gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Decadal-scale Contaminant Accumulation in Estuaries (2003)

Contaminants (e.g., zinc, copper, PAHs) in estuaries downstream of urbanised catchments can build up to toxic levels. To plan catchment development in ways that achieve environmental goals in the estuary, we need to be able to predict rates and locations of contaminant accumulation. Numerical models are useful for predicting dispersal and settling of terrigenous sediments and associated contaminants within the estuary in the aftermath of individual rainstorms, but cannot be used in any direct way to make predictions on the planning timescale, which is decadal. To move forward, we have developed a way of formulating a set of sediment/contaminant mass-balance equations for a catchment and the various subenvironments of its receiving estuary, based on the use of a numerical model to determine event-scale sediment-dispersal patterns within the estuary. The mass-balance equations can be used to accumulate throughout the estuary sediment/contaminants that are generated on the land by a catchment sediment-yield model, which in turn is driven by a sequence of randomly chosen events over the prediction timeframe. Bioturbation of deposited sediments/contaminants and redispersal between rainstorms by tidal currents and waves, both of which affect contaminant concentrations in the estuarine sediments, can be accounted for. The approach is being used to predict contaminant accumulation over a 50-year horizon in the Upper Waitemata Harbour (Auckland) with a view to identifying development that will secure the long-term protection of the estuary.
Electrolyte Movement in the Isolated Midgut of the Cockroach (<i>Periplaneta Americana</i> L.) (1969)

ABSTRACT The perfused cockroach midgut ventriculus in vitro maintains a p.d. of approximately 12 mV. (lumen negative to haemolymph) in chloride Ringer. The p.d. comprises chiefly a lumen-side Na diffusion potential and a haemolymph-side K diffusion potential. The size of the p.d. is greatly enhanced in sulphate Ringer, but reduced by various metabolic inhibitors, e.g. N2 and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Ouabain inhibits the p.d. from the haemolymph side but is ineffective on the lumen side. The ventriculus preparation also exhibits a net Na efflux of approximately 0 · 3 µ-equiv./hr. Ouabain inhibits Na efflux by almost 55 % and K influx by less than 40 %. It is suggested that a linked Na-K pump is indirectly responsible for the p.d. and directly involved in the Na transport into the haemolymph.
Exploring the use of labels to categorize issues in Open-Source Software projects (2015)

Reporting bugs, asking for new features and in general giving any kind of feedback is a common way to contribute to an Open-Source Software (OSS) project. This feedback is generally reported in the form of new issues for the project, managed by the so-called issue-trackers. One of the features provided by most issue-trackers is the possibility to define a set of labels/tags to classify the issues and, at least in theory, facilitate their management. Nevertheless, there is little empirical evidence to confirm that taking the time to categorize new issues has indeed a beneficial impact on the project evolution. In this paper we analyze a population of more than three million of GitHub projects and give some insights on how labels are used in them. Our preliminary results reveal that, even if the label mechanism is scarcely used, using labels favors the resolution of issues. Our analysis also suggests that not all projects use labels in the same way (e.g., for some labels are only a way to prioritize the project while others use them to signal their temporal evolution as they move along in the development workflow). Further research is needed to precisely characterize these label “families” and learn more the ideal application scenarios for each of them.
Optimization of a Quantitative Method for the Determination of Catechins in Fruits and Legumes (1998)

Catechins are found in many foods of plant origin. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown their potential health effects. The quantification of catechins has been optimized in three model foods: apples, black grapes, and canned kidney beans. Catechins [(+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, (−)-epigallocatechin, (−)-epicatechin gallate, and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate] were separated with gradient reversed phase HPLC and quantified by UV (270 nm) or fluorescence (280/310 nm excitation/emission) detection in series. Type (ethanol, methanol, or acetone) and concentration (40−100% in water) of extraction solvent influenced catechin yield, whereas extraction time (10−60 min) did not. Adequate extraction was attained with 60−100% methanol for apples and grapes and with 40−80% methanol for beans. Recovery (>94%), within-run repeatability (1−5%), between-run reproducibility (3−9%), and detection limits (0.1−3.9 mg/kg of fresh apple or 0.01−0.29 μg/mL extract) were satisfactory. With this method 40 solid food samples a day can be analyzed, without the need for sample cleanup. Keywords: Catechins; fruits; legumes; extraction; analytical techniques; fluorescence
Variable speed drive fundamentals (1998)

Newly revised and edited and written in sttraightforward user language.This book provides an authoritative, yet practical guide for the engineer or technician involved in specifying, applying, maintaining or operating variable frequency drives (VFDs). It includes full coverage of both AC and DC motors and controls. Included are the latest developments in this rapidly changing technology, and overview of starting controls and their application to various types of induction motors, discussion of some of the latest electronic smart motor controllers and attributes and capabilities of the wound-rotor motor, including how to configure a basic control system for it. A basis is given to compare motor torque and operating characteristics using starters. The book provides a detailed evaluation of the most common versions of variable frequency drives.
Electrochemical determination of low blood lead concentrations with a disposable carbon microarray electrode (1995)

Lead concentrations in blood samples typical of unexposed individuals are determined by using square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry at a disposable 287-element (15-35-microns diameter) carbon microarray electrode. Analysis of a series of low Pb-containing samples (blood [Pb] = 17 to 92 micrograms/L) by standard addition gives good accuracy (average bias vs graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy = -4 micrograms/L) and precision (pooled SD = 7 micrograms/L). The signal/noise ratio is improved by about an order of magnitude over that found at a single carbon disk (10 microns diameter), resulting in a detection limit (for the microarray) of 5 micrograms/L for a 60-s deposition of sample.
Disruption Management - Framework, Models and Applications (2004)

This pioneering book addresses the latest research findings and application results on disruption management, which is the study of how to dynamically recover a predetermined operational plan when various disruptions prevent the original plan from being executed smoothly. A disruption management system will help decision-makers respond to disruptive events in real time so that the cost incurred by the disruption is reduced to a minimum. The impact of such systems is significant. For example, each year the disruption management system for US airlines generates savings of tens of millions of dollars
Design and implementation of dynamic-role based access control framework in grid environment (2005)

Traditional RBAC has trouble in prohibiting cheat and changing roles of users as the amount of users and resources increase, while the trust management can establish trust relationships among entities in grid environment. So the dynamic-role based access control framework assembles both of their merits and simplifies the administration of RBAC. An implementation is deployed in HanHai grid environment.
Novel transmit aperture for very large depth of focus in medical ultrasound B-scan (2006)

Obtaining high quality ultrasound images at high frame rates has great medical importance, especially in applications in which tissue motion is significant (e.g., the beating heart). Dynamic focus and dynamic aperture can improve image quality significantly, and they have been implemented on the receive beam in state-of-the-art medical ultrasound systems. However, implementing dynamic focus and dynamic aperture on the transmit beam compromises frame rate. We introduce a novel sinc squared-argument transmit aperture that is obtained by coherently integrating the quadratic phase change over a continuum of focal points. Thus uniform sensitivity and uniform point spread function can be achieved over a very large depth without reducing the frame rate. Numerical simulations validate our theoretical analysis and demonstrate significant promises of the new technique.
Comparative evaluation of two enzyme linked immunosorbent assay methods and three Western Blot methods for the diagnosis of culture-confirmed early Lyme borreliosis in Italy. (2005)

This study investigated the onset and development of the immune response to Borrelia burgdorferi infection in 30 Italian patients with culture-confirmed Lyme Borreliosis in the stage of erythema migrans (EM). All patients received antimicrobial treatment when entering the study and were prospectively evaluated monthly for up to 30 days after enrolment. A total of 60 serially collected serum samples were tested by using two different commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs): Anti-Borrelia plus VlsE ELISA, Euroimmun, and the synthetic peptide-based ELISA, Quick ELISA C6, Immunetics. Sixty-five potentially cross-reacting sera were also tested. Anti-Borrelia plus VlsE ELISA IgG was far more sensitive than Quick ELISA C6 (56.6% and 33.3%, respectively). Moreover, considering that 17 additional sera from the first bleeding group of Lyme disease patients were IgM positive when tested by Anti-Borrelia plus VlsE IgM, the sensitivity of Anti-Borrelia plus VlsE as a whole system rose to 85.0%. Nevertheless, due to the specificity values of Anti-Borrelia plus VlsE ELISA identified in this study (98.5% for IgG and 78.5% for IgM), the need of a confirmatory test for the diagnosis of Lyme disease remains. All the sera were also tested by two different commercial Western Blot (WB) assays: Euroline-WB against Borrelia, Euroimmun, and Qualicode B. burgdorferi WB, Immunetics, in comparison with a multispecies "home made" WB. Performances of the three WB methods for the detection of IgM were very similar. On the contrary, these WBs performed with different values of sensitivity and specificity when IgGs were evaluated. The most sensitive method was the "home-made" WB IgG (71.7%), followed by the Euroline-WB IgG against Borrelia (68.3%). Qualicode B. burgdorferi WB IgG demonstrated to be only 26.6% sensitive. Both "home-made" WB IgG and Qualicode B. burgdorferi WB IgG were 100% specific, whereas Euroline-WB IgG against Borrelia scored 12 cross-reacting samples as borderline, showing a specificity value of 80.0%.
Grain boundaries in high-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>T</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>c</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>superconductors (2002)

Since the first days of high-${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$ superconductivity, the materials science and the physics of grain boundaries in superconducting compounds have developed into fascinating fields of research. Unique electronic properties, different from those of the grain boundaries in conventional metallic superconductors, have made grain boundaries formed by high-${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$ cuprates important tools for basic science. They are moreover a key issue for electronic and large-scale applications of high-${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$ superconductivity. The aim of this review is to give a summary of this broad and dynamic field. Starting with an introduction to grain boundaries and a discussion of the techniques established to prepare them individually and in a well-defined manner, the authors present their structure and transport properties. These provide the basis for a survey of the theoretical models developed to describe grain-boundary behavior. Following these discussions, the enormous impact of grain boundaries on fundamental studies is reviewed, as well as high-power and electronic device applications.
Real Time Physically-Based Modeling and Simulation of Cratering and Fragmentation of Terrain (2007)

Cratering and fragmentation of terrain due to eXplosions are the behaviors of interest in this effort. We propose a physically-based approach to model the eXplosion event and the process of terrain fragmentation resulting in the formation of craters. Since blast waves are the destructive components of eXplosions, and propagate into materials as stress waves, geology has been introduced into the terrain model. Our methodology is based on voXel modeling and introduces a new method that uses connected fragments to model terrain with the geology. We have used mathematical and visual data from a real eXplosion eXperiment in a layered terrain to validate our model. Using our model, eXplosions can be placed anywhere in the simulation and will result in a realistic output in real time.
Formation and Transformation of Five Different Phases in the CaSO<sub>4</sub>−H<sub>2</sub>O System: Crystal Structure of the Subhydrate β-CaSO<sub>4</sub>·0.5H<sub>2</sub>O and Soluble Anhydrite CaSO<sub>4</sub> (2008)

At least five crystalline phases can be found in the CaSO4−H2O system, which are gypsum CaSO4·2H2O, the subhydrates α- and β-CaSO4·0.5H2O, and the soluble and insoluble anhydrite CaSO4. The formation of these five phases in the CaSO4−H2O system and their transformations were investigated by in situ time-resolved synchrotron radiation powder X-ray diffraction (SR-PXD) in this study. Furthermore, revised structural models for β-CaSO4·0.5H2O and soluble anhydrite CaSO4 are presented. The hydration of α-CaSO4·0.5H2O was studied at 25 °C and showed that the reaction with H2O started immediately after mixing the two reactants and that the formation of CaSO4·2H2O was coupled to the depletion of α-CaSO4·0.5H2O. The thermal decomposition of CaSO4·2H2O was investigated in the temperature range of 25−500 °C and showed the formation of α-CaSO4·0.5H2O followed by the formation of soluble anhydrite AIII-CaSO4, which was gradually converted to insoluble anhydrite AII-CaSO4. The thermal decomposition of α-CaSO4·0.5D2O was investigated in the temperature range of 25−500 °C and showed successive phase transformations to β-CaSO4·0.5D2O, soluble anhydrite AIII-CaSO4, and insoluble anhydrite AII-CaSO4. The two polymorphs of anhydrite coexist in the investigated temperature range of 200−500 °C. The hydrothermal decomposition of CaSO4·2H2O was investigated in the temperature range of 25−200 °C using a 1 M HNO3 or a 1 M LiCl solution, and in both experiments, CaSO4·2H2O was converted to α-CaSO4·0.5H2O and further to insoluble anhydrite AII-CaSO4. A structural model for β-CaSO4·0.5H2O is proposed on the basis of SR-PXD data and a trigonal unit cell (in hexagonal setting) a = 6.931 45(3), c = 12.736 17(4) Å, Z = 6, and space group P31. A structural model for soluble anhydrite AIII-CaSO4 is also proposed on the basis of powder neutron diffraction data, and a hexagonal unit cell parameters are a = 6.9687(1), c = 6.3004(1) Å, Z = 3, and space group P6222.
Revisiting Counterinsurgency (2010)

counterinsurgency; insurgency; military intervention; Iraq; Afghanistan
The chicken D locus and its contribution to the immunoglobulin heavy chain repertoire (1991)

Sixteen D elements were characterized from the chicken genome, 15 of which are extremely homologous. Early expression of this D repertoire was studied for both DJ and VDJ alleles. No N diversification occurs at either DJ or VD junctions. Only P additions were observed, the length of which does not appear restricted to a dinucleotide. A selection for the almost exclusive usage of the first reading frame of the D elements takes place during B cell expansion in the bursa, in parallel with the selection of productive rearrangements. All three reading frames were observed for the DJ allele at each developmental stage, although some bias for the first reading frame occurs already at the junctional stage. The high incidence of D-D junctions observed (25% among DJ sequences) might represent the major functional contribution of this multigene cluster in a system in which diversity will be generated later on by successive superimposed gene conversions. Other possible functions are discussed. The onset of D diversification through gene conversion between day 15 and day 18 of embryonic development is further documented.
Rapid Release of Protease Inhibitors from Soybeans (1978)

Specific antisera were prepared against the Bowman-Birk trypsin inhibitor and four other trypsin inhibitors of low molecular weight isolated from soybeans (Glycine max L. cv. Tracy). These antisera were used to detect the presence and amount of the inhibitors in: (a) seeds and protein extracts of soybean meal; (b) seedlings; and (c) the water surrounding the seeds and roots of seedlings. Lectin activities in seeds, seedlings, and water were also determined at the same time as the protease inhibitor activities. By competitive inhibition of immunoprecipitation, the combined five low molecular weight protease inhibitors were found to constitute the following percentages of proteins (w/w): 6.3% in defatted soybean meal; 8.1% of the protein extracted from the meal by a buffer of pH 8.6; 8.3, 14.7, 15.2, 16.1, 17.2, and 18.9% of the protein in a lyophilisate of water in which seeds were incubated for 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 hours, respectively; 8.2% in a lyophilisate of water in which roots of seedlings grew for 20 days; 1.5% in cotyledons; and less than 0.1% in epicotyls, hypocotyls, and roots of 12-day-old seedlings. Hemagglutination activities, expressed as the lowest amount of protein required to give a positive agglutination of 0.2 ml of 2% rabbit red blood cells, were as follows: purified soybean lectin, 0.08 μg; lyophilisate of water in which seeds were incubated for 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 hours, 10, 2.5, 5, 5, and 2.5 μg, respectively; lyophilisate of water in which roots grew for 20 days, 5 μg; 12-day-old cotyledons, roots, epicotyls, and hypocotyls, 12.5, 100, >1,000, and >500 μg, respectively. The results indicate that a large amount of protease inhibitors as well as lectins are released from seeds during the first 8 hours of imbibition. Neither lima bean trypsin inhibitor (mol wt, 10,000) nor Kunitz soybean trypsin inhibitor (mol wt, 21,500) showed competitive inhibition in tests with antisera against low molecular weight soybean protease inhibitors.
Management solutions for WDM networking (2002)

This paper proposes network management solutions for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networking. These solutions start from the specification following the open distributed processing (ODP) to the implementation using the latest management technologies. Our development cycle began with the model design and specification, then it continued with the creation of a simulation platform, and finally ended with the model implementation. The most relevant standards such as the telecommunications management network (TMN), the simple network management protocol (SNMP) were considered, and also new technologies like the common object request broker architecture (CORBA) and the extended markup language (XML). To implement the model we developed a Java based platform able to simulate different WDM network topologies and equipment. The platform provides configuration protection and performance management applications including event and alarm management. The platform also implements CORBA, mobile agents and XML that enriches and opens the management interfaces towards an open and standardized Web management.
Unfolding and Refolding of Cardiotoxin III Elucidated by Reversible Conversion of the Native and Scrambled Species (1998)

Cardiotoxin analogue III (CTX III) isolated from the venom of the Taiwan Cobra (Naja naja atra) is a small molecular weight, all beta-sheet protein, cross-linked by four disulfide bridges. The unfolding and refolding mechanisms of CTX III have been examined by monitoring the reversible conversion of the native and scrambled species. It is found that, in the presence of a denaturant (urea/guanidinium hydrochloride) and a thiol catalyst, CTX III forms a mixture of scrambled species by shuffling its four native disulfide bonds. Complete unfolding of CTX III can be achieved using either 3.0-4.0 M guanidinium hydrochloride (GdmCl) or 5.0-6.0 M urea. It is observed that GdmCl is thermodynamically more potent but kinetically less efficient than urea in unfolding CTX III. The rate constants of unfolding of CTX III in 8 M urea are significantly greater than that obtained in 5.0 M GdmCl and 8.0 M GdmCl. Interestingly, upon removal of the denaturant, scrambled species of CTX III is found to refold spontaneously through dynamic reshuffling of the non-native disulfides to attain the native disulfide linkages. In addition, CTX III contains highly reactive lysines which are modified by trace amounts of cyanate contaminant which exists invariably even in high-grade urea solutions. The reactive lysines of CTX III are modified by cyanate both in the native and unfolded states of the protein. The modification is nonselective, and the modified product is found to consist of highly heterogeneous species. Surprisingly, these heterogeneous species of modified CTX III are observed to display stability and folding/unfolding properties indistinguishable from those of the native CTX III. The knowledge obtained from the present study, on the conditions to convert the scrambled species, could provide useful clues for a rational design for snake venom cardiotoxins with potential therapeutic applications.
A stochastic RFM model (1999)

A central problem in database marketing is how to choose which customers in the firm's database to target with an offer. This paper presents a simple stochastic RFM model to carry out such a task. By making a few straightforward assumptions about the customers in the database, the stochastic model provides a means of (1) ranking customers in terms of their expected contribution (or lifetime value) and (2) deciding how deep to go in the customer file to make the offer. The model provides a more insightful alternative to scoring or segmenting customers than regression or cross-tabulation methods. The approach is demonstrated with an example from the market research industry.