gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Functional role of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in inhibitory motor innervation in the mouse internal anal sphincter (2013)

There is evidence that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) participates in inhibitory neuromuscular transmission (NMT) in the internal anal sphincter (IAS). However, specific details concerning VIP-ergic NMT are limited, largely because of difficulties in selectively blocking other inhibitory neural pathways. The present study used the selective P2Y1 receptor antagonist MRS2500 (1 μm) and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA; 100 μm) to block purinergic and nitrergic NMT to characterize non-purinergic, non-nitrergic (NNNP) inhibitory NMT and the role of VIP in this response. Nerves were stimulated with electrical field stimulation (0.1-20 Hz, 4-60 s) and the associated changes in contractile and electrical activity measured in non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic conditions in the IAS of wild-type and VIP(-/-) mice. Electrical field stimulation gave rise to frequency-dependent relaxation and hyperpolarization that was blocked by tetrodotoxin. Responses during brief trains of stimuli (4 s) were mediated by purinergic and nitrergic NMT. During longer stimulus trains, an NNNP relaxation and hyperpolarization developed slowly and persisted for several minutes beyond the end of the stimulus train. The NNNP NMT was abolished by VIP6-28 (30 μm), absent in the VIP(-/-) mouse and mimicked by exogenous VIP (1-100 nm). Immunoreactivity for VIP was co-localized with neuronal nitric oxide synthase in varicose intramuscular fibres but was not detected in the VIP(-/-) mouse IAS. In conclusion, this study identified an ultraslow component of inhibitory NMT in the IAS mediated by VIP. In vivo, this pathway may be activated with larger rectal distensions, leading to a more prolonged period of anal relaxation.
Bio-Inspired Molecular Catalysts for Water Oxidation (2021)

The catalytic tetranuclear manganese-calcium-oxo cluster in the photosynthetic reaction center, photosystem II, provides an excellent blueprint for light-driven water oxidation in nature. The water oxidation reaction has attracted intense interest due to its potential as a renewable, clean, and environmentally benign source of energy production. Inspired by the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II, a large of number of highly innovative synthetic bio-inspired molecular catalysts are being developed that incorporate relatively cheap and abundant metals such as Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu, as well as Ru and Ir, in their design. In this review, we briefly discuss the historic milestones that have been achieved in the development of transition metal catalysts and focus on a detailed description of recent progress in the field.
Conflict and Its Resolution in Preschoolers with and without Disabilities (1994)

The sources of conflict, its resolution, and additional conflict components were described for 16 preschoolers with mild disabilities. Conflict episodes were contrasted to those of a comparison group of 15 preschoolers without disabilities. Children were videotaped for two 15-minute freeplay sessions, which were categorized and analyzed using a procedure developed by Laursen and Hartup (1989). Results indicated that children with and without disabilities engaged in conflict on a relatively infrequent basis, and that it was of short duration. In general, there were few differences between the sources of conflict and how they were resolved for children with and without disabilities. There was a tendency, however, for children with disabilities to have more disputes over objects, and for children without disabilities to have more disputes over pretend play. Children resolved their conflicts largely through insistence, and in the majority of conflicts there was a clear winner and loser. Implications for intervention and future research are discussed.
The evolution of partnerships in the meat supply chain: insights from the British beef industry (1998)

This case study describes the evolution of supply chain partnerships in the British beef industry, driven by changing consumer demand, food safety legislation, a concentrated and highly competitive retail sector and the BSE crisis. The case examples demonstrate the importance of establishing trust in supply chain partnerships, breaking out of the spot trading environment which characterises commodity markets and focusing explicitly on value added initiatives as a source of differentiation and competitive advantage.
Not All Attention Is Needed: Gated Attention Network for Sequence Data (2019)

Although deep neural networks generally have fixed network structures, the concept of dynamic mechanism has drawn more and more attention in recent years. Attention mechanisms compute input-dependent dynamic attention weights for aggregating a sequence of hidden states. Dynamic network configuration in convolutional neural networks (CNNs) selectively activates only part of the network at a time for different inputs. In this paper, we combine the two dynamic mechanisms for text classification tasks. Traditional attention mechanisms attend to the whole sequence of hidden states for an input sentence, while in most cases not all attention is needed especially for long sequences. We propose a novel method called Gated Attention Network (GA-Net) to dynamically select a subset of elements to attend to using an auxiliary network, and compute attention weights to aggregate the selected elements. It avoids a significant amount of unnecessary computation on unattended elements, and allows the model to pay attention to important parts of the sequence. Experiments in various datasets show that the proposed method achieves better performance compared with all baseline models with global or local attention while requiring less computation and achieving better interpretability. It is also promising to extend the idea to more complex attention-based models, such as transformers and seq-to-seq models.
Multiscale Engine Simulations using a Coupling of 0-D/1-DModel with a 3-D Combustion Code (2009)

Requirements for the reduction of both pollutant emissions and fuel consumption mean that there is a need to design of new engine concepts (e.g. HCCI, CAI, etc.). To reduce the time of the development loop for these concepts, 1D approaches can be used to simulate whole-engine behaviour. These approaches are based on phenomenological models that need to be fitted to experimental data. However these data are not always available. One way to solve this problem consists in combining 1D and 3D approaches: 1D simulations are used in the gas exchange system or for the fuel injection system and provide necessary inputs (e.g. volumetric efficiency, thermodynamic state, mixture composition, mass flow rate, etc.) for 3D simulations which are used in the combustion chamber to ensure an accurate description of the combustion process (especially pollutant emissions). This strategy allows us to obtain much more information and should improve the predictivity of the simulation. Two different approaches to carry out this coupling have been developed, the first one is based on the pre-processing of the 3D numerical results to generate combustion maps and the second one used a direct temporal coupling between the 1D and the 3D codes. The two methods are described in this paper. We also report on the relevant engine simulations which were carried out to demonstrate the capabilities of the two coupled approaches.
Agent based intelligent approach for the malware detection for infected cloud data storage files (2015)

The threats on files stored in cloud by malware are increasing in the recent years. Leading to increase in cost in business through many access control policies are provided to protect the data stored in cloud, the malicious users attack the data using malwares. In such a scenario, it is necessary to protect the cloud data using effective methods. Hence, a new intelligent agent to malware detection and prevention model is proposed in this paper to enhance the security of cloud data storage. The main aim of in this work is to detect malware infected files while sending it from server to client and to provide a means or way to transfer the file securely. This work also focuses on improving the energy efficiency when compared with other existing system. By classifying the malwares based on their families, it is easy to identify them as each malware has a signature for each. This will help in finding the malware infected file during transmission across systems and will be highly efficient when compared with the existing systems. The main objective of the work is to detect malware infected files while transmitting the files from server to client and to provide a secure way to transfer files among users. In order to achieve this, the malwares are first classified based on their families and then they are compared with exact matching algorithm and maximum matching algorithm. By using this, in this work the presence of malwares are detected.
The Use of a Modulated Light Spot in Semiconductor Measurements (1955)

A discussion is given of the modifications to the theory of the `travelling light spot' method for the measurement of minority carrier lifetime τ, which become necessary when the light spot is intensity modulated at an angular frequency ω. It is shown that if ωτ>> 1, the `lifetime' measured is approximately 2/ω and is independent of τ. It is also shown that, if the phase of the collector signal is measured as well as its amplitude, the diffusion constant and hence the drift mobility of minority carriers can be measured directly
Integrin-substrate interactions underlying shear-induced inhibition of the inflammatory response of endothelial cells (2012)

Conditioning of endothelial cells by shear stress suppresses their response to inflammatory cytokines. We questioned whether signalling through different integrin-matrix interactions, previously associated with the pathogenic effects of disturbed flow, supported the anti-inflammatory action of steady shear. Primary human endothelial cells were cultured on different substrates and exposed to shear stress (2.0Pa) for varying periods before stimulation with tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF). Shear-conditioning inhibited cytokine-induced recruitment of flowing neutrophils. However, the effect was similar for culture on collagen, laminin or fibronectin, even when seeding was reduced to 2 hours, and shear to 3 hours before TNF treatment (to minimise deposition of endothelial matrix). Nevertheless, in short- or longer-term cultures, reduction in expression of β(1)-integrin (but not β(3)-integrin) using siRNA essentially ablated the effect of shear-conditioning on neutrophil recruitment. Studies of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation, siRNA against FAK and a FAK-inhibitor (PF573228) indicated that FAK activity was an essential component downstream of β(1)-integrin. In addition, MAP-kinase p38 was phosphorylated downstream of FAK and also required for functional modification. Mechanotransduction through β(1)-integrins, FAK and p38 is required for anti-inflammatory effects of steady shear stress. Separation of the pathways which underlie pathological versus protective responses of different patterns of flow is required to enable therapeutic modification or mimicry, respectively.
Incentives for large peer-to-peer systems (2006)

We consider problems of provisioning an excludable public good amongst n potential members of a peer-to-peer system who are able to communicate information about their private preferences for the good. The cost of provisioning the good in quantity Q depends on Q, and may also depend on n, or on the final number of participating peers m. Our aim is to maximize the expected social welfare in a way that is incentive compatible, rational and budget-balanced. Although it is unfortunately almost never possible to calculate or implement a truely optimal mechanism design, we show that as the number of participants becomes large the expected social welfare that can be obtained by the optimal design is at most a factor 1+O(1/n) or 1+O(1//spl radic/n) greater than that which can be obtained with a very simple scheme that requires only payment of a fixed contribution from any agent who joins the system as a participating peer. Our first application is to a model of file sharing, in which the public good is content availability; the second concerns a problem of peering wireless local area networks, in which the public good is the availability of connectivity for roaming peers. In both problems, we can cope with the requirement that the payments be made in kind, rather than in cash.
Slisp: A Flexible Software Toolkit for Hybrid, Embedded and Distributed Applications (1997)

We describe Slisp (pronounced ‘Ess-Lisp’), a hybrid Lisp–C programming toolkit for the development of scriptable and distributed applications. Computationally expensive operations implemented as separate C-coded modules are selectively compiled into a small Xlisp interpreter, then called as Lisp functions in a Lisp-coded program. The resulting hybrid program may run in several modes: as a stand-alone executable, embedded in a different C program, as a networked server accessed from another Slisp client, or as a networked server accessed from a C-coded client. Five years of experience with Slisp, as well experience with other scripting languages such as Tcl and Perl, are summarized. These experiences suggest that Slisp will be most useful for mid-sized applications in which the kinds of scripting and embeddability features provided by Tcl and Perl can be extended in an efficient manner to larger applications, while maintaining a well-defined standard (Common Lisp) for these extensions. In addition, the generality of Lisp makes Lisp a good candidate for an application-level communication language in distributed environments. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visual Perception in Realistic Image Synthesis (2001)

Realism is often a primary goal in computer graphics imagery, and we strive to create images that are perceptually indistinguishable from an actual scene. Rendering systems can now closely approximate the physical distribution of light in an environment. However, physical accuracy does not guarantee that the displayed images will have authentic visual appearance. In recent years the emphasis in realistic image synthesis has begun to shift from the simulation of light in an environment to images that look as real as the physical environment they portray. In other words the computer image should be not only physically correct but also perceptually equivalent to the scene it represents. This implies aspects of the Human Visual System (HVS) must be considered if realism is required. Visual perception is employed in many different guises in graphics to achieve authenticity. Certain aspects of the visual system must be considered to identify the perceptual effects that a realistic rendering system must achieve in order to reproduce effectively a similar visual response to a real scene. This paper outlines the manner in which knowledge about visual perception is increasingly appearing in state‐of‐the‐art realistic image synthesis. After a brief overview of the HVS, this paper is organized into four sections, each exploring the use of perception in realistic image synthesis, each with slightly different emphasis and application. First, Tone Mapping Operators, which attempt to map the vast range of computed radiance values to the limited range of display values, are discussed. Then perception based image quality metrics, which aim to compare images on a perceptual rather than physical basis, are presented. These metrics can be used to evaluate, validate and compare imagery. Thirdly, perception driven rendering algorithms are described. These algorithms focus on embedding models of the HVS directly into global illumination computations in order to improve their efficiency. Finally, techniques for comparing computer graphics imagery against the real world scenes they represent are discussed.
Effect of Welan Gum SuperplasticizerCombinations on Properties of Cement Grouts (2000)

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Replay Attacks on Zero Round-Trip Time: The Case of the TLS 1.3 Handshake Candidates. (2017)

We investigate security of key exchange protocols supporting so-called zero round-trip time (0-RTT), enabling a client to establish a fresh provisional key without interaction, based only on cryptographic material obtained in previous connections. This key can then be already used to protect early application data, transmitted to the server before both parties interact further to switch to fully secure keys. Two recent prominent examples supporting such 0-RTT modes are Google's QUIC protocol and the latest drafts for the upcoming TLS version 1.3. We are especially interested in the question how replay attacks, enabled through the lack of contribution from the server, affect security in the 0-RTT case. Whereas the first proposal of QUIC uses state on the server side to thwart such attacks, the latest version of QUIC and TLS 1.3 rather accept them as inevitable. We analyze what this means for the key secrecy of both the preshared-key-based 0-RTT handshake in draft-14 of TLS 1.3 as well as the Diffie-Hellman-based 0-RTT handshake in TLS 1.3 draft-12. As part of this we extend previous security models to capture such cases, also shedding light on the limitations and options for 0-RTT security under replay attacks.
A discussion on the quality factor of impedance matched electrically small wire antennas (2005)

The quality factors of several impedance matched, electrically small wire antennas are compared as a function of matching technique and antenna geometry. The antennas considered have the same height and wire diameter, and they are designed to be self-resonant at approximately the same frequency. The antennas are impedance matched to a nominal 50 Ohm characteristic impedance using either a parallel stub, lossless reactive network or lossless transformer. It is shown that the quality factors of the antennas are essentially the same, and for the most part, independent of the matching technique and differences in the antenna geometry. The quality factor of the impedance matched, electrically small antenna is primarily established by the antenna's height and effective volume.
Nerve fibre regeneration after traumatic lesions of the CNS; progress and problems (1991)

Abstract Four distinct phases can be distinguished in the regenerative response of a lesioned CNS axon: sprouting of the proximal axon stump, elongation, target recognition, and formation of appropriate synapses. These processes can be observed in such a way only in lower vertebrates, in particular, in the optic system. In these species and systems, both, the guidance mechanisms leading regenerating fibres to their former target areas, and the mechanisms responsible for specific synapse formation are retained throughout life. As during development, guidance crucially depends on the presence of favourable substrate molecules, and on chemotropic signals (Dodd & Jessel 1989; Tessier-Lavigne et al.1988; Harris 1989). The cell biological mechanisms responsible for target recognition including the arrest of long-distance growth, the initiation of side branch formation and terminal arborization, and the selection of specific post-synaptic partners (cell type; soma, proximal or distal dendrite, spines, axons) remain unknown up to now.
Role of Innate Immunity against Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infections and Effect of Adjuvants in Promoting Specific Immune Response (2013)

During the early stages of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, the innate immune system creates a pro-inflammatory microenvironment by recruiting innate immune cells to eliminate the infected cells, initiating an effective acquired immune response. However, HPV exhibits a wide range of strategies for evading immune-surveillance, generating an anti-inflammatory microenvironment. The administration of new adjuvants, such as TLR (Toll-like receptors) agonists and alpha-galactosylceramide, has been demonstrated to reverse the anti-inflammatory microenvironment by down-regulating a number of adhesion molecules and chemo-attractants and activating keratinocytes, dendritic (DC), Langerhans (LC), natural killer (NK) or natural killer T (NKT) cells; thus, promoting a strong specific cytotoxic T cell response. Therefore, these adjuvants show promise for the treatment of HPV generated lesions and may be useful to elucidate the unknown roles of immune cells in the natural history of HPV infection. This review focuses on HPV immune evasion mechanisms and on the proposed response of the innate immune system, suggesting a role for the surrounding pro-inflammatory microenvironment and the NK and NKT cells in the clearance of HPV infections.
miR-522 Modulated the Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Matrix Metalloproteinases Partly via Targeting Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblasts (2018)

microRNAs have been reported to play important roles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study examined the effects of miR-522 on the biological behaviors of RA synovial fibroblasts. The expression levels of miR-522 and relevant genes were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. The protein levels of cytokines were determined by ELISA assay. The protein levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) were determined by western blot assay. Luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm the potential target of miR-522. Our results showed that miR-522 was upregulated in synovial fibroblasts from RA patients, and miR-522 expression level was significantly associated with the RA-associated clinical parameters. miR-522 overexpression increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and MMPs (MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13) in RA synovial fibroblasts. Lipopolysaccharide induced the upregulation of TNF-α, IL-1β, and MMPs in RA synovial fibroblasts, which was reversed by miR-522 knockdown. Bioinformatics analysis identified SOCS3 as a potential target of miR-522, and this target of miR-522 was confirmed by luciferase reporter assay, and miR-522 overexpression suppressed the mRNA and protein expression levels of SOCS3. The enforced expression of SOCS3 attenuated the enhanced effects of miR-522 on mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and MMPs. Collectively, our results suggested that miR-522 regulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and MMPs partly via targeting SOCS3 in RA synovial fibroblasts, which may contribute to pathogenesis of RA.
A New Approach for Early Gas Kick Detection (1998)

Abstract The propagation theory of acoustic wave and flow-rate wave in drilling fluid circulation system is investigated. Both theory analysis and our experimentsshow that early gas kick can be detected by flow-rate wave in the system. The propagation principle of flow-rate wave is the same as that of sound wave. We have found that the signal anti-interference capacity of flow- rate wave is much better than that of sound wave. Our new approach was verified through offshore rig tests. P. 153