gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modulation of water diffusion by activation-induced neural cell swelling in Aplysia Californica (2017)

Diffusion functional magnetic resonance imaging (DfMRI) has been proposed as a method for functional neuroimaging studies, as an alternative to blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD)-fMRI. DfMRI is thought to more directly reflect neural activation, but its exact mechanism remains unclear. It has been hypothesized that the water apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) decrease observed upon neural activation results from swelling of neurons or neuron parts. To elucidate the origin of the DfMRI response at cellular level we performed diffusion MR microscopy at 17.2 T in Aplysia californica buccal ganglia and compared the water ADCs at cellular and ganglia levels before and after neuronal activation induced by perfusion with a solution containing dopamine. Neural cell swelling, evidenced from optical microscopy imaging, resulted in an intracellular ADC increase and an ADC decrease at ganglia level. Furthermore, the intracellular ADC increase was found to have a significant positive correlation with the increase in cell size. Our results strongly support the hypothesis that the ADC decrease observed with DfMRI upon neuronal activation at tissue level reflects activation-induced neural cell swelling.
Chemical looping of metal nitride catalysts: low-pressure ammonia synthesis for energy storage (2015)

The activity of many heterogeneous catalysts is limited by strong correlations between activation energies and adsorption energies of reaction intermediates. Although the reaction is thermodynamically favourable at ambient temperature and pressure, the catalytic synthesis of ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>), a fertilizer and chemical fuel, from N<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> requires some of the most extreme conditions of the chemical industry. We demonstrate how ammonia can be produced at ambient pressure from air, water, and concentrated sunlight as renewable source of process heat <i>via</i> nitrogen reduction with a looped metal nitride, followed by separate hydrogenation of the lattice nitrogen into ammonia. Separating ammonia synthesis into two reaction steps introduces an additional degree of freedom when designing catalysts with desirable activation and adsorption energies. We discuss the hydrogenation of alkali and alkaline earth metal nitrides and the reduction of transition metal nitrides to outline a promoting role of lattice hydrogen in ammonia evolution. This is rationalized <i>via</i> electronic structure calculations with the activity of nitrogen vacancies controlling the redox-intercalation of hydrogen and the formation and hydrogenation of adsorbed nitrogen species. The predicted trends are confirmed experimentally with evolution of 56.3, 80.7, and 128 μmol NH<sub>3</sub> per mol metal per min at 1 bar and above 550 °C <i>via</i> reduction of Mn<sub>6</sub>N<sub>2.58</sub> to Mn<sub>4</sub>N and hydrogenation of Ca<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> and Sr<sub>2</sub>N to Ca<sub>2</sub>NH and SrH<sub>2</sub>, respectively.
High Temperature Silicon Carbide Power Modules for High Performance Systems (2011)

The demands of modern high-performance power electronics systems are rapidly surpassing the power density, efficiency, and reliability limitations defined by the intrinsic properties of silicon-based semiconductors. The advantages of silicon carbide (SiC) are well known, including high temperature operation, high voltage blocking capability, high speed switching, and high energy efficiency. In this discussion, APEI, Inc. presents two newly developed high performance SiC power modules for extreme environment systems and applications. These power modules are rated to 1200V, are operational at currents greater than 100A, can perform at temperatures in excess of 250 °C, and are designed to house various SiC devices, including MOSFETs, JFETs, or BJTs. One newly developed module is designed for high performance, ultra-high reliability systems such as aircraft and spacecraft, and features a hermetically sealed package with a ring seal technology capable of sustaining temperatures in excess of 400°C. The second module is designed for high performance commercial and industrial systems such as hybrid electric vehicles or renewable energy applications, implements a novel ultra-low parasitic packaging approach that enables high switching frequencies in excess of 100 kHz, and weighs in at just over 130 grams (offering ~5× mass reduction and ~3× size reduction in comparison with industry standard power brick packaging technology). It is configurable as either a half or full bridge converter. In this discussion, APEI, Inc. introduces these products and presents practical testing of each.
On Computational Interpretations of the Modal Logic S4 IIIb. Confluence, Termination of the $\lambda\mbox{ev}Q_H$-Calculus (1997)

Projet COQ
A Two-Way Wideband Active SiGe BiCMOS Power Divider/Combiner for Reconfigurable Phased Arrays With Controllable Beam Width (2019)

This paper proposes a reconfigurable two-way wideband active power divider/combiner based on bi-directional amplifier and absorptive series-shunt switch techniques. A multi-octave operational bandwidth and flat gain response with bi-directional operation are simultaneously achieved using bidirectional distributed amplifiers (BDAs). The reconfigurable functionality and fast mode selection are obtained by using the absorptive series-shunt switches. The proposed power divider/combiner provides four different operational states depending on the control inputs for the BDAs and the series-shunt switches. The dual-path mode supports both divider and combiner operations, and the measured gain is greater than 7.8 dB and the isolation between output ports is better than 23 dB over the 3-dB bandwidth of 2-23 GHz. The measured noise figure (NF) of the dual-path mode is below 10 dB, while maximum amplitude and phase imbalances are 0.2 dB and 1.8 degrees, respectively. The single-path mode shows a measured gain of > 7.8 dB, and a port-to-port isolation > 35 dB. The measured NF is below 12 dB from 8 to 26 GHz. In addition, the proposed circuit shows the maximum output 1-dB compression point (OP1dB) of 4.6 dBm, and good matching characteristics, with a DC power consumption of 120 mW. The chip area of the reconfigurable two-way SiGe bi-directional active power divider/combiner is 1.43 mm × 0.92 mm.
The elastic constants of rubrene determined by Brillouin scattering and density functional theory (2017)

The linear elastic stiffness tensor of the crystalline organic semiconductor, rubrene, is measured using Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy and computed from first-principles van der Waals density functional theory calculations. Results are compared with recent measurements of in-plane reduced elastic constants c¯22, c¯33, and c¯23 determined through anisotropic buckling experiments.
Antiinflammatory agents inhibit microvascular permeability induced by leukotrienes and by stimulated human neutrophils. (1984)

One pathologic change common to the inflammatory process is loss of microvessel membrane integrity which results in edema. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are primary contributors to the development of edema because they cause tissue injury which alters vascular permeability and hemodynamics. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of arachidonic acid metabolites generated by activation of human PMN on the in vivo microvascular preparation of the hamster cheek pouch. Fluorescein-labeled dextran MW: 150,000 was used to assess microvascular permeability. Human PMN were activated with arachidonic acid (AA) and the calcium ionophore A23187, and the supernatant retained for testing. Topical application of the PMN supernatant, purified LTD4 or LTB4 resulted in marked extravasation of macromolecules from post-capillary venules of control hamsters. The extravasation was reduced when hamsters were pretreated with indomethacin (5 mg/kg), imidazole (25 mg/kg), ketoconazole (10 mg/kg), 13-azaprostanoic acid (30 mg/kg), FPL 55712 (1 mg/kg) and dimethylthiourea (500 mg/kg). The interpretation of the results suggests that the increased vascular permeability induced by PMN secretions may be mediated in part by the thromboxane pathway.
Effect of Atrazine on Chromatin Activity in Corn and Soybean (1972)

Applications of 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)- s -triazine (atrazine) at 10 −4 , 10 −5 , and 10 −6 M to 4-day-old etiolated soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Mark’] seedlings 6 hr before the isolation of chromatin enhanced the chromatin directed ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis by 16, 65, and 40%, respectively. The magnitude of this inductive effect increased with an increasing interval of time from 6 to 24 hr between application and chromatin isolation. The basis for the effect appeared to be an atrazine-mediated increase in chromatin template availability. The presence of atrazine during extraction and the assay was sufficient to evoke the response. This effect on chromatin activity was not observed for 2-hydroxy-4-(ethylamino)-6-isopropylamino)- s -triazine (hydroxyatrazine) or for atrazine on corn (Zea mays L. ‘Michigan 400′).
Bit-pattern optimization for accurate analysis of complex high-speed interfaces (2008)

The increased complexity of today's high speed systems is resulting in long pre-layout simulation times. Due to a multitude of design variables, many simulations are needed to locate the optimum design points. For a complex signal interface such as a DDR memory topology, one common way to measure and analyze channel jitter and noise is to plot the eye diagram of the desired output signal. The accuracy of the eye diagram is dependent on the input bit pattern used for the channel. Pre-layout analysis usually results in tens of thousands simulating. Performing these simulations with long bit streams is inefficient; at the same time performing pre- layout analysis with reduced set of bits will result in inaccurate analysis. In this paper, a novel algorithm based on evolutionary techniques such as genetic algorithms (GA) and swarm intelligence (SI) is described to find an optimized input bit pattern that can result in worst case channel jitter and noise. It has also been shown in the paper using few test cases that the optimized bit pattern is resilient to the channel topology changes i.e., the same optimized bit stream can be used for a large range of topologies with various combinations of design parameter settings.
Estructura genética e historia biológica de tres poblaciones amerindias de Guyana Francesa (2005)

Se conoce poco sobre la historia de las poblaciones indígenas de Guyana francesa, principalmente porque la selva dificulta las investigaciones arqueológicas así como la conservación del material orgánico. Una alternativa para el estudio de estas poblaciones es el análisis de su variabilidad genética, que se ha llevado a cabo a partir del DNA extraído de sueros previamente recolectados, y teniendo en cuenta otros grupos amerindios de la misma región geográfica. De las muestras de tres poblaciones de Guyana Francesa se seleccionaron 102 indivíduos según los datos genealógicos, y se analizaron los polimorfismos característicos de los haplogrupos mitocondriales amerindios. Únicamente los Kaliña poseen los cuatros linajes fundadores amerindios. Los Palikur carecen de los haplogrupos A y C y los Emerillon de las líneas C y D. La ausencia de dos linajes en los Palikur podría ser debida a su aislamiento genético provocado por una estructura social extremadamente endogámica, mientras que en el caso de los Emerillon, debe considerarse el dramático cuello de botella. Estos resultados sugieren que el poblamiento inicial de la región de las Guayanas presenta algunas particularidades debidas, en parte, a su ubicación geográfica un tanto distante, así como también sus estructuras sociales singulares.
Electron cyclotron current drive in the Wendelstein 7-AS stellarator (2005)

High power electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) experiments in the W7-AS stellarator are analysed. In these net-current-free discharges, the ECCD and the bootstrap current are feedback controlled by an inductive current. Based on the measured density and temperature profiles, the neoclassical predictions of the bootstrap (with the ambipolar radial electric field taken into account) and the inductive current densities as well as the ECCD from the linear adjoint approach with trapped particles included are calculated. For stationary conditions, the current balance is checked. Launch-angle scans at fixed density as well as density scans at fixed launch-angle are described. Low-frequency MHD mode activity is obtained for strong co-ECCD, and for counter-ECCD a ' feature' with complete loss of the central confinement is found.
Dexmedetomidine Improves Neurologic Outcome from Incomplete Ischemia in the Rat Reversal by the α2-Adrenergic Antagonist Atipamezole (1991)

Dexmedetomidine is an alpha 2-adrenergic agonist that decreases central sympathetic activity and reduces the anesthetic requirement for halothane. We evaluated the effect of dexmedetomidine on neurologic and histopathologic outcome from incomplete cerebral ischemia in the rat. Anesthesia was maintained with a 25-micrograms.kg-1.h-1 fentanyl infusion combined with 70% nitrous oxide. Incomplete ischemia was produced by unilateral carotid artery ligation combined with hemorrhagic hypotension to 35 mmHg for 30 min. Arterial blood gas tensions, pH, and head temperature were maintained at normal levels during the experiment. Four ischemic groups were tested: group 1 (n = 15) received an intraperitoneal (ip) saline injection (control); group 2 (n = 10) received an ip injection of 10 micrograms/kg dexmedetomidine 30 min before ischemia; group 3 (n = 10) received 100 micrograms/kg dexmedetomidine; and group 4 (n = 10) received 100 micrograms/kg dexmedetomidine plus 1 mg/kg atipamezole (an alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist). Neurologic outcome was evaluated for 3 days using a graded deficit score. Histopathology was evaluated in coronal section in caudate and hippocampal tissue segments. Dexmedetomidine (10 and 100 micrograms/kg) significantly decreased plasma catecholamines and improved neurologic and histopathologic outcome in a dose-dependent manner compared to control rats (P less than 0.05). Atipamezole abolished the decrease in catecholamines and the improvement in outcome seen with dexmedetomidine, confirming that these effects were mediated by alpha 2-adrenergic receptors. It is concluded that alpha 2-adrenoreceptor stimulation decreases sympathetic activity and decreases ischemic injury in a model of incomplete cerebral ischemia.
Is Oppositional Defiant Disorder a Meaningful Diagnosis in Adults? (2007)

We examined the prevalence and clinical characteristics of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in a sample of clinically referred adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Subjects were consecutively referred adults with a DSM-III R/IV diagnosis of ADHD with or without ODD. Nearly half of subjects (43%) had a history of ODD. Subjects with a childhood history of ODD had increased risk for bipolar disorder, multiple anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders relative to the ADHD subjects without ODD. We concluded, as in children with ODD, adults with a childhood history of ODD have high rates of psychiatric comorbidity and more impaired psychosocial functioning than those without this condition. A better understanding of the course, phenomenology, and clinical significance of ODD in adults is needed to better understand therapeutic approaches for this disorder.
Mesoscale eddies in the Fram Strait marginal ice zone during the 1983 and 1984 Marginal Ice Zone Experiments (1987)

During the summer Marginal Ice Zone Experiment in Fram Strait in 1983 and 1984, fourteen mesoscale eddies, in both deep and shallow water, were studied between 78° and 81°N. Sampling combined satellite and aircraft remote sensing observations, conductivity‐temperature‐depth observations, drift of surface and subsurface floats and current meter measurements. Typical scales of these eddies were 20–40 km. Rotation was mainly cyclonic with a maximum speed, in several cases subsurface of up to 40 cm s −1 . Observations further suggest that the eddy lifetime was at least 20 to 30 days. Five generation sources are suggested for these eddies. Several of the eddies were topographically trapped, while others, primarily formed by combined baroclinic and barotropic instability, moved as much as 10–15 km d −1 with the mean current. The vorticity balance in the nontrapped eddies is dominated by the stretching of isopycnals accompanied by a change in the radial shear. In the most completely observed eddy south of 79°N the available potential energy exceeded the kinetic energy by a factor of 2. Quantitative estimates suggest that the abundance of these eddies enhances the ice edge melt up to 1–2 km d −1 .
Metal content of multicrystalline silicon for solar cells and its impact on minority carrier diffusion length (2003)

Instrumental neutron activation analysis was performed to determine the transition metal content in three types of silicon material for cost-efficient solar cells: Astropower silicon-film sheet material, Baysix cast material, and edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) multicrystalline silicon ribbon. The dominant metal impurities were found to be Fe (6×1014 cm−3 to 1.5×1016 cm−3, depending on the material), Ni (up to 1.8×1015 cm−3), Co (1.7×1012 cm−3 to 9.7×1013 cm−3), Mo (6.4×1012 cm−3 to 4.6×1013 cm−3), and Cr (1.7×1012 cm−3 to 1.8×1015 cm−3). Copper was also detected (less than 2.4×1014 cm−3), but its concentration could not be accurately determined because of a very short decay time of the corresponding radioactive isotope. In all samples, the metal contamination level would be sufficient to degrade the minority carrier diffusion length to less than a micron, if all metals were in an interstitial or substitutional state. This is a much lower value than the actual measured diffusion length of these samples. Therefore, most likely, the metals either formed clusters or precipitates with relatively low recombination activity or are very inhomogeneously distributed within the samples. No significant difference was observed between the metal content of the high and low lifetime areas of each material. X-ray microprobe fluorescence spectrometry mapping of Astropower mc-Si samples confirmed that transition metals formed agglomerates both at grain boundaries and within the grains. It is concluded that the impact of metals on solar cell efficiency is determined not only by the total metal concentration, but also by the distribution of metals within the grains and the chemical composition of the clusters formed by the metals.
LIST OF HIGH PURITY METALS AVAILABLE FROM AMERICAN PRODUCERS (1958)

A list of American producers of pure metals is presented. The purities are those stated by the Producer. Some listings include grades of not exceptional purity; these may be of interest in research on alloys where that particular metal is a minor constituent. A toxicity code and price list are included; however, no notation of pyrophoricity is included. (J.R.D.)
Assessing Technological Literacy of Middle School Students (2020)

Project Lead the Way (PLTW) is a rigorous and relevant pre-engineering curriculum implemented in middle schools and high schools throughout the United States. PLTW has a hands-on approach using activities and project-based learning. The College of Engineering at Wichita State University has partnered with three local school districts to implement the PLTW program to increase interest in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). This study begins to assess the impact of the PLTW program on student perceptions and attitudes toward engineering and technology as part of an ongoing three-year assessment.
Limited Proteolysis of Thermostable Alanine Racemase of Bacillus stearothermophilus. (1991)

racemase (EC 5.1.1.1) provides D-alanine for the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.1} Wecloned the enzyme gene of Bacillus stearothermophilus,2) and determined the primary structure.3) Wealso purified the enzyme2) and obtained single crystals for high resolution X-ray analysis.4) The primary structures of alanine racemases of B.
Increased tau messenger RNA in Alzheimer's disease hippocampus. (1990)

The microtubule-associated protein tau is present in the pathologic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease and its production and deposition have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. We detected tau mRNA using in situ hybridization histochemistry in the hippocampus, visual cortex, and cerebellum, and compared its level in Alzheimer's disease with controls. The amount of tau mRNA also was determined as a ratio of total polyadenylated mRNA in each area. A significant and gene-specific increase in tau mRNA hybridization was found in hippocampal fields CA4 and CA3, with a similar trend in the dentate gyrus. In contrast, no change was found in the visual cortex or cerebellum in Alzheimer's disease. Increased hippocampal expression of tau mRNA also was present in cases of non-Alzheimer's dementia. Enhanced tau mRNA may be a marker of attempted plasticity involving the cytoskeleton in neuronal populations affected by various neurodegenerative disorders.
Behavior of GeO2 in dehydration and consolidation processes of the VAD method (1984)

Kinetic studies have pointed out that the index profile of VAD fibers is closely related to the polymorphisms of GeO2 in the soot preform.1,2 This paper describes that, in practical VAD soot preforms, a radially selective chlorination of GeO2 produces a synthetic silica cladding in the dehydration of the soot, which leads to a low-loss fiber.
Medical Management of Ectopic Pregnancy (2012)

Medical management has become increasingly popular in the treatment of ectopic pregnancy. Given its convenience, for many it is used as a first-line treatment, however, this is not always the optimal choice for the patient. It is important to understand the options for medical treatment and when it is appropriate to treat a particular patient with medical management, or when one should opt for surgical management. This review outlines the different regimens for methotrexate administration and the associated risks and benefits to medical management.
Substratal idiothetic navigation of rats is impaired by removal or devaluation of extramaze and intramaze cues (2001)

The spatial orientation of vertebrates is implemented by two complementary mechanisms: allothesis, processing the information about spatial relationships between the animal and perceptible landmarks, and idiothesis, processing the substratal and inertial information produced by the animal's active or passive movement through the environment. Both systems allow the animal to compute its position with respect to perceptible landmarks and to the already traversed portion of the path. In the present study, we examined the properties of substratal idiothesis deprived of relevant exteroceptive information. Rats searching for food pellets in an arena formed by a movable inner disk and a peripheral immobile belt were trained in darkness to avoid a 60 degrees sector; rats that entered this sector received a mild foot shock. The punished sector was defined in the substratal idiothetic frame, and the rats had to determine the location of the shock sector with the use of substratal idiothesis only, because all putative intramaze cues were made irrelevant by angular displacements of the disk relative to the belt. Striking impairment of place avoidance by this "shuffling procedure" indicates that effective substratal idiothesis must be updated by exteroceptive intramaze cues.