gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CHANGES IN QUALITY ATTRIBUTES DURING STORAGE OF <i>TOGWA</i>, A LACTIC ACID FERMENTED GRUEL (2001)

ABSTRACT Microbiological, physicochemical and sensory quality changes in togwa during storage at ambient tropical temperatures were monitored in unpasteurized and pasteurized samples with added sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, propionic acid or a combination of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate. The untreated samples were unacceptable within 48 h after production. Organic acids, volatile flavor compounds and fermentable sugars were monitored in untreated samples for up to 96 h. Ethanol, 2‐methyl‐1‐propanol, 2‐methyl‐1‐propanal, 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol, 3‐methyl‐1‐butanal, acetone, acetoin, lactic, succinic and formic acid increased significantly within 48 h. Pyroglutamic and pyruvic acid decreased and then increased, while uric acid and sugars decreased within 96 h. Sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate or their combination extended the shelf‐life of the control samples by four days. Pasteurization at 97C/10 min reduced the total mesophilic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and Enterobacteriaceae counts to nil and maintained the pH, titratable acidity, specific gravity, and total soluble content constant, and the products were mildly acceptable during storage for up to 60 days. Pasteurization alone was comparable to the combined effects of pasteurization and treatment with preservatives on the quality of the product. Pasteurization alone may therefore be appropriate for small‐scale production and increased commercialization.
Incoordination in pianists with overuse syndrome (1998)

To investigate claims that painful musculoligamentous overuse in the arms and hands of pianists is accompanied by loss of motor control, we studied 18 pianists with overuse syndrome of one or both arms and hands and 22 skill-matched pianists with no history of overuse. All of the pianists performed continuous repetitions of a five-finger exercise on a piano keyboard at metronome-paced tempos. The main outcome measures were quantitative analysis of four measurements of performance (duration of key presses, interval between key presses, velocity of key presses [loudness], and time off the metronome beat [difference between actual and expected time of key press]); comparison of the errors in the two groups; and comparison of the performances by a listening panel. The two groups had significant differences in performance, and a classification tree had a sensitivity of 0.886 and a specificity of 0.862 in identifying the affected hands. The pianists with overuse syndrome made more skill-based errors. The listening panel could distinguish between the affected and unaffected hands. We conclude that pianists with overuse syndrome have a coordination disturbance.
Applications of Probabilistic Methods in Geotechnical Engineering. Part 2. Analysis of Documented Case Histories Using a Stochastic Model for Seismically Generated Pore Pressure and Shear Strain Potential (1983)

This report presents the basics of a new stochastic model for seismically-generated pore pressure and shear strain potential and illustrates its use for documented case histories. Model parameters are chosen according to available information on the variability of soil properties, and it is applied to sites where liquefaction was observed and where no evidence of liquefaction was observed and where no evidence of liquefaction was observed after major seismic events. Results of the analysis are in substantial agreement with observed field behavior, indicating that this model can be used in a predictive capacity if parameters are chosen correctly. An application of the model to a comprehensive risk analysis of seismically induced initial liquefaction is also briefly described. An example using available seismic information for a hypothetical soil site near San Francisco is presented to illustrate the use of this type of model. Two models are applied to documented case histories to demonstrate their applicability and to illustrate how the probabilistic design parameters are chosen. The probabilistic pore pressure model developed by Chameau (1980) and the probabilistic shear strain model developed by Hadj Hamou (1982) are used herein to analyze the behavior of three sites where liquefaction did and did notmore » occur during earthquakes.« less
Three dimensional live cell lithography (2013)

We investigate holographic optical trapping combined with step-and-repeat maskless projection stereolithography for fine control of 3D position of living cells within a 3D microstructured hydrogel. C2C12 myoblast cells were chosen as a demonstration platform since their development into multinucleated myotubes requires linear arrangements of myoblasts. C2C12 cells are positioned in the monomer solution with multiple optical traps at 1064 nm and then encapsulated by photopolymerization of monomer via projection of a 512x512 spatial light modulator illuminated at 405 nm. High 405 nm sensitivity and complete insensitivity to 1064 nm was enabled by a lithium acylphosphinate (LAP) salt photoinitiator. These wavelengths, in addition to brightfield imaging with a white light LED, could be simultaneously focused by a single oil immersion objective. Large lateral dimensions of the patterned gel/cell structure are achieved by x and y step-and-repeat process. Large thickness is achieved through multi-layer stereolithography, allowing fabrication of precisely-arranged 3D live cell scaffolds with micron-scale structure and millimeter dimensions. Cells are shown to retain viability after the trapping and encapsulation procedure.
Comparative efficacy of 2 different demineralized bone matrix allografts in treating long-bone nonunions in heavy tobacco smokers. (2005)

Smoking impairs bone healing and increases the risk for complications associated with nonunions. The efficacies of 2 different allografts, Grafton (demineralized bone matrix [DBM] in a gel-like glycerol carrier) and Orthoblast (DBM with a reverse thermal poloxamer carrier) were examined with respect to nonunions in patients who reported heavy tobacco use. The Grafton allograft was used in 25 patients, and the Orthoblast allograft was used in 13 patients. All patients smoked more than half a pack of cigarettes a day and did not use electric stimulators. A successful graft was defined as healing on the first graft attempt without complications or later regraft. The Grafton and Orthoblast success rates were 52% and 85%, respectively (P = .077). The unique thermal properties of the Orthoblast reverse poloxamer, which may enhance DBM osteoinduction, may account for the difference in success rates. Although results failed to reach statistical significance, the large difference and high likelihood ratio (4.2) between the 2 groups suggest that perhaps not all commercially available allografts may necessarily perform with the same efficacy with respect to heavy smokers.
Der 3. Hauptsatz (1988)

Wir haben gesehen, daß nach der klassischen Thermodynamik (als solche bezeichnet man die Gesamtheit der Folgerungen aus dem 1. und 2. Hauptsatz) die Integrationskonstanten bei der inneren Energie, Enthalphie und Entropie unbestimmt geblieben sind. Man sieht auch, daß die thermodynamischen Potentiale F und G gar bis auf lineare Funktionen in der Temperatur unbestimmt bleiben, da in U und S je eine Konstante enthalten ist und F = U -TS ist. Die Berechnung dieser Konstanten ist grundsätzlich erst mit Hilfe der Statistik und der Quantentheorie möglich. Aus Extrapolationen experimenteller Ergebnisse läßt sich aber im „3. Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik“ (auch Nemstsches Wärmetheorem genannt, Nernst 1906) wenigstens eine Aussage über die Entropie bei T = 0 machen. Sie lautet: „Die Entropie eines ungemischten kondensierten Stoffes im thermodynamischen Gleichgewicht ist am absoluten Nullpunkt eine universelle Konstante, die Null ist.“ Der 3. Hauptsatz bezieht sich auf reale Systeme, nicht etwa auf Modelle wie das klassische ideale Gas oder das van der Waalsche Gas.
Contact resistance in few and multilayer graphene devices (2010)

The contact resistance of metals on backgated graphene field-effect transistors is studied. The residual resistance obtained at high backgate voltage is found to be in excellent agreement with the extracted values of contact resistance from transfer length measurements on graphene flakes. The contact resistance is found to be a significant contributor to the total resistance of graphene-based devices. The specific contact resistance is shown to be independent of the applied backgate voltage and the number of graphene layers.
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: The SNAr Mechanism Heterocyclic Systems Meisenheimer and Related Complexes Substitution in Polyhalogenoaromatic Compounds Benzyne and Related Intermediates Other Reactions
A Novel Enantioselective Alkylation and Its Application to the Synthesis of an Anticancer Agent. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Impact of Nontherapeutic Hypothermia on Outcomes After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (2011)

For patients who have sustained isolated severe TBI, the presence of noninduced, nontherapeutic hypothermia on SICU admission is associated with a significant increase in mortality. The impact of preventative measures used to avoid the development of hypothermia and the effectiveness of measures for restoring normothermia warrant further investigation.
Using Liquid Inflow Method to Optimize Progressive Cavity Pumps (2016)

Abstract The objective of this paper is to discuss a method to perform automatic and ongoing testing to determine a well's liquid inflow. The paper will further demonstrate how to automate wells using progressing cavity pumps by automatically identifying changes of well liquid inflow in real time and applying these changes to inflow performance relationship calculations, liquid level calculations, and pump performance analysis. To correctly determine pump efficiency, pump slippage and cavity fillage must first be understood. By comparing the surface liquid production rate at two different speeds with the manufacturers’ theoretical pump displacement, an accurate pump slippage value can be determined. To determine the inflow value, the well has to be pumped down to the pump intake level (pump off condition). At this condition, the maximum flow that can be obtained from the well will match the inflow from the reservoir to the wellbore. Therefore, the measurement of the outflow will equate the inflow at that moment. Maintaining liquid production equal to or slightly less than the wells current inflow ensures that the well is constantly optimized. Matching pump speed to well production capacity will achieve a safe minimum bottomhole pressure. Performing the slippage and inflow test at regularly scheduled intervals will ensure that when a wells liquid production surges, or declines, the PCP system matches the adjusted production capacity. Previously, when PCP automation systems used pump efficiency information to monitor a well, slippage and cavity fillage was not taken into consideration. Pump liquid production could vary drastically in these systems. Because efficiency values varied over pumping speeds, it was difficult for one to determine true well inflow and match capacity. Real world data, gathered from a pilot project conducted with Pioneer Natural Resources, will be used to demonstrate the determination of well liquid inflow. Real-time data points gathered using SCADA system telemetry, such as measured bottomhole pressure, actual liquid production at surface, pump cavity fillage and slippage, will be trended together over time. The paper will also include operator observations and acoustical fluid level determination data.
Crystallographic superstructure in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>PdSi<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>compounds (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mtext>heavy</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math>rare earth) (2011)

The $R$${}_{2}$PdSi${}_{3}$ intermetallic compounds have been reported to crystallize in a hexagonal AlB${}_{2}$-derived structure, with the rare earth atoms on the Al sites and Pd and Si atoms randomly distributed on the B sites. However, the intricate magnetic properties observed in the series of compounds have always suggested complications to the assumed structure. To clarify the situation, x-ray and neutron diffraction measurements were performed on the heavy rare earth compounds with $R=\text{Gd}$, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, which revealed the existence of a crystallographic superstructure. The superstructure features a doubled unit cell in the hexagonal basal plane and an octuplication along the perpendicular $\mathbf{c}$ direction with respect to the primitive cell. No structural transition was observed between 300 and 1.5 K. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis as well as density functional theory (DFT) calculations were utilized to investigate the local environments of the respective atoms. In this paper the various experimental results will be presented and it will be shown that the superstructure is mainly due to the Pd-Si order on the B sites. A structure model will be proposed to fully describe the superstructure of Pd-Si order in $R$${}_{2}$PdSi${}_{3}$. The connection between the crystallographic superstructure and the magnetic properties will be discussed in the framework of the presented model.
Bubble translation and deformation induced by ultrasound radiation force (2004)

Measurement of small-bubble dynamics has been proposed for the remote evaluation of tissue elasticity [Erpelding et al., Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Symp., 554–557, 2003]. For example, a microbubble can be produced within the cornea during femtosecond laser surgery and its response to a pulsed ultrasonic radiation force can be measured. The bubble’s translation, deformation, and oscillation can be directly related to the mechanical properties of surrounding tissue information that is required for optimization of the surgical procedure. In the work reported here, a model was developed to predict the translation and deformation of an initially spherical bubble in a soft viscoelastic medium as induced by radiation pressure. The extent of bubble translation and deformation is dictated by the elastic stress and viscous forces that oppose the radiation pressure. Numerical simulations predict static, periodic, and transient translation of the bubble in response to continuous, periodic, and pulsed waveforms, respectively. The model also predicts the deformation of the bubble. The results indicate increased deformations with increased bubble translations. Overall, the model can be used to determine the local shear modulus and viscosity of the medium based on measurements of gas-bubble displacement. [Work supported by ARL:UT IR&D.]
A TISSUE COUPLER ENABLED BY SHEAR FORCE TRANSFER (2004)

Background. Sutures hold by perpendicular force transfer and may be limited by tissue tolerance of forces necessarily borne by small contact areas. A new coupler employs shear force transfer–the product of frictional coefficient, existing interstitial pressure, and the far greater interface area of ultrafine polymer filaments dispersed in tissue. Methods. Implant grade 12-micron polyester filaments in bundles, swaged in needles, were tested in transverse rectus muscle closures in 28 rabbits– experimental side, these couplers; control side, conventional sutures. Two were lost to control-side dehiscence and 5 to non-device-related cause. 21 survivors were tested at 3 weeks for wound strength (n =11), histology (n =S), or collagen assay (n =5). Results. Experimental strength was 75.5 ± 17.5N and control, 50.5 ± 17.5 N (p <0.002). Experimental closures showed well organized cellular elements, myofibers, and collagenous fibers aligned between polyester filaments and all spanning the repair. Control side collagen was disorganized with rare repair-traversing myofibers. Experimental collagen was similar to control (5099 and 6014 micrograms per gram muscle, p = 0.271). Conclusions. We conclude that further tests of this closure device in a wider range of applications are warranted.Figure
Streaming face recognition using multicamera video arrays (2003)

We present face recognition schemes based on video streams: the majority decision rule and HMM maximum likelihood (ML) decision rules. PCA type of subspace feature analysis is first applied to the face images in a video segment of a fixed number of frames. The majority decision rule is then applied to PCA recognition results in the video segment. Discrete HMM (DHMM) is also applied to the single-frame recognition sequences. Continuous density HMM (CDHMM) is applied directly to the sequence of PCA feature vectors for ML decision on the video segment in a delayed decision manner. Experimental results are compared between these three schemes in terms of the number of states and Gaussian mixtures of the HMMs. CDHMM-based decision rule achieved a 99% correct recognition rate in average. A geometric interpretation of ML in the feature subspace well explains the observed performances.
Selective Development of Anticorrelated Networks in the Intrinsic Functional Organization of the Human Brain (2013)

We examined the normal development of intrinsic functional connectivity of the default network (brain regions typically deactivated for attention-demanding tasks) as measured by resting-state fMRI in children, adolescents, and young adults ages 8-24 years. We investigated both positive and negative correlations and employed analysis methods that allowed for valid interpretation of negative correlations and that also minimized the influence of motion artifacts that are often confounds in developmental neuroimaging. As age increased, there were robust developmental increases in negative correlations, including those between medial pFC (MPFC) and dorsolateral pFC (DLPFC) and between lateral parietal cortices and brain regions associated with the dorsal attention network. Between multiple regions, these correlations reversed from being positive in children to negative in adults. Age-related changes in positive correlations within the default network were below statistical threshold after controlling for motion. Given evidence in adults that greater negative correlation between MPFC and DLPFC is associated with superior cognitive performance, the development of an intrinsic anticorrelation between MPFC and DLPFC may be a marker of the large growth of working memory and executive functions that occurs from childhood to young adulthood.
HSDPA Link Performance with Multi-Antenna Diversity (2006)

This paper presents a comparison of the theoretical outage capacity and link-level simulation results of selected multi antenna techniques for HSDPA. Diversity schemes, covering both transmit and receive diversity methods with and without channel state information at the transmitter were simulated. A moderate difference between the link-level simulation results and the theoretical outage results is observed. An almost optimal increase in diversity order and array gain is achieved by all investigated HSDPA schemes when compared to theoretical channel capacity gains.
Current Activities at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Diabetes Laboratory (1999)

In 1997, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention established the National Diabetes Laboratory in order to help prevent and treat type 1 diabetes. This state-of-the-art laboratory collaborates with research scientists and key national and international organizations throughout the world to identify and study risk factors for type 1 diabetes by developing measurements for glycosylated proteins, developing and evaluating technology for measuring genetic risk factors for the disease, and working to standardize autoantibody measurements. Developing improved technologies for diagnosing and managing diabetes and developing reference materials for properly calibrating and standardizing blood glucose meters are also critical aspects of the laboratory's work. In addition, the laboratory provides quality storage for valuable collections of biologics and other materials and facilitates sharing of specimens, associated epidemiologic data, and test results. Working with our partners in diabetes research, we are improving the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of type 1 diabetes.
Support for change in RPDE <sup>3</sup> (1990)

RPDE 3 is a framework for building environments. Great emphasis has been placed on supporting changes of various kinds, such as extensions to existing environments and creation of new environments by adapting existing environments. We have a three-pronged approach to supporting change: (1) use of a central framework providing key services is a uniform fashion, (2) an extended object-oriented programming paradigm supporting fine-grained changes by addition of small code fragments, and (3) structured representation of program material facilitating sophisticated language-sensitive processing. RPDE 3 has been used on a daily basis for its own development for about three years now, and during that time has undergone extensive change. This experience has indicated strongly that our approach to supporting change is effective, and has identified extensions to it that should make it more effective still. This paper describes the approach and, primarily, our experience.
A Vanadium Porphyrin with Temperature‐Dependent Phase Transformation: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, Supramolecular Motifs and Properties (2011)

A vanadium porphyrin, V(O)TMeOPP (1; TMeOPP=5, 10, 15, 20-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-21 H, 23H-porphyrin), has been synthesized by solvothermal reactions and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffractions at room temperature and low temperature to reveal two different structures 1R and 1L, respectively. Both 1R and 1L crystallized in the orthorhombic system, but their space groups were different: Pbca and Pca2(1) for 1R and 1L, respectively. The cell parameters of a, b, and c were different and the cell volume of 1R was larger than that of 1L by circa 200 Å(3). 1R and 1L were characteristic of an isolated motif with a five-coordinate vanadium(IV) ion and a saddle-distorted nonplanar porphyrin macrocycle. Molecules of 1R were interconnected through hydrogen-bonding interactions to yield a 3D framework; whilst for the low-temperature phase 1L, there were more hydrogen-bonding interactions that link the molecules to construct a more-complex 3D supramolecular network. In a solution of acetone, the title compound exhibited purple and green colors at room temperature and low temperature, respectively, which is unprecedented for vanadium porphyrins. The spectral data of UV/Vis, FT-IR, and MALDI-TOF-MS of 1R and 1L are reported together with the electrochemical data.
Luminescence as a Probe of Rare Earth Ions in Zeolites (1987)

Abstract The purpose of this review is threefold. The first area to be discussed is the use of luminescence methods to probe catalysts. The last review of this area appeared in this journal in 1975 by Pott and Stork [1], and several new developments concerning analytical procedures, characterization methods, and applications have been made since then. Second, a summary of the luminescence properties of rare earth oxides, hydroxides, and salt complexes has been compiled and is presented so that clear distinctions can be seen between these complexes and so that there is an available source of electronic transitions and assignments that are useful in catalysis studies. The third part of the review includes recent investigations of rare earth(III)-exchanged zeolites. The use of luminescence methods to probe coordination environments, changes due to thermal and chemical treatments, oxidation state changes, and rare earth-containing fluid catalytic cracking catalysts are discussed.