gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental Models to Study Podocyte Biology: Stock-Taking the Toolbox of Glomerular Research (2018)

Diseases affecting the glomeruli of the kidney, the renal filtration units, are a leading cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal failure. Despite recent advances in the understanding of glomerular biology, treatment of these disorders has remained extraordinarily challenging in many cases. The use of experimental models has proven invaluable to study renal, and in particular, glomerular biology and disease. Over the past 15 years, studies identified different and very distinct pathogenic mechanisms that result in damage, loss of glomerular visceral epithelial cells (podocytes) and progressive renal disease. However, animal studies and, in particular, mouse studies are often protracted and cumbersome due to the long reproductive cycle and high keeping costs. Transgenic and heterologous expression models have been speeded-up by novel gene editing techniques, yet they still take months. In addition, given the complex cellular biology of the filtration barrier, certain questions may not be directly addressed using mouse models due to the limited accessibility of podocytes for analysis and imaging. In this review, we will describe alternative models to study podocyte biology experimentally. We specifically discuss current podocyte cell culture models, their role in experimental strategies to analyze pathophysiologic mechanisms as well as limitations with regard to transferability of results. We introduce current models in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster</i>, and <i>Danio rerio</i> that allow for analysis of protein interactions, and principle signaling pathways in functional biological structures, and enable high-throughput transgenic expression or compound screens in multicellular organisms.
Recovery factor in fractured reservoirs: lessons learned from 100 fractured fields (2003)

One hundred fractured reservoirs from around the world were evaluated to determine how ultimate recovery was affected by inherent reservoir and fluid properties, such as porosity, permeability, viscosity, mobility ratio, S_(w), wet ability, fracture distribution, and drive mechanism vs. the choice of reservoir management strategy, e.g., optimization of production rate and type of EOR technique. Fractured oil reservoirs were divided into four groups. Type Ⅰ reservoirs have little matrix porosity and permeability. Fractures provide both storage capacity and fluid-flow pathways. Type Ⅱ reservoirs have low matrix porosity and permeability. Matrix provides some storage capacity and fractures provide the fluid-flow pathways. Type Ⅲ (microporous) reservoirs have high matrix porosity and low matrix permeability. Matrix provides the storage capacity and fractures provide the fluid-flow pathways. Type Ⅳ (macroporous) reservoirs have high matrix porosity and permeability. Matrix provides both storage capacity and fluid-flow pathways, while fractures merely enhance permeability. Results of studying 26 Type Ⅱ and 20 Type Ⅲ reservoirs demonstrate that recovery factor is controlled by different factors in these two reservoir types. Recovery factor in Type Ⅱ reservoirs is sensitive to aquifer-drive strength and optimization of flow rate. Type Ⅱ reservoirs are easily damaged by excessive production rates, but when managed properly, some achieve good recovery without the need for secondary or enhanced recovery programs. Recovery factor in Type Ⅲ reservoirs is affected by inherent rock and fluid properties, particularly matrix permeability, API gravity, wet ability, and fracture intensity. The choice of proper EOR technique is essential for optimum exploitation. No Type Ⅲ reservoir is produced to final depletion without the aid of some type of secondary or EOR technique. Recognition of the differences between Type Ⅱ and Type Ⅲ fractured reservoirs should lead to better choices of exploitation strategy.
[Cloning of the sugar related biosynthesis gene cluster from Streptomyces tenebrarius H6]. (2001)

Streptomyces tenebrarius H6 produces a complex of aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as apramycin, tobramycin and kanamycin B etc. To study the apramycin biosynthetic genes the genomic library from the Streptomyces tenebrarius H6 was established using E. coli/Streptomyces shuttle vector pKC505 by in vitro packing. The probability of finding a specific gene from the library composed of 3,000 colonies was over 99.9%. According to the highly conserved sequence of the genes involved in 6-deoxyhexose biosynthesis, primers were designed and 0.6 kb fragment homologous to strE gene was obtained by PCR. 30 positive clones were found from the genomic library of S. tenebrarius H6 with the 0.6 kb fragment as a probe. Overlapped regions were localized by Southern hybridization and putative sugar related biosynthetic gene cluster was mapped by restriction enzyme digestions. An ORF of dTDP-glucose-4,6-dehydratase gene consisted of 1,132 bp, designated as aprE, was obtained and submitted to GenBank under the accession number of AF306787. A DNA sequence highly homologous to strL coding dTDP-4-dehydrorhamnose reductase was found linked with aprE gene.
Enzymic assay for serum theophylline. (1979)

We describe an original procedure for determination of theophylline in serum. The drug is extracted from 0.4 mL of serum at pH 7.4 with chloroform/isopropanol (20/1 by vol) and back-extracted into sodium hydroxide (1 mmol/L). The inhibition of beef-liver alkaline phosphatases by theophylline in this alkaline phase is measured at 25 degrees C, with p-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate, in 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol buffer, pH 9.4- The reciprocal of enzyme activity and theophylline concentration are linearly related in the range 2 to 60 mg/L. The maximum interference to be expected from 3-methylxanthine would increase apparent theophylline concentration by no more than 1 mg/L. The method is accurate, free of interference by other xanthines and often-coadministered drugs, and results correlate well with those by the immunoenzymic assay. Major advantages are reagent stability, low cost, and simplicity of instrumentation.
A temperature effect in the luminescence emission from electron-irradiated MgO (1990)

The temperature dependence of luminescence emissions from electron-irradiated CaO and MgO single crystals has been studied by time resolved luminescence spectroscopy after pulsed nanosecond irradiation with 0.20 to 0.60 MeV electrons. Emissions from CaO at 375 nm at both 293 and 83 K, show similar threshold characteristics for atomic displacement. These have been attributed to the displacement of oxygen ions and subsequent electron trapping, resulting in the formation of F+ centers. The threshold energy of 0.32±0.01 MeV corresponds to an oxygen displacement energy of 58±2 eV. A 380 nm emission from MgO, also attributed to oxygen displacement and F+ center formation, shows no temperature effect, with a displacement threshold virtually identical to that for CaO. A 235 nm emission from MgO shows a significant temperature effect. The threshold energy at 293 K is 0.31±0.01 MeV, whilst at 83 K two thresholds are observed, 0.31±0.01 and 0.41±0.01 MeV.
Dynamic instrumentation for the management of EJB-based applications (2001)

With the growing number of distributed component-based applications for enterprises, an efficient management should be applied over these applications to evaluate their performance, to provide them with a good quality of service(QoS), and to maintain them during their life cycle. In this report we focus on Enterprise JavaBeans distributed applications. We define a unified and automatic instrumentation mechanism to allow managing EJB-based applications. The mechanism is based on an instrumentation interface extracted automatically from the home and remote interfaces of EJB beans. The interface is then used by the management system of the application server hosting the EJB applications in order to generate Managed EJBs corresponding to each initial EJB bean of the application. The generated Managed EJBs form the basic elements of a management system over EJB-based applications. They are manipulated by a management application through an agent that allows the access of a number of managed objects including EJBs. We propose implementing the unified instrumentation for EJB-based applications automatica- lly by integrating an instrumentation service into application servers hosting these applications. The instrumentation service generates a unified instrumentation interface for all EJBs living or willing to live in the application server and then it generates the corresponding Managed EJBs according to the requirements of the management system used by the application server.
Principles and practice of refractive surgery (1997)

Basic science incisional surgeries lamellar surgeries laser surgeries miscellaneous refractive techniques corneal topography legal and economic implications international scope of refractive surgery. (Part contents).
IMPACT FORCE MODEL RELATED TO PEACH FIRMNESS (1991)

ABSTRACT Impact testing of fruit is a good compromise between applying a realistic and yet repeatable, controlled load. Features of the impact force versus time curve are related to firmness and can be utilized in non-destructive grading and sorting of fresh fruit. An improved model taking into account the asymmetry of the force-time curve was developed for peaches. Two of the model parameters were correlated with peach properties and drop characteristics; one is more sensitive than previously used firmness predictors. Data from 50 peach impacts representing three cultivars, two degrees of ripeness, two storage times, and three drop heights fit the model within 0.6% for peak force, 3.7% for time-to-peak force, and 4.1% for initial slope of the forcetime curve.
Core, Culture and Complex in the Old Stone Age (1945)

A Correspondence in Man a few years ago led to the expression of various attitudes towards the nomenclature of Lower Palaeolithic finds. It was agreed that cultural names should not be used to describe distinct techniques, but it was recognised that difficulties of terminology might arise, since techniques may indicate cultural similarities and therefore perhaps connections. When the time factor enters into the problem then other authorities differ. Professor Childe says, ‘where there is the slightest danger of confusing the chronological with the cultural classification, such usage is to be deprecated.’ Yet Professor Garrod later states, ‘the time has come when the labels Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic should be used exclusively in a chronological sense,’ and she refers them to subdivisions of the geological chronology. Nevertheless, as Professor Garrod herself remarks, ‘nine prehistorians out of ten continue to use these terms as more or less synonymous with hand-axe, flake and blade industries respectively,’ so these names have a purely technical or cultural significance. It follows from Professor Childe's sage advice that their chronological application ought to be allowed to fall into disuse. There is a perfectly good chronology supplied by the geologist already, with a world-wide system of five glaciations (Geikie), or their equivalents. Moreover, since it is becoming more and more apparent that the division into hand-axe, flake and blade industries is unsatisfactory (there are blades, according to Burkitt's definition of a blade, in Lower Palaeolithic industries), the threefold division has lost its meaning. I therefore suggest that we label as Lower Palaeolithic all those industries of the Pleistocene not comprised within the purely cultural group association of those predominantly blade industries which are found towards the end of the Upper Pleistocene, and are known as the Upper Palaeolithic. It is the purpose of this paper to clarify the relationship between technique and culture in the Lower Palaeolithic industries, to define more satisfactorily the terms, culture, industry and technique as used by the prehistorian, and to define some, at least, of the major cultural assemblages in North-western Europe.
The synthesis of pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones from 4-amino-nicotinic acid (1967)

Treatment of either a pyrido[4,3-d][1,3]oxazin-4-one or an ethyl 4-amidonicotinate with amines yields a 4-amidonicotinamide which may be cyclised by longer contact with the amine, or by heat, to give a pyrido[4,3-d]-pyrimidin-4(3H)-one. Some typical infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra are discussed.
The influence of background music on patrons in a South African coffee shop setting : an exploratory study (2006)

The primary objective of this exploratory study was to investigate the perceptions and\npreferences of customers regarding the background music in a coffee shop setting. Specific\nsecondary objectives focused on aspects such as the role of music to contribute towards the\ntotal store atmosphere, and whether customers prefer live music to prerecorded music. It\nhypothesizes that male and female patrons have different preferences regarding the playing\nof romantic music.\nA non-probability area sampling method was used as the patrons who visited the selected\ncoffee shop at that point in time were requested to participate in the study. In total 120\nrespondents completed the questionnaire.\nThe results show that patrons prefer live music to prerecorded music and that male and\nfemale customers do not differ significantly with respect to preference for type of music\nplayed in coffee shops. It was also found that certain musical instruments (e.g. the clarinet)\ncould be annoying to some customers. The managerial implications for managers are listed\nand directions for future research are offered.
A communication model of conceptual innovation in science (2001)

This essay exploring the nature of scientific communication begins with the premise that conceptual innovation is both a fundamental scientific activity and essentially a communication phenomenon. Conceptual innovation is fundamental as a scientific practice in that science as an institution is predicated on the development of new knowledge. It is essentially communicative in that it is the public character of science that relies on the consensual and communal evaluation of knowledge claims that determines the fate of new ideas. Science comprises a number of overlapping discursive formations whose nature is determined by the positions of (and relationships among) actors and ideas within communication and ideational networks, and which are characterized by a particular situational logic. The nature of these situational logics is such as to give rise to some of the characteristic communication dynamics of science, including consensus, problemshift, branching, and demarcation.
Crosslinking reaction and properties of two‐component waterborne polyurethane from terpene‐maleic ester type epoxy resin (2012)

Abstract A two‐component waterborne polyurethane (2K‐WPU) is prepared with the terpene‐maleic ester type epoxy resin‐based polyol dispersion and a hydrophilically modified hexamethylene diisocyanate tripolymer. Laser particle size analyzer and transmission electron microscopy are used to characterize the particle size distribution and the micromorphology of the 2K‐WPU. Crosslinking reaction kinetics of the 2K‐WPU is examined by fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) spectra. In the preliminary stage of the crosslinking reaction, it shows a very good fit with a second order reaction kinetics, and the apparent activation energy is 94.61 kJ mol −1 . It is also shown from the FTIR spectra that the complete crosslinking reaction of the 2K‐WPU needs 7 h at 70°C. The crosslinked products of the 2K‐WPU have good thermal resistant properties, with glass‐transition temperatures ( T g ) in the range of 35–40°C and 10% weight loss temperatures ( T d ) in the range of 275–287°C. The films obtained from the crosslinked products have good water‐resistance, antifouling, blocking resistance properties and impact strength of >50 cm, flexibility of 0.5 mm, adhesion of 1 grade, pencil hardness of HB‐2H. The pencil hardness and thermal‐resistant properties of the crosslinked products increase with the molar ratio of isocyanate (NCO) group to hydroxyl (OH) group. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Direct measurement of human ankle stiffness during quiet standing: the intrinsic mechanical stiffness is insufficient for stability (2002)

During quiet standing the human "inverted pendulum" sways irregularly. In previous work where subjects balanced a real inverted pendulum, we investigated what contribution the intrinsic mechanical ankle stiffness makes to achieve stability. Using the results of a plausible model, we suggested that intrinsic ankle stiffness is inadequate for providing stability. Here, using a piezo-electric translator we applied small, unobtrusive mechanical perturbations to the foot while the subject was standing freely. These short duration perturbations had a similar size and velocity to movements which occur naturally during quiet standing, and they produced no evidence of any stretch reflex response in soleus, or gastrocnemius. Direct measurement confirms our earlier conclusion; intrinsic ankle stiffness is not quite sufficient to stabilise the body or pendulum. On average the directly determined intrinsic stiffness is 91 +/- 23 % (mean +/- S.D.) of that necessary to provide minimal stabilisation. The stiffness was substantially constant, increasing only slightly with ankle torque. This stiffness cannot be neurally regulated in quiet standing. Thus we attribute this stiffness to the foot, Achilles' tendon and aponeurosis rather than the activated calf muscle fibres. Our measurements suggest that the triceps surae muscles maintain balance via a spring-like element which is itself too compliant to guarantee stability. The implication is that the brain cannot set ankle stiffness and then ignore the control task because additional modulation of torque is required to maintain balance. We suggest that the triceps surae muscles maintain balance by predictively controlling the proximal offset of the spring-like element in a ballistic-like manner.
BLI - NAV embedded navigation system for blind people (2010)

BLI -NAV is a blind navigation system exclusively designed for blind people. The system with portable and self-contained feature allows the blind people to travel through familiar and unfamiliar environment. The proposed system consists of hardware and software components used for effective navigation process. The entire system is assembled into an embedded system. In the embedded system two of the major component known as GPS receiver and path detector used for receiving the current position of the user and find the shortest path to the destination. The navigation process of the system can start when the user gives the destination as voice command. The voice recognizer of the system will convert the voice information into respective string format. The converted string will be mapped into GIS database to identify the location into the map. The path detector will find the shortest path between two end points using critical path algorithm. The distance between the locations and intermediate position will be informed through voice command. The obstacles and hazards of the path will also be identified while travelling and the respective information will be given to the user through voice command. GIS database used to store the details of all spatial and map information. The user can change map information with respective to their country and city. The usage of the device will be easy and user-friendly to any age group with any category.
Silicon-on-nothing (SON) technology (2006)

The "silicon on nothing" (SON) technology (Jurczak et al., 1999) and (Jurczak et al., 2000) is a promising candidate for the end-of-roadmap CMOS. In this paper we present the SON technology, show examples of sustained mono-Si nano-membranes over an empty tunnel, and deliberate on the suitability of this kind of 3-D nano-structures to build-up electronic devices. This technology opens a wide range of applications, in particular for the realization of localized single-gate fully depleted transistors on bulk substrates and of double-gate planar devices, co-integrable with bulk devices
The biochemistry and molecular biology of glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in the immune system. (1996)

Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that occurs under numerous developmental and physiological conditions that require the selective elimination of cells from tissues and organs without the production of an inflammatory response. The initiation of apoptosis is controlled by a regulation of the balance between death and life signals perceived by the cell. A typical response of cells to an apoptotic stimulus includes a reduction in cell volume, compaction of intracellular organelles, chromatin condensation, and the generation of apoptotic bodies which contain degraded cellular components. Apoptotic bodies are often engulfed by neighboring cells or macrophages, preventing the occurrence of an inflammatory response in the region of the dying cells. Although the molecular basis for this cellular suicide is poorly understood, evidence indicates that apoptosis is an active process, requiring energy for its effective completion. We have sought to define the catabolic "effector" molecules that carry out the apoptotic process using glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in rodent and human lymphocytes as model systems. These cells respond to dexamethasone with an arrest of cell growth, chromatin condensation, cell shrinkage, and the selective degradation of DNA, RNA, and protein. These effects are dependent on the presence of functional glucocorticoid receptors and require gene expression. The fragmentation of DNA and its associated cell shrinkage has been a focus of our efforts, because these effects reflect an irreversible commitment to death. Accordingly, we have developed assays to study apoptosis at the single cell level and to identify, purify, and clone the nuclease(s) that cause DNA damage in apoptotic cells. Using these approaches, we have identified and characterized a novel low molecular weight nuclease (NUC18) whose activity correlates with the DNA degradation occurring during apoptosis. NUC18 requires calcium for optimal activity in vitro and is inhibited by zinc and aurintricarboxylic acid, two known inhibitors of apoptosis. The amino acid sequence of pure NUC18 reveals a surprising homology to the cyclophilin family of proteins. Furthermore, recombinant cyclophilins have biochemical and pharmacological properties identical to those of NUC18. We have also studied the molecular basis for the catabolism of RNA and proteins that occurs during lymphocyte apoptosis. Recent experiments have identified selective cleavage of 28S ribosomal RNA and a novel nonlysosomal protease, both of which contribute to the demise of the cell. In summary, we present an evolving model that unifies the activation of apoptosis in lymphocytes by glucocorticoids with the counter-balancing effect of inhibitors such as Bcl-2.
自抽连续离心技术的研究—3.流量与转速关系的理论推导 (1990)

本文的理论推导表明,在自抽连续流动中流量是随转速升高而增大,转速在某一临界值以上流量独立于转速。流量取决于液体特性,进液管与甩液管几何形状以及转速。这些结果与前文的实验研究结果一致。与实验(值实验范围为甩液管长50—90mm,转速1400—7000rpm)相比,误差约10％以内,比前文中经验公式大一些。本文结果对分析流量与转速关系有指导意义。在有关机械(如离心机)设计中与前文结果一起使用,可得到更好的效果。
Earthquakes, landslides, and large dams in New Zealand (1981)

Earthquake-triggered landslides pose two indirect hazards to large dams: dam collapse due to upstream dam failure, and reservoir infilling by earthquake-generated sediment. The Buller earthquake generated sediment equivalent to 800 years of normal erosion in the Karamea catchment. The effects of this and other historic earthquakes in New Zealand indicate the magnitude of the hazard to present dams and may aid in the safe design of future dams.