gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hormonal and genetic control of germ cell apoptosis in the testis (1999)

Programmed cell death is an evolutionarily conserved cell death process that plays a major role during normal development and homeostasis. In many cases, the ordered execution of this internal death programme leads to typical morphological and biochemical changes that have been termed apoptosis. The crucial role of this mode of cell death in the pathogenesis of diverse human diseases including cancer, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, neurodegeneratives disorders, atherosclerosis and cardiomyopathy is now supported by a wealth of data. In adult mammals, including humans, germ cell death is conspicuous during normal spermatogenesis and plays a pivotal role in sperm output. Withdrawal of gonadotrophins and testosterone further enhances the degeneration of germ cells in the testis. The availability of a quantitative method for analysing the testicular DNA fragmentation and in situ methods to localize specific germ cells undergoing apoptosis, either spontaneously or in response to a variety of death triggering signals, opens new avenues in the understanding of the significance of germ cell apoptosis during normal and abnormal states of spermatogenesis. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that both spontaneous (during normal spermatogenesis) and accelerated germ cell death triggered by deprivation of the gonadotrophic support or moderately increased scrotal temperature in adult rats occur almost exclusively via apoptosis. Although there has been spectacular progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis in various systems other than spermatogenesis, elucidation of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms by which germ cell apoptosis is regulated has only just begun. It is likely that germ cell apoptosis is controlled in a cell-type specific fashion, but the basic elements of the death machinery may be universal. In addition, there is increasing evidence that homozygous disruption of a number of genes in mice results in infertility through accelerated germ cell apoptosis. Manipulation of spermatogenesis by survival factor(s) deprivation or increases in extrinsic death signals in loss-of-function or gain-of-function mouse models provides a basis for further attempts to define the intrinsic regulation of various death-related genes by external death signals. Such information is crucial for effective management of male factor infertility as well as more targeted approaches to male contraception.
Real-time transaction scheduling (1993)

Real-time databases are an important component of embedded real-time systems. In a real-time database context, transactions must not only maintain the consistency constraints of the database but must also satisfy the timing constraints specified for each transaction. Although several approaches have been proposed to integrate real-time scheduling and database concurrency control methods, none of them take into account the dynamic cost of scheduling a transaction. In this paper, we propose a new cost conscious real-time transaction scheduling algorithm which considers dynamic costs associated with a transaction. Our dynamic priority assignment algorithm adapts to changes in the system load without causing excessive numbers of transaction restarts. Our simulations show its superiority over EDF-HP algorithm.
New look-up-table optimizations for memory-based multiplication (2009)

Two new techniques are presented in this paper, for the reduction of look-up-table (LUT) size of memory-based multipliers to be used in digital signal processing applications. It is shown that by simple sign-bit exclusion, the LUT size is reduced by half at the cost of a marginal area overhead. Moreover, a novel anti-symmetric product coding (APC) scheme is proposed to reduce the LUT size by further half, where the LUT output is added with or subtracted from a fixed value. It is shown that the optimized LUTs for small input width could be used for efficient implementation of high-precision LUT-multipliers, where the total contribution of all such fixed offsets could be added to the final result or could be initialized for successive accumulations. The proposed LUT-multiplier and the existing ones are coded in VHDL and synthesized by Synopsys Design Compiler using TSMC 90 nanometer library. The proposed optimized LUT-multiplier is found to involve less area and less multiplication time than the existing LUT-multipliers. The conventional LUT-multiplier and the odd-multiple storage LUT of [1] involve nearly 56.8% and 26.2% more area-delay product, in average, for 16-bit input than the proposed LUT design.
Drosophila Factor 2, an RNA Polymerase II Transcript Release Factor, Has DNA-dependent ATPase Activity (1997)

Drosophila factor 2 has been identified as a component of negative transcription elongation factor (N-TEF) that causes the release of RNA polymerase II transcripts in an ATP-dependent manner (Xie, Z. and Price D. H. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 11043-11046). We show here that the transcript release activity of factor 2 requires ATP or dATP and that adenosine 5'-O-(thiotriphosphate) (ATPgammaS), adenosine 5'-(beta,gamma-imino)triphosphate (AMP-PNP), or other NTPs do not support the activity. Factor 2 demonstrated a strong DNA-dependent ATPase activity that correlated with its transcript release activity. At 20 microg/ml DNA, the ATPase activity of factor 2 had an apparent Km(ATP) of 28 microM and an estimated Kcat of 140 min-1. Factor 2 caused the release of nascent transcripts associated with elongation complexes generated by RNA polymerase II on a dC-tailed template. Therefore, no other protein cofactors are required for the transcript release activity of factor 2. Using the dC-tailed template assay, it was found that renaturation of the template was required for factor 2 function.
Myeloid Colony-Stimulating Factors as Regulators of Macrophage Polarization (2014)

The scope of functional heterogeneity in macrophages has been defined by two polarized end states known as M1 and M2, which exhibit the proinflammatory activities necessary for host defense and the tissue repair activities required for restoration of homeostasis, respectively. Macrophage populations in different tissue locations exist in distinct phenotypic states across this M1/M2 spectrum and the development and abundance of individual subsets result from the local and systemic action of myeloid colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) including M-CSF and GM-CSF. These factors have relatively non-overlapping roles in the differentiation and maintenance of specific macrophage subsets. Furthermore, there is now evidence that CSFs may also regulate macrophage phenotype during challenge. Cell culture studies from multiple laboratories demonstrate that macrophages developed in the presence of GM-CSF exhibit amplified response to M1 polarizing stimuli while M-CSF potentiates responses to M2 stimuli. As a consequence, these factors can be important determinants of the magnitude and duration of both acute and chronic inflammatory pathology and may, therefore, be potential targets for therapeutic manipulation in specific human disease settings.
Database Reverse Engineering: Models, Techniques, and Strategies. (1991)

The paper is an abstract of a tutorial presented at the 10th ERA conference. It presents a generic methodological framework for reverse engineering files and databases. This framework derives from an in-depth analysis of the developer's behaviour when designing databases. The tutorial emphasizes the elicitation of integrity constraints through procedural source code analysis, and the understanding of optimized data structures.
Steiner: Understanding Juvenile Delinquency (1960)

IT it quite fantastic how often we need someone to look on the Royal Personage and observe, as did the famous child: "Why, look, the king isn't wearing any clothes !"This is far from suggesting that Mrs. Steiner, a wise and knowledgeable woman in the field of psychology and behavior problems, is a child.Rather, she has the gift of penetrating, unprejudiced observation, and the frank common sense which enables her to reduce one of the most clich6-ridden and crochet-burdened fields of human problems to its essential components-men, women and children, and the difficulty which many have in living a life which satisfies individual needs and does not impinge upon the social whole.Mrs. Steiner has seen enough of child and adolescent life to know very well that there are no easy diagnoses of causes and even fewer certainties in the field of treatment.Impartially, she casts a cool and perceptive eye upon the deficiences of the law, the courts, the social agencies, the psychiatrists, the well-meaning citizens and the schools.The difficulties come right at the start.What is juvenile delinquency?Even if we limit ourselves to legal definitions we find that there are as many as there are states.Nor is this the limit, since within social groups and different areas of these states the term will be conceived differently.The apple which the youngster steals from Farmer Jones' tree will bring him, at most, a shouted imprecation.But the apple he steals fr~m the supermarket may land him in the state reformatory.There is also the curious double standard which we permit but seldom recognize-the moral imperative which we impose upon the young and ignore in the adult.The child, for example, may be adjudged delinquent for habitual use of profanity.The adult curse goes unnoticed and unpunished.A child wanders from its home and is locked up in jail.An adult may roam the world in carelessness.The Bill of Rights does not exist for the child.If he curses his mother, if he refuses to do errands, if he has a fight with a playmate, if he doesn't want to go to school-he can be haled into court.This, society regards as reasonable.But it sets no such standards of behavior for the older, more mature and presumably more responsible members of society.And, once the child is in court, he frequently does not enjoy the protection of the rules of evidence, the right to counsel and many other privileges dear to the heart of Anglo-Saxon justice.It is true that he may, also, be protected in some measure from the extremes of penalty and punishment which may be visited upon the adult for the commission or one or another crime.But it is
La diplomacia digital frente a la COVID-19: una aproximación exploratoria a la interactividad y asistencia consular en Twitter (2021)

Este estudio busca dimensionar el nivel de engagement e interacción de siete Cancillerías de América con los ciudadanos que solicitaban ayuda a través de Twitter en los primeros meses de la pandemia de COVID-19. Entre los resultados obtenidos se encontraron diferencias significativas, un aumento de la comunicación dialógica con respecto a estudios previos, explicado por la situación de emergencia. Además, los países que logran altos niveles de engagement son los que orientan su comunicación al usuario. Así, se detectan distintas aproximaciones hacia la diplomacia digital en su abordaje consular.
Research on an EGPWS/TAWS simulator with forward-looking alerting function (2014)

A Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) is a safety net that provides automatically a timely and distinctive warning to the flight crew when the airplane is in potentially hazardous proximity to the earth's surface. But GPWS has a serious limitation, which is unable to predict a sudden change in terrain, such as meeting steeply rising ground. A mathematical model of forward-looking alerting is introduced, which is used to Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System (EGPWS) in order to overcome the above limitation. That is a broader term ‘terrain awareness and warning system’ (TAWS). An EGPWS/TAWS simulator with six basic warning function and forward looking terrain avoidance (FLTA) function were designed and introduced in this paper, which were based on RTCA/DO-161A with ARINC 429 network. At last, a simplified FLTA model was proposed to research alert time threshold setting, which was an effectively approach to solve this crucial problem in EGPWS/TAWS FLTA model.
High‐Durable AgNi Nanomesh Film for a Transparent Conducting Electrode (2014)

Uniform metal nanomesh structures are promising candidates that may replace of indium-tin oxide (ITO) in transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs). However, the durability of the uniform metal mesh has not yet been studied. For this reason, a comparative analysis of the durability of TCEs based on pure Ag and AgNi nanomesh, which are fabricated by using simple transfer printing, is performed. The AgNi nanomesh shows high long-term stability to oxidation, heat, and chemicals compared with that of pure Ag nanomesh. This is because of nickel in the AgNi nanomesh. Furthermore, the AgNi nanomesh shows strong adhesion to a transparent substrate and good stability after repeated bending.
Identity-based deniable authentication protocol (2005)

A new and non-interactive deniable authentication protocol, which is based on identity cryptography, is presented. It has no need for use of certificates. Moreover, the non-interactive protocol is practical in some applications that do not allow for interaction.
Plasma Measurements in the ESA Electric Propulsion Laboratory (2001)

Electric propulsion (EP) thrusters are highly important for both commercial and scientific applications due to their high ~pecific impulse, high controllability and proven reliability. Europe is developing scvcral types of EP thrusters that provide thrust levels between 1 pN up to 200 mN. Design, manufacturing and testing of such thrusters is a complex xtivity that requires a great effort, especially in the testing field. Full characterization, qualification and plume ~nteraction tests are mandatory for the full assessment of this technology. The Electric Propulsion Laboratory at ESA has set up three facilities that are currently used in the preparation of several missions requiring electric propulsion thrusters. This paper will describe these test facilities, the diagnostics employed and some important results.
The specific organisation of satellite DNA sequences on the X-chromosome of Mus musculus: partial independence of chromosome evolution. (1980)

DNA was isolated from a chinese hamster/mouse hybrid cell line containing a single mouse chromosome, the X-chromosome, and digested with a variety of restriction endonucleases known to cut mouse satellite DNA. After agarose gel electrophoresis and transfer to nitrocellulose, hybridisation was carried out to a radioactive mouse satellite DNA probe. In this manner the organisation of satellite sequences at an individual chromosome was determined. We have found that the organisation of centromeric satellite DNA sequences on the mouse X-chromosome differs from that of other chromosomes in the complement. The nature of the differences suggests features of evolution of highly repeated sequences within a karyotype.
Oxidation and Surface Segregation Behavior of a Pt–Pd–Rh Alloy Catalyst (2014)

Platinum gauze catalysts are used extensively in the production of nitric acid from ammonia, where they are subject to harsh operating conditions combining elevated temperatures and oxidizing environments. These cause significant loss of metal species as volatile oxides. How different metallic species behave in these environments at a fundamental, atomic-scale level is not well understood. In this work, we study the early stages of oxidation of a Pt–Rh–Pd gauze at temperatures of 873–1273 K. Using a combination of advanced experimental methods, we explore how the oxidation behavior can strongly influence the surface and near-surface gauze microstructure. We show that Rh and Pd can segregate on different areas of the same surface and discuss how such atomic migration can be linked to mechanisms of metal loss from such alloys.
Bariatric Surgery in Adolescents (2011)

Is the possibility that a minimally invasive surgical procedure might cure a child's obesity and its complications an appealing solution? Or does a surgical approach to this complex problem constitute a misguided application of technology to a societal disorder?
Functional importance of RNA interactions in selection of translation initiation codons (1997)

RNA base pairing between the initiation codon and anticodon loop of initiator tRNA is essential but not sufficient for the selection of the 'correct' mRNA translational start site by ribosomes. In prokaryotes, additional RNA interactions between small ribosomal subunit RNA and mRNA sequences just upstream of the start codon can efficiently direct the ribosome to the initiation site. Although there is presently no proof for a similar important ribosomal RNA interaction in eukaryotes, the 5' non-coding regions of their mRNAs and 'consensus sequences' surrounding initiation codons have been shown to be strong determinants for initiation-site selection, but the exact mechanisms are not yet understood. Intramolecular base pairing in mRNA and participation of translation initiation factors can strongly influence the formation of mRNA-small ribosomal subunit-initiator tRNA complexes and modulate translational activities in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Only recently has it been appreciated that alternative mechanisms may also contribute to the selection of initiation codons in all organisms. Although direct proof is currently lacking, there is accumulating evidence that additional cis-acting mRNA elements and trans-acting proteins may form specific 'bridging' interactions with ribosomes during translation initiation.
Mass spectrometric study of plasma etching (1978)

A quadrupole mass spectrometer gives much useful information about plasma etching processes on silicon and its compounds. The present work confirms some of the known or postulated chemistry in the plasma and raises further questions about the understanding of the process. The instrument enables dynamic optimization of process parameters and provides a variety of diagnostic information. In particular, it allows the detection of etching endpoints and thereby provides a sensitive technique for controlling the etching process. The technique appears to substantially reduce or eliminate the need for calibration. The account discusses endpoints for polycrytalline silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, and some cases involving photoresist.
Complexes of Ribonuclease A with 2'-Deoxy-2'-Fluororibose Substrate Analogues Studied by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1978)

Chemical shifts of the histidine C-2 protons, the Tyr-25 protons in RNAase A and the 2′-deoxy-2′-fluorouridilyl(3′-5′)adenosine (2′-FDUrd-P-Ado) protons were measured as a function of the concentration of the ligand bound to the enzyme at pH 5.5 in order to determine the position and mutual orientation of the dinucleoside monophosphate bases in the complex. It is concluded that in its complex with RNAase 2′-FDUrd-PAdo is fixed at the active site in an extended conformation precluding intramolecular interaction of the bases. Nuclear Overhauser effect measurements for the H-1′ ribose protons and the base protons (H-6, H-8) were made in order to determine glycoside torsion angles in both fragments of the dinucleoside monophosphate in the complex. Comparison of the experimental results with theoretical values for the dependence of nuclear Overhaused effect on the glycosidic torsion angle for the protons studied indicates that both fragments in 2′-FDUrd-P-Ado have the anti conformation in the complex. The pH dependence of the chemical shifts for the active-site histidine protons and for the protons of the Tyr-25 aromatic ring of the complex was srudied in the ph range of 3.0–9.2. The results suggest that there is a direct interaction between the negatively charged phosphodiester fragment of a ligand the protonated imidazole ring of His-119 in the complex. This conclusion is supported by the pH dependence of the chemical shift for 31p of 2′-FDUrd-P-Ado in the complex with RNAase A. The chemical shift for the Tyr-25 protons in the complexes of RNAase A with nucleotide ligands was shown to depend upon the ionization state of His-119 and a group in the protein with a pK 3.6. A model for the structure of the Michaelis complex formed by RNAase with substrate is proposed.
ZigBee based Dynamic Control Scheme for Multiple Legacy IR Controllable Digital Consumer Devices (2007)

A universal remote control (URC) unit is an integrated device for controlling many different CE (consumer electronics) home appliances (with a single one). To control these various CE devices based on IR(infra-red) control signal, the URC unit has to have many preprogrammed control codes for controlling them because they are controlled with many different types of IR profile stated with lead code, control code, carrier frequency, duty cycle, duration and so forth. In this paper, we propose a dynamic control scheme for multiple legacy IR controllable digital CE appliances, which is based on IEEE 802.15.4, especially ZigBee protocol. The proposed scheme uses two main components. One is a URC unit using ZigBee based wireless network technology, WPAN (wireless personal area network). Another is a Z2IR (ZigBee to IR) conversion module which converts a control message transferred through the ZigBee network into an IR typed control signal. In this scheme, the list of CE devices to be controlled by the proposed URC, called as Z-URC (ZigBee based user remote control), is dynamically reconfigured. It is based on his location as a consumer with the proposed Z-URC goes from a room to any other place in his house. And, we apply a novel mechanism to minimize power consumption of the Z2IR module, which is based on ZigBee devices' on/off control mechanism using multiple timers. Furthermore, a user may configure its product and vendor identifiers (IDs) of the home appliance to be controlled by the IR control signal from the module. Based on this feature, the module informs Z-URC target appliance's information.