gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Importance of Heat-Labile Enterotoxin in Colonization of the Adult Mouse Small Intestine by Human Enterotoxigenic<i>Escherichia coli</i>Strains (2006)

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infections are a significant cause of diarrheal disease and infant mortality in developing countries. Studies of ETEC pathogenesis relevant to vaccine development have been greatly hampered by the lack of a suitable small-animal model of infection with human ETEC strains. Here, we demonstrate that adult immunocompetent outbred mice can be effectively colonized with the prototypical human ETEC H10407 strain (colonization factor antigen I; heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxin positive) and that production of heat-labile holotoxin provides a significant advantage in colonization of the small intestine in this model.
The role of aqueous fluids in the internal friction of rock (1984)

The effects of water on elastic energy dissipation in rock under upper crustal conditions are considered briefly in this paper. Experimental evidence indicates that in dry rock the energy dissipation process involves water adsorbed on the surfaces of very thin cracks. In one mechanism the adsorbed water is regarded as a viscoelastic film. Portions of this layer are forced to relax as crack thickness changes with the passing elastic wave. A second possible mechanism involves the relaxation of electrostatic repulsion stresses between oriented polar water molecules on opposing crack faces. When water is present as a bulk fluid, attenuation can be explained by the flow of a viscous fluid into and out of very thin cracks in response to dynamic stresses associated with a passing elastic wave.
Quantitative Assessment of the Local Leakage Current in PV Modules for Degradation Prediction (2015)

Small leakage currents flow between the frame and the active cell matrix in photovoltaic (PV) modules under normal operation conditions due to the not negligible electric conductivity of the module building materials. Even if the leakage current is well below the ground-fault detection threshold, predominantly the DC part can cause significant electrochemical corrosion of cell and frame metals, potential-induced degradation (PID) of the shunting type or PID of the solar cells’ surface passivation. In general, it was found that the degradation rate has a high correlation with the leakage current density which is a strong function of position in large-area modules due to the voltage drop between the frame and the cells. In this work we measured material and surface conductivities and subsequently calculated the local leakage current density distribution in large-area PV modules in order to obtain quantitative insight into the local degradation. The shares of leakage currents through individual materials are discussed and, as an example, the width of the circumferential module area threatened by electrochemical corrosion was predicted under accelerated test conditions.
A polysilicon test structure for fatigue and fracture testing in micro electro mechanical devices (2008)

Fatigue test results on 15 mum thick polysilicon specimens are presented and compared in this work, both on a quantity and on a quality level, to existing literature results. The experimental results have been obtained by means of a newly designed, electrostatically actuated, MEMS test device, produced with the STMicroelectronics THELMAcopy process. The new device allows for the execution of on-chip fatigue and fracture tests on polysilicon specimens and is interfaced with an analog, low-noise and low-perturbing electrostatic position measurement system for capacitive MEMS sensors. The setup allows for a real time monitoring of the MEMS position, from which the elastic stiffness of the specimen can be evaluated at any time, provided that the applied force is known. Elastic stiffness variations can be related to resonance frequency variations found in the literature. System resolutions of 30 ppm and good long-term stability have been obtained.
<title>Image processing using simplified Kohonen network</title> (1996)

We have designed a neuro-chip for Kohonen learning vector quantization (LVQ) algorithm, and fabricated it by gate-arrays, which includes 12 neurons/chip. We proposed a simplified version for Kohonen LVQ algorithm, because the gate-array restricts the number of transistors. Moreover, the fixed-point calculation is inevitable in neuro-chip. In this paper we demonstrate a good performance of our chip, which is used for bit-pattern image processing. For real-time systems learning can be done in real-time as well as i/o response. The neuro- chip can execute learning procedure (actually, Kohonen LVQ algorithm) in real-time. The first-version chip (already realized) can execute 32 bit patterns, but the second version will be enlarged to 256 bit pattern processing. The neurons become as much as chips are connected to a bus. The demonstration board using the first-version chips includes four chips, i.e., 48 neurons, which corresponds to 48 patterns recognition.
Glasses containing lutetium fluoride (1998)

Glasses containing lutetium fluoride have been prepare in the system BaF<SUB>2</SUB> - SrF<SUB>2</SUB> - ZnF<SUB>2</SUB> - LuF<SUB>3</SUB> - InF<SUB>3</SUB>. The composition of the phases crystallizing out of these glasses suggests octahedral pre-arrangement comprising (LuF<SUB>6</SUB>) and [Sr(Ba)F<SUB>2</SUB>] structural fragments.
Emerging Pathogens - How Safe is Blood? (2013)

During the last few decades, blood safety efforts were mainly focused on preventing viral infections. However, humanity's increased mobility and improved migration pathways necessitate a global perspective regarding other transfusion-transmitted pathogens. This review focuses on the general infection risk of blood components for malaria, dengue virus, Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease) and Babesia spp. Approximately 250 million people become infected by Plasmodium spp. per year. Dengue virus affects more than 50 million people annually in more than 100 countries; clinically, it can cause serious diseases, such as dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Chagas disease, which is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, mainly occurs in South America and infects approximately 10 million people annually. Babesia spp. is a parasitic infection that infects red blood cells; although many infections are asymptomatic, severe clinical disease has been reported, especially in the elderly. Screening assays are available for all considered pathogens but make screening strategies more complex and more expensive. A general pathogen inactivation for all blood components (whole blood) promises to be a long-term, sustainable solution for both known and unknown pathogens. Transfusion medicine therefore eagerly awaits such a system.
Electrochemical Versus Heat‐Engine Energy Technology: A Tribute to Wilhelm Ostwald’s Visionary Statements (2009)

Carnot versus electrochemistry: This essay critically compares the advantages and disadvantages of Carnot-cycle-based and electrochemical methods for the generation and storage of energy (see picture; left: PEM fuel cell; right: Au(111) model surface covered with 0.025 monolayers of Pt). The views of Wilhelm Ostwald (1853–1932) and today's understanding of energy conversion are contrasted.
Initiation and control of ovulation in the mouse luteal phases. Effects of gonadotropins and gonadotropin releasing hormone (1986)

The aim of the present study was to examine the induction of ovulation during pregnancy, pseudopregnancy, and suckling-delayed pregnancy in mice using exogenous gonadotropins. The present results demonstrate that there are mature follicles in the ovary which can be induced to ovulate with administration of either exogenous human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or luteinizing hormone (LH) during pregnancy (Days 1-12) and pseudopregnancy (Days 4-8) in the mouse. hCG was relatively ineffective in initiating ovulation during suckling-delayed pregnancy, and hCG could not induce ovulation on Days 3-6 in any animals, suggesting that follicular growth is not continuous during suckling-delayed pregnancy in the mouse. Ovulation occurred in pregnant and pseudopregnant mice following injection of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in a gelatin delay vehicle. Injection of GnRH in saline did not initiate ovulation in pregnant or pseudopregnant mice. A large release of LH was shown to occur following injection of GnRH in gelatin, but no release occurred after the same dose of GnRH in saline. In conclusion, the experiments demonstrate the existence of mature follicles during murine pregnancy and pseudopregnancy, and the lack of inductable follicles during suckling-delayed pregnancy.
SYNTHESIS OF ETHYL α-(DIETHYLPHOSPHONO)ACRYLATE AND ITS HOMOLOGS: VERSATILE SYNTHETIC REAGENTS (1978)

Abstract Ethyl α-(diethylphosphono) acrylate (2a) and ethyl β-methyl-α-(diethylphosphono) acrylates (E-2b and Z-2b) were prepared. The cycloaddition reaction of 2a with salicylaldehyde gave 3-ethoxycarbonyl-3-chromenes (9).
Normal Neurogenesis but Abnormal Gene Expression in Human Fragile X Cortical Progenitor Cells (2008)

Human stem and progenitor cells offer an innovative way to study early events in development. An exciting new opportunity for these cells is their application to study the underlying developmental consequences of genetic diseases. Because many diseases, ranging from leukemias to developmental disorders, are caused by single-gene defects, stem and progenitor cells that carry disease-causing genetic mutations are invaluable in understanding and treating disease. We have characterized human neural progenitor (hNPCs) cells that carry a single-gene defect that leads to the neurodevelopmental disorder Fragile X syndrome (FX). A loss-of-function mutation in the FMR1 gene leads to subtle changes in neural development and subsequent mental impairment characteristic of FX. hNPCs were isolated from fetal cortex carrying the FMR1 mutation to determine whether aberrations occur in their proliferation and differentiation. As expected, FX hNPCs have reduced expression of the FMR1 gene product Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), and this decrease is maintained in culture and following differentiation. In contrast to a previously published report, the proliferation of FX hNPCs and their differentiation into neurons is not different from unaffected controls. Although the early development of FX hNPCs is essentially normal, microarray analysis reveals novel changes in the expression of signal transduction genes in FX hNPCs. Therefore, hNPCs have intrinsic characteristics that can be investigated to further our understanding and potential treatment of developmental disorders such as FX.
Studies in group IV organometallic chemistry. XXI. Mechanism of the hydrostannation of Isocyanates and Isothiocyanates (1966)

Abstract The mechanism of the addition of organotin mono‐hydrides across the CN bond of isocyanates and the C = S bond of isothiocyanates has been studied more closely. A polar mechanism is operative in both types of additions as appeared from the lack of activity of free radical generators and free radical scavengers and from the considerable influence of the polarity of the solvent on the rate of reaction. Kinetics, isotope effects and the influence of substituents attached to both the hydride and the unsaturated partner on the rate of addition, strongly point to a nucleophilic attack of the organotin hydride hydrogen on carbon as the first and rate‐determining step.
Synthetic Scope of Ru(OH)<sub><i>x</i></sub>/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>‐Catalyzed Hydrogen‐Transfer Reactions: An Application to Reduction of Allylic Alcohols by a Sequential Process of Isomerization/Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley‐Type Reduction (2008)

Reduction of allylic alcohols can be promoted efficiently by the supported ruthenium catalyst Ru(OH)x/Al2O3. Various allylic alcohols were converted to saturated alcohols in excellent yields by using 2-propanol without any additives. This Ru(OH)x/Al2O3-catalyzed reduction of a dienol proceeds only at the allylic double bond to afford the corresponding enol, and chemoselective isomerization and reduction can be realized under similar conditions. The catalysis is truly heterogeneous and the high catalytic performance can be maintained during at least three recycles of the Ru(OH)x/Al2O3 catalyst. The transformation of allylic alcohols to saturated alcohols consists of three sequential reactions: oxidation of allylic alcohols to alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds; reduction of alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds to saturated carbonyl compounds; and reduction of saturated carbonyl compounds to saturated alcohols.
Why prescribe antibiotics for otitis media in children? (2010)

Otitis media (OM) is a common illness in children, characterized by a short-term inflammation of the middle ear for which antibiotics provide little benefit in a large proportion of children. It is a condition that is largely self limiting and complications are likely to be rare if antibiotics are withheld. The aim of the study is to understand why nurse practitioners in primary care prescribe antibiotics for some cases of OM. The objectives were to describe evidence-based guidelines nurse practitioners use in their prescribing practice, to explore how they perceive this guidance, explore how they think through their prescribing practice and influences upon this and to explore perceptions they hold about their prescribing practice when treating otitis media in children. An interpretative qualitative research approach was used in primary care settings with a purposive sample group of eight primary care nurse practitioners who consented to individual audio taped interviews. Thematic analysis to participants' responses to questions during semi-structured interviews was undertaken.
Charge Retention Characteristics of Silicide-Induced Crystallized Polycrystalline Silicon Floating Gate Thin-Film Transistors for Active Matrix Organic Light-Emitting Diode (2013)

In this work, non-volatile memory thin-film transistor (NVM-TFT) was fabricated by nickel silicide-induced laterally crystallized (SILC) polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) as the active layer. The nickel seed silicide-induced crystallized (SIC) poly-Si was used as storage layer which is embedded in the gate insulator. The novel unit pixel of active matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) using NVM-TFT is proposed and investigated the electrical and optical performance. The threshold voltage shift showed 17.2 V and the high reliability of retention characteristic was demonstrated until 10 years. The retention time can modulate the recharge refresh time of the unit pixel of AMOLED up to 5000 sec.
Intrauterine adenoviral infection associated with fetal non‐immune hydrops (1998)

A 27-week fetus with hydrops fetalis associated with fetal tachyarrhythmia and adenovirus infection was documented by viral polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The fetal tachyarrhythmia was converted to normal sinus rhythm by maternal pharmacological therapy with digoxin. Subsequently, resolution of the hydropic changes occurred and a viable normal-appearing preterm fetus at 29 weeks' gestation was delivered after preterm labour. This case demonstrates the first documented report of intrauterine adenovirus-associated fetal tachyarrhythmia and hydrops fetalis. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Status report on the 11.424–GHz magnicon amplifier (1999)

Progress is reported on the development of an 11.424–GHz magnicon amplifier. The magnicon electron gun has been characterized, a new set of microwave cavities designed and engineered, and simulations of magnicon operation carried out based on the predicted properties of the electron beam. The tube will be assembled for initial operation in December 1998, following the completion of a set of measurements of the electron beam. The predicted power is ∼60 MW at 60% efficiency.
Evidence for a copper-dependent iron transport system in the marine, magnetotactic bacterium strain MV-1 (2004)

Cells of the magnetotactic marine vibrio, strain MV-1, produce magnetite-containing magnetosomes when grown anaerobically or microaerobically. Stable, spontaneous, non-magnetotactic mutants were regularly observed when cells of MV-1 were cultured on solid media incubated under anaerobic or microaerobic conditions. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis showed that these mutants are not all genetically identical. Cellular iron content of one non-magnetotactic mutant strain, designated MV-1nm1, grown anaerobically, was ∼20- to 80-fold less than the iron content of wild-type (wt) MV-1 for the same iron concentrations, indicating that MV-1nm1 is deficient in some form of iron uptake. Comparative protein profiles of the two strains showed that MV-1nm1 did not produce several proteins produced by wt MV-1. To understand the potential roles of these proteins in iron transport better, one of these proteins was purified and characterized. This protein, a homodimer with an apparent subunit mass of about 19 kDa, was an iron-regulated, periplasmic protein (p19). Two potential ‘copper-handling’ motifs (MXM/MX 2 M) are present in the amino acid sequence of p19, and the native protein binds copper in a 1 : 1 ratio. The structural gene for p19, chpA ( c opper h andling p rotein) and two other putative genes upstream of chpA were cloned and sequenced. These putative genes encode a protein similar to the iron permease, Ftr1, from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , and a ferredoxin-like protein of unknown function. A periplasmic, copper-containing, iron(II) oxidase was also purified from wt MV-1 and MV-1nm1. This enzyme, like p19, was regulated by media iron concentration and contained four copper atoms per molecule of enzyme. It is hypothesized that ChpA, the iron permease and the iron(II) oxidase might have analogous functions for the three components of the S. cerevisiae copper-dependent high-affinity iron uptake system (Ctr1, Ftr1 and Fet3, respectively), and that strain MV-1 may have a similar iron uptake system. However, iron(II) oxidase purified from both wt MV-1 and MV-1nm1 displayed comparable iron oxidase activities using O 2 as the electron acceptor, indicating that ChpA does not supply the multi-copper iron(II) oxidase with copper.
Deletion of Mesenchymal Glucocorticoid Receptor Attenuates Embryonic Lung Development and Abdominal Wall Closure (2013)

As a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is essential for normal embryonic development. To date, the role of mesenchymal glucocorticoid signaling during development has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the role of the GR during embryogenesis specifically in mesenchymal tissues. To this aim, we crossed GRflox mice with Dermo1-Cre mice to generate GR(Dermo1) mice, where the GR gene was deleted within mesenchymal cells. Compared to their wild type littermates, GR(Dermo1) mice displayed severe pulmonary atelectasis, defects in abdominal wall formation resulting in intestinal herniation, abnormal extracellular matrix synthesis in connective tissues and high postnatal lethality. Lungs of GR(Dermo1) mice failed to progress from the canalicular to saccular stage, as evidenced by the presence of immature air sacs, thickened interstitial mesenchyme and an underdeveloped vascular network between E17.5 and E18.5. Furthermore, myofibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells, although present in normal numbers in GR(Dermo1) animals, were characterized by significantly reduced elastin synthesis, whilst epithelial lining cells of the immature saccules were poorly differentiated. A marked reduction in normal elastin and collagen deposits were also observed in connective tissues adjacent to the umbilical hernia. This study demonstrates that eliminating the GR in cells of the mesenchymal lineage results in marked effects on interstitial fibroblast function, including a significant decrease in elastin synthesis. This results in lung atelectasis and postnatal lethality, as well as additional and hitherto unrecognized developmental defects in abdominal wall formation. In addition, altered glucocorticoid signaling in the mesenchyme attenuates normal lung epithelial differentiation.
Design and Application of Ion-Channel Sensors Based on Biological and Artificial Receptors (2002)

Abstract This paper reviews approaches to chemical sensing with receptor-modified electrodes that mimic the function of natural membranes containing biological and synthetic receptor channels. We highlight different types of ion-channel sensors, focusing on the working principle and the fundamental aspects, such as sensitivity and selectivity. It is demonstrated that biological receptors such as glutamate receptor ion channels and gramicidin, embedded in bilayer lipid membranes, have the potential as sensing elements for ion channel sensors with excellent sensitivity and selectivity. In addition, higher selectivities by improved receptor desigh, taking into account the particular advantages of interfacial analyte recognition at LB membranes and SAMs, are also shown with ion-channel sensors for antibodies, protamine, heparin, abasic DNA sites, and oligonucleotides.
Earth observation system incorporating an LCTF spectropolarimeter (2003)

There is an emerging demand for remote sensing technologies that can determine the surface characteristics of objects from the properties of reflected light. In particular, hyperspectral analysis of solar rays reflected from the Earth's surface is expected to play an increasingly important role in Earth environment observation. The National Aerospace Laboratory (NAL) has developed a new type of imaging spectropolarimeter for such analysis that uses a liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF), and efforts are now under way to develop it into a practical aircraft or spacecraft on-board sensor system for Earth environment sensing. This paper first presents the concept and architecture of an Earth observation system using an LCTF optical sensor which can sense radiation in the 400-720 nm wavelength band. The results of laboratory experiments to evaluate the performance characteristics of the observation system, e.g. hyperspectral resolution, optional selection of the plane of polarization, etc. are then presented, and the results of preliminary image acquisition experiments that demonstrate the feasibility of acquiring of spectral images is also shown. Finally, the applicability of the LCTF spectropolarimeter to Earth observation is summarized based on the results of the laboratory and field evaluation experiments.
Simultaneously estimating the task-related and stimulus-evoked components of hemodynamic imaging measurements (2017)

Task-related hemodynamic responses contribute prominently to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recordings. They reflect behaviorally important brain states, such as arousal and attention, and can dominate stimulus-evoked responses, yet they remain poorly understood. To help characterize these responses, we present a method for parametrically estimating both stimulus-evoked and task-related components of hemodynamic responses from subjects engaged in temporally predictable tasks. The stimulus-evoked component is modeled by convolving a hemodynamic response function (HRF) kernel with spiking. The task-related component is modeled by convolving a Fourier-series task-related function (TRF) kernel with task timing. We fit this model with simultaneous electrode recordings and intrinsic-signal optical imaging from the primary visual cortex of alert, task-engaged monkeys. With high [Formula: see text], the model returns HRFs that are consistent across experiments and recording sites for a given animal and TRFs that entrain to task timing independent of stimulation or local spiking. When the task schedule conflicts with that of stimulation, the TRF remains locked to the task emphasizing its behavioral origins. The current approach is strikingly more robust to fluctuations than earlier ones and gives consistently, if modestly, better fits. This approach could help parse the distinct components of fMRI recordings made in the context of a task.