gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
From microns to nanometers: Morphology development in semicrystalline polymers by scanning force microscopy (1999)

In studies of spherulitic crystallization in polymers, many questions pertaining to the mechanism of the crystallization process have remained unanswered. A currently accepted view describes the development of spherulites from a framework of individual dominant lamellae that splay apart and branch (e.g., by a dislocation mechanism). This model, in addition, assumes that the space between the dominant lamellae is filled by subsidiary lamellae. In the center of a spherulitic entity, there is a hedritic core that occupies a relative volume that depends on the level of maturity of the spherulitic development. Typical hedritic views consist of lamellae that have a flat stack, or sheaflike, splaying appearance depending on the angle and depth of observation with respect to the central stack of lamellae. Visualization of the three-dimensional appearance of these hedrites by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the observation of their growth in situ are the subjects of this article. First, we describe AFM studies of hedrites observed at etched surfaces of β-isotactic polypropylene (β-IPP). Evidence sup-porting splaying, branching via dislocations, and development of curved lamellae is presented. In the second part, we describe real-time hot-stage AFM in situ observations of the hedritic growth in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly-(ε-caprolactone) (PCL).
Spatial Distribution of Acoustic Cavitation Bubbles at Different Ultrasound Frequencies (2010)

Images of sonoluminescence, sonophotoluminescence and sonochemiluminescence are recorded in order to semi-quantitatively compare the spatial distribution of the cavitation activity at three different ultrasound frequencies (170 kHz, 440 kHz and 700 kHz) and at various acoustic amplitudes. At all ultrasound frequencies investigated, the sonochemically active cavitation zones are much larger than the cavitation zones where sonoluminescence is observed. Also, the sonochemically active bubbles are observed at relatively lower acoustic amplitudes than that required for sonoluminescence bubbles to appear. The acoustic power required for the observation of the initial cavitation bubbles increases with an increase in the ultrasound frequency. The cavitation bubbles are observed relatively uniformly throughout the reactor at 170 kHz whereas they are located away from the transducer at the higher frequencies used in this study. While these observations highlight the complexities involved in acoustic cavitation, possible reasons for the observed results are discussed.
High‐Dose Chemotherapy with Autologous Stem Cell Rescue as a Treatment Modality for Breast Cancer (1999)

Retrospective analyses of clinical trials as well as several prospective randomized clinical trials designed to evaluate dose intensity have emphasized the importance of intensive chemotherapy in determining outcomes in breast cancer treatment. One strategy that can deliver a large increment in dose intensity is high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation (HDC-ASCT), since it overcomes myelosuppression, a major dose-limiting toxicity of most chemotherapy regimens. Phase II data from HDC-ASCT trials have indicated improved complete remission rates and longer remission duration when compared to historical conventional-dose chemotherapy regimens. With declining treatment-related mortality (TRM) through improvements in supportive care and innovations in stem cell collection procedures, exploration of HDC-ASCT in prospective randomized trials has been made possible. Several prospective randomized trials have completed accrual and early results are now available, while other studies are still ongoing. Unfortunately the trial designs are quite varied, the characteristics of patients differ from study to study, the early data provide conflicting results, and the follow-up is quite short, making firm conclusions impossible at present. Of note, the comparison arms in several of the studies are performing better than historical nontransplant treatments, perhaps a result of an intermediate dose intensity employed in the nontransplant arm of these trials. These data suggest that dose intensity, whether supported by stem cells or hematopoietic growth factors, may be quite important in optimizing treatment outcomes, affirming earlier concepts of the importance of dose intensity. Further follow-up of the current clinical trials and analyses of ongoing studies not yet reported are necessary before firm conclusions are possible as to the optimal strategy of using dose intensity in the management of breast cancer.
1‐Methyl‐cyclopentanon‐(2)‐essigsäure‐(1)‐methylester und 1‐Methyl‐cyclohexanon‐(2)‐essigsäure‐(1)‐äthylester (1958)

Abstract Das aus 1‐Methyl‐cyclopentanon‐(2) über die 3‐Hydroxymethylen‐Verbindung erhaltene 1‐Methyl‐3‐[ N ‐methyl‐anilinomethylen]‐cyclopentanon‐(2) und Bromessigester kondensieren sich mittels NaNH 2 zum Ester II, der als Rohprodukt bei alkalischer Verseifung unter gleichzeitiger Abspaltung des N ‐Methyl‐anilinomethylen‐Restes 1‐Methyl‐cyclopentanon‐(2)‐essigsäure‐(1) liefert, die mit Diazomethan den Methylester gibt. Analog wird aus dem bereits bekannten 1‐Methyl‐3‐[ N ‐methyl‐anilinomethylen]‐cyclohexanon‐(2) der 1‐Methyl‐cyclohexanon‐(2)‐essigsäure‐(1)‐äthylester gewonnen.
Backmixing in Pulse Columns II, Experimental Values and Effect of Several Variables (1953)

Seven runs were made with the system Penn. Ref. Co. "Supersol" (dispersed) water (continuous) to investigate the effects of pulse frequency, amplitude plate spacing, volume flow ratio, and throughput on backmixing, using the technique of continuous injection of a tracer solution into the packed section. Backmixing was found to be surprisingly insensitive to all the above variables over the range studied with the exception of pulse amplitude and continuous phase flow rate, showing greatest dependence on the later. Backmixing increased with decreasing continuous phase flow rate and increased with pulse amplitude.
Data broadcasting in SIMD computers (1981)

Considers the data broadcasting problem for single instruction stream, multiple data stream (SIMD) computers. Two versions of this problem, i.e., random access read (RAR) and random access write (RAW) are considered. Efficient data broadcasting algorithms are developed for both cases. For the case of a RAR, the complexity of the algorithm is O( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">q</i> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</i> ) on a <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">q</i> -dimensional <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</i> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">q</sup> PE mesh-connected computer and 0(log <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> ) on an <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> PE cube-connected or perfect shuffle computer. For the case of a RAW, the complexity of the algorithm is 0( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">q</i> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</i> + <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dqn</i> ) on a <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">q</i> -dimensional MCC and 0(log <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> + <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</i> log <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> ) on an <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> PE cube-connected or perfect shuffle computer; <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</i> is the maximum number of data items written into any one PE.
Anodic Cyclization Reactions:  Capitalizing on an Intramolecular Electron Transfer to Trigger the Synthesis of a Key Tetrahydropyran Building Block (2002)

An anodic cyclization reaction between an enol ether radical cation and an oxygen nucleophile has been used to make a tetrahydropyran building block for the C(10)-C(16) portion of bryostatin. The oxidative cyclization was successful despite the presence of a thioacetal group that has a lower oxidation potential than the enol ether. Experimental evidence suggested that the reaction proceeded through an initial oxidation of the thioacetal followed by an intramolecular electron transfer to form the enol ether radical cation that was subsequently trapped by the oxygen nucleophile. The formation of the desired cyclic product could be explained using the Curtin-Hammett principle. By taking advantage of the intramolecular electron-transfer reaction, we used the presence of a thioacetal in an electrolysis substrate to selectively oxidize a proximal enol ether in the presence of an otherwise identical but more remote enol ether.
Noninvasive Cardiac Output by Partial CO2 Rebreathing after Severe Chest Trauma (2001)

NICO correlated with thermodilution CCO, but underestimated this standard by 26% in extreme laboratory conditions of trauma-induced cardiopulmonary dysfunction; 95% of the NICO values fall within 1.38 liters/min of CCO; and with further improvements, NICO may be useful in multiple trauma patients requiring emergency intubation during initial assessment and workup.
Fabrication, Characterisation & Modelling of Quantum Dot Solar Concentrator Stacks (2006)

Quantum Dot Solar Concentrators (QDCs) have been fabricated by the incorporation of quantum dots into highly transparent polymer host materials. UV polymerisation techniques were found to reduce the quantum dot quantum efficiency in comparison with thermally polymerised samples. The sample plates were characterised using photocurrent techniques in individual and stacked configurations. Due to the increase in absorption, stacking the QDC plates results in a 16% increase in photocurrent. This configuration could also reduce thermalisation losses when coupled to solar cells with appropriate band gaps.
Retreatment of Recurrent Internal Carotid-Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm after Coil Embolization (2015)

Internal carotid-posterior communicating artery (IC-PC) aneurysms account for more than 20% of all intracranial aneurysms. As a result of the increase in coiling, there has also been an increase in recurrent IC-PC aneurysms after coiling. We present our experience of 10 recurrent IC-PC aneurysms after coiling that were retreated using surgical or endovascular techniques in order to discuss the choice of treatment and the points of clipping without removal of coils. From 2007 to 2014, 10 recurrent IC-PC aneurysms after coiling were retreated. When the previous frames covered the aneurysms all around or almost around except a part of the neck, coiling was chosen. In other cases, clipping was chosen. Clipping was attempted without removal of coils when it was technically feasible. Among the 10 IC-PC aneurysms retreated, 3 were retreated with coiling and 7 were retreated with clipping. In all three cases retreated with coiling, almost complete occlusion was accomplished. In the seven cases retreated with clipping, coil extrusion was observed during surgery in six cases. In most of them, it was necessary to dissect strong adhesions around the coiled aneurysms and to utilize temporary occlusion of the internal carotid artery. In all seven cases, neck clipping was accomplished without the removal of coils. There were no neurological complications in any cases. The management of recurrent lesions of embolized IC-PC aneurysms requires appropriate choice of treatment using both coiling and clipping. Clipping, especially without the removal of coils, plays an important role in safe treatment.
Invariant Sets with Arbitrary Time-Dependence in the Dynamics of Linear Systems with Interval-Type Uncertainties (2007)

The paper develops an extensive analysis of the time-dependent sets that are positively
invariant with respect to the dynamics of interval matrix systems. The interval matrix systems may
be described by discrete- or continuous-time equations. For the invariant sets, the time
dependence is considered arbitrary, and the shape is defined in terms of Holder vector p-norms,
1<=p<=infinite. The key instrument in this study is a matrix test function (appropriately defined for
discrete- and continuous-time dynamics) which is applied to a matrix majorizing the interval
matrix.
An investigation of dielectric breakdown on a pressurized, flowing oil switch - WITHDRAWN (2009)

WITHDRAWN - [ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT REQUEST OF AUTHOR.] In the not-so-distant future, a need is foreseen for a high-performance, compact switch that is capable of repetitively switching kilovolts to megavolts and several hundred joules, all while delivering a square pulse with a fast current rise time. Many industrial and military applications currently exist that could take advantage of these operating characteristics, and many more are surely to be developed in the coming years. The proposed approach to realizing the goal of producing a fast rise time, high voltage, high energy, repetitive switch technology is to employ a pressurized, flowing oil dielectric switching medium. Oil pressure and oil flow will be used to increase the rate of dielectric recovery following a high energy discharge, thus enabling a much higher operating repetition frequency; oil pressure will be utilized to control gaseous switching byproducts, and oil flow will be utilized to control solid and gaseous switching byproducts. The well-known increase in breakdown electric field strength with increasing oil pressure will be utilized to reduce the gap separation, thus reducing the inductance of the electrical arc and increasing the rise time of the current pulse produced during breakdown. An experiment was designed and undertaken to evaluate the complete statistical performance of the breakdown electric field of an emerging dielectric liquid, poly-[alpha]olefin, with respect to variations in oil pressure, oil flow rate, peak rate of rise of the voltage, and gap separation.
Use of a portable syringe pump for glucagon administration in abdominal computed tomography. (1980)

A portable syringe pump was used to administer glucagon by intravenous infusion in order to achieve bowel paresis during abdominal computed tomography. This technique produced a reduction in glucagon dosage and an improvement in scan quality when compared with intermittent intravenous injection. A smaller reduction in dosage with little change in scan quality was achieved with intramuscular infusion.
Reactions of H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<i><sub>n</sub></i> with Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde (2000)

Rate constants were measured as a function of temperature for the reactions of H3O+(H2O)0-4 with CH3CHO and H3O+(H2O)0-5 with CH2O. The CH3CHO reactions all occur at the collision rate to within the experimental error. The n = 0 ion reacts via proton transfer, while the clusters react via ligand switching. In the CH2O reactions, n = 0 reacts at 90% of the collision rate and proceeds by proton transfer. The n = 1 reaction is somewhat less efficient and proceeds by ligand exchange. The efficiencies for both reactions are independent of temperature. The n = 2−5 reactions are progressively slower, except for the point at the highest temperature at which a particular cluster has been studied for n = 3−5. Thermal dissociation is postulated to be the reason for the upturn at higher temperatures. Otherwise, the reactions involve mostly ligand exchange with some association occurring at low temperature. The use of these results in model calculations of particle formation in jet engine exhaust is discussed.
The Stereoselective Targeting of a Specific Enzyme-Substrate Complex Is the Molecular Mechanism for the Synergic Inhibition of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase by (R)-(−)-PPO464 (2001)

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor pyrrolopyridooxazepinone (PPO) derivative, (+/-)-PPO294, was shown to be active toward wild type and mutated HIV-1 RT and to act synergistically in combination with 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (Campiani, G., Morelli, E., Fabbrini, M., Nacci, V., Greco, G., Novellino, E., Ramunno, A., Maga, G., Spadari, S., Caliendo, G., Bergamini, A., Faggioli, E., Uccella, I., Bolacchi, F., Marini, S., (1999) J. Med. Chem. 42, 4462-4470). The (+/-)-PPO294 racemate was resolved into its pure enantiomers, and the absolute configuration was determined by x-ray analysis. Only one enantiomer, (R)-(-)-PPO464, displayed antiviral activity against both the wild type and the K103N mutant HIV-1 RT and was found to interact exclusively with the reaction intermediate formed by RT complexed with both the DNA and the nucleotide substrates. Being the first compound of its class to display this behavior, (R)-(-)-PPO464 is the representative of a novel generation of nonnucleoside inhibitors. (R)-(-)-PPO464 showed significant synergism when tested in combination with other RT inhibitors and efficiently inhibited viral replication when tested against the laboratory strain HIV-1 IIIB or against either wild type or multidrug-resistant clinical isolates. Pharmacokinetic studies in mice and rats showed a more favorable profile for (R)-(-)-PPO464 than for the corresponding racemate. (R)-(-)-PPO464 was also found to easily cross the blood-brain barrier. The coadministration of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor ritonavir increased the bioavailability of (R)-(-)-PPO464, having little effect on its plasma and brain elimination rates.
Primary Sézary Syndrome Commonly Shows Low-Grade Cytologic Atypia and an Absence of Epidermotropism (2005)

The dermatopathologic findings in cases of Sézary syndrome (SS) that arise in patients without a previous diagnosis of mycosis fungoides have not been well characterized. We evaluated the histologic findings in skin biopsy specimens from 31 patients with such primary SS and correlated them with clinical and hematologic parameters at the time of biopsy. The most characteristic histologic finding was the presence of a dermal perivascular lymphoid infiltrate, usually with mild to moderate cytologic atypia and variable numbers of eosinophils; epidermotropism was absent or minimal in 19 cases (61%). Reactive epidermal changes such as spongiosis, parakeratosis, and acanthosis also were present frequently (27 [87%], 17 [55%], 19 [61%] cases, respectively). The number of eosinophils present in skin biopsy specimens correlated with the level of peripheral blood lymphocytosis. In erythrodermic patients or patients with persistent xerosis and pruritus, it is important to carefully evaluate the degree of lymphocyte atypia in the dermal perivascular infiltrate and correlate with blood flow cytometric findings to diagnose primary SS. Many cases will lack the epidermotropism usually seen in mycosis fungoides.
Response to brief coronary stenosis in conscious dogs after ventricular sympathectomy (1987)

Left ventricular responses to 2-min circumflex occlusion were studied in conscious dogs. In nonsympathectomized controls at 2, 4, and 8 wk after surgery for cardiac instrumentation, segmental shortening in the posterior ventricle significantly decreased by 111, 87, and 81% of the preocclusion values, respectively (P less than 0.05). The decrease in shortening was associated with increases in end-diastolic pressure of 9, 9, and 8 mmHg (P less than 0.05), decreases in the maximal rate of pressure generation of 305, 272, and 340 mmHg/s (P less than 0.05), and increases in heart rate of 28, 21, and 20 beats/min, respectively (P less than 0.05). After 2 and 4 wk of ventricular sympathectomy, posterior segmental shortening declined by 38 and 31%, respectively (P less than 0.05), but these decreases were less than in controls (P less than 0.05). Shortening did not change during occlusion after 8 wk of sympathectomy. Diastolic pressure increased by 6 mmHg (P less than 0.05), and the rate of pressure generation decreased by 232 mmHg/s (P less than 0.05) in the 2-wk sympathectomized ventricle. These variables did not change significantly after 4 and 8 wk of sympathectomy. After 2, 4, and 8 wk of sympathectomy, the increases in heart rate during circumflex occlusion were not different from controls (P greater than 0.05). Thus chronic sympathectomy preserved ventricular function during occlusion. This effect was attributable to a reduced preocclusion mechanical performance with a reduction in blood flow requirement and to an increased collateral perfusion, as indicated by a higher peripheral coronary pressure during occlusion in sympathectomized ventricles.
Triethanolamine Borate, Epoxy Resin Catalyst Choice Based on Reaction Mechanisms (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTriethanolamine Borate, Epoxy Resin Catalyst Choice Based on Reaction MechanismsStanley Langer and Irving ElblingCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1957, 49, 7, 1113–1114Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50571a034https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50571a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views369Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts