gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental analysis of critical oxygen delivery (2004)

Systemic variables were evaluated with respect to O(2) delivery to test the hypothesis that critical O(2) delivery and critical Hb can be estimated by multiple variables collected simultaneously. Rats were subjected to transfusion with either fresh or stored blood and then subjected to stepwise isovolemic hemodilution. Critical levels were measured by the dual-regression method from plots of systemic variables against O(2) delivery and Hb. Delivery was calculated from cardiac index and arterial O(2) content. We found that 1) after hemodilution, O(2) delivery changed in a nonlinear relationship with Hb; 2) critical delivery calculated using 30 different systemic variables was not statistically different from each other; 3) critical delivery and critical Hb were correlated but were not different between animals receiving fresh or stored blood; and 4) similar critical levels were found using a single variable from several animals and using several variables from the same subject. The best variables to estimate critical delivery were lactate, bicarbonate, base excess, O(2) extraction ratio, expired CO(2), pulse pressure, cardiac index, and systolic pressure. The data suggest that a multivariable analysis of critical delivery may help determine the physiological oxygenation boundary at the whole body level. This may assist in finding therapeutic triggers on an individual basis using systemic markers of the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism.
Permanent occupancy of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enhancer by NF-kappa B is needed for persistent viral replication in monocytes (1996)

This work aimed to ascertain the role of kappaB-responsive elements of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) enhancer not only in early initiation but also in long-term maintenance of proviral transcription in cells of the monocytic lineage. For this purpose, we used three main approaches. The first was to abruptly terminate tumor necrosis factor-induced NF-kappaB binding to the enhancer sequences in U1 monocytic cells, using a short pulse of exogenous tumor necrosis factor. This resulted in concomitant decrease in nuclear NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity and endogenous long terminal repeat transcriptional activity. The second was to suppress the permanent NF-kappaB translocation induced by HIV-1 replication itself in chronically infected U937 cells, using a specific proteasome inhibitor (Z-LLL-H). As early as 2 h after addition of the inhibitor to the culture medium, there was an inhibition of both constitutive activation of NF-kappaB and HIV-1 genome expression. The third approach was to monitor the replication competence in U937 cells of an infectious HIV-1 provirus carrying point mutations in the kappaB-responsive elements of both long terminal repeats. Compared with its wild-type counterpart, this mutated provirus showed a profoundly decreased, Z-LLL-H-insensitive transcriptional and replicative activity in U937 monocytes. Together, our results indicate that occupancy of the viral enhancer by NF-kappaB (p50/p65) heterodimers is required for ongoing transcription of integrated HIV provirus in monocytes, even in cells chronically infected and permanently producing functional HIV Tat protein. Thus, the ability of HIV-1 replication to activate NF-kappaB is crucial to the intense self-perpetuated viral transcription observed in cells of the monocytic lineage.
Techno‐economic analysis of a production‐scale torrefaction system for cellulosic biomass upgrading (2011)

Abstract Torrefaction of biomass early in the supply chain is one method of enhancing or preservin biomass quality during storage; reducing storage and transportation costs; attaining uniformity among different feedstock types; and meeting biorefineries' quality and quantity demands for feedstock in a cost effective and sustainable manner. The main objectives of this study were to analyze the mass and energy balance, to assess the techno‐economic feasibility of a production‐scale torrefaction system, and to quantify the sensitivity of energy and cost results to changes in initial feedstock moisture content, torrefaction process temperature, plant operating window, and initial capital investment. The output from this analysis provides clear guidance on the opportunities and costs associated with production‐scale torrefaction of biomass as a feedstock intermediate. Analysis of energy results indicated that the net external energy required for the torrefaction process increased and energy efficiency of the torrefaction system decreased with increasing moisture contents. However, both of these energy metrics exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing process temperatures. In addition to the energy results, unit torrefaction process cost exhibited a decreasing trend with decreasing initial moisture contents of feedstock and decreasing torrefaction process temperatures. For the typical moisture content of 30% wb , process temperature of 240°C, plant operating window of 6 mo.yr ‐1 and initial capital investment of $7.5 million for the system with rated capacity of 25 Tton.hr ‐1 , unit torrefaction process cost was estimated to be 17.5 $‐Tton ‐1 . Additional system improvements through capital cost reduction and wider operating windows can yield a torrefaction product cost of ∼12 $‐Tton ‐1 . © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Modern Carbonyl Olefination:  Methods and Applications Edited by Takeshi Takeda. Wiley-VCH:  Weinheim. 2004. £100. 349 pp. ISBN 3-527-30634-X (2004)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVBook ReviewNEXTModern Carbonyl Olefination: Methods and Applications Edited by Takeshi Takeda. Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. 2004. £100. 349 pp. ISBN 3-527-30634-XPeter L. SpargoView Author Information Scientific Update LLP, Maycroft Place, Stone Cross, Mayfield, East Sussex, TN20 6EW, UK Cite this: Org. Proc. Res. Dev. 2004, 8, 3, 542Publication Date (Web):April 30, 2004Publication History Published online30 April 2004Published inissue 1 May 2004https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/op0499324https://doi.org/10.1021/op0499324book-reviewACS PublicationsCopyright © 2004 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views392Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Carbonyls,Chemical reactions,Olefination,Reagents Get e-Alerts
Hyperoside protects cells against gamma ray radiation-induced apoptosis in hamster lung fibroblast. (2013)

Ionizing radiation, including that evoked by gamma (γ)-rays, induces oxidative stress through the generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in apoptosis, or programmed cell death. This study aimed to elucidate the radioprotective effects of hyperoside (quercetin-3-O-galactoside) against γ-ray radiation-induced apoptosis in Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts, V79-4 and demonstrated that the compound reduced levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species in γ-ray-irradiated cells. Hyperoside also protected irradiated cells against DNA damage (evidenced by pronounced DNA tails and elevated phospho-histone H2AX and 8-oxoguanine content) and membrane lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, hyperoside prevented the γ-ray-provoked reduction in cell viability via the inhibition of apoptosis through the increased levels of Bcl-2, the decreased levels of Bax and cytosolic cytochrome c, and the decrease of the active caspase 9 and caspase 3 expression. Taken together, these results suggest that hyperoside defend cells against γ-ray radiation-induced apoptosis by inhibiting oxidative stress.
Probing electron beam effects with chemoresistive nanosensors during <i>in situ</i> environmental transmission electron microscopy (2017)

We report in situ and ex situ fabrication approaches to construct p-type (CuO) and n-type (SnO2) metal oxide nanowire devices for operation inside an environmental transmission electron microscope (TEM). By taking advantage of their chemoresistive properties, the nanowire devices were employed as sensitive probes for detecting reactive species induced by the interactions of high-energy electrons with surrounding gas molecules, in particular, for the case of O2 gas pressures up to 20 mbar. In order to rationalize our experimental findings, a computational model based on the particle-in-cell method was implemented to calculate the spatial distributions of scattered electrons and ionized oxygen species in the environmental TEM. Our approach enables the a priori identification and qualitative measurement of undesirable beam effects, paving the way for future developments related to their mitigation.
A 64 Element, 70&#x2013;95 GHz Focal Plane Phased Array (2015)

We discuss the theory and implementation of phased array receivers in the focal plane of a telescope as applied to the mm-wave band. Simulated performance and construction details are given for a 64 element, 70-95 GHz array receiver for use on the Green Bank Telescope (GBT).
Dopant Segregation in Earth- and Space-Grown InP Crystals (1992)

Macro- and microsegregation of sulphur in InP crystals grown from In solution by the travelling heater method under microgravity and normal gravity are analyzed using spatially resolved photoluminescence. Whereas the macrosegregation in earth- as well as space-grown crystals is explained by conventional steady-state models based on the theory of Burton, Prim and Slichter (BPS), the microsegregation can only be understood in terms of the non-steady-state step exchange model.
InAs/GaAs single-electron quantum dot qubit (2001)

The time evolution of the quantum mechanical state of an electron is calculated in the framework of the effective-mass envelope function theory for an InAs/GaAs quantum dot. The results indicate that the superposition state electron density oscillates in the quantum dot, with a period on the order of femtoseconds. The interaction energy Eij between two electrons located in different quantum dots is calculated for one electron in the ith pure quantum state and another in the jth pure quantum state. We find that E11〉E12〉E22, and Eij decreases as the distance between the two quantum dots increases. We present a parameter-phase diagram which defines the parameter region for the use of an InAs/GaAs quantum dot as a two-level quantum system in quantum computation. A static electric field is found to efficiently prolong the decoherence time. Our results should be useful for designing the solid-state implementation of quantum computing.
Textfax - Principle for new tools in the office of the future (1899)

By taking a closer look at today’s office, we observe the following trend: The conventional typewriter is gradually being replaced by word-processors. These may merely be electric typewriters with a storage added or they may take on the form of highly sophisticated CRT workstations featuring screens carrying an entire standard size page and exchangeable storage media. These systems, which originally had been intended for local word-processing, are now increasingly being supplemented by communication functions, permitting direct text communication from one’s own buffer to that of a business partner—i.e. to his mailbox. Whenever desired, the recipient can then call up the text from the buffer for reading or, if necessary, for editing and subsequent filing or forwarding. These functions can be summed up under the catchword electronic mail.
Comparison of Biological Properties, Serological Characteristics and Amino Acid Sequences of Coat Protein between Potato Virus Y Ordinary Strain and Necrotic Strain. (1991)

Biological properties of potato virus Y-ordinary strain (PVY-O isolate) and necrotic strain (PVY-T isolate) isolated from potatoes in Japan were compared. PVY-O did not produce necrotic symptoms on Nicotiana tabacum, but produced necrotic local lesions on Chenopodium amaranticolor and C. quinoa. On the other hand, PVY-T produced necrotic flecks and veinal necrosis symptoms on N. tabacum, but did not infect C. amaranticolor and C. quinoa. The use of monoclonal antibodies specific to PVY-O and PVY-T indicated that both strains were not mixed-infected in inoculated plants respectively each other. The nucleotide sequences of the coat protein gene of these two strains were determined. Numbers of nucleotides encoding coat protein of both PVY-O and PVY-T were 801, and numbers of predicted amino acids were 267. Percentage amino acid sequence homology between PVY-O and PVY-T was 91.4%. In comparing the amino acid sequence between PVY-T and other PVY belonging to necrotic strains previously reported in Japan and foreign countries, homology of PVY-TH isolated in Japan and that to PVYN (N) isolated in the Netherlands was 98.5%, but homology to PVYn (F) isolated in France was 93.3%. Amino acid sequence of the N-terminal regions of coat protein varied in sequence in PVY isolates (strains) whereas the C-terminal were highly homologous. Furthermore, amino acid sequences which could discriminate an ordinary strain from a necrotic strain were not found.
Heavy Water Reactions with Atomic Transition-Metal and Main-Group Cations:  Gas Phase Room-Temperature Kinetics and Periodicities in Reactivity (2007)

Reactions of heavy water, D(2)O, have been measured with 46 atomic metal cations at room temperature in a helium bath gas at 0.35 Torr using an inductively coupled plasma/selected ion flow tube tandem mass spectrometer. The atomic cations were produced at ca. 5500 K in an ICP source and were allowed to decay radiatively and thermalize by collisions with Ar and He atoms prior to reaction. Rate coefficients and product distributions are reported for the reactions of fourth-row atomic cations from K+ to Se+, of fifth-row atomic cations from Rb+ to Te+ (excluding Tc+), and of sixth-row atomic cations from Cs+ to Bi+. Primary reaction channels were observed leading to O-atom transfer, OD transfer, and D2O addition. O-Atom transfer occurs almost exclusively (>or=90%) in the reactions with most early transition-metal cations (Sc+, Ti+, V+, Y+, Zr+, Nb+, Mo+, Hf+, Ta+, and W+) and to a minor extent (10%) with one main-group cation (As+). OD transfer is observed to occur only with three cations (Sr+, Ba+, and La+). Other cations, including most late transition and main-group cations, were observed to react with D2O exclusively and slowly by D2O addition or not at all. O-Atom transfer proceeds with rate coefficients in the range of 8.1 x 10(-13) (As+) to 9.5 x 10(-10) (Y+) cm3 molecule(-1)(s-1) and with efficiencies below 0.1 and even below 0.01 for the fourth-row atomic cations V+ (0.0032) and As+ (0.0036). These low efficiencies can be understood in terms of the change in spin required to proceed from the reactant to the product potential energy surfaces. Higher order reactions are also measured. The primary products, NbO+, TaO+, MoO+, and WO+, are observed to react further with D(2)O by O-atom transfer, and ZrO+ and HfO+ react further through OD group abstraction. Up to five D(2)O molecules were observed to add sequentially to selected M+ and MO+ as well as MO2+ cations and four to MO(2)D+. Equilibrium measurements for sequential D(2)O addition to M+ are also reported. The periodic variation in the efficiency (k/k(c)) of the first addition of D(2)O appears to be similar to the periodic variation in the standard free energy (DeltaG degrees) of hydration.
Phylogenetic analysis by 16S rDNA gene sequence comparison of avian taxa of Bisgaard and characterization and description of two new taxa of Pasteurellaceae (2003)

The description of new taxa within the bacterial family Pasteurellaceae will subsequently allow additional isolates of these taxa to be identified and improve the diagnosis and epidemiological understanding of bacteria causing disease in birds.
Spectroscopic problems in ITER diagnostics (2012)

Problems of spectroscopic diagnostics of ITER plasma are under consideration. Three types of diagnostics are presented: 1) Balmer lines spectroscopy in the edge and divertor plasmas; 2) Thomson scattering, 3) charge exchange recombination spectroscopy. The Zeeman-Stark structure of line shapes is discussed. The overlapping of isotopes H-D-T spectral line shapes are presented for the SOL and divertor conditions. The polarization measurements of H-alpha spectral lines for H-D mixture on T-10 tokamak are shown in order to separate Zeeman splitting in more details. The problem of plasma background radiation emission for Thomson scattering in ITER is discussed in details. The line shape of P-7 hydrogen spectral line having a wave length close to laser one is presented together with continuum radiation. The charge exchange recombination spectroscopy (CXRS) is discussed in details. The data on Dα, HeII and CVI measurements in CXRS experiments on T-10 tokamak are presented.
ChemInform Abstract: The Michael Reaction of Various Quinones with Silyl Enol Ethers. A Facile Method for the Preparation of Benzofuran and Indole Derivatives. (1988)

Abstract p‐Benzoquinone (Ia) and its monoimines (Ib) ‐ (Id) react with the silyl enol ethers (II) in the presence of trityl perchlorate to produce the hydroxydihydrobenzofurans (III).
Completion Influence on Production Decline in the Bakken/Three Forks Play (2014)

Abstract Recent developments in completion techniques and stimulation efficiency have allowed many unconventional resource plays to reach economically viable levels. The Bakken/Three Forks play of the Williston basin has rapidly evolved during recent years, and its predominantly successful completion techniques continue to emerge as programs are tailored to geographic areas. As completion intensity increases to facilitate higher early time production returns, so does the need for the critical analysis of production decline rates to meet economic targets. The application of decline curve analysis in unconventional reservoirs, such as the Bakken/Three Forks play in North Dakota, is often problematic because of very long periods of transient flow. This has caused the development of various decline curve relations outside the conventional Arp's equations in an attempt to better explain the transient flow period. Additionally, it has sparked interest in quantifying the uncertainty associated with production and the estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) from these various techniques. The Bakken/Three Forks system is exploited using a large variation of publically reported completion techniques throughout a significant geographic area. Because of the uncertainty in assessing the performance of unconventional wells and the multitude of variables that could affect their production, it is often difficult to determine dominant influencing parameters of completion design. Efficiently implementing optimal completion techniques, provided there is high variability within a continuous horizontal target lithology, is critical because of the large geographic extent of the Williston basin. The focus of this study is to evaluate the completion efficiency of individual wells using decline curve analysis and to quantify uncertainty using this performance metric. A comprehensive completions database of the Bakken/Three Forks play is used to evaluate the expected costs and benefits of various completion designs used throughout the basin. This paper provides examples of stimulation methods optimized to specific regions of the Bakken/Three Forks system using this methodology.
Cytokeratin 20 as an objective marker of urothelial dysplasia (1996)

The abnormal expression of CK20 is a reliable, positive marker of urothelial dysplasia in the urinary bladder. Immunostaining for CK20 is therefore a useful adjunct to morphology in the diagnosis of dysplasia, of particular value in the distinction from reactive states where diagnostic difficulties are greatest.
Multiple Mechanisms Regulate Circadian Expression of the Gene for Cholesterol 7α-Hydroxylase <i>(Cyp7a)</i>, a Key Enzyme in Hepatic Bile Acid Biosynthesis (2007)

Cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A) and sterol 12alpha-hydroxylase (CYP8B) in bile acid biosynthesis and 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGCR) in cholesterol biosynthesis are the key enzymes in hepatic metabolic pathways, and their transcripts exhibit circadian expression profiles in rodent liver. The authors determined transcript levels of these enzymes and the regulatory factors for Cyp7a--including Dbp, Dec2, E4bp4, Hnf4alpha, Pparalpha, Lxralpha, Rev-erbalpha, and Rev-erbbeta--in the liver of wild-type and homozygous Clock mutant mice (Clock/Clock) and examined the effects of these transcription factors on the transcription activities of Cyp7a. The expression profile of the Cyp7a transcript in wild-type mice showed a strong circadian rhythm in both the 12L:12D light-dark cycle and constant darkness, and that in Clock/Clock also exhibited a circadian rhythm at an enhanced level with a lower amplitude, although its protein level became arrhythmic at a high level. The expression profile of Cyp8b mRNA in wild-type mice showed a shifted circadian rhythm from that of Cyp7a, becoming arrhythmic in Clock/Clock at an expression level comparable to that of wild-type mice. The expression profile of Hmgcr mRNA also lost its strong circadian rhythm in Clock/Clock , showing an expression level comparable to that of wild-type mice. The expressions of Dbp, Dec2, Rev-erbalpha, and Rev-erb beta--potent regulators for Cyp7a expression--were abolished or became arrhythmic in Clock/Clock, while other regulators for Cyp7a-Lxralpha, Hnf4alpha, Pparalpha, and E4bp4--had either less affected or enhanced expression in Clock/Clock. In luciferase reporter assays, REV-ERBalpha/beta, DBP, LXRalpha, and HNF4alpha increased the promoter activity of Cyp7a, whereas DEC2 abolished the transcription from the Cyp7a promoter: E4BP4 and PPARalpha were moderate negative regulators. Furthermore, knockdown of REV-ERBalpha/beta with siRNA suppressed Cyp7a transcript levels, and in the electrophoretic mobility shift assay, REV-ERBalpha/beta bound to the promoter of Cyp7a . These observations suggest that (1) active CLOCK is essential for the robust circadian expression of hepatic metabolic enzymes (Cyp7a, Cyp8b, and Hmgcr); (2) clock-controlled genes--DBP, DEC2, and REV-ERBalpha/beta--are direct regulators required for the robust circadian rhythm of Cyp7a; and (3) the circadian rhythm of Cyp7a is regulated by multiple transcription factors, including DBP, REV-ERBalpha/beta, LXRalpha, HNF4alpha DEC2, E4BP4, and PPARalpha.