gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantifying information transfer and mediation along causal pathways in complex systems (2015)

Measures of information transfer have become a popular approach to analyze interactions in complex systems such as the Earth or the human brain from measured time series. Recent work has focused on causal definitions of information transfer aimed at decompositions of predictive information about a target variable, while excluding effects of common drivers and indirect influences. While common drivers clearly constitute a spurious causality, the aim of the present article is to develop measures quantifying different notions of the strength of information transfer along indirect causal paths, based on first reconstructing the multivariate causal network. Another class of novel measures quantifies to what extent different intermediate processes on causal paths contribute to an interaction mechanism to determine pathways of causal information transfer. The proposed framework complements predictive decomposition schemes by focusing more on the interaction mechanism between multiple processes. A rigorous mathematical framework allows for a clear information-theoretic interpretation that can also be related to the underlying dynamics as proven for certain classes of processes. Generally, however, estimates of information transfer remain hard to interpret for nonlinearly intertwined complex systems. But if experiments or mathematical models are not available, then measuring pathways of information transfer within the causal dependency structure allows at least for an abstraction of the dynamics. The measures are illustrated on a climatological example to disentangle pathways of atmospheric flow over Europe.
Resource sustainability in commodity systems: the sawmill industry in the Northern Forest (2002)

Abstract Many natural resource‐based commodity systems exhibit a trio of undesirable behaviors—price instability, resource unsustainability, and inequity among people along the commodity chain. In this article we share findings from a modeling project that focuses primarily on the second problem, unsustainability, in the forest products economy and forest ecosystem of the Northeastern United States. The model shows the structural potential for lumber industry capacity to overshoot the timber resource of the regional forest. Many of the policies commonly advocated in response to resource shortage, such as boosting mill efficiencies and eliminating log exports, appear unlikely to solve the problem. We identify several policies with the potential to help sustain both the industry and resource base. We also share insights on how to design a modeling and intervention process when addressing policy problems for which no single organization has direct responsibility. Finally, we consider ways to navigate through three prevalent “defensive routines”—denial, resignation, and despair—that are often barriers to constructive discussion on how to address potential limits to growth. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
La incidencia de las Decisiones Marco en la interpretación en materia penal: perfiles de derecho sustantivo. (Comentario de la sentencia de 16 de junio 2005 -Causa C-105/03 del Tribunal de Justicia de las Comunidades Europeas - Caso Pupino) (2007)

Con la sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia pronunciada en el caso Pupino (16 de junio de 2005, causa C-105/2003) se ha establecido un principio tan innovador como lleno de consecuencias, sobre la base del cual la obligacion de 
interpretar conforme al derecho comunitario debe alcanzar tambien a los actos tipicos del tercer pilar, esto es a las marco, un instrumento cada vez mas utilizado para armonizar los sistemas penales tambien bajo el perfil del derecho sustantivo. Precisamente en la perspectiva del derecho penal sustantivo es posible individualizar algunos 
algunos criterios, y sobre todo algunos limites, que pueden ayudar a trazar los nuevos confines de la interpretacion “comunitariamente orientada”: en primer lugar, la prohibicion de que la conclusion interpretativa alcanzada pueda fundar o agravar la responsabilidad del imputado, prohibicion que expresa un principio consolidado en la jurisprudencia comunitaria y radicado en la incuestionable infranqueabilidad de la reserva de ley estatal en materia penal. La normativa italiana, a la luz de las diversas decisiones marco relevantes ratione materia, permite poner en evidencia algunos 
ejemplos de interpretacion posible con efectos in bonam partem (y como tal admisible: por ejemplo en materia de comiso ex art. 12 sexies d.l. n. 306/1992), o bien -al contrario - ejemplos de posibles interpretaciones in malam partem (como 
tal inadmisible: por ejemplo en materia de comiso por “equivalencia” y blanqueo de capitales), haciendo surgir en toda su extension la problematica de los casos que se situan peligrosamente entre interpretacion extensiva y analogia in malam 
partem (ejem. en materia de comiso por equivalencia y estafa ex art. 640 quater del CP italiano). Problematicas parcialmente analogas se ponen de relieve donde la interpretacion conforme se filtra a traves de elementos normativos del tipo y/o de conceptos definitorios (ejem. en materia de terrorismo y pornografia infantil).
Environment Upgrade Reinforcement Learning for Non-differentiable Multi-stage Pipelines (2018)

Recent advances in multi-stage algorithms have shown great promise, but two important problems still remain. First of all, at inference time, information can't feed back from downstream to upstream. Second, at training time, end-to-end training is not possible if the overall pipeline involves non-differentiable functions, and so different stages can't be jointly optimized. In this paper, we propose a novel environment upgrade reinforcement learning framework to solve the feedback and joint optimization problems. Our framework re-links the downstream stage to the upstream stage by a reinforcement learning agent. While training the agent to improve final performance by refining the upstream stage's output, we also upgrade the downstream stage (environment) according to the agent's policy. In this way, agent policy and environment are jointly optimized. We propose a training algorithm for this framework to address the different training demands of agent and environment. Experiments on instance segmentation and human pose estimation demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
The architecture of a one-stop Web-window shop (2002)

With the advent of e-commerce, Web shops are becoming commonplace. The problem of shopping for complementary articles, like furniture, upholstery and carpets, which are sold by independent Web shops, necessitates a functional integration mechanism for integrating the Web shops of interest. To facilitate the shopper's need for mixing and matching articles before taking the purchase decision, a specialized query mechanism is required. To address this need, we propose an architecture for mediating complementary e-commerce sites, which is equipped with a special query mechanism providing prioritized querying and summary querying. Prioritized querying aids the shopper in specifying a series of prioritized alternative combinations of the desired items. Summary querying aids the shopper in isolating the most suitable combination from among the retrieved matches.
SAS ® : The Ultimate Dashboard Machine (2007)

Leaders want to align their organizations around strategic goals and metrics. Knowledge workers need ready access to data about what is happening right now. IT seeks to make information available and useful to the business, and yet observe appropriate security policies. For many organizations, all of these goals are coming together in a single focal point: Dashboards. SAS is known for its advanced analytics tools and broad suite of business intelligence offerings, so it should be no surprise that there is more than one way to implement a Dashboard initiative using SAS technologies. This paper will begin by categorizing the objectives that organizations normally have in creating dashboards. Next, several best practices for effective visual display of information on dashboards will be presented. Finally, the paper will describe a variety of techniques for creating dashboards using SAS, including the new BI Dashboard tool, SAS/GRAPH, custom web development, and the SAS Portal.
The Activating NKG2D Ligand MHC Class I-Related Chain A Transfers from Target Cells to NK Cells in a Manner That Allows Functional Consequences (2007)

Recently, it has become apparent that surface proteins commonly transfer between immune cells in contact. Inhibitory receptors and ligands exchange between cells during NK cell surveillance and we report here that NK cells also acquire activating ligands from target cells. Specifically, the stress-inducible activating ligand for NKG2D, MHC class I-related chain A (MICA), transferred to NK cells upon conjugation with MICA-expressing target cells. Acquisition of MICA from target cells was dependent on cell contact and occurred after accumulation of MICA at the immunological synapse. Moreover, transfer of MICA was facilitated by specific molecular recognition via NKG2D and augmented by Src kinase signaling. Importantly, MICA associated with its new host NK cell membrane in an orientation that allowed engagement with NKG2D in trans and indeed could down-regulate NKG2D in subsequent homotypic interactions with other NK cells. MICA captured from target cells could subsequently transfer between NK cells and, more importantly, NK cell degranulation was triggered in such NK cell-NK cell interactions. Thus, NK cells can influence other NK cells with proteins acquired from target cells and our data specifically suggest that NK cells could lyse other NK cells upon recognition of activating ligands acquired from target cells. This mechanism could constitute an important function for immunoregulation of NK cell activity.
Testing the Balanced Electrostatic Interaction Hypothesis of Hepatitis B Virus DNA Synthesis by Using an <i>In Vivo</i> Charge Rebalance Approach (2009)

Previously, a charge balance hypothesis was proposed to explain hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid stability, assembly, RNA encapsidation, and DNA replication. This hypothesis emphasized the importance of a balanced electrostatic interaction between the positive charge from the arginine-rich domain (ARD) of the core protein (HBc) and the negative charge from the encapsidated nucleic acid. It remains unclear if any of the negative charge involved in this electrostatic interaction could come from the HBc protein per se, in addition to the encapsidated nucleic acid. HBc ARD IV mutant 173GG and ARD II mutant 173RR/R157A/R158A are arginine deficient and replication defective. Not surprisingly, the replication defect of ARD IV mutant 173GG can be rescued by restoring positively charged amino acids at the adjacent positions 174 and 175. However, most interestingly, it can be at least partially rescued by reducing negatively charged residues in the assembly domain, such as by glutamic acid-to-alanine (E-to-A) substitutions at position 46 or 117 and to a much lesser extent at position 113. Similar results were obtained for ARD II mutant 173RR/R157A/R158A. These amino acids are located on the inner surfaces of HBc icosahedral particles, and their acidic side chains point toward the capsid interior. For HBV DNA synthesis, the relative amount of positive versus negative charge in the electrostatic interactions is more important than the absolute amount of positive or negative charge. These results support the concept that balanced electrostatic interaction is important during the viral life cycle.
Strange fruit: plays on lynching by American women (1998)

This anthology is the first to address the impact of lynching on U.S. theater and culture. By focusing on women's unique view of lynching, this collection of plays reveals a social history of interracial cooperation between black and white women and an artistic tradition that continues to evolve through the work of African American women artists. This collection includes examples of both one-act and full-length dramas written over a time span of approximately eighty years (1916-1994). Production styles represented range from the early realism of Angelina Weld Grimke's Rachel (1916) to the folk drama influences of Georgia Douglas Johnson's Sunday Morning in the South (1925), to the experimental techniques of bifurcated characters and multiple narratives found in Endesha Ida Mae Holland's Miss Ida B. Wells (1983).Lillian Smith's Strange Fruit (1945), based on her controversial and best selling novel, is published here for the first time. Unfamiliar plays by lesser known playwrights such as Corrie Crandall Howell's The Forfeit (1925) and recent plays by contemporary playwrights such as Sandra Seaton's The Bridge Party (1989) and Michon Boston's Iola's Letter (1994) demonstrate the development of the genre and continuation of the tradition.Introductory essays by the editors provide a historical and critical context for the plays and link them to the wider art world through the work of visual artists, musicians, and choreographers such as Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller, Lois Malou Jones, Billie Holiday, Nina Simone, Katherine Dunham, and Pearl Primus. Current language usage seems inadequate to express the perspective represented by these plays.What should we call a collection of plays by black and white women addressing the cultural legacy of lynching? Since the plays reflect black women's leadership in the drive for interracial cooperation in the anti-lynching movement, perhaps a womanist/feminist drama best describes this landmark exploration of women's contribution to the American stage.
Photoaffinity labeling of the beta-adrenergic receptor with azide derivatives of iodoccyanopindolol. (1982)

Two photosensitive iodocyanopindolol derivatives, 1-(4-azidobenzimidyl)-3,3-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-7-(2-cyano-3-iodoindol-4-yloxy)-1,4-diazaheptane (ICYP-azide-1) and 1-(4-azidobenzoyl)-3,3-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-7-(2-cyano-3-iodoindol-4-yloxy)-1,4-diazaheptane (ICYP-azide-2) have been prepared. [125I]ICYP-azide-1 and -2 (specific radioactivity up to 2.2 Ci/mumol) bind specifically and with very high affinity (KD = 40-45 pM) to beta-adrenergic receptors of turkey erythrocyte membranes. When [125I]ICYP-azide-1 or -2 were incubated with membranes and UV-irradiated, two polypeptides (Mr = 40,000 and 50,000) were specifically photolabeled as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These polypeptides may represent subunits of the beta-adrenergic receptor. The yield of specific covalent label incorporation into both polypeptides was up to 17.2% with [125I]ICYP-azide-2 when expressed as fraction of total beta-receptor binding sites. Since the Mr = 40,000 polypeptide was labeled predominantly and since covalent incorporation had the same concentration dependence as reversible specific binding, this polypeptide could contain a beta-adrenergic ligand binding site. Due to the low working concentration (10-100 pM) of [125I]ICYP-azide-1 and -2, nonspecific labeling of membrane proteins was extremely low. The new photoaffinity labels should therefore become valuable tools for probing beta-receptor structure.
Energy Harvesting Techniques for Autonomous WSNs/RFID with a Focus on RF Energy Harvesting (2012)

Supply circuits that harvest energy from surrounding ambient or dedicated sources have drawn much interest recently for providing a possibility of energy-autonomy to the wireless sensing devices. The objective of this thesis is to optimize the power transfer efficiency of the RF/microwave energy transducers in WSN/RFID applications. For this purpose, analysis on the power utilization of the wireless devices at different working states has been done, which implies a space of improving the power transfer efficiency by employing a novel design concept in the RF/microwave energy transducers. In order to observe a deep insight of the charge-pump based energy transducer, an analytical derivation has been implemented based on a compact I/V model for MOSFET working in strong inversion and subthreshold regions. The derivation provides a mathematical direction for the impact of the power consumption of the wireless device on the input impedance of the charge-pump rectifier, which acts as a core element in the energy transducer. With expressing the input impedance of the rectifier into a shunt connection of a resistor and a capacitor, as the load current consumption reduces the shunt resistance increases dramatically while the shunt capacitance holds a relatively constant value. This work proposes a methodology of employing an adaptively adjusted matching network between the rectifier and the antenna in order to optimize the power transfer efficiency according to the instant power consumption of the wireless devices on different working states. For read-only wireless devices with no embedded batteries, like RFID transponders, a tiny storage capacitor of pico-farad which can be charged-up to a certain voltage in microseconds is usually employed as a DC supplier. During the communication between reader and transponder, the reader radiates RF power continuously to supply the transponder. Extra power supply is required to adjust the matching network electrically for optimal power transfer, which raises a new challenge to the batteryless devices. A solution is proposed in this work that an auxiliary rectifier with a smaller constant load current consumption is employed to supply the feedback control circuitries. Besides, the abovementioned methodology is also applied in charging-up procedure of a wireless device which employs a supercapacitor as its charge storage. The charging-up procedure is extended to hours due to the huge volume of the capacitive storage, and the charging speed becomes a critical issue. During the charging-up, the output voltage of the recti- fier increases exponentially, while the charging current reduces exponentially. The input impedance derived for steady-state is not precisely applicable yet theoretically directive in this situation. A novel application of adaptively tunable matching network in transient process is implemented to accelerate the charging process of the wireless devices.
Solid-state power conversion: A Fourier analysis approach to generalized transformer synthesis (1981)

This paper deals, both from the Fourier analysis and the circuit design point of view, with a large family of electronic power converters which synthesize the assigned slow-varying waveforms via highfrequency switching, thereby needing very little reactive elements. A general condition for high-frequency synthesis applicability is given, together with a method which allows direct converter design from the desired input-output characterizations. Furthermore, a general model is introduced for high-frequency synthesis converters; as a consequence, they are characterized as two-port, multipole, time varying, linear circuit elements. Finally, as a major application example, a new AC-AC, three-to-three phase converter is introduced. The new converter displays several attractive features: sinusoidal waveforms, bidirectionality, separate control over amplitude, frequency, phase, and power factor. Moreover, depending on which side is taken as an input, it can either step up or step down the voltage. For these reasons the new converter can be regarded to as a generalized transformer.
Study on the Adsorption Mechanism of DNA with Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles in Aqueous Solution (2011)

Among the numerous adsorption strategies for DNA adsorption into mesopores, the salt-solution-induced adsorption method has a great application potential in nucleic acids science; thus, it is important to understand the adsorption mechanism. This work demonstrates the mechanistic aspects underlying the adsorption behaviors of DNA with mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) in aqueous solution. The driving forces for the adsorption process can be categorized into three parts: the shielded electrostatic force, the dehydration effect, and the intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Compared to the adsorption behaviors of DNA with a solid silica nanosphere, we find some unique features for DNA adsorption into the mesopores, such as increasing the salt concentration or decreasing the pH value can promote DNA adsorption into the mesoporous silica. Further analysis indicates that the entrance of DNA into mesopores is probably controlled by the Debye length in solution and DNA can generate direct and indirect hydrogen bonds in the pores with different diameters. The following desorption study depicts that such types of hydrogen bonds result in different energy barriers for the desorption process. In summary, our study depicts the mechanism of DNA adsorption within mesopores in aqueous solution and sets the stage for formulating MSNs as carriers of nucleic acids.
Onjisaponin B Derived from Radix Polygalae Enhances Autophagy and Accelerates the Degradation of Mutant α-Synuclein and Huntingtin in PC-12 Cells (2013)

Emerging evidence indicates important protective roles being played by autophagy in neurodegenerative disorders through clearance of aggregate-prone or mutant proteins. In the current study, we aimed to identify autophagy inducers from Chinese medicinal herbs as a potential neuroprotective agent that enhances the clearance of mutant huntingtin and α-synuclein in PC-12 cells. Through intensive screening using the green fluorescent protein-light chain 3 (GFP-LC3) autophagy detection platform, we found that the ethanol extracts of Radix Polygalae (Yuan Zhi) were capable of inducing autophagy. Further investigation showed that among three single components derived from Radix Polygalae--i.e., polygalacic acid, senegenin and onjisaponin B--onjisaponin B was able to induce autophagy and accelerate both the removal of mutant huntingtin and A53T α-synuclein, which are highly associated with Huntington disease and Parkinson disease, respectively. Our study further demonstrated that onjisaponin B induces autophagy via the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway. Therefore, findings in the current study provide detailed insights into the protective mechanism of a novel autophagy inducer, which is valuable for further investigation as a new candidate agent for modulating neurodegenerative disorders through the reduction of toxicity and clearance of mutant proteins in the cellular level.
Effect of Surface Coverage and Temperature on the Sticking Coefficient (1964)

A theoretical equation is derived that quantitatively describes the peculiar shape of the curves relating the sticking coefficients for the adsorption of nitrogen and carbon monoxide on tungsten as a function of the amount adsorbed and the temperature. The model used to describe chemisorption into a β state with a high binding energy involves a precursor state of low binding energy as assumed by others. However, emphasis is placed on the importance of nonsteady state of the precursor for low coverage and very high coverage. It is found that if the precursor state is actually the α states (for N2 and CO) discovered by Ehrlich, the experimental curves can be predicted within experimental error.