gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Warpages and Layout-Dependent Local-Deformations for Large Die 3D Stacking (2016)

Modeling and controlling of warpages and layout-dependent local-deformations are challenges to overcome to realize 3D stacking of dies with through-silicon vias and micro-bumps. Dies larger than about 500 mm2 are now being used for high performance computing, and large cylindrical warpage of the die and local die surface deformations can greatly affect the yield and reliability of the stacked dies. We have analyzed and modeled large cylindrical warpage with layout-dependent local-deformations by using a combination of an analytical buckling model, curvature measurements of dies with simple layout patterns, and finite element analysis (FEA) simulation. The effects of warpage on the buckling behavior were roughly estimated by using an analytical model based on non-linear plate theory and were precisely calculated using FEA simulation. The model was applied to actual dies by measuring the curvature of simple structures and by homogenizing complicated device structures into simple elastic films. Finally, die warpage with layout-dependent local deformations was modeled using a patchwork of elastic film on a Si substrate. This approach was tested on dies with a redistribution layer (RDL) structure and a 50-μm-thick Si substrate. The simplified FEA simulation results and experimentally measured deformations matched well. The RDL consisted of elastic materials (polymer) and plastic materials (metal interconnections) so this method can be applied to other structures such as multilayer interconnects with LSI or bump structures. It can be used to calculate the deformation of a large die during the design phase, which will enable die warpage and local deformations to be managed by optimizing the device layout. This will improve yield and reliability in 3D fabrication.
Implementierung von Programmen für Operational Excellence (OPEX) in der Pharmaindustrie (2008)

Operational Excellence (OPEX) ist in vielen Branchen ein strategisches Instrument zur Verbesserung und Leistungssteigerung, das sich uber Jahrzehnte entwickelt hat. Die Pharmaindustrie liegt bisher in dieser Entwicklung zuruck. Dennoch gewinnt das Thema durch den zunehmenden Druck auf die Produktionskosten eine neue Dimension. Verschiedene Untersuchungen zeigen, dass moderne Optimierungstechniken zwar weitgehend bekannt sind, eine nachhaltige und erfolgswirksame Umsetzung jedoch bei vielen Programmen bisher ausgeblieben ist. Das Institut fur Technologiemanagement der Universitat St. Gallen hat erfolgreiche Operational Excellence-Initiativen auf Basis zweier internationaler Benchmarking-Studien sowie verschiedenen Interview- und Fallstudien untersucht. Die Analysen zeigen, dass sich erfolgreiche Initiativen durch drei Eigenschaften auszeichnen: einen ganzheitlichen und integrativen Ansatz, die Hinterlegung eines langfristigen Entwicklungspfades und die systematische Verfolgung des Anspruchs, Veranderungen uber das ganze Unternehmen erreichen zu wollen. Um bei Entscheidungsproblemen beim Management von Produktionsstandorten und OPEX-Initiativen eine strukturierte Vorgehensweise zu ermoglichen, wurden ein Referenzmodell zur inhaltlichen Beschreibung, Erklarung und Gestaltung von ganzheitlichen Produktionssystemen sowie ein flankierendes Managementmodell zur nachhaltigen Implementierung von OPEX-Programmen entwickelt. Beide im Folgenden vorgestellten Modelle sollen helfen, nachhaltige und erfolgswirksame Programme in die eigene Organisation integrieren zu konnen.
A 0.53pJK<sup>2</sup> 7000μm<sup>2</sup> resistor-based temperature sensor with an inaccuracy of ±0.35°C (3σ) in 65nm CMOS (2018)

In microprocessors and DRAMs, on-chip temperature sensors are essential components, ensuring reliability by monitoring thermal gradients and hot spots. Such sensors must be as small as possible, since multiple sensors are required for dense thermal monitoring. However, conventional BJT-based temperature sensors are not compatible with the sub-1V supply of advanced processes. Subthreshold MOSFETs can operate from lower supplies, but at high temperatures their performance is limited by leakage [1,2]. Thermal diffusivity (TD) sensors achieve sub-1V operation and small area with moderate accuracy, but require milliwatts of power [3]. Recently, resistor-based sensors based on RC WienBridge (WB) filters have realized high resolution and energy efficiency [4,5]. Fundamentally, they are robust to process and supply-voltage scaling. However, their readout circuitry has been based on continuous-time (CT) ΔΣ ADCs or frequency-locked loops (FLLs), which require precision analog circuits and occupy considerable area (>0.7mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ).
Properties of atomic layer deposited (Ta1−xNbx)2O5 solid solution films and Ta2O5–Nb2O5 nanolaminates (1999)

( Ta 1−x Nb x ) 2 O 5 solid solution films and Ta2O5–Nb2O5 nanolaminates have been grown in an atomic layer deposition process at 300 and 325 °C. TaCl5 or Ta(OC2H5)5 and Nb(OC2H5)5 have been used as metal precursors while H2O has been applied as the oxygen source. Application of Ta(OC2H5)5 resulted in amorphous films with considerably better thickness uniformity than that characteristic of TaCl5-based process. Application of TaCl5 resulted in crystallized films. The high-field leakage current in (Ta1−xNbx)2O5 solid solution films with x=0.02–0.07 decreases by two to three orders of magnitude when compared to that of the nondoped Ta2O5. The permittivity of Ta2O5 films was 25 while the permittivity of amorphous or partially crystallized solid solution films and nanolaminates increased up to 33.
Expression of LFA-1 by a lymphoblastoid cell line from a patient with monosomy 21: effects on intercellular adhesion (1990)

Monosomy 21 (M21) is a rare aneuploid condition which in certain cases leads to reduced levels of chromosome 21 gene products. We have prepared an Epstein-Barr virus lymphoblastoid cell-line (LCL) from patient with M21 who has immunological abnormalities, and analysed the expression of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1). This heterodimeric leucocyte integrin consists of CD11a (alpha) subunits non-covalently associated with CD18 (beta) subunits coded, respectively, by genes on chromosomes 16 and 21. To determine whether monosomy 21 results in decreased expression of LFA-1, monoclonal antibodies were used to compare the expression of CD11a and CD18 on the M21 LCL with LCL from trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome, T21), normal controls and a possible case of leucocyte adhesion deficiency. In addition, phorbol-ester-induced homotypic adhesion, an LFA-1-mediated effect, was compared in these LCLs. The results are consistent with a gene dosage mediated reduction of LFA-1 expression by the M21 LCL.
Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Contamination of Cabbage Transplants and the Potential for Insecticide Resistance Problems (1996)

Samples collected from 1989 to 1992 document that the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) was introduced into New York in early spring on cabbage, Brassica oleracea capitata (L.), transplants grown in the southern United States. During 1989, transplant shipments from five transplant companies in Florida, Georgia and Maryland were sampled for P. xylostella. In 1989, average seasonal infestations per transplant company ranged from 1.3 to 3.5 P. xylostella per 100 transplants. During June, when the majority of transplants arrived in New York, P. xylostella infestations were as high as 12.8 insects per 100 transplants on an individual shipment. Infestations by cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), imported cabbageworm, Artogeia (=Pieris) rapae (L.), and cabbage webworm, Hellula rogatalis (Hulst), on an individual shipment were as high as 19.7 insects per 100 transplants. Compared with a standard susceptible field population, the P. xylostella which were collected from transplants demonstrated moderate to high (&gt; than 100-fold in one case) levels of resistance to permethrin or methomyl. In 1990, average seasonal infestations per transplant company varied from 0.3 to 12.0 P. xylostella per 100 plants, but an individual shipment from Florida had 30.4 P. xylostella per 100 transplants. A population of P. xylostella collected in 1990 from Florida transplants had &gt;200-fold resistance to methomyl. Despite intensive treatments, a New York grower who used the transplants with high contamination of resistant P. xylostella was unable to achieve acceptable control in his field. Samples collected from 1989 to 1992 from a transplant grower in Maryland indicate that better management in the field can reduce contamination levels to &lt; 0.5%. The introduction of P. xylostella, especially those resistant to insecticides, on transplants poses a serious threat to cabbage growers and interregional management strategies should be adopted.
Combination of 13 <i>cis</i>‐retinoic acid and tolfenamic acid induces apoptosis and effectively inhibits high‐risk neuroblastoma cell proliferation (2015)

Chemotherapeutic regimens used for the treatment of Neuroblastoma (NB) cause long-term side effects in pediatric patients. NB arises in immature sympathetic nerve cells and primarily affects infants and children. A high rate of relapse in high-risk neuroblastoma (HRNB) necessitates the development of alternative strategies for effective treatment. This study investigated the efficacy of a small molecule, tolfenamic acid (TA), for enhancing the anti-proliferative effect of 13 cis-retinoic acid (RA) in HRNB cell lines. LA1-55n and SH-SY5Y cells were treated with TA (30μM) or RA (20μM) or both (optimized doses, derived from dose curves) for 48h and tested the effect on cell viability, apoptosis and selected molecular markers (Sp1, survivin, AKT and ERK1/2). Cell viability and caspase activity were measured using the CellTiter-Glo and Caspase-Glo kits. The apoptotic cell population was determined by flow cytometry with Annexin-V staining. The expression of Sp1, survivin, AKT, ERK1/2 and c-PARP was evaluated by Western blots. The combination therapy of TA and RA resulted in significant inhibition of cell viability (p<0.0001) when compared to individual agents. The anti-proliferative effect is accompanied by a decrease in Sp1 and survivin expression and an increase in apoptotic markers, Annexin-V positive cells, caspase 3/7 activity and c-PARP levels. Notably, TA+RA combination also caused down regulation of AKT and ERK1/2 suggesting a distinct impact on survival and proliferation pathways via signaling cascades. This study demonstrates that the TA mediated inhibition of Sp1 in combination with RA provides a novel therapeutic strategy for the effective treatment of HRNB in children.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Tricyclic Nitrogen Heterocycles by a Sequence of Palladium‐Catalyzed N—H and C(sp<sup>3</sup>)—H Arylations. (2012)

Abstract The first step in the preparation of the target compounds is the synthesis of N‐arylated starting materials under microwave or conventional conditions, which are brominated according to standard procedures [cf.
Construction of Monomeric and Polymeric Porphyrin Compartments by a Pd(II)—Pyridine Interaction and Their Chiral Twisting by a BINAP Ligand. (2003)

The construction of chirally twisted porphyrin-based molecular capsule <b>6</b> and polymeric capsule <b>8</b>\nwas investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and <sup>1</sup>H NMR, UV−visible, and\nCD spectroscopic observations. Molecular capsule <b>6</b> and polymeric capsule <b>8 </b>were constructed by\nthe reaction of chiral cis-Pd(II) complex <b>4</b> bearing a (<i>R</i>)-(+)-2,2‘-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1‘-binaphthyl (BINAP) ligand with porphyrin <b>1 </b>bearing four pyridyl groups and porphyrin <b>2</b> bearing\neight pyridyl groups, respectively. The peak-splitting pattern of the β-pyrrole protons in the <sup>1</sup>H\nNMR spectrum and the specific CD spectral pattern bearing an exciton coupling band indicate\nthat both molecular capsule <b>6</b> and polymeric capsule <b>8</b> are chirally twisted. Moreover, it was found\nthat the CD intensity of the polymeric capsule plotted against [<b>4</b>]/([<b>4</b>] + [<b>3</b>]) shows a sigmoidal\ncurvature, reflecting a unique cooperativity among the ligand groups; that is, the ligand existing\nin excess over the other dominates the twisting direction. These results consistently demonstrate\nthat “chirality” in these molecular assembly systems is conveniently controlled by the use of chiral\nligands.
Estimating Methyl/Methylene Groups in Asphaltene and Other Fractions of Asphalt (2008)

Abstract Infrared is the most widely used analytical method for interpreting the structure of petroleum fractions. In this study, IR spectra of standard normal nonadecane were used to get ε for methyl and methylene groups. A linear relationship was obtained by plotting the peak intensities at 2,954, 2,926, 2,854, 1,466, and 1,376 cm−1 against different amounts of N-nonadecane. The R 2 obtained for most of the plots was in the range of 0.988–0.997. The Beer-Lambert's law was used for the first time to quantitatively estimate the weight percent of methylene and methyl groups present in the different fractions of asphalt.
Cage-size control of guest vibration and thermal conductivity in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Sr</mml:mi><mml:mn>8</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ga</mml:mi><mml:mn>16</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Si</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>30</mml:mn><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ge</mml:mi><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2007)

We present a systematic study of thermal conductivity, specific heat, electrical resistivity, thermopower, and x-ray diffraction measurements performed on single-crystalline samples of the pseudoquaternary type-I clathrate system ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{8}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{16}{\mathrm{Si}}_{30\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}$, in the full range of $0\ensuremath{\leqslant}x\ensuremath{\leqslant}30$. All the samples show metallic behavior with $n$-type majority carriers. However, the thermal conductivity and specific heat strongly depend on $x$. Upon increasing $x$ from 0 to 30, the lattice parameter increases by 3%, from $10.446\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}10.726\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$, and the localized vibrational energies of the Sr guest ions in the tetrakaidecahedron (dodecahedron) cages decrease from $59(120)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}35(90)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. Furthermore, the lattice thermal conductivity at low temperatures is largely suppressed. In fact, a crystalline peak found at $15\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ for $x=0$ gradually decreases and disappears for $x\ensuremath{\geqslant}20$, evolving into the anomalous glasslike behavior observed for $x=30$. It is found that the increase of the free space for the Sr guest motion directly correlates with a continuous transition from quasi-on-center harmonic vibration to off-center anharmonic vibration, with consequent increase in the coupling strength between the guest's low-energy modes and the cage's acoustic phonon modes.
The Human Adrenal Gland Proteome Defined by Transcriptomics and Antibody-Based Profiling (2016)

The adrenal gland is a composite endocrine organ with vital functions that include the synthesis and release of glucocorticoids and catecholamines. To define the molecular landscape that underlies the specific functions of the adrenal gland, we combined a genome-wide transcriptomics approach using messenger RNA sequencing of human tissues with immunohistochemistry-based protein profiling on tissue microarrays. Approximately two-thirds of all putative protein coding genes were expressed in the adrenal gland, and the analysis identified 253 genes with an elevated pattern of expression in the adrenal gland, with only 37 genes showing a markedly greater expression level (more than fivefold) in the adrenal gland compared with 31 other normal human tissue types analyzed. The analyses allowed for an assessment of the relative expression levels for well-known proteins involved in adrenal gland function but also identified previously poorly characterized proteins in the adrenal cortex, such as the FERM (4.1 protein, ezrin, radixin, moesin) domain containing 5 and the nephroblastoma overexpressed (NOV) protein homolog. We have provided a global analysis of the adrenal gland transcriptome and proteome, with a comprehensive list of genes with elevated expression in the adrenal gland and spatial information with examples of protein expression patterns for corresponding proteins. These genes and proteins constitute important starting points for an improved understanding of the normal function and pathophysiology of the adrenal glands.
Eine neue Synthese substituierter Pyridine, II. Einige Varianten und Sonderfälle (1961)

Abstract Es werden mit Hilfe der neuen Synthese di‐, tri‐ und tetrasubstituierte Pyridine bereitet. Auch lassen sich die Ringsysteme etwa des 7‐Aza‐fluoranthens, des 4‐Aza‐fluorens und des 4‐Aza‐phenanthrens aufbauen. Ferner werden substituierte 2‐Hydroxy‐, 2‐Mercapto‐ und 2‐Amino‐pyridine nach dem neuen Prinzip dargestellt.
Plasma total homocysteine level and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C>T genetic polymorphism in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis (2009)

Hyperhomocysteinemia is a known risk factor of cardiovascular disease. Homocysteine has been also linked to inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, we investigated the relationship between plasma homocysteine levels and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the gene coding for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of homocysteine, and the correlation between the plasma homocysteine levels and generally used inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and matrix metalloproteinase-3) in 96 Japanese patients with RA. Plasma homocysteine levels in patients with the MTHFR 677TT genotype were significantly higher than in those with the 677CC genotype (p < 0.05). In addition, plasma homocysteine levels were increased along with the elevation of general inflammatory markers. Therefore, we conclude that homocysteine might affect the inflammatory status of patients, and the MTHFR 677C>T SNP could be a predictive factor of hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with RA.
Maltotetraose, A New Saccharide of Tertiary Property (1990)

Abstract Maltotetraose, a linear tetramer of α‐D‐glucose, has many potential uses in the food and pharmaceutical industries because of its unique characteristics. A consortium of Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd., Kirin Brewery Co., Ltd., Chiyoda Corp. and Yokogawa Electric Corp. has developed a continuous maltotetraose production process which uses an immobilized enzyme bioreactor system. Because maltotetraose syrup is a brand‐new saccharide having low sweetness and resistance to retrogradation, it has begun to be used as a property enhancer for various foods, powdering materials, saccharide for dry milk, liquid diets for the sick and a body reinforcement agent for refreshing drinks. In addition to the properties of nutrition and taste, the tertiary property of organism control has been discovered; that is, feeding with a maltotetraose‐rich corn syrup inhibits the growth of intestinal putrefactive bacteria such as C. perfringens and Enterobacteriaceae.
Closing Remarks (1995)

The previous chapters have laid out the history, foundations, and mechanics of the theory of P-completeness. We have shown that this theory plays roughly the same role in the parallel complexity domain as , NP-completeness does in the sequential domain. Having devoted much effort to establishing the notion of feasible highly parallel algorithms and arguing that P-completeness captures the notions of inherently sequential problems and algorithms, it is now appropriate to temper our case a bit with some additional observations. For some problems depending on the relevant input size, it may not be worth the effort to search for a feasible highly parallel algorithm assuming for example that you already have a √n time parallel algorithm. The following table shows the relationship between square roots and logarithms for various input sizes. Of course, for small input sizes the constants on the running times also play a major role. Although it is extremely risky to predict hardware trends, it seems safe to say that massively parallel computers containing billions of processors are not "just around the corner" and although potentially feasible, machines with millions of processors are not soon to become commodity personal computers. Thus, highly parallel algorithms will not be feasible if the processor requirements for an input of size n are much greater than n2, and probably more like n log n. Even if you have sufficient numbers of processors for problems that interest you, your algorithm may succumb to the tyranny of asymptotics. For example, a parallel algorithm that uses √n time is probably preferable to one that uses (logn)4 time, at least for values of n less than 1013. As Table 11.1 illustrates, the only really practical polylogarithmic parallel time algorithms are O((logn)2). Perhaps the limit to feasible highly parallel algorithms are those that run in (logn)2 time and use O(n2) processors. However, the search for an NC algorithm often leads to new insights into how a problem can be effectively parallelized. That is, a problem frequently is found to exhibit unexpected parallelism when the limits of its parallelism are pushed.