gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical benefit of lapatinib-based therapy in patients with HER2-positive breast tumors expressing p95HER2 (2009)

1048 Background: Approximately 25% of HER2 overexpressing breast tumors express a truncated form of the receptor (p95HER2) that lacks the extracellular domain but retains kinase activity. p95HER2-positive tumors are associated with a worse prognosis and resistant to trastuzumab therapy. In preclinical models, lapatinib (L), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of EGFR and HER2, is active in p95HER2 expressing tumors. The aim of this analysis was to test the hypothesis that benefit from L-based therapy is independent of p95HER2 expression in 2 clinical trials in patients (pts) with HER2-positive tumors treated with either L monotherapy (Study EGF20009 ) or L in combination with capecitabine (Study EGF100151). Methods: Pre-treatment tumor tissue from both trials (N=201) was analyzed for p95HER2 expression by immunofluorescence as previously described (Scaltriti M. et al, JNCI 2007). Expression of p95HER2 was correlated with clinical benefit rate (CBR: complete response [CR] + partial response [PR] + stable disease [SD] ≥ 24 weeks) and progression-free survival (PFS) using logistic regression and Cox-proportional hazard models. Results: 68/105 and an initial 72/96 tissue samples were evaluable for p95HER2 expression from studies EGF20009 and EGF100151, respectively. The Table summarizes the results from the L treated pts. The CBR and PFS in L treated pts were not significantly different between the p95HER2 subgroups. Expanded data for p95HER2 expression in additional EGF100151 tumor samples will be presented. Conclusions: L as a monotherapy or in combination with capecitabine has similar response activity in pts with p95HER2-positive and p95HER2-negative HER2-positive breast tumors. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]
ATP and ATPase Secretion by Exocrine Pancreas in Rat, Guinea Pig, and Human (2004)

ATP is an extracellular regulator in numerous physiological and pathologic processes. Recently, 7 different subtypes of purinoceptors were identified on either the basolateral or the luminal membrane of pancreatic duct cells. However, the in vivo regulatory role of ATP in pancreatic function has not been established. We investigated the possible regulatory role of endogenous ATP in pancreatic function by measuring ATP concentrations and ATPase activity in pancreatic juice obtained from anesthetized rats and guinea pigs and from human patients undergoing endoscopy. Juice was collected from the main pancreatic duct in rats and guinea pigs under basal conditions or during stimulation with CCK, bombesin, or secretin. In guinea pigs, CCK, bombesin, and secretin did not affect ATP output, although they did stimulate fluid secretion. ATPase activity in the juice was evaluated by measuring the rate of hydrolysis of added ATP. Consistent with the low ATP concentrations in rat pancreatic juice, we found high levels of ATPase activity in this species. This was confirmed by HPLC, which also showed the metabolites of ATP hydrolysis. Ecto-ATPase activity was demonstrated by enzyme histochemistry in both the pancreatic acini and ducts in rats, but it was not detectable in guinea pigs and humans. These differences in ATP levels and ATPase expression may indicate significant species differences in the purinergic regulation of pancreatic secretion.
Parallel Multiple-Shooting and Collocation Optimization with OpenModelica (2012)

State-of-the-art solution algorithms are based on multiple shooting or collocation algorithms; which are required to solve the underlying dynamic model formulation. This paper describes a general discretization scheme applied to the dynamic model description which can be further concretized to reproduce the mul-tiple shooting or collocation approach. Furthermore; this approach can be refined to represent a total collocation method in order to solve the underlying NOCP much more efficiently. Further speedup of optimization has been achieved by parallelizing the calculation of model specific parts (e.g. constraints; Jacobians; etc.) and is presented in the coming sections.
<sup>15</sup>N CP‐MAS NMR study of azo–hydrazone tautomerism of some Azo dyes (1988)

Abstract The 20.28 MHz 15 N CP‐MAS NMR spectra of 15 N doubly labelled 3‐methyl‐1‐phenylpyrazole‐4,5‐dione 4‐phenylhydrazone (1), 4‐hydroxyazobenzene (2), 2‐hydroxy‐5‐ tert ‐butylazobenzene (3) and 1‐phenylazo‐2‐naphthol (4) were measured and the temperature dependence of δ( 15 N) was followed. For 4, representing a mixture of the azo and hydrazone forms, the hydrazone content was calculated from the 15 N chemical shifts of both nitrogen atoms at various temperatures. The two calculations gave identical results. In comparison with measurements in solution, the hydrazone content in 4 is slightly higher in the solid state. Thermodynamic data were calculated using the temperature dependence of In K ( K = [hydrazone form]/[azo form]). Some hydrazone content was found in 2 in the solid state, in contrast to the measurements in solution.
Nursing Home Care Quality: A Multidimensional Theoretical Model Integrating The Views of Consumers and Providers (1999)

This exploratory study was undertaken to discover the defining dimensions of nursing home care quality from the viewpoint of consumers of nursing home care. Eleven focus groups were conducted in five Missouri communities. The seven dimensions of the consumer multidimensional model of nursing home care quality are: staff, care, family involvement, communication, environment, home, and cost. The views of consumers and families are compared with the results of a previous study of providers of nursing home services. An integrated, multidimensional theoretical model is presented for testing and evaluation. An instrument based on the model is being tested to observe and score the dimensions of nursing home care quality.
Analysis of the Relationship between Linearity of Corrected Photocurrent and the Order of Recombination in Organic Solar Cells (2011)

We address the claim that the dependence of the “corrected photocurrent” (defined as the difference between the light and dark currents) upon light intensity can be used to determine the charge recombination mechanism in an organic solar cell. We analyze a poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) device using corrected photocurrent and transient photovoltage experiments and show that whereas the corrected photocurrent is linear in light intensity the charge recombination rate scales superlinearly with charge carrier density. We explain this apparent discrepancy by measuring the charge carrier densities at different applied voltages and light intensities. We show that it is only safe to infer a linear recombination mechanism from a linear dependence of corrected photocurrent on light intensity under the following special conditions: (i) the photogenerated charge carrier density is much larger than the dark carrier density and (ii) the photogenerated carrier density is proportional to the photogeneration rate.
Distributed secondary and tertiary controls for <i>I–V</i> droop‐controlled‐paralleled DC–DC converters (2017)

A hierarchical distributed control method for I–V droop‐controlled‐paralleled DC–DC converters in DC microgrid is proposed. The control structure includes primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. The secondary control level is used to remove the DC voltage deviation and improve the current sharing accuracy. An improved dynamic consensus algorithm is used in the secondary control to calculate the average values of bus voltage and voltage restoration in distributed control. In the tertiary control level, as the main contribution in this study, the system conversion efficiency is enhanced by using the average restoration value obtained in the secondary control level, instead of using the total load current which needs more communication traffic. When the converters are connected to batteries, the method for the state of charge (SoC) management is proposed so that the SoC balance can be guaranteed. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by detailed experimental tests based on four 0.7 kW DC–DC converters.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW SYNTHESIS OF 11‐ACYL‐5,11‐DIHYDRO‐6H‐PYRIDO(2,3‐B)(1,4)BENZODIAZEPIN‐6‐ONES AND RELATED STUDIES (1984)

Abstract Im Gegensatz zum Dihydropyridobenzodiazepinon (I) läßt sich sein N‐Oxid (II) zum Chloracetylderivat (III) N‐acylieren.
Plasma Haemoglobin Determination Using Chlorpromazine as a Non-Carcinogenic Reagent (1988)

Plasma haemoglobin was assayed with the non-carcinogenic reagent phenothiazine. This method is sensitive and allows the measurement of plasma haemoglobin concentrations in the range 4-500 mg/l with a within-run CV of 2.1%, and a between-run CV of 4.3%. A spectrophotometric scanning method (x) based on the determination of haemoglobin as haemiglobin cyanide using the Soret band at 419 nm correlated well with the phenothiazine method (y): y = 1.07x + 15.8, r = 0.995, n = 31. It was found that the absorbances in the phenothiazine method were markedly dependent on the concentration of phosphoric acid.
Motif Inference Reveals Optimal CTL Epitopes Presented by HLA Class I Alleles Highly Prevalent in Southern Africa (2006)

HIV-specific CTL play a central role in immune control of HIV. The basis for understanding the success or failure of this immune response requires identification of the specific epitopes targeted by CTL. However, in populations most severely affected by the global epidemic, this fundamental knowledge is hindered by the lack of characterization of many of the HLA class I alleles highly prevalent in such populations. Overall, the peptide-binding motif has been determined for a small minority (9%) of HLA class I alleles, with a strong bias toward those alleles prevalent in Caucasoid populations. These studies therefore set out to define, in a South African Zulu/Xhosa population at the epicenter of the epidemic, the epitopes presented by alleles highly prevalent, but for which the peptide-binding motif had not been characterized. Using a method of motif inference, epitopes presented by four such alleles prevalent in the Zulu/Xhosa population of Durban, South Africa, namely, B*3910, B*4201, B*8101, and Cw*1801, are described. Importantly, this approach may additionally facilitate optimization of epitopes in certain instances where conflicting reports in the literature exist regarding the peptide-binding motif, such as for HLA-A*2902, also highly prevalent in southern African populations. These data indicate that the previously anomalous position of HLA-A*2902 among HLA-A alleles, outside any recognized HLA-A supertype, is artifactual, and the true position of the A*2902 motif overlaps those of the A1 and A24 supertypes.
Optical Method for Analysis of Fluid Motion (1957)

This method of showing fluid motion utilized the optical interference patterns observed in a flow birefringent liquid when viewed between crossed polarizing plates. The fluid used is an aqueous solution of milling yellow, a commercial dye product. The optical interference patterns are related to the stress distribution and streamline directions in the moving fluid. Fluid preparation and photographic techniques are described. Photographs of the patterns obtained are presented for an orifice in a thin plate and for an unbaffled tube.
Glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite: A comprehensive study of the effect of glass composition on the crystallography of the composite (1998)

Glass-reinforced HA composites were produced using phosphate-based glasses, and a structure refinement was carried out to determine the effect of the glass on the structure of the residual HA. Quantitative phase analysis showed that the glass causes some of the HA to decompose to beta-TCP and, at higher temperatures, to alpha-TCP. It also was indicated that when three phases were present, the formation of the alpha-TCP arose from decomposition of the beta-TCP and not from further decomposition of HA to alpha-TCP. The unit cell dimensions showed a decrease in the a axis and an increase in the c axis, giving an overall unit cell decrease in volume. There also was a significant effect based on the amount of glass added. The changes found in the composite containing the 4 wt% glass were attributed to the loss of carbonate and loss of hydroxyl. This was expected to cause shrinkage in the unit cell; however this was not seen, and therefore the major changes in the unit cell were attributed to the ions from the glass taking an interstitial role in the HA structure, thus not allowing the unit cell to shrink as much as expected.
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Nsp15 Protein Is an Endoribonuclease That Prefers Manganese as a Cofactor (2004)

Nonstructural protein 15 (Nsp15) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) produced in Escherichia coli has endoribonuclease activity that preferentially cleaved 5' of uridylates of RNAs. Blocking either the 5' or 3' terminus did not affect cleavage. Double- and single-stranded RNAs were both substrates for Nsp15 but with different kinetics for cleavage. Mn(2+) at 2 to 10 mM was needed for optimal endoribonuclease activity, but Mg(2+) and several other divalent metals were capable of supporting only a low level of activity. Concentrations of Mn(2+) needed for endoribonuclease activity induced significant conformation change(s) in the protein, as measured by changes in tryptophan fluorescence. A similar endoribonucleolytic activity was detected for the orthologous protein from another coronavirus, demonstrating that the endoribonuclease activity of Nsp15 may be common to coronaviruses. This work presents an initial biochemical characterization of a novel coronavirus endoribonuclease.
High birefringence phenyl tolane positive compounds for dual frequency liquid crystals (2009)

Dual frequency liquid crystals (DFLCs) provide a possibility to achieve sub-millisecond rise and decay times and are useful for various electro-optical devices. In most of DFLC mixtures, ester compounds are utilised in order to obtain a low crossover frequency. However, the ester linking group does not provide electron conjugation so that the DFLC mixtures usually exhibit a limited birefringence (n 0.3 at = 633 nm). For phase modulation a lower birefringence demands a thicker cell gap which, in turn, increases the response time and operating voltage. This problem becomes more severe as the wavelength increases. In this paper, we introduce a series of isothiocyanato phenyl tolane positive compounds with high birefringence and moderate dielectric relaxation frequency. The dielectric and electro-optical properties of these compounds are investigated. We also formulated a DFLC mixture using these new positive compounds which exhibits n = 0.39 at = 633 nm and 0.33 at = 1550 nm.
Tracking aggregate vs. individual gaze behaviors during a robot-led tour simplifies overall engagement estimates (2012)

As an early behavioral study of what non-verbal features a robot tourguide could use to analyze a crowd, personalize an interaction and/or maintain high levels of engagement, we analyze participant gaze statistics in response to a robot tour guide's deictic gestures. There were thirty-seven participants overall split into nine groups of three to five people each. In groups with the lowest engagement levels aggregate gaze responses in response to the robot deictic gesture involved the fewest total glance shifts, least time spent looking at indicated object and no intra-participant gaze. Our diverse participants had overlapping engagement ratings within their group, and we found that a robot that tracks group rather than individual analytics could capture less noisy and often stronger trends relating gaze features to self-reported engagement scores. Thus we have found indications that aggregate group analysis captures more salient and accurate assessments of overall humans-robot interactions, even with lower resolution features.
A Class of Parallel Robots Practically Free of Parallel Singularities (2008)

This paper presents a class of 6-DOF three-legged parallel robots that are practically free of parallel singularities. The robots of this class have legs with a characteristic passive pair of prismatic and spherical joints, the first being directly attached to the platform. First, the direct kinematics of this class is solved, showing that for a certain arrangement there exists only one assembly mode. Then, the robot singularities are derived, showing that they practically do not exist in this structure. The advantages of this class of robots are hence simple direct kinematics and no need of singularity calculations.
KGF promotes integrin α<sub>5</sub> expression through CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β (2007)

Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and alpha(5)beta(1)-integrin are not expressed in normal skin but they are both highly upregulated in the migrating epidermis during wound healing. Here we report that KGF increased alpha(5) mRNA and protein levels in epidermoid carcinoma cells and stratified bioengineered epidermis. Interestingly, KGF increased integrin alpha(5) in the basal as well as suprabasal cell epidermal layers. Promoter studies indicated that KGF-induced integrin alpha(5) promoter activation was dependent on the C/EBP transcription factor binding site. Accordingly, KGF induced sustained phosphorylation of C/EBP-beta that was dependent on activation of ERK1/2. In addition, a dominant negative form of C/EBP-beta inhibited alpha(5) promoter activity and blocking C/EBP-beta with siRNA diminished integrin alpha(5) expression. Taken together, our data indicate that KGF increased integrin alpha(5) expression by phosphorylating C/EBP-beta. Interestingly, KGF-induced upregulation of integrin alpha(5) was more pronounced in three-dimensional tissue analogues than in conventional two-dimensional culture suggesting that stratified epidermis may be useful in understanding the effects of growth factors in the local tissue microenvironment.
Ploidy and karyotype of hepatocytes isolated from enzyme-altered foci in two different protocols of multistage hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat (1989)

The ploidy and karyotypes of hepatocytes isolated from the livers of rats subjected to the protocols of Peraino et al. and of Solt and Farber were determined by the examination of such cells in primary culture. A study of 100 or more metaphases from each of five rats on each protocol revealed that 75-80% of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive (GGT+) hepatocytes isolated from livers of rats in either protocol were diploid, whereas only 23-33% of GGT- cells were diploid. Fifty percent or more of the karyotypes of hepatocytes from livers of rats receiving the Solt-Farber protocol exhibited one or more chromosomal breaks, whereas hepatocytes from livers of rats subjected to the Peraino protocol showed no increase in chromosomal breakage over that in normal controls. These studies demonstrate that the majority of GGT+ cells from altered hepatic foci are diploid and that the greater toxicity of the Solt-Farber protocol over that of Peraino is correlated with marked chromosomal breakage of GGT+ hepatocytes.
Nature of the hemopoietic stem cell compartment and its proliferative potential. (1979)

The nature of the hemopoietic stem cell compartment has been the subject of much controversy. Data are presented to support the concept of a 'continuum' model of the stem cell compartment. The important characteristics of this model are that within the continuum there are cells with varying proliferative capacities. As cells move through the compartment, their proliferative capacity becomes more limited, their likelihood to be in cycle increases, and their commitment to a specific differentiated pathway increases. Experiments with busulfan, cyclophosphamide, 5-flurouracil, and BCNU demonstrate defects in proliferative potential of the surviving CFU-S population. These defects persist throughout the life of the animal without any evidence of recovery. The clinical implications of late stem cell failure may be important as a consideration in the use of cytotoxic agents.
Van der Waals Interactions Dominate Ligand−Protein Association in a Protein Binding Site Occluded from Solvent Water (2005)

In the present study we examine the enthalpy of binding of 2-methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine (IBMP) to the mouse major urinary protein (MUP), using a combination of isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), NMR, X-ray crystallography, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, and site-directed mutagenesis. Global thermodynamics data derived from ITC indicate that binding is driven by favorable enthalpic contributions, rather than a classical entropy-driven signature that might be expected given that the binding pocket of MUP-1 is very hydrophobic. The only ligand-protein hydrogen bond is formed between the side-chain hydroxyl of Tyr120 and the ring nitrogen of the ligand in the wild-type protein. ITC measurements on the binding of IBMP to the Y120F mutant demonstrate a reduced enthalpy of binding, but nonetheless binding is still enthalpy dominated. A combination of solvent isotopic substitution ITC measurements and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations with explicit inclusion of solvent water suggests that solvation is not a major contributor to the overall binding enthalpy. Moreover, hydrogen/deuterium exchange measurements suggest that there is no significant contribution to the enthalpy of binding derived from "tightening" of the protein structure. Data are consistent with binding thermodynamics dominated by favorable dispersion interactions, arising from the inequality of solvent-solute dispersion interactions before complexation versus solute-solute dispersion interactions after complexation, by virtue of poor solvation of the binding pocket.
Studies on Metabolism of 3-Deoxysteroids. X. Increased Activity of 3-Deoxyestrone Hydroxylases in Liver Microsomes of Rats pretreated with Phenobarbital and 3-Methylcholanthrene (1972)

Effects of the pretreatment with phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene on the hydroxylase activity of rats liver microsomes were examined with 3-deoxyestrone. The administration of phenobarbital stimulated the 6β-hydroxylase, while the 3-methyl-cholanthrene treatment increased the rate of aromatic hydroxylation selectively. The biotransformation products formed from 3-deoxyestrone with the hepatic microsomes could be characterized by the reverse isotope dilution method and the chromatographic behaviors.
Automatically Tailoring Unsupervised Morphological Segmentation to the Language (2018)

Morphological segmentation is beneficial for several natural language processing tasks dealing with large vocabularies. Unsupervised methods for morphological segmentation are essential for handling a diverse set of languages, including low-resource languages. Eskander et al. ( However, while LIMS worked best on average and outperforms other state-of-the-art unsupervised morphological segmentation approaches, it did not provide the optimal AG configuration for five out of the six languages. We propose two language-independent classifiers that enable the selection of the optimal or nearly-optimal configuration for the morphological segmentation of unseen languages.