gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel cell-based in vitro screen to identify small-molecule inhibitors against intracellular replication of Cryptococcus neoformans in macrophages (2016)

The fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans poses a major threat to immunocompromised patients and is a leading killer of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients worldwide. Cryptococci are known to manipulate host macrophages and can either remain latent or proliferate intracellularly within the host phagocyte, a favourable niche that also renders them relatively insensitive to antifungal agents. Here we report an attempt to address this limitation by using a fluorescence-based drug screening method to identify potential inhibitors of intracellular proliferation of C. neoformans. The Prestwick Chemical Library(®) of FDA-approved small molecules was screened for compounds that limit the intracellular replication of a fluorescently-tagged C. neoformans reference strain (H99-GFP) in macrophages. Preliminary screening revealed 19 of 1200 compounds that could significantly reduce intracellular growth of the pathogen. Secondary screening and host cell cytotoxicity assays highlighted fendiline hydrochloride as a potential drug candidate for the development of future anticryptococcal therapies. Live cell imaging demonstrated that this Ca(2+) channel blocker strongly enhanced phagosome maturation in macrophages leading to improved fungal killing and reduced intracellular replication. Whilst the relatively high dose of fendiline hydrochloride required renders it unfit for clinical deployment against cryptococcosis, this study highlights a novel approach for identifying new lead compounds and unravels a pharmacologically promising scaffold towards the development of novel antifungal therapies for this neglected disease.
Handbook of Cerebrovascular Disease and Neurointerventional Technique (2012)

Fully revised and updated, the Handbook serves as a practical guide to endovascular methods and as a concise reference for neurovascular anatomy and published data about cerebrovascular disease from a
Activation of FoxO by LRRK2 induces expression of proapoptotic proteins and alters survival of postmitotic dopaminergic neuron in Drosophila (2010)

Missense mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2)/Dardarin gene, the product of which encodes a kinase with multiple domains, are known to cause autosomal dominant late onset Parkinson's disease (PD). In the current study, we report that the gene product LRRK2 directly phosphorylates the forkhead box transcription factor FoxO1 and enhances its transcriptional activity. This pathway was found to be conserved in Drosophila, as the Drosophila LRRK2 homolog (dLRRK) enhanced the neuronal toxicity of FoxO. Importantly, FoxO mutants that were resistant to LRRK2/dLRRK-induced phosphorylation suppressed this neurotoxicity. Moreover, we have determined that FoxO targets hid and bim in Drosophila and human, respectively, are responsible for the LRRK2/dLRRK-mediated cell death. These data suggest that the cell death molecules regulated by FoxO are key factors during the neurodegeneration in LRRK2-linked PD.
Blueprint for fault-tolerant quantum computation with Rydberg atoms (2017)

We present a blueprint for building a fault-tolerant universal quantum computer with Rydberg atoms. Our scheme, which is based on the surface code, uses individually addressable, optically trapped atoms as qubits and exploits electromagnetically induced transparency to perform the multiqubit gates required for error correction and computation. We discuss the advantages and challenges of using Rydberg atoms to build such a quantum computer, and we perform error correction simulations to obtain an error threshold for our scheme. Our findings suggest that Rydberg atoms are a promising candidate for quantum computation, but gate fidelities need to improve before fault-tolerant universal quantum computation can be achieved.
Relationship among enterotoxigenic phenotypes, serotypes, and sources of strains in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (1980)

The relationship among O groups, O:H serotypes and enterotoxigenic phenotypes was examined in 76 Escherichia coli strains isolated in Brazil from different sources. Of the 17 heat-labile and -stable enterotoxin (LT/ST)-producing strains whose O antigens were identified, 15 belonged to serotypes O6:H16 (7 strains), O63:H- (5 strains), and O139:H28 (3 strains). All 11 ST strains were in group OO128PAC, which was represented by four O:H serotypes. The 23 LT strains with the O antigen identified were distributed among serotypes of 14 O groups. Colonization factor CFA/I was not found in any of the LT strains, but it was found in six LT/ST and three ST strains. On the whole, each E. coli O:H serotype had a particular fermentation pattern. LT/ST as well as ST strains were all isolated from patients with diarrhea, whereas LT strains were isolated from patients with diarrhea, normal children, food, and river water.
The pathogenesis and treatment of idiopathic scoliosis; a preliminary report. (1958)

On the basis of chronaximetric, myomechanical, and histological examination of the long spinal muscles we assume that idiopathic scoliosis is due to muscle imbalance at the level of its primary curve. This dystonia of muscles may result from asymmetrical congenital, or sometimes inherited, segmental
Bovine Thrombin (1967)

Abstract An examination is made of the fractionation of a crude thrombin preparation obtained by bioactivation, namely, Parke Davis thrombin, topical. Columns of carboxylic resin, cellulose phosphate, diethylaminoethyl cellulose, and Sephadex G-100 were studied. The starting material and all products obtained by using only carboxylic resin or cellulose phosphate are shown to be impure and to contain a nonenzymatic inhibitor. A simple procedure is given for isolating a stable thrombin of high, constant specific activity. The procedure involves removal from solution, first, of inhibitor and some nonthrombin protein by DEAE-cellulose at pH 7, Γ/2 = 0.1 (phosphate), and 23°. A cellulose phosphate column is next used under the same conditions to adsorb thrombin and pass some nonthrombin protein. After additional inactive protein is washed off at pH 7 and Γ/2 = 0.15, thrombin is eluted at Γ/2 = 1.0 to give stock thrombin. The procedure at this point gives a minimum yield of 91.1 ± 8.4% of the original activity. Gel filtration of stock thrombin on Sephadex G-100 separates an average additional 24% of the absorbance of stock thrombin as an inactive protein and gives a single thrombin peak. By comparison with known proteins the peak position corresponds to a molecular weight of 36,000 ± 1,600 (95% confidence limits). The last 0.6 of the peak has constant specific activity which corresponds to 1,160 ± 130 NIH units per absorbance unit or 2,260 ± 250 NIH units per mg. At ionic strength 1.0, pH 7, and 4°, stock thrombin preparations lose activity to the maximum extent of 0.1% per week. At Γ/2 = 0.1, pH 7, and 23°, diluted stock thrombin (20-sec clotting time) loses 1.6% of its activity per day. This is shown not to be due to an inhibitor, an extraneous enzyme, or the presence of 5 x 10-4 m KCN, which had to be added to prevent bacterial growth. The mechanism appears to be a zero order denaturation. Attempts to concentrate stock thrombin by ammonium sulfate precipitation or osmotic solvent removal have frequently led to the production of inactive aggregates. Acetone precipitation from 0.15 m calcium chloride at pH 7 has been successful in giving concentrations up to 10 absorbance units per ml.
Thermal stresses in double-glazed windows (1988)

Using finite elements, the authors studied temperatures and thermal stresses in 1.41 m wide by 2.12 m high sealed double-glazed windows of 6-mm glass with a 12-mm air space between the panes. The purpose was to find factors significantly influencing thermal stresses. Three types of commercially used windows subject to winter conditions (day and night) were analysed: both panes clear glass; outer pane heat absorbing and inner clear; and outer clear with a metallic film on its room-side surface and inner clear. A sensitivity analysis included variations in size of window, gasket and sealant stiffnesses, frame absorption, solar heat flux, exterior air film conductance, and outdoor air temperatures (−5 and −25 °C). Further, the influence of horizontal and vertical shadows was studied. For the calculation of thermal stresses, the authors found that the windows could be analyzed pane by pane rather than as a three-dimensional structure. Solar radiation and particularly shadows had a major influence on thermal stress, while window size and aspect ratio did not. A case study in which the predicted temperatures were compared with those measured by Sasaki in 1974 showed good agreement and indicated that a simpler steady-state rather than transient thermal analysis gave a close estimate of the temperature difference between the centre and edges of panes for design against thermal breakage. Key words: window breakage, thermal stresses, glass temperatures, shadows, double-glazing, finite elements.
Artificial-Lift Systems Overview and Evolution in a Mature Basin: Case Study of Golfo (2007)

The Golfo San Jorge basin, located in the central Patagonia, is the oldest productive basin of Argentina, where the first economic discovery took place in 1907, in Comodoro Rivadavia.
Efficiency system for DSP algorithms on embedded ARM PXA processors (2012)

Energy awareness and management are two vital concepts essential to the successful operation and application of embedded computing systems. Furthermore, embedded systems need to be equipped with high performance processors under specific embedded environmental conditions. The purpose of this project is an in-depth technical comparison of energy and performance for the ARM PXA processor operation vs. Conventional DSPs, via digital signal processing code development. The parameters and tools for our comparison included: memory and cache management (primarily the effects various data set sizes have on the use and misuse of cache). We will quantify these metrics using In-Line Assembler to access the ARM PXA Performance Monitoring Registers. Initially we tested out these parameters via a basic FIR filter design. Our testing scenarios then involved a more elaborate signal processing algorithm, namely, a fixed point 1-D and 2-D FFT, thereby conclusively proving the origins and strategies for optimization within this reference frame.
Limited Level of Accuracy Provided by Available Rapid Diagnosis Tests for Malaria Enhances the Need for PCR-Based Reference Laboratories (2001)

The rise of imported malaria cases and the high fatality rate in Europe make the search for new and easy diagnostic methods necessary. Rapid diagnosis tests (RDTs) are, in part, developed to cover the lack of diagnosis experience. Unfortunately, our data suggest that the accuracy of RDTs is insufficient and could increase the number of incorrect malaria diagnoses.
Platelet activation in obesity and metabolic syndrome (2011)

Obesity is associated with increased cardiovascular disease. Metabolic syndrome (MS) identifies substantial additional cardiovascular risk beyond the individual risk factors, and is a powerful predictor of cardiovascular events even regardless of body mass index, thus suggesting a common downstream pathway conferring increased cardiovascular risk. Platelet hyper-reactivity/activation plays a central role to accelerate atherothrombosis and is the result of the interaction among the features clustering in obesity and MS: insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction. Interestingly, the same pathogenic events largely account for the less-than-expected response to antiplatelet agents, namely low-dose aspirin. The proposed explanations for this phenomenon, besides underdosing of drug and/or reduced bioavailability, subsequent to excess of adipose tissue, include enhanced platelet turnover, leading to unacetylated COX-1 and COX-2 in newly formed platelets as a source of aspirin-escaping thromboxane formation; extraplatelet sources of thromboxane, driven by inflammatory triggers; and enhanced lipid peroxidation, activating platelets with a mechanism bypassing COX-1 acetylation or limiting COX-isozyme acetylation by aspirin. This review will address the complex interactions between platelets and the pathogenic events occurring in obesity and MS, trying to translate this body of mechanistic information into a clinically relevant read-out, in order to establish novel strategies in the prevention/treatment of atherothrombosis.
Morphological characters useful in determining species boundaries in <i>Cycas</i> (Cycadaceae). (2004)

Morphological characters within the genus Cycas, based on previously published descriptions and on recent field research, are evaluated for their usefulness in distinguishing among distinct, yet morphologically similar, pairs of taxa within the genus. A standardized suite of taxonomically useful morphological characters in support of future designation of species within Cycas is recommended.
Magnetic enzyme immunoassay of anti-grass pollen specific-IgE in human sera. (1978)

This paper reports a magnetic solid-phase sandwich enzyme immunoassay for specific IgE antibodies in human sera. Crude extracts of grass pollen bound to magnetic polyacrylamide agarose beads were mixed with human serum to be tested. After washing in a magnetic rack, the beads were incubated with the glucose-oxidase-labelled sheep anti-IgE. The enzyme activity associated with the beads was measured by colorimetric assay. Results obtained from sixty-one human sera, as measured by the magnetic enzyme immunoassay, gave a linear correlation coefficient of 0.98 with the values as determined by radio-immunoassay. This procedure, which allows the grass pollen specific IgE in human sera, to be measured, is easy to perform, reproducible and may avoid the use of radioactive compounds.
Standardized methods for the regulation of cigarette-smoke constituents (2015)

This article includes a summary of the development of existing standardized methods to test cigarette smoke, and a review of both the capability of current methods for testing cigarette-smoke constituents and current performance standards relevant to regulatory testing. There is a comparison of the reproducibility of some currently approved methods to determine volatile constituents and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in cigarette smoke with the Horwitz prediction of reproducibility. There is discussion of appropriate activities to support the development and the implementation of more reproducible testing methods and an indication of the tasks that should be prioritized to achieve optimal inter-laboratory agreement of data.
<I>Bacillus thuringiensis</I> subsp. <I>kurstaki</I> Aerial Spray Prescriptions for Balsam Fir Stand Protection Against Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (2004)

Although commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk) are being widely used in forest protection against lepidopteran defoliators, optimal application prescriptions have often yet to be worked out in detail. We conducted field experiments over a 6-yr period (1996-2001) in southwestern Québec to determine application prescriptions for optimal protection of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.), healthy stands against the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). At moderate larval densities (<30 larvae per 45-cm branch tip), similar foliage protection was achieved with one or two Btk applications of 30 billion international units per hectare (BIU/ha). When larval densities exceeded 30 larvae per branch tip, two successive applications of 30 BIU/ha significantly increased foliage protection. Whether the second application took place 5 or 10 d after the first spray did not affect treatment efficacy. Increasing the application dosage from 30 to 50 BIU/ha did not lead to better foliage protection against high larval densities, but the current standard dosage of 30 BIU/ha saved more foliage than 15 BIU/ha against moderate populations. The recommended dosage of 30 BIU can be applied in lower application volumes (1.5 liters/ha) by using a high-potency product (20 BIU/liter), because we did not observe a reduction in efficacy compared with the application of a lower potency product (12.7 BIU/liter) in 2.37 liters/ha. We also demonstrated that Btk can be applied much earlier in the season without compromising spray efficacy: there was no difference in treatment efficacy of double applications at 30 BIU/ha when the first spray was timed for early third, peak third, or early fourth instars.
A Probabilistic Multi-Touch Attribution Model for Online Advertising (2016)

It is an important problem in computational advertising to study the effects of different advertising channels upon user conversions, as advertisers can use the discoveries to plan or optimize advertising campaigns. In this paper, we propose a novel Probabilistic Multi-Touch Attribution (PMTA) model which takes into account not only which ads have been viewed or clicked by the user but also when each such interaction occurred. Borrowing the techniques from survival analysis, we use the Weibull distribution to describe the observed conversion delay and use the hazard rate of conversion to measure the influence of an ad exposure. It has been shown by extensive experiments on a large real-world dataset that our proposed model is superior to state-of-the-art methods in both conversion prediction and attribution analysis. Furthermore, a surprising research finding obtained from this dataset is that search ads are often not the root cause of final conversions but just the consequence of previously viewed ads.
Consumo de drogas por vía intravenosa y sida en Edimburgo: maximizar los beneficios y minimizar los riesgos (1999)

Desde 1983, en algunas regiones de Escocia, a diferencia de Inglaterra, se ha producido una mayor expansión del SIDA debido al consumo de drogas. En la actualidad, el número de enfermos de SIDA, en Edimburgo y Lothian, asciende a 1.105 personas. A partir de 1985 se han ido incrementado las medidas dirigidas a paliar este problema, entre las que cabe mencionar el intercambio de jeringuillas usadas por otras nuevas, la prescripción de metadona, la creación de instituciones comunitarias antidroga y las campañas de prevención. Desde 1988, el número de afectados por el HIV, en relación con el consumo de drogas, ha disminuido notablemente. No obstante, la transmisión por contacto sexual sigue siendo motivo de preocupación, especialmente entre las parejas de los drogadictos seropositivos que se inyectan por vía intravenosa.
Escuela Greenfield, en Birmingham (1959)

Había que proyectar para un suburbio una escuela del grado primero al sexto, con 18 clases, dos jardines de infancia, biblioteca, amplio salón de actos, sala de arte y de música, clínica y oficina de administración; todo ello sin contar con ampliaciones en el futuro. La exigencia especial del cliente era la separación de la zona de juego para los cursos inferiores y superiores, y acceso fácil al jardín de infancia para las madres que traen sus niños en coche.
Puppet Revolutionary: An Interview with John E. Kennedy. (2000)

PTSD Symptoms may exert a stronger effect on response inhibition among those in recovery as opposed to those who are actively using opioids.
Effects of Vitamin C Intake upon the Degree of Tooth Injury Produced by Diphtheria Toxin (1940)

Effects of Vitamin C Intake upon the Degree of Tooth Injury Produced by Diphtheria Toxin C. G. King, R. R. Musulin, and W. F. Swanson CopyRight*A summary of the present report was presented before the Food and Nutrition Section of the American Public Health Association at the Sixty-eighth Annual Meeting in Pittsburgh, Pa., October 20, 1939. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.30.9.1068 Published Online: August 29, 2011
Molecular markers for prostatic cancer (2010)

Prostate cancer (caP) is a major public health problem. Many groups have attempted to identify prognostic risk factors to early detect caP and to identify who will need active treatment. Since the introduction of prostate specific antigen (PSA), diagnosis of caP has increased even as mortality for prostatic cancer has declined. Using current recommended guidelines, the PSA test suffers from both of limited specificity and sensitivity. With the aim to improve early detection of prostatic cancer the volume adjusted PSA, PSA isoforms and PSA kinetics have been investigated. Recently, technological advances in molecular assays have led to the discovery of new markers with high specificity. Further, proteomic array profiling and DNA methylation assays could provide for more accurate diagnosis and prognosis. Current evidence suggests that no single marker is likely to achieve the desired level of diagnostic and prognostic accuracy: future research should focus on validation of already existing biomarkers and the discovery of new markers to identify men with aggressive prostate cancer and to predict outcomes after therapies.
Dehydroepiandrosterone Modulates Nuclear Factor-κB Activation in Hippocampus of Diabetic Rats (2002)

Oxidative stress induced by chronic hyperglycemia contributes to cerebrovascular complications in diabetes. Reactive oxygen species activate the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), which in turn activates a variety of target genes linked to the development of diabetic complications. Dehydroepiandrosterone, an adrenal steroid, which possesses a multitargeted antioxidant effects, is also synthesized de novo by the brain. Normoglycemic and streptozotocin-diabetic rats were either treated with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) for 7, 14, or 21 d (4 mg/d per rat) or left untreated. Oxidative state, antioxidant balance and activation of nuclear transcriptional redox-sensitive factor NF-kappaB were evaluated in the hippocampus area. In streptozotocin-treated rats, besides the strong increase in oxygen reactive species, there is also a persistent activation of NF-kappaB. The derangement of the oxidative balance in the brain induced by diabetes improves with DHEA. Moreover, DHEA completely counteracts NF-kappaB activation, measured as DNA binding activity, and hinders the increase of IkappaB-alpha inhibitory subunit induced by oxidative stress. The time-lag of DHEA's effects on NF-kappaB activation parallels its effects on oxidative balance. Results indicate that DHEA might protect hippocampus from chronic activation of NF-kappaB-dependent genes by reducing NF-kappaB nuclear translocation. This could result in protection from diabetes-dependent brain damage.
Do off-frequency simultaneous maskers suppress the signal? (1983)

Psychophysical tuning curves obtained in forward masking show greater tuning than those obtained in simultaneous masking. This difference is often attributed to the contribution of suppression to the masking produced by off-frequency simultaneous maskers. In this experiment, simultaneous-masking tuning curves were obtained using a 195-ms, 1-kHz sinusoidal signal presented at 40 dB SPL. If the maskers identified in this procedure reduce signal detectability by suppressing the response to the signal, then it should be possible to demonstrate suppression effects between stimuli with the parameters of the masker and signal. One conventional method for demonstrating suppression is to show a reduction in the amount of forward masking produced by one stimulus when a second stimulus is added to it. When used to test the effect of the masker upon the signal, this procedure does not show the suppression supposedly produced by the off-frequency maskers. These data are consistent with an alternative explanation involving only excitatory interactions between masker and signal.