gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Network Embedding as Matrix Factorization: Unifying DeepWalk, LINE, PTE, and node2vec (2017)

Since the invention of word2vec, the skip-gram model has significantly advanced the research of network embedding, such as the recent emergence of the DeepWalk, LINE, PTE, and node2vec approaches. In this work, we show that all of the aforementioned models with negative sampling can be unified into the matrix factorization framework with closed forms. Our analysis and proofs reveal that: (1) DeepWalk empirically produces a low-rank transformation of a network's normalized Laplacian matrix; (2) LINE, in theory, is a special case of DeepWalk when the size of vertices' context is set to one; (3) As an extension of LINE, PTE can be viewed as the joint factorization of multiple networks' Laplacians; (4) node2vec is factorizing a matrix related to the stationary distribution and transition probability tensor of a 2nd-order random walk. We further provide the theoretical connections between skip-gram based network embedding algorithms and the theory of graph Laplacian. Finally, we present the NetMF method as well as its approximation algorithm for computing network embedding. Our method offers significant improvements over DeepWalk and LINE for conventional network mining tasks. This work lays the theoretical foundation for skip-gram based network embedding methods, leading to a better understanding of latent network representation learning.
Measurement of differential inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 and thepharmacology of selective inhibitors (1999)

Since the discovery of a second isoenzyme of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, it has been hypothesized that the antiinflammatory effects of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are dependent on their inhibition of COX-2, whereas inhibition of constitutive COX-1 is responsible for their gastric and renal side effects as well as for inhibition of platelet activation. Consequently, a large number of in vitro assays have been developed to characterize the COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activities of NSAIDs in order to look for compounds with preferential inhibition of COX-2. Depending on the test system, however, the experimental conditions may vary greatly, thereby affecting the outcome. These important variables include the source of enzymes COX-1 and COX-2 (human or animal); the cell system used (intact normal cells or transfected cell lines); the method of enzyme preparation (purified enzymes, microsomal or whole cell assays); the COX-2-inducing agent; the source of arachidonic acid and its concentration; the incubation time with drug, inducing agent or arachidonic acid; and the protein concentration in the medium. Depending on the test system employed for defining the IC(50) for COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition, the resultant ratio between these activities may lead to divergent and confusing comparisons. We review the various in vitro test systems available for the measurement of COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition. The use of human recombinant enzymes and the human whole blood assay are examined in detail. The relevance of these test systems to in vivo animal models of inflammation and the side effects of NSAIDs (e.g., gastric mucosal and renal damage) is assessed. Finally, the results of clinical studies on the effect of inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2 activity is summarized.
Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) for through-barrier proximal chemical and explosive detection (2011)

The capability to detect toxic chemicals and explosive materials through a wide range of container types has a variety of applications, including liquid screening at airport entrance points. Conventional Raman spectroscopy is commonly used for chemical detection, but can result in an intense spectral response due to scattering and/or fluorescence from the container when used for through-barrier applications. Such a response can reduce the effectiveness of the technique for analysis of the container contents by swamping the Raman signature of the target material. By producing two spectra containing different contributions from the container and the contents, spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) allows a spectrum of the contents to be obtained, even through fluorescing containers. This innovative technique could provide a through-barrier detection capability for a wider range of containers than conventional Raman spectroscopy, including containers made from coloured glass and opaque plastic. In this paper, the use of SORS for through-barrier detection is introduced, and its ability to detect a range of analytes through a range of container materials evaluated. The potential advantages of using a longer excitation wavelength (e.g. 1064 nm) to reduce sample fluorescence are also explored, focussing on target analytes mixed with fluorescent materials.
Modelling of strain hardening during friction stir welding of stainless steel (2007)

Friction stir welding of stainless steel has been modelled using a steady-state, Eulerian formulation that considers coupled viscoplastic flow and heat transfer in three dimensions. The model equations are solved using the finite element method to determine the velocity field and temperature distribution, with a modified Petrov–Galerkin employed to stabilize the temperature distribution. Strain hardening is incorporated using a scalar state variable for the isotropic strength that evolves with deformation as material moves along streamlines of the flow field. The evolution equation for the hardening is integrated along streamlines of the flow field. The influence of pin threads on the friction between the tool and the workpiece was modelled by supplementing the tangential tractions along the pin interface with axial tractions that depend on the pitch of the threads. The formulation is used to conduct a parametric study to determine the influences of various welding parameters on the flow, heating and hardening of the stainless steel. For parameters corresponding to available experimental data, comparisons are drawn between the simulation results and measured values of hardness and temperature.
Phase matching in symmetrical single-mode magneto-optic waveguides by application of stress (1986)

Tuning of the propagation constant difference Δβ=βTM−βTE in single-mode symmetrical yttrium iron garnet (YIG) film waveguides over a range of 250°/cm by means of external stress is demonstrated. An a posteriori, precise setting of phase match Δβ→0, which is a precondition for nonreciprocal mode coupling type components, can be achieved by this method.
Few-shot Slot Tagging with Collapsed Dependency Transfer and Label-enhanced Task-adaptive Projection Network (2020)

In this paper, we explore the slot tagging with only a few labeled support sentences (a.k.a. few-shot). Few-shot slot tagging faces a unique challenge compared to the other fewshot classification problems as it calls for modeling the dependencies between labels. But it is hard to apply previously learned label dependencies to an unseen domain, due to the discrepancy of label sets. To tackle this, we introduce a collapsed dependency transfer mechanism into the conditional random field (CRF) to transfer abstract label dependency patterns as transition scores. In the few-shot setting, the emission score of CRF can be calculated as a word's similarity to the representation of each label. To calculate such similarity, we propose a Label-enhanced Task-Adaptive Projection Network (L-TapNet) based on the stateof-the-art few-shot classification model -Tap-Net, by leveraging label name semantics in representing labels. Experimental results show that our model significantly outperforms the strongest few-shot learning baseline by 14.64 F1 scores in the one-shot setting.
The Endocannabinoid System and Oligodendrocytes in Health and Disease (2018)

Cannabinoid-based interventions are being explored for central nervous system (CNS) pathologies such as neurodegeneration, demyelination, epilepsy, stroke, and trauma. As these disease states involve dysregulation of myelin integrity and/or remyelination, it is important to consider effects of the endocannabinoid system on oligodendrocytes and their precursors. In this review, we examine research reports on the effects of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) components on oligodendrocytes and their precursors, with a focus on therapeutic implications. Cannabinoid ligands and modulators of the endocannabinoid system promote cell signaling in oligodendrocyte precursor survival, proliferation, migration and differentiation, and mature oligodendrocyte survival and myelination. Agonist stimulation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) at both CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub> receptors counter apoptotic processes via Akt/PI3K, and promote proliferation via Akt/mTOR and ERK pathways. CB<sub>1</sub> receptors in radial glia promote proliferation and conversion to progenitors fated to become oligodendroglia, whereas CB<sub>2</sub> receptors promote OPC migration in neonatal development. OPCs produce 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), stimulating cannabinoid receptor-mediated ERK pathways responsible for differentiation to arborized, myelin basic protein (MBP)-producing oligodendrocytes. In cell culture models of excitotoxicity, increased reactive oxygen species, and depolarization-dependent calcium influx, CB<sub>1</sub> agonists improved viability of oligodendrocytes. In transient and permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion models of anoxic stroke, WIN55212-2 increased OPC proliferation and maturation to oligodendroglia, thereby reducing cerebral tissue damage. In several models of rodent encephalomyelitis, chronic treatment with cannabinoid agonists ameliorated the damage by promoting OPC survival and oligodendrocyte function. Pharmacotherapeutic strategies based upon ECS and oligodendrocyte production and survival should be considered.
Circadian Cortisol Rhythms in Healthy Boys and Girls: Relationship with Age, Growth, Body Composition, and Pubertal Development<sup>1</sup> (1997)

To provide basic information on the normal functioning of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in relation to pubertal development, growth (weight and height), body composition, and gender and to obtain reference data for serum cortisol concentrations in children, we investigated the basal circadian rhythm of serum cortisol in a group of 235 healthy children (162 boys and 73 girls). The age range was between 2.2-18.5 yr. Serum cortisol was analyzed from venous blood samples taken at 1400, 1800, 2200, 0200, 0400, 0600, and 1000 h. No evidence was found for differences in temporal placement or level of the circadian cortisol rhythm in relation to age, growth, or body composition. However, we found a broad range of cortisol levels in a healthy population, with individual mean diurnal levels ranging from 100-510 nmol/L. Regardless of high or low mean diurnal cortisol levels, repeated measurements within and between pubertal stages indicated that an individual remains in his or her cortisol range throughout pubertal development. In conclusion, the present study shows that 1) serum cortisol levels do not correlate with either age or gender; 2) there is a large and significant interindividual variability in endogenous mean diurnal cortisol levels; and 3) despite this variability between individuals, there is no correlation between cortisol levels and either body composition or growth rate. This suggests that the variability in cortisol levels is an expression of normal homeostasis rather than pathology.
Efficient Similarity Search over Future Stream Time Series (2007)

With the advance of hardware and communication technologies, stream time series is gaining ever-increasing attention due to its importance in many applications such as financial data processing, network monitoring, Web click-stream analysis, sensor data mining, and anomaly detection. For all of these applications, an efficient and effective similarity search over stream data is essential. Because of the unique characteristics of the stream, for example, data are frequently updated and real-time response is required, the previous approaches proposed for searching through archived data may not work in the stream scenarios. Especially, in the cases where data often arrive periodically for various reasons (for example, the communication congestion or batch processing), queries on such incomplete time series or even future time series may result in inaccuracy using traditional approaches. Therefore, in this paper, we propose three approaches, <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> polynomial, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), and probabilistic</i> , to predict the unknown values that have not arrived at the system and answer similarity queries based on the predicted data. We also apply efficient indexes, that is, a multidimensional hash index and a B <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -tree, to facilitate the prediction and similarity search on future time series, respectively. Extensive experiments demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of our methods for prediction and answering queries.
Farmer's share of food dollar: Currently higher than long-range average of 43 cents (1949)

California Agriculture - All Issues
Contributions of intercalated duct cells to the normal parenchyma of submandibular glands of adult rats (2001)

The parenchyma of the submandibular gland in the adult male rat is self-renewing, with most newly formed acinar and granular duct cells believed to differentiate from the rapidly proliferating intercalated duct (ID) compartment. Since the ID cells are phenotypically diverse, based on their different expression of perinatal secretory proteins, we systemically injected tritiated thymidine for 24 hours, and followed the pattern of thymidine distribution in cells by autoradiography and immunocytochemistry of defined cellular phenotypes over a 1-month chase period. Proliferating cells were found within all parenchymal cell compartments; they were most numerous in ID, and primarily in those cells lacking immunoreactivity for the perinatal proteins SMG-B1, -C, and -D. The labeling index (LI) of the ID cells reached a peak at 7 days postinjection, and then decreased over the next 3 weeks. Concurrently, the LI increased significantly in those cells at the junctions of ID with both acini and granular ducts, and also within these larger parenchymal elements. We conclude that the ID cells not reactive for perinatal proteins proliferate to expand the ID compartment, and that ID cells at the ends of the ducts differentiate into both acinar and granular duct cells. Our data provide no evidence for the differentiation of ID cells into cells of striated ducts (SD); however, the small number of excretory duct (ED) profiles seen in our preparations showed extremely high LI (>25%), suggesting that more extensive data might reveal a precursor role for the ED in replacement of SD cells. In addition to the stepwise passage of cells from ID to other parenchymal elements at their junctions, the reported occurrence of occasional clusters of B1-positive acini (BAC) among the typical B1-negative acini had suggested an alternate pathway, in which entire segments of newly expanded ID might develop directly into a recapitulated perinatal stage of B1-reactive cell, pursuant to becoming mature acinar cells. Consistent with this suggestion, the BAC had a fourfold greater LI than typical adult acini; moreover, when analyzed by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry, they appeared similar to the novel perinatal Type III cells both ultrastructurally and in their pattern of B1-immunogold labeling. In contrast, the less common acini showing a sublingual gland phenotype had no significant difference in LI from typical acinar cells. Overall, our results emphasize the importance of the nonimmunoreactive ID cells in normal cellular replacement, and the possibility that ID can undergo en bloc differentiation into replacement acini as well as incremental addition of single cells at the boundaries of ID with acini and with granular ducts.
Specific HDV RNA-templated transcription by pol II in vitro (2000)

RNA polymerase II is implicated in the RNA-templated RNA synthesis during replication of viroids and Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV); however, neither the RNA template nor protein factor requirements for this process are well defined. We have developed an in vitro transcription system based on HeLa cell nuclear extract (NE), in which a segment of antigenomic RNA corresponding to the left-hand tip region of the HDV rod-like structure serves as a template for efficient and highly specific RNA synthesis. Accumulation of the unique RNA product is highly sensitive to alpha-amanitin in HeLa NE and only partially sensitive to this drug in NE from PMG cells that contain an allele of the alpha-amanitin-resistant subunit of pol II, strongly suggesting pol II involvement in this reaction. Detailed analysis of the RNA product revealed that it represents a chimeric molecule composed of a newly synthesized transcript covalently attached to the 5' half of the RNA template. Selection of the start site for transcription is remarkably specific and depends on the secondary structure of the RNA template, rather than on its primary sequence. Some features of this reaction resemble the RNA cleavage-extension process observed for pol II-arrested complexes in vitro. A possible involvement of the described reaction in HDV replication is discussed.
A practical approach to genetic screening for influenza virus variants (1997)

This report describes a quick genetic approach to the screening of influenza virus variants. Multiplex reverse transcription (MRT) and multiplex PCR (MPCR) were used to amplify and differentiate the hemagglutinin (HA) genes of different types and subtypes of influenza viruses. Heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) was then used to differentiate strains within the same type and subtype. Three primers complementary to the consensus 3' termini of viral genomic RNA segments of human influenza virus types A, B, and C were used in a single MRT reaction to prime the synthesis of cDNA of all the viral genome segments. The cDNA was then amplified in an MPCR containing primers for the HA genes of the H1 and H3 subtypes of type A, the HA gene of type B, and the counterpart of type C virus. Amplicons of the different types and subtypes differ in size, thus allowing typing and subtyping. The regions amplified cover most of the HA1 portion of the HA genes and therefore amplicons of variants identified by the described HMA can be sequenced directly. In the HMA, the amplicon of an individual strain was mixed with that of a reference strain and heteroduplexes derived from mismatches migrated more slowly than homoduplexes of the same size in electrophoresis, with the mobility shift pattern indicating the divergence of amplicons. The whole process from viral RNA extraction to HMA can be completed within 2 days and thus provides a quick screening before further analysis by hemagglutination inhibition testing and sequencing. In addition, all segments of the viral genome can be amplified from a single MRT reaction, which can yield valuable sources of products for future genetic analyses. This method should facilitate genetic screening and characterization of influenza virus variants.
Pilot‐plant production of xylo‐oligosaccharides from corncob by steaming, enzymatic hydrolysis and nanofiltration (2004)

Abstract This paper reports a pilot‐plant production process for xylo‐oligosaccharides (mainly xylobiose and xylotriose) from corncob meal by steaming treatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and nanofiltration. The effects of corncob meal pretreatment, steaming temperature and time were investigated in order to obtain maximum extraction of xylan and to minimize the autohydrolysis of xylan into xylose. The enzymatic reaction was carried out using Aspergillus niger AN‐1.15 endo‐xylanase at 55 °C and the optimum enzymatic hydrolysis time was 5 h. The conventional downstream processing for purification of xylo‐oligosaccharides was incorporated with nanofiltration technology, giving benefits of energy saving and removal of monosaccharides. The final product from 40 kg of corncob meal was 10 dm 3 of xylo‐oligosaccharide syrup (800 g dm −3 total sugar), containing 74.5% xylobiose and xylotriose. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
An Si-SiGe BiCMOS direct-conversion mixer with second-order and third-order nonlinearity cancellation for WCDMA applications (2003)

This paper presents a general analysis of the third-order nonlinearity of a differential common-emitter RF amplifier and an improved technique to cancel the third-order nonlinearity. A thorough analysis of the mechanisms leading to the second-order nonlinearity of bipolar double-balanced active mixers is also presented. An SiGe BiCMOS WCDMA direct-conversion mixer is designed based on the third- and the second-order cancellation schemes. The mixer achieves +6-dBm third-order input intercept point, +49-dBm second-order input intercept point, 16-dB gain and 7.2-dB double-sideband noise figure with only 2.2-mA current at 2.1 GHz.
Periampullary carcinoma following biliary ascariasis--a case report. (1997)

A 42 year old man presented with obstructive jaundice and cholangits. Ultrasonography (USG) revealed dilated intrahepatic biliary radicals and common bile duct (CBD). The bile duct also showed a curvilinear parallel intraluminal structure suggesting biliary ascariasis. The CBD was explored and a dead worm removed but jaundice persisted. Endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreaticography (ERCP) was done showing a periampullary mass which on biopsy showed a villous adenoma with highly dysplastic changes. A Whipple's pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed and the growth proved to be a well differentiated periampullary adenocarcinoma.
DeepMPC: Learning Deep Latent Features for Model Predictive Control (2015)

Designing controllers for tasks with complex nonlinear dynamics is extremely challenging, time-consuming, and in many cases, infeasible. This difficulty is exacerbated in tasks such as robotic food-cutting, in which dynamics might vary both with environmental properties, such as material and tool class, and with time while acting. In this work, we present DeepMPC, an online real-time model-predictive control approach designed to handle such difficult tasks. Rather than hand-design a dynamics model for the task, our approach uses a novel deep architecture and learning algorithm, learning controllers for complex tasks directly from data. We validate our method in experiments on a large-scale dataset of 1488 material cuts for 20 diverse classes, and in 450 real-world robotic experiments, demonstrating significant improvement over several other approaches.