gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
was-w construction in German (2001)

The so-called was-w-construction in German has received a fair amount of attention in recent syntactic theorizing. Most of the discussion has focused on the properties of was. One line of research maintains that was is a scope marker that indicates the semantic scope of the wh-phrase in the embedded interrogative clause. The alternative view, usually referred to as the indirect analysis, was first developed with respect to Hindi (Dayal 1994) and then generalized to German (Dayal 1996). It holds that the was of the was-w-construction is associated not with the embedded wh-phrase, but rather with the embedded clause as a whole. Hinrichs and Nakazawa present some novel evidence in favor of an indirect analysis of the was-w construction. However, the main focus of their research is on two questions that by comparison have received little attention, namely:  what is the set of matrix predicates that can enter into this construction, and how can one account for the curious fact that predicates that ordinarily do not license wh-complements allow such complements in the was-w-construction?  On the basis of Ginzburg and Sag's verb classification (Ginzburg and Sag, in preparation) Hinrichs and Nakazawa identify a natural class of predicates that license this construction and utilize the notion of type coercion to account for the apparent mismatch between the syntactic form of the embedded interrogative and its semantic function.
The Asd <sup>+</sup> -DadB <sup>+</sup> Dual-Plasmid System Offers a Novel Means To Deliver Multiple Protective Antigens by a Recombinant Attenuated Salmonella Vaccine (2012)

We developed means to deliver multiple heterologous antigens on dual plasmids with non-antibiotic-resistance markers in a single recombinant attenuated vaccine strain of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium. The first component of this delivery system is a strain of S. Typhimurium carrying genomic deletions in alr, dadB, and asd, resulting in obligate requirements for diaminopimelic acid (DAP) and d-alanine for growth. The second component is the Asd(+)-DadB(+) plasmid pair carrying wild-type copies of asdA and dadB, respectively, to complement the mutations. To evaluate the protection efficacy of the dual-plasmid vaccine, S. Typhimurium strain χ9760 (a strain with multiple attenuating mutations: Δasd Δalr ΔdadB ΔrecF) was transformed with Asd(+) and DadB(+) plasmids specifying pneumococcal antigens PspA and PspC, respectively. Both plasmids were stable in χ9760 for 50 generations when grown in nonselective medium. This was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than the stability seen in its recF(+) counterpart χ9590 and could be attributed to reduced interplasmid recombination in χ9760. Oral immunization of BALB/c mice with 1 × 10(9) CFU of χ9760 (carrying Asd(+)-PspA and DadB(+)-PspC plasmids) elicited a dominant Th1-type serum IgG response against both antigens and protected mice against intraperitoneal challenge with 200 50% lethal doses (LD(50)s) of virulent Streptococcus pneumoniae strain WU2 or intravenous challenge with 100 LD(50)s of virulent S. pneumoniae strain L81905 or intranasal challenge with a lethal dose of S. pneumoniae A66.1 in a pneumonia model. Protection offered by χ9760 was superior to that offered by the mixture of two strains, χ9828 (Asd(+)-PspA) and χ11026 (DadB(+)-PspC). This novel dual-plasmid system marks a remarkable improvement in the development of live bacterial vaccines.
Development of an Engine Torque Estimation Model: Integration of Physical and Statistical Combustion Model (2007)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Recent engine systems have become complex due to the requirements of fuel efficiency, exhaust gas emission control and good drivability. To decrease engine development period, model-based development has been adopted [<span class="xref">1</span>]. For torque-based vehicle control, engine torque estimation models are necessary. Simple mean-value torque models are available but these models require large amount of test data for development and validation. In addition, they cannot estimate transient torque precisely. On the other hand, complex physical models require considerable time for modeling and simulation. In order to decrease modeling time and retain model accuracy, the Wiebe function is utilized to calculate the heat release rate.</div>
I-Band Periodicity in Rabbit Psoas Muscle Fibers Measured Using Digital Image-Analysis Techniques (1993)

The fine periodicity of I-band was measured in single fibers of glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle, in relaxed, activated and rigor states at short (2.5 microns) and long (3.2 microns) sarcomere lengths. Measurements were carried out using fast Fourier transforms obtained from I-band regions of digitized electron micrographic images. The mean periodicity, averaged among all conditions, was 42.5 +/- 1.5 nm. Some differences were found among the different conditions, but they were too small to be conclusive. The observed periodicity value was considerably higher than the generally assumed value of 38.5 nm, and is surprisingly close to the myosin-repeat spacing.
O. K. Floquet Multipliers (1991)

In the determination of the asymptotic stability and bifurcation behaviour of periodic orbits it is necessary to accurately compute the Floquet multipliers having modulus nearly 1 and to determine the number of multipliers that lie well inside and well outside the unit circle. Current numerical methods for computing Floquet multipliers suffer a loss of accuracy in two cases of importance, namely when the multiplier at 1 is (nearly) defective and when there are large multipliers. An alternative approach is proposed which can be derived from a reexamination of the underlying algebraic eigenvalue problem and which is suitable for systems of ordinary differential equations. Numerical results indicate that avoiding the explicit construction of a matrix commonly called the circuit matrix and using known properties of a fixed Floquet multiplier at 1 will circumvent the difficulties mentioned above. Convergence results are given.
Statewide and Season-Long Surveys for Pentatomidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) of Minnesota Wheat (2016)

Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) that occur in Minnesota wheat have received little attention. Due to the invasion of Halyomorpha halys (Stål) and the increasing abundance of native stink bugs in the region, a 2-yr statewide survey and 2-yr season-long survey were conducted to characterize the species composition, abundance, and seasonal dynamics of Pentatomidae in wheat. Surveys were performed using sweep-net sampling in wheat fields. Fourteen species of Pentatomidae (thirteen herbivorous and one predatory) were detected across both surveys. The recent invader, H. halys , was not collected in either survey. In the statewide survey, Euschistus variolarius (Palisot de Beauvois) was the most abundant species (63.08 and 75.33% of adults in 2011 and 2012, respectively) and the most prevalent species (collected from 10.53 and 51.54% of fields in 2011 and 2012, respectively). Species of intermediate abundance and prevalence were Euschistus servus euschistoides (Vollenhoven), Euschistus ictericus (L.), and Podisus maculiventris (Say). Across both years of the season-long survey, adults of herbivorous species first appeared in fields in early June followed by the appearance of herbivorous nymphs in early July. The abundance of nymphs peaked in late July to the beginning of August in 2013 and in early July in 2014. Adults were detected in fields throughout the season. The results presented here provide baseline information on the species composition, abundance, and seasonal dynamics of Pentatomidae in Minnesota wheat and will be necessary for documentation of changes to this fauna.
Assessment of Tear Osmolarity and Other Dry Eye Parameters in Post-LASIK Eyes (2013)

During LASIK flap creation, intact corneal innervation is damaged, and the ocular surface lacrimal functional unit can be impaired. In our study, no abnormal dry eye test results were observed before or after the procedure. Based on our results, LASIK treatment is safe for dry eye involving the administration of adequate artificial tears for a minimum of 3 months.
Managing Product Quality By Integrating Operations Research and Artificial Intelligence Technologies (1993)

This paper describes a model-based expert system called Quality and Reliability Expert System (QRES). QRES is a hybrid system for quality management applications. QRES implements quality and reliability prediction models of Operations Research (OR) technology in an Artificial Intelligence (AI) software technology area known as Expert Systems (ES) or Knowledge Based Systems (KBS). QRES is presently used to: ? Identify problem areas in manufacturing production lines ? Identify where to make improvements which maximize quality levels at the least cost ? Predict production quality levels for new components and assemblies during design and developmentQRES performs quality and reliability analysis using: ? Object data structures ? Defect cause/effect correlation ? Quality trend in process ? Process control ? Correlation between product types and their defect mechanisms ? Interactive graphics ? Detailed hypertext help with examples
Perbromyl fluoride (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPerbromyl fluorideEvan H. Appleman and Martin H. StudierCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 16, 4561–4562Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01044a049https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01044a049research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views59Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Word-Conditioned Phone N-Grams for Speaker Recognition (2007)

We extend the state-of-the-art by applying word-conditioning to constrain phone N-gram features used in speaker recognition. Feature-level combination of 52 word unigrams constraining phone N-grams of order 1, 2, and 3 proved to be the best approach. Our system achieves 18% and 27% improvements compared to a non word-conditioned phone N-grams system on SRE05 and SRE06, respectively. Furthermore, the system achieves 18% and 37% improvements compared to the non word-conditioned phone N-grams system when each system is combined with a GMM-based system on SRE05 and SRE06, suggesting that the word-conditioned features are more complementary. On both corpora, this approach achieves a 4.7% EER standalone, and a 3.3% EER in combination with the non word-conditioned phone N-grams and GMM-based systems. Note that the word-conditioning approach utilizes only 43% of SRE05 data.
Relative indoor spatial tracking and navigation (2015)

Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN) is a topic of research and industrial interest. Towards the direction of indoor positioning there are two main alternatives: absolute and relative. Absolute positioning requires infrastructure whereas relative positioning is based on dead reckoning and does not require any infrastructure. In this paper we perform a review of the last ten years of research for relative indoor positioning and navigation. We provide the four building blocks of an IPIN system, generate a taxonomy of methods for indoor positioning, examine the current trends, provide a discussion by analysing strengths, weaknesses and gaps of the state of the art and propose future research directions.
Analytic Study of Pulse Chirping in Self-Induced Transparency (1972)

We analyze the phase modulation, or chirping, of coherent lossless light pulses propagating without distortion through resonant absorbers. In order to do this, we generalize the pioneering work of McCall and Hahn in two different directions. In the first place, of course, we abandon their assumption that the phase of the pulses has no temporal dependence. We prove that for slowly varying single pulses, chirping is not possible. However, we describe many multiple-pulse trains which are necessarily chirped, even under the slowly varying envelope restriction, and also describe the envelope modulations which produce large chirps. We show that certain zero-$\ensuremath{\pi}$ chirped pulse trains are contained as special cases of our general results. Our second generalization of the McCall-Hahn work concerns the background material in which the two-level resonant atoms are suspended. We allow the host medium to possess significant nonresonant nonlinearities. We find that undistorted lossless single pulses are possible in such a medium and that they are necessarily chirped.
DBcAMP stimulates vesicle transport and HRP excretion in isolated perfused rat liver (1990)

To clarify the effect of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) on the transcytotic vesicle pathway, we measured the biliary excretion of bile acid, phospholipid, and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) with or without infusion of N6,2'-O-dibutyryl-cAMP (DBcAMP). A linear relationship between bile flow and bile acid excretion was observed in both control and DBcAMP-infused livers. DBcAMP increased the y-axis intercept from 1.10 +/- 0.16 to 1.48 +/- 0.19 microliters.min-1.g liver-1 (P less than 0.01) and the slope from 6.5 +/- 1.99 to 10.77 +/- 1.71 microliters/mumol bile acid (P less than 0.01). DBcAMP also increased the biliary excretion of bile acid and phospholipid during a 1.0 mumol/min infusion of taurocholate. When HRP was pulse loaded for 1 min, HRP appeared in bile in early (4-6 min) and late (20-25 min) peaks. DBcAMP markedly increased the late peak of HRP from 0.33 +/- 0.08 to 1.15 +/- 0.32 ng.min-1.g liver-1 (P less than 0.01), a phenomenon blocked by colchicine. An electron-microscopic morphometric analysis indicated that DBcAMP increased both the density and %area of HRP-containing vesicles in the pericanalicular area, compared with controls, 18 min after a 1-min pulse of HRP. DBcAMP had no effect on the uptake rate of HRP in 4-h primary hepatocyte cultures but stimulated biliary excretion of HRP when preloaded in the IPRL. These findings indicate that cAMP regulates excretory function in part by stimulating the microtubule-dependent transcytotic vesicle transport system.
Synthesis And Reactivity Of BIS-(β-Oxo-Cyclopentyl)Phosphine Oxide, Sulphide And Selenide.New Route To 1,2,5-Diazaphosphepines (1999)

Abstract We report the synthesis of bis (β-oxocyclopentyl)phosphine oxide, sulfide and selenide by treating P-dichlorophenylphosphine with two equivalents of 1-morpholinocyclopentene. The present work extends our recent description of a new route leading to the formation of β-phosphorylated cyclanones.
Development of 2.737 Mechatronics at MIT (1999)

We describe the development of the curriculum and associated laboratory facilities and exercises for the undergraduate course 2.737 Mechatronics in the Mechanical Engineering Department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The course is centered on laboratory experiences which teach integration across the mechanical, electrical, and control engineering disciplines. Within this broad focus, the labs emphasize the application of feedback design in a variety of contexts as a means to motivate the broader mechatronic design issues. The labs utilize PC-based hardware and software for rapid control prototyping on a target digital signal processing (DSP) board. This DSP board is programmed through a commercially available block-diagram-based graphical environment, in order to eliminate the need for low-level programming and thereby allow students to concentrate on the higher-level challenges posed in each lab exercise. A student's lab performance is evaluated primarily through a one-on-one interview with a member of the teaching staff in conjunction with a conventional written lab report.
Expedited quantification of mutant ribosomal RNA by binary deoxyribozyme (BiDz) sensors (2015)

Mutations in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) have traditionally been detected by the primer extension assay, which is a tedious and multistage procedure. Here, we describe a simple and straightforward fluorescence assay based on binary deoxyribozyme (BiDz) sensors. The assay uses two short DNA oligonucleotides that hybridize specifically to adjacent fragments of rRNA, one of which contains a mutation site. This hybridization results in the formation of a deoxyribozyme catalytic core that produces the fluorescent signal and amplifies it due to multiple rounds of catalytic action. This assay enables us to expedite semi-quantification of mutant rRNA content in cell cultures starting from whole cells, which provides information useful for optimization of culture preparation prior to ribosome isolation. The method requires less than a microliter of a standard Escherichia coli cell culture and decreases analysis time from several days (for primer extension assay) to 1.5 h with hands-on time of ∼10 min. It is sensitive to single-nucleotide mutations. The new assay simplifies the preliminary analysis of RNA samples and cells in molecular biology and cloning experiments and is promising in other applications where fast detection/quantification of specific RNA is required.
Chemical Etching as a Method of Combatting Adhesive Tool Wear During Severe Plastic Deformation of Commercially-Pure Titanium (2017)

This paper investigates chemical etching as a potential temporary solution to severe adhesive wear experienced during forming of commercially-pure titanium. The aim was to identify contributing factors and experimentally quantify their effects on the etching of CP-Ti and Vanadis 23 tool steel.
Preparation of NN′-linked bi(heteroaryls) from dehydroacetic acid and 2,6-dimethyl-4-pyrone (1977)

A number of novel NN′-linked bi(heteroaryls)(1) and their cations [(2) and (3)] have been prepared by the reaction of dehydroacetic acid (4) or 2,6-dimethyl-4-pyrone (5) with N-amino-heterocycles. Analogous reactions of simple hydrazines have also been investigated. In particular, the chemistry of 2,6-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-4-pyridone (16) and related cationic species has been investigated in some detail.
Rv2190c, an NlpC/P60 Family Protein, Is Required for Full Virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2012)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of tuberculosis (TB) possesses at least five genes predicted to encode proteins with NlpC/P60 hydrolase domains, including the relatively uncharacterized Rv2190c. As NlpC/P60 domain-containing proteins are associated with diverse roles in bacterial physiology, our objective was to characterize Rv2190c in M. tuberculosis growth and virulence. Our data indicate that lack of Rv2190c is associated with impaired growth, both in vitro and during an in vivo mouse model of TB. These growth defects are associated with altered colony morphology and phthiocerol dimycocerosate levels, indicating that Rv2190c is involved in cell wall maintenance and composition. In addition, we have demonstrated that Rv2190c is expressed during active growth phase and that its protein product is immunogenic during infection. Our findings have significant implications, both for better understanding the role of Rv2190c in M. tuberculosis biology and also for translational developments.
Cheeverʼs Double Operation: The First Le Fort I Osteotomy (2008)

In 1868, David Williams Cheever of Boston performed a daring operation, now known as a Le Fort I osteotomy, to expose and remove a large nasopharyngeal polyp. His published account described osteotomies 31 years before Le Fort's articles on experimental facial fracture lines, and remains the earliest description of this procedure. German and French surgeons had been treating similar polyps via hemimaxillary osteotomy. Because Cheever performed bilateral osteotomies, his technique became known as Cheever's "double operation." Cheever went on to become a prominent Boston surgeon, playing a pivotal role in the development of Boston City Hospital. He eventually became chair in surgery at Harvard Medical School, succeeding Bigelow and preceding J. Collins Warren at the Massachusetts General Hospital. He was also editor of the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal (a predecessor of the New England Journal of Medicine) and president of the American Surgical Association. Although Cheever's contributions have been recognized, little has been written about the life of this forgotten pioneer in American craniofacial surgery, nor the surgical and historical context in which his "double operation" was developed.
Effects of site-directed mutations in <i>Escherichia coli</i> succinate dehydrogenase on the enzyme activity and production of superoxide radicalsThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled CSBMCB — Membrane Proteins in Health and Disease. (2006)

Escherichia coli succinate dehydrogenase (SdhCDAB) catalyzes the oxidation of succinate to fumarate in the Krebs cycle, and during turnover, it produces superoxide radicals. SdhCDAB is a good model system for the succinate dehydrogenase (Sdh) found in the mitochondrial respiratory chain (complex II), as the subunits are structural homologues. Although mutations in sdh genes are reportedly associated with a variety of mitochondria-related diseases, the molecular mechanism of these diseases is poorly understood. We have investigated the effects of site-directed mutations around the heme (SdhD-H71L and SdhC-H91L), and at the ubiquinone-binding site (Q site; SdhC-I28E), on enzyme activity and production of superoxide radicals. The mutations SdhD-H71L and SdhC-I28E, but not SdhC-H91L, significantly reduce the succinate-ubiquinone reductase activity of the enzyme. All 3 mutant enzymes produce more superoxide than the wild-type enzyme, indicating that disturbance of the heme or the Q site can enhance superoxide production. The presence of a Q-site inhibitor reduces superoxide production significantly. Furthermore, the yield of superoxide is substrate dependent and increases with succinate concentration from 0.1 to 10 mmol/L. Our results indicate that, in SdhCDAB, the Q site with bound ubiquinone is an important source of superoxide radicals.
Low pH induces a hydrophobic domain in the tetanus toxin molecule (1984)

Binding of the non-ionic detergent [3H]Triton X-100 by tetanus toxin, by its fragment C and by its alpha chain has been studied. At pH 4.00 or above, tetanus toxin does not bind Triton X-100. At pH lower than 4.00, binding of detergent to the toxin occurs. At pH 3.00, a maximum of 100 mol bound/mol of protein is reached only when the detergent concentration exceeds its critical micelle concentration. No measurable amount of Triton X-100 is bound by the toxin C fragment at pH 3.00. Most of the tetanus toxin alpha chain precipitates out in Triton X-100 at pH 3.00. Leakage of K+ from single-walled asolectin vesicles loaded with potassium was observed with tetanus toxin at pH lower than 4.00. When ganglioside GDlb was present on the asolectin vesicles, release of K+ was obtained with tetanus toxin between pH 4.00 to 5.00. We suggest that, as for diphtheria toxin, entry of tetanus toxin into an acidic compartment of target cells might be required for the expression of its biological activity.