gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Air Pollution in Makkah, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (2014)

Spatial - temporal analysis of air pollutants is fundamental to the process of air pollutants related risk and damage assessment. This paper analyses spatiotemporal variability of air pollutants in Makkah, using data from 4 monitoring sites during the Hajj (Pilgrimage) 1433 (October, 2012). The analysis is based on graphical presentations, correlation analysis and analysis of variance. The analysis of variance showed significant difference (p-value < 0.05) between various monitoring sites and dates for all pollutants. Both diurnal and weekly cycles of the air pollutants demonstrated considerable variations at different sites. Correlation coefficients (R) between PM10 concentrations measured at different monitoring sites were mostly positive and ranged from 0.01 to 0.45. Correlation analysis showed mostly negative and much weaker association between SO2 measured at different monitoring sites (R = -0.02 to -0.21). O3 demonstrated the strongest positive correlation between different monitoring sites and ranged from 0.55 to 0.86. The correlation coefficients of CO monitored at different monitoring sites ranged from 0.21 to 0.63, whereas those of NO and NO2 ranged from 0.39 to 0.71 and 0.20 to 0.60, respectively. The strongest spatial correlation of O3 is probably due to the fact that O3 is a regional pollutant and is more related to the regional emissions of precursors and meteorological parameters. This is the first attempt to analyse the spatial variability of air pollutants in Makkah, however the study is based over a shorter period of time, therefore further work is required to analyse these trends over a greater range of time and space.
Ways and means for left shifts in the MaxiK channel (1997)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Mechanism for safe remote activation of networked surgical and PoC devices using dynamic assignable controls (2016)

The number of devices within an operating room (OR) increases continuously as well as the complexity of the complete system. One key enabler to handle the complexity is an interoperable and vendor independent system of networked medical devices. To build up such an interoperable system we use the proposed IEEE 11073 SDC standards (IEEE P11073-10207, -20701, -20702) for networked point-of-care (PoC) and surgical devices. One of the major problems within the OR is that typically every device has its own control unit. This leads to unsatisfying situations like a high number of foot switches that causes operating errors or the problem that the physician cannot reach the control unit of the device where parameters have to be changed or an activation should be triggered. Dynamically assignable controls will solve these problems. This paper describes mechanisms that allow a safe remote activation of safety critical device functionalities based on a potentially unsafe off-the-shelf network with problems like connection loss and jitter. The proposed systems is based on a periodic reactivation of the device functionality and the additional use safety related information that is included into the activate operation command. The main advantage is that all described mechanisms make use of the self-description capability provided by the IEEE 11073 SDC. This enables a real interoperability and plug-and-play functionality because both the medical device and the control client do not need any a priori knowledge about each other.
Mechanical Robustness of Solder Connections to Thick Film Gold (2011)

Thick film gold metallization is required for many high reliability circuits, especially those subjected to operation in high temperature or high humidity environments. Traditionally, wire bonded bare die are used on these circuits, but there is a trend to replace them with BGA packaged devices. State-of-the-art, chip scale packages increase circuit volume by less than 20 percent, while their use greatly simplifies testing and repair, as compared to wire bonded die. The use of small, high density I/O pad arrays for attachment of BGA packages, necessitates very careful control of the solder reflow process to avoid excessive leaching of the gold into the solder. Also, unlike passive chip components and leaded devices, the solder filet associated with a solder ball attachment does not distribute mechanical loads over an extended area. Consequently, the stresses imposed on fine pitch, BGA pads are much higher than those imposed by other components. During aging, the gold metallization is converted to gold-tin intermetallic as inter-diffusion proceeds. This further reduces the mechanical integrity of the solder connection. This manifests itself in the observation that when BGA solder balls are subjected to accelerated aging followed by shear testing, the entire solder pad lifts off of the substrate, rather than failing in the solder joint. What we have done is construct a diffusion based model to estimate the conversion of a thick film gold metallization pad to intermetallic and coupled this result with a finite element analysis to examine the effect of pad size and solder composition on the propensity of a pad to lift off the substrate, when subjected to mechanical or thermal induced loading. We are designing experiments to compare the predictions of our model to experimental results obtained from shearing solder balls, of different compositions and sizes, attached to substrates metalized with several different solderable, thick film gold materials.
Enhanced Electrochemical Properties of LiFePO<sub>4</sub> Electrodes with Carboxylated Poly(vinyl difluoride) in Lithium-Ion Batteries: Experimental and Theoretical Analysis (2011)

The adhesion strengths between LiFePO4 cathodes and aluminum (Al) current collectors as well as the corresponding electrochemical properties of electrodes with carboxylated poly(vinyl difluoride) (C-PVdF) were experimentally and theoretically investigated. The adhesion strength of LiFePO4 cathodes with C-PVdF on Al current collectors were increased, compared with that of as-received PVdF, resulting in the reduction of the internal resistance of the electrode. These results were supported by theoretical simulations based on the Metropolis Monte Carlo method. Electrochemical experiments indicated that the cyclability and rate capabilities of the cathode were improved as the weight fraction of C-PVdF in the electrode increased up to 70% of the polymer binders. In addition, 18 650-sized full cells employing the electrodes with C-PVdF showed promising performance in terms of rate capability as well as long-term cyclability, which suggests that this strategy can be beneficial for the realization of high power sources such as electric vehicles, electric bikes, and various power tools.
Decrease in Sub-harmonics Frequency Noise Induced by Rotor Eccentric Motion and its Induction Currents between Parallel Stator Circuits (2013)

A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is one of the solutions to improve the efficiency of a drive and to reduce CO2 emissions. It is desirable to decrease the motor size and to increase the maximum torque to minimize the size of the driving units. For these purposes, motors employing permanent magnet have been commonly used recently. Depending on the electrical output up-rating of an HEV motor, parallel circuit will be employed in the armature circuit. However, this could possibly cause noise and vibration in the motor because the motor driving systems of HEVs or electric vehicles (EVs) must operate over large variable speed ranges of up to 1: 5. The authors analyzed the features of the noise patterns and identified the main cause. Mock-up tests were conducted to confirm the main cause, and the countermeasures including a winding scheme change, were determined. This paper describes the mechanism of sub-harmonics frequency noise and vibrations arising from rotor eccentric motion and currents in parallel circuits and a method to decrease them.
Registration of Turf‐Type Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivars ‘Awesome’, ‘Blue Velvet’, ‘Courtyard’, ‘Ginney’, and ‘Perfection’ (2010)

Kentucky bluegrass ( Poa pratensis L.) is typically grown in multiple‐cultivar blends for golf‐course, sports‐field, lawn, and landscape surfaces. This article describes the breeding and development of five cultivars, all sharing the common trait of tolerance to low mowing heights. ‘Awesome’ (Reg. No. CV‐96, PI 632299), ‘Blue Velvet’ (Reg. No. CV‐98, PI 635049), ‘Courtyard’ (Reg. No. CV‐97, PI 635048), ‘Ginney’(Reg. No. CV‐99, PI 634980), and ‘Perfection’ (Reg. No. CV‐95, PI 632298) are seed‐propagated, single‐clone, apomictic cultivars with minor, but measurable, differences in morphology. Awesome, Blue Velvet, Courtyard, and Perfection were developed from a hybrid cross between ‘Limousine’ and ‘Midnight’ Kentucky bluegrass. Ginney was developed from a hybrid cross between ‘Julia’ and Limousine. All five cultivars are classified as late in reproductive maturity. They are resistant to dollar spot (caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa F.T. Bennett), warm‐weather brown patch (caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn), and summer patch (caused by Magnaporthe poae Landschoot & Jackson). Awesome, Blue Velvet, Courtyard, Ginney, and Perfection are recommended for golf‐course tees, fairways, and roughs and for lawns, parks, and sports turf, in full sun or partial shade, and in areas where Kentucky bluegrass is well adapted for turf. They are compatible in blends and mixtures with other cool‐season turfgrasses at mowing heights as low as 13 mm.
Capacity Fade in Lithium-Ion Batteries and Cyclic Aging over Various State-of-Charge Ranges (2019)

In order to develop long-lifespan batteries, it is of utmost importance to identify the relevant aging mechanisms and their relation to operating conditions. The capacity loss in a lithium-ion battery originates from (i) a loss of active electrode material and (ii) a loss of active lithium. The focus of this work is the capacity loss caused by lithium loss, which is irreversibly bound to the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on the graphite surface. During operation, the particle surface suffers from dilation, which causes the SEI to break and then be rebuilt, continuously. The surface dilation is expected to correspond with the well-known graphite staging mechanism. Therefore, a high-power 2.6 Ah graphite/LiNiCoAlO2 cell (Sony US18650VTC5) is cycled at different, well-defined state-of-charge (SOC) ranges, covering the different graphite stages. An open circuit voltage model is applied to quantify the loss mechanisms (i) and (ii). The results show that the lithium loss is the dominant cause of capacity fade under the applied conditions. They experimentally prove the important influence of the graphite stages on the lifetime of a battery. Cycling the cell at SOCs slightly above graphite Stage II results in a high active lithium loss and hence in a high capacity fade.
Smart Crane Ammunition Transfer System: Real-Time Control (1998)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The Smart Crane Ammunition Transfer System (SCATS) is designed to handle, deliver, and reload missiles/ammunitions in the battlefield. The system objectives are as follow: faster missile reloading, decreased utilization of manpower, increased operator safety, reduced missile/munitions damage, reduced operator skills and training, and increased material flow. In this paper, the smart crane ammunition transfer system is introduced and discussed, including the crane, the hydraulic system, the control system, and the development environment. The emphasis is on the design, analysis, and implementation of the SCATS control system. State-of-the-art engineering techniques, such as robotic control, trajectory generation, sensory processing and task planning, are also addressed as to the way in which they will enhance the SCATS system performance and functionality as applied to the automation of complex material handling and resupply actions.</div>
A Bayesian Framework for Inference of the Genotype–Phenotype Map for Segregating Populations (2011)

Complex genetic interactions lie at the foundation of many diseases. Understanding the nature of these interactions is critical to developing rational intervention strategies. In mammalian systems hypothesis testing in vivo is expensive, time consuming, and often restricted to a few physiological endpoints. Thus, computational methods that generate causal hypotheses can help to prioritize targets for experimental intervention. We propose a Bayesian statistical method to infer networks of causal relationships among genotypes and phenotypes using expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data from genetically randomized populations. Causal relationships between network variables are described with hierarchical regression models. Prior distributions on the network structure enforce graph sparsity and have the potential to encode prior biological knowledge about the network. An efficient Monte Carlo method is used to search across the model space and sample highly probable networks. The result is an ensemble of networks that provide a measure of confidence in the estimated network topology. These networks can be used to make predictions of system-wide response to perturbations. We applied our method to kidney gene expression data from an MRL/MpJ × SM/J intercross population and predicted a previously uncharacterized feedback loop in the local renin-angiotensin system.
Syntheses of Basic Phenolalkyl ethers. (Further Report. V) (1949)

In the condensation of Na-salt of 3-allylsalicylaldehyde and ethylene chloride, addition of KI will increase the yield. Basic phenol-alkyl ethers, such as α-methyl-β-diethylamincethyl 2-formyl-6-allylphenyl ether, were synthesised in order to offer them as a substitute for ergots.
The Platelet-derived Growth Factor β Receptor Triggers Multiple Cytoplasmic Signaling Cascades That Arrive at the Nucleus as Distinguishable Inputs (1997)

Stimulation of the platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor (betaPDGFR) activates enzymes such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and phospholipase Cgamma1 (PLCgamma), which ultimately initiate nuclear responses such as enhanced expression of immediate early genes. In an attempt to compare the signaling cascades initiated by PI3K and PLCgamma, we examined the activation of a panel of immediate early genes by betaPDGFR mutants, which preferentially engage PI3K or PLCgamma. When expressed in A431 cells, the wild type receptor and to a lesser extent the mutant receptor that associates with PLCgamma (Y1021) was able to up-regulate c-fos, junB, and KC mRNA expression. In contrast, the receptor mutant that engages PI3K (Y740/51) poorly stimulated c-fos mRNA expression and did not significantly stimulate expression of either JunB or KC. Receptor mutants that did not associate with either PI3K or PLCgamma were dramatically compromised or unable to increase expression of any of these immediate early genes. The differential ability of the Y1021 and Y740/51 receptors to activate c-fos correlated well with an apparent difference in their ability to engage distinct protein kinase C family members. However there did appear to be a degree of redundancy in the cytoplasmic signaling pathways initiated by PI3K and PLCgamma, since both the Y1021 and Y740/51 receptors were able to activate an AP-1-responsive element. We conclude that recruitment of signal relay enzymes to the betaPDGFR is necessary for PDGF-dependent activation of at least some immediate early genes. In addition, whereas the betaPDGFR activates multiple signaling enzymes capable of activating the same nuclear response (activation of c-fos), these signaling cascades do not appear to converge in the cytoplasm but arrive at the nucleus as distinguishable inputs.
Development of a Denial Scale for Male Incest Offenders (1998)

ABSTRACT Objective assessment of denial among sexual offenders is important. The purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable scale to measure the denial of adult male incest offenders. There are four subscales in the instrument that measure the construct of denial: denial of facts, denial of awareness, denial of impact, and denial of responsibility. This report outlines a four-stage procedure to develop the denial scale and includes data supporting its validity and reliability.
Stability analysis of fluid film bearings under laminar and turbulent regimes (2018)

Stability of short journal bearings is investigated in bith the linear and nonlinear regimes under laminar and turbulent operating conditions with consideration of drag force effects. Exerted forces on fluid film bearings comprises of two different components. (1) Pressure force components in radial and tangential directions, and (2) Drag force (shear/friction force) components in radial and tangential directions. In most existing literature, related to rotor bearing system supported on journal bearing stability analysis, the effect of fluid film drag force has been neglected. Utilizing Ng-Pan-Elrod model and the modified Reynold's equation, detailed calculation of the turbulent pressure distribution is carried out. Local stability of periodic solutions was studied using Hopf bifurcation theory. The shaft stiffness and inclusion of drag force and turbulent effects were found to play an important role in stability regions and bifurcation profiles of a flexible rotor bearing system.
Binding of the Fluorescent Probes 1-Anilinonaphthalene 8-sulfonate and N-Phenyl-1-naphthylamine to Bacteria. (1975)

Changes in fluorescence intensities in Pseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Bacillus subtilis were investigated by means of the fluorescence probes (1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate and N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine) during a temperature programmed run. A decrease in fluorescence intensity was observed in all investigated organisms when the temperature was elevated from 4 to about 40 degrees C. A strong increase in fluorescence intensity was found in gram-negative Ps. fluorescens and E. coli when the temperature was elevated over 40 degrees C. On the other hand, only a slight enhancement in fluorescence intensities was observed in gram-positive Str. thermophilus and B. subtilis when the lipid specific dye NPN was applied at elevated temperatures. Discontinuities in all the fluorescence temperature profiles were found between 20 and 30 degrees C in the case of both ANS and NPN. With ANS the fluorescence profiles turned upwards and with NPN downwards after the inflection points. The effects of KCl, NH4Cl, NaCl and LiCl on ANS binding differed from those detected for NPN. Saturation of probe binding was reached at lower salt concentrations in the case of NPN than ANS, but depended somewhat on temperature.
Expression of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins, the Subfamily of the Transforming Growth Factor-β Superfamily, in Renal Cell Carcinoma (2007)

In the current study, the correlation between the expression of bone morphogenetic proteins and histological subtype was found. In addition, our findings suggest that bone morphogenetic protein-7 expression may be considered a new prognostic factor in renal cell carcinoma.
Modeling Spray Impingement Considering Fuel Film Formation on the Wall (1997)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">In this study, a new submodel concerning fuel film formation process is proposed in order to simulate the behavior of diesel spray impingement on relatively low temperature wall surface. Here, super - heating degree of the surface, defined by the temperature difference between the wall surface and the fuel saturated temperature, is newly considered for the behavior of impinged liquid droplets. In this spray impingement submodel, fuel film formation process, droplet interaction, film breakup process, and velocity and direction of dispersing droplets were considered based on several experimental results. This new submodel was incorporated into KIVA-II code, and the results were compared with experimental data KIVA-II original code and the spray / wall impingement model proposed by Naber &amp; Reitz. As a result, it is found that the calculated results of impinging spray behavior by the new model agree well with experimental results.</div>
Stegeman's Figures of Merit for Nonlinear Optical Switching (2016)

The simple figures of merit for optical switching that were introduced by George Stegeman in the early 1990s are still widely used and have helped to drive research into nonlinear optical materials research over the past two decades. Coincidentally, his work on this occurred around the time we were working on the relationship between nonlinear refraction and nonlinear absorption, which led to increased collaboration between our groups. The speaker will describe the time when we were working on this and discuss how this has impacted the field of nonlinear optics since then.
Molecular dynamics simulations of a 10keV cascade in β-NiAl (1995)

Abstract Molecular dynamics computer simulations were employed to investigate defect production, atomic mixing and chemical disordering in β-NiA1 owing to 10keV cascades. The embedded atom potentials of Voter and Chen (1989) were employed. Point defect energies and threshold displacement energies were also obtained. The defect production efficiency for the 10 keV cascade was 0.27, which is somewhat larger than that found in simulations of metals with a f.c.c. structure. No interstitial clustering and very little vacancy clustering were observed. The threshold displacement energy is lowest for Ni atoms recoiling along 〈100〉, 34 eV, followed by the 〈110〉 ≊54eV, and 〈111〉, ≊130eV. The 〈111〉 crowd-ion is the stable interstitial defect. The mixing parameter was small, 6.8 Å5/eV. Efficient chemical disordering was nevertheless observed near the centre of the cascade; there the short range order parameter was reduced to 0.24. Statistical methods were developed to follow the atomic structure during the evolution of the cascade and to describe the chemical disorder.
Stable Respiratory Activity Requires Both P/Q-Type and N-Type Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels (2013)

P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels (Ca(v)2.1) play critical presynaptic and postsynaptic roles throughout the nervous system and have been implicated in a variety of neurological disorders. Here we report that mice with a genetic ablation of the Ca(v)2.1 pore-forming α(1A) subunit (α(1A)⁻/⁻) encoded by CACNA1a (Jun et al., 1999) suffer during postnatal development from increasing breathing disturbances that lead ultimately to death. Breathing abnormalities include decreased minute ventilation and a specific loss of sighs, which was associated with lung atelectasis. Similar respiratory alterations were preserved in the isolated in vitro brainstem slice preparation containing the pre-Bötzinger complex. The loss of Ca(v)2.1 was associated with an alteration in the functional dependency on N-type calcium channels (Ca(v)2.2). Blocking N-type calcium channels with conotoxin GVIA had only minor effects on respiratory activity in slices from control (CT) littermates, but abolished respiratory activity in all slices from α(1A)⁻/⁻ mice. The amplitude of evoked EPSPs was smaller in inspiratory neurons from α(1A)⁻/⁻ mice compared with CTs. Conotoxin GVIA abolished all EPSPs in inspiratory neurons from α(1A)⁻/⁻ mice, while the EPSP amplitude was reduced by only 30% in CT mice. Moreover, neuromodulation was significantly altered as muscarine abolished respiratory network activity in α(1A)⁻/⁻ mice but not in CT mice. We conclude that excitatory synaptic transmission dependent on N-type and P/Q-type calcium channels is required for stable breathing and sighing. In the absence of P/Q-type calcium channels, breathing, sighing, and neuromodulation are severely compromised, leading to early mortality.