gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reflection grating spectrometer onboard the ESA x-ray multimirror (XMM) mission (1994)

The Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) onboard the ESA satellite XMM (X-ray Multi Mirror mission) combines a high resolving power (approximately 400 at 0.5 keV) with a large effective area (approximately 200 cm<SUP>2</SUP>). The spectral range selected for RGS (5 - 35 angstroms) contains the K shell transitions of N, O, Ne, Mg, Al, Si and S as well as the important L shell transitions of FE. The resolving power allows the study of a wide variety of challenging scientific questions. Detailed temperature diagnostics are feasible as the ionization balance is a unique function of the distribution of the electron temperature. Density diagnostics are provided by studying He-like triplets where the ratio of the forbidden to intercombination lines varies with density. Other fields of interest include the determination of elemental abundances, the study of optical depth effects, velocity diagnostics by measuring Doppler shifts and the estimate of magnetic fields through the observation of Zeeman splitting. The resolving power is obtained by an array of 240 gratings placed behind the mirrors of the telescope, dispersing about half of the X-rays in two spectroscopic orders. The X-rays are recorded by an array of 9 large format CCDs. These CCDs are operated in the frame transfer mode. They are back illuminated as the quantum efficiency of front illuminated devices is poor at low energies because of their poly-silicon gate structure. To suppress dark current the CCDs are passively cooled. In order to obtain the effective area of about 200 cm<SUP>2</SUP>, grating arrays and CCD cameras are placed behind two of the three XMM telescopes. A model of RGS was tested last autumn ('93) at the Panter long beam X-ray facility in Munich. The model consisted of a subset of four mirrors, eight representative gratings covering a small section of the inner mirror shells and a CCD camera containing three CCDs. The purpose of these tests was to verify the resolution and sensitivity of the instrument as a function of X-ray energy. Extensive simulations, using a Monte Carlo raytracing code, are used to interpret these tests. Preliminary results of these tests will be discussed and compared to the calculated response.
S/C/L-band wavelength conversion by cross-polarization modulation in a dispersion-flattened nonlinear photonic-crystal fiber (2006)

We study the conversion bandwidth of cross-polarization-modulation based wavelength conversion scheme. Both numerical and experimental results show that the conversion bandwidth can be extended to cover S-, C- and L-band for 10 Gb/s non-return-to-zero signals.
Predicting the Accuracy of Ligand Overlay Methods with Random Forest Models (2008)

The accuracy of binding mode prediction using standard molecular overlay methods (ROCS, FlexS, Phase, and FieldCompare) is studied. Previous work has shown that simple decision tree modeling can be used to improve accuracy by selection of the best overlay template. This concept is extended to the use of Random Forest (RF) modeling for template and algorithm selection. An extensive data set of 815 ligand-bound X-ray structures representing 5 gene families was used for generating ca. 70,000 overlays using four programs. RF models, trained using standard measures of ligand and protein similarity and Lipinski-related descriptors, are used for automatically selecting the reference ligand and overlay method maximizing the probability of reproducing the overlay deduced from X-ray structures (i.e., using rmsd ≤ 2 Å as the criteria for success). RF model scores are highly predictive of overlay accuracy, and their use in template and method selection produces correct overlays in 57% of cases for 349 overlay ligands not used for training RF models. The inclusion in the models of protein sequence similarity enables the use of templates bound to related protein structures, yielding useful results even for proteins having no available X-ray structures.
Zirconium-catalyzed coupling of propene and .alpha.-picoline (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTZirconium-catalyzed coupling of propene and .alpha.-picolineRichard F. Jordan and Dennis F. TaylorCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 2, 778–779Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00184a081https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00184a081research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2271Altmetric-Citations224LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
NOx, FINE PARTICLE AND TOXIC METAL EMISSIONS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE/COAL MIXTURES: A SYSTEMATIC ASSESSMENT (2001)

No abstract provided.
Acute injury and regeneration of the mesothelium in response to asbestos fibers. (1987)

The mesothelium is a target of the toxic and carcinogenic effects of asbestos fibers. Fibers greater than 8 mu in length and less than 0.25 mu in diameter have been found to be highly tumorigenic in rodents, while shorter asbestos fibers or spherical mineral particles have not been shown to produce mesotheliomas. For investigation of early mesothelial reactions associated with the development of mesotheliomas, C57BL/6 mice were given intraperitoneal injections of 200 micrograms of short or long crocidolite asbestos fibers, toxic silica particles, or nontoxic titanium dioxide particles. At intervals between 3 hours and 21 days after a single injection, the mesothelial surface of the diaphragm was examined by stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and autoradiography. Within 6 hours after injection of asbestos fibers, mesothelial cells in the lacunar regions of the diaphragm retracted opening stomata 10.7 +/- 2.3 mu in diameter leading to the submesothelial lymphatic plexus. Short asbestos fibers (90.6% less than or equal to 2 mu in length), silica, or titanium dioxide particles (less than or equal to 5 mu in diameter) were cleared through these stomata without provoking an inflammatory reaction or mesothelial injury. In contrast, long asbestos fibers (60.3% greater than or equal to 2 mu in length) were trapped at the lymphatic stomata in the lacunar regions on the peritoneal surface of the diaphragm. At these sites, an intense inflammatory reaction developed with accumulation of activated macrophages and a 5.5-fold increase in albumin recovered in the peritoneal lavage fluid after 3 days. As early as 12 hours after injection of long asbestos fibers, the adjacent mesothelial cells were unable to exclude trypan blue and lost their surface microvilli, developed blebs, and detached. Recovery of lactate dehydrogenase activity in the peritoneal lavage fluid was increased 5.8-fold after 3 days and returned to normal levels after 14 days. Regenerating mesothelial cells appeared at the periphery of asbestos fiber clusters 3 days after injection. Maximal incorporation of 3H-thymidine by mesothelial cells occurred after 7 days, followed by partial restoration of the mesothelial lining after 14-21 days. As late as 6 months after a single injection of crocidolite asbestos fibers, clusters of fibers remained in the lacunar regions, partially covered by mesothelium but surrounded by macrophages and regenerating mesothelial cells. The anatomic distribution and size of lymphatic stomata on the peritoneal surface of the diaphragm account for the selective accumulation of long asbestos fibers in these regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
System-level power loss sensitivity to various control variables in vector-controlled induction motor drives (2012)

Vector-controlled induction motor drives include several design and control variables that affect power losses. Flux may be weakened to reduce machine losses; switching and conduction losses in the inverter are reduced by adjusting the flux ripple and current hysteresis bands. This paper combines the machine and inverter to investigate the effects of various control variables on the total system power loss. Both indirect field-oriented control and direct torque control are employed. Power losses considered include semiconductor switching and conduction losses, and machine core and copper losses. Magnetic saturation is taken into account. A 1.5 hp system is simulated and experimentally tested to find minimum-loss operating points for various control variable combinations. Experimental results show that the operating point for minimum system-level power loss is different from that of minimum machine power loss. These results suggest that for efficient system operation, control aspects should be utilized and integrated into motor drive designs for efficient system operation.
South Africa invaded (2010)

Invasive alien species have had a major impact on biodiversity across the country. Dian Spear, Jaco le Roux, John Wilson and Mirijam Gaertner explain how this has happened.
Synthesis of β- and γ-Phenyltropolones from 1,4-Cyclohexanedione (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of β- and γ-Phenyltropolones from 1,4-CyclohexanedioneW. VON E. DOERING and ADNAN A.-R. SAYIGHCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26, 5, 1365–1368Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01064a006https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01064a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views264Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Novel Chromene Derivatives as TNF‐α Inhibitors. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Paralytic Toxins in the Dinoflagellate <i>Gonyaulax excavata</i> and in Shellfish (1978)

Paralytic toxins were examined quantitatively in a culture of Gonyaulax excavata and in shellfish by the standard mouse bioassay and by an alkaline peroxide oxidation–fluorometric assay for saxitoxin (STX). The dinoflagellate probably contains at least three toxins, including STX, which represents 3–20% of the total toxin load. During growth in culture the toxin content per cell decreased progressively; however, relative amounts of the three toxins remained roughly similar. In toxic shellfish from nature (Mya arenaria, Mytilus edulis, Modiolus modiolus) and in shellfish fed G. excavata under controlled conditions the relative amounts of toxins differed from those in G. excavata, suggesting toxin interconversions and interference with the chemical assay by toxins other than STX. The consistency in the relationships between bioassay and chemical assay results for clam samples was fair, although the chemical assay measured from 16 to 48% of the bioassay. The chemical assay is questionable as an indicator of total toxin content, and until further data are accumulated the mouse bioassay method is considered more reliable for measuring paralytic, G. excavata toxins in shellfish. Key words: Gonyaulax excavata, dinoflagellate toxins, paralytic shellfish poisoning, saxitoxin, toxin measurement
Advanced Simulation and Computing Fiscal Year 2016 Implementation Plan, Version 0 (2015)

The Stockpile Stewardship Program (SSP) is an integrated technical program for maintaining the safety, surety, and reliability of the U.S. nuclear stockpile. The SSP uses nuclear test data, computational modeling and simulation, and experimental facilities to advance understanding of nuclear weapons. It includes stockpile surveillance, experimental research, development and engineering programs, and an appropriately scaled production capability to support stockpile requirements. This integrated national program requires the continued use of experimental facilities and programs, and the computational capabilities to support these programs. The purpose of this IP is to outline key work requirements to be performed and to control individual work activities within the scope of work. Contractors may not deviate from this plan without a revised WA or subsequent IP.
Tetrahydroisoquinolines as Subtype Selective Estrogen Agonists/Antagonists. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Heat Sinks With Enhanced Heat Transfer Capability for Electronic Cooling Applications (2005)

In a competition at Carnegie Mellon University, the mechanical engineering students designed and manufactured 27 heat sinks. The heat sinks were then tested for thermal performance in cooling a mock processor. A heat sink with three rows of 9, 8, and 9 dimpled rectangular fins in staggered configuration performed the best, while having the least total volume (about 25% less than the set value). Validation of the observed thermal performance of this heat sink by experimentation and numerical simulations has motivated the present investigation. Thermal performance of the heat sinks with and without dimples have been evaluated and compared. Results of both the measurements and simulations indicate that dimples do in fact improve heat transfer capability of the heat sinks. However, dimples cause more pressure drop in the air flow. Keeping the total volume of the heat sink and the height of the fins constant and changing the number of the fins and their arrangement show that there is an optimum number of fins for the best performance of the heat sink. The optimum fin numbers are different for inline and staggered arrangements.
Optical Micromirror Actuation using Thermocapillary Effect in Microdroplets (2009)

This paper presents a simple means that utilizes surface tension gradient to cause droplet deformation, and to tilt micro-objects. Thermocapillary or Marangoni effect, and contact angle hysteresis are employed to control the droplet shape and position. The device consists of a microplate placed onto a microdroplet, and can produce a 6.5° tilting angle when actuated at 30 V. It shows the potential applications in scanning micromirror and display technology.
Structural investigation of the η-allyl group in (η-allyl)tetracarbonylrhenium by nematic-phase nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1975)

The 1H n.m.r spectrum of (η-ally)tetracarbonylrhenium dissolves in a nematic phase has been obtained and analysed.Dipolar coupling constants obtined have been used to investigate the structur of the allyl ligand, and it is concluded that the protons do not all lie in one plane.The effect of averageing dipolar couplings over vibrations has been investigated with the aid of a normal-co-ordinate analysis of the vibrations of the allyl ligand.
Synergistic anti-Newcastle disease virus activity of pokeweed antiviral protein, ribavirin, and guanidine (1998)

Pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP), in combination with either guanidine or ribavirin, exhibited both synergy and antagonism toward the replication of Newcastle disease virus. Low, medium, and high effective concentrations of both PAP and guanidine were synergistic when used in combination. High effective concentrations of ribavirin in combination with PAP were antagonistic, whereas low and medium effective concentrations were synergistic. Key words: pokeweed antiviral protein, Newcastle disease virus, ribavirin, guanidine, synergy.
Human protein S inhibits prothrombinase complex activity on endothelial cells and platelets via direct interactions with factors Va and Xa. (1994)

Protein S is a vitamin K-dependent non-enzymatic coagulation factor involved in the regulation of activated protein C (APC). In this paper we report an APC-independent anticoagulant function of protein S. We observed an inhibition of prothrombinase activity on endothelial cells and platelets which was half-maximal at physiological concentrations of free protein S in plasma. On endothelial cells, thrombin-cleaved protein S (PSt) as well as protein S in complex with C4b-binding protein (C4BP) inhibited prothrombinase activity to the same extent as protein S did. In solid-phase binding assays, direct binding of protein S and PSt to factor V and factor Va were observed. Protein S-C4BP complex did not bind to factor V or factor Va, implicating that the factor V(a) binding site on protein S is lost by the interaction with C4BP. A direct inhibition of factor Xa activity by protein S was also observed. Incubation of factor Xa with protein S revealed a noncompetitive inhibition of factor Xa by protein S with a Ki of (4.9 +/- 0.8) x 10(-7) M. Both protein S and protein S-C4BP complex were able to inhibit factor Xa to the same extent, whereas PSt had lost its inhibitory activity. This suggests that the conformational change induced by cleavage of the amino-terminal thrombin-sensitive loop results in a loss of a factor Xa binding site on protein S. The inhibitory effect of protein S involves interactions with both factor Va and factor Xa. The interaction of protein S with factor Xa is influenced by cleavage of the thrombin-sensitive loop, whereas C4BP blocks the interaction of protein S with factor Va. Inhibition of the prothrombinase complex by either forms of protein S might be an important mechanism in regulating thrombin generation in blood coagulation. The importance of the APC-independent anticoagulant action of protein S was emphasized by experiments in which the addition of protein S to normal plasma induced a prolongation of clotting time in a dilute activated partial thromboplastin time (dAPTT) assay. Furthermore, inhibition of endogenous protein S by the addition of monoclonal antibodies against protein S to normal plasma, induced a shortening of the clotting time in a dAPTT assay.
Mechanisms of vascular injury in the pathogenesis of infectious disease (1992)

In the normal resting state the vascular endothelium provides an unbroken, semipermeable barrier to the blood that prevents thrombosis and does not appear to promote adhesion or activation of blood cells. These properties are changed in response to a variety of vascular perturbations or injury, including those caused by microorganisms. Vascular wall injury and vasculitis are characteristic of syndromes caused by certain bacteria, viruses, and other microbial pathogens. Here we will specifically focus on aspects of endothelial cell injury or dysfunction that are relevant to infectious diseases. Diverse mechanisms are involved, and we will review several of recent particular interest.
Characterization of the murine macrophage mannose receptor: demonstration that the downregulation of receptor expression mediated by interferon-gamma occurs at the level of transcription (1992)

Abstract The macrophage mannose receptor (MMR) is a 175-Kd cell-surface transmembrane glycoprotein that is expressed on tissue macrophages where it functions both to mediate the uptake of mannose-rich glycoproteins and as a phagocytic receptor for bacteria, yeasts, and other pathogenic microorganisms. In this report we describe the cloning of the full-length cDNA of the mouse macrophage mannose receptor and we investigate the level at which interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) downregulates mannose receptor expression. The latter is a marker of the functional state of the cell as high levels are expressed on resident and inflammatory macrophages, whereas cells activated by treatment with IFN-gamma have decreased-to-absent cell-surface mannose receptor expression. The murine MMR cDNA contains an open reading frame that predicts a protein of 1,456 amino acids. Transient expression of the protein in heterologous cells shows that this cDNA encodes a functional mannose receptor. The deduced amino acid sequence of this protein has an overall 82% homology with the human mannose receptor and as such, the ectodomain contains an N-terminus that is cysteine-rich followed by a fibronectin type II domain and eight carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs). The ectodomain is linked to a hydrophobic transmembrane region and a 46-amino acid cytoplasmic tail. All of the eight CRDs are particularly well conserved, especially CRD4, which shows 92% homology with the equivalent region of the human protein. Steady-state levels of murine MMR mRNA were measured in the macrophage cell line J774E, which is known to express the protein at the cell surface. These levels were decreased by a 4- to 8-hour incubation with IFN-gamma, but were almost abolished by overnight treatment with this cytokine. Nuclear run-on experiments showed that IFN-gamma inhibits MMR gene transcription. Therefore, the regulation of mannose receptor expression by IFN-gamma provides a novel system in which to study the mechanisms by which this cytokine represses gene expression.
4M:CHEM-Multimedia and Mental Models in Chemistry (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT4M:CHEM-Multimedia and Mental Models in ChemistryJoel W. Russell and Robert B. Kozma Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1994, 71, 8, 669Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1994Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 August 1994Published inissue 1 August 1994https://doi.org/10.1021/ed071p669Request reuse permissionsArticle Views312Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts