gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stepwise Polymer Surface Modification:  ChemistryLayer-by-Layer Deposition (1998)

The layer-by-layer assembly of polyelectrolytes (poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) (PSS)) was carried out using poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) film that had been chemically modified to contain alcohol functionality (PCTFE−OH) as a substrate for the deposition. This neutral surface supports the layer-by-layer assembly when PAH is adsorbed as the first layer. The amount of PAH that adsorbs in the first layer deposition is a function of the pH of the adsorption solution and this was used to control the resulting surface charge density (ammonium ion concentration). Three types of multilayer assemblies were prepared using three experimental protocols. In protocol 1, PAH and PSS were deposited to PCTFE−OH at pH 4. In protocol 2, the first PAH layer was adsorbed at pH 11, and treated with water at pH 4, and subsequent PSS and PAH layers were deposited at pH 4. In protocol 3, the first PAH layer was adsorbed as in protocol 2, and subsequent PSS and PAH layers were deposited at pH 4 with 0.2 M MnCl2 added to the PSS adsorption solutions. The assembly process was monitored using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle analysis of isolated multilayer films. The thickness of the individual layers in the assemblies (determined using XPS) depends on both the charge density of the first layer and the ionic strength of the PSS adsorption solution. The stoichiometry of the assembly process (ammonium:sulfonate ratio) also depends on the ionic strength of the PSS adsorption solution. The average individual layer thicknesses for protocols 1,2, and 3, respectively, are 0.3, 0.8, and 4.1 Å thick, as assessed by XPS. Although the layers are extremely thin, XPS and contact angle data indicate that the layers are stratified. Peel tests using pressure-sensitive adhesive tape indicate cohesive failure within a few angstroms of the interface in both the adhesive and the multilayer assemblies.
1,2-Diacylglycerols but not phorbol esters stimulate sphingomyelin hydrolysis in GH3 pituitary cells. (1987)

It has recently been proposed that degradation products of sphingolipids may serve as physiologic inhibitors of protein kinase C. The present study was performed to determine the effect of 1,2-diacylglycerols and phorbol esters, known activators of protein kinase C, on sphingomyelin metabolism. 1,2-Dioctanoylglycerol (diC8) caused time- and concentration-dependent reduction in the level of sphingomyelin labeled to equilibrium with [3H]choline. diC8 (200 micrograms/ml) reduced [3H]sphingomyelin to 81 +/- 3% of control (p less than 0.005) by 15 min, and the level was 58 +/- 5% of control after 1 h; an EC50 for this event was 56 micrograms/ml. To evaluate the mechanisms of stimulated hydrolysis, the sphingoid base backbone of sphingomyelin was labeled with [14C] serine, and the effects of diC8 were quantitated. diC8 (100 micrograms/ml) reduced the level of sphingomyelin to 66 +/- 7% of control by 1 h from 375 +/- 12 pmol/10(6) cells to 245 +/- 26 pmol/10(6) cells. There was a concomitant increase in ceramide from 89 +/- 4 pmol/10(6) cells to 252 +/- 27 pmol/10(6) cells consistent with activation of the enzyme, sphingomyelinase (EC 3.1.4.12). In support of this contention, 1,2-diacylglycerols appeared to enhance the activity of an acid, but not a neutral, sphingomyelinase in homogenates of GH3 cells. The 1,2-diacylglycerol, 1-oleyl-2-acetylglycerol, produced similar effects. In contrast, the phorbol esters, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, failed to stimulate sphingomyelin hydrolysis. Further, these effects of the 1,2-diacylglycerols occurred in cells down-modulated for protein kinase C. These studies demonstrate that 1,2-diacylglycerols stimulate sphingomyelin hydrolysis by a mechanism independent of the protein kinase C which mediates phorbol ester action. This is the first report of stimulated sphingomyelin hydrolysis by a physiologic effector molecule.
Labelled StealthR liposomes in experimental infection (1996)

Indium-111 (111In) and technetium-99m (99Tcm) Stealth liposomes were compared with 111In- and 99Tcm-labelled white blood cells (WBC) in experimental infection in a rabbit model. Preformed polyethylene glycol-coated liposomes and separated WBC were radiolabelled with either 111In-oxine or 99Tcm-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (99TcM-HMPAO). After the intravenous administration of one of the four radiopharmaceuticals to rabbits with focal Staphylococcus aureus infection, scintigraphic images were recorded at various time points post-injection and the biodistribution of the radiopharmaceuticals was determined. At 4 h post-injection, uptake of 111In-WBC in the abscess was significantly higher than that of the three other products. AT later time points, 111In-WBC, 111In-liposome and 99Tcm-liposome uptake in the abscess were similar. In contrast, a 20 h post-injection, uptake of 99Tcm-WBC was significantly lower. The abscess-to-background ratios showed a similar pattern to the absolute abscess uptake: initial high values for 111In-WBC, a more gradual increase over time of the liposome preparations to the level of 111In-WBC and persistently low values for 99Tcm-WBC. Clearance from the blood of both labelled WBC preparations was significantly faster and splenic uptake significantly higher compared with those of the labelled liposomes. In conclusion, given the similar in vivo characteristics of labelled liposomes and labelled WBC, labelled liposomes may be an attractive replacement for labelled WBC, providing a continuously available, high-quality, 99Tcm-labelled radiopharmaceutical that can be prepared easily without any need to handle blood.
Influence of Oxidation Temperatures on the Structure and the Microstructure of GaN MOCVD Scraps (1970)

<p>The GaN-powder scrap generated in the manufacturing process of LED contains significant amounts of gallium. This waste can be an important resource for gallium through recycling of scraps. In the present study, the influence of annealing temperatures on the structural properties of GaN powder was investigated when the waste was recycled through the mechanochemical oxidation process. The annealing temperature varied from 200°C to 1100°C and the changes in crystal structure and microstructure were studied. The annealed powder was characterized using various analytical tools such as TGA, XRD, SEM, and XRF. The results indicate that GaN structure was fully changed to Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> structure when annealed above 900°C for 2 h. And, as the annealing temperature increased, crystallinity and particle size were enhanced. The increase in particle size of gallium oxide was possibly promoted by powder-sintering which merged particles to larger than 50 nm.</p>
Focus on pregnancy-mediated heart and vascular disease (2014)

Worldwide, the number of women who have a pre-existing cardiovascular disease (CVD) or develop cardiac problems during pregnancy is increasing, and CVD is the leading cause of non-obstetric mortality during pregnancy. The physiological changes that occur during pregnancy and in the peripartum period provide a challenge to the cardiovascular system of all women and especially to those with previously present cardiovascular conditions. Understanding the morphological and functional changes in normal pregnancy is therefore important for the timely recognition of cardiac pathology during this vulnerable period. However, there is still a lack of evidenced-based clinical data in this field, as well as a deficit in understanding general physiological and pathophysiological processes operating in the maternal heart around pregnancy. CVD around pregnancy thus provides challenges for both the treating physician and the basic scientist. The present Review Focus issue provides a series of reviews and original work, from both expert clinical and basic scientists in the field, which outline the present state of knowledge on critical aspects of pregnancy-mediated heart and vascular disease.

Pregnancy poses a significant physiological stress, as haemodynamic changes increase cardiac output, blood volume, and cardiac workload. The review by Chung and Leinwand1 summarizes how the maternal heart specifically reacts to this situation and describes …
Introduction to computational advertising (2008)

Web advertising is the primary driving force behind many Web activities, including Internet search as well as publishing of online content by third-party providers. Even though the notion of online advertising barely existed a decade ago, the topic is so complex that it attracts attention of a variety of established scientific disciplines, including computational linguistics, computer science, economics, psychology, and sociology, to name but a few. Consequently, a new discipline --- Computational Advertising --- has emerged, which studies the process of advertising on the Internet from a variety of angles. A successful advertising campaign should be relevant to the immediate user's information need as well as more generally to user's background and personalized interest profile, be economically worthwhile to the advertiser and the intermediaries (e.g., the search engine), as well as be aesthetically pleasant and not detrimental to user experience.
Method to Screen Urine Samples for Vanadium by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry With Cryogenic Desolvation (1997)

The determination of vanadium by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is complicated by ClO+ ions from chlorine matrices. Cryogenic desolvation reduces the amount of chloride reaching the plasma by condensing it as hydrogen chloride and reduces the amount of oxide formation by removing water vapor. Urine samples are screened for vanadium at the 12 ppb level using scandium as an internal standard. The V+ and Sc+ signals are affected by the matrix in the same way, so the V+/Sc+ signal ratio corrects for signal suppression by the matrix, as well as drift. Cryogenic desolvation also removes ArCl+, which should facilitate measurement of arsenic and selenium.
Total Coronary Artery Occlusion Late after Successful Coronary Angioplasty of Moderately Severe Lesions: Incidence and Clinical Manifestations (1994)

Coronary restenosis after balloon angioplasty is a slow process that develops over a few months. In some patients, with an initially successful angioplasty, an artery that originally had only moderate stenosis becomes totally occluded as a result of restenosis. This report describes 16 such patients out of 415 dilated lesions with late angiographic follow-up. Ten patients presented with stable angina pectoris, 5 had unstable angina and only one was admitted with a small myocardial infarction. Visible collaterals were present in 15 patients. Except for the patient who sustained myocardial infarction, none of the late angiograms showed the typical morphological features of acute lesion. We conclude that total coronary occlusion late after successful angioplasty of an artery that was moderately narrowed is rare. The 'restenotic' occlusion is a slow process that stimulates collateral formation and thus the risk of myocardial infarction is small.
Sediment Discharge Scaling in Large Rivers of the World (2011)

The variation of suspended sediment discharge with respect to changes in drainage area follows a series of scaling laws that express sediment discharge as a power function of drainage area. Four such scaling laws for sediment discharge were discovered for large rivers, with average annual runoff exceeding 10 km3. These scaling laws require that rivers be categorized in non-overlapping ranges of specific sediment yield. An analysis of the variation of sediment discharge with respect to runoff revealed four other scaling laws for sediment discharge as function of annual runoff categorized by sediment concentration. The applicability of scaling laws is highlighted.
Algorithms to estimate the temperature and effective irradiance level over a photovoltaic module using the fixed point theorem (2006)

The purpose of this paper is to present four algorithms to calculate the effective irradiance level, E <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</inf> and temperature, T, of operation for a photovoltaic module, PVM. The main reasons to develop these algorithms are for monitoring climate conditions, the elimination of temperature and solar irradiance sensors, reductions in cost for a photovoltaic inverter system, and development of new algorithms to be integrated with maximum power point tracking algorithms. The first three algorithms use only the short circuit current, open circuit voltage, the operating current and voltage for the PVM, avoiding the use of pyranometers and thermocouples. The last algorithm can estimate the irradiance level using only the open circuit voltage and the PVM temperature of operation. Finally, simulations and experimental results are presented in the paper.
External tank space debris considerations (1992)

Orbital debris issues associated with maintaining a Space Shuttle External Tank (ET) on orbit are presented. The first issue is to ensure that the ET does not become a danger to other spacecraft by generating space debris, and the second is to protect the pressurized ET from penetration by space debris or meteoroids. Tests on shield designs for penetration resistance showed that when utilized with an adequate bumper, thermal protection system foam on the ET is effective in preventing penetration.
Decision-Aiding Methodology for the School Bus Routing and Scheduling Problem (2005)

We consider the school bus routing and scheduling problem, where transportation demand is known and bus scheduling can be planned in advance. We present a comprehensive methodology designed to support the decision of practitioners. We first propose a modeling framework where the focus is on optimizing the level of service for a given number of buses, then we describe an automatic procedure generating a solution to the problem. The procedure first builds a feasible solution, which is subsequently improved using a heuristic. We analyze two important issues associated with this methodology. On the one hand, we analyze the performance of three types of heuristics both on real and synthetic data. We recommend the use of a simulated annealing technique exploring infeasible solutions, which performs slightly better than all others. More importantly, we find that the performance of all heuristics is not globally affected by the choice of the parameters. This is important from a practitioner viewpoint, because the fine-tuning of algorithm parameters is not critical for the algorithm’s performance. We have successfully applied our methods on real problems and on large-scale problems. On the other hand, we propose an interactive tool allowing the practitioner to visualize the proposed solution, to test its robustness, and to dynamically rebuild new solutions if the data of the original problem are modified.
<i>Quo vadis</i>natural fibres in 21st century? (2016)

The global production of natural fibres is evaluated at the level 35–40 million tons/year. It is expected that the global megatrends in population growth, prosperity growth, climate change and limited cotton supply, increase in fiber consumption will lead to a demand overhang for other cellulosic fibers, including new lately discovered natural fibres. There is fierce competition between natural and man-made fibres and also both types co-exist on markets mainly in terms of quality, sustainability and physiological influence in human body. The paper focuses on the novel trends in natural fibres processing and utilization, recently explored natural fibres and their potential.
Comparison of enzyme immunoassay and gas-liquid chromatography for the rapid diagnosis of invasive candidiasis in cancer patients (1985)

Three proposed quantitative markers for candidiasis, arabinitol, mannose, and mannan in serum, are compared in 50 normal blood donors and 38 high-risk patients, 23 with and 15 without invasive candidiasis. Arabinitol concentrations in serum, the arabinitol/creatinine ratio, and mannose concentrations in serum were significantly greater in the 15 patients without candidiasis than in the normal blood donors (P less than 0.05). The sensitivities and specificities were 26 and 87% for arabinitol, 13 and 93% for the arabinitol/creatinine ratio, and 39 and 87% for mannose. On the other hand, mannan concentrations in serum were less than 1 ng/ml in normal blood donors and patients without candidiasis (P = 0.344), and the sensitivity and specificity were 65 and 100%, respectively. Of 23 patients with proven or probable candidiasis, 16 had mannan levels in serum greater than the mean + 2 standard deviations (0.46 ng/ml) for the 15 controls. In 16 patients with invasive candidiasis and positive blood cultures for the Candida spp., only 13 had elevated levels of at least one of the three markers. The arabinitol/creatinine ratio, the mannose level, and the mannan level became elevated an average of 4 days before, 1 day before, and on the same day that the blood cultures were drawn, respectively. Conversely, mannan was detected in the sera of six of seven patients with invasive candidiasis and negative blood cultures. We conclude that the best approach to diagnosing invasive candidiasis involves obtaining blood cultures and carrying out serial assays for mannan in serum.
Validity study of rough surface scattering models (2004)

The limits of accuracy for rough surface models is largely uncertain. Previous numerical studies using the method of moments (MoM) have given broad assessments of the reliability of physical and geometrical optics, the small perturbation method, and other models. Improvements in digital computers allow a dense sampling of points from a chosen parameter space to give more accurate results than previously possible. RMS errors are shown for physical optics (PO), geometrical optics (GO), small perturbation method (SPM), iterated physical optics (ITPO), Monte Carlo physical optics (MCPO), and the small slope approximation (SSA) for power law surfaces. The models investigated show a wide range of regions of validity. Among all models, the ITPO method shows the best correlation to the truth values of the MoM calculations. However, stochastic models require significantly less computation time. Among the stochastic models, the third-order SSA models show the best overall agreement with the truth values. Unlike past studies, this study shows that the regions of validity for the PO and SPM are not disjoint. Instead, for the parameter space used, PO is always at least as accurate as SPM.
"fl Huge UId streams" (2005)

"flUId" is a system for fluid-based tactile user interfaces with an array of fluid streams that work like the keys on a keyboard, but that can also provide a much richer and more expressive form of input by virtue of the infinitely diverse ways in which each fluid jet can be pressed, hit, restricted, or otherwise manipulated by a user. Additionally, if desired, flUId can provide tactile feedback by dynamically modulating the pressure of the fluid spray, so that the keyboard is actually bi-directional (i.e. is both an input and an output device). A 104-jet version can be used as a fun and tactile "QWERTY..." style keyboard. More importantly, however, flUId can also be used for applications, such as musical instruments, where its more expressive multi-dimensional input capabilities can be put to full use. One such instrument, the "FUNtain", is a hollow tubular object with a row of holes in it. It is played much like one would play a tin flute or recorder, by covering up the holes to restrict fluid flow. The FUNtain's fluid-based "keys" embody features of a keyboard instrument (piano or organ) as well as features of the tin flute, to create a hybrid water-pipe organflut ("waterpipe florgan") instrument. This gives rise to a fun new way of playing music by successivly blocking water jets in a fountain, while sitting in a hot tub, or while frolicking in a pool, or lake. Other examples of fluid-user-interface systems that were invented, designed, and built by the author, to enable direct interaction with fluids, as input media, are also discussed. Some of the input devices will work with either air or water, to provide the benefits of richly expressive input and dynamic tactile feedback in settings where use of wet fluid is inappropriate. FUNtains that use no computer or electricity are also presented as wholly acoustic musical instruments. Some of these embody "back to basics" postcyborg/undigital multimedia design elements such as fire, water, and air.
CHEMICAL STATE OF THE ATOM, CAUSED BY NUCLEAR TRANSFORMATIONS (1953)

A unique channel-type metal-organic framework (MOF) built up from mixed square-planar Co<sub>4</sub>(μ<sub>2</sub>-OH)<sub>4</sub>(μ<sub>4</sub>-OH) and cuboidal Co<sub>4</sub>(μ<sub>3</sub>-OH)<sub>4</sub> clusters with an isonicotinic acid ligand has been successfully fabricated that demonstrates the highest specific surface area and high H<sub>2</sub> uptake capacities among all of the cobalt(II) isonicotinic acid frameworks reported so far.
Intraneural Neurothekeoma (1995)

Neurothekeomas are rare, benign cutaneous tumors, with a distinctive histological appearance, that seldom have been documented to arise from identifiable medium- or large-caliber peripheral nerves. We report a neurothekeoma of the left posterior tibial nerve, whose gross histological appearance and strong immunostaining for S-100 in the majority of the tumor corroborates the impression that this tumor is a variant of a schwannoma.
Interaction between amitraz and alpha 2-adrenoceptors inhibits epinephrine-induced canine platelet aggregation. (1992)

The effect of amitraz, a formamidine insecticide, on [3H]yohimbine binding and aggregation of canine platelets was studied. The time course study of [3H]yohimbine binding to alpha 2-adrenoceptors on canine platelet membranes showed a maximum binding after 45 min at 37 degrees C using 5.25 nM final concentration of radioligand. When maximum binding was reached, amitraz (10(-4) M) was added to inhibit [3H]yohimbine binding. The dose-dependent inhibition of radioligand binding by amitraz was compared with that of chlordimeform, another formamidine insecticide, and clonidine. The IC50 values for clonidine, amitraz and chlordimeform indicated that amitraz was about 5 times less potent than clonidine and 6 times more potent than chlordimeform. Epinephrine (10(-6) M) promoted both primary and secondary aggregation of canine platelets in the presence of 10(-6) M ADP. Both amitraz (3 x 10(-7)-10(-5) M) and clonidine (3 x 10(-7)-10(-6) M) inhibited epinephrine-induced canine platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that amitraz has a direct interaction with alpha 2-adrenoceptors of canine platelets to inhibit epinephrine-induced aggregation.
Blood Flow Velocity and Pulsatility Index Differences in Patients With Unilateral Migraine (2001)

Middle cerebral artery flow pulsatility and basilar artery velocity are higher in patients with right-sided migraine compared with left-sided migraineurs, during the headache-free period. Although these parameters were similar to controls, the differences found during the headache-free period in migraineurs may indicate vascular involvement predisposing to the unilateral headache recurrence.
A Simple Automatic Single Crystal Goniometer for Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy (1973)

A goniometer is described which permits automatic aquisition of electron spin resonance spectra of single crystals upon rotation about one axis in the magnetic field by means of an interface between the magnetic field sweep unit of the spectrometer and a stepper motor as rotating device.