gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Determinants of PPP in infrastructure in developing economies (2012)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the factors that determine Public Private Partnership (PPP) in infrastructure by using a unique data set on Private Participation in Infrastructure (PPI) for the period 1990‐2008. The study mainly focuses on developing countries, because these countries need PPP arrangement more urgently than any other group of countries. Design/methodology/approach For the analysis, a range of advanced panel estimators, namely random‐Poisson, negative binomial, random‐generalized least square (GLS), random‐tobit, zero‐inflated Poisson (ZIP), are utilized to overcome the potential data‐related problems and for the robustness check of the estimated results. Findings The results of the analysis suggest that large size and relatively higher income markets attract more PPP projects. The empirical evidence also suggests that macroeconomic stability, quality of regulation and governance are important factors in determining PPP in the infrastructure. Surprisingly, however, the evidence fails to provide any strong support for the role of political factors and budget constraint in the process. Practical implications The findings of this study will help the policymakers of developing countries in framing up such policies, so as to encourage more private firms to engage in infrastructure building through PPP. Originality/value The paper describes the first attempt of its kind to investigate the determinants of PPP in the context of developing countries.
Study of switching power amplifier for active magnetic bearing (2004)

In view of some disadvantages of the discrete component switching power amplifier for active magnetic bearing (AMB) such as troublesome debugging, low reliability and distortion of input-output curves, a new power amplifier is studied for AMB. It is designed by use of integrated pulse width modulate (PWM) switching power amplifier SA60, and the interface circuits between the control circuits and the power amplifier are designed. The experiment results showed that the integrated switching power amplifier is advantageous than the discrete component power amplifier in input-output characteristics, at last some improved methods are proposed.
Predictive safety based on track-before-detect for teleoperated driving through communication time delay (2016)

Teleoperated driving is known as a transient technology toward full autonomous driving in urban areas. However, this mobility concept suffers mainly from the communication time delay, which may result in safety hazards as well as stop-and-go driving behavior in crowded inner-city areas. This paper presents a novel active safety concept to assist the human operator of the teleoperated vehicle considering the communication time delay. The proposed system reacts not only to the actual driving hazards, but also to the upcoming hazards the human operator is not aware of because of time delay. For this purpose, it predicts the future trajectories of dynamic objects in the vehicle surroundings using a stereo vision based track-before-detect approach and reacts autonomously to the predicted hazards through speed control. After each intervention, the human operator is informed about the autonomous intervention of the vehicle by a Human-Machine-Interface (HMI), having the ability to override this intervention. Results of the test drives show an overall increase of the safety by reduction of Time-To-Collision as well as an improvement of the acceptance of teleoperated driving through the reduction of the overall triggered deceleration during driving in urban areas.
Integrated Optical Modulation And Switching (1985)

Recent progress concerning electrooptic modulation and switching are discussed here from various points of view. First the drive voltage/insertion loss optimization is considered. Then the speed problem will be discussed and the different solutions to get polarization independent devices are reviewed.
On the Mechanism of the Electrochemical Reaction of Tin Phosphide with Lithium (2006)

With a view to the possible application of tin phosphide as the negative electrode in advanced lithium-ion battery test cells, and magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance and Mössbauer spectroscopy techniques were used to reveal the mechanism of the electrochemical reactions in lithium test cells. The formation of and Sn through a conversion reaction was observed. This process was followed by the successive formation of intermetallics up to stoichiometry. Reversibility was restricted to the formation of lithium–tin intermetallics thus limiting the maximum allowed reversible capacity.
Azithromycin: The First Azalide Antibiotic (1992)

Azithromycin represents a significant improvement in the treatment of selected community-acquired infections. Although this agent may revolutionize the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases caused by chlamydia, it also should impact the management of respiratory tract and skin and skin-structure infections. Because of its unique pharmacokinetics and excellent adverse-effect profile, patient compliance should be greatly enhanced compared with other commonly used oral antimicrobials. Azithromycin's primary role in the near future will be in the community setting. Although its use in the hospital may be limited, this drug will be a convenient therapeutic option to have on hand in the emergency room and outpatient clinic. Azithromycin may also be used in the future to treat opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients.
Deeper Insights of the Conduction Mechanisms in a Vacuum SOI Nanotransistor (2016)

This paper presents new work regimes accompanied by specific conduction models of an SOI nanotransistor with a vacuum cavity. The tunneling mechanisms are separately explored to find out the dominant mechanism. Afterward, the simulations show for the first time two firms on and off states under the gate command. Strong and weak tunneling regimes are emphasized. For the first time, a quasi-saturation region of the I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</sub> -VDS curves is obtained for V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DS</sub> > 6 V. Different device structures are compared. The best configuration has the swing of 290 mV/decade, threshold voltage of -0.5 V and maximum I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> /I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OFF</sub> ratio of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</sup> , which is a real gain among the vacuum transistors. Some applications as vacuum diode, switch under the gate command or action as parasitic device are emphasized.
Robust electrocardiogram (ECG) beat classification using discrete wavelet transform (2008)

This paper presents a robust technique for the classification of six types of heartbeats through an electrocardiogram (ECG). Features extracted from the QRS complex of the ECG using a wavelet transform along with the instantaneous RR-interval are used for beat classification. The wavelet transform utilized for feature extraction in this paper can also be employed for QRS delineation, leading to reduction in overall system complexity as no separate feature extraction stage would be required in the practical implementation of the system. Only 11 features are used for beat classification with the classification accuracy of approximately 99.5% through a KNN classifier. Another main advantage of this method is its robustness to noise, which is illustrated in this paper through experimental results. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) has been used for feature reduction, which reduces the number of features from 11 to 6 while retaining the high beat classification accuracy. Due to reduction in computational complexity (using six features, the time required is approximately 4 ms per beat), a simple classifier and noise robustness (at 10 dB signal-to-noise ratio, accuracy is 95%), this method offers substantial advantages over previous techniques for implementation in a practical ECG analyzer.
Direct Determination of the Flow Curves of Non-Newtonian Fluids. II. Shearing Rate in the Concentric Cylinder Viscometer (1953)

Another method has been developed for obtaining the rate of shear vs shearing stress curves of non-Newtonian fluids from concentric cylinder viscometer data. The mathematical expression developed is a rapidly converging power series in lns, where s is the cup to bob radius ratio. An estimate of error shows that under favorable conditions only two terms of the series are significant, and that terms past the third will hardly ever be needed.
A simulator for production prediction of multistage fractured horizontal well in shale gas reservoir considering complex fracture geometry (2019)

Shale gas is becoming an increasingly supplementary energy source because of its clean-burning and abundance. Economic gas production in shale requires the techniques of horizontal drilling and multistage hydraulic fracturing to create complex fracture network (CFN). How to accurately describe the characteristics of geometry and flow mechanisms of the CFN and select the most efficient approach for modeling are challenging. In this paper, a production forecasting model for multistage fractured horizontal well (MFHW) with CFN in shale is proposed based on the multiple interacting continua (MINC) theory (organic/inorganic matrix, natural fractures system) and lower-dimensional discrete fracture network (DFN) model (hydraulic fractures system). The model is designed to describe the unconventional flow mechanisms in shale system, such as fractal porous media and non-Darcy multiscale flow in ultra-tight matrix, ad-desorption on organic materials’ surface, rock un-consolidation within natural fractures, high-velocity turbulent flow near well range, and multiphase behaviors. We also propose a novel hybrid control volume finite element (CVFE) and finite-difference (FD) simulation method to obtain the numerical results of the model based on the unstructured 3D tri-prisms. The accuracy of the simulator is successfully validated and sensitivity analysis of some key factors (e.g.: fractal model permeability, Langmuir volume , heterogeneities of reservoir and fractures, well platform) are conducted to evaluate the impacts on production performance. Combing with the micro-seismic monitoring (MSM) data and engineering analyses, the DFN model is applied in Longmaxi shale formation to obtain the history matching with the field data and predict the production. • A coupled MINC media and DFN model is proposed for MFHW with complex fracture geometry in shale gas reservoir. • The stability and accuracy of the simulator are validated and sensitivity analysis of key factors are conducted. • Combing with the micro-seismic monitoring data and engineering analyses, the DFN model is applied in shale formation.
How African-American Students View Racial Diversity at a Historically Black University (2006)

Diversity is an instrumental and operationalizable concept upon which important legal and strategic decisions are based in higher education in American society beginning with admission to college. This study of 48 African-American students at a historically black university shows that students may consider their university diverse even though it may lack what some have called the structural diversity necessary to meet legal expectations of racial diversity in our current democratic, multi-racial, multi-ethnic society. Four factors or student-types emerged with separate constructions of the meaning of diversity in their own lives using this grounded and subjective approach.
Estimating the effect of the similarity coeffi cient and the cluster algorithm on biogeographic classifi cations (2003)

Similarity matrices obtained using a null model and nine similarity coeffi cients based on an exhaustive and hypothetical set of presence/absence data matrices are generated and compared. Likewise, the biogeographic classifi cations obtained from an empirical set of data (the genera of Asteraceae of Mexico) and from the application of the same nine similarity coeffi cients and three cluster methods are compared. It is concluded that differences in the classifi cations generated from different similarity coeffi cients can be of almost 50% with the set of hypothetical matrices and more than 70% with the empirical data. The kind of clustering method (single, complete, or average) also generates differences in the classifi cation topologies, even when using the same similarity coeffi cient. The empirical data produced similar topologies in 51% to 85% of the cases. Due to the dependence among the similarity coeffi cients, the cluster method used, and the generated classifi cations, it is concluded that classifi cations obtained through the use of different similarity coeffi cients or cluster methods are not comparable. The most similar classifi cation topologies were obtained from the use of the Jaccard and Sorensen-Dice similarity coeffi cients. They also showed the lowest number of poorly informative structures.
New synthesis of diazepam (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew synthesis of diazepamMarshall GatesCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 9, 1675–1681Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01297a030https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01297a030research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3989Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Tracheary Element Differentiation Uses a Novel Mechanism Coordinating Programmed Cell Death and Secondary Cell Wall Synthesis1 (1999)

Tracheary element differentiation requires strict coordination of secondary cell wall synthesis and programmed cell death (PCD) to produce a functional cell corpse. The execution of cell death involves an influx of Ca2+ into the cell and is manifested by rapid collapse of the large hydrolytic vacuole and cessation of cytoplasmic streaming. This precise means of effecting cell death is a prerequisite for postmortem developmental events, including autolysis and chromatin degradation. A 40-kD serine protease is secreted during secondary cell wall synthesis, which may be the coordinating factor between secondary cell wall synthesis and PCD. Specific proteolysis of the extracellular matrix is necessary and sufficient to trigger Ca2+ influx, vacuole collapse, cell death, and chromatin degradation, suggesting that extracellular proteolysis plays a key regulatory role during PCD. We propose a model in which secondary cell wall synthesis and cell death are coordinated by the concomitant secretion of the 40-kD protease and secondary cell wall precursors. Subsequent cell death is triggered by a critical activity of protease or the arrival of substrate signal precursor corresponding with the completion of a functional secondary cell wall.
State of the art in infrared face recognition (2008)

Abstract Face recognition is an area that has attracted a lot of interest. Much of the research in this field was conducted using visible images. With visible cameras the recognition is prone to errors due to illumination changes. To avoid the problems encountered in the visible spectrum many authors have proposed the use of infrared. In this paper we give an overview of the state of the art in face recognition using infrared images. Emphasis is given to more recent works. A growing field in this area is multimodal fusion; work conducted in this field is also presented in this paper and publicly available Infrared face image databases are introduced. Keywords: Infraredface recognitionfeatures extractionimage fusion
Detection of wordplay generated by reproduction of letters in social media texts (2013)

Wordplay generated by letters of its original word being repeated is commonly found in social network texts. Most of the time, wordplay items of this type are ambiguous to machines in language processing tasks such as Text-to-Speech. This paper shows some statistics on the number of letters from 102,586 real social network text items and proposes a set of classification features together with a few classification frameworks to detect repeated-letter wordplay tokens from Thai social network texts, which were tokenized by CRF-based Thai word segmentation. Evaluation on 48,949 text items shows that the proposed method achieves the detection accuracy of 98.45% which is an improvement over simple rule-based and some previously proposed methods.
A Windows-based speech aid and language learning tool for the speech impaired (2002)

Computer-based speech aids for the vocally impaired use indirect activation (e.g. iconically labelled keys) to reproduce synthetically or naturally generated vocal sounds. The user interface specification is typically complex. Current research exploits existing flexible design models for development as language learning tools that may assist the speech therapist. The aim of the author's work has been to investigate how future speech aids might adapt to a far greater degree to the needs of the individual user. Windows based models have been developed to apply the above findings to both communication and learning tools for the vocally handicapped. The author begins by identifying the needs of the vocally handicapped and the shortcomings of existing aids. The requirements for quadriplegics are discussed together with the alternatives to keyboards. The problems and limitations of standard speech aid keyboards act as an introduction to the theme of software generated keys.
Gain and efficiency of a short traveling wave heat engine (1985)

Gain and efficiency equations are derived for a traveling wave heat engine which has a regenerator that is SHORT compared to an acoustic wavelength. A traveling wave heat engine is a modified Stirling engine in which acoustical waves replace the usual pistons and energy is transformed from thermal to acoustical forms and vice-versa, depending on the wave direction. A previous paper examined the energy transformation process for isothermal wave propagation in an infinite regenerator having a temperature gradient [P. H. Ceperley, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 72, 1688–1694 (1982)]. Similar to that paper, the present paper assumes: small amplitude waves, nonturbulent flow, a constant heat exchange coefficient, and no regenerator end effects. In contrast, the present paper assumes that the wave impedance is NOT determined by the regenerators’s properties but is instead set by the acoustical circuit exterior to the regenerator. In this paper, the normalized power gain and efficiency are calculated and graphed as functions of dimensionless variables. For acoustical impedances of freely propagating waves, and a Prandtl number of 0.7, the efficiency is limited to 10% of Carnot efficiency due to viscous losses in the regenerator. Higher efficiencies are possible with higher impedances, e.g., if the impedance is multiplied by 10, 79% of Carnot efficiencies are possible. Methods of achieving such impedances are discussed. Traveling wave heat pumps are similarly modeled and have comparable potential efficiencies.
Epicardial mapping in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. (1978)

Epicardial mapping provides a method for defining antegrade and retrograde sites of pre-excitation. It is best undertaken only after a careful, detailed preoperative electrophysiological study has been performed. The potential pitfalls of the technique are many and technical expertise must be constantly available to maintain a functioning system. For these reasons, it is not likely to lend itself to widespread application. The same techniques can be applied to localization of the site of origin of atrial or ventricular dysrhythmias, localization of myocardial ischemia and infarction, as well as to differentiate between epicardial delays due to conduction delay and those caused by intramural myocardial delay.
Portable automated bag-valve mask with android technology (2016)

Automated Bag-valve mask with Android Technology is a device that allows the user to properly aid the patient with difficulty in breathing. The device is capable of providing the patient with the right amount of air and constant flow rate air delivery, replacing the manual bag-valve that requires at least two people to operate effectively. The device consistently pumps the prescribed amount of oxygen to patients, depending on age and is designed to be portable and be carried on emergency responses for pre-hospital care.
Edge effect correction for small planar Langmuir probes (1990)

One problem inherent in the use of small planar Langmuir probes to analyze low-density plasma is expansion of the space-charge sheath with increased probe potential due to the departure from planarity caused by a nonnegligible sheath edge. Experimental evidence showing the existence of significant edge effects in the ion saturation region of the characteristic obtained from such probes is presented. The extra ion current ΔI+ collected as a result is shown to depend on the (negative) probe potential V according to the empirical relation ΔI+∝V0.75. A theoretical justification for this is obtained. Finally, the effectiveness of the technique in eliminating the edge effect for this type of probe is demonstrated by the equivalence of ion and electron densities measured in a helium discharge.
ChemInform Abstract: α‐Enone by the Reaction of Aldehyde and α‐Bromo Ketone with Tri‐n‐butylstibine. (1989)

Abstract Various aldehydes, e.g. (I) or (IX), are coupled with the α‐bromo ketones, e.g. (II) or (X), in the presence of tri‐n‐butylstibine (III) to produce α,β‐unsaturated ketones such as (IV) or (XI) which favour the E‐configuration in general.
Televisión y formación de estereotipos : análisis de los Simpsons en el alumnado de segundo ciclo de Educación Primaria (2005)

La presente investigacion, analiza la relacion de los ninos con la television desde la doble perspectiva de los efectos y de la audiencia activa. Para ello, utiliza dos niveles paralelos de analisis. Uno centrado en la superestructura de los Simpsons, entendido como una forma de representacion social. Otro, focalizado en la investigacion de campo, llevada a cabo con alumnos/as matriculados en Segundo Ciclo de Primaria en la ciudad de Murcia. Ambas lecturas convergen en un elemento comun, la realidad, comprobada empiricamente, de la influencia de la television y en concreto de los dibujos animados sobre la poblacion escolar entrevistada, y como ese hecho se enmarca en una serie de variables (economicas, culturales, procedencia, de genero), explicativas de las diferentes formas de apropiacion del codigo compartido, la famosa serie, icono de la cultura popular que analizamos.
OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA AT THE S.M.B.L., 1971 (1974)

The salinity was measured by salinometer (