gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Some Benefits of Pulsed Alternators as Electromagnetic Gun Power Supplies on Power Systems for Future Electric Ships (2006)

An electromagnetic gun provides a new component to be integrated into the power system of an electric ship. Electromagnetic guns have been fired successfully using either capacitors, inductors, or rotating machines to store the energy for the shot. Because capacitors trail rotating machines by more than an order of magnitude in the stored energy density, fielded systems will likely use rotating machines even though other approaches are used in laboratory experiments. An interesting topology for the power supply is a set of pulsed alternators with sufficient energy stored in the kinetic energy of the rotors to power a sequence of shots. In this configuration, when no shot is required, which historically has been most of the life of the system, the machine topology is analogous to that of a flywheel battery used to provide ride-through capability and improve power quality in land-based power systems or to provide load leveling in hybrid vehicles. This similarity raises the possibility that the power supply could be designed to serve multiple roles under conditions of ship operation. The conceptual design of such a power supply of eight alternators storing a total of 800 MJ has been completed. Megawatt-level motor-generators operating at speeds up to 15,000 rpm have been designed, constructed, and tested. Simulations of future electric ship power systems show the utility of this storage for load leveling. In addition, these components provide storage for an uninterruptible power supply for critical ship loads in the case of the loss of a generator. An important unresolved problem is the design of bearings that will operate at high speeds reliably for long periods and survive the high levels of shock and vibration that will be encountered.
Influence of System Variables on Interior Head Impact Testing (1995)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Head Impact Criterion (HIC) numbers obtained from interior head impact testing with the NHTSA-designed Free Motion Headform (FMH) are influenced by many variables. The high level of variability experienced in the NHTSA-proposed Interior Head Impact Test presents a challenge to today's automotive engineers. Primary contributors to HIC variability include (1) impact speed, (2) headform calibration performance, (3) design/build part variation, and (4) target point impact accuracy. This study shows that controlling these variables during testing can improve test data repeatability and reproducibility, as well as reduce design and testing time.</div>
Prolactin increases lipid fluidity and prolactin binding of rat prostatic membranes (1985)

The objective of these studies was to determine whether prolactin could modify the lipid fluidity of rat ventral and dorsolateral prostate membranes and subsequently modify the availability of prolactin receptors. Additional studies were also undertaken to determine the effects of prolactin on serum lipid fluidity. Adult male rats were injected with 0, 100, or 400 micrograms ovine prolactin/day subcutaneously for a period of 5 days. Serum and prostatic membrane lipid fluidity was measured by a fluorescence polarization method using a lipid probe 1,6-diphenylhexatriene. Prolactin binding in dextran-coated charcoal-pretreated prostatic membranes was determined by radioreceptor assay. This pretreatment has been reported by us to remove the endogenous substances that interfere with prolactin binding assay (J. R. Dave and R. J. Witorsch, Endocrinology 111: 2144-2146, 1982). Prolactin binding increased by approximately 44 and 72% in dorsolateral prostate and 16 and 39% in ventral prostate in 100- and 400-micrograms groups, respectively. Membrane fluidity increased by approximately 16 and 19% in dorsolateral prostate and 10 and 13% in ventral prostate in 100- and 400-micrograms groups, respectively. Serum lipid fluidity increased 50 and 79% in 100- and 400-micrograms groups, respectively.
Knowledge based dimensionality reduction for technical text mining (2014)

In this paper we propose a novel technique for dimensionality reduction using freely available online knowledge bases. The complexity of our method is linearly proportional to the size of the full feature set, making it applicable efficiently to huge and complex datasets. We demonstrate this approach by investigating its effectiveness on patent data, the largest free technical text. We report empirical results on classification of the CLEF-IP 2010 dataset using bigram features supported by mentions in Wikipedia, Wiktionary, and GoogleBooks knowledge bases. We achieve a 13-fold reduction in number of bigrams features and a 1.7% increase in classification accuracy over the unigrams baseline. These results give concrete evidence that significant accuracy improvements and massive reduction in dimensionality could be achieved using our approach, hence help alleviating the tradeoff between task complexity and accuracy.
Resorpthiomycin, a novel antitumor antibiotic. II. Physico-chemical properties and structure elucidation. (1990)

Resorthiomycin was revealed to be a new antibiotic with a molecular weight of 284 and a chemical formula of C14H20O4S as determined by MS and elemental analysis. The structure of resorthiomycin was determined to be 6-acetyl-4-(3-hydroxybutyl)-2-methyl-5-methylthioresorcinol by IR spectrum and 1H and 13C NMR.
Self-focusing and filamentation of optical vortex beams: spatio-temporal analysis (2009)

We report numerical simulations supported by experimental observations of self-focusing, fillamentation, and supercontinuum generation by an optical vortex beam in a Kerr nonlinear medium in the regime of dominating nonlinearity. Despite the strong self-focusing resulting in multiple filaments ordered along the vortex ring the optical vortex remains well preserved at the exit of the nonlinear medium and in the far-field. The presented quasi-(3+1)- dimensional numerical simulations under azimuthal initial vortex ring perturbations confirm qualitatively the experimentally observed survival of the optical vortex in the course of the white light generation.
Cosmic homogeneity: a spectroscopic and model-independent measurement (2017)

Abstract Cosmology relies on the Cosmological Principle, i.e. the hypothesis that the Universe is homogeneous and isotropic on large scales. This implies in particular that the counts of galaxies should approach a homogeneous scaling with volume at sufficiently large scales. Testing homogeneity is crucial to obtain a correct interpretation of the physical assumptions underlying the current cosmic acceleration and structure formation of the Universe. In this letter, we use the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey to make the first spectroscopic and model-independent measurements of the angular homogeneity scale θh. Applying four statistical estimators, we show that the angular distribution of galaxies in the range 0.46 &lt; z &lt; 0.62 is consistent with homogeneity at large scales, and that θh varies with redshift, indicating a smoother Universe in the past. These results are in agreement with the foundations of the standard cosmological paradigm.
<i>BRCA1</i>— Lots of Mutations, Lots of Dilemmas (1996)

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in the Western world, with a cumulative lifetime risk of 1 in 8.1 The two strongest risk factors are age and a family history of breast cancer. Five years ago, a region on chromosome 17 was shown by linkage analysis to have a substantial role in early-onset familial breast and ovarian cancer.2 An intense gene-hunting effort of the “positional cloning” type3 culminated in the identification of the BRCA1 gene in the fall of 1994.4,5 These results will require that all physicians who care for patients understand the molecular genetics of . . .
Questionnaire Construction Manual Annex. Questionnaires: Literature Survey and Bibliography (1989)

Abstract : This report is an annex to the companion volume, 'Questionnaire Construction Manual,' published in 1985 by the U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences (ARI). It is designed to present summaries of the latest research findings related to developing questionnaires. Although both volumes were prepared primarily for personnel engaged in developing questionnaires for use in military tests and evaluations, the content is equally applicable to many nonmilitary areas. Keywords: Multiple-choice scales; Bipolar scales; Semantic differential scales; Rank order scales; Paired-comparison scales; Demographic characteristics; Continuous and circular scales; Behaviorally anchored rating scales; Questionnaire layout; Branching; Middle scale point; Response alternatives; Bibliography; Rating scales; Scale points; Item wording; Questionnaire construction.
Effect of Gamma Irradiation on the Microstructure and Morphology of Polyethylene Oxide and Polyvinyl Alcohol Blends (2009)

Thin films of a blend of 90, 75, 50 (wt/wt%) percentage of polyethylene oxide and polyvinyl alcohol were synthesized and irradiated with 5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 kGy. The presence of PVA leads to diffusion controlled mechanism where it decreases the crystallinity of PEO as restricted crystallization occurs.Low doses of 5 kGy cause crosslinking of the blends and increase the thermal stability. Higher doses up to 100 kGy cause the PEO crystallite boundaries to be erased and to blur spherulites structure; it also leads to an increase in the crystallinity. Higher doses of 200 kGy cause an increase in the hydrogen bonding where the material is more crystalline in structure and broken down which made more segments available for the hydrogen bonding. Degradation and oxidation of the blends due to the presence of free radicals in the polymer irradiated in air is noticed for blends with very high doses. Never the less, PVA in these blends protects the PEO composite from the effect of radiation.
Simulation Calculation of Mechanical Performance of Particle Filled Electronic Packaging Polymer (2006)

Electronic packaging polymers filled with various solid additives such as silica, flame retardant, etc. have excessively been required for the use in advanced IC packages in recent years. It's necessary to predict the mechanical properties of these electronic packaging materials. On the basis of structural and mechanical characterization of particle filled epoxy materials, a new three-phase (dispersion phase, interface phase, and continuous phase) constitutive model and its simulation calculation are performed for the mechanical properties of the particle filled electronic packaging polymer in this study. In this paper, the interface chemical principle and three phase constitute model are combined, which improve the mechanical property's calculation and composition design method of electronic packaging polymer. With this model, the relationship between mechanical properties of the electronic packaging materials and modulus of matrix, solid particles content, particle size, gradation and thickness of the interface adhesive layer were constructed mathematically. This relationship and its derived patterns can be used in not only the prediction of the mechanical properties of electronic packaging materials but also the instruction of the composition design for particle filled electronic packaging materials
Hedging Strategies for Grain Processors (2006)

Price risk management confronting grain processors differs from that faced by conventional hedgers, especially when futures markets for outputs do not exist. Three components of this problem are addressed in this study. One is the relationship between input and output prices, which are impacted in part by the structure and conduct of an industry. In some cases, these are highly correlated and in others they are not. The second refers to the hedge horizon or how far forward a firm should cover its inherent and persistent short cash positions. This study incorporates these relationships into a utility maximizing model to evaluate hedging effectiveness relative to traditional hedging strategies for processors. Finally, stochastic dominance analysis is used to compare hedging strategies when output is sold at a fixed price for future delivery. Secondary data from the bread‐baking industry are used for empirical analysis. Results indicate that hedging decisions are impacted by these relationships and affect firm risk exposure. La gestion du risque de prix des conditionneurs de grain diffère de celle des opérateurs en couverture traditionnels, surtout lorsqu'il n'existe pas de marchés de contrats à terme pour les extrants. La présente étude traite de trois aspects du problème. Tout d'abord, il y a la relation entre le prix de l'intrant et le prix de l'extrant, prix qu'influencent en partie la structure et le comportement d'une industrie. Dans certains cas, la corrélation est très étroite et dans d'autres, elle ne l'est pas. Ensuite, il y a l'horizon de couverture ou jusqu'où dans le futur une entreprise devrait‐elle couvrir ses faibles positions de trésorerie inhérentes et soutenues. Dans la présente étude, nous avons intégré ces relations dans un modèle de maximisation de l'utilité pour évaluer l'efficacité des opérations de couverture par rapport aux stratégies de couverture traditionnelles des conditionneurs. Finalement, l'analyse de la dominance stochastique est utilisée pour comparer les stratégies de couverture lorsque l'extrant est vendu à un prix fixe pour livraison à terme. Des données secondaires issues de l'industrie de la boulangerie ont été utilisées pour l'analyse empirique. Les résultats ont indiqué que ces liens influaient sur les décisions de couverture et que ces décisions avaient des répercussions sur l'exposition au risque de l'entreprise.
Recursive algorithms for computing the Cramer-Rao bound (1997)

Computation of the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) on estimator variance requires the inverse or the pseudo-inverse Fisher information matrix (FIM). Direct matrix inversion can be computationally intractable when the number of unknown parameters is large. In this correspondence, we compare several iterative methods for approximating the CRB using matrix splitting and preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithms. For a large class of inverse problems, we show that nonmonotone Gauss-Seidel and preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithms require significantly fewer flops for convergence than monotone "bound preserving" algorithms.
Response Evaluation Criteria in Cancer of the Liver (RECICL 2015 revised version) (2015)

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Geranyl diphosphate synthase is required for biosynthesis of gibberellins (2007)

Geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPS) is generally considered to be responsible for the biosynthesis of monoterpene precursors only. However, reduction of LeGPS expression in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) by virus-induced gene silencing resulted in severely dwarfed plants. Further analysis of these dwarfed plants revealed a decreased gibberellin content, whereas carotenoid and chlorophyll levels were unaltered. Accordingly, the phenotype could be rescued by application of gibberellic acid. The dwarfed phenotype was also obtained in Arabidopsis thaliana plants transformed with RNAi constructs of AtGPS. These results link geranyl diphosphate (GPP) to the gibberellin biosynthesis pathway. They also demand a re-evaluation of the role of GPS in precursor synthesis for other di-, tri-, tetra- and/or polyterpenes and their derivatives.
Observation of soft x-ray transition radiation from medium energy electrons (1980)

Soft x-rays (2 to 6 keV) have been observed from transition radiators using electrons at energies of 104 and 66 MeV. The observed spectra agree well with theory. Various stacks of mylar of 2.5, 3.5 and 6.35 μm thickness were used to produce the radiation. Optimum foil thicknesses and number were calculated and found experimentally to be correct.
The assembly of pentanuclear nickel(<scp>ii</scp>) complexes from asymmetric compartmental ligands and bearing μ<sub>3</sub>-OH bridges (2002)

The asymmetric di-aminic compartmental ligands HL5–HL7 form pentanuclear nickel(II) complexes in which the core is assembled from two dinuclear [Ni2L] units which are each linked to the third Ni atom by bridging μ3-hydroxo groups; the crystal structure of [Ni5(L5)2(OAc)6(OH)2], 1 [HL5 is the proligand 2-{[(2-dimethylaminoethyl)ethylamino]methyl}-6-ethyliminomethyl-4-methylphenol] is reported.
A Pathway of Structural Changes Produced by Monastrol Binding to Eg5 (2006)

Monastrol is a small molecule inhibitor that is specific for Eg5, a member of the kinesin 5 family of mitotic motors. Crystallographic models of Eg5 in the presence and absence of monastrol revealed that drug binding produces a variety of structural changes in the motor, including in loop L5 and the neck linker. What is not clear from static crystallographic models, however, is the sequence of structural changes produced by drug binding. Furthermore, because crystallographic structures can be influenced by the packing forces in the crystal, it also remains unclear whether these drug-induced changes occur in solution, at physiologically active concentrations of monastrol or of other drugs that target this site. We have addressed these issues by using a series of spectroscopic probes to monitor the structural consequences of drug binding. Our results demonstrated that the crystallographic model of an Eg5-ADP-monastrol ternary complex is consistent with several solution-based spectroscopic probes. Furthermore, the kinetics of these spectroscopic signal changes allowed us to determine the temporal sequence of drug-induced structural transitions. These results suggested that L5 may be an element in the pathway that links the state of the nucleotide-binding site to the neck linker in kinesin motors.
Helleristninger I Danmark. <i>By</i> P. V. Glob. 332 <i>pages</i>, 240 <i>figures. Jysk Arkaeologisk Selskabs Skrifter, Bind</i> VII, 1969. (1970)

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Enhancing Contrast of Point Images Using Coherent States and Photon-Number-Resolving Detectors (2010)

We map the transverse profile of light beams using photon-number-resolving detectors, and observe compression of beam profiles for higher detected photon-number, enabling contrast enhancement between two Airy disk beams at the Rayleigh limit.
Modeling Physical Variability for Synthetic MOUT Agents (2004)

Generating behavioral variability is an important prerequisite in the development of synthetic MOUT (Military Operations in Urban Terrain) agents for military simulations. Agents that lack variability are predictable and ineffective as opponents and teammates for human trainees. Along with cognitive differences, physical differences contribute towards behavioral variability. In this paper, we describe a novel method for modeling physical variability in MOUT soldiers using motion capture data acquired from human subjects. Motion capture data is commonly used to create animated characters since it retains the nuances of the original human movement. We build a cost model over the space of agent actions by creating and stochastically sampling motion graphs constructed from human data. Our results demonstrate how different cost models can induce variable behavior that remains consistent with military doctrine.
Dissecting Reactions of Nonlinear Precursor Peptide Processing of the Class III Lanthipeptide Curvopeptin (2014)

Lanthipeptides are ribosomally synthesized peptides which undergo extensive post-translational modifications. In addition to novel structural features and bioactivities, the in vitro study on the biosynthesis of the class III lanthipeptide labyrinthopeptin revealed a unique C- to N-terminal directionality of biosynthetic processing. The recently described class III lanthipeptide curvopeptin allowed investigating the directionality aspect in much greater detail: Structural characterization of nine curvopeptin biosynthesis intermediates by high-resolution mass spectrometry combined with a deuterium-labeling approach enabled for the first time building a comprehensive biosynthesis model featuring all three post-translational modification reactions: phosphorylation, elimination, and cyclization. These results point to a nonlinear processing scheme with a predominant C → N-terminal directionality. Our data give important mechanistic insights into the concerted processing and directionality of the multifunctional class III modifying enzymes. The data are of significance in the light of obtaining a mechanistic understanding of the post-translational biosynthesis machinery of the growing variety of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides.
Mean-Field Calculation of the Antiferromagnetic Instability in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">La</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Sr</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cu</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (1988)

We carried out a mean-field calculation of the antiferromagnetic instability of orthorhombic ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}\mathrm{Cu}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ as a function of the doping $x$ by looking at the eigenvalues of the vertex function. We found that there are two bands close to the Fermi energy that participate strongly in the instability. As a consequence of the tetragonal-to-orthorhombic transition, a saddle point with high local density of states is developed close to the Fermi energy. The magnetic instability is caused by a kind of Fermi-surface nesting with a wave vector connecting the saddle points. Good agreement of the transition temperature as a function of doping is found.
Hot and Cold Nociception Are Genetically Correlated (1999)

Recent experiments in our laboratory have revealed a genetic correlation of the sensitivity of inbred mouse strains to different assays of nociception using noxious heat stimuli. An open question is whether the property of the noxious stimulus underlying the genetic correlation is heat specifically or simply a temperature (hot or cold) in the noxious range. The existing electrophysiological, psychophysical, neurochemical, and functional imaging literatures regarding the relationship of heat pain and cold pain are quite contentious, with a number of similarities and dissociations being documented. In the present study, we tested 12 inbred mouse strains (129/J, A/J, AKR/J, BALB/cJ, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6J, C57BL/10J, C58/J, CBA/J, DBA/2J, RIIIS/J, and SM/J) for their reflexive withdrawal sensitivity to immersion of the tail in hot (47. 5 degrees C) and cold (-15 degrees C) water and compared the observed latencies with those obtained previously, using a 49 degrees C stimulus. All three traits displayed substantial heritabilities, ranging from 0.41 to 0.50. Strain means on these nociceptive traits displayed a high degree of cross-correlation (r = 0.49-0.77). Genetic correlation of hot and cold nociception implies that similar genes underlie interindividual variability in both traits in mice and further suggests that these nociceptive types share physiological mediation. This finding is discussed in relation to existing data in other mammals including humans.