gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
First-principles study of transition-metal-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes (2005)

We study the effect of doping transition metals (TMs) into single-wall carbon nanotubes by using first-principles calculations. For metallic isolated (3,3) single-wall carbon nanotubes, doping of Mn, Fe and Co makes them semi-metallic, while Ni doping leads to semiconductors. For (3,3) nanotube bundles, a Co atom in the unit cell makes it exhibit semiconductor character. With two or three Co and Ni atoms doped into the bundle, the impurity atoms change the nanotube to semi-metal. In particular, the Mn2C12 and Mn3C12 bundle have comparable large magnetic moments, suggesting that such TM-doped nanotubes could be useful as nanomagnets.
Amylase inhibitors produced by Streptomyces sp. No. 280. (1983)

Fourteen kinds of amylase inhibitor (AI) were obtained by active carbon column chromatography and other procedures. The molecular weights of the AIs were estimated to be 310-1300 by gel filtration. They seem to have 1-4 glucose residues and one nitrogen per molecule. All the AIs have almost the same inhibitory activity against glucoamylase. High molecular weight AIs have much stronger activity toward α-amylase and phosphorylase α than low molecular weight AIs, but the latter have much stronger inhibitory activity toward sucrase and α-glucosidase than the former. Four kinds of AI were hydrolyzed by β-amylase which changed their inhibitory activities.
Effect of Inhibitors of Methylation on Early and Late Interferon Synthesis in Bovine Kidney Cell Cultures (1981)

In virus infected bovine kidney cell cultures mainly late interferon is produced starting at about 4 hr after infection. Poly rI:poly rC induced cells as well as interferon pretreated virus infected cells produce early interferon starting immediately after induction. In infected cells the proportion of early interferon increases with time of interferon pretreatment, while late interferon is decreasing. Production of late interferon is selectively inhibited by cycloleucine, an inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) biosynthesis, whereas early interferon synthesis is not affected by the drug. Likewise, late interferon production is reduced much stronger than early interferon production by a combination of adenosine, L-homocysteine thiolactone, and erythro-9[3-(2-hydroxynonyl)]-adenine (EHNA) inducing in cells an accumulation of S-adenosylhomocysteine which inhibits SAM mediated methylation reactions. Inhibition of late interferon synthesis by cycloleucine is time and dose dependent and partially reversible. Cycloheximide equally blocks both early and late interferon production. Inhibition of incorporation of methyl groups into cellular RNA by the methylation inhibitors used is demonstrated by labeling with [methyl-3H] methionine and 3H-uridine. The results indicate that the synthesis of functional mRNA for early and late interferon is differentially sensitive to inhibition of methylation. The data suggest that, if early and late interferon is coded by the same structural gene, two different pathways are available for the cell to synthesize one species of mRNA.
Developing new enrichment functions for crack simulation in orthotropic media by the extended finite element method (2006)

Abstract New enrichment functions are proposed for crack modelling in orthotropic media using the extended finite element method (XFEM). In this method, Heaviside and near‐tip functions are utilized in the framework of the partition of unity method for modelling discontinuities in the classical finite element method. In this procedure, by using meshless based ideas, elements containing a crack are not required to conform to crack edges. Therefore, mesh generation is directly performed ignoring the existence of any crack while the method remains capable of extending the crack without any remeshing requirement. Furthermore, the type of elements around the crack‐tip remains the same as other parts of the finite element model and the number of nodes and consequently degrees of freedom are reduced considerably in comparison to the classical finite element method. Mixed‐mode stress intensity factors (SIFs) are evaluated to determine the fracture properties of domain and to compare the proposed approach with other available methods. In this paper, the interaction integral ( M ‐integral) is adopted, which is considered as one of the most accurate numerical methods for calculating stress intensity factors. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient Total Synthesis of Pulchellalactam, a CD45 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Inhibitor. (2002)

A new approach to a CD45 protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, pulchellalactam, is described.\nThe key step of the sequence involves addition and elimination of an enolic lactam in a single step\nand 70% yield, employing an organocuprate reagent. The resulting α,β-unsaturated lactam could\nbe condensed with isobutyraldehyde to produce <i>Z</i>-pulchellalactam or converted into siloxypyrrole,\nwhich was subjected to the BF<sub>3</sub>·Et<sub>2</sub>O-promoted coupling reaction with isobutyraldehyde to afford\n<i>E</i>-pulchellalactam after E1-cB elimination and TFA deprotection. This first total synthesis afforded\n<i>Z</i>-pulchellalactam in six steps and 32% overall yield from Boc-glycine. The same sequence of\nreactions could also be applied to the liquid- or solid-phase synthesis of trifunctionalized\npulchellalactam derivatives.
Oxidation kinetics of commercially pure titanium (2007)

The aim of this work was to perform thermal characterization of commercially pure titanium in dry air to determine its oxidation kinetics and the structure of the oxide. The oxidation kinetics were determined thermogravimetrically under isothermal conditions in the temperature range 300 to 750 ºC for 48 hours and the structure of the oxides was determined by differential thermal analyses and X-ray diffraction in the temperature range room temperature - 1000ºC. The oxidation rate of titanium increased with increase in temperature. It was high in the initial stages of oxidation and then decreased rapidly with time, especially up to 600 ºC. The kinetic laws varied between inverse logarithmic at the lower temperatures (300 and 400 ºC) and parabolic at the higher temperatures (650, 700 and 750 ºC). Evidences from X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analyses data revealed that the passive oxide film formed at room temperature crystallized into anatase at about 276 ºC. The crystallized oxide formed in the range 276 - 457 ºC consisted of anatase, in the range 457 - 718 ºC consisted of anatase and rutile sublayers, and at temperatures beyond 718 ºC consisted of a layer of pure rutile. Scanning electron microscopy observations reveled that the oxidized surfaces were crack-free and the surface roughness increased steadily with oxidation temperature.
A history-mainly about ion implantation equipment since 1984 (2003)

Since 1984 ion implantation processes have extended up to several megavolts and down to energies lower than one kilovolt. Implantation processes have also required parallel beams and wafers that could be tilted and repositioned or rotated in the beam. The physics is not new but considerable ingenuity has been exerted to meet all these requirements. Among the many implanters built during this time those with significant novel ideas are described. The geneaology of most of the major companies is traced with data about the growth of the industry.
Tibial attachment area of the anterior cruciate ligament in the extended knee position (1994)

Knowledge of the anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), including its course and orientation in relation to the roof of the intercondylar fossa, is a prerequisite for successful intra-articular ACL reconstruction. To attain precision placement of the tibial attachment site and to avoid graft/roof conflict in the extended knee position, we assessed the anteroposterior tibial insertion of the ACL in the midsagittal plane of the extended knee. We measured the anterior-posterior (AP) limits and the center of the tibial attachment area of the ACL from the anterior tibial margin. The inclination angle of the intercondylar fossa roof was measured with respect to the shaft axis of the femur. The tibial attachment area of the ACL was determined in ten cadaveric knees. Using the cryoplaning technique, we determined the tibial attachment of the ACL in five knees. Using contrast magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA), we measured the tibial insertion of the ACL in 35 patients (23 male and 12 female) with intact ACLs. The total AP midsagittal diameter of the tibia averaged 51.0 +/- 5.8 mm in the cadaveric knees, 49 mm on cryosections, and 53.7 mm in men and 49.0 mm in women with MRA. The average anterior limit of the ACL, measured from the anterior tibial margin, was 14 +/- 4.2 mm in the cadaveric knees, 12.1 mm at cryosectional anatomy, and 15.2 mm in men and 13.4 mm in women with MRA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein and Lysophosphatidylcholine Stimulate Cell Cycle Entry in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (1996)

We have previously shown that oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) but not native LDL stimulated DNA synthesis in cultured smooth muscle cells (SMC) and that alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) inhibited this proliferative response (Lafont, A., Chai, Y. C., Cornhill, J. F. , Whitlow, P. L., Howe, P. H., and Chisolm, G. M.(1995) J. Clin. Invest. 95, 1018-1025). The moiety of oxidized LDL that stimulates DNA synthesis and the cellular mechanism for this potentially mitogenic effect are not known. We now report that lipid fractions containing lysophospholipids from oxidized LDL or phospholipase A2-treated native LDL stimulated SMC DNA synthesis as did palmitoyl lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC). Protein kinase C inhibitors and down-regulation of protein kinase C activity by phorbol ester inhibited oxidized LDL- and lysoPC-induced DNA synthesis. A neutralizing monoclonal antibody against fibroblast growth factor-2 significantly inhibited oxidized LDL and lysoPC-induced DNA synthesis in SMC; irrelevant antibodies were ineffective. Vitamin E inhibited the DNA synthesis stimulated by lysoPC, an observation that distinguished this effect from DNA synthesis induced by another detergent, digitonin. These results suggest that oxidized LDL and its lysoPC moiety stimulate SMC to enter the cell cycle via an oxidative mechanism that causes the release of fibroblast growth factor-2 and a subsequent autocrine or paracrine response.
Analysis and Design of a Small, Two-Bar Creep Test Specimen (2013)

In this paper, a new small-sized (two-bar) specimen type, which is suitable for use in obtaining both uniaxial creep strain and creep rupture life data, is described. The specimen has a simple geometry and can be conveniently machined and loaded (through pin-connections) for testing. Conversion relationships between the applied load and the corresponding uniaxial stress, and between the measured load-line deformations and the corresponding uniaxial minimum creep strain rate, have been obtained, based on the reference stress method (RSM), in conjunction with finite element analyses. Using finite element analyses the effects of the specimen dimensions on reference stress parameters have been investigated. On this basis, specimen dimension ratio ranges are recommended. The effects of friction, between the loading pins and the specimen surfaces, on the specimen failure time, are also investigated. Test results obtained from two-bar specimen tests and from corresponding uniaxial specimen tests, for a P91 steel at 600 °C, are used to validate the test method. These results demonstrated that the specimen type is capable of producing full uniaxial creep strain curves. The advantages of this new, small, creep test specimen, for determining uniaxial creep data, are discussed and recommendations for future research are given.
Assessing the Quality of Retail Customers: Credit Risk Scoring Models (2010)

Credit scoring models play a fundamental role in the risk management practice of most banks. They are used to quantify credit risk at counterparty or transaction level in the different phases of the credit cycle (e.g., application, behavioral and collection models). The credit score empowers users to make quick decisions or even to automate decisions and this is extremely desirable when banks are dealing with large volumes of clients and relatively small margin of profits at individual transaction level (i.e., consumer lending, but also increasingly small business lending). This paper analyzes the history and new developments related to credit scoring models. It is found that with the New Basel Capital Accord, credit scoring models have been remotivated and given unprecedented significance. Banks, in particular, and most financial institutions, worldwide, have either recently developed or modified their existing internal credit risk models to conform with the new rules and best practices recently updated in the market. Moreover, the key steps of the credit scoring model’s lifecycle (i.e., assessment, implementation and validation) highlighting the main requirement imposed by Basel II have also been analyzed. It is concluded that banks that are willing to implement the most advanced approach to calculate their capital requirements under Basel II will need to increase their attention and consideration of credit scoring models in the near future.
Three-Dimensional Metal-Oxide Nanohelix Arrays Fabricated by Oblique Angle Deposition: Fabrication, Properties, and Applications (2015)

Three-dimensional (3D) nanostructured thin films have attracted great attention due to their novel physical, optical, and chemical properties, providing tremendous possibilities for future multifunctional systems and for exploring new physical phenomena. Among various techniques to fabricate 3D nanostructures, oblique angle deposition (OAD) is a very promising method for producing arrays of a variety of 3D nanostructures with excellent controllability, reproducibility, low cost, and compatibility with modern micro-electronic processes. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the principle of OAD, and unique structural and optical properties of OAD-fabricated thin films including excellent crystallinity, accurate tunability of refractive indices, and strong light scattering effect which can be utilized to remarkably enhance performances of various systems such as antireflection coatings, optical filters, photoelectrodes for solar-energy-harvesting cells, and sensing layers for various sensors.
[Applications of polyvinyl alcohol in modern preparations of TCM]. (2004)

As a drug additive, polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) has merits of solubility, easy forming, strong conglutination, high thermal stability, low toxicity and no irritation. In these years, PVA has been applied wider and wider in medicine industry. In the study of modem preparations of TCM PVA, as film material of membrane and pellicles, is very promising owing to its easy forming and excellent toughness. PVA is good polymer matrix for suppositories and gel, because it can not only carry drug but also improve the properties of preparations on application and technology. It can be said that PVA is an excellent carrier. At the present, PVA is mainly applied in vitro preparations of TCM, but its applications will be spread with further research. The prospective applications of PVA in osmotic pump controlled release preparations, drug carried microspheres and swelling controlled release system are foreseen.
A rigid, laterally bridged binuclear subphthalocyanine: the first dimer of aromatic macrocyclic complexes containing boron (1991)

N. Kobayashi, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1991, 1203 DOI: 10.1039/C39910001203
Transmission Loss Of Cylindrical Muffler With Different Length To Diameter Ratio By Using Two Load Method And Simulation Tool (2016)

This paper shows the details of measurement of the acoustical transmission loss of single expansion chamber muffler with various lengths to diameter ratios of cylindrical chamber muffler. A muffler is an important noise control element for reduction of machinery exhaust noise, fan noise, and other noise sources involving the flow of gases. Mufflers are typically arranged along the exhaust pipe as the part of the exhaust system of an internal combustion engine to reduce its noise. Firstly simulation tool results (Comsol) are compared with experimentally then results are observed with various expansion ratio.
Cable and BTSC Stereo (1987)

Stereo television is developing in the CATV industry, after getting off to a somewhat slow start. We now examine the unique characteristics of a cable system which affect BTSC stereo transmission. Though the transportation mechanism itself is broadband and generally transparent to stereo, practices at the headend and at the subscribers' home have an effect on stereo transmission. While stereo is quite possible in a CATV plant, one must take the proper precautions in order to achieve success.
Architectural design for the monitoring of intermodal transportation of hazardous goods (2002)

The transportation of hazardous goods is a very important sector affecting the economy of the countries, however, encompassing numerous hazards for the physical and social environment. Moreover, intermodal transportation creates all the necessary requisites for energy savings, and environmental protection, and the member countries of the European Union are encouraged to finance the construction of structures which accommodate the transportation of hazardous cargo in an intermodal environment. This paper aims to present a methodology for the design of an architecture for the monitoring of the intermodal transportation of hazardous cargo. Based on a top-bottom approach, it examines the environment under which the hazardous material is being transported. The main components of a mostly suitable monitoring architecture for the intermodal transportation of hazardous goods are defined. These components mainly refer to the application of advanced technologies for the automatic cargo identification, automatic vehicle/train/vessel positioning, and information and data exchange among users (EDI and telecommunication networks). The overall architectural scheme is designed taking into consideration the integration of a risk module, which plays a very important role in the trip planning process and the emergency situation response operations.
Rotational Shear Interferometry for Astronomical Imaging (2002)

An astronomical imaging instrument was developed which coupled a rotational shear interferometer (RSI) to a telescope with numerical aperture (NA) matching optics. The instrument was designed and constructed. Computer software was written to assist in the NA matching and perform rudimentary wavelength filtering. The completed astronomical imaging instrument was used to image a synthetic binary star created out of light emitting diodes (LEDs) with varying separation and spectrum. Results show that the RSI/telescope combination can image sparse arrays of point sources with small angular separation. Atmospheric turbulence was introduced, and the RSI/telescope instrument was tested for sensitivity to phase distortions.
Synthese und Konfiguration der Camphenilan‐ und der Isocamphenilansäure Sowie der aus Ihnen Abgeleiteten Alkohole (1957)

Abstract Das durch Dien‐Synthese dargestellte Addukt aus Cyclopentadien und β,β‐Dimethyl‐acrylsäure besteht je zur Hälfte aus der endo ‐ und der exo ‐Verbin‐dung, die durch die Methode der Jodlactonisierung getrennt werden. Dadurch ist es möglich, die Konfiguration für die Camphenilan‐und die Isocamphenilan‐säure festzulegen. Das gleiche gilt für die Konfiguration der aus den Estern der beiden Säuren durch Reduktion mit LiAlH 4 hervorgehenden Alkohole (Isocamphanole).
Application of Paraffin Bait Technique to the Isolation of <i>Nocardia asteroides</i> from Clinical Specimens (1969)

The principal findings of a study for further evaluating paraffin baiting as a routine laboratory diagnostic procedure in the isolation of Nocardia asteroides, the etiological agent of nocardiosis, are reported.
Design Considerations for Passive Substrate with Ferrite Materials Embedded in Printed Circuit Board (PCB) (2007)

For higher power density of power electronics converters, the integration of passive into the printed circuit board (PCB) is a low cost and integral manufacturing approach. The passive substrate concept for power electronics is proposed in this paper. Based on it, the converter level packaging can be implemented. The commercially available ferrite materials with low high frequency loss can be embedded in the PCB. The configuration and manufacturing processes of the passive substrate are described. As an example, a 3.3V/20A output non-isolated synchronous buck DC-DC converter with 500 kHz switching frequency is designed and manufactured using the passive substrate that functions as the inductor. The electrical design and power loss analysis of the passive substrate are illustrated. The thin converter, better thermal performance and high power density can be achieved.
Super-resolution in optical data storage (1999)

In this paper we summarize how fundamental work on the theory of optical imaging performed by our research group over a number of years has led to experimental developments, using specially calculated image-plane masks, which have confirmed that optical resolution in high-aperture microscopy, both coherent and incoherent (fluorescence microscopy), can reach nearly twice the conventional Rayleigh limit. In particular, we give a detailed treatment of our current work on the application of these ideas to the active area of high-density optical data storage on compact discs (digital versatile discs (DVDs)). A conventional optical disc can be regarded as a coherent-light confocal scanning microscope and our general theories thus show the feasibility of `superdense' optical data-storage systems. The achievement of near twice the Rayleigh limit for DVDs in the entertainment sector is important at the present time since this would enable full-length motion pictures to be read on an uncomplicated reader rather than the two-layer or double-sided reading systems now being promoted. Optical discs which use fluorescent material are also being proposed and our resolution enhancements will also apply to these.
Relating Analytical and Sensory Data To Predict Flavor Quality in Dairy Products (2002)

Taste is highly decisive in whether or not a dairy product is successful. In order to be able to control and predict flavor quality, key-aroma components should be determined for the product of choice. Based on these key-aroma components, models can be developed that are able to predict flavor quality. In this manuscript, a general approach will be discussed that aims to relate sensory data with key-aroma components by statistical methods. This approach has been used for a number of dairy products. Two specific examples will be presented in detail: 1) A statistical model was developed that successfully predicts the flavor quality of (aged) UHT milk based solely on the concentrations of key-aroma components. UHT milk has a distinct flavor that changes upon aging. This change in flavor is perceived as negative by die consumer and has therefore a direct influence on the shelf life of UHT milk. 2) Key-aroma component analysis, free choice profiling and statistical methods were used to understand and predict the effects of processing on the flavor quality and stability of proteinhydrolysates of dairy origin.
Electromagnetic and electromechanical machines (1972)

Basic concepts of power circuits energy conversion the transformer synchronous machines the induction motor direct-current machines system applications of synchronous machines special machines direct conversion to electrical energy. Appendices: laplace transformation constants and conversion factors metadyne, amplidyne, and rotary regulators.