gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
GSM infrastructure used for data transmission (2011)

In cellular service there are two main competing network technologies: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). Since its beginning in the '80s, GSM telephone system was developed using cell concept for the network topology. Each cell corresponds to a specific antenna (base station), placed on towers or tall buildings. The GSM standard has been an advantage to both consumers, who may benefit from the ability to roam and switch carriers without replacing phones, and also to network operators. GSM also has low-cost implementation of the short message service (SMS), also called text messaging, which has since been supported on other mobile phone standards as well. Because of huge coverage of distance, the GSM infrastructure can be an alternative to transmit or receive data from or to a device (sensor, actuator, complex device) near or remotely. Compared to analog transmission systems, GSM system provides narrowest bandwidth for a channel, through the use of voice compression algorithm; improving the quality of transmission by using detection and correction codes of errors; digital signal encryption to ensure security and protection against unwanted interception. To illustrate and analyze the possibilities of data transmission using GSM infrastructure is considered the situation of a remote monitoring system (photovoltaic panels) without the ability to connect to the Internet via cable or other options (transmission trunking radio system or Wi-Fi Internet Access Point or satellite). The only possibility is the presence of GSM signal, but this not require high quality signal because was used a short messaging service (SMS) for communication. The unit consists of computing (computer + software application), a device or more (any measuring device that can connect to the computer) and a GSM terminal (telephone modem capabilities or GSM modem). The system is bidirectional in that the information is not only moving from GSM mobile phone to GSM modem, but can also give information to mobile phone.
A path selection algorithm for timing analysis (1988)

Due to the rapid progress in semiconductor technology, the number of gates that can be placed in a chip increases dramatically. Existing algorithms for timing analysis have difficulties when dealing with large designs. A new algorithm for timing analysis is proposed in this paper. This algorithm enumerates all the paths with delay greater than a given threshold. The execution time of the proposed algorithm is proportional to the number of paths generated. Therefore, it is suitable for large designs.Classification: timing verification.
The Retention of Tobacco Smoke Constituents in the Human Respiratory Tract (2006)

Measurements on the retention of cigarette smoke constituents in the human respiratory tract have been undertake for more than 100 years. The first studies on nicotine retention were begun by Lehmann in Germany in 1903 and published in 1908. The first studies on the retention of smoke particulate matter were published by Baumbereger in the United States in 1923. Since those early publications, many studies have been undertaken, more or less continuously. This article is a review of the work that has been done over the last 100 years, including a large number of unpublished studies undertaken by British American Tobacco in Southampton, UK. The techniques used have evolved over the years and there is a certain amount of variation in the data. However, the general trends in the results are reassuringly consistent. The bulk of the studies indicate that, on average, 60 to 80% of the mainstream smoke particulate matter is retained in the lungs after inhalation. For nicotine, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and aldehydes the total retentions are of the order of 90-100, 55-65, 100, and approximately 90%, respectively, during cigarette smoke inhalation. For most smoke constituents the retentions in the mouth only are considerably smaller than in the whole respiratory tract. The lung retention values for smoke particulate matter are dependent on the depth of inhalation, hold time in the lungs, exhalation volume, and other factors. However, the degree of nicotine retention following inhalation is not markedly influenced by changes in respiratory parameters. Furthermore, the percentage retentions for smoke particulate matter and nicotine are smaller for nonsmoking subjects exposed to environmental tobacco smoke than with active smoking. The smoke retentions are related to properties of the smoke aerosol particles and gases and their behavior as they travel through the respiratory tract. This includes particle growth in the respiratory tract and evaporation of gases out of the particles, and relevant aspects of these processes are also reviewed.
Photodynamic Therapy of Experimental Subchoroidal Melanoma Using Chloroaluminum Sulfonated Phthalocyanine (1992)

Although photodynamic therapy has shown great promise for the treatment of a variety of malignant neoplasms, the role of this new therapeutic modality in the clinical management of intraocular tumors remains incompletely understood. This study examines the effects of photodynamic therapy using chloroaluminum sulfonated phthalocyanine on Greene hamster melanoma transplanted into the subchoroidal space in rabbits. Twenty-four hours after intravenous administration of chloroaluminum sulfonated phthalocyanine (5 mg/kg), tumors were irradiated with 675 nm of light at total light doses of 7 to 60 J/cm2. The results show that tumor growth was arrested at total light doses of 22 to 60 J/cm2. At total light doses of 15 to 21 J/cm2, tumor growth was initially arrested. However, regrowth of these tumors was apparent within 7 days. Total light doses of less than 15 J/cm2 showed no response. Complications of photodynamic therapy, such as intraretinal or subretinal hemorrhages and retinal detachment, were seen only in animals who received total light doses in excess of 43 J/cm2.
A universal image forensic strategy based on steganalytic model (2014)

Image forensics have made great progress during the past decade. However, almost all existing forensic methods can be regarded as the specific way, since they mainly focus on detecting one type of image processing operations. When the type of operations changes, the performances of the forensic methods usually degrade significantly. In this paper, we propose a universal forensics strategy based on steganalytic model. By analyzing the similarity between steganography and image processing operation, we find that almost all image operations have to modify many image pixels without considering some inherent properties within the original image, which is similar to what in steganography. Therefore, it is reasonable to model various image processing operations as steganography and it is promising to detect them with the help of some effective universal steganalytic features. In our experiments, we evaluate several advanced steganalytic features on six kinds of typical image processing operations. The experimental results show that all evaluated steganalyzers perform well while some steganalytic methods such as the spatial rich model (SRM) [4] and LBP [19] based methods even outperform the specific forensic methods significantly. What is more, they can further identify the type of various image processing operations, which is impossible to achieve using the existing forensic methods.
Production of Antiserum for Staphylococcal Enterotoxin (1964)

Immunization of rabbits with approximately 95% pure enterotoxin B and approximately 20 and 50% pure enterotoxin A yielded specific antisera which required no and little absorption, respectively, when used in the slide double-diffusion test. Methods for purifying enterotoxin A and for the production and absorption of antisera are presented.
Research on Network Intrusion Detection System (2010)

This paper firstly introduces the status of network safety, network safety aim, traditional network safety technology and necessity of network intrusion detection system (NIDS). Secondly, this paper discusses the concepts and definitions of NIDS. Thirdly, this paper analyzes structure and key technologies of NIDS. Finally, introduces an example software of NIDS –snort.
Adaptive Transmission Control Protocol‐trunking flow control mechanism for supporting proxy‐assisted video on demand system (2011)

SUMMARY Video streaming has been challenged by the best‐effort service inherently provided by the Internet. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is sensitive to traffic congestion, and current TCP is insufficient to offer stable and high throughput bandwidth for video transmissions. Although many investigations have been proposed to deal with the inefficient problem of TCP protocol, such as Stream Control Transmission Protocol, these mechanisms and protocols are still not well employed by current Internet and used by Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Adaptive TCP‐trunking flow control (ATCP+), which is a segment‐based flow control scheme built upon TCP protocol, is proposed in the paper. ATCP+ dynamically adjusts the transmitted segment size and makes multiple TCP connections be trunked together based on network condition, in order to optimize all TCP connection throughputs efficiently. The proposed scheme is implemented through HTTP 1.1. Experiments show that the proposed method can achieve stable throughput for smooth multimedia presentation on numerous network states, and the scheme can be handily applied on general web servers. Lastly, ATCP+ presents a cost‐effective video streaming solution in real deployment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transferable Deformation-Dipole Model for Ionic Materials (2007)

A model for the ionic interactions in polyvalent metal halides was originally built for chloroaluminate clusters using an analysis of data on static and dynamic structure of their molecular monomers [for a review see M. P. Tosi, Phys. Chem. Liquids 43, 409 (2005)]. Recently, by continuing the deformation-dipole model calculations, the transferability of the halogen parameters was tested through the calculation of the structure of alkali halides and alkaline-earth halides. In this work we test the usefulness of the deformation-dipole model in the study of ionic materials by examining the transferability of the overlap parameters for the halogen ions across families of halide compounds. Following a comparative discussion of alkali and alkaline-earth halide monomers near equilibrium, results on alkaline-earth halides are given. By using the transferable ionic potential model we also calculate the equilibrium structure of the molecular clusters, as well as the vibrational frequencies of ACl 4 compounds (where A = U, Np, Pu, Am and Th).
A new feeder system for quantitating actual toxicant consumption by mice during feeding studies. (1975)

A new mouse feeder system was described which enables mice to be utilized for long-or short-term feeding studies of chemical toxicants. Quantitative toxicant consumption can be obtained. The use of granulated feed of particle size, 500-1000 mu, prevents bridging, thus assuring a constant supply of diet to the experimental animals. Comparative weight gain in female BALB/c Nctr BR mice showed no significant differences between the groups fed 500 ppm 2-fluorenylacetamide, control granulated feed, or pellets.
Deposition of the platinum crystals on the carbon nanotubes (2000)

为在碳 nanotubes 上扔铂的一种新技术和影响因素被调查。结果证明在氢或氮的空气的扔的铂晶体在碳 nanotubes 的表面上有一种小尺寸和同类的分布。预告的处理将减少碳 nanotubes 上的铂粒子显著地。
Ciliary Sulcus Fixation of a Dislocated Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens Using Liquid Perfluorophenanthrene (1992)

A posterior chamber intraocular lens was transsclerally sutured to the ciliary sulcus with the aid of liquid perfluorophenanthrene (Vitreon). This vitreous substitute facilitates the procedure and reduces the possibility of damage to the retina.
Seismic Responses of Highway Multiple Span Steel Bridges Retrofitted by Protective Devices (2004)

A previous study evaluated the seismic response of typical multi-span simply supported (MSSS) and multi-span continuous (MSC) steel-girder bridges in the central and southeastern United States. The results showed that the bridges were vulnerable to damage resulting from impact between decks, and large ductility demands on nonductile columns. Furthermore, fixed and expansion bearings were likely to fail during strong ground motion. In this paper, several retrofit measures to improve the seismic performance of typical multi-span simply supported and multi-span continuous steel girder bridges are evaluated, including the use of elastomeric bearings, lead-rubber bearings, and restrainer cables. It is determined that iead-rubber bearings are the most effective retrofit measure for reducing the seismic vulnerability of typical bridges. While isolation provided by elastomeric bearings limits the forces into the columns, the added flexibility results in pounding between decks in the MSSS steel-girder bridge. Restrainer cables, which are becoming a common retrofit measure, are only moderately effective in reducing the seismic vulnerability of MSSS and MSC steel girder bridges.
Rates of sensitivity reactions to aspirin: Problems in interpreting the data (1986)

This work was done to determine the reasons for variation in the reported rates--ranging from less than 1% to greater than 50%--of sensitivity to aspirin and cross-reactivity to acetaminophen and ibuprofen. In 47 studies that reported rates of sensitivity and in 23 reports that contained series of sensitive patients, we examined the research setting, source of patients, clinical attributes of the study group, admission process, and selection, operational definition, and method of determining sensitivity reactions. In five studies with reasonably well-specified methods, the reported sensitivity rates to aspirin were lowest (0.3% to 0.9%) for patients without allergic tendencies, higher in asthmatics, and highest if patients had nasal polyps or severe atopy. Although not determined in any of these studies, the rate of sensitivity in a general (nonclinical) population would doubtlessly be substantially lower than the rate of three per 1000 reported for nonallergic patients. The admixture of different clinical groups, varying definitions, and ascertainment of a sensitivity reaction seem to be responsible for the variations in the reported rates of sensitivity and cross-reactivity.
Human-computer interface design for an in-vehicle information system (2004)

In-vehicle information system (IVIS) is an important component of urban traffic flow guidance system (UTFGS). It consists of an input device, data storage, a driver information display monitor, processing modules, a voice synthesizer module and a communication module. Human-computer interface (HCI) is the comprehensive environment of manipulating IVIS. It is also the media of delivering and exchanging information between the driver and IVIS. A good HCI can minimize the driver's distraction, assure the driver's safety, and improve the efficiency of the human-computer interaction.
Leakage After Resection and Intraperitoneal Anastomosis for Colorectal Malignancy: Analysis of Risk Factors (2006)

Intraperitoneal anastomosis after large-bowel resection is associated with a low leakage rate. Emergency surgery and a high American Society of Anesthesiologists grade are independent factors associated with an increased incidence of leakage. A temporary diverting stoma to protect the primary anastomosis or even avoidance of anastomosis could be considered for patients with the two risk factors present.
Structural investigations of oriented membrane assemblies by FTIR-ATR spectroscopy (1998)

In situ attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform (FT) spectroscopy is presented as an adequate tool for studying molecular structure and function of biomembranes. In this article emphasis was directed to the production of suitable model bilayer membranes for optimum mimicking of natural biomembranes, and to special FTIR ATR techniques to achieve enhanced selectivity as well as time resolved information on complex membrane assemblies. In this context, the preparation of supported bilayers according to the LB/vesicle method is presented and the use of such model membranes to build more complex assemblies, e.g. with creatine kinase, a surface bound enzyme, and alkaline phosphatase, a membrane anchored enzyme. A comprehensive summary of equations used for quantitative ATR spectroscopy is given and applied to determine the surface concentration and orientation of membrane bound molecules. The use of supported bilayers for drug membrane interaction studies is demonstrated by the local anesthetic dibucaine. Besides of structural information’s, such studies result also thermodynamic date, such as adsorption isotherm and partition coefficient. A special ATR set-up for more precise background compensation is presented enabling the conversion of a single beam spectrometer into a pseudo double beam spectrometer. This optical component may be placed in the sample compartment of the spectrometer, and is referred to as single-beam-sample-reference (SBSR) attachment. Finally, a short theoretical introduction into time resolved modulation spectroscopy is given. Temperature modulated excitation of reversible conformational changes in the polypeptide poly-L-lysine and the enzyme RNase are shown as examples.
A Cement Base for the Hot Filament Mass Spectrometer Source (1953)

The following document is meant to inform the reader on the makings of a cement base for the hot filament mass spectrometer source as part of a publication in the review of scientific instruments, "Laboratory and Shop Notes".
Lead phytoextraction: species variation in lead uptake and translocation (1996)

summary Lead transport has been characterized in corn (Zea mays L. cv. Fiesta) and ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), and the Pb phytoextraction efficiency of these species has been compared with that of Tritiaim aestivum, Thlaspi rotundifolium, Thlaspi caerulescens and Brassica juncea , using both nutrient solutions and Pb‐contaminated soils. Our results demonstrated that plant species differ significantly in Pb uptake and translocation. In short term (60 min) experiments, Pb uptake by ragweed roots was threefold higher than that by corn roots. After 2 wk of Pb (100/yM) exposure in hydroponics, root‐Pb concentration was 24000 mg kg −1 for ragweed and 4900 mg kg −1 for corn. In contrast to root‐Pb concentration, shoot‐Pb concentration was significantly higher in corn (560 mg kg −1 ) than in ragweed (30 mg kg‐ 1 ). At an external Pb concentration of 20/IM, corn concentrated Pb in shoots by 90‐fold, and ragweed concentrated Pb in shoots by 20‐fold over the solution Pb concentration. Of the 11 species/cultivars tested using both nutrient solutions and Pb‐contaminated soils, corn accumulated the highest shoot‐Pb concentration. Using this corn cultivar, we investigated the role of synthetic chelates in Pb phytoextraction. Addition of HEDTA (2.0 g kg −1 soil) to a Pb‐contaminated soil (total soil Pb 2500 mg kg −1 ) resulted in a surge of Pb accumulation in corn. The shoot Pb‐concentration was increased from 40 mg kg −1 for the control (‐HEDTA) to 10600 mg kg −1 for the HEDTA‐treated soil. To our knowledge, this is the highest shoot Pb concentration reported in the literature for plants grown on Pb‐contaminated soils. Our results suggest that in combination with sou amendment, some agronomic crops, such as corn, might be used for the clean‐up of Pb‐contaminated soil.
A statistical learning approach to color demosaicing (2009)

A statistical learning/inference framework for color demosaicing is presented. We start with simplistic assumptions about color constancy, and recast color demosaicing as a blind linear inverse problem: color parameterizes the unknown kernel, while brightness takes on the role of a latent variable. An expectation-maximization algorithm naturally suggests itself for the estimation of them both. Then, as we gradually broaden the family of hypothesis where color is learned, we let our demosaicing behave adaptively, in a manner that reflects our prior knowledge about the statistics of color images. We show that we can incorporate realistic, learned priors without essentially changing the complexity of the simple expectation-maximization algorithm we started with.
Computer Analysis of Cell Images (1965)

The state of automation in microscopic morphology is discussed, and a new approach based on computer analysis of cell images is presented. Examples are given of the application of the CYDAC system to blood cell and chromosome discrimination.
Towards vision-based 3-D people tracking in a smart room (2003)

This paper presents our work on building a real time distributed system to track 3D locations of people in an indoor environment, such as a smart room, using multiple calibrated cameras. In our system, each camera is connected to a dedicated computer on which foreground regions in the camera image are detected. This is done using an adaptive background model. These detected foreground regions are broadcasted to a tracking agent, which computes believed 3D locations of persons based on the detected image regions. We have implemented both a best-hypothesis heuristic tracking approach as well as a probabilistic multi-hypothesis tracker to find the object tracks from these 3D locations. The two tracking approaches are evaluated on a sequence of two people walking in a conference room recorded with three cameras. The results suggest that the probabilistic tracker shows comparable performance to the heuristic tracker.
Sudden death in epilepsy recorded in ambulatory EEG (2007)

A woman with epilepsy died during a seizure and the event was recorded on ambulatory EEG. The circumstances were typical of sudden death in epilepsy (SUDEP). The EEG revealed that the patient had suffered a generalised seizure that abruptly ended with cessation of all cerebral electrical activity. Two other cases recorded on videotelemetry demonstrating similar EEG features were reported in the literature. We postulate that abrupt irreversible cerebral electrical shutdown during a seizure may be the primary mechanism of SUDEP.
Comparison of Several Algorithms for Computing Sample Means and Variances (1974)

Abstract Several one-pass and two-pass algorithms for the computation of sample means and variances are compared by their performance on sets of randomly generated data and systematically generated data with random noise. The relation between the performance of each algorithm and the coefficient of variation of the population from which random data sets are generated is explored.