gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Chemical Bonding to the Contact for Tunneling through Alkyl Chains (2002)

The effect of the presence or absence of chemical bonds between alkyl chain monolayers and the contacts in metal/molecule/semiconductor junctions on the current−voltage characteristics was studied. Three types of junctions were used: Hg/alkylthiols/SiO2/p-Si, Hg/alkylthiols/p-Si−H, and Hg/alkylsilanes/SiO2/p-Si. While in the first two junctions current is attenuated exponentially as a function of the length of the alkyl chain, a characteristic behavior of tunneling, the current through the third junction does not reveal such behavior, suggesting that current transport is different in this case. We postulate that this is because in the first two junctions the monolayers are covalently bound to the Hg, while in the third junction, the alkysilanes are anchored to the Si surface only at a few points and are best viewed as not bonded to either side of the junction. The mechanism of current flow through the first two junctions is thought to be through-bond tunneling, and our results indicate that a chemical bond to at least one of the electrode surfaces is essential for this mechanism to operate. Electrostriction causes changes in the current−voltage characteristics of the first two junctions. Evidence is presented suggesting that electrostriction tilts short chains (≤C12), resulting in an additional route to charge transport by tunneling through space. In contrast, long chains (≥C14) do not tilt under pressure; instead, gauche defects are formed in their initial all-trans configuration decreasing the efficiency of electronic coupling through them. The use of p-type Si in this study ensures that at low bias voltages holes are the dominant charge carriers. Holes are found to tunnel more efficiently than electrons in agreement with theoretical predictions.
The Audio Dictionary (2011)

The Audio Dictionary is a comprehensive resource, including historical, obsolete, and obscure as well as contemporary terms relating to diverse aspects of audio such as film and TV sound, recording, Hi-Fi, and acoustics. The Third Edition includes four hundred new entries, such as AAC (advanced audio coding), lip synch, metadata, MP3, and satellite radio. Every term from previous editions has been reconsidered and often rewritten. Guest entries are by Dennis Bohn, cofounder and head of research and development at Rane Corporation, and film sound expert Larry Blake, whose credits include Erin Brockovich and Ocean's Eleven. The appendixes--tutorials that gather a lifetime's worth of experience in acoustics--include both new and greatly expanded articles.
Cytotoxic Steroidal Saponins from <i>Polygonatum </i><i>z</i><i>anlanscianense</i> (2004)

Four new steroidal saponins, polygonatosides A-D (1-4), were isolated from the rhizomes of Polygonatum zanlanscianense, together with six known spirostanols (5-10) and a known megastigmane glycoside (11). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and the results of acidic and enzymatic hydrolysis. The cytotoxic activities of 1-11 against HeLa cells are described.
The long-acting Ocusert-pilocarpine system in the management of glaucoma. (1975)

The Ocusert-pilocarpine devides with seven days' therapeutic duration were compared with pilocarpine eye drops for efficacy and ocular tolerance in the management of glaucoma in 16 patients. Magnitude of pressure reduction with release rates of 20 mcg. and 40 mcg. of pilocarpine per hour were as effective in the treatment of glaucoma as 2 per cent and 4 per cent pilocarpine eye drops, respectively. Ocular tolerance and retention in the human eyes were good. There were no appreciable side effects other than the occasional sudden leakage phenomenon encountered. Further refinement of the Ocusert-pilocarpine device to reduce the incidence of leakage would not only ensure precision in the rate of drug release, but would also expand its clinical application.
Leaf-Specific Upregulation of Chloroplast Translocon Genes by a CCT Motif–Containing Protein, CIA 2 (2001)

Chloroplasts are a major destination of protein traffic within leaf cells. Protein import into chloroplasts is mediated by a set of translocon complexes at the chloroplast envelope. Current data indicate that the expression of translocon genes is regulated in a tissue-specific manner, possibly to accommodate the higher import demand of chloroplasts in leaves and the lower demand of plastids in other tissues. We have designed a transgene-based positive screen to isolate mutants disrupted in protein import into plastids. The first locus we isolated, CIA2, encodes a protein containing a motif conserved within the CCT family of transcription factors. Biochemical analysis indicates that CIA2 is responsible for specific upregulation of the translocon genes atToc33 and atToc75 in leaves. Identification of CIA2 provides new insights into the tissue-specific regulation of translocon gene expression.
Deflektometrische Untersuchung spiegelnd reflektierender Freiformflächen (2005)

Sowohl bei der Fertigung industrieller Zwischenprodukte als auch bei der Produktion von Konsumgütern treten vielerlei glänzende bzw. spiegelnde Oberflächen auf. Während bei technischen spiegelnden Oberflächen, wie z.B. Press- bzw. Gusswerkzeugen oder optischen Bauelementen, die Funktionalität des Werkstücks durch Oberflächendefekte gefährdet ist, stehen bei Produkten für den Endkunden, wie z.B. Armaturen, Musikinstrumenten oder lackierten Autokarosserien, ästhetische Aspekte im Vordergrund. Gerade im Bereich der Automobilindustrie sind die Qualitätsansprüche der Endkunden in den letzten Jahren enorm gestiegen, so dass marktübliche Verfahren zur Qualitätssicherung allmählich an ihre Grenzen stoßen. Ein Messverfahren, das den gestiegenen Anforderungen an Genauigkeit und Geschwindigkeit weitgehend gerecht wird, ist die Deflektometrie. Sie ist dem menschlichen Verhalten beim Prüfen spiegelnder Oberflächen nachempfunden. Aufbauend auf dem deflektometrischen Messprinzip wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit Algorithmen entwickelt, welche die Planung eines deflektometrischen Messaufbaus automatisieren. Für eine präzise Messung geringer Krümmungsänderungen wurden darüber hinaus Methoden vorgestellt, welche die Phase der optischen Abbildungsfunktion analysieren. Weiterhin wurden Verfahren entwickelt, welche die punktweise Fokusänderung messen. Diese zeichnen sich durch eine hohe Geschwindigkeit aus und ermöglichen eine empfindliche Erkennung von Defekten mit geringer lateraler Ausdehnung (Blasen, Einschlüsse) in Echtzeit. Die Leistungsfähigkeit der entwickelten Verfahren wurde dabei nicht nur in Simulationen demonstriert, sondern auch an Hand von realen, industrierelevanten Oberflächen, wie Karosserieteilen, Linsen und Spiegeln.
Web-Style Multimedia Annotations (2007)

Annotation of multimedia resources supports a wide range of applications, ranging from associating metadata with multimedia resources or parts of these resources, to the collaborative use of multimedia resources through the act of distributed authoring and annotation of resources. Most annotation frameworks, however, are based on a closed approach, where the annotations data is limited to the annotation framework, and cannot readily be reused in other application scenarios. We present a declarative approach to multimedia annotations, which represents the annotations in an XML format independent from the multimedia resources. Using this declarative approach, multimedia annotations can be used in an easier and more flexible way, enabling application scenarios such as third-party annotations and annotation aggregation and filtering.
Vertical organic light-emitting transistor showing a high current on/off ratio through dielectric encapsulation for the effective charge pathway (2017)

We demonstrate a vertical organic light emitting transistor (VOLET) showing a high current on/off ratio through dielectric encapsulation of a finger-like source electrode, which is placed between the bottom gate electrode and the top drain electrode. In such a VOLET configuration, the charge transport occurs largely from the source electrode to an underlying organic semiconductor (OSC) layer through the interface between the OSC and the gate insulator. Accordingly, the current leakage is greatly reduced and the transistor-type switching behavior with a high on/off current ratio is achieved. The on/off current ratio of our VOLET is about 100 times higher than that of an existing VOLET with no dielectric encapsulation. Numerical simulations of the spatial distributions of the charge densities and the charge pathways performed in the two different VOLET configurations are in good agreement with the experimental results. Our dielectric encapsulation approach will provide a versatile method for developing a new class of high-performance OLET displays.
An overview of software testing (2002)

This paper gives an overview of the field of software testing. Some of the topics covered include: terminology; the role of software test; testing-related statistics; descriptions of functional, structural, static, and dynamic test techniques; and discussion of test management issues including the test implications of alternative software development models, test process improvement, and how much testing is enough. The paper ends with resources and references for further study.
Alternate safe solvents in hybrid circuit processing (2002)

Hybrid circuit processing utilizes a number of types of materials in process and in end product manufacture. Our focus of concern is with the in-process materials. Here, we consider the fluxes used in soldering, solder paste, and adhesives and conductive epoxies. Defluxing remains an important aspect even when considering the usage of no-clean and water soluble flux. In most cases, flux removal is required to produce a trouble-free circuit and may also be required for aesthetics. Complete removal of flux remains the goal. Paste clean-up includes thick film and solder pastes. As fine lines and accurate paste deposition are mandated, complete paste removal from screens and stencils becomes critical where paste residues reduce print definition. Practice has produced a wide range of solvent chemicals for this cleaning process. This has been done without suppliers' specific recommendation or support, since the bulk of these chemicals are commodity materials. In this paper, it is shown that many of these chemicals are toxic and/or health hazards. The objective here is to offer specific types of chemical solvents for the application that also provide an improvement upon and an alternative to the hazardous materials.
Tailoring the physical properties of thiol-capped PbS quantum dots by thermal annealing (2009)

We show that the thermal annealing of thiol-capped PbS colloidal quantum dots provides a means of narrowing the nanoparticle size distribution, increasing the size of the quantum dots and facilitating their coalescence preferentially along the 100 crystallographic axes. We exploit these phenomena to tune the photoluminescence emission of an ensemble of dots and to narrow the optical linewidth to values that compare with those reported at room temperature for single PbS quantum dots. We probe the influence of annealing on the electronic properties of the quantum dots by temperature dependent studies of the photoluminescence and magneto-photoluminescence.
Partial Parity Cache and Data Cache Management Method to Improve the Performance of an SSD-Based RAID (2014)

In this paper, a partial parity cache and data cache management method is presented for reducing the parity updating cost of a solid-state disk (SSD) based redundant array of inexpensive disk (RAID) system, thereby which the input/output (I/O) performance of the RAID system can be improved. SSDs have many advantages compared to hard disk drives. However, it is not advisable to directly add SSDs into a RAID system because doing so will decrease the performance and the life-time of the SSDs. In the RAID-5 system, parity generation includes read and write operations to the SSDs. Whenever there is a new write request to the RAID, the related parity must be updated and written to the SSDs. Such frequent parity updates result in poor RAID performance and shortens the life-time of the SSDs. This paper combines the prior methods and the proposed efficient buffer management method with a data cache. The proposed method reduces the number of read and write operations for generating parities in the RAID system. Experimental results show that the I/O performance of the RAID-5 system can be improved by 76% by using the proposed method.
New Compounds. N-Furfurylmaleamic Acid and N, N-Furfurylmethylmaleamic Acid (1945)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew Compounds. N-Furfurylmaleamic Acid and N, N-Furfurylmethylmaleamic AcidWerner HerzCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1945, 67, 12, 2272Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1945Publication History Published online12 November 2002Published inissue 1 December 1945https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01228a600https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01228a600research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views45Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A new kind of fundamental diagram with an application to road traffic emission modeling (2013)

SUMMARY The main contribution of this paper is to show, on the basis of empirical traffic data, that the distribution of vehicle speeds on a road segment evolves with the occupancy in a simple manner. Under a critical occupancy, the distribution is unimodal, with one peak (the high mode) close to the free‐flow speed. When the occupancy exceeds the critical occupancy, the distribution of speeds becomes bimodal. A second peak (the low mode) appears, at a noticeably lower speed than the high mode. Empirical speed distributions are well fitted when assuming a (appropriately scaled and translated) low “temperature” Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution for the high mode and a high‐temperature distribution for the low mode. The standard fundamental diagram expresses the mean flow speed as a function of occupancy. The model proposed in this paper expresses the distribution of vehicle speeds as a function of the occupancy. We believe this result to be of great importance for both the theory of traffic flow and practical applications. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural, Electronic, and Mechanical Properties of Single-Walled Halloysite Nanotube Models (2010)

Halloysite is a clay mineral with stoichiometry Al2Si2O5(OH)4·nH2O that can grow into long tubules and is chemically similar to kaolinite. In this work we present a systematic study on the stability, electronic, and mechanical properties of zigzag and armchair single-walled halloysite nanotubes by means of the self-consistent charge density-functional tight-binding method (SCC-DFTB). The detailed analysis is focused on structural properties, strain energy, and band gap as a function of tube radii and Mulliken charge distribution. The strain energy of halloysite nanotubes does not have a monotonic character and the most stable structures should be observed in the region of radii above 24 Å, in agreement with experimental data. Analysis of the electronic density of states shows that all tubes are insulators. Our calculations predict that single-walled halloysite nanotubes have Young modulus in the same order of imogolite and inorganic nanotubes, but smaller than that of carbon nanotubes. Even though most of the properties are adequately described by simpler halloysite models, further studies on multiwalled and larger diameter tubes are in progress.
Particle 입자에 의한 CMP 마이크로 스크래치 발생 규명 (2005)

In this study, we proposed CMP micro-scratches generated by contaminative particle which existed on the wafer surface prior to CMP process. The CMP micro-scratches are one of the slurry abrasive related damage. To reduce the micro-scratches, research efforts have been devoted to the optimization of slurry abrasive size distribution. In addition of slurry abrasive, it was found that contaminative particles also were major CMP micro-scratch source.
Spectral Transmittance Properties of Rare-Earth Glasses (1961)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text C. X. Dodd and T. W. West, "Spectral Transmittance Properties of Rare-Earth Glasses," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 51, 915-916 (1961) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Development and Validation of an HPLC-UV Method for Pazopanib Quantification in Human Plasma and Application to Patients With Cancer in Routine Clinical Practice (2014)

Background: Pazopanib, a new oral angiogenesis inhibitor, has demonstrated clinical activity against multiple solid tumors and was approved for the treatment of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. As an exposure–response relationship has been observed for pazopanib, its therapeutic drug monitoring could be a valuable tool in clinical practice. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a selective and precise high performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet method for the measurement of pazopanib in plasma from patients with cancer. Methods: After liquid–liquid extraction with diethyl ether, pazopanib and gefitinib (internal standard) were separated using isocratic elution on an Ultrabase C18 column using a mobile phase consisting of a mixture in vol/vol proportion of 47:53 of ammonium acetate (pH, 7; 0.02 mol/L) and acetonitrile/methanol (70:30, vol/vol) pumped at a constant flow rate of 1 mL/min. Quantification was performed at 260 nm. Method validation was undertaken as per the guidelines for Bioanalytical Method Validation published by the Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency. Results: Calibration curves were linear over the range 0.5–100 mcg/mL. Interday and intraday coefficients of variations were less than 4.5%. The limit of detection and the lower limit of quantification were 0.2 and 0.5 mcg/mL, respectively. Recovery of pazopanib from plasma was >80%. Conclusions: This is the first high performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet method for pazopanib quantification that has been validated within a wide range of plasma concentrations and is a suitable method for therapeutic drug monitoring of pazopanib.
Java Database Best Practices (2003)

From the Publisher:
Java Database Best Practices rescues developers from having to wade through books on each of the various APIs before they figure out which method to use! This comprehensive guide introduces each of the dominant APIs (Enterprise JavaBeans, Java Data Objects, the Java Database Connectivity API (JDBC), as well as other, lesser-known options), explores the methodology and design components that use those APIs, and then offers practices most appropriate for different types and makes of databases, as well as different types of applications.
Design optimisation of electric motorsby genetic algorithms (1998)

A new approach to the design optimisation of three-phase electric motors is presented. The novelty lies in combining a motor analysis procedure with a genetic algorithm to optimise an objective function such as the motor torque, the efficiency, the material cost or some other motor figures or a combination of these. Two approaches to the motor analysis are presented: the first is based on a fully analytical procedure, while the second utilises the finite element method. Some optimised design examples, with reference to surface-mounted permanent-magnet three-phase motors, are included, and a comparison between the genetic algorithm optimisation technique and the classical hill-climbing direct-search method is made. A discussion on the limitations and benefits of the proposed design approach concludes the paper.
Latitudinal clines in life‐history variables of anadromous brown trout in Europe (1993)

Based on published data, we reviewed clinal variations in life‐history characteristics of anadromous brown trout Salmo trutta from 102 European rivers at latitudes between 54 and 70° N. Growth rate in fresh water, mean smolt age, mean sea age at first sexual maturity, proportion of repeal spawners among adults, longevity, and length of adult life span exhibited latitudinal clines. Brown trout grew faster in fresh water, smolted and matured younger, lived fewer years but spawned more times in the south than in the north. The life‐history traits studied were often correlated. Longevity, smolt age and sea age at maturity were negatively and smolt length and proportion of repeat spawners among adults were positively correlated with growth rate in fresh water. Longevity was positively correlated with smolt age and sea age at maturity. The latter also increased with increasing smolt age. None of these significant correlations among life history variables, except for those between smolt age and parr growth and proportion of repeat spawners and parr growth, are latitudinal effects. We do not know to what extent the latitudinal variation in life–history traits reflects phenotypic plasticity and to what extent it is caused by inherited differences among populations.
BULLETIN MARCH 1966, (1966)

Contents: Determination of flow over Niagara Falls; Lake survey charts; Construction and operation of South Manitou Island research station.
Aging of polyethylene pipes transporting drinking water disinfected by chlorine dioxide. Part II—Lifetime prediction (2009)

Abstract This article deals with the failure of polyethylene pipes transporting chlorine dioxide (DOC) disinfected water under pressures of few bars. Accelerated aging tries made at 20 or 40°C show that the antioxidant is rapidly consumed in a superficial layer until a depth of about 1.2 mm. Carbonyl groups appear in a sharper layer of few hundreds micrometers. Natural aging results at various places, for various times up to about 30 years, reveal also a superficial attack with a depth of the order of 1.2 mm. An antioxidant loss by migration, in the whole sample thickness, is also observable. The shape of antioxidant concentration profiles indicates that the crossing of interfaces controls partially the whole migration kinetics. Failures, with brittle cracking, were observed in natural aging, after exposure times of the order of 5–15 years, i.e., far before the expected lifetime (50 years). A kinetic model has been elaborated to predict the time to failure. It is based on a chemical unit, which models the radical processes induced by DOC, and a mechanical unit based on an empirical creep law and a failure criterion depending of the molar mass calculated by the chemical unit. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers