gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Management of Pneumonias in Immunocompromised Patients (1985)

LIFE-THREATENING disease can develop in immunosuppressed patients due to a myriad of potential pathogens causing disease in virtually any organ system in the body. The prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment of these infectious processes are essential to limiting their extent and duration and are vital to the prolongation of these patients' lives. Pneumonia is a particularly important cause of life-threatening infection in these populations because it is so frequent, because specific diagnoses can be established in a high percentage of cases, and because specific effective therapy is available for many of these diagnostic possibilities. Thus, the diagnosis and management of pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients are essential skills for any physician who deals with this patient population. During the last decade, a number of important developments regarding pneumonitis have occurred: the range of recognized pulmonary pathogens has expanded, progress has been made in developing new noninvasive and invasive diagnostic techniques, and
Studies of enzyme-mediated reactions. Part 15. Stereochemical course of the formation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by decarboxylation of (2S)-glutamic acid with glutamate decarboxylase from Escherichia coli (1982)

Incubation of (1S)-1-amino[1-3H1]heptane (1) with the amine oxidase from pea seedlings (EC. 1.4.3.6) results in formation of heptaldehyde with complete removal of tritium showing that the Si-stereospecificity which had already been demonstrated for benzylamine also applies to this aliphatic amine. (2RS)-[2-3H]Glutamic acid is prepared and then decarboxylated with an enzyme from E. coil(E.C. 4.1.1.15) to give γ-amino[4-3H1]butyric acid (GABA). Hydride reduction of this product gives 4-amino[4-3H1]butan-1-ol which is shown to have the (4S)-configuration by assay with the pea seedling amine oxidase; this completely removes the tritium from C-4. The decarboxylation of glutamic acid therefore proceeds with retention of configuration.
Vergleich von WHAT und FLAIR MR-Bildgebung von Multiple Sklerose Patienten bei 7T (2008)

Ziele: Ziel dieser 7T-MRT-Studie war es, die Detektion von Multiple Sklerose (MS) Läsionen mithilfe von Inversion Recovery Turbo Spin Echo Sequenzen zu verbessern. FLAIR und WHite matter ATtenuated (WHAT) Sequenzen wurden mit unterschiedlichen TR, TI und TE durchgeführt und mit 3T-MRT und zusätzlich mit Computersimulationen für den Bildkontrast verglichen. Methode: In dieser laufenden Ultrahochfeldstudie wurden 5 MS Patienten (33–48 Jahre) und 8 gesunde Probanden (23–52 Jahre) in einem 7T MR Tomographen (Achieva, Philips Medical Systems, Cleveland, USA) untersucht. Computersimulationen wurden zur passenden Parameterauswahl mit folgenden Parameterintervallen TR=8000–10000ms, TI=50–5000ms, TE=14–145ms, TSE-Faktor 10–24, Refokusierungswinkel 120 durchgeführt. Anschließend wurden hochaufgelöste MR-Bilder mit konventionellem FLAIR-Kontrast (TR/TI/TE=10000/2600/140ms, TSE-Faktor 24) und mit der WHAT-Sequenz (TR/TI/TE=8000/500/14ms, TSE-Faktor=10) in 9 und 12 Minuten aufgenommen (FOV 200×150cm, Matrix 512×288, 2mm, interpolierte Voxelgröße 0.2mmx0.2mmx2.0mm). Die MR-Bilder wurden anhand der Gesamtbildqualität, des Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis und der Qualität der MS-Läsionendarstellung beurteilt. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit 3T-MR-Aufnahmen mit äquivalenten Parametern verglichen. Ergebnis: 7T-MR-Bilder mit hohem Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis und diagnostisch verwertbarer Bildqualität wurden mithilfe der WHAT-Sequenz aufgenommen. Zahlreiche hyperintense lineare Strukturen, waren in der weißen Substanz sichtbar und stellen möglicherweise perivaskuläre Räume oder Nervenfaserbündel dar. Ein FLAIR-Kontrast wurde bei 7T erreicht, zeigte jedoch aufgrund von Flipwinkelvariationen örtliche Schwankungen. Kontrastinversionen zwischen grauer und weißer Substanz, möglicherweise aufgrund von T2-Variationen, wurden zwischen Frontalhirn und Motorkortex in den FLAIR-Bildern beobachtet. Das Kontrast-zu-Rauschverhältnis zur Darstellung von MS-Läsionen und die Gesamtbildqualität waren in WHAT-Bildern verglichen zu FLAIR-Bildern signifikant besser. Schlussfolgerung: FLAIR-Kontrast zur MS-Läsionendarstellung kann bei 7T erreicht werden. Neue MR-Sequenzen wie WHAT enthüllen zusätzliche Kontrastcharakteristiken und erlauben eine detaillierte Darstellung der Anatomie des menschlichen Gehirns. Inversion-Recovery-Sequenzen bei 7T ermöglichen eine deutliche Darstellung von MS-Läsionen, können zusätzliche Informationen über die Mikrostruktur der Läsionen geben und somit zu einem besseren Verständnis der Erkrankung beitragen.
Multiplex sequencing of bacterial artificial chromosomes for assembling complex plant genomes (2016)

Hierarchical shotgun sequencing remains the method of choice for assembling high-quality reference sequences of complex plant genomes. The efficient exploitation of current high-throughput technologies and powerful computational facilities for large-insert clone sequencing necessitates the sequencing and assembly of a large number of clones in parallel. We developed a multiplexed pipeline for shotgun sequencing and assembling individual bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) using the Illumina sequencing platform. We illustrate our approach by sequencing 668 barley BACs (Hordeum vulgare L.) in a single Illumina HiSeq 2000 lane. Using a newly designed parallelized computational pipeline, we obtained sequence assemblies of individual BACs that consist, on average, of eight sequence scaffolds and represent >98% of the genomic inserts. Our BAC assemblies are clearly superior to a whole-genome shotgun assembly regarding contiguity, completeness and the representation of the gene space. Our methods may be employed to rapidly obtain high-quality assemblies of a large number of clones to assemble map-based reference sequences of plant and animal species with complex genomes by sequencing along a minimum tiling path.
Hollandite‐Rich Titanate Ceramics Prepared by Melting in Air (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Experimental Results and Discussion Conclusions
Molecular recognition. II. The binding of the Lewis b and Y human blood group determinants by the lectin IV of <i>Griffonia</i><i>simplicifolia</i> (1985)

Using a radioimmunoassay to measure the relative potencies as inhibitors of a wide number of chemically modified structures related to the Lewis b human blood group determinant, it was found that derivatives of the Lewis b (αLFuc(1→2)βDGal(1→3)[αLFuc(1→4)]βDGlcNAc) and the Y (αLFuc(1→2)PDGal(1→4)[αLFuc(1→3)]βDGlcNAc) determinants are complexed by the lectin IV of Griffoniasimplicifolia through the recognition of a topographical feature that is common to both the tetrasaccharides. This surface provides a nonpolar region formed by the two methyl groups of the fucose units and extends along the C-1—O-5—C-5 side of the αLFuc(1→2) unit and terminates at one end by a polar grouping which is formed by OH-3 and OH-4 of the βDGal unit and OH-4 of the αLFuc(1→4) unit. Association constants were determined from changes in ultraviolet absorption that occur as the result of complex formation. For the reaction of the Lewis b-OCH 3 tetrasaccharide, the thermodynamic parameters were found to be ΔH = −13 kcal/mol and ΔS = −22 cal/mol/K. The inhibition data for the relevant monodeoxy derivatives indicated that OH-2 and OH-3 of both of the αLFuc units are not directly involved in the binding reaction. The basis for drawing these conclusions was strengthened by finding that the reaction of the simple Lewis b analog, methoxymethyl (1→2)βDGal(1→3)[αLFuc(1→4)]βDGlcNAcOCH 3 displayed very similar thermodynamic values; namely, ΔH = −14 kcal/mol and ΔS = −26 cal/mol/K, to those mentioned above for the Le b -OCH 3 tetrasaccharide. The OH-4 of the αLFuc(1→2) unit may be bound in an intramolecularly hydrogen bonded form.
3-D optical waveguide arrays for in-vivo optogenetics : development and application (2013)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2013.
Mammalian polyamine metabolism and function (2009)

Polyamines are ubiquitous small basic molecules that play multiple essential roles in mammalian physiology. Their cellular content is highly regulated and there is convincing evidence that altered metabolism is involvement in many disease states. Drugs altering polyamine levels may therefore have a variety of important targets. This review will summarize the current state of understanding of polyamine metabolism and function, the regulation of polyamine content, and heritable pathological conditions that may be derived from altered polyamine metabolism.
Destiny: a candidate architecture for the Joint Dark Energy Mission (2006)

⪅Destiny is a simple, direct, low cost mission to determine the properties of dark energy by obtaining a cosmologically deep supernova (SN) type Ia Hubble diagram. Its science instrument is a 1.65m space telescope, featuring a grism-fed near-infrared (NIR) (0.85-1.7 μm) survey camera/spectrometer with a 0.12 square degree field of view (FOV) covered by a mosaic of 16 2k x 2k HgCdTe arrays. For maximum operational simplicity and instrument stability, Destiny will be deployed into a halo-orbit about the Second Sun-Earth Lagrange Point. During its two-year primary mission, Destiny will detect, observe, and characterize ~3000 SN Ia events over the redshift interval 0.4 < z < 1.7 within a 3 square degree survey area. In conjunction with ongoing ground-based SN Ia surveys for z < 0.8, Destiny mission data will be used to construct a high-precision Hubble diagram and thereby constrain the dark energy equation of state. The total range of redshift is sufficient to explore the expansion history of the Universe from an early time, when it was strongly matter-dominated, to the present when dark energy dominates. The grism-images will provide a spectral resolution of R≡λ/Δλ=75 spectrophotometry that will simultaneously provide broad-band photometry, redshifts, and SN classification, as well as time-resolved diagnostic data, which is valuable for investigating additional SN luminosity diagnostics. Destiny will be used in its third year as a high resolution, wide-field imager to conduct a multicolor NIR weak lensing (WL) survey covering 1000 square degrees. The large-scale mass power spectrum derived from weak lensing distortions of field galaxies as a function of redshift will provide independent and complementary constraints on the dark energy equation of state. The combination of SN and WL is much more powerful than either technique on its own. Used together, these surveys will have more than an order of magnitude greater sensitivity (by the Dark Energy Task Force's (DETF) figure of merit) than will be provided by ongoing ground-based projects. The dark energy parameters, w<sub>0</sub> and w<sub>a</sub>, will be measured to a precision of 0.05 and 0.2 respectively.
Raman study of N+-implanted ZnO (2006)

Raman scattering has been used to study the influence of nitrogen, a potential acceptor in ZnO, on the lattice dynamics of ZnO. It is found that N+ implantation increased the lattice disorder and induced some vibration modes to be Raman active at 275, 504, and 644cm−1, respectively. Based on theoretical and experimental study, the origin of the additional Raman peak at about 275cm−1 is attributed to the vibration of Zn atoms, where part of its first nearest neighbor O atoms are replaced by N atoms in the crystal lattice.
Growth site localization of Rho1 small GTP-binding protein and its involvement in bud formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1994)

The Rho small GTP-binding protein family regulates various actomyosin-dependent cell functions, such as cell morphology, locomotion, cytokinesis, membrane ruffling, and smooth muscle contraction. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, there is a homologue of mammalian RhoA, RHO1, which is essential for vegetative growth of yeast cells. To explore the function of the RHO1 gene, we isolated a recessive temperature-sensitive mutation of RHO1, rho1-104. The rho1-104 mutation caused amino acid substitutions of Asp 72 to Asn and Cys 164 to Tyr of Rho1p. Strains bearing the rho1-104 mutation accumulated tiny- or small-budded cells in which cortical actin patches were clustered to buds at the restrictive temperature. Cell lysis and cell death were also seen with the rho1-104 mutant. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopic study demonstrated that Rho1p was concentrated to the periphery of the cells where cortical actin patches were clustered, including the site of bud emergence, the tip of the growing buds, and the mother-bud neck region of cells prior to cytokinesis. Indirect immunofluorescence study with cells overexpressing RHO1 suggested that the Rho1p-binding site was saturable. A mutant Rho1p with an amino acid substitution at the lipid modification site remained in the cytoplasm. These results suggest that Rho1 small GTP-binding protein binds to a specific site at the growth region of cells, where Rho1p exerts its function in controlling cell growth.
Development of an advanced water-gas shift conversion system. Technical status report: quarterly progress report, August 1-October 31, 1984 (1984)

The highlight of the quarter was the successful start-up and experimental operation of the Chemical Process Development Laboratory and the experimental system. Eight experimental runs, ranging in length from one to seven hours, were conducted during August and September. Analysis of the data from these low temperature (<300/sup 0/C) experiments show a low conversion of steam and carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The poor performance led to some modifications of the experimental system during the month of October. A full evaluation of these changes awaits the collection of more experimental data during the next quarter. A major focus of the quarter's activities involved experimental work to determine the effect of catalyst solution concentration on the vapor pressure of the system. In order to obtain reasonable reaction rates at suitable pressures (<600 psig), some method for raising the effeconsist oftive reaction temperature without a comensurate rise in system pressure is needed. One means of accomplishing this is to change the temperature-vapor pressure relationship of the catalyst solution. Studies done over a range of catalyst concentrations have led us to the conclusion that concentration effects alone are not sufficient to allow an appreciable increase in reaction temperature. Another potential approachmore » consists of raising the feed gas temperature to 450 to 500/sup 0/C while operating the reactor itself at low temperatures (250 to 275/sup 0/C). Designing and installing the equipment to pre-heat the feed gas was the major effort during the last part of this quarter. Other experimental work accomplished during the quarter included an evaluation of the use of potassium carbonate. Potassium carbonate was to be about twice as effective as the sodium carbonate. 8 references, 9 figures.« less
Comparison of single carrier and OFDM with back-propagation and RF pilot tone for a 9&#x00D7;224Gb/s POLMUX-16QAM system (2011)

The performance of single carrier and OFDM is compared when nonlinear compensation at the DSP receiver is employed. We show that the joint use of RF-pilot and back-propagation adds further improvement to OFDM performance.
Understanding and Testing for Drop Impact Failure (2005)

This paper presents the results of experiments aimed at studying the effects of drop impact on portable electronics and reproducing these effects in controllable tests. Firstly, a series of drop tests were performed on consumer products (mobile phones and PDAs) to understand how the printed circuit board (PCB) within a product behaves in actual drop conditions. These product-level drop tests show that in drop impact, there are three possible types of mechanical response which can stress the 2nd level interconnections of CSP and BGA packages, namely: 1) flexing of the PCB on its supports, dominated by the 1st (fundamental) natural frequency; 2) flexing of the PCB resulting from direct impact or knocking against the PCB, typically dominated by higher natural frequencies; and 3) inertia loading on the solder joints due to high accelerations. Next, a series of board-level experiments were designed to separately study each of the three types of mechanical response. Board flexing due to direct impacts is the most severe response due to the strong strain amplitudes generated. Given the same input shock, the conventional board-level test — where the PCB flexes on its supports — produces much lower strain amplitudes. Inertia loading on the solder joints is practically negligible. Since PCB flexing is the main failure driver, a simple vibration test, which reproduces the strains observed in drop impact, is suggested as an alternative to time-consuming drop impact tests.
Efficient laser light absorption by ion acoustic fluctuations (1976)

A new efficient absorption mechanism for intense laser light in plasma resulting from an ion acoustic instability generated by a return current is described. Comparisons with experimental results are presented. (Author)
Delocalizing Trypsin Specificity with Metal Activation (1996)

Recognition for proteolysis by trypsin depends almost exclusively on tight binding of arginine or lysine side chains by the primary substrate specificity pocket. Although extended subsite interactions are important for catalysis, the majority of binding energy is localized in the P1 pocket. Analysis of the interactions of trypsin with the P1 residue of the bound inhibitors ecotin and bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor suggested that the mutation D189S would improve metal-assisted trypsin N143H, E151H specificity toward peptides that have a Tyr at P1 and a His at P2'. In the presence of transition metals, the catalytic efficiency of the triple mutant Tn N143H, E151H, D189S improved toward the tyrosine-containing peptide AGPYAHSS. Trypsin N143H, E151H, D189S exhibits a 25-fold increase in activity with nickel and a 150-fold increase in activity with zinc relative to trypsin N143H, E151H on this peptide. In addition, activity of trypsin N143H, E151H, D189S toward an arginine-containing peptide, YLVGPRGHFYDA, is enhanced by copper, nickel, and zinc. With this substrate, copper yields a 30-fold, nickel a 70-fold, and zinc a 350-fold increase in activity over background hydrolysis without metal. These results demonstrate that the engineering of multiple substrate binding subsites in trypsin can be used to delocalize protease specificity by increasing relative substrate binding contributions from alternate engineered subsites.
Comparative Study of Mechanisms of Herpes Simplex Virus Inactivation by Sodium Lauryl Sulfate and <i>n</i> -Lauroylsarcosine (2002)

The mechanisms of herpes simplex virus (HSV) inactivation by sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and n-lauroylsarcosine (LS), two anionic surfactants with protein denaturant potency, have been evaluated in cultured cells. Results showed that pretreatment of HSV type 1 (HSV-1) strain F and HSV-2 strain 333 with either surfactant inhibited, in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, their infectivities on Vero cells. SLS was a more potent inhibitor of HSV-2 strain 333 infectivity than LS with respect to the concentration (4.8-fold lower) and time (2.4-fold shorter) required to completely inactivate the virus. No inhibition of both herpesvirus strains infectivities was observed when Vero cells were pretreated with either surfactant. LS prevented the binding of HSV-2 strain 333 to cells without affecting the stable attachment and the rate of penetration into cells, whereas SLS exerted the opposite effect. Both SLS and LS inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, the HSV-2 strain 333-induced cytopathic effect, probably by affecting newly synthesized virions that come into contact with surfactant molecules present in culture medium. The pretreatment of HSV-2 strain 333 with specific combinations of SLS and LS concentrations inhibited the viral infectivity in a synergistic manner and resulted in only a small increase in their toxicities for exponentially growing Vero cells compared with that caused by each compound alone. Taken together, these results suggest that SLS and LS, alone or combined, could represent potent candidates as microbicides in topical vaginal formulations to prevent the transmission of herpes and possibly other pathogens that cause sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
Instruments Sniff Organic Surface Contaminants (1995)

Portable instruments detecting both nonvolatile and volatile organic surface contaminants in real time developed. Instruments easy to use: operate under ordinary ambient atmospheric conditions, without need to use messy liquid solvents or install and remove witness plates, and without need to cut specimens from surfaces to be inspected. Principle of detection involves sweeping pure, activated gas across surface spot inspected, then monitoring light emitted at wavelengths characteristic of excited molecules formed by chemical reactions between activated gas and contaminants. Gas activated by dc discharge, radio-frequency induction, microwave radiation, laser beam, hot filaments, or any other suitable means that excites some of gas molecules.
A Pulsed Schlieren System for Visualizing Beams from Phased-Array HIFU Applicators (2007)

We have assembled a Schlieren system for imaging the beam patterns from HIFU transducers in water to verify the desired beam focusing and direction. It consists of a high power (65 mW) short‐pulse (as short as 2 ns) laser emitting at 658 nm, a beam expander/spatial filter, water tank, 400 μm round stop, and a 12‐bit CCD camera (1035 × 1317 pixels). The laser is synchronized to the driving electronics of the transducer but its pulse is delayed, effectively freezing of the acoustic wavefronts in the imaged space.
Charge‐Transfer Interactions in 4‐Donor 4′‐Acceptor Substituted 1,1‐Diphenylethenes (2004)

Abstract Two 1,1‐diphenylethenes bearing either a 4‐dimethylamino or 4‐methoxy group as electron donor and a 4′‐cyano group as electron acceptor, as well as compounds containing only a donor or acceptor functionality, were synthesized. The observation of strong fluorescence solvatochromism (originating from a biradicaloid twisted intramolecular charge‐transfer state) of the donor‐acceptor compounds reveals that photoinduced charge separation through the cross‐conjugated 1,1‐diphenylethene spacer occurs. The presence of weak charge‐transfer absorption bands in the UV spectra reflects modest ground state donor‐acceptor coupling. These results show that charge transport through a branched conjugation path is possible. 1‐[4‐(Dimethylamino)phenyl]‐1‐phenylethene was found to fluoresce from two different states. In nonpolar solvents the source is a local aniline‐like state, whereas in polar solvents the fluorescence originates from a twisted intramolecular charge‐transfer state. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Convection and segregation during growth of Ge and InSb crystals by the submerged heater method (1993)

The submerged heater method was used to grow doped InSb and Ge crystals. The axial distribution of the dopants was found to be similar to space grown crystals. The ideal, diffusion-controlled steady-state segregation of Te-doped InSb was achieved for the first time in the terrestrial environment. One Sb-doped Ge single crystal was grown under steady-state conditions using a zone-leveling procedure.
METAL CONTAINING BUCKYBALLS: SPECTROSCOPY OF ENDOHEDRAL MOTIONS (1993)

Metal-containing fullerenes are produced in a carbon arc discharge. Thin films of metallofullerenes are deposited on silicon substrates by sublimation and analyzed by FT/ICR MS and infrared spectroscopy. Endohedral motions of the encapsulated metal ion are predicted to be infrared active and may be observed in conjunction with charge transfer states in the mid-infrared.