gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Activation of melanogenesis by vacuolar type H<sup>+</sup>‐ATPase inhibitors in amelanotic, tyrosinase positive human and mouse melanoma cells (2000)

In this study, we describe the activation of melanogenesis by selective vacuolar type H(+)-ATPase inhibitors (bafilomycin A1 and concanamycin A) in amelanotic human and mouse melanoma cells which express tyrosinase but show no melanogenesis. Addition of the inhibitors activated tyrosinase within 4 h, and by 24 h the cells contained measurable amounts of melanin. These effects were not inhibited by cycloheximide (2 microgram/ml) which is consistent with a post-translational mechanism of activation. Our findings suggest that melanosomal pH could be an important and dynamic factor in the control of melanogenesis in mammalian cells.
View angle tilting echo planar imaging for distortion correction (2011)

Geometric distortion caused by field inhomogeneity along the phase-encode direction is one of the most prominent artifacts due to a relatively low effective bandwidth along that direction in magnetic resonance echo planar imaging. This work describes a method for correcting in-plane image distortion along the phase-encode direction using a view angle tilting imaging technique in spin-echo echo planar imaging. Spin-echo echo planar imaging with view angle tilting uses the addition of gradient blips along the slice-select direction, concurrently applied with the phase-encode gradient blips, producing an additional phase. This phase effectively offsets an unwanted phase accumulation caused by field inhomogeneity, resulting in the removal of image distortion along the phase-encode direction. The proposed method is simple and straightforward both in implementation and application with no scan time penalty. Therefore, it is readily applicable on commercial scanners without having any customized postprocessing. The efficacy of the spin-echo echo planar imaging with view angle tilting technique in the correction of image distortion is demonstrated in phantom and in vivo brain imaging.
Reference Posterior Distributions for Bayesian Inference (1979)

Summary A procedure is proposed to derive reference posterior distributions which approximately describe the inferential content of the data without incorporating any other information. More explicitly, operational priors, derived from information-theoretical considerations, are used to obtain reference posteriors which may be expected to approximate the posteriors which would have been obtained with the use of proper priors describing vague initial states of knowledge. The results obtained unify and generalize some previous work and seem to overcome criticisms to which this has been subject.
Synthesis of new non‐symmetrical substituted 7,7′‐bisindolizines by the direct reaction of 4,4′‐bipyridinium‐ylides with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (2004)

Abstract We report here on the synthesis of some novel non‐symmetrical substituted bisindolizines by 3+2 dipolar cycloaddition reaction. New compounds were prepared by the direct reaction of isolated non‐symmetrical substituted 4,4′‐bipyridinium bisylides with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxy late (DMAD). The obtained compounds can be used as precursors of fluorescent markers in fluorometric analysis.
Intracellular degradation of prohormone‐chloramphenicol‐acetyl‐transferase chimeras in a pre‐lysosomal compartment (1993)

Small peptide hormones (less than 50 amino acids) are synthesized as larger inactive precursors. Work from several laboratories, including our own, has implicated the propeptide of various precursors in mediating intracellular transport and targeting to secretory granules. We previously demonstrated that the proregion of prosomatostatin, one of the simplest peptide hormone precursors, when fused to alpha-globin, enabled the globin polypeptide to be transported to the regulated secretory pathway. To identify sorting motifs in this propeptide, we have now constructed a chimera comprising the somatostatin signal peptide and proregion fused to chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) and a control protein consisting of the signal peptide fused to CAT, both of which were expressed in rat anterior-pituitary GH3 cells. Both molecules were translocated into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) efficiently and core-glycosylated on the single cryptic N-linked glycosylation site present in CAT. Surprisingly, the glycosylated propeptide-CAT and signal without CAT were degraded intracellularly with half-lives of 30 min and 90 min, respectively. Based on the kinetics of degradation, temperature sensitivity, and resistance to lysosomotrophic agents, we suggest that degradation occurred in the ER. Our data imply that the pro-region is not an a priori universal sorter, but only directs heterologous peptides to the secretory pathway when the passenger peptide assumes a secretion-competent conformation.
Heat engineering: Fly ash and coal conversion by-products: Characterization, utilization and disposal II (1986)

The contents of this book are: Utilization, Characterization, Reactions and modeling, and Environmental considerations. This is a report on various materials science and engineering aspects of coal-derived ash. The first concern is the utilization of fly ash, then the characterization of the coal inorganics from which eventually comes the coal ash, the hydration reactions in fly ash and cement, and finally the concerns about the presence of trace quantities of harmful elements.
Tres niveles de la representación mental: Evidencia de errores léxicos en estudiantes de un tercer idioma (1998)

En este estudio se investigaron errores en la escritura de estudiantes de ingles y aleman como lenguas extranjeras a nivel basico/intermedio. Se identificaron tres tipos de errores de transferencia lexica: semanticos; sintacticos; y ortograficos. La existencia de estos tipos de errores es evidencia de tres niveles de la representacion mental: un nivel conceptual; no-verbal; en el cual se representan los objetos; eventos y relaciones entre ellos; un nivel sintactico que especifica los atributos gramaticales; y un nivel de forma con las representaciones fonologicas y ortograficas. Los tres tipos de errores sugieren la existencia de una influencia translexica en todos los niveles representacionales; no solo de L1 a L2 o L3; pero tambien de L2 a L3 e; incluso; dentro de cada idioma. Los datos demuestran que los aprendices construyen y procesan palabras nuevas a traves de una “estrategia parasitaria ”: explotan cualquier semejanza detectable con conocimientos lexicos ya establecidos.
Stereo panoramic vision for monitoring vehicle blind-spots (2004)

This paper presents a stereo panoramic sensor as part of a driver assistance system to monitor driver blind-spots around vehicles. With our system we have generated panoramic disparity maps to reliably estimate range to objects in the surrounding environment. It was also proven that it is possible to apply the /spl nu/-disparity algorithm to panoramic images to successfully segment obstacles, even in the case of extremely noisy data. The stereo system has been evaluated using ground truth data, together with extensive field experiments.
A pear-to-pear collaborative product design platform for dispersed network manufacturing [for pear read peer] (2006)

The network technology is changing our working and living greatly. Many multi-national companies cooperate in geographically different locations. They need to communicate and work concurrently on large amount of complex product data with their factories, sub-contractors as well as suppliers across the border. The use of e-mail and fax are far from satisfactory as they are time consuming and ineffective. In this paper, a pear-to-pear collaborative product design platform (CPDP) is proposed which enables authorised users in geographically different locations to cooperate and share private resources, such as collaborative design product drawing files, sharing personal knowledge or data. The system is Web-based, there is no need for the users to install any utility software at their ends since the cooperation is based thin client technology and a pear-to-pear screen sharing technique. This results in substantial saving in the cost and the product development time in a network environment.
Influence of compression ratio on combustion and performance characteristics of direct injection compression ignition engine (2015)

The importance of diesel engines for human application is growing day by day. The engine operating parameters also play a key role in tuning the engine conforming to the better performance and emission standards. The effect of varying the compression ratios has more impact on the performance, emission and combustion parameters. In this study, single cylinder direct injection CI engine was tested on varying the compression ratios of 18, 17 and 16 at varying loads. The combustion and performance variation on reducing the compression ratios were investigated clearly. Reduction in brake thermal efficiency and increase in exhaust gas temperatures were observed when compression ratio was reduced from 18 to 16. The brake specific fuel consumption was increased on reducing the compression ratio. Reduction of peak cylinder pressure was observed on reduction of compression ratio and the ignition delay period increased on reducing the compression ratio. The peak heat release rate was closer to TDC on increasing compression ratios from 16 to 18. The rate of pressure rise was also investigated and showed maximum of 5.38 bar/°CA and minimum of 0.78 bar/°CA on above compression ratios. Cumulative heat release was also evaluated in this study showing higher heat energy for higher loads and compression ratios. The performance and combustion parameters on the useful compression ratio of 18 were also justified.
Tuberous sclerosis complex regulates Drosophila neuromuscular junction growth via the TORC2/Akt pathway (2013)

Mutations in the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are associated with various forms of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism and epilepsy. The heterodimeric TSC complex, consisting of Tsc1 and Tsc2 proteins, regulates the activity of the TOR (target of rapamycin) complex via Rheb, a small GTPase. TOR, an atypical serine/threonine kinase, forms two distinct complexes TORC1 and TORC2. Raptor and Rictor serve as specific functional components of TORC1 and TORC2, respectively. Previous studies have identified Tsc1 as a regulator of hippocampal neuronal morphology and function via the TOR pathway, but it is unclear whether this is mediated via TORC1 or TORC2. In a genetic screen for aberrant synaptic growth at the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in Drosophila, we identified that Tsc2 mutants showed increased synaptic growth. Increased synaptic growth was also observed in rictor mutants, while raptor knockdown did not phenocopy the TSC mutant phenotype, suggesting that a novel role exists for TORC2 in regulating synapse growth. Furthermore, Tsc2 mutants showed a dramatic decrease in the levels of phosphorylated Akt, and interestingly, Akt mutants phenocopied Tsc2 mutants, leading to the hypothesis that Tsc2 and Akt might work via the same genetic pathway to regulate synapse growth. Indeed, transheterozygous analysis of Tsc2 and Akt mutants confirmed this hypothesis. Finally, our data also suggest that while overexpression of rheb results in aberrant synaptic overgrowth, the overgrowth might be independent of TORC2. Thus, we propose that at the Drosophila NMJ, TSC regulates synaptic growth via the TORC2-Akt pathway.
Spread spectrum clock-an EMC solution for new generation portable computers (2003)

Electronic equipment often generates radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI) that affects the operation of other electronic equipment. As more electronic systems operate at higher frequencies and bandwidths, more EMI gets generated. In a portable PC, the data bus and the clock are major EMI sources because they conduct high currents and form large loops. Due to lack of shielding, portable computer systems have come under increasing pressure to comply with strict EMI emission regulations, such as FCC and CISPR. Traditional techniques to reduce EMI attempt to contain or to reduce the amount of generated radiation. Coaxial wires and shielded cables are effective at containing radiation, but are expensive, bulky, and inflexible. Metal chassis with sealed seams are effective for reducing EMI of desktop PCs, but portable PCs are kept light by using plastics. Toxic metal paints are sometimes sprayed on plastic housings for portable PCs to provide shielding. A newer technique to reduce EMI is to vary or modulate the clock frequency in the PC. This technique is known as spread spectrum clock, since the frequency spectrum of the clock is spread over a wider range of frequencies. The paper focuses on this method to reduce the peak EMI emissions of the clock and data signals for EM compatibility.
Load balancing of services with server initiated connections (2005)

The growth of on-line Internet services using wireless mobile handsets has increased the demand for scalable and dependable wireless services. The systems hosting such services face high quality-of-service (QoS) requirements in terms of quick response time and high availability. With growing traffic and loads using wireless applications, the servers and networks hosting these applications need to handle larger loads. Hence, there is a need to host such services on multiple servers to distribute the processing and communications tasks and balance the load across various similar entities. Load balancing is especially important for servers facilitating hosting of various wireless applications where it is difficult to predict the load delivered to a server. A load-balancer (LB) is a node that accepts all requests from external entities and directs them to internal nodes for processing based on their processing capabilities and current load patterns. We present the problem of load balancing among multiple servers, each having server initiated connections with other network entities. Challenges involved in balancing loads arising from such connections are presented and some practical solutions are proposed. As a case study, the architectures of load balancing schemes on a set of SMS (short message service) gateway servers is presented, along with deployment strategies. Performance and scalability issues are also highlighted for different possible solutions.
On the equivalence of uniform circular arrays and uniform linear arrays (1990)

The problem of estimating the directions of arrivals of narrowband plane waves impinging on a uniform circular array with N identical sensors uniformly distributed around a circle is considered. It is shown that for this problem the uniform circular array is equivalent to a uniform linear array with N elements. Specifically, if the number of sensors N is odd and large enough then a linear combination of the inverse discrete Fourier transform of the sensor outputs yields a sequence of measurements z(n)= Sigma A/sub m/ exp(jn theta m), where theta /sub m/ is the angle of arrival of the mth plane wave. This sequence can then be processed using ROOT MUSIC or any other modern line spectral estimation technique as if it came from a uniform linear array. An advantage of using the transformed sequence is that it has a higher signal-to-noise ratio than the array output sequence.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Kinetic Mechanism of a Partial Folding Reaction. 1. Properties of the Reaction and Effects of Denaturants (1998)

The bimolecular association rate constant (kon) and dissociation rate constant (koff) of the complex between fluorescein-labeled S-peptide analogues and folded S-protein are reported. This is the first kinetic study of a protein folding reaction in which most of the starting material is already folded and only a small part (one additional helix) becomes ordered; it provides a folding landscape with a small conformational entropy barrier, and one in which kinetic traps are unlikely. Refolding and unfolding are measured under identical strongly native conditions, and the reaction is found to be two-state at low reactant concentrations. The dissociation constant (Kd) of the complex and the properties of the transition state may be calculated from the rate constants without extrapolation. The folded complex is formed fast (kon = 1.8 x 10(7) M-1 s-1) and is very stable (Kd = 6 pM) at 10 degrees C, 10 mM MOPS, pH 6.7. Charge interactions stabilize the complex by 1.4 kcal mol-1. The charge effect enters in the refolding reaction: increasing the salt concentration reduces kon dramatically and has little effect on koff. Urea and GdmCl destabilize the complex by decreasing kon and increasing koff. The slopes (m-values) of plots of ln Kd vs [cosolvent] are 0.75 +/- 0.04 and 2.8 +/- 0.3 kcal mol-1 M-1 for urea and GdmCl, respectively. The ratio mon/(mon + moff) is 0.54 +/- 0.04 for urea and 0.57 +/- 0.1 for GdmCl, where mon is the m-value for kon and moff is the m-value for koff, indicating that more than half of the sites for interaction with either cosolvent are buried in the ensemble of structures present at the transition state.
Diversity of laminar connections linking periarcuate and lateral intraparietal areas depends on cortical structure (2006)

Lateral prefrontal and intraparietal cortices have strong connectional and functional associations but it is unclear how their common visuomotor, perceptual and working memory functions arise. The hierarchical scheme of cortical processing assumes that prefrontal cortex issues 'feedback' projections to parietal cortex. However, the architectonic heterogeneity of these cortices raises the question of whether distinct areas have laminar-specific interconnections underlying their complex functional relationship. Using quantitative procedures, we showed that laminar-specific connections between distinct prefrontal (areas 46 and 8) and lateral intraparietal (LIPv, LIPd and 7a) areas in Macaca mulatta, studied with neural tracers, varied systematically according to rules determined by the laminar architecture of the linked areas. We found that axons from areas 46 and rostral 8 terminated heavily in layers I-III of all intraparietal areas, as did caudal area 8 to area LIPv, suggesting 'feedback' communication. However, contrary to previous assumptions, axons from caudal area 8 terminated mostly in layers IV-V of LIPd and 7a, suggesting 'feedforward' communication. These laminar patterns of connections were highly correlated with consistent differences in neuronal density between linked areas. When neuronal density in a prefrontal origin was lower than in the intraparietal destination, most terminations were found in layer I with a concomitant decrease in layer IV. The opposite occurred when the prefrontal origin had a higher neuronal density than the target. These findings indicate that the neuronal density of linked areas can reliably predict their laminar connections and may form the basis of understanding the functional complexity of prefrontal-intraparietal interactions in cognition.
Predictors of New-Onset Kidney Disease in a Community-Based Population (2004)

Established cardiovascular disease risk factors are associated with the development of new-onset kidney disease. Patients with a mildly reduced GFR should be monitored for progression to kidney disease.
Temperature Dependence of Excitonic Radiative Decay in CdSe Quantum Dots:  The Role of Surface Hole Traps (2005)

Using atomistic, semiempirical pseudopotential calculations, we show that if one assumes the simplest form of a surface state in a CdSe nanocrystal--an unpassivated surface anion site--one can explain theoretically several puzzling aspects regarding the observed temperature dependence of the radiative decay of excitons. In particular, our calculations show that the presence of surface states leads to a mixing of the dark and bright exciton states, resulting in a decrease of 3 orders of magnitude of the dark-exciton radiative lifetime. This result explains the persistence of the zero-phonon emission line at low temperature, for which thermal population of higher-energy bright-exciton states is negligible. Thus, we suggest that surface states are the controlling factor of dark-exciton radiative recombination in currently synthesized colloidal CdSe nanocrystals.
Deposition of Vanadium(V) Oxide Thin Films on Nitrogen-Containing Self-Assembled Monolayers (2005)

Vanadium oxide films have been deposited from aqueous solutions at low temperature on different self-assembled monolayer (SAM) modified silicon surfaces. Amine and ammonium salt SAMs were made via in situ transformations of bromide SAMs. The crystal structure and chemical composition of the vanadium oxide films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The films on alkylammonium salt SAMs were 3−4 times thicker than on amine SAMs under identical deposition conditions. In all cases, V2O5·1.6H2O formed first (in the first 24 h), followed by V2O5·H2O. The film growth rate showed two separate growth periods corresponding to the formation of these two phases. Mixed-valence and mixed-phase vanadium oxide films could be achieved by controlling the deposition conditions, whose effect on the kinetics of film growth has also been studied. Films up to 80 μm thick on alkylammonium salt SAM and 16 μm thick on amine SAM were grown in 72 h.
Solution-reactor-produced Mo-99 using activated carbon to remore I-131 (1998)

These data led to identification of a persistent respiratory infection-related clinical syndrome, including persistent throat infection, neck spinal lesion, rib cartilage inflammation, symptoms of cardiac depression and dyspnea with or without anxiety.
Optimal Control of Semi-Batch Processes in the Presence of Modeling Error (1990)

Batch processes are usually complex and highly nonlinear systems. Modeling error can be the cause of bad performance when optimal input profiles computed for a particular model are applied to the actual plant. The approach followed in this paper uses the available model and actual plant measurements to modify the operation of the next batch, without requiring the remodeling the process. The effect of model error on the convergence of the iterative batch to batch input profile determination is investigated. The method is applied through computer simulations to the determination of the optimal feedrate profile for a cell mass production process. A model parameter update scheme is also proposed, based on the convergence analysis. This is applied to the determination of the optimal temperature profile of bulk polymerization of the optimal temperature profile of styrene.
Ultrastructural comparison of the retroviruses associated with human and simian acquired immunodeficiency syndromes. (1985)

Three isolates of human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) virus (lymphadenopathy-associated virus, human T cell lymphotropic virus strain III, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated retrovirus) were compared with simian AIDS virus by thin section transmission electron microscopy. Simian AIDS virus was found to form intracytoplasmic A particles and to bud by both ring forms and crescent shapes. The extracellular mature simian AIDS virus exhibited a cylindrical nucleoid within a tubular or conical core shell. The simian AIDS virus was morphologically indistinguishable from Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, the prototype D type retrovirus, although the two were readily distinguished by radioimmunoassay and restriction endonuclease mapping. All three AIDS virus isolates exhibited identical ultrastructure and maturation sequences. The AIDS viruses did not form intracytoplasmic A particles and budded only with crescent-shaped nucleoids. Mature extracellular AIDS viruses contained an eccentric spherical nucleoid within a conical or tubular core shell. AIDS virus was found to show many morphologic features of the retroviral subfamily Lentivirinae. The AIDS virus isolates appear to form a new group of retroviruses.