gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bone marrow stem cells and liver disease (2006)

Stem cells are present in a variety of organs including the bone marrow (BM). Their role is to replenish multiple mature differentiated cell types and thereby achieve long-term tissue reconstitution. Stem cells retain the capacity to generate progeny and renew themselves throughout life. Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the main stem cell population within the BM and give rise to all mature blood lineages via erythroid, myelomonocytic and lymphoid precursors. A second type of bone marrow stem cell (BMSC), the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC), forms stromal tissue and can give rise to cells of mesodermal origin.

A longstanding principle of cell biology has been that cell loss is reconstituted via stem cells resident within and specific to an organ. However, recent work suggests that this paradigm may not hold for all organs or all types of injury, and tissue damage may attract migratory stem cell populations, particularly those from the BM. This observation has caused considerable interest in the field of liver disease, where new strategies to restore hepatocyte number, augment liver function and counteract progressive organ fibrosis are required. This article will focus on the various relationships between BMSCs and liver disease. It will concentrate on the evidence from animal models and human studies that BMSCs may aid in the regeneration of liver cell populations and may also contribute to the pathogenesis of liver damage. It will discuss the potential to use BMSCs for therapeutic application and review the current status of clinical trials in patients with liver disorders.

### The physiology of liver cell regeneration

The hepatic parenchyma is made up of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Unlike other organs such as the gut, liver cell mass is restored primarily through division of the majority of mature hepatocytes and not via a dedicated stem cell population. After a regenerative stimulus, such as a two-thirds partial hepatectomy, most …
Modern Gear Train Simulation Process for the Virtual Engine and Transmission Development (2006)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Current simulation tools for the investigation of the dynamic system response as well as for the component stresses on the basis of multi-body and finite-element techniques are integral part of today's powertrain development efforts. These tools are typical used for the analysis and optimization of shafts, clutches, chain/belt drives, bearings, levers, brackets, housings and many other components.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">An exception is made by gears which today are still frequently investigated by the help of semi-empirical methods based on DIN, ISO, AGMA and the specific knowledge base of well experienced developers. The main difficulty is that the gears are rolling off via large contact surfaces with complex nonlinear mechanical contact properties.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Within the scope of research work FEV developed a new method for the analysis and optimization of gear drives based on comercial multi-body and finite-element software platforms. Due to a realistic roll-off contact description for each pair of teeth incorporating the detailed geometric surfaces and the complex nonlinear contact situation the variating tooth load and stresses can continuously be determined during the roll-off procedure. Influences of modifications of the tooth profile and along the tooth width including the tolerances can be registered by this. Therefore a realistic dynamic system behaviour is inherent to this kind of gear train modelling.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This report summarizes the current virtual powertrain development methods and details the modern gear train simulation approach for the main powertrain components namely the engine and the transmission.</div>
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐PYRIDINIO‐4‐PYRIDONE CATIONS AND 1‐PYRIDINIOPYRIDINIUM DICATIONS, INTERMEDIATES OF SYNTHETIC POTENTIAL (1975)

Abstract Die Aminopyridiniumsalze (I) bilden mit dem Pyronen (II) und (IV) die Pyridiniopyridone (III) bzw. (V), von denen (Va) bzw. (Vc) zu den Verbindungen (VI) und (VII) bzw. (IXa) und (IXc) umgesetzt werden.
Ln2Ti2S2O5 (Ln = Nd, Pr, Sm): a novel series of defective Ruddlesden–Popper phases (1999)

The reaction of Nd2S2O, TiS2 and S at 1000 °C and subsequent chemical transport with I2 yields the new crystalline layered oxysulfide Nd2Ti2S2O5 that possesses a defective Sr3Ti2O7 structure whose cuboctahedral sites within the double-perovskite layers are empty; Nd2Ti2S2O5 is paramagnetic and semiconducting; the synthesis of the isostructural compounds Pr2Ti2S2O5 and Sm2Ti2S2O5 is also reported.
GIGABIT SATELLITE NETWORK FOR NASA’S ADVANCED COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY SATELLITE (ACTS) (1996)

The advanced communication technology satellite (ACTS) gigabit satellite network provides long-haul point-to-point and point-to-multipoint full-duplex SONET services over NASA's ACTS, at rates up to 622 Mbit/s (SONET OC-12), with signal quality comparable to that obtained with terrestrial fiber networks. Data multiplexing over the satellite is accomplished using time-division multiple access (TDMA) techniques coordinated with the switching and beam hopping facilities provided by ACTS. Transmissions through the satellite are protected with Reed-Solomon encoding, providing virtually error-free transmission under most weather conditions. Unique to the system are a TDMA frame structure and satellite synchronization mechanism that allow: (a) very efficient utilization of the satellite capacity; (b) over-the-satellite closed-loop synchronization of the network in configurations with up to 64 ground stations; and (c) ground station initial acquisition without collisions with existing signalling or data traffic. The user interfaces are compatible with SONET standards, performing the function of conventional SONET multiplexers and, as such, can be readily integrated with standard SONET fiber-based terrestrial networks. Management of the network is based upon the simple network management protocol (SNMP), and includes an over-the-satellite signalling network and backup terrestrial internet (IP-based) connectivity. A description of the ground stations is also included.
Gold-Catalyzed [5+2]- and [5+1]-Annulations between Ynamides and 1,2-Benzisoxazoles with Ligand-Controlled Chemoselectivity (2018)

This work describes two distinct annulations between ynamides and 1,2-benzisoxazoles with chemoselectivity controlled by ligands. With IPrAuCl/AgNTf2, aryl-substituted ynamides undergo [5+2]-annulation reactions, whereas P(t-Bu)2(o-biphenyl)AuCl/AgNTf2 alters the chemoselectivity of the same ynamides to implement [5+1]-annulation reactions. 13C-Labeling experiments confirm that a 1,2-sulfonamide shift is involved in the [5+1]-annulation process. A plausible mechanism is postulated to rationalize the mechanisms of the two annulations.
Atrial inputs as determinants of atrioventricular nodal conduction: re-evaluation and new concepts. (1995)

Radiofrequency ablation was combined with standard recording and pacing procedures to determine the role of the perinodal fast pathway (FP) and slow pathway (SP) in atrioventricular (A-V) conduction in normal dog hearts. In 16 anesthetized, open-chest dogs, we recorded atrial (A) electrograms from the high right atrium (HRA), His bundle (Hb) region and coronary sinus (CS) ostium. In 8 dogs, during HRA pacing at a cycle length of 400 ms, FP ablation induced a significant change in A-H interval (61 +/- 12 to 107 +/- 9 ms, p < 0.001) but no change in Wenckebach cycle length (185 +/- 14 to 190 +/- 12 ms, NS). During ventricular pacing (400 ms cycle length) there was a shift in retrograde atrial activation so that Hb (A) delayed more than CS (A). Subsequent SP ablation in this same group of 8 dogs, produced a significant prolongation of antegrade Wenckebach cycle length (190 +/- 10 to 277 +/- 36 ms, p < 0.002) but only one instance of complete A-V block even though both FP and SP were ablated in accordance with clinical criteria. In another group of 8 dogs, a specially designed ablation electrode was inserted into the right atrium and positioned at the level of the fossa ovalis, 10-12 mm superior to the perinodal area. A radiofrequency linear lesion across the interatrial system induced a marked PR interval prolongation due to an intra-atrial rather than A-V nodal delay. The A-H interval was unchanged, and there was no change in antegrade or retrograde Wenckebach cycle length. In contrast, to the findings in both these groups direct damage to the A-V node showed immediate change in the A-H interval and at the same time progression to second degree and complete heart block. Taken together these results suggest that the perinodal FP and SP are composed of transitional cells which possess distinct electrophysiological properties not shared by adjacent atrial tissues or the compact A-V node itself. We conclude that the persistence of A-V conduction, albeit modified, after FP and SP ablation, suggests the existence of multiple atrio A-V nodal inputs whereas retrograde conduction relies mainly on dual exits from the A-V node to the atria.
Millimeter-wave gyroklystron amplifier experiment using a relativistic electron beam (1990)

A fundamental-mode TE/sub 111/ degrees two-cavity intense-beam gyroklystron amplifier experiment, operating at an accelerating voltage of 1 MV, is reported. The two cavities that were tested are designed to serve as bunching cavities for a high-power output cavity. The two-cavity amplifier has demonstrated a linear gain of 15 dB and an unsaturated output power of approximately 40 kW, with the intracavity gain and power approximately 4 dB higher. The frequency of the second cavity has been found to track the frequency of the driven cavity over a range of 300 MHz around a center frequency of 35 GHz. Stable amplifier operation was achieved with beam currents as large as 150 A and a velocity pitch ratio of 0.36. The stable operating range was limited by spurious oscillation in the TE/sub 112/ degrees mode. Theoretical calculations indicate that higher gains might be attainable if this mode could be suppressed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Comparison of bacterial plaque samples from titanium implant and tooth surfaces by different methods (2005)

Abstract: Studies have shown similarities in the microflora between titanium implants or tooth sites when samples are taken by gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) sampling methods. The purpose of the present study was to study the microflora from curette and GCF samples using the checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization method to assess the microflora of patients who had at least one oral osseo‐integrated implant and who were otherwise dentate. Plaque samples were taken from tooth/implant surfaces and from sulcular gingival surfaces with curettes, and from gingival fluid using filter papers. A total of 28 subjects (11 females) were enrolled in the study. The mean age of the subjects was 64.1 years (SD±4.7). On average, the implants studied had been in function for 3.7 years (SD±2.9). The proportion of Streptococcus oralis ( P <0.02) and Fusobacterium periodonticum ( P <0.02) was significantly higher at tooth sites (curette samples). The GCF samples yielded higher proportions for 28/40 species studies ( P ‐values varying between 0.05 and 0.001). The proportions of Tannerella forsythia ( T. forsythensis ), and Treponema denticola were both higher in GCF samples ( P <0.02 and P <0.05, respectively) than in curette samples (implant sites). The microbial composition in gingival fluid from samples taken at implant sites differed partly from that of curette samples taken from implant surfaces or from sulcular soft tissues, providing higher counts for most bacteria studied at implant surfaces, but with the exception of Porphyromonas gingivalis . A combination of GCF and curette sampling methods might be the most representative sample method.
Creation of Superior Carboxyfluorescein Dyes by Blocking Donor-Excited Photoinduced Electron Transfer (2006)

[Structure: see text] Carboxyfluoresceins are widely utilized as fluorescence labeling reagents, but we recently found that their emission intensity is markedly decreased after esterification. On the basis of our hypothesis that the fluorescence decrease is due to a donor-excited photoinduced electron transfer (d-PeT) process, we have developed novel carboxyfluorescein derivatives in which the d-PeT process is hampered, and the emission intensity is not decreased upon esterification. These novel dye derivatives display high quantum yields and are expected to be useful as labeling agents.
Comparative 3d-Morphometry of the Microvascular Unit In Tumors and Normal Tissues: Quantitative Studies on Corrosion Casts (1999)

Abstract The significance of angiogenesis and the vascular architecture have been stressed in numerous studies of the structure and biological properties of the tumor vasculature and blood flow (Folkman and D'Amore, 1996; Jain, 1988). The important question as to whether the vascular architecture of an individual tumor is tumor type specific has been controversial. This is due, at least in part, to the methodologies used. Most reports confine themselves to qualitative observations and comparisons of gross vascular patterns in host and tumor, or to blood vessel density, length and diameter measurements, which in turn vary with the staining and counting techniques. We studied the microvascular architecture of four different tumor cell lines (CaX, CaNT, SaS, HEC- 1B) in order to determine whether there is a characteristic vascular pattern for different tumor types and whether it differs significantly from two normal tissues, muscle and gut.
Image-Stabilization Systems (2009)

Image-stabilization systems are used in many applications, ranging from astronomical imaging to optical communications systems. Despite the differences in application, many tip-tilt systems have a great deal in common because they make use of a wavefront sensor, a controller, and a wavefront compensator. The differences between the systems are often in the selection of the individual components used to make up the final system. Previous chapters identified the function of the components and demonstrated how they are used together. This chapter provides an overview of several prominent observatory and telescope projects that use image-stabilization systems. The image-stabilization instrumentation identified here is often included as part of large adaptive optics and long-baseline interferometric systems. The project-specific material presented here was taken from the literature and publications about the projects. References are provided so readers can follow up on projects that they find particularly interesting. Imaging through atmospheric turbulence has provided a number of challenges for astronomical observers. As the first large telescopes became available in the first quarter of the 20th century, observers using long exposures on photographic plates faced significant challenges in keeping the stellar images in fixed position on spectroscope slits or on imaging plates. On many of the early large telescopes, the position of the star on the photographic plate was controlled by visual guiding; that is, the observer watched the position of a star in a high magnification eyepiece attached to the plate holder and adjusted orthogonal positioners to keep the star fixed in a high-magnification eyepiece, and thus on the plate. As observations could literally take all night, this was not a great assignment.
Identification of growth factors that promote long‐term proliferation of olfactory ensheathing cells and modulate their antigenic phenotype (2002)

Olfactory ensheathing cells can develop into distinct subtypes in culture after incubation in serum-free medium conditioned by astrocytes, which have Schwann cell-like and astrocyte-like properties. It has not been possible so far to modulate and grow large numbers of these olfactory ensheathing cell subtypes. In this study, we have shown that astrocyte-conditioned medium, although promoting differentiation of the two olfactory ensheathing cell types, is growth-restrictive after 14 days, probably due to the upregulation of p16 and p27. Growth arrest can be overridden and cells maintained for a further 11 weeks, by a mitogen mix of fibroblast growth factor 2, forskolin, and heregulin (olfactory mitogen medium) combined with astrocyte-conditioned medium. In the absence of astrocyte-conditioned medium, combinations of the same factors can also override growth arrest but to a lesser extent. Olfactory mitogen medium combined with astrocyte-conditioned medium upregulates O4 and low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor expression on olfactory ensheathing cells, leading to a 100% Schwann cell--like phenotype. If cells are maintained in olfactory mitogen medium alone, or if they are treated with forskolin or fibroblast growth factor 2 diluted in serum-free medium, O4 and low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor expression remains at 100%, but there is also an increase in expression of E-NCAM, the astrocyte-like marker. Medium containing serum also overrides growth arrest, but for only 4 weeks, during which time most differentiation-specific markers disappear. These studies have allowed us to define conditions to modulate the olfactory ensheathing cell phenotype.
Molecular Design of Chromogenic Calix[4]crowns Which Show Very High Na+ Selectivity (1995)

Abstract Chromogenic calix[4]crowns bearing a short crown strap for the metal recognition and an azophenol unit for the optical reading-out were designed and synthesized. Two-phase solvent-extraction established that they show remarkably high Na+/K+(&gt;103.1) selectivity. This discrimination ability is high enough to apply them as a Na+-selective ionophore for optical sensing systems.
CSF Monoamine Metabolites in Relation to the Diagnostic Interview for Borderline Patients (DIB) (1998)

The cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of the monoamine metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, and their ratios were studied in relation to the Diagnostic Interview for Borderline patients (DIB) evaluated retrospectively from hospital records for a sample of 202 patients participating in psychobiological programs on mood disorders. No correlations with the total DIB score were significant. Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) defined by a total DIB score of at least 7 or 6, respectively, did not differ significantly from non-BPD regarding the metabolites. However, for section II (impulse action pattern) of the DIB, those with an intermediate value of the section score had significantly higher levels of 5-HIAA and HVA, suggesting that such higher than normal concentrations may be protective against impulsive or suicidal behavior generated by an underlying psychiatric morbidity due to other risk factors.
Experiments on Pulse Propagation in an Obliquely Laminated Composite (1974)

Experimental results are presented for the linear elastic dynamic response of periodically laminated composites. A shock tube-capacitive transducer technique is used to determine the rear surface velocity history of three laminated samples that have different lamination angles and are subjected to a step pressure loading. Viscosity effects are discussed, and comparisons are made with predictions based on previous theoretical work.
Autoproteolytic activation of human aspartylglucosaminidase (2004)

Aspartylglucosaminidase (AGA) belongs to the N-terminal nucleophile (Ntn) hydrolase superfamily characterized by an N-terminal nucleophile as the catalytic residue. Three-dimensional structures of the Ntn hydrolases reveal a common folding pattern and equivalent stereochemistry at the active site. The activation of the precursor polypeptide occurs autocatalytically, and for some amidohydrolases of prokaryotes, the precursor structure is known and activation mechanisms are suggested. In humans, the deficient AGA activity results in a lysosomal storage disease, aspartylglucosaminuria (AGU) resulting in progressive neurodegeneration. Most of the disease-causing mutations lead to defective molecular maturation of AGA, and, to understand the structure-function relationship better, in the present study, we have analysed the effects of targeted amino acid substitutions on the activation process of human AGA. We have evaluated the effect of the previously published mutations and, in addition, nine novel mutations were generated. We could identify one novel amino acid, Gly258, with an important structural role on the autocatalytic activation of human AGA, and present the molecular mechanism for the autoproteolytic activation of the eukaryotic enzyme. Based on the results of the present study, and by comparing the available information on the activation of the Ntn-hydrolases, the autocatalytic processes of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic enzymes share common features. First, the critical nucleophile functions both as the catalytic and autocatalytic residue; secondly, the side chain of this nucleophile is oriented towards the scissile peptide bond; thirdly, conformational strain exists in the precursor at the cleavage site; finally, water molecules are utilized in the activation process.
Comparative numerical analysis of magnetic and optical radiation propagation in adult human head (2013)

In this work, magnetic and optical propagation in human head are modeled by FDTD and Monte Carlo methods. Both of them use a realistic high-resolution three-dimensional human head mesh. The numerical methods are applied to the analysis of magnetic and optical radiation distribution in the brain using different sources. The results show the characteristics of both types of stimulation, and highlight the spatial selectivity achieved by optical sources, which entails a high potential for illuminating specific brain regions. The presented approach can be applied for predictive purposes in magnetic stimulation techniques and in the emerging field of optical brain stimulation.
Indium triflate catalyzed microwave-assisted alkenylation of methoxyphenols: synthesis of indenes and chromenes (2015)

In(OTf)3 catalyzed microwave-assisted alkenylation of methoxyphenols was investigated. Exclusive formation of either indenes or chromenes was observed depending on the position of the methoxy group on phenol. The structures of 1H-inden-4-ol derivatives (4a-e) and 4H-chromene derivatives (5a-j) were established by NMR ((1)H & (13)C) and high-resolution mass spectra, which were further supported by single crystal X-ray analysis of 4c and 5a.
Analyzing the Functional and Structural Consequences of Two Point Mutations (P94L and A368D) in the CYP11B1 Gene Causing Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Resulting from 11-Hydroxylase Deficiency (2006)

Analyzing the in vitro enzyme function is a complementary procedure to genotyping and a valuable tool for understanding the clinical phenotype of 11-hydroxylase deficiency. This is the basis for accurate genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis, and treatment. Moreover, the combination of in vitro enzyme function and molecular modeling provides valuable insights in cytochrome P450 structural-functional relationships, although one must be aware of the limitations of in silico-based methods.