gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cooperative Interactions between Flagellin and SopE2 in the Epithelial Interleukin-8 Response to<i>Salmonella enterica</i>Serovar Typhimurium Infection (2004)

Flagellin is an important stimulus for epithelial interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion because of its ability to activate Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5). SopE2, a Salmonella guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), is also involved in intestinal inflammation. To clarify the proinflammatory mechanisms of these proteins, we examined their effects on IL-8 secretion and intracellular signaling in T84 epithelial cells. A Salmonella strain lacking SopE2 (and its homolog SopE) induced lower levels of IL-8 than the wild type and exhibited reduced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Overexpression of wild-type SopE2 in this strain restored MAPK activation and augmented IL-8 production, whereas a mutant lacking GEF activity failed to increase IL-8 expression. Additional effects on signaling were demonstrated in transient transfection experiments, in which SopE2 enhanced the ability of TRAF6, a signal transducer downstream of TLR5, to activate the NF-kappaB transcription factor in 293 cells. Flagellin was also found to be required for IL-8 induction in T84 cells. In its absence, the ability of SopE2 overexpression to increase IL-8 secretion was impaired. Part of this impairment was related to the decreased motility of the flagellin-deficient strain, but lack of flagellin also affected translocation of SopE2 into the infected cells. Our results indicate that flagellin and SopE2 interact functionally at multiple levels to increase IL-8 secretion by epithelial cells-flagellin facilitating the translocation of SopE2, and SopE2 enhancing signaling pathways activated by flagellin. These observations offer a mechanistic explanation for the involvement of these proteins in the pathogenesis of Salmonella-induced gastroenteritis.
A Broad-Band Frequency Divider Using Microwave Varactors (1977)

A novel configuration using GaAs varactors in a balanced circuit configuration incorporating both coplanar waveguide and microstrip elements permits the construction of microwave frequency dividers which have near-octave divide-by-two bandwidth and excellent response to pulsed RF inputs.
How much do you know about the methods for determining onset of asphaltene precipitation? (2016)

One of the major problems in all area of petroleum industry, including production, operation, storage and transportation, is formation of heavy organic compounds, e.g., asphaltene and wax, and their consequent deposition in equipment and pipelines. Change in crude oil composition, temperature and pressure leads to asphaltene precipitation. Thus, it is of vital importance to determine onset of asphaltene precipitation during oil production. In this regard, various techniques have been suggested in literature, each with its own pros and cons. However, from practical point of view, one needs to decide which method serves to be proper one. To this end, present study gives a comprehensive critical review for different techniques serve to determine onset of asphaltene precipitation along with comparing their advantages and disadvantages. Since each method presents its own definition for onset, such as onset of precipitation, clustering and deposition; it is necessary to distinguish their difference based on underlying physical mechanisms. It was concluded that mechanism of asphaltene precipitation for determining onset of asphaltene precipitation plays a substantial role.
Dual Op Amp, LDO Regulator with Power Supply Gain Suppression for CMOS Smart Sensors and Microsystems (2008)

In CMOS smart sensors and microsystems it can be very convenient to integrate both analog and digital circuits in the same chip; since the supply voltage for high-accuracy, high- precision interfaces should be as immune from disturbances as possible, low drop out regulators are often necessary. Here we show a CMOS, dual op amp, fast, low drop out regulator which allows to diminish the power supply gain by orders of magnitude up to very high frequencies.
Dropping the Baton: Specialty Referrals in the United States (2011)

There are breakdowns and inefficiencies in all components of the specialty-referral process. Despite many promising mechanisms to improve the referral process, rigorous evaluations of these improvements are needed.
PREPARATION OF 3,4-METHYLENEDIOXY- AND 3,4-DIMETHOXY-6-AMINOPHENOL (1966)

not available
Monitoring method for axis alignment of single-mode optical fiber and splice-loss estimation (1983)

A new method for core-axis alignment and precise splice-loss estimation for single-mode optical fibers is presented. By using a differential interference contrast microscope, we can achieve core-axis alignment with an offset below 0.3 microm, which results in a butt-joint loss increase of 0.04 dB compared with that obtained by alignment using a conventional optical monitoring method. Furthermore, splice-loss estimation with a precision of 0.05 dB is attained for a low-loss region without using an index-matching liquid.
Targeted Mesoporous Iron Oxide Nanoparticles-Encapsulated Perfluorohexane and a Hydrophobic Drug for Deep Tumor Penetration and Therapy (2015)

A magneto-responsive energy/drug carrier that enhances deep tumor penetration with a porous nano-composite is constructed by using a tumor-targeted lactoferrin (Lf) bio-gate as a cap on mesoporous iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONs). With a large payload of a gas-generated molecule, perfluorohexane (PFH), and a hydrophobic anti-cancer drug, paclitaxel (PTX), Lf-MIONs can simultaneously perform bursting gas generation and on-demand drug release upon high-frequency magnetic field (MF) exposure. Biocompatible PFH was chosen and encapsulated in MIONs due to its favorable phase transition temperature (56 °C) and its hydrophobicity. After a short-duration MF treatment induces heat generation, the local pressure increase via the gasifying of the PFH embedded in MION can substantially rupture the three-dimensional tumor spheroids in vitro as well as enhance drug and carrier penetration. As the MF treatment duration increases, Lf-MIONs entering the tumor spheroids provide an intense heat and burst-like drug release, leading to superior drug delivery and deep tumor thermo-chemo-therapy. With their high efficiency for targeting tumors, Lf-MIONs/PTX-PFH suppressed subcutaneous tumors in 16 days after a single MF exposure. This work presents the first study of using MF-induced PFH gasification as a deep tumor-penetrating agent for drug delivery.
Field Programmable Gate Array for Implementation of Redundant Advanced Digital Feedback Control (2003)

The goal of this effort was to develop a digital motor controller using field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). This is a more rugged approach than a conventional microprocessor digital controller. FPGAs typically have higher radiation (rad) tolerance than both the microprocessor and memory required for a conventional digital controller. Furthermore, FPGAs can typically operate at higher speeds. (While speed is usually not an issue for motor controllers, it can be for other system controllers.) Other than motor power, only a 3.3-V digital power supply was used in the controller; no analog bias supplies were used. Since most of the circuit was implemented in the FPGA, no additional parts were needed other than the power transistors to drive the motor. The benefits that FPGAs provide over conventional designs-lower power and fewer parts-allow for smaller packaging and reduced weight and cost.
Critical role for c‐kit (CD117) in T cell lineage commitment and early thymocyte development <i>in vitro</i> (2006)

The precise roles played by the transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit and its ligand stem cell factor in early T cell development are difficult to study. Using cloned Pax5-deficient progenitor B cells, we show that following Notch signaling, which induces their commitment to the T cell developmental pathway, c-kit expression is rapidly up-regulated at both the transcriptional and cell surface level. Using either an anti-c-kit monoclonal antibody or Gleevec, a pharmacological inhibitor of c-kit signaling, we show that the Notch-induced T cell differentiation of either Pax5-deficient progenitor B cells, or the equivalent cell from the bone marrow of normal mice, is strictly dependent on c-kit signaling, whereas the differentiation of normal progenitors into the B cell lineage is not. Moreover, we show that the Notch and IL-7 signaling-induced proliferation and differentiation of CD44+CD25-c-kit(high) and CD44+CD25+c-kithigh thymocytes along the T cell, but not natural killer cell or macrophage, pathway also requires c-kit signaling, whereas the Notch-induced proliferation and differentiation of CD44-CD25+c-kitint cells along the T cell pathway is independent of c-kit. These results further highlight the complex inter-relationships existing between c-kit, Notch and IL-7 receptor signaling that control the proliferation and differentiation of early T cell progenitors.
Hyperspectral imaging - from laboratory to in-line food sorting (2022)

Perfect quality control of food becomes more and more a matter of course. Foreign materialslike pieces of rocks, insects, plastics, carton etc. have to be identified and sorted out. For many years, near-infrared spectroscopy has been a widely-used analytical offline method for quality inspection for small samples in the food and agriculture industry. Up to now, high-speed automatic sorting machines work usually on the basis of visual inspection, not near-infrared inspection. This article describes how an in-line food sorting system can be developed on the basis of hyperspectral imaging data. We focus on analyzing the vast amount of data to yield minimum band selection with optimal classification results required for an industrial sorter.
Molecular association complex of urea with polyethylene. Morphology of urea-polyethylene complex and polyethylene crystals obtained from the complex (1973)

Abstract We succeeded in preparing the urea-polyethylene complex by the addition of a previously formed urea-paraffin complex in xylene solution of polyethylene at 120°C. This is a substitution reaction in which the guest molecules were changed from paraffin to polyethylene. The reaction mechanism is discussed here. DSC thermal analysis of the urea-polyethylene complex shows that it has a higher melting temperature, 148°C, than either urea and polyethylene. X-ray diffraction measurements show that it has the same hexagonal unit cell dimensions as those of the urea-paraffin complexes. However, scanning electron microscopic observation shows it to have significantly different morphological features from those of the urea-paraffin complexes. The hexagonal prism-like crystal of the urea-polyethylene complex is composed of a number of lamella stacked regularly along the long axis of the crystal. Moreover, it is shown that the polyethylene crystals obtained from the urea-polyethylene complex have morphological features similar to those of the complex.
Chapter VII: Contextualizing Teachers’ Responses to Writing in the College Classroom (1998)

The theme writing in English A is of the most elementary description; but the compositions in this course, over 6,000 in number during each half year, are carefully criticized by the proper instructor and returned by him to the student. They are then rewritten, and often recast. Owing to the number of these exercises and the constant accumulation of fresh papers the rewritten themes are not read by the instructors, except to determine the final grade of a student whose mark is doubtful. The work of criticizing and correcting the English A themes is not inaptly described by certain of the instructors as of a “stupefying” character, to which it is difficult to give more than four hours of intelligent attention per day; and judging by a single set of 450 papas, your Committee is disposed to consider the adjective “stupefying” as a mild term to apply to such work, while four hours per day would seem an excessive time to devote to it.—Report of the Committee on Composition and Rhetoric, Harvard University, 1892. 1
A Study on the Mode of Administration of Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) in Mice (1970)

Administration of purified porcine TRH to mice by intravenous subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intramuscular routes produced a significant release of TSH from the anterior pituitary gland. Subcutaneous administration of TRH in dilute acetic acid or 5% carboxymethylcellulose produced a prompt but somewhat smaller response at 2 h that increased between 2 and 4 h. Subcutaneous injections of TRH emulsified in glycerol and in sesame oil were associated with an approximately 30% decrease in response at 2 h as compared with intravenously administered TRH. TRH emulsified in Freund’s adjuvant and injected subcutaneously was associated with a 62% decrease in response at 2 h followed by marked increase at 4 h. It is suggested that Freund’s adjuvant, glycerol, and sesame oil slow the rate of absorption of TRH from the injection site. Plasma radioactivity levels, after the injection of tritiated TRH, correlate with the patterns of response seen when TRH is followed by bioassay using the same vehicle and mode of administration.
An optical probe for local measurements of fast plasma ion dynamics (1998)

A novel insertable probe for local measurements of equilibrium and fluctuating plasma ion flow velocity and temperature via Doppler spectroscopy is described. Optical radiation is collected by two fused silica fiber optic bundles with perpendicular viewlines. Spatial resolution of about 5 cm is achieved by terminating each view with an optical dump. The collected light is transported by the fiber bundles to a high-resolution spectrometer. Two components of the velocity are measured simultaneously—the radial along the insertion of the probe and a perpendicular component (which can be varied by simply rotating the probe by 90°). The accuracy of the velocity measurements is better than 1 km/s. The probe is armored by a boron nitride enclosure and is inserted into a high temperature plasma to obtain radial profiles of the equilibrium and fluctuating plasma velocity. Initial measurements have been done in Madison Symmetric Torus reversed field pinch.
Avatarculture: Narrative, power and identity in virtual world environments (2001)

Abstract Drawing on the work of Raymond Williams, this paper examines avatar culture through the interplay of emergent and residual forces. A dual process is at work in the formation of cultural identities in which the enabling conditions of virtual worlds are understood alongside and in relation to pre-existing off-line phenomenon. Avatar culture confirms structure for participants, especially in relation to gender and sexuality, whilst at the same time providing a reflexive space to break with pre-existing features of social identity. Virtual environments are thus microcosms of a grounded cultural materiality that is simultaneously improvised on and transformed. With regard to the distinctive aspects of avatar culture the paper focuses on issues of narrative, representation, censorship and power relations and their formation within virtual worlds. It discusses how virtual worlds incrementally acquire a peculiar power and meaning in the lives of participants. The paper discusses the flows of social interaction in virtual environments and how intermittence best describes how users participate and withdraw from different encounters. Avatar culture binds people together temporarily and loosely and then frees them up to relocate themselves elsewhere. In this context, virtual environments might be regarded as putting structure and power into movement. The ethnographic approach adopted helps peel back the residue of social structure to reveal a virtual agency with its emerging shells of avatar-derived affiliations, tensions and conflicts. Keywords: Avatar CultureVirtual EnvironmentsEthnographyCultural IdentityNarrativeResidualEmergent
Transcriptional auxin–brassinosteroid crosstalk: Who's talking? (2007)

The plant hormones auxin and brassinosteroid are both essential regulators of plant growth and known to influence both cell division and cell elongation in various developmental contexts. These physiological effects of auxin and brassinosteroid have been known for many years. Based on observations from external simultaneous application of both hormones to plant tissues, it has been suggested that they act in an interdependent and possibly synergistic manner. Recent work in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana suggests that, at the molecular level, auxin-brassinosteroid synergism manifests itself in the regulation of the expression of common target genes. However, whether this reflects genuine hormone pathway-dependent crosstalk modulation of the transcription machinery or rather indirect effects of hormone action on other cellular activities, such as hormone biosynthesis or the polar transport of auxin, is not entirely clear. This article reviews the evidence for transcriptional crosstalk between auxin and brassinosteroid and its molecular basis.
Avoiding Bias in Calculations of Relative Growth Rate (2002)

In classical growth analysis, relative growth rate (RGR) is calculated as RGR = (ln W2 - ln W1)/(t2 - t1), where W1 and W2 are plant dry weights at times t1 and t2. Since RGR is usually calculated using destructive harvests of several individuals, an obvious approach is to substitute W1 and W2 with sample means W1 and W2. Here we demonstrate that this approach yields a biased estimate of RGR whenever the variance of the natural logarithm-transformed plant weight changes through time. This bias increases with an increase in the variance in RGR, in the length of the interval between harvests, or in sample size. The bias can be avoided by using the formula RGR = (ln W2 - ln W1)/(t2 - t1),where ln W1 and ln W2 are the means of the natural logarithm-transformed plant weights.
Using Isolated Mitochondria from Minimal Quantities of Mouse Skeletal Muscle for High throughput Microplate Respiratory Measurements (2015)

Dysfunctional skeletal muscle mitochondria play a role in altered metabolism observed with aging, obesity and Type II diabetes. Mitochondrial respirometric assays from isolated mitochondrial preparations allow for the assessment of mitochondrial function, as well as determination of the mechanism(s) of action of drugs and proteins that modulate metabolism. Current isolation procedures often require large quantities of tissue to yield high quality mitochondria necessary for respirometric assays. The methods presented herein describe how high quality purified mitochondria (~ 450 µg) can be isolated from minimal quantities (~75-100 mg) of mouse skeletal muscle for use in high throughput respiratory measurements. We determined that our isolation method yields 92.5± 2.0% intact mitochondria by measuring citrate synthase activity spectrophotometrically. In addition, Western blot analysis in isolated mitochondria resulted in the faint expression of the cytosolic protein, GAPDH, and the robust expression of the mitochondrial protein, COXIV. The absence of a prominent GAPDH band in the isolated mitochondria is indicative of little contamination from non-mitochondrial sources during the isolation procedure. Most importantly, the measurement of O2 consumption rate with micro-plate based technology and determining the respiratory control ratio (RCR) for coupled respirometric assays shows highly coupled (RCR; >6 for all assays) and functional mitochondria. In conclusion, the addition of a separate mincing step and significantly reducing motor driven homogenization speed of a previously reported method has allowed the isolation of high quality and purified mitochondria from smaller quantities of mouse skeletal muscle that results in highly coupled mitochondria that respire with high function during microplate based respirometirc assays.
OnabotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of overactive bladder (2014)

OnabotulinumtoxinA injection is a safe and effective treatment for adults with refractory overactive bladder. There is sufficient level 1 evidence to support offering onabotulinumtoxinA injections as a second-line treatment to patients who have failed behavioral therapy and oral medications such as antimuscarinics and β3 agonists. An intradetrusor injection of 100 U of onabotulinumtoxinA is likely the optimal dose to balance risks and benefits, and this is the dose approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Improvement in urgency urinary incontinence episodes, as well as symptom scores and quality of life, were seen in around 60%-65% of patients, and were significantly improved compared with those on placebo. Most studies have reported a duration of symptom relief ranging from 6 to 12 months, with repeat injections being safe and efficacious. Overall, the risk of urinary retention was around 6% across the study populations.
Gestión de casos en las trombosis venosas profundas. Indicadores de calidad integral en una institución hospitalaria (2008)

INTRODUCCION. El proceso medico asistencial es el elemento clave que permite cumplir la mision en una institucion de salud.
La gestion clinica es una forma de involucrar decididamente a los profesionales con el fin de mejorar la utilizacion de los
recursos, orientandolos al paciente y aportando valor agregado tanto para este como para la institucion. Para evaluar la gestion,
sus resultados y su impacto, en la actualidad, solo se mide la calidad percibida, mediante encuestas, cuando deben utilizarse
criterios de eficiencia, eficacia y efectividad. Las enfermedades vasculares en especial la Trombosis Venosa Profunda
constituye una importante patologia, que no es de dificil diagnostico y seguimiento ademas requiere de recursos diagnosticos
y terapeuticos no siempre disponibles, ni uniformemente interpretados. MATERIAL Y METODO. En el presente trabajo se realiza
un estudio retrospectivo, observacional, descriptivo y analitico de los egresados vivos de un ano por esta patologia vascular,
los cuales se agrupan segun los grupos relacionados en el diagnostico (GRD), codigo 128, incluidos todos dentro de la categoria
diagnostico mayor (CDM) � 5 a los que se les aplican criterios, previamente categorizados operacionalmente, de eficiencia,
eficacia y efectividad que nos permiten determinar el comportamiento de la gestion clinica en estas enfermedades
como elementos para identificar oportunidades de mejora en el manejo hospitalario de estos pacientes.
'Too Gay for Facebook' (2018)

Most US social media users engage regularly with multiple platforms. For LGBTQ+ people, this means making self-presentation decisions not just on one platform, but many. These choices are made in the face of sometimes-overlapping platform environments, which can have consequentially different norms, audiences, and affordances. Moreover, many LGBTQ+ users face high stakes in online self-presentation, due to the risk of stigmatization of their LGBTQ+ identity, increasing the importance of self-presentation decisions that enable them to achieve their goals and avoid stigmatization. This combination of environmental complexity and high stakes is not adequately accounted for in existing work on self-presentation, but doing so is important to support and understand the experiences of LGBTQ+ and other potentially stigmatized users. We adopt an ecological approach to an interview and cognitive mapping study of 20 LGBTQ+ social media users. We find that participants employ the platforms, audiences, affordances, and norms within what we call their "personal social media ecosystems" to avoid stigmatization while still allowing for expression of their LGBTQ+ identity and the flexibility to adjust their presentation over time.