gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surgical management of radiation enteritis. (1986)

Seventy patients (17 men and 53 women) were seen with radiation-injured gut between 1958 and 1984. The median age at treatment with radiotherapy was 54 years. External radiotherapy was used in all cases, combined with internal treatment for cervical cancer. Ninety-seven gastrointestinal lesions were produced. There were 63 strictures, 14 fistulas, 12 perforations, and eight bleeds. The period between radiotherapy and clinical manifestation of the lesion was approximately 2 years, being longest for strictures. The majority of the lesions were in the rectosigmoid or mid and distal small bowel. Sixty-one patients required one or more operations, and review of the operative results up to 1977 showed a high incidence of anastomotic leak and death after resection and primary anastomosis. However, we noticed that the ascending, transverse, and descending colon were relatively free of radiation-induced disease. Since then we have used a nonirradiated part of the colon for one end of the anastomosis. Thus terminal ileal resection has been followed by an ileotransverse anastomosis and rectosigmoid resection by mobilization of the splenic flexure to bring it down for anastomosis. With these techniques there has been one leak in 14 anastomoses and none of the 12 patients have died. These results are significantly better (p less than 0.02) than our previous figures when 14 of 27 anastomoses leaked, with 10 deaths. We conclude that use of nonirradiated bowel for at least one end of an anastomosis significantly improves the results of resection of irradiated bowel.
Max-margin early event detectors (2012)

The need for early detection of temporal events from sequential data arises in a wide spectrum of applications ranging from human-robot interaction to video security. While temporal event detection has been extensively studied, early detection is a relatively unexplored problem. This paper proposes a maximum-margin framework for training temporal event detectors to recognize partial events, enabling early detection. Our method is based on Structured Output SVM, but extends it to accommodate sequential data. Experiments on datasets of varying complexity, for detecting facial expressions, hand gestures, and human activities, demonstrate the benefits of our approach. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper in the literature of computer vision that proposes a learning formulation for early event detection.
Fragmentation of Therapeutic Human Immunoglobulin Preparations (1995)

Some commercial batches of human therapeutic immunoglobulins (Ig) have been found to show evidence of molecular fragmentation when examined by molecular sizing methodologies including sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [SDS-PAGE] and size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC). These batches all demonstrated impaired immunobiological activity (efficacy) as assessed by Fc function measured using a rubella haemolytic assay and as such are likely to be subpotent for therapeutic use. Fragmented Igs were characterized by the presence of at least three protein bands and peaks additional to monomeric IgG. Incubation of Igs with blood enzymes (plasmin and kallikrein) reproduced the fragmentation patterns observed for intrinsically degraded batches, suggesting that fragmentation occurred by contamination with these proteases from the source material (human blood) during manufacture. Intravenous Igs (IVIG) were found to be more susceptible to proteolysis than intramuscular Igs, probably as a consequence of the post-fractionation processing that some IVIGs receive which may induce molecular alterations, allowing enzyme access and fragmentation. Two of the products examined were found to be relatively resistant to proteolysis and both were formulated by processes that limit enzyme activity. These processes were inclusion of an enzyme inhibitor, alpha 2-macroglobulin, and formulation at acidic pH. Enzyme carry-over into the final product is a likely cause of Ig fragmentation, and reduction in levels of such contamination should lead to improvements in product stability and efficacy.
Detection of Protein Aggregates in Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid Derived from Multiple Sclerosis Patients (2014)

Studies of the properties of soluble oligomer species of amyloidogenic proteins, derived from different proteins with little sequence homology, have indicated that they share a common structure and may share similar pathogenic mechanisms. Amyloid β, tau protein, as well as amyloid precursor protein normally associated with Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease were found in lesions and plaques of multiple sclerosis patients. The objective of the study is to investigate whether brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples derived from multiple sclerosis patients demonstrate the presence of soluble oligomers normally associated with protein-misfolding diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. We have used anti-oligomer monoclonal antibodies to immunodetect soluble oligomers in CSF and brain tissues derived from multiple sclerosis patients. In this report, we describe the presence of soluble oligomers in the brain tissue and cerebral spinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients detected with our monoclonal anti-oligomer antibodies with Western blot and Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (sELISA). These results might suggest that protein aggregation plays a role in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis although further and more refined studies are needed to confirm the role of soluble aggregates in multiple sclerosis.
Implementation of IoT system using block chain with authentication and data protection (2018)

In a block-chain IoT environment, when data or device authentication information is put on a block chain, personal information may be leaked through the proof-of-work process or address search. In this paper, we apply Zero-Knowledge proof to a smart meter system to prove that a prover without disclosing information such as public key, and we have studied how to enhance anonymity of block chain for privacy protection.
Sex-Biased Litter Reduction in Food-Restricted Wood Rats ( <i>Neotoma floridana</i> ) (1981)

Mothers of eastern wood rats (Neotoma floridana) normally invest their lactation energy equally in male and female offspring, but alter that investment when their food is severely restricted during lactation. The effect of the altered investment is a significant bias against males in both mortality and growth.
Simple solar spectral model for direct and diffuse irradiance on horizontal and tilted planes at the earth's surface for cloudless atmospheres (1984)

A new, simple model for calculating clear-sky direct and diffuse spectral irradiance on horizontal and tilted surfaces is presented. The model is based on previously reported simple algorithms and on comparisons with rigorous radiative transfer calculations and limited outdoor measurements. Equations for direct normal irradiance are outlined; and include: Raleigh scattering; aerosol scattering and absorption; water vapor absorption; and ozone and uniformly mixed gas absorption. Inputs to the model include solar zenith angle, collector tilt angle, atmospheric turbidity, amount of ozone and precipitable water vapor, surface pressure, and ground albedo. The model calculates terrestrial spectra from 0.3 to 4.0 ..mu..m with approximately 10 nm resolution. A major goal of this work is to provide researchers with the capability to calculate spectral irradiance for different atmospheric conditions and different collector geometries using microcomputers. A listing of the computer program is provided.
The stress cracking of polyamides by metal salts. Part I. Metal halides (1969)

Abstract The stress cracking of polyamides (nylons) by a number of metal salts, in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions, has been investigated. Many metal halides and halide‐like salts were found to be active stress‐cracking agents, while metal acetates and sulfates were inactive. Zinc chloride was found to be most active, and its activity was compared with other metal halides. Using a recording tensometer, time to crack initiation, time to crack‐through and time to rupture were determined. These parameters were found to be dependent on temperature, moisture content of the nylon, concentration of the cracking agent and level of stress. High values of all these factors favored rapid cracking. Cracking parameters were shown to be mainly independent of the surface geometry of the nylon and the hydrogen ion concentration of the cracking agent. Metal halides did not appear to cause any chain scission in the nylon and stress cracking was not due to hydrolysis or metal‐ion catalysed hydrolysis.
User-context for adaptive user interfaces (2007)

We present results from an empirical user-study with ten users which investigates if information from a user's environment helps a user interface to personalize itself to individual users to better meet usability goals and improve user-experience. In our research we use a microphone and a web-camera to collect this information (user-context) from the vicinity of a subject's desktop computer. Sycophant, our context-aware calendaring application and research test-bed uses machine learning techniques to successfully predict a user-preferred alarm type. Discounting user identity and motion information significantly degrades Sycophant's performance on the alarm prediction task. Our user study emphasizes the need for user-context for personalizable user interfaces which can better meet effectiveness and utility usability goals. Results from our study further demonstrate that contextual information helps adaptive interfaces to improve user-experience.
Artificial carbonation for controlling the mobility of critical elements in incineration residues (2005)

Artificial carbonation for controlling the mobility of critical elements in incineration residues
Information, Instruction, and Learning: A Hypermedia Perspective (2008)

Hypermedia as defined by Osgood (1987) is a tool for linking nonlinear information presented in the form of graphics, animation, video, and sound. One important question for instructional designers regarding hypermedia is how it can be used as an instructional or learning tool that enhances rather than inhibits learning. Creating hypermedia applications is a quick and easy alternative to creating courseware with older authoring systems and languages which took many hours to learn. This ease of application creation, combined with a tremendous increase in information available to our society, has resulted in a proliferation of hypermedia databases in school, university, and industry settings that is gradually moving into homes. Many of these databases are simply information media. This paper identifies important issues related to classifying a hypermedia–based information system appropriately. Based on a discussion of these issues, a call for systematic research which clarifies the role that hypermedia–based information systems can and should play in an instructional or learning environment is set forth.
Interaction revisited: the difference between two estimates (2003)

Spontaneous basal rectal activity, recorded after resection of the sigmoid colon for diverticular disease, was more than twice the normal. The rectum of post-resection cases yielded a markedly exaggerated overall response to prostigmine, in addition to producing abundant fast wave patterns. The response to stretch of the apparently normal colonic muscle remaining after resection of the sigmoid for diverticular disease resembled unresected diverticular segments, though less in degree, suggesting that a fundamental disorder of colonic muscle may be involved in the aetiology of colonic diverticula.
Evidence for Klein Tunneling in Graphene<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mtext mathvariant="normal">−</mml:mtext><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:math>Junctions (2009)

Transport through potential barriers in graphene is investigated using a set of metallic gates capacitively coupled to graphene to modulate the potential landscape. When a gate-induced potential step is steep enough, disorder becomes less important and the resistance across the step is in quantitative agreement with predictions of Klein tunneling of Dirac fermions up to a small correction. We also perform magnetoresistance measurements at low magnetic fields and compare them to recent predictions.
Power System Security Control Calculations Using Linear Programming, Part II (1978)

This is the second paper in a two-part report on linear programming (LP) applied to power system security control calculations. The advantages of an LP approach are complete computational reliability and very high speed, making it suitable for real-time or study-mode purposes. Both corrective and preventive control strategies are dealt with. Active-power control is exercised over generators, phase shifters and hvdc links. Load shedding and emergency start-up of plant are included. Part I1 presented the basic LP formulation, algorithm and computational details. Part II is concerned with applications to practical power systems.
Wavelet-Based Waveform for Effective Sidelobe Suppression in Radar Signal (2014)

A new radar waveform based on wavelets is proposed. The waveform shows significant advantages over conventional linear frequency modulated (LFM) and Costas waveforms for effective sidelobe suppression. Another benefit comes from the wavelet packets, each of which occupies a subband in the frequency domain. Subband adaptation of the waveform in both magnitude and phase becomes flexible, responding to varying target and environmental conditions. The latter facilitates the development of powerful cognitive radars.
Kant’s Theory of Intentionality (2014)

Abstract Chapter 3 presents a projectionist account of Kant’s theory of intuitional representation. Following the lead of Aquila, I treat the immediacy of intuition for Kant as a sign that the objects of intuition are intentional objects, a conclusion that is also supported by the first geometrical argument for Transcendental Idealism. On the projectionist account developed here, I show that the form of intuition representations must be a spatial form if the objects of those representations are spatial objects (as Kant shows they must be by a transcendental argument), also arguing that intuitions for Kant are not sensations, nor are they composed of sensations as their matter. To explain what intuitions are in this conception and in what sense they have spatial form, I develop an analogy between a system of intuition representations and the symbols on ordinary geographical maps.
Design and Preparation of Cross‐Linked Polystyrene Nanoparticles for Elastomer Reinforcement (2010)

Cross‐linked polystyrene (PS) particles in a latex form were synthesized by free radical emulsion polymerization. The nano‐PS‐filled elastomer composites were prepared by the energy‐saving latex compounding method. Results showed that the PS particles took a spherical shape in the size of 40–60 nm with a narrow size distribution, and the glass‐transition temperature of the PS nanoparticles increased with the cross‐linking density. The outcomes from the mechanical properties demonstrated that when filled into styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR), nitrile‐butadiene rubber (NBR), and natural rubber (NR), the cross‐linked PS nano‐particles exhibited excellent reinforcing capabilities in all the three matrices, and the best in the SBR matrix. In comparison with that of the carbon black filled composites, another distinguished advantage of the cross‐linked PS particles filled elastomer composites was found to be light weight in density, which could help to save tremendous amount of energy when put into end products.
Arsenic in cancer therapy (2005)

Arsenic, a natural substance that has been used as a drug for over 2000 years, has been revived because of its remarkable therapeutic efficacy in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Arsenic exerts a dose-dependent dual effect: it causes differentiation at low concentrations and apoptosis at relatively high concentrations. Specific degradation of the leukemogenic PML-RARalpha fusion protein induced by arsenic leads to the differentiation of leukemia cells. The arsenic-induced apoptosis occurs through direct effects on mitochondria, causing the release of apoptotic proteins into the cytosol and the activation of caspases. Preliminary in vitro studies have also extended the potential anti-cancer effect of arsenic to non-APL leukemias, lymphoid malignancies and other cancers. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that arsenic exerts a broad spectrum of anti-cancer effects by induction of apoptosis, inhibition of cell proliferation, anti-angiogenesis and possible immunomodulation. Phase I and II clinical trials are underway to evaluate the feasibility, safety and potential effect of arsenic in various cancer types.
The antiproliferative action of [D-Arg(1), D-Phe(5), D-Trp(7,9), LEU(11)] substance P analogue antagonist against small-cell- and non-small-cell lung cancer cells could be due to the pharmacological profile of its tachykinin receptor antagonist. (2015)

It is known that in human lung cancer samples, both small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells express the neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor; that after binding to the NK-1 receptor the peptide substance P (SP) elicits tumour cell proliferation and an antiapoptotic effect. By contrast, it has been demonstrated that non-peptide NK-1 receptor antagonists, after binding to the NK-1 receptor and hence by blocking the SP action in SCLC/NSCLC, exert an antiproliferative action (inhibit lung cancer cell proliferation and induce the death of tumour cells by apoptosis). It is also known that SP peptide NK-1 receptor antagonists also called SP analogue antagonists (broad-spectrum GPCR antagonists, broad-spectrum neuropeptide antagonists or synthetic analogues of SP), also exert antiproliferative actions against SCLC/NSCLC. However, the underlying mechanisms involved in this antiproliferative action remain unknown. By using competition assays with SP, here we demonstrate that the antiproliferative action exerted by the [D-Arg(1), D-Phe(5), D-Trp(7,9), Leu(11)] SP analogue on human H-69 SCLC and COR-L23 NSCLC cell lines, occurs at least through the NK-1 receptor.
[Influence of polyelectrolytes on measles virus infectivity]. (2011)

The studied PE could be considered as potential antiviral preparations, and methods of circular dichroism and protein fluorescence could be used to detect damage of viral protein secondary structure by agents of different kinds.
Learning Flow of Control: Recursive and Iterative Procedures (1986)

Two experiments were performed to study students' ability to write recursive and iterative programs and transfer between these two skills. Subjects wrote functions to accumulate instances into a list. Problems varied in terms of whether they were recursive or iterative, whether they operated on lists or numbers, whether they accumulated results in forward or backward manner, whether they accumulated on success or failure, and whether they simply skipped or ejected on failure to accumulate. Subjects had real difficulty only with the dimensions concerned with flow of control, namely, recursive versus iterative, and skip versus eject. We found positive transfer from writing iterative functions to writing recursive functions, but not vice versa. A subsequent protocol study revealed subjects had such a poor mental model of recursion that they developed poor learning strategies which hindered their understanding of iteration. It is argued that having an adequate model of the functionality of programming is prerequisite to learning to program, and that it is sensible pedagogical practice to base understanding of recursive flow of control on understanding iterative flow of control.
Determination of trace amounts of anionic impurities in hydrochloric acid by ion chromatography (1994)

The purity of the hydrochloric acid used in semiconductor processing has a direct impact on device reliability because ionic impurities adhere to the wafer's surface during processing, and the impurities must be monitored in order to avoid both unnecessary wastes and exceeding of the permitted levels. Ion-chromatographic procedures for the determination of bromide, nitrate, phosphate, selenate and arsenate in hydrochloric acid are described. The high chloride concentration and the pH of the sample cause major problems that, for monovalent anions, can be overcome by simply diluting the sample, while matrix elimination in the presence of potassium permanganate is effective in the determination of polyvalent anions. The optimum pH range, concentration of the matrix and of the eluent, and working conditions have been investigated. The use of different eluents has been suggested for the determination of bromide and nitrate after matrix dilution, as these ions elute very near to the large chloride peak. The procedures described have been successfully used for the routine analysis of hydrochloric acid batches used for cleaning semiconductors.
High Resolution, Steep Profile, Resist Patterns (1979)

High resolution and steep profile patterns have been generated in a 2.6-μm thick organic layer which conforms to the steps on a wafer surface and is planar on its top. This thick organic layer (a photoresist in the present experiments) is covered with an intermediate layer of SiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> and a top, thin layer of X-ray or photoresist. After exposure and development of the top resist layer, the intermediate layer is etched by CHF <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> reactive ion etching. The thick organic layer is then etched by O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> reactive ion etching. Submicron resolution with essentially vertical walls in the thick organic material was achieved. The technique is also applicable to photo- and electron lithography. It reduces the need for thick resist patterns for the lithography step and, at the same time, ensures high resolution combined with good step coverage.
Er 3+ – Yb 3+ codoped polymeric optical waveguide amplifiers (2004)

Codoping of erbium (Er3+) and ytterbium (Yb3+) rare-earth ions in polymer was studied for optical amplifier applications. The absorption spectrum confirms that the presence of Yb3+ ions enhances the absorption efficiency of Er3+ ions. Typical Er3+ luminescence at ∼1540 nm wavelength was observed, and the full width at half maximum bandwidth is ∼47 nm wide. Multimode Er3+–Yb3+ codoped polymeric channel waveguides were fabricated using electron beam direct writing. With an input signal power of &lt;−18 dB m, an optical gain of 13 dB at a wavelength of 1533 nm was measured in an 18 mm long multimode channel waveguide.
Downhole Leak Determination Using Fiber-Optic Distributed-Temperature Surveys at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska (2007)

Abstract Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) is an emerging technology which allows temperature measurement and transmittal along the entire length of the well. An enclosed fiber-optic cable is deployed into the well to allow a continuous, real-time snapshot of the well's temperature profile. Since its introduction in 1995, DTS has had an increasing number of applications including determining production and injection profiles, monitoring stimulation operations, and performing gaslift surveys. This paper discusses DTS as a method for downhole leak detection based on a North Slope field trial conducted between 2004-2006. Twelve operations were performed using two different vendors’ retrievable DTS systems, successfully identifying tubing, production casing, sand plug, and packer leaks. Theory, case histories, and future improvements are summarized in this paper. Additionally, a comparison between conventional leak detection logs is presented along with the advantages and disadvantages of DTS surveys.