gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Credit Risk and Liquidity in Bond and CDS Markets (2008)

The contribution of this thesis is to study the impact of different risk factors on bond prices and credit default swap (CDS) premia to explore the extent to which the different factors or sensitivities cause diverging price behavior. In particular, I focus on contractual differences between bonds and CDS and on the instrument-specific liquidity as two potential reasons for divergence, and I separate bond yield spreads and CDS premia into a credit risk, liquidity, correlation, and delivery option component. \n\nMy main result is that CDS markets are systematically affected by liquidity premium surcharges for protection buyers. The reason is a prevailing demand pressure which increases CDS ask premia more strongly than bid premia. Bond and CDS liquidity premia exhibit a mostly positive dependence on credit risk premia, but the precise behavior depends on the rating class. The cross-market relation of the liquidity premia can be consistently interpreted by demand relations between the bond and the CDS market, and my results are robust against the inclusion of the delivery option in CDS contracts.
Electrochemical oxygen reduction for H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production: catalysts, pH effects and mechanisms (2020)

We highlight the recent advances of two-electron ORR catalysts for H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> synthesis and provide a state-of-the-art understanding of pH effects.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nitric Oxide-Releasing Sol−Gel Microarrays (2004)

Diazeniumdiolate-modified sol-gel microarrays capable of releasing low levels of nitric oxide are reported as a viable means for improving the blood compatibility of a surface without fully modifying the underlying substrate. Several parameters are characterized including: (1) NO surface flux as a function of sol-gel composition and microarray geometry; (2) microstructure dimensions and spacing for optimal blood compatibility; and (3) the effect of sol-gel surface modification on analyte accessibility to platinum electrodes. The sol-gel microarrays release biologically relevant levels of NO under physiological conditions for >24 h. In vitro platelet adhesion assays indicate that a NO surface flux of 2.2 pmol cm(-2) s(-1) effectively reduces platelet adhesion to glass substrates modified with sol-gel microstructures separated by 50 microm. The blood compatibility observed for these micropatterned surfaces is comparable to NO-releasing sol-gel films. When the separation between NO-releasing microstructures is reduced to 10 microm, the NO surface flux required to reduce platelet adhesion is lowered to 0.4 pmol cm(-2) s(-1). Finally, the oxygen response of platinum electrodes modified with NO-releasing sol-gel microarrays indicates that selective modification via micropatterning enhances analyte accessibility to the sensor surface.
Comparing the performance of object databases and ORM tools (2006)

The currently popular distributed, n-tiered, object-oriented application architecture provokes many design debates. Designs of such applications are often divided into logical 'tiers' -- usually user interface, business logic and domain object, or data, tiers, each with their own design issues. In particular, the latter contains data that needs to be stored and retrieved from permanent storage. Decisions need to be made as to the most appropriate way of doing this -- the choices are usually whether to use an object database, to communicate directly with a relational database, or to use object-relational mapping (ORM) tools to allow objects to be translated to and from relational form.Most often, depending on the perceived profile of the application, architects make these decisions using rules of thumb derived from particular experience or the design patterns literature. Examples include: object-oriented databases ease programming, relational databases ease report generation and data mining; object-oriented databases are good for navigation around an object model, relational databases are good for sequential processing and complex queries; if you are writing an application from scratch, use an object database, if you need to integrate to various sources of legacy data, use an ORM tool. Although helpful, these rules are often highly context-dependent and are often misapplied.Research into the nature and magnitude of 'design forces' in this area has resulted in a series of benchmarks, intended to allow architects to more clearly understand the implications of design decisions concerning object persistence. In this paper, the performance of selected open source object persistence tools is investigated, to attempt to clarify the myths surrounding the performance of the different options. In particular, we compare Hibernate, representative of the ORM stable, and db4o, representative of object-oriented databases. The OO7 benchmark is used to compare the speed of execution of a suite of typical persistence-related operations in both candidates. We then propose some preliminary explanations of the sometimes surprising results.
Expression and Function of a Hybrid Bt Toxin Gene in Transgenic Rice Conferring Resistance to Insect Pest. (1998)

A hybrid Bt toxin gene was made from cryIA (b) and cryIA (c) after optimization of their codon usage to meet high G+C content in rice and placed under control of the rice Actin I promoter along with its first intron. This hybrid Bt toxin gene was introduced into the genome of an elite indica rice cultivar IR72 through biolistic method. Five independent transformants were identified out of 27 transgenic plants obtained. The level of the hybrid Bt toxin was estimated to be 0.01%-0.20% of the total soluble protein in leaf or stem tissue of the transgenic plants. This considerable range of expression levels was studied for a strong insecticidal effect. As demonstrated by insect bioassay, neonate larva mortality rates of yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas) (YSB) for selected T0 transgenic rice plants as well as T2 homozygous lines were 100%. This is the first report of a hybrid Bt toxin gene [cryIA (b) and cryIA (c)] driven by rice Actin I promoter in any cereal crop including rice conferring resistance to insect pest. The present hybrid Bt toxin gene deployment strategy will provide sustainable insect pest resistance in rice.
Exposure of spray-men to dieldrin in residual spraying. (1959)

A study of the exposure of spray-men to dieldrin was made in a pilot scheme of residual spraying in the Taveta-Pare area of East Africa. A detailed work study was completed on the operators, and sources of contamination were enumerated. Filter paper pads were placed on the skin and outside clothing and the pick-up was estimated chemically. A spray-man, while using the daily average of 2.12 kg (4.7 pounds) of dieldrin and observing the protective measures laid down, received a dermal exposure of 1.8 mg of dieldrin per kg of body-weight per day. This was possibly reduced somewhat by washing with soap and water upon completion of each day's work. The sixteen spray-men and assistants were exposed for 180 days per year and there was an interim period of 2 months between spray cycles. No clinical symptoms of poisoning were observed.Comparison is made with certain programmes where dieldrin poisoning has occurred. Attention is drawn to the reduced time of exposure in the Taveta-Pare scheme, personal washing, the great value of protective clothing and of its daily washing in soap and water and the need to use a dilute suspension of wettable powder for spraying.
Expression patterns of ubiquitin, heat shock protein 70, α‐actin and β‐actin over the molt cycle in the abdominal muscle of marine shrimp <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i> (2006)

Crustacean muscle growth is discontinuous due to molt cycle. To characterize molt-related gene expression patterns, we studied the mRNA levels of molecular chaperone-ubiquitin and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp 70) in comparison with muscle protein alpha-actin and beta-actin in marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Total RNA from abdominal muscle was isolated from 3-month-old animals in six different molt stages. The mRNA levels of target genes were detected by reverse-transcriptase-multiplex PCR and expressed as the ratio to elongation factor-1alpha. Ubiquitin mRNA levels were relatively steady over all stages of the molt cycle. Hsp70 levels were not detectable in early postmolt and late premolt stages, but showed a progressive increase from late postmolt to intermolt stages. Expression levels of alpha-actin gene were lower during postmolt, reached a plateau in intermolt and remained relatively high in premolt stage. Levels of beta-actin increased progressively from postmolt to intermolt, reaching a maximum value in premolt. Therefore, the mRNAs encoding for ubiquitin and Hsp 70 in abdominal muscle did not increase significantly in premolt stages, which is typically associated with claw muscle degradation. Muscle structural alpha-actin and cytoskeletal beta-actin were increased during intermolt and premolt stages, suggesting high muscle growth during these stages in the abdominal muscle of the L. vannamei.
Image complexity measurement for predicting target detectability (1988)

Designers of automatic target recognition algorithms (ATRs) need to compare the performance of different ATRs on a wide variety of imagery. The task would be greatly facilitated by an image complexity metric that correlates with the performance of a large number of ATRs. The ideal metric is independent of any specific ATR and does not require advance knowledge of true targets in the image. No currently used metric meets both these criteria. Complete independence of ATRs and prior target information is neither possible nor desirable since the metric must correlate with ATR performance. An image complexity metric that derives from the common characteristics of a large set of ATRs and the attributes of typical targets may be sufficiently general for ATR comparison. Many real-time, tactical ATRs operate on forward looking infrared (FLIR) imagery and identify, as potential targets, image regions of a specific size that are highly discernible by virtue of their contrast and edge strength. For such ATRs, an image complexity metric could be based on measurements of the mutual discernibility of image regions on various scales. This paper: (1) reviews ATR algorithms in the public domain literature and investigates the common characteristics of both the algorithms and the imagery on which they operate; (2) shows that complexity measurement requires a complete segmentation of the image based on these commonalities; (3) presents a new method of scale-specific image segmentation that uses the mask-driven close-open transform, a novel implementation of a morphological operator; (4) reviews edge detection for discernibility measurement; (5) surveys image complexity metrics in the current literature and discusses their limitations; (6) proposes a new local feature discernibility metric based on relative contrast and edge strength; (7) derives a new global image complexity metric based on the probability distribution of local metrics; (8) compares the metric to the output of a specific ATR; and (9) makes suggestions for further work.
Stimulus-evoked resetting of the dentate theta rhythm (1996)

The relationship between memory and rhythmic neural activity in the dentate gyrus was investigated by analyzing spontaneous dentate field potentials in rats performing either a working or reference memory task. The baseline level of rhythmic theta activity was similar in both groups. Following an initial negative potential in the sensory-evoked response, a resetting of the rhythmic activity which was time-locked to the stimulus onset was observed in rats performing the working memory task, but not in rats performing the reference memory task. The results suggest that the resetting of the theta rhythm by behaviorally-relevant stimuli may have an important role in working memory.
Theoretical Analysis of the AC/DC Transfer Difference of the NPL Multijunction Thermal Convertor over the Frequency Range DC to 100 kHz (1972)

Measurements of the rms values of alternating currents are frequently made by means of thermal transfer instruments. At low and midfrequencies Thomson heating can have an important influence on the ac/dc transfer difference of these devices, whereas at higher frequencies the variation with frequency of the effective resistance of their heaters is the most decisive factor. The present paper examines the influence of both Thomson heating and the reactive components of the heater on the performance of the NPL multijunction convertor, and sets out the theoretical analysis that supports the claim that its ac/dc transfer difference does not exceed 1 or 2 ppm up to a frequency of 100 kHz.
Azoreductases in drug metabolism (2016)

This article is part of a themed section on Drug Metabolism and Antibiotic Resistance in Micro-organisms. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.14/issuetoc.
Package upgrades in FOSS distributions: details and challenges (2009)

The upgrade problems faced by Free and Open Source Software distributions have characteristics not easily found elsewhere. We describe the structure of packages and their role in the upgrade process. We show that state of the art package managers have shortcomings inhibiting their ability to cope with frequent upgrade failures. We survey current countermeasures to such failures, argue that they are not satisfactory, and sketch alternative solutions.
Predicting Co-Author Relationship in Medical Co-Authorship Networks (2014)

Research collaborations are encouraged because a synergistic effect yielding good results often appears. However, creating and organizing a strong research group is a difficult task. One of the greatest concerns of an individual researcher is locating potential collaborators whose expertise complement his best. In this paper, we propose a method that makes link predictions in co-authorship networks, where topological features between authors such as Adamic/Adar, Common Neighbors, Jaccard's Coefficient, Preferential Attachment, Katzβ, and PropFlow may be good indicators of their future collaborations. Firstly, these topological features were systematically extracted from the network. Then, supervised models were used to learn the best weights associated with different topological features in deciding co-author relationships. Finally, we tested our models on the co-authorship networks in the research field of Coronary Artery Disease and obtained encouraging accuracy (the precision, recall, F1 score and AUC were, respectively, 0.696, 0.677, 0.671 and 0.742 for Logistic Regression, and respectively, 0.697, 0.678, 0.671 and 0.743 for SVM). This suggests that our models could be used to build and manage strong research groups.
Chemistry with Red and Near Infrared Light (1991)

Opportunities are explored to initiate controlled chemistry by photolysis with long-wavelength visible and near infrared light. In one direction, bimolecular reactions are induced by exciting collisional pairs in a solid matrix to energy surfaces well below reactant dissociation limits. Examples discussed include product specific (including stereospecific) photo-oxidation of small alkenes and alkynes by NO2, and cycloaddition reactions of singlet SO and singlet O2. Conducting the chemistry in rare gas matrices allows us to elucidate elementary reaction steps by FT-IR spectroscopy of trapped intermediates, and to gain insight into the dynamics of transients by wavelength-dependent laser photochemistry. In the case of olefin epoxidations, stereochemical details of reaction paths are uncovered by chemical trapping of transient oxirane biradicals in their nascent conformation. State-specific reactions of singlet excited SO and singlet O2 with hydrocarbons illustrate how photons deep in the near infrared can be used for controlled chemical synthesis. In parallel work, excited state redox reactions in homogeneous and colloidal semiconductor solutions are explored that pertain to chemical storage of near infrared quanta and conversion into electrical energy. Examples are studies on chemical storage of singlet delta molecular oxygen (O2(1?), a metastable near infrared energy carrier, its excited state redox chemistry in aqueous solution, and direct reduction Of (O2(1?) at a semiconductor electrode. Using very sensitive time resolved optical techniques, new mechanistic insight is gained on singlet O2 reactions, and on photo-oxidation of halide at the semiconductor-solution interface.
An Electrical Conductivity Probe for Determining Soil Salinity (1976)

Abstract An electrical conductivity probe for determining soil salinity is described with construction details. The probe's utility for measuring soil salinity within discrete soil depth intervals is illustrated with examples. Using the salinity probe, the Barnes method for estimating electrical conductivity profiles was shown to be accurate for soils that are reasonably homogeneous laterally.
Hot-Wire Measurements of Velocity and Temperature Fluctuations in a Heated Turbulent Boundary Layer (1984)

This paper describes the development of a multi-element hot-wire anemometry system designed to measure the fluctuating velocity and temperature in non-isothermal boundary layer flows. Special features of this system were that it utilized only standard constant-temperature anemometers and standard, commercially-available sensors. Although maximum frequency response for the present system was limited by the available signal digitization rates the probe/anemometry combination itself was shown to be capable of resolving signals to approximately 50 KHz. The performance of the system was evaluated by comparing velocity and temperature statistics measured in an equilibrium turbulent boundary layer flow with similar results from other investigations.
Analysis of Petroleum Fuels by Midband Infrared Spectroscopy (1994)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A new analytical method based on midband infrared spectroscopy in the 4,000-400 cm<sup>-1</sup> wavenumber region has been developed that allows for rapid and reliable measurement of several pertinent fuel properties simultaneously. The method may be automated and, by using commercially available Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) equipment, would be eminently suitable for laboratory and field applications.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Preliminary studies show that midband infrared spectroscopic data may be calibrated to determine those fuel properties that are due to chemical structural features that give rise to active infrared resonance bands. The measured fuel property values must relate linearly to spectral intensities, that is, they must obey Beer's law. In this study, the initially selected fuel properties were aromatic hydrocarbon-, benzene-, and MTBE contents, carbon-to-hydrogen ratio, heat of combustion, cetane index, refractive index, viscosity, and density. Good correlations were found between FTIR and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data, and between FTIR and cetane number, as measured in the constant volume combustion apparatus (CVCA). NMR data may be considered definitive in chemical structural arguments. Since the FTTR data correlate well with both the fundamental NMR and the CVCA-determined cetane number data, by inference, the correlations elevate the fundamental credibility of the CVCA data as well.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Usefulness of the method is discussed for middle distillate fuels (DF-2, JP-5, JP-8, Jet A, and Jet A-1), for gasolines, and for natural gas.</div>
Urine carcinoembryonic antigen levels are more useful than serum levels for early detection of Bilharzial and non-Bilharzial urinary bladder carcinoma: Observations of 43 Egyptian cases (2007)

Abstract Background Both urinary bilharziasis and urothelial neoplasia are associated with increased production of tissue carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Patients and methods Urine and serum CEA were determined in 43 patients with urinary bladder carcinoma including 22 post bilharzial and 21 nonbiharzial cases, in addition to 10 normal control cases. Results A significant increase was detected in both urine and serum CEA levels with bladder carcinoma compared to control cases. Urinary CEA was significantly elevated in 86% of bilharzial, versus 62% in nonbilharzial bladder carcinoma. Only 10.5% of control cases had urinary CEA elevation. The mean urinary CEA in bilharzial, was higher than that of nonbilharzial carcinoma, but the difference was not statistically significant. There was a definite relationship between urine CEA and the stage of malignancy; the higher the stage, the higher the level of urine CEA. No relationship could be detected between the stage of malignancy and serum CEA, or between the grades of malignancy and urine or serum CEA levels. Conclusion Urinary CEA is more useful than serum CEA in the early detection of urotherlial carcinoma particularly if provoked by bilharziasis. Its level is also correlated with the tumor stage.
Dacomitinib‐induced diarrhoea is associated with altered gastrointestinal permeability and disruption in ileal histology in rats (2017)

Dacomitinib-an irreversible pan-ErbB tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-causes diarrhoea in 75% of patients. Dacomitinib-induced diarrhoea has not previously been investigated and the mechanisms remain poorly understood. The present study aimed to develop an in-vitro and in-vivo model of dacomitinib-induced diarrhoea to investigate underlying mechanisms. T84 cells were treated with 1-4 μM dacomitinib and resistance and viability were measured using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and XTT assays. Rats were treated with 7.5 mg/kg dacomitinib daily via oral gavage for 7 or 21 days (n = 6/group). Weights, and diarrhoea incidence were recorded daily. Rats were administered FITC-dextran 2 hr before cull, and serum levels of FITC-dextran were measured and serum biochemistry analysis was conducted. Detailed histopathological analysis was conducted throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal expression of ErbB1, ErbB2 and ErbB4 was analysed using RT-PCR. The ileum and the colon were analysed using multiplex for expression of various cytokines. T84 cells treated with dacomitinib showed no alteration in TEER or cell viability. Rats treated with dacomitinib developed severe diarrhoea, and had significantly lower weight gain. Further, dacomitinib treatment led to severe histopathological injury localised to the ileum. This damage coincided with increased levels of MCP1 in the ileum, and preferential expression of ErbB1 in this region compared to all other regions. This study showed dacomitinib induces severe ileal damage accompanied by increased MCP1 expression, and gastrointestinal permeability in rats. The histological changes were most pronounced in the ileum, which was also the region with the highest relative expression of ErbB1.
Licht steuert Licht — Photonik (1990)

Abstract Lichtstrahlen können durch Vermittlung eines nichtlinearen Materials in verschiedener Weise miteinander wechselwirken. Daraus ergibt sich die Perspektive für eine auf der Optik basierende Technologie der Verarbeitung und Übermittlung von Daten, für die sich die Bezeichnung „Photonik”︁ durchsetzt. An konkreten Beispielen werden aktuelle Entwicklungen in der Photonik illustriert.