gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CXCR4 Antagonist AMD3100 Modulates Claudin Expression and Intestinal Barrier Function in Experimental Colitis (2011)

Ulcerative colitis is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by local inflammation and impaired epithelial barrier. Previous studies demonstrated that CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) antagonists could reduce colonic inflammation and mucosal damage in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Whether CXCR4 antagonist has action on intestinal barrier and the possible mechanism, is largely undefined. In the present study, the experimental colitis was induced by administration of 5% DSS for 7 days, and CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 was administered intraperitoneally once daily during the study period. For in vitro study, HT-29/B6 colonic cells were treated with cytokines or AMD3100 for 24 h until assay. DSS-induced colitis was characterized by morphologic changes in mice. In AMD3100-treated mice, epithelial destruction, inflammatory infiltration, and submucosal edema were markedly reduced, and the disease activity index was also significantly decreased. Increased intestinal permeability in DSS-induced colitis was also significantly reduced by AMD3100. The expressions of colonic claudin-1, claudin-3, claudin-5, claudin-7 and claudin-8 were markedly decreased after DSS administration, whereas colonic claudin-2 expression was significantly decreased. Treatment with AMD3100 prevented all these changes. However, AMD3100 had no influence on claudin-3, claudin-5, claudin-7 and claudin-8 expression in HT-29/B6 cells. Cytokines as TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ increased apoptosis and monolayer permeability, inhibited the wound-healing and the claudin-3, claudin-7 and claudin-8 expression in HT-29/B6 cells. We suggest that AMD3100 acted on colonic claudin expression and intestinal barrier function, at least partly, in a cytokine-dependent pathway.
Efficacy and Toxicity of a Dose-Intensified Doxorubicin Protocol in Canine Hemangiosarcoma (2004)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of a single-agent, dose-intensified doxorubicin protocol in canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA). Canine HSA is a highly malignant tumor, and most affected dogs die within 6 months of diagnosis. Doxorubicin is the most, and possibly the only, effective chemotherapeutic drug for this malignancy, but it provides only moderate improvement in survival. On the basis of previous studies reporting similar survival in dogs treated with doxorubicin as a single agent and doxorubicin-based combination chemotherapy and the concept of summation dose intensity, a dose-intensified single-agent doxorubicin protocol was initiated. Twenty dogs with HSA were recruited to participate in this study. Workup and staging were performed according to standard practice. Chemotherapy was initiated within 3 weeks of surgery. Doxorubicin was scheduled to be administered at 30 mg/m2 i.v. every 2 weeks for a total of 5 treatments. The dogs were monitored for toxicity and signs of recurrence during and at regular intervals after chemotherapy. The protocol was tolerated well. No dogs were hospitalized because of adverse effects or developed clinical signs consistent with doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy. There was a significant difference in survival in dogs with stage I and I1 HSA compared with dogs with stage III HSA. with median survival times of 257, 210, and 107 days, respectively. These results are slightly better than the historical control with respect to toxicity and efficacy but are not statistically different from what is achieved with standard treatments. There was no association between dose intensity and outcome.
Electro - optics in industry (1989)

This thesis is concerned with the application of electro optical instrumentation and techniques to solving measurement, inspection and quality control problems in an international glass manufacturing firm. Firstly a review is carried out of equipment available to the industrial scientist. Three areas are studied: sources, media, and detectors. A number of problems which have arisen are then discussed, and the techniques used to solve them are described. The problems include the monitoring and control of 'foreignâ substances in glass cullet prior to being fed into the furnaces; measuring the flatness of large areas of thin glass without using mechanical contact; the construction of a small stable infra red interferometer based on the Smartt point diffraction interferometer; rapid measurement of the curvature of ophthalmic lens surfaces; monitoring the position of wire mesh in wired glass; and measurement of very small amounts of haze on glass surfaces.
Contributions towards a monograph of Phoma (Coelomycetes) — II. Section Peyronellaea (1993)

Seventeen taxa in Phoma sect. Peyronellaea are keyed out and briefly described by their characteristics in vitro. The following new taxa are described: Phoma narcissi (Aderh.) Boerema, de Gruyter & Noordeloos comb. nov., Phoma pomorum var. calorpreferens Boerema, de Gruyter & Noordeloos var. nov. and Phoma subglomerata Boerema, de Gruyter & Noordeloos nom. nov. Indices on host/substratum-fungus and fungus-host relations are included and short comments on the ecology and distribution of the taxa are given.
Density functional calculations of surface free energies (2006)

We propose a general method of thermodynamic integration to find the free energy of a surface, where our integration parameter is taken to be the strain on the unit cell of the system (which in the example presented in this paper is simply the extension of the unit cell along the normal to the surface), and the integration is performed over the thermal average stress from a molecular dynamics run. In order to open up a vacuum gap in a continuous and reversible manner, an additional control interaction has been introduced. We also use temperature integration to find a linear relation for the temperature dependence of the free surface energy. These methods have been applied to the titanium dioxide (110) surface, using first principles density functional theory. A proof of principle calculation for zero temperature shows excellent agreement between the integral calculation and the difference in energy calculated by the DFT program. Calculations that have been performed at 295 and 1000 K give excellent agreement between the two integration methods.
Advanced Partial Discharge Measuring System for Simultaneous Testing of Cable Accessories (2006)

In this paper measuring results of partial discharges in power cable accessories are described. For the purpose of measuring simultaneously partial discharge activity in three or more accessories during an acceptance test, a wireless partial discharge detection system was developed. Therefore, each power cable accessory is equipped with either an internal or external sensor to decouple the partial discharge signals. The system uses narrow-band detection and is described in this paper. The computers controlling the measuring units are connected via a wireless network which allows communication between the different units and the main computer situated at the voltage source site. Moreover, effective real time noise-suppression is possible by tuning the system to a noise-free frequency band. Practical examples of this system are shown based on several measurements performed in the field.
Cerebral atrophy in mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review with meta‐analysis (2015)

Although the medial temporal lobe is likely to be more vulnerable to MCI pathology, atrophy in this brain area represents a relatively small proportion of whole brain loss, suggesting that future investigations are needed to identify the source of unaccounted volume loss in MCI.
Geometric spanners with few edges and degree five (2006)

An O(n log n)-time algorithm is presented that, when given a set S of n points in Rd and an integer k with 0 ≤ k ≤ n, computes a graph with vertex set S, that contains at most n - 1 + k edges, has stretch factor O(n/(k+1), and whose degree is at most five. This generalizes a recent result of Aronov et al., who obtained this result for two-dimensional point sets.
Automatic Shadow Detection and Removal from a Single Image (2015)

We present a framework to automatically detect and remove shadows in real world scenes from a single image. Previous works on shadow detection put a lot of effort in designing shadow variant and invariant hand-crafted features. In contrast, our framework automatically learns the most relevant features in a supervised manner using multiple convolutional deep neural networks (ConvNets). The features are learned at the super-pixel level and along the dominant boundaries in the image. The predicted posteriors based on the learned features are fed to a conditional random field model to generate smooth shadow masks. Using the detected shadow masks, we propose a Bayesian formulation to accurately extract shadow matte and subsequently remove shadows. The Bayesian formulation is based on a novel model which accurately models the shadow generation process in the umbra and penumbra regions. The model parameters are efficiently estimated using an iterative optimization procedure. Our proposed framework consistently performed better than the state-of-the-art on all major shadow databases collected under a variety of conditions.
Materials used in cranioplasty: a history and analysis (2014)

Cranioplasty, one of the oldest surgical procedures used to repair cranial defects, has undergone many revolutions over time to find the ideal material to improve patient prognosis. Cranioplasty offers cosmetic and protective benefits for patients with cranial defects. The first primitive cranioplasty procedures date back to 7000 bc and used metal and gourds to repair cranial defects. Cranioplasty was first documented by Fallopius who described repair using gold plates; the first bone graft was documented by van Meekeren. The first significant improvement for this procedure began with experimentation involving bone grafts in the late 19th century as a more natural approach for repairing cranial defects. The next impetus for advancement came because of wartime injuries incurred during World Wars I and II and involved experimentation with synthetic materials to counter the common complications associated with bone grafts. Methyl methacrylate, hydroxyapatite, ceramics, and polyetheretherketone implants among other materials have since been researched and used. Research now has shifted toward molecular biology to improve the ability of the patient to regenerate bone using bone growth factors. This paper reviews the evolution of materials used over time in addition to the various advantages and pitfalls associated with each change. It is important for neurosurgeons to be mindful of how these techniques have evolved in order to gain a better understanding of this procedure and how it has been adapted.
PRN: A Novel Trust Model (2007)

Trust and credibility of computer user takes an important role in virtual network society. Trust research is focus on two facets: calculating model and trust distribution. This paper emphasize the former and a novel PRN (positive, referral and negative) trust calculating model based on positive reputation and referral reputation is proposed, in which negative reputation is derived from positive reputation but not comes from its bad actions directly like many conditional models. And its calculating performance shows that PRN trust model correspond with real society trust relationship well.
Increased Aggregation and Secretion Responses of Human Platelets when Loaded with the Calcium Fluorescent Probes Quin2 and Fura-2 (1987)

Summary Incorporation into human platelets of the calcium fluorescent indicators quin2 or fura-2 at low concentrations used to measure intracellular free calcium leads to the potentiation of the effects of agonists on platelets. This was shown by increased aggregatory and secretory responses of quin2 or fura-2 loaded platelets after stimulation with ADP, PAP and with low concentrations of thrombin, collagen, the endoperoxide analog U-46619 and the calcium ionophore A 23187. Quin2 and fura-2 mediated platelet sensitisation could be due to altered arachidonic acid metabolism since it was inhibited by prior treatment with the cydooxygenase inhibitor acetylsalicylate. In contrast, platelets loaded with higher concentrations of calcium chelators exhibited diminished aggregation responses to all aggregating agents. This latter effect was accompanied by increased fluidity of the platelet plasma membrane bilayer and by the exposure of a new pool of membranes to the outer surface of platelets, as monitored with trimethylammonium- diphenylhexatriene (TMA-DPH) in platelets loaded with the non-fluorescent calcium probe analog MAPT. In contrast, low concentrations of quin2 did not potentiate shape change of platelets activated with ADP. Thus, shape change and aggregation can be influenced separately by intracellular Ca2+ chelators. We conclude that platelet responses are altered by the incorporation of intracellular calcium chelators at concentrations used to monitor intracellular calcium changes.
Classification of knee problems to provide evidential support (1997)

The management of uncertainty has received much attention recently in the fields of database and artificial intelligence. Several methods of evidential reasoning have been proposed for real‐world problems with which uncertainty is associated. Considers one of these problems, that of classification, which is encountered in many domains including medicine. Focuses on a classification technique for knowledge discovery (KD). Reasoning about classifications is a primary interest in KD. Deals with obtaining evidence to confirm or refute classes. Searches for any data dependencies which exist between a classifier attribute and any of the property attributes. To illustrate the method compares a neural network classification with one based on Tanimoto’s method. It is important to note that the aim is to demonstrate this approach rather than to compare these two methods of classification. After extracting the data dependency information, employs a non‐numeric evidential reasoning method to see how well this evidence supports each of the two respective classifications.
A rule-based question answering system for reading comprehension tests (2000)

We have developed a rule-based system, Quarc, that can read a short story and find the sentence in the story that best answers a given question. Quarc uses heuristic rules that look for lexical and semantic clues in the question and the story. We have tested Quarc on reading comprehension tests typically given to children in grades 3--6. Overall, Quarc found the correct sentence 40% of the time, which is encouraging given the simplicity of its rules.
Nuclear Protein Binding at the β-Myosin Heavy Chain A/T-rich Element Is Enriched following Increased Skeletal Muscle Activity (1999)

In adult mouse skeletal muscle, beta-myosin heavy chain (betaMyHC) gene expression is primarily restricted to slow-type I fibers but can be induced in fast-type II fibers by mechanical overload (MOV). Our previous transgenic analyses have delimited an 89-base pair (bp) MOV-responsive region (-293 to -205), and shown that mutation of the MCAT and C-rich elements within this region did not abolish betaMyHC transgene induction by MOV. In this study we describe an A/T-rich element (betaA/T-rich; -269 5'-GGAGATATTTTT-3' -258) located within this 89-bp region that, only under MOV conditions, revealed enriched binding as characterized by electrophoretic mobility shift assays and dimethyl sulfate and diethyl pyrocarbonate interference footprinting. Direct, competition, and supershift electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed highly enriched specific binding activity at the betaA/T-rich element that was antigenically distinct from GATA-4, MEF2A-D, SRF, and Oct-1, nuclear proteins that were previously shown to bind A/T-rich elements. In vitro translated GATA-4, MEF2C, SRF, and Oct-1 bound to consensus GATA, MEF2, SRE, and Oct-1 elements, respectively, but not to the betaA/T-rich element. Two-dimensional UV cross-linking of the bromodeoxyuridine-substituted betaA/T-rich element with mechanically overloaded plantaris (MOV-P) nuclear extract detected two proteins (44 and 48 kDa). Our results indicate that the betaA/T-rich element may function in vivo as a betaMyHC MOV-inducible element during hypertrophy of adult skeletal muscle by binding two distinct proteins identified only in MOV-P nuclear extract.
Effects of Intermetallics on the Reliability of Tin Coated Cu, Ag, and Ni Parts (1975)

The temperature dependence of the growth rates of intermetallic compounds in the Cu-Sn, Ag-Sn and Ni-Sn systems was determined between 100°C and 213°C for Sn-dipped and Sn-plated samples. Below 175°C the fastest growing intermetallic compound was Ag3Sn. The Ni-Sn compoknd, Ni3Sn, was the slowest growing phase below 150°C, but the fastest growing phase above 175°C. The two Cu-Sn intermetallic phases, Cu3Sn and Cu6Sn5, had a combined growth rate which increases more slowly with temperature than the single intermetallic phases observed in the Ni-Snand Ag-Sn systems. The growth rate data plotted against reciprocal temperature satisfies the Arrhenius relationship and yields a range of apparent activation energies between 14.8 Kcal/mole for Ag3Sn and 37.6 Kcal/mole for Ni3Sn4. The growth of intermetallic compounds can affect the reliability of electronic parts through a reduction in lead solderability or a decrease in the mechanical strength of soldered connections. Lap shear testing of metal strips bonded with Sn demonstrated that strengths of both bonded Ni and Cu strips decrease as the thickness of the intermetallic compounds increase during annealing at 213°C. In the case of Ni-Sn, a 50% reduction in joint strength occurred after only one day-at temperature. For Cu-Sn, the reduction in joint strength occurred at a slower rate, and only a slight decrease was observed in the Ag-Sn lap shear samples. The degradation observed in the Ni-Sn and Cu-Sn systems is related to the growth rate of brittle intermetallics forming at the interface (i.e. Ni3Sn4 and Cu3Sn).
High-Temperature Annealing of Oxidized Silicon Surfaces (1971)

The densities of fixed charge and trapping centers on thermally oxidized silicon surfaces have been measured by the MOS capacitance technique upon annealing in O2, N2, He, and vacuum at various temperatures from 600° to 1100°C. These surface characteristics are always determined by the conditions of the final high‐temperature process, except for , which will never increase in neutral ambients. In all atmospheres, higher annealing temperatures yield lower values. It was also found that the values are very sensitive toward trace amounts of water in the high‐temperature ambient. They decrease for increasing water vapor pressure. Effects of other impurities were not observed in this study. Based on saturation values and kinetic data a discussion is given of some models for both types of centers.
Hematopoietic cells as sources for patient-specific iPSCs and disease modeling (2011)

In addition to being an attractive source for cell replacement therapy, human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) also have great potential for disease modeling and drug development. During the recent several years, cell reprogramming technologies have evolved to generate virus-free and integration-free human iPSCs from easily accessible sources such as patient skin fibroblasts and peripheral blood samples. Hematopoietic cells from umbilical cord blood banks and Epstein Barr virus (EBV) immortalized B lymphocyte repositories represent alternative sources for human genetic materials of diverse backgrounds. Ability to reprogram these banked blood cells to pluripotency and differentiate them into a variety of specialized and functional cell types provides valuable tools for studying underlying mechanisms of a broad range of diseases including rare inherited disorders. Here we describe the recent advances in generating disease specific human iPSCs from these different types of hematopoietic cells and their potential applications in disease modeling and regenerative medicine.
An expert system for diagnosis and maintaining the AT&T 3B4000 computer: an architectural description (1989)

Major computer vendors have concentrated on enhancing diagnostic and maintainability aspects of their computer systems to permit a prompt repair interval with a minimal amount of technical support interaction. This paper proposes an architectural description for an automated diagnostic and recovery expert system. The authors obtained sufficient domain knowledge of both the AT&T 3B4000 Computer and the AT&T technical support organization and chose the 3B4000 Computer as a vehicle for the research concepts presented. The architectural description presents a concept based on the information provided by AT&T and does not necessarily reflect actual implementation plans within AT&T.
What's Funny about Art?: Children's Responses to Humor in Art. (1997)

To date, no published studies in art education or humor have examined how children re spond to a wide variety of visual humor. In keeping with this conclusion, the purpose of this qualitative study was to explore: (1) how elementary age children at different grade levels reflect upon a wide range of visual humor; and (2) what beliefs and assumptions arise in their responses. Thirty-three elemen tary age children, eleven male and twenty-two females, engaged in small peer discussion groups during their weekly scheduled art class over a sixteen week period. Students looked at visual humor in fine art and popular culture in the areas of visual parody, pun, paradox, and satire. Findings were that children across grade levels: (1) found amusement and interest in visual humor in popular culture and a lack of amusement and interest in visual humor in fine art images; (2) have shared assumptions, particular understandings, and ways of think ing about art and humor by grade two; and (3) found that visual humor can expand their concepts of art. It is recommended that ele mentary aesthetic education embrace visual humor and postmodern aesthetic issues.
Structure of unsaturated vegetable oil glycerides: Direct calculation from fatty acid composition (1969)

Abstract Composition and structure of unsaturated glycerides of vegetable oils can be calculated directly from the fatty acid composition of the oil. Fatty acid distribution on the 2 position as normally determined by lipase hydrolysis is calculated from the composition of the whole oil by applying the following three rules in their respective order: Saturated fatty acids and those with chain length greater than 18 carbons are first distributed equally and randomly on the 1 and 3 position of the glycerol moiety; oleic and linolenic acids are treated equally, or as a unit, and distributed equally and randomly on all three glyceride positions with any excess from the 1 and 3 position being added to the 2 position; and all remaining positions are filled by linoleic acid. Remarkably good agreement between the calculated and experimentally determined fatty acid distributions is shown for soybean, linseed, safflower and many other vegetable oils whose compositions are reported in the literature. An association between oleic and linolenic acid within the glyceride structure of some vegetable oils is evident.