gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Distinct Functions for Arf Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors at the Golgi Complex: GBF1 and BIGs Are Required for Assembly and Maintenance of the Golgi Stack and<i>trans</i>-Golgi Network, Respectively (2007)

We examined the relative function of the two classes of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for ADP-ribosylation factors that regulate recruitment of coat proteins on the Golgi complex. Complementary overexpression and RNA-based knockdown approaches established that GBF1 regulates COPI recruitment on cis-Golgi compartments, whereas BIGs appear specialized for adaptor proteins on the trans-Golgi. Knockdown of GBF1 and/or COPI did not prevent export of VSVGtsO45 from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but caused its accumulation into peripheral vesiculotubular clusters. In contrast, knockdown of BIG1 and BIG2 caused loss of clathrin adaptor proteins and redistribution of several TGN markers, but had no impact on COPI and several Golgi markers. Surprisingly, brefeldin A-inhibited guanine nucleotide exchange factors (BIGs) knockdown prevented neither traffic of VSVGtsO45 to the plasma membrane nor assembly of a polarized Golgi stack. Our observations indicate that COPII is the only coat required for sorting and export from the ER exit sites, whereas GBF1 but not BIGs, is required for COPI recruitment, Golgi subcompartmentalization, and cargo progression to the cell surface.
Hormesis: A Generalizable and Unifying Hypothesis (2001)

The present article represents a comprehensive effort to assess the hypothesis that hormesis is a highly generalizable biological phenomenon independent of environmental stressor, biological endpoint, and experimental model system. The evaluative methodology and complementary approaches employed to assess this question are (1) evolutionary biology-based theoretical paradigm; (2) evaluation of > 20,000 toxicology articles using a priori entry and evaluative criteria; (3) evaluation of 17 large-scale studies each providing data on numerous agents tested in the same experimental model by the same research team; (4) the assimilation of experimental pharmacological data on 24 receptor systems in which biphasic dose responses have been established reproducibly along with hormetic mechanism elucidation; and (5) assessment of the original hormesis database with 1600 dose-response relationships demonstrating evidence consistent with the hormesis hypothesis. The complementary approaches for assessing hormesis provided strong support for its credibility as a central biological theory based on its high frequency of occurrence and quantitative features of expression within microbe, plant, and invertebrate and vertebrate animal systems. The findings suggest that hormetic effects represent evolutionary-based adaptive responses to environmentally induced disruptions in homeostasis. Such adaptive responses, which are incorporated into organismal integrative physiological systems and now clarified at the mechanistic level for more than two dozen receptor systems, provide a cogent basis for the application of hormetic mechanisms in the elucidation of fundamental evolutionary-based biological processes and in the development of novel clinical modalities.
The Proposed Products Liability Restatement: A Misguided Revision (1993)

Section 99 states in relevant part that "in strict liability... the product must be defective in the kind of way that subjects persons or tangible property to an unreasonable risk of harm."Id.Furthermore, 99 states that: a product is defective as marketed... for any of the following reasons:(1) a flaw in the product that was present in the product at the time the defendant sold it;(2) a failure by the producer or assembler of a product adequately to warn of a risk or hazard related to the way the product was designed; or (3) a defective design. Id.2. See KEErON Er AL., supra note 1, at 695.Section 99 defines the term "manufacturing defect" as a "flaw that is created in the construction or marketing processes [which] makes the product unreasonably dangerous as a matter of law since it causes the product to be more dangerous than it was designed to be." Id.See also Delzotti v. LaFrance, 179 A.D.2d 497, 579 N.Y.S.2d 33 (lst Dep't 1992).In DeIzotti, plaintiff Firefighter, who was injured "when a folding step on a fire truck gave way, causing him to fall," sued manufacturer of fire truck, claiming that his injuries were caused by manufacturing defect which occurred due to 'metallurgical deficiencies.'Id. at 497, 579 N.Y.S.2d at 33-34. 3.See KEErON ET AL., supra note 1, at 698.According to 99, the courts use two different approaches when deciding whether a particular design is hazardous to the point of making the product "unreasonably dangerous.
Anti-Lipid-Peroxidative Principles from <i>Tournefortia </i><i>s</i><i>armentosa</i> (2002)

Using the inhibition of Cu(2+)-induced low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) peroxidation to direct fractionation, four new benzenoids, tournefolal (1), tournefolic acids A (2) and B (3), and B ethyl ester (4), together with salvianolic acid A (5), isosalvianolic acid C (6), lithospermic acid (7), salvianolic acid F (8), and rosmarinic acid (9), were isolated from the stems of Tournefortia sarmentosa. The structures of the new compounds 1-4 were elucidated on the basis of spectral and chemical methods. Furthermore, the anti-LDL-peroxidative activity of the isolated compounds was determined. All isolated compounds exhibited more potent activity than probucol except for salvianolic acid F (8).
Synthesis and properties of new poly(ether imides) based on pyridine‐containing aromatic dianhydride and diamine monomers (2009)

Abstract A series of novel aromatic poly(ether imides) with inherent viscosities of 0.48–0.70 dL/g and weight‐average molecular weights of 18,800–40,500 g/mol were successfully prepared from two dianhydride and two diamine monomers containing pyridine moiety via both two‐step method and one‐step method. Comparison of the one‐step and the two‐step methods for the preparation of poly(ether imides) was carried out and shown that poly (ether imides) obtained via one‐step method exhibited higher molecular weights than the similar polymers prepared through two‐step process. Poly(ether imide) resins obtained via both one‐step and two‐step methods with subsequent chemical dehydration showed good solubility not only in high boiling point solvents but also in low boiling point solvents. High‐quality poly(ether imide) films could be obtained via the two‐step method with subsequent thermal imidization, which exhibited excellent thermal properties with glass transition temperatures of 239–278°C, initial decomposition temperatures of 540–574°C, residual weight percent at 800°C of 64.5–69.3% under nitrogen, good thermo‐oxidative stability with initial decomposition temperatures of 521–544°C, residual weight percent at 800°C of 33.6–51.1% under air atmosphere, outstanding mechanical properties with tensile strengths in the range of 104.6–109.4 MPa, tensile modulus in the range of 1.92–2.58 GPa, and elongation at break from 6.9 to 8.0%, as well as good transparency with cutoff wavelengths of 386–392 nm and low dielectric constants of 2.80–2.92 at 1 MHz. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Developmental function of Elf-1: an essential transcription factor during embryogenesis in Drosophila. (1991)

The Drosophila transcription factor Elf-1 binds to a cis-acting element that is essential for neuronal expression of the Dopa decarboxylase gene (Ddc). Elf-1 also stimulates transcription from the Ddc and Ultrabithorax promoters in vitro. To investigate the function of this factor in vivo we have screened for mutations and identified the Elf-1 gene as grainyhead (grh), a previously known embryonic lethal locus. Elf-1/grh mutations cause late embryonic lethality accompanied by multiple defects in the cuticle and head skeleton. Using Ddc-lacZ gene fusions, we show that these mutations affect Ddc expression in the embryo. Surprisingly, however, epidermal expression is disrupted, whereas neuronal expression remains unaffected. Analysis of the mutant phenotype indicates that Elf-1 coordinately regulates multiple genes involved in the differentiation of epidermal structures. The results highlight the importance of genetic analysis in the study of proteins required for developmental regulation of gene expression.
A Technique to Evaluate the Bonding Reactivity of Thermosetting Adhesives (1989)

Abstract The rate at which thermosetting adhesive bonds develop strength critically effects the economic viability of many manufacturing processes. Bonds between the constituents of laminated and particulate panel products, overlays, and moldings must, for example, attain a certain minimum strength before the hot press used in their manufacture may be opened. A technique is reported that will prove useful to adhesive technologists endeavoring to develop resins with reactivities tailored to the specific conditions occurring within products during their manufacture. With the technique, many small lap-shear bonds pressed under controlled conditions of temperature and load are pulled after a range of curing times for measurement of their accumulated shear strength. This enables a family of shear-strength development curves to be constructed for a range of nearly constant temperature conditions. The effect of temperature on the bonding kinetics of the adhesive-adherend combination may thereby be evaluated. The technique lends itself to standardization for use in commercial laboratories, requiring much simpler sample preparation and apparatus than previously reported methods in which bonds are tested in tension perpendicular to the glueline. Wood adherends and a liquid phenol formaldehyde adhesive are used in a candidate system demonstrating the technique.
Match correction and linearity effects on wide-bandwidth modulated AM-AM and AM-PM measurements (2016)

Wider-bandwidth and higher carrier frequency distortion measurements are of increasing importance and some of the uncertainty issues and correction effects can be enhanced relative to lower/narrower frequency tests. For assurance and completeness reasons, the desire to perform these tests while modulated has increased as well. Classical AM/AM and AM/PM modulated measurements can introduce errors exceeding 1 dB/5 deg with common device/instrument parameters by ignoring match effects on the basic measurement and that is before power delivery questions are asked. Instrument linearity, although less correctable, can also play a more significant role, particularly in mm-wave bands. By correcting where possible and using a sufficiently robust measuring receiver, relative uncertainties on the scale of tenths of a dB/few degrees to mm-wave frequencies seems possible with absolute parameter uncertainties being more driven by absolute power accuracy.
Combination of hTERT Knockdown and IFN-γ Treatment Inhibited Angiogenesis and Tumor Progression in Glioblastoma (2009)

Our study showed that the combination of hTERT siRNA and IFN-gamma effectively inhibited angiogenesis and tumor progression through the downregulation of molecules involved in these processes. Therefore, the combination of hTERT siRNA and IFN-gamma is a promising therapeutic strategy for controlling the growth of human glioblastoma.
WO<sub>3</sub>nanobelt doped PEDOT:PSS layers for efficient hole-injection in quantum dot light-emitting diodes (2017)

A conventional red QLED device achieved a satisfactory enhancement in maximum EQE from 5.86% (pristine PEDOT:PSS) to 10.60% after doping WO<sub>3</sub>nanobelts into PEDOT:PSS as an efficient hole-injecting layer.
Progress in the Development of Bestatin Analogues as Aminopeptidases Inhibitors (2011)

Aminopeptidases play essential roles in protein maturation, activation, and stability as well as in the degradation and regulation of hormonal and nonhormonal peptides that can serve as important enzyme targets for drug design. This review will focus on an effective inhibitor of aminopeptidases, bestatin, including work to find better inhibitors in the past three decades that has sought to optimize bestatin and prospective developments in bestatin optimization in the future.
Low-dimensional systems: quantum size effects and electronic properties of semiconductor microcrystallites (zero-dimensional systems) and some quasi-two-dimensional systems (1993)

Abstract This review is concerned with quantum confinement effects in low-dimensional semiconductor systems. The emphasis is on the optical properties, including luminescence, of nanometre-sized microcrystallites, also referred to as zerodimensional systems. There is some discussion on certain of the two-dimensional systems, such as thin films and layer structures. The increase in energy of excitation peaks (blue shift) as the radius R of a microcrystallite is reduced is treated theoretically, and experimental data when they are available are used to assess the reliability of the different models that have been used. These experiments normally make use of microcrystallites dispersed in a large-bandgap matrix such as glass, rocksalt, polymers, zeolites or liquids. Exciton binding energies E b are larger than for bulk semiconductors, and oscillator strengths are higher for the microcrystallites. The regimes of direct interest are as follows. Firstly there is the so-called weak-confinement regime where R is greater than the bulk exciton Bohr radius a B. Experimentally, semiconductors such as CuCl with a B ≈ 7 Å, are suitable for study in this case. Secondly there is the moderate-confinement regime, where R ≈ a B, and a h < R < a h, a h and a e being the hole and electron Bohr radii respectively. Finally there is the strong-confinement regime, with R < a B, and R < a h, a e. For this case we are concerned with a ladder of discrete energy levels, as in molecular systems, rather than energy bands. The electrons and holes are treated as independent particles, and for excited states we refer to electron-hole pairs rather than excitons. Suitable materials for investigation in this regime are the II–VI semiconductors, and also GaAs and Ge, for which a B is relatively large. Although a number of different theoretical models have been used, none can be described as completely first-principles calculations, and there is room for improvement on this aspect. However, useful expressions have been developed by Brus and by Lippens and Lannoo, giving the energy of excited states as a function of R, in terms of the bulk energy gap, kinetic energy, Coulomb energy and correlation energy. Other phenomena discussed are firstly biexciton formation by the use of high intensity laser beams and secondly nonlinear optical effects. Strong nonlinearities and short decay times for excited states have been predicted, and the models developed cover both the resonant and the non-resonant cases. The possibility of using microcrystallites embedded at reasonable concentrations in a glass matrix in the field of optical communications and optical switching is also considered.
The Influence of the Growth Environment on the Stability of a Drug Resistance Plasmid in Escherichia coli K12 (1979)

Populations of Escherichi coli K12 containing the plasmid TP120 which coded for resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamide and tetracycline were grown in a chemostat under carbon-limited and phosphorus-limited conditions. With time resistance to one or more of the drugs was lost, resulting in the production of mutant populations which were more competitive than the parent population. The resistance to tetracycline was always lost under both carbon and phosphorus limitations, but resistance to the other three drugs was lost only during phosphate-limited growth. Strains of E. coli which had lost resistance to one or more of the drugs were capable of higher maximum specific growth rates than the parent strain.
Cardiac Troponin I (1998)

In striated muscle, the thin filament contains a protein complex containing three polypeptides: troponin C, I, and T, which are involved in calcium regulation. Troponin I (TnI) is the subunit of the troponin complex that inhibits actomyosin ATPase activity. Three isoforms of TnI have been described, a cardiac (cTnI)* and two skeletal muscle (slow twitch [sTnI] and fast twitch [fTnI]) (1). Each of the three cTnI isoforms is encoded by three different genes located on different chromosomes (2). The skeletal isoforms show approx 40% heterogeneity of primary sequence, but the cardiac isoform displays a similar degree of sequence heterogeneity compared to each skeletal iso-form. Owing to the presence of an additional 31 amino acids at the N-terminal region, cTnI (24 kDa) is uniquely different than either fTnI or sTnI (19.8 kDa). During human development, both sTnI and cTnI are expressed in the myocardium. At birth, however, as shown in Fig. 1, only cTnI is expressed in the myocardium (3). cTnI has been shown not to be expressed in any type of skeletal muscle, independent of developmental or disease stimuli. Therefore, knowledge that cTnI is 100% tissue-specific for the myocardium makes it an excellent candidate to serve as a biochemical marker for detecting of myocardial injury in serum.
Characterization of In4Te3 Single crystals (2003)

Single crystals of In4Te3 grown by modified Bridgman technique were characterized by measurement of the Hall coefficient, electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient, in the temperature range 200-500 K. The investigated sample was found to be of P-type conductivity.RH at room temperature was 3.1 \\times 1014 cm3/coul and the carrier concentration was evaluated as 2.007 \\times 1014 cm3. Energy gap D Eg and ionization energy D Ea were estimated as 0.28 eV and 0.12 eV, respectively, and the diffusion coefficient, the diffusion length, the mean free time between collision and the effective mass of carriers were evaluated. The variation of the Hall mobility with temperature was studied and hence the scattering mechanism is discussed.
Integrated messaging services in an ISDN PBX network (1988)

This paper describes a set of advanced messaging features, all integrated into a comprehensive messaging service on the PBX. It then proposes functional application of these services across PBX networks. ISDN D-channel signaling is used as the vehicle for inter-PBX communication. Thus, if PBXs support standard messaging functions, and if they interconnect with standard interfaces using standard signaling protocols, then enhanced messaging services can be offered in multivendor PBX networks.
Evaluating the accuracy of wearable heart rate monitors (2016)

Heart rate monitors have become a popular tool, which have been built in many different wearable devices, such as Smart Watches and Chest Straps. These wearable monitoring of heart rate (HR) during exercises have given the user some understanding of the heart rate variations. Even though this is not 100% accurate as electrocardiogram (ECG), its being very popular tool for consumers. The technology uses in smart watches is photoplethysmography (PPG) signal and Chest Straps use ECG signal. The main aim of this paper is to compare two wearable devices to monitor heart rate. 50 healthy volunteers participated in this study by completing three different exercises sitting, walking and jogging. The experiment results illustrates that it's harder to get a unique percentage for the variation between the readings of these two devices, however in normal condition both the devices read almost the similar value, but during the exercises it varies and can be with a maximum of 10% variation in the readings. Overall it appears that chest strap utilizing ECG signal appears to be a more accurate than the Apple Watch which utilizes PPG for monitoring heart rates while exercising.
Efficient implementation of modular multiplication on FPGAs based on sign detection (2009)

All public key cryptosystems, though being highly secure, have a common drawback: They require heavy computational effort. This is due to the reliance on modular multiplication of large operands (1024 bits or higher). The same problem arises in data encryption/decryption and digital signature schemes. Examples of such cryptosystems are RSA, DSA, and ECC. Now considering embedded platforms for applications of smart cards and smart tokens, the overall time performance of the cipher system becomes very slow. This refers to the limited computational power of the embedded processors. This paper introduces an enhanced architecture for computing the modular multiplication of two large numbers X and Y modulo a given modulus M. The proposed design can act as a co-processor for embedded general purpose CPUs. The proposed design is compared with three previous architectures depending on carry save adders and look up tables. Look up tables should be loaded with a set of pre-computed values. Our proposed architecture uses the same carry save addition, but replaces both look up tables and pre-computations with an enhanced version of sign detection techniques. The proposed architecture supports higher frequencies than other architectures. It also has a better overall absolute time for a single operation.
A transparent cell-culture microchamber with a variably controlled concentration gradient generator and flow field rectifier (2008)

Real-time observation of cell growth provides essential information for studies such as cell migration and chemotaxis. A conventional cell incubation device is usually too clumsy for these applications. Here we report a transparent microfluidic device that has an integrated heater and a concentration gradient generator. A piece of indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass was ablated by our newly developed visible laser-induced backside wet etching (LIBWE) so that transparent heater strips were prepared on the glass substrate. A polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microfluidic chamber with flow field rectifiers and a reagent effusion hole was fabricated by a CO(2) laser and then assembled with the ITO heater so that the chamber temperature can be controlled for cell culturing. A variable chemical gradient was generated inside the chamber by combining the lateral medium flow and the flow from the effusion hole. Successful culturing was performed inside the device. Continuous long-term (>10 days) observation on cell growth was achieved. In this work the flow field, medium replacement, and chemical gradient in the microchamber are elaborated.
Mechanical limitations on feeding by meadow spittlebugs Philaenus spumarius (Homoptera: Cercopidae) on wild and cultivated host plants (1985)

Abstract. 1. Field observations on the distribution of Philaenus spumarius (L.) on pearly everlasting (Anaphalis margaritacea) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) showed that the range of feeding sites exploited increased with instar. Development of trichomes, depth of xylem elements, and tissue hardness were measured as possible factors determining the suitability of sites on food plants. 2. Spittlebugs caged outside their normal feeding sites experienced difficulty feeding. Experimental removal of trichomes showed that trichomes prevented younger instars from feeding on the stem. The depth of the xylem elements and tissue hardness were not significant barriers to feeding near the stem apex. 3. By caging fourth and fifth instar nymphs at increasing distances below the terminal bud on A.margaritacea stems, we showed feeding ability declined with distance below the apex, and feeding was more restricted in fourth compared to fifth instars. A similar decline was demonstrated in experiments with fifth instars on M.sativa. 4. On A.margaritacea, this restriction was associated with increasing tissue hardness of the stem with distance from the apex and the presence of trichomes in regions with hard tissues. On M.sativa the associated barriers were a combination of tissue hardness and reduction in the availability of xylem vessels in the penetrable region of the stem. Although the tissues impeding stylet penetration differed in the two hosts, the critical factor in both species was the increase in the amount of lignification of those tissues at increasing distances from the terminal bud.