gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Targeting Wnt Pathways in Disease (2012)

Wnt-mediated signal transduction pathways have long been recognized for their roles in regulating embryonic development, and have more recently been linked to cancer, neurologic diseases, inflammatory diseases, and disorders of endocrine function and bone metabolism in adults. Although therapies targeting Wnt signaling are attractive in theory, in practice it has been difficult to obtain specific therapeutics because many components of Wnt signaling pathways are also involved in other cellular processes, thereby reducing the specificity of candidate therapeutics. New technologies, and advances in understanding the mechanisms of Wnt signaling, have improved our understanding of the nuances of Wnt signaling and are leading to promising new strategies to target Wnt signaling pathways.
An Introduction to the SCD Graphics System (1981)

This document represents the first in a series of manuals which collectively describe the Scientific Computing Division (SCD) Graphics System. Each manual in the series has been designed to provide users with complete and accurate information on how to use the SCD Graphics System. The authors and contributors to this series of documents hope that you will find the information helpful and that you will be able to make maximum use of the Graphics System for your own purposes.
TCAD Modeling of TLM Contact Resistance Structures (2016)

The TLM approach to measuring contact resistivity is commonly performed to help optimize cell designs, materials, and processing recipes, and for use in quality control at the factory. Despite the popularity of the technique, there are no standards on how to perform the measurement or how to prepare the structures. In order to better understand the method and its sensitivities to the physical characteristics of its test structures, we have constructed TCAD and circuit simulator models for the measurement sample. The models correctly predict trends in the measured contact resistivity as the sample width is varied. The models also show how the TLM is affected by the presence of unprobed contacts when measuring solar cells. The results are used to create correction factors that can be incorporated into the TLM measurement.
A Lithium‐Rich Compound Li<sub>7</sub>Mn(BO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> Containing Mn<sup>2+</sup> in Tetrahedral Coordination: A Cathode Candidate for Lithium‐Ion Batteries (2013)

Filled to capacity: Li7Mn(BO3)3 is lithium-rich and fulfills the prerequisites for a high-capacity cathode for Li-ion batteries. It contains a framework of MnO4 tetrahedra (pink) and BO33− ions (B green, O red, Li black). By employing a nano-composite to enhance electronic conductivity, a first charge capacity of 280 mAh g−1, and a specific energy of 1135 W h kg−1 are obtained within 4.7–1.7 V at a rate of 10 mA g−1. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Caspase and Bid Involvement in<i>Clostridium difficile</i>Toxin A-Induced Apoptosis and Modulation of Toxin A Effects by Glutamine and Alanyl-Glutamine In Vivo and In Vitro (2005)

Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial bacterial diarrhea. Glutamine and its stable and highly soluble derivative alanyl-glutamine, have been beneficial in models of intestinal injury. In this study, we extend our work on the mechanisms of Clostridium difficile toxin A (TxA)-induced apoptosis in human intestinal epithelial T84 cells and evaluate the effects of glutamine and alanyl-glutamine on TxA-induced apoptosis in vitro and disruption of ileal mucosa in vivo. T84 cells were incubated with TxA (100 ng/ml) in medium with or without glutamine or alanyl-glutamine (3 to 100 mM). Apoptosis was evaluated by DNA fragmentation in vitro and the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling method in vivo. Caspase and Bid involvement were investigated by Western blotting. Ligated rabbit ileal loops were used for the evaluation of intestinal secretion, mucosal disruption, and apoptosis. TxA induced caspases 6, 8, and 9 prior to caspase 3 activation in T84 cells and induced Bid cleavage by a caspase-independent mechanism. Glutamine or alanyl-glutamine significantly reduced TxA-induced apoptosis of T84 cells by 47% and inhibited activation of caspase 8. Both glutamine and alanyl-glutamine reduced TxA-induced ileal mucosal disruption and secretion. Altogether, we further delineated the apoptosis-signaling cascade induced by TxA in T84 cells and demonstrated the protective effects of glutamine and alanyl-glutamine. Glutamine and alanyl-glutamine inhibited the apoptosis of T84 cells by preventing caspase 8 activation and reduced TxA-induced intestinal secretion and disruption.
Monoprotection of Diols as a Key Step for the Selective Synthesis of Unequally Disubstituted Diamondoids (Nanodiamonds) (2008)

The monoprotection (desymmetrization) of diamondoid, benzylic, and ethynyl diols has been achieved using fluorinated alcohols such as 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) under acidic conditions. This practical acid-catalyzed S(N)1 reaction opens the door for the synthesis of novel bifunctional diamondoids. With diamantane as an example, we show that the resulting monoethers can be used to prepare selectively, for instance, amino or nitro alcohols and unnatural amino acids. These are important compounds in terms of the exploration of electronic, pharmacological, and material properties of functionalized nanodiamonds.
Field and temperature dependence of the photocurrent in polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells (2005)

The photocurrent in polymer/fullerene blends is characterized as a function of bias at temperatures ranging from 125to300K. Assuming a constant generation rate and bimolecular recombination, the results are numerically modeled within the drift-diffusion approximation. Bimolecular recombination is found to be a dominant factor in the field dependence of the photocurrent in the entire measured voltage range. Inclusion of field dependent geminate pair dissociation and recombination via the Onsager expressions gives a much stronger field dependence than experimentally observed. From the temperature dependence of the extracted mobilities, we can simultaneously estimate the broadening of the transporting highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital levels.
High Rates of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection Linked With Maternal HIV Infection Among Neonatal Admissions at a Large Referral Center in Sub-Saharan Africa (2013)

Congenital and early infant CMV infections may have important consequences for child health in sub-Saharan Africa and other high HIV and CMV seroprevalence populations globally.
Recombinant Expression of Margatoxin and Agitoxin-2 in Pichia pastoris: An Efficient Method for Production of KV1.3 Channel Blockers (2012)

The K(v)1.3 voltage-gated potassium channel regulates membrane potential and calcium signaling in human effector memory T cells that are key mediators of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, subtype-specific K(v)1.3 blockers have potential for treatment of autoimmune diseases. Several K(v)1.3 channel blockers have been characterized from scorpion venom, all of which have an α/β scaffold stabilized by 3-4 intramolecular disulfide bridges. Chemical synthesis is commonly used for producing these disulfide-rich peptides but this approach is time consuming and not cost effective for production of mutants, fusion proteins, fluorescently tagged toxins, or isotopically labelled peptides for NMR studies. Recombinant production of K(v)1.3 blockers in the cytoplasm of E. coli generally necessitates oxidative refolding of the peptides in order to form their native disulfide architecture. An alternative approach that avoids the need for refolding is expression of peptides in the periplasm of E. coli but this often produces low yields. Thus, we developed an efficient Pichia pastoris expression system for production of K(v)1.3 blockers using margatoxin (MgTx) and agitoxin-2 (AgTx2) as prototypic examples. The Pichia system enabled these toxins to be obtained in high yield (12-18 mg/L). NMR experiments revealed that the recombinant toxins adopt their native fold without the need for refolding, and electrophysiological recordings demonstrated that they are almost equipotent with the native toxins in blocking K(V)1.3 (IC(50) values of 201±39 pM and 97 ± 3 pM for recombinant AgTx2 and MgTx, respectively). Furthermore, both recombinant toxins inhibited T-lymphocyte proliferation. A MgTx mutant in which the key pharmacophore residue K28 was mutated to alanine was ineffective at blocking K(V)1.3 and it failed to inhibit T-lymphocyte proliferation. Thus, the approach described here provides an efficient method of producing toxin mutants with a view to engineering K(v)1.3 blockers with therapeutic potential.
Efficient lasing near 1.4 μm in a (Cr, Ce, Nd):Gd<sub>3</sub>Ga<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub>crystal (1993)

The lasing and spectroscopic properties of (Cr Nd):Gd3Ga5O12 [(Cr, Nd):GGG] and Nd:YAG crystals in the wavelength region 1.3–1.45 μm are compared. The cross sections for stimulated transitions of Nd3+ ions in this spectral region are found. Lasing at a wavelength of 1.4237 μm has been achieved in the (Cr, Ce, Nd):GGG crystal for the first time. An energy of 2.3 J in the light pulse has been achieved at an absolute efficiency of 1.2% during flash pumping of a free-running laser based on a (Cr, Ce, Nd):GGG crystal at this wavelength. An average laser output power of 21.6 W has been achieved at a pulse repetition frequency of 13 Hz. The advantages of (Cr, Nd):GGG crystals over Nd:YAG crystals for oscillation in the 1.4-μm region are discussed.
Subdural haematoma in the elderly (2014)

An 84 year old woman with a history of postural hypotension and frequent falls presented with a two week history of confusion and wandering. Her general practitioner diagnosed delirium secondary to a urinary tract infection on the basis of a positive urinary dipstick test for white blood cells and nitrites. She failed to improve with oral antibiotics and was admitted to hospital for further assessment. Clinical examination showed a lack of focal neurological signs but cranial computed tomography revealed a left sided chronic subdural haematoma. A subdural haematoma results from tearing of the veins linking the cerebral cortex and the dural sinuses, causing blood to accumulate between the dura and arachnoid maters. Brain atrophy associated with ageing or dementia stretches these fragile veins such that they are more prone to tearing after relatively trivial (and often forgotten) head injury1; in up to half of cases there is a history of fall without head trauma.1 2 3 Over time, there is fibrin deposition and organisation of the haematoma, resulting in a chronic subdural haematoma. Neovascularisation processes within the subdural haematoma increase the propensity for acute or chronic bleeding.4 Anticoagulation increases the risk of subdural haematoma and the likelihood of fresh bleeding into an established haematoma.4 #### How common is subdural haematoma?
Streak Photography of Two-Dimensional Flow (1961)

The conventional chronograph or streak cornera records displacement-time curves of one-dimensional flow. In this note a description is given of a simple modification to permit streak photography of the two aimensional flow of single particles moving in a supersonic air stream. Shodow lighting has been employed in order to simultaneously observe the character of the shock waves associated with each particle.
Atividade antinociceptiva de extratos de açaí (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.) (2002)

Extratos de flores (ETFA) e espigas (ETEA) de Açaí (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.) foram avaliados quanto a sua atividade antinociceptiva. ETFA mostrou significativa atividade periférica, reduzindo em até 50% o número total de contorções abdominais. Já ETEA mostrou reduzido efeito no modelo de contorções abdominais, mas seu efeito espinhal pode ser observado com as doses maiores. Nenhum dos extratos foi capaz de alterar os índices de analgesia na placa quente.
Human Sex Hormone-binding Globulin is Expressed in Testicular Germ Cells and not in Sertoli Cells (2006)

The human sex hormone-binding globulin ( SHBG) gene contains at least two transcription units. A 4.3 kb human SHBG transcription unit encodes the precursor polypeptide, which is processed and secreted by hepatocytes as plasma SHBG. The proximal promoter of this transcription unit differs from the corresponding sequence in other mammals, in which it is also expressed in Sertoli cells. In particular, its proximal promoter sequence contains a binding site for USF transcription factors that represses its activity in Sertoli cells. Although human SHBG is not expressed in Sertoli cells, human SHBG transcripts containing an alternative exon 1 sequence are present in testicular germ cells. These are the products of an approximately 8 kb human SHBG transcription unit, and they appear to encode an SHBG isoform that is 4 - 5 kDa smaller than plasma SHBG. This sperm SHBG isoform accumulates between the outer acrosomal membrane and the sperm plasma membrane, and it is released during the capacitation reaction. These remarkable differences in human SHBG expression in the testis, when compared to other mammals, force us to reconsider the functional significance of SHBG expression in the testis in relation to male reproduction.
Antitumor Polysaccharides from Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms and Immunomodulating Action Against Murine Macrophages (2001)

The immunomodulating action of an antitumor polysaccharide, lentinan, from Lentinus edodes was investigated in peritoneal maerophages of female BALB/c mice. First, the relationship between lentinan content, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). and the effects on the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO) during storage was examined. When the mushrooms were stored at low temperature, the contents of their ami tumor polysaccharides and the production levels of TNF-α and NO showed hardly any changes. However, polysaccharide content and cytokine production decreased markedly at higher temperature (20°C). These results suggest that low-temperature storage is more effective in maintaining levels of antitumor polysaccharides and the quality of the mushrooms as the health-beneficient food. Next, the mechanism of cytokine production in murine macrophages stimulated with purified lentinan was examined. The results of time course experiments on the production of TNF-α and NO indicated that TNF-α was produced 12 h earlier than NO. An anti-TNF-α antibody inhibited completely NO production when added simultaneously with purified lentinan to macrophages. NOC-18 (NO donor) itself did not increase levels of TNF-α production. Moreover, simultaneous treatment with L-N-monomethylarginine (NO synthase inhibitor) and lentinan did not affect lentinan-induced production of TNF-α. The NO from macrophages was produced by an autocrine pathway through production of TNF-α.
Synthesis and Stability Studies of 2′,3′,5′-tri-<b><i>O</i></b>-Acetyl-2-Amino(-N<sup><b><i>6</i></b></sup>-Cyclopentyl)-1-Deazaadenosines (2007)

In this article, we report on the synthesis of 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-2-amino-1-deazaadenosine and of 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-2-amino-N(6)-cyclopentyl-1-deazaadenosine, which are very versatile intermediates for the preparation of 2-substituted 1-deazaadenosine derivatives. The two synthesized compounds showed to be quite unstable, with the N(6)-substituted derivatives being less stable than the N(6)-unsubstituted counterpart, according to the calculated HOMO-LUMO energy gap. Stability studies were performed through HPLC-MS analysis.
Denaturation of RNA with dimethyl sulfoxide (1968)

Abstract The denaturation of single‐stranded and double‐stranded RNA's in solutions with varying proportions of dimethyl sulfoxide has been followed by changes in absorbancy, optical rotation, and—with a double‐stranded form of bacteriophage of MS2 RNA— infectivity for bacterial spheroplasts. By these criteria the RNA's studied, including the synthetic polynucleotide rG:rC, are completely denatured at room temperature in high concentrations of this solvent. In lower concentrations, the T m of the RNA preparation is decreased only slightly as the dimethyl sulfoxide concentration is raised until a critical concentration is reached. The T m falls sharply with small further increases in dimethyl sulfoxide concentration. Sedimentation studies can be conducted directly in these media. The determination of sedimentation velocity in 99% dimethyl sulfoxide containing 0.001 M EDTA provides a reliable estimate of RNA molecular weights.
The Effects of Dietary Sulfur Amino Acid Deficiency on Rat Brain Glutathione Concentration and Neural Damage in Global Hemispheric Hypoxia-Ischemia (2002)

Primary brain injury in stroke is followed by an excitotoxic cascade, oxidative stress and further neural damage. Glutathione is critical and depleted in oxidative stress. Since cysteine is limiting in glutathione synthesis, this study investigated the effect of dietary sulfur amino acid (SAA) deficiency on neural damage in a rat model of global hemispheric hypoxia-ischemia (GHHI). Animals were fed with SAA deficient ("deficient") or control diet for 3 days, subjected to right common carotid artery ligation and hypoxia, and diet continued for 3 more days. Histologically evaluated neural damage at 7 days post hypoxia-ischemia was greater in "deficient" rats, shown by mean (+/- SEM) global and hippocampal grid scores of 2.5 +/- 0.7 and 34.9 +/- 9.3%, respectively, vs. controls' scores of 0.1 +/- 0.1 and 0.1 +/- 0.1%, respectively. Mean brain (+/- SEM) reduced glutathione was not different between groups at 6h post hypoxia-ischemia, but was decreased in "deficient" animals 3 days later in neocortex (1.46 micromoles/g wet weight +/- 0.05 vs. 1.67 +/- 0.04 in controls) and thalamus (1.60 micromoles/g wet weight +/- 0.05 vs. 1.78 +/- 0.03 in controls). Administration of a cysteine precursor to "deficient" animals did not ameliorate neural damage. These findings suggest that well-nourished but not "deficient" animals tolerate a mild brain insult. The decline in brain glutathione in the "deficient" animals may be one of several contributing mechanisms.
The Photoreduction of Thionine and Surfactant Thionine by Iron(II) in Anionic Micelles and Microemulsions (1985)

Abstract The rate constants for the iron(II)‐thionine and surfactant thionine system have been determined in aqueous solution, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles, and in a mineral oil‐in‐water microemulsion stabilized by sodium cetyl sulfate (SCS) and 1‐pentanol. The triplet lifetimes are all in the range 7–9 μs. The rate constant for electron transfer quenching of triplet thionine by iron(II) is higher in the anionic media due to a higher local Fe 2+ concentration. However, the back reaction between semithionine and iron(III) is not similarly enhanced in the presence of micelles or microemulsion. The dismutation of semithionine is a little slower in microemulsion than in water, but over two orders of magnitude slower in SDS micelles. The quantum yield of thionine triplet formation, determined for surfactant thionine in SCS microemulsion, approaches unity.
Tales from the Unexpected (2015)

This chapter shows several practical examples of serendipity, the finding of the unexpected, from the relatively simple process of intercalating organic species between the layers of zirconium phosphate. Zirconium phosphate can be synthesized in either of the three allotropic forms, namely, α-, γ- and λ-ZrP. The synthesis of γ-ZrP and the intercalation of basic species into it can be accomplished under microwatt irradiation very efficiently in terms of time, energy and reactants. The layers of γ-ZrP containing organic phosphonates can be considered as a multiple-storey labyrinth where chemical processes of various kinds may take place. The chiral recognition is perhaps the most spectacular in terms of structural shape requirements. However, other ways of recognition can be of fundamental importance for modern applications. This is a tale from the unexpected because the organic-inorganic scaffoldings based on γ-ZrP may be used for gas storage.
Dynamic Kinetic Cross-Coupling Strategy for the Asymmetric Synthesis of Axially Chiral Heterobiaryls (2013)

A dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation (DYKAT) technique has been designed for the synthesis of 2'-substituted 2-aryl pyridines/isoquinolines and related heterobiaryls. In this way, the Pd(0)-catalyzed coupling of racemic 2-triflates with aryl boroxines using a TADDOL-derived phosphoramidite as the ligand provides the corresponding coupling products with good to excellent enantioselectivities. Structural studies support that the formation of configurationally labile oxidative addition palladacycles is the key for the success of the methodology.
Dark Incoherent Solitons (1998)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text Zhigang Chen, Matthew Mitchell, Mordechai Segev, Tamer H. Coskun, and Demetrios N. Christodoulides, "Dark Incoherent Solitons," Optics & Photonics News 9(12), 48-49 (1998) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Rhéologie de la déformation plastique d'un acier Fe-C durant sa transformation de phase "austenite-->ferrite + perlite" (1988)

Analyse du comportement mecanique d'un acier doux au cours du refroidissement continu dans le domaine de transformation de phase austenite->ferrite+perlite
Improvement on Fatigue Fracture Life of Welded Structures by Micro-structure in Steels (2003)

It is clear that detection of fatigue crack initiation in complex welded structures like hulls is quite difficult, and that the crack length at recognition is mostly long compared to that in mechanical parts. From these facts, not only stress reduction at critical area by design improvement, but also newly developed steels excellent for fatigue crack propagation resistance are desirable for structural integrity. Newly developed structural steel FCA, in which fatigue crack propagation resistance was controlled by metallic microstructures, was introduced in the part one within a series of our research. Various fatigue properties of FCA in air and in synthetic sea water were reported in the part two. As the continuous research after these two papers, fatigue properties of various welded joints with FCA are compared with those with conventional steel. From these experimental results, it can be clarified that the fatigue life extension effect by FCA is observed also in welded joint specimens and welded structural models as the same as FAC itself.