gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Information TheoryReprinted with permission from Encyclopaedia Brittanica, 14th edition, 1968 by Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. (2009)

<P>This chapter contains sections titled: <UL> <LI> <P>Central Problems of Communication Theory</P> </LI> <LI> <P>Measurement of Information</P> </LI> <LI> <P>Encoding Information</P> </LI> <LI> <P>Capacity of a Channel</P> </LI> <LI> <P>Band-limited Channels</P> </LI> <LI> <P>Filtering and Prediction Problem</P> </LI> <LI> <P>Cryptography, Linguistics and Other Applications</P> </LI> <LI> <P>Bibliography</P> </LI> </UL> </P>
Device for the Measurement of Acoustic Impedance in Air (1969)

The device described here basically measures the radiation impedance of a thin circular membrane. The membrane is excited by a push-pull electrostatic drive, and its velocity is determined by a carrier capacitance measurement method. The force applied divides between the air on both sides and the membrane itself. One side is terminated in a reflectionless chamber, and the unknown is presented to the other side. The ratio of potentials proportional to force and velocity give total impedance from which the unknown can be determined. When pressure is measured by a microphone, specific impedance is measured and compensation for the membrane and terminated side is not necessary. However, the separation of the membrane and microphone results in a phase error. The characteristics and limitations of the device are presented and some measurements given. Some application to room acoustics and sound-reproducing systems are suggested. [Supported in part by the Office of Naval Research.]
Total Pancreatic Duct Ligation (1961)

Experimental as well as clinical studies have demonstrated an interrelationship between the pancreas and gastric secretion. Dragstedt in 1942 reported that 100% of dogs with external total pancreatic fistulae developed duodenal ulcer, whereas dogs in whom the pancreatic ducts had been ligated had only a 33% incidence. 1 Previous experimental work in our laboratory demonstrated a marked increase in gastric secretory output after construction of total external pancreatic fistulae. 2 Clinically, instances of recurrent peptic ulceration associated with islet cell tumors of the pancreas are known. 3,4 The purpose of the present experiments is to determine quantitatively the effect of total pancreatic duct ligation on gastric secretory output in previously controlled Heidenhain pouch dogs. Initially, these experiments were conducted in animals whose gastric antrums were in normal continuity. Subsequent studies were done in antrectomized Heidenhain pouch dogs in order to determine whether or not the gastric antrum is a factor
Selection and results of antiplatelet therapy in the prevention of stroke and myocardial infarction (1981)

Four antiplatelet drugs have been evaluated in cerebrovascular disease and in coronary heart disease--dipyridamole, clofibrate, sulfinpyrazone, and aspirin. There is no evidence that dipyridamole or clofibrate is beneficial in patients with stroke or myocardial infarction. Aspirin is effective in reducing stroke and death in patients with transient cerebral ischemia. Although aspirin has not been reported to significantly (statistically) reduce mortality or frequency of ischemic events in patients with acute myocardial infarction, five of six randomized trials showed a similar favorable trend. Sulfinpyrazone seems to be ineffective in the treatment of transient cerebral ischemia, but there is evidence that it decreases the incidence of sudden death in patients with myocardial infarction. In patients with prosthetic heart valves, the combined use of aspirin or dipyridamole with an oral anticoagulant is more effective in preventing systemic embolism than an oral anticoagulant alone.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbene Rearrangements Unsurpassed: Details of the C7H6 Potential Energy Surface Revealed. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Afterglow and Quantum Tunneling in Ce-Doped Lutetium Aluminum Garnet (2018)

We study the presence of quantum tunneling between the Ce <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3+</sup> activator and host traps in lutetium aluminum garnet (LuAG). We monitor the afterglow of several Ce <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3+</sup> (Mg <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2+</sup> )-doped LuAG samples in crystal and powder forms. The experiment is performed in the extended temperature range of 77-400 K. An inverse power-law function is fit to the data. A power-law exponent close to 1 confirms that the signal observed up to temperatures around 200-250 K is due to quantum tunneling between the Ce activators and traps.
Efficient Compensation of RF Impairments for OFDM Systems (2009)

OFDM based systems are very sensitive to radio frequency (RF) impairments such as in-phase/quadrature-phase (IQ) imbalance and carrier frequency offset (CFO). In this paper, a generally applicable joint transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) RF impairment compensation scheme is proposed. It is composed of a time domain equalizer (TEQ) and two frequency domain equalizers (FEQ). The TEQ utilizes the short training symbols (STS) to estimate and compensate the frequency selective Rx IQ imbalance along with the CFO. The two FEQs then work on the specially induced phase rotated long training symbols (LTS) in order to compensate the remaining Tx or the combined Tx and Rx IQ imbalance along with the channel. A frequency-domain smoothing technique is also utilized in order to further speed up the convergence of the equalizers. The resulting cascade of equalizers provide an efficient compensation scheme in terms of both computational complexity as well as faster convergence.
Quality assurance of pathology in clinical trials: The national surgical adjuvant breast and bowel project experience (1994)

Large cooperative clinical trials such as those conducted by the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) require measures for assurance of quality and consistency of their pathologic findings. The NSABP experience indicates that these issues may in large part be resolved by a central or headquarters review of pathologic materials submitted by institutional pathologists. This cooperation is implicit with participation in NSABP protocols, and its importance is emphasized at annual NSABP meetings. Assessments of gross characteristics of tumors and total number of lymph nodes and number with metastases used in analyses are performed by institutional pathologists and may be confirmed if necessary from routine surgical pathology reports or special D-1 forms submitted to the central pathology headquarters. The microscopic assessments by headquarters pathologists are performed without knowledge of clinical events and require preliminary training. The requirement of preliminary training emphasizes use of established criteria for the many qualitative and quantitative evaluations required. In some studies there may be as many as 35 quantitative evaluations. Agreement of findings of at least 90% with other experienced members of the pathology center or on subsequent individual re-review is required before an individual's assessments are accepted for analyses. Studies performed with limited pathologic material require assurance that members of the test cohort exhibit similar pathologic and clinical characteristics with those excluded from participation. Those performed without microscopic sections require confirmation that the material used contains adequate viable tumor tissue. This algorithm has resulted in a consistent demonstration of pathologic characteristics that affect diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of patients with breast cancer.
An amplification-free ultra-sensitive electrochemical CRISPR/Cas biosensor for drug-resistant bacteria detection (2021)

Continued development of high-performance and cost-effective <i>in vitro</i> diagnostic tools is vital for improving infectious disease treatment and transmission control. For nucleic acid diagnostics, moving beyond enzyme-mediated amplification assays will be critical in reducing the time and complexity of diagnostic technologies. Further, an emerging area of threat, in which <i>in vitro</i> diagnostics will play an increasingly important role, is antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacterial infections. Herein, we present an amplification-free electrochemical CRISPR/Cas biosensor utilizing silver metallization (termed E-Si-CRISPR) to detect methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA). Using a custom-designed guide RNA (gRNA) targeting the <i>mecA</i> gene of MRSA, the Cas12a enzyme allows highly sensitive and specific detection when employed with silver metallization and square wave voltammetry (SWV). Our biosensor exhibits excellent analytical performance, with detection and quantitation limits of 3.5 and 10 fM, respectively, and linearity over five orders of magnitude (from 10 fM to 0.1 nM). Importantly, we observe no degradation in performance when moving from buffer to human serum samples, and achieve excellent selectivity for MRSA in human serum in the presence of other common bacteria. The E-Si-CRISPR method shows significant promise as an ultrasensitive field-deployable device for nucleic acid-based diagnostics, without requiring nucleic acid amplification. Finally, adjustment to a different disease target can be achieved by simple modification of the gRNA protospacer.
Localization of 5-lipoxygenase to the nucleus of unstimulated rat basophilic leukemia cells. (1994)

Arachidonate metabolism by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) coincides with the translocation of the enzyme from a soluble to a pelletable fraction in thoroughly disrupted granulocytic cells. While immunoelectron microscopy has identified the nuclear membrane as the site at which 5-LO, as well as 5-LO activating protein (FLAP), are localized in activated cells, the locale of soluble 5-LO in unstimulated cells could not be established by this technique. We asked whether the nucleus might also be the site for soluble 5-LO in unstimulated cells, and utilized rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells as model granulocytic cells to address this question. Using three different techniques to disrupt cells while leaving nuclei intact (mild nitrogen cavitation, Dounce homogenization, and detergent lysis), immunoblot analysis indicated abundant 5-LO in isolated nuclei. Within purified nuclei, 5-LO existed in two pools: a soluble pool that was readily released upon nuclear disruption and a bound pool that was not removed by 300 mM NaCl treatment. In all cases, 5-LO was also found in cytosolic and non-nuclear membrane fractions. Indirect immunofluorescent microscopy confirmed the presence of abundant 5-LO within the nucleus with minimal extranuclear signal in most cells. However, a minority of cells, characterized by condensed chromatin, showed no nuclear-associated staining with increased cytoplasmic staining for 5-LO. This suggested that some of the cytosolic 5-LO found by cell fractionation resulted from these dividing cells. When the contribution from dividing cells was minimized, either by overnight serum deprivation or by isolating cytoplasts of nucleus-containing cells, 5-LO was prominent in the nuclear fraction but negligible in the cytosolic fraction. In contrast to this distribution in RBL cells, 5-LO in unstimulated human neutrophils was predominantly cytosolic, by both immunoblot and immunofluorescence analyses. In both RBL cells and human neutrophils, FLAP was localized at the nuclear membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum. These data provide the first evidence for the localization of 5-LO in unstimulated granulocytic cells. The finding that a substantial proportion of enzyme is localized within the nucleus of unstimulated RBL cells suggests potentially novel roles for 5-LO or its products within the nucleus.
ON THE HARDNESS OF APPROXIMATING MULTICUT AND SPARSEST-CUT (2006)

We show that the Multicut, Sparsest-Cut, and Min-2CNF ≡ Deletion problems are NP-hard to approximate within every constant factor, assuming the Unique Games Conjecture of Khot (2002). A quantitatively stronger version of the conjecture implies an inapproximability factor of $$\Omega(\sqrt{\log \log n}).$$
Blood Product Acquired HIV Infection in Children (1988)

The medical community needs to ensure safety of blood and blood products. Blood bankers have instituted rigid criteria for exclusion of potential donors in high risk categories. Institution of HIV testing would appear to make blood products safer although the complete elimination of HIV contaminated blood and blood products may not be possible. The ELISA test is excellent for screening but misses approximately 1 in 200 (0.5%) HIV infected donors. Donor-screened, heat-treated factor VIII products appear to be quite effective in protecting the hemophilia population. However, we must continue to search for methodologies and techniques which will further guarantee blood product safety. The following methodologies have been suggested and warrant strong consideration: Vigilance in exclusion of potential high risk donors. Newer methodologies for retrovirus screening including the use of other surrogate markers. Institution of screening for HTLV-I and other retroviruses with attention to population surveillance for newer agents. Institution of cleaner methods of extracting specific blood components by monoclonal antibody techniques and DNA methodologies. For hemophiliacs, development of recombinant DNA products which by-pass the need for plasma derived clotting factors. It is predicted that such products should become available for use in about two years. In the interim, all clotting factors used should be donor-screened and virus-inactivated (by heat treatment, detergent washing and/or other newer methodologies). For the blood recipient, programs allowing for self donation prior to elective surgery and designated donors should be implemented. Although such programs may be logistically difficult, they should be given high priority.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hepatic Arterial Injuries in 3110 Patients Following Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage (2011)

Hepatic arterial injury is a relatively rare complication of PTBD. Because left-sided PTBD is the only independent risk factor associated with hepatic arterial injury, right-sided PTBD is preferable unless technical difficulty or secondary intervention necessitates left-sided PTBD. Moreover, transcatheter arterial embolization is a safe and effective method for treating hepatic arterial injury following PTBD.
Electronic structure calculations of physisorption and chemisorption on oxide glass surfaces (2005)

A description of the physisorption and subsequent chemisorption of water on silica glass surfaces is presented that combines electronic structure calculations with classical molecular dynamics simulations. The method associates the strength of the physisorption sites with the gradient of the electrostatic potential, and the chemical reactivity with the chemical hardness of the surface. The physisorption results are compared with those of more classical physisorption energy mappings, and to ab initio calculations of water molecules physisorbing at specific sites. The chemisorption reactivity index is compared with calculated chemisorption energy barriers. The techniques are applied to two types of silica glass surfaces: a fracture surface with high energy coordination defects and a low energy defect-free ``melt surface.'' The mappings show that the strongest sites for physisorption are network coordination defects, but that a high physisorption energy is not necessarily an indicator of a reactive site. The physisorption and chemisorption mappings were converted to energy distributions and reactivity distributions for a direct comparison between the melt and fracture surfaces. Altogether, this approach combines the efficiency of classical molecular dynamics for structural determinations, with the chemical degrees of freedom provided by electronic structure calculations, to yield a semiquantitative map of chemical reactivity across a surface.
Urinary Fibrin/Fibrinogen Degradation Products (FDP) in Renal Diseases and during Thrombolytic Therapy (1973)

Using gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and the immunochemical method of Bouma et al., the urinary FDP in uraemia and after renal transplantation were found to be mainly of high molecular weight type. Their concentration did not vary with the urinary concentration of lysozyme or albumin. The findings suggest that the urinary FDP are not the results of glomerular filtration or further degradation in the lower urinary tract of filtered fibrinogen. The urine from patients receiving thrombolytic therapy contained low molecular weight products. They were thought to result from an overloading of the tubular reabsorption mechanism.
Nonlinear dynamics of dual frequency capacitive discharges: a global model matched to an experiment (2008)

The dynamics of dual frequency capacitively coupled plasmas (2f-CCPs) is investigated using an approach that integrates theoretical insight and experimental data. Basis of the analysis is a recently published model which casts the high-frequency behavior of asymmetric 2f-CCPs in terms of a nonlinear second-order differential equation, or equivalently, a lumped element equivalent circuit (Mussenbrock et al 2006 Phys. Plasmas 13 083501). The model comprises a nonlinear capacitor (the electrode boundary sheath), a lossy inductance (electron inertia and Ohmic losses in the bulk), a blocking capacitor and two ideal voltage sources in series (the 2f excitation). In contrast to Mussenbrock et al (2006 Phys. Plasmas 13 083501) which conducted a general parameter study, the current work bases the choice of its model parameters on the data obtained by an actual 2f-CCP experiment conducted by Semmler et al (2007 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 16 839, and 2008 private communication). A good quantitative correspondence is obtained. The analysis shows that the system is governed by a nonlinear interaction of the applied RF with the inner dynamics of the discharge, particularly with the collective oscillation mode known as the plasma series resonance (PSR). With respect to the power dissipation, two distinct paths can be identified which contribute in approximately equal parts. The first path is non-resonant and corresponds to the traditional picture of 2f-CCPs; the second path is resonant and identical with the mechanism of nonlinear electron resonance heating (NERH) proposed by Mussenbrock et al (2006 Phys. Plasmas 13 083501, 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 151503). The results change the understanding of 2f-CCPs considerably.
Reliability analysis with VMEA of a rack and pinion mechanism in a wave energy gravity accumulator (2018)

The method Variation and Mode Effect Analysis (VMEA) is successfully implemented for the AGMA based gear design of the rack pinion mechanism. The rack and pinion is a feature in Ocean Harvesting Technologies (OHT) gravity accumulator device. The purpose of it is to make the electrical power output to the grid more uniform. This is a novel technology where previous experience in designing is absent. The VMEA method is there for useful for incorporating all known uncertainties to estimate the uncertainty and reliability of the technology. This allows for adequate safety factors to be set so the desired reliability can be achieved. The uncertainty and reliability analysis is performed for different OHT designs and methods where the reliability is calculated. This calculation can be used as basis for further analysis when more design details are determined and modifications are made, thus allowing for more optimized and reliable design to be made.
Bronchitis in a Child, Alternating with Dysentery — Prolapsus and (1849)

who think differently, may, perhaps, require that vessels arriving from places in which the disease exists, should bo subjeet to the visitation of the health officer, and lo the removal of any cholera patients, and their effects, either to Deer Island, or to any other similarly insulated place provided for their reception.» Finally, it is obvious that most benefit is to be expected by all, from a steady and judicious precaution, which shall not be characterized by supineness on the one hand, nor by any panic and agitation on the other.Should the disease appear on this Continent, it is very probable that it may visit this city in its progress.But we trust that the compara- tive salubrity of our soil, the comfortable condition and temperate habits of a great majority of our population, and the history of our former ex- perience with cholera, may justify a confident hope, that, if the disease should again appear in our city, the annual aggregate of mortality may not be greatly increased by its presence.
Mutations which affect the structure and activity of colicin E3 (1980)

Among 69 ColE3 mutant plasmids selected on the basis of their inability to produce an active colicin, seven (cop-1 to cop-7) were found to bear a mutation affecting the structural gene for colicin. Three of these (cop-1, cop-2 and cop-3) lead to the production of an inactive colicin molecule which has the same molecular weight as wild-type colicin E3 (67,000). These three inactive colicins are still able to interact with the outer membrane receptor. The cop-1 protein retained the ability to inhibit protein synthesis in vitro and therefore seems specifically affected in it ability to penetrate the cell envelope. The cop-2 and cop-3 proteins lost the ability to inhibit protein synthesis in vitro, and activity which is normally associated with the C-terminal part of the colicin molecule. On the basis of this and further evidence, it is suggested that the cop-2 and cop-3 mutations affect the structure of the C-terminal part of the colicin molecule. The other four mutations (cop-4 to cop-7) lead to the production of colicin-related polypeptides of lower molecular weight (29,000 to 45,000) which display a reaction of partial immunological identity with wild-type colicin. These four polypeptides are unable to interact with the cell surface receptor. Three of these mutants are shown to carry a nonsense mutation.
Synthesis and spectroscopy of an oligophenyl based cruciform with remarkable π–π assisted folding (2005)

A facile route has been developed for the preparation of a new family of oligophenyls based on a 2,5,2',5'-tetra-aryl substituted biphenyl structural motif. The cruciform terphenyl dimer 2,5,2',5'-tetra(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl () has been prepared in a two step protocol as a representative of this interesting class of materials. The thermal behaviour of the cruciform was analysed by DSC and shows that forms an amorphous glass when cooled from the isotropic melt. Subsequent heating reveals a glass transition temperature at 130 degrees C. X-Ray single crystal structure analysis of 2,2'-bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl () and shows that both these molecules with a quater-phenyl substructure adopt a folded solid-state structure. Examining the (1)H NMR spectra of and reveals that the interactions that induce this folding in the solid-state are sufficiently strong to bias foldamer formation also in solution. Consequently, it is reasonable to assume that the folded conformation within the lattice is due to intramolecular pi-pi interaction rather than being imposed by crystal packing. The optical properties of the cruciform terphenyl dimer are discussed relative to the linear analogue 1,4-bis(4-tert-butylterphenyl)benzene ().