gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Shape Variation of Medial Axis Representations via Principal Geodesic Analysis on Symmetric Spaces (2006)

Statistical shape analysis of anatomical structures plays an important role in many medical image analysis applications. For instance, shape statistics are useful in understanding the structural changes in anatomy that are caused by growth and disease. Classical statistical techniques can be applied to study shape representations that are parameterized by a linear space, such as landmark data or boundary meshes, but they cannot handle more complex representations of shape. We have been developing representations of geometry based on the medial axis description or m-rep. While the medial representation provides a rich language for variability in terms of bending, twisting, and widening, the medial parameters are elements of a nonlinear Riemannian symmetric space. Therefore, linear statistical methods are not applicable in the m-rep setting, and statistical methods for analyzing manifold data are needed. This chapter presents a general method called principal geodesic analysis (PGA) for computing the variability of manifold-valued data. PGA is a direct generalization of principal component analysis (PCA) and is based solely on intrinsic properties of the underlying manifold, such as the notion of geodesic curves and distance. We demonstrate the use of PGA to describe the shape variability of medial representations, and results are shown on a hippocampus data set. The applicability of PGA is also shown within a 3D image segmentation framework based on a Bayesian posterior optimization of deformable medial models.
Vector-Based Analysis of Axially Symmetric and Conducting Diffractive Lenses (1998)

The analysis of diffractive lenses that have feature sizes comparable to the illumination wavelength require a rigorous, or vector-based, model of diffraction. However, most techniques presented in the literature for the vector-based analysis of such elements are limited to two-dimensional (2D), or cylindrical, lenses. In this paper we present a vector-based technique for the analysis of three-dimensional (3D), or spherical, diffractive lenses that are perfect electrical conductors (PEC).
Detection and resolution of aspect interactions (2002)

Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) promises separation of concerns at the implementation level. However, aspects are not always orthogonal and aspect interaction is an important problem. Currently there is almost no support for the detection and resolution of such interactions. The programmer is responsible for identifying interactions between conflicting aspects and implementing conflict resolution code. In this paper, we propose a solution to this problem based on a generic framework for AOP. The contributions are threefold: we present a formal and expressive crosscut language, two static conflict analyses and some linguistic support for conflict resolution.
[Study on the malignant and normal rectum tissues using 1H NMR spectroscopy]. (2008)

Cancer is one of the most serious diseases, a threat to human body's health and a causes of death. The early diagnosis of cancer and timely therapy is significant for improving the survival. Owing to the complexity and limit of conventional medical diagnosis, misdiagnosis of ten occurs in many cases. NMR spectroscopy is an effective technique for characterizing molecular structure and component changes. The component and structural information of nucleic acid, protein, lipid and glucide in the biologic tissues can also be distinguished from NMR data. In the present paper, a new method was developed for the diagnosis of tumor using the advanced physical chemistry (NMR) and biomedicine technique. Nine rectum tissue samples and their corresponding normal tissues of rectum were measured using NMR spectroscopy. Each tissue sample obtained from the operation was quickly separated into two parts averagely: one was dipped into 10% formalin solution and prepared for conventional pathological examination; the other was preserved in liquid nitrogen for further NMR detection. Before NMR detection, the corresponding sample was thawed at room temperature and was dipped into 0.5 mL D2O. Dioxane was used as external reference. The obtained NMR spectra were analyzed and compared by OMNIC5.0 and SPSS 11.0 Software. The differences of metabolite in the tissues samples were studied and a method for the diagnosis of cancer using NMR data was initially explored. The result indicates that the 1H NMR spectra of rectum cancer tissues are significantly different from those of their corresponding normal rectum tissues. This is shown by the differences in the integral area ratio at characteristic peak region. A0.9/A3.0, A1.3/A3.0, A2.0/ A3.0, A1.3/A0.9 and A4.1/A3.0 of the normal rectum tissues are higher than those of their corresponding cancer tissues, but A3.2/A3.0 is lower than that of the rectum cancer tissues. From the above result it is concluded that the concentration of fatty acid, inositol and lactate is lower in the rectum cancer tissues than in the normal tissues, while that of choline bases compounds is higher. The NMR judgments were also consistent with the pathological examination results. So the NMR spectra may be developed into a method of early diagnosing rectum cancer through these differences.
Thermal treatment of municipal sewage sludges (1984)

The thermal conditioning research program was conducted as part of an overall long-term sludge management study for the Los Angeles and Orange County metropolitan areas. The major goal of this portion of the study was to investigate the advantages of thermal conditioning of primary and waste activated sludges prior to anaerobic digestion, on a continuous flow and pilot scale basis. The studies were designed to demonstrate whether thermal conditioning would help produce increased gas production and volatile solids destruction during subsequent anaerobic stabilization of the sludge. Anaerobic digestion and anaerobic filtration were used for sludge stabilization. The effects of thermal conditioning on sludge dewaterability were studied by means of dewatering via a filter press, vacuum filter, scroll and basket centrifuges and belt filter press. Other studies of interest included the fate of pathogens and heavy metals, and the production and control of odors during the thermal conditioning process. The pilot scale thermal conditioning unit was tested using a variety of operational conditions. Operating temperatures and pressures were varied and thermal conditioning with and without the use of oxygen was investigated. Two types of wastewater sludges were used: waste activated sludge and a blend of 65 percent raw primary and 35more » percent waste activated sludge. An energy analysis was conducted to determine the net energy demands of including thermal conditioning in the sludge process.« less
Granulocyte Reserve Following Radiation Therapy as Studied by the Response to a Bacterial Endotoxin (1965)

Abstract The granulocyte response to an intravenous injection of Pyrexal, a highly purified bacterial endotoxin was used as an assay of the marrow granulocyte reserve in patients who had received radiation therapy for various types of neoplasms. The response to the endotoxin was correlated with the amount of marrow irradiated. Only those patients with large volumes of marrow irradiated had abnormal responses to Pyrexal. No patient receiving radiation therapy to the head and neck, or thorax, or pelvis alone, regardless of dose, developed an abnormal response to Pyrexal. Early changes in the marrow granulocyte reserve were also studied in patients before, during and after radiation therapy.
RACE AND RACE‐OF‐INSTITUTION EFFECTS ON MAILED QUESTIONNAIRE RESPONSE (1995)

This paper reports the results of research examining the issue of non‐response bias to mailed surveys. The hypothesis for this experitnent was that lower response rates of black citizens to mail questionnaires could be overcome, in part, by using black sponsoring institutions. A city was selected which contained both a traditionally black and a traditionally white state supported university. Two samples of randomly chosen registered voters from selected precincts received the same mailed survey. The samples consisted of equal numbers of black and white registered voters. Some precincts were racially segregated (all black or all white) and others integrated and were from middle and working class neighborhoods. If a total design method is used (in contrast to a single shot survey design) institutional afiliation does not affect response rates of black or white citizens. The research helps to elucidate empirically the complexity of the response rate hypothesis as it applies to race.
Characterisation and kinetic behaviour of H2Rh(PPh3)2(μ-Cl)2Rh(PPh3)(alkene) and related binuclear complexes detected during hydrogenation studies involving parahydrogen induced polarisation (2000)

When parahydrogen induced polarisation is used to examine hydrogenation reactions involving [Rh(μ-Cl)(PPh3)2]2 and RhCl(CO)(PMe3)2, binuclear dihydride complexes are detected, characterised, and shown to be capable of alkene hydrogenation.
A mechanistic study of the reactions of formaldehyde with aniline in the presence of sulfite (2000)

1H NMR results are reported for the reactions of hydroxymethanesulfonate, 1, with aniline and its derivatives to produce anilinomethanesulfonates, 3. The mechanism of the reaction involves dissociation of 1 to produce formaldehyde, as a steady state intermediate, which reacts with aniline to give a carbinolamine; subsequent dehydration and reaction with sulfite produces the product. The kinetics of individual steps have been investigated. The release of sulfite from 1, measured by reaction with iodine, is shown to involve the ionised, dianionic form when pH > 3. Rate constants, k2, and equilibrium constants, K2, are reported for carbinolamine formation; the values of k2, but not K2, are affected significantly by substituents in the aniline. It is deduced that the rate-limiting step in the overall formation of products 3 changes in the pH range 6–8 from carbinolamine formation to carbinolamine dehydration.
Study of Fatigue Strength of Shearing Edges of Hot-Rolled High Strength Steel Sheet (2013)

For application of the high-strength steel plate to automobile chassis parts, it is important to reserve the fatigue reliability. In the manufacturing of automotive parts from a steel sheet, the shear cutting process with a die is commonly used. Although the process is economic, it has a drawback that fatigue cracks may initiate from the shearing edges. Therefore, in terms of the reliability of parts, it is necessary to evaluate the influence of shearing edges on the fatigue strength. In this paper, fatigue experiments are conducted on the specimen of high-strength steel sheet with the shearing edge and the influence factors such as the residual stress and surface roughness are examined. As a result, the experiments elucidate that the residual stress has a major influence. The fatigue limit of the shearing edge can be estimated using the residual stress re-distributed by fatigue and fatigue limit diagram, and a method for predicting the S-N curve of shear cutting surface is proposed on the basis of the estimation.
DNA and RNA polymerase activity in a Moniliophthora perniciosa mitochondrial plasmid and self-defense against oxidative stress (2013)

Moniliophthora perniciosa (Stahel) Aime and Phillips-Mora is a hemibiotrophic basidiomycete (Agaricales, Tricholomataceae) that causes witches' broom disease in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.). This pathogen carries a stable integrated invertron-type linear plasmid in its mitochondrial genome that encodes viral-like DNA and RNA polymerases related to fungal senescence and longevity. After culturing the fungus and obtaining its various stages of development in triplicate, we carried out total RNA extraction and subsequent complementary DNA synthesis. To analyze DNA and RNA polymerase expression levels, we performed real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for various fungal phases of development. Our results showed that DNA and RNA polymerase gene expression in the primordium phase of M. perniciosa is related to a potential defense mechanism against T. cacao oxidative attack.
Analysis of Molecular Clusters in Simulations of Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolytes (2013)

Graph theoretic tools were used to identify and classify clusters of ions and solvent molecules in molecular dynamics simulations of lithium-ion battery electrolytes. Electrolytes composed of various concentrations of LiPF6 dissolved in ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethylene carbonate (DMC), or a 1:1 EC/DMC mixture were simulated at multiple temperatures using classical molecular dynamics. Contrary to Nernst–Einstein theory but consistent with experiment, pure DMC systems had the greatest diffusivity but the lowest conductivity. This disagreement with Nernst–Einstein theory is explained by the observed clustering behavior, which found that systems with pure EC as a solvent formed ion clusters with nonzero charge, whereas systems with pure DMC as a solvent formed primarily neutral clusters.
Magnetic Properties and Microstructure of High Density Sintered Iron by Warm Compaction Using Die Wall Lubrication (2004)

Sintered Iron was one of good soft magnetic materials. However, its magnetic flux density was smaller than those of wrought magnetic iron. The small magnetic flux density was caused by low sintered density. In order to increase the sintered density, we developed a new warm compaction technique using die wall lubrication (WC-DWL) with lithium stearate. According to the method, very high-density of sintered body could be fabricated. Pure iron powder compacted at 1176 MPa and sintered at 1523 K had properties as follows; sintered density=7.76 Mg/m3, μm=5300, B160=1.16 T, B240=1.28 T, B400=1.40 T, B2k=1.60T, and bHc=110A/m. Some of the sintered iron showed anisotropic dimensional change and anisometric microstructure, which were linked to abnormal grain growth up to several mm in length. This anomaly was the more pronounced the higher the green density of the specimens was.
Absorption and fluorescence properties of acridinones, thioacridinones, aminoacridines and related crown ethers (2001)

Abstract We report a study on the absorptive and emissive properties of 9‐acridinones, 9‐thioacridinones and 9‐aminoacridines including six crown ether derivatives. The effect of solvents and of the addition of cations (Na + , K + , Ca2 + and Mg2 + ) on these properties has been studied. The absorption of the crown ether derivative of 9‐thioacridinone is sensitive to solvents while the fluorescence of crown ethers derived from 9‐aminoacridines shows some specificity towards cations. Empirical modeling was used to discuss the emission characteristics of these compounds.
Fresh Osteochondral Allografting of the Femoral Condyle (1991)

Fresh osteochondral shell allografting is conceived as an interim response to the localized loss of articular cartilage in young patients for whom there is no reasonable alternative after conservative procedures have failed. The concept is not new and has been investigated extensively in in vivo animal investigations. The functional and anatomic results of these studies, however, have been consistently unsatisfactory because of technical deficiencies and supposed immunogenic responses. The results of early clinical studies were variable, and despite more recent clinical work, the procedure has been considered at least investigational by some. The purpose of this study is to retrospectively review a series of patients treated with osteochondral allografting of the femoral condyle with particular emphasis on those done more than five years ago. No tissue-typing blood-group matching or gender distinction was made and immunosuppressant agents were not used. Size matching of the donor and recipient were essential to provide an orthotopic graft. Twelve knees were operated on more than five years ago. Of these twelve, three are not available for review. Nine knees have been observed for an average of 66 months and eight are rated good or excellent by a standardized rating scale. One knee rated poor seems to be the result of a technical deficiency. Since 1983, 37 fresh osteochondral allografts of the femoral condyle have been performed in 36 patients. Twenty-five of these have been performed in the last five years and the results to date are summarized.
Angiographic and Duplex Grading of Internal Carotid Stenosis: Can We Overcome the Confusion? (1996)

The stroke risk reduction benefit of surgical intervention in carotid occlusive disease has been validated in multicenter trials for various angiographically defined lesion severity categories. The two divergent angiographic grading methods used for internal carotid artery stenosis in these trials have caused confusion in the clinical application of their recommendations. Moreover, while today's highly accurate carotid duplex scanning can obviate the need for preoperative angiography in many cases, the duplex criteria must be tailored to achieve sufficiently reliable results on which therapeutic decisions can be made. This review offers a clarification of the discrepancies between the angiographic grading techniques and how their measurements of percent stenosis correlate to the duplex criteria needed to support the treatment decision-making process for carotid obliterative disease.
Methods for Measuring Vascular and Nonvascular α-Receptor Sensitivity in Humans (1985)

Since increased alpha-adrenergic reactivity may participate in the pathophysiology of essential hypertension, methods for accurately assessing in vivo alpha-receptor sensitivity in humans might be useful. The goals of this study were to employ previously used methods, namely pupillometry and local forearm intraarterial infusions, to assess alpha-receptor sensitivity, create an in vivo environment of decreased sympathetic drive (plasma norepinephrine) and increased alpha-receptor number (platelet alpha 2), in which increased alpha-receptor sensitivity to exogenous agonists might occur. Five patients with minimally elevated blood pressure (139 +/- 5/90 +/- 4 mm Hg) while on diuretic monotherapy completed assessment of biochemical and physiologic variables on diuretic alone and again on diuretic and guanadrel. Guanadrel plus diuretic compared with diuretic alone lowered the seated diastolic and standing systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Heart rate was decreased about 10 beats/min. Baseline supine norepinephrine was reduced an average of 40% (from 281 +/- 23 to 168 +/- 16 pg/ml, p = 0.03), and platelet alpha 2-receptors were increased roughly 40% (from 178 +/- 34 to 250 +/- 54 fmol/micrograms, p = 0.07). Despite the expected decrease in sympathetic drive and increase in alpha-receptors (platelet alpha 2), the pupillary mydriatic response to phenylephrine and the forearm vasoconstrictor response to intraarterial norepinephrine were not augmented. The failure to detect increased physiologic responsiveness in the presence of decreased norepinephrine and increased alpha 2-receptor number lends itself to multiple explanations which need to be tested in future research.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Old disease, new culprit: Tumor stem cells in cancer (2007)

Eloquent studies from hematopoietic systems have provided proof that cancer arises from a tumor stem cell that possesses self-renewing properties. Until recently, it was believed that this tumor stem cell was unique to leukemic disorders; evidence now suggests that solid tumors also harbor cancer stem cells that are capable of initiating tumor growth in immunodeficient animals with as few as 10 cells. Consequently, the term "tumor-initiating cell" is now gaining favor within the field. Here, we conceptually discuss the current theories regarding tumor-initiating cells and their involvement in the development and progression of human malignancies. Special attention is given to laboratory techniques and strategies currently exploited to isolate tumor-initiating cells from larger populations, including their inherent strengths and weaknesses. The biological relevance of a tumor-initiating subpopulation is also pondered and arguments regarding their origin are presented. The therapeutic promise of targeting tumor-initiating cells is certainly eminent and we weigh the advantages of targeting this subpopulation. Lastly, the field of cancer stem cells appears to be well-placed to make significant strides over the next decade and we discuss potential obstacles that must be negotiated to achieve those objectives. The realization of these goals will undoubtedly further our understanding of this complex disease and should eventually lead to improved therapies in the not-so-distant future.
Stabilized α-Helix Structure of Poly(<scp>l</scp>-lysine)-<i>block</i>-poly(ethylene glycol) in Aqueous Medium through Supramolecular Assembly (1996)

Stabilization of the α-helix structure of the poly(l-lysine) segment in a poly(ethylene glycol)−poly(l-lysine) block copolymer was evidenced in aqueous medium through circular dichroism (CD), 1H-NMR, and static light scattering (SLS) measurements. It was revealed that poly(l-lysine) oligomers (Mw = 2450), which themselves cannot form an α-helix structure due to substantially lower molecular weight, form an α-helix structure under high-pH condition when they are conjugated with poly(ethylene glycol). Moreover, it has been suggested by static light scattering that the block copolymer under high-pH condition exists as a dimer with α-helical poly(l-lysine) segments. The α-helix content in the block copolymer gradually decreased in a linear manner with the addition of urea, which is in sharp contrast to the high molecular weight poly(l-lysine) (Mw = 170 000), showing a steep transition from an α-helix structure to a random coil at a critical urea concentration (1.0 M). To completely shift the conformation of the block copolymer to a random coil, 3.0 M urea is needed, suggesting a substantial significance of the stabilization effect. From 2D-NOESY 1H-NMR and static light scattering measurement, it was suggested that the block copolymers selectively form dimers with a micelle-like structure: a poly(ethylene glycol) shell segregates the poly(l-lysine) segment from the aqueous medium to stabilize the α-helix structure.
Surface Wave Assisted Self-Assembly of Multidomain Magnetic Structures (2006)

An ensemble of magnetic microparticles at the liquid surface displays novel snakelike self-assembled structures induced by an alternating magnetic field. We demonstrate that these structures are directly related to surface waves in the liquid generated by the collective response of magnetic microparticles to the alternating magnetic field. The segments of the "snake" exhibit long-range antiferromagnetic ordering, while each segment is composed of ferromagnetically aligned chains of microparticles. The structures exhibit magnetic hysteretic behavior with respect to an external in-plane magnetic field and logarithmic relaxation of the remanent magnetic moment.