gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Localization of brief sounds by pigeons (1977)

The ability of pigeons (Columbia livia) to localize brief sounds was assessed using a two-choice procedure. The pigeons first pecked a lighted key located at the center of a 76 cm. semicircle triggering a sound from one of two speakers separated by 120° at the periphery. If they then walked to the sound source and pecked a lighted key above it, they were rewarded with momentary access to grain. Although at first they were reluctant to approach the active speaker, eventually they demonstrated their ability to localize either a brief white noise burst or a tone pip. However, their ability to localize a tone pip varied markedly with frequency. A symptotic performance levels were found to be above 90% at 125 Hz and 250 Hz, 73% at 500 Hz, 59% at 1 kHz, 60% at 2 kHz, 67% at 4 kHz, and above 90% again at 8 kHz. Therefore, pigeons can lozalize low and high frequencies well, but middle frequencies (1K and 2K) only with difficulty. Localization in this midrange of frequencies is greatly and immediately enhanced when a narrow band of white noise is substituted for the tone pip.
Blind Zone Determination of the Femoral Head (1989)

The journal highlights important recent developments from the world's leading clinical and research institutions. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric orthopedic disorders. It is the official journal of IFPOS (International Federation of Paediatric Orthopaedic Societies).
Applicability of TiN Adhesion Layer Formed by Nitridation of Sputtered Ti Film to Blanket CVD-W Contact Filling (1993)

TiN film formed by rapid thermal nitridation (RTN) of sputtered titanium (Ti) was used as the adhesion layer for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) blanket tungsten (BLK-W) in a very high-aspect-ratio contact filling process. In contact holes, both TiN and TiSi 2 layers, which formed simultaneously during RTN become thin in proportion to the decrease of the Ti film thickness because of the increase of the contact aspect ratio. Therefore, contact resistance increase and barrier effect degradation of the TiN adhesion layer during subsequent BLK-W film deposition are of concern when employing RTN of sputtered Ti film as the formation process technique in VLSI's. This study focused on the applicability of a TiN adhesion layer formed by RTN of sputtered Ti film to BLK-W contact filling technology in very high-aspect-ratio contacts.
Specific effects in microwave chemistry explored through reactor vessel design, theory, and spectroscopy (2015)

Microwave chemistry has revolutionized synthetic methodology for the preparation of organics, pharmaceuticals, materials, and peptides. The enhanced reaction rates commonly observed in a microwave have led to wide speculation about the function of molecular microwave absorption and whether the absorption leads to microwave specific effects and enhanced molecular heating. The comparison of theoretical modeling, reactor vessel design, and dielectric spectroscopy allows the nuance of the interaction to be directly understood. The study clearly shows an unaltered silicon carbide vessel allows measurable microwave penetration and therefore, molecular absorption of the microwave photons by the reactants within the reaction vessel cannot be ignored when discussing the role of molecular heating in enhanced molecular reactivity for microwave synthesis. The results of the study yield an improved microwave reactor vessel design that eliminates microwave leakage into the reaction volume by incorporating a noble metal surface layer onto a silicon carbide reaction vessel. The systematic study provides the necessary theory and measurements to better inform the arguments in the field.
Preparation, characterization, and thermal behavior of MMA–<i>N</i>‐aryl maleimide copolymers (1994)

Abstract The work describes the synthesis and characterization of copolymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and N ‐ o ‐tolyl maleimide (MO)/ N ‐ p ‐tolyl maleimide (MP)/4‐maleimido benzoic acid (MB). The copolymers were synthesized by varying the mol fraction of N ‐aryl maleimides from 0.1 to 0.5 in the initial feed using azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator and tetrahydrofuran as the solvent. The copolymer composition was determined from the 1 H‐NMR spectra by taking the ratio of proton resonance signals due to OCH 3 of MMA (δ=3.59 ppm) and the aromatic protons (δ=7.0–7.3 ppm) of N ‐aryl maleimides. The monomer reactivity ratios of MMA–MP were r 1 =0.926±0.001 and r 2 =0.47±0.03 and MMA–;MO were r 1 =1.37±0.005 and r 2 =0.31±0.01. The initial decomposition temperature of copolymers and glass transition temperatures increased with increasing N ‐aryl maleimide content in the backbone. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in the Rat Testis after Cigarette Smoke Inhalation or Administration of Polychlorinated Biphenyls or Polychlorinated Naphthalenes (1994)

Lipid peroxidation products and antioxidant enzyme activities were studied in the rat testis following exposures to cigarette smoke, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), or polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). Three hours after a single 1-hour period of smoke inhalation, the levels of fluorescent chromolipids and thiobarbituric acid-reactive species (TBARS) were markedly increased in the testis (+49%, P < 0.01, and +43%, P < 0.05, respectively). Twelve hours after daily smoking for 1 hour, for 1, 5, or 10 days, such an increase was not found. Activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione transferase (GSH-Tr), or hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) were not affected immediately, 3 hours, or 12 hours after a single smoking session. Twelve hours after smoking for 5 days, the activity of catalase was decreased (-16%, P < 0.05). Smoking exposures had no consistent effects on serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), or testosterone concentrations. Single i.p. injections of PCB or PCN mixtures resulted in decreases in testicular SOD activity 1 day after the exposures (-14%, P < 0.05, and -51%, P < 0.01, respectively). Catalase activity also decreased after both exposures (-30 to -42%, P < 0.05, at days 1-7 after PCB exposure, and -37 to -43%, P < 0.05, at days 3-7 after PCN exposure). Ninety days after the PCN exposure, activities of GSH-Px and GSH-Tr were decreased in the testis (-20%, P < 0.05, and -26%, P < 0.05, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Low-energy dissociation of OClO following electron capture (1999)

We have studied negative ion formation following low-energy electron impact (0-10 eV) to OClO including a time-of-flight analysis of the ions. The dominant feature is formation of a transient negative ion (OClO-*) by resonant electron capture in the vicinity of 0.7 eV which decomposes into Cl-, O-, ClO- and O2-. The total dissociative attachment (DA) cross section at the resonance maximum (0.7 eV) is near 10-15 cm2 with ClO-+O the dominant channel. Although the DA reaction O2+Cl- is exothermic by nearly 4 eV the Cl- ion appears with a mean kinetic energy of only 0.4±0.1 eV indicating effective vibrational excitation of neutral O2. Also observed at higher target gas pressures is the parent anion ClO2- which arises from an effective charge transfer process involving a metastable complex formed in the collision between the dominant DA product ClO- and the sample molecule OClO. Possible implications of these results for the heterogeneous chemistry of OClO on polar stratospheric cloud particles are considered.
LATERAL CONTROL OF DUAL-MODE VEHICLES (1976)

The General Motors dual-mode vehicle is controlled laterally in the automatic mode in three ways. Primary guidance is achieved through front-wheel steering in a response to vehicle-borne computer control. Cables buried in the guideway surface generate a magnetic field for lateral reference. Vehicle-mounted antennae measure the deviation from the desired path, and the computer converts this signal to a steering correction signal, which in turn is magnified hydraulically in the steering mechanism. An independent mechanical backup, consisting of a vehicle-mounted arm and a slot in the guideway surface, is provided for positive switching in the diverge areas. The design of the guideway walls provides a second backup for lateral vehicle restraint. The effects of feedback paths, control system design, and vehicle dynamics on disturbance response and path following are discussed. Vehicle directional control characteristics necessary for automated steering are described. The effects of selected component failures on vehicle lateral control are shown in the paper.
A Bayesian approach to crack detection in electrically conducting media (2001)

In this paper, we review powerful new computational techniques which facilitate the Bayesian approach to statistical inference and discuss how they may be used to solve general inverse problems. Their power and flexibility is illustrated by the problem of detecting a finite set of linear non-intersecting perfectly insulating cracks in a homogeneously electrically conducting medium. In this case, efficient algorithms only exist if the number of cracks is known a priori. However, in this paper we demonstrate how uncertainty about the number of cracks can be incorporated into the modelling process and assessed together with crack locations.
Hemizona assay for measuring zona binding in the lowland gorilla (1992)

The hemizona assay is a diagnostic test used to evaluate the binding potential of spermatozoa to zonae pellucida and has been used to predict fertilization potential in the human. In this study, frozen-thawed gorilla spermatozoa were coincubated with human hemizonae to evaluate tight binding and to assess the use of human zonae in evaluating sperm fertility. Matching hemizonae were incubated with human sperm to serve as a control. For evaluation of binding studies in a homologous system, matching halves of gorilla hemizonae were coincubated with both gorilla and human sperm. Whole, intact zonae of both human and gorilla oocytes were also coincubated with heterologous sperm to determine if penetration into the perivitelline space could occur. This study found that gorilla sperm bound well to both gorilla and human hemizonae, with a mean of 112.5 and 81.0 tightly bound sperm, respectively. Human sperm also bound to gorilla (mean 229.5) and human (mean 236.5) hemizonae. Following incubation with intact gorilla zonae, motile human sperm were found within the perivitelline space. However, gorilla sperm were not visible within the perivitelline space of nonviable human oocytes. These findings demonstrate that the zonae of nonviable human oocytes can be used to assess sperm binding of gorilla sperm. Studies continue for optimizing assay condition and correlation of findings with the fertility potential of gorilla sperm.
Transport phenomena in nanotube quantum dots from strong to weak confinement (2001)

We report low-temperature transport experiments on single-wall nanotubes with metallic leads of varying contact quality, ranging from weak tunneling to almost perfect transmission. In the weak tunneling regime, where Coulomb blockade dominates, the nanotubes act as one-dimensional quantum dots. For stronger coupling to the leads the conductance can be strongly enhanced by inelastic cotunneling and the Kondo effect. For open contacts Coulomb blockade is completely suppressed, and the low-temperature conductance remains generally high, although we often see distinct dips in the conductance versus gate voltage which may result from resonant backscattering.
Immersive Visualization of Casting Solidification by Mapping Geometric Model to Reconstructed Model of Numerical Simulation Result (2008)

본 연구에서는 설계모델과 주물 응고의 유한차분법 기반 해석결과를 결합하여 가시화하는 새로운 방법을 제안하고 VR 디스플레이를 도입하여 입체 가시화함으로써 보다 효과적인 분석작업 환경을 제공한다. 먼저 기존 해석 소프트웨어를 사용하여 얻어진 응고해석 결과를 사각형 메쉬모델로 복원하여 복원모델의 모든 정점의 색이 해당 위치의 온도수치를 표현하도록 한다. 다음으로 설계모델의 모든 정점에 대해 가장 가까운 복원모델의 정점을 탐색함으로써 두 모델을 대응하고 대응점의 색을 설계모델 정점에 지정한다. 이때 설계 모델은 최소의 정점으로 모델의 형상이 이루어져 있어 정점의 분포가 복원모델에 비해 균일하지 않으므로 특정 임계값을 설정하여 삼각형 변의 길이가 이보다 큰 경우 정점을 추가함으로써 형태를 유지하는 메쉬 분할을 수행한다. 구현된 시스템은 설계모델 상에서 응고해석 데이터를 가시화함으로써 사용자가 분석객체 세부영역의 정확한 기하정보를 파악할 수 있으며 VR 디스플레이를 통해 실감나는 작업환경을 제공함으로써 보다 빠르고 효과적으로 문제발생여부를 판단할 수 있다. In this research we present a novel method which combines and visualizes the design model and the FDM-based simulation result of solidification. Moreover we employ VR displays and visualize stereoscopic images to provide an effective analysis environment. First we reconstruct the solidification simulation result to a rectangular mesh model using a conventional simulation software. Then each point color of the reconstructed model represents a temperature value of its position. Next we map the two models by finding the nearest point of the reconstructed model for each point of the design model and then assign the point color of the design model as that of the reconstructed model. Before this mapping we apply mesh subdivision because the design model is composed of minimum number of points and that makes the point distribution of the design model not uniform compared with the reconstructed model. In this process the original shape is preserved in the manner that points are added to the mesh edge which length is longer than a predefined threshold value. The implemented system visualizes the solidification simulation data on the design model, which allows the user to understand the object geometry precisely. The immersive and realistic working environment constructed with use of VR display can support the user to discover the defect occurrence faster and more effectively.
Convenient Syntheses of Optically Active .BETA.-Lactams by Enzymatic Resolution. (1993)

Optically active β-lactams were synthesized by lipase-catalyzed kinetic resolution using the enantioselective hydrolysis of N-acyloxymethyl β-lactams (3) in an organic solvent and the transesterification of N-hydroxymethyl β-lactams (2) with vinyl acetate. A variety of highly optically pure β-lactams (2 and 3) possessing some substituents at the 3, 4, or both positions were obtained and the optically active N-hydroxymethyl β-lactams prepared were converted into useful N-unsubstituted ones without racemization.
[Pharmacological effects of nalfurafine hydrochloride, a kappa-opioid receptor agonist]. (2010)

Nalfurafine hydrochloride, a kappa-opioid receptor agonist, was approved in January 2009 and released to the market on March 2009 for the indication of "Improvement of pruritus in hemodialysis patients (only for cases resistant to conventional treatments)" in Japan (Brand Name: REMITCH CAPSULES 2.5 microg, Marketing Authorization Holder: Toray Industries, Inc., Distributed by Torii Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Co-developed by Japan Tobacco Inc.). In addition to antipruritic effect, nalfurafine hydrochloride showed ameliorating effects on pain, neuropathic pain, drug dependence, schizophrenia and dyskinesia in non-clinical studies. Therefore, nalfurafine hydrochloride may become a useful therapeutic agent for their diseases.
Intramolecular and Intermolecular Schmidt Reactions of Alkyl Azides with Aldehydes. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Spectroscopic photon emission measurements of n-channel MOSFETs biased into snapback breakdown using a continuous-pulsing transmission line technique (1997)

As device dimensions decrease without a proportional reduction in the supply voltage, short-channel MOSFETs may be operated at voltages close to drain-to-source breakdown. The single-pulse transmission line technique has been used previously to study devices under electrostatic discharge (ESD) as it allows the suppression of unwanted reflections. In this paper, a modified continuous-pulsing transmission line technique is combined with a spectroscopic photon emission microscope set-up to investigate photon emissions from short-channel MOSFETs biased into snapback and second breakdown. This new technique enables the photon emission spectra from a grounded-gate nMOSFET biased into snapback to be studied, with only minimal degradation to the device under test. Photon emission spectra of the grounded-gate nMOSFET biased into the snapback region showed that the spectra are a combination of the spectra for a forward-biased and reverse-biased p-n junction. A very weak emission at a wavelength of 375 nm (3.3 eV) was also detected, and this was suspected to be due to the injection of hot electrons into the gate oxide. By fitting the photon emission spectra obtained to the electron temperature model, the carrier temperature of an nMOSFET biased into snapback was also obtained.
Molecular weights and subunit structure of LamB proteins. (1982)

Phage lambda-receptor proteins of Escherichia coli, LamB proteins, form oligomeric aggregates to build transmembrane diffusion pores selective for maltose and maltodextrins. The molecular weights (MW) of functional oligomers as well as dissociated monomers were determined by sedimentation equilibrium analysis in homogeneous non-ionic surfactant and deuterium oxide and in 6 M guanidine-HCl, respectively. The MW of oligomers and monomers appeared as 135 600 and 45 900, respectively. Thus, functional Lamb proteins consisted of three identical subunits.
Diallyl Trisulfide Prevents Obesity and Decreases miRNA‐335 Expression in Adipose Tissue in a Diet‐Induced Obesity Rat Model (2021)

The potent anti-obesogenic effects of DATS and its possible mechanism of action was clearly demonstrated in this study.
Biological Systems in Transition: Sensitivity to Extremely Low-Frequency Fields (1992)

It has been suggested for some time that cells “far from equilibrium” may be the most sensitive to applied extremely low-frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields. The problem with this statement is that it is nearly impossible to quantify these words as they apply to a biological system in such a way that the definition can become part of a mechanistic model. It is apparent, however, that the physiological state of the biological system being exposed to ELF fields is important. A review of the literature allows one to identify many studies that have involved the simultaneous exposure of “normal” and “healing” cells to ELF fields (such as normal bone and flesh at a non-union fracture site), with the result being that only the “healing” cells were measurably affected by the applied fields. The nonunion fracture in bone may be one example of where the state of the biological system (bone) can be quantified. It is also apparent that the physiological state of the system must be important in the ELF-biological system interaction since, for example, it would be surprising if an ELF field could increase biological activity that was already proceeding at the maximum rate. This paper examines the physiological state of the biological system and its importance in forming a mechanistic model of the interaction between ELF fields and the system.
Noise-eating amplifier for repetitive signals (2014)

We experimentally show an intensity amplification technique for repetitive signals that is not only noise-free, but reduces pulse-to-pulse intensity fluctuations, ASE noise, and enhances the extinction ratio by the desired amplification factor to improve signal quality.
<i>Gelatinipulvinella astraeicola</i> gen. et sp. nov., a fungicolous discomycete and its anamorph (1995)

Gelatinipulvinella astraeicola, a new genus and species of the tribe Calloriopsideae, Leotiaceae, is described with its anamorph. The teleomorph is found on the decaying peridium of a dead gasteromycete Astraeus sp. Colonies derived from single ascospores were yeast-like; conidia were produced basipetally on annellate conidiogeneous cells. The anamorph was similar in its conidial production to the genus Hyphozyma. It differed from Hyphozyma in lacking rhamnose in the cell wall, and by its yellowish colony color, as well as in physiological differences, and hence a new genus and species Aureohyphozyma astraeicola is established here. Micropyxis triblidariae is recombined in Gelatinopsis.
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS OF BENZONITRILE FROM THE REACTION OF α,α,α‐TRICHLOROTOLUENE WITH LIQUID AMMONIA (1976)

Abstract Benzotrichlorid (I) reagiert mit dem 17,5‐fachen Überschuß an flüssigen Ammoniak bei 125°C innerhalb von 2 Stdn. quantitativ zu Benzonitril (II).
Energy-dependent damping of excitations over an elongated Bose-Einstein condensate (2008)

We measure the damping of excitations in cigar-shaped Bose-Einstein condensates of atomic vapor. By using postselection, excitation line shapes of the total population are compared with those of the undamped excitations. We find that the damping depends on the initial excitation energy of the decaying quasiparticle, as well as on the excitation momentum. We model the condensate as an infinite cylinder and calculate the damping rates of the different radial modes. The derived damping rates are in good agreement with the experimentally measured ones. The damping rates strongly depend on the destructive interference between pathways for damping, due to the quantum many-body nature of both excitation and the vacuum modes.
Novel results in short-range visualization and vision systems based on gated imaging (2008)

Visibility enhancement using gated images has been known for at least 20 years. The majority of gated imaging systems are used to enhance human vision under extremely difficult conditions (fog, turbid water, strong ambient light, etc.). In most of the reported applications the intended ranges of gated-imaging systems are rather long so that a simplified model of gated imaging can be used. Moreover, no attempts have been reported on methods more sophisticated than just capturing images using gated imaging. In this paper, we present selected results expanding areas of typical applications. First, we briefly discuss and explain the theory of short-range gated imaging. In vision-related applications, short-range gated imaging is needed only in high turbidity conditions so that we focus on gated imaging in highly turbid media. Secondly, we propose a technique for automatic image fusion using a sequence of gated images captured by a precisely controlled pulsed laser. The fusion of several images can provide good quality of visualization over a wide range of depths. A feasibility-study system build using this principle will be briefly discussed. We believe that the proposed methods are a significant step towards system capable of providing visibility in extremely difficult scenarios (e.g. inspecting areas of turbulent liquids, seeing through almost non-transparent liquids, etc.).