gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automated layout preservation in cross language translation of document (2014)

Layout refers to format and placement of content in a document. Cross language document translation is a well known problem and is addressed widely. Such translations usually remain unsuccessful in preserving original format of document because of typographical differences across the script of different languages. To make translated document look aesthetically identical to the original document, preservation of layout is essential. In this paper, we propose an integrated approach to solve various problems that arise during the process of translation pertaining to the layout of document like content flow, table of content, maintaining relative position and aesthetics of content.
The Analysis and Prediction of Electric-Submersible-Pump Failures in the Milne Point Field, Alaska (1999)

Abstract Electric Submersible Pumps (ESPs) are the predominant lift method used in the Milne Point Field (MPU), Alaska. Each year some 50 ESP failures occur, adversely effecting lifting costs, rig utility and production. Statistical methods based on the Weibull distribution and the Bathtub reliability model have been used to analyse ESP reliability data collected over a thirteen year period. The analysis differs from earlier works by treating a portion of the infant failures (the early part of the Bathtub model) as a series of Bernoulli trials. Analysis shows the three main factors effecting ESP reliability in MPU are reservoir, sand control and if the ESP is newly installed or a replacement. Further, the ESP failure rate is shown to be dynamic, influenced by the delivery of new wells and the time lag between failure and replacement. The results have been incorporated in to a computer based failure simulator which uses Monte-Carlo techniques to simulate the failure rates. Numerical values for the statistical parameters are included together with details of the simulator. The simulator is currently used within the MPU asset as a planning tool to establish changes in rig utility, production loss and ESP replacement strategies in a cash constrained environment. It is also used to assess improvements in ESP performance and to secure commercial terms for ESP lease and purchase options.In the future it is recommended that the simulator be used, with suitable analogue data,to predict the economic impacts of ESP failures on development programs prior to sanction.
Optimal replacement for fault‐tolerant systems (1986)

Abstract We consider the optimal replacement problem for a fault tolerant system comprised of N components. The components are distingushable, and the state of the system is given by knowing exactly which components are operationl and which have failed. The individual component failure rates depend on the state of the entire system. We assume that the rate at which the system produces income decreases as the system deteriorates and the system replacement cost rises. Individual components cannot be replaced. We give a greedy‐type algorithm that produces the replacement policy that maximizes the long‐run net system income per unit time.
Über den strukturellen Aufbau von Gläsern (1966)

Abstract Die Erstarrung einer Schmelze mit Raumnetz‐, Netz‐ und Kettenstrukturen zu einem Glas ist leicht möglich, wenn die freie Drehbarkeit um die Bindung zwischen einem Zentralatom und den als Brückenatomen fungierenden Liganden (z. B. einer genügenden Menge von Brückenatomen wie O, F und S oder Gliedern wie CH 2 mit einem Valenzwinkel < 180°) eine unregelmäßige Verknüpfung zuläßt. Bei Vernetzungen über vorwiegend drei‐ und vierwertige Elemente (As, Ge) können Gläser nicht aus der Schmelze, wohl aber durch andere Prozesse, z. B. Aufdampfen, gewonnen werden (Gläser im weiteren Sinne). Wegen der starken Vernetzung ist das Bindungssystem und damit die Nahordnung der Atome in der Schmelze anders als im Glas oder im Kristall. Ein flüssiges Gemisch von Molekeln verschiedener Größe und Gestalt kann ebenfalls glasig erstarren. Ferner bilden sich Gläser, wenn nur die Gestalt einer einzigen Molekelsorte die regelmäßige Packung zu einem Kristallgitter erschwert.
Kinetics—Early and often (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReportNEXTKinetics—Early and oftenJ. A. Campbell Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1963, 40, 11, 578Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1963Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 November 1963Published inissue 1 November 1963https://doi.org/10.1021/ed040p578RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1585Altmetric-Citations51LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (5 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Vascular effects of metformin Possible mechanisms for its antihypertensive action in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (1996)

Metformin, an antidiabetic agent, potentiates insulin action and reduces insulin resistance. We examined the antihypertensive effects and vascular effects of metformin in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Wistar-Kyoto normotensive (WKY) and SHR were injected with metformin (100 mg/kg) or saline subcutaneously twice daily for 4 weeks. Blood pressure was recorded by a tail-cuff plethesmographic method. Metformin treatment significantly attenuated (P < .05) the increase in blood pressure in metformin treated SHR versus untreated control SHR. At the end of the experimental period of 4 weeks, metformin-treated SHR had a mean blood pressure that was 34 mm lower than that of untreated SHR. Metformin treatment had no significant effect on blood pressure in WKY rats. Treatment of SHR aortic smooth muscle (SM) cells with metformin (2 micrograms/mL) for 24 h significantly decreased (P < .05) arginine vasopressin- and thrombin- stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i. However, metformin treatment did not have a significant effect on the basal [Ca+]i. Incubation of SHR aortic SM cells with OH-L-arginine (25 to 100 mumol/L) for 24 h increased nitrite production in a dose dependent manner. Metformin (5 micrograms/mL) treatment of SM cells increased nitrite production at all concentrations of OH-L-arginine; however, differences were significant (P < .05) only at 25 and 50 mumol/L OH-L-arginine. These results suggest that metformin may be decreasing arterial pressure in the SHR, at least in part, by attenuating the agonist-stimulated [Ca2+]i response in SHR vascular smooth muscle cells.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Salen Complexes (2011)

Abstract Review: 121 refs.
Transglutaminase 2 Mediates Polymer Formation of I-κBα through C-terminal Glutamine Cluster (2006)

Recently we reported that transglutaminase 2 (TGase 2) activates nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) independently of I-kappaB kinase (IKK) activation, by inducing cross-linking and protein polymer formation of inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaBalpha (I-kappaBalpha). TGase 2 catalyzes covalent isopeptide bond formation between the peptide bound-glutamine and the lysine residues. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectra analysis of I-kappaBalpha polymers cross-linked by TGase 2, as well as synthetic peptides in an in vitro competition assay, we identified a glutamine cluster at the C terminus of I-kappaBalpha (amino acids 266-268) that appeared to play a key role in the formation of I-kappaBalpha polymers. Although there appeared to be no requirement for specific lysine residues, we found a considerably higher preference for the use of lysine residues at positions 21, 22, and 177 in TGase 2-mediated cross-linking of I-kappaBalpha. We demonstrated that synthetic peptides encompassing the glutamine cluster at amino acid positions 266-268 reversed I-kappaBalpha polymerization in vitro. Furthermore, the depletion of free I-kappaBalpha in EcR/TG cells was completely rescued in vivo by transfection of mutant I-kappaBalphas in glutamine sites (Q266G, Q267G, and Q313G) as well as in a lysine site (K177G). These findings provide additional clues into the mechanism by which TGase 2 contributes to the inflammatory process via activation of NF-kappaB.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Ketenes with N,N‐Disubstituted α‐Aminomethyleneketones. (1986)

Abstract Aus dem Hydroxymethylen‐dihydrobenzothiepin (I) werden nach einer bekannten Methode die Aminomethylen‐Derivate (II) hergestellt und diese mit Dichlorketen (III) in die Tricyclen (IV) übergeführt.
Biological Imaging Using Nanoparticles of Small Organic Molecules with Fluorescence Emission at Wavelengths Longer than 1000 nm (2013)

Embedded in a polymer: A hydrophobic organic molecule that fluoresces in the near-infrared II (NIR-II) region was made water-soluble and biocompatible by its embedment in a polymer nanoparticle, which was then coated with hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) chains. The resulting nanoparticles exhibit bright fluorescence in the NIR-II window and high photostability in aqueous media and were used for in vivo imaging in mice.
Smooth Fourier interpolation of periodic functions (1988)

The Shankland-Koelling-Wood Fourier interpolation scheme is altered by a more physical choice of roughness function. Examples are presented demonstrating the improvement in the resulting band-structure plots; a more critical application is to the computation of the transport properties of crystalline solids which require second derivatives of the electronic energy bands.
Collaboration technology from face-to-face to the office (2003)

The authors describe three levels of support for work teams: the independent level, the coordination level, and the collaboration level. They then describe a technical approach and model for group support systems research. The model addresses computer support for both face-to-face and dispersed environments. Activities supported in the model are idea generation, idea organization, idea prioritization, and idea development and exposition. The lessons learned in the laboratory and in the field are then described. The authors conclude with an expansion of the original research model and a discussion of current and future research directions at the University of Arizona.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An Integrated Architecture for Future Car Generations (2005)

Depending on the physical structuring of large distributed safety-critical real-time systems, one can distinguish federated and integrated system architectures. The DECOS architecture combines the complexity management advantages of federated systems with the functional integration and hardware benefits of an integrated approach. This paper investigates the benefits of the DECOS integrated system architecture as an electronic infrastructure for future car generations. The shift to an integrated architecture results in quantifiable cost reductions in the areas of system hardware cost and system development. In the paper we present a current federated Fiat car E/E architecture and discuss a possible mapping to an integrated solution based on the DECOS architecture. The proposed architecture provides a foundation for mixed-criticality integration with both safety-critical and non safety-critical subsystems. In particular, this architecture supports applications up to the highest criticality classes (10/sup -9/ failures per hour), thereby taking into account the emerging dependability requirements of by-wire functionality in the automotive industry.
Research on torque distribution for an electric vehicle with in-wheel motors (2014)

An investigation in torque distribution of an electric vehicle with in-wheel motors has presented. To find an effective method of torque distribution, several strategies have been investigated. Analysis has been done here considering parameters in control and control law. At last a suitable torque distribution architecture is presented with simulation. Simulation results show a promising possibility of implementation of this torque distribution technology in an in-wheel EV.
The real-time detection of QRS-complex using the envelope of ECG (1988)

The envelope method for QRS-detection is discussed. Based on the principle of the Hilbert transformation of ECG (electrocardiogram) signals, a pair of orthogonal filters is used to eliminate the noise interference and approximately finish the orthogonal transformation. The algorithm for the ECG envelope can be executed on a 8-bit microprocessor in real time.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Alkaline Potassium Permanganate Degradation of Insouble Organic Residues )Kerogen( Isolated from Recently-Deposited Algal Mats (1977)

Abstract Kerogen is the most abundant form of organic carbon on the earth and plays a very important role in the formation of hydrocarbons. In view of its vast abundance and importance, relatively little is known about its origin, method of formation or structure. Certain kerogens are known to have been formed from the remains of algae, bacteria, diatoms, fungi, and other microorganisms. In an attempt to get more information on these types of kerogens, we have isolated the insoluble organic matter of a recently-deposited algal mat from Laguna Mormona, Baja California. It has been isolated using techniques similar to those used in the isolation of kerogen from ancient oil shales and sediments. The kerogen-!ike residue from the algal mats has been exhaustively extracted to remove soluble lipid material and divided into two portions, one of which was saponified. The residues were further degraded by stepwise alkaline potassium permanganate oxidation. The major oxidation products identified included: αω-dicar-boxylic acids (range C8-C11). normal mono-carboxylic acids (range C110-C31); isoprenoid acids (range C11-C20); and mono-methyl branched acids (range C12-C18). The initial oxidation products were dominated by normal mono-carboxylic acids but with increasing time of oxidation the αω-dicarboxylic acids dominated
Learning to Predict Chemical Reactions (2011)

Being able to predict the course of arbitrary chemical reactions is essential to the theory and applications of organic chemistry. Approaches to the reaction prediction problems can be organized around three poles corresponding to: (1) physical laws; (2) rule-based expert systems; and (3) inductive machine learning. Previous approaches at these poles, respectively, are not high throughput, are not generalizable or scalable, and lack sufficient data and structure to be implemented. We propose a new approach to reaction prediction utilizing elements from each pole. Using a physically inspired conceptualization, we describe single mechanistic reactions as interactions between coarse approximations of molecular orbitals (MOs) and use topological and physicochemical attributes as descriptors. Using an existing rule-based system (Reaction Explorer), we derive a restricted chemistry data set consisting of 1630 full multistep reactions with 2358 distinct starting materials and intermediates, associated with 2989 productive mechanistic steps and 6.14 million unproductive mechanistic steps. And from machine learning, we pose identifying productive mechanistic steps as a statistical ranking, information retrieval problem: given a set of reactants and a description of conditions, learn a ranking model over potential filled-to-unfilled MO interactions such that the top-ranked mechanistic steps yield the major products. The machine learning implementation follows a two-stage approach, in which we first train atom level reactivity filters to prune 94.00% of nonproductive reactions with a 0.01% error rate. Then, we train an ensemble of ranking models on pairs of interacting MOs to learn a relative productivity function over mechanistic steps in a given system. Without the use of explicit transformation patterns, the ensemble perfectly ranks the productive mechanism at the top 89.05% of the time, rising to 99.86% of the time when the top four are considered. Furthermore, the system is generalizable, making reasonable predictions over reactants and conditions which the rule-based expert does not handle. A web interface to the machine learning based mechanistic reaction predictor is accessible through our chemoinformatics portal ( http://cdb.ics.uci.edu) under the Toolkits section.
Population Genetics and Systematics of Marine Species of Dendryphiella (1987)

The deuteromycetes Dendryphiella arenaria and D. salina occur on macroalgae and plant debris in marine habitats. Strains from 17 locations in Canada, New England, the Southeast, Pacific Northwest and Europe were isolated from beaches and salt marshes or obtained from culture collections. The relationships between the species and the degree of genetic variability among different populations were studied. Starch-gel electrophoresis was used to analyze electromorph variation from 11 enzyme systems encoded by 14 presumptive structural loci. Strains of D. salina from different localities had identical electromorph patterns except for 3 strains isolated from Shelter Cove, California. All strains identified as D. arenaria differed from D. salina for four enzyme systems. Our data demonstrate that consistent genetic differences exist between the taxa and support the retention of two species. Some strains could not be placed with certainty in either species because of overlapping morphological characteristics; however, electrophoretic results indicate that all of these belonged to D. arenaria. The genetic variability observed was very low compared to other organisms including fungi. Our electrophoretic data indicate that both D. arenaria and D. salina are generalists and it is unlikely they have teleomorphs.
The first syntheses of diformamides by carbonylation of aliphatic diamines with Au(i) complex catalysts (2001)

Organic Au(I) complexes could be highly effective catalysts for the synthesis of diformamides by carbonylation of aliphatic diamines, with selectivity significantly enhanced in the presence of the appropriate amount of oxygen.
FoxP3+ T regulatory cells in cancer: Prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets (2020)

T Regulatory cells (Tregs) can have both protective and pathological roles. They maintain immune homeostasis and inhibit immune responses in various diseases, including cancer. Proportions of Tregs in the peripheral blood of some cancer patients increase by approximately two-fold, compared to those in healthy individuals. Tregs contribute to cancer development and progression by suppressing T effector cell functions, thereby compromising tumor killing and promoting tumor growth. Highly immunosuppressive Tregs express upregulated levels of the transcription factor, Forkhead box protein P3 (FoxP3). Elevated levels of FoxP3<sup>+</sup> Tregs within the tumor microenvironment (TME) showed a positive correlation with poor prognosis in various cancer patients. Despite the success of immunotherapy, including the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, a significant proportion of patients show low response rates as a result of primary or acquired resistance against therapy. Some of the mechanisms which underlie the development of therapy resistance are associated with Treg suppressive function. In this review, we describe Treg contribution to cancer development/progression, and the mechanisms of Treg-mediated immunosuppression. We discuss the prognostic significance of FoxP3<sup>+</sup> Tregs in different cancers and their potential use as prognostic biomarkers. We also describe potential therapeutic strategies to target Tregs in combination with other types of immunotherapies aiming to overcome tumor resistance and improve clinical outcomes in cancer patients. Overall, understanding the prognostic significance of FoxP3<sup>+</sup> Tregs in various cancers and their contribution to therapy resistance could help in the development of more effective targeted therapeutic strategies to enhance the clinical outcomes in cancer patients.
Water dessert gel system is versatile, reduces cost (1979)

We examined morphological nuclear events during the first cell cycle of bovine embryos reconstructed with somatic cells at the M and G1 phases (M-embryos and G1-embryos, respectively) by intracytoplasmic nuclear injection, and the subsequent development of these embryos in vitro and in vivo. Bovine fetal fibroblasts (BFFs) at the M or G1 phase were directly injected into enucleated oocytes, and activated immediately. Only half (48%) of the M-embryos extruded polar body-like cells (PBCs) at 6 h post injection (hpi). At 15 to 19 hpi, 54% of the M-embryos formed a single pronucleus-like nucleus. Nuclear envelope-breakdown, premature chromosome condensation and single nuclear clusters were observed in most of the G1-embryos (88%) within 30 min following the nuclear injection. At 15 to 19 hpi, single pronucleus-like nuclei were formed in most G1-embryos (83%). The potential of G1-embryos to develop to blastocysts was significantly higher than that of M-embryos (31% vs 16%). Three of five recipients following transfer of blastocysts derived from the G1-embryos became pregnant on Day 30, and one recipient delivered a calf. Our results indicate that almost a half of the M-embryos failed to extrude PBCs and that the G1-embryos developed to blastocysts at a higher rate than the M-embryos.