gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intracellular inducer Hg2+ concentration is rate determining for the expression of the mercury-resistance operon in cells (1996)

Experiments involving mercury resistance mer operon-lacZ fusions, point mutations in the mercuric ion reductase merA gene, and transcomplementation have revealed that in Hg2+-resistant cells, the inducer Hg2+ concentration is rate determining for activation of transcription. mer operon expression is activated by the presence of nanomolar concentrations of Hg2+ in liquid media only when the mercuric ion reductase function is artificially inactivated in cells, whereas cells with active mercuric ion reductase require micromolar concentrations of Hg2+ for effective induction of the operon.
ABC of colorectal cancer: Treatment of advanced disease (2000)

Advanced colorectal cancer can be defined as colorectal cancer that at presentation or recurrence is either metastatic or so locally advanced that surgical resection is unlikely to be carried out with curative intent. Despite most patients undergoing potentially curative surgery and the availability of adjuvant chemotherapy, about 50% of patients presenting with colorectal adenocarcinoma die from subsequent metastatic disease. The five year survival rate for advanced colorectal cancer is lower than 5%. In the past few years several therapeutic advances—underpinned by multiprofessional, site specialised team working—have finally changed the view that advanced colorectal cancer is an untreatable disease. Although cytotoxic chemotherapy is not suitable for all patients, widespread use in appropriate situations can improve survival and quality of life Local recurrence of a tumour is more common in rectal than colon primaries. It may be identified early in the asymptomatic phase by follow up monitoring or may present with similar symptoms to the primary lesion. Blood loss through the rectum, mucous discharge, altered bowel habit, and straining are common features of recurrent rectal cancer. Pain and urinary symptoms are features of localised pelvic recurrence. Recurrent intra-abdominal disease can present as small or large bowel obstruction, and recurrence at other sites may be indicated by focal features such as hepatic capsular pain, jaundice, dyspnoea, localised bone pain, or neurological symptoms. Systemic features of weight loss, anorexia, nausea, and asthenia are symptoms commonly associated with advanced colorectal cancer. The tumour is often palpable on rectal or abdominal examination, and malignant ascites may also be evident. #### Clinical presentation
Gilbert Stuart and Manic Depression (2004)

Gilbert Stuart's unevenness, complicated by a habit of rarely signing his work, creates particularly sticky attribution problems. This article expands on the argument that the painter's variability was caused by manic depression. What is new here is the visual evidence, using x‐radiographs, and additional historical documentation, culminating in a hitherto‐unrecognized declaration of conflicted identity in a late self‐portrait. The author draws new conclusions about tendencies within Stuart's work and his mental state when painting certain pictures, based on current medical studies of the illness. Three of the paintings considered here, The Todd Family, John Watts, and Lady Blackwood, were once wrongly questioned as his work.
Application of support vector machines on prediction of repeat visitation (2006)

Since the tourism earnings became a major part of foreign exchange in many countries, the tourism market has become much more competitive. In addition, tourism has been highly valued recently all over the world, and consequently, tourism market has been developed very fast. After quick development, it gradually becomes a saturated marketplace. Previous studies indicated that maintaining existing customers costs less than exploring new customers. Repeat visitors can not only reduce the cost but gain the long-term profits for the destinations. Thus, a method that can accurately predict repeat visitation intention is greatly needed. In this paper, we apply Support Vector Machines (SVM) to predict the repeat visitation. To evaluate the effectiveness of SVM, data are collected from tourists who visited Sun Moon Lake, which is the most famous destination in Taiwan and is the only place in Taiwan among the 50 best places to visit in China. Factor analysis (FA) is also employed to reduce variables and combined FA/SVM results are compared with those predicted from SVM only. The experimental results show that SVM can provide high accuracy rates than FA/SVM. Also, some SVM ensemble techniques can give higher true negative rates.
Is higher-order uncertainty needed? (1996)

In the artificial intelligence and decision-making communities, there seems to be agreement on the calculations used in most problems that are solved using "higher-order uncertainty", but disagreement on the terminology used. The purpose here is to show that these problems can be modeled using traditional first-order beliefs, and that, when they are modeled this way, the calculations are the same as the "higher-order" calculations, The disagreements arise because researchers rephrase first-order beliefs in various guises of higher-order uncertainty. I argue that we should stay with the traditional first-order formulations of the problems.
Urban ecology (2010)

Real ecologists study wild and natural places. At least, that has been the view which has dominated the field of ecology for much of its existence. Some lone voices argued that this was a narrow, unrealistic and unhelpful perspective, but their arguments were easily ignored by the majority as they focused on their supposedly pristine field sites. This was always something of an irony, as surely there was never any real doubt that less wild and natural areas equally functioned as ecosystems, containing the same essential components (e.g. water, soil, microorganisms, plants, animals), and being subject to much the same processes (e.g. carbon, nutrient and water cycles). Thus, towards the close of the twentieth century and the dawning of the twenty-first, this viewpoint changed radically. Growing numbers of studies focused on the patterns and processes structuring systems that had been heavily modified, or were essentially created, by human activities. This change was particularly evident with respect to the ecology of urban areas, with numerous research studies, commentaries and reviews being published (e.g. Gilbert 1989; McDonnell & Pickett 1993; Grimm et al. 2000, 2008a, 2008b; Marzluff et al. 2001, 2008; Pickett et al. 2001; Kelcey & Rheinwald 2005; Forman 2008). Indeed, not only did ecologists begin to study urban systems in earnest, but urban ecology also began to influence the study of ecology more widely. In short, urban ecology came of age.
Electromagnetism and gravitation (1977)

Generation of electric fields in rapidly rotating insulators is discussed and calculated. An interesting effect is expected in TlCl. A possible appearance of magnetic fields near rapidly rotating gravitating bodies is proposed. The simple suggestion made here would lead to magnetic fields of negligible magnitude.
Scale-up of precipitation processes (1999)

This thesis concerns the scale-up of precipitation processes aimed at predicting\nproduct particle characteristics. Although precipitation is widely used in the chemical\nand pharmaceutical industry, successful scale-up is difficult due to the absence of a\nvalidated methodology. It is found that none of the conventional scale-up criteria\nreported in the literature (equal power input per unit mass, equal tip speed, equal stirring\nrate) is capable of predicting the experimentally observed effects of the mixing\nconditions on kinetic rates and particle characteristics. As a result of high gradients in\nthe supersaturation field during precipitation, particularly in the feed zone, high local\ngradients in the nucleation rate are to be expected.\nIn this thesis, a compartmental mixing model (Segregated Feed Model SFM)\nlinked to the population balance is proposed for scaling up both continuous and\nsemibatch precipitation processes, and is validated with experiments on different scales.\nExperiments were carried out using two chemical systems (calcium oxalate\nCaC₂O₄ and calcium carbonate CaCO₃), varying the residence time/feed time, feed\nconcentration, feed point position, impeller type, feed tube diameter and stirring rate in\ngeometrically similar reactors ranging from 0.3 to 301.\nA new procedure is introduced in order to solve the inverse problem for\ndetermination of the kinetic parameters for nucleation, growth, disruption and\nagglomeration from the particle size distributions obtained in the continuous laboratory-scale\nexperiments. This method, where the kinetic rates were extracted separately and\nsequentially from the particle size distribution, was found to be a reliable alternative to\nthe conventional simultaneous estimation of all kinetic parameters from the distribution.\nUsing the kinetic parameters extracted from the laboratory-scale experiments,\nthe population balance is solved within the Segregated Feed Model. The local mixing\nparameters also required for solving the SFM are obtained from a sliding mesh\nComputational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model. These are used to specify the different\nmicromixing and mesomixing conditions in the feed and bulk zones of the reactor.\nThe model accurately predicts the mean size, coefficient of variation and\nnucleation rate on different scales for different process and mixing conditions in both\ncontinuous and semibatch mode of operation. Furthermore, the model confirms the\nobserved greater effect of mixing on product particle characteristics in semibatch than in\ncontinuous operation. This is thought to be due to direct mixing of the feed solution in\nsemibatch operation with the other component already present in the reactor.\nThe methodology proposed here for the scale-up of precipitation processes is\nvery versatile and computationally efficient. It combines the advantages of both a CFD\nand a population balance approach without having to solve the equations together,\nwhich is currently still impracticable due to the excessive computational demand and\nsimulation time required.
Challenges and opportunities for primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of Chagas’ disease (2009)

A century after its discovery, Chagas' disease still represents a major public health challenge in Latin America. Moreover, because of growing population movements, an increasing number of cases of imported Chagas' disease have now been detected in non-endemic areas, such as North America and some European countries. This parasitic zoonosis, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is transmitted to humans by infected Triatominae insects, or occasionally by non-vectorial mechanisms, such as blood transfusion, mother to fetus, or oral ingestion of materials contaminated with parasites. Following the acute phase of the infection, untreated individuals enter a chronic phase that is initially asymptomatic or clinically unapparent. Usually, a few decades later, 40-50% of patients develop progressive cardiomyopathy and/or motility disturbances of the oesophagus and colon. In the last decades several interventions targeting primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of Chagas' disease have been attempted. While control of both vectorial and blood transfusion transmission of T cruzi (primary prevention) has been successful in many regions of Latin America, early detection and aetiological treatment of asymptomatic subjects with Chagas' disease (secondary prevention) have been largely underutilised. At the same time, in patients with established chronic disease, several pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions are currently available and have been increasingly used with the intention of preventing or delaying complications of the disease (tertiary prevention). In this review we discuss in detail each of these issues.
THE EXTRACTION OF SOME BASE METAL IONS BY CYANEX 30L CYANEX 302 AND THEIR BINARY EXTRACTANT MIXTURES WITH ALIQUAT 336 (1992)

ABSTRACT The extraction behaviour of Cyanex 301, Cyanex 302 and their binary extractant mixtures with Aliquat 33b towards copper(II), zinc(II), iron(III), iron(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II) and manganese(Il) is indicated. The extraction data were collected from sulphate solutions with acidities ranging from pH 10 to 8 mol/dm3 sulphuric acid. Cyanex 301 is a more efficient extractant than Cyanex 302 and is able to effect extraction at greater acidities. In combination with the organic base Aliquat 336 the extraction power of these extractants is lowered and in some cases the extraction is suppressed appreciably. However, the suppression of extraction can be useful in metal separation and affords greater control over the back-extraction. The suppression is ascribed to the high stability of the acid-base couple which must dissociate in order to effect extraction.
Design of Collaborative Workflow System Based on UML State Model (2009)

Collaborative workflow technology aims to support collaborative group work. So, it is an effective way to build CSCW systems. Compared with other types of workflow, collaborative workflow is relatively simple in business logic, but much more complex in business process. Therefore, designs for general workflow system often don't fit it well. In this paper, the features of collaborative workflow are analyzed; the techniques and strategies for modeling and implementing collaborative workflow system based on UML state model are described. The techniques and strategies are instanced by the design of a Graduation Subject Selection Management System. The result shows that state machine model, component-based lightweight design, and ¿state¿ design pattern can simplify the development of such kind of workflow systems, and improve its efficiency.
Highly Efficient Chemical Process To Convert Mucic Acid into Adipic Acid and DFT Studies of the Mechanism of the Rhenium‐Catalyzed Deoxydehydration (2014)

Abstract The production of bulk chemicals and fuels from renewable bio‐based feedstocks is of significant importance for the sustainability of human society. Adipic acid, as one of the most‐demanded drop‐in chemicals from a bioresource, is used primarily for the large‐volume production of nylon‐6,6 polyamide. It is highly desirable to develop sustainable and environmentally friendly processes for the production of adipic acid from renewable feedstocks. However, currently there is no suitable bio‐adipic acid synthesis process. Demonstrated herein is the highly efficient synthetic protocol for the conversion of mucic acid into adipic acid through the oxorhenium‐complex‐catalyzed deoxydehydration (DODH) reaction and subsequent Pt/C‐catalyzed transfer hydrogenation. Quantitative yields (99 %) were achieved for the conversion of mucic acid into muconic acid and adipic acid either in separate sequences or in a one‐step process.
Evaluation of Aerodynamic Instability Mechanisms for Centrifugal Compressors—Part II: Advanced Analysis (1988)

The results of advanced analysis for labyrinth seal dynamic characteristics are compared to current methods of calculating aerodynamic excitation and to test rig data published in the literature to date. The results of a shop full load test are presented and compared to predicted stability parameters. Results of the labyrinth analysis of the full-load test compressor are presented. Conclusions and recommendations are given for high pressure compressor rotor dynamics analysis with design guidelines for evaluation of new or proposed compressor designs.
<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis groE</i>promoter controls the expression of the bicistronic<i>groESL1</i>operon and shows differential regulation under stress conditions (2009)

Heat shock promoters of mycobacteria are strong promoters that become rapidly upregulated during macrophage infection and thus serve as valuable candidates for expressing foreign antigens in recombinant BCG vaccine. In the present study, a new heat shock promoter controlling the expression of the groESL1 operon was identified and characterized. Mycobacterium tuberculosis groESL1 operon codes for the immunodominant 10 kDa (Rv3418c, GroES/Cpn10/Hsp10) and 60 kDa (Rv3417c, GroEL1/Cpn60.1/Hsp60) heat shock proteins. The basal promoter region was 115 bp, while enhanced activity was seen only with a 277-bp fragment. No promoter element was seen in the groES-groEL1 intergenic region. This operon codes for a bicistronic mRNA transcript as determined by reverse transcriptase-PCR and Northern blot analysis. Primer extension analysis identified two transcriptional start sites (TSSs) TSS1 (-236) and TSS2 (-171), out of which one (TSS2) was heat inducible. The groE promoter was more active than the groEL2 promoter in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Further, it was found to be differentially regulated under stress conditions, while the groEL2 promoter was constitutive.
Epitope Mapping of the Indirect T Cell Response to Allogeneic Class I MHC: Sequences Shared by Donor and Recipient MHC May Prime T Cells That Provide Help for Alloantibody Production (2001)

Indirect allorecognition occurs when T cells recognize donor MHC presented as peptide epitopes by recipient APC, but the precise nature of the epitopes involved remains unclear. Rejection of rat MHC class I-disparate PVG.R8 (RT1.A(a)) grafts by PVG.RT1(u) (RT1.A(u)) recipients is mediated by indirectly restricted CD4 T cells that provide help for the generation of alloantibody. In this study, epitope mapping was performed using a functionally relevant readout (alloantibody production) to identify key peptides that prime an indirect alloimmune response, leading to graft rejection. PVG.RT1(u) rats were immunized with a series of overlapping 15-mer peptides (peptides 1-18) that spanned the alpha1 and alpha2 domains of the RT1.A(a) molecule. Several peptides were able to accelerate both the alloantibody response to the intact RT1.A(a) Ag and PVG.R8 heart graft rejection. An immunodominant epitope was identified within the hypervariable region of the alpha1 domain. Fine mapping of this region with a second series of peptides overlapping by single amino acids confirmed the presence of an eight-amino acid core determinant. Additional "subdominant" epitopes were identified, two of which were located within regions of amino acid homology between the RT1.A(a) and RT1.A(u) molecules and not, as had been expected, within other hypervariable regions. The contribution of self-epitopes to indirect allorecognition was emphasized by the demonstration that i.v. administration of a 15-mer peptide encompassing one of the subdominant self-determinants diminished the recipient's ability to mount an alloantibody response on challenge with intact A(a) alloantigen. Our findings suggest that cryptic self-epitopes recognized by autoreactive T cells may contribute to allograft rejection and should be considered when designing novel strategies for inducing tolerance to alloantigen.
A New Single-Stage Bridgeless Boost Half-Bridge AC/DC Converter with Semi-Active-Rectifier (2019)

This paper proposes a new single-phase single-stage ac-dc converter that achieves several advantages such as 1) high-frequency isolation; 2) bridgeless totem-pole structure operating in CCM; 3) ZVS turn-on for all switches; 4) ZCS turnoff for all diodes; and 5) low component counts. The proposed converter implements a phase-shift-based modulation strategy that results in 1) open-loop power factor correction; 2) maintained soft-switching characteristic throughout wide voltage and load range; 3) simple power control; and 4) wide output voltage range. Experimental results on a 1.5kW peak prototype verify the working principle and features of the proposed converter.
Permeability of CoNbZr Amorphous Thin Films Over a Wide Frequency Range (1987)

CoNbZr amorphous films have attracted the attention of many researchers because of their high saturation magnetization, high permeability, low coercivity, and nearly zero magnetostriction. For these films to be used, one of the important magnetic properties is the behavior of the permeability over a wide frequency range. We have measured the permeability of a square-shaped magnetic film (13 mm × 55 mm) sputtered on a glass substrate from 1 MHz to 400 MHz using a stripline. Over 400 MHz, the permeability of the magnetic film was measured using a ring-shaped sample mounted in a coaxial fixture. The wall motion permeability of CoNbZr amorphous films decreases from 1 kHz to nearly zero at 1 MHz. The rotation permeability is constant to 100 MHz and ferromagnetic resonance is observed near 1 GHz.
Improving Combined Version of Current and Charge Integral Equation With Pyramid-Shaped Functions (2015)

In this letter, a kind of pyramid-shaped functions is introduced for approximating the electric charge density in the combined version of current and charge integral equation (CCCIE) formulation in low frequency. Since a pyramid-shaped function is associated with a mesh vertex, its total quantity is about half of that of the widely-used pulse functions associated with the mesh triangles for a closed object. As a result, the model of the discretized CCCIE is reduced, significantly. Numerical examples show that, compared with the pulse functions, the pyramid-shaped functions make the CCCIE yield more accurate solutions over a wide frequency range.
The Evolving United States Response to Soviet Jewish Emigration (1991)

The wave of recent emigration from the Soviet Union found the U.S. unprepared, with policies and procedures more suited to the Cold War than to the age of glasrwst. Competing foreign and domestic policy priorities, and Israel as a potential home for emigrating Soviet Jews, contributed to momentous changes in the U.S. response as it evolved. Long-standing immigration practices were questioned, changed administratively, and finally changed again by statute. Three distinct phases can be noted: the first from 1980 to August 1988, during which the U.S. government accepted as refugees all Soviets seeking resettlement in the U.S., using what in practice was presumptive eligibility. In the second phase, from August 1988 through September 1989, most Soviet Jewish and Pentecostal applicants seeking resettlement continued to be processed in Rome, while in-country processing was established in Moscow for other applicants. Delays increased when the INS began adjudicating refugee status strictly according to the refugee definition in the Immigration and Nationality Act, which also resulted in some denials of refugee status. The last phase, beginning in October 1989, required Soviets seeking resettlement in the U.S. to register their interest with the Embassy in Moscow. While all Soviets are currently eligible to register for resettlement, interviewing priority was given to those with close relatives or other links. In November 1989 the ‘Lautenberg Amendment’ became law, requiring the establishment of several categories of Soviets who share common characteristics identifying them as targets of persecution. Unlike applicants under the worldwide adjudication standard, who must establish a ‘well-founded fear of persecution’, Soviet category applicants need do little but show bona fide category membership, and then assert a fear of persecution and a credible basis for that fear. Consequently, the acceptance rate for Soviet Jewish claimants in Moscow has risen to some 90%. U.S. refugee law has undergone a significant change: the burden of proof required to establish eligibility for refugee status and resettlement to the United States has been statutorily eased for certain designated categories. Future American policy may be confronted with significant pressure to rescue additional Jews from the Soviet Union as a result of intensified anti-semitism, or to divert prospective Soviet migrés from Israeli destinations as a result of Israel's inability to absorb them. It is likely that the final phase of this policy evolution must eventually involve a return to the use of the worldwide standard for adjudicating all Soviet refugee applications