gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The interaction of urea with the generic class of poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels (1984)

Work reported here shows that, contrary to reports in the literature, hydrogels made from pure poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), pHEMA, at crosslinker content greater than 0.15 mol % do not swell above the usual equilibrium values of 39-42% water content in aqueous urea solution. However, hydrogels containing small (impurity) amounts of methacrylic acid (MAA) do swell dramatically (approximately 90%) in dilute urea solution, but not directly due to the urea. The urea decomposes to produce ammonium ions, thus raising the pH of the solution. Ionization of MAA occurs above pH 6, causing electrostatic interactions within the gel. The grossly swollen state of these gels represents an internal equilibrium among forces due to rubber elasticity, polymer-polymer/solvent affinity, and electrostatic interactions.
iNOS gene deficiency modifies beta-amyloid deposition, cognitive performance and hippocampal long term potentiation in APPPS1 tg mice (2008)

The inducible form of the nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), is transcriptionally upregulated in response to inflammatory stimuli in Alzheimer's disease, potentially aggravating disease progression. In this study we determined the effect of iNOS deficiency in amyloid precursor protein/presenilin1 (APPPS1) transgenic mice on spatial memory, hippocampal long term potentiation (LTP), amyloid pathology, neuroinflammation and neuronal loss. APPPS1/iNOS (-/-) mice as well as APPPS1 mice treated with the iNOS inhibitor L-NIL, showed a significant reduction of working memory errors in the radial arm maze-test at 3 and 12 months of age as well as improvement of LTP at 3 months of age. Furthermore, APPPS1/iNOS(-/-) mice revealed decreased amyloid beta (Aß) burden at 12 months, as detected by thioflavin-S and Aß antibody immunostaining. Aß 1–40 and 1–42 levels in brain extracts of these mice were reduced as assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunohistochemical staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein and CD11b as well as RT-PCR for cytokines and chemokines also demonstrated that APPPS1/iNOS (-/-) mice had a reduced neuroinflammatory response. Neuronal cell loss was abrogated in the APPPS1/iNOS (-/-) mice. Preliminary data demonstrate that iNOS knockout in APPPS1 mice prevents early disturbances in posttranslational modifications of synaptic proteins and Aß degrading enzymes (nitratation, S-nitrosylation, phosphorylation).
Domain Inversion by an Electron-Beam-Induced Electric Field in MgO:LiNbO<sub>3</sub>, LiNbO<sub>3</sub> and LiTaO<sub>3</sub> (1996)

This report is, as far as we know, the first to demonstrate ferroelectric domain inversion in a photorefractive-damage-resistant MgO:LiNbO 3 (MgO:LN) crystal upon electron beam irradiation. The domain inversion was found to be achieved by applying an electron-beam-induced electric field (EBIEF). By comparing the requirements of electron beam irradiation for domain inversion in MgO:LN, LiNbO 3 and LiTaO 3 , a domain in MgO:LN was found to exhibit the highest critical values of current i c and time t c among these crystals. The relationship between i c and t c was explained in terms of a simple charge leakage model.
Single-chain dimensions in semidilute ionomer solutions: small-angle neutron scattering study (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSingle-chain dimensions in semidilute ionomer solutions: small-angle neutron scattering studyB. Gabrys, J. S. Higgins, C. W. Lantman, W. J. MacKnight, A. M. Pedley, D. G. Peiffer, and A. R. RennieCite this: Macromolecules 1989, 22, 9, 3746–3751Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00199a041https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00199a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views78Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Real-Time Power-Quality Monitoring With Hybrid Sinusoidal and Lifting Wavelet Compression Algorithm (2012)

This paper presents a novel algorithm for real-time continuous electrical waveform compression and transmission. The proposed algorithm achieves a high data compression ratio by processing the stationary and non-stationary components of a power waveform separately. It works on integer data which simplifies the computation process, and can be run on a low-cost digital signal processor. The proposed algorithm has been implemented on a prototype meter successfully. Experimental and extensive field tests have confirmed the effectiveness of the algorithm. The prototype smart meter can communicate through a low-power, low-bit-rate sensor network protocol such as ZigBee.
Predictive influence in the accelerated failure time model (2002)

We develop case deletion diagnostics for prediction of future observations in the accelerated failure time model. We view prediction to be an important inferential goal in a survival analysis and thus it is important to identify whether particular observations may be influencing the quality of predictions. We use the Kullback-Leibler divergence as a measure of the discrepancy between the estimated probability distributions for the full and the case-deleted samples. In particular, we focus on the effect of case deletion on estimated survival curves but where we regard the survival curve estimate as a vehicle for prediction. We also develop a diagnostic for assessing the effect of case deletion on inferences for the median time to failure. The estimated median can be used with both predictive and estimative purposes in mind. We also discuss the relationship between our suggested measures and the corresponding Cook distance measure, which was designed with the goal of assessing estimative influence. Several applications of the proposed diagnostics are presented.
Does an Introduction of a Person in a Group by a Robot Have a Positive Effect on People's Communication? (2018)

lack of social relationships has become a significant issue in modern society. A robot is expected to enhance communication between people by introducing each person using knowledge of the person which the robot has obtained through interactions on their daily life. Therefore, we need to clarify what kind of behavior is required when a robot interacts with a group of people in such a situation. The goal of this paper is to reveal the kind of communication that occurs between a group of people new to each other if a robot introduces each person. We conducted an experiment in which two robots communicated with 14 people (7 children and 7 adults) from 5 families in the following situation. First, the robots asked each person a simple question about their person or daily life. Then, all the people and the two robots gathered together. The two robots started chatting, including an introduction of each person. Based on the video coding and questionnaires, we found that the robots generated an opportunity for people new to each other to learn about each other. Furthermore, we discuss the design requirements of the robot behavior to enhance communication between people new to each other through the introduction of each person by a robot.
Evaluating transport in the WRF model along the California coast (2012)

Abstract. This paper presents a step in the development of a top-down method to complement the bottom-up inventories of halocarbon emissions in California using high frequency observations, forward simulations and inverse methods. The Scripps Institution of Oceanography high-frequency atmospheric halocarbon measurement sites are located along the California coast and therefore the evaluation of transport in the chosen Weather Research Forecast (WRF) model at these sites is crucial for inverse modeling. The performance of the transport model has been investigated by comparing the wind direction and speed at four locations along the coast using aircraft weather reports. Different planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes, nesting options and two meteorological datasets have been tested. Finally, simulated concentration of an inert tracer has been briefly investigated. All the PBL schemes present similar results that generally agree with observations, except in summer when the model sea breeze is too strong. At the coarse 12 km resolution, using ERA-interim (ECMWF Re-Analysis) as initial and boundary conditions leads to improvements compared to using the North American Model (NAM) dataset. Adding higher resolution nests also improves the match with the observations. However, no further improvement is observed from increasing the nest resolution from 4 km to 0.8 km. Once optimized, the model is able to reproduce tracer measurements during typical winter California large-scale events (Santa Ana). Furthermore, with the WRF/CHEM chemistry module and the European Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) version 4.1 emissions for HFC-134a, we find that using a simple emission scaling factor is not sufficient to infer emissions, which highlights the need for more complex inversions.
Diagnosis Method for Detection of Delamination of CFRP by Electric Resistance Change. Comparison of Response Surfaces and Artificial Neural Networks. (2001)

The present study employs an electric resistance change method for identifications of delamination cracks. For the method, diagnostic tools for the inverse problems to identify the delamination crack location and size from the electric resistance changes are discussed. FEM analyses are conducted to obtain electric resistance changes due to delamination crack creations with fiveelectrode type specimens. By comparisons of the estimations with the Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and with the response surfaces (RS), a better diagnostic tool is discussed in detail. As a result, because of overlearning of neural network, the presumed error of new data with ANNs is large, and the RS using quadratic polynomials is a better tool than ANNs for identifications of delamination crack location and size using electric resistance change.
Threshold and Suprathreshold Responses to Chromatic Stimuli Using Psychophysical and Pupillometeric Methods (1992)

Colour difference thresholds reflect the sensitivity of the channels involved in chromatic discrimination and have been measured elegantly by MacAdam for several directions of modulation in the CIE (x,y) - chromaticity diagram from estimates of standard deviation associated with successive colour matches (MacAdam, 1942). The extent of isochromatic regions, formally associated with the direction of colour confusion lines (Pitt, 1935, Wright, 1952) can in principle be mapped out in colour discrimination experiments although in practice the luminance contrast of the test pattern as seen by colour deficient observers makes such measurements difficult to carry out. Mollon and Reffin (1989) have developed a test which overcomes largely these difficulties by following the techniques described by Stilling (Stilling, 1877) which are based on the relative insensitivity of the visual system when required to judge luminance differences between spatially discountinuous target elements, presented on a dark background field and varying randomly in luminance. We have extended this approach and eliminated the need to use a dark background field by developing a R andom, spatiotemporal L uminance M asking ( RLM ) technique. The method employs a matrix of spatially discrete elements which form part of the uniform background field and are equal in time-averaged luminance to that of the background.
IRX3 and IRX5 Inhibit Adipogenic Differentiation of Hypertrophic Chondrocytes and Promote Osteogenesis (2020)

Maintaining the correct proportions of different cell types in the bone marrow is critical for bone function. Hypertrophic chondrocytes (HCs) and osteoblasts are a lineage continuum with a minor contribution to adipocytes, but the regulatory network is unclear. Mutations in transcription factors, IRX3 and IRX5, result in skeletal patterning defects in humans and mice. We found coexpression of Irx3 and Irx5 in late-stage HCs and osteoblasts in cortical and trabecular bone. Irx3 and Irx5 null mutants display severe bone deficiency in newborn and adult stages. Quantitative analyses of bone with different combinations of functional alleles of Irx3 and Irx5 suggest these two factors function in a dosage-dependent manner. In Irx3 and Irx5 nulls, the amount of bone marrow adipocytes was increased. In Irx5 nulls, lineage tracing revealed that removal of Irx3 specifically in HCs exacerbated reduction of HC-derived osteoblasts and increased the frequency of HC-derived marrow adipocytes. β-catenin loss of function and gain of function specifically in HCs affects the expression of Irx3 and Irx5, suggesting IRX3 and IRX5 function downstream of WNT signaling. Our study shows that IRX3 and IRX5 regulate fate decisions in the transition of HCs to osteoblasts and to marrow adipocytes, implicating their potential roles in human skeletal homeostasis and disorders.
Heat-Shock Proteins 70 kDa and 19 kDa are not Required for Induction of Embryogenesis of Brassica napus L. cv. Topas Microspores (2003)

It is currently accepted that 'stress' triggers induction of microspore embryogenesis, and for Brassica napus L. cv. Topas it is heat-shock. It has been postulated that the heat-shock proteins (HSPs) generated during heat stress have a central role in the induction mechanism. To test this hypothesis we developed a microspore induction procedure, using colchicine instead of heat treatment. The level of HSP70 increased significantly during and following the microspore heat treatment while sHSP19 expression was induced at the onset of heat-shock and declined after 8 h. In contrast, induction of embryogenesis with colchicine was not accompanied by elevation of HSP70 nor by induction of sHSP19, indicating that these HSPs are not required for induction of microspore embryogensis in this model system. These data refute the current hypothesis that HSPs have an essential role in triggering microspore embryogenesis.
Down-regulation of LPS-induced nitric oxide synthesis of murine macrophages by oral administration of Sho-saiko-to (1997)

The effect of oral administration of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Sho-saiko-to (SST), on nitric oxide (NO) synthesis by murine macrophages was examined. SST was orally administered to mice, and NO synthesis of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) cultured in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was measured. NO synthesis of PEC in response to LPS was reduced by oral administration of SST, whereas alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity expressed by splenic B cells in response to LPS was enhanced. This finding suggests that augmented ALP activity possibly resulted from a decrease in macrophage functions, including NO synthesis. These activities were observed when SST or a low molecular weight fraction of SST was orally administered to mice, suggesting that down-regulation of macrophage functions depend on low molecular weight substances in SST. Drug Dev. Res. 40:48–55, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Return of functional mobility after an open tibial fracture (2015)

In this study we quantified and characterised the return of functional mobility following open tibial fracture using the Hamlyn Mobility Score. A total of 20 patients who had undergone reconstruction following this fracture were reviewed at three-month intervals for one year. An ear-worn movement sensor was used to assess their mobility and gait. The Hamlyn Mobility Score and its constituent kinematic features were calculated longitudinally, allowing analysis of mobility during recovery and between patients with varying grades of fracture. The mean score improved throughout the study period. Patients with more severe fractures recovered at a slower rate; those with a grade I Gustilo-Anderson fracture completing most of their recovery within three months, those with a grade II fracture within six months and those with a grade III fracture within nine months. Analysis of gait showed that the quality of walking continued to improve up to 12 months post-operatively, whereas the capacity to walk, as measured by the six-minute walking test, plateaued after six months. Late complications occurred in two patients, in whom the trajectory of recovery deviated by > 0.5 standard deviations below that of the remaining patients. This is the first objective, longitudinal assessment of functional recovery in patients with an open tibial fracture, providing some clarification of the differences in prognosis and recovery associated with different grades of fracture.
Phase Shifts of Parallel Currents in a Single-Layer Model of Superconducting Cables (2005)

To reach large current carrying capability and mechanical flexibility, superconducting cables consist of many single conductors connected in parallel. Distribution of ac current into these parallel paths is controlled by their impedances, which often are not identical. We have found that, even in the case of a cable model made from straight Bi-2223 tapes placed in just one single layer, the nonuniformity of contact resistances causes a dispersion in the amplitudes and phases of ACs in individual tapes. Two models, one analytical and other a Finite Element Model, were used to predict the influence of phase shifts on ac loss and its measurement by an electrical method. Due to phase shifts of local magnetic fields, the purely inductive component of voltage taken by an arbitrary pair of taps is not exactly out-of-phase regarding the total cable current. Then, its product with the cable current is evaluated as a false loss-contributing component. Fortunately, with the use of voltage taps and wires regularly distributed around the cable, true value of ac loss can be recovered.
Crystal growth of alkali-metal halides during gas-liquid phase-transfer catalysis (1983)

The alkali-metal halide crystals produced during an organic synthesis carried out under gas-liquid phase-transfer catalysis (g.l.-p.t.c.) conditions grow in an unusual liquid medium by consuming the nucleophile salt; their habit depends on the catalyst used and on the reaction considered. The particular crystal habit, showing a cavity on one face only of the cube or on one corner only of the octahedron, illustrates some aspects of the crystal growth and gives information on the g.l.-p.t.c. mechanism.
Lactoferrin: A multifunctional glycoprotein (1999)

Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein found in milk, exocrine secretions of mammals, and in secondary granules from polymorphonuclear neutrophils. This review describes the wide spectrum of functions ascribed to lactoferrin, with special emphasis on the antimicrobial properties of this protein, and its derived peptides.
Energy efficient operating strategies for building combined heat and power systems (2011)

A method was developed and demonstrated for evaluating and visualizing the optimal operating strategies for building combined heat and power systems. The method uses models of the component load-dependent operating characteristics matched to specific electrical and thermal load combinations for the building in a framework that substantially reduces the size of the search space and associated computational burden. The overall system primary energy input is determined for the range of possible operating conditions and is represented in the form of a performance map, allowing optimal component operating conditions and allocation of thermal energy to be determined by the operator or supervisory control system. The method was demonstrated for eight scenarios that were selected to cover a range of load combinations, and the optimal operating conditions were determined along with several metrics of energy use for the combined heat and power system compared to a conventional system and the overall system energy utilization factor.
Inference of a Structural Parameter in Intrumental Variables Regression with weak Instruments (1996)

In this paper we consider the problem of making inference on a structural parameter in instrumental variables regression when the instruments are only weakly correlated with the endogenous explanatory variables.
Efd-P(13)07 Impact And Mitigation Of Disruptions With The Iter-Like Wall In Jet (2013)

Disruptions are a critical issue for ITER because of the high thermal and magnetic energies that are released on short time scales, which results in extreme forces and heat loads. The choice of material of the plasma facing components (PFCs) can have significant impact on the loads that arise during a disruption. With the ITER-like wall (ILW) in JET made of beryllium in the main chamber and tungsten in the divertor, the main finding is a low fraction of radiation. This has dropped significantly with the ILW from 50­100% of the total energy being dissipated during disruptions in CFC wall plasmas, to less than 50% on average and down to just 10% for VDEs. All other changes in disruption properties and loads are consequences of this low radiation: long current quenches, high vessel forces caused by halo currents and toroidal current asymmetries as well as severe heat loads. Temperatures close to the melting limit have been locally observed on upper first wall structures during deliberate VDE and even at plasma currents as low as 1.5MA and thermal energy of about 1.5MJ only. A high radiation fraction can be regained by massive injection of a mixture of 10%Ar with 90%D2. This accelerates the current quench thus reducing the halo current and sideways impulse. The temperature of PFCs stays below 400oC. MGI is now a mandatory tool to mitigate disruptions in closed-loop operation for currents at and above 2.5MA in JET.