gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Natural Gas Salt Cavern Storage Operating Pressure Determination (1997)

Introduction TransGas Limited (TGL) currently owns and operates 24 salt caverns for the storage of natural gas. These storage caverns were developed in an extensive salt bed running through the province of Saskatchewan called the Prairie Evaporite, see figure 1 in the appendix. TransGas was the owner, operator, and user of all our storage caverns until 1988. In 1988 TransGas was split from the provincial crown electric utility and became a separate crown corporation. The new company had two components, a local distribution company (LDC) and a transmission & storage company. Initially the only storage customers were the electric utility and the LDC. In 1990 TransGas started to market our storage services to other customers. This meant increased demand for our storage services. TGL usually produced gas during the winter season and injected gas in the summer months, (one injection/production cycle per year). With the market expansion more frequent cycling of gas in storage was anticipated. The expansion in market also meant maximizing the useable volume of the storage facilities. TransGas traditionally set the minimum cavern operating pressure of our storage caverns at the expected transmission pipeline pressure. The resultant minimum bottomhole pressures were 0.12 to 0.13 psi/ft of depth to the cavern roof. The minimum cavern pressure was rarely reached prior to 1990. The maximum bottomhole cavern pressure was based on the depth to the cavern roof, 0.70 psi/fool. We had experienced some problems with three of our Regina caverns. Roof falls and side wall falls had resulted in the derating of these caverns. We decided the time was right to closely examine the design pressure of our caverns. Specifically we wanted answers to the following questions:Was our minimum design pressure acceptable?Was our maximum design pressure acceptable.Could we lower our minimum design pressure?Could we raise our maximum design pressure?Could we increase the useable volume of our caverns by changing the operating pressures?What impact did cycling have on the caverns. To determine the answers to these questions TransGas hired two consultants to assist with modeling our caverns. The two consultants were Dr. Gabe Fernandez and Murray Forster. Dr Fernandez is a Geotechnical Consultant and professor at University of Illinois Murray Forster is a Geotechnical Consultant in Saskatchewan. Doug Ruse, a local consultant, also reviewed the results of theses studies. This report summarizes the fmdings of these studies. Prairie Evaporite Salt Bed Material Properties Salt is a unique material. Salt's material properties depend on how it is loaded. When salt is loaded at low levels it will creep and deform. This creep and deformation ability is what makes salt "self-healing". Potash mines in Saskatchewan have experienced failure at stress levels well below that indicated by lab analysis. Dr. Malcolm Reeves of the University of Saskatchewan published a paper on "Dynamic brittle-rupture stable creep criteria in evaporite mine design". In his paper Dr. Reeves discusses the effect of stress on strain rate.
Design, fabrication and measurement of integrated Bragg grating optical filters (2001)

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2001.
First-order ray tracing for qP waves in inhomogeneous, weakly anisotropic media (2005)

Abstract We propose approximate ray-tracing equations for qP-waves propagating in smooth, inhomogeneous, weakly anisotropic media. For their derivation, we use perturbation theory, in which deviations of anisotropy from isotropy are considered to be the first-order quantities. The proposed ray-tracing equations and corresponding traveltimes are of the first order. Accuracy of the traveltimes can be increased by calculating a second-order correction along first-order rays. The first-order ray-tracing equations for qP-waves propagating in a general weakly anisotropic medium depend on only 15 weak-anisotropy parameters (generalization of Thomsen's parameters). The equations are thus considerably simpler than the exact ray-tracing equations. For higher-symmetry anisotropic media the equations differ only slightly from equations for isotropic media. They can thus substitute for the traditional isotropic ray tracers used in seismic processing. For vanishing anisotropy, the first-order ray-tracing equations reduce to standard, exact ray-tracing equations for isotropic media. Numerical tests for configuration and models used in seismic prospecting indicate negligible dependence of accuracy of calculated traveltimes on inhomogeneity of the medium. For anisotropy of about 8%, considered in the examples presented, the relative errors of the traveltimes, including the second-order correction, are well under 0.05%; for anisotropy of about 20%, they do not exceed 0.3%.
Causes, Measures, and Effects of Driver Visual Workload (2000)

This chapter reviews the literature related to the causes, measurement, and effects of driver and visual workload. It discusses the performance of the human visual system and its limitations on driving. Experimental methods for the measurement and interpretation of visual behavior are considered. Relevant research that illustrates the workload implications of basic vehicle control, use of conventional instruments, and interaction with advanced driver information systems is highlighted. The need for context-relevant measurement techniques is highlighted for evaluation of workload situations where impairment in visual system may result in greater accident risk.
Operating modes of a self-starting, passively mode-locked fibre ring laser (1992)

We describe the various operating modes of an all-fibre soliton ring laser based on nonlinear polarisation evolution. Under certain conditions the laser exhibits output power bistability with abrupt changes in output power and operating wavelength with pump power variation.
Peroxidase Activity as a Biochemical Marker for Resistance of Muskmelon (<i>Cucumis melo</i>) to<i>Pseudoperonospora cubensis</i> (1992)

Peroxidase activity in uninfected muskmelon plants was used to predict the resistance and susceptibility of 257 plants, including cultivars or breeding lines and crosses of susceptible and resistant plants. When values of peroxidase activity greater than or equal to 30 (changes in absorbance at 470 nm min -1 g -1 fresh weight of leaf tissue) were used, 100% of the resistant plants were detected, whereas at values of less than 30, 89% of the susceptible plants were detected (...)
Reduction in Pancreatic Proteinase After Hypophysectomy (1956)

Proteinase activity was determined in the pancreas of hypophysectomized and nonhypophysectomized rats. Following activiation with enterokinase, pancreatic homogenates were digested with a hemoglobin substrate and activity ascertained colorimetrically in terms of tyrosine released. When calculated on the basis of activity per gram of pancreas, total activity or total activity in relation to body weight, the values were significantly lower in hypophysectomized as contrasted to nonhypophysectomized rats.
Applied heterogeneous catalysis : design, manufacture, use of solid catalysts (1987)

The book opens with a description of the mechanisms and commercial applications of catalysis, and this is followed by a thorough review of catalytic reaction kinetics. Users and manufacturers of catalysts will benefit from the second part of the book, which includes five chapters on selecting catalyst agents, developing and preparing industrial catalysts, measuring catalyst properties, and analysing the physico-chemical characteristics of solid catalyst particles. A final chapter gives process design engineers a practical review of the elements of catalytic reactor design, with emphasis on flow regimes vs. reactor types, heat and mass transfer in reactor beds, single- and multiphase flows, and the effects of thermodynamics and other catalyst properties on the process flow scheme. Six examples are examined: hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane, oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde, selective hydrogenation of pyrolysis gasoline, hydrorefining, tube-oil hydrotreating and catalytic reforming.
The Data Center Network L1 Switch Protocol (2011)

Chuck Thacker et al. have proposed a data center network design using FPGAs to implement the switching infrastructure [2]. Inside each switch, the design uses time slot circuit switching of data cells via a distributed crossbar in the data plane and besteffort forwarding of control messages via a high-speed ring in the control plane. The goal is to produce a system with minimum total complexity. Existing networks are extremely complex, have many different failure modes, and are difficult to scale out to the size of a large data center. The design fits in the context of a data center built in shipping containers. Each container holds a large number of servers and L0 switches, and holds two, top-level L1 switches, called A and B. Cables are run between all the containers to form a complete interconnection graph of the A L1 switches and likewise for the B L1 switches. This paper presents a TLA+ [1] specification of the L1 switch infrastructure.
Experimental Investigation on Femtosecond Laser Ablation of Polycarbonate (2013)

In this paper, experimental investigations on femtosecond laser (pulse duration:164 fs, wavelength:780 nm) micromachining of polycarbonate have been carried out in air. The lateral and vertical machining precision was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and profilometer. The morphological changes were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The ablation mechanism varied with the laser pulse energy was discussed. The diameter and depth of the ablated crated are influenced by the laser pulse energy and the number of laser pulses. The relation between the diameter and ablation depth of the crater and the key parameters of femtosecond laser is obtained. Femtosecond laser micromachining of polycarbonate have a potential application of the fabrication of polycarbonate-based devices.
A new achievable rate region for the interference channel (1981)

A new achievable rate region for the general interference channel which extends previous results is presented and evaluated. The technique used is a generalization of superposition coding to the multivariable case. A detailed computation for the Gaussian channel case clarifies to what extent the new region improves previous ones. The capacity of a class of Gaussian interference channels is also established.
Free-shape subwindow search for object localization (2010)

Object localization in an image is usually handled by searching for an optimal subwindow that tightly covers the object of interest. However, the subwindows considered in previous work are limited to rectangles or other specified, simple shapes. With such specified shapes, no subwindow can cover the object of interest tightly. As a result, the desired subwindow around the object of interest may not be optimal in terms of the localization objective function, and cannot be detected by a subwindow search algorithm. In this paper, we propose a new graph-theoretic approach for object localization by searching for an optimal subwindow without pre-specifying its shape. Instead, we require the resulting subwindow to be well aligned with edge pixels that are detected from the image. This requirement is quantified and integrated into the localization objective function based on the widely-used bag of visual words technique. We show that the ratio-contour graph algorithm can be adapted to find the optimal free-shape subwindow in terms of the new localization objective function. In the experiment, we test the proposed approach on the PASCAL VOC 2006 and VOC 2007 databases for localizing several categories of animals. We find that its performance is better than the previous efficient subwindow search algorithm.
Selective effects of emotion on visual short-term memory consolidation (2010)

An important factor determining visual short-term memory (VSTM) capacity is the efficiency with which people can avoid encoding irrelevant information (Vogel, McCollough, & Machizawa, 2005). We investigated the impact of emotion on VSTM and whether it depends on the degree to which selective attention is required at encoding. In two experiments, emotional distraction — induced via presentations of task-irrelevant emotional versus neutral pictures — impaired VSTM primarily when successful performance entailed the parsing of relevant from irrelevant information. This selective effect emerged even though emotional distractors were presented only after an encoding display had come and gone. In Experiment 1, participants performed a change detection task on three black shapes, which either appeared alone or were accompanied in the pre-change display by three gray non-targets (the post-change display contained only the black shapes). On each trial, the pre-change display appeared for 150-ms, followed by a 900-ms ISI and then the post-change display. On one-third of the trials, an emotional picture appeared briefly during the ISI, and on one-third a neutral picture appeared briefly. An emotion-induced VSTM impairment occurred only when participants had been required to ignore irrelevant non-targets. Experiment 2 controlled for the number of items presented in the two conditions: either two targets and two non-targets appeared in the encoding display or four targets appeared alone. Again, emotional distractors impaired VSTM primarily when non-targets had been present. These emotion-induced effects were strongest when the picture appeared sooner rather than later after the offset of the encoding array; thus, the impact of emotional distractors on VSTM depends both on the degree to which VSTM encoding requires selective attention and on when such distractors appear. The temporal dynamics suggest that emotional distraction may impede the selective discarding of irrelevant items during VSTM consolidation.
Four photon coherent interaction applied to long term stabilization of a femtosecond clock (2003)

Summary form only given. The general objective of this work is to provide a stable and accurate frequency standard affordable in any physics laboratory, using the regular frequency comb provided by a mode-locked laser. The frequency of the tooth m of the comb is given by v/sub m/ = v/sub o/ + m/,/spl tau//sub RT/ where /spl tau//sub RT/ is the round-trip time of the pulse in the laser cavity, and v/sub o/ is the zero-offset frequency of the comb. We have previously demonstrated that both the repetition rate and the zero-offset can be stabilized to a fractional instability in less than 800 ms, limited by the clock used for the RF counters used in that measurement.
Huffman Based Code Generation Algorithms: Data Compression Perspectives (2018)

This article proposes two dynamic Huffman based code generation algorithms, namely Octanary and Hexanary algorithm, for data compression. Faster encoding and decoding process is very important in data compression area. We propose tribit-based (Octanary) and quadbitbased (Hexanary) algorithm and compare the performance with the existing widely used single bit (Binary) and recently introduced dibit (Quaternary) algorithms. The decoding algorithms for the proposed techniques have also been described. After assessing all the results, it is found that the Octanary and the Hexanary techniques perform better than the existing techniques in terms of encoding and decoding speed.
Naturally Occuring Organic Substances as Corrosion Inhibitors for mild steel in acid medium (1997)

Abstract Inhibition of the corrosion of mild steel in H 2 SO 4 by amino acids was studied by measuring the Tafel polarization curves. Nineteen different naturally occuring amino acids were used as corrosion inhibitors. Two‐site adsorption model was proposed to explain the adsorption of some amino acids on the metal surface. At 1 × 10 −4 M concentration of inhibitor, the best corrosion inhibition was obtained with the sulphur‐containing amino acids. Other amino acids gave various corrosion inhibition efficiency depending or their structure.
Extracellular Vesicles Released by Oxidatively Injured or Intact C2C12 Myotubes Promote Distinct Responses Converging toward Myogenesis (2017)

Myogenic differentiation is triggered, among other situations, in response to muscle damage for regenerative purposes. It has been shown that during myogenic differentiation, myotubes release extracellular vesicles (EVs) which participate in the signalling pattern of the microenvironment. Here we investigated whether EVs released by myotubes exposed or not to mild oxidative stress modulate the behaviour of targeted differentiating myoblasts and macrophages to promote myogenesis. We found that EVs released by oxidatively challenged myotubes (H₂O₂-EVs) are characterized by an increased loading of nucleic acids, mainly DNA. In addition, incubation of myoblasts with H₂O₂-EVs resulted in a significant decrease of myotube diameter, myogenin mRNA levels and myosin heavy chain expression along with an upregulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen: these effects collectively lead to an increase of recipient myoblast proliferation. Notably, the EVs from untreated myotubes induced an opposite trend in myoblasts, that is, a slight pro-differentiation effect. Finally, H₂O₂-EVs were capable of eliciting an increased interleukin 6 mRNA expression in RAW264.7 macrophages. Notably, this is the first demonstration that myotubes communicate with surrounding macrophages via EV release. Collectively, the data reported herein suggest that myotubes, depending on their conditions, release EVs carrying differential signals which could contribute to finely and coherently orchestrate the muscle regeneration process.
Antimicrobial Biomaterial on Sutures, Bandages and Face Masks with Potential for Infection Control (2022)

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a challenge for the survival of the human race. The steady rise of resistant microorganisms against the common antimicrobials results in increased morbidity and mortality rates. Iodine and a plethora of plant secondary metabolites inhibit microbial proliferation. Antiseptic iodophors and many phytochemicals are unaffected by AMR. Surgical site and wound infections can be prevented or treated by utilizing such compounds on sutures and bandages. Coating surgical face masks with these antimicrobials can reduce microbial infections and attenuate their burden on the environment by re-use. The facile combination of Aloe Vera Barbadensis Miller (AV), Trans-cinnamic acid (TCA) and Iodine (I2) encapsulated in a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) matrix seems a promising alternative to common antimicrobials. The AV-PVP-TCA-I2 formulation was impregnated into sterile discs, medical gauze bandages, surgical sutures and face masks. Morphology, purity and composition were confirmed by several analytical methods. Antimicrobial activity of AV-PVP-TCA-I2 was investigated by disc diffusion methods against ten microbial strains in comparison to gentamycin and nystatin. AV-PVP-TCA-I2 showed excellent antifungal and strong to intermediate antibacterial activities against most of the selected pathogens, especially in bandages and face masks. The title compound has potential use for prevention or treatment of surgical site and wound infections. Coating disposable face masks with AV-PVP-TCA-I2 may be a sustainable solution for their re-use and waste management.
Role of Adenovirus Antigens in the Induction of Virus Neutralizing Antibody (1968)

SUMMARY Guinea pig antisera were prepared against purified hexon, penton and fibre antigens of adenovirus type 5. Sera reacting specifically with particular antigens as judged by immunodiffusion, complement fixation and haemagglu- tination-inhibition tests were assayed for virus neutralizing capacity. The latter was exerted almost exclusively by anti-hexon sera. Type 5 anti-hexon but not anti-fibre sera neutralized type 1 virus provided the serum virus reaction took place at low pH values. Since the hexon antigens contain the group-specific adenovirus antigen, demonstrable by complement fixation or immunodiffusion, the ability of heterotypic adenovirus rabbit antisera to combine with adenovirus type 5 was assayed. Evidence of such combinations was obtained by the demonstration of virus inactivation following addition of a goat anti-rabbit serum. It was shown that adenovirus type 1 and type 2 antisera combined with type 5 virus. The technique used did not reveal combinations between type 5 virus and antisera against type 3, type 12, type 21, nor against Cox- sackie B. The IgG fractions of rabbit antisera against type 1, type 2 and type 12 were shown to enhance inactivation of type 5 virus+antibody complexes. No enhancement was obtained with type 3 or Coxsackie B, IgG. The results suggest that although the hexon antigens contain common structures the configurational pattern differs among the different virus types.
An Adapted Block Thresholding Method for Omnidirectional Image Denoising (2014)

The problem of image denoising is largely discussed in the literature. It is a fundamental preprocessing task, and an important step in almost all image processing applications. Omnidirectional images offer a large field of view compared to conventional perspectives images, however, they contain important distortions and classical treatments are thus not appropriate for those deformed omnidirectional images. In this study we introduce an adaptation of an adaptation to Stein block thresholding method to omnidirectional images. We will adapt different treatments in order to take into account the nature of omnidirectional images.
Mast Cells and Fibrosis (1987)

The development of staining techniques for histologic sections led to the initial definitive description of mast cells by a medical student named Paul Ehrlich over 100 years ago. Although other investigators, including von Recklinhausen, 1 had previously described granular cells in the connective tissues of unstained tissue sections, the young Ehrlich was the first to recognize a distinct subset of cells containing granules that stained red or violet when treated with a blue basic aniline dye, dahlia. 2 Thus the metachromatic nature of these cytoplasmic granules drew Ehrlich's attention. He believed that cells containing these granules were overfed, and thus he referred to them as Mastzellen (in German, masten = to fatten). Ehrlich published in his doctoral thesis 3 the astute observations that connective tissue mast cells often surrounded nerves, blood vessels, and glandular ducts, and that mast cell numbers were increased in certain sites of inflammation and neoplasia.