gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A search for anisotropy in the arrival directions of ultra high energy cosmic rays recorded at the Pierre Auger Observatory (2012)

Observations of cosmic ray arrival directions made with the Pierre Auger Observatory have previously provided evidence of anisotropy at the 99% CL using the correlation of ultra high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) with objects drawn from the Véron-Cetty Véron catalog. In this paper we report on the use of three catalog independent methods to search for anisotropy. The 2pt-L, 2pt+ and 3pt methods, each giving a different measure of self-clustering in arrival directions, were tested on mock cosmic ray data sets to study the impacts of sample size and magnetic smearing on their results, accounting for both angular and energy resolutions. If the sources of UHECRs follow the same large scale structure as ordinary galaxies in the local Universe and if UHECRs are deflected no more than a few degrees, a study of mock maps suggests that these three methods can efficiently respond to the resulting anisotropy with a P-value = 1.0% or smaller with data sets as few as 100 events. Using data taken from January 1, 2004 to July 31, 2010 we examined the 20,30,...,110 highest energy events with a corresponding minimum energy threshold of about 49.3 EeV. The minimum P-values found were 13.5% using the 2pt-L method, 1.0% using the 2pt+ method and 1.1% using the 3pt method for the highest 100 energy events. In view of the multiple (correlated) scans performed on the data set, these catalog-independent methods do not yield strong evidence of anisotropy in the highest energy cosmic rays.
Experimental investigation of the sound field generated by a moving ruby-laser thermoacoustic array (1988)

A high-power laser is used to produce via thermal expansion a long thermoacoustic broadside array in water by deflecting a ruby-laser beam (optical wavelength 0.6943 μm) off a rotating mirror to a body of water. The rotation of the mirror results in a rectilinear motion of the source over the water surface. Such a source is commonly referred to as a moving thermoacoustic array (MTA) and its penetration depth into the water is inversely proportional to the coefficient of absorption of the laser intensity in water. The sound field radiated by the ruby MTA (long array) is analyzed experimentally for subsonic, sonic, and supersonic source velocities. The results obtained with the long ruby MTA are compared with those obtained with a much shorter glass–neodymium MTA (optical wavelength 1.06 μm). Results reported here include directivity patterns, both in a plane perpendicular to the water surface and in a plane parallel to the water surface, and sound-pressure level (SPL) dependence on distance between the source and the receiver.
Syndecan-1 Expression Inhibits Myoblast Differentiation through a Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor-dependent Mechanism (1998)

Expression of syndecan-1, a cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan, is down-regulated during skeletal muscle differentiation (Larraín, J., Cizmeci-Smith, G., Troncoso, V., Stahl, R. C., Carey, D. J., and Brandan, E. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 18418-18424). We examined the role of syndecan-1 in basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-dependent inhibition of myogenesis. C2C12 myoblasts were stably transfected with an expression plasmid containing the rat syndecan-1 coding region cDNA. Constitutive syndecan-1 expression resulted in a strongly diminished capacity of the transfected clones to differentiate and to express skeletal muscle-specific markers such as fusion, creatine kinase, and myosin. The expression of myogenin, a master transcription factor for muscle differentiation, was also reduced and delayed. Analysis of the induction of a myogenin promoter-driven reporter revealed that syndecan-1 expression resulted in a 6-7-fold increase in sensitivity to bFGF-dependent inhibition of myogenin expression. Transfecting the cells with a plasmid containing myogenin cDNA reversed the inhibition of myogenin transcriptional activation and myosin expression in syndecan-1-transfected cells; however, cell fusion was not observed. These results demonstrate that syndecan-1 expression enhances cell responsiveness to bFGF and inhibits myoblast fusion and suggest that muscle terminal differentiation is regulated by syndecan-1 expression.
Effects of central stimulants and depressants on calcium content of various parts of central nervous system (1955)

The author has examined the effects of central stimulants and depressants on the concentration of calcium in the various parts of the central nervous system of guinea-pigs and has found that Ca is conspicuously concentrated in the mesand the diencephalon at the time of excitation or sleep induced by the medicaments. This high accumulation of Ca is proportional to the degree of excitation or sleep and returns gradually to normalcy along with the recession of such states.
Altered erythrocyte endothelial adherence and membrane phospholipid asymmetry in hereditary hydrocytosis (2003)

The risk for thrombosis is increased in patients with hereditary hydrocytosis, an uncommon variant of hereditary stomatocytosis. Erythrocytes from 2 patients with hydrocytosis were studied to gain insight into the mechanism of thrombosis in this disorder. Erythrocytes demonstrated abnormal osmotic scan ektacytometry and decreased erythrocyte filtration rates. There was also a mild increase in adherence of erythrocytes to endothelial monolayers in a micropipette assay. Adhesion of erythrocytes to the subendothelial matrix proteins thrombospondin and laminin, however, was not significantly increased. Percentages of hydrocytosis erythrocytes and reticulocytes with phosphatidylserine exposed on the outer surfaces were increased in both patients compared with healthy controls, indicating altered membrane phospholipid asymmetry. Increased phosphatidylserine exposure accelerating thrombin-forming processes has been proposed as a mechanism for thrombosis in sickle cell disease and beta-thalassemia and may play a similar role in hereditary hydrocytosis.
Rapid Prototyping Microfluidic Devices Using Polyurethane (2010)

There is frequently a need to rapidly evolve designs for microfluidic structures in a cost effective way, particularly during the research and development phase of product development. Cast polyurethane (PU) is an attractive material for such uses being available with a range of stiffness, from a soft elastomer through to rigid forms. Often the cured form of the PU is post-machinable allowing the designer to introduce additional features to the fluidic structure using laser machining or micro-milling. Features with micron resolution can be easily created in the bulk material with the correct choice of PU and machining method. The rapid prototyping of a microfluidic biodiagnostic device is described providing detail of the processes used to create a complex mold, and the resulting polyurethane devices produced. In particular, a staggered herringbone mixer structure within the device is described along with the resulting evaluation method. Accurate replication was achieved and mixing performance agreed with popular models.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogenation of Organic Oxygenates on Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/SiO2 Catalysts (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Resolution, absolute stereochemistry, and enantiopharmacology of the GluR1-4 and GluR5 antagonist 2-amino-3-[5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl]propionic acid (1999)

The phosphono amino acid, (RS)-2-amino-3-[5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl+ ++]propio nic acid (ATPO), is a structural hybrid between the NMDA antagonist (RS)-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (AP7) and the AMPA and GluR5 agonist, (RS)-2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid (ATPA). ATPO has been resolved into (S)-ATPO and (R)-ATPO using chiral HPLC, and the absolute stereochemistry of the two enantiomers was established by an X-ray crystallographic analysis of (R)-ATPO. (S)-ATPO and (R)-ATPO were characterized pharmacologically using rat brain membrane binding and electrophysiologically using the cortical wedge preparation as well as homo- or heteromeric GluR1-4, GluR5-6, and KA2 receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. (R)-ATPO was essentially inactive as an agonist or antagonist in all test systems. (S)-ATPO was an inhibitor of the binding of [(3)H]AMPA (IC(50) = 16 +/- 1 microM) and of [(3)H]-6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione ([(3)H]CNQX) (IC(50) = 1.8 +/- 0.2 microM), but was inactive in the [(3)H]kainic acid and the [(3)H]-(RS)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid ([(3)H]CPP) binding assays. (S)-ATPO did not show detectable agonist effects at any of the receptors under study, but antagonized AMPA-induced depolarization in the cortical wedge preparation (IC(50) = 15 +/- 1 microM). (S)-ATPO also blocked kainic acid agonist effects at GluR1 (K(i) = 2.0 microM), GluR1+2 (K(i) = 3.6 microM), GluR3 (K(i) = 3.6 microM), GluR4 (K(i) = 6.7 microM), and GluR5 (K(i) = 23 microM), but was inactive at GluR6 and GluR6+KA2. Thus, although ATPO is a structural analog of AP7 neither (S)-ATPO nor (R)-ATPO are recognized by NMDA receptor sites.
Flow cytometry and fluorescence in situ hybridization to detect residual neuroblastoma cells in bone marrow (2005)

Our preliminary results suggest that FCM determination of the percent of CD9+/CD56+/CD45- cells is an effective method of rapidly detecting NB cells in BM.
Differential fructose effect in Pachysolen tannophilus and Pichia stipitis (1989)

The yeasts Pachysolen tannophilus and Pichia stipitis differed in their ability to utilize D-xylose in the presence of D-fructose. When P. tannophilus was grown aerobically in fructose-xylose mixture, the ketohexose was utilized preferentially over the pentose. However, in P. stipitis cultures, the converse was observed. The effect was associated with the ability of D-fructose to repress the induction of xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase activities in P. tannophilus but not in P. stipitis. Both yeasts grew on D-fructose and fermented it to ethanol when it was supplied as the sole carbon source. The results suggest that there may exist some fundamental difference in the regulation of D-fructose metabolism between P. tannophilus and P. stipitis.
Impact of selection for residual feed intake on breeding soundness and reproductive performance of bulls on pasture-based multisire mating1 (2012)

There is concern in the beef industry that selecting bulls for feed efficiency based on residual feed intake (RFI) may have a negative impact on bull reproductive performance and fertility. Here we investigated the impact of selection of bulls for low RFI on breeding soundness evaluation (BSE), reproductive performance, and fertility of bulls under natural service in multisire mating groups on pasture. Of the 412 RFI-tested bulls available, 98 (23.8%) were culled for performance, type, temperament, or other reasons, and 88 (21.4%) were culled for failing BSE, for an overall cull rate of 45.1%. From among the 314 bulls subjected to BSE, 32 (10.2%), 20 (6.4%), and 36 (11.4%) were culled for poor feet and legs, scrotal circumference, and semen quality, respectively. The BSE traits were not different (P > 0.10) between bulls categorized as either inefficient (+RFI) or efficient (-RFI), but the proportion of bulls that failed to meet the 60% minimum sperm motility requirement tended (P = 0.07) to be greater in the -RFI group than in the +RFI group (10.2% vs. 4.4%, respectively). In a subpopulation of 115 bulls, individual progressive sperm motility was greater (P < 0.05) in +RFI (85%) than -RFI (80%) bulls. A multisire natural mating experiment was conducted during 2 consecutive breeding seasons (2006 to 2007 and 2007 to 2008) using 18 +RFI and 18 -RFI bulls. The overall calving rate (calves born/cows exposed) was 72.9%. Mean number of progeny per sire was significantly greater (P < 0.01) in -RFI bulls (18.3) than in +RFI bulls (11.8). Selection for feed efficiency based on RFI appears to have no detrimental impact on reproductive performance and fertility in beef bulls bred in multisire groups on pasture. However, the decreased sperm motility and the greater number of progeny per sire associated with -RFI status need further investigation.
Simultaneous Immunophenotyping and FISH on Fetal Cells from Maternal Blood<sup>a</sup> (1994)

Current methods for the prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders from fetal cells in the maternal circulation are restricted by maternal cell contamination and therefore must rely on the presence of features (such as Y-specific DNA sequences) absent from maternal cells. We have used density gradient centrifugation and magnetic-activated cell sorting to enrich maternal blood samples for fetal nucleated red cells. Mouse monoclonal antibodies for CD45 and CD32 were used to reduce the proportion of leukocytes. Unequivocal identification of fetal cells was achieved using an immunophenotypic test for fetal hemoglobin that allowed the simultaneous application of a diagnostic FISH analysis with chromosome-specific DNA probes. A positive diagnosis of female fetal sex (among other diagnoses) is thus possible even in the presence of an excess of maternal cells. The method, which appears to represent an advance over previous techniques, has considerable application in the development of noninvasive prenatal diagnosis from maternal blood.
Pattern of usage and somatic hypermutation in the V<sub>H</sub>5 gene segments of a patient with asthma: Implications for IgE (1997)

The V(H)5 family contains two functional genes, V5-51 and V(H)32, and appears to be over-represented in IgE antibodies from patients with allergic disease. Previous sequence analysis of V(H)5 gene segments in IgE has revealed a substantial level of somatic hypermutation, with evidence for hotspots. To assess characteristics of V(H)5 gene behavior, V(H)5 gene segments in combination with C mu, C gamma, C alpha, and C epsilon have been amplified from blood B lymphocytes of a patient with atopic asthma. Sequence analysis revealed strong preferential usage of one of the two V(H)5 gene segments (V5-51) by IgM, IgG, and IgA. In contrast, IgE used both genes equally. Levels of somatic mutation were higher following all isotype switches, particularly to IgA. Mutational hotspots were identifiable in all isotypes, leading to several common replacement amino acids. The dominant mutational site in IgM was a common hotspot at Ser31. IgG, IgA, and IgE-derived sequences had mainly common hotspots, with few distinct sites. The results indicate that mutational hotspots are a feature of the V(H)5 gene, are identifiable at an early stage of somatic hypermutation, and are not a unique feature of IgE. Generation of IgE antibodies appears to involve three processes: the preferential use of V(H)5 genes, consistent with superantigen stimulation; the accumulation of somatic mutations in common hotspots, some of which are in complementarity-determining regions (CDR); and the acquisition of non-hotspot mutations in CDR, accounting for approximately 50% of replacement amino acids in these sites, and presumably contributing to affinity maturation.
Leading-Edge Votex-System Details Obtained on F-106B Aircraft Using a Rotating Vapor Screen and Surface Techniques (1993)

A flight research program to study the flow structure and separated-flow origins over an F-106B aircraft wing is described. The flight parameters presented include Mach numbers from 0.26 to 0.81, angles of attack from 8.5 deg to 22.5 deg, Reynolds numbers from 22.6 x 10(exp 6) to 57.3 x 10(exp 6) and load factors from 0.9 to 3.9 times the acceleration due to gravity. Techniques for vapor screens, image enhancement, photogrammetry, and computer graphics are integrated to analyze vortex-flow systems. Emphasis is placed on the development and application of the techniques. The spatial location of vortex cores and their tracks over the wing are derived from the analysis. Multiple vortices are observed and are likely attributed to small surface distortions in the wing leading-edge region. A major thrust is to correlate locations of reattachment lines obtained from the off-surface (vapor-screen) observations with those obtained from on-surface oil-flow patterns and pressure-port data. Applying vapor-screen image data to approximate reattachment lines is experimental, but depending on the angle of attack, the agreement with oil-flow results is generally good. Although surface pressure-port data are limited, the vapor-screen data indicate reattachment point occurrences consistent with the available data.
A multimode interference coupler with low reflections (2005)

A designed 3 dB Multimode Interference (MMI) coupler optimized for low reflections is presented. The MMI is designed, processed and measured. For comparison purposes, MMIs with an original non-optimized layout are included on the same wafer. The measured results from both devices are compared. The results show reflection suppression in the case of the optimized MMI of more than 10 dB. In the same way a design for lx2 3 dB MMI is tested. The measured results also show reduced reflections.
A field study of the industrial modeling process (1998)

This paper analyzes the modeling process by means of a field study in the chemical industries. A diversified set of experienced modelers from two different countries have been interviewed using a case study approach. The interviews focussed on the modeling process. Other issues like life-cycle perspectives and the use of modeling in the process industries were treated as well. The information has been summarized and presented in a structured manner imposing the least possible bias from the authors. Based on the interview information the modeling process is discussed in detail. Further, fundamental research issues are identified, and a research agenda is proposed.
The Neuroscience of Helmholtz and the Theories of Johannes M�ller Part 1: Nerve Cell Structure, Vitalism, and the Nerve Impulse (2002)

Hermann Helmholtz made monumental contributions to the neural sciences in the second half of the nineteenth century. Among his earliest achievements were experiments that challenged vitalism, microscopic studies on the structure of the nerve cell and its processes, and the first reasonable estimates of the speed of nerve transmission based on physiological experiments. In this, the first of a two-part article, we review Helmholtz's early contributions in biographical context and with reference to Johannes Müller's own thoughts. We reveal how Johannes Müller, considered by many to be the greatest physiologist of the first half of the nineteenth century, helped to launch and shape Helmholtz's career. We also show that Helmholtz was only willing to accept some of his mentor's theories, even though he had great admiration for Müller. The point will be made that Helmholtz owed a great debt to Müller, but even from his student days in Berlin he was an independent thinker with his own agenda, and never his strict disciple.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW FURAN AND DIHYDRO‐4‐PYRONE SYNTHESIS VIA DIELS‐ALDER REACTIONS BETWEEN METHYL 2‐(2′‐ACETAMIDO‐4′(1′H)‐PYRIMIDON‐6′‐YL)GLYOXYLATE AND DIETHYL OXOMALONATE AND OXYGENATED 1,3‐DIENES (1976)

Abstract Die Herstellung verschiedener Furan‐ und Dihydropyron‐Derivate über Diels‐Alder‐Reaktionen wird, u.a. unter Einbeziehung früherer bekannter Arbeiten, untersucht.
Dizziness and Vertigo during MRI (2016)

A 33-year-old man participating in a research study underwent MRI in a 7-tesla MRI scanner. On entering the scanner, he had a spinning sensation for 2 minutes. Nystagmus, recorded with infrared goggles and shown in a video, continued for the entire 90-minute scanning period.
eViz : towards an integrated framework for high performance visualization (2005)

Existing Grid visualization systems typically focus on the distribution onto remote machines of some or all of the processes encompassing the visualization pipeline, with the aim of increasing the maximum data size, achievable frame rates or display resolution. Such systems may rely on a particular piece of visualization software, and require that the end users have some degree of knowledge in its use, and in the concepts of the Grid itself. This paper describes an architecture for Grid visualization that abstracts away from the underlying hardware and software, and presents the user with a generic interface to a range of visualization technologies, switching between hardware and software to best meet the requirements of that user. We assess the difficulties involved in creating such a system, such as selecting appropriate visualization pipelines, deciding how to distribute the processing between machines, scheduling jobs using Grid middleware, and creating a flexible abstract description language for visualization. Finally, we describle a prototype implementation of such a system, and consider to what degree it might meet the requirements of real world visualization users.
Inhibitory and Bactericidal Effects of Telithromycin (HMR 3647, RU 56647) and Five Comparative Antibiotics, Used Singly and in Combination, against Vancomycin-Resistant and Vancomycin-Susceptible Enterococci (2001)

The inhibitory and bactericidal effects of telithromycin (HMR 3647, RU 66647) were compared with those of gentamicin, ampicillin, erythromycin, azithromycin and vancomycin against 74 strains of enterococci (34 Enterococcus faecalis and 40 Enterococcus faecium) by agar dilution, broth dilution, time kill assays and postantibiotic effect (PAE). The telithromycin MIC(90) for vancomycin-sensitive (VSE) E. faecalis strains tested using the agar dilution method was 8 microg/ml. For a different group of VSE E. faecalis strains tested using the broth dilution method it was 0.06 microg/ml The telithromycin MIC(90)s for vancomycin-resistant (VRE) and VSE E. faecium strains, determined using the agar dilution method, were 4 and 8 microg/ml, respectively, while for a different set of VRE and VSE E. faecium strains tested using the broth macrodilution method, they were 32 and 16 microg/ml, respectively. Telithromycin MBC(90)s for E. faecalis were 4-6 tubes higher and for E. faecium 3-5 tubes higher, respectively, than the MIC(90)s. In time kill assays, telithromycin had bactericidal activity against only 1 of 7 E. faecium strains; for all other E. faecium and E. faecalis strains, only inhibitory activity was demonstrated. Neither synergy nor drug interference was observed when telithromycin was used in combination with ampicillin, vancomycin or gentamicin. At 10 times the MIC, the PAE of telithromycin against E. faecalis was 2.8 h, while for E. faecium it was 1.6 h. Telithromycin should be evaluated for therapy of enterococcal infections, including those caused by VRE organisms. However, because of the strain-to-strain variability in susceptibility to telithromycin, MIC determinations are important, especially for erythromycin-resistant strains.
<title>Microlaser-based compact optical neuro-processors (Invited Paper)</title> (1992)

This paper reviews the recent progress in the development of holographic neural networks using surface-emitting laser diode arrays (SELDAs). Since the previous work on ultrafast holographic memory readout system and a robust incoherent correlator, progress has been made in several areas: the use of an array of monolithic `neurons' to reconstruct holographic memories; two-dimensional (2-D) wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) for image transmission through a single-mode fiber; and finally, an associative memory using time- division multiplexing (TDM). Experimental demonstrations on these are presented.