gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improvements in the imaging performance of a high volume manufacturing EUV scanner with a special emphasis on the added value of the new illuminator for increased pupil flexibility (2017)

With the introduction of the NXE:3400B EUV scanner, ASML brings to the market the next generation NXE system. In this paper we present the results of a subset of a larger investigation that aimed at assessing the imaging performance of the NXE:3400B in various scenarios. The use cases we chose for the presentation here are contact holes, which are typical building blocks for logic and memory applications. In this paper we evaluate typical lithographic metrics. Starting from the exposure latitude, we show that contact holes of already 17nm half-pitch can be printed. Next, we show that the full wafer CD uniformity improvement is mainly driven by a high reticle CD uniformity. After that, we explore the capabilities of the new NXE:3400B illuminator and investigate an improved illumination setting for relaxed staggered contact holes of half pitch >21nm, and show a 20% local CD uniformity improvement (from 4.6 to 3.6nm) for regular contact holes of 18nm half-pitch, without throughput loss.
Defining Nascent Bone by the Molecular Nanomechanics of Mineralized Collagen Fibrils (2009)

Here we focus on recent advances in understanding the deformation and fracture behavior of collagen, Nature’s most abundant protein material and the basis for many biological composites including bone, dentin or cornea. We show that it is due to the basis of the collagen structure that leads to its high strength and ability to sustain large deformation, as relevant to its physiological role in tissues such as bone and muscle. Experiment has shown that collagen isolated from different sources of tissues universally displays a design that consists of tropocollagen molecules with lengths of approximately 300 nanometers. Using a combination of theoretical analyses and multi-scale modeling, we have discovered that the characteristic structure and characteristic dimensions of the collagen nanostructure is the key to the ability to take advantage of the nanoscale properties of individual tropocollagen molecules at larger scales, leading to a tough material at the micro- and mesoscale. This is achieved by arranging tropocollagen molecules into a staggered assembly at a specific optimal molecular length scale. During bone formation, nanoscale mineral particles precipitate at highly specific locations in the collagen structure. These mineralized collagen fibrils are highly conserved, nanostructural primary building blocks of bone. By direct molecular simulation of the bone’s nanostructure, we show that it is due to the characteristic nanostructure of mineralized collagen fibrils that leads to its high strength and ability to sustain large deformation, as relevant to its physiological role, creating a strong and tough material. We present a thorough analysis of the molecular mechanisms of protein and mineral phases in deformation, and report discovery of a new fibrillar toughening mechanism that has major implications on the fracture mechanics of bone. Our studies of collagen and bone illustrate how hierarchical multi-scale modeling linking quantum chemistry with continuum fracture mechanics approaches can be used to develop predictive models of hierarchical protein materials. We conclude with a discussion of the significance of hierarchical multi-scale structures for the material properties and illustrate how these structures enable one to overcome some of the limitations of conventional materials design, combining disparate material properties such as strength and robustness.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simplified Catalytic System for Direct Catalytic Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of Thioamides; Application to an Enantioselective Synthesis of Atorvastatin. (2011)

Abstract A new second generation lithium‐free Cu catalyst is developed that exhibits an enhanced catalytic efficiency over the previously applied first generation catalyst (Cu(MeCN) 4 PF 6 /BPE/LiOAr), which required a tedious preparation process.
JOHANSON-BLIZZARD-SYNDROM - UBR-1 TARGET IDENTIFICATION BY PROTEOME ANALYSIS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RELEVANCE (2008)

Introduction: Johanson-Blizzard syndrome (JBS; OMIM 243800), an autosomal recessive multisystem disorder, is characterized by congenital abnormalies including prenatal pancreatic inflammation and later exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. JBS is associated with mutations in the UBR1 gene on chromosome 15q14-21.1, which encodes one of the E3 ubiquitin ligases of the N-end rule pathway. UBR1 is part of the ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathway whose substrates include proteins with destabilizing N-terminal residues. The UBR1-dependent mechanism that causes pancreatic damage in JBS is unknown and was studied here. Methods: Ubr-1-deficient mice generated by targeted disruption of the Ubr-1 gene (Mol Cell Biol. 2001; 21:8007-21) were obtained from Y.T. Kwon, Univ. of Pittburgh, USA. Acute pancreatitis was induced by caerulein (50 μg/h, i.p.). Proteome analysis of pancreatic tissue from caerulein treated WT and UBR-1 knock-out animals was performed to identify disease associated targets and those candidates were further characterised in functional assays. Results: Proteome analysis in UBR-1-ko and WT animals after caerulein treatment with a focus on destabilizing N-terminal residues revealed a significant accumulation of pancreatic proteases such as chymotrypsin B, anionic trypsin and pancreatic elastase. Furthermore, we found an up-regulation of ER-stress proteins and inflammation related proteins. Phenotypic characterisation of pancreatitis after 8h revealed significantly increased lipase levels in UBR-1-ko animals, a significantly increased histology score (WT 2.04+/−0,78; UBR-1 ko 2.79 +/−0.72, p = 0.023) and significantly increased elastase activity 8h after the onset of pancreatitis. In isolated pancreatic acini we found a significant increase in intracellular elastase activation upon supramaximal CCK stimulation in UBR-1 ko animals associated with a significant rise in the rate of necrosis. Conclusion: Experimental pancreatic injury in UBR-1 ko-animals was followed by significantly greater local and systemic inflammation suggesting a vital function of UBR1 in the defense against pathologic damage - and JBS as an inflammatory disorder due to an inadequate UBR1 defense. Proteom analysis and functional data from isolated pancreatic acini showed an accumulation of activated proteases and hereby support a crucial role of proteases as underlying pathomechanism for the pancreatic phenotype in JBS.
POWER FLOW ANALYSIS AND EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF A DOUBLY FED SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE (1993)

ABSTRACT This paper deals with the energy balance of the doubly fed synchronous machine (DFSM). The proposed method is based on the principle which consider that the electro–mechanical conversion takes place between stator circuits and the machine shaft, so that the electrical power applied to rotor circuits is taken as a command. From this point of view, the study stresses are: Stability, A low ratio of the rotor command referred to the converted energy, High efficiency. Results are presented in the rms value of rotor applied voltage (V2a) – angle between the stator and the rotor voltages vectors (5) plane. We have found, when we vary the slip (s), that the high efficiency areas move in such way that the ratio of s over V2a remains constant (which means a constant rotor flux).
Antibacterial and Antifungal Compounds from<i>Kigelia pinnata</i> (1996)

A biologically monitored fractionation of the methanolic extracts of the root and fruits of Kigelia pinnata D.C. led to the isolation of the naphthoquinones kigelinone (1), isopinnatal (2), dehydro-alpha-lapachone (3), and lapachol (4) and the phenylpropanoids p-coumaric acid (5) and ferulic acid (6) as the compounds responsible for the observed antibacterial and antifungal activity of the root and kigelinone (1) and caffeic acid (7) from the fruits of this plant.
Alcohols from menhaden oil by sodium reduction (1951)

Summary Menhaden oil, a low cost fatty acid glyceride containing a high percentage of polyunsaturated material, has been reduced by means of sodium with 86–88% yields of alcohols having a correspondingly high degree of unsaturation. It has been shown that about one‐half of the polyolefinic unsaturation isomerized during the sodium reduction to conjugated double bonded structures. The higher unsaturated alcohols were selectively hydrogenated to give a colorless product which was substantially odorless and which had an average of one double bond per molecule.
Nucleotide Analogue Binding, Catalysis and Primer Unblocking in the Mechanisms of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase-Mediated Resistance to Nucleoside Analogues (2003)

Nucleoside analogues play a key role in the fight against HIV-1. Unfortunately, under therapeutic pressure, HIV-1 inevitably develops resistance to these inhibitors. This resistance correlates with specific pol gene mutations giving rise to specific substitutions in reverse transcriptase that are responsible for the loss of efficacy of the corresponding analogue. This work is an overview of the molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 drug resistance as judged by the analysis of chemical reactions at play at the reverse transcriptase active site. One class of mechanism involves nucleotide analogue discrimination either at the binding step or at the catalytic step, the latter being by far the most common mechanism. The other class of mechanism involves repair of the analogue-terminated DNA chain. The mechanisms were elucidated using purified reverse transcriptase and biochemical assays aimed at correlating resistant HIV-1 phenotypes to enzymatic data. The elucidation of these molecular mechanisms of drug-resistant reverse transcriptase is important for effective and rational combination therapies as well as for the conception of second-generation drugs that do not confer nucleotide resistance to reverse transcriptase or are active against pre-existing resistant viruses.
Efficient Activity Retrieval through Semantic Graph Queries (2015)

We present an eff cient retrieval approach for activity detection in large surveillance video datasets based on semantic graph queries. Unlike conventional approaches, our zero-shot retrieval method does not require knowledge of the activity classes contained in the video. We propose a novel user-centric approach that models queries through the creation of sparse semantic graphs based on attributes and discriminative relationships. We then pose search as a ranked subgraph matching problem and leverage the fact that the attributes and relationships in the query have different levels of discriminability to f lter out bad matches. Rather than solving the NP-hard exact subgraph matching problem, we develop a novel maximally discriminative spanning tree (MDST) as the relaxation of a given query graph, and then describe a matching algorithm that recovers matches to this tree in linear time using maximally discriminative subgraph matching (MDSM). We utilize the MDST to minimize the number of possible matches to the original query while guaranteeing that the best matches are within this set. We test this algorithm on two large video datasets: the 35-GB Virat Ground dataset and a 1-TB aerial data collection from Yuma. These datasets yield graphs with 200,000 nodes and 1 million nodes, respectively, with an average degree of 5. Our approach f nds complex, large-scale queries in seconds while maintaining comparable precision and recall to slower current approaches.
ChemInform Abstract: INOSITOL DERIVATIVES. 11. SYNTHESIS OF DIANHYDROINOSITOLS (1979)

Abstract Es werden durch Behandlung geeigneter Inosit‐Derivate mit Na‐methylat die isomeren 1,2 : 3,4‐ und 1,2 :4,5‐Dianhydrocyclohexanhexole (II)‐(VI) [ aus (Ia) bzw. (Ib)], (VIII), (IX) [aus (VII)], (XII) [aus (XId)], (XIV) [aus (XIII)] und (XVII) [aus (XVI)] sowie ‐ durch Verseifung des bekannten Derivats (XVa)‐(XVb) dargestellt (somit sämtliche möglichen Isomeren).
The vancouver 2010 paralympic winter games medical care programme: facts, figures and recommendations (2011)

Background The medical care programme during Paralympic Winter Games should reflect the particular needs and necessities of Paralympic athletes and their support staff. Objective To characterise in detail the medical encounters at the 2010 Vancouver Paralympic Winter Games in order to improve knowledge or injury and illness patterns for medical providers at future adaptive sports events. Design Prospective (sports) injury epidemiological study. Setting The data collection took place during the Vancouver 2010 Paralympic Winter Games. Participants Data are reported on all persons involved in the Vancouver 2010 Paralympic Winter Games that consulted VANOC Medical Services, with particular emphasis on athlete records (n=502 participating athletes). Interventions Systematic records were held on all medical and physical therapy consultations throughout the duration of the Games. Main outcome measurements Number of patients treated during the 2010 Vancouver Paralympic Winter Games, stratified by accreditation status, injury or illness type and services consulted. Results At the Vancouver 2010 Paralympic Winter Games, more than 2717 medical interventions occurred for injury or illness, of whom 25% were athlete encounters (n=657). Consultations were mainly for minor injury/illness, majority of musculoskeletal nature; with only seven hospitalisations (five athletes) for a total of 24 inpatient days stay (16 days for athletes). 977 pharmacy prescriptions were issued, which in seven cases were followed up with a Therapeutic Use Exemption application. Alpine Ski was responsible for over 50% of the athlete imaging visits and approximately 20% of total imaging visits (n=332). Physical therapy interventions (n=897) primarily addressed back and shoulder structures. Conclusion A critical analysis of the actual findings and an efficient transfer of knowledge indicate the need for a multidisciplinary approach with other functional areas related to the organisation of Paralympic (Winter) Games, as well as for the initiating of longitudinal study to gain further and in-depth knowledge on sport injuries and exercise-induced physiological reactions in Paralympic Athletes.
Newton–Ellipsoid polynomiography (2019)

This article introduces new ways of creating mathematical art through a novel iterative method for solving polynomial equations, dubbed Newton–Ellipsoid. Inspired by the ellipsoid method and Newton's method, two classical methods in optimization, Newton–Ellipsoid combines the convergence properties of the Newton's method with the cutting-plane properties of the ellipsoid method. We also generalize Newton–Ellipsoid to higher order convergence methods. We present sample polynomiography images resulting from Newton–Ellipsoid and its generalizations; polynomiography refers to algorithmic visualization of solving polynomial equations using iterative methods. While some polynomiographs, such as those generated via the Newton's method, have fractal properties, many others do not. In particular, the Newton–Ellipsoid polynomiographs in this paper do not exhibit fractal structure and have softer curves resembling strokes of an oil painting.
Reconstruction using photographed serial sections (1967)

Abstract A method is described whereby serial sections are photographed through a microscope and printed on a clear acetate film. The pictures are mounted on Plexiglas rectangles and placed back to back. A solid stack of plates with the reconstructed structure visible inside, or a slide‐box arrangement of every other section may be produced. Variations of the technique are presented so that one can print high‐contrast or low‐contrast pictures, reconstruct simple or complex structures, and work more rapidly with less equipment. This is a simple, accurate, and rapid method.
E→Z-Photoisomerisierung von metallkomplexierten Diphosphenen (1985)

Durch Komplexbildung wird die Rotationsbarriere in Diphosphenen erniedrigt. So führt die Bestrahlung der Komplexe 1,M=Cr, Mo, W, zur E→Z-Isomerisierung des Diphosphenliganden. 2 ist das erste Beispiel eines (Z)-Diphosphens als Ligand in einem einkernigen Carbonylmetalkomplex.
Antiplasmodial Compounds from Leaves of Dodonaea angustifolia (2017)

From the leaves of D. angustifolia, three compounds with significant antiplasmodial activi-ties were isolated and characterized, with pinocembrin as the most active compound.
Nature of the metal–carbon contacts in ene-diamido d0 metal complexes (2000)

Folding of ene-diamido chelates in d0 metal complexes is generally attributed to a saturating π interaction of the metal with the central CC linkage. A MO analysis of selected models (DFT and EHMO levels) shows that the latter interaction is negligible (negative M–C overlap populations). Moreover, a detailed analysis of the orbital interactions highlights a two-electron flow from filled pπ orbitals of the nitrogen atoms toward the metal consequent to ligand folding. Conversely, it is evident that the CC π-electron cloud is only barely affected by the contacts with the metal atom.
Proliferation-Independent Growth Factor Modulation of the Radiation Sensitivity of Human Prostate Cells (1995)

The survival of human prostatic epithelial cells irradiated in different physiological states is reported. Exponentially growing cells and contact-inhibited cells grown and irradiated in the presence of the growth factors epidermal growth factor (EGF) and bovine pituitary extract (bPE) had overlapping radiation dose-cell survival curves. However, when EGF and bPE were removed from exponentially growing cells before irradiation, an increase in radiosensitivity was observed if the cells were replated into medium containing growth factors (EGF and bPE) immediately after irradiation. Treating cells with the nonspecific growth factor receptor antagonist suramin had similar effects as did growth factor deprivation. In contrast, when growth factor-deprived cells were maintained in this same medium for 12 h postirradiation, an increase in radiation survival was observed. This increase in survival is attributed to the repair of potentially lethal damage (PLD). Both the increase in radiosensitivity induced by deprivation of growth factor before irradiation and the repair of PLD caused by deprivation of growth factor after irradiation were independent of changes in cellular proliferation.
An SVD-based approach for mitigating wall reflections in through-the-wall radar imaging (2011)

In this paper, we mitigate wall EM returns in through-the-wall radar imaging (TWRI) using singular value decomposition (SVD). To suppress wall reflections, the SVD is applied to the B-scan matrix of the received signals. The signal space is decomposed into three subspaces: the clutter subspace, the target subspace, and the noise subspace. Then, a set of normalized and smoothed eigen-components are combined to produce the target signal. Finally, delay-and-sum beamforming is applied to the reconstructed B-scan matrix to form the image. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective in removing background, reducing clutter, and high lighting the targets.
A Versatile Intermediate for the Preparation of C-Functionalized Azamacrocycles and Application to the Synthesis of the Potent Anti-HIV Agent (±)JM2936 (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTA Versatile Intermediate for the Preparation of C-Functionalized Azamacrocycles and Application to the Synthesis of the Potent Anti-HIV Agent (±)JM2936Gary J. Bridger, Renato T. Skerlj, Sreenivasan Padmanabhan, and David ThorntonView Author Information Johnson Matthey Pharmaceutical Research, 1401 King Road, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380 and Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Blounts Court, Sonning Common, Reading RG4 9NH, U.K. Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 4, 1519–1522Publication Date (Web):February 23, 1996Publication History Received14 August 1995Published online23 February 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo951499whttps://doi.org/10.1021/jo951499wbrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views315Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Amides,Cyclization,Functional groups,Macrocyclization,Nitrogen Get e-Alerts
Stereospecific synthesis of isomeric 4-substituted 9-(2,3-dihydroxybutyl)adenines (1982)

Reduction of ethyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-tartrate with sodium borohydride afforded (4 S , 5 S )-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4,5-dimethanol ( Va ) which was benzoylated to give monobenzoyl derivative Vd and further transformed into p -toluensulfonyl derivative Ve . Reaction of the compound Ve with sodium salt of adenine followed by methanolysis gave 2,3-O-isopropylidene derivative Vf which on acid hydrolysis afforded 9-(2 S , 3 S )-(2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl)adenine ( Ia ). The enantiomer IIa was obtained from 3,4-O-isopropylidene-D-mannitol via (4 R , 5 R )-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4,5-dimethanol ( VIa ) using the same procedure. Reaction of compounds Vf and VIf with p -toluenesulfonyl chloride afforded 4-O- p -toluenesulfonyl derivatives Vg and VIg . These compounds were also obtained from Va and VIa via di- p -toluenesulfonyl derivatives Vc and VIc by reaction with sodium salt of adenine. Treatment of compounds Vg and VIg with sodium iodide gave 4-iodo derivatives Vh and VIh which on reaction with tri-n-butyltin hydride, followed by acid hydrolysis, afforded enantiomeric threo -2,3-dihydroxybutyl derivatives Ib and IIb . Compounds Vg and VIg on treatment with sodium azide, subsequent catalytic hydrogenation of the intermediates Vj and VIj and acid hydrolysis afforded enantiomeric threo -9-(4-amino-2,3-dihydroxybutyl)adenines ( Ic,IIc ).
Multiplex amplicon quantification screening the ABCA13 gene for copy number variation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (2012)

Pickard, Benjamin Simon; Van Den Bossche, Maarten J.A.; Malloy, Mary P.; Johnstone, Mandy; Lenaerts, An-Sofie; Nordin, Annelie; Goossens, Dirk; St Clair, David; Muir, Walter J.; Nilsson, Lars-Göran; Sabbe, Bernard; Adolfsson, Rolf; Blackwood, Douglas H.R.; Del-Favero, Jurgen Author Information