gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Trip Purpose Estimation for Urban Travel in the U.S.: Model Development, NHTS Add-on Data Analysis, and Model Transferability Across Different States (2014)

It's becoming a trend that the traditional travel survey will be supplemented or replaced by advanced survey based on GPS technology. However, the pivotal key to successfully establish the dominance of the GPS-based travel survey in future is the efficient post-processing methods that can generate the essential components such as travel time, trip purpose, travel mode, and trip length as accurately as possible. This paper therefore concentrates on part of the geospatial data post-processing: trip purpose derivation. Two released 2009 NHTS add-on data sets (Georgia and Arizona) containing geospatial location data provide the possibility of imputing trip purpose, validating the trip purpose model and further evaluating the model transferability. Multiple classifiers are explored employing machine learning methods with 2009 NHTS add-on data sets and land use data at both parcel level and point level. Different validation methods including 10-fold cross validation, within-sample and cross-sample validation are used to evaluate, test and validate the developed models. Results indicate that the trip purpose models perform well for Home, Work, School/Daycare and Shopping/Errands trips with accuracy above 80%, but present unsatisfactory results for transport someone, meals, social/recreation, family personal business/obligations and other trips. In addition, aggregating discretionary trips into one trip purpose category usually improves the trip purpose imputation accuracy. Furthermore, when applying the models to a different geographic place to predict the trip purpose without any model calibration, the models present non-striking model transferability.
HID electronic ballast based on bi-flyback inverter topology (2012)

This paper presents an electronic ballast to supply a 70W high pressure sodium lamp. The electronic ballast consists on a single-stage converter that integrates a buck converter to provide power factor correction and two flyback converters to supply the lamp, with low frequency square waveform, in order to avoid the acoustic resonance phenomenon occurrence. It is proposed one study, qualitative and quantitative, of active converters to provide the power factor correction, and their integration with the bi-flyback inverter topology. Buck bi-flyback inverter topology is chosen to the implementation of practical experiments, in order to validate the present work.
Notes- Sodium Hypochlorite Oxidation of p-Methylacetophenone. (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNotes- Sodium Hypochlorite Oxidation of p-Methylacetophenone.Joseph Feifer and William Welstead, Jr.Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26, 7, 2567Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1961Publication History Published online4 March 2003Published inissue 1 July 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01351a625https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01351a625research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views117Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Prostate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial:VA/NCI/AHRQ Cooperative Studies Program #407 (PIVOT): Design and Baseline Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Radical Prostatectomy With Watchful Waiting for Men With Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer (2012)

Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer death in men. In the United States, 90% of men with prostate cancer are more than age 60 years, diagnosed by early detection with the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test, and have disease believed confined to the prostate gland (clinically localized). Common treatments for clinically localized prostate cancer include watchful waiting (WW), surgery to remove the prostate gland (radical prostatectomy), external-beam radiation therapy and interstitial radiation therapy (brachytherapy), and androgen deprivation. Little is known about the relative effectiveness and harms of treatments because of the paucity of randomized controlled trials. The Department of Veterans Affairs/National Cancer Institute/Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Cooperative Studies Program Study #407:Prostate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial (PIVOT), initiated in 1994, is a multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing radical prostatectomy with WW in men with clinically localized prostate cancer. We describe the study rationale, design, recruitment methods, and baseline characteristics of PIVOT enrollees. We provide comparisons with eligible men declining enrollment and men participating in another recently reported randomized trial of radical prostatectomy vs WW conducted in Scandinavia. We screened 13 022 men with prostate cancer at 52 US medical centers for potential enrollment. From these, 5023 met initial age, comorbidity, and disease eligibility criteria, and a total of 731 men agreed to participate and were randomized. The mean age of enrollees was 67 years. Nearly one-third were African American. Approximately 85% reported that they were fully active. The median PSA was 7.8ng/mL (mean 10.2ng/mL). In three-fourths of men, the primary reason for biopsy leading to a diagnosis of prostate cancer was a PSA elevation or rise. Using previously developed tumor risk categorizations incorporating PSA levels, Gleason histologic grade, and tumor stage, it was found that approximately 40% had low-risk, 34% had medium-risk, and 21% had high-risk prostate cancer based on local histopathology. Comparison to our national sample of eligible men declining PIVOT participation as well as to men enrolled in the Scandinavian trial indicated that PIVOT enrollees are representative of men being diagnosed and treated in the United States and quite different from men in the Scandinavian trial. PIVOT enrolled an ethnically diverse population representative of men diagnosed with prostate cancer in the United States. Results will yield important information regarding the relative effectiveness and harms of surgery compared with WW for men with predominately PSA-detected clinically localized prostate cancer.
Scaling laws for the attractors of Hopfield networks (1985)

Networks of threshold automata are random dynamical systems with a large number of attractors, which J. Hopfield proposed to use as associative memories. We establish the scaling laws relating the maximum number of « useful » attractors and the radius of the attraction basin to the number of automata. A by-product of our analysis is a better choice for thresholds which doubles the performances in terms of the maximum number of « useful » attractors.
An integrated circuit composite PNPN diode (1979)

A composite PNPN diode has been successfully incorporated into an integrated circuit chip. The device is used in parallel with an integrated circuit to serve as a surge protector for certain pulse conditions. The composite PNPN clamps forward polarity voltages to low values as long as the fault source current is above a threshold current. At lower currents, the PNPN recovers from saturation, and the integrated circuit returns to normal operation. The design of the PNPN is such that the pulse current handling capability of the device is at least 4 A at an operating temperature of 25°C, and the hold current is greater than 100 mA over a temperature range of 0° to 90°C. A special diode was merged with the structure to provide a controlled breakover voltage of 9 V. The typical device is capable of taking a 5 A pulse of 1 ms width without failing. It can also handle a current pulse of greater than 6 A when the pulse is less than 50 µs.
Bleaching of refined cottonseed oil with modified alumina adsorbents (1963)

Abstract Activated aluminas, modified by treatment with inorganic and organic acids were tested for their efficiency as bleaching agents and for their ability to eliminate the response of refined cottonseed oil to the Halphen test. The best of these adsorbents, an alumina containing catalytic amounts of adsorbed sulfurous acid, is a bleaching agent that is effective in removing problem pigments from offcolored cottonseed oils, and is superior to activated aluminas in removing green chlorophyll‐like pigments. Oils bleached with the catalytic adsorbent are negative to the Halphen test, and are free of sulfur. Study of the rate of reduction in the Halphen test response as a function of bleaching time and temp indicated that sulfurous acid treated alumina has a pronounced catalytic effect. The Halphen test response is eliminated during a 30 min bleaching period at 225C. Deodorization conditions employed had little effect on Halphen test reduction.
Recycled cafeteria food waste as a feed for swine: nutrient content digestibility, growth, and meat quality. (1998)

This project was undertaken to compare growth, meat quality, and diet digestibility when pigs were fed cafeteria food waste (FW) or a corn/soybean meal (CSM) diet. Cafeteria food waste (36 samples) fed in the growing and finishing experiment averaged 22.4% DM, 21.4% CP, 14.1% ADF, 27.2% ether extract, and 3.2% ash. The first experiment used 50 crossbred pigs randomly assigned to four diets. During the growing phase, pigs fed a CSM diet gained faster (P < .05) than pigs fed FW or FW plus energy supplements. However, the two groups fed FW plus energy supplements (at 25 or 50% of the intake of the CSM diet) gained faster (P < .05) than pigs fed FW alone (.61 and .65 kg/d, respectively, vs .46 kg/d). In the finishing phase, FW plus an energy supplement fed at 50% of the level of CSM intake resulted in gains that did not differ from those of pigs fed the CSM diet (.90 vs .99 kg/d; P > .05). A nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance trial using eight growing barrows compared FW with the same CSM growing diet fed earlier. Dry matter digestibility was similar for the two diets (P > .05). However, CP digestibility was higher (P < .05) in the FW diet than in the CSM diet (88.2 vs 84.3%). Although the percentage of nitrogen retained was not different between FW and CSM diets (56.0 vs 55.2%; P > .05), the amount of nitrogen retained was greater for pigs fed the CSM diet (29.3 vs. 24.5 g/d; P < .05) because DMI was greater (1.7 vs 1.4 kg/d) for pigs fed CSM compared with FW. At the completion of the finishing experiment, six pigs were selected from both the CSM and FW diets and fed to finishing weight. The pigs were slaughtered, and the pork loins were removed for flavor and texture analysis. A consumer panel rated the meat quality from FW pigs as acceptable and overall flavor comparable to CSM pigs (P > .05). These results indicate that food waste has nutritive value and may be useful in swine diets.
Measurement of Film Thickness Using Infrared Interference (1967)

A technique for measuring the thickness of silicon films grown epitaxially on sapphire is described. The method is nondestructive, is performed in situ, and can be used to monitor film thickness while the film is growing. The method utilizes the infrared emission from the sapphire substrate and from the growing film. The radiation from the sapphire substrate is partially transmitted through the silicon and partially reflected in the silicon, establishing an interference pattern which can be used to determine silicon film thickness. Using a detector with peak sensitivity at 2.4 μ, silicon film thicknesses to the nearest ±0.1 μ are readily measurable. The absolute accuracy of ±0.1 μ is independent of film thicknesses. Films in the range from 0.1 to 15 μ have been measured. Increased detector sensitivity can extend the maximum measurable film thickness.
Union Station (Washington, D.C.) (1908)

General view of concourse; The firm’s few monumental commissions included the Union Station (1907) in Washington, DC, of which Peirce Anderson was in charge. It is a remarkably spacious and successful composition of characteristic volumes. Inspired by several works including the the Arch of Constantine (exterior, main facade) and the great vaulted spaces of the Baths of Diocletian (interior); and notable for prominent siting at the intersection of two of Pierre L'Enfant's avenues, with an orientation that faced the United States Capitol just five blocks away; a massive scale, including a facade stretching more than 600 feet and a waiting room ceiling 96 feet above the floor; stone inscriptions and allegorical sculpture in the Beaux-Arts style; expensive materials such as marble, gold leaf, and white granite from a previously unused quarry. The 1988 renovation added shops, restaurants and movie theaters. Source: Wikipedia; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page (accessed 7/9/2010)
Endogenous digitalis-like factors: their possible pathophysiological implications with particular regard to the perinatal period. (1990)

Endogenous factors with biological and immunological activity similar to cardiac glycoside drugs (endogenous digitalis-like factors; EDLF) have been found in several tissues and body fluids of animals and humans. Detectable EDLF concentrations were found in blood and urine extracts of adults (normal healthy controls, hypertensive patients and salt-loaded healthy subjects), while higher levels were generally observed in plasma samples of pregnant women, newborns, and patients with renal insufficiency. The chemical characteristics of this endogenous factor are, at present, unknown, although it has been suggested that EDLF could be a substance with low molecular weight. Experimental studies and theoretical considerations suggest that EDLF, in addition to the ability to react with antibodies, might also bind to the specific cellular receptor of the cardiac glycosides and thus inhibit the membrane Na+/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). Therefore, it has been suggested that EDLF is an endogenous modulator of the membrane sodium-potassium pump, and that it could play a role in the regulation of fluids and electrolytes, in the myocardial muscular tone and also in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
Immune cell–derived opioids protect against neuropathic pain in mice (2009)

The analgesic effects of leukocyte-derived opioids have been exclusively demonstrated for somatic inflammatory pain, for example, the pain associated with surgery and arthritis. Neuropathic pain results from injury to nerves, is often resistant to current treatments, and can seriously impair a patient's quality of life. Although it has been recognized that neuronal damage can involve inflammation, it is generally assumed that immune cells act predominately as generators of neuropathic pain. However, in this study we have demonstrated that leukocytes containing opioids are essential regulators of pain in a mouse model of neuropathy. About 30%-40% of immune cells that accumulated at injured nerves expressed opioid peptides such as beta-endorphin, Met-enkephalin, and dynorphin A. Selective stimulation of these cells by local application of corticotropin-releasing factor led to opioid peptide-mediated activation of opioid receptors in damaged nerves. This ultimately abolished tactile allodynia, a highly debilitating heightened response to normally innocuous mechanical stimuli, which is symptomatic of neuropathy. Our findings suggest that selective targeting of opioid-containing immune cells promotes endogenous pain control and offers novel opportunities for management of painful neuropathies.
COMMON RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY STRATEGIES IN INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH (2013)

The purpose of this study is to identify the reliability and validity strategies used in Instructional Technology research studies in Turkey. For this purpose, 42 doctoral dissertations published between 2005 and 2011 in the field of Instructional Technology were content analyzed, and then codes were created. Based on the code list, these doctoral dissertations were re-examined by means of the descriptive analysis method. The results show that the main reliability and validity strategies employed in the dissertations are explanation of the data collection instruments, explanation of the administration and the data analysis process, explanation of the participants’ characteristics and their selection process, and surveying expert opinions. However, the strategies of inter-rater reliability between the evaluators, peer reviews, control of consistency in the results, member checking, and the use of language experts were all observed less frequently in the theses. The identification of these strategies should allow researchers to better understand  reliability and validity methodologies, so that they may enhance their usage in Instructional Technology studies.
Rare diseases bullet 5: Primary pulmonary hypertension (1999)

Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is a rare disorder with an incidence of one to two cases per million people per year in Western populations. It is a progressive disease usually affecting the arterial side of the pulmonary circulation and, if untreated, progresses to severe pulmonary hypertension and, finally, right heart failure. Characteristically, and because of the vague nature of the symptoms, PPH may take up to 18 months to diagnose and, following diagnosis, the median survival is under two years. The disease is most common in women (ratio 1.7:1) and the mean age at the time of diagnosis is in the mid 30s. This bleak picture of PPH has been transformed over the last decade, partly because of better diagnostic techniques allowing earlier diagnosis and also because of new treatments, in particular the use of continuous intravenous prostacyclin. It is now realised that vasoconstriction of the pulmonary vascular bed is not the primary cause of PPH but occurs in association with marked histological changes. These histological changes are seen not only in PPH but also in severe pulmonary hypertension in association with other disorders such as HIV infection, connective tissue disease, and the use of appetite suppressant drugs. The realisation that primary or unexplained pulmonary hypertension was the end of a spectrum of several diseases causing severe pulmonary hypertension has lent a new impetus to the understanding of the disease and prompted a major symposium sponsored by the World Health Organisation held in Evian, France, in September 1998. At this symposium were gathered clinical scientists from all over the world with an interest in pulmonary hypertension and the result was a consensus about classification of pulmonary hypertension, the pathobiological methods of screening, risk assessment, and treatment. The first part of this review considers the clinical aspects of pulmonary hypertension, in …
Strategies for software reuse: a principal component analysis of reuse practices (2003)

This research investigates the premise that the likelihood of success of software reuse efforts may vary with the reuse strategy employed and, hence, potential reuse adopters must be able to understand reuse strategy alternatives and their implications. We use survey data collected from 71 software development groups to empirically develop a set of six dimensions that describe the practices employed in reuse programs. The study investigates the patterns in which these practices co-occur in the real world, demonstrating that the dimensions cluster into five distinct reuse strategies, each with a different potential for reuse success. The findings provide a means to classify reuse settings and assess their potential for success.
Applying the National Lung Screening Trial eligibility criteria to the US population: what percent of the population and of incident lung cancers would be covered? (2012)

The National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) demonstrated a 20% reduction in lung cancer mortality for screening with low-dose computed tomography versus chest radiography. The major NLST eligibility criteria were age 55-74, a 30 + pack year smoking history and current smoking status or having quit in the last 15 years. We utilized data from SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results), the United States (US) Census and the National Health Interview Survey, as well as two statistical models of lung cancer risk, to estimate the proportion of the total US population and of those currently diagnosed with lung cancer that would be covered by the NLST and other suggested eligibility criteria. For the NLST criteria, 26.7% of lung cancers and 6.2% of the population (over 40) were covered. A criterion of ever smokers aged 50-79 would cover 68% of the cancers while screening 30% of the (over 40) population. To extend recommended screening beyond the NLST eligibility criteria, two questions are key. First, can the 20% mortality reduction observed in NLST be extrapolated to populations at moderately lower risk? Second, given that such an extrapolation is valid, what background incidence rate is high enough for the balance between the benefits and harms of screening to be favourable? Further research on these questions is needed.
Chemo- and Diastereoselective Reduction of .beta.-Enamino Esters: A Convenient Synthesis of Both cis- and trans-.gamma.-Amino Alcohols and .beta.-Amino Esters (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemo- and Diastereoselective Reduction of .beta.-Enamino Esters: A Convenient Synthesis of Both cis- and trans-.gamma.-Amino Alcohols and .beta.-Amino EstersGiuseppe Bartoli, Cristina Cimarelli, Enrico Marcantoni, Gianni Palmieri, and Marino PetriniCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 18, 5328–5335Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00097a039https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00097a039research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1927Altmetric-Citations187LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts