gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design, synthesis and SAR of analgesics. (1989)

A series of 4-phenylamidopiperidines having various substituents at the 4-position of the piperidine ring and the piperidine nitrogen were synthesized and tested. The antinociceptive activity of these compounds was measured by a modified hot-plate test. The active 4-phenylamidopiperidines have ED50 values ranging from 0.44 to 59 mg/Kg. High potency was observed among those compounds having an aralkyl substituent on the piperidine ring nitrogen. The highest Therapeutic Index value (TI = 223) was observed with N-[4-phenyl-1-(2-phenethyl)-4-piperidyl]-N-phenylpropanamide. Parameter Focusing using the regional fragment constants for the N-piperidine substituent (fL) and the C-4 piperidine substituent (fR') was successfully employed. The nature of the N-piperidine substituent is critical for activity, with the ideal fLo value at approximately 2.40. Structure-Activity Relationships indicate that the desired substituents for maximum enhancement of analgesic activity are an unsubstituted aromatic ring two carbons removed from the piperidine ring nitrogen and a small polar group able to hydrogen bond as a proton acceptor at the C-4 of the piperidine ring.
Formation, structure, and bonding of Ni—Co—Mn oxides having spinel-type strukture (1959)

Article Formation, structure, and bonding of Ni—Co—Mn oxides having spinel-type strukture was published on December 1, 1959 in the journal Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials (volume 112, issue 1-6).
Static vs. Dynamic List-Scheduling Performance Comparison (2003)

The problem of efficient task scheduling is one of the most important and most difficult issues in homogeneous computing environments. Finding an optimal solution for a scheduling problem is NP-complete. Therefore, it is necessary to have heuristics to find a reasonably good schedule rather than evaluate all possible schedules. List-scheduling is generally accepted as an attractive approach, since it pairs low complexity with good results. List-scheduling algorithms schedule tasks in order of priority. This priority can be computed either statically (before scheduling) or dynamically (during scheduling). This paper presents the characteristics of the two main static and the two main dynamic list-scheduling algorithms. It also compares their performance in dealing with random generated graphs with various characteristics.
Northern Ireland and the European Union: the internal dynamics (2014)

This chapter traces the ways in which Northern Ireland’s devolved administration has adapted at the domestic level to new responsibilities vis-à-vis the EU. An overview of key administrative developments provides a basis for determining the ways in which the introduction of devolution has changed how Northern Ireland is governed. This includes an examination of the framework for relations between the Northern Ireland administration and UK central government. Consideration is also given to the role of the Northern Ireland Executive, the Office of the First Minister and Deputy First Minister and the Northern Ireland Assembly. The changes to the Northern Ireland institutional landscape are judged to have been important for the manner and impact of Northern Ireland’s engagement with the EU. The developments may not be categorised as an explicit example of multi-level governance in action, but nevertheless, progress in advancing Northern Ireland’s EU agenda is evident.
Self-generated sounds of locomotion and ventilation and the evolution of human rhythmic abilities (2013)

It has been suggested that the basic building blocks of music mimic sounds of moving humans, and because the brain was primed to exploit such sounds, they eventually became incorporated in human culture. However, that raises further questions. Why do genetically close, culturally well-developed apes lack musical abilities? Did our switch to bipedalism influence the origins of music? Four hypotheses are raised: (1) Human locomotion and ventilation can mask critical sounds in the environment. (2) Synchronization of locomotion reduces that problem. (3) Predictable sounds of locomotion may stimulate the evolution of synchronized behavior. (4) Bipedal gait and the associated sounds of locomotion influenced the evolution of human rhythmic abilities. Theoretical models and research data suggest that noise of locomotion and ventilation may mask critical auditory information. People often synchronize steps subconsciously. Human locomotion is likely to produce more predictable sounds than those of non-human primates. Predictable locomotion sounds may have improved our capacity of entrainment to external rhythms and to feel the beat in music. A sense of rhythm could aid the brain in distinguishing among sounds arising from discrete sources and also help individuals to synchronize their movements with one another. Synchronization of group movement may improve perception by providing periods of relative silence and by facilitating auditory processing. The adaptive value of such skills to early ancestors may have been keener detection of prey or stalkers and enhanced communication. Bipedal walking may have influenced the development of entrainment in humans and thereby the evolution of rhythmic abilities.
Biological requirements for occupation in primates: An exploratory study and theoretical analysis (1998)

Abstract To explore the meaning of biological requirements for occupation, this study systematically investigated shifts in zoo chimpanzees’ patterns of time‐use as a function of changing environmental states of occupational enrichment versus impoverishment. The chimpanzees were found to demonstrate ethological needs, or needs that are rooted in innate motivations for action, to use tools imaginatively, involve themselves in sustained foraging challenges, build nests, groom, play, and manipulate objects. In that these activities possess both evolutionary survival value and long phylogenetic histories in the primate order, the concept of root occupations was proposed. Rather than viewing root occupations as emanating from an innate drive for environmental mastery, or as suggesting the validity either of biological or cultural determinism, it was argued that diverse cultural elaborations upon root occupations remain salient in the daily occupational behavior of modern humans. Moreover, it was proposed that human morphology and neurobiology are exquisitely adapted both to prompt, and support, the expression of these cultural elaborations. Lastly, by examining the nature of transactions between primates and their action environments, the relationship of human's biological endowment (or system) to biological needs for occupation was explored.
Body Composition Assessment in Axial CT Images Using FEM-Based Automatic Segmentation of Skeletal Muscle (2015)

The proportions of muscle and fat tissues in the human body, referred to as body composition is a vital measurement for cancer patients. Body composition has been recently linked to patient survival and the onset/recurrence of several types of cancers in numerous cancer research studies. This paper introduces a fully automatic framework for the segmentation of muscle and fat tissues from CT images to estimate body composition. We developed a novel finite element method (FEM) deformable model that incorporates a priori shape information via a statistical deformation model (SDM) within the template-based segmentation framework. The proposed method was validated on 1000 abdominal and 530 thoracic CT images and we obtained very good segmentation results with Jaccard scores in excess of 90% for both the muscle and fat regions.
Effects of perfusion with amethopterin on L1210 leukemia cells in spin filter culture. (1970)

Cells of the murine leukemia L1210 have been treated with amethopterin (NSC 740) in a spin filter culture device which provides for continuous perfusion of populations of cells in suspension and removal of extracellular drug at a controlled rate. Experiments with exponential washout have involved daily doses of drug at initial concentrations of 1.0 µg/ml and a half-time of approximately 1.1 hr, providing an integrated concentration × time value of approximately 1.6 µg-hr/ml/day. Under these conditions, the viable cell population, as measured by cloning in soft agar, showed an immediate decline followed by partial recovery between drug doses. The degree of cell killing was greater after the second exposure to drug than after the first exposure. Experiments with tritiated amethopterin have shown a rapid initial uptake of drug followed by a slow decline of intracellular concentration; the ratio of intracellular to extracellular levels approaches 1000 after several hours of drug washout. Dihydrofolate reductase activity dropped sharply in the first few hours after drug addition and recovered partially in the period before the next treatment. A similar effect was seen for deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA, but thymidylate synthetase activity increased following the first drug dose. Similar effects were seen after the second dose, with the exception of thymidylate synthetase, which showed a transitory drop followed by recovery to a level higher than the initial level. Continuous perfusion with amethopterin at 0.067 µg/ml, to provide the same daily integrated concentration × time value resulted in comparable cell killing over a 2-day period, with a small population surviving for 6 days.
Wellbore Surveying While Drilling Based on Kalman Filtering (2010)

Problem statement: Oil and gas are global fuels obtained primarily from drilling wells in underground terrestrial reservoirs. Vertical drilling is preferred because of its simplicity and therefore low cost, but subsurface targets can often be procured only by directing the wellbore along predefined non-vertical trajectories. For instance, directional drilling must be employed to reach locations inaccessible to the drilling rig, to side track an existing well (multilateral drilling), or to drill multiple wells from the same offshore platform (horizontal drilling). Approach: A complete knowledge of the wellbore direction and orientation during the drilling process is essential to guarantee proper directional drilling procedure. Results: Thus, besides the conventional drilling assembly, directional drilling operations require sensors to provide azimuth, inclination and toolface angles of the drill. These sensors are part of the Measurement-While-Drilling (MWD) tool, which in current technology is installed several feet behind the drill bit. In such systems, values for inclination and toolface angles are determined from accelerometer measurements at predetermined stationary surveying stations; these values are then incorporated with magnetometer measurements to deliver the azimuth angle. Values for inclination and azimuth angles at the current surveying station are combined with those from the previous station to compute the position of the probe. However, there is no accurate information about the wellbore trajectory between survey stations. Additionally, the magnetic field of the magnetometers has deleterious effect on the overall accuracy of surveying measurements. Conclusion: A method to provide continuous information about the wellbore trajectory has been developed in this study. The module developed integrates a Rotary Steerable System (RSS) and MWD tool into one drilling probe utilizing Inertial Navigation System (INS) technology. This is achieved by designing a reliable realtime low cost MWD surveying system based on MEMS inertial sensors miniaturized inside the RSS housing installed directly behind the drill bit. A continuous borehole surveying module based on MEMS inertial sensors integrated with other drilling measurements was developed using Kalman filtering.
Ac-Au ... Au-Zr (1991)

Introduction.- Binary systems.- Index of binary alloys.- Index of substances for subvolumes IV/12A and IV/5.
Scavenging of dental anesthetic gases. (1976)

Results of recent surveys suggest that there are significant health hazards involved with chronic exposure to waste anesthetic gases. While results of these surveys were significant, they did not prove a cause-effect relationship. Considerable evidence in experimental animals suggests such a relationship; it is reasonable to assume that this applies to the clinical situation. An anesthetic technique that uses a circle-system absorber with a scavenging trap and non-recirculating exhaust duct has been described. This system was combined with use of a closed-cell rubber sponge for an oropharyngeal pack that was impermeable to air or anesthetic gases. In addition, a tight-fitting nasal mask or sealed nasopharyngeal tube was used. Ventilation of room air also was improved. These changes produced a 93.3% reduction in halothane and 91.2% reduction in nitrous oxide in the dental operating room.
COUPLING OF BASIC PARAMETERS OF A COMBUSTION CHAMBER OF HELMHOLTZ (1975)

(i) where m is the mass of the oscillating gas, F r is the resistance force due to the motion of the gas in the resonant tube, and Fe is the elastic force from the gas in the chamber, while x is the acceleration along the longitudinal axis of the resonator. We assume that all the gas in the resonant tube oscillates, and then we have m ~- g,.ls, (2) where Pt is the density of the gas in the tube, I is the tube length, and s is the cross section.
Exemplar-based model of social judgment. (1992)

As an alternative to algebraic and schematic models of social judgment, a new exemplar-based model holds that representations of specific individuals influence judgments about persons and groups. (a) As the perceiver encounters or thinks about an individual, a representation of that exemplar as interpreted by the perceiver is stored in memory. (b) When a target person is encountered later, known attributes of similar exemplars from memory influence judgments about the target. Similarity is modulated by the perceiver's attention to stimulus dimensions. (c) Social and motivational factors, including self-schemata, social context, and in-group/out-group dynamics, influence social judgment by affecting perceiver's attention to dimensions
Immunosuppression in autoimmune disease: the double-edged sword. (1987)

We have developed a protocol of prophylactic cyclosporin A administration which confers complete and permanent protection against insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in diabetes-prone BioBreeding rats. Spontaneous insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus developed in about 50% of BioBreeding rats, between 10 and 18 weeks of age. Prophylactic cyclosporin A (10 mg/kg/day p.o.), started at 6 weeks of age and terminated at 21 weeks of age, completely prevented insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: 0% (0/25) cyclosporin A-treated compared to 46% (11/24) control rats developed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (p less than 0.001). Protection against insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was lifelong, provided cyclosporin A prophylaxis was initiated when insulitis was minimal or absent, and pancreatic insulin content was normal. Cyclosporin A prophylaxis initiated later, but still before the onset of clinical symptoms (8-9 weeks), and terminated at 22-23 weeks, was only partially effective; 5/20 (25%) of cyclosporin A-treated rats developed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, compared to 60% (12/20) of controls (p less than 0.05). Cyclosporin A prophylaxis started at the appropriate time (6 weeks) but terminated prematurely (17-19 weeks of age) was not effective; insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus developed in 20% (3/15), compared to 50% (7/14) controls (p greater than 0.05); insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus developed after cessation of therapy. We conclude that effective and permanent moderate-dose cyclosporin A prophylaxis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in BioBreeding rats requires (1) early initiation of treatment, when islet morphology and hormone content are still normal; and (2) prolonged treatment, with continuation of prophylaxis past the end of the at-risk period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
An Overview of Misfiring Cylinder Engine Diagnostic Techniques Based on Crankshaft Angular Velocity Measurements (1996)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The technical literature for engine misfire detection and faulty cylinder identification using crankshaft angular velocity measurements is reviewed. Current methods are categorized into three main approaches: threshold criteria, pattern recognition, and model based deconvolution. Real time detection of engine misfire using measured speed fluctuations is currently practical for a variety of engine and road conditions. Techniques to identify the location of specific faulty cylinders are less mature. An overview and comparison of current methods is presented. The implications of various assumptions made for the location of misfiring cylinders are explored. Remaining challenges are identified. A summary of relevant literature by author is presented. Finally, the current methodology is summarized.</div>
Detecting faults in chained-inference rules in information distribution systems (1998)

There has previously been considerable work in the quality assessment of critical control systems, such as Command, Control, Communication, and Intelligence (C$\sp3$I) systems used in the battle field, to verify and validate their knowledge bases and to check them for completeness and consistency. The quality of rules in those C$\sp3$I-related systems thus plays a crucial role. During the execution of a C$\sp3$I system, structural faults in a rule set, such as circularity and inconsistency, can decrease the system's performance and even cause more serious failures, such as conducting the same actions in a loop path with a backward-chaining inference engine and performing an undesired/unexpected action in a C$\sp3$I system used in the battle field, respectively. An information distribution system (IDS) is a subsystem within a C$\sp3$I system. Each node in an IDS communicates with others by sending or receiving information.
Traditional ways to detect faults in a rule base include comparisons of two rules at once. However, faults could be introduced by rule inferences such that one or more rules will be fired due to another fired rule. The objective of this dissertation is to develop algorithms that will effectively and efficiently detect chained-inference faults in IDS rule sets. The effectiveness of algorithms that detect such faults is a qualitative attribute which increases as the number of faults that are found increases. On the other hand, the efficiency of algorithms that detect such faults is a quantitative attribute which increases as the time to find a number of faults decreases.
A new directed graph paradigm called Transition-Directed Graph (TDG), employed to represent IDS rule sets at nodes of the IDS, is presented and used in this dissertation. There are six categories of chained-inference rule faults defined using a TDG presentation. Based on these definitions of faults, algorithms used to detect such faults have been developed and implemented. Each one of the five newly developed algorithms, which uses a generic depth-first search algorithm for detection of a particular category of fault patterns, is effective in detecting one or more faults in that category with an optimal time complexity O(n), where n denotes the number of rules.
The endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule (2005)

These findings show that sELAM concentration is elevated in the presence of CAD and is useful for determining the presence of coronary atherosclerosis. An increased level of sELAM in patients susceptible to restenosis supports a role for white blood cell/endothelial interaction in restenosis after angioplasty.
Behaviour of leukocyte acid phosphatase in various chronic diseases. (1976)

Leukocyte acid phosphatases were investigated in 146 patients with different chronic diseases. The method of investigation used was that of Kaplow and Burstone slightly modified by the authors in what regards the pH of the incubation medium. Normal or slightly increased scores were observed in the granulocytic series of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, chronic hepatitis, lupus erythematosus disseminatus and chronic lymphocytic leukemia a moderate enzymatic activity was generally observed in the lymphocyte and more marked in severe forms of disease. A marked increase of the enzyme activity was observed in patients with myeloma. The possibility of a correlation between the intensity of enzyme activity and immunoglobulin formation is discussed.
Floating-point processors join forces in parallel processing architectures (1992)

The hardware architecture and software capabilities of the TMS320C40 floating-point digital signal processor are described. The C40 operates at 275 million operations per second (MOPS) and transfers data at a rate of 320 Mbytes/s with a 40-ns cycle time. A key architectural feature of the C40 for parallel computing is the six parallel bidirectional communication ports that permit direct connection and communication between processors in a parallel system. Examples illustrating the use of the C40 in a parallel processing environment are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Performance Benchmarking and Optimizing Hyperledger Fabric Blockchain Platform (2018)

The rise in popularity of permissioned blockchain platforms in recent time is significant. Hyperledger Fabric is one such permissioned blockchain platform and one of the Hyperledger projects hosted by the Linux Foundation. The Fabric comprises various components such as smart-contracts, endorsers, committers, validators, and orderers. As the performance of blockchain platform is a major concern for enterprise applications, in this work, we perform a comprehensive empirical study to characterize the performance of Hyperledger Fabric and identify potential performance bottlenecks to gain a better understanding of the system. We follow a two-phased approach. In the first phase, our goal is to understand the impact of various configuration parameters such as block size, endorsement policy, channels, resource allocation, state database choice on the transaction throughput & latency to provide various guidelines on configuring these parameters. In addition, we also aim to identify performance bottlenecks and hotspots. We observed that (1) endorsement policy verification, (2) sequential policy validation of transactions in a block, and (3) state validation and commit (with CouchDB) were the three major bottlenecks. In the second phase, we focus on optimizing Hyperledger Fabric v1.0 based on our observations. We introduced and studied various simple optimizations such as aggressive caching for endorsement policy verification in the cryptography component (3x improvement in the performance) and parallelizing endorsement policy verification (7x improvement). Further, we enhanced and measured the effect of an existing bulk read/write optimization for CouchDB during state validation & commit phase (2.5x improvement). By combining all three optimizations1, we improved the overall throughput by 16x (i.e., from 140 tps to 2250 tps).