gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Epifilm thickness measurements using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: Effect of refractive index dispersion and refractive index measurement (1994)

Procedures and results of refractive index measurements using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer are reported. These measurements were performed on both lightly and heavily doped silicon samples over the midinfrared (2.5–25 μm) spectrum region. A strong dependence of refractive index as a function of substrate dopant concentration was observed. Moreover, it was observed that the refractive index of heavily doped silicon also varies significantly with wavelength. Furthermore, it was also observed that the refractive index of silicon decreases with increasing wafer temperature for long wavelengths. Finally, the effect of refractive index dispersion on epifilm thickness measurement was examined. The results suggest that the spectral dispersion of the refractive index cannot be neglected for epifilm thickness measurements.
The Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Fluids  (1997)

Accepted for publication April 25, 1997.Professor and Chair, Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305.This original research publication presents a new and innovative application of pharmacokinetic data analysis, usually applied to drug disposition, to the physiologic effects of parenteral intravenous fluid administration. In classical pharmacokinetic data analysis, a drug is administered, blood is sampled, and drug concentrations are measured over time. Pharmacokinetic models, usually mamillary with first-order kinetics, are fit to the measured drug concentrations using nonlinear least-squares regression. The data analysis estimates drug volumes and clearances that characterize the extent of drug distribution into body tissues and the rate of drug movement between tissues and removal from the body. Drs. Svensen and Hahn have examined the pharmacokinetics of the intravenous administration of Ringer's acetate, 6% dextran, and 7.5% NaCl using the dilution of three markers in blood, blood hemoglobin, blood water, and plasma albumin, analogous to the measurement of drug concentrations. The authors developed one- and two-compartment mamillary models and then used nonlinear regression to characterize the blood marker dilution versus time, relative to the administered dose of intravenous fluid. The authors report that the volume of body fluid space expanded by the intravenous fluid was greatest for Ringers (change of 5.9 l), followed by dextran (change of 2.6 l), and was least with hypertonic saline (change of 1.2 l). The authors' data analysis approaches will require more rigorous evaluation; however, the fundamental concept that they suggest may provide a new clinical research tool to understand how intravenous fluids used in anesthetic practice affect the body. The concepts presented in this article could be used to provide better quantitation of the effects of different intravenous fluids in different patient populations or clinical situations and also allow for more rational design of intravenous fluid administration paradigms.Donald R. Stanski, M.D.Professor and Chair; Department of Anesthesia; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, California 94305
Influence of vascular endothelial growth factor on bovine corneal endothelial cells in a wound-healing model. (1996)

In this study we determined the influence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on bovine corneal endothelial cell proliferation and wound healing. Proliferation was determined by measurement of DNA replication as well as by counting of the number of cells present after a defined growth period. In a wound-healing model, reproducible cell-free areas were created within monolayers of cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells and the migration of the cells into these areas was analyzed. The DNA replication and cell proliferation of bovine corneal endothelial cells were not influenced by VEGF. In contrast, in the wound-healing model, VEGF supplementation at concentrations of 1 and 10 ng/ml increased the cell density of the wounded area by 20% and 50%, respectively, as compared with the cell density of wounds left untreated by VEGF. Furthermore, no increase in DNA replication was found in cells involved in wound healing. Our results demonstrate that healing of bovine corneal endothelial cell layers after wounding is predominantly performed by cell migration rather than by proliferation. This migration can be stimulated by the addition of exogenous VEGF.
Tying Arrangements and the Leverage Problem (1957)

IN antitrust law, the conclusion that tying the sale of a second product to a patented product is automatically illegal has been accepted by courts .forforty years.'Under this theory, tying is harmful because it creates a new monopoly wholly outside the patent.Conditioning the sale or lease of one commodity on the sale or lease of another, a practice known as a tying agreement or a tie-in, is generally considered a trade-restraining device.The recent Report of the Attorney General's Committee to Study the Antitrust Laws declares that the purpose of a tying contract is monopolistic exploitation. 2This exploitation is achieved by "artificially extending the market for the 'tied' product beyond the consumer acceptance it would rate if competing independently on its merits and on equal terms." 3 The view that tying contracts allow the wielding of monopolistic leverage is widely accepted."Wielding monopolistic leverage" is an ambiguous phrase.A distinction can usefully be made between leverage as a revenue-maximizing device and leverage as a monopoly-creating device.The first involves the use of existing power.The second requires the addition of new power. 4 In both cases monopoly is tAssociate Professor of Law and Economics, Yale Law School.This Article attempts to explore the relationship between product complementarity and tying sales as contrasted with other explanations which have been offered.A "complementarity" view of tying sharply contrasts with other positions in terms of what is called the "leverage" problem.In particular, two explanations have been formulated by Professor Aaron Director-tying as an evasion of price regulation and tying as a counting device for price discrimination.I have reconstructed these explanations as I understood them from previous discussions with him over a period of years ending in 1956 at the University of Chicago Law School.Professor Director, of course, bears no responsibility for my interpretation; my debt to him is great, however, not only for encouraging my interest in the tie-in problem but more basically for providing both a theory and an application of the "evasion" and the "counting" cases, reproduced here The conclusions contained in this Article derive from comparison of these examples with the "complementarity" example to determine whether or not tie-ins create new monopoly.The relationship between product complements and the use of the tying device was developed jointly with John S. McGee, Associate Professor in the School of Business at the University of Chicago.
Pegylated Interferon for the Adjuvant Treatment of Melanoma: FDA Approved, but What Is Its Role? (2012)

The article by Herndon and colleagues on the approval of peginterferon-alfa-2b for the adjuvant treatment of patients with resected node-positive melanoma, published in this issue of The Oncologist, is examined, and the relevance of this therapy in clinical practice discussed.
Advances in applications of time-domain Brillouin scattering for nanoscale imaging (2018)

Time-domain Brillouin scattering is an all-optical experimental technique based on ultrafast lasers applied for generation and detection of coherent acoustic pulses on time durations of picoseconds and length scales of nanometers. In transparent materials scattering of the probe laser beam by the coherent phonons permits imaging of sample inhomogeneity. The transient optical reflectivity of the sample recorded by the probe beam as the acoustic nanopulse propagates in space contains information on the acoustical, optical, and acousto-optical parameters of the material under study. The experimental method is based on a heterodyning where weak light pulses scattered by the coherent acoustic phonons interfere at the photodetector with probe light pulses of significantly higher amplitude reflected from various interfaces of the sample. The time-domain Brillouin scattering imaging is based on Brillouin scattering and has the potential to provide all the information that researchers in material science, physics, chemistry, biology etc., get with classic frequency-domain Brillouin scattering of light. It can be viewed as a replacement for Brillouin scattering and Brillouin microscopy in all investigations where nanoscale spatial resolution is either required or advantageous. Here we review applications of time-domain Brillouin scattering for imaging of nanoporous films, ion-implanted semiconductors and dielectrics, texture in polycrystalline materials and inside vegetable and animal cells, and for monitoring the transformation of nanosound caused by nonlinearity and focusing. We also discuss the perspectives and the challenges for the future.
A METAL X-RAY TUBE FOR CHARACTERISTIC RADIATION (1932)

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Induction of Ia and H-2 antigens on a macrophage cell line by immune interferon. (1983)

Recent work from a number of laboratories has suggested that Ia antigen expression on macrophages can be modulated by soluble factors released by T cells after antigen or mitogen activation. The murine macrophage tumor cell line, WEHI-3, provides an in vitro system for the study of this type of lymphokine regulation of Ia antigen expression. Previous work from our laboratory has shown that supernates from Concanavalin A-activated rat or mouse spleen cells (Con A sup) can stimulate increased levels of biosynthesis and cell surface expression of both Ia and H-2K,D antigens on this cell line. The experiments described in this report were designed to identify the regulatory factor responsible for this inducing activity, and in particular to determine whether the inducing factor present in crude supernatant fluids is immune interferon (IFN-gamma). These experiments show that: 1) murine IFN-gamma, produced free of other lymphokines by recombinant DNA technology and DNA-mediated gene transfer, can induce Ia antigen expression and increase H-2 antigen expression on WEHI-3 cells; 2) the biochemical characteristics of partially purified inducing factor from crude supernate fluids are similar to those previously described for murine IFN-gamma by other investigators; and 3) both crude Con A sup and IFN-gamma-containing supernates have inducing activity and antiviral activity which exhibit very similar dose-related responses. These results support the conclusion that the previously described ability of Con A sup to regulate MHC antigen expression on WEHI-3 cells is due to the activity of immune interferon in those supernates.
Fiber Optic Gyro for Land Navigation (2010)

as an electronic reprint with permission of SPIE. Single print or electronic copies for personal use only are allowed. Systematic or multiple reproduction, or distribution to multiple locations through an electronic listserver or other electronic means, or duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes is prohibited. By choosing to view or print this document, you agree to all the provisions of the copyright law protecting it.
How to make SD-WAN secure (2017)

With the software-defined wide area network (SD-WAN), lower costs and increased efficiency are the promised payoffs.1, 2 But what about security concerns? Does this additional route into corporate systems open up new vulnerabilities and create fresh opportunities for attackers? With software-defined wide area networks (SD-WANs), lower costs and increased efficiency are the promised payoffs. But what about security concerns? Does this additional route into corporate systems open up new vulnerabilities and create fresh opportunities for attackers? While SD-WAN often routes traffic over the Internet, the underlying technologies are hardened, armoured and fully protected. And cloud-delivered SD-WAN platforms that offer integration with the industry's leading security platforms, enterprise IT and security staff can ensure that corporate data is protected and compliance regulations are met, explains Michael Wood of VeloCloud Networks.
Human endogenous retrovirus envelope proteins target dendritic cells to suppress T‐cell activation (2015)

Though mostly defective, human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) can retain open reading frames, which are especially expressed in the placenta. There, the envelope (env) proteins of HERV-W (Syncytin-1), HERV-FRD (Syncytin-2), and HERV-K (HML-2) were implicated in tolerance against the semi-allogenic fetus. Here, we show that the known HERV env-binding receptors ASCT-1 and -2 and MFSD2 are expressed by DCs and T-cells. When used as effectors in coculture systems, CHO cells transfected to express Syncytin-1, -2, or HML-2 did not affect T-cell expansion or overall LPS-driven phenotypic DC maturation, however, promoted release of IL-12 and TNF-α rather than IL-10. In contrast, HERV env expressing choriocarcinoma cell lines suppressed T-cell proliferation and LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-12 release, however, promoted IL-10 accumulation, indicating that these effects might not rely on HERV env interactions. However, DCs conditioned by choriocarcinoma, but also transgenic CHO cells failed to promote allogenic T-cell expansion. This was associated with a loss of DC/T-cell conjugate frequencies, impaired Ca(2+) mobilization, and aberrant patterning of f-actin and tyrosine phosphorylated proteins in T-cells. Altogether, these findings suggest that HERV env proteins target T-cell activation indirectly by modulating the stimulatory activity of DCs.
Choosing Linguistics over Vision to Describe Images (2021)

In this paper, we address the problem of automatically generating human-like descriptions for unseen images, given a collection of images and their corresponding human-generated descriptions. Previous attempts for this task mostly rely on visual clues and corpus statistics, but do not take much advantage of the semantic information inherent in the available image descriptions. Here, we present a generic method which benefits from all these three sources (i.e. visual clues, corpus statistics and available descriptions) simultaneously, and is capable of constructing novel descriptions. Our approach works on syntactically and linguistically motivated phrases extracted from the human descriptions. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that our formulation mostly generates lucid and semantically correct descriptions, and significantly outperforms the previous methods on automatic evaluation metrics. One of the significant advantages of our approach is that we can generate multiple interesting descriptions for an image. Unlike any previous work, we also test the applicability of our method on a large dataset containing complex images with rich descriptions.
A Lewis acid-promoted Pinner reaction (2013)

Carbonitriles and alcohols react in a Lewis acid-promoted Pinner reaction to carboxylic esters. Best results are obtained with two equivalents of trimethylsilyl triflate as Lewis acid. Good yields are achieved with primary alcohols and aliphatic or benzylic carbonitriles, but the straightforward synthesis of acrylates and benzoates starting with acrylonitrile and benzonitrile, respectively, is similarly possible. Phenols are not acylated under these reaction conditions. The method has been used for the first total synthesis of the natural product monaspilosin. In the reaction of benzyl alcohols variable amounts of amides are formed in a Ritter-type side reaction.
AN ACTION SPECTRUM FOR UV PHOTOCARCINOGENESIS * (1986)

Abstract— Hairless mice were irradiated repeatedly by exposure to unfiltered black‐light (FR74T12 PUVA) fluorescent lamps and the time to development of skin tumors was determined. For several groups of animals the treatment variable was the size of the weekly dose. A similar approach had been used previously to determine dose‐response characteristics for other ultraviolet radiation emitting sources: a xenon arc solar simulator (with a series of five cut‐off filters producing five source spectra), and a fluorescent (FS40T12) “sunlamp”. The median tumor latent period (time period for just more than one half of the animals to develop at least one tumor each) was accurately predicted for all these ultraviolet radiation emitting sources by a mathematical equation incorporating the spectral source description and a spectral weighting function. The weighting function judged most appropriate for ultraviolet radiation‐induced photocarcinogenesis was the action spectrum, determined previously, for acute (single dose) skin edema in hairless mice. The mathematical equation assigns no effectiveness to wavelengths greater than 330 nm. There was no evidence for wavelength interaction in the spectral range of 26MW nm. Our data, combined with results of others, lead us to conclude that radiation with wavelength greater than 330 nm has an average relative efficacy (297 nm =1.0) less than 0.0002, and that this efficacy is not detectable with sources in which at least 2% of the UV radiation is in the UV‐B range.
An accurate system for onsite calibration of electronic transformers with digital output (2012)

Calibration systems with digital output are used to replace conventional calibration systems because of principle diversity and characteristics of digital output of electronic transformers. But precision and unpredictable stability limit their onsite application even development. So fully considering the factors influencing accuracy of calibration system and employing simple but reliable structure, an all-digital calibration system with digital output is proposed in this paper. In complicated calibration environments, precision and dynamic range are guaranteed by A/D converter with 24-bit resolution, synchronization error limit is nanosecond by using the novelty synchronization method. In addition, an error correction algorithm based on the differential method by using two-order Hanning convolution window has good inhibition of frequency fluctuation and inter-harmonics interference. To verify the effectiveness, error calibration was carried out in the State Grid Electric Power Research Institute of China and results show that the proposed system can reach the precision class up to 0.05. Actual onsite calibration shows that the system has high accuracy, and is easy to operate with satisfactory stability.
Experimental and numerical determination of the static critical pressure in ferrofluid seals (2013)

Ferrofluids have various engineering applications; one of them are magnetic fluid seals for rotating shafts. There are various constructions of this type of seals, but the main difference is the number of sealing stages. The development of this construction is a complex process which requires knowledge of ferrofluid physical and rheological properties and the magnetic field distribution inside the sealing gap. One of the most important parameters of ferrofluid seals is the critical (burst) pressure. It is the pressure value at which a leak will occur. This study presents results of numerical simulation of magnetic field distribution inside the seal gap and calculations of the critical pressure value. The obtained pressure values were verified by experiments.
The call to interfaith dialogue (2005)

The paper explores the contemporary call to interfaith dialogue from the Christian – especially Roman Catholic – perspective. Although there is focus on dialogue among the Abrahamic traditions, some attention is given to dialogue with indigenous and secular humanist traditions. The paper proposes various theological bases for dialogue in Vatican II and subsequent Church teachings, and in newer theologies which focus on the role of the Trinity and the Holy Spirit. Some attention is given to the insights of Raimon Panikkar including his emphasis on intra-religious dialogue and a spirituality for dialogue. Various levels of dialogue – life, action, theology and religious experience – are discussed along with other practical aspects of dialogue. Challenges and promises of interfaith dialogue are explored in the Australian context with emphasis on its possible contribution to tolerance, reconciliation and the transformation of culture.
One pot synthesis of PbS/Cu2S core-shell nanoparticles and their optical properties (2014)

The synthesis of PbS/Cu2S core-shell nanoparticles with emission on the visible range and with improved luminescence properties was carried out by the colloidal solution-phase growth method by using simple stabilizers such as trisodium citrate and 3-mercaptopropionic acid. The core shell arrangement for particles with different crystalline structure was achieved, in addition this is the first report related to the synthesis PbS/Cu2S core-shell system. The data obtained from absorption spectra, PL spectra, and HRTEM image provided direct proof of the formation of PbS core with size around 11 nm and Cu2S shell of 5 nm thickness. According to the UV-vis absorption and PL spectrum, the optical characteristics observed in the synthesized material correspond to a PbS/Cu2S system that has a higher confinement effect than the pure PbS nanoparticles. The QY was improved in 15 % from PbS to PbS/Cu2S nanoparticles. The estimated band (HOMO-LUMO) alignment determined by CV measurements corresponds to a type-I core shell arrangement
Tunnel Vision and Topographic Disorientation after Bilateral Occipital Lobe Damage (1997)

Abstract A patient is reported with bilateral visual field loss after infarctions in the territory of both posterior cerebral arteries. Central vision recovered after a period of complete cerebral blindness. The patient then suffered from severe topographic disorientation and impaired colour vision. The similarity of the present case with a famous patient reported by Forster in 1890 was striking and therefore deserved further investigation. Both patients will be described in detail and compared with other selected cases from the literature. The discussion will focus on the problem of macular sparing, impairment in colour perception and topographic disorientation. The dissimilarities between the two patients, which mainly concern simultaneous perception, will also be taken into consideration.
An integrated toolkit for enterprise modeling and analysis (1999)

A fully integrated modeling and analysis toolkit, which facilitates multi-perspective knowledge capturing, sharing and reusing, is necessary for today's enterprises to meet the challenges of the ever more competitive global marketplace. In this paper we present a suit of software tools, designed and developed by Knowledge Based Systems, Inc., that can generate integrated solutions to complicated enterprise analysis including business process reengineering, activity based costing, and training. We start by providing a high level conceptual framework in which the individual tools with their roles and interrelations are presented. We then introduce each tool that make up the enterprise modeling and analysis toolkit in detail. The tutorial focuses on the ease and the user friendliness of (1) capturing domain knowledge into interchangeable multi-perspective models, (2) automatically generating and executing stochastic and deterministic analysis models from these multi-perspective models, and (3) publishing enterprise modeling and analysis results on the web.