of Germanium Single Electron/Hole Transistors (2006)

A single electron transistor (SET) is an ultimate scheme of electronic devices for the purpose of controlling current with one charge precision based on Coulomb blockade effect. A SET could be used as a highly sensitive electrometer and might provide great potential applications for quantum information technology. For RT operation, the size of a Si-based QD should be less than 10 nm to prevent errors caused by thermal fluctuation. Nevertheless, control of nanometer-scaled thickness, area, and volume is not easy even when state of the art lithography and/or self-organization techniques are used. The solution we propose to alleviate this problem is to form Ge QDs by selective oxidation of Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> Ge <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Si-on-insulator (SOI) (Li et al., 2004). Using this method, Ge QDs are comparatively uniform and thermodynamically stable since Ge QDs are confined by the insulating layers. The proposed process is compatible to CMOS technology and can be easily adapted in the fabrication of embedded circuits
Synthesis of 3,5-Dihydroxy-2-methylpyran-4-one (5-Hydroxymaltol) (1971)

Abstract We recently described the synthesis of the dihydropyranone 1 from aldohexoses and secondary amine salts1: in addition to 1, Trace amounts of 5-hydroxyml to 1, 11, were formed. Compound 11 was isolated by preparative gas chromstography and identified by i.r., n.m.r., and mass spectrometric analysis.
The Role of Carnitine and Carnitine Acyltransferase in Biological Acetylations and Fatty Acid Synthesis (1966)

The effect of (-)-carnitine on the conversion of citrate-1-14C and pyruvate-2-14C to 14CO2 and either 14C-fatty acids or 14C-acetylsulfanilamide was studied in pigeon liver homogenates. Carnitine stimulated the conversion of pyruvate-2-14C to fatty acids and acetylsulfanilamide, but had no effect on citrate. In the fasted state both fatty acid synthesis and citrate cleavage enzyme activity were decreased, whereas the conversion of pyruvate-2-14C to 14C-acetylsulfanilamide and carnitine acyltransferase activity were increased. (+)-Carnitine, a competitive inhibitor of carnitine acyltransferase, decreased the conversion of pyruvate-2-14C to 14C-acetylsulfanilamide. It was concluded from calculations of 14CO2 and 14C-fatty acids derived from citrate-1-14C and pyruvate-2-14C that the major pathway of supply of acetyl groups to the extramitochondrial portion of the cell is an indirect one via citrate and the citrate cleavage enzyme, but that a direct pathway via carnitine acyltransferase does exist. A role of carnitine acyltransferase in biological acetylations is discussed.
<sup>203</sup>Pb-Labeled α-Melanocyte–Stimulating Hormone Peptide as an Imaging Probe for Melanoma Detection (2008)

(203)Pb-DOTA-Re(Arg(11))CCMSH exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic and tumor imaging properties, highlighting its potential as a matched-pair SPECT agent for (212)Pb-DOTA-Re(Arg(11))CCMSH melanoma treatment.
Analysis of interrupt handling schemes in real-time systems (2003)

In a real-time system where a microprocessor performs several tasks in response to the occurrence of external events, the execution of a task may be delayed if the processor is busy. This delay presents a problem as the task has to be performed within a fixed period of time. In this paper, the worst case queuing delay of a task under four interrupt handling schemes is analyzed. For every scheme, a sufficient condition is formulated for the system to satisfy certain real-time constraints.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Experimental approaches to developing and evaluating novel treatments for TBI and SCI (2011)

Click to launch & play an online audio visual presentation by Prof. W. Dalton Dietrich on Experimental approaches to developing and evaluating novel treatments for TBI and SCI, part of a collection of multimedia lectures.
Characterization of pncA mutations in pyrazinamide-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1997)

Pyrazinamide (PZA) is a first-line drug for short-course tuberculosis therapy. Resistance to PZA is usually accompanied by loss of pyrazinamidase (PZase) activity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PZase converts PZA to bactericidal pyrazinoic acid, and the loss of PZase activity is associated with PZA resistance. The gene (pncA) encoding the M. tuberculosis PZase has recently been sequenced, and mutations in pncA were previously found in a small number of PZA-resistant M. tuberculosis strains. To further understand the genetic basis of PZA resistance and determine the frequency of PZA-resistant strains having pncA mutations, we analyzed a panel of PZA-resistant clinical isolates and mutants made in vitro. Thirty-three of 38 PZA-resistant clinical isolates had pncA mutations. Among the five strains that did not contain pncA mutations, four were found to be falsely resistant and one was found to be borderline resistant to PZA. The 33 PZA-resistant clinical isolates and 8 mutants made in vitro contained various mutations, including nucleotide substitutions, insertions, or deletions in the pncA gene. The identified mutations were dispersed along the pncA gene, but some degree of clustering of mutations was found at the following regions: Gly132-Thr142, Pro69-Leu85, and Ile5-Asp12. PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis was shown to be useful for the rapid detection of pncA mutations in the PZA-resistant strains. We conclude that a mutation in the pncA gene is a major mechanism of PZA resistance and that direct sequencing by PCR or SSCP analysis should help to rapidly identify PZA-resistant M. tuberculosis strains.
Maximizing Efficacy of Endocrine Tests: Importance of Decision-focused Testing Strategies and Appropriate Patient Preparation (1999)

The efficacy of endocrine tests depends on the choice of tests, the preparation of the patients, the integrity of the specimens, the quality of the measurements, and the validity of the reference data. Close dialogue among the clinicians, the laboratory, and the patients is a key factor for optimal patient care. The characteristics of urine and plasma samples and the advantages and limitations of paired test measurements are presented. The importance of test sequence strategies, provocative or inhibitory procedures, and elimination of drug interferences is illustrated with four cases involving Cushing syndrome, pheochromocytoma, primary aldosteronism, and hypercalcemia. For each of these scenarios, key clinical issues are highlighted, along with discussions of the best test strategies, including which medications are likely to interfere. The importance of targeting laboratory tests to answer well-focused clinical decisions is emphasized. The roles of some time-honored provocative procedures are questioned in light of more sensitive and specific analytic methods. The importance of decision-focused analytical tolerance limits is emphasized by demonstrating the impact of analytic bias on downstream medical resource utilization. User-friendly support systems to facilitate the implementation of test strategies and postanalytic tracking of patient outcomes are presented as essential requirements for quality medical practice.
Halichonines A, B, and C, novel sesquiterpene alkaloids from the marine sponge Halichondria okadai Kadota (2011)

Novel sesquiterpene alkaloids, halichonines A (1), B (2), and C (3), were identified from the marine sponge Halichondria okadai Kadota. By spectroscopic analyses and synthesis, their structures were revealed to include a 6,6-bicyclic ring system and two prenylated amine moieties. In addition, 2 induced apoptosis in HL60 human leukemia cells.
Encyclopedia of Medical Decision Making (2009)

Decision making is a critical element in the field of medicine that can lead to life-or-death outcomes, yet it is an element fraught with complex and conflicting variables, diagnostic and therapeutic uncertainties, patient preferences and values, and costs. Together, decisions made by physicians, patients, insurers, and policymakers determine the quality of health care, quality that depends inherently on counterbalancing risks and benefits and competing objectives such as maximizing life expectancy versus optimizing quality of life or quality of care versus economic realities. Broadly speaking, concepts in medical decision making (MDM) may be divided into two major categories: prescriptive and descriptive. Work in the area of prescriptive MDM investigates how medical decisions should be done using complicated analyses and algorithms to determine cost-effectiveness measures, prediction methods, and so on. In contrast, descriptive MDM studies how decisions actually are made involving human judgment, biases, social influences, patient factors, and so on. The Encyclopedia of Medical Decision Making gives a gentle introduction to both categories, revealing how medical and healthcare decisions are actually made - and constrained - and how physician, healthcare management, and patient decision making can be improved to optimize health outcomes. It discusses very general issues that span many aspects of MDM, including bioethics; health policy and economics; disaster simulation modeling; medical informatics; the psychology of decision making; shared and team medical decision making; social, moral, and religious factors; end-of-life decision making; assessing patient preference and patient adherence; and more. It incorporates both quantity and quality of life in optimizing a medical decision. It considers characteristics of the decision maker and how those characteristics influence their decisions. It presents outcome measures to judge the quality or impact of a medical decision. It examines some of the more commonly encountered biostatistical methods used in prescriptive decision making. It provides utility assessment techniques that facilitate quantitative medical decision making. It addresses the many different assumption perspectives the decision maker might choose from when trying to optimize a decision. It offers mechanisms for defining MDM algorithms.
Genetic variation and genotype by environment interactions of juvenile wood chemical properties in Pinus taeda L. (2009)

Genetic variation and genotype by environment interaction (G$\times$E) were studied in several juvenile wood traits of 11 year-old loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.). Wafer thin (200 $\mu$m) samples from juvenile (ring 3) and transition (ring 8) wood of 12 mm increment cores were analyzed. Transition wood had higher $\alpha$-cellulose content (46.1%), longer fiber (1.98 mm), and higher coarseness (0.34), but lower lignin (29.7%) than juvenile wood (cellulose 40.9%, fiber length 1.4 mm, coarseness 0.28 and lignin 30.3%). General combining ability variance for the traits explained 2% to 10% of the total variance, whereas the specific combining ability variance was negligible, except for $\alpha $-cellulose content in transition wood (2%). Specific combining ability by site interaction variance explained from 5% (fiber length) to 37% (lignin) of the total variance. Weak individual-tree heritabilities were found for all the traits, except coarseness, which was moderately high in both juvenile (0.39) and transition wood (0.30). Full-sib and half-sib family heritabilities of traits ranged 0.29 to 0.72. Genetic correlations of wood quality traits with volume and stem straightness were weak, while favorable genetic correlations of lignin with cellulose, coarseness and fiber length were observed. Implications on forest tree improvement programs were discussed.
Games against nature (1983)

Abstract We present a new characterization of MACE in terms of problems in a classical area in optimization, decision-making under uncertainty. These problems are modeled by certain games played against a disinterested opponent who makes moves at random. We show several natural problems of this sort to be MACE-complete.
Adaptive information rate performance on bandlimited meteor burst channels: empirical results (1990)

An investigation is conducted of the throughput performance of two adaptive information rate schemes on the bandlimited meteor-burst communications channel. The first technique, called adaptive symbol rate, uses a fixed waveform modulation and adapts the channel symbol rate to match the received signal-to-noise ratio. The second technique, called adaptive trellis-coded modulation (adaptive TCM), uses the familiar M-ary PSK (phase-shift-key) signal sets with TCM and varies the information rate by adapting the number of information bits per channel symbol to the channel conditions. Experimental data from the USAF High Latitude Greenland Test Bed are used to validate previously derived theoretical performance predictions. Theoretical predictions show that adaptive-symbol-rate improvement over conventional fixed-rate technique is bounded by a factor of 2 and that adaptive TCM improvement exceeds a factor of 3. Data from the Greenland Test Bed show close agreement with these theoretical predictions and confirm the superiority of adaptive TCM for bandlimited meteor-burst channels.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Radar Observations of the Icy Galilean Satellites During 2000 Opposition (2001)

We report results of radar observation campaigns of Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto carried out during the November/December 2000 Jovian opposition using the Arecibo 12.6 cm, Goldstone 3.5 cm, and Goldstone/VLA 3.5 cm bistatic radars. Additional information is contained in the original extended abstract.
Inference of Tumor Phylogenies with Improved Somatic Mutation Discovery (2013)

Next-generation sequencing technologies provide a powerful tool for studying genome evolution during progression of advanced diseases such as cancer. Although many recent studies have employed new sequencing technologies to detect mutations across multiple, genetically related tumors, current methods do not exploit available phylogenetic information to improve the accuracy of their variant calls. Here, we present a novel algorithm that uses somatic single-nucleotide variations (SNVs) in multiple, related tissue samples as lineage markers for phylogenetic tree reconstruction. Our method then leverages the inferred phylogeny to improve the accuracy of SNV discovery. Experimental analyses demonstrate that our method achieves up to 32% improvement for somatic SNV calling of multiple, related samples over the accuracy of GATK's Unified Genotyper, the state-of-the-art multisample SNV caller.