Genetics and Breeding for Resistance to Bacterial Diseases in Tomato (2006)

Numerous fungal pathogens attack tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) causing crop loss directly by reducing yields, or indirectly by reducing marketable yield as a result of defoliation and exposure of fruit to the elements. Profits for growers are also reduced by the costs of chemical sprays or fumigants used to prevent the diseases. These diseases, as well as bacterial and viral tomato diseases, are discussed by Watterson (1986). The reader is also referred to the chapter of Lukyanenko (1991), where resistances to fungal and other diseases are discussed. This chapter will focus only on diseases that have been subjected to conventional plant breeding for resistance. Molecular markers will be covered, but not genetic transformation. To date all disease resistance traits in commercial tomato varieties have been derived from conventional plant breeding. Multiple disease resistant varieties generally derive their resistance from single major genes that usually have dominant inheritance, and of these fungal resistances are the most common (Laterrot 1997, Scott 2005). The dominant inheritance of these disease resistant genes is one of the major reasons that hybrid varieties are so prevalent, other reasons for the prevalence of hybrids are discussed by Scott and Angell (1998). A summary of fungal diseases and resistance genes used to control them is presented in Table 13.1. A map showing approximate locations of resistance genes is depicted in Corresponding author: J.W. Scott 422 423 424 425 Fig. 12.1 of the bacterial resistance chapter and another is in the paper of Foolad and Sharma (2005) and chapter 16 of this book. Table 13.1 Summary of disease resistance genes and QTLs mapped on tomato chromosomes. (from Foolad and Sharma 2005) Disease Gene/QTL Pathogen Origin Chromosome Location References Fungal Alternaria Stem Canker Asc Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici L. pennelii 3 (Mesbah et al. 1999, van der Biezen et al. 1995). Anthracnose ripe rot Anthracnose (Q) y Colletotrichum coccodes L.esculentum Different chrs. (Stommel and Zhang 1998) Blackmold Blackmold (Q) Alternaria alternate L. cheesmanii 2, 3,9,12 (Robert et al. 2001) Corky Root py-1 Pyrenochaeta lycopersici L. penwianum 3 (Doganlar et al. 1998 ) Early Blight EBR (Q) Alternaria solani L. esculentum, L. hirsutum, Different chrs. L. pimpinellifolium Different chrs (Foolad et al. 2002, Zhang et al. 2003), Foolad et al. (unpubl.), Fusarium Crown and Root Rot Frl Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radidicis-lycopersici L. peruvianum 9 (Vakalounakis et al. 1997). Fusarium Wilt I, 1-1, 1-2, 1-2C, 1-3 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici L. pimpinellifolium, L. pennellii 7, 11 (Bournival et al. 1990, Ori et Simons et al. 1998, Tanksley and Costello 1991) Gray Leaf Spot Sm Stemphylium spp. L. pimpinellifolium 11 (Behare et al. 1991) Late Blight Ph-1, Ph-2, Ph-3 Phytophthora infestans L. pimpinellifolium 7,9, 10 (Chunwongse et al. 2002, Moreau et al. 1998, Pierce 1971). Late Blight lbl-lbl2 (Q) Phytophthora infestans L. hirsutum, L. pimpinellifolium All 12 chrs. (Brouwer et al. 2004, Brouwer and St. Clair 2004, Frary et al. 1998,Lough 2003) Leaf Mould Cf-1, Cf-2, Cf-4, Cf-5, Cf-9 Cladosporium fulvum L. hirsutum, L. pimpinellifolium 1, 6 (Balint-Kurti et al. 1994, Jones et al. 1993, Lauge et al. 1998). Powdery Mildew Lv Leveillula taurica L. chilense 12 (Chunwongse et al. 1994). Powdery Mildew Ol-1, Ol-2 Oidium lycopersici L. esculentum, L. hirsutum 4, 6 (De Giovanni et al. 2004, Huang et al. 2000, van der Beek et al. 1994). Powdery Mildew Ol (Q)-1, Ol (Q)-2,Ol (Q)-3 Oidium lycopersici L. parviflorum 6,12 (Bai et al. 2003) Verticillium Wilt Ve Verticillium dahliae L. esculentum 9 (Diwan et al. 1999, Kawchuk et al. 1998). Bacterial Bacterial Canker Cm 1.1-10.1 (Q) Clavibacter michiganensis L. penwianum 1,6,7, 8, 9, 10 (Sandbrink et al. 1995). Bacterial Canker Rcm2.0 (Q), Rcm5.1(Q) Calvibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis L. esculentum, L. hirsutum 2,5 (Coaker and Francis 2004, Kabelka et al. 2002). Bacterial Canker Three (Q) Calvibacter michiganensis L. penwianum subsp. michiganensis L. peruvianum 5,7,9 (van Heusden et al. 1999). Bacterial Speck Pto Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato L. pimpinellifolium 5 (Martin et al. 1993). Prf Required for Pto/Fen L. pimpinellifolium 5 (Salmeron et al. 1996). Bacterial Spot Bs4 Xanthomonas compestris pv. vesicatoria L. pennellii 5 (Ballvora et al. 2001). Bacterial Wilt Bw-1, Bw-3, Bw-4, Bio-5(Q) Ralstonia solanacearum L. pimpinellifolium 4,6,10 (Danesh et al. 1994, Thoquet et al. 1996). Bacterial Wilt Two(Q) Ralstonia solanacearum L. penwianum 6 (Mangin et al. 1999). Viral Cucumber Mosaic Virus Cmr CMV L. chilense 12 (Stamova and Chetelat 2000). Potyviruses Pot-1 Potyviruses L. hirsutum 3 (Parrella et al. 2002). Tobacco/Tomato Tm-1, Tm-2 a TMV/ToMV L. hirsutum, 2,9 (Levesque et al. 1990, Vakalounakis Mosaic Virus (allelic to Tm-2) L. penwianum et al. 1997, Young and Tanksley 1988). Tomato Mottle Virus Two genes ToMoV L. chilense 6 (Griffiths and Scott 2001). Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Sw-5 TSWV L. penwianum 9 (Brommenschenkel et al. 2000, Brommenschenkel and Tanksley, 1997, Stevens et al. 1995) Tomato Yellow Ty-1, Ty-2, TYLCV L. esculentum, L. chilense, 6,11 (Chagué et al. 1997, Hanson et al. Leaf Curl Virus two (Q) L. pimpinellifolium, L. hirsutum 2000, Zamir et al. 1994) Nematode Potato Cyst Nematode Hero Globodera restochiensis L. pimpinellifolium 4 (Ganal et al. 1995) Root-Knot Nematode Mi, Mi-1,Mi-3, Mi-9 Meloidogyne spp. L. peruvianum 6, 12 (Ammiraju et al. 2003, Veremis et al. 1999, Williamson et al. 1994, Yaghoobi et al. 1995) z References not found in Literature Cited sections of chapters (13-14) can be found in Foolad and Sharma, (2005) and chapter 16. y Q in parentheses indicates quantitative trait loci (QTLs).