gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AMPA-Type Glutamate Receptors — Nonselective Cation Channels Mediating Fast Excitatory Transmission in the CNS (1993)

In recent years, considerable progress in our understanding of the molecular events underlying excitatory synaptic transmission has been made. This progress was mainly achieved by technical advances, among them the patch-clamp technique in brain slices (Edwards et al., 1989), fast application of agonists (Franke et al., 1987), and cloning and functional expression of GluR channels of the nonNMDA type (e.g., Hollmann et al., 1989). A suitable model for studying excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in the brain slice with patch-clamp techniques is the mossy fiber synapse on CA3 pyramidal cells of rat hippocampus (MF-CA3 synapse). This synapse is located close to the cell soma and should provide almost ideal space-clamp conditions. A comparison of MF-CA3 EPSCs with the currents activated by fast application of glutamate on membrane patches isolated from CA3 cell somata suggests that the concentration of glutamate in the synaptic cleft during excitatory synaptic transmission is high (about 1 mM) and that the transmitter remains in the synaptic cleft only briefly (about 1 ms). It seems likely that desensitization influences the peak amplitude of the EPSC in several ways. Brief pulses of glutamate cause desensitization, from which the glutamate receptor channels recover only slowly, and micromolar ambient glutamate concentrations produce desensitization at equilibrium. From the functional properties of recombinant GluR channels, in situ hybridization data, and patch-clamp experiments on different neuronal and nonneuronal cell types, a picture of the molecular identity of native channels emerges. In neurons of the hippocampus the pharmacological features of these channels were similar to recombinant channels assembled from subunits of the AMPA/kainate subtype which are strongly expressed in these cells. The native channels are characterized by outward rectification of the steady-state I-V and low Ca permeability, similar to recombinant channels containing the GluR-B subunit. This is consistent with the ubiquitous expression of this subunit in hippocampal neurones. In contrast, GluR channels from cerebellar glial cells, which uniquely in the central nervous system lack the expression of GluR-B subunits, show double rectification and high Ca permeability. The results suggest that the native functional nonNMDA glutamate receptor channels in the CNS are assembled form subunits of the AMPA/kainate subtype in a cell-specific way, with the functional properties of GluR channels in neurones being dominated by the GluR-B subunit.
A Selective N-Type Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Channel Blocker Prevents CA1 Injury 24 h following Severe Forebrain Ischemia and Reduces Infarction following Focal Ischemia (1994)

SNX-111 (NEUREX Corporation, Menlo Park, CA, U.S.A.) an omega-conopeptide, was tested for cytoprotection following normothermic ischemia using both a four-vessel occlusion model of severe forebrain ischemia and a model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion focal ischemia. Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to 10 min of forebrain ischemia followed by 7 days of reperfusion. A single dose of SNX-111 (5 mg/kg) was injected intravenously following delays of either 6 or 24 h after reperfusion. For 11 rats treated with saline, there was 78 +/- 13% CA1 neuronal injury (mean +/- SD); for 11 given SNX-111 delayed by 6 h, injury was reduced to 35 +/- 30% (p < 0.01); and remarkably, treatment delayed by 24 h (n = 10), still resulted in protection, with only 50 +/- 29% injury (p < 0.05). Adult male spontaneously hypertensive rats had transient occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery of 1.5- or 2-h duration followed by 22.5 or 22 h of reperfusion, respectively. Rats were randomly assigned to receive either saline or SNX-111 (5 mg/kg i.v.), with treatment starting immediately after reperfusion (1.5-h ischemic group) or at 1 h following the onset of ischemia (2-h ischemic group). In the 1.5-h ischemic group, saline-treated animals sustained 138 +/- 32 mm3 of neocortical infarction (n = 9), and SNX-111 treatment resulted in an infarct reduction to 76 +/- 25 mm3 (n = 9; p < 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Extending Consensus Clustering to Explore Multiple Clustering Views (2011)

Consensus clustering has emerged as an important extension of the classical clustering problem. Given a set of input clusterings of a given dataset, consensus clustering aims to find a single final clustering which is a better fit in some sense than the existing clusterings. There is a significant drawback in generating a single consensus clustering since different input clusterings could differ significantly. In this paper, we develop a new framework, called Multiple Consensus Clustering (MCC), to explore multiple clustering views of a given dataset from a set of input clusterings. Instead of generating a single consensus, MCC organizes the different input clusterings into a hierarchical tree structure and allows for interactive exploration of multiple clustering solutions. A dynamic programming algorithm is proposed to obtain a flat partition from the hierarchical tree using the modularity measure. Multiple consensuses are finally obtained by applying consensus clustering algorithms to each cluster of the partition. Extensive experimental results on 11 real world data sets and a case study on a Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) data set demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.
A Virtual-Queuing-Based Algorithm for Delay Evaluation in Networked Control Systems (2010)

In this paper, an approach to evaluate time performances of networked control systems (NCSs) is presented. Switched Ethernet with a client/server protocol is considered for communication. As a result, the reactivity of these NCSs is not only affected by the network delays but also by the field-device due delays. Obviously, all of them have to be taken into account to evaluate efficiently the NCS reactivity. Thus, by including some preliminary results, we propose an overall study in an effort to achieve this aim. First, we model the traffic of the NCS and provide formal proofs to characterize the scenarios leading to the worst delays. Subsequently, we develop a virtual-queuing-based algorithm (VQA) to search these scenarios and deduce the corresponding delays. Through a practical case study, it is shown how VQA fits experimental observations both quantitatively and qualitatively.
Animal Models of Myopia: Learning How Vision Controls the Size of the Eye (1999)

As they grow up, approximately 25% of children in the United States become myopic (nearsighted). A much smaller fraction become significantly hyperopic (farsighted), while the majority develop little or no refractive error and are emmetropic. The causes of refractive error, especially myopia, have been the subject of debate for more than a century. Some have held that myopia is primarily an inherited disorder, and others, that myopia is caused by protracted near work and, especially, by accommodation during protracted near work. It has not been possible, based solely on clinical observations, to resolve the relative roles of heredity versus environment in the development of refractive error. In the mid-1970s, several animal models were developed to study the mechanisms underlying refractive error. Using animal models, it was found that the visual environment exerts a powerful influence on refractive state by controlling the axial length of the eye during the postnatal developmental period. Although several species have been examined, three have emerged as primary models and have played complementary roles: tree shrews (mammals closely related to primates), chicks, and monkeys. Each has advantages and disadvantages. Collectively, research on animal models has provided evidence on three issues, namely that (1) the visual environment can produce refractive error; (2) an emmetropization mechanism normally guides eyes to low refractive error; and (3) under-accommodation, rather than excessive accommodation, may cause myopia. Two decades of research on animal models have provided criteria that may be used to evaluate the usefulness of additional species as models of emmetropization.
LAZAROIDS PREVENT ACUTE CYCLOSPORINE-INDUCED RENAL VASOCONSTRICTION1,2 (1997)

Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by U74389G maintained renal blood flow during acute CsA administration. These data suggest that ODFRs are involved in the renal microvascular response to CsA. Inhibition of ODFR-induced lipid peroxidation may help prevent CsA-induced glomerular hypoperfusion. Lazaroids may prove an effective adjunct in reducing CsA-induced nephrotoxicity.
Reliability information in a competitive market (2000)

As the electric power industry continues to evolve, more industry participants will have a broader array of decisions and options relating to reliability. Regulatory commissions monitor reliability to assure an acceptable level of reliability and the proper functioning of markets. The North American Electric Reliability Council and the Canadian Electrical Association have long histories of collecting reliability data. Most of these data are held confidential. Some summary statistics are made public, but the industry's willingness to participate in these efforts is diminishing. State and provincial regulatory commissions are collecting other data. This panel addresses the future reliability information needs of the industry, mechanisms for obtaining and disseminating this information and various issues surrounding this information. The panel covers equipment and system reliability data in Canada, US utility reliability data, NERC's Generating Availability Data System, and a European perspective is also given.
The disinfection of wastewater by ultraviolet light (1997)

The aim of this study, carried out over four months at a pilot wastewater treatment facility, was to evaluate ultraviolet treatment of final effluent discharged into bathing waters in coastal zones. Minimum disinfection values were fixed with a target limit of 103cfu/100mL for faecal coliforms (FC) in line with the present and proposed European Directive on bathing water quality. Disinfection performance with different sources of water was studied and the disinfectant capacity with other indicator microorganisms was also checked. The target limit was reached using doses around 30mW.s/cm2. Results of this study suggest that the applied UV dose is influenced by transmittance and the microbiological load. The most sensitive indicators were faecal coliforms, the specific F-RNA bacteriophages being the most resistant. From the results obtained in these experiments, UV treated water is suitable for being discharged into bathing zones, being an alternative to submarine discharges, avoiding high investment and maintenance costs.
Designing and implementing the transition to a fully digital hospital (1999)

The increase in the number of examinations performed in modern healthcare institutions in conjunction with the range of imaging modalities available today have resulted in a tremendous increase in the number of medical images generated and has made the need for a dedicated system able to acquire, distribute, and store medical image data very attractive. Within the framework of the Hellenic R&D program, we have designed and implemented a picture archiving and communication system for a high-tech cardiosurgery hospital in Greece. The system is able to handle in a digital form images produced from ultrasound, X-ray angiography, gamma-camera, chest X-rays, as well as electrocardiogram signals. Based on the adoption of an open architecture highly relying on the DICOM standard, the system enables the smooth transition from the existing procedures to a fully digital operation mode and the integration of all existing medical equipment to the new central archiving system.
Coal liquefaction short residence time process research, 79-1. First quarterly report, October 1--December 31, 1978 (1979)

The bench scale coal liquefaction reactor is being modified to increase the accuracy of data required for kinetic studies, and to also extend the region of operation of the reactor. Preliminary concepts have been identified for residence time measurements and further studies are underway to evaluate performance under reaction conditions. Current concepts include: solid phase residence time--magnetic tracer particles or manganese oxide with neutron activation; and liquid phase residence time--reflectance IR or high speed sampling with an organic tracer, radioactive tracer. Limited viscosity and surface tension measurements have been performed in an effort to predict the reactor flow regime.
Metal halide and organometal halide catalyzed copolymerization and cyclocodimerization of acrylonitrile and butadiene (1972)

Abstract The effect of inorganic halides MX (M = Zn, Al, Ti, B; X = Cl, Br) and organometallic halides MRX (M = Zn, Al; R = CH 3 ; X = Cl) of L EWIS acid type was studied with respect to the copolymerization and the cyclocodimerization of acrylonitrile and butadiene. The relative acid strength of these halides was established by IR studies of the acrylonitrile/halide complexes. In the presence of these L EWIS acids, acrylonitrile cyclocodimerizes with butadiene to give 4‐cyanocyclohexene the yield of which increases with acid strength, e.g. , 100% for BCl 3 . Some of these acids give rise to the simultaneous formation of an acrylonitrile/butadiene (1:1) copolymer. As the acid strength is increased, the copolymer yield passes through a maximum to become nil at the highest acid strengths (TiCl 4 , BCl 3 ). Unlike the inorganic halides, the organometallic halides MRX give rise to spontaneous copolymerization. A general mechanism of the reactions in the presence of MX and MRX is postulated to account for the data obtained.
ATM and ATR: Components of an Integrated Circuit (2007)

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-like kinases (PIKKs) ATM and ATR activate a complex signaling network in response to diverse forms of DNA damage. Initial characterization of these signaling molecules focused on the individual role that each plays in response to specific types of DNA lesions. Recently, a more integrated view of the DNA-damage signaling network has emerged. ATM- and ATR-activated signaling pathways once appeared parallel, but new findings suggest that this cellular circuitry is highly interconnected. Communication between ATM and ATR enables the cell to respond to DNA strand breaks and inhibition of DNA synthesis with coordinated, highly modulated outputs. In this article, we focus on several new developments that give insight into the integrated processing of diverse signals that arise during the damage and replication of DNA.
PIC Simulation of Collisionless Negative Ion Plasma Expansion into a Vacuum (2003)

In the contribution the preliminary results of the simulation experiment on expansion of a collisionless plasma with negative ions into a vacuum are presented. The electric field profile development in time and phase spaces for all three species are presented and discussed. Dependencies on negative ion mass are also studied. Double layer‐like potential structure is observed to form in the expanding plasma under certain conditions.
The Rich and the Poor (2016)

Taxi services play an important role in the public transportation system of large cities. Improving taxi business efficiency is an important societal problem since it could improve the income of the drivers and reduce gas emissions and fuel consumption. The recent research on seeking strategies may not be optimal for the overall revenue over an extended period of time as they ignored the important impact of passengers' destinations on future passenger seeking. To address these issues, this paper investigates how to increase the revenue efficiency (revenue per unit time) of taxi drivers, and models the passenger seeking process as a Markov Decision Process (MDP). For each one-hour time slot, we learn a different set of parameters for the MDP from data and find the best move for a vacant taxi to maximize the total revenue in that time slot. A case study and several experimental evaluations on a real dataset from a major city in China show that our proposed approach improves the revenue efficiency of inexperienced drivers by up to 15% and outperforms a baseline method in all the time slots.
Distinct Phosphatases Mediate the Deactivation of the DNA Damage Checkpoint Kinase Rad53 (2008)

The DNA damage checkpoint regulates DNA replication and arrests cell cycle progression in response to genotoxic stress. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the protein kinase Rad53 plays a central role in preventing genomic instability and maintaining viability in the presence of replication stress and DNA damage. Activation of Rad53 depends on phosphorylation by the upstream kinase Mec1, followed by autophosphorylation on multiple residues. Also critical for cell viability, the molecular mechanism of Rad53 deactivation remains incompletely understood. Rad53 dephosphorylation after repair of a persistent double strand break in G(2)/M has been shown to depend on the presence of the PP2C-type phosphatases Ptc2 and Ptc3. More recently, the PP2A-like protein phosphatase Pph3 has been shown to be required to dephosphorylate Rad53 after DNA methylation damage in S phase. However, we show here that Ptc2/3 are dispensable for Rad53 deactivation after replication stress or DNA methylation damage. Pph3 is also dispensable for the deactivation of Rad53 after replication stress. In addition, Rad53 kinase activity is still deactivated in pph3 null cells after DNA methylation damage, despite persistent Rad53 hyperphosphorylation. Finally, a strain in which the three phosphatases are deleted shows a severe defect in Rad53 kinase deactivation after DNA methylation damage but not after replication stress. In all, our results suggest that distinct phosphatases operate to return Rad53 to its basal state after different genotoxic stresses and that a yet unidentified phosphatase may be responsible for the deactivation of Rad53 after replication stress.
Adipose-derived stromal cells for osteoarticular repair: trophic function versus stem cell activity (2014)

The identification of multipotent adipose-derived stromal cells (ASC) has raised hope that tissue regeneration approaches established with bone-marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSC) can be reproduced with a cell-type that is far more accessible in large quantities. Recent detailed comparisons, however, revealed subtle functional differences between ASC and BMSC, stressing the concept of a common mesenchymal progenitor existing in a perivascular niche across all tissues. Focussing on bone and cartilage repair, this review summarises recent in vitro and in vivo studies aiming towards tissue regeneration with ASC. Advantages of good accessibility, high yield and superior growth properties are counterbalanced by an inferiority of ASC to form ectopic bone and stimulate long-bone healing along with their less pronounced osteogenic and angiogenic gene expression signature. Hence, particular emphasis is placed on establishing whether stem cell activity of ASC is so far proven and relevant for successful osteochondral regeneration, or whether trophic activity may largely determine therapeutic outcome.
Peripheral T cell lymphoma: clinical utility of romidepsin (2012)

Introduction: Direct therapeutic targets, such as aberrant tumor cell genes and tumor cell markers, have been the focus of cancer treatment for more than 50 years. The resulting damage to normal cells and emergence of drug-resistant tumor cells after exposure to conventional chemotherapy have led researchers to study indirect targets, like the tumor vasculature. A more recent indirect approach involves targeting the epigenetic modifiers, DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase. Histone deacetylase inhibitors have been shown to be active cytotoxic agents in T cell lymphoma. The current treatments approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for relapsed cutaneous T cell lymphoma are vorinostat and romidepsin. The diversity and rarity of peripheral T cell lymphomas present a challenge for effective treatment. With their poor overall survival rate, new targeted therapies need to be developed. Keywords: peripheral T cell lymphoma, treatment, romidepsin
Graphene Regulated Ceramic Electrolyte for Solid-State Sodium Metal Battery with Superior Electrochemical Stability (2019)

Employing solid ceramic electrolyte in sodium (Na) metal batteries enables safe and cost-effective energy storage solution toward the advent of sustainable energy. Nevertheless, the development of solid-state Na batteries is hindered by the large interfacial charge transfer resistance between electrodes and solid electrolyte. Here, a novel and scalable design approach is utilized to significantly reduce the interfacial resistance through the direct growth of graphene-like interlayer on Na<sup>+</sup> superionic conductor (NASICON) ceramic electrolyte, resulting in a 10-fold decrease of interfacial resistance. Benefiting from the graphene regulated NASICON, extremely stable Na plating/stripping cycling performance using solid electrolyte at a current density up to 1 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> with a cycling capacity of 1 mAh/cm<sup>2</sup> for 500 cycles (1000 h) is demonstrated for the first time. The surface of Na electrode after 1000 h of cycling remained smooth because of uniform Na<sup>+</sup> flux across graphene-coated-NASICON/Na interface enabled by the abundant graphene defects network for efficient Na<sup>+</sup> transport. Solid-state room temperature battery consists of graphene-regulated NASICON electrolyte, Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> cathode and Na anode delivered a reversible initial capacity of 108 mAh/g at 1C current density for 300 cycles with 85% capacity retention, far superior than the battery with pristine NASICON. This work can be a valuable contribution toward a safe and stable solid-state Na metal battery system, and provide insights for solid-state lithium metal batteries as well.
The Shell Dissolution of Various Empty Hard Capsules. (2000)

The shell dissolution properties of gelatine, gelatine/polyethylene glycol (PEG) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) capsules were studied as a function of temperature, dissolution medium, and after different storage conditions. In any dissolution medium with a pH below or equal to 5.8, HPMC capsule shells dissolved rapidly, and there was no difference in the time in which dissolution occurred in the tested temperature interval of 10 to 55 degrees C. Gelatine and gelatine/PEG capsule shells, generally, did not dissolve at temperatures below 30 degrees C. The shell dissolution time of all capsules tested was prolonged and more variable in mixed phosphate buffer pH = 6.8. The addition of enzymes (pepsin, pancreatin) to any dissolution medium was found not to enhance the differences between the different types of capsules investigated. In practical terms, the results indicated that capsule formulations should not be taken with drinks from the carbonated Cola-type. Gelatine containing capsules should preferably be administered with a warm drink, whereas HPMC capsules could be given with cold or warm drinks. The latter type of capsules should also be preferred for preparations to be taken in the fasted state. A short storage of gelatine containing capsules under hot humid tropical conditions appeared not to alter the dissolution properties of the shells, and changes in disintegration times and dissolution times of formulations filled in such capsules might be a reflection of changes of the powders incorporated rather than of the capsule shells. However, a short storage of HPMC capsules under such conditions appeared to influence the capsule shell matrix.