gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sulfinsäuren als Polymerisations‐katalysatoren (VI. Mitteil.: Polymerisationen und Polymerisationskatalysatoren) (1956)

Abstract Die polymerisationsbeschleunigenden Eigenschaften der p ‐Toluol‐sulfinsäure nehmen mit steigendem Reinheitsgrad ab. Cokatalysatoren sind neben Schwermetallsalzen vor allem Halogenionen. Auch sulfinsaure Salze organischer Basen besitzen erst in Gegenwart von Halogen ihre optimale polymerisationsbeschleunigende Eigenschaft. Die Wirkung der Sulfinsäure nimmt beim Aufbewahren ab, weil durch Disproportionierung sowie durch Autoxydation hemmend wirkende Sulfonsäure entsteht.
Commentary: Who Is a Candidate for Testosterone Therapy? A Synthesis of International Expert Opinions (2014)

Determining who is a candidate for TTh requires clinical assessment based on symptoms and signs, with confirmatory laboratory evaluation. These expert opinions differed from some published guidelines by the emphasis on symptoms as paramount, recognition of the limitations of total T as a diagnostic test, and the potential utility of a therapeutic trial in symptomatic cases with normal total T concentrations.
Dogmatisms and Catechisms — Ethics and Companion Animals (2001)

(2001). Dogmatisms and Catechisms — Ethics and Companion Animals. Anthrozoos: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 4-11.
Applicability of Fracture Mechanics in Strength Evaluation of Functionally Graded Materials. (1995)

Elastic and elastic-plastic analyses of a crack in a particulate-dispersed functionally graded material (FGM) have been carried out using a newly developed finite element method based on Tohgo-Chou-Weng's (1994, 1995) constitutive relation for particulate-reinforced composites. By setting the mechanical properties of particles and a matrix and their contents graded in the thickness direction, graded and non-graded materials are designed. From comparison of the numerical results for the graded and non-graded materials, the influence of the gradient of the mechanical properties on a stress intensity factor and the crack-tip field is discussed. The following conclusions are derived : ( 1 ) The stress intensity factor of a crack under constant boundary conditions is considerably affected by the gradient of the mechanical properties. ( 2 ) The elastic and plastic stress singular fields around a crack-tip in a FGM are basically described by the fracture mechanics parameters (KI and JI) as well as in a non-FGM, using the mechanical properties of the material at the crack tip. ( 3 ) The size of the singular field decreases with an increase in the gradient of the mechanical properties. This means that the applicability of fracture mechanics, such as the small-scale-yielding condition and the validity of the J-integral, is affected by the gradient.
Nucleoside, I<sup>1)</sup> Über Synthesen von <i>O</i>′‐Benzyl‐Derivaten des Uridins (1970)

Abstract Die Synthese verschiedener O ′‐Benzyl‐uridin‐Derivate ( 9 – 11 , 18 – 20 , 22–27 ) wird beschrieben. In Benzol/Dioxan‐Gemischen lassen sich geeignet geschützte Uridin‐Abkömmlinge mit NaH als Base und Benzylhalogeniden in hohen Ausbeuten selektiv an den Ribose‐Hydroxylgruppen verähtern. Ein neues, der Tritylierungsreaktion vergleichbares Benzylierungsverfahren unter neutralen Bedingungen mittels p ‐Methoxy‐benzychlorid/2‐tert.‐Butyl‐pyridin wird angegeben.
Group‐I metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGlu1a and mGlu5a, couple to extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) activation via distinct, but overlapping, signalling pathways (2002)

The coupling of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGlu1a and mGlu5a, to the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathway has been studied in Chinese hamster ovary cell-lines where receptor expression is under inducible control. Both mGlu receptors stimulated comparable, robust and agonist concentration-dependent ERK activations in the CHO cell-lines. The mGlu1a receptor-mediated ERK response was almost completely attenuated by pertussis toxin (PTx) pretreatment, whereas the mGlu5a-ERK response, and the phosphoinositide response to activation of either receptor, was PTx-insensitive. mGlu1a and mGlu5a receptor coupling to ERK occurred via mechanisms independent of phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity and intracellular and/or extracellular Ca2+ concentration. While acute treatment with a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor did not attenuate agonist-stimulated ERK activation, down-regulation of PKCs by phorbol ester treatment for 24 h did attenuate both mGlu1a and mGlu5a receptor-mediated responses. Further, inhibition of Src non-receptor tyrosine kinase activity by PP1 attenuated the ERK response generated by both receptor subtypes, but only mGlu1a receptor-ERK activation was attenuated by PDGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG1296. These findings demonstrate that, although expressed in a common cell background, these closely related mGlu receptors utilize different G proteins to cause ERK activation and may recruit different tyrosine kinases to facilitate this response.
Asymmetries of brain glucose metabolism and memory in the healthy elderly (1991)

The relation of discrepancies between visual and verbal memory to right‐left asymmetries of resting state brain glucose metabolism was studied in 11 healthy elderly subjects. Short‐ and long‐term memory were measured with experimental continuous recognition tests. Regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose were determined with positron emission tomography (PET) using 18F‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose. Long‐term memory discrepancy was related to parietal and hemispheric metabolic asymmetries, such that subjects with better visual than verbal memory had higher right than left brain glucose metabolic rates, whereas others showed the opposite pattern. These results show that specific visual and verbal memory abilities in the healthy elderly are related to regional differences in cerebral cortical metabolism.
Coated alginate microspheres: Factors influencing the controlled delivery of macromolecules (1991)

Abstract A systematic study of the mild alginate/polycation microencapsulation process, as applied to encapsulation of bioactive macromolecules such as proteins, was conducted. When protein drugs were suspended in sodium alginate solution and sprayed into 1.3% buffered calcium chloride to form cross‐linked microcapsules, large (up to 90%) losses of encapsulation species were encountered, and moderate to strong protein‐alginate interactions caused poor formation of capsules. As a result, a diffusion‐filling technique was adopted in which blank alginate beads, coated twice with small amounts of polycation, were formed prior to drug loading. Protein was then loaded into these capsules by stepwise diffusion from solutions of increasing drug concentration. The drug‐loaded capsules were coated with a final layer of polycation. In all, three polycation coatings were used, two prior to filling and one after filling. The first coating strongly influenced the size, integrity, and loading capacity of the capsules. Low concentrations of polycation resulted in poorly formed capsules with very low retention of the drug in the final capsule, while very high concentrations prevented the drug from entering the capsule at the filling stage. This first coat also affected the duration of drug release from the capsule and the size of the burst effect. The second coat had less effect on the capsule integrity, but it did influence the drug payload and relase profile. The final, sealing‐coat had little effect on drug payload and only limited effect on the release profile up to a critical concentration, above which the release profile was not affected. For all coats, increasing polycation concentration decreased the burst effect, and caused the release profile to be more sustained. Encapsulation of a series of dextrans with increasing molecular weight revealed that the release profile was directly related to the molecular weight of the diffusing species, which was more sustained as molecular weight increased. We have shown that the choice of coating parameters in the diffusion‐filled, alginate/polycation system is critical for successful drug delivery from these capsules. By carefully choosing the coating parameters, both the drug payload and the release profile can be fine‐tuned to meet the desired profile.
Counterion-only electrical double layer: A constrained entropy approach (2002)

A counterion-only double-layer theory is developed taking a constrained entropy maximization approach based on an isothermal thermodynamic system. The double-layer interaction free energy per unit area between two charged planar surfaces is obtained in a consistent manner for the boundary conditions of constant surface charge density and charge regulation. Once applied to the nonpolar medium, it reveals that the electrical double-layer repulsion is weak and long-ranged. Asymptotically, the interaction decays as a power law, in contrast with that in the presence of an ion reservoir which decays exponentially at large surface separation. The applicability of the counterion-only model for describing colloidal stability in nonpolar media is discussed.
[Increased oxidative metabolism of alveolar macrophages in idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis]. (1990)

The results of the present investigation show that, in IPF, alveolar macrophages are preactivated, and are capable, both spontaneously and also after cellular stimulation with a variety of stimulants, of producing appreciably more cytotoxic oxygen metabolites as compared with alveolar macrophages from healthy control subjects. A striking finding is the fact that the production of oxidants following stimulation with the complement factors C3a-C5a and aggregated IgG is appreciably lower than following stimulation with PMA or zymosan. This might be evidence in support of the theory that the alveolar macrophages in IPF are activated by immune complexes.
A Design Inquiry: Bridging Assessment and Curriculum Frameworks to Engage Students in Science Practices (2014)

This reflective inquiry delves into the collaborative design process of a technology- based middle school genetics unit. With a lens on science practices, we describe how bridging assessment and curriculum design frameworks can inform decisions in an iterative co-design process. The paper explores the role of these design frameworks in articulating learning goals and outcomes, designing the learning experience to motivate student inquiry, and identifying features of technology tasks and tools to elicit artifacts and evidence. A pilot study with four teachers and 435 students revealed how to enhance elements of the design approach to strengthen the learning goals, improve learning experience s with visualizations, and streamline the flow of the curriculum to emphasize productive patterns of inquiry. Implications of this integrated approach for informing the design of learning environments, the scalability of designs, and teacher practice are discussed.
[Indications for photocoagulation in idiopathic retinal periphlebitis]. (1989)

Fourteen patients (23 eyes) with idiopathic retinal periphlebitis were followed during a mean time of six years. Argon laser photocoagulation was performed in 18 eyes: in 11 eyes for large retinal ischemic areas, and in 7 eyes for disc or peripheral neovascularization. Beneficial results were obtained in 72.5% of the treated patients. Laser photocoagulation seems to be useful to prevent or reduce ocular neovascularization associated with idiopathic retinal periphlebitis, and to prevent vitreous hemorrhage. Photocoagulation did not increase ocular inflammation and should be limited to ischemic areas.
Description of a System for Measuring Interzonal Air Flows Using Multiple Tracer (1990)

Mass transfer due to pressure-driven air flow is one of the most important processes for determining both environmental quality and energy requirements in buildings.Heat, moisture, and contaminants are all transported by air movement between indoors and outdoors as well as between different zones within a building.Measurement of these air flows are critical to understanding the performance of buildings.This report will describe the system and the data it has produced.M1MS has been in field operation since January of 1988 and has been used in two to five zone dwellings.Experimental conditions have ranged from steady driving forces to rapid changes, from poorly mixed zones to forced air heating systems, and from poorly coupled apartments to tightly coupled single-family houses.Since the response time of the analysis is well under an hour, occupant effects such as door openings between zones can easily be seen; since the post-processing response-time can be made quite short, even forced-air-fan cycling can be observed.In all cases the system has proven able to maintain control and provide data from which air flows can be calculated.
Ultra low-power full-adder for biomedical applications (2009)

Addition is an essential function in fundamental arithmetic operations. It is also the most copiously used operation in application-specific processors and digital signal processing application (DSP). In this paper, we propose a novel 17-transistors full-adder based on the N-12T full-adder, which has a maximum of one threshold voltage (V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</inf> ) degradation for output voltage levels. The performance of the proposed full-adder is compared against other low-power full-adder via extensive HSPICE simulation using 100 random input vectors. The simulation results show that the proposed design permits the use of lower operating voltage to derive lower power consumption and hence, the power delay product (PDP). The advantages of the proposed full-adder has been evaluated by integrating the proposed full-adder into a multiplier-less finite impulse response (FIR) filter that is commonly used in the multirate filter bank for biomedical applications.
Baseline IgG Antibody Titers to <i>Chlamydia pneumoniae</i>, <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>, Herpes Simplex Virus, and Cytomegalovirus and the Risk for Cardiovascular Disease in Women (1999)

In apparently healthy postmenopausal women, little evidence was found that previous infection, as measured by IgG antibody titers to C. pneumoniae, H. pylori, herpes simplex virus, and cytomegalovirus, is associated with subsequent risk for cardiovascular disease.
Color Active Appearance Model Analysis Using a 3D Morphable Model (2005)

Active Appearance Models (or AAMs) are fast linear models for appearance variation in images. A key disadvantage of AAMs is the requirement for hand-labeled correspondence points. We use Morphable Model (or MM) data to avoid hand-labeling error and test the convergence performance of a well known fitting method, Inverse Compositional Image Alignment (or ICIA). The 3D MM data is in dense correspondence forms the ground truth for AAM fitting. Using ICIA, we investigate the robustness of AAM convergence with respect to rigid-body transformations and lighting of these 3D models. It is found that a contour fitting problem arises in AAMs and dominates the standard RMS error computation; an alternative measure is presented. A different composition method using QR factorization is presented, and also preliminary results of fitting AAMs built using MM training data to real images is presented.
Supervised Community Detection in Protein-interaction Networks (2019)

Community detection problems arise in several fields with networks, from biology and medicine to social studies and cybersecurity. Networks in these fields tend to be massive - for instance hu.MAP, the human protein interaction network assembled by our lab has 17 million edges. The problem of community detection here translates to finding protein complexes, which will help advance our understanding of several cellular functions and disease mechanisms. To solve this computationally challenging big data problem, we developed Super.Complex (short for Supervised Complex), a computational pipeline employing auto-ML and subgraph sampling techniques. While most state-of-the-art algorithms employ unsupervised graph clustering methods, a supervised approach holds more promise towards finding accurate communities mimicking the real world. With data on known communities becoming increasingly available in many applications, supervised methods become more relevant. Super.Complex implements a streamlined algorithm which samples subgraphs from the weighted network and classifies them as communities or non-communities via a supervised ML model. The steps involved are (i) sampling non-community data as random walks on the graph (ii) feature extraction and selection for known communities and generated non-communities, (iii) autoML pipeline for identification and training of thebest supervised machine learning model for binary classification of subgraphs (iv) intelligent sampling of candidate subgraphs for classification via 3 search techniques – greedy, iterative simulated annealing and metropolis. The last step is in fact a solution to the NP hard problem of identifying maximally scoring subgraphs in a network. The algorithm is applied to real data of different human and yeast protein interaction networks, yielding F1 scores ranging from 0.96 to 0.99 and identifying previously unknown biological complexes. Further, Super.Complex outperforms many state-of-the-art algorithms both in terms of accuracy and performance, with scalability to huge networks through its distributed framework.
Map transformations by optical anamorphic processing (1983)

A map transformation is a willful geometrical distortion of an image. Examples are rotation, shearing, and local stretching of the coordinate system. We describe an optical setup that performs a map transformation by spatial filtering with two phase-only filters. The system is able to perform in x- and y-linear distortions (e.g., shears) as well as certain x- and y-nonlinear distortions. The distorting filters introduce no aberrations. The object may radiate coherently, incoherently, or partially coherently. Some experimental results are presented.
Thermodynamics of Symport and Antiport Catalyzed by Cloned or Native Transporters (1994)

Thermodynamic measurements are required to confirm whether cloned transport-associated proteins in a membrane truly constitute a functional transport system. Symport or antiport, catalyzed by native systems or by cloned proteins in membranes, can lead to steady-state intracellular accumulation of solute when the electrochemical potentials of activator ion and solute are energetically coupled. Secondary active transport can occur if an appropriate physical coupling mechanism exists in the membrane. Driving forces for secondary active transport are ultimately established by primary active transport or respiration. Steep steady-state gradients of solute can be maintained when the ion:solute coupling ratio is greater than one and/or when coupling includes an electrical component. Although the steady-state accumulation of substrate is independent of the exact physical mechanism of transport, non-equilibrium and equilibrium transport kinetics aid in interpreting the rate, direction (symport versus antiport) and control of ion-coupled flux across a membrane. In some cases, the activator ion's chemical gradient alone is energetically adequate to maintain steady-state intracellular accumulation of solute, as demonstrated in invertebrate epithelial cells. To interpret accumulation ratios accurately, it is necessary to measure the intracellular activity coefficients for ions. For example, liquid ion-exchange microelectrode measurements demonstrate that over 30% of intracellular Na+ can be sequestered in epithelial cells.
Toward single-mode UV to near-IR guidance using hollow-core anti-resonant silica fiber (2017)

Hollow-core anti-resonant (HC-AR) fibers with a “negative-curvature” of the core-cladding boundary have been extensively studied over the past few years owing to their low loss and wide transmission bandwidths. The key unique feature of the HC-AR fiber is that the coupling between the core and cladding modes can be made anti-resonant (strongly inhibited) by suitably arranging the anti-resonant tubes in the cladding, which results in low loss and broad spectral bandwidths. HC-AR fibers have been fabricated aimed at visible, near-or mid-IR transmission [1-4]. Here we fabricate and characterize a silica HC-AR fiber having a single ring of 7 non-touching capillaries, designed to have effectively single-mode operation and low loss from UV to near-IR.
Recent Advances in Controlled Grafting of Elastomers (1984)

Abstract This review describes recent results for preparing graft copolymers with controlled structures. In general, the macromonomer approach appears to be the most promising method for preparation of graft polymers with well defined structures. Not only can macromonomers be prepared using radical, cationic, or anionic polymerization procedures, but the resultant macromonomers can be polymerized using these same methods. Obviously, the macromonomer functionality must be high and well defined. In addition, the average chain length and chain length distribution should be well characterized. In principle, the macromonomer approach can provide comb-type graft copolymers with a random distribution of well characterized graft branches. However, the actual copolymerization of the macromonomers with a variety of comonomers requires careful examination under a variety of reaction conditions before that expectation can be realized. These macromonomers provide an excellent opportunity to examine the effects of chain length on the problem of heterogeneity ( i.e. , phase-separation) which is expected and found in many grafting systems. “Grafting-from” reactions also should provide graft polymers whose structures are more amenable to prediction and analysis. Like the macromonomer method, it should be possible to eliminate the presence of unwanted homopolymer using this method. However, much more research is required before the generality and value of this method can be evaluated. In conclusion, this era appears to be an exciting time for graft polymerization research. The potential exists for the preparation of model graft polymers with precise structural definition using the methods described herein. This development will, at last, provide graft polymers which can be used to define the relationships between the structure, morphology, and properties of these materials.
Regulation of the Vascular Endothelium: Signals and Transduction Mechanisms (1994)

Multiplicity of endothelial cell functions and regulatory mediators phospholipase C and phosphoinositide metabolism ion channels control and the role of cytosolic calcium protein kinase C cyclic AMP role of various signalling pathways in the control of specific endothelial cell functions.
ChemInform Abstract: THE STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP OF ANTIBACTERIAL SUBSTITUTED 1‐PHENYL‐4,6‐DIAMINO‐1,2‐DIHYDRO‐2,2‐DIMETHYL‐S‐TRIAZINES (1978)

Abstract Die Titelverbindungen (I) werden nach der Modest‐Methode aus entsprechenden Anilinhydrochloriden, Dicyandiamid und Aceton dargestellt.
Photoluminescence from nanosize gold clusters (1998)

We have observed visible light emission from nanosize gold clusters. Liquid chromatographic analysis of the metal clusters shows that relatively intense photoluminescence occurs only when the size of the metal nanocluster is sufficiently small (&lt;5 nm). The emission is strongly Stokes shifted and is assigned to radiative recombination of Fermi level electrons and sp- or d-band holes. The electron and/or hole states are perturbed by surface states, as indicated by the dependence of the emission spectrum on the nature of the cluster surface. Finally, we found that large, nonemitting gold clusters can also be made luminescent by partial dissolution using KCN.