gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
BioCreative V CDR task corpus: a resource for chemical disease relation extraction (2016)

Community-run, formal evaluations and manually annotated text corpora are critically important for advancing biomedical text-mining research. Recently in BioCreative V, a new challenge was organized for the tasks of disease named entity recognition (DNER) and chemical-induced disease (CID) relation extraction. Given the nature of both tasks, a test collection is required to contain both disease/chemical annotations and relation annotations in the same set of articles. Despite previous efforts in biomedical corpus construction, none was found to be sufficient for the task. Thus, we developed our own corpus called BC5CDR during the challenge by inviting a team of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) indexers for disease/chemical entity annotation and Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) curators for CID relation annotation. To ensure high annotation quality and productivity, detailed annotation guidelines and automatic annotation tools were provided. The resulting BC5CDR corpus consists of 1500 PubMed articles with 4409 annotated chemicals, 5818 diseases and 3116 chemical-disease interactions. Each entity annotation includes both the mention text spans and normalized concept identifiers, using MeSH as the controlled vocabulary. To ensure accuracy, the entities were first captured independently by two annotators followed by a consensus annotation: The average inter-annotator agreement (IAA) scores were 87.49% and 96.05% for the disease and chemicals, respectively, in the test set according to the Jaccard similarity coefficient. Our corpus was successfully used for the BioCreative V challenge tasks and should serve as a valuable resource for the text-mining research community.Database URL: http://www.biocreative.org/tasks/biocreative-v/track-3-cdr/.
A Fast Computational Algorithm for the Discrete Sine Transform (1980)

A sparse-matrix factorization is developed for the discrete sine transform (DST). This factorization has a recursive structure and leads directly to an efficient algorithm for implementing the DST, a feature most desirable and very similar ot that of the DCT. This algorithm requires fewer arithmetic operations compared to that for the discrete cosine transform (DCT).
Tier‐based pricing for institutions: a new, e‐based pricing model (2009)

ABSTRACT The American Chemical Society (ACS) recently introduced a new pricing model for the digital versions of its journals. Our primary goals were to completely decouple electronic and print subscriptions, to broaden access to content globally, and to address the needs of different market segments so that similar institutions were charged equivalent amounts for comparable usage/need of ACS journals. A cross‐departmental team, with the assistance of independent consultants, analyzed multiple layers of customer data before the new model was built. As a result, we have implemented a two‐faceted model that separately addresses academic and non‐academic subscribers, and that also enables us to assess the relative value of each journal within our portfolio. The process started in 2005 and took over two years to complete, involving numerous staff members and incorporating input from customers worldwide across all market sectors, as well as subscription agents. The model was announced in spring 2007, and applied to 2008 subscriptions. The lessons learned are applicable to any publisher considering a review of its pricing model.
Vicinity shading for enhanced perception of volumetric data (2004)

This paper presents a shading model for volumetric data which enhances the perception of surfaces within the volume. The model incorporates uniform diffuse illumination, which arrives equally from all directions at each surface point in the volume. This illumination is attenuated by occlusions in the local vicinity of the surface point, resulting in shadows in depressions and crevices. Experiments by other authors have shown that perception of a surface is superior under uniform diffuse lighting, compared to illumination from point source lighting.
Rating news documents for similarity (2000)

Electronic news has long held the promise of personalized and dynamic delivery of current event news items, particularly for web users. Although electronic versions of print news are now widely available, the personalization of that delivery has not yet been accomplished. In this paper, we present a methodology of associating news documents based on the extraction of feature phrases, where feature phrases identify dates, locations, people, and organizations. A news representation is created from these feature phrases to define news objects that can then be compared and ranked to find related news items. Unlike traditional information retrieval, we are much more interested in precision than recall. That is, the user would like to see one or more specifically related articles, rather than all somewhat related articles. The algorithm is designed to work interactively with the user using regular web browsers as the interface.
Radiation of superluminal sources in empty space (2005)

Experiments using gravitationally trapped ultracold neutrons (UCNs) to measure the neutron lifetime are reviewed. The precise value of the neutron lifetime is of fundamental importance to particle physics and cosmology. In our experiment, the UCN storage time is brought closest ever to the neutron lifetime: the probability of the UCN loss from the trap was only 1% of that for neutron β-decay. The neutron lifetime obtained, 878.5 ± 0.7stat ± 0.3sys s, is the most accurate one to date. The impact of the new result on testing the unitarity of the quark mixing matrix and on data analysis for the primordial nucleosynthesis model is scrutinized.
Designing Software Defined Small Form Fit Radios for JTRS Networking (2006)

The design of Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) Small Form Fit (SFF) radio sets is aimed at embedded communications applications for dismounted soldier systems and unmanned and unattended platforms such as; Intelligent Munitions Systems (IMS), Unattended Ground Sensors (UGS), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), and Non-Line of Site Launch System (NLOSLS) Precision Attack Missiles (PAM). The platform constraints on which these SFF sets are integrated drive the radio design to meet highly controlled size, weight, and power (SWaP) tolerances. These SWaP tolerances, in turn, severely limit the processing capabilities and memory allocations and are a significant challenge to both the SFF hardware and waveform application developers. The concept of operation for each SFFs host platform creates a different type of networking challenge. Characteristics of these domains such as battery operations and low gain antennas along with requirements for integration into a secure Network Centric Future Combat System (FCS) environment create additional challenges that the SFF and the Soldier Radio Waveform (SRW) developer must jointly address. The SRW software application has recently been selected as the key networking waveform to meet the dismounted soldier and FCS unattended and unmanned platform needs using JTRS SFF sets. This paper will outline some of the foreseeable challenges related to SFF and SRW internetworking domain design and development. Also discussed will be the major tradeoff considerations between SFF hardware design and networking functionality.
Technical Note: Constructing Tornado Diagrams with Spreadsheets (2006)

Abstract Tornado diagrams are a classic tool of sensitivity analysis for decision analysis, yet engineering economy texts and TEE articles rarely include them. It is suggested that this is due to apparent barriers in constructing them—particularly for problems with positive and negative values. While the texts and articles may not represent typical engineering economy practice, they certainly lay the foundation for it. This note summarizes how to construct tornado diagrams in Excel. A template for constructing these diagrams is available from the author at aftge@uaa.alaska.edu.
High-energy trajectories from earth to Mars and return. (1967)

High energy trajectories from Earth to Mars and return for 1970-1980 - three-dimensional conic approximation used for calculations
Aporte a los debates teóricos metodológicos y epistemológicos a la investigación social (2003)

This present work deals with the methodological and epistemological consequences derived from the approaches of the well-known “classics” of Sociology – Comte, Durkheim, Marx, Weber, Spencer- who questioned in an explicit or implicit way, if a methodology different from the one used for natural sciences should be used in this field too; and as conceptualizations are developed, several methodological approaches are raised. As a general rule, research work does not make explicit the epistemological positioning, this lack of definition makes it difficult to set a systematization to identify and organize the varied contributions to the analyzed reality. From these statements onwards, the need to throw some light on the sociological research practices is made evident, i.e. when studying a topic of interest, there is a need to identify perspectives, tendencies, approaches, even the paradigms from where they originated. This work also tries to establish qualifying systems relevant to research, thus a proposal to classify the different kinds of research work is outlined. This work does not intend to fall into supreme commands, but to spread some criteria which might tend to systematize research .
Acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura following combined vaccination against measles, mumps, and rubella. (1996)

Acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is the most common bleeding disorder of childhood. Seventy percent of cases of acute ITP occur following viral illness. 1 Classically these infections include rubella, varicella, measles, and the Epstein-Barr virus.2 Acute ITP has also been reported after vaccination against poliomyelitis,3 measles,4-6 and rubella,7 (including combined measles-mumps-rubella [MMR] vaccination812), typhus-paratyphus,13 smallpox,14 and influenza and pneumococcal infections.15 The incidence of acute ITP following .MMR vaccination appears to be lower than that of acute ITP following natural rubella or measles infection.10,16-18 Nevertheless, the occurrence of acute ITP associated with .MMR vaccination is rare, and a limited amount of literature is published on the subject. This report describes a case of acute ITP developing 2 weeks after receiving the .MMR vaccine.
Who Uses Electronic Banking? Results from the 1995 Survey of Consumer Finances (1997)

This study uses the 1995 Survey of Consumer Finances to examine households&amp;amp;#x27; use of technologies, including electronic means, to carry out transactions at a financial institution and to gain information for making saving and borrowing decisions. Household use of various technologies is correlated with household income, financial assets, age, and years of education. Results suggest that relatively new electronic technologies are used by relatively few households, and that household use of electronic sources of information for financial decisionmaking is barely off the ground.
Quantifying non-recurrent traffic congestion caused by freeway work zones using archived work zone and ITS traffic data (2011)

Abstract Non-recurrent traffic congestion has been estimated using the capacity and the number of closed lanes in work zones and the upstream traffic demand of work zones. However, the number of closed lanes may be meaningless due to operational strategies, such as using the shoulder area and composing an additional lane by temporarily reducing the existing lane width to mitigate traffic congestion. The objective of this study is to develop a method to quantify non-recurrent traffic congestion caused by freeway work zones based on traffic flow data and spatio-temporal work zone information. In addition, to demonstrate the efficacy of the developed method, a case study is performed using 1-year historical traffic data and work zone data on major freeways in Korea. Keywords: freeway work zonerecurrent traffic congestionnon-recurrent traffic congestionarchived traffic flow data Acknowledgement This study was supported by the Korea Transport Institute. The author thanks the Korea Expressway Corporation for providing the weather and traffic flow data. Notes 1. Here, we make no attempt to categorise these distributions among the set of well-known distributions, but rather assume, for simplicity, that they can be adequately defined by their means and standard deviations. 2. If a work zone activity was carried out for both directions of the associated freeway section, the length was doubly counted. 3. Although non-recurrent delay caused by work zones may vary with the location of the closed lane(s) due to the work zone activity, such variables were not included in the analysis due to no information in the work zone data.
Perylene, a By-product from Some 1-Naphthyl-metallic Compounds (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPerylene, a By-product from Some 1-Naphthyl-metallic CompoundsHenry. Gilman and Cecil G. BrannenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 2, 657–659Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01170a076https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01170a076research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views213Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
AERODYNAMICS OF TUBE VEHICLE SYSTEMS (1970)

A general description of the aerodynamic aspects of tube vehicle systems is presented. The particular features of the flow field peculiar to tube vehicles are discussed. An assessment is made of the present state of understanding as well as future requirements from both the theoretical and experimental viewpoint.
PDQ: the National Cancer Institute's computerized database for physicians. (1990)

Physician Data Query (PDG) is the National Cancer Institute's computerized database of current information regarding cancer treatment consisting of four major files: (1) a cancer information file providing prognostic and treatment information on all major cancers; (2) a protocol file containing investigational and standard therapy protocols; (3) a physician directory of 10,000 physicians devoting a major portion of their clinical practices to cancer treatment; and (4) a directory of approximately 2,000 organizations and institutions providing care to cancer patients. While PDQ's primary user group is practicing physicians requiring information for patient care, it can be of use to other health professionals. Searches are rapid, inexpensive, and can be performed through medical and hospital libraries, via individual direct accession, or in conjunction with other online vendors.
Stereologic Analysis of Microvascular Morphology in the Elderly (2006)

The presence of microvascular changes has been documented both in brain aging and Alzheimer disease (AD), although the relationship between the morphometry of brain capillaries and cognitive impairment is still unknown. We performed an analysis of capillary morphometric parameters and AD-related pathology in 19 elderly individuals with variable degrees of cognitive decline. Cognitive status was assessed prospectively using the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale. Total capillary lengths and numbers as well as mean length-weighted diameter, total neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) and neuron numbers, and amyloid volume were estimated in entorhinal cortex and the CA1 field. Total capillary numbers and mean diameters explained almost 40% of the neuron number variability in both the CA1 and entorhinal cortex. Total capillary length and numbers in the CA1 and entorhinal cortex did not predict cognitive status. Mean capillary diameters in the CA1 and entorhinal cortex were significantly related to CDR scores, explaining 18.5% and 31.1% of the cognitive variability, respectively. This relationship persisted after controlling for NFT and neuron numbers in multivariate regression models. Consistent with the growing interest about microvascular pathology in brain aging, the present data indicate that changes in capillary morphometric parameters may represent independent predictors of AD-related neuronal depletion and cognitive decline.
Fragen und Antworten (1969)

ZusammenfassungFür Entscheidungen über personalpolitische Fern- und Nahziele ist vor allem die obere bzw. oberste Führungsebene zuständig. Ein mögliches Fernziel ist beispielsweise der Entscheid, künftig stärker als bisher die Führungskräfte aus den Reihen der eigenen Mitarbeiter auszuwählen und für ihre spätere Führungsaufgabe auszubilden. Ein Nahziel auf dem Wege zu diesem Fernziel stellt dann z. B. die Entscheidung dar, ein geeignetes Verfahren für die regelmäßige Personalbeurteilung zu entwickeln bzw. für die besondere Nachwuchsbeurteilung weiter auszubauen (vgl. S. 10).
On Complexity Modeling of H.264/AVC Video Decoding and Its Application for Energy Efficient Decoding (2011)

This paper proposes a new complexity model for H.264/AVC video decoding. The model is derived by decomposing the entire decoder into several decoding modules (DM), and identifying the fundamental operation unit (termed complexity unit or CU) in each DM. The complexity of each DM is modeled by the product of the average complexity of one CU and the number of CUs required. The model is shown to be highly accurate for software video decoding both on Intel Pentium mobile 1.6-GHz and ARM Cortex A8 600-MHz processors, over a variety of video contents at different spatial and temporal resolutions and bit rates. We further show how to use this model to predict the required clock frequency and hence perform dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) for energy efficient video decoding. We evaluate achievable power savings on both the Intel and ARM platforms, by using analytical power models for these two platforms as well as real experiments with the ARM-based TI OMAP35x EVM board. Our study shows that for the Intel platform where the dynamic power dominates, a power saving factor of 3.7 is possible. For the ARM processor where the static leakage power is not negligible, a saving factor of 2.22 is still achievable.
The Gateway of the Oregon Country (2010)

Here by the wayside, where travelers still use the pass at the river side, though no longer coming in canoes that are to be carried around the swift waters at this point, let there be a cippus, with a tablet of enduring bronze, listing a few of the names of the intrepid men and women who brought civilization to the Pacific Coast... In the centuries to come, the youth who sees these names emblazoned here and asks what they did to make them worthy of this honor, may be referred, not to shell heaps and shards, nor to the relics of a primitive and savage race, but to the white man's brilliant and moving tale of the discovery, exploration and settlement of the Columbia River valley.
Effects of form and amounts of nitrogen and magnesium fertilisers on the yield and on the inorganic and organic composition of italian ryegrass grown on magnesium deficient soil (1975)

Abstract Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum ) S22, grown in Mg‐deficient soil in pots, was given 40 and 160 mg N/kg of soil as ammonium nitrate or as ammonium sulphate treated with a nitrification inhibitor and 0, 20 and 40 mg Mg/kg of soil as magnesium sulphate. Yields of grass given the larger dressing of N were greater with ammonium nitrate than with ammonium sulphate. The magnesium treatments significantly increased yields only of the third cut given the most N when concentrations of Mg in dry matter were 0.07% or less. Magnesium fertiliser had little effect on the production of reducing sugars and sucrose but markedly increased fructosan and percentages of chlorophyll in grass of the third cut given the larger dressing of N. Non‐protein nitrogen was much greater with ammonium sulphate than with ammonium nitrate nutrition. With both forms of N fertiliser, this fraction accumulated in grass grown without added Mg, but it decreased when Mg‐deficiency was corrected. The percentage distribution of N in the free amino acid pool varied with the form of N fertiliser and the Mg treatments. With grass given ammonium nitrate, free amino acids predominated over amides; the reverse was true for grass given ammonium sulphate. The main effect of adding Mg was to decrease glutamine and to increase the percentages of some free amino acids, especially alanine and γ‐aminobutyric acid. About half of the soluble organic N in grass given ammonium nitrate was unaccounted for as amino acids and amides with all the Mg treatments; this N fraction was much less in grass given ammonium sulphate, but it increased with increasing magnesium fertiliser.
Clustering of Urokinase Receptors (uPAR; CD87) Induces Proinflammatory Signaling in Human Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils (2000)

Leukocytes use urokinase receptors (uPAR; CD87) in adhesion, migration, and proteolysis of matrix proteins. Typically, uPAR clusters at cell-substratum interfaces, at focal adhesions, and at the leading edges of migrating cells. This study was undertaken to determine whether uPAR clustering mediates activation signaling in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Cells were labeled with fluo-3/AM to quantitate intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) by spectrofluorometry, and uPAR was aggregated by Ab cross-linking. Aggregating uPAR induced a highly reproducible increase in [Ca2+]i (baseline to peak) of 295 +/- 37 nM (p = 0.0002). Acutely treating cells with high m.w. urokinase (HMW-uPA; 4000 IU/ml) produced a response of similar magnitude but far shorter duration. Selectively aggregating uPA-occupied uPAR produced smaller increases in [Ca2+]i, but saturating uPAR with HMW-uPA increased the response to approximate that of uPAR cross-linking. Cross-linking uPAR induced rapid and significant increases in membrane expression of CD11b and increased degranulation (release of beta-glucuronidase and lactoferrin) to a significantly greater degree than cross-linking control Abs. The magnitude of degranulation correlated closely with the difference between baseline and peak [Ca2+]i, but was not dependent on the state of uPA occupancy. By contrast, selectively cross-linking uPA-occupied uPAR was capable of directly inducing superoxide release as well as enhancing FMLP-stimulated superoxide release. These results could not be duplicated by preferentially cross-linking unoccupied uPAR. We conclude that uPAR aggregation initiates activation signaling in polymorphonuclear neutrophils through at least two distinct uPA-dependent and uPA-independent pathways, increasing their proinflammatory potency (degranulation and oxidant release) and altering expression of CD11b/CD18 to favor a firmly adherent phenotype.