gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Load management for scaling up Internet services (2002)

As the global Internet traffic increases, many popular sites are often unable to serve their TCP/IP workload, particularly during peak periods of activity. For example, Web servers for sports events are often swamped by requests during and after games. To address this problem, many sites allocate multiple server hosts to concurrently handle the incoming requests. To support workload sharing, they need a method to distribute the requests among the servers. Since network traffic is self-similar, with waves of heavy traffic at peak times, this requires dynamic feedback control. In this presentation we analyse several solutions to this scaling problem (client-based and DNS-based), and show some of their deficiencies. We then present our preferred method, which is based on IP packet forwarding and is transparent to both clients and servers. We implemented a TCP/IP load-management tool, NetDispatcher, that enables scalable, heterogeneous TCP/IP server clusters that can handle millions of TCP connections per hour. NetDispatcher does not perform any TCP/IP header translations. Hence, outgoing server-to-client packets need no processing and can follow a separate network route to the clients, resulting in improved bandwidth utilization and lower latency. Netdispatcher transparently handles server failures. NetDispatcher failures are handled by a shadow node without loosing active connection.
Excitation of stimulated Raman scattering in graded-index fiber waveguides by an arbitrary Gaussian beam (1982)

A theoretical investigation is made of stimulated Raman scattering in graded-index fiber waveguides with a parabolic distribution of the refractive index in the transverse direction. It is assumed that a fiber is pumped by a Gaussian light beam of arbitrary width and with arbitrary focusing at the entry to the fiber waveguide. The process of stimulated Raman scattering is described by expanding the interacting waves in terms of the waveguide quasimodes which are in the form of Gauss–Hermite functions of width variable along the waveguide. Equations for the amplitudes of these functions make it possible to allow for the parametric coupling between the Stokes modes. The conditions are found for the generation of multimode and singlemode Stokes components. It is shown that the efficiency of stimulated Raman scattering is independent of the focusing of a pump beam at the entry of a fiber waveguide and that it increases on increase in the refractive index gradient.
Martensitic Transformations in &beta;<SUB>1</SUB> Cu&ndash;Sn Alloys (1972)

The alloy composition limits for transformation of the ordered bcc β1 Cu–Sn phase to the β1′ and γ1′ martensites during quenching to 20°C and subsequent cooling to −196°C have been determined by optical metallography. It is shown that the limits are imposed by the variation with composition of the initial β1 phase of the Ms and MF temperatures for the transformations. In duplex structures the transformation behaviour changes with quenching temperature probably as a consequence of the temperature dependence of the Sn concentration in the β1 phase.An additional product, termed β′, formed in all alloys quenched from above some minimum temperature and was identified as martensite from relief effects which accompanied the transformation.
Design, Synthesis, and Analysis of the Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships of 4-Phenyl-acyl-substituted 3-(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-ene-2,8-dione Derivatives (2012)

A series of 4-phenyl-acyl-substituted 3-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-ene-2,8-dione derivatives were designed and synthesized, and their structures were characterized using (1)H NMR (or (13)C NMR), mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The bioactivities of the new compounds were evaluated. These compounds exhibited good inhibition activities against bean aphids (Aphis fabae) and carmine spider mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus), and 4-phenyl acyl esters showed stronger bioactivity than 4-arylesterases and alkyl esters. The results showed that compound 8-I-e, which contains a para-methoxy group on the phenyl acyl, and compound 8-I-m, which contains a para-trifluoromethyl group on the phenyl acyl, displayed potent insecticidal activity against A. fabae and T. cinnabarinus respectively. The insecticidal activity showed a clear structure-activity relationship, confirming the importance of the flexible bridge. The DFT/B3LYP/6-31(d) level method was used to calculate molecular geometries and electronic descriptors. These factors included total energy, charge distribution, and the linear orbital level of the title compounds. Quantitative structure-activity relationship studies were performed on these compounds using quantum-chemical and physicochemical parameters as independent variables and insecticidal activity as a dependent variable. Insecticidal activity was most closely correlated (r > 0.8) with quantum chemical and physicochemical parameters.
Spam Filtering Based On The Analysis Of Text Information Embedded Into Images (2006)

In recent years anti-spam filters have become necessary tools for Internet service providers to face up to the continuously growing spam phenomenon. Current server-side anti-spam filters are made up of several modules aimed at detecting different features of spam e-mails. In particular, text categorisation techniques have been investigated by researchers for the design of modules for the analysis of the semantic content of e-mails, due to their potentially higher generalisation capability with respect to manually derived classification rules used in current server-side filters. However, very recently spammers introduced a new trick consisting of embedding the spam message into attached images, which can make all current techniques based on the analysis of digital text in the subject and body fields of e-mails ineffective. In this paper we propose an approach to anti-spam filtering which exploits the text information embedded into images sent as attachments. Our approach is based on the application of state-of-the-art text categorisation techniques to the analysis of text extracted by OCR tools from images attached to e-mails. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is experimentally evaluated on two large corpora of spam e-mails.
A multiprocessor-based "universal" interface for multisensor-based robotic system (2002)

The authors describe the design and implementation of a "universal" interface between a robot controller and a variety of robotic sensors, through which more than one sensor can pass information to the robot's controller in a convenient and efficient way with high speed. An attempt is made to solve the bottleneck problem which relates to the way of connecting multiple sensors, especially the low-speed sensors, with the robot controller, without affecting the speed of real-time robot control. This "universal" interface has a high data transfer rate. It can support not only sensors that require extensive numerical data preprocessing but also sensors that produce only analog signals. The extensibility and portability are achieved through the use of a modular design technique. A multiprocessor and a two-layer hierarchical structure are used to achieve the design goals. Special emphasis is place on the multiprocessor system design, the multilevel interrupt control, parallel processing, and shared memory techniques.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A suite of microplate reader-based colorimetric methods to quantify ammonium, nitrate, orthophosphate and silicate concentrations for aquatic nutrient monitoring (2010)

A sensitive, accurate and rapid analysis of major nutrients in aquatic systems is essential for monitoring and maintaining healthy aquatic environments. In particular, monitoring ammonium (NH(4)(+)) concentrations is necessary for maintenance of many fish stocks, while accurate monitoring and regulation of ammonium, orthophosphate (PO(4)(3-)), silicate (Si(OH)(4)) and nitrate (NO(3)(-)) concentrations are required for regulating algae production. Monitoring of wastewater streams is also required for many aquaculture, municipal and industrial wastewater facilities to comply with local, state or federal water quality effluent regulations. Traditional methods for quantifying these nutrient concentrations often require laborious techniques or expensive specialized equipment making these analyses difficult. Here we present four alternative microcolorimetric assays that are based on a standard 96-well microplate format and microplate reader that simplify the quantification of each of these nutrients. Each method uses small sample volumes (200 µL), has a detection limit ≤ 1 µM in freshwater and ≤ 2 µM in saltwater, precision of at least 8% and compares favorably with standard analytical procedures. Routine use of these techniques in the laboratory and at an aquaculture facility to monitor nutrient concentrations associated with microalgae growth demonstrates that they are rapid, accurate and highly reproducible among different users. These techniques offer an alternative to standard nutrient analyses and because they are based on the standard 96-well format, they significantly decrease the cost and time of processing while maintaining high precision and sensitivity.
Controlling Radiation Damage (2010)

A self-healing mechanism may render nanomaterials highly useful for nuclear applications.
Short Term Frequency Instability Effects in Networks of Coupled Oscillators (1980)

A set of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</tex> identical oscillators (clocks) are connected to form a mutually synchronous network. General matrix expressions are derived for the phase error spectrum at each oscillator when the network operates in the linear regime. For certain topologies of practical interest the phase error variance and the correlation between the errors at different oscillators is computed and compared in their behavior for large <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</tex> . The results presented assume no thermal noise and no delay between the oscillators. However, the theory can be easily extended to include these two effects.
Program Optimization of Stencil Based Application on the GPU-Accelerated System (2009)

Graphic Processing Unit (GPU), with many light-weight data-parallel cores, can provide substantial parallel computational power to accelerate general purpose applications. But the powerful computing capacity could not be fully utilized for memory-intensive applications, which are limited by off-chip memory bandwidth and latency. Stencil computation has abundant parallelism and low computational intensity which make it a useful architectural evaluation benchmark. In this paper, we propose some memory optimizations for a stencil based application mgrid from SPEC 2K benchmarks. Through exploiting data locality in 3-level memory hierarchies and tuning the thread granularity, we reduce the pressure on the off-chip memory bandwidth. To hide the long off-chip memory access latency, we further prefetch data during computation through double-buffer. In order to fully exploit the CPU-GPU heterogeneous system, we redistribute the computation between these two computing resource. Through all these optimizations, we gain 24.2x speedup compared to the simple mapping version, and get as high as 34.3x speedup when compared with a CPU implementation.
Power and bandwidth efficient modulation and coding for small satellite communication terminals (2003)

The objective of this project is to maximise the power and bandwidth efficiency of small satellite Earth communication terminals whose main limitation to satellite capacity is a nonlinear transmitting power amplifier. A form of envelope equalisation is presented in which regular QPSK modulation is used together with instantaneous data magnitude modulation so as to produce a near constant envelope signal when filtered with root 35% raised cosine filtering. The algorithm for deriving the magnitude values is presented along with results using a data lookup table approximation. Bit error rate figures are presented for envelope equalisation combined with a (4096,3249) binary product code and MAP decoding. It is shown that at 10/sup -6/ BER the E/sub b//N/sub 0/ is 3.52 dB, some 0.26 dB from the linear system. When used with a nonlinear power amplifier, the benefit of envelope equalisation is approximately 3 dB. The power spectrum is identical to that of the linear system with no spectral spreading and no increase in adjacent channel interference.
Microwave‐assisted Synthesis of a 3‐Aminoimidazo[1,2‐<i>a</i>]‐pyridine/pyrazine Library by Fluorous Multicomponent Reactions and Subsequent Cross‐coupling Reactions (2004)

Abstract Microwave and fluorous technologies are employed to increase reaction speed and reduce separation time in solution‐phase parallel synthesis of a substituted 3‐aminoimidazo[1,2‐ a ]pyridine and 3‐aminoimidazo[1,2‐ a ]pyrazine library. Multicomponent reactions of perfluorooctanesulfonyl‐tagged benzaldehydes with 2‐aminopyridines (or 2‐aminopyrazines) and isocyanides are followed by Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions with boronic acids or thiols to form biaryls or aryl sulfides. Reaction mixtures are purified by fluorous solid‐phase extraction (F‐SPE) or crystallization.
The Vaginal Microflora of Pig-Tailed Macaques and the Effects of Chlorhexidine and Benzalkonium on This Ecosystem (1996)

These observations demonstrate that the vaginal microflora of the pig-tailed macaque is a useful model in which to further evaluate newly developed intravaginal contraceptives that may be microbicidal and/or virucidal before widespread intravaginal use in women.
The Asymmetric Long-Run Relationship between Crude Oil and Gold Futures (2012)

This study employs the momentum threshold error-correction model with generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity to investigate asymmetric cointegration and causal relationships between West Texas Intermediate Crude Oil and gold prices in the futures market. The paper examines data from May 1, 1994 to November 20, 2008. The empirical results show that an asymmetric long-run adjustment exists between gold and oil. Furthermore, the causality relationship shows that West Texas Intermediate Crude Oil plays a dominant role. The findings should prove valuable to individual investors and financial institutions who can use the findings here to gold prices based on oil prices.
Introduction (2013)

Extract Not all aspects of mind fill time in the same way. For example, some elements of our mental lives obtain over intervals of time, others unfold over time, some continue to occur throughout intervals of time, and so on. These distinctions of temporal character are often highlighted in work on the ontology of mind, where it is suggested that they play a crucial role in determining which ontological category a given aspect of mind belongs to––e.g. in determining whether that aspect of mind is a mental state, a mental event, or a mental process. In this book I try to show how these ontological distinctions can be put to work in ways that can help to illuminate a number of other debates in the philosophy of mind. In particular, I discuss various ways in which the application of these distinctions can help inform philosophical accounts of both sensory and cognitive aspects of our conscious mental lives.
Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> Absorption by Inhalation (1967)

SUMMARY Cyanocobalamin in the form of an aerosol was inhaled by normal subjects, patients with pulmonary diffusion defects and patients with vitamin B 12 deficiency. In all groups there was a rapid increase in serum B 12 levels suggesting that absorption had occurred by diffusion through the lung alveoli. Six patients with pernicious anaemia given daily inhalations showed complete clinical and haematological remission and a group of six patients with B 2 deficiency were maintained in remission for 12 months. While effective, this method of administration of vitamin B 12 is not regarded as superior to that of injections and is therefore considered to have no therapeutic application. The possibility of inducing pulmonary damage is considered.
Enhanced Proliferation and Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Synovium-Derived Stem Cells Expanded with Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (2010)

Synovium-derived stem cell (SDSC) is one of valuable sources for cartilage regeneration. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was reported to augment the differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells originating from a variety of sources. In this study, we applied various concentrations of bFGF to monolayer cultures of SDSCs and evaluated its effects on proliferation and chondrogenesis. SDSCs expressed mRNAs of FGF receptor 1, 2, 3, and 4, but produced only FGF receptor 3 protein. The SDSCs were expanded as monolayer supplemented with various concentrations of bFGF (0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 ng/mL) before chondrogenesis. Cell shrinkage and increased actin expression was noted as well as enhanced proliferation by bFGF treatment in monolayer cultures. Cell surface marker CD34 and CD49a expression of SDSCs was decreased with 10 and 100 ng/mL of bFGF. In micromass pellet cultures, bFGF-treated SDSCs showed augmented sizes, weights, and glycosaminoglycan accumulation of pellets by bFGF supplementation. Messenger RNA and protein expression of type II and type X collagen were upregulated in pellets cultured bFGF. These results demonstrated that bFGF was an effective agent for the enhancement of SDSC proliferation and chondrogenesis. From the results in this study, we could elect the 10 ng/mL of bFGF as an optimal concentration for pretreatment of SDSCs before chondrogenic differentiation.
Design of decoupling control and time-delay compensation for a CFSTR (2010)

This thesis is concerned with the design of a decoupling compensator and a time-delay compensator for a nonisothermal continuous flow stirred tank reactor (CFSTR). An expression for the analysis of interaction of the two-variable CFSTR was theoretically derived by using the relative gain method (RGM). For the purpose of improving the stability of the decoupling control system, undercompensation for a decoupled CFSTR system was suggested and the robustness test of such undercompensation decoupler to the modelling error was studied. On the other hand, the proposed time-delay compensation method, unlike conventional Smith's scheme, can rely on the basic property of gain-invariant time-delay. The stability of this time-delay compensation method is not affected by the CFSTR control system time-variant time-delay, while its compensation structure has the same features as the Smith compensator. The design of a decoupler and that of a time-delay compensator are independent of each other. All compensation structures are physically realizable. The theoretical results are supported by simulation. Simulation results for a CFSTR demonstrate that the undercompensation decoupling control can tolerate a relatively wide modelling error and reduce the sensitivity of the CFSTR process to parameter variations and unwanted disturbances. Also, simulation results show that the proposed time-delay compensator can provide an improvement over the conventional Smith compensator.
Stability of weakly nonlinear deep-water waves in two and three dimensions (1981)

The stability of a weakly nonlinear wave train on deep water to two- and three-dimensional modulations is investigated using an improved approximation due to Zakharov (1968). The results are expressible in simple analytical forms, and show good quantitative agreement with available experimental data and exact numerical calculations over a broad range of wave steepness in the unidirectional case.
Foam Sponge For Cell Block Preparations in Paraffin Sections (1985)

Journal Article Foam Sponge For Cell Block Preparations in Paraffin Sections Get access Lorraine D. Foltz, BA, HT(ASCP) Lorraine D. Foltz, BA, HT(ASCP) Histology Laboratory, Mary Immaculate Hospital, Jamaica, NY 11432. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Laboratory Medicine, Volume 16, Issue 11, 1 November 1985, Page 696, https://doi.org/10.1093/labmed/16.11.696 Published: 01 November 1985
Surface Structure of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (1969)

Summary Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of foot-and-mouth disease virus disrupted with 8m-urea revealed the presence of five major protein bands and one minor one. Evidence was obtained suggesting the likelihood of these bands being due to the presence of distinct polypeptides in the virus protein. Virus which had lost 3 to 4 log. of infectivity by treatment with trypsin also yielded six bands in polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Five of these bands had the same mobility and intensity as those found in untreated virus but the slowest-moving band in the untreated virus had an enhanced mobility after enzyme treatment, suggesting that only one of the constituent polypeptides of the virus protein was affected by the enzyme. This polypeptide is necessary for the attachment of the virus to susceptible cells and for the immunizing activity of the inactivated virus particle.
ADVANCED TECHNIQUES FOR ENGINE RESEARCH AND DESIGN. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, JOURNAL OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING (1989)

The paper discusses improvements made to internal combustion engines and it is shown that, with the availability of high-speed computers, there are possibilities for more advances to be made in design, performance and use of alternative fuels. Limits on co, nox, hc and exhaust particles are likely to be extended, and other pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pah's) may have defined limits. The paper also discusses how finite element analysis and computer aided design (cad) techniques have been developed to simulate engine combustion cyclic processes.
V.—Stereochemistry of unsaturated carbon compounds. Part I. Etherification of substituted acrylic acids (1898)

J. J. Sudborough and L. L. Lloyd, J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1898, 73, 81 DOI: 10.1039/CT8987300081
44. Reaction of 1 : 2-dichloro-3 : 4-epoxybutane and related compounds (1959)

E. G. E. Hawkins, J. Chem. Soc., 1959, 248 DOI: 10.1039/JR9590000248
Factors in the formation of isomerically and optically pure alkyl halides. Part VIII. Rearrangements in the reactions of branched-chain alcohols with boron trichloride and boron tribromide (1971)

Reactions of branched-chain alcohols with boron trichloride and boron tribromide afford mixtures of alkyl halide isomers in almost all cases. Only the reaction of boron trichloride with t-butyl alcohol gives an isomerically pure product. The dichloroborinates (alkoxydichloroboranes) of primary alcohols are the only intermediates which are isolable at room temperature. Rearrangements are largely in accord with a carbonium ion mechanism, although isomerisation of t-pentyl products can yield 2-halogeno-3-methylbutanes. The unexpected formation of primary alkyl bromides in the isopropyl, t-butyl, and t-pentyl systems, is probably due to free-radical combination of alkene and hydrogen bromide which are by-products of the reaction; no rearrangement accompanies the nitrous acid deamination of the corresponding primary amines.