gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A colorimetric method for the determination of serum arginase activity. (1969)

A detailed description of a method for the determination of serum arginase activity is presented. Arginase activity is demonstrated by the decrease in arginine concentration in a reaction mixture, as determined by a modification of the method of Sakaguchi. The reaction is linear until inhibited by the increasing concentration of ornithine. The cellular distribution of arginase is reviewed to determine its role in diagnosis and in the evaluation of biologic systems.
Alberta's ‘Pothole’ Trout Fisheries (1957)

Scattered across the prairies and foothills of Alberta lie a series of warm, shallow, rich lakes and reservoirs that vary in size from 15 to 100 acres. These “potholes” are distinguished from the larger lakes of the province by their lack of inlets and outlets. Some contain northern pike and yellow perch; others have small cyprinids only, or cyprinids and sticklebacks; one contains yellow perch and sticklebacks. The potholes without northern pike, when stocked in the spring with fry or fingerlings of rainbow trout, provide fishing for 13- to 16-ounce fish by fall and for two to three pound fish by the second summer. From the first two stockings it is estimated that anglers recover roughly one-fifth of the total number and some sixty times the total weight of fish stocked. In the spring and fall the anglers catch about one fish per hour; during July to mid-September angling is poor and from 12 to 20 hours are required to catch one fish. This poor fishing is attributed to warm surface waters and low oxygen concentrations in deeper waters. Trout fry or fingerlings stocked in third and subsequent years grow poorly and survive in small numbers. This is believed to be due to competition with the population established by the first two stockings. The management problems are discussed and it is concluded that poisoning the whole population every three or four years and beginning again is the best procedure.
Novel Allylsilane-Acetal Bifunctional Reagents in the Synthesis of Six- and Seven-Membered Spirocycles (1990)

The inherent high degree of chemoselectivity shown by the allylsilane-acetals 4,4-dimethoxy-2-trimethylsilylmethyl-1-butene (3) and 5,5-dimethoxy-2-trimethylsilylmethyl-1-pentene (4), upon reaction with O-silylated enolates and a Lewis acid, allows a simple one-pot synthesis of the [4.5], [4.6], [5.5] and [5.6] spirocyclic ring systems as well as six- and seven-membered rings containing a quaternary centre.
Practice and prospects of microbial preservation (2012)

A growing interest in culturable diversity has required microbiologists to think seriously about microbial preservation. In addition to the isolation and cultivation of pure strains, adequate preservation without changes in morphological, physiological and genetic traits is necessary. This review consolidates different methods used for preservation of microorganisms with an emphasis on cryopreservation and lyophilization. The critical points of cryopreservation and lyophilization are highlighted to explain how several extrinsic and intrinsic factors affect the cell survival and recovery during the process of long-term preservation. Factors responsible for alteration in genotypic and phenotypic integrity of cultures during preservation and methods used for their evaluation have been incorporated. We emphasize the importance of depositories and highlight their current funding status. Future areas for preservation research, including cell dormancy, ecosystem and community level preservation and the effects of the viable but non-culturable state on post-preservation recovery of the cells are also discussed.
Mechanical Properties and Formation Mechanisms of a Wire of Single Gold Atoms (2001)

A scanning tunneling microscope supplemented with a force sensor is used to study the mechanical properties of a novel metallic nanostructure: a freely suspended chain of single gold atoms. We find that the bond strength of the nanowire is about twice that of a bulk metallic bond. We perform ab initio calculations of the force at chain fracture and compare quantitatively with experimental measurements. The observed mechanical failure and nanoelastic processes involved during atomic wire fabrication are investigated using molecular dynamics simulations, and we find that the total effective stiffness of the nanostructure is strongly affected by the detailed local atomic arrangement at the chain bases.
Proposal of square metrics for measuring Business Process Model complexity (2012)

Business Process (BP) metrics are used for controlling the quality and improving models. We give an overview of the existing metrics for describing various aspects of BP models. We propose simple yet practical square metrics for describing complexity of a BP model. These metrics are easy to interpret and provide some basic information about the structural complexity of the model. The proposed metrics are to be used with models built with Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN). It is currently the most widespread language used for BP modeling.
Hydraulic Transport of Fly Ash Slurry (1977)

Explained here, after a study on.flow property of fly ash slurry, are two types of experimental equations for estimation of pressure loss, with up to 45% volume concentration and velocity over 1.5m/sec.In applying apparent relative viscosity, one type of pressure loss is shown in the following equations;_??_Where_??_The other type derived from a simplification of the first one is suitable for rough estimation, that is, Where_??_ΔPF, ΔPW=pressure loss of fly ash slurry and water, respectively [kg/m2-m]μS=apparent relative visco sity of fly ash slurry [-]μW, μF=viscocity of water and fly ash slurry respectively [kgs/m2]CF=volume fraction of fly ash [-]α, β, κ1, κ2=experimental constants [-]γW, γF, γS=specific gravity of water, fly ash slurrv and flv ash, respectivelv [kg/m3]Re=reynglds number [-]Vm=mean velocity [m/s]D=pipe diameter [m]L=pipe length [m]g=acceleration due to gravity [m/S2]
Content-Preserving Image Stitching with Regular Boundary Constraints (2018)

This paper proposes an approach to content-preserving stitching of images with regular boundary constraints, which aims to stitch multiple images to generate a panoramic image with regular boundary. Existing methods treat image stitching and rectangling as two separate steps, which may result in suboptimal results as the stitching process is not aware of the further warping needs for rectangling. We address these limitations by formulating image stitching with regular boundaries in a unified optimization. Starting from the initial stitching results produced by traditional warping-based optimization, we obtain the irregular boundary from the warped meshes by polygon Boolean operations which robustly handle arbitrary mesh compositions, and by analyzing the irregular boundary construct a piecewise rectangular boundary. Based on this, we further incorporate straight line preserving and regular boundary constraints into the image stitching framework, and conduct iterative optimization to obtain an optimal piecewise rectangular boundary, thus can make the panoramic boundary as close as possible to a rectangle, while reducing unwanted distortions. We further extend our method to panoramic videos and selfie photography, by integrating the temporal coherence and portrait preservation into the optimization. Experiments show that our method efficiently produces visually pleasing panoramas with regular boundaries and unnoticeable distortions.
Do the Terms “% ee” and “% de” Make Sense as Expressions of Stereoisomer Composition or Stereoselectivity? (2006)

Enantiomeric excess (ee) was originally defined as a term to describe enantiomeric composition and was equated with optical purity. More recently, ee and its cousin de (diastereomeric excess) have been used (inappropriately) to quantitate stereoselectivity. The quantity ee has been used in equations describing processes such as kinetic resolutions, but these equations are unnecessarily complex because it is enantiomer ratio, not enantiomeric excess, that directly reflects relative rates. A historical summary of the development of ee as an expression of enantiomer composition and enantioselectivity is presented, along with new equations and figures defining and illustrating the stereoselectivity factor, s, kinetic resolutions versus % conversion, and linear correlations of enantiomer composition of catalysts and products. New figures illustrating nonlinear effects versus enaniomer composition are presented, and Kagan's index of amplification for positive nonlinear effects is discussed and illustrated. A case is made for the discontinuance of ee and de as descriptors of stereoisomer composition and stereoselectivity.
Indicators of sexual maturation and regression in the female cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (1991)

Differences in the salivary glands, mesenteron epithelium and reproductive organs of female cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis Bouché (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae), are related to the degree of reproductive maturation or regression. Contrary to previous ideas, blue bodies in the ovarioles are degenerate oocyte nuclei and their presence denotes failure of ripening oocytes to reach full maturity. A distinction between true corpora lutea and pseudo-corpora lutea is established, the presence of the former indicates successful oviposition, and of the latter, failure to complete maturation of eggs. Accurate indicators of sexual maturation and reproductive success are of potential value in assessing relative suitability of various hosts for a given flea species and therefore in assessing the degree of host specificity among fleas.
A novel swithced radio over fiber architecture for distributed antenna systems (2004)

Distributed antenna systems based on radio over fiber technology are used increasingly to provide cellular coverage within large buildings. A new architecture, switched radio over fiber, is proposed for greater operational flexibility and significant cost savings.
Wheat is more potent than corn or barley for dietary mitigation of enteric methane emissions from dairy cows (2017)

Wheat is the most common concentrate fed to dairy cows in Australia, but few studies have examined the effects of wheat feeding on enteric methane emissions, and no studies have compared the relative potencies of wheat, corn, and barley for their effects on enteric methane production. In this 35-d experiment, 32 Holstein dairy cows were offered 1 of 4 diets: a corn diet (CRN) of 10.0 kg of dry matter (DM)/d of single-rolled corn grain, 1.8 kg of DM/d of canola meal, 0.2 kg of DM/d of minerals, and 11.0 kg of DM/d of chopped alfalfa hay; a wheat diet (WHT) similar to the CRN diet but with the corn replaced by single-rolled wheat; a barley diet (SRB) similar to the CRN diet but with the corn replaced by single-rolled barley; and a barley diet (DRB) similar to the CRN diet but with the corn replaced by double-rolled barley. Individual cow feed intakes, milk yields, and milk compositions were measured daily but reported for the last 5 d of the experiment. During the last 5 d of the experiment, individual cow methane emissions were measured using the SF<sub>6</sub> tracer technique for all cows, and ruminal fluid pH was continuously measured by intraruminal sensors for 3 cows in each treatment group. The average DM intake of cows offered the CRN, WHT, SRB, and DRB diets was 22.2, 21.1, 22.6, and 22.6 kg/d. The mean energy-corrected milk of cows fed the WHT diet was less than that of cows fed the other diets. This occurred because the milk fat percentage of cows fed the WHT diet was significantly less than that of cows fed the other diets. The mean methane emissions and methane yields of cows fed the WHT diet were also significantly less than those of cows fed the other diets. Indeed, the CRN, SRB, and DRB diets were associated with 49, 73, and 78% greater methane emissions, respectively, compared with the emissions from the WHT diet. Methane yield was found to be most strongly related to the minimum daily ruminal fluid pH. This study showed that although the inclusion of wheat in the diet of dairy cows could be an effective strategy for substantially reducing their methane emissions, it also reduced their milk fat percentage and production of milk fat and energy-corrected milk.
371. Synthesis antimalarials. Part XLII. The preparation of guanylureas and biurets corresponding to “Paludrine” and related diguanides (1949)

F. H. S. Curd, D. G. Davey and D. N. Richardson, J. Chem. Soc., 1949, 1732 DOI: 10.1039/JR9490001732
A probability density function method for detecting atrial fibrillation using <i>R</i> – <i>R</i> intervals (2008)

A probability density function (PDF) method is proposed for investigating the structure of the reconstructed attractor of R-R intervals. By constructing the PDF of distance between two points in the reconstructed phase space of R-R intervals of normal sinus rhythm (NSR) and atrial fibrillation (AF), it is found that the distributions of PDF of NSR and AF R-R intervals have significant differences. By taking advantage of their differences, a characteristic parameter k(n), which represents the sum of n points slope in filtered PDF curve, is put forward to detect both 400 segments of NSR and AF R-R intervals from the MIT-BIH Atrial Fibrillation database. Parameters such as number of R-R intervals, number of embedding dimensions and slope are optimized for the best detection performance. Results demonstrate that the new algorithm has a fast response speed with R-R intervals as short as 40, and shows a sensitivity of 0.978, and a specificity of 0.990 in the best detecting performance.
Stereotactic Surgery: What Is Past Is Prologue (2000)

Two old and simple simple concepts, a three-dimensional positioning stage and a coordinate system, were combined in 1906 to create a new one: the stereotactic method. For 25 years, it found little application until it was rediscovered for investigations in small animals. After the first human subcortical stereotactic procedure was performed in 1947, stereotactic methods found greatest application in the placement of subcortical lesions in the treatment of movement disorders. Rapid advances in the development of instrumentation, methods, and understanding of human neuroanatomy and neurophysiology resulted. However, a dormant period followed the introduction of L-dopa in 1968. The advent of computer-based medical imaging applied to the stereotactic method encouraged adaptation of stereotactic methods to the management of intracranial tumors, the rapid development of new surgical hardware, and the rediscovery of old methods and evolution of new ones for the treatment of movement disorders. In addition, the incorporation of computer systems as stereotactic surgical instruments further increased the capabilities of stereotactic methods. Radiosurgical applications increased with the proliferation of gamma units and the development of linear accelerator-based radiosurgical methods. Computers are used to fuse and reformat imaging databases for surgical planning, simulation, and frameless stereotactic intraoperative guidance. As a result, surgical procedures have become more effective in meeting preoperative goals and less invasive. Low-cost, high-speed, microprocessor-based workstation computers and intuitive user interfaces have increased the acceptance into mainstream neurosurgery. It is anticipated that a significant portion of neurosurgery, and probably most surgical procedures in general, will comprise computer-based interventions guided by volumetric imaging-defined data sets acquired preoperatively or by intraoperative imaging systems. The stereotactic surgery of the future may employ all or a combination of the following technologies: frameless stereotactic surgery, robotic technology, microrobotic dexterity enhancement, and telepresence robotics.
Consolidation and Permeability of Transparent Amorphous Silica (2003)

Abstract The consolidation and permeability of transparent amorphous silica are studied in this paper. Transparency is achieved by matching the refractive indices of the amorphous silica particles and the pore fluid. The fundamental premise of this research is that transparent synthetic soils made of amorphous silica can be used in model tests to study three-dimensional deformation and flow problems, using nonintrusive optical visualization techniques, if amorphous silica can be produced with geotechnical properties similar to natural soils. The amorphous silicas studied in this paper exhibit consolidation behavior similar to that of organic clays and peat. The permeability of the material falls within the range typically reported for clays and peats.
[The efficacy of the surgical treatment of occlusive lesions of the carotid arteries]. (1993)

The authors from the A. N. Bakulev Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery analyze the results of surgical management of 154 males aged 40-60 years who suffered from carotid artery occlusions. The patients were divided into three groups of patients: (1) 28 patients with asymptomatic occlusions; (2) 36 with transient ischemic episodes (TIE), and (3) 90 with ischemic stroke. A set of techniques was used, which involved Doppler ultrasonography with spectral analysis of a Doppler ultrasonographic signal, study of regional brain blood flow from brain tissue 133Xe clearance by using the functional hypercapnic test, computed tomography and angiography. A total of 165 operations were performed. The outcomes of surgical management in the early postoperative period were studied in all patients. The long-term outcomes were analyzed in 130 patients who had been followed up for average 2.3 years. In the immediate postoperative period, the uncomplicated course was in 96.4% from Group 1, in 96.3% from Group 2, and in 94.4% from Group 3. Deaths occurred in 1.3%. In the late period, all patients from Group 1 had no signs of cerebrovascular insufficiency, an improvement was observed in 88.9 and 80.0% in Groups 2 and 3, respectively. No deaths occurred in all the groups in the late postoperative period. The paper discusses how the efficiency of surgical management is related to the cerebral hemodynamics and morphological changes in brain tissues in carotid artery occlusions.
Aberrant Expression of Mitotic Cdc2/Cyclin B1 Kinase in Degenerating Neurons of Alzheimer’s Disease Brain (1997)

We have shown previously that M-phase phospho-epitopes accumulate in neuronal tau proteins incorporated into the hallmark neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In M phase, the epitopes are produced by cdc2/cyclin B1 kinase by a highly conserved mechanism believed to be quiescent in terminally differentiated neurons of adult brain. To determine whether an M-phase mechanism is possible in AD neurons, we first investigated the presence of cdc2 and cyclin B1 in AD. Both proteins were enriched in neurons with NFT and in neurons susceptible to NFT. An antibody specific for catalytically active cdc2 stained numerous NFT-containing neurons in AD but did not react with normal neurons. Double-labeling studies showed that active cdc2 and cyclin B1 coexist in AD neurons and co-localize with AD-specific mitotic phospho-epitopes. Mitotic kinase purified from AD and normal brain, using the yeast p13suc1 protein as affinity ligand, showed higher histone H1 phosphorylation activity in AD. Accordingly, the levels of cdc2 and cyclin B1 in p13suc1 fractions from AD were higher than normal. Consistent with a physiological relationship between NFT and mitotic kinase, NFT proteins co-purified with and became phosphorylated by the p13suc1-bound kinase in vitro . Furthermore, cdc2/cyclin B1 is the only one of several proline-directed kinases that created the TG/MC mitotic phospho-epitopes in recombinant tau in vitro . These findings suggest that aberrantly reexpressed cdc2/cyclin B1 in NFT-bearing neurons in AD brain contributes to the generation of M-phase phospho-epitopes in NFT.
Covariance matrix properties and multiple symbol/soft decision detection in slow flat Rician fading (1995)

For a small number of symbols N and slow flat fading channels, it is shown that covariance matrices encountered in practice have two nonnegligible eigenvalues, the first much larger than the second, with a symmetric eigenvector associated with the first eigenvalue, and a skew symmetric eigenvector associated with the second eigenvalue. The first eigenvector is well approximated by a conditional mean, and the second eigenvector represents a small drift about the mean. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the slow flat fading channel covariance matrix are shown to be strongly related to those of a certain conditional covariance matrix. The maximum likelihood (ML) rules for block hard decision and symbol-by-symbol hard decision, and a rule for soft decision detection of M-DPSK, all using multiple symbol information, are obtained for the Rician channel as a function of N. The eigenvalue-eigenvector results lead to practical implementations of all rules. For small to moderate N, it is shown that a simple open-loop algorithm, of complexity N log N, attains the performance of the ML decision rules for an E/sub s//N/sub 0/ range of interest for several land mobile satellite systems. The ML decision rules are seen to give rapidly diminishing returns as N increases, showing that simple noncoherent techniques can have very effective performance for the Rician fading channel. Lastly, several conclusions are drawn about the asymptotic channel behavior, including the Rayleigh channel. The work is directly applicable to the Australian and North American land mobile satellite systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Longitudinal study of leukocyte DNA methylation and biomarkers for cancer risk in older adults (2019)

The results show that changes in cellular composition explains much of the cross-sectional and longitudinal variation in CpG methylation. Additionally, differential methylation and longitudinal dynamics at specific CpGs could provide powerful indicators of cancer development and/or progression. In particular, we highlight CpG methylation in the <i>RPTOR</i> gene as a potential biomarker of cancer that awaits further validation.
Device and circuit-level modeling using neural networks with faster training based on network sparsity (1997)

Recently, circuit analysis and optimization featuring neural-network models have been proposed, reducing the computational time during optimization while keeping the accuracy of physics-based models. We present a novel approach for fast training of such neural-network models based on the sparse matrix concept. The new training technique does not require any structure change in neural networks, but makes use of the inherent nature of neural networks that for each pattern some neuron activations are close to zero, and hence, have no effect on network outputs and weights update. Much of the computation effort is saved over standard training techniques, while achieving the same accuracy. FET device and VLSI interconnect modeling examples verified the proposed technique.