gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sludge granulation during anaerobic treatment of pre-hydrolysed domestic wastewater (2002)

The aim of this study was to examine sludge granulation during the anaerobic treatment of pre-hydrolysed municipal wastewater. The pretreated wastewater had a total chemical oxygen demand (CODt) of 432 ± 20 mg/l, a soluble COD (CODs) of 259 ± 8 mg/l, volatile fatty acids (VFA) of 101 ± 9 mg/l and suspended solids (SS) of 94 ± 12 mg/l. Prior to entering the digester, the influent was supplemented with sucrose, which increased the total and soluble COD by 300 mg/l. An upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) digester was operated at different hydraulic retention times (HRT) ranging from 26.7 h to 2.2 h, while the organic load rate (OLR) ranged from 0.9 to 7.3 kgCOD/m3·d. Sludge granulation was observed after day 150 of operation, at an HRT of 3.4 h, when small granules of less than 2 mm in size appeared. The granules had a weak structure and low density, with the specific methanogenic activity of the sludge being about 0.24 g CH4-COD/gVSS·d. After granulation, the digester performance was 57% CODt removal and 76% CODs removal for steady state operation at an HRT of 3.4 h and an OLR of 5.6 kgCOD/m3·d. WaterSA Vol.28(3) 2002: 307-312
A Stenospermocarpic, Seedless Vitis vinifera × Vitis rotundifolia Hybrid Developed by Embryo Rescue (2000)

Hybridizations between seedless Vitis vinifera L. genotypes and V. rotundifolia (Michx.) were made specifically to introgress the seedless trait into the disease-resistant background of V. rotundifolia . The seedless, gynoecious P79-101 was hybridized with three V. rotundifolia parents, producing a total of 102 ovules. From these ovules, 44 embryos developed, producing 20 plants. Isozyme analyses and morphological traits confirmed that 19 of the plants were hybrids. Sixteen were planted in an experimental vineyard at California State Univ. Fresno. One seedling, C41-5, produced seedless fruit that appeared to be stenospermocarpic based on fruit and aborted seed size. Fruit weight was slightly less than that of `Thompson Seedless' (stenospermocarpic) and at least twice that of parthenocarpic fruit of `Black Corinth' and C41-7, a seeded hybrid with many parthenocarpic fruit. Aborted seeds of C41-5 were larger than, but not significantly different from, those of `Thompson Seedless', while parthenocarpic fruit from `Black Corinth' and C41-7 had aborted seeds that were smaller than those of C41-5. Seed weight of C41-7 averaged almost 10 times that of aborted C41-5 seeds. This is the first report of a stenospermocarpic, seedless hybrid of V. vinifera × V. rotundifolia .
학령기 장애학생을 대상으로 한 국내 유추과제 해결능력에 관한 동향분석 - 2000-2015년까지의 학위논문 및 학술지 중심으로 - (2015)

유추는 문제해결뿐만 아니라 귀납적 추론, 추상적 개념학습, 창의적 사고를 위한 강력한 도구로서 연구되어 왔다. 그러나 현재의 대다수의 연구가 심리학 혹은 인지과학분야 중심의 일반학생을 중심으로 이루어져왔으며, 장애학생을 대상으로 한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구는 지난 15년간(2000-2015)의 장애학생을 대상으로 한 유추과제 해결능력에 관한 연구동향을 알아보기 위해 총 22편의 관련논문을 분석하였다. 결과에 따르면, 첫째, 청각장애학생을 대상으로 한 연구가 8편으로 가장 많았으며 다음으로 언어장애 6편, 읽기이해부진 3편, 수학학습부진 2편, 지적장애, 발달장애, 아스퍼거장애 각각 1편씩 총 22편이었다. 둘째, 유추관련 중재를 활용한 중재실험연구 8편과 장애학생과 일반학생간의 유추능력 차이를 비교한 14편의 연구가 발표되었다. 유추관련 중재를 활용한 중재실험연구는 문맥유추 어휘지도방법(2편), 귀납추론 및 유추.추론능력(2편), 단어유추 및 단어처리능력(1편),도구 심화프로그램을 통한 지각능력 및 유추능력(1편)으로 고르게 분포되었다. 유추과제 관련 실험연구의 효과성을 알아보기 위해 8편의 실험연구의 사전·사후 변화량을 t-test를 실시하여 분석하였으며, 분석결과 유추관련 중재(벤다이어그램, 문맥유추활동 등)는 유추과제 해결능력에 효과적이었다. 요약하자면, 장애학생을 대상으로 한 유추과제 해결능력 확대를 위해서 먼저 장애학생의 특성을 고려한 유추과제를 체계적으로 선별하여야 할 것이다. 무엇보다 장애학생의 유추과제 해결능력의 어려움과 한계를 알아보기 위한 일반학생과의 비교 연구가 대부분이라는 점을 감안하여, 유아기부터 학령기에 걸쳐 유추과제 해결능력과 관련된 언어이해 프로그램을 개발하는데 연구가 전 장애영역에서 이루어져야하며, 교육과정 내에서 유추과제를 적용하고 고려한 수업계획을 진행하는 등의 다양한 접근이 시도되어져야 한다. 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 시사점과 제언을 논의하였다.
A new micropore filtration approach to the analysis of white cell rheology (1990)

Transit times of individual polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) through cylindrical micropores with a diameter of 8 microns and a length of 19 microns were measured at pressure gradients of 3 to 10 cm H2O using the Cell Transit Analyzer (CTA); this system employs a conductometric principle and provides a frequency histogram of transit times for greater than 1000 cells within 3 to 4 minutes. Salient results included: 1) linear pressure-flow relations (r greater than or equal to 0.99); 2) mean transit times for PMN on the order of 10-20 milliseconds at a pressure gradient of 4 cm H2O and thus transit times at least 10-fold longer than for RBC under the same conditions; 3) broad distributions with marked skewness toward longer transit times, indicating a wide range of rheologic properties; 4) increased transit times in either hypotonic or hypertonic media; 5) marked increases of transit times following activation with FMLP; 6) considerable differences between the volume distribution and the transit time distribution of PMN. These results suggest the basic usefulness of the CTA for the analysis of rheologic properties of white blood cells in both normal and pathologic states.
Generalized Interpolation Spaces (1971)

In this paper we introduce the notion of "generalized" interpolation space, and state and prove a "generalized" interpolation theorem.This apparently provides a foundation for an axiomatic treatment of interpolation space theory, for subsequently we show that the "mean" interpolation spaces of Lions-Peetre, the "complex" interpolation spaces of A. P. Caldern, and the "complex" interpolation spaces of M. Schechter are all generalized interpolation spaces.Furthermore, we prove that each of the interpolation theorems established respectively for the abovementioned interpolation spaces is indeed a special case of our generalized interpolation theorem.In 111 of this paper we use the generalized interpolation space concept to state and prove a "generalized" duality theorem.The very elegant duality theorems proved by Caldern, Lions-Peetre and Schechter, respectively, are shown to be special cases of our generalized duality theorem.Of special interest here is the isolation by the general theorem of the need in each of the separate theorems for certain "base" spaces to be duals of others.At the close of 11 of this paper we employ our generalized interpolation theorem "structure" to construct new interpolation spaces which are neither complex nor mean spaces.I. Introduction.Since the advent in 1926 of the classical interpolation theorem on Lv spaces by Marcel Riesz (see [10]), the subject of interpolation between Banach spaces has developed quite rapidly.A. P. Caldern has used Banach space valued functions on the strip in the complex plane together with the delta functional to construct his complex interpolation spaces, (X0, Xx)s.See [1].Quite recently, M. Schechter has used Banach space valued functions defined in the complex strip together with a two-dimensional distribution F with compact support to construct more general complex interpolation spaces, (X0, XX)T, (X0, Xxy, for which the above mentioned Caldern spaces are a special case.See [11].
Japanese and Chinese money flows for Dome (2013)

The appetite for risk in the Japanese and Chinese investment communities is still strong, according to Dome Gold Mines Ltd director Andrew Skinner.
역사, 기억과 중국식 “가족” - 하진(Ha Jin)의 소설과 장샤오강(張曉剛)의 그림을 중심으로 (2016)

本论文将论题集中在历史 · 记忆 · 中国式“家庭”这几个核心词汇上, 分析探讨了张晓刚的《血缘 ― 大家庭》作品系列和哈金的短篇小说。作为历史以及中国人集体记忆的重要部分, 文化大革命至今仍然影像着中国的社会全盘。这种记忆和影像如同血缘作用一般, 已经成为了中国人精神谱系的一部分。之所以选择张晓刚的绘画作品和哈金的小说, 并不是为了用比较文学的视角和研究方法关注这两者之间的相互影响关系, 而是因为他们的作品与既存的文革叙事作品存在着明确的差异, 不再将叙事和描写的要点放在文革的现场和惨象暴露上, 而是转向文革的背后和文革结束以后, 揭示出了对文革的全新的、更加深刻的思索方向。因而, 通过对张晓刚的绘画作品和哈金小说的分析, 我们可以从这两种不同的艺术形式中发现一个共同的问题意识。对文革的思索也将不再局限于政治层面, 而得以深入到对国民性, 人性乃至文革以后直至今日的全面反思。
Portable Apparatus for Assessing Impact Characteristics of Athletic Field Surfaces (1990)

This paper presents a method for quantitative assessment of the quality of athletic fields. Impact absorption characteristics were measured using the Clegg impact soil tester, the Bruel and Kjaer 2515 vibration analyzer, and three impact hammers (0.5, 2.25, and 4.5 kg). This apparatus was evaluated on sports fields and on research plots to obtain deceleration-time curves. The impact characteristics obtained from the curves were the maximum deceleration, time to maximum deceleration, duration of impact, rate of change of deceleration, surface deformation, severity index, and rebound ratio. After a series of experiments that evaluated the effects of turfgrass management practices on impact absorption characteristics, correlation coefficients between impact characteristics and between impact hammers were deter-mined. The correlation between the impact characteristics was higher when the evaluations were on one type of surface (turf) instead of multiple surface types (turf and soil). The weakest correlation was between the heaviest and lightest hammers.
Kinetic analysis of forced aeration composting- II. Application of multilayer analysis for the prediction of biological degradation (2000)

Extensive pilot-scale composting tests for organic solid waste were conducted under different modes of aeration, to investigate vertical temperature distributions and their effect on biological degradation at different heights of the composting mass. The modes of aeration applied were upflow, downflow, alternate upflow/downflow, and internal air recirculation. Temperatures at different heights of the composting mass were continuously monitored. Results show that (i) significant variation in temperature and biodegradable volatile solids (BVS) degradation occur in the composting mass along the vertical direction when unidirectional aeration is applied; (ii) application of alternate upflow/downflow aeration or periodic mixing greatly reduces vertical gradients in temperature and biodegradable volatile solids (BVS) degradation; and (iii) the rate and extent of degradation in different layers of the composting mass can be quantitatively predicted by applying a combination of multilayer analysis and a previously established temperature-dependent first-order reaction model.
Polyphonic Music Transcription with Semantic Segmentation (2019)

The multi-instrument transcription task refers to joint recognition of instrument and pitch of every event in polyphonic music signals generated by one or more classes of music instruments. In this paper, we leverage multi-object semantic segmentation techniques to solve this problem. We design a time-frequency representation, which has multiple channels to jointly represent the harmonic structure and pitch saliency of a pitch activation. The transcription task therefore becomes a pixel-wise multi-task classification problem including pitch activity detection and instrument recognition. Experiments on both single- and multi-instrument data verify the competitiveness of the proposed method.
A Benchmark of Transparent Data Encryption for Migration of Web Applications in the Cloud (2009)

Cloud computing is a new computing style which provides IT infrastructure and software as dynamic, scalable, and pay-per-use services. One of its characteristics is that enterprise data are hosted by storage service providers in the cloud. Hence strong data security must be taken into account for planning migration of business applications into the cloud. In this paper we analyze privacy requirements for the cloud applications and discuss data encryption approaches for securing e-commerce applications in the cloud. To provide quantitative estimation of performance penalties caused by data encryption, we made a benchmark for an online marketplace application as a case study. Lessons learned from the benchmark are also discussed in the paper to provide some recommendations for avoiding unnecessary encryption costs.
Computing Fukui functions without differentiating with respect to electron number. II. Calculation of condensed molecular Fukui functions (2007)

The Fukui function is a frequently used DFT concept in the description of a system's regioselective preferences to undergo electrophilic, nucleophilic, or radical attacks. Until now, this function has usually been evaluated using finite difference approximations. The first paper in this series proposed a method for obtaining the Fukui function by a direct calculation of the functional derivative of the chemical potential with respect to the external potential. This paper extends the method to condensed Fukui functions and applies it to an extensive testing set of molecules. Results are promising, which demonstrates the usefulness of the new formalism.
Optimum timing estimation without channel information over frequency-selective slowly fading channels (2003)

Applying the composite hypothesis testing procedure, we introduce the maximum a posteriori probability symbol synchronization in the point-to-point communications systems without channel information over frequency-selective slowly fading channels. This proposed estimation does not ignore the presence of interference due to frequency-selective channels and efficiently utilizes the inherited frequency-diversity to combat the channel fading impairment. By mathematical analysis, we prove the fundamental condition to have a consistent symbol synchronizer over frequency-selective slowly fading channels when the channel impulse response is unknown. We further conduct simulations to justify its performance considering the practical implementation with a finite number of timing candidates. This proposed approach considers more generalized scenarios with feasible complexity and therefore could be extensively applied in many practical communications systems.
The Inconsistency of “Optimal” Cutpoints Obtained using Two Criteria based on the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (2006)

The use of biomarkers is of ever-increasing importance in clinical diagnosis of disease. In practice, a cutpoint is required for dichotomizing naturally continuous biomarker levels to distinguish persons at risk of disease from those who are not. Two methods commonly used for establishing the "optimal" cutpoint are the point on the receiver operating characteristic curve closest to (0,1) and the Youden index, J. Both have sound intuitive interpretations--the point closest to perfect differentiation and the point farthest from none, respectively--and are generalizable to weighted sensitivity and specificity. Under the same weighting of sensitivity and specificity, these two methods identify the same cutpoint as "optimal" in certain situations but different cutpoints in others. In this paper, the authors examine situations in which the two criteria agree or disagree and show that J is the only "optimal" cutpoint for given weighting with respect to overall misclassification rates. A data-driven example is used to clarify and demonstrate the magnitude of the differences. The authors also demonstrate a slight alteration in the (0,1) criterion that retains its intuitive meaning while resulting in consistent agreement with J. In conclusion, the authors urge that great care be taken when establishing a biomarker cutpoint for clinical use.
DHEA pre-treated patients, poor responders to a first IVF (ICSI) cycle: clinical results (2014)

This study confirms the beneficial effects of DHEA in patients who resulted poor responders to IVF treatments. Therefore, DHEA appears to be an effective treatment for age related sub-fertility.
The Hunger Games’ grammatik: Integreret grammatikundervisning i praksis (2019)

This article examines the potential for integrated grammar teaching (IGT) based on stylistic analysis of the novel, The Hunger Games, in the Danish upper secondary educational system (HF). Since the 1990s, the importance of combining communication and grammar teaching has been emphasized; however, the Danish upper secondary schools have not embraced the scientific findings. This article exemplifies how to close the gap between research and reality with IGT through the following two perspectives: with an eye to developing teaching materials and through a stylistic analysis of chapter 11 of The Hunger Games, we firstly analyze how modality characterizes the narrator of The Hunger Games, Katniss. The stylistic analysis reveals that the homodiegetic narrator’s assessments of the hypothetical risks relating to the people and the world around her are expressed through epistemic modality in the form of modal verbs. Secondly, based on the stylistic analysis, we develop, test and discuss teaching materials for IGT for the English b-level[1] at HF. Our results demonstrate that IGT is challenging, motivating and educational: the pupils acquire the basic characteristics of modality to some degree and manage to use their linguistic findings to characterize the narrator. The evaluation shows that the learners could benefit from less concentrated IGT and more variation; this could possibly be achieved by mixing IGT with other aspects of the curriculum. The study also shows that, while it is possible to develop teaching material for IGT based on stylistic analysis, an in-depth stylistic analysis (like the one reported here) is not necessary for teaching at this level, an important factor which could reduce the teacher’s preparation time. [1] English b unofficially corresponds to B2 (Undervisningsministeriet 2018a) at the CEFR, The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, put together by the Council of Europe (Exam English 2014).
The Mechanism of Neuroprotection by Topiramate in an Animal Model of Epilepsy (2004)

The neuroprotective action of TPM seems to be directly related to its inhibitory effect on the mitochondrial permeability transition pore.
System Oriented Plant Maintenance (2005)

Nuclear power company plant maintenance has been conservative since it was born. Before we adopted DREAMS system, most of PM documents were handled with paperwork and we spent much time to perform plant maintenance. Last year KHNP constructed and implemented the computerized PM system, which was part of SAP system named DREAMS, and it made KHNP cut down expenses, save time, decrease trouble and optimize work intervals. To make PM system much better, we are trying to import equipment reliability process and we have a plan to initiate it within a year. Therefore the purpose of this paper is not only introducing an advanced methodology of plant maintenance, but showing the optimized PM system (equipment reliability process), considering safety and cost-effectiveness simultaneously.
Inflammatory Effects of Ozone in the Upper Airways of Subjects with Asthma (1994)

The objective of this study was to determine whether exposure to ozone causes inflammatory or functional changes in the upper or lower airways of asthmatic and nonasthmatic individuals. Ten asthmatic and eight nonasthmatic subjects were exposed to clean air, 120 ppb ozone, or 240 ppb ozone for 90 min during intermittent moderate exercise using a head dome exposure system. Pulmonary function tests, posterior rhinomanometry, and nasal lavage were performed before and after exposure. Leukocyte counts and chemotactic factors leukotriene B4 (LTB4), platelet-activating factor (PAF), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were analyzed from nasal lavage fluid. In subjects with asthma, a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the number of white blood cells in lavage fluid was detected both immediately and 24 h after exposure to 240 ppb ozone, as was a significant increase in epithelial cells immediately after exposure (p < 0.05). No significant cellular changes were seen in nonasthmatic subjects. A significant correlation was observed between IL-8 and white blood cells counts after exposure to 240 ppb ozone (r = 0.76) in asthmatic subjects. No significant changes in pulmonary or nasal function or biochemical mediators were found in either the asthmatic or nonasthmatic subjects. These data indicate that asthmatic individuals are more sensitive to the acute inflammatory effects of ozone than nonasthmatic individuals.
Research and Implementation of an Anomaly Detection Model Based on Clustering Analysis (2010)

IDS (Intrusion Detection system) is an active and driving defense technology. This paper mainly focuses on intrusion detection based on data mining. The aim is to improve the detection rate and decrease the false alarm rate, and the main research method is clustering analysis. The algorithm and model of ID are proposed and corresponding simulation experiments are presented. Firstly, a method to reduce the noise and isolated points on the data set was advanced. By dividing and merging clusters and using the density radius of super sphere, an algorithm to calculate the number of the Cluster Centroid was given. By the more accurate method of finding k clustering center, an anomaly detection model was presented to get better detection effect. This paper used KDD CUP 1999 data set to test the performance of the model. The results show the system has a higher detection rate and a lower false alarm rate, it achieves expectant aim.
Immunomodulation of macrophages by pathogenic Yersinia species. (2002)

The interaction between macrophages and bacterial pathogens plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Pathogenic species of the Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia deploy complex strategies to disarm macrophages and to disrupt their response to infection. For this purpose, Yersinia sp. engage a type III protein secretion system that mediates the polarized translocation of Yersinia virulence factors, the so-called Yops (Yersinia outer proteins), into the host cell cytoplasm. There, the Yops act on different cellular levels to neutralize a sequence of programmed phagocyte effector functions. Yersiniae initially impair the phagocytic machinery and block the generation of the bactericidal oxidative burst. Furthermore, yersiniae uncouple an array of fine-tuned signals of innate immunity, which leads to suppression of macrophage TNF-alpha production and to macrophage apoptosis. The impairment of cellular functions results in a scenario by which Yersinia efficiently resists the attack of the macrophage and finally kills the macrophage by activating its intrinsic cell suicide mechanism. This review highlights the aspects of Yersinia-macrophage interaction that determine the fate of the infected cell.
Ive been on a long journey (1994)

The first cycloparaphenylene (CPP)-based ionic donor-acceptor supramolecule Li(+)@C60⊂[10]CPP⋅X(-) has been synthesized. X-ray crystallography not only confirmed the molecular structure of Li(+)@C60⊂[10]CPP⋅X(-) but also uncovered the formation of a unique ionic crystal. The strong charge-transfer interaction between [10]CPP and Li(+)@C60, which was confirmed by electrochemical measurement and spectroscopic analyses, caused significant delocalization of the positive charge across the entire complex.
A novel double-trapping BE-SONOS charge-trapping NAND flash device to overcome the erase saturation without using curvature-induced field enhancement effect or high-K (HK)/metal gate (MG) materials (2014)

Erase saturation issue is a fundamental challenge for SONOS-type charge-trapping NAND Flash devices. Nowadays the most popular way to solve this issue is to pursue either curvature-induced field enhancement effect in the nano-wire SONOS device, or HK/MG to suppress the gate injection. However, both approaches have its drawback and reliability challenges. In this work, we propose a completely different approach that utilizes a double-trapping (or double storage) layer in a barrier engineered (BE) SONOS device to overcome the erase saturation ideally. A second nitride trapping layer (N3) is stacked on top of the first blocking oxide (O3) and 1st trapping layer (N2) of the original BE-SONOS device. Both theoretical model and experimental measured results indicate that when N3 stores sufficient electron charge it can greatly suppress gate injection, allowing continuous hole injection into N2 that gives a very deep erased Vt ∼ −6V. A fully-integrated 3D Vertical Gate (VG) NAND Flash test chip using this novel device has been fabricated which demonstrates excellent MLC operation window and reliability. The flat and planar topology of this double-trapping BE-SONOS device enables minimal design rule of 3D NAND Flash array and possesses superb read disturb immunity.