gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Object detection in high-clutter images using multiresolution texture-based segmentation and neural network filters (1993)

The analysis of reconnaissance images acquired from satellites or aircraft has been one of the important application areas of computer vision. In this dissertation, we focus on the detection of objects in high-resolution aerial images acquired with thermal infrared sensors. The images are characterized by: small target signature, high background clutter, continuous variations in background, large amounts of data, and high processing speed requirements. As a result, present detection techniques suffer from the following drawbacks: (i) low processing speed due to computationally intensive algorithms, (ii) detection results which could be improved, and (iii) lack of a formal evaluation procedure for performance analysis.
A new framework for aerial analysis is developed to combat these drawbacks and provide robust performance. The new framework incorporates: (i) a novel procedure for multiresolution segmentation based on texture, (ii) neural network filters for object detection, and (iii) image clutter measures for confidence levels in the detection results.
The analysis procedure attempts to draw ideas from the human visual system at each stage. Performance evaluation tests for each aspect of the above framework consist of extensive experimental studies.
Ultrastructural changes in the nasal mucosa of Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice following an acute exposure to methyl isocyanate. (1987)

Male rats and male mice received a single 2-hr exposure to 0 (control), 10, or 30 ppm of methyl isocyanate and were sacrificed after 1, 3, 14, or 90 days to assess the ultrastructural changes in the nasal mucosa by transmission electron microscopy. One day after exposure to methyl isocyanate, there were widespread areas of necrosis and degeneration of the respiratory and olfactory epithelium of rats and mice in the 10 ppm and 30 ppm groups. Qualitatively the ultrastructural findings were similar for both exposure groups and species. Degeneration followed by rapid regeneration was observed for both respiratory and olfactory epithelia but was most striking for olfactory epithelium in the dorsal meatus. Three days after the exposure, the olfactory epithelium was two to three cell layers thick due to a loss of supporting cells, olfactory neurons, and basal cells. By 14 days after exposure, the olfactory epithelium was composed of a heterogeneous cell population three to five cell layers thick. At 90 days following exposure, the epithelium was of normal thickness (eight to ten cell layers), with normal architectural arrangement, and composed of well-differentiated cells that appeared similar to those of controls. There were several findings that suggested the epithelial cells of Bowman's glands were the progenitor for the regenerating supporting cells of the olfactory epithelium. This study demonstrated that the respiratory and olfactory epithelium is capable of complete structural regeneration after an acute destruction by methyl isocyanate.
One synchronous wave of B cell development in mouse fetal liver changes at day 16 of gestation from dependence to independence of a stromal cell environment. (1989)

Precursor cells of the B lineage can be enriched from mouse fetal liver by FACS with the aid of the pre-B cell-specific mAb G-5-2. The cells are concomitantly enriched for cells expressing the pre-B cell-specific gene lambda 5, and for cells developing to LPS-reactive mature B cells. The enriched purified precursors are not influenced by rIL-2 through -7, alone or in combination, to develop to mitogen-reactive, sIg+ cells. Marginal proliferation of the precursors is observed in response to IL-3 plus -4, and IL-6 plus -7, and this does not change in the presence of stromal cells. Development to mitogen-reactive, sIg+ cells is dependent on interactions with embryonic stromal cells from fetal liver. Two mAbs raised against the stromal cells inhibit this development. Two phases of precursor cell development can be distinguished in fetal liver. Between days 13 and 15 of gestation, it is dependent on stromal cell interactions, thereafter, from days 16 to 19, it is independent. A sudden increase in the number of mitogen-reactive, sIg+ B lineage cells occurs within 24 h between days 16 and 17. All these results indicate that B cell development occurs in one wave with synchronous steps of changes from a mitogen-insensitive, sIg-, stromal cell dependent to a mitogen-reactive, sIg+, stromal cell-independent B lineage line.
Investigation on changes in integrin αvβ3 expression on neovasculature as a surrogate marker of therapeutic response (2012)

1124 Objectives To quantify the αvβ3 receptor expression on tumor-induced neovasculature with 111In-DOTA-E-[c(RGDfK)]2 using NanoSPECT/CT and Western blot during Taxol treatment. Methods Groups of nude mice(n=4~5 per time point) implanted s.c. with A431/K5 tumor cells, which do not express αvβ3, were treated with Taxol i.p. at 50mg/kg once on day 0 or twice on days 0 and 3. The tumor size was ~130 mm3 on day 0. The animals were euthanized on days 1, 4, and 7. The tumors were subjected to Western blot for the assessment of the receptor concentration. The mice also received i.v.111In-DOTA-E-[c(RGDfK)]2(300μCi/0.829μg) on day 4 and the imaging was performed at 2h post-injection using NanoSPECT/CT. Results A single dose with Taxol stopped the tumor growth for 4 days, thereafter the tumor started rebounding, and the tumor size doubled at day 7. The Western blot data showed that when treated with a single dose of Taxol, the β3 concentration decreased by 57% on day 1 but increased by 106% on day 4, and then returned back to the level of the control on day 7. With the second dose of Taxol on day 3, the increased receptor concentration on day 4 returned closer to the level in control tumor, reconfirming that Taxol treatment decreases the receptor concentration one day after the treatment. These findings were supported by the VOI analysis of the NanoSPECT/CT images on day 4: The single Taxol increased the tumor uptake(%ID/ml) by 68% on day 4 but the second dose of Taxol decreased the uptake to the control level. Conclusions There was a positive correlation between the tumor uptake of 111In-DOTA-E-[c(RGDfK)]2 determined by NanoSPECT/CT and previous biodistribution studies and the receptor concentration determined by Western blot. A drastic increase in the receptor concentration in neovasculature preceded a couple of days prior to rebounding of tumor growth, indicating that the changes in the receptor concentration could be used as a sensitive biomarker for the therapeutic response
Über die Abhängigkeit der Reaktionsfähigkeit funktioneller Gruppen in Paraffinkohlenwasserstoffen von ihrer Stellung in der Molekel, XI. Die Substitutionsverhältnisse bei der durch Ozon katalysierten Oxydation von n‐Octadecan mit Sauerstoff (1959)

Abstract n‐Octadecan wurde bei 30° mit ozonhaltigem Sauerstoff und geringen Umsätzen oxydiert. Der sauerstoffhaltige, nicht saure Anteil mit 18 C‐Atomen in der Molekel, der in seiner Gesamtheit in Octadecanole bzw. Octadecanone übergeführt wurde, erwies sich als Gemisch aller theoretisch möglichen Isomeren, was einen gleichmäßigen Angriff des Sauerstoffs auf sämtliche Methylengruppen des Octadecans zum Ausdruck bringt. Die Versuche bestätigten erneut, daß auch die Primärreaktion bei der Paraffinoxydation den statistischen Substitutionsgesetzmäßigkeiten folgt, wobei mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit zunächst die theoretisch möglichen Hydroperoxyde gebildet werden. — Die Untersuchung des als Nebenprodukt erhaltenen Fettsäuregemisches ergab, daß alle theoretisch möglichen Säuren entstehen, die Stearinsäure aber in größerer Menge vorhanden ist als die anderen Säuren. Dieses Ergebnis findet seine Erklärung durch die Tatsache, daß auf Grund der kleineren Umsätze die Bildung niederer Fettsäuren auf dem Wege über die sek. Hydroperoxyde noch gering ist. Die Stearinsäure hingegen entsteht unmittelbar aus dem primären Octadecylhydroperoxyd.
ORIENTATION EFFECTS ON OVERWRITE CHARACTERISTICS IN Ba-FERRITE FLEXIBLE DISKS (1991)

Perpendicular orientation effects on overwrite characteristics in Ba-ferrite floppy disks (FDs) were investigated with three different heads (MTE, FTE and DS-MIG heads). The principal results are as follows. (1) The relationship between overwrite modulation and overwritten signal density depends both on head type and media orientation. (2) The effect of overwrite on bit shift cannot be judged by the OWM value for a particular density. (3) For both a 20kFRPI and a 35kFRPI signals overwritten on pre-recorded random pattern signal, in the 1-7 coding system, the total bit shift for Ba-ferrite FD is smaller than that for metal FD.
M1 polarization of human monocyte-derived macrophages restricts pre and postintegration steps of HIV-1 replication (2013)

M1 polarization of in-vitro differentiated primary MDM determines a transient, but profound restriction of HIV-1 replication affecting multiple (entry and postentry) steps in the virus life cycle likely involving the upregulated expression of APOBEC3A.
Direct writing of waveguides on tellurite glasses (2003)

We report the application of the direct writing technique to tellurite glasses of three different compositions and the achievement of the first examples, to our knowledge, of directly written channel waveguides in tellurite glasses.
A Folded Reflectarray Antenna with Sidelobe Reduction (2002)

A single-polarization quasi-optical bandpass filter is used as a polarizer in a folded reflectarray antenna. The filter suppresses the sidelobe level of the antenna by up to 15 dB in the range outside of ±20°. The three resonator filter for Ka-band consists of four slot arrays. It is designed, fabricated and tested with the antenna and compared to a folded reflectarray antenna with a simple grid array as polarizer.
Tryptophan Regulates Thaxtomin A and Indole-3-Acetic Acid Production in <i>Streptomyces scabiei</i> and Modifies Its Interactions with Radish Seedlings (2011)

The virulence of Streptomyces scabiei, the causal agent of common scab, depends mainly on the production of the toxin thaxtomin A. S. scabiei also produces indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) but the role of this hormone in the interaction between pathogenic streptomycetes and plants has not yet been elucidated. Tryptophan is a biosynthetic precursor of both IAA and thaxtomin A. In this study, the effect of tryptophan on thaxtomin A and IAA production as well as its effect on the transcription of the corresponding biosynthetic genes in S. scabiei has been analyzed. In vitro IAA production depended on the availability of tryptophan. However, addition of this amino acid to the culture medium inhibited the biosynthesis of thaxtomin A. Expression of thaxtomin A biosynthetic genes nos and txtA were strongly repressed in the presence of tryptophan; however, modulation of the expression was not observed for the IAA biosynthetic genes iaaM and iaaH. The effects of an exogenous tryptophan supply on S. scabiei virulence were assessed on radish seedlings. Addition of tryptophan reduced symptoms on inoculated radish roots compared with seedlings grown in the absence of the bacterium, by way of inhibition of thaxtomin A production and increase of IAA biosynthesis.
[Neuroendocrine giant-cell epithelioma. Description of a clinical case and review of the literature]. (1992)

Neuroendocrine tumors are rare neoplasms of the larynx and hypopharynx. This tumors are divided in paragangliomas (usually benign, although malignant case have been reported), large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, described in this case as a primary pharyngo-laryngeal locate, and small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (characterized by early and diffuse metastatic disease, and best treated by radiotherapy and chemotherapy). Through the international literature, the authors reviewed the characteristics of the large cell neuroendocrine tumors and their management.
Elastomeric Suspended Membranes Generated via Langmuir−Blodgett Transfer (1998)

Elastomeric freely suspended membranes have been prepared via Langmuir−Blodgett transfer of cross-linked monolayers of polyisoprenes with anthracene side chains and sulfonate headgroups. The polymers, which have a chain length of approximately 540 repeat units and on average 8 anthracene side chains per polymer molecule, were spread at an air−water interface from chloroform/ethanol solutions and laterally compressed to an average area per molecule of 200 Å2. These monolayers were cross-linked via irradiation with UV light of wavelength 305−420 nm and then transferred to a brass plate with a circular hole of 0.4 mm diameter. The approximately 40 nm thick cross-linked monolayers completely covered the hole. It was possible to elastically deform the resulting suspended membrane by applying an overpressure from one side.
Decreased imposed work with a new nasal continuous positive airway pressure device (1996)

This model study compared the imposed work of two nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) devices for very low birthweight (VLBW) babies; a new NCPAP device, designed by Moa et al., (Crit Care Med 16:1238, 1988), and a conventional NCPAP device. In addition, the variabilities in the pressures of a simulated airway were compared. A continuous flow (8 L/min) was used to generate CPAP. A Harvard ventilator was used to simulate breathing at a fixed volume (12.1 mL) and rate (45 breaths/min). The pressure drop across and the flow rate through each device were measured, thus allowing the determination of imposed work, i.e., the work of breathing done by the patient to overcome frictional losses due to the NCPAP device. In addition, the pressure fluctuations in the simulated airway were measured. The data presented are averages of 36 breaths using the new device and 34 breaths using the conventional device. The means of the imposed work in the new device and in the conventional device were 0.135 (95% Cl ± 0.004) mJ/breath and 0.510 (95% Cl ± 0.004) mJ/breath (P < 0.01) respectively. The coefficients of variation for pressure in the simulated airway were: new 6.8% and conventional 15.3%. We conclude that the imposed work of the new NCPAP device for the VLBW baby is approximately one-fourth of that of the conventional device. The airway pressure generated by the VLBW size of the new NCPAP device shows less variability during simulated breathing than that found with the conventional device. The findings support the clinical use of the new NCPAP device in the very low birthweight baby. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1996; 22:188–194. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mimotopes of the hepatitis C virus hypervariable region 1, but not the natural sequences, induce cross-reactive antibody response by genetic immunization (2001)

The hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) of the putative envelope protein E2 of hepatitis C virus (HCV) contains a principal neutralization epitope, and anti-HVR1 antibodies have been shown to possess protective activity in ex vivo neutralization experiments. However, the high rate of variability of this antigenic fragment may play a major role in the mechanism of escape from host immune response and might represent a major obstacle to developing an HCV vaccine. Thus, even if direct experimental evidence of the neutralizing potential of anti-HVR1 antibodies by active immunization is still missing, the generation of a vaccine candidate with a cross-reactive potential would be highly desirable. To overcome the problem of HVR1 variability, we have engineered cross-reactive HVR1 peptide mimics (mimotopes) at the N terminus of the E2 ectodomain in plasmid vectors suitable for genetic immunization. High levels of secreted and biologically active mimotope/E2 chimeras were obtained by transient transfection of these plasmids in cultured cells. All plasmids elicited anti-HVR1 antibodies in mice and rabbits with some of them leading to a cross-reacting response against many HVR1 variants from natural isolates. Epitope mapping revealed a pattern of reactivity similar to that induced by HCV infection. In contrast, plasmids encoding naturally occurring HVR1 sequences displayed either on full-length E2 in the context of the whole HCV structural region, or on a soluble, secreted E2 ectodomain, did not induce a cross-reacting anti-HVR1 response.
Basic FGF partially prevents degeneration of paraventricular vasopressin neurons after hypophysectomy (1996)

This experiment was designed to determine if basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) had neurotrophic effects on vasopressin neurons after hypophysectomy. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received 1 μg bFGF (bFGF group) or 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA group) to the sellar cavity immediately after hypophysectomy via parapharyngeal approach. Seven sham-operated non-hypophysectomized rats were used as control. Later (7 weeks) the number of arginine vasopressin (AVP) neurons was quantitatively examined in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the supraoptic nucleus (SON) by immunohistochemistry. AVP neurons in both the PVN and SON of the hypophysectomy groups exhibited a significant reduction in number, compared with the control group. In the PVN, the number of AVP neurons was significantly greater in the FGF group than in the BSA group. Particularly, the difference was confirmed in the posterior magnocellular division, that consists of AVP neurons mainly projecting their axons to the posterior pituitary. In the SON, however, there was no difference in the number of AVP neurons between the bFGF group and BSA group. These results suggest that bFGF has a preserving effect on AVP neurons in the PVN following hypophysectomy.
Short-term, mixed-diet overfeeding in man: no evidence for "luxuskonsumption" (1985)

After 13 days of weight maintenance diet (13,720 +/- 620 kJ/day, 40% fat, 15% protein, and 45% carbohydrate), five young men (71.3 +/- 7.1 kg, 181 +/- 8 cm; means +/- SD) were overfed for 9 days at 1.6 times their maintenance requirements (i.e., +8,010 kJ/day). Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure (24-h EE) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) were measured on three occasions, once after 10 days on the weight-maintenance diet and after 2 and 9 days of overfeeding. Physical activity was monitored throughout the study, body composition was measured by underwater weighing, and nitrogen balance was assessed for 3 days during the two experimental periods. Overfeeding caused an increase in body weight averaging 3.2 kg of which 56% was fat as measured by underwater weighing. After 9 days of overfeeding, BMR increased by 622 kJ/day, which could explain one-third of the increase in 24-h EE (2,038 kJ/day); the remainder was due to the thermic effect of food (which increased in proportion with excess energy intake) and the increased cost of physical activity, related to body weight gain. This study shows that approximately one-quarter of the excess energy intake was dissipated through an increase in EE, with 75% being stored in the body. Under our experimental conditions of mixed overfeeding in which body composition measurements were combined with those of energy balance, it was possible to account for all of the energy ingested in excess of maintenance requirements.
Testability features of the MC68332 modular microcontroller (2003)

The MC68332 is a high-performance 32-b microcontroller with reusable macromodules attached to a backplanelike internal bus. The macromodules include a 68020-like CPU, a microprogrammable 16-channel timer, a 2-kbyte static RAM module, a two-channel serial communications module, and a system integration module. The chip includes ad-hoc testability features, including built-in self-test of large regular structures and CPU-independent modular test patterns.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
LOSS OF HETEROZYGOSITY ON CHROMOSOME-8 IN SQUAMOUS-CELL CARCINOMAS OF THE HEAD AND NECK (1994)

LOH studies provide evidence for the implication of novel TSGs in human tumours. The p arm of chromosome 8 has been reported to harbour tumour suppressor genes (TSGs) which are very likely to be involved in the development of colon, lung, bladder and hepatocellular carcinomas. In addition, the c-myc proto-oncogene which is located on the 8q arm, has been found to be overexpressed in SCCHN. In the present study we have investigated the incidence of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in chromosome 8 in 37 tumour specimens of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN), using a bank of 11 polymorphic microsatellite markers. The aim of this work was to assess whether there was an 8p TSG(s) in SCCHN, as reported in other tumours and also to investigate whether other areas of chromosome 8 exhibit a high LOH. A relatively high incidence of LOH was found for the markers D8S87 (29%) on 8p12 and ANK1 (20%) on 8p21.2-p11. These two markers are located in the area in which TSG(s) for other cancers have been previously described. When the data on D8S87 and ANK1 were analyzed together it was found that 13/35 (37%) of the SCCHN specimens had a loss at one or other of these markers, thus indicating that a putative TSG(s) in this region may play a role in the development of the SCCHN. No correlation was found between the LOH data and any of the clinicopathological parameters. We also investigated the incidence of c-myc amplification in 144 SCCHN specimens but only 4% were found to have an amplified c-myc allele, thus indicating that the overexpression of c-myc in SCCHN was not the result of gene amplification.
A phase I study of nolatrexed dihydrochloride in children with advanced cancer. A United Kingdom Children’s Cancer Study Group Investigation (2001)

A phase I study of nolatrexed, administered as a continuous 5 day intravenous infusion every 28 days, has been undertaken for children with advanced malignancy. 16 patients were treated at 3 dose levels; 420, 640 and 768 mg/m(2)24 h(-1). 8 patients were evaluable for toxicity. In the 6 patients treated at 768 mg/m(2)24 h(-1), dose-limiting oral mucositis and myelosuppression were observed. Plasma nolatrexed concentrations and systemic exposure, measured in 14 patients, were dose related, with mean AUC values of 36 mg(-1)ml(-1)min(-1), 50 mg ml(-1)min(-1)and 80 mg ml(-1)min(-1)at the 3 dose levels studied. Whereas no toxicity was encountered if the nolatrexed AUC was <45 mg ml(-1)min(-1), Grade 3 or 4 toxicity was observed with AUC values of >60 mg ml(-1)min(-1). Elevated plasma deoxyuridine levels, measured as a surrogate marker of thymidylate synthase inhibition, were seen at all of the dose levels studied. One patient with a spinal primitive neuroectodermal tumour had stable disease for 11 cycles of therapy, and in two patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia a short-lived 50% reduction in peripheral lymphoblast counts was observed. Nolatrexed can be safely administered to children with cancer, and there is evidence of therapeutic activity as well as antiproliferative toxicity. Phase II studies of nolatrexed in children at the maximum tolerated dose of 640 mg/m(2)24 h(-1)are warranted.
Sites of Rupture in Human Atherosclerotic Carotid Plaques Are Associated With High Structural Stresses (2009)

The results of this study show that plaques with prior ruptures are associated with higher critical stress conditions, both at ulcer sites and when compared with nonruptured plaques. With further validations, plaque stress analysis may provide additional stress indicators helpful for image-based plaque vulnerability assessment.