gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inherited Disorders of Thyroid Metabolism* (1983)

In summary, we have presented a brief survey of the current state of knowledge of inherited disorders of thyroid metabolism. Analysis of cases shows that the biochemical classification covers a wide range of abnormalities and it is likely that further biochemical studies will increase this heterogeneity as well as refining it. Genetic studies are often incomplete, and few in number compared with the classical study by Hutchison and McGirr of Scottish tinker families. Most important, this survey indicates that further research is needed to elucidate the precise molecular mechanisms of the working of the iodide pump, the oxidation and iodination and coupling mechanisms. Study of animal models and DNA sequencing and hybridization work will continue to expand our understanding of abnormalities of thyroglobulin metabolism. We urgently need to find the key to resistance of peripheral and pituitary tissues to thyroid hormone. Subtle dyshormonogenetic abnormalities may await discovery in the field of multinodular goiter and intrathyroidal calcification with goiter. Neonatal screening for hypothyroidism is likely to expand the number of cases for investigation and detailed study. There is an important relationship of dyshormonogenesis to follicular carcinoma. It is hoped that in time we will be able to transform inborn errors into areas of understanding in the realm of the thyroid gland.
Optimal semijoin schedules for query processing in local distributed database systems (1981)

Semijoin strategies are a technique for query processing in distributed database systems. In the past, methodologies for constructing minimum communication-cost strategies for solving tree queries have been developed. These assume point-to-point communication and ignore local processing costs and the limited communication capacity of the system. In this paper, query processing in bus or loop systems is considered. The definition of strategy is extended to allow for broadcast mode of communication. We then address the problem of finding the minimum response-time schedule for executing a given strategy in an m-bus system taking into account local processing and system capacity. It is shown that the problem is computationally intractable for general tree queries, even in a 1-bus system, and for special classes of tree queries in an m-bus system. However, there is a polynomial-time algorithm for simple queries in a 1-bus system.
The Percolation Model (1998)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction An Example: The Vandalized Grid The Percolation Path Applications to Phase Transitions Close to Threshold: Critical Exponents, Scaling, and Fractals Trees, Gels, and Mean Fields Continuum Percolation and the Critical Volume Fraction Generalizations and Renormalizations
WAMA: a method of optimizing reticle/die placement to increase litho cell productivity (2005)

This paper focuses on reticle/field placement methodology issues, the disadvantages of typical methods used in the industry, and the innovative way that the WAMA software solution achieves optimized placement. Typical wafer placement methodologies used in the semiconductor industry considers a very limited number of parameters, like placing the maximum amount of die on the wafer circle and manually modifying die placement to minimize edge yield degradation. This paper describes how WAMA software takes into account process characteristics, manufacturing constraints and business objectives to optimize placement for maximum stepper productivity and maximum good die (yield) on the wafer.
Continuum model for surface reconstructions in (111) and (100) oriented surfaces of fcc metals (1992)

A continuum model for surface reconstructions in fcc metals is presented. The energetics associated with the relaxation of a surface that is elastically strained due to the surface stress, resulting in a loss of structural coherence with the underlying bulk, are analyzed. A simple criterion is developed that involves a dimensionless parameter β = (ƒ− γ)μb, where ƒ and γ are the surface stress and surface tension of the unreconstructed surface, μ is the shear modulus, and b is the magnitude of the Burgers vector. The model predicts that when β exceeds a critical threshold, the surface should reconstruct. It is shown that the predictions from the model are in general agreement with experimental observations for both (111) and (100) oriented surfaces. The model also predicts that the (111) oriented surface of Pb may display a surface reconstruction at high temperature as has recently been reported for the (111) surface of Pt. The analysis for the (100) oriented surfaces suggests that while there may be a thermodynamic driving force for reconstruction, it is necessary to enhance the kinetics of the transformation through effects of the surface stress (or of an externally applied stress).
The <i>big brain</i> gene of <i>Drosophila</i> functions to control the number of neuronal precursors in the peripheral nervous system (1992)

big brain (bib) is one of the six known zygotic neurogenic genes involved in the decision of an ectodermal cell to take on the neurogenic or the epidermogenic cell fate. Previous studies suggest that bib functions in a pathway separate from the one involving Notch and other known neurogenic genes. For a better understanding of the bib function, it is essential first to characterize the mutant phenotype in detail. Our mutant analyses show that loss of bib function approximately doubles the number of neuronal precursors and their progeny cells in the embryonic peripheral nervous system. Mosaic studies reveal a hypertrophy of sensory bristles in bib mutant patches in adult flies. Our observations are compatible with a function of bib in specifying neuronal precursors of both the embryonic and adult sensory nervous system. This is in contrast to the function of Notch, which continues to be required at multiple stages of neural development subsequent to this initial determination event.
A vacuum-sealed, gigawatt-class, repetitively pulsed high-power microwave source (2017)

A compact L-band sealed-tube magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator (MILO) has been developed that does not require bulky external vacuum pump for repetitive operations. This device with a ceramic insulated vacuum interface, a carbon fiber array cathode, and non-evaporable getters has a base vacuum pressure in the low 10−6 Pa range. A dynamic 3-D Monte-Carlo model for the molecular flow movement and collision was setup for the MILO chamber. The pulse desorption, gas evolution, and pressure distribution were exactly simulated. In the 5 Hz repetition rate experiments, using a 600 kV diode voltage and 48 kA beam current, the average radiated microwave power for 25 shots is about 3.4 GW in 45 ns pulse duration. The maximum equilibrium pressure is below 4.0 × 10−2 Pa, and no pulse shortening limitations are observed during the repetitive test in the sealed-tube condition.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Nanoparticle Removal Using Acoustic Streaming and the Effect of Time (2006)

Theremoval of nanoparticles is becoming increasingly challenging as the minimumlinewidth continues to decrease in semiconductor manufacturing. In this paper,the removal of nanoparticles from flat substrates using acoustic streamingis investigated. Bare silicon wafers and masks with a 4 nmsilicon cap layer are cleaned. The silicon-cap films are usedin extreme ultraviolet masks to protect Mo-Si reflective multilayers. Theremoval of 63 nm polystyrene latex (PSL) particles from these substratesis conducted using single-wafer megasonic cleaning. The results show higherthan 99% removal of PSL nanoparticles. The results also showthat dilute SC1 provides faster removal of particles, which isalso verified by the analytical analysis. Particle removal from the4 nm Si-cap substrate is slightly more difficult as compared tobare silicon wafers. The experimental results show that the removalof nanoparticles takes a relatively long removal time. Numerical simulationsshowed that the long time is due to particle oscillatorymotion and redeposition, and that this phenomenon is not observedin the removal of sub-μm or larger size particles.
Activation requirements of 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonate-primed T suppressor cells (1986)

Culture of spleen cells from mice tolerized with 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonate (DNBS) with DNP-labeled spleen cells (DNP-SC) activates Lyt 2/sup +/ Ts to synthesize and release a suppressor factor (SSF) into the supernatant (SN) which suppresses the transfer of contact sensitivity to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene. Activation of the Ts requires recognition of DNP in association with class I MHC determinants. The signals which activate these Ts to produce SSF were examined in greater detail. The SN from cultures of L3T4-depleted tolerant cells and DNP-SC did not contain SSF activity, suggesting that an L3T4/sup +/ cell was required for Ts activation. Similarly, the SN from cultures of DNBS-primed cells and gluteraldehyde-fixed (Glu-) DNP-SC had no SSF activity. Addition of Il-1 restored the ability of the Ts to synthesize and release the factor into the SN in both cases. By contrast to the SN, the soluble cell lysate from cultures of tolerant cells and Glu-DNP-SC, or from L3T4-depleted tolerance cells and DNP-SC did contain the SSF activity. These results indicate that two signals are required to activate DNBS-primed Ts to produce SSF. Recognition of DNP/class I MHC stimulates the Ts to synthesize SSF and a costimulator is required for release of the factor. These results furthermore » indicate that the L3T4-bearing cells play no role in the synthesis of SSF. Rather, these cells induce the costimulator which is required for factor release.« less
Lewis acid catalyzed cascade annulation of alkynols with α-ketoesters: a facile access to γ-spiroketal-γ-lactones (2017)

A novel Lewis acid catalyzed intermolecular cascade annulation of alkynols with α-ketoesters has been developed. This simple and efficient cascade annulation proceeds through a 5-exo-dig cyclization of alkynols followed by annulation with α-ketoester to provide a wide variety of unsaturated γ-spiroketal-γ-lactones (1,6-dioxaspiro[4.4]non-3-en-2-ones) related to many natural products.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND CHIROPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME ASYMMETRIC PLANAR CISOID DIENES (1976)

Abstract Die Diene (IV), (VII) und (XI) werden ausgehend von den Verbindungen (I) [über die Stufen (IIa), (IIb) und (III)], (V) [Wittigreaktion mit dem Salz (VI)] bzw. (VIII) [über die Stufen (IX) und (X)] synthetisiert; das Dienon (XIII) wird durch Kondensation von (V) mit dem Keton (XII) gewonnen.
The effects of rock characteristics on relative permeability (1990)

The goal of the work was to characterize two sandstone samples to the extent that differences in relative permeabilities could be attributed to differences in petrophysical or rock/fluid characteristics. Berea and Bentheimer sandstones were selected as the samples for this study because of their similar absolute permeabilities but slightly different petrographical properties. The samples were tested extensively to evaluate petrographic, rock/fluid, and permeability characteristics. Petrographic analyses included x-ray diffraction (XRD); cation exchange capacity (CEC); and microscopic evaluation by scanning electron microscope (SEM), visual and computer-assisted image analysis. Rock/fluid tests included mercury injection capillary pressure, centrifuge capillary pressure and wettability, Amott tests, and resistivity tests. Permeabilities evaluated included absolute permeabilities measured with gas and with brine; two-phase gas-water, oil-water, and gas-oil relative permeabilities; and three-phase gas-oil-water relative permeabilities. 3 refs., 9 figs., 3 tabs.
ChemInform Abstract: FACILE GENERATION OF A REACTIVE PALLADIUM(II) ENOLATE INTERMEDIATE BY THE DECARBOXYLATION OF PALLADIUM(II) β‐KETOCARBOXYLATE AND ITS UTILIZATION IN ALLYLIC ACYLATION (1981)

Abstract Die Zugabe einer katalytischen Menge von Pd(PPh3 )4 zu β‐Ketocarboxylatoallylverbindungen wie (I), (III), (V) oder (VII) bewirkt deren Decarboxylierung und führt über einen π‐Allylpalladium(II)‐enolat‐Komplex zu α‐Allylketonen.
Neutron Scattering Studies of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Y</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">U</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Pd</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>Compounds (1995)

We have performed neutron scattering measurements on two alloys of ${\mathrm{Y}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{U}}_{x}{\mathrm{Pd}}_{3}$ ( $x\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.2,0.45$). Our results indicate that the $x\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.45$ compound orders antiferromagnetically with a moment of 0.7 ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ per U atom and a N\'eel temperature ( ${T}_{N}$) of 21 K. Although the $x\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.2$ compound does not order above 0.2 K, critical fluctuations associated with antiferromagnetic ordering were observed on cooling from 77 to 0.2 K. The magnetic spectra for both compounds, obtained by polarized inelastic neutron scattering, were dominated by a quasielastic response close to 0 meV, suggesting a magnetic ground state.
Template-Free Fabrication of Highly-Oriented Single-Crystalline 1D-Rutile TiO<sub>2</sub>-MWCNT Composite for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Activity (2014)

Template-free synthesis of phase pure one-dimensional (1D), single crystalline rutile titania nanorods or wires at low temperature still remains a challenging task due to its complex nature of surface chemistry. In these 1D structures, charge transport is highly favored. To further modify the electrical conductivity and optoelectronic properties of these 1D nanostructures, various methods such as doping of TiO2 with metal and nonmetal and synthesis of branched and hybrid structures are developed. If these hybrid structures can directly synthesize on the substrate, the transport of the electron will improve due to reduced grain boundary and exciton recombination. In this contribution, for the first time, we have simultaneously synthesized 1D-rutile TiO2-multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composite film directly grown on fluorine dope conducting oxide (FTO) substrate along with 1D-rutile TiO2-MWCNT composite powder. The as-grown nanorods films were single-crystalline and oriented vertically with respect to the substrate, having an average height of ∼2 μm. The well connected network of TiO2 with MWCNTs was observed through electron microscopy. The composite film shows positive movement of the flat-band edge and increase in charge carrier density. The TiO2-MWCNT composite was successfully used as photoanode in a dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) and exhibits a 60% increase in energy-conversion efficiency compared with only TiO2 nanorods.
On hierarchical routing in wireless sensor networks (2009)

Hierarchical routing is a promising approach for point-to-point routing with very small routing state. While there are many theoretical analyses and high-level simulations demonstrating its benefits, there has been little work to evaluate it in a realistic wireless sensor network setting. Based on numerous proposed hierarchical routing infrastructures, we develop a framework that captures the common characteristics of the infrastructures and identifies design points where the infrastructures differ. We then evaluate the implementation of the framework in TOSSIM and on a 60-node testbed. We demonstrate that from the practical perspective hierarchical routing is also an appealing routing approach for sensor networks. Despite only logarithmic routing state, it can offer low routing stretch: the average of ∼1.25 and the 99-th percentile of 2. Moreover, a hierarchical routing infrastructure can be autonomously bootstrapped and maintained by the nodes. By exploring the design points within our framework, the hierarchy maintenance protocol can optimize different metrics, such as the latency of bootstrapping and repairing the hierarchy after failures or the traffic volume, depending on the application requirements. Finally, we also identify a number of practical issues which we believe the applications employing hierarchical routing should be aware of.
Workshop on Assessment of Testing Methodology for Glass, Glass-Ceramic, and Ceramic Matrix Composites - Gaithersburg, MD - February 8, 1990 (1991)

A workshop on mechanical testing methodology for glass, glass-ceramic, and ceramic matrix composites was held at NIST on February 8,1990. The purpose of the workshop was to assess room-and elevated-temperature measurement techniques for whisker-and continuous-fiber reinforced ceramic composites and their constituents. Techniques being used for metal-and polymer-matrix composites as well as those developed exclusively for use with ceramic composites were discussed. Important points included the use of tensile tests, not flexure, for strength and creep measurements; the need for different tests for material development and for system design; the need to precisely control test parameters; and the importance of specimen preparation. Additional conclusions were that the same tests used for monolithic ceramics can be used for whisker-reinforced materials with few or no changes, and that interlaboratory round robin tests were needed to determine both the reproducibility and limitations of the methodologies as well as material behavior. Additional research areas identified included long-term deformation behavior of composites, environmental effects on material behavior, and the relation of constituent properties to composite properties.
Degree of Selectivity of Pergolide as an Agonist at Presynaptic Versus Postsynaptic Dopamine Receptors (1982)

Pergolide mesylate is a potent dopamine agonist that is being evaluated clinically in Parkinson disease, hyperprolactinemia, and other diseases. Pergolide activates both presynaptic and postsynaptic dopamine receptors, with some apparent selectivity for the presynaptic dopamine autoreceptors. In rats, Iow doses of pergolide (0.01 mg/kg or less, intraperitoneally) decreased dopamine turnover in brain, decreased serum prolactin concentration, and reduced blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. At somewhat higher doses (0.05 mg/kg or more, intraperitoneally), pergolide caused contralateral turning in nigrostriatal-lesioned rats, elevation of serum corticosterone, and hypermotility with stereotyped behavior. All of these actions are thought to be due to stimulation of dopamine receptors at various sites, but the data suggest that pergolide may have preferential affinity for presynaptic dopamine receptors. If low doses of pergolide can reduce dopaminergic transmission by activating presynaptic receptors that control dopamine release, then this action might be therapeutically useful in treating schizophrenia without causing tardive dyskinesia or in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. The long duration of action of pergolide seen in animal and human studies could be an important advantage over some other dopamine agonists such as apomorphine.
Antioxidant effect of thiazolidine molecules in cell culture media improves stability and performance (2017)

The ability of cell culture media components to generate reactive species as well as their sensitivity to oxidative degradation, affects the overall stability of media and the behavior of cells cultured in vitro. This study investigates the influence of thiazolidine molecules, formed from the condensation between cysteine and alpha-ketoacids, on the stability of these complex mixtures and on the performance of cell culture processes aiming to produce therapeutically relevant monoclonal antibodies. Results presented in this study indicate that 2-methyl-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid and 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, obtained by condensation of cysteine with pyruvate or alpha-ketoglutarate, respectively, are able to stabilize cell culture media formulations, in particular redox sensitive molecules like folic acid, thiamine, l-methionine (met) and l-tryptophan (trp). The use of thiazolidine containing feeds in Chinese hamster ovary fed-batch processes showed prolonged culture duration and increased productivity. This enhanced performance was correlated with lower reactive species generation, extracellularly and intracellularly. Moreover, an anti-oxidative response was triggered via the induction of superoxide dismutase and an increase in the total glutathione pool, the major intracellular antioxidant. In total, the results confirm that cells in vitro are not cultured in an oxidant-free environment, a concept that has to be considered when studying the influence of reactive species in human diseases. Furthermore, this study indicates that thiazolidines are an interesting class of antioxidant molecules, capable of increasing cell culture media stability and process performance. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:759-770, 2017.
Efficient approximation of symbolic network functions using matroid intersection algorithms (1997)

An efficient and effective approximation strategy is crucial to the success of symbolic analysis of large analog circuits. In this paper we propose a new approximation strategy for the symbolic analysis of linear circuits in the complex frequency domain. The strategy directly generates common spanning trees of a two-graph in decreasing order of tree admittance product, using matroid intersection algorithms. The strategy reduces the total time for computing an approximate symbolic expression in expanded format to polynomial with respect to the circuit size under the assumption that the number of product terms retained in the final expression is polynomial. Experimental results are clearly superior to those reported in previous works.
Humoral and cellular aspects of immunoglobulin allotype suppression in the rabbit. II. Effect of beta locus suppression on immunoglobulin receptor-bearing lymphocytes. (1974)

Rabbits born as b locus genotypic b4, 6 heterozygotes, but exposed in utero or neonatally to anti-b6 antibody, show chronic phenotypic suppression of the synthesis of the b6 allele in serum immunoglobulin. The suppression has been quantified over an extended period in relation to the synthesis of the alternative b locus allele (b4), a locus determinants, and total IgG. b locus suppression does not alter the synthesis or proportions of a locus (a1 and a3) determinants. The abrogation of suppression which can be effected neonatally by injection of immunoglobulin appears to be an antibody-neutralizing event since it requires specifically b6 determinants and cannot be achieved with non-b6 (5,9) complexes formed in vivo. Neutralization results in the rapid establishment of a b6 immunoglobulin-synthesizing cell population. Two assays, the mixed rosette and lymphocyte transformation tests with anti-allotype sera, have been used to examine the influence of suppression and suppression-neutralization on the distribution of allotypic determinants on immunoglobulin receptor bearing lymphocytes in the peripheral circulation and lymphoid tissues. In b6-suppressed rabbits there is an absence of b6-carrying lymphocytes in all the lymphoid tissues examined. In suppression-neutralized rabbits, however, such cells are present in numbers which correlate reasonably well with the proportion of b6 in the serum immunoglobulin. In rabbits in which no b6 was detectable at any time in the serum to 100 days of age, intensive immunization with b6 did not result in production of antibody to the b6 determinant. These findings are discussed in relation to proposals of the mechanism of induction and maintenance of chronic suppression in the rabbit.