gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved RNA Extraction from Woody Plants for the Detection of Viral Pathogens by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (1997)

An efficient procedure for the extraction of high-quality RNA from woody plants without the use of phenol, organic solvents, or alcohol precipitation is described. The method employs commercially available spin-column matrices and mitigates the inhibitory effects of plant polysaccharides and polyphenolic compounds commonly observed on subsequent polymerase chain reaction amplification when conventional extraction methods are applied to woody plant species. The method described has been successfully used in the development of highly sensitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) techniques for the detection of a number of viruses in their woody hosts. The viruses detected included apple stem grooving capillovirus (ASGV), apple stem pitting virus, Prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus (PNRSV), grapevine fanleaf and Arabis mosaic nepoviruses, and grapevine leafroll-associated closterovirus type 3. The method described was equally effective for the extraction of viral RNA from either budwood, leaves, or flower blossoms as determined by the equivalent RT-PCR detection of ASGV and PNRSV from these tissues. Detection of viral RNA in samples of total plant RNA prepared using this method was found to be as sensitive as was previously described for the immunocapture RT-PCR technique.
Proposal for Reclassification of Bacteroides asaccharolyticus, Bacteroides gingivalis, and Bacteroides endodontalis in a New Genus, Porphyromonas (1988)

The asaccharolytic, pigmented Bacteroides, Bacteroides asaccharolyticus, Bacteroides gingivalis, and Bacteroides endodontalis, form a group of relatively homogeneous species which differ markedly in biochemical and chemical properties from the type species of Bacteroides, Bacteroides fragilis (Castellani and Chalmers), such that they should not be retained within this genus. Therefore, we propose that Bacteroides asaccharolyticus (Holdeman and Moore) Finegold and Barnes, Bacteroides gingivalis Coykendall, Kaczmarek and Slots, and Bacteroides endodontalis van Steenbergen, van Winkelhoff, Mayrand, Grenier and de Graaff be reclassified in a new genus, Porphyromonas, as Porphyromonas asaccharolytica comb. nov., Porphyromonas gingivalis comb. nov., and Porphyromonas endodontalis comb. nov., respectively.
Poliovirus vaccine strains in sewage and river water in South Africa (2006)

Since the initiation of the global poliomyelitis eradication program in 1988, the number of wild-type polio cases decreased from 350,000 to fewer than 500, and the number of polio endemic countries declined from more than 125 to 10. The last case of polio in South Africa caused by a wild-type poliovirus (PV) occurred in 1989. The live attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) has been effectively used in the reduction and control of poliomyelitis. However, as OPV strains are excreted in stools after vaccination, this vaccine could become a source of dissemination of PVs in the environment and the potential cause of poliomyelitis. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the occurrence of OPV strains in selected sewage and river water samples. During the period between 2001 and 2003, 138 samples of river water and 213 samples of settled sewage were collected from selected areas of South Africa. A total of 860 plaques were analysed, which consisted of 703 plaques from the sewage and 157 plaques from the river water samples. Using a reverse transcriptase (RT)-multiplex PCR, 49 PVs were successfully distinguished from 176 non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs). The 176 NPEVs consisted of 50 coxsackie B2 viruses (CBV2), followed by 39 echoviruses 11 (ECV11), 25 CBV5, 21 CBV3, 15 CBV4, 14 coxsackie A6 viruses (CAV6), 7 CBV6, 2 CAV5, 2 CBV1, and 1 ECV19, which was in agreement with the prevalence of these EVs in other parts of the world. The Sabin-specific RT-triplex PCR revealed the presence of 29 Sabin PV type 1, 8 Sabin PV type 2, and 12 Sabin PV type 3 isolates. Buffalo green monkey kidney and primary liver carcinoma cell cultures allowed the amplification of a broad spectrum of EVs, whereas human epidermoid carcinoma cells were more selective for PVs. This study addressed some of the issues regarding the prevalence of OPV strains in the environment. The identification of 49 viable OPV isolates confirmed the presence and circulation of PV vaccine strains in sewage and river water. The extent of the potential health risk constituted by these OPV isolates remains to be investigated.
Situation modelling: a domain analysis and user study (2006)

A systematic activity-based domain study is presented, analysing the context of multimedia presentation scenarios. The analysis was motivated by the aim of situation recognition and the realisation of proactive environment control systems. Altogether information is collected for presentation scenarios in an activity-centred approach. During a first preliminary study seven major situations have been identified for the presentation process, including setup, welcome, presentation, explanation, question&answer, discussion, and conclusion. Additionally, following parameters have been defined: activity, location, interaction, media, device, environment and audience states (e.g., light and noise setting, user movement, number of person, level of attention, interruptions). These parameters provide distinguishing characteristics for mentioned situation at a high-level and do not depend on a specific technology or sensor (e.g., A/V indexing). In a second step, interview and observation techniques have been deployed to collect data characterizing those seven situations with previously defined parameters. By doing so, the user study quantifies the situations of a presentation scenario; it provides a statistical situation model. (7 pages)
The effect of odors on the behavior of adult <i>Aedes aegypti</i> and some factors limiting responsiveness (1972)

Caged adult Aedes aegypti aggregated at the source of ethyl ether soluble honey odors in relatively still air. Arrival at the source of odor was not random. The volatile substances stimulated locomotory activity in mosquitoes settled in the cage. The majority of these active individuals arrived at the odor source and did so within a mean period of 1.5 min. At the same time, arrivals at a visually similar, comparably situated control were rare. Insects probed at the odor source and remained in the area of highest odor concentration by turning at the boundary to a lower concentration. Habituation occurred within about 12 min of exposure to the odor and the aggregation was then dispersed.Male and female mosquitoes responded to honey odors equally well. Responsiveness increased with time of food deprivation and feeding raised the threshold of response.Mechanisms of orientation to the odor are discussed.
Rey's verbal learning test: Normative data for 1855 healthy participants aged 24–81 years and the influence of age, sex, education, and mode of presentation (2005)

The Verbal Learning Test (VLT; Rey, 1958) evaluates the declarative memory. Despite its extensive use, it has been difficult to establish normative data because test administration has not been uniform. The purpose of the present study was to gather normative data for the VLT for a large number (N = 1855) of healthy participants aged 24-81 years, using a procedure in which the words to be learned were presented either verbally or visually. The results showed that VLT performance decreased in an age-dependent manner from an early age. The learning capacity of younger versus older adults differed quantitatively rather than qualitatively. Females and higher educated participants outperformed males and lower educated participants over the entire age range tested. Presentation mode affected VLT performance differently: auditory presentation resulted in a better recall on Trial 1 (a short-term or working memory measure), whereas visual presentation yielded a better performance on Trial 3, Trial 4, and Delta (a learning measure).
Grammarless extraction of phrasal translation examples from parallel texts (1995)

We describe a method for identifying subsentential phrasal translation examples in sentencealigned parallel corpora, using only a probabilistic translation lexicon for the language pair. Our method differs from previous approaches in that (1) it is founded on a formal basis, making use of an inversion transduction grammar (ITG) formalism that we recently developed for bilingual language modeling, and (2) it requires no language-specific monolingual grammars for the source and target languages. Instead, we devise a generic, language-independent constituent-matching ITG with inherent expressiveness properties that correspond to a desirable level of matching flexibility. Bilingual parsing, in conjunction with a stochastic version of the ITG formalism, performs the phrasal translation extraction. The Hong Kong University of Science &amp; Technology Technical Report Series Department of Computer Science TMI-95 WU 2 1 Introduction Phrasal translation examples at the subsentential level are an...
High quality diabetic education is needed (2003)

JA Reed, H Ashton, JM Lawrence, S Hollinghurst, ER Higgs. Diabetes self-management: how are we doing? Pages 318– 322 Manraj Basi*, * University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester The article by Reed et al. asks how we as health professionals are doing, in respect of enabling our patients to self-manage their diabetes. Judging by the evidence provided in this particular study, not very well. There is little doubt that the vast majority of health professionals working in the field of diabetes have considerable knowledge, experience and expertise in dealing proficiently with acute complications and diabetic emergencies. However, are we any good at delivering the education that is essential to allow patients to take the responsibility to self-manage their diabetes? Also, how many of us have the training or qualifications to be competent teachers? This article is an important addition to the debate on diabetes self-management – and the size of the group surveyed certainly lends it credibility. The findings in this study of 130 insulin treated patients should be of major concern for health professionals involved in diabetes. Although 80% of participants felt confident with the condition of their diabetes equipment and ability to use it appropriately, only eight did not demonstrate any problems with either blood glucose monitoring or insulin administration. There were also significant shortfalls in: carrying any identification stating the patient had diabetes, management of hypoglycaemia, disposal of sharps, insulin resuspension and overuse of pen needles. There are over 30 different insulins and 10 different pen devices. Also, there are 11 different blood glucose meters which are readily available through various different outlets, most of which do not offer any training or education in using the devices. These findings are clearly alarming and suggest that either we are failing to address the issue of patient education or the quality of education provided is inadequate. Whether the education is delivered in group settings, one to one, locally or centrally within secondary care is perhaps less important. Maybe the real issue is whether we as health professionals are adequately prepared as teams or individuals to deliver the high quality education which is essential in enabling patients to self-manage their diabetes successfully. We also need to recognise that patients will vary in the desire to self-manage their diabetes. There is evidence to suggest that those with chronic ill health, and especially elderly people, prefer a more directed approach.1, 2 In our quest to empower we must not forget this particular group.
Ein Interferenzverfahren zur Absoluten Ebenheitsprüfung Längs Beliebiger Zentralschnitte (1967)

Es wird ein Verfahren beschrieben, nach dem man durch interferentiellen Vergleich dreier Platten absolute Aussagen über ihre Abweichungen von einer idealen Ebene gewinnt, ohne ein Ebenheits-Normal (z.B. einen Flüssigkeitsspiegel) als Vergleichsfläche zu benötigen. Das Verfahren arbeitet mit neuen Platten-Lagekombinationen und Ebenen-Bezugspunkten. Dadurch kann man die Abweichungen von der idealen Ebene (gegenüber den bisher bekannten Verfahren) längs beliebig vieler Durchmesser aus 4 Interferenzaufnahmen erhalten. Möglichkeiten zur weiteren Genauigkeitssteigerung werden angegeben, z.B. durch Fehlerausgleichsrechnung. Das Verfahren eignet sich für die Schaffung fester Planflächen-Normale, deren Abweichungen von der Ebenheit mit hoher Genauigkeit bestimmt werden sollen; ferner eignet es sich zur genauen Prüfung optischer Planflächen, wenn derartige Normale noch nicht vorliegen.
The future of nematode management in cotton. (2007)

The importance of plant-parasitic nematodes as yield-limiting pathogens of cotton has received increased recognition and attention in the United States in the recent past. This paper summarizes the remarks made during a symposium of the same title that was held in July 2007 at the joint meeting of the Society of Nematologists and the American Phytopathological Society in San Diego, California. Although several cultural practices, including crop rotation, can be effective in suppressing the populations of the important nematode pathogens of cotton, the economic realities of cotton production limit their use. The use of nematicides is also limited by issues of efficacy and economics. There is a need for development of chemistries that will address these limitations. Also needed are systems that would enable precise nematicide application in terms of rate and placement only in areas where nematode population densities warrant application. Substantial progress is being made in the identification, characterization and mapping of loci for resistance to Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis. These data will lead to efficient marker-assisted selection systems that will likely result in development and release of nematode-resistant cotton cultivars with superior yield potential and high fiber quality.
Recurrent neural networks and discrete wavelet transform for time series modeling and prediction (2002)

A new approach is presented for time-series modeling and prediction using recurrent neural networks (RRNs) and a discrete wavelet transform (DWT). A specific DWT, based on the cubic spline wavelet, produces a set of wavelet coefficients from coarse to fine scale levels. The RNN has its current output fed back to its input nodes, forming a nonlinear autoregressive model for predicting future wavelet coefficients. A predicted trend signal is obtained by constructing the interpolation function from the predicted wavelet coefficients at the coarsest scale level, V/sub 0/. This method has been applied to intracranial pressure data collected from head trauma patients in the intensive care unit. The method has been shown to be more efficient than one which uses raw data to train the RNN.
Method of Battery Adjustment for Hybrid Drive by Modeling and Simulation (2005)

Battery modeling and simulation are most useful for designing storage unit for hybrid drives. The background of battery modeling is to determine electromotive force (EMF) in dynamic way (non-measurement) and internal resistance as the function of state of charge (SOQ). This paper presents how to use battery modeling for simulation in hybrid drives and select the proper operating range of battery SOC according to simulation results. The target of simulation is to compare the performance of different types of battery and to find optimal parameters (battery mass, capacity and voltage) of battery pack for hybrid drive system. The simulation is based on the target function of minimum energy consumption (fuel and electricity).
Aroma Compounds Formed from 3-Methyl-2,4-nonanedione under Photooxidative Conditions (2003)

The behavior of the prominent aroma compound 3-methyl-2,4-nonanedione under photooxidative conditions was investigated in a model experiment. The four well-known aroma compounds 2,3-butanedione, 2,3-octanedione, acetic acid, and caproic acid were identified. The main oxidation product was 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-2,4-nonanedione, an aroma compound with the odor description of rubbery, earthy, and plastic-like (GC-O). Its structure has been tentatively assigned based on mass (GC-MS) and vapor phase infrared spectra (GC-IR). The formal formation pathways are discussed for these compounds, and other origins described in the literature are presented.
A GIS-driven interactive radar image simulation using EMSARS model (1994)

Advances in computer hardware have made significant impact in the remote sensing field. Advanced graphical workstations allow researchers to display processed data in various formats in real time for better understanding of data. The visualization process also greatly facilitates validation of theoretical models for remote sensing and their applications to radar system studies. For example, synthesized radar images can be generated by computer programs instead of using actual hardware. Owing to the complexity of terrain scattering models, past efforts in radar image simulation have often been based on available measurement data with semi-empirical statistical models. In the present work, a graphical simulation program for radar imagery is developed using a first-principle based scattering model named EMSARS (Electromagnetic Model of Scattering Applied to Remote Sensing). It incorporates both volume scattering and surface scattering effects. The simulation program uses as input the complete GIS (Geographic Information System) database, including terrain features and elevation maps as well as detailed ground truth information, and incorporates the effects of shadowing, layover, and penetration loss. A graphical user interface is built for dynamically altering terrain conditions. The use of the simulation tool for evaluating and predicting radar system performance is demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Novel Type of Auditory Responses: Temporal Dynamics of 40-Hz Steady-State Responses Induced by Changes in Sound Localization (2008)

Magnetoencephalographic responses to 40-Hz amplitude-modulated tones of 4-s duration were recorded in young, middle-aged, and older healthy participants. Interaural phase difference (IPD) in the sound carrier was changed during stimulus presentation from 0 to 180 degrees , resulting in perceptual change from focal to spacious sound. The stimulus modulation elicited synchronized gamma-band oscillations, the 40-Hz auditory steady-state response (ASSR). Equivalent current dipoles were localized in primary auditory cortices. Waveforms of cortical activity showed a decrement in ASSR amplitude 100 ms after stimulus IPD change and modification of ASSR phase, which was maximally 90 degrees , corresponding to 6-ms delay. Time courses of ASSR phase deviation constituted a novel auditory response. The amount of ASSR phase change decreased with increasing stimulus frequency and revealed upper limits for physiological IPD detection. Thresholds for IPD detection were found close to 1,500 Hz in the young, around 1,250 Hz in the middle-aged group, and around 1,000 Hz in the older group. Whereas the ASSR change response revealed aging-related decline of binaural hearing, the amplitude of 40-Hz response and the size of the ASSR change response were not affected by aging. Additional ASSR change responses were recorded at a high rate of stimulus changes every 400 ms. ASSR response detection at this rate was superior to response detection based on the auditory-evoked P1-N1-P2 response. Responses to changes from focal to spacious sound were larger than those in the reverse direction. The ASSRs were interpreted in relation to oscillatory gamma-band activity representing auditory object representation.
Figures of merit for digital multistep pseudorandom numbers (1990)

The statistical independence properties of <italic>s</italic> successive digital multistep pseudorandom numbers are governed by the figure of merit <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="rho Superscript left-parenthesis s right-parenthesis Baseline left-parenthesis f right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\rho ^{(s)}}(f)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> which depends on <italic>s</italic> and the characteristic polynomial <italic>f</italic> of the recursion used in the generation procedure. We extend previous work for <italic>s</italic> = 2 and describe how to obtain large figures of merit for <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="s greater-than 2"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mo>></mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">s > 2</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula>, thus arriving at digital multistep pseudorandom numbers with attractive statistical independence properties. Tables of figures of merit for <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="s equals 3 comma 4 comma 5"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">s = 3,4,5</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> and degrees <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="less-than-or-equal-to 32"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mml:mo> <mml:mn>32</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\leq 32</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> are included.
Assessing Inpatient Glycemic Control: What are the Next Steps? (2012)

Despite the emergence of glucometrics (i.e., systematic analysis of data on blood glucose levels of inpatients) as a subject of high interest, there remains a lack of standardization on how glucose parameters are measured and reported. This dilemma must be resolved before a national benchmarking process can be developed that will allow institutions to track and compare inpatient glucose control performance against established guidelines and that can also be supported by quality care organizations. In this article, we review some of the questions that need to be resolved through consensus and review of the evidence, and discuss some of the limitations in analyzing and reporting inpatient glucose data that must be addressed (or at least accepted as limitations) before hospitals can commit resources to gathering, compiling, and presenting inpatient glucose statistics as a health care quality measure. Standards must include consensus on which measures to report, the unit of analysis, definitions of targets for hyperglycemia treatment, a definition of hypoglycemia, determination of how data should be gathered (from chart review or from laboratory information systems), and which type of sample (blood or point of care) should be used for analysis of glycemic control. Hospitals and/or their representatives should be included in the discussion. For inpatient glucose control to remain a focus of interest, further dialogue and consensus on the topic are needed.
The Assessment and Selection of Potential Rehabilitation Patients in Acute Hospitals: A Literature Review and Commentary (2009)

Objective: Literature review on the assessment and selection of adults in acute hospitals regarding the need for inpatient rehabilitation.