gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Review: Immunity mechanisms in crustaceans (2009)

Crustacean aquaculture represents a major industry in tropical developing countries. As a result of high culture densities and increasing extension of aquaculture farms, the presence of diseases has also increased, inducing economic losses. Invertebrates, which lack adaptive immune systems, have developed defense systems that respond against antigens on the surface of potential pathogens. The defense mechanisms of crustaceans depend completely on the innate immune system that is activated when pathogen-associated molecular patterns are recognized by soluble or by cell surface host proteins, such as lectins, antimicrobial, clotting, and pattern recognition proteins, which, in turn, activate cellular or humoral effector mechanisms to destroy invading pathogens. This work is aimed at presenting the main characteristics of the crustacean proteins that participate in immune defense by specific recognition of carbohydrate containing molecules, i.e. glycans, glycolipids, glycoproteins, peptidoglycans, or lipopolysaccharides from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, viruses, or fungi. We review some basic aspects of crustacean effector defense processes, like agglutination, encapsulation, phagocytosis, clottable proteins, and bactericidal activity, induced by these carbohydrate-driven recognition patterns.
Treatment of bone marrow lesions (bone marrow edema) (2015)

Bone marrow lesions (BMLs) or using older terminology 'Bone marrow edema' is characterised by excessive water signals in the marrow space on magnetic resonance imaging or ultrasound; BMLs constitute a central component of a wide variety of inflammatory and non-inflammatory rheumatologic conditions affecting the musculoskeletal system: BMLs are not only considered significant sources of pain but also linked to increased disease activity in many musculoskeletal conditions (for example, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis). The purpose of this review is to summarise current knowledge about the treatment of BMLs, with an emphasis on the clinical and histological features of this entity in inflammatory and non-inflammatory disease. We also try to pair this hypothesis with the apparent beneficial effects of various treatment regimens, mainly within the group of bone antiresorptive drugs (calcitonin, bisphosphonates) on symptoms associated with BMLs.
Biosynthesis of Trace-Ethylene in Some Fruits. (1992)

SystemI-C2H4がsystemII-C2H4と同様にACC-C2H4系により生合成されているかどうかをトマト,ウメおよびキュウリ果実を用いて調べた.1.ACC合成酵素の阻害剤であるAOAとEFEの阻害剤であるSAはいずれの果実でも, systemI-C2H4の生成を効果的に抑制した. また, ACC含量は, AOA処理で減少し, SA処理で蓄積する傾向がみられた.2.トマト果実を45°C高温処理したところ, 成熟果実では12時間でEFE活性はほぼ完全に抑制され, それに伴ってsystemI-C2H4の生成もほぼ完全に停止した。しかし, preclimacteric段階の果実ではEFE活性の抑制はかなりみられたが, systemI-C2H4の生成抑制率は50%以下であった.3.これらの結果から, トマトでは若干疑問が残るものの, 大部分のsystemI-C2H4はsystemII-C2H4と同様にACC-C2H4系によって生合成されているように思われた.
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF GLUTAMIC ACID AND RELATED COMPOUNDS ON BACTERIAL CELLS SUBJECTED TO FREEZE-DRYING (1963)

The presence of glutamic acid in a suspending medium prevented remarkably the death of various bacteria (21 species, 26 strains) subjected to the process of freeze-drying. Systematic studies were made of the protective effects of 45 compounds related chemically with glutamic acid, and the following compounds were found to be effective for both Gram-positive and -negative organisms tested: aspartic acid, malic acid, cysteic acid, threonine, pyrrolidone- carboxylic acid, acetylglycine, malonic acid, α-methyl-glutamic acid, N-acetyl- glutamic acid, N-dimethyl-glutamic acid and N-dimethyl-aspartic acid. L- and D-forms of glutamic acid showed equally strong protective activities. Aminomalonic acid, tartoronic acid, α-aminopimelic acid, α-ketoglutaric acid and lysine were effective only for Gram-positive bacteria. The protective effect of glutamic acid and related compounds are considered to be of some physicochemical nature and not of a metabolic one. Chemical structures of the effective compounds seems to be characterized by the presence of a hydrogen-bond generating group (e, g., -NH2, >NH, -OH or =O) and two acid groups (e. g., α-COOH and γ-COOH).
Nitrogen limitation and nitrogen fixation during alkane biodegradation in a sandy soil (1993)

We investigated nutrient limitations during hydrocarbon degradation in a sandy soil and found that fixed nitrogen was initially a limiting nutrient but that N limitation could sometimes be overcome by N2 fixation. Hydrocarbon biodegradation was examined in an unsaturated sandy soil incubated aerobically at 20 degrees C with propane or butane and various added nutrients. Propane and butane degradation proceeded similarly during the first 3 months of incubation. That is, bacteria in soil amended with N oxidized these hydrocarbons more rapidly than in controls without nutrient additions or in soil with added phosphate or trace minerals. Both propane- and butane-amended soil apparently became N limited after the initial available inorganic N was utilized, as indicated by a decrease in the rates of hydrocarbon degradation. After 3 months, propane and butane degradation proceeded differently. Bacteria in propane-degrading soil apparently remained N limited because propane degradation rates stayed low unless more N was added. In contrast, bacteria in butane-degrading soil appeared to overcome their N limitation because butane degradation rates later increased regardless of whether more N was added. Analyses of total N and acetylene reduction assays supported this apparent surplus of N in butane-amended soil. Total N was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in soil incubated with butane and no N amendments than in soil incubated with propane, even when the latter was amended with N. Acetylene reduction occurred only in butane-amended soil. These results indicate that N2 fixation occurred in butane-amended soil but not in propane-amended soil.
Short wave infrared (SWIR) imaging systems using small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS) (2015)

Unmanned Aerial Systems are currently in use for a wide variety of applications with digital cameras and thermal cameras, but recent advances in Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) imaging systems or imagers have led to their commercial availability. The SWIR spectrum is a reflected light region and similar to near-infrared (NIR) is invisible to human eyes. The unique properties of this spectrum such as penetration of haze and smoke and its high sensitivity to moisture make it a potentially significant addition to small UAS (sUAS) applications. The use of sUASs to provide higher temporal and spatial resolutions has the potential for new applications otherwise impossible. In this paper, a tutorial introduction to the SWIR spectrum and its enabled potential applications for small UASs is presented. Furthermore this paper outlines how sUAS remote sensing applications stand to benefit from the use of SWIR imaging systems, as the effectiveness of SWIR bands in satellite imagery for metrics related to water content have already been demonstrated. Results from real world sUAS flight missions are included.
Surface Modification of Materials by Plasma Process and UV-induced Grafted Polymerization for Biomedical Applications (2007)

Surface modification using plasma treated and graft polymerization is versatile process, with systems on the market capable of treating everything from polymer, metal, and ceramic substrates. The major advantage is that the modification is caused no substrate damage or bulk property changes. This is a very effective method to modify the surfaces of biomaterials to achieve desired physical or mechanical properties, or to induce a specific response when the device is placed in the body. They offer attractive possibilities for developing new biomaterials and for improving the performance of existing materials and devices. Hence, in this review, we describe the application of plasma treatment and graft polymerization on biomaterials field. The various applications are discussed in the following: (1) easy stripped-off wound dressing, (2) porous three-dimensional temporary scaffolds, (3) quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) base biosensors, and (4) covalent immobilization of glucose oxidase onto inorganic substrates
Multiclass boosting with repartitioning (2006)

A multiclass classification problem can be reduced to a collection of binary problems with the aid of a coding matrix. The quality of the final solution, which is an ensemble of base classifiers learned on the binary problems, is affected by both the performance of the base learner and the error-correcting ability of the coding matrix. A coding matrix with strong error-correcting ability may not be overall optimal if the binary problems are too hard for the base learner. Thus a trade-off between error-correcting and base learning should be sought. In this paper, we propose a new multiclass boosting algorithm that modifies the coding matrix according to the learning ability of the base learner. We show experimentally that our algorithm is very efficient in optimizing the multiclass margin cost, and outperforms existing multiclass algorithms such as AdaBoost.ECC and one-vs-one. The improvement is especially significant when the base learner is not very powerful.
Synthesis of Thienyl Analogs of Substituted Flavonoids (1975)

Department of Chemistry, Marathwada University, Aurangabad <em>Manuscript received 20 August 1974; accepted 11 December 1974</em> As a part of our scheme towards finding a relationship between the structure and biological activity, a number of new dialkyl, dihalogeno, alkyl-halogono benzochromones and acrylo-phenones having 2-thienyl-heterocyclic substituent at 2-and 3-positions respectively have been prepared.
Testing the Alexithymia Hypothesis: Physiological and Subjective Responses During Relaxation and Stress (1997)

Alexithymia has been linked to various disorders, including compulsive behaviors, anxiety disorders, and physical conditions with or without symptoms. It has been hypothesized that these disorders result from the alexithymic inability to differentiate and elaborate affect, which gives rise to physiological arousal and a negative subjective state, which are not regulated by psychological strategies. We tested these hypothesized mechanisms by comparing 42 alexithymic subjects with 42 sex- and race-matched non-alexithymic subjects on physiological and subjective responses to an autogenic relaxation exercise and three different laboratory stressors. Alexithymic subjects had tonically greater electrodermal activity and reported more arousal and displeasure in general than nonalexithymic subjects. Groups did not differ in the degree to which they relaxed, but alexithymic subjects reported less enjoyment of, less involvement in, and poorer imagery during relaxation. All three stressors evoked reactivity, and alexithymic women had less heart rate change when viewing disgusting scenes than did nonalexithymic women; in general, however, groups did not differ in reactivity or recovery to the stressors. We find some support for the hypothesized mechanisms of alexithymia, and we suggest specific links between alexithymia and clinical disorders.
Stress-relaxation characteristics of natural rubber modified with phosphorylated cashew nut shell liquid prepolymer (1997)

The tensile stress-relaxation characteristics at room temperature of gum NR vulcanizates containing 10–20 phr of phosphorylated cashew nut shell liquid (PCNSL) prepolymer were studied at various strain rates and strain levels, in comparison with that containing the same dosage of 2-ethyl hexyl diphenyl phosphate and the unmodified sample. Modification of NR with 10–15 phr of PCNSL resulted in improvements in tensile properties along with a lower degree of stress relaxation at the higher strain rates and strain levels. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 65: 2183–2189, 1997
A two-stage cognitive theory of the positive symptoms of psychosis. Highlighting the role of lowered decision thresholds (2016)

The theory may account for positive symptoms in a subgroup of patients. Future directions are outlined.
Advances in speech and audio compression (1994)

Speech and audio compression has advanced rapidly in recent years spurred on by cost-effective digital technology and diverse commercial applications. Recent activity in speech compression is dominated by research and development of a family of techniques commonly described as code-excited linear prediction (CELP) coding. These algorithms exploit models of speech production and auditory perception and offer a quality versus bit rate tradeoff that significantly exceeds most prior compression techniques for rates in the range of 4 to 16 kb/s. Techniques have also been emerging in recent years that offer enhanced quality in the neighborhood of 2.4 kb/s over traditional vocoder methods. Wideband audio compression is generally aimed at a quality that is nearly indistinguishable from consumer compact-disc audio. Subband and transform coding methods combined with sophisticated perceptual coding techniques dominate in this arena with nearly transparent quality achieved at bit rates in the neighborhood of 128 kb/s per channel.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
GENETIC NETWORKS CONTROLLING THE INITIATION OF SPORULATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF GENETIC COMPETENCE IN <i>BACILLUS SUBTILIS</i> (1995)

Interconnected regulatory networks control the initiation of sporulation and the development of genetic competence in Bacillus subtilis. These two developmental pathways have both common and distinct elements and employ similar regulatory strategies. Activation of the ComK transcription factor serves to integrate many of the physiological signals that control competence development, including cell density signals. The cell density signals for competence are mediated by two different peptide pheromones, the ComX pheromone, a 9 or 10 amino acid peptide with a modified tryptophan residue, and the competence stimulating factor, CSF, which is at least in part a peptide. Activation of the Spo0A transcription factor by phosphorylation serves as a developmental checkpoint and to integrate several physiological signals that control entry into the sporulation pathway. The physiological signals are generated by conditions of nutrient deprivation, high cell density, the Krebs cycle, DNA replication, DNA damage, and some aspect of the chromosome partitioning machinery. Both the ComK and Spo0A transcription factors are part of autogenous regulatory loops that control entry into competence or sporulation.
DNA fingerprinting by arbitrarily primed PCR. (1994)

Fingerprinting of genomes with arbitrary primers (l'z) has proved a versatile method for detecting polymorphisms for genetic mapping, phylogenetics, and population biology. The method generates a fingerprint using arbitrarily selected primers under conditions where the primer will initiate synthesis on DNA even when the match with the template is imperfect. Some of these priming events occur in opposite strands. The most efficiently primed of these pairs of priming events compete with each other during amplification to produce a fingerprint of a few to >100 prominent PCR products. There have been more than 300 published papers that have used this strategy. In the last 4 years a multitude of variants and improvements have been developed. In this brief methods-oriented review, we will highlight some of these protocols and justify our current preferred protocol for DNA fingerprinting. Readers are also referred to some other recent reviews. (3-7) An accompanying article (8) will discuss RNA fingerprinting using arbitrarily primed PCR. (9'1~
Planar optical waveguides fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy of Pb-doped CaF2 layers (1997)

Molecular beam epitaxy of rare-earth-doped CaF2 layers has already been demonstrated. Optical waveguiding can be obtained if the refractive index variation due to the rare-earth doping is high enough. To tailor separately the refractive index profile and the active ion profile in the layer, the former should be modified by a passive impurity. This letter demonstrates that passive waveguides can be obtained in CaF2 epitaxial layers by the introduction of moderate concentrations of Pb. Monomode planar waveguides with a steplike index variation ranging from 0.2% to 1.2% (relative to CaF2) have been grown and characterized, paving the way for the independent engineering of refractive index and active center distributions in optical active waveguide devices made of this kind of material.
Double iterative framework for flow-sensitive interprocedural data flow analysis (1994)

Compiler optimization, parallel processing, data flow testing, and symbolic debugging can benefit from interprocedural data flow analysis. However, the live, reaching definition, and most summary data flow problems are theoretically intractable in the interprocedural case. A method is presented that reduces the exponential time bound with the help of an algorithm that solves the problem in polynomial time. Either the resulting sets contain precise results or the missing (or additional) results do not cause any problems during their use. We also introduce the double iterative framework, where one procedure is processed at a time. The results of the intraprocedural analysis of procedures then propagates along the edges of the call multi-graph. In this way the intra and interprocedural analyses are executed alternately until there is no change in any result set. This method can be applied to any known interprocedural data flow problem. Here the algorithms for the kill, live variables, and reaching definitions problems are presented. Besides for precision, the algorithms can be used for very large programs, and since inter and intraprocedural analyses can be optimized separately, the method is fast as well.
Evidence for pearl-like magnetic island structures at dawn and dusk side magnetopause (2014)

Two-dimensional magnetopause structure with a series of pearl-like magnetic islands at the dawn side of the equatorial plane was reported earlier by Hau and Sonnerup (1999) from the AMPTE/IRM data by solving the Grad-Shafranov equation as a spatial initial value problem. This paper presents another rare event that appears like the image of the dawn event at the dusk side magnetopause based on the analysis of two years satellite data and similar reconstruction method. The two crossings occur at (x, y, z) = (7.13,−6.64, 0.4) and (7.93, 9.06,−1.89)R E with magnetopause normal n̂ being (0.85,−0.52, 0.003) and (0.82, 0.55,−0.17) in the GSE coordinates, respectively. Both events are tangential discontinuity-like structures with shear angles being 124° and 97° and convect tailward with the deHoffmann-Teller frame velocity VHT of (−141.88,−215.47,72.48) and (−100.26, 144.52,20.90) (km/s), respectively, that form approximately 90° from n̂. The magnetic field configurations in both cases show great similarity with the same island width of ∼500 km and aspect ratio of ∼0.2.
Selective surface modification of polymers by means of hydrogen and oxygen plasmas (1983)

Abstract An ESCA investigation has been made of the changes in surface functionalization for a series of polymers effected by means of low‐powered inductively coupled rf plasmas excited in hydrogen and oxygen. Reactions in each case are confined to the outermost surfaces of the polymer films and the use of oxygen plasmas leads to extensive oxidative functionalization. Bisphenol‐A polycarbonate and polyethylene terephthalate exhibit similar overall reactivities to both oxygen and hydrogen plasmas, while polystyrene is shown to be substantially more reactive than high‐density polyethylene to the plasma treatments of interest in this work. Comparison has been made of the effects of straight hydrogen and oxygen plasmas and of sequential hydrogen/oxygen and oxygen/hydrogen plasma treatments.
Regioselective Metallative Functionalization of 5-Azaindole (2006)

The C-2- and C-3-controlled functionalization of 5-azaindoles using directed ortho-metallation (DoM) and metal-halogen exchange processes is reported. The choice of the directed metallation group (DMG) and the lithium base source were found to be crucial for the achievement of the observed results. Thus, using the N-benzenesulfonyl DMG allowed C-2 deprotonation with LDA and thereby the synthesis of various corresponding products such as halo derivatives, stannanes and boronic esters in good to excellent yields. On the other hand, electrophilic iodination followed by lithium-halogen exchange and electrophile quench led to similarly diverse C-3-substituted products in reasonable to excellent yields.
Universal Primers for Detection and Sequencing of Hepatitis B Virus Genomes across Genotypes A to G (2015)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been divided into 10 genotypes, A to J, based on an 8% nucleotide sequence divergence between genotypes. The conventional practice of using a single set of primers to amplify a near-complete HBV genome is hampered by its low analytical sensitivity. The current practice of using overlapping conserved primer sets to amplify a complete HBV genome in a clinical sample is limited by the lack of pan-primers to detect all HBV genotypes. In this study, we designed six highly conserved, overlapping primer sets to cover the complete HBV genome. We based our design on the sequences of 5,154 HBV genomes of genotypes A to I downloaded from the GenBank nucleotide database. These primer sets were tested on 126 plasma samples from Malaysia, containing genotypes A to D and with viral loads ranging from 20 to >79,780,000 IU/ml. The overall success rates for PCR amplification and sequencing were >96% and >94%, respectively. Similarly, there was 100% amplification and sequencing success when the primer sets were tested on an HBV reference panel of genotypes A to G. Thus, we have established primer sets that gave a high analytical sensitivity for PCR-based detection of HBV and a high rate of sequencing success for HBV genomes in most of the viral genotypes, if not all, without prior known sequence data for the particular genotype/genome.