gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tropism-independent protection of macaques against vaginal transmission of three SHIVs by the HIV-1 fusion inhibitor T-1249 (2008)

We have assessed the potential of the fusion inhibitory peptide T-1249 for development as a vaginal microbicide to prevent HIV-1 sexual transmission. When formulated as a simple gel, T-1249 provided dose-dependent protection to macaques against high-dose challenge with three different SHIVs that used either CCR5 or CXCR4 for infection (the R5 virus SHIV-162P3, the X4 virus SHIV-KU1 and the R5X4 virus SHIV-89.6P), and it also protected against SIVmac251 (R5). Protection of half of the test animals was estimated by interpolation to occur at T-1249 concentrations of approximately 40-130 muM, whereas complete protection was observed at 0.1-2 mM. In vitro, T-1249 had substantial breadth of activity against HIV-1 strains from multiple genetic subtypes and in a coreceptor-independent manner. Thus, at 1 muM in a peripheral blood mononuclear cell-based replication assay, T-1249 inhibited all 29 R5 viruses, all 12 X4 viruses and all 7 R5X4 viruses in the test panel, irrespective of their genetic subtype. Combining lower concentrations of T-1249 with other entry inhibitors (CMPD-167, BMS-C, or AMD3465) increased the proportion of test viruses that could be blocked. In the PhenoSense assay, T-1249 was active against 636 different HIV-1 Env-pseudotyped viruses of varying tropism and derived from clinical samples, with IC(50) values typically clustered in a 10-fold range approximately 10 nM. Overall, these results support the concept of using T-1249 as a component of an entry inhibitor-based combination microbicide to prevent the sexual transmission of diverse HIV-1 variants.
New Selective Solvent Developed For Purifying Natural Gas (1965)

Publication Rights Reserved This paper was to be presented at the 40th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Denver, Colorado, October 3–6, 1965, and is considered to an abstract of not more than 300 words, with no illustrations, unless the paper is specifically released to the press by the Editor of the Journal of Petroleum Technology or the Executive Secretary. Such abstract elsewhere after publication in the Journal of Petroleum Technology or Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal is granted on request, providing proper credit is given that publication and the original presentation of the paper. Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines. Abstract Bench experiments and laboratory and field pilot plant testing have led to the development of a solvent that is selective in the removal of CO2 and H2S from natural gas at pipeline pressure. The acid gases are physically absorbed in the solvent; no chemical reaction takes place. Comparative data indicate that our solvent, identified as Solvent P, has certain advantages over a leading competitive, commercially available solvent, which we have labeled Solvent A. Based upon our field pilot plant study, Solvent P has the following advantages over Solvent A as an acid gas removal agent: Higher selectivity, resulting in higher gas yield, smaller refrigeration requirement, or a combination of the two. Higher heating value of the treated gas under comparable treating conditions. Less stripping gas required for solvent regeneration when making 1/4 grain H2S/100 SCF pipeline gas. Higher purity of the flash gases, improving their value for other uses. Introduction Until recently, essentially all commercial acid gas removal processes involved the use of either amines or potassium carbonate solutions. These materials chemically react with hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, giving off appreciable quantities of heat. Heat must be supplied to regenerate the solutions. In recent years, selective solvents have been developed by several companies for the removal of acid gases from natural gas and synthesis gas. The selective solvents operate on the principle of pure physical absorption, as one would calculate using vapor-liquid equilibrium ratios (K-values) for the appropriate systems. Whereas there is a heat of absorption and desorption involved, the heat effects are much smaller than with solutions involving chemical reactions, and the selective solvent can be regenerated without reboiling. Solvent extraction is especially useful in cases where the partial pressure of the acid gas is over 150 psia, preferably over 200 psia. The cost advantage of the solvent extraction process arises largely from the saving of heat ordinarily used in the regeneration of amines and hot potassium carbonate solutions, which is substantial when large volumes of acid gas are involved.
Reference Pattern-Aware Instant Memory Balancing for Consolidated Virtual Machineson Manycores (2014)

Memory contention among consolidated VMs on the same hardware has created the need for repetitive memory balancing operations. In an attempt to provide a prompt memory balancing mechanism, we found problems with the retardation of memory reallocation by the reclamation delay. The scheduling of the VMs and their VCPUs generates the delay, the dirtiness of the candidate pages for balancing makes the delay fluctuated, and a conflict of two reclamation policies between the guest OS and the hypervisor deteriorates the application performance. As a remedy to these problems, we propose HyperDealer2 (HD2), which selects the victim pages based on the reference patterns of clean pages, reclaims them with hypervisor-level paging, and reallocates those pages with explicit ballooning of the recipient guest OS. HD2 eliminates the involvement of victim VMs in memory reclamation and extends the dwell time of reclaimed pages in the reclaimed state. Consequently, HD2 significantly reduces the time taken to reallocate memory with a low overhead and enhances the value of additional memory for the recipient VMs. The experimental results of HD2 show that the execution time of memory-intensive applications in the recipient VM is reduced by up to 50 percent in spite of less than 2 percent performance penalty.
The Epidemiology of Late-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2015)

Introduction: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a condition more commonly diagnosed in a younger population. There is evolving evidence that both Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are increasingly being diagnosed in older patients. Despite this, there has been little discussion on the comparative epidemiology of these two populations. Methods: Patients were selected at random from a list of those billed for diagnosis codes attributed to IBD. Of our initial list of 1006 patients, we excluded 345 patients who were inappropriately coded as having IBD. We then excluded 14 patients who did not have a known age of diagnosis leaving a final list of 648 patients. We separated our list into three cohorts: those diagnosed with IBD before the age of 45, but who are currently younger than 45 (Group 1); those diagnosed before the age of 45, but who are currently older than 45 (Group 2); and those diagnosed after the age of 45 (Group 3). Chi-squared tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: Of the 648 patients, 293 were in Group 1, 177 in Group 2, and 178 in Group 3. The average age of diagnosis for the three groups was 31.3, 31.1, and 56.5 years old respectively. Across the groups there was no statistical difference in gender and percent of patients reporting having a family history of IBD. There was a significant difference for what type of IBD was diagnosed across the three groups. In Group 1 63% of patients were diagnosed with CD, in Group 2 57% were diagnosed with CD, and in Group 3 44% were diagnosed with CD (p < 0.05). For those patients diagnosed with CD there was a trend towards a significant difference in the Montreal Classification across the three groups (p=0.06. For those with UC there was no significant difference in the extent of disease among the three groups. There was a significant difference among the groups for the frequency of patients requiring surgery (Group 1 36%, Group 2 44%, and Group 3 22%; p < 0.05). Finally, there was also a significant difference in the percent of patients with a history of smoking across the three groups (Group 1 29.6%, Group 2 41.8%, and Group 3 53.4% (p < 0.05). Conclusion: While there are similarities among patients who are diagnosed with IBD before and after the age of 45, there are some significant differences as well. These differences may provide an opportunity to better understand how the pathogenesis of IBD changes as our patients get older.Figure 1
Predicting Fetal Lung Maturity by Visual Assessment of Amniotic Fluid Turbidity (1995)

We prospectively studied 159 patients having clinically indicated amniocentesis. Amniotic fluid (3 to 5 mL) was placed in a nonheparinized glass tube. This sample was then classified as turbid (indicating maturity) or clear (indicating immaturity) on the basis of a single examiner's ability to read newspaper print through the glass tube. These results were then compared with fluorescence polarization values for the same sample. A value of 70 mg/g was considered positive evidence of fetal lung maturity. By study criteria, 62 samples (39%) indicated immaturity and 97 (61%) indicated maturity. Turbidity correctly identified 89 samples that produced fluorescence polarization values of at least 70 mg/g. Turbidity as a predictor of fetal lung maturity when compared with fluorescence polarization assay has a 91% positive and 87% negative predictive value. Visual inspection of amniotic fluid may be of value in areas where sophisticated methods are unavailable.
Western Diet Increases Penile <i>in vivo</i> Reactive Oxygen Species: Investigation of Antioxidant Defense (2015)

Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has consistently been described as a cause of erectile dysfunction (ED), though assessments are often made by indirect byproducts in excised tissue. Under conditions of elevated ROS, many tissues will upregulate the antioxidant defense system as a protective mechanism, though this mechanism is understudied in the penis. The objective of this study was to utilize a novel technique to measure in vivo ROS in the penis of rats, and to investigate the expression of antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory genes following 12 weeks of a control diet (CD) or WD. Following dietary intervention (n = 6 CD; n = 6 WD), a microdialysis probe was inserted into the penis of rats under anesthesia. To measure ROS, probes were perfused with saline containing Amplex Ultrared, horseradish peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and fluorescence measured at the outlet. Penile hydrogen peroxide (1.31 vs. 1.96; p = 0.014) and superoxide (1.86 vs. 2.39; p = 0.029) were elevated in response to the WD. The NADPH oxidase subunit p22phox was increased in WD penes (0.36 vs. 0.51; p = 0.038), while a trend of increased p67phox (0.45 vs. 0.63; p = 0.079) was observed in WD. Of the 11 antioxidant genes investigated, only SOD1 was upregulated in WD (0.98 vs. 1.17; p = 0.03), although expression of the anti‐inflammatory gene heme‐oxygenase 1 (HO‐1) was decreased in WD penes (1.74 vs. 0.96; p < 0.01). In conclusion, NADPH oxidase is a probable source of excessive ROS in WD induced ED, while a modest antioxidant defense response may contribute to redox imbalance in the penis. Downregulation of HO‐1 following WD may exacerbate ED through promotion of inflammation. Supported by a fellowship grant from the Sexual Medicine Society of North America.
EFFECTS OF SLOW DEFIBRINOGENATION ON THE CANINE LUNG (1974)

From the Surgical Research Laboratory, Thoracic Clinics, Karolinska Sjukhuset, Stockholm, and the Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Uppsala, Sweden
Gastrointestinal bleeding in the elderly patient (2000)

The elderly patient with acute gastrointestinal bleeding requires a management approach that attends to age-dependent demands, such as functional status, the independent impact of functional status on outcomes such as short term mortality, and the consent process. This review examines issues such as patient triage, resuscitation, diet and medications, anticoagulation, endoscopy and conscious sedation, informed consent in the impaired patient, and discharge planning in light of these age-dependent demands.
The response to ovarian hyperstimulation and in-vitro fertilization in women older than 35 years (1990)

There are conflicting reports concerning the effect of female age and potential reproductive function. We assessed the response to ovarian hyperstimulation in two consecutive IVF cycles in 25 women greater than 35 years of age and compared their response to a control group of 48 women less than 35 years of age who conceived in our IVF programme. In the older women, the maximal oestradiol response was proportional to the number of vials of HMG used and did not differ from the response of the younger women. Similarly, the number of follicles of diameter greater than 1.0 cm, the number of oocytes recovered and the number of embryos which cleaved did not differ between the older and the younger women. However, conception rates were markedly lower in the older women than the overall pregnancy rate in the IVF programme during the same time period. We conclude that the older women in this study have a normal response to ovarian stimulation but may have a decreased receptivity of the endometrium or increased numbers of embryos with chromosomal abnormalities, leading to a reduced rate of implantation.
Evaluation of protein adsorption and preferred binding regions in multimodal chromatography using NMR (2010)

NMR titration experiments with labeled human ubiquitin were employed in concert with chromatographic data obtained with a library of ubiquitin mutants to study the nature of protein adsorption in multimodal (MM) chromatography. The elution order of the mutants on the MM resin was significantly different from that obtained by ion-exchange chromatography. Further, the chromatographic results with the protein library indicated that mutations in a defined region induced greater changes in protein affinity to the solid support. Chemical shift mapping and determination of dissociation constants from NMR titration experiments with the MM ligand and isotopically enriched ubiquitin were used to determine and rank the relative binding affinities of interaction sites on the protein surface. The results with NMR confirmed that the protein possessed a distinct preferred binding region for the MM ligand in agreement with the chromatographic results. Finally, coarse-grained ligand docking simulations were employed to study the modes of interaction between the MM ligand and ubiquitin. The use of NMR titration experiments in concert with chromatographic data obtained with protein libraries represents a previously undescribed approach for elucidating the structural basis of protein binding affinity in MM chromatographic systems.
The Examination of the Structure Property Relationships of Some Water-Dispersed Polyurethane Elastomers (2002)

Water-dispersed or latex polyurethanes (PUs) have been known for many years. However, in the last decade there has been an increased level of R&D interest into these types of polymers, with potential use as coating and adhesive materials. In part, this research has been driven by the introduction of laws and regulations intended to reduce and eliminate the use of organic solvents, and so to minimise environmental pollution. Latex or emulsion forms of PUs have been investigated because of their specific end-use properties, in particular excellent adhesion and long term barrier properties. This paper reports a study of some experimental formulations of water-dispersed polyurethanes based on tetramethylxylene diisocyanate (TMXDI), some polyesterols or polyetherols polyols and an aliphatic diamine chain extender. These have been synthesised as water dispersions, with dimethylol prioponic acid and triethylamine used as providing anionic centres and neutralising agent, respectively in the aqueous phase. Some properties of the various formulations as dispersions were determined, including particle size, surface free energy, viscosity and dispersion stability. Stable dispersions were subsequently converted into coherent, dry, thin sheet materials, which were characterised using thermal analysis and some mechanical test methods. The research has shown it is possible to produce stable water-dispersed urethane-urea copolymers, based on different molar masses of polyesterol or polyetherol precursors and TMXDI, and also where hard segment content was varied (i.e. by different ratios of combined dialcohol species to diamine). It was found that stable dispersions can be made with a broad range of internal emulsifier content in the polymer chain, that have low viscosity and low surface free energy. Particle size of the polymer dispersions was affect by emulsifier content: higher levels producing small particles. At low levels of emulsifier, the stability of the dispersions was increasingly poor, while at higher levels, viscosity increased due to small particle size and increasing coulombic effects. Stable dispersions cast into thin dry films of coherent elastomers, have good mechanical properties, similar to those of urethane-urea copolymers synthesised by water-free methods. Thermal analysis suggests that the degree of phase mixing of hard and soft segment in these polymers, parallels that reported for to urethane-urea copolymers synthesised by water-free methods.
Isolation and Characterization of Parasite-Inhibitory Plasmodium Falciparum Monoclonal Antibodies (1985)

Three mouse hybridomas were isolated that produced IgM monoclonal antibodies (Mab) which reacted with erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum and inhibited the invasion of erythrocytes in vitro. Those Mab, initially identified by an ELISA screening of hybridoma culture medium, exhibited a strong binding to trophozoite and schizont but not to ring or merozoite stage parasites or to erythrocytes in an indirect immunofluorescence assay. All inhibited the parasite's ability to infect erythrocytes in an in vitro invasion inhibition assay. Western blot analysis of the binding of the Mab to SDS-PAGE-separated parasite antigens isolated from the ring, trophozoite, schizont or spontaneously released merozoite stages, indicated that two of the Mab bound to a Mr 105,000 antigen in trophozoites and schizonts while the third Mab did not. All three Mab also bound to Mr 30,000-40,000 antigens in all stages, however, in all instances binding to these antigens was enhanced in merozoites. It was further observed that the two Mabs that bound to a Mr 105,000 antigen: exhibited a markedly reduced binding to the Mr 105,000 antigen in merozoite preparations; exhibited different relative intensities of binding to the trophozoite and schizont antigens; both bound to the same Mr 105,000 antigen as demonstrated through Western blot analysis of antigens separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The findings suggest that the inhibitory Mab bound to different epitopes of the same antigen and that the antigen may either be processed or degraded at about the time of merozoite release and erythrocyte invasion.
Ascomycete fungal actins differentially support plant spatial cell and organ development (2014)

Actin interacts with a wide variety of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins to support spatial development in nearly all eukaryotes. Null mutations in plant vegetative actins produce dramatically altered cell, tissue, and organ morphologies. Animal cytoplasmic actins (e.g., human HsACTB, HsACTG1) and some ancestral protist actins fully suppress these mutant phenotypes suggesting that some animal, plant, and protist actins share functional competence for spatial development. Considering that fungi have a phylogenetic origin closer to animals than plants, we were interested to explore whether the fungal actins may have this same capacity to function in plants and support development. We ectopically expressed actins from four highly divergent ascomycete fungi in two different Arabidopsis double vegetative actin null mutants. We found that expression of actin from the earliest diverging ascomycete subphyla, the archiascomycete Schizosaccharomyces pombe, qualitatively and quantitatively suppressed the root cell polarity and root organ developmental defects of act8/act7 mutants and the root-hairless cell elongation phenotype of act2/act8 mutants. Interestingly, the actin from the pyrenomycete Neurospora crassa was modestly effective in the suppression of vegetative actin mutant phenotypes. In contrast, actins from the saccharomycetes Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans were unable to support any aspect of plant development, and moreover induced severe dwarfism and sterility. These data imply that basal fungi inherited an actin with full competence for spatial development from their protist ancestor and maintained it via non-progressive sequence evolution, while the later more derived fungal species lost these activities.
Temperature-dependent growth window of CaTiO3 films grown by hybrid molecular beam epitaxy (2017)

The authors report the effects of growth temperature on the self-regulated growth window of CaTiO3 thin films grown by hybrid molecular beam epitaxy (hMBE). Films were grown on (001) (La0.3Sr0.7)(Al0.65Ta0.35)O3 at temperatures between 700 and 950 °C. Calcium was supplied by a standard thermal effusion cell, while the metalorganic precursor titanium tetra-isopropoxide (TTIP) was used as the titanium source. The stoichiometric growth conditions were mapped using a combination of x-ray diffraction, reflection high energy electron diffraction, and atomic force microscopy. It is found that the growth window widened and shifted to higher TTIP fluxes with increasing temperature. Further, the shift of the growth window edge to Ti-rich conditions is three times larger than the growth window edge to Ca-rich conditions, which is discussed in general terms of the kinetic processes involved in hMBE.
Zerstörungsfreie Materialcharakterisierung und Fehlerprüfung von Hochleistungsbauteilen Anwendung neuer Hochfrequenz-Wirbelstrom- und Impuls-hermograie-Prütechniken (2013)

Kurzfassung In modern aircrat engines, a h igh number of complex high- performance components are employed, which are partly sub- jected to extreme loading. For instance, the high-pressure turbine blades of the irst stage ater the combustor are both thermally- mechanically loaded and experience severe corrosive attack. herefore they are furnished with several protective systems in order to improve the fatigue life and reliability of the high-tem- perature material blades employed. A ceramic thermal barrier coating insulates the internally and ilm-cooled blades against the hot gas stream whilst the underlying layer (PtAl, Al, MCrAlY) protects the substrate material against corrosive attack and oxi- dation. Owing to the low electrical conductivity of the materials employed in the multilayered system of the high-pressure tur - bine blades with layer thicknesses of 20-150 µm, conventional eddy-current and thermographic technologies are only suitable to a limited extent to non-destructively detect the condition of the individual layers separately from the substrate material. In contrast to this, with the aid of multi-parameter, high-frequency eddy-current technologies and high-frequency induction ther - mography using pulsed excitation, the eddy-currents with test frequencies in the mega-Hertz range (up to 100 MHz) can be limited to the near subsurface and produce standard penetration depths of <50 µm; which enables the layer and substrate materi- als to be diferentially studied. he objective of the present study was to non-destructively detect the condition of the coatings, to characterise and determine the thickness of the coating as well as to detect the condition of the substrate material and sensitively analyse local damage and defects. n