gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Amphibian Metamorphosis: From Morphology to Molecular Biology (1999)

An Overview of Amphibian Metamorphosis -- Classification of Amphibians -- Metamorphosis of Different Amphibians -- Metamorphosis in Urodeles -- Metamorphosis in Caecilians -- Metamorphosis in Anurans -- Direct Development -- Metamorphosis and Thyroid Gland -- Environmental Effects on Metamorphosis -- Metamorphosis is a Unique Model for Postembryonic Vertebrate Organ Development -- Hormonal Regulation -- Thyroid Hormone -- Evidence for the Causative Effect of Thyroid Hormone on Amphibian Metamorphosis -- Thyroid Gland Development -- Neuroendocrine Control -- Pituitary Regulation of Thyroid Gland Function -- Regulation of Pituitary Secretion by the Hypothalamus -- Influence of Steroid Hormones on Metamorphosis -- Corticoids -- Gonadal Steroids -- Inhibition of Anuran Metamorphosis by Prolactin -- Dual Functions of Prolactin During Anuran Development -- Regulation of Prolactin Levels During Development -- Function and Mechanism of PRL Action During Metamorphosis -- Other Hormones -- Morphological Changes During Anuran Metamorphosis -- Resorption of Tadplole-specific Organs -- The Tail -- The Gills -- De Novo Development of Frog Limbs -- Remodeling of Existing Organs for Frog Use -- The Liver -- The Nervous System -- The Intestine -- Cellular and Biochemical Changes -- Programmed Cell Death or Apoptosis During Tissue Resorption -- Cell Death and Its Executioners -- Apoptosis During Intestinal Remodeling -- Cell Death During Tail Resorption -- Apoptosis in Other Organs and Tissues.
Biocomposite films synthesized at a fluid/fluid interface (2004)

In the synthesis of mesostructured particles and films, the cooperative self-organization of amphiphilic molecules in the presence of reactive species is a key factor in the reaction mechanism. This paper presents a method for preparing structured collagen films synthesized at fluid/fluid interfaces. This work is an extension of previous efforts in our group to synthesize structured silica films in a reaction system confined at the interface between two immiscible fluid phases, providing an additional level of control over the structural evolution that occurs during reaction. Synthesis at a liquid/liquid interface was shown to provide excellent control over the mesostructure of the final product, avoiding a major problem encountered in many film synthesis techniques in which the reaction occurs at a liquid/solid interface: namely, the undesired effect of the solid surface on the film structure. The focus of this paper is the synthesis of structured composite films containing amphiphilic phospholipids and collagen. These films provide a way to pattern cell growth on biocompatible surfaces and a model system for studying the self-assembly mechanism of lipids and collagen. Self-assembled monolayers and bilayers composed of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) lipids and collagen were investigated to determine how regularly patterned films can be prepared in a manner that preserves the bioactive properties of the collagen. Mixtures of PEs and acid-soluble collagen were spread on an aqueous subphase in a Langmuir trough. Surface pressure-area compression isotherms for the composite lipid/collagen monolayers provide information about interactions between these components. Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) techniques were utilized to transfer the composite films onto freshly cleaved mica. The mica-supported films were characterized by atomic force microscopy. The lipid/collagen ratio in the composite films was found to be the most important factor in determining how the collagen is assembled and distributed. The temperature and pH of the aqueous subphase, the process for spreading collagen on the subphase, the deposition speed, and the deposition pressure are factors that can be used to selectively control the film patterning. For most of these experimental factors, the range over which a highly structured uniform film can be fabricated over significant length scales is generally very narrow. Based on the experimental results and understanding of the fundamental interactions involved, a mechanism for the co-self-assembly of phospholipids and collagen is suggested. The adhesion and growth of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells on the patterned film surfaces demonstrates the biocompatibility of these composite films.
International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases (26th) Held in Greifswald, Germany on 15-20 July 2003. Proceedings, Volume 4 (2003)

The Final Proceedings for XXVI International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases. 15 July 2003 - 20 July 2003. The scientific program covers most aspects of phenomena in ionized gases, with special emphasis on moderate-temperature plasmas. Additionally, two conference workshops (plasma light sources; reactive plasmas and surface interaction) are organized from the Local Organizing Committee.
Evaluation of the validity of tooth size and arch width measurements using conventional and three-dimensional virtual orthodontic models. (2003)

Measurements and different analyses of dental casts are essential for precise diagnosis of an orthodontic case. At present, virtual computerized models, such as OrthoCAD, are available for clinicians, supplemented by dedicated software for performing needed measurements on them. The purpose of this study was to test the accuracy of measuring casts with the aid of calipers or OrthoCAD and compare these two techniques. Twenty setups using artificial teeth corresponding to various malocclusions were created. Impressions were taken of them, providing 20 plaster and 20 virtual orthodontic models. Measurements of mesiodistal tooth dimension as well as intercanine and intermolar width were made on both. Additionally, values of tooth size were calculated from the isolated artificial teeth removed from the setups and of arch width from the existing setups. The resulting values were compared by the use of nonparametric statistics, and methods' errors were also calculated. Results showed the methods being highly valid and reproducible for both tooth size and arch width. For the tested clinically applicable methods, measurement with digital calipers on plaster models showed the highest accuracy and reproducibility, closely followed by OrthoCAD. Digital calipers seem to be a more suitable instrument for scientific work. However, OrthoCAD's accuracy is clinically acceptable, and most likely, considering its present advantages and future possibilities, the examined or an equivalent 3D virtual models' procedure would become the standard for orthodontic clinical use.
Diagnostic particle agglutination using ultrasound: a new technology to rejuvenate old microbiological methods (2000)

Microbial antigen in clinical specimens can be detected rapidly by commercial test-card latex agglutination, but poor sensitivity is a potential difficulty. Antigen detection by immuno-agglutination of coated latex micro-particles can be enhanced in comparison with the conventional test-card method in both rate and sensitivity by the application of a non-cavitating ultrasonic standing wave. Antibody-coated micro-particles suspended in the acoustic field are subjected to physical forces that promote the formation of agglutinates by increasing particle-particle contact. This report reviews the application of ultrasound to immuno-agglutination testing with several commercial antibody-coated diagnostic micro-particles. This technique is more sensitive than commercial card-based agglutination tests by a factor of up to 500 for fungal cell-wall antigen, 64 for bacterial polysaccharide and 16 for viral antigen (in buffer). The detection sensitivity of meningococcal capsular polysaccharide in patient serum or CSF has been increased to a stage where serotyping by ultrasound-enhanced agglutination is comparable to that achievable with the PCR, but is available more rapidly. Serum antigen concentration as measured by ultrasonic agglutination has prognostic value. Increasing the sensitivity of antigen detection by increasing the acoustic forces that act on suspended particles is considered. Employing turbidimetry to measure agglutination as part of an integrated ultrasonic system would enable the turnover of large numbers of specimens. Ultrasound-enhanced latex agglutination offers a rapid, economical alternative to molecular diagnostic methods and may be useful in situations where microbiological and molecular methods are impracticable.
Changes in expression of VE-cadherin and MMPs in endothelial cells: Implications for angiogenesis (2011)

The mechanism of cell-cell contact dependent regulation of pericellular proteolysis in angiogenesis was examined by studying the expression of MMPs using isolated HUVECs in culture. Zymography, Immunoblot and RT-PCR analysis showed that the production and secretion of matrixmetalloproteinase-2 and matrixmetalloproteinase-9 by HUVECs in culture were high when they remain as individual cells and significantly decreased during later stages of culture when cells developed cell-cell contact and tubular network-like structure. As MMPs decreased there was significant upregulation of VE-cadherin in cells undergoing angiogenic transition. Investigations to understand the signaling pathways downstream of VE-cadherin showed a relatively high level of β-catenin in the nucleus of endothelial cells in culture during initial stages and decrease in its levels in the nucleus, associated with an increase in the cytosol during later stages of culture. The distribution of β-catenin was found to be regulated by Tyr/Ser phosphorylation status of this protein. Cell-cell contact dependent downregulation of MMPs during angiogenesis was also observed in experiments using proangiogenic substances which caused a rapid rate of downregulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and absence of downregulation of MMPs when treated with anti-angiogenic agents.
Effect of Cl- and H+ on the Oxygen Binding Properties of Glutaraldehyde-Polymerized Bovine Hemoglobin-Based Blood Substitutes (2004)

Bovine hemoglobin was cross-linked with glutaraldehyde, resulting in high oxygen affinity polymeric hemoglobin dispersions of varying molecular weight distributions. High oxygen affinity acellular oxygen carriers were designed in order to exhibit oxygen release profiles closer to that of human red blood cells (RBCs), without exhibiting the inherent increased vasoactivity that occurs with low oxygen affinity acellular oxygen carriers (1, 2). Oxygen dissociation curves were measured for polymerized hemoglobin dispersions at various pH values (7.0, 7.4, and 8.0) and chloride ion concentrations. Unmodified hemoglobin showed an increase in oxygen affinity with increased chloride ion concentration and a decrease in oxygen affinity with increased pH, as was previously demonstrated in the literature (3). For glutaraldehyde-polymerized hemoglobin dispersions, the ability of the oxygen affinity to respond to changes in Bohr H+ and Cl- concentration was weakened. However, at acidic physiological pH (pH = 7), the Bohr effect was still present at high Cl- concentrations. Thus, the Bohr effect maintained some dependency on the Cl- concentration.
Midregion Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Inhibits Growth and Invasion In Vitro and Tumorigenesis In Vivo of Human Breast Cancer Cells (2001)

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is critical for normal mammary development and is overexpressed by breast cancers. PTHrP is a peptide hormone that undergoes extensive post-translational processing, and PTHrP(38-94)-amide is one of the mature secretory forms of the peptide. In this study, we explored the effect of PTHrP(38-94)-amide in a panel of six breast cancer cell lines "in vitro" and in MDA-MB231 cells "in vivo" specifically examining cell viability, proliferation, invasiveness, and growth in nude mice. PTHrP(38-94)-amide markedly inhibited proliferation and also caused striking toxicity and accelerated cell death in breast cancer cells. In addition, direct injection of PTHrP(38-94)-amide into MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells passaged in immunodeficient mice produced a marked reduction in tumor growth. These studies (i) indicate breast cancer cells are one of the few tissues in which specific effects of midregion PTHrP have been established to date, (ii) support a role for midregion secretory forms of PTHrP in modulating not only normal but also pathological mammary growth and differentiation, (iii) add further evidence for the existence of a specific midregion PTHrP receptor, and (iv) provide a novel molecule for modeling of small molecule analogues that may have anti-breast cancer effects.
Magnetoconductance study of accumulation layers on<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">I</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">n</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">A</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">s</mml:mi></mml:math> (1981)

Far-infrared cyclotron resonance and Shubnikov --- de Haas oscillations are used to explore accumulation-layer properties of degenerate $n\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{s}$. The bulk concentrations studied range from 2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{15}$ to 1 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{17}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. At the lowest concentration, subband masses, occupations, and relaxation rates are found which are in general agreement with earlier work. For the higher concentrations, the Shubnikov --- de Haas oscillations exhibit effects characteristic of a degenerate semiconductor as predicted by Baraff and Appelbaum: Abrupt changes in bound carrier density occur when an additional subband is populated and are compensated by a corresponding decrease of mobile charge at the surface. The self-consistent accumulation potential supports more bound states than observed in earlier tunneling work. A determination of the binding energies of these states results from our measurement of subband masses and occupations.
Research on skid-resistance at the Transport and Road Research Laboratory (1927-1977) (1977)

Research on skid-resistance of roads started in Britain in 1927 at the National Physical Laboratory at Teddington but the work was transferred to the newly formed Road Research Laboratory at Hamondsworth in the early 1930's. It has continued there (now the Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne) to the present time and a considerable fund of knowledge now exists on the subject. The paper reviews this work, starting with the development of apparatus to measure skid-resistance reliably. An early machine was an adapted motorcycle and sidecar, the sidecar wheel being mounted at an angle to generate a sideway-force. This was later superseded by in-board systems in front-wheel drive cars and has led to the present-day commercial production of a sideway-force routine investigation machine (SCRIM) which is available for general use and which produces an automated output suitable for computer processing. The paper goes on to discuss the evolution of standards of skidding resistance which are necessary to minimise numbers of skidding accidents and describes work which has enabled materials to be specified to give levels of micro-texture necessary for the nominated low-speed skidding valuesto be maintained. High-speed skid-resistance and its dependence on macro-texture is then discussed together with side-effect problems (eg noise and spray) connected with the creation of surface texture; the paper concludes with 25 references to major publications in the field. An indication is given of the probable form of a comprehensive specification scheme which may be adopted soon in Britain. /Author/
Enhancing the Locality and Breaking the Memory Bottleneck of Transformer on Time Series Forecasting (2019)

Time series forecasting is an important problem across many domains, including predictions of solar plant energy output, electricity consumption, and traffic jam situation. In this paper, we propose to tackle such forecasting problem with Transformer. Although impressed by its performance in our preliminary study, we found its two major weaknesses: (1) locality-agnostics: the point-wise dot- product self-attention in canonical Transformer architecture is insensitive to local context, which can make the model prone to anomalies in time series; (2) memory bottleneck: space complexity of canonical Transformer grows quadratically with sequence length L, making directly modeling long time series infeasible. In order to solve these two issues, we first propose convolutional self-attention by producing queries and keys with causal convolution so that local context can be better incorporated into attention mechanism. Then, we propose LogSparse Transformer with only O(L(log L)^2) memory cost, improving forecasting accuracy for time series with fine granularity and strong long-term dependencies under constrained memory budget. Our experiments on both synthetic data and real- world datasets show that it compares favorably to the state-of-the-art.
Annotating images by harnessing worldwide user-tagged photos (2009)

Automatic image tagging is important yet challenging due to the semantic gap and the lack of learning examples to model a tag's visual diversity. Meanwhile, social user tagging is creating rich multimedia content on the Web. In this paper, we propose to combine the two tagging approaches in a search-based framework. For an unlabeled image, we first retrieve its visual neighbors from a large user-tagged image database. We then select relevant tags from the result images to annotate the unlabeled image. To tackle the unreliability and sparsity of user tagging, we introduce a joint-modality tag relevance estimation method which efficiently addresses both textual and visual clues. Experiments on 1.5 million Flickr photos and 10 000 Corel images verify the proposed method.
Predicting Customer Churn in Mobile Telephony Industry Using Probabilistic Classifiers in Data Mining (2013)

Customer churn in the mobile telephony industry is a continuous problem owing to stiff competition, new technologies, low switching costs, deregulation by governments, among other factors. To address this issue, players in this industry must develop precise and reliable predictive models to identify the possible churners beforehand and then enlist them to intervention programs in a bid to retain as many customers as possible. This paper proposes a new set of features with the aim of improving the recognition rates of possible churners. The features are derived from call details and customer profiles and categorized as contract-related, call pattern description, and call pattern changes description features. The features are evaluated using two probabilistic data mining algorithms Naive Bayes and Bayesian Network, and their results compared to those obtained from using C4.5 decision tree, a widely used algorithm in many classification and prediction tasks. Experimental results show improved prediction rates for all the models used.
Modeling of optical gain in InGaN-AlGaN and In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/N-In/sub y/Ga/sub 1-y/N quantum-well lasers (1996)

This paper presents computations of the optical gain in In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/N-In/sub y/Ga/sub 1-y/N and InGaN-AlGaN quantum-well lasers involving the contributions of excitons as well as free carriers transitions. The behavior of optical gain in GaN based quantum wells due to excitonic transitions is quite similar to that of ZnCdSe-ZnSSe system, as the magnitude of the exciton binding energies (/spl sim/30 meV) is comparable. The model compares the exciton emission energy with the experimental data reported on In/sub 0.22/Ga/sub 0.78/N-In/sub 0.06/Ga/sub 0.94/N multiple quantum wells as well as in GaN layers (cubic grown on 3C SiC), including the effect of strain induced band gap changes. The optical gain is also computed as a function of the injection current density for the InGaN-AlGaN multiple quantum-well lasers. The model evaluates the feasibility of obtaining GaN based blue and ultraviolet lasers. It is shown that the excitonic transitions reduce the threshold current density which is adversely affected by the presence of dislocations and other defects.
Simultaneous in vivo spectral editing and water suppression (1998)

Water suppression is typically performed in vivo by exciting the longitudinal magnetization in combination with dephasing, or by using frequency-selective coherence generation. MEGA, a frequency-selective refocusing technique, can be placed into any pulse sequence element designed to generate a Hahn spin-echo or stimulated echo, to dephase transverse water coherences with minimal spectral distortions. Water suppression performance was verified in vivo using stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) localization, which provided water suppression comparable with that achieved with four selective pulses in 3,1-DRYSTEAM. The advantage of the proposed method was exploited for editing J-coupled resonances. Using a double-banded pulse that selectively inverts a J-coupling partner and simultaneously suppresses water, efficient metabolite editing was achieved in the point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) and STEAM sequences in which MEGA was incorporated. To illustrate the efficiency of the method, the detection of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was demonstrated, with minimal contributions from macromolecules and overlying singlet peaks at 4 T. The estimated occipital GABA concentration was consistent with previous reports, suggesting that editing for GABA is efficient when based on MEGA at high field strengths. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmakokinetische und pharmakodynamische Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern (2008)

Der vermehrte Nachweis klinisch relevanter geschlechtsspezifischer Unterschiede im Wirkprofil von Pharmaka erfordert eine spezifische Berücksichtigung bei der Pharmakotherapie weiblicher und männlicher Patienten. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass weibliches Geschlecht ein Risikofaktor für unerwünschte Pharmakawirkungen ist. Physiologische Unterschiede, die Bioverfügbarkeit, Verteilung, Biotransformation und Elimination von Pharmaka beeinflussen, können Abweichungen im durchschnittlichen Körpergewicht, Körperfettanteil, in der Magenentleerungszeit, Plasmaproteinbindung, Funktion von Arzneistofftransportern und bei metabolisierenden Enzymen und Unterschiede in den Ausscheidungsfunktionen betreffen. Es gibt auch Beispiele für geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in der Pharmakodynamik von Arzneimitteln. Wirkungsunterschiede von Opioidanalgetika sind wahrscheinlich zurückzuführen auf geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede auf Ebene der Opioidrezeptoren oder den Signalübertragungswegen. In ähnlicher Weise konnte gezeigt werden, dass weibliches Geschlecht auch ein Risikofaktor für arzneimittelinduzierte Torsade de pointes-Arrhythmien ist, wahrscheinlich zurückzuführen auf geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in der kardialen Repolarisation und den proarrhythmischen Effekten gewisser Pharmaka.
NEUTRON TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS WITH PULSED NEUTRON SOURCES (1959)

The 3l Mev Betatron of Turin University was used for setting up a pulsed neutron source. This technique was applied to measuring the time decay constant of the neutron density in aqueous media. Different bucklings and poisonings of cadmium sulfate and boric acid at different concentrations were used. Therefore, an indication of the dependency of the neutron temperatare on the capture and leakage characteristics of the media may be derived. (auth)