gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Miniature RF Test Structure for On-Wafer Device Testing and In-Line Process Monitoring (2008)

In this brief, a miniature test structure for RF device characterization and process monitoring has been proposed. This new layout design can minimize the voltage drop across interconnects and can prevent capacitive coupling to devices. It consumes only 36% and 40% of the chip area of the conventional on-wafer and in-line test structures, respectively. The RF characteristics of the proposed test structure are shown to be in excellent agreement with those of the conventional ones.
Methods for the visualization of digital elevation models for landform mapping (2005)

Abstract Digital elevation models (DEMs) are increasingly used for landform mapping, particularly with the growing availability of national and global datasets. In this paper we describe a variety of techniques that can visualize a DEM. We then compare five techniques to ascertain which performs the most complete and unbiased visualization. We assess the visualization techniques by comparing landforms mapped from them against a detailed morphological map (derived from mapping of multi‐azimuth relief‐shaded DEMs cross‐checked with stereo aerial photographs). Results show that no single visualization method provides complete and unbiased mapping. The relief‐shaded visualizations are particularly prone to azimuth biasing, although they can highlight subtle landforms. We recommend curvature visualization for initial mapping as this provides a non‐illuminated (and therefore unbiased) image. Initial mapping can then be supplemented with data from relief‐shaded visualizations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activation of estrogen receptor-mediated gene transcription by IGF-I in human breast cancer cells (1997)

Estrogen and IGF-I are potent mitogens for most breast cancer cell lines, and although their signaling pathways contrast, there is considerable interaction between them. Recent evidence indicating that IGF-I can alter estrogen receptor (ER) action led us to investigate whether an inhibitor of IGF-I action. IGF-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), could affect transcriptional activation of ER. First, we confirmed that tamoxifen (TAM) could inhibit IGF-I-mediated proliferation of MCF-7 cells. Although TAM can increase IGFBP-3 expression in MCF-7 cells, and this binding protein has been shown to be able to inhibit IGF action, TAM had no effect on IGF-I-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of IGF-I receptor or the downstream signaling molecule, insulin receptor substrate-1. Therefore, to confirm that IGF-I was affecting transcriptional activation of ER, we utilized a gene reporter assay using a single consensus estrogen response element (ERE-tk-luc) upstream of luciferase. As expected, estradiol (E2; 1nM) increased transcriptional activation three- to fivefold from the ERE in three ER-positive breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, ZR-75 and T47D). A 2.5-to 4-fold increase was also seen with IGF-I (5 nM). TAM (1 microM) effectively blocked activation by E2 and IGF-I, indicating disruption of ER-mediated transcription. As expected, human recombinant IGFBP-1 (80 nM) completely inhibited IGF-I-mediated activation of ER, however, IGFBP-1 also caused a significant decrease in E2-mediated activation. We also noticed that IGF-I increased the activity of all plasmids that we cotransfected including TATA-luc, SV40-luc and pGL Basic. This effect was post-transcriptional, as it was not affected by actinomycin D (2 micrograms/ml), while we were able to completely inhibit E2-mediated transcriptional activation of ERE-tk-luc. Unlike the complete inhibition of ER-mediated transcriptional activation by actinomycin D, IGF-I-mediated transactivation was reduced by only 50%, indicating that the activation by IGF-I represented both transcriptional and post-transcriptional effects. This study confirmed that IGF-I can cause transcriptional activation of endogenous ER in human breast cancel cells, and inhibition of ER action by IGFBP-1 suggests that IGF-1 signaling may be necessary for maximal ER activation.
How many species of prokaryotes are there? (2002)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Clinical response to deoxycoformycin in chronic lymphoid neoplasms and biochemical changes in circulating malignant cells in vivo (1988)

Deoxycoformycin (DCF), an adenosine deaminase (ADA) inhibitor, has been shown to be active in lymphoid neoplasms. The mechanism of cytotoxicity might involve accumulation of deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP), depletion of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and ATP pool, induction of double-stranded DNA strand breaks, or inhibition of S- adenosyl homocysteine hydrolase (SAH-hydrolase). We have investigated the biochemical changes in the circulating malignant cells of patients with chronic leukemia/lymphoma who were treated with DCF (4 mg/m2 weekly). Blood samples were taken from 17 patients with 60% or more circulating leukemic cells before, 4, 24, and 48 hours and five days after the first administration of DCF. Leukemic cells were separated and studied for changes in ADA, dATP, ATP, NAD, and SAH-hydrolase levels and DNA strand breaks and the data analyzed according to clinical response. Inhibition of ADA activity was found in all except one patient at 4 to 24 hours after the first administration of DCF. dATP started to accumulate at four hours, reached a maximum level between 24 and 48 hours, and returned to base values on the fifth day. Intracellular ATP and NAD levels were transiently reduced in some of the patients. However, no correlation between these changes and a clinical response could be found. DNA strand breaks could be studied in 13 patients. A significant increase in DNA breaks at 24 to 48 hours was found in six of the seven responders but only in one of the six nonresponders. At 24 hours, SAH-hydrolase levels were reduced in all seven responders studied, but only in two of the seven nonresponders. The difference in inhibition of SAH-hydrolase was statistically significant (P = .0023). These results suggest that DNA strand breaks and inhibition of SAH-hydrolase correlate with clinical response.
Training the industry (2010)

Subtitle: Crewing issues rank at the top of shipowner concerns. The new head of the maritime employers' association tells Neville Smith he is under no illusions about the challenges ahead.
Biomechanical study of upper-limb exoskeleton for resistance training with three-dimensional motion analysis system (2014)

The world's population is aging rapidly, particularly in developed countries. The trend toward prolonged life expectancy will increase the elderly population and thereby lead to an increase in occurrences of age-related health problems such as chronic disease. Healthcare services and home-based rehabilitation are in high demand, and the demand for professional physical therapy is imposing an increasing burden on the healthcare system. Rehabilitation training devices must keep pace with standards of care, be cost effective, and meet the home-based training requirements of today's rehabilitation trends. This article presents an experimental study of a novel spring-loaded upper-limb exoskeleton meant to enable a patient or nondisabled individual to move a limb at multiple joints in different planes for resistance training in a free and unconstrained environment. To assess the functionality of the design, we have measured its kinematic data while performing designated movements and adopted a motion-capture system to verify the function of our mechanism. The collected data and analysis of the kinematic and dynamic joint torques may not only verify our mechanism but also provide a profound understanding of the design requirements for an appropriate spring-loaded exoskeleton for upper-limb resistance training.
Ribavirin: a role in HIV infection? (1990)

A certain degree of controversy has surrounded the multicenter dose comparison clinical trial of oral ribavirin for patients with HIV-related lymphadenopathy since its inception in 1987. The Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes presented in this issue the peer-reviewed data as it was collected, analyzed, and summarized by a team of researchers headed by Richard B. Roberts, Vice Chairman and Professor of the Department of Medicine, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY. Herewith is presented an invited Editorial Commentary in response to those clinicians who suggested that an opposing point of view should be heard in the interest of fairness.
Primer-independent RNA sequencing with bacteriophage φ6 RNA polymerase and chain terminators (2001)

Here we propose a new general method for directly determining RNA sequence based on the use of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from bacteriophage phi6 and the chain terminators (RdRP sequencing). The following properties of the polymerase render it appropriate for this application: (1) the phi6 polymerase can replicate a number of single-stranded RNA templates in vitro. (2) In contrast to the primer-dependent DNA polymerases utilized in the sequencing procedure by Sanger et al. (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1977, 74:5463-5467), it initiates nascent strand synthesis without a primer, starting the polymerization on the very 3'-terminus of the template. (3) The polymerase can incorporate chain-terminating nucleotide analogs into the nascent RNA chain to produce a set of base-specific termination products. Consequently, 3' proximal or even complete sequence of many target RNA molecules can be rapidly deduced without prior sequence information. The new technique proved useful for sequencing several synthetic ssRNA templates. Furthermore, using genomic segments of the bluetongue virus we show that RdRP sequencing can also be applied to naturally occurring dsRNA templates. This suggests possible uses of the method in the RNA virus research and diagnostics.
Más vale prevenir: entrevista con Mario Molina (2007)

Pretreatment radiographs were taken using a paralleling device and measurement grid. The measurement controls obtained in that manner in 60 teeth were compared to measurements obtained from conventional radiographs taken during endodontic treatment. This study was undertaken to test the proposal that pretreatment radiographs taken with a paralleling device and measurement grid would make further radiographs for that purpose unnecessary, thus reducing patients' exposure to ionizing radiation.
Synthèse d'amino‐oxadiazoles ‐ 1, 2, 4 (1966)

Abstract Two new syntheses of 5‐amino‐1,2,4‐oxadiazoles are described. The first one is based on the reaction of guanidine on benzhydroxamyl chloride. The second is more general and consists in allowing primary or secondary amines, hydrazine or guanidine to react with 5‐trichloromethyloxadiazoles.
Experimental and Theoretical Studies on Soot Formation in an Ethylene Jet Flame (1993)

ABSTRACT Soot formation was studied in any ethylene turbulent diffusion flame. A small probe was built to carried out pyrometric measurements in the flame. Instantaneous and local values of temperature and soot volume fraction were determined from emission-absorption measurements, and that made it possible to follow the fluctuations of temperature and soot volume fraction at the same time. Numerical simulation of the jet flame was performed and comparison with the experimental results is shown
Study on friction base isolators for seismic control of low-rise buildings (1993)

Compares the performances of a friction base isolated structure with and without resilient constraints: i.e. with different combinations of slip surfaces and springs, tested on a shake table.
Electromagnetic field enhancement in TERS configurations (2009)

Abstract We use three‐dimensional finite‐difference time domain (3D‐FDTD) simulations to investigate the field enhancement properties of tip‐enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) in order to find optimal geometric parameters of the metal tip and the metal substrate under certain excitation wavelengths with side illumination. The simulation results show that plasmon coupling effects between the metal tip and the metal substrate play the key role in TERS enhancement, and the enhancement drops dramatically as the distance between the tip and the substrate increases. The spatial resolution of TERS is mainly dependent on the radius of curvature of the tip end. A sharp tip with a small radius can dramatically increase the spatial resolution of TERS. Increasing the tip–substrate distance or changing the metallic substrate into a dielectric substrate lowers the spatial resolution. The TERS enhancement dependence on the incident angle and polarization, the size of tip, as well as the composition of the substrate is also discussed in detail. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glyoxal modification of gelatin leads to change in properties of solutions and resulting films (2012)

The influence of different pretreated film forming solutions (FFSs) on the physical, chemical and barrier properties of gelatin films was studied. Hydrolyzation with hydrochloric acid and acetylation with acetic acid anhydride at different pHs were performed. Subsequently, gelatin was crosslinked with glyoxal to result in biopolymer films with properties predetermined by the rheological behavior of the respective FFS. Gel time, storage modulus and tan δ of FFSs were obtained from small-strain oscillatory measurements and were correlated with swelling and solubility of the resulting films as well as with chemical analysis of lysine and arginine and the respective amino acid modifications Nε-carboxymethyllysine (CML), glyoxal derived lysine dimer (GOLD) and 5-(2-imino-5-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl)norvaline (imidazolinone). In general, chemical modification reduced the storage modulus whether it was hydrolyzation, acetylation or modification with glyoxal. Treatment by hydrolyzation or acetylation led to differences in gel time and in the ratio between viscous and elastic portion of the different hydrogels, also affecting the relationship between monovalent amino acid modification and bivalent crosslinking after glyoxal addition. Thus, the structural character of FFS hydrogels and of the protein network of films both determined the physical and barrier properties of chemically modified gelatin films.
Stimulation of murine B lymphocytes by isolated C3b. (1975)

Addition of isolated B3b to murine lymph node cell cultures induced increased DNA synthesis. The stimulation is dependent on the dose of C3b added and is potentiated by fetal calf serum present in the medium. Isolated C3 is less stimulatory than C3b; C3a and C3c had no effect on DNA synthesis in these cultures. 10-20% large immunoglobulin containing blastlike cells developed in lymph node cell cultures stimulated by 50 mug C3b in the presence of 3% fetal calf serum. The stimulation by C3b was observed in cultures of lymph node and spleen cells of several mouse strains including C3H/HeJ and congenitally thymus-deficient (nu/nu) mice. The results suggest that B lymphocytes are the main target of the stimulatory effect of C3b. Two mechanisms which may be involved in the stimulation of lymphocytes by C3b are discussed: (a) cross-linking of receptors on the cell surface or between cells, and (b) the binding of C3b to receptors of B lymphocytes and the formation of the complement enzyme C3bB. The results are compatible with the suggestion that activation of C3 is part of the events triggering the B lymphocytes.
Immersive eating: evaluating the use of head-mounted displays for mixed reality meal sessions (2017)

This paper documents a pilot study evaluating a simple approach allowing users to eat real food while exploring a virtual environment (VE) through a head-mounted display (HMD). Two cameras mounted on the HMD allowed for video-based stereoscopic see-through when the user’s head orientation pointed toward the food, and the VE would appear when the user turned elsewhere. The pilot study revealed that all participants were able to eat their meals using the system, and a number of potential challenges relevant to immersive eating scenarios were identified.
Assessment of Aerodynamic Challenges of a Variable-Speed Power Turbine for Large Civil Tilt-Rotor Application (2010)

The main rotors of the NASA Large Civil Tilt-Rotor notional vehicle operate over a wide speed-range (100% at take-off to 54% at cruise). The variable-speed power turbine, when coupled to a fixed-gear-ratio transmission, offers one approach to accomplish this speed variation. The key aero-challenges of the variable-speed power turbine are related to high work factors at cruise, where the power turbine operates at 54% of take-off speed, wide incidence variations into the vane, blade, and exit-guide-vane rows associated with the power-turbine speed change, and the impact of low aft-stage Reynolds number (transitional flow) at 28 kft cruise. Meanline and 2-D Reynolds-Averaged Navier- Stokes analyses are used to characterize the variable-speed power-turbine aerodynamic challenges and to outline a conceptual design approach that accounts for multi-point operation. Identified technical challenges associated with the aerodynamics of high work factor, incidence-tolerant blading, and low Reynolds numbers pose research needs outlined in the paper
[Calcium ions and the differentiation of Streptomyces hygroscopicus 155, a producer of an antibiotic complex]. (2000)

The effect of Ca2+ on differentiation of Streptomyces hygroscopicus 155 and its inactive variant 155-0 was studied. Addition of Ca2+ to the medium induced formation of the aerial mycelium in the inactive variant and accelerated formation of the aerial mycelium in the parent strain. The inhibitory effect of EGTA, verapamil, nifedipin, chlorpromazine and dilthiazeme on the aerial mycelium formation demonstrated the physiological role of Ca2+ in the process. Addition of pandavir (nigericin) and azalomycin B, the antibiotics produced by the streptomycete, induced formation of the aerial mycelium in the inactive variant. The effect was higher in the presence of Ca2+. Streptomyces hygroscopicus 155 and its inactive variant synthesized a proteolytic complex containing metalloproteases and trypsin-like proteases. The total proteolytic activity of the inactive variant was lower than that of the parent strain. Addition of Ca2+ to the medium stimulated their proteolytic activity. The inducing action of the antibiotics produced by the parent strain on differentiation of S.hygroscopicus 155-0 and the increase of their action in the presence of Ca2+ suggested that they controlled the differentiation and that such a function of the antibiotics expressed itself through the Ca2+ signal system.
Smart Metering the Clouds (2009)

As cloud computing becomes increasingly pervasive, the data center energy consumption attributable to cloud computing is climbing, despite the clarion call of action to reduce consumption and reverse environmental effects. At the same time, the rising cost of energy - due to regulatory measures enforcing a "true cost" of energy coupled with finite natural resources rapidly diminishing, resulting in scarcity - is refocusing IT leaders on efficiency and total cost of ownership (TCO), particularly in the context of the world-wide financial crisis. We propose a "smart metering" approach that encompasses all the stakeholders in the cloud computing ecosystem to achieve these twin goals of "energy conservation" and "demand response". As such, this paper introduces our initial thoughts on "smart metering" and various implications and implementation ideas related to it.
Fluorescence Efficiencies of Organic Compounds (1957)

The relative fluorescence efficiencies of a large number of organic compounds of different structures were measured in solution under high-energy and ultraviolet excitations. P/R values of the more efficient solutes under high-energy excitation are given. Where possible at room temperature the fluorescence under high energy was also determined for the compound in solid form. A considerable parallelism is found between the relative fluorescence efficiencies in solution under both modes of excitation. Oxygen effects were measured and found to be greater on the solvent than on the solute, but do not greatly influence the relative efficiencies. Changes in fluorescence produced by substituents which do not considerably alter the absorption spectrum are discussed.
Improving the Download Time of BitTorrent-Like Systems (2007)

The content distribution techniques have recently started embracing peer-to-peer system as an alternative to the client-server architecture, such as BitTorrent system. BitTorrent system offers a scale mechanism for distributing a large volume of data to a set of peers over the Internet, but it is not designed for minimizing the time taken for all peers to receive the file. As a result, the peers of BitTorrent system may suffer a long download time, specifically the narrow-band peers. In this paper, in order to reduce the download time of BitTorrent, we propose a weighty piece selection strategy instead of the local rarest first strategy in BitTorrent. The proposed strategy is based on the greedy concept that a peer assigns each missing piece a weight according to total number of neighbor's downloaded pieces. The peer selects the missing piece with the highest priority for next download. This strategy can speed up the cooperation between heterogeneous peers while making the BitTorrent more efficient in terms of the average download time and the total elapsed time. The simulation results show that weighty piece selection strategy can improve more than 15% average download time and reduce in average 60% total elapsed time than the BitTorrent system.
Duration of circulating antibody and immunity following infection with equine influenza virus (1988)

The duration of immunity as measured by virological, serological and clinical responses following infection with influenza A/equine/Newmarket/79 (H3N8) was assessed in repeated challenge experiments in which ponies were infected by exposure to aerosols of infectious virus. Previous infection stimulated complete clinical protection which persisted for at least 32 weeks as demonstrated by the absence of febrile responses and coughing in two groups of ponies infected 16 weeks or 32 weeks after the first infection. Partial clinical protection persisted for over a year as demonstrated by the absence of coughing and a reduction in the number of febrile responses in a group of ponies infected 62 weeks after their first infection. These results contrasted with those observed in immunologically naive control ponies which developed pyrexia, dyspnoea and nasal discharge and coughing. The kinetics of virus specific antibody production in primary and secondary infections with equine influenza were studied by the single radial haemolysis test and a radioisotopic antiglobulin binding assay which measured virus specific IgGab antibody isotype. Antibody to the haemagglutinin, as measured by the single radial haemolysis test, declined rapidly after primary infection whereas the IgGab responses to whole virus antigens persisted for longer. The single radial haemolysis test was therefore particularly useful for the detection of antibody responses in multiple infections or exposures to influenza antigens. The radioisotopic antiglobulin binding assay was more sensitive for identifying infections which had occurred more than six months previously, as evidenced by anamnestic IgGab responses in ponies with low levels of antibody before rechallenge.