gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a P<sub>2X</sub>‐purinoceptor in cultured neurones of the rat dorsal root ganglia (1996)

1. The electrophysiological actions of the P2-purinoceptor agonists, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), 2-methylthio ATP (2-meSATP) and alpha, beta-methyleneATP (alpha, beta-meATP) and of uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) were studied under concentration and voltage-clamp conditions in dissociated neurones of 1-6 day old rat dorsal root ganglia. 2. ATP (10 nM-100 microM) applied rapidly via a U-tube perfusion system (equilibration time < 10 ms) activated concentration-dependent inward currents with a latency to onset of a few ms, an EC50 of 719 nM and a Hill slope of 1.47. 3. 2-meSATP (10 nM- 100 microM) and alpha, beta-meATP (100 nM - 100 microM) also evoked transient inward currents. The EC50 and Hill slopes were 450 nM and 1.58 for 2-meSATP and 1.95 microM and 1.53 for alpha, beta-meATP respectively. There was no significant difference between the maximum currents evoked by the three agonists. 4. As the concentration of ATP increased so the rate of rise and decay of the currents also increased. At 100 and 300 nM ATP the decay of the current was best fitted by a single exponential, but at 1 microM and above two exponentials were required. Log-log plots of the rise time or time constants of decay versus concentration were linear. Currents evoked by 2-meSATP and alpha, beta-meATP showed a similar concentration-dependence in their kinetics. 5. Inward currents evoked by ATP, 2-meSATP and alpha, beta-meATP (300 nM) were abolished by the P2-purinoceptor antagonist, suramin (100 microM). 6. UTP (10 microM) evoked similar transient inward currents, which were sensitive to suramin (100 microM). ATP (10 microM), applied 2 min beforehand, reduced the response to UTP (10 microM) by 80 +/- 10%. 7. This study shows that ATP, 2-meSATP and alpha, beta-meATP act via a suramin-sensitive P2x-purinoceptor to evoke rapid, transient inward currents in dissociated neurones of rat dorsal root ganglia. The pyrimidine nucleotide, UTP, was also active. It is likely that the agonists were acting at the P2x3-subtype to produce these effects.
Managing Congenitally Missing Lateral Incisors. Part II: Tooth-Supported Restorations (2005)

Three treatment options exist for the replacement of congenitally missing lateral incisors: canine substitution, a tooth-supported restoration, or a single-tooth implant. Selecting the appropriate treatment option depends on the malocclusion, the anterior relationship, specific space requirements, and the condition of the adjacent teeth. The ideal treatment is the most conservative alternative that satisfies individual esthetic and functional requirements. This article closely examines the three options when replacing a missing lateral incisor with a tooth-supported restoration. These options are a resin-bonded fixed partial denture, a cantilevered fixed partial denture, and a conventional full-coverage fixed partial denture. The specific criteria that must be evaluated for each option is addressed to illustrate the importance of interdisciplinary treatment planning to achieve optimal esthetics and long-term predictability. This article is the second of a three-part series discussing the three treatment alternatives for replacing congenitally missing lateral incisors.
Null mutation of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase in Drosophila confers hypersensitivity to paraquat and reduced longevity. (1989)

The role of copper/zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (cSOD; superoxide:superoxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.15.1.1) in metabolic defense against O2 toxicity in Drosophila is examined through the properties of a mutant strain carrying a cSOD-null mutation, cSODn108. Homozygotes are viable as larvae, which indicates that cSOD is not essential for cell viability per se. cSODn108 confers recessive sensitivity to the superoxide anion (O2-)-generator paraquat and to the transition metal compound CuSO4, which indicates that the cSOD-null condition in fact leads to impaired O2- metabolism. The primary biological consequences of the reduced O2- dismutation capacity of cSODn108 Drosophila are realized in the adult as infertility and reduction in life-span. We conclude that the infertility and reduced life-span of cSODn108 adults arise as a consequence of the reduced capacity of embryos, larvae, and pupae to adequately protect developing preimaginal cells from O2- -initiated cytotoxic damage.
A Polynomial Time Solvable Formulation of Multiple Sequence Alignment (2006)

Since traditional multiple alignment formulations are NP-hard, heuristics are commonly employed to find acceptable alignments with no guaranteed performance bound. This causes a substantial difficulty in understanding what the resulting alignment means and in assessing the quality of these alignments. We propose an alternative formulation of multiple alignment based on the idea of finding a multiple alignment of k sequences which preserves k - 1 pairwise alignments as specified by edges of a given tree. Although it is well known that such a preserving alignment always exists, it did not become a mainstream method for multiple alignment since it seems that a lot of information is lost from ignoring pairwise similarities outside the tree. In contrast, by using pairwise alignments that incorporate consistency information from other sequences, we show that it is possible to obtain very good accuracy with the preserving alignment formulation. We show that a reasonable objective function to use is to find the shortest preserving alignment, and, by a reduction to a graph-theoretic problem, that the problem of finding the shortest preserving multiple alignment can be solved in polynomial time. We demonstrate the success of this approach on three sets of benchmark multiple alignments by using consistency-based pairwise alignments from the first stage of two of the best performing progressive alignment algorithms TCoffee and ProbCons and replace the second heuristic progressive step of these algorithms by the exact preserving alignment step. We apply this strategy to TCoffee and show that our approach outperforms TCoffee on two of the three test sets. We apply the strategy to a variant of ProbCons with no iterative refinements and show that our approach achieves similar or better accuracy except on one test set. We also compare our performance to ProbCons with iterative refinements and show that our approach achieves similar or better accuracy on many subcategories even without further refinements. The most important advantage of the preserving alignment formulation is that we are certain that we can solve the problem in polynomial time without using a heuristic. A software program implementing this approach (PSAlign) is available at http://faculty.cs.tamu.edu/shsze/psalign.
Happy Easter! -letter- (2007)

The author presents an interesting case of an inhaled foreign body and the usefulness of nebulised lignocaine. (non-author abstract)
Current status and performance goals for serum thyroglobulin assays (1996)

Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) measurements are used as a tumor marker for monitoring patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. The clinical utility of six different Tg methods [RIA or immunometric assay (IMA)] currently used in Europe and the US was evaluated, with focus on methodologic standardization, sensitivity, interassay precision across the typical clinical monitoring interval (6 to 12 months), "hook" effects (IMA methods), and Tg autoantibody interference. The methods evaluated were: DYNOtest Tg (Henning), OptiQuant Tg (Kronus), SELco Tg (Medipan), Thyroglobulin IRMA (Pasteur), Nichols Chemiluminescent ICMA (Corning Nichols), and an RIA developed by us (USC Endocrine Services Laboratory). The clinical impact of the current methodologic problems on the use of serum Tg measurements is reviewed. Optimal performance goals are recommended for manufacturers developing and laboratories and physicians selecting a serum Tg method to use for serial long-term monitoring of thyroid cancer patients.
Realistic Specific Power Expectations for Advanced Radioisotope Power Systems (2007)

Radioisotope power systems are being considered for a wide range of future NASA space science and exploration missions. Generally, radioisotope power systems offer the advantages of high reliability, long life, and predictable power production regardless of operating environment. Previous radioisotope power systems, in the form of radioisotope thermoelectric generators, have been used successfully on many NASA missions including Apollo, Viking, Voyager, and Galileo. NASA is currently evaluating design options for the next generation of radioisotope power systems. Of particular interest is the use of advanced, higher efficiency power conversion to replace the previous thermoelectric devices. Higher efficiency reduces the quantity of radioisotope fuel and potentially improves the radioisotope power systems specific power (watts per kilogram). Power conversion options include segmented thermoelectric, Stirling, Brayton, and thermophotovoltaic. This paper offers an analysis of the advanced 100 W-class radioisotope power system options and provides credible projections for specific power. Based on the analysis presented, radioisotope power system specific power values greater than 10 W/kg appear unlikely.
[One case of cholesteatoma in middle ear]. (2007)

患者 男，19岁。因左耳流脓反复发作10年，眩晕、恶心反复发作2年入院。发病以来，伴左耳耳鸣及听力下降，无头痛呕吐，无口角歪斜及闭眼障碍。查体：一般情况好，心肺腹无阳性体征。左外耳道后上壁下塌破溃。左耳纯音测听（听力级）骨导平均听阈20dB，气导平均听阈60dB。颞骨CT：左侧颞骨示溶骨性骨质破坏，正常鼓室、鼓窦及乳突结构消失，听小骨显示不清，
Personal Loans Comparison Websites in Saudi Arabia: Challenges and Proposed Solution (2018)

Comparison-Shopping websites (CSWs) have emerged as important decision support tool for buyers and sellers. For buyers, they offer the ability to compare their purchase alternatives based on price, product features, and merchant reputation factors. For sellers, they provide a useful and more accurate information about potential customers and theirs needs which can directly affect sales. In fact, comparison-shopping websites mediate the interactions between customers and sellers in order to yield more efficient markets by increasing awareness of prices, product's features and can encourage businesses to offer good value and more transparent pricing. In this paper, we have reviewed the role and usage of CSW in different markets with more focus on the challenges facing the comparing personal loans products in Saudi Arabia. That's have results in a designing Personal Loans Comparison Tool (PLCT) that suits the Saudi market and comply with its regulations.
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (1980)

The number of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID's) available for use in the United States has tripled since they were last reviewed here in 1974.1 Although there are several uses for these drugs, the rheumatic diseases remain the most common inflammatory conditions for which they are employed. More than fifty antirheumatic compounds are currently under investigation.2 The damage to joints that occurs in the rheumatic diseases is related to the intensity of the inflammatory process. Thus, reduction of inflammation during periods of disease activity should retard the rate at which tissues such as articular cartilage are damaged. Unfortunately, due to the . . .
The effect of zinc acetate and magnolia bark extract added to chewing gum on volatile sulfur-containing compounds in the oral cavity. (2012)

Chewing gum containing zinc acetate and magnoliabark extract can significantly reduce the oral VSC levels for more than one hour. Moreover, the test chewing gum reduces oral VSC significantly more than a control chewing gum.
Design and Implementation of a P2P Cooperative Proxy Cache System (2005)

In this paper, we design and implement a P2P cooperative proxy caching system based on a novel P2P cooperative proxy caching scheme. To effectively locate the cached Web documents, a TTL-based routing protocol is proposed to manage the query and response messages in the P2P cooperative proxy cache system. Furthermore, we design a predict query-route algorithm to improve the TTL-based routing protocol by adding extra information in the query message packets. Our performance studies demonstrate that the proposed message routing protocols significantly improve the performance of the P2P cooperative proxy cache system, in terms of cache hit ratio, byte hit ratio, user request latency, and the number of query messages generated in the proxy cache system, compared to the flooding based message routing protocol.
Gag reflex and dysphagia (1996)

The absence of a gag reflex does not appear to be a predictor of dysphagia.
INADMISSIBILITY OF THE USUAL ESTIMATOR FOR THE MEAN OF A MULTIVARIATE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION (1956)

Abstract : If one observes the real random variables Xi, Xn independently normally distributed with unknown means xi...x in and variance 1, it is customary to estimate xi by Xi. If the loss is the sum of squares of the errors, this estimator is admissible for n or equal to 2, but inadmissible for n more than or equal to 3. Since the usual estimator is best among those which transform correctly under translation, any admissible estimator for n equals more than or equal to 3 involves an arbitrary choice. While the results of this paper are not in a form suitable for immediate practical application, the possible improvement over the usual estimator seems to be large enough to be of practical importance if n is large.
Herbicidal Activity of UCC-C4243 and Acifluorfen is Due to Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase (1995)

Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the mode of action of soil- and foliar-applied UCC-C4243. Experiments demonstrated that UCC-C4243 required light for phytotoxicity, phytotoxic symptoms were similar to inhibitors of porphyrin synthesis such as acifluorfen, and UCC-C4243 potently inhibited protoporphyrinogen oxidase. Germination and emergence of field pennycress and lentil in the dark were not affected by soil-incorporated UCC-C4243 at rates more than 10 times greater than like treatments that killed all plants in the light. Soil-incorporated UCC-C4243 required light for activity and killed seedlings within 1 d after emergence; sublethal doses caused desiccation, veinal necrosis, and leaf deformation. Field pennycress and lentil were susceptible to soil-incorporated UCC-C4243 and acifluorfen in the light, but were 5 to 93 times less sensitive to the herbicides in the dark. Wheat was not affected by either herbicide in the light or dark. Injury symptoms from UCC-C4243 applied POST to redroot pigweed were similar to symptoms from diphenyl ether and bipyridinium herbicides: rapid, light-dependent chlorophyll bleaching, desiccation, and necrosis. UCC-C4243, acifluorfen-methyl, and acifluorfen acid caused light- and concentration-dependent chlorophyll bleaching and electrolyte leakage from cucumber leaf disks (I 50 = 1.0, 1.8, and 4.3 μM, respectively). An inhibitor of the porphyrin synthesis pathway, 4,6-dioxoheptanoic acid, almost completely inhibited herbicide-induced electrolyte leakage. δ-Aminolevulinic acid, a tetrapyrrole precursor and stimulator of the porphyrin synthesis pathway, caused synergistic effects with each herbicide. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase from barley etioplast preparations was inhibited 50% by 40 nM UCC-C4243. Barley leaf sections treated with 100 μM UCC-C4243 accumulated protoporphyrin IX in vivo to levels > 75 times non-treated controls. These data indicate the light-requiring herbicide activity of UCC-C4243, like acifluorfen, is due to inhibition of protoporphyrinogen oxidase.
Investigating the Effect of Total Radiated Power on Fetus Using Optical Simulation Approach Based on Exposure Safety Limit for Eye and Tissue Injury (2014)

This paper presents an analysis of the effect of the
total radiated LED power on fetus in order to evaluate the
exposure safety limit via optical simulation technique. The
simulation results are then compared with the theoretical
values calculated from the equations as defined by ICNIRP.
The outcome from this study is beneficial in the future as it
can be used to justify the safety issues on retinal injury and
thermal heating concerning the application of low and high
power LEDs specifically in the transabdominal fetal
monitoring equipment which has been overlooked before.
The joint XMM-Newton and Chandra view of YY Gem (2001)

We have observed the flare star YY Gem simultaneously with XMM-Newton and Chandra as part of a multi-wavelength campaign aiming at a study of variability related to magnetic activity in this short-period eclipsing binary. Here we report on the first results from the analysis of the X-ray spectrum. The vicinity of the star provides high enough S/N in the CCD cameras onboard XMM-Newton to allow for time-resolved spectroscopy. Since the data are acquired simultaneously they allow for a cross-calibration check of the performance of the XMM-Newton RGS and the LETGS on Chandra.
Formalization of existing PLC Programs: A Survey (2003)

In recent years, the interest in the formal- ization of PLC programs increased. The paper pro- vides a classification scheme for the works done in this field. This scheme includes the sources used for formalization, the level of the formalization process (i.e. the complexity of structures that could be han- dled by the approach), the aim of the formalization (Re-Engineering or Verification) and the formal model used to represent the formalized PLC pro- gram. The scheme is applied to several examples.
Statistical prediction of single-stranded regions in RNA secondary structure and application to predicting effective antisense target sites and beyond (2001)

Single-stranded regions in RNA secondary structure are important for RNA-RNA and RNA-protein interactions. We present a probability profile approach for the prediction of these regions based on a statistical algorithm for sampling RNA secondary structures. For the prediction of phylogenetically-determined single-stranded regions in secondary structures of representative RNA sequences, the probability profile offers substantial improvement over the minimum free energy structure. In designing antisense oligonucleotides, a practical problem is how to select a secondary structure for the target mRNA from the optimal structure(s) and many suboptimal structures with similar free energies. By summarizing the information from a statistical sample of probable secondary structures in a single plot, the probability profile not only presents a solution to this dilemma, but also reveals 'well-determined' single-stranded regions through the assignment of probabilities as measures of confidence in predictions. In antisense application to the rabbit beta-globin mRNA, a significant correlation between hybridization potential predicted by the probability profile and the degree of inhibition of in vitro translation suggests that the probability profile approach is valuable for the identification of effective antisense target sites. Coupling computational design with DNA-RNA array technique provides a rational, efficient framework for antisense oligonucleotide screening. This framework has the potential for high-throughput applications to functional genomics and drug target validation.
Efficient filtering using monotonic walk model (2008)

This paper proposes a nonlinear filter for estimating monotonic underlying trend from noisy observations. The filter computes maximum aposteriori probability (MAP) estimate using a monotonic walk model instead of the random walk model in standard linear filtering. The batch estimate is a solution of quadratic programming (QP) problem. This paper shows that the QP has a form of isotonic regression (IR) and has a linear computational complexity. The filter is implemented in a moving horizon estimation (MHE) setting. The data beyond the estimation horizon are replaced by the initial condition parameters (arrival cost). The MHE for IR is nonsmooth, so the existing nonlinear MHE theory is not applicable. By exploiting properties of the IR solution, we develop an update of the MHE arrival cost, which is provably close to the full information MAP solution and stable. The analysis is complemented by a Monte Carlo simulation study of the proposed nonlinear filtering algorithm. The simulation results confirm improved performance of the proposed filter compared with a linear filter and the earlier version of the MHE update.
Novel Approach to Multi-Response Optimisation for Correlated Responses (2010)

This paper presents a novel, general and intelligent approach to multiresponse process optimization, whose purpose is to obtain a single optimum setting of process parameters that meets specifications of all considered, possibly correlated, responses. The approach is based on Taguchi quality loss function, multivariate statistical methods: Principal componenet analysis and Grey relational analysis, and artificial intelligence techniques: Artificial neural networks and Genehic algorithm. The proposed model considers process optimization in a general case where analytical relations and interdependences in a process are unknown, thus making it applicable to various types of process optimization problems. The implementation of the suggested approach is presented on a study that discusses the optimization of thermosonic gold wire bonding process in semiconductor industry, for the assembly of microelectronic devices. The results confirm the effectiveness of this approach in the presence of three correlated responses (product quality characteristics).
Le Calcium, C'est la Vie: Calcium Makes Waves1 (1999)

Every reader of this article knows that he or she started life as a single cell. Less familiar is the debt we owe to calcium in our earliest seconds. Penetration of the egg by the paternal sperm initiated an epigenetic calcium wave that moved quickly as a hollow band across the cytoplasm. In the
Performance Analysis of Dictionary based Data Compression Algorithms for High Speed Networks (2006)

Most of the data traversing corporate networks is redundant. The sources for this redundancy are the common language of the organization, business process flows and redundant internal application communications. The performance of the various applications running in a network is frequently constrained due to limited bandwidth, application contention and latency. By reducing the number of bytes that are transmitted across the WAN, data compression can potentially decrease network congestion, increase network effective capacity and communicate significantly larger amounts of data across an existing infrastructure. This paper describes the performance analysis of dictionary based data compression algorithm namely Molecular Sequence Reduction which delivers higher data compression rates, higher speed and scalability than the existing compression algorithms Lempel Ziv 77, Lempel Ziv Prediction.
ChemInform Abstract: AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS. LXIII. INTRAMOLECULAR CYCLIZATION IN THE TRIPTYCENE SERIES (1979)

Abstract Das bei der Desaminierung des Amins (I) entstehende Carbokation stabilisiert sich überwiegend direkt unter Bildung der Verbindungen (II) und (III), als Stabilisierungsprodukte eines Kations mit Iso‐Struktur treten (IV) und (V) auf.
Distribution Spectrum of Paraoxonase Activity in HDL Fractions (2004)

The HDL(3) fraction, which is important in reverse cholesterol transport, also carries the highest PON1 activity.