gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recasting risk analysis methods in terms of object-oriented modeling techniques (1998)

For more than two decades, risk analysts have relied on powerful logic-based models to perform their analyses. However, the applicability of these models has been limited because they can be complex and expensive to develop. Analysts must frequently start from scratch when analyzing a new (but similar) system because the understanding of how the system works exists only in the mind of the analyst and is only incompletely instantiated in the actual logic model. This paper introduces the notion of using explicit object-oriented system models, such as those embodied in computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools, to document the analyst`s understanding of the system and appropriately capture how the system works. It also shows that from these models, standard assessment products, such as fault trees and event trees, can be automatically derived.
Security-Aware Scheduling of Mission Tasks under Temporal Constraints (2013)

Recent years have seen a rapid increase in the use of heterogeneous distributed systems for deploying critical missions. This trend is motivated by the flexibility and great processing capabilities that such systems can offer. However, their inherent complexity makes them prone to a wide range of cyber attacks. Efficiently scheduling mission tasks under various temporal and security constraints is still an unsolved problem. Many scheduling algorithms have been proposed, but most of them only focus on meeting a mission's deadline, without considering the security requirements of each task. In this paper, we propose a heuristic algorithm for computing near-optimal mission schedules in a time-efficient manner. Our approach gives the flexibility of balancing execution time and security requirements, by relaxing some of the constraints when meeting all requirements is not feasible. Finally, we present experimental results showing that our approach is promising and encourages further research in this direction.
GIDL (gate-induced drain leakage) and parasitic schottky barrier leakage elimination in aggressively scaled HfO/sub 2/TiN FinFET devices (2005)

We demonstrate that for aggressively scaled FinFETs, with 2nm HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> and TiN metal gate (i.e., workfunction close to midgap), several parasitic leakage mechanisms that impact the off-state current become dominant. We provide a detailed characterization of these mechanisms as well as design guidelines for eliminating them by careful junction dopant placement and S/D silicide engineering in order to achieve high Ion/Ioff ratios. Up to 20times GIDL reduction is achieved with minimum drive loss with asymmetric extensions. Using selective epitaxy on S/D, suppression of parasitic Schottky effects is also demonstrated resulting in a Ioff reduction of 10000times
SU‐FF‐T‐459: The Effect of Proton Therapy Beam Scanning Pattern Size On Secondary Neutron Dose Equivalent (2009)

Purpose: One way to deliver a proton therapy beam is to actively scan a uniform dose across a treatment field using a fast scanning magnet. In this study, we examine how proton therapy beam scanning patterns affect the scattered neutron dose equivalent in an active scanning proton therapy beam delivery nozzle. Method and Materials: The nominal scanning pattern size is a 324 cm 2 rectangular pattern which projects a flat proton field of 12 × 12 cm at isocenter for a 12 cm snout size. However, it is possible to reduce the size of this scanning pattern for field sizes smaller than 12 cm and maintain beam flatness while minimizing the scattered neutron dose equivalent. Neutron measurements were taken using a SWENDI‐II (Thermo Electron Corporation™) neutron detector for a treatment field defined by apertures of 10 cm and 5 cm in diameter using protons of approximately 160 MeV. In each case, the field modulation in depth was 10 cm. A Scanditronix Matrixx™ panel was used to determine field flatness. Results: The maximum neutron dose equivalent was measured to be 0.65 mSv/Gy for the 10 cm field and 0.97 mSv/Gy for the 5 cm field 40 cm laterally from isocenter. By minimizing the rectangular scanning pattern, it was possible to reduce the secondary neutron dose equivalent by approximately 20% and 60% for the 10 cm and 5 cm diameter field sizes respectively and maintain acceptable treatment parameters. Conclusion: The efficiency of a proton treatment beam through the final patient collimator has a large influence on the creation of unwanted secondary neutrons. Increasing this efficiency using different scanning patterns minimizes neutron dose equivalent and maintains acceptable treatment parameters for the therapeutic proton beam.
Digital watermarking for ROI medical images by using compressed signature image (2003)

In medical images, ROI (Region Of Interest) is an area which contains important information and must be stored without any distortion. We propose a digital watermarking method which avoids the distortion of the image data in ROI by embedding signature information into other area than the ROI. Signature image compressed by a progressive coding algorithm is used as the signature information. The most significant information of the signature information is embedded in the nearest area to the ROI. The proposed method can detect the signature image with moderate quality from a clipped image including the ROI. Furthermore, by dividing the contour of the ROI into several regions and embedding the signature information in the regions respectively, the signature image with moderate quality can be acquired from a clipped image including only part of the ROI.
Suppression of Nogo-A to enhance CNS repair / Chapter 29 (2011)

The notion that neurons in the living brain can change in response to experience--a phenomenon known as &;ldquo;plasticity&;rdquo;--has become a major conceptual issue in neuroscience research as well as a practical focus for the fields of neural rehabilitation and neurodegenerative disease. Early work dealt with the plasticity of the developing brain and demonstrated the critical role played by sensory experience in normal development. Two broader themes have emerged in recent studies: the plasticity of the adult brain (one of the most rapidly developing areas of current research) and the search for the underlying mechanisms of plasticity--explanations for the cellular, molecular, and epigenetic factors controlling plasticity. Many scientists believe that achieving a fundamental understanding of what underlies neuronal plasticity could help us treat neurological disorders and even improve the learning capabilities of the human brain.This volume offers contributions from leaders in the field that cover all three approaches to the study of cerebral plasticity. Chapters treat normal development and the influences of environmental manipulations; cerebral plasticity in adulthood; and underlying mechanisms of plasticity. Other chapters deal with plastic changes in neurological conditions and with the enhancement of plasticity as a strategy for brain repair.
Identification of ML204, a Novel Potent Antagonist That Selectively Modulates Native TRPC4/C5 Ion Channels (2011)

Transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels are Ca(2+)-permeable nonselective cation channels implicated in diverse physiological functions, including smooth muscle contractility and synaptic transmission. However, lack of potent selective pharmacological inhibitors for TRPC channels has limited delineation of the roles of these channels in physiological systems. Here we report the identification and characterization of ML204 as a novel, potent, and selective TRPC4 channel inhibitor. A high throughput fluorescent screen of 305,000 compounds of the Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository was performed for inhibitors that blocked intracellular Ca(2+) rise in response to stimulation of mouse TRPC4β by μ-opioid receptors. ML204 inhibited TRPC4β-mediated intracellular Ca(2+) rise with an IC(50) value of 0.96 μm and exhibited 19-fold selectivity against muscarinic receptor-coupled TRPC6 channel activation. In whole-cell patch clamp recordings, ML204 blocked TRPC4β currents activated through either μ-opioid receptor stimulation or intracellular dialysis of guanosine 5'-3-O-(thio)triphosphate (GTPγS), suggesting a direct interaction of ML204 with TRPC4 channels rather than any interference with the signal transduction pathways. Selectivity studies showed no appreciable block by 10-20 μm ML204 of TRPV1, TRPV3, TRPA1, and TRPM8, as well as KCNQ2 and native voltage-gated sodium, potassium, and calcium channels in mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons. In isolated guinea pig ileal myocytes, ML204 blocked muscarinic cation currents activated by bath application of carbachol or intracellular infusion of GTPγS, demonstrating its effectiveness on native TRPC4 currents. Therefore, ML204 represents an excellent novel tool for investigation of TRPC4 channel function and may facilitate the development of therapeutics targeted to TRPC4.
Activator- and repressor-type MYB transcription factors are involved in chilling injury induced flesh lignification in loquat via their interactions with the phenylpropanoid pathway (2014)

Lignin biosynthesis and its transcriptional regulatory networks have been studied in model plants and woody trees. However, lignification also occurs in some fleshy fruit and has rarely been considered in this way. Loquat ( Eriobotrya japonica ) is one such convenient tissue for exploring the transcription factors involved in regulating fruit flesh lignification. Firmness and lignin content of 'Luoyangqing' loquat were fund to increase during low-temperature storage as a typical symptom of chilling injury, while heat treatment (HT) and low-temperature conditioning (LTC) effectively alleviated them. Two novel EjMYB genes, EjMYB1 and EjMYB2, were isolated and were found to be localized in the nucleus. These genes responded differently to low temperature, with EjMYB1 induced and EjMYB2 inhibited at 0 °C. They also showed different temperature responses under HT and LTC conditions, and may be responsible for different regulation of flesh lignification at the transcriptional level. Transactivation assays indicated that EjMYB1 and EjMYB2 are a transcriptional activator and repressor, respectively. EjMYB1 activated promoters of both Arabidopsis and loquat lignin biosynthesis genes, while EjMYB2 countered the inductive effects of EjMYB1. This finding was also supported by transient overexpression in tobacco. Regulation of lignification by EjMYB1 and EjMYB2 is likely to be achieved via their competitive interaction with AC elements in the promoter region of lignin biosynthesis genes such as Ej4CL1.
Biomechanical, biochemical, and histological characterization of canine lumbar facet joint cartilage (2009)

Object Tissue engineering appears to be a promising strategy for articular cartilage regeneration as a treatment for facet joint arthritis. Prior to the commencement of tissue engineering approaches, design criteria must be established to determine the required functional properties of the replacement tissue. As characterization of the functional properties of facet joint cartilage has not been performed previously, the objective of this study was to determine the biomechanical, biochemical, and histological properties of facet joint cartilage. Methods The in vitro testing was conducted using 4 lumbar spinal segments obtained from skeletally mature canines. In each specimen, articular cartilage was obtained from the superior surface of the L3–4 and L4–5 facet joints. Creep indentation was used to determine the compressive biomechanical properties, while uniaxial tensile testing yielded the Young modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the tissue. Additionally, biochemical assessments included determinations of cellularity, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, and collagen content, as well as enzymelinked immunosorbent assays for collagen I and II production. Finally, histological characterization included H & E staining, as well as staining for collagen and GAG distributions. Results The means ± standard deviation values were determined. There were no differences between the 2 spinal levels for any of the assessed properties. Averaged over both levels, the thickness was 0.49 ± 0.10 mm and the hydration was 74.7 ± 1.7%. Additionally, the cells/wet weight (WW) ratio was 6.26 ± 2.66 × 10 4 cells/mg and the cells/dry weight (DW) ratio was 2.51 ± 1.21 × 10 5 cells/mg. The GAG/WW was 0.038 ± 0.013 and the GAG/ DW was 0.149 ± 0.049 mg/mg, while the collagen/WW was 0.168 ± 0.026 and collagen/DW was 0.681 ± 0.154 mg/ mg. Finally, the aggregate modulus was 554 ± 133 kPa, the Young modulus was 10.08 ± 8.07 MPa, and the ultimate tensile strength was 4.44 ± 2.40 MPa. Conclusions To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to provide a functional characterization of facet joint articular cartilage, thus providing design criteria for future tissue engineering studies.
Mechanisms of Protection Induced by Attenuated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus II. Lymphocyte Depletion Does Not Abrogate Protection (1998)

To determine the role that cellular immune responses play in the protection conferred by vaccination with attenuated SIVmac32H (pC8), we have attempted to deplete macaques of their CD8+ cells prior to challenge with wild-type SIVmac32H (pJ5). In two of four pC8-infected macaques, N109 and N112, a transient partial depletion of CD8+ cells by antibody treatment was achieved. On the day of challenge peripheral CD2+CD4-CD8+ cell counts were reduced by 92 and 95%, respectively, in animals N109 and N112 and their lymph nodes revealed a 46 and 58% reduction, respectively, in CD2+CD4-CD8+ cells. Two other pC8-immunized macaques, N110 and N111, treated in the same way, did not show significant depletion of CD8+ cells. None of these four pC8-immunized animals became infected when challenged with 50 MID50 of pJ5. Treatment of a further four pC8-infected and protected macaques and two naive control animals with Campath-1H antibody successfully depleted peripheral CD3+ cell counts by >99% in all treated animals. Campath-1H depletion resulted in enhanced, longer lasting lymphoid depletion. Yet subsequent challenge with 20 MID50 of pJ5 still failed to infect the pC8-immunized animals. All eight of the naive controls, including two Campath-1H-treated animals, became infected following challenge. In summary, partial depletion of circulating CD8+ cells or total lymphocytes prior to challenge failed to abrogate the protection conferred by vaccination with pC8.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of Three Types of Fused Isoindoles via Furan‐Pyrrole Ring Exchange Reaction. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Nucleic acid as interferon inducer. Its antiviral and antitumor activity. (1977)

The results of the present study have demonstrated that dsRNA obtained in the system E. coli--bacteriophage is an interferon inducer and possesses antiviral and antitumoral activities.
Response of human natural killer cells to monocyte-derived dendritic cells infected with dengue virus (67.10) (2011)

Abstract Natural Killer (NK) cells are involved in innate responses triggered early during viral infections. However, the factors that regulate the response of primary human NK cells to primary human cells infected with dengue virus (DV) remain poorly characterized. In this study, we demonstrate that naïve NK cells co-cultured with DV-infected monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) produce IFN-γ, upregulate cell surface CD107a, and lyse DV-infected DCs. Type I interferons and TNF-α produced by the DV-infected DCs were crucial for this IFN-γ response, since blocking IFNAR combined with neutralization of TNF-α completely abolished the IFN-γ response in these co-cultures. Cytokines previously reported to play important roles in NK cell activation, e.g. IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-21, and IL-27, were not produced in significant amounts by DV-infected DCs. Transwell experiments suggested that membrane-bound ligands were also important for NK cell recognition of DV-infected DCs. However, we failed to detect the upregulation of ligands for NKG2D or DNAM-1 on DV-infected DCs. Ligands for the natural cytotoxicity receptors were determined not to contribute to the IFN-γ response. In summary, our results have uncovered a previously unappreciated role for the synergy between type I interferons and TNF-α in triggering the anti-dengue response of naïve human NK cells.
Temporal Lobe Abnormalities in a Patient with Schizophrenia Who has Word-Finding Difficulty: Use of High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Auditory P300 Event-Related Potentials (1993)

Postmortem, magnetic resonance, and event-related potential studies suggest the presence of temporal lobe abnormalities in schizophrenia. Analyses using convergent measurements of brain structure and function, however, have rarely been done in the same patients. We recently developed a protocol using high-spatial-resolution magnetic resonance scans, auditory P300 event-related potentials, and thought disorder scales to examine temporal lobe structure and function in the same patients. We report a case of schizophrenia that showed left-lateralized volume reduction in the superior temporal gyrus, hippocampus, and parahippocampal gyrus (also on right), with associated P300 amplitude reduction and thought disorder marked by word-finding difficulties and perseverations.
Variational approach for tunneling diffusion of a particle interacting with phonons (1990)

Displaced-squeezed states are proposed as the variational ground states of phonons coupled with a particle moving in a tight-binding band. The narrowing effect of the phonon overlapping integral on the renormalized bandwidth of the tunneling particle is investigated. We find that, for Ohmic dissipation, the conditions for the localization-delocalization transition of the tunneling particle are modified compared with the previous studies.
Documentation, billing, and reimbursement for continuous renal replacement therapy (2009)

Abstract Chapter 28 discusses documentation, billing, and reimbursement for CRRT, including billing codes, initial patient evaluation, subsequent hospital days, and relative value units (RVU).
Metabolism of Structural Lipids (2002)

This chapter contains section titled: Phosphoglyceride Biosynthesis Degradation of Phospholipids Metabolism of Glycosylglycerides Metabolism of Sphingolipids Cholesterol Biosynthesis Specific Roles Pulmonary Surfactant Lipid Storage Diseases (Lipidoses) The ‘Phosphatidylinositol Cycle’ in Cell Signalling A Wider Range of Lipid Signalling Molecules Phospholipase D in Cell Signalling Role of Sphingolipids in Cellular Signalling Summary Further Reading
Identification of multidimensional complex sounds having parallel dimension structure (1996)

The present series of experiments examined the ability of normal-hearing listeners to make use of cues from multiple, independent stimulus dimensions when classifying multidimensional complex sounds. Ten listeners classified complex sound pulses that differed along three independent dimensions. The stimuli were 100 ms in duration and were synthesized using five simultaneous sinusoids. The three dimensions of the complex stimuli manipulated in this experiment were harmonicity, spectral shape, and amplitude envelope. Each stimulus dimension could take on one of two values, referred to here as target or nontarget. Eight stimuli were synthesized using all possible combinations of the dimension values. Subjects were trained to label two stimuli, the two having either all-target or all-nontarget values, as "+" and "0," respectively. Following this training, subjects were asked to classify all eight stimuli as either "+" or "0." Results of this experiment indicated that listeners preferred to classify these stimuli on the basis of one stimulus dimension. However, the preferred dimension was not the same for all of the listeners. In addition, it was demonstrated that it was possible to train an individual to use a dimension other than the one or two initially preferred when classifying the stimuli.
Developments in Radar Imaging (1984)

Using range and Doppler information to produce radar images is a technique used in such diverse fields as air-to-ground imaging of objects, terrain, and oceans and ground-to-air imaging of aircraft, space objects, and planets. A review of the range-Doppler technique is presented along with a description of radar imaging forms including details of data acquisition and processing techniques.
Pulmonary hypertension in chronic dialysis patients with arteriovenous fistula: pathogenesis and therapeutic prospective (2006)

We propose different potential mechanisms as explanations for the development of pulmonary hypertension. Hormonal and metabolic derangement associated with end-stage renal disease might lead to pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction and an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. Pulmonary arterial pressure may be further increased by high cardiac output resulting from the arteriole-venous access itself, worsened by commonly occurring anaemia and fluid overload.
Functional Characterization and Localization of the TcpH Conjugation Protein from<i>Clostridium perfringens</i> (2008)

In Clostridium perfringens, conjugative plasmids encode important virulence factors, such as toxins and resistance determinants. All of these plasmids carry a conjugation locus that consists of 11 genes: intP and tcpA to tcpJ. Three proteins, TcpA, a potential coupling protein, TcpF, a putative ATPase that is similar to ORF15 from Tn916, and TcpH, which contains VirB6-like domains, are essential for conjugation in the prototype conjugative plasmid pCW3. To analyze the functional domains of TcpH, a putative structural component of the mating-pair formation complex and deletion and site-directed mutants were constructed and analyzed. The results showed that the N-terminal 581 residues and the conserved (242)VQQPW(246) motif were required for conjugative transfer. Bacterial two-hybrid and biochemical studies showed that TcpH interacted with itself and with TcpC. An analysis of the tcpH mutants demonstrated that the region required for these interactions also was localized to the N-terminal 581 residues and that the function of the C-terminal region of TcpH was independent of protein-protein interactions. Finally, immunofluorescence studies showed that TcpH and TcpF were located at both cell poles of donor C. perfringens cells. The results provide evidence that TcpH is located in the cell membrane, where it oligomerizes and interacts with TcpC to form part of the mating-pair formation complex, which is located at the cell poles and is closely associated with TcpF.
Phosphonium-Based Ionic Liquids: An Overview (2009)

Phosphonium cation-based ionic liquids (ILs) are a readily available family of ILs that in some applications offer superior properties as compared to nitrogen cation-based ILs. Applications recently investigated include their use as extraction solvents, chemical synthesis solvents, electrolytes in batteries and super-capacitors, and in corrosion protection. At the same time the range of cation–anion combinations available commercially has also been increasing in recent years. Here, we provide an overview of the properties of these interesting materials and the applications in which they are appearing.