gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multi-kernel SVM based classification for brain tumor segmentation of MRI multi-sequence (2009)

In this paper, the multi-kernel SVM (Support Vector Machine) classification, integrated with a fusion process, is proposed to segment brain tumor from multi-sequence MRI images (T2, PD, FLAIR). The objective is to quantify the evolution of a tumor during a therapeutic treatment. As the procedure develops, a manual learning process about the tumor is carried out just on the first MRI examination. Then the follow-up on coming examinations adapts the learning automatically and delineates the tumor. Our method consists of two steps. The first one classifies the tumor region using a multi-kernel SVM which performs on multi-image sources and obtains relative multi-result. The second one ameliorates the contour of the tumor region using both the distance and the maximum likelihood measures. Our method has been tested on real patient images. The quantification evaluation proves the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Periodate Oxidation of Carboxymethyl Cellulose under Controlled Conditions (2020)

Abstract In this study, we synthesized dialdehyde carboxymethyl cellulose (DCMC) based on the oxidation reaction of periodate (i. e., Malaprade reaction) in acidic conditions. The primary factors on the synthesis of DCMC were explored based on a 3×3 orthogonal optimization experiment using the reaction temperature, material ratio, and pH, as variables. we identified an optimum DCMC synthetic condition based on the analysis of the production yield and aldehyde content in the final product. The results showed that the impacts of the three factors on the synthesis of DCMC adhered to the order of pH > temperature > material ratio. Synthesis conditions involved pH value of 3.0, reaction temperature of 30 °C, a mass ratio of NaIO 4 and CMC of 1 : 1, and a reaction time of 4 h. Which yielded a dialdehyde DCMC content of 79.04 %. By characterizing the carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and DCMC samples with Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy, we confirmed the production of DCMC from the reaction and the crystallinity and thermal stability of CMC reduced when it was oxidized to DCMC.
Current Status and Perspectives of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Plant Design (2012)

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is attracting great interest as a clean energy alternative to other fossil fuels, mainly due to its ease of transport and low carbon dioxide emissions, a primary factor in air pollution and global warming. It is expected that this trend in the use of LNG will lead to steady increases in demand over the next few decades. To meet the growing demand for LNG, natural gas liquefaction plants have been constructed across the globe. Furthermore, single train capacity has been increased to strengthen price competitiveness. To achieve greater capacity, more complex refrigeration cycle designs that combine two or more different conventional single refrigeration cycles are being developed to obtain synergistic effects in the liquefaction process. At the same time, a variety of recent studies have focused on designing suitable processes for offshore and small-scale plants to improve the profitability of stranded gas fields. LNG plants are known to be energy/cost-intensive, as they require a large amount of power for the processes of compression and refrigeration, and need special equipment such as cryogenic heat exchangers, compressors, and drivers. Therefore, one of the primary challenges in the LNG industry is to improve the efficiency of the current natural gas liquefaction processes in combination with cost savings. In this paper, we review recent developments in LNG processes, with an emphasis on commercially available refrigeration cycles. We also discuss recent research and suggest future directions for natural gas liquefaction processes. Up to this point, most studies have focused on operating cost. To achieve better results, future studies that investigate optimal design and operation of LNG technologies should consider both capital cost and operating cost.
Lithiophilic-lithiophobic gradient interfacial layer for a highly stable lithium metal anode (2018)

The long-standing issue of lithium dendrite growth during repeated deposition or dissolution processes hinders the practical use of lithium-metal anodes for high-energy density batteries. Here, we demonstrate a promising lithiophilic-lithiophobic gradient interfacial layer strategy in which the bottom lithiophilic zinc oxide/carbon nanotube sublayer tightly anchors the whole layer onto the lithium foil, facilitating the formation of a stable solid electrolyte interphase, and prevents the formation of an intermediate mossy lithium corrosion layer. Together with the top lithiophobic carbon nanotube sublayer, this gradient interfacial layer can effectively suppress dendrite growth and ensure ultralong-term stable lithium stripping/plating. This strategy is further demonstrated to provide substantially improved cycle performance in copper current collector, 10 cm<sup>2</sup> pouch cell and lithium-sulfur batteries, which, coupled with a simple fabrication process and wide applicability in various materials for lithium-metal protection, makes the lithiophilic-lithiophobic gradient interfacial layer a favored strategy for next-generation lithium-metal batteries.
Dynamic Memory Allocation and Data Sharing Schedule in Media Server (2007)

Most of the existing buffer allocation and sharing schemes can not make full use of the system resources while being implemented independently. Here, based on analysis of the existing schemes, we propose a new algorithm, Balanced Buffer Sharing of Limited Resource (BBSLR), which allocates resources for each request according to the available cache and disk bandwidth, and adjusts buffer size according to the current request distribution and available resources dynamically. It does a good job of managing resources to maximize the number of simultaneous clients and enhance start-up delay. With BBSLR, the resources consumption will be balanced by rational allocation of the available resources, the average start-up delay will be reduced by caching the data at start and more clients will be served consequently. These conclusions are proved by comparing with several existing methods experimentally.
A 20Gb/s Dual-Mode PAM4/NRZ Single-Ended Transmitter with RLM Compensation (2019)

In this paper, a 20Gb/s dual-mode four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4)/non-return-to-zero (NRZ) single-ended voltage-mode transmitter is proposed. Its output drivers are composed of 60 basic source-series terminated (SST) driver units and 12 additional pull-up (PU) driver units. The additional PU driver units are used to reduce the eye height difference between four amplitude levels of PAM4. Implemented in 65nm CMOS technology, the active area of the transmitter is 0.06mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> including the clock buffer and IQ generator. It draws 61.5mW at 20Gb/s during PAM4 operation and 72mW at 10Gb/s during NRZ operation.
SUMO‐regulated transcription: Challenging the dogma (2015)

The small ubiquitin-like modifier SUMO regulates many aspects of cellular physiology to maintain cell homeostasis, both under normal conditions and during cell stress. Components of the transcriptional apparatus and chromatin are among the most prominent SUMO substrates. The prevailing view is that SUMO serves to repress transcription. However, as we will discuss in this review, this model needs to be refined, because recent studies have revealed that SUMO can also have profound positive effects on transcription.
Recent developments of key technologies on cellulosic ethanol production (2008)

Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuel ethanol involves pretreatment process followed by enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis to make fermentable sugars. Efficient pretreatment method can significantly enhance hydrolysis of biomass and hence can reduce ethanol cost. Optimization of enzyme loading and selection of suitable fermentation technique based on biomass will further improve ethanol yield. Present review focuses on various pretreatment techniques based on composition of lignocellulosic biomass and also discuss simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation and co-immobilization for cellulosic ethanol production.
Slow release of water‐soluble salts from polymers (1976)

Abstract Release rates of NaCl and NaF from mixtures with polystyrene, polyethylene, thermosetting polyester, and crosslinked polyethylene have been studied. Salt/polymer granules were prepared by melt mixing under different conditions. The release process was studied in batch as well as continuous systems. The salt release from polymer into water depends on such parameters as salt content, temperature, water flow rate, and salt particle size.
Signaling properties of Ascaris motorneurons: graded active responses, graded synaptic transmission, and tonic transmitter release (1989)

The commissural motorneurons of the nematode Ascaris are capable of transmitting signals passively over long distances with little decrement. This ability is due to the high resistivities of their membranes (Davis and Stretton, 1989). Although these cells rely on their passive properties for long-distance signaling, voltage-sensitive channels are present in commissural membranes. These channels underlie the graded active responses that can be elicited at the offset of abrupt hyperpolarizing and depolarizing intracellular current pulses. The inhibitory motorneurons generate membrane potential oscillations when they are strongly depolarized. All-or-none action potentials have never been observed to occur spontaneously, nor has it been possible to evoke them even when the cells have been strongly hyperpolarized to remove any possible channel inactivation. Our findings indicate that the typical all-or-none action potentials so commonly used in nerve cells throughout the animal kingdom do not occur in these cells. Synaptic transmission is therefore mediated without spikes and is graded. The resting potentials of Ascaris motorneurons lie where the synaptic input-output curves are steepest, above the threshold for release of neurotransmitter. Tonic transmitter release from commissural motorneurons may be the neural mechanism underlying the hydrostatic skeleton of Ascaris.
SN2 Reactions in Dipolar Aprotic Solvents. Chlorine Isotopic Exchange Reactions of 2-Arylethyl Chlorides, Chloromethyl Aryl Ethers, and Chloromethyl Aryl Sulfides in Acetonitrile (1971)

Abstract The SN2 reactions having a symmetrical transition state were studied in a dipolar aprotic solvent. A good Hammett correlation was found for the chlorine isotopic exchange reactions in acetonitrile between tetraethylammonium chloride and three types of substituted methyl chlorides, 2-arylethyl chlorides, chloromethyl aryl ethers, and chloromethyl aryl sulfides. The reaction constant was positive for 2-arylethyl chlorides and negative for the methyl chlorides possessing an α-heteroatom. The presence of oxygen and sulfur atom on the α-position to the reaction center resulted in a rate enhancement of about 105 times and 103 times, respectively. Features of the transition states of these SN2 reactions are discussed.
Medical Management of Advanced Heart Failure (2002)

Current management of advanced heart failure is based more on consensus than on randomized trials. Systematic investigation should address not only new therapies but also strategies for selecting and optimizing therapies already available.
Predicting potential COBOL performance on low level machine architectures (1985)

As a COBOL host, a computer architecture should efficiently execute those language constructs that are most frequently used in actual programs. However, when the language's control and data structures are at a far higher level than the control and data structures of the underlying machine, the compiler designer is faced with a large number of potential choices for mapping these high level structures to the low level architecture. This is the case for implementing COBOL on a typical mini-computer architecture. Restricting the choices to an implementable set meeting a given performance criteria and predicting the resulting performance level requires a complex analysis. This paper gives an example of the methodology used in one such analysis -- the performance of COBOL on low level architectures. This area was chosen because of the difficulty of the problem caused by the lack of support for COBOL constructs and data types on low level architectures used in most mini-and micro-computers. The Motorola MC68000 and a RISC-type architecture were selected as representative architectures.
Effects of Age and Sex on Reciprocal Tapping Performance (1990)

Using a reciprocal tapping task (Fitts's task), the speed and accuracy of small-amplitude motor movements of the hand were measured for 62 men and 84 women, 20 to 89 yr. of age. Men and women in their 20s and 30s performed similarly, although men in their 20s displayed a tendency to trade accuracy in favor of speed. Movement time increased noticeably for both men and women beginning with the 40s decade and continued to increase through the 80s decade. Error rates were lower for women than men and were relatively uniform for both men and women across all age decades past 30 yr. Older subjects of both sexes appeared to sacrifice speed (slowed down) to maintain accuracy on the task. The slope of the linear regression relating movement time to task difficulty was steeper for men than for women and increased more for men than women with advancing age, indicating that older men slowed down relatively more than older women on more difficult tasks.
Blind separation of speech mixtures based on nonstationarity (2003)

This paper presents a method for blind separation of convolutive mixtures of speech signals, based on the joint diagonalization of the time varying spectral matrices of the observation records and a novel technique to handle the problem of permutation ambiguity in the frequency domain. Simulations show that our method works well even for rather realistic mixtures in which the mixing filter has a quite long impulse response and strong echoes.
Cellulase Production by Bacillus subtilis isolated from Cow Dung (2012)

Cellulases are the enzymes hydrolyzing cellulosic biomass and are produced by the microorganisms that grown over cellulosic matters. Bacterial cellulases possess more advantages when compared to the cellulases from other sources. Cellulase producing bacteria was isolated from Cow dung. The organism was identified using 16 SrDNA sequencing and BLAST search. Cellulase was produced and the culture conditions like temperature, pH, and Incubation time and medium components like Carbon sources, nitrogen sources and role of natural substrates were optimized. The enzyme was further purified using ethanol precipitation and chromatography. Cellulase was then characterized using SDS-PAGE analysis and Zymographic Studies. The application of Cellulase in Biostoning was then analyzed.
<i>Spirulina</i> Culture in Bangladesh XII. Effects of Different Culture Media, Different Culture Vessels and Different Cultural Conditions on Coiled and Straight Filament Characteristics of <i>Spirulina</i> (1970)

Effects of different culture media (Bd-2, Bd-3, Bd-4 and IFP), different culture vessels (conical flasks, plastic bowls and earthen pots) and different cultural conditions (stock, pilot plant and shade culture) on coiled and straight filament characteristics of Spirulina were studied. Stock culture maintained under special conditions, retained coiled filament characteristics even after 17 years, while Spirulina filaments in pilot ponds lost their coiled characteristics. Food value of the straight filaments was acceptable and their survival capacity was more than that of coiled filaments. Key words: Spirulina, Media culture, Vessels culture, Cultural condition, Filaments character. Â DOI = 10.3329/bjsir.v43i3.1152Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 43(3), 369- 376, 2008
Development of a Digital Array Radar (DAR) (2002)

Twenty-first century littoral and open-sea missions present US Navy (USN) shipboard-radar systems with the challenge of detecting small targets in severe clutter and against multiple sources of interference. In Fiscal Year 2000 (FY00), the Office of Naval Research (ONR) sponsored a program to develop an active array radar that includes a digital beamforming (DBF) architecture. The DBF radar system has the potential for improved time-energy management, improved signal-to-clutter (S/C) ratios, improved reliability and reduced life-cycle costs. This paper summarizes the latest developments of the program during FY00.
Sample Size Determination for O/D Estimation under Budget Constraint (2006)

A large sample can Provide more information about the Population. As the sample size Increases, analysts will be more confident about the survey results. On the other hand, the costs for survey will increase in time and manpower. Therefore, determination of the sample size is a trade-off between the required accuracy and the cost. In addition, permitted error and significance level should be considered. Sample size determination in surveys for O/D estimation is also connected with confidence of survey result. However, the past methods were usually too simple to consider confidence. Therefore, a new method for O/D surveys was Proposed and it was accurate enough, but it has too large sample size when we have current budget constraint. In this research, several minimum sample size determination methods for origin-destination survey under budget constraint were proposed. Each method decreased sample size, but has its own advantages. Selection of the sample size will depend on the study Purpose and budget constraint.
A new frequency measurement algorithm in the presence of harmonics using instantaneous phasor quantities (2002)

The frequency is an important parameter for monitoring, control and protection of power systems. This paper describes an algorithm for frequency measurement from estimates of voltage and current phasors. The cosine of the sampling angle, the angle between phasors estimated at two consecutive sampling instants, is calculated from three and five consecutive real components of phasors. The information is then used to estimate the frequency. The algorithm was implemented on a TMS320C26 digital signal processor of a digital fault recorder, and is described in this paper. Results from tests conducted by using simulated data are also presented.
The mathematics of soccer (2010)

The world's eyes will be gazing upon South Africa with much interest and excitement in June and July this year. South Africa is relishing the opportunity to prove to everyone that we are not only an awesome country but that we know a thing or two about showcasing high-profile sports events.
Topiramate Therapeutic Monitoring in Patients With Epilepsy: Effect of Concomitant Antiepileptic Drugs (2002)

The authors assessed the effect of concomitant antiepileptic therapy on steady-state plasma concentrations of the new antiepileptic drug (AED) topiramate and the potential relation between topiramate plasma levels and side effects in a cohort of 116 patients with epilepsy. On the basis of concomitant AEDs, patients were divided into two subgroups, otherwise comparable for age and weight-adjusted daily dose of topiramate. Group A (n = 73) received topiramate plus AED inducers of cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolism, such as carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and phenytoin. Group B (n = 43) received topiramate plus AEDs without inducing properties of CYP metabolism (namely valproic acid and lamotrigine). Weight-normalized topiramate clearance values, calculated as dosing rate/steady-state plasma drug concentration, were about 1.5-fold in patients receiving AED inducers compared with patients receiving AED noninducers. Topiramate plasma concentrations were linearly related to daily drug doses, regardless of concomitant AED therapy, over a dose range from 25 to 800 mg/d, although, at a given daily dose, a large interpatient variability was observed in matched plasma drug concentrations within each group of patients. Thirty-nine patients (34%) reported side effects associated with topiramate, mostly central nervous system effects. No consistent relation was observed between topiramate plasma concentrations and adverse effects, either in the cohort of patients as a whole or within each subgroup. From a clinical point of view, patients receiving concurrent treatment with enzyme-inducing AEDs can show twofold lower topiramate plasma concentrations compared with patients receiving valproic acid or lamotrigine, and appropriate topiramate dosage adjustments may be required when concomitant AED inducers are either added or withdrawn. Due to the observed variability in topiramate metabolic variables and the complex spectrum of possible pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions with the most commonly coprescribed AEDs, monitoring of plasma topiramate concentrations may help the physician in the pharmacokinetic optimization of the drug dosage schedule in individual patients.
Silicon bipolar fixed and variable gain amplifier MMICs for microwave and lightwave applications up to 6 GHz (2003)

A variety of fixed and variable gain amplifier MMICs (monolithic microwave integrated circuits) for applications up to 6 GHz are presented. The circuits are fabricated using an f/sub T/=10 GHz, f/sub max/=20 GHz, nonpolysilicon-emitter silicon bipolar process. Three amplifier topologies and their performance are reported: a fixed-gain wideband amplifier, a high-gain low-noise amplifier than can also be effectively used as a transimpedance amplifier, and a variable gain amplifier. These MMICs illustrate the capability of silicon bipolar technology to offer cost-effective solutions for microwave applications up to 6 GHz and for digital lightwave applications up to 5 Gb/s.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Pressure Loss Associated with Flow Area Change in Micro-Channels (2007)

Pressure drop across miniature-scale flow disturbances, including abrupt flow area changes, is an important source of error and confusion in the literature. Such pressure drops are frequently encountered in experiments, where they are often estimated using methods and correlations that have been developed based on experimental data obtained in conventional systems. However, physical arguments as well as the relatively few available experimental observations indicate that such pressure drops in microchannel systems are likely to be different than what is known about similar phenomena in conventional flow systems. Experimental data dealing with pressure drop associated with two-phase flow across abrupt flow area changes in microchannels are scarce, however, and the available data are insufficient for the development of reliable predictive methods.\n\n In this investigation, experiments were conducted using a test section consisting of two capillaries, one with 0.84 mm, and the other with 1.6 mm inner diameters. A multitude of pressure transducer ports were installed along the two capillaries, and allowed for the measurement of the pressure gradients over the entire test section. The test section allowed for the measurement of frictional pressure gradients in the two straight channels, as well as pressure drops caused by the flow area expansion and contraction depending on the flow direction, for single-phase as well as two-phase flows. These measurements were performed over a wide range of parameters, using air as the gaseous phase, and room-temperature water as the liquid phase. The single-phase flow data were compared with existing conventional correlations, and with predictions of CFD simulations using the Fluent computer code.