gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Two Ecuadorian Urban and Rural Populations (1990)

We examined the specific hypotheses linking the intake of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and protein to blood pressure (BP) and the relationship between dietary factors and mortality from the major cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the Ecuadorian populations. Two Ecuadorian populations, the urban and the rural, were selected from Quito and Vilcabamba, respectively. From Quito: 87 men and 83 women; from Vilcabamba: 71 men and 91 women aged 50–54 were randomly selected for BP measurement, 24-h urine collection, and blood sampling according to the Cardiovascular Disease and Alimentary Comparison (CARDIAC) Study protocol. Samples were analyzed at CARDIAC center in Izumo, Japan. Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) was not much different in the two populations, but mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and body mass index (BMI) were significantly lower in Vilcabamba (p < 0.001). Mortality from stroke was higher in Vilcabamba, whereas coronary death rate was higher in Quito. Both sodium intake and sodium/potassium ratio were higher in Vilcabamba (p < 0.001). Protein intake and serum cholesterol were higher in Quito (p < 0.001). Urinary taurine excretion was higher in Quito. There was no difference in W3/W6 fatty acids ratio between the two populations. Multiple regression analyses of intracommunity correlation indicated that both SBP and DBP were highly significantly related with BMI in Quito and that urinary excretions were inversely related to SBP. Serum cholesterol was positively related to coronary death rate. Mortality from stroke was inversely related to both serum cholesterol and protein and was positively related to salt consumption.
Solid tumor risks after high doses of ionizing radiation (2005)

There is increasing concern regarding radiation-related second-cancer risks in long-term radiotherapy survivors and a corresponding need to be able to predict cancer risks at high radiation doses. Although cancer risks at moderately low radiation doses are reasonably understood from atomic bomb survivor studies, there is much more uncertainty at the high doses used in radiotherapy. It has generally been assumed that cancer induction decreases rapidly at high doses due to cell killing. However, recent studies of radiation-induced second cancers in the lung and breast, covering a very wide range of doses, contradict this assumption. A likely resolution of this disagreement comes from considering cellular repopulation during and after radiation exposure. Such repopulation tends to counteract cell killing and accounts for the large discrepancies between the current standard model for cancer induction at high doses and recent second-cancer data. We describe and apply a biologically based minimally parameterized model of dose-dependent cancer risks, incorporating carcinogenic effects, cell killing, and, additionally, proliferation/repopulation effects. Including stem-cell repopulation leads to risk estimates consistent with high-dose second-cancer data. A simplified version of the model provides a practical and parameter-free approach to predicting high-dose cancer risks, based only on data for atomic bomb survivors (who were exposed to lower total doses) and the demographic variables of the population of interest. Incorporating repopulation effects provides both a mechanistic understanding of cancer risks at high doses and a practical methodology for predicting cancer risks in organs exposed to high radiation doses, such as during radiotherapy.
Luftoxydation von Aminalen (1968)

Abstract Entgegen einer älteren Literaturangabe, wonach Einwirkung von Luftsauerstoff auf Isobutyraldehyd‐diphenylaminal zu Hydrazobenzol führen soll, wurde festgestellt, daß unter CC‐Spaltung Diphenyl‐formamidin entsteht. Die Reaktion läßt sich auf Aminale des p‐Toluidins und des p‐Chlor‐anilins übertragen.
Developing Brain Vital Signs: Initial Framework for Monitoring Brain Function Changes Over Time (2016)

Clinical assessment of brain function relies heavily on indirect behavior-based tests. Unfortunately, behavior-based assessments are subjective and therefore susceptible to several confounding factors. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs), derived from electroencephalography (EEG), are often used to provide objective, physiological measures of brain function. Historically, ERPs have been characterized extensively within research settings, with limited but growing clinical applications. Over the past 20 years, we have developed clinical ERP applications for the evaluation of functional status following serious injury and/or disease. This work has identified an important gap: the need for a clinically accessible framework to evaluate ERP measures. Crucially, this enables baseline measures before brain dysfunction occurs, and might enable the routine collection of brain function metrics in the future much like blood pressure measures today. Here, we propose such a framework for extracting specific ERPs as potential "brain vital signs." This framework enabled the translation/transformation of complex ERP data into accessible metrics of brain function for wider clinical utilization. To formalize the framework, three essential ERPs were selected as initial indicators: (1) the auditory N100 (Auditory sensation); (2) the auditory oddball P300 (Basic attention); and (3) the auditory speech processing N400 (Cognitive processing). First step validation was conducted on healthy younger and older adults (age range: 22-82 years). Results confirmed specific ERPs at the individual level (86.81-98.96%), verified predictable age-related differences (P300 latency delays in older adults, p < 0.05), and demonstrated successful linear transformation into the proposed brain vital sign (BVS) framework (basic attention latency sub-component of BVS framework reflects delays in older adults, p < 0.05). The findings represent an initial critical step in developing, extracting, and characterizing ERPs as vital signs, critical for subsequent evaluation of dysfunction in conditions like concussion and/or dementia.
Photobromination of 1,5-anhydro-2,3-O-isopropylidene-.BETA.-D-ribofuranose and synthesis of (5R) and (5S)-(5-2H1)-D-riboses. (1984)

The photobromination of l, 5-anhydro-2, 3-O-isopropylidene-β-D-ribofuranose gave the corresponding (5S)-5-bromo compound. The reduction of the bromide with triphenyltindeuteride gave (5S)-(5-2H1)-1, 5-anhydro-2, 3-O-isopropylidene-β-D-ribofuranose, with a chiral purity of 76% at C-5, which was converted to (5R)- and (5S)-(5-2H1)-D-riboses and other ribofuranose derivatives.
A novel on-wafer resistive noise source (1999)

We describe a novel on-wafer resistive noise source (ORNS) suitable for noise parameter characterization of microwave devices using the cold noise power measurement technique. The noise source can enhance measurement accuracy by providing a calibrated noise temperature directly at the device reference plane. A procedure to determine the excess noise ratio of the noise source is presented. Noise figure measurements performed up to 40 GHz with the on-wafer noise source and with a commercial coaxial noise source are in good agreement, thereby validating the technique. The novel source is effective as a noise standard up to millimeter-wave frequencies.
Brittle fracture in nonceramic insulators: electrical aspects of microscopic flaws in glass reinforced plastic (GRP) rods (2002)

Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) rods used in Non-Ceramic Insulators (NCI) were examined for microscopic defects in order to evaluate their role in causing brittle fracture. The rods evaluated utilized different types of glass fibers and resin systems. Niemeyer's generalized approach to Partial Discharge (PD) modeling was used to investigate the development of electrical discharges inside the rods. The results indicated that the PD inception voltage was well above the highest system voltage used presently. Thus, it was concluded that the reactive species required for the formation of acids could not be developed inside the rod. The results also suggest that chemical reactions other than acid production can promote stress corrosion cracking of the rod and these may play a significant role in the failure process.
Light-Induced Self-Assembly of Cubic CsPbBr<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Nanocrystals into Nanowires (2019)

The rapid development of halide perovskite synthesis offers the opportunity to fabricate high-quality perovskite nanocrystals (NCs), whose structural uniformity can lead to assembled supra-structures with improved device performance and novel collective properties. Light is known to significantly affect the structure and properties of halide perovskites and plays a crucial role in the growth and assembly of their crystals. Nevertheless, the light-induced growth mechanisms of perovskite NCs are not yet clearly understood. In this work, we performed a systematic study of the visible-light-induced template-free synthesis of CsPbBr3 nanowires (NWs) generated through self-assembly of cubic (in phase and close to cubic morphology) NCs. Using atomic-resolution electron microscopy, we visualized the cubic-to-orthorhombic phase transition in NCs and the interface between coalesced NCs. Remarkably, the images of the interface revealed the coexistence of CsBr and PbBr2 surface terminations in halide perovskites. Our results shed light on the mechanism underlying the observed anisotropic assembly of halide perovskites and elucidate the vital role of light illumination during this process. More importantly, as an elegant and promising green-chemistry approach, light-induced self-assembly represents a rational method for designing perovskites.
Use of a Rician Distribution for Modeling Aspect-Dependent RCS Amplitude and Scintillation (2007)

A generalized model based on the Rician distribution is proposed as a more inclusive description of a broader variety of targets than can be modeled using the Swerling types. In this approach, both the mean and scintillation of the target RCS can be represented as aspect angle and frequency dependent. The Rician pdf is expressed as a function of two parameters, the fractional contribution of the fixed-amplitude component to the target RCS with the remainder as Rayleigh and the total RCS. The pdf of the RCS of Swerling 3 targets is shown to closely agree with the pdf of a target with 75% of the RCS from a fixed-amplitude scatterer. A parameter estimation procedure for the new model is given and the application of the new model is illustrated with a hollow cylindrical tank and double-ended cone.
Decreases in E2A, AID, and Ig class switch show intrinsic defects in human B cells with age (85.14) (2007)

Abstract Elderly human beings have compromised humoral and cellular immune responses, which lead to reduced protection to infectious agents and to vaccines causing protection of only a small proportion of the elderly population. The capacity to class switch the heavy chain of Ig is critical for an effective humoral immune response in mice and humans. We have shown in mice that the E2A-encoded transcription factor E47, which regulates many B cell functions, is down-regulated in old splenic B cells. This leads to a reduction in activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) enzyme, which directly induces class switch recombination (CSR) and Ig somatic hypermutatio necessary for affinity maturation of protective Ig. This reduced AID generates less switched antibodies produced by the activated B cells. We have extended our study to investigate whether aging also affects antibody production, E47 and AID expression in B cells isolated from the peripheral blood (PB) of 50 human subjects (18–86 years). Our results obtained with CD19+ B cells show that the expression of E47, AID and Igf×1 circle transcripts progressively decrease with age. We also show an age-related decline in switch memory B cells (IgG+/IgA+/CD27+) and an increase in naive B cells (IgG−/IgA−/CD27−), consistent with our data on the decrease in CSR. Our results provide a possible molecular mechanism for a B cell intrinsic decrease in the humoral immune response with aging and suggest avenues for improvement of vaccine response in elderly humans.
SAT-556 Use of ACTH-Stimulated Lateralization Indices Underestimates Surgically Curable Primary Aldosteronism (2020)

Abstract Introduction: Adrenal venous sampling (AVS) is recommended to assess laterality in primary aldosteronism to determine whether a patient has unilateral, or surgically curable, disease. Institutional practices differ in whether ACTH stimulation is used or not and if so, whether values are obtained after a single injection of ACTH or during an ACTH infusion. Studies have demonstrated appreciable discordance between lateralization based on unstimulated versus stimulated AVS. Objective: To assess the influence of ACTH-stimulation on lateralization indices. Methods: We performed a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of 140 patients who underwent AVS between 2012–2019. We then validated these findings in a separate cohort of 233 patients who underwent AVS between 2008–2016. AVS was performed using simultaneous, unstimulated, and triplicate sampling from the inferior vena cava (IVC) and bilateral adrenal veins, followed by repeated sampling in duplicate or triplicate from each site following a bolus of 250 ug of ACTH (cosyntropin). The lateralization index (LI) was defined as the quotient of the aldosterone-to-cortisol ratios from each adrenal vein, and the categorical definition of lateralization was defined as a LI ≥ 2 (unstimulated) and LI ≥ 4 post-ACTH. Results: The median unstimulated LI was 8.7 compared to 8.9 post-ACTH. Seventy-one of 140 patients (51%) had a decrease in LI following the ACTH bolus. Overall lateralization discordance was 21.4%, with the majority of this discordance (90%) attributed to situations where there was an unstimulated LI ≥ 2 that became a post-ACTH LI &lt; 4, thereby transforming a unilateral interpretation into one of bilateral disease. Comparing the group that had an increase in LI after ACTH to the group that had a decrease in LI, the latter had significantly higher rates of lateralization pre-ACTH (89% vs 74%, p=0.02) and significantly lower rates of lateralization post-ACTH (50% vs 78%, p=0.001). All of these general findings were validated in the separate cohort of 233 patients. The discordance rate between pre-ACTH lateralization and available imaging data was 32%; the same discordance rate was found when comparing post-ACTH lateralization to imaging. Conclusions: The administration of ACTH during AVS causes an increase in LI in half of patients and a decrease in LI in the other half. Using conventional cut-offs, pre-ACTH and post-ACTH lateralization indices disagree on laterality more than 20% of the time and almost always involve pre-ACTH unilateral disease that is classified as bilateral disease post-ACTH. These findings underscore that while ACTH stimulation may be useful for confirming adrenal vein selectivity, the decrease in post-ACTH LI may result in misclassification of surgically curable primary aldosteronism in a substantial proportion of patients.
Strain imaging of breast using ultra-wideband pulse (2010)

The initial results for using ultra wideband pulse to achieve strain imaging of breast are presented. In the proposed method, the breast is inserted between two horizontal plates. The upper plate, which includes an array of ultra wideband antennas, is attached to a pressing tool, whereas the lower plate is fixed. Each of the antennas at the top plate is used to send an ultra wideband pulse to penetrate the breast and measure the backscattered pulse. Two sets of measurements are taken; one before and another after pressing the breast. A sliding window cross-correlation is then performed on the two sets of data to get the time delay of each segment of the scattered pulse after compression. That time delay is then employed to get a three dimensional strain image of the breast. As the tumor is much stiffer than the other normal tissues of the breast then the region of zero strain, or zero deformation due to the compression by the upper plate, refers to a suspected tumor in the breast.
Bilinear transformed reflectance of materials with a spatially changing refractive index (1994)

New approximate analytical expressions in integral form for the reflectance of materials with graded refractive-index profiles are presented. The reflectance of material containing a buried Gaussian refractive-index profile is simulated by these analytical expressions and compared with the reflectance computed by the matrix method. The two methods agree to within 0.7% in the root-mean-square sense. The analytical expressions, however, are 1 to 2 orders of magnitude faster to compute. The reflectance of a buried parabolic refractive-index profile is also investigated, and results from the proposed theory are compared with those from the WKB approximation. Also, in this instance it is shown that the integral formulation is superior to the WKB approximation at long wavelengths. As a practical example, the measured reflectance of semi-insulating GaAs implanted with protons is compared with theoretical calculations by use of the proposed formulas.
High aminopeptidase A activity contributes to blood pressure control in <i>ob/ob</i> mice by AT<sub>2</sub> receptor-dependent mechanism (2016)

Obesity is assumed to be a major cause of human essential hypertension; however, the mechanisms responsible for weight-related increase in blood pressure (BP) are not fully understood. The prevalence of hypertension induced by obesity has grown over the years, and the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in this process continues to be elucidated. In this scenario, the <i>ob/ob</i> mice are a genetic obesity model generally used for metabolic disorder studies. These mice are normotensive even though they present several metabolic conditions that predispose them to hypertension. Although the normotensive trait in these mice is associated with the poor activation of sympathetic nervous system by the lack of leptin, we demonstrated that <i>ob/ob</i> mice present massively increased aminopeptidase A (APA) activity in the circulation. APA enzyme metabolizes angiotensin (ANG) II into ANG III, a peptide associated with intrarenal angiotensin type 2 (AT<sub>2</sub>) receptor activation and induction of natriuresis. In these mice, we found increased ANG-III levels in the circulation, high AT<sub>2</sub> receptor expression in the kidney, and enhanced natriuresis. AT<sub>2</sub> receptor blocking and APA inhibition increased BP, suggesting the ANG III-AT<sub>2</sub> receptor axis as a complementary BP control mechanism. Circulating APA activity was significantly reduced by weight loss independently of leptin, indicating the role of fat tissue in APA production. Therefore, in this study we provide new data supporting the role of APA in BP control in <i>ob/ob</i> mouse strain. These findings improve our comprehension about obesity-related hypertension and suggest new tools for its treatment.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> In this study, we reported an increased angiotensin III generation in the circulation of <i>ob/ob</i> mice caused by a high aminopeptidase A activity. These findings are associated with an increased natriuresis found in these mice and support the role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system as additional mechanism regulating blood pressure in this genetic obese strain.
Processing and Mechanical Properties of Novel Wood Fibre Composites Foams (2009)

Wood fibre reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composite foams have been successfully produced using supercritical carbon dioxide. A significant increase of specific properties, both stiffness and strength, was achieved by adding 5-10 wt% wood fibres. The experimental stiffness was comparable with a superposed micromechanical model for a three phase fibre reinforced foam. These first results on the integration of wood fibres into cellular PLA polymer are very encouraging.
A Consensus Mechanism for Radical SAM-Dependent Dehydrogenation? BtrN Contains Two [4Fe-4S] Clusters (2010)

BtrN catalyzes the two-electron oxidation of the C3 secondary alcohol of 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosamine to the corresponding ketone and is a member of a subclass of radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzymes called radical SAM (RS) dehydrogenases. Like all RS enzymes, BtrN contains a [4Fe-4S] cluster that delivers an electron to SAM, inducing its cleavage to the common intermediate in RS reactions, the 5'-deoxyadenosyl 5'-radical. In this work, we show that BtrN contains an additional [4Fe-4S] cluster, thought to bind in contact with the substrate to facilitate loss of the second electron in the two-electron oxidation.
Pharmacologic study of Cremophor EL in cancer patients with impaired hepatic function receiving paclitaxel (1999)

Aims. Cremophor EL (CrEL) (polyoxyethylene glycerol triricinoleate 35) is used as a pharmaceutical vehicle for the formulation of several drugs, including the anticancer agent paclitaxel (Taxolt). This excipient has been associated with hypersensitivity reactions and affects the pharmacokinetic properties of paclitaxel, especially in patients with hepatic dysfunction. In this study, we investigated the pharmacokinetics of CrEL in a specific population of patients. Methods. Patients were stratified in five cohorts based on hepatic function, received paclitaxel for metastatic disease, and were monitored pharmacokinetically during course 1 and course 2. CrEL levels were measured and related to the extent of hepatic dysfunction. Results. A total of 46 courses were measured from 27 patients. CrEL pharmacokinetic parameters in patients with mild hepatic dysfunction (cohorts I-III) were not significantly different from patients with normal hepatic function, whereas the patients with moderate to severe hepatic dysfunction (cohorts IV and V) displayed a different pharmacokinetic profile. Conclusions. The results indicate a nonlinear pharmacokinetic behavior of CrEL. No differences were found for CrEL pharmacokinetics when course 1 was compared with course 2 per cohort. A possible influence of the specific characteristics of patients with severe hepatic dysfunction, such as altered physiologic and metabolic states, could play a role in the deposition of CrEL.
Crowds lined up for wedding 1910-06-20 (1910)

Crowds gather outside 4 West 58th Street in Manhattan, the home of Charles B. Alexander and uncle of Eleanor Butler Roosevelt. The crowds await the arrival of Theodore Roosevelt Jr. and Eleanor for their wedding reception.
Actively Caring for People (AC4P): Behavior-focused interventions to promote safety, security, and well-being (2016)

We are besieged by daunting societal problems. Thanks to the 24/7 news cycle we probably know more than we would like about the nation’s obesity epidemic, thousands if not millions of medical error...
Total Synthesis of a Mycobactin S, a Siderophore and Growth Promoter of <i>Mycobacterium Smegmatis</i>, and Determination of its Growth Inhibitory Activity against <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (1997)

A general total synthesis of mycobactins, represented by a mycobactin S, was achieved by a convergent approach. Two hydroxamic acid residues, 28 and 40b, were prepared from commercially available Nα-Cbz-l-lysine via dimethyldioxirane oxidations. Cyclization of hydroxylamine 34 to a seven-membered hydroxamic acid, 35, was mediated by DCC, DMAP, and DMAP·HCl. The use of a [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl group as a hydroxyl protecting group for Nα-Cbz-Nε-hydroxy-Nε-palmitoyl-l-lysine methyl ester (28) was critical for this synthesis. Biological tests indicated that the synthetic mycobactin S was a potent growth inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, though it differs in only one stereogenic center from mycobactin T, the siderophore growth promoter of M. tuberculosis.