gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rationale for targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling in breast cancer (2015)

Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling is involved in multiple biological processes, including cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis during embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Given its role in the activation of critical signaling pathways, aberrant FGFR signaling has been implicated in multiple cancer types. A comprehensive search of PubMed and congress abstracts was conducted to identify reports on FGFR pathway components in breast cancer. In breast cancers, FGFR1 and FGFR4 gene amplification and single nucleotide polymorphisms in FGFR2 and FGFR4 have been detected. Commonly, these FGFR aberrations and gene amplifications lead to increased FGFR signaling and have been linked with poor prognosis and resistance to breast cancer treatments. Here, we review the role of FGFR signaling and the impact of FGFR genetic amplifications/aberrations on breast tumors. In addition, we summarize the most recent preclinical and clinical data on FGFR-targeted therapies in breast cancer. Finally, we highlight the ongoing clinical trials of the FGFR-targeted agents dovitinib, AZD4547, lucitanib, BGJ398, and JNJ-42756493, which are selected for patients with FGFR pathway-amplified breast cancer. Aberrant FGFR pathway amplification may drive some breast cancers. Inhibition of FGFR signaling is being explored in the clinic, and data from these trials may refine our ability to select patients who would best respond to these treatments.
Piezoelectric field effects in InGaN quantum wells (2005)

We have measured piezoelectric fields in p-i-n LED structures using the quantum confined Stark effect and photocurrent absorption. The results agree with calculations of the absorption where material parameters are interpolated from the binaries.
Linear response analysis of vibrational resonance in over-damped systems (2012)

The phenomenon whereby the response to a weak low-frequency input signal is maximized in an oscillatory system with additional high-frequency input signals of appropriate amplitude is known as vibrational resonance (VR). In this study, the occurrence of VR in over-damped systems is analytically and numerically explained in the framework of linear response theory. The origin of the large response of VR is shown to be the dynamical bifurcation caused by tuning the input signals.
Exclusion as a Means of Control of the European Corn Borer in Sweet Peppers12 (1974)

Synthetic netting of various meshes was tested in small replicated enclosures in 1970 for control vs. Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) on sweet peppers. In 1971 a 4-mesh, black, knitted, polypropylene netting was tested in a large field enclosure. The enclosure functioned effectively vs. this pest and provided a favorable environment for pepper production.
Production of plant growth modulating volatiles is widespread among rhizosphere bacteria and strongly depends on culture conditions (2011)

Recent studies have suggested that bacterial volatiles play an important role in bacterial-plant interactions. However, few reports of bacterial species that produce plant growth modulating volatiles have been published, raising the question whether this is just an anecdotal phenomenon. To address this question, we performed a large screen of strains originating from the soil for volatile-mediated effects on Arabidopsis thaliana. All of the 42 strains tested showed significant volatile-mediated plant growth modulation, with effects ranging from plant death to a sixfold increase in plant biomass. The effects of bacterial volatiles were highly dependent on the cultivation medium and the inoculum quantity. GC-MS analysis of the tested strains revealed over 130 bacterial volatile compounds. Indole, 1-hexanol and pentadecane were selected for further studies because they appeared to promote plant growth. None of these compounds triggered a typical defence response, using production of ethylene and of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as read-outs. However, when plants were challenged with the flg-22 epitope of bacterial flagellin, a prototypical elicitor of defence responses, additional exposure to the volatiles reduced the flg-22-induced production of ethylene and ROS in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that bacterial volatiles may act as effectors to inhibit the plant's defence response.
Triterpene Glycosides from the Whole Plant of Anemone hupehensis var. japonica and Their Cytotoxic Activity (2009)

Three new triterpene glycosides (1-3), together with eight known triterpene glycosides (4-11), were isolated from the whole plant of Anemone hupehensis var. japonica (Ranunculaceae). The structures of the new compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and the results of hydrolytic cleavage experiments. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against HL-60 human leukemia cells, HSC-2 human oral squamous carcinoma cells, HSC-4 human oral squamous carcinoma cells, and A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells.
Trend, not severity, of acute kidney injury affects graft outcome in deceased donor kidney transplantation (2018)

Deceased donor kidneys (DDKs) with acute kidney injury (AKI) are difficult to allocate for fear of the expected graft outcome. We aimed to evaluate the impact of donors' AKI severity and trend on graft outcomes in DDK transplantation. This was a retrospective study of DDK transplantation performed from 2005 to 2014. Based on maximum and terminal serum creatinine values before transplantation, the AKI trends were categorized as improving or worsening. Of 413 DDKs, 275 developed AKI: 177 stage 1, 52 stage 2, and 46 stage 3. DDKs with AKI had 212 improving AKI and 63 worsening AKI. Graft outcomes were similar based on AKI stage. Worsening AKI did not affect delayed graft function development; however, it significantly elevated graft failure risk even after adjusting for AKI stage and Kidney Donor Risk Index. Graft survival of the improving group was similar to DDKs with no AKI. This study showed that AKI severity of DDKs did not affect overall graft outcomes. Notably, DDKs with improving AKI showed a similar graft survival rate to DDKs without AKI, although worsening AKI had a worse prognosis. Consideration of the AKI trend, rather than its severity, is needed when DDKs with AKI are allocated.
Dialysis Patients and Cardiovascular Problems: Can Technology Help Solve the Complex Equation? (2005)

Patients with end-stage kidney disease undergoing chronic hemodialysis (HD) present higher mortality rates compared with the general population. Once patients are on HD, the risk of cardiovascular death is approximately 30 times higher than in the general population and remains 10-20 times higher after stratification for age, gender, and the presence of diabetes. About half the deaths of patients on dialysis are attributed to cardiovascular causes including coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, and heart failure. The cardiovascular burden of the HD patient arises from three different sources: risks inherent to the patient and the uremic syndrome, traditional risk factors, and risk factors related to the dialysis therapy. Based on these considerations and the fact that several aspects of the dialysis procedure can either add to the cardiovascular burden or modify the existing burden, new technologies should be directed towards the approach of a potential 'cardioprotective dialysis therapy'; such an approach may be facilitated by the application of new techniques and advanced dialysis machines. Created to make dialysis easy and safe, new machines feature several options that make patient monitoring and online hemodiafiltration therapy routine procedures. These and other features will possibly make dialysis better tolerated and more efficient in protecting patients from undesirable or potentially fatal cardiovascular events.
Analysis of seasonal changes in plants by high-resolution NMR spectroscopy: Looking at the aqueous extracts from different plant tissues (2015)

Background . Changes in the metabolic profiles of complex biological systems (cell, tissue, organ or organism) under normal and pathological conditions provide unique way to look at the physiological processes in living objects. Methods. The high-resolution NMR spectroscopy was used here to investigate seasonal changes in metabolite compositions of aqueous extracts from various tissues of several plants. Results. The birch sap is characterized by the high glucose and fructose levels. In addition to these sugars, relatively low concentrations of amino acids, organic acids, and alcohols were also present in the birch sap. During the early spring period, young growing leaves of the birch were characterized by the increased amounts of choline and scyllo-inositol. However, after the cessation of growth, the concentrations of these compounds in leaves decreased and remained unchanged even in the fallen leaves in November. Birch leaves also contained myoinositol. The linden leaves were also characterized by the presence of choline, high sugar levels, and very high concentrations of scyllo-inositol, whereas the aqueous extracts from the oak leaves contained only scyllo-inositol in addition to the high sugar levels. C onclusions. The results of this study suggest that the high-resolution NMR spectroscopy can be used to study the biochemistry of seasonal changes in woody plants. General Significance. The NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool that can be used for the direct instrumental analysis of some metabolites in the plant tissues. Journal of Nature and Science, 1(5):e 8 8, 2015
Apoptosis of Epithelial Cells and Macrophages Due to Infection with the Obligate Intracellular Pathogen <i>Chlamydia psittaci</i> (1998)

We have characterized the cytotoxic activity of the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia psittaci, which resides within a membrane-bound vacuole during the 2-day infection cycle. We have established that infected epithelial cells and macrophages die through apoptosis, which is measurable within 1 day of infection and requires productive infection by the bacteria. Inhibition of host cell protein synthesis has no effect on cell death, but blocking bacterial entry or bacterial protein synthesis prevents apoptosis, implying that bacterial growth is required for death of the host cell. Apoptosis was confirmed through the use of electron microscopy, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling, gel agarose electrophoresis of fragmented DNA, and propidium-iodide labeling of host cell nuclei. Although infected cells died preferentially, both infected and uninfected cells became apoptotic, suggesting that the infected cells may secrete proapoptotic factors. Inhibition of either of two proapoptotic enzymes, caspase-1 or caspase-3, did not significantly affect Chlamydia-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that, as in the case of apoptosis due to Bax expression or oncogene dysregulation, which initiate the apoptotic program within the cell interior, the Chlamydia infection may trigger an apoptotic pathway that is independent of known caspases. As apoptotic cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines, Chlamydia-induced apoptosis may contribute to the inflammatory response of the host.
Photoluminescence studies of planar-doped GaAs-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ga</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">−</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Al</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>As multiple-quantum-well structures (1989)

Photoluminescence experiments on various selectively silicon ``\ensuremath{\delta}-doped'' GaAs-${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{x}}$As multiple quantum wells, grown by molecular-beam epitaxy, have been performed. For comparison, photoluminescence of a similar undoped structure and of silicon ``\ensuremath{\delta}-doped'' bulk GaAs were studied. The assignment of the luminescence structures was obtained through a careful analysis of the temperature, excitation power, and magnetic-field dependence of the spectra. As expected, although most of the silicon atoms behave as donors, acceptor states related to this impurity have been detected. Due to the small doping level of the samples, it turns out that the amount of Si acceptor states is comparable to that of the residual carbon acceptor states, allowing a direct comparison between the related densities. It is found that some of the silicon dopants are located where they were intended to be placed during the doping procedure. However, a significant number of Si impurities are found to be shifted in the direction of growth with respect to their intended locations, in agreement with magnetotransmission measurements performed on the same samples. These investigations provide interesting information about the self-compensation and segregation of impurities during the molecular-beam epitaxy of the samples.
New method for the assessment of switching-impulse insulation strength (1966)

By examining the nature of the variate of the breakdown frequency, the conventional method of analysing data is shown to be incorrect, unless some breakdowns occur on the wavetail. A new method is devised for the derivation of the cumulative frequency distribution of breakdown voltage (or ‘time to breakdown’), which is an estimate of the corresponding probability distribution. The new method extracts all the relevant information contained in the test data and gives more significant results, which are likely to be fairly reproducible. Practical experience indicates that the new method is particularly suited to the assessment of voltages of low breakdown probability, and its use should lead to simplifications of testing technique. It is shown that problems of insulation co-ordination can readily be solved on a probability basis by the use of the cumulative frequency distribution of time to breakdown.
[Arthrosis of the knee in chronic anterior laxity]. (1987)

Arthrosis following rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament has been analysed in two series. The first series was derived from a review of 150 cases of reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with a follow-up of 3 years or more. Arthrosis was seen to have developed in 13.3%. The second series was concerned with 64 cases of unilateral arthrosis treated by upper tibial valgus osteotomy in whom there had been a previous rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament. The "tolerance time"--that is the time between the original ligamentous injury and the time of osteotomy--for the development of arthrosis was very variable, ranging in cases with a "natural history" from 10 to 50 years with a mean of 35 years. It is important to recognise the radiological signs of the onset of arthrosis. These are osteophytosis of the intercondylar notch, osteophyte formation at the posterior part of the medial tibial plateau, and, in particular, narrowing of the medial joint line with posterior subluxation of the medial femoral condyle, well seen in lateral radiographs whilst standing on one lower limb. Early arthroses, appearing after 10 years, may occur as a "natural arthrosis", but it develops much more frequently after surgical treatment that had failed to correct anterior laxity and particularly when it had been performed on knees that were already pre-arthrotic. The main factor in arthrosis is anterior laxity measured radiologically by an "active Lachman" radiograph. Removal of the medial meniscus, which, in itself, is liable to produce arthrosis is even more harmful in anterior cruciate laxity since it doubles the degree of anterior subluxation of the tibia seen on unilateral weight-bearing. The development of varus deformity, which characterises progressive arthrosis, has its origin in wear of the posterior part of the medial tibial plateau caused by anterior cruciate laxity. Other factors play an important part such as associated lateral laxity, constitutional genu varum and weakness of the hamstring muscles which oppose the subluxating action of the quadriceps.
Henri Moissan. The discoverer of fluorine (2018)

<span>A Henri Moissan (1852-1907) le debemos el descubrimiento del flúor y la síntesis de muchos de sus compuestos, la invención de un poderoso horno eléctrico, el descubrimiento de una variedad de nuevos compuestos químicos y formas alotrópicas, así como la preparación de varios sistemas metal-amoníaco. Moissan provenía de una familia muy modesta pero su fuerte interés en la química lo llevó a alcanzar el máximo galardón científico: el Premio Nobel de Química del año 1906.</span>
Chiral discrimination of 2‐arylalkanoic acids by (1S,2S)‐1‐aminoindan‐2‐ol and (1S,2S)‐2‐aminoindan‐1‐ol: Correlation of the relative configuration of the amino and hydroxy groups with the pattern of a supramolecular hydrogen‐bond network in the less‐soluble diastereomeric salt (2003)

Abstract The diastereomeric resolution of 2‐arylalkanoic acids with enantiopure trans ‐1‐aminoindan‐2‐ol and trans ‐2‐aminoindan‐1‐ol were studied. Enantiopure trans ‐1‐aminoindan‐2‐ol had a moderate resolving ability for 2‐arylalkanoic acids having a naphthyl group as an aryl substituent at the α‐position, while enantiopure trans ‐2‐aminoindan‐1‐ol had a moderate‐to‐high resolving ability for a wide variety of the acids having a methyl group as an alkyl substituent at the α‐position. The crystal structures of the corresponding less‐soluble salts revealed that a reinforced columnar hydrogen‐bond network was formed in the less‐soluble salts with trans ‐1‐aminoindan‐2‐ol, while a rather stable hydrogen‐bond sheet was generated with the assistance of water molecules in the less‐soluble salts with trans ‐2‐aminoindan‐1‐ol. These results suggest that not only the relative configuration but also the position of the hydrogen‐bonding groups in resolving agents have a considerable effect on the structure of the less‐soluble salts. The difference in favorable hydrogen‐bond structure determined the adaptivity to the structural feature of target racemic 2‐arylalkanoic acids in the resolution by trans ‐1‐aminoindan‐2‐ol and trans ‐1‐aminoindan‐2‐ol, respectively. Chirality 15:564–570, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Narrow-linewidth distributed feedback fiber laser with MOPA (2015)

An amplified and narrow-linewidth distributed feedback fiber laser in a master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) configuration is presented. It consists of a distributed feedback fiber laser as the seed laser and an MOPA structure in an all-single-mode fiber system. The optimized narrow-linewidth fiber laser has an over 15% efficient slope. The packaged laser module shows excellent performance including a narrow linewidth of 2 kHz, low relative intensity noise below 100 dB/Hz at the relaxation oscillation frequency, and low phase noise, which make it very suitable for interference and distributed sensing applications.
211At-Labeled Small-Molecule PSMA Inhibitors: Effect of Structure on Biodistribution in Mice (2016)

1433 Objectives Radiolabeled small-molecule PSMA inhibitors are currently under clinical investigation as imaging and radiotherapeutic agents for prostate cancer (PC). Astatine-211 is a 7.2-h radiohalogen emitting short range, high linear energy transfer alpha particles well suited for treatment of PC micrometastases. Such an application requires an optimized biodistribution where the agent rapidly clears from non-target organs including kidneys. Here we report the preparation and biodistribution of five 211At-labeled agents. Methods Compounds 1-5 were labeled with 131I or 211At by the reaction of the respective stannylated precursor (triester) with 131I- or 211At in methanol containing N-chlorosuccinimide and acetic acid followed by concentration, acid hydrolysis and purification by high-performance liquid chromatography. PSMA inhibitory activity was measured by the Amplex Red glutamic acid assay. Biodistribution was performed using an IV bolus of 185 kBq (5 µCi) into mice bearing both PSMA+ PC3-PIP and PSMA- PC3-flu flank xenografts. Organs were harvested at 1, 2, 4, and 21 h post injection (n = 5 per time point). Results All agents were potent inhibitors [Ki = 1, (0.01), 2 (0.3), 3 (6.8), 4 (1.8), 5 (0.01) nM]. [211At]1-4 exhibited high kidney uptake at 1 h (99 ± 27 %ID/g) that cleared to 5.8 ± 6.9 %ID/g at 21 h except for [211At]1 (57 ± 7.4 %ID/g). [211At]5 had a lower 1 h kidney uptake (46.7 ± 8.2 %ID/g), which cleared (2.6% ± 0.8 %ID/g at 21 h, post-injection). [211At]5 also had a higher tumor uptake at 1 h (43.2 ± 9.8 %ID/g) compared to [211At]1-4 (17.8 ± 4.6 %ID/g). By 21 h tumor decreased to 12.2 ±5.3 %ID/g for [211At]2-5 but [211At]1 increased to 31.1 ± 9.8 %ID/g. [211At]1, 4, and 5 had significant stomach accumulation at 21 h (9.4-12.6 %ID/g) indicating possible de-astatination. Thyroid uptake at 21 h was 6.5 ± 2.0, 2.2 ± 1.0, 0.9 ± 0.1, 3.7 ± 1.4, and 3.8 ± 0.6 %ID/organ for [211At]1-5, respectively. Compared to [211At]5, [131I]5 had a higher 1 h kidney and tumor uptake (106 ± 19 and 78 ± 19 %ID/g) that cleared to 3.1 ± 1.6 and 23 ± 22 %ID/g at 21 h but lower stomach and thyroid uptake (0.10 ± 0.04 %ID/g and 0.40 ± 0.05 %ID/organ at 21 h). Conclusions Although exhibiting possible deastatination in vivo, [211At]5, with its high initial tumor uptake and lowest kidney uptake, is a promising agent for further study.
Immune complex glomerulonephritis in experimental kala-azar II: Detection and characterization of parasite antigens and antibodies eluted from kidneys of<i>Leishmania donovani-infected</i>hamsters (1992)

In a previous report analysing kidney sections by immunofluorescence we showed that hamsters infected with L. donovani develop a glomerulonephritis (GN) associated with deposition of hamster immunoglobulins and parasite antigens in the glomeruli. In this study we characterize these immune components eluted from the kidneys. The eluted immunoglobulins showed specificity for L. donovani antigens and hamster immunoglobulins (rheumatoid factor-like activity). The four isotypes IgG1, IgG2, IgA and IgM were detected. Several L. donovani antigens were detected in the renal eluates by Western blot and immunoprecipitation using 125I-labelled eluates. Proteins with mol. wt of 134, 82, 52, 31, and 26 kD were detected by Western blot and proteins with 134, 110, 93, 89 and 48 kD were detected by immunoprecipitation. With the exception of the 134 kD protein which was recognized by both rabbit anti-promastigote and rabbit anti-amastigote sera all the others were recognized only by the anti-amastigote serum. The 134 kD protein was the only one isolated from the kidneys of infected hamster immunocomplexed with IgG and was the only one detected in a promastigote lysate using IgG from L. donovani-infected hamsters.
One-pot conversions of amines into olefins via non-isolated pyridinium intermediates (1982)

Secondary alkyl primary amines are converted by the pyrylium salt (1) directly at 20 °C into olefins via the corresponding secondary carbenium ions. Isomeric olefin mixtures are elucidated and result from carbenium ion rearrangements.
Path integral computation of lowest order modes in arbitrary-shaped inhomogeneous waveguides (1997)

A general numerical algorithm for the computation of the fundamental modes and related cutoff wavenumbers in arbitrary shaped inhomogeneous waveguides is presented. The method exploits a generalized Donsker-Kac formula to express the lowest order modes in terms of asymptotic generalized Wiener-Ito integrals, whose computation is carried out by means of Monte Carlo methods. Comparison with known solutions and computational budget indicate that the proposed method is indeed accurate, versatile, as well as computationally efficient.