gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Negative entropy in quantum information theory (1996)

We present a quantum information theory that allows for the consistent description of quantum entanglement. It parallels classical (Shannon) information theory but is based entirely on density matrices, rather than probability distributions, for the description of quantum ensembles. We find that, unlike in Shannon theory, conditional entropies can be negative when considering quantum entangled systems such as an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pair, which leads to a violation of well-known bounds of classical information theory. Negative quantum entropy can be traced back to ``conditional'' density matrices which admit eigenvalues larger than unity. A straightforward definition of mutual quantum entropy, or ``mutual entanglement'', can also be constructed using a ``mutual'' density matrix. Such a unified information-theoretic description of classical correlation and quantum entanglement clarifies the link between them: the latter can be viewed as ``super-correlation'' which can induce classical correlation when considering a ternary or larger system.
Aberrant actin depolymerization triggers the pyrin inflammasome and autoinflammatory disease that is dependent on IL-18, not IL-1β (2015)

Autoinflammatory syndromes are caused by dysregulation of the innate immune system, frequently affecting the inflammasome or other pathogen recognition pathways and leading to the overproduction of active IL-1 and IL-18 (Masters et al., 2009).To date, there are at least 12 known genetic causes of autoinflammatory disease, including familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), hyper-IgD syndrome, and cryopyrinassociated periodic syndrome.Therapeutic options for these diseases include nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, colchicine (for FMF), anti-TNF, and direct blockade of IL-1, which can be highly efficacious (Masters et al., 2009;Caso et al., 2013).IL-18 and IL-1 are produced in many cells, including monocytes and macrophages (Okamura et al., 1995;Ushio et al., 1996).IL-18 and IL-1 are produced as precursors and do not have a signal peptide to facilitate their secretion; instead, they are activated and released extracellularly as
Electrical pH control in aqueous solutions (1999)

This paper describes a method and instrumentation for electrical pH control in aqueous solutions. It is targeted to environmental and industrial on-line chemical and optic fiber sensors measurement, calibration and process control. The method is an alternative to the existing automatic pH controllers based on correction chemical addition. The on- line measurement of dissolved gaseous species which produce acidic and basic waters is of great concern for environmental monitoring applications. Such measurements are maintained by using preconditioned water samples and ion- selective electrodes or absorption spectrometry. A gas- permeable membrane can be used to allow only the transport of the molecular form of the measured species where the solution pH is controlled to ensure the reversible transition of the species of interest from ionic to molecular form and to allow their permeation through the membrane. An electrochemical instrument for electrolysis- based feedback controlled pH regulation has been attempted. The choice of galvanostatic, potentiostatic and combined methods of modulation electrodes biasing with their speed, settling time and accuracy are discussed. Different feedback control approaches, involving electrochemical and optical sensors, are compared.
A Reference Electrode for Corrosion Studies in Aqueous Solutions at Temperatures to 289 C (1972)

The following is a discussion of the technical note entitled "A Reference Electrode for Corrosion Studies in Aqueous Solutions at Temperatures to 289 C" by Maurice E. Indig and David A. Vermilyea published in Corrosion, Vol. 27, p 312 (1971) July. The reply by Maurice E. Indig and David A. Vermilyea follows the discussion.
Monolithic Formation of Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition Grown Multi-wavelength Vertical Cavities with Highly Strained GaInAs/GaAs Quantum Wells on GaAs (311)B (2001)

We have demonstrated the monolithic integration of multi-wavelength vertical cavities with highly strained GaInAs/GaAs quantum wells on a patterned GaAs (311)B substrate. Using a patterned substrate, the resonant wavelength can be controlled in the range from 1.13 µm to 1.145 µm. The obtained result may open up the field of multi-wavelength surface emitting lasers emitting in the 1.1–1.2 µm band enabling their use in wavelength division multiplexing local area networks (WDM-LANs).
Automatic Drift Compensation Using Phase Correlation Method for Nanomanipulation (2008)

Nanomanipulation and nanofabrication with an atomic force microscope (AFM) or other scanning probe microscope (SPM) are a precursor for nanomanufacturing. It is still a challenging task to accomplish nanomanipulation automatically. In ambient conditions without stringent environmental controls, the task of nanomanipulation requires extensive human intervention to compensate for the spatial uncertainties of the SPM. Among these uncertainties, the thermal drift, which affects spatial resolution, is especially hard to solve because it tends to increase with time, and cannot be compensated simultaneously by feedback from the instrument. In this paper, a novel automatic compensation scheme is introduced to measure and estimate the drift one-step ahead. The scheme can be subsequently utilized to compensate for the thermal drift so that a real-time controller for nanomanipulation can be designed, as if the drift did not exist. Experimental results show that the proposed compensation scheme can predict drift with a small error, and therefore, can be embedded in the controller for manipulation tasks.
Long-term Inhalation of High-dose Nitric Oxide Increases Intraalveolar Activation of Coagulation System in Mice (2001)

Inhalation of nitric oxide (NO) is useful for the treatment of patients with pulmonary hypertension. However, the potential toxicity of inhaled NO is still unclear. Coagulation activation plays an important role in lung injury. We assessed the effect of low- and high-dose inhaled NO on the coagulation system in the intraalveolar space of mice. The animals were assigned to five groups (n = 6): [RA] group, mice exposed to fresh air alone; [RA+2 ppm NO] group, fresh air and 2 ppm NO; [RA+40 ppm NO] group, fresh air and 40 ppm NO; [RA+2 ppm NO+O(2)] group, fresh air, 2 ppm NO and O(2); and [RA+40 ppm NO+O(2)] group, fresh air, 40 ppm NO and O(2). Each group was treated for 3 wk. Lung specimens of [RA+40 ppm NO] and [RA+40 ppm NO+O(2)] groups showed significant nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity. BALF concentrations of total protein, thrombin and soluble tissue factor were significantly increased in mice of [RA+40 ppm NO] and [RA+40 ppm NO+O(2)] groups compared with [RA] group. However, BALF concentrations of total protein, thrombin, and soluble tissue factor were not significantly increased in mice of [RA+2 ppm NO] and [RA+2 ppm NO+O(2)] groups compared with [RA] group. Lung tissue factor mRNA expression was higher in the high-dose NO group than in the low-dose NO group. NO donor increased significantly tissue factor activity on alveolar epithelial cells. This study has shown for the first time that long-term inhalation of high, but not low, concentration of NO may activate the clotting system by increasing the lung expression of tissue factor.
Transthyretin gene mutations in British and French patients with amyloid neuropathy. (1993)

Five patients, two British and three French, with late onset amyloid neuropathy were found to have mutations of the transthyretin (TTR) gene associated with the Portuguese and German types of familial amyloid polyneuropathy. Familial amyloid polyneuropathy is rare in the United Kingdom and has not previously been defined at a molecular genetic level. None of the patients had a history of affected antecedents; the role of TTR gene analysis in diagnosing known or suspected amyloid neuropathy, regardless of family history or ethnic background, is emphasised.
Total Syntheses of Diterpenes and Diterpene Alkaloids. IV.<sup>1</sup> Garryine (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTotal Syntheses of Diterpenes and Diterpene Alkaloids. IV.1 GarryineSatoru. MasamuneCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 2, 290–291Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01056a042https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01056a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views635Altmetric-Citations53LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Low-intensity contraction activates the α1-isoform of 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase in rat skeletal muscle (2005)

Skeletal muscle expresses two catalytic subunits, alpha1 and alpha2, of the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which has been implicated in contraction-stimulated glucose transport and fatty acid oxidation. Muscle contraction activates the alpha2-containing AMPK complex (AMPKalpha2), but this activation may occur with or without activation of the alpha1-containing AMPK complex (AMPKalpha1), suggesting that AMPKalpha2 is the major isoform responsible for contraction-induced metabolic events in skeletal muscle. We report for the first time that AMPKalpha1, but not AMPKalpha2, can be activated in contracting skeletal muscle. Rat epitrochlearis muscles were isolated and incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing pyruvate. In muscles stimulated to contract at a frequency of 1 and 2 Hz during the last 2 min of incubation, AMPKalpha1 activity increased twofold and AMPKalpha2 activity remained unchanged. Muscle stimulation did not change the muscle AMP concentration or the AMP-to-ATP ratio. AMPK activation was associated with increased phosphorylation of Thr(172) of the alpha-subunit, the primary activation site. Muscle stimulation increased the phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), a downstream target of AMPK, and the rate of 3-O-methyl-d-glucose transport. In contrast, increasing the frequency (>or=5 Hz) or duration (>or=5 min) of contraction activated AMPKalpha1 and AMPKalpha2 and increased AMP concentration and the AMP/ATP ratio. These results suggest that 1) AMPKalpha1 is the predominant isoform activated by AMP-independent phosphorylation in low-intensity contracting muscle, 2) AMPKalpha2 is activated by an AMP-dependent mechanism in high-intensity contracting muscle, and 3) activation of each isoform enhances glucose transport and ACC phosphorylation in skeletal muscle.
The crystal and molecular structure of adenosine triphosphate (1971)

Abstract The three-dimensional structure of the hydrated disodium salt of adenosine triphosphate (Na2ATP) has been determined from an X-ray diffraction study to a resolution of 0.9 Å. The crystals are orthorhombic, space group P212121, with a = 30.45(4), b = 20.88(3), c = 7.07(1) Å. There are two molecules of ATP, four sodium ions, and six water molecules in the asymmetric unit. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined to R = 12.3 % using 1118 intensities measured on an automatic diffractometer. The triphosphate chain is in the folded conformation in each of the two crystallographically independent molecules. However, in one molecule (A) it is folded so as to form part of a lefthanded helix, while in the other part of a right-handed helix. There are corresponding differences in the conformations of the ribose rings. The ring is in the envelope conformation with C3' endo in molecule A and C2' endo in molecule B. Two of the sodium ions coordinate the two molecules through the phosphate oxygens and N7 to form an almost centrosymmetric ‘dimer’ which is the fundamental structural unit. The adenine bases show considerable overlap and are stacked in the c axis direction. Details of the hydrogen bonding and the role of water molecules in the structure are discussed.
INTERACTION OF FAST PARTICLES WITH LOW FREQUENCY PLASMA OSCILLATIONS (1963)

The effect of low frequency oscillations on fast particles passing through a plasma is considered. The calculations are performed for arbitrary particle velocities, in particular ultrarelativistic velocities, and also for arbitrary constant magnetic field. (auth)
<title>Linear scale-invariant system models for self-similar wireless traffic characterization</title> (2000)

It is now empirically documented that data traffic over networks of various types exhibit fractal or self-similar behavior in many instances. Accurate analysis of traffic density and estimation of buffer size must take into account this self-similar nature. Researchers have investigated procedures for generating self-similar signals to model the traffic. Approaches based on the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) are among those that have been proposed. The basis for using the DWT is that it possesses certain scale-invariance properties and scale-invariance provides the foundation for characterizing self-similarity. However, self-similar processes generated with the DWT demonstrates self- invariance to dyadic scaling factors. Zhao and Rao have proposed novel models for purely discrete-time self-similar processes and linear scale-invariant (LSI) systems based on a new interpretation of the discrete-time scaling (equivalently dilation or contraction) operation which is defined through a mapping between discrete and continuous time. They show that it is possible to have continuous scaling factors through this operation although the signal itself is discrete-time. In this paper, we demonstrate application of these LSI systems to the synthesis of data whose self-similarity parameters match those observed in network traffic. Both theoretical development and experimental results are provided.
Improved motion vector predictor for video coding (2005)

This paper proposes an approach to improve the accuracy of the motion vector (MV) predictor in video coding. The proposed method makes use of the mechanism of a physical model of rigid objects to assess motion vector relationships among neighboring blocks, and takes advantage of this relationship to improve MV predictor accuracy. Consequently, more bits can be allocated for texture information to improve video quality. Our premise is that blocks associated with the same physical rigid objects have stronger MV relationships than those not associated. This association leads to certain observable behaviors. By detecting this behavior we design an algorithm to achieve a more accurate motion vector predictor. We tested our method on a multi-layer scalable video codec and the results show that the proposed method reduces the number of bits used for motion information without PSNR degradation.
Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Biomarkers At Presentation More Precisely Define The Clinical Diagnosis Of aHUS (2013)

Abstract Introduction Recent studies demonstrating the effectiveness of eculizumab in the treatment of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) have increased the need for more rapid and objective diagnostic tests to help confirm the diagnosis of aHUS over other thrombotic microangiopathies (TMA). Methods We performed a retrospective study of all patients enrolled in the Ohio State University TTP/aHUS Registry since 2003. From this cohort of patients diagnosed with an acute TMA (platelets<100 x 109/ with schistocytes present, and without an alternative explanation), patients with a pretreatment serum creatinine >2.25 mg/dL and measureable ADAMTS13 activity (>10%) were analyzed. The clinical and demographic data for these 19 patients are shown in Table 1. Banked plasma samples from these study subjects were used to measure complement activation factors Bb (alternative pathway (AP)), C4d (classical pathway), C3a, (generalized complement activation), C5a, and C5b-9 complex (terminal complement pathway (TCP)). These complement biomarker data were analyzed in the context of a documented mutation in complement regulatory proteins and response to therapy with PEX and/or eculizumab. Response was defined as a normal platelet count and improved serum creatinine (at 6 months) independent of PEX therapy or with continued eculizumab therapy. Results The median complement biomarker data at presentation are shown in Table 2. Complement activation products are generally sensitive biomarkers for aHUS patients. Notably, elevation of the AP (Bb) and the TCP (C5b-9) biomarkers were more prominent and were seen in 16/19 and 19/19 patients respectively. This is in contrast to previously published data from acquired TTP patients from our group that demonstrated less pronounced activation of the AP and TCP at presentation (accepted for publication, JTH). Similar levels of alternative, classical and terminal complement activation were seen among patients regardless of mutation status or response to PEX. In a preliminary analysis using a one sample T-test model, (Bb) activation was shown to be significantly lower in the non-responder to eculizumab compared to the 8 responding patients. TCP activation was also lower in the non-responder but did not show statistical significance. Conclusions Complement biomarkers of the alternative and terminal complement pathway may more precisely define the diagnosis of aHUS. These hypothesis generating data suggest that pre-treatment complement biomarkers provide valuable information in the diagnosis of aHUS and could be useful in the prediction of response to eculizumab Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Fabrication of silicon condenser microphones using single wafer technology (1992)

A condenser microphone design that can be fabricated using the sacrificial layer technique is proposed and tested. The microphone backplate is a 1- mu m plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor-deposited (PECVD) silicon nitride film with a high density of acoustic holes (120-525 holes/mm/sup 2/), covered with a thin Ti/Au electrode. Microphones with a flat frequency response between 100 Hz and 14 kHz and a sensitivity of typically 1-2 mV/Pa have been fabricated in a reproducible way. These sensitivities can be achieved using a relatively low bias voltage of 6-16 V. The measured sensitivities and bandwidths are comparable to those of other silicon microphones with highly perforated backplates. The major advantage of the new microphone design is that it can be fabricated on a single wafer so that no bonding techniques are required.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Evidence for an active hydrophobic form of factor H that is able to induce secretion of interleukin 1‐β or by human monocytes (1991)

We studied the capacity of human factor H to promote the secretion of a lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) by human monocytes cultured under serum-free conditions. Presence of LAF in the culture supernatants was assessed with the mouse thymocyte assay. Highly purified factor H alone had no effect on thymocyte proliferation. When monocytes were cultured with factor H for 24 h, a significant secretion of LAF was observed. The effect was dose dependent over a range of factor H concentrations from 1 to 15 micrograms/ml. Polymyxin B did not abrogate the capacity of factor H to induce LAF secretion. Adsorption of factor H preparations onto anti-factor H-Sepharose completely suppressed the phenomenon. Conversely, the activity was recovered in the acidic eluate. Furthermore, factor H subpopulation phi 2, that was able to bind to phenyl-Sepharose, was a stronger inducer of LAF secretion by monocytes than the subpopulation phi 1 (which did not bind to phenyl-Sepharose). Using a specific radioimmunoassay for interleukin 1-beta (IL 1 beta), we observed a good correlation between the LAF activity and the amount of IL 1 beta secreted by human monocytes stimulated with factor H. We have shown previously that factor H (phi 2) bound specifically on Raji cells whereas factor H (phi 1) did not. These results argue for the participation of the interaction of factor H with its receptor to stimulate the secretion of IL 1 by monocytes and that the phi 2 form of factor H is a ligand for the human factor H receptor.
ChemInform Abstract: PARAMAGNETIC PLATINUM AND OXYGEN SPECIES ON SUPPORTED PLATINUM (1979)

Abstract Mit Hilfe der EPR werden die paramagnetischen Pt‐ und O‐Spezies, die während verschiedener Stadien der Entstehung eines Pt‐Trägerkatalysators auftreten, bestimmt und der Einfluß des Trägermaterials auf ihre Bildung untersucht.
P1–218: Cerebrospinal fluid chemokine levels in healthy older adults: Relationship to beta‐amyloid and tau indices (2013)

An upregulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), one of the key chemokines that regulate migration and infiltration of monocytes/macrophages and other chemokines: IP-10 and Il-8, has been reported, especially in MCI or mild Alzheimer's disease (AD). In AD, higher CSF chemokine levels: MCP-1 and IP-10 have also been associated with better performance on the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) suggesting potential beneficial effects of chemokine upregulation. This may extend to Abeta and tau biomarkers, which are known to be implicated in preclinical AD. This question provided the basis for this investigation. CSF was obtained from 47 older subjects with intact cognition and a MMSE score of at least 28; 29 with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and 19 controls. No subjects had gross MRI abnormalities other than white matter hyperintensities. MCP-1 IP-10, IL-8, Abeta40, and Abeta42, total-tau and p-tau in CSF were determined using previously published methods. Simple Pearson's correlations were calculated to examine the associations of CSF MCP-1, IP-10 and IL-8 with Abeta40, Abeta42, total-tau and p-tau. MCP-1 was negatively correlated with CSF Abeta40 (r= -.376, p=.011), total tau (r= -.361, p=.014 and p-tau (r= -.361, p=.014); IL-8 was positively correlated with t-tau (r=.357, p=.015); IP-10 was positively correlated with t-tau (r=.380, p=.009) and p-tau (r=.323, p=.027). None of the chemokines showed a significant correlation with Abeta42. Our findings suggest complex and differential effects of these chemokines on CSF AD Abeta and tau markers. The effects of chemokine upregulation on the markers associated with pre-clinical AD were not consistent. These results highlight the need for further studies.
De sancto Albino abbate (2012)

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