gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Elucidation of Mechanisms of Syngas Reactions by Employing Organometallic Model Compounds. (1992)

Mechanisms of syngas reactions which produce a wide variety of organic compounds including hydrocarbons and oxygenates and consist of multi-step elementary transformations have been studied by employing organometallic model compounds. Since the three plausible reaction mechanisms proposed on the basis of previous catalytic studies may be recognized as combinations of two reaction stages, that is, (1) reduction of coordinated CO into CHx and CHxO species and (2) carbon-chain elongation step, model reactions have been reviewed according to the two aspects. In addition, results of the reduction of organometallic compounds using hydrosilanes or hydrostannanes in place of dihydrogen are also briefly summarized. Such reducing agents turn out to be effective for the reduction of oxygen-containing intermediates and, as a result, new model systems for production of alkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, and ethylene have been established.
Mast Cells Express Novel Functional IL-15 Receptor α Isoforms (2003)

Mast cells previously have been reported to be regulated by IL-15 and to express a distinct IL-15R, termed IL-15RX. To further examine IL-15 binding and signaling in mast cells, we have studied the nature of the IL-15R and some of its biological activities in these cells. In this study, we report the existence of three novel isoforms of the IL-15R alpha chain in murine bone marrow-derived mast cells as a result of an alternative exon-splicing mechanism within the IL-15R alpha gene. These correspond to new mRNA transcripts lacking exon 4; exons 3 and 4; or exons 3, 4, and 5 (IL-15R alpha Delta 4, IL-15R alpha Delta 3,4, IL-15R alpha Delta 3,4,5). After transient transfection in COS-7 cells, all IL-15R alpha isoforms associate with the Golgi apparatus, the endoplasmic reticulum, the perinuclear space, and the cell membrane. Analysis of glycosylation pattern demonstrates the usage of a single N-glycosylation site, while no O-glycosylation is observed. Importantly, IL-15 binds with high affinity to, and promotes the survival of, murine BA/F3 cells stably transfected with the IL-15R alpha isoforms. Furthermore, we report that signaling mediated by IL-15 binding to the newly identified IL-15R alpha isoforms involves the phosphorylation of STAT3, STAT5, STAT6, Janus kinase 2, and Syk kinase. Taken together, our data indicate that murine mast cells express novel, fully functional IL-15R alpha isoforms, which can explain the selective regulatory effects of IL-15 on these cells.
Rapid response to systemic bevacizumab therapy in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (2014)

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a primary benign disease, which is characterized by papillomatous growth in the respiratory tract. Malignant transformation occurs in only 3-5% of cases, however, local growth of the benign papillomas is interpreted as clinically malignant in a markedly higher proportion of patients. Local surgical or endoscopic interventional debulking or excision is currently the commonly selected treatment method and antiviral therapy is a potential adjuvant approach. However, the long-term management of RRP patients, who commonly require multiple procedures over numerous years, is challenging and the overall therapeutic armamentarium remains unsatisfactory. The administration of systemic bevacizumab treatment in a series of five patients with long histories of RRP, who required repeated local interventions to control papilloma growth is evaluated. Treatment with the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody bevacizumab was administered at a dose of 5 mg/kg (n=1), 10 mg/kg (n=3) or 15 mg/kg (n=1) intravenously to the five RRP patients, who were clinically classified as exhibiting progressive disease. Endoscopic evaluations were performed prior to the first infusion of bevacizumab and intermittently at variable time points during the course of therapy. Histopathological analyses were performed using pre- and post-treatment papilloma biopsies, including immunohistochemical analyses of VEGF and phosphorylated VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-2 expression. The patients received between three and 16 courses of bevacizumab (median, six courses). The first course was initiated when progression following the previous intervention was observed. An immediate response to bevacizumab treatment was demonstrated in all five RRP patients. While the cumulative number of interventions in the five patients was 18 throughout the 12 months prior to the initiation of bevacizumab treatment, only one patient required interventional treatment due to a malignant transformation during the 12 months following treatment with bevacizumab (18 vs. 1 interventions, P=0.042). Histopathological analyses revealed regressive perivascular edema and normalization of the vascular structure, however, immunohistochemical analyses of the VEGF and phosphorylated VEGFR-2 expression did not demonstrate any changes following therapy. Due to the limited number of alternative treatments, VEGF-targeted therapies may represent a promising novel strategy in the treatment of RRP, which may have the potential to modify the current treatment standards, particularly in patients with poorly accessible papilloma lesions, however, this requires further investigation in clinical trials.
Analysis of the FDTD method via the discrete oscillator (2003)

The analysis of the FDTD method is usually performed by assuming an e/sup j/spl omega/t/ time dependence for the field quantities as the response due to a steady-state monochromatic wave excitation. This continuous dependence, when combined with the discrete nature of the Yee grid leads to solution errors and dispersion relations that do not describe accurately the propagation properties in the grid for all frequencies. In this article, the discrete oscillator is introduced and used to study the numerical properties of the FDTD method. Formulas are derived for the propagation characteristics in the one- and two-dimensional cases.
Synthesis of high aspect ratio gold nanorods and their effects on human antigen presenting dendritic cells (2011)

High aspect ratio (AR) gold nanorods (NRs) attract great interest for biomedical applications due to their novel physicochemical properties. Here, we report a facile method for preparation of high AR gold NRs through a seedless surfactant-mediated protocol with the additive of nitric acid. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy studies showed that the concentration of nitric acid has great effects on the crystal structures of the initially formed nuclei and consequently the growth of gold NRs. A mechanism based on the effect of nitrate ions on surfactant micelle elongation and Ostwald ripening process is proposed for the growth of high AR gold NRs. The biocompatibility of high AR NRs was evaluated on primary human monocyte derived dendritic cells (MDDCs), and compared with that of spherical gold nanoparticles (NPs) and low AR NRs. Low AR (~4.5) gold NRs induced considerable cell death due to CTAB, while spherical gold NPs (7 nm) and high AR (~21) gold NRs showed no or minor effects on viability and immune regulatory markers, which supports the further development of high AR gold NRs for medical applications.
Dilute Solution Properties of Anionic Poly(potassium-2-sulphopropylacrylate) (1996)

The dilute solution properties of an anionic polyelectrolyte, poly(potassium-2-sulphopropylacrylate) (poly(SPA)) are studied by measurements of intrinsic viscosity, degree of binding, ionic strength and critical micelle concentration. The intrinsic viscosity of this polyelectrolyte is related to the type and concentration of the salt added. The intrinsic viscosity behaviour of an anionic polyelectrolyte resulting from the electrostatic repulsive force of the polymer chain is in contrast to that of a polyampholyte. The polyelectrolyte in high concentration of NaCl has a low degree of binding, indicating that the proton ion (H+) is relatively difficult to bind to the sulphonate group (SO−3) at the polymer end. An increase in ionic strength causes the pKa to decrease at the half-neutralization point. The monomer solutions exhibit a plot typical of those observed for detergents, with a break in the curve occurring at the critical micelle concentration. For the polymer solutions, no break in the equivalent conductance curve was found for the concentrations studied.
Measurement of objective intelligibility of Japanese accented English using ERJ (English read by Japanese) database (2011)

In many schools, English is taught as international communication tool and the goal of English pronunciation training is generally to acquire intelligible enough pronunciation, which is not always native-sounding pronunciation. However, the definition of the intelligible pronunciation is not easy because it depends on the speaking skill of a speaker, the predictability of a content, and the language background of a listener. One kind of accented pronunciation, which is intelligible enough for some listeners, is often less intelligible for others. This paper focuses on objective intelligibility of Japanese English through the ears of American English speakers with little exposure to Japanese English. A large listening test was conducted using ERJ (English Read by Japanese) database. A balanced subset of this database were presented over a telephone line to the American listeners who were asked to repeat what they heard. Totally, 17,416 repetitive responses were collected and they were transcribed manually. This paper describes the design of this experiment and some results of analyzing the results of transcription. Index Terms: English pronunciation training, foreign accent, intelligibility, listening test, ERJ database
Syntheses of Carbosilane Dendrimers Carrying Peripheral Globotriaose Derivatives — The Relationship Between the Carbosilane Dendrimer Structure and the Magnitude for Neutralizing Shiga Toxin‐Producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Micromachined Terahertz Waveguide 90$^{\circ}$ Twist (2011)

Waveguide twists are often necessary to provide polarization rotation between waveguide-based components. At terahertz frequencies, it is desirable to use a twist design that is compact in order to reduce loss; however, these designs are difficult if not impossible to realize using standard machining. This paper presents a micromachined compact waveguide twist for terahertz frequencies. The Rud-Kirilenko twist geometry is ideally suited to the micromachining processes developed at the University of Virginia. Measurements of a WR-1.5 micromachined twist exhibit a return loss near 20 dB and a median insertion loss of 0.5 dB from 600 to 750 GHz.
Expression of Biomass-Degrading Enzymes Is a Major Event during Conidium Development in Trichoderma reesei (2011)

The conidium plays a critical role in the life cycle of many filamentous fungi, being the primary means for survival under unfavorable conditions. To investigate the transcriptional changes taking place during the transition from growing hyphae to conidia in Trichoderma reesei, microarray experiments were performed. A total of 900 distinct genes were classified as differentially expressed, relative to their expression at time zero of conidiation, at least at one of the time points analyzed. The main functional categories (FunCat) overrepresented among the upregulated genes were those involving solute transport, metabolism, transcriptional regulation, secondary metabolite synthesis, lipases, proteases, and, particularly, cellulases and hemicellulases. Categories overrepresented among the downregulated genes were especially those associated with ribosomal and mitochondrial functions. The upregulation of cellulase and hemicellulase genes was dependent on the function of the positive transcriptional regulator XYR1, but XYR1 exerted no influence on conidiation itself. At least 20% of the significantly regulated genes were nonrandomly distributed within the T. reesei genome, suggesting an epigenetic component in the regulation of conidiation. The significant upregulation of cellulases and hemicellulases during this process, and thus cellulase and hemicellulase content in the spores of T. reesei, contributes to the hypothesis that the ability to hydrolyze plant biomass is a major trait of this fungus enabling it to break dormancy and reinitiate vegetative growth after a period of facing unfavorable conditions.
Magnetic properties of Mn/Cu(001) and Mn/Ni(001)<i>c</i>(2×2) surface alloys (1995)

Solid phase epitaxy was used to grow two-dimensional, ordered alloys of MnCu and MnNi on the surface of Cu(100) and Ni(100) crystals. These surface alloys, which have structures that are not present in the bulk phase diagram, result in highly corrugated surface layers with a c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) periodicity. The large outward relaxation of Mn atoms has been predicted theoretically to be due to magnetism of the Mn atoms. Using a combination of soft-x-ray absorption spectroscopy and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism, we have found an enhanced local magnetic moment and long-range magnetic ordering in these surface alloys. We find that Mn is in a high-spin ground state, which stabilizes the surface reconstruction, but that long-range magnetic ordering is not always present. Compositionally ordered MnNi films, with the same c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) surface periodicity, show ferromagnetic coupling of Mn atoms, unlike the antiferromagnetic ordering found in the bulk alloy.
Heat Management in Power Converters: From State of the Art to Future Ultrahigh Efficiency Systems (2015)

Thermal management is a key design aspect of power converters since it determines their reliability as well as their final performance and power density. Cooling technologies have been a research area in electronics since the 1940s and, in the last 15 years, the number of articles related to this field has grown significantly. At present, thermal management is essential in new disciplines and it is a critical enabling technology in the development of power electronic systems. This paper aims at presenting a review of the state-of-the-art technology and provides future design guidelines for high efficiency power electronic converters. The main design trends are focused on the need to develop cooling systems able to manage high local density heat fluxes due to two converging trends: higher power dissipation and smaller module size. Considering the latest advances in thermal management, as well as the huge improvement in power electronics in the last decades, a review and classification of the main thermal management techniques is presented. Besides, they are compared considering important parameters such as peak power dissipation, efficiency, cost/complexity, power density or technical maturity, and a design example for an ultrahigh efficiency converter is presented.
Eph-B4 prevents venous adaptive remodeling in the adult arterial environment (2011)

Eph-B4 determines mammalian venous differentiation in the embryo but is thought to be a quiescent marker of adult veins. We have previously shown that surgical transposition of a vein into the arterial environment is characterized by loss of venous identity, as indicated by the loss of Eph-B4, and intimal thickening. We used a mouse model of vein graft implantation to test the hypothesis that Eph-B4 is a critical determinant of venous wall thickness during postsurgical adaptation to the arterial environment. We show that stimulation of Eph-B4 signaling, either via ligand stimulation or expression of a constitutively active Eph-B4, inhibits venous wall thickening and preserves venous identity; conversely, reduction of Eph-B4 signaling is associated with increased venous wall thickness. Stimulated Eph-B4 associates with caveolin-1 (Cav-1); loss of Cav-1 or Eph-B4 kinase function abolishes inhibition of vein graft thickening. These results show that Eph-B4 is active in adult veins and regulates venous remodeling. Eph-B4-Cav-1-mediated vessel remodeling may be a venous-specific adaptive mechanism. Controlled stimulation of embryonic signaling pathways such as Eph-B4 may be a novel strategy to manipulate venous wall remodeling in adults.
Ionic Model Approach to Battery Voltage of Na<i>M</i>O<sub>2</sub> (2014)

NaMO2 (M = Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) with a layered rock-salt structure exhibits high battery voltage (V) and capacity (Q), and is considered to be a promising cathode material for sodium ion secondary batteries (SIBs). Among the battery parameters, V is directly related to the electronic structure of the compounds. Here, we apply the ionic model proposed by Torrance et al. [Physica C 182, 351 (1991)] to NaMO2 and estimated V using structural parameters. The ionic model reproduces the global feature of the M-dependence of V. This analysis suggests that an electron is removed from the O 2p state in the charge process in the late transition metal compounds (M = Mn–Ni).
Three-dimensional optical metrology and models for non-contact diffuse optical tomography of small animals (2007)

We introduce a novel approach for calibrating an axis of rotation in a 3D optical metrology system. The system uses a stereo camera pair, along with rotation and translation stages for obtaining a 3D model of the surface of small animals. The metrology system will be part of a fully non-contact diffuse optical tomography (DOT) scanner for small animal imaging. The rotation axis calibration technique is based on measuring, with the stereo pair, the 3D position of a small ball as it is moved by the rotation stage (turntable). Our system has the advantage of using the tomograph's laser beam to measure the outer shape of the subject, thereby reducing overall system complexity, and allowing simultaneous surface and DOT measurements. Additionnaly, the exact position where laser light penetrates the animal is measured, while traditionally, this information is indirectly inferred with less accuracy. This information plays an important role in a tomographic reconstruction algorithm. Our new approach for the calibration of the rotation axis is compared to another technique we previously developed, where a checkerboard pattern is tracked instead of a ball. We present measurements of a reference shape and a small animal taken by our system.
Furan Forming Reactions of <i>cis</i>-2-Alken-4-yn-1-ones (2005)

[reactions: see text] The cis-2-alken-4-yn-1-one, 1-phenyl-cis-2-penten-4-yn-1-one (cis-1), readily dimerizes on treatment with weak acid to give the 1,2-difurylethylenes, trans- and cis-1,2 di(2-(5-phenylfuryl))ethene (trans-1 and cis-2), in 62% and 23% yields, respectively. Trimerization of cis-1 to trans,trans-1,2,3-tri(2-(5-phenylfuryl)cyclopropane (4) occurred as a byproduct of treatment with weak acid. These reactions demonstrate the 2-furylcarbenoid reactivity of cis-2-alken-4-yn-1-ones.
A WOz Variant with Contrastive Conditions (2006)

We present a variant of the WOz paradigm we refer to as incremental ablation. The new feature involves incrementally restricting the human wizard’s capacities in the direction of a dialog system. We lay out a data collection design with six conditions of user-system and user-wizard interactions that allows us to more precisely identify how to close the communication gap between humans and systems. We describe the application of the method to analysis of contexts in which ASR errors occur, giving us a means to investigate the problem solving strategies humans would resort to if their communication channel were restricted to be more like the machine’s. We describe how we can use the methodology to collect data that is more relevant to a particular learning paradigm involving Markov Decision Processes (MDP).
Risk Factors for Epilepsy in Children with HIV/AIDS in Botswana (I10-1.001) (2014)

Objective: To identify risk factors for epilepsy in children with HIV/AIDS in Botswana Background: Seizures are common among patients with HIV /AIDS in the developing world, but risk factors for epilepsy in children with HIV are poorly characterized. The optimal time for initiation of antiretroviral therapy in children with HIV is unknown, but early treatment may be protective against neurologic complications of HIV such as epilepsy. Methods: We conducted a retrospective case control study among children with HIV/AIDS followed at major referral center in Gaborone, Botswana during the years 2003-2009. We identified cases with epilepsy and compared them to matched controls without epilepsy. Results: The most common identified etiologies for epilepsy were CNS infections and HIV enceaphlopathy. Early treatment with antiretrovirals was protective against epilepsy. Risk factors for epilepsy included CD4 count <200 cells/mm3, advanced World Health Organization Clinical stage, and history of HIV encephalopathy. Conclusions: Epilepsy is a significant problem among children with HIV/AIDS in the developing world. Risk factors for epilepsy emerge in more advanced disease and may be preventable by earlier initiation of antiretroviral treatment. Further studies are necessary to determine the optimal timing of antiretroviral drug initiation in children with HIV. Supported by: This study was supported by a grant from the Penn Center for AIDS Research, an NIH funded program.
Characterization of central macrophages in Anemia of Inflammation (AI): African trypanosomiasis as a model system (2013)

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Microemboli‐Free Blood Detoxification Utilizing Plasma Filtration (2000)

Guest Editor's Introduction: This paper was originally presented at the 22nd ASAIO Congress in April 1976 and printed in Volume 22, Trans Am Soc Artif Int Organs, 1976, pages 637–644. It is reprinted with permission in Therapeutic Apheresis Volume 4, Issue 1, as a millennium project of the International Society for Apheresis. This is the first paper describing flat sheet microporous hydrophilic membranes for plasmaseparation. Sixteen membranes of different pore structures and different base polymers were subjected for evaluation. A celanese polypropylene membrane of pore diameters between 0.04–0.2 μ, and a nuclepore polycarbonate membrane of pore diameter between 0.2–0.4 μ were satisfactory as plasma separator flat sheet membranes.
Six-Minute Walk Is a Better Outcome Measure Than Treadmill Walking Tests in Therapeutic Trials of Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease (2014)

L ower-extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) affects 8 million people in the United States and >200 million men and women worldwide. 1,2 PAD will become increasingly common as the US population survives longer with chronic disease. Although intermittent claudication is the most frequent classic symptom of PAD, many patients with PAD are asymptomatic or have exertional leg symptoms other than intermittent claudication. Patients with PAD have slower walking speed, poorer walking endurance, and substantially lower physical activity levels compared with people without PAD. ]