gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Simulation of Time-of-Flight Sensors using Global Illumination (2013)

Time-of-Flight (ToF) cameras use specialized sensors and modulated infrared light to simultaneously obtain depth, amplitude and intensity images. Depth images from such cameras suffer from various errors which exhibit a more complex behavior than traditional intensity images. Of these errors, the phenomenon of multi-reflection or multipath interference poses the biggest challenge to researchers. It is caused by indirect light paths between camera and light source and is therefore dependent on scene geometry. While simulated data can be used for ground truth evaluation and whitebox testing, current simulators do not model multipath effects. The method we present is capable of simulating all scene-dependant effects by taking global illumination into consideration. This is accomplished by modifying a bidirectional path tracing algorithm such that it takes the time-dependent propagation of modulated light in a scene into consideration. Furthermore, by combination of the proposed method with a previous hardware simulator we are capable of reproducing all effects in ToF cameras. The system was validated both on test targets with known real Time of Flight camera responses as well as qualitatively on a more complex room scene. The simulator as well as the source code is available at http://hci.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/Benchmarks/.
Study of the Stratum corneum Barrier Function by Transepidermal Water Loss Measurements: Comparison between Two Commercial Instruments: Evaporimeter<sup>®</sup> and Tewameter<sup>®</sup> (1995)

The measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is an important noninvasive method in order to assess the barrier function of the stratum corneum. As a consequence, TEWL has been found to be a very useful technique for studying skin irritation induced by various physical and chemical effects. Exposure of the skin to chemicals (detergents) and physical conditions (occlusion and stripping) generally results in an increase of TEWL. Until recently the only commercially available TEWL instrument was the Evaporimeter developed by ServoMed (Sweden). The instrument is based on the open chamber system with two humidity and temperature sensors which measure the water evaporation gradient at the surface of the skin. Recently a new commercially available instrument based on the same physical principle of measurement was developed by Courage and Khazaka (Tewameter, FRG). Our aim in this study has been to compare the measuring capacities of both instruments. The accuracy, sensitivity, variability and reproducibility of both instruments were compared in vivo under identical conditions on normal skin and skin damaged by external conditions. The influence of external and environmental factors such as air and probe temperature, relative humidity, air turbulence and pressure of application was evaluated for both instruments. Finally, the two instruments were compared in practice when following the increase in TEWL of the skin after stripping, occlusion and exposure to irritant household detergents. A very good correlation (r = +0.97) was found between the results of the two instruments over a wide range of TEWL values.
Novel synthesis and new chemistry of naphthochlorins (1998)

Reactions of 2-nitro-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin with alkyl α-isocyanoacetates afford naphthochlorins (in addition to the expected pyrroloporphyrins) which undergo free radical dimerization; the X-ray structure of one such naphthochlorin dimer is reported.
Análise das desigualdades entre os COREDES no período de 1990 a 2003: origem e evolução (2007)

This article studies the inter-regional inequalities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul between 1990 and 2000. In the analysis the state was subdivided in twenty-two “COREDES” (Regional Development Councils). The inequalities were assessed on the basis of the relative share of each area in the whole and through the Gini index, as well as on the economic variables GNP, GNP per capita and industrial GNP. The theory of Accumulative Circular Causation of Myrdal was used to guide the analysis. The history of the territorial occupation is taken into account because the origin of the inequalities may be linked to the form in which the colonization process took place in the areas under discussion, since the industrial pole is located in the area where the colonization of European influence began. The analysis found that the metropolitan “COREDES” of the Metropolitan Area of Porto Alegre, the Mountain Range (“Serra”) and the Sinos River Valley are part of the more industrialized area located in the state’s Northeast and has half of the income and population. Key words: Regional inequalities, territorial occupation, Gini index, “COREDES.”
Regulation of Mammary and Adipose Tissue Lipoprotein Lipase and Blood Triacylglycerol in Rats during Late Pregnancy (1977)

The effects of several prostaglandins on lipoprotein lipase activity of mammary gland and adipose tissue and serum triacylglycerol were studied during late pregnancy in rats. Prostaglandins were injected twice daily for 2 days before and once on the day of analysis. In rats pregnant 20 days, prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) increased the activity of lipoprotein lipase in mammary gland fourfold, reduced the activity in adipose tissue about 60%, and decreased serum concentration of triacylglycerol 50%. PGF(2alpha) also reduced serum concentration of progesterone 90% and increased that of prolactin fivefold, but had no effect on serum concentrations of either immuno-reactive insulin or 17beta-estradiol. Injections of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF(2alpha), a metabolite of PGF(2alpha), had similar effects in rats pregnant 20 days, whereas prostaglandins E(1) and E(2) did not. In rats pregnant 16 days, PGF(2alpha) did not affect lipoprotein lipase activity in the tissues or the concentration of triacylglycerol and prolactin in serum, although it decreased serum progesterone 80%.2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine prevented the increase in serum prolactin in response to PGF(2alpha), but did not alter the effect of PGF(2alpha) on lipoprotein lipase activity or serum triacylglycerol. Progesterone completely blocked the effects of PGF(2alpha) on lipoprotein lipase activity and serum triacylglycerol and prolactin concentrations. These findings indicate that the changes in lipoprotein lipase activity and serum triacylglycerol in PGF(2alpha)-treated rats are probably related to the inhibitory action of PGF(2alpha) on progesterone secretion. They also suggest that endogenous F prostaglandins may play a role in the regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity in mammary gland and adipose tissue near parturition.
Chemical modification combined with corona treatment of UHMWPE fibers and their adhesion to vinylester resin (2006)

Abstract The influence of corona treatment on the near-surface structures of treated ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers was studied first by atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM pictures showed that the pits on the corona-treated PE fiber surfaces had different change characteristics in depth compared with in length and breadth with variations of corona power. Then the UHMWPE fibers were subjected to chemical modification following the corona treatment, named the two-stage treatment. Surface morphologies and chemical properties of the treated fibers were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FT-IR–ATR spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The results obtained suggested that some carbon–carbon double bonds had been introduced on the surfaces of the PE fibers after the two-stage treatment. These unsaturated groups could participate in free-radical curing of vinylester resin (VER), and this resulted in improvement of interfacial adhesion strength in the PE fiber/VER composites. In addition, the mechanical properties of the UHMWPE fibers reduced after corona treatment did not reduce further after subsequent chemical treatment with increase of corona power. In short, the two-stage treatment proved to be effective in improving the interfacial adhesion of the composites and maintaining the high mechanical properties of the PE fibers, as this treatment method did not destroy the bulk structure of the UHMWPE fibers. Keywords: UHMWPE FIBERCHEMICAL MODIFICATIONCORONA TREATMENTVINYLESTER RESINADHESION PROPERTY
Space-time encoding scheme for DDoS attack traceback (2005)

Several IP traceback schemes employing packet marking have been proposed to trace attacks that use source address spoofing, such as DoS/DDoS attacks. A major challenge with these schemes is the limited number of bits available for marking in the IP headers. Marking this information elsewhere could lead to packet fragmentation and/or attack amplification when a clever attack is launched. We present a novel scheme, called the space-time encoding (STE) scheme, that requires very few bits to be marked on an IP packet, by every router along the attack path deterministically. At every router, this scheme makes use of the local router connectivity information to encode (mark) the incoming physical interface across multiple packets. Our analysis of the simulation results, obtained by trial runs on large data sets available that represent Internet maps, show that we need to mark only 25 bits on every packet and in the ideal case would require only 7 packets for successful traceback. Additionally, we also propose techniques that enhance the scheme to make it scalable and easily deployable.
Isolation of Golgi Membranes from Tissues and Cells by Differential and Density Gradient Centrifugation (2001)

This unit describes the isolation of Golgi membranes on a preparative basis. Methods are provided for rapid isolation of dextran-treated Golgi stacks from rat liver using a sucrose density barrier, and Golgi isolation by floatation from a light mitochondrial fraction, along with an alternate procedure using a self-generated iodixinol gradient. If the Golgi tends to vesiculate during homogenization (commonly the case with cultured cells), a primary requirement is to separate these vesicles from other microsomal compartments, so a procedure is described for a discontinuous gradient of sucrose for cultured cells, and an alternate protocol describes a continuous iodixinol gradient that may provide greater resolution. A self-generated iodixinol gradient is described to prepare Golgi membranes from a microsomal fraction of rat hepatocytes, and a standard Golgi enzyme marker assay is given in a support protocol.
Hepatocyte Spheroids: Prolonged Hepatocyte Viability for <i>in Vitro</i> Modeling of Nongenotoxic Carcinogenesis (1993)

To explore peroxisome proliferator-perturbed hepatocyte growth regulation, robust in vitro models of liver are required. This has always posed a problem since isolated hepatocytes show a rapid loss of viability and differentiation status and cease to be useful after 3–4 days in culture. We now describe a model system in which rat hepatocytes are maintained as three-dimensional spheroids. The maintenance of hepatocyte viability and morphology in these cultures is considerably prolonged over that seen in monolayer culture and is comparable to that obtained by the use of collagen gels or dimethyl sulfoxide. The spheroid system is, however, free of any additives that may lead to artifact and free of excessive exogenous protein that may compromise subsequent analyses. Ultrastructural examination reveals extensive interhepatocyte junctional complexes and in terdigitation of adjacent membranes together with the presence of bile cannalicular structures. Furthermore, hepatocytes maintained as spheroids retain expression of liver markers such as albumin and also retain their ability to respond to peroxisome proliferators: even after 12 days in culture, treatment with the peroxisome proliferator nafenopin causes a 4.5-fold increase in cytoplasmic volume fraction of peroxisomes. There is a concomitant induction of peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme and cytochrome P4504A, the enzyme markers associated with peroxisome proliferation. The spheroids also maintain expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and preliminary data indicate that they are able to undergo replicative DNA synthesis in response to nafenopin. Hepatocyte spheroids will provide us with a model system for studying the early changes in rodent liver nongenotoxic carcinogenesis.
Model-based image segmentation in medical applications (2007)

Image segmentation is an essential and indispensable step in medical image analysis. It partitions the image into meaningful anatomic or pathological structures. Because medical image segmentation needs high level medical and anatomic knowledge, model-based segmentation methods are highly desirable. In this thesis, we will first give a short survey of current approaches of medical image segmentation. Then we specifically develop appearance and shape models for different segmentation tasks. These models are either obtained from visual observation and prior human expertise, or from certain automaticmachine learning methods. In this thesis, two model-based image segmentation algorithms are developed for 3D MR colonography and 2D cardiac tagged MRI. For 3D MR colonography, we manually build the shape and intensity model. For 2D tagged MRI, we learn the shape and local appearance model from a training set. In each application, besides the models, we give complete details in solving the segmentation problems, such as how we correct the MR image intensity inhomogeneity and how we automatically initialize the segmentation. Both model-based methods perform well on real medical image data.
Deer antler regeneration: A stem cell‐based epimorphic process (2012)

Full regeneration of deer antlers, a bona fide epimorphic process in mammals, is in defiance of the general rule of nature. Revealing the mechanism underlying this unique exception would place us in a better position to promote organ regeneration in humans. Antler regeneration takes place in yearly cycles from its pedicle, a permanent protuberance on the frontal bone. Both growing antlers and pedicles consist of internal (cartilage and bone) and external components (skin, blood vessels, and nerves). Recent studies have demonstrated that the regeneration of both internal and external components relies on the presence of pedicle periosteum (PP). PP cells express key embryonic stem cell markers (Oct4, Nanog, and SOX2) and are multipotent, so are termed antler stem cells. Now it is clear that proliferation and differentiation of PP cells directly forms internal antler components; however, how PP initiates and maintains the regeneration of external antler components is thus far not known. Based on the direct as well as indirect evidence that is presented in this review, I put forward the following hypothesis to address this issue. The full regenerative ability of external antler tissue components is achieved through PP-derived chemical induction and PP-derived mechanical stimulation: the former triggers the regeneration of these external components, whereas the latter drives their rapid elongation. Eventual identification of the putative PP-derived chemical factors would open up a new avenue for devising effective therapies for lesions involving each of these tissue components, be they traumatic, degenerative, or linked to developmental (genetic) anomalies.
Hierarchical performance management using OAM MIB in ATM networks (2002)

As the network grows bigger and faster, the demand for reliable and rapid network monitoring and control is on the increase. For efficient network performance management, the network manager should be able to not only acquire the overall network status information with minimum management traffic, but also immediately figure out the faulty network elements. We propose a hierarchical performance management scheme with operation and maintenance (OAM) management information base (MIB) by using the SNMP management protocol. With this MIB we can remotely monitor each connection and pinpoint the location of a performance problem.
Studies on Phytochemical Constituents, Quantification of Total Phenolic, Alkaloid Content and In-vitro Anti-oxidant Activity of Thespesia populnea Seeds (2011)

Introduction: Anti-oxidants are vital substances which possess the ability to protect the body from damage caused by free radical induced oxidative stress. There is an increasing interest in natural anti-oxidants, e.g., polyphenols, present in medicinal and dietary plants, which might help prevent oxidative damage. Methods: In this present study we investigated preliminary phytochemical, total phenolic, alkaloid content and In-vitro antioxidant activity of hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol (70%) and methanol extracts of Thespesia populnea Seeds. Results: Thespesia populnea Seeds revealed the presence of steroids, flavonoids and alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, quinones and carbohydrates. The extracts do not contain the amino acids, oils and the hexane fraction do not contain triterpenes and tannins. The ethyl acetate extract have more phenolic content than other extracts and the methanolic extract has more alkaloidal than other extracts. The selected plant extracts were produced concentration dependent percentage inhibition of superoxide radical and produced maximum activity at a concentration of 160 μg and there after the percentage inhibition were raised gradually to its maximum level with higher concentrations. Conclusion: Among the four types of T.populnea seeds extracts, the methanolic extract showed better activity than aqueous extracts at 160 μg concentrations.
Thiolupinine and some derivatives of pharmacological interest. (1993)

The (quinolizidin-1 alpha-yl)methanthiol (thiolupinine) was prepared and, utilizing the thiol group reactivity, several S-substituted derivatives were obtained among which was a group of 3-[(lupinylthio)methyl]indoles. Eight of the prepared compounds were subjected to a broad pharmacological screening that evidentiated for many of them good level of the following activities in vivo and in vitro: antiarrhythmic, local anesthetic, negative chronotropic on isolated atria, calcium antagonism on ileum and atria, inhibition of spontaneous contraction of isolated trachea, inhibition of guinea pig ileum contractions induced by angiotensin I and II, bradykinin and cholecystokinin, inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by PAF and ADP. Single compounds were remarkable for additional antagonistic activities: 4 against P1-purine receptor, 8 against substance P, 12 against methacholine and 13 strongly inhibited arachidonate induced platelet aggregation. Very peculiar was the ability of compound 6 to protect mice from PAF induced mortality.
<i>In vitro</i>cellular processes sprouting in cortex microexplants of adult rat brains induced by low power laser irradiation (1998)

The effect of He-Ne low power laser irradiation on the growth of cellular processes of microexplants of the brain cortex of adult rats in tissue culture was studied. Two 8-min doses of direct laser irradiation, 3.6 J/cm2 each given on two successive days, caused a significant amount of sprouting of cellular processes outgrowth in microexplants compared to small amounts produced by nonirradiated controls. This preliminary observation suggests that low power laser irradiation applied to the area of an experimentally injured nerve may induce neurite processes sprouting, thereby improving nerve tissue recovery.
Disparity in revision total hip replacement: clinical outcome, cost, and surgeon work force (2010)

The volume of revision total hip replacements will continue to increase. Projection based upon existing epidemiology data estimates that nearly 100,000 such operations will be required by 2030. Disparities exist with regard to the clinical outcome, costs, and patient access to subspecialists. The increasing volume of revision total hip replacement undoubtedly will pose significant burdens upon surgeon availability, resource utilization, and cost containment.
Considering the fate of electronic tags: interactions with stakeholders and user responsibility when encountering tagged aquatic animals (2014)

Summary The use of electronic tagging (e.g. acoustic, archival and satellite telemetry) to study the behavior and ecology of aquatic animals has increased dramatically over the past decade. As scientists continue to use these tools, it is inevitable that other researchers and the public at‐large will encounter animals carrying such tags with increasing frequency. If the animals appear burdened or injured by the tag (e.g. showing signs of trauma), or if the tag is functionally impaired (e.g. cracked or severely biofouled), these encounters have the potential to generate conflict with various wildlife stakeholders (e.g. tourists/operators, divers, fishers, hunters) that can negatively affect research efforts and undermine conservation work. Yet, these encounters also present an unparalleled opportunity to advance the field of biotelemetry by improving animal welfare, tagging technology and practices, while also gaining the trust and support of wildlife stakeholders. Therefore, as scientists, it is important to consider the fate of our electronic tags. Here we consider tagged animals as encountered by different user groups and discuss the potential steps and recommendations that scientists can take to improve tagging techniques and animal welfare as a result. We also discuss interactions with stakeholders and the manifold benefits if such interactions are taken into account and embraced. We examine the situation where a researcher encounters, and is able and trained to handle a previously tagged animal equipped with a functionally impaired tag and/or the animal is exhibiting signs of burden due to the tag. We generate a decision tree for scientists faced with such a scenario and discuss the best course of action, whereas such a situation was relatively unlikely in the past, but is now a reality in all aquatic animal tagging studies. The framework in which these issues are discussed is novel and failure to address them can significantly impede advances in the development and use of biotelemetry and even one's ability to conduct research. It is our hope that our essay stimulates further discourse, debate, technological improvements and consideration of the fate of electronic tagging.
Digital Waveform Generation (2013)

This concise overview of digital signal generation will introduce you to powerful, flexible and practical digital waveform generation techniques. These techniques, based on phase-accumulation and phase-amplitude mapping, will enable you to generate sinusoidal and arbitrary real-time digital waveforms to fit your desired waveshape, frequency, phase offset and amplitude, and to design bespoke digital waveform generation systems from scratch. Including a review of key definitions, a brief explanatory introduction to classical analogue waveform generation and its basic conceptual and mathematical foundations, coverage of recursion, DDS, IDFT and dynamic waveshape and spectrum control, a chapter dedicated to detailed examples of hardware design, and accompanied by downloadable Mathcad models created to help you explore 'what if?' design scenarios, this is essential reading for practitioners in the digital signal processing community, and for students who want to understand and apply digital waveform synthesis techniques.