gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Innovations in the use of data facilitating insurance as a resilience mechanism for coastal flood risk (2019)

Insurance plays a crucial role in human efforts to adapt to environmental hazards. Effective insurance can serve as both a measure to distribute, and a method to communicate risk. In order for insurance to fulfil these roles successfully, policy pricing and cover choices must be risk-based and founded on accurate information. This is reliant on a robust evidence base forming the foundation of policy choices. This paper focuses on the evidence available to insurers and emergent innovation in the use of data. The main risk considered is coastal flooding, for which the insurance sector offers an option for potential adaptation, capable of increasing resilience. However, inadequate supply and analysis of data have been highlighted as factors preventing insurance from fulfilling this role. Research was undertaken to evaluate how data are currently, and could potentially, be used within risk evaluations for the insurance industry. This comprised of 50 interviews with those working and associated with the London insurance market. The research reveals new opportunities, which could facilitate improvements in risk-reflective pricing of policies. These relate to a new generation of data collection techniques and analytics, such as those associated with satellite-derived data, IoT (Internet of Things) sensors, cloud computing, and Big Data solutions. Such technologies present opportunities to reduce moral hazard through basing predictions and pricing of risk on large empirical datasets. The value of insurers' claims data is also revealed, and is shown to have the potential to refine, calibrate, and validate models and methods. The adoption of such data-driven techniques could enable insurers to re-evaluate risk ratings, and in some instances, extend coverage to locations and developments, previously rated as too high a risk to insure. Conversely, other areas may be revealed more vulnerable, which could generate negative impacts for residents in these regions, such as increased premiums. However, the enhanced risk awareness generated, by new technology, data and data analytics, could positively alter future planning, development and investment decisions.
Label-Free Detection of a Biomarker with Piezoelectric Micro Cantilever Based on Mass Micro Balancing (2008)

With a piezoelectric micro cantilever sensor, a biomarker for various cancers is detected up to the concentration level required to determine a disease by using the mass micro balancing whose principle is that change of mechanical vibrant frequency is measured due to a target material attached on a sensor structure. The used piezoelectric micro cantilever sensor is designed so as to have the sufficient values of mass sensitivity and reliability. The used piezoelectric film, which acts as both sensor and actuator, is a plumbum zirconate titanate (PZT). Geometrical dimension of the micro cantilever is 100 μm (length) by 30 μm (width) by 5 μm (thickness). The 50-μm-long PZT film with thickness of 2.5 μm is covered from its root to its middle. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), the biomarker for testing the sensor as label-free detection for pathological tests, is known as a biomarker for various cancers. The critical value of CEA concentration is known as 30 pM (5 ng/mL), and it is detected by the binding of antigen and antibody from high concentration to the critical concentration. From the results, the sensor could be applied to label-free detection sensors for pathological tests.
A Linear Position Transducer Using a Magnet and Hall Effect Devices (1977)

Magnets and magnetic field sensing devices are often attractive in instrumentation because they are noncontacting, small, and independent of the media's dielectric constant. The nonlinearity of the magnetic field with distance is a problem, however. A circuit to remove this nonlinearity and also to reduce the effective temperature coefficient is described. The circuit is used in a clinical dental research laboratory to measure movements of the jaw.
The relation between EMG activity and kinematic parameters strongly supports a role of the action tremor in parkinsonian bradykinesia (2001)

The kinematics characteristics of an upper arm extension of large amplitude (90 degrees) performed in the horizontal plane and the simultaneous activity of the shoulder muscles were recorded in 12 parkinsonian patients and in six normal control subjects. The movement, triggered by an acoustic "go" signal, was preceded by an isometric adduction. Within the whole population of individuals (n = 18) a strong, positive correlation was observed between the root mean square value of agonist EMG activity, evaluated during the acceleration phase of the movement, and both peak velocity and acceleration. In six patients tremor bursts at the frequency of 8-14 Hz (action tremor) were observed during the movement phase in the anterior, middle, and posterior deltoid: all these patients showed low root mean square values and were bradykinetic with respect to the control subjects. The remaining six patients did not show this action tremor during the movement phase. All but one had an agonist activation of normal duration and amplitude, showed high root mean square values, and performed well in the range of control subjects. We conclude that the inability to suppress the activity of pathological oscillator(s) responsible for the action tremor plays a fundamental role in the bradykinesia associated with Parkinson's disease.
The tonal phonology of Yoruba clitics (2000)

This paper examines the tonal behavior of six types of enclitics in Standard Yoruba, and shows that in all six cases, a constraint applies preventing the last syllable of the host and the adjacent clitic syllable from having the same (High or Low) tone. There are no other host + clitic cases in Yoruba for which such a constraint would be relevant. Potential violations of the constraint are avoided by one of five different methods, depending on the case: failure to link a floating tone, deletion of a tone belonging to the clitic, deletion of a tone belonging to the host, insertion of a toneless vowel, or failure to delete an otherwise optional toneless vowel. This pattern is thus a morphophonemic “conspiracy” in the classical sense. However, Yoruba does not have a more general constraint against same-tone sequences in underlying or derived environments.
Position-sensitive detector system for angle-resolved electron spectroscopy with a cylindrical mirror analyser (1980)

A cylindrical mirror analyser is used for angle-resolved electron spectroscopy by projecting the cone of accepted electrons on to a position-sensitive detector placed behind the exit aperture of the analyser. Each electron is amplified by a double micro-channel plate and its azimuth is determined from the ratio of two charge pulsed arriving at the ends of a capacitor chain coupling 39 separate anodes. The azimuthal distribution is collected in a computer-controlled multi-channel analyser. Electrons are focused on the detector by a newly developed electron lens which improves sensitivity and resolution of the system.
Primary Rhesus Immunization of Male Volunteers (1971)

S ummary . To provide high titre plasma for the preparation of anti‐D immunoglobulin, three groups of group A Rh negative (cde/cde) male volunteers, totalling 34 men, were immunized with Group A Rh positive (cDE/cde) blood. Twenty‐three men (68%) developed Rhesus antibodies. The importance of adequate safeguards in the planning of such immunization schemes, as well as continued medical supervision, is stressed.
Semidirect radiative forcing of internal mixed black carbon cloud droplet and its regional climatic effect over China (2010)

Black carbon (BC) is one of the most important atmospheric aerosols. It can exert a positive radiative forcing by absorbing solar radiation and a negative radiative forcing by acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). Furthermore, cloud droplets with BC can absorb more solar radiation and reduce their single‐scattering albedo (SSA), leading to a positive cloud radiative forcing (SSA forcing) at TOA. Here we include such a process into the coupled modeling system (RegCCMS) which consists of a regional climate model (RegCM3) and a tropospheric atmosphere chemistry model (TACM) to investigate BC loading, SSA forcing, and its climatic responses in different seasons over China. The year 2003 was selected as the base year for this study. Results show high BC loadings in Sichuan, Hebei, and Shandong provinces with weak seasonal variations. The national average SSA forcing due to the cloud droplets absorption is 0.04, 0.096, 0.085, and 0.056 W/m 2 at TOA, while −0.05, −0.14, −0.12, and −0.077 W/m 2 at the surface in January, April, July, and October, respectively. It can reach as much as 0.6 W/m 2 at TOA and −0.8 W/m 2 at the surface in the regions with high BC concentration and cloud cover. Numerical experiments indicate that internal mixed BC and cloud droplet can absorb more solar radiation, then heat the air, hence reducing the cloud cover and increasing vertical velocity. On the other hand, more solar absorption due to mixture droplets can alter atmospheric and hydrologic cycle, which consequently changes the distribution of cloud cover and eventually affects surface air temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation. Given an above 90% confidence level of statistical significance of linear correlation between SSA forcing and climate changes, surface air temperature changes for 4 months vary from −0.0022 to +0.0103 K and precipitation changes range from −0.0047 in January to 0.029 mm/d in April. These changes show an extremely large seasonal variation; so do those of cloud amount (Max: −0.066%) and solar flux (Max: 0.21 W/m 2 ). Owing to the small SSA forcing, its climatic responses are easily masked by internal model variability in summer season, especially for precipitation and cloud. Even so, small SSA forcing in colder seasons may lead to noticeable local surface drought or cooling. For example, precipitation decreases in Yangtze River Basin reaching 1.2 mm/d in October; surface air temperatures decrease by 0.2 to 0.4 K in east China in April. It is obvious that SSA forcing and its climate responses are weaker compared to BC direct, indirect, and semidirect effects. However, it does have nonnegligible influence on regional climate changes over China.
Dynamic interactions between 14-3-3 proteins and phosphoproteins regulate diverse cellular processes (2004)

14-3-3 proteins exert an extraordinarily widespread influence on cellular processes in all eukaryotes. They operate by binding to specific phosphorylated sites on diverse target proteins, thereby forcing conformational changes or influencing interactions between their targets and other molecules. In these ways, 14-3-3s 'finish the job' when phosphorylation alone lacks the power to drive changes in the activities of intracellular proteins. By interacting dynamically with phosphorylated proteins, 14-3-3s often trigger events that promote cell survival--in situations from preventing metabolic imbalances caused by sudden darkness in leaves to mammalian cell-survival responses to growth factors. Recent work linking specific 14-3-3 isoforms to genetic disorders and cancers, and the cellular effects of 14-3-3 agonists and antagonists, indicate that the cellular complement of 14-3-3 proteins may integrate the specificity and strength of signalling through to different cellular responses.
The Beatquency Domain: An Unusual Application of the Fast Fourier Transform (1977)

Fourier analysis has proven to be a vital mathematical tool in many areas of research, but rapid methods for calculating frequency content of sampled data using discrete Fourier transform (FFT) require periodic sampling. Unfortunately, beat-by-beat heart rate is an aperiodic series of events in the time domain. This report describes a new and unusual application of the FFT on heart rate data. The beat-by-beat intervals are represented as the magnitude of a periodically sampled function. When the Fourier transform is applied to these data, we obtain pseudofrequency information from what we call the Beat-quency Domain. Observed patterns from the Beatquency Domain suggest usefulness of this method in sleep cycle detection.
Design of Short Microstrip Leaky-Wave Antenna With Suppressed Back Lobe and Increased Frequency Scanning Region (2009)

We demonstrate a short (1.08lambda <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sub> ) microstrip leaky-wave antenna (MLWA) with suppressed back lobes and doubled frequency scanning region. The configuration of the proposed LWA contains three parts: the conventional open structure MLWA, the added monopole connected to the end of the MLWA on a defected ground plane, and the Yagi-Uda-like elements fabricated along the monopole. Because of the open structure of the MLWA, the reflected power produces a large back lobe radiated backwardly. By using the method of the added monopole connected to the end of the antenna, the remainder power could radiate through the added monopole without reflecting at the end. In addition, the Yagi-Uda-like elements fabricated along the added monopole enlarge the frequency scanning region due to the Yagi-Uda antenna characteristic. Compare to the conventional MLWA, the back lobe of the proposed LWA is suppressed about 8 dB at 5.0 GHz. The frequency scanning region of the H-plane (YZ-plane) of the proposed LWA can scan from 34deg to 57deg (total 23deg) while the frequency is operated from 4.6 GHz to 5.0 GHz; meanwhile the conventional MLWA scans from 30deg to 41deg (only 11deg) at the same frequency region.
Optimal operation of a virtual power plant (2009)

The increase in the amount of generators based on renewable energy sources (RES) in the power system is leading to many changes in its operation. Since the RES depends on weather conditions, coordinating the operation of the entire power system has become a more complex issue. New challenges need to be faced in order to supply the electric energy to the customers at the appropriate quality level. In this paper the concept and architecture of a complex virtual power plant (VPP) will be introduced and discussed. The focus will be paid to the optimization of the structure of the VPP as well as to its optimal operation. The result of the optimization have been presented and discussed in the paper taking into account different operation scenarios.
A new device to measure isometric strength in upper limbs: comparison between dominant and non-dominant limbs* (2011)

Americanae nace como un proyecto conjunto que surge dentro de la Red Europea de Información y Documentación sobre América Latina (REDIAL), y que ha afrontado la Biblioteca de la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID). Esta nueva biblioteca virtual hace más accesibles los libros digitales de tema americanista a los investigadores y usuarios interesados de cualquier parte del mundo.
The trinucleotide repeat expansion on chromosome 6p (SCA1) in autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (1994)

Affected members of 73 families with a variety of autosomal dominant late onset cerebellar ataxias (ADCAs) were investigated for the trinucleotide (CAG) repeat expansion which is found in pedigrees exhibiting linkage to the SCA1 locus on chromosome 6. Most of the families were too small for linkage analysis. The mutation was only found in ADCA type I, in 19 out of 38 such kindreds investigated (50%). It was slightly more common in Italian (59%) than British (50%) families, and was also found in Malaysian, Bangladeshi and Jamaican kindreds. Overall, ADCA type I patients with the expansion had a lower incidence of hyporeflexia and facial fasciculation than those without. The trinucleotide expansion was not found in eight families with ADCA and maculopathy or 24 kindreds with a pure type of ADCA, confirming that these syndromes are genetically distinct. It was also not detected in 12 patients with sporadic degenerative ataxias. DNA analysis for the SCA1 mutation is useful diagnostically in single patients or small families, and can be used for presymptomatic testing where appropriate.
Respirometric assessment of biodegradation characteristics of the scientific pitfalls of wastewaters (2007)

This paper provides an overview of common problems encountered when using oxygen uptake rate (OUR) measurements for the assessment of wastewater characteristics and process kinetics. Emphasis is placed upon pitfalls that would lead to significant errors. It covers model dependency of the OUR measurements and the need to select appropriate models; interpretation of OUR perturbations as a way to identify new model components and processes; the need for simultaneous observation of relevant model components and multicomponent modelling for appropriate evaluation of OUR measurements; parameter identifiability problems and the effect of active biomass concentration and the endogenous decay rate on model simulation and calibration. Relevant experimental OUR data from previous studies are presented to illustrate and underline common scientific pitfalls.
The effect of fuel age on the spread of fire in sclerophyll forest in the Sydney region of Australia (2010)

We investigated the effect of fuel age on the truncation of spread of unplanned fires using a set of 1473 patches in the Sydney region of Australia. Twenty-two percent of patches derived from prescribed fire experienced a subsequent unplanned fire within 5 years, compared with 42% of patches derived from unplanned fires. Among those encounters, the subsequent unplanned fire stopped at the leading edge of 18% of prescribed patches and 11% of unplanned patches. In comparison, the subsequent fire stopped somewhere in the patch for 44% of both prescribed and unplanned fires. Overall, there was a 10% chance that a prescribed burn patch would experience an unplanned fire that stops within the patch. Statistical modelling revealed that the presence of a road barrier was the best predictor of the likelihood of stopping on the leading edge, but fuel age and weather also had an influence. Stopping on the trailing edge was less influenced by the variables analysed. In extreme weather, even 1-year-old patches have a low likelihood of stopping unplanned fires. Fuel age had little influence on the spread of unplanned fires. Consequently, prescribed fires will be most effective when sited at the urban interface where resultant reduced unplanned fire intensity will be a benefit.
Analytic Performability Model of Vertical Handoff in Wireless Networks (2009)

Problem statement: The next generation wireless systems should be designed to support heterogeneous traffic with seamless mobility. A single network alone cannot cope up with such heterogeneous requirements. Hence it is desirable to interoperate between diverse and complementary Radio Access Technologies (RATs). In such system, user will switch between different Radio Access Technologies (RATs) to satisfy the User/application requirement and this process is known as Vertical Handoff (VHO). The process of network switching had three phases, network discovery, handoff decision and execution. The decision phase played a crucial role in resource utilization and user/application Quality of Service (QoS) requirement. Hence it was essential to model and evaluate the handoff decision system along with VHO system model. Approach: The traditional performance models were optimistic models and would evaluate the system performance under ideal condition by ignoring failures and recovery in the system. The availability models were conservative models and would assess the availability/reliability of the system. The performabality models were combined models of performance and reliability. The performablity models were more realistic models of the system due to the simultaneous consideration of performance and reliability. Here the VHO process of a next generation wireless system was modeled and evaluated by an analytic performablity model and performance of decision system is evaluated through the sensitivity analysis of VHO decision parameter. Results: In VHO performance evaluation, the metrics of performance evaluation are handoff dropping probability and new call blocking probability. The dynamics of these metrics are depends on set of wireless network parameter such as Available Bandwidth (ABW), users, Bit Error Rate (BER) and network traffic. The ABW, BER and network traffic is also parameter for VHO decisions. The results of performance evaluation are used to develop a novel intelligent vertical handoff decision technique to achieve optimum tradeoff between set of handoff decision criteria. Finally, sensitivity analysis of system parameters on four traffic classes and two vertical handoff decision algorithms along with intelligent vertical handoff decision method were presented. Conclusion: The results of sensitivity analysis depicted that the VHO process in next generation wireless system needs intelligent criteria based technique at the decision making phase of VHO process.
Mechanisms of Function and Disease of Natural and Replacement Heart Valves (2011)

Over the past several decades, there has been substantial progress toward understanding the mechanisms of heart valve function and dysfunction. This review summarizes an evolving conceptual framework of heart valve functional structure, developmental biology, and pathobiology and explores the implications of key insights. I emphasize: (a) valve cell and extracellular matrix biology and the impact of biomechanical factors on function, homeostasis, environmental adaptation, and key pathological processes; (b) the role of developmental processes, valvular cell behavior, and extracellular matrix remodeling in congenital and acquired valve abnormalities; and (c) the cell/matrix biology of degeneration in replacement tissue valves. I also summarize how these considerations may ultimately inform the potential for prevention and treatment of major diseases and potentially therapeutic regeneration of the cardiac valves. Recent advances and opportunities for research and clinical translation are highlighted.
Laminin β2 Gene Missense Mutation Produces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Podocytes (2013)

Mutations in the laminin β2 gene (LAMB2) cause Pierson syndrome, a severe congenital nephrotic syndrome with ocular and neurologic defects. LAMB2 is a component of the laminin-521 (α5β2γ1) trimer, an important constituent of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). The C321R-LAMB2 missense mutation leads to congenital nephrotic syndrome but only mild extrarenal symptoms; the mechanisms underlying the development of proteinuria with this mutation are unclear. We generated three transgenic mouse lines, in which rat C321R-LAMB2 replaced mouse LAMB2 in the GBM. During the first postnatal month, expression of C321R-LAMB2 attenuated the severe proteinuria exhibited by Lamb2(-/-) mice in a dose-dependent fashion; proteinuria eventually increased, however, leading to renal failure. The C321R mutation caused defective secretion of laminin-521 from podocytes to the GBM accompanied by podocyte endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, likely resulting from protein misfolding. Moreover, ER stress preceded the onset of significant proteinuria and was manifested by induction of the ER-initiated apoptotic signal C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), ER distention, and podocyte injury. Treatment of cells expressing C321R-LAMB2 with the chemical chaperone taurodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), which can facilitate protein folding and trafficking, greatly increased the secretion of the mutant LAMB2. Taken together, these results suggest that the mild variant of Pierson syndrome caused by the C321R-LAMB2 mutation may be a prototypical ER storage disease, which may benefit from treatment approaches that target the handling of misfolded proteins.