gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
How I Became a Biochemist (2002)

My father was born in 1894, so that at the outbreak of war in 1914, he was at call-up age and subsequently spent several years in the cavalry. This meant that his higher education was disrupted and he missed the opportunity of attaining a professional qualification, something that irked him throughout his life. He was determined that I, his son, born in 1921, should have a proper education. This was much to the credit of both my parents who were not well off financially, Father being a builder and my Mother, while very talented, was also not educated professionally. Educationally I must have caused my parents some concern for I was not a fluent reader until I was about 9 years old.
THE PROMOTER EFFECT OF PLATINIC CHLORIDE ON RANEY NICKEL (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE PROMOTER EFFECT OF PLATINIC CHLORIDE ON RANEY NICKELDewey Robert. Levering and Eugene. LieberCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 4, 1515Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01172a528https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01172a528research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views44Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Detection of a Mr 24,000 estrogen-regulated protein in human breast cancer by monoclonal antibodies. (1983)

Monoclonal antibodies have been prepared that can specifically detect an estrogen-regulated protein with a molecular weight of 24,000 in the MCF-7 human breast tumor cell line and in human breast tumor biopsies. These antibodies are of the immunoglobulin G1 subclass, exhibit a high affinity for the Mr 24,000 protein, and recognize an antigenic site that is stable to sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and electrophoretic transfer techniques. These monoclonal antibodies have been used to confirm estrogen regulation of the Mr 24,000 protein in MCF-7 cells and to detect Mr 24,000 protein in certain human breast tumors.
Composite structures with built-in diagnostics (1999)

A built-in diagnostic technique based on a distributed sensor network is presented for composite structures. The technique uses the built-in sensors to measure the response of the structures and process the measured signals to interpret the changes of signals at two different times in terms of physical change of the structures. The development of the technique includes three major items: sensor selection, sensor/structure integration, and signal processing and interpretation.
The production of methane from solid wastes (1987)

An analysis is presented of possible worldwide production of methane from anaerobic decay of organic municipal and industrial wastes in landfills. The amount of methane released to the atmosphere from this source may now be in the range of 30–70×10 6 T/yr, which is between 6% and 18% of the total CH 4 source. By far, most of this emission comes from the industrialized world. Release rates from these countries have been increasing steadily during the past decades, but growth rates are now gradually stagnating. In the future, the contribution from developing nations is expected to grow rapidly because of increasing population and urbanization. Consequently, methane release from landfills may become one of the main sources of atmospheric methane in the next century.
Novel gate concepts for MOS devices (2004)

The classical MOSFET has a single gate electrode located at the top of the device. Recently, multiple-gate devices have been made using SOI substrates. The multiple-gate structure offers the benefit of potentially higher current drive and reduce short-channel effects. This paper compares the advantages of double-gate structures such as the FinFET, triple-gate structures, and triple-plus-gate devices such as the pi-gate and omega-gate MOSFETs.
Bibliographie critique sur les méthodes de mesure des tensions superficielles dynamiques (1958)

info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Optimal Touch Button Size for the use of Mobile Devices while Walking (2015)

Because of their compact design modern mobile devices facilitate ubiquitous interaction in a broad application area. Text input on the limited space of a mobile device often leads to small sizes of interaction buttons. Therefore, the commonly used keys of a soft-keyboard become very small. Hitting these keys correctly requires high-precision movements and incorrect operations are frequent. Furthermore, interaction with mobile devices often involves additional activities of the user. This context requires a specially adapted interface. It includes touch button sizes, which should be adapted or at least be adaptable to the walking condition. The goal of this study was to investigate in the optimal size of the sensitive areas of touch buttons for mobile devices. A literature research revealed that button sizes as well as interaction while walking has been addressed before, but until now the influence of walking on interaction accuracy has not been studied. Therefore, we run a study to cover this issue. Thereby, for time on task, we found highly significant differences between small button (5*5 mm) and all the other button sizes (p < 0.01). Walking had a highly significant influence for the button sizes 5*5 mm and 8*8 mm (p < 0.01). Error count showed an influence of button size (5*5 mm) compared to the other sizes (p < 0.01). Additionally, it showed a highly significant influence of walking (p < 0.01). Walking triggered a very high number of errors, especially in smaller buttons. But even in bigger buttons the error count increased significantly (p=0.041). A button size of 8*8 mm is applicable while standing, but still triggers a high number of errors. Only using button sizes of 14*14 mm showed low errors rates while walking as well as while standing. Therefore, we recommend this button size especially for designs, which are to be used while walking.
Regional base composition variation along yeast chromosome III: evoluation of chormosome primary structure (1993)

The recent determination of the complete sequence of chromosome III from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae allows, for the first time, the investigation of the long range primary structure of a eukaryotic chromosome. We have found that, against a background G+C level of about 35%, there are two regions (one in each chromosome arm) in which G+C values rise to over 50%. This effect is seen in silent sites within genes, but not in noncoding intergenic sequences. The variation in G+C content is not related to differential selection of synonymous codons, and probably reflects mutational biases. That the intergenic regions do not exhibit the same phenomenon is particularly interesting, and suggests that they are under substantial constraint. The yeast chromosome may be a model of the structure of the human genome, since there is evidence that it is also a mosaic of long regions of different base compositions, reflected in wide variation of G+C content at silent sites among genes. Two possible causes of this regional effect, replication timing, and recombination frequency, are discussed.
The phase equilibria between a crystalline polymer and solvents (1946)

The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract.
An 'ethics gap' in writing about bioethics: a quantitative comparison of the medical and the surgical literature. (1995)

In order to determine whether there is a significant difference between the medical literature and the surgical literature in terms of their bioethics content, we conducted a computerized search of the MEDLINE database. The journals searched were selected from the 'Medicine' and 'Surgery' sections of the 'Brandon-Hill List', and the search was limited to 1992 issues of these journals. Three hundred and seven bioethics bibliographic records (out of a total of 11,239 articles indexed) were retrieved from the 15 medical journals searched, while 17 bioethics bibliographic records (out of a total of 2,645 articles indexed) were retrieved from the 12 surgical journals searched. We conclude that there is a statistically significant (p < 0.001) difference between the medical literature and the surgical literature with respect to their quantitative bioethics content.
Postnatal Development of Serotonergic Innervation, 5-HT<sub>1A</sub>Receptor Expression, and 5-HT Responses in Rat Motoneurons (1997)

We compared the electrophysiological responses to serotonin (5-HT) of neonatal and juvenile rat hypoglossal motoneurons (HMs) by using intracellular recording techniques in a brainstem slice preparation. In neonatal HMs (</=P8), 5-HT caused a substantial decrease in the amplitude of spike afterhyperpolarization (AHP) that was associated with an increase in the minimal repetitive firing frequency (Fmin). Previous work has shown that this effect of 5-HT was mediated by the 5-HT1A receptor and may be secondary to inhibition of N- and P/Q-type calcium channels. In contrast to results from neonates, we found that 5-HT did not inhibit the AHP in juvenile HMs (>/= P20). Application of a cocktail of calcium channel toxins (omega-Conotoxin-GVIA and omega-Agatoxin-IVA) to juvenile HMs substantially inhibited the AHP, indicating that calcium entry through N- and P/Q-type channels supports the AHP in juvenile HMs, as it does in neonates. In addition, intracellular injection of the long-lasting GTP analog GTPgammaS induced an agonist-independent increase in Fmin similar to that seen in neonates in the presence of 5-HT. Together, these results suggested that intracellular mechanisms downstream of the 5-HT1A receptor capable of inhibiting the AHP were intact in juvenile HMs. Therefore, we investigated the possibility that age-related changes in effects of 5-HT on the AHP resulted from altered expression of the 5-HT1A receptor. To this end, we performed ligand-binding autoradiography using [3H]8-OH-DPAT, a 5-HT1A agonist, and in situ hybridization using radiolabeled oligonucleotide probes specific for the 5-HT1A receptor. The two approaches gave remarkably similar results. The highest levels of 5-HT1A receptor expression were found in neonatal HMs, with maximal binding and hybridization at approximately postnatal day 7 (P7) and only low levels of receptor expression by P28. Finally, immunohistochemistry for 5-HT revealed that these developmental changes in 5-HT1A receptor expression occurred coincident with a postnatal increase in serotonergic innervation of the hypoglossal nucleus (nXII). Together, these findings indicate that developmental changes occur in the serotonergic innervation of nXII and in the expression of 5-HT1A receptors in HMs during the early postnatal period, resulting in markedly different effects of 5-HT on firing behavior in neonatal and juvenile HMs.
Optimized Particle Swarm Optimization (OPSO) and its application to artificial neural network training (2006)

Optimizing the free parameters of the PSO method can result in performance gain. The OPSO approach yields parameter combinations improving overall optimization performance. Its conceptual simplicity makes implementing the method a straightforward task.
Cholesterol: precursor to many lipid disorders. (2001)

Despite advances in treatment and prevention, coronary heart disease (CHD) remains the leading cause of death in the United States. A major risk factor for CHD is elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Randomized clinical trials have proven that lowering LDL-C to near target levels significantly reduces CHD risk. More aggressive LDL-C reductions would have an even greater impact on reducing CHD risk if these goal levels were applied to all patients at risk, as identified by a CHD risk prediction scoring system. In 1993 the second Adult Treatment Panel (ATP II) of the National Cholesterol Education Program issued guidelines that defined CHD risk on the basis of whether a patient qualified for primary or secondary prevention. The ATP III guidelines, issued May 2001, introduce the concept of CHD-equivalent risk in patients without known CHD, thereby expanding considerably the number of people eligible for lipid-lowering therapy. Unfortunately, many patients who are eligible for therapy are not receiving it, and among those on lipid-lowering therapy, less than half have achieved their treatment goals. As mentioned, findings from several large-scale primary- and secondary-prevention trials with statins and other lipid-lowering agents have shown that lowering LDL-C reduces the risk for fatal and nonfatal coronary events and results in fewer hospitalizations and revascularization procedures. In fact, a review of the 5 major statin trials reveals that the higher the patient's baseline CHD risk, the more striking the benefits of therapy are. Clearly, the need to lower LDL-C levels is crucial. Meeting this need involves targeting patients who are at risk, implementing appropriate treatment, and ensuring compliance with therapy.
Application-Oriented License Plate Recognition (2012)

We split the applications of vehicle license plate recognition (LPR) into three major categories and propose a solution with parameter settings that are adjustable for different applications. The three categories are access control (AC), law enforcement (LE), and road patrol (RP). Each application is characterized by variables of different variation scopes and thus requires different settings on the solution with which to deal. The proposed solution consists of three modules for plate detection, character segmentation, and recognition. Edge clustering is formulated for solving plate detection for the first time. It is also a novel application of the maximally stable extreme region (MSER) detector to character segmentation. A bilayer classifier, which is improved with an additional null class, is experimentally proven to be better than previous methods for character recognition. To assess the performance of the proposed solution, the application-oriented license plate (AOLP) database is composed and made available to the research community. Experiments show that the proposed solution outperforms many previous solutions, and LPR can be better solved by solutions with settings oriented for different applications.
An Acidity Scale of 1,3-Dialkylimidazolium Salts in Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solution (2007)

Equilibrium acidities of 16 1,3-dialkylimidazolium-type ionic liquid (IL) molecules (1-16) were systematically measured by the overlapping indicator method at 25 degrees C in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution. The pKa values were observed to range from 23.4 for IL 12 to 19.7 for IL 6 (Tables 1 and 2), responding mainly to structural variations on the cation moiety. Excellent agreement between the spectrophotometrically determined pKa and that derived from NMR titration for 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (12) and the close match of the obtained pK values with the reported data in literature provide credence to the acidity measurements of the present work. The substituent effects at the imidazolium ring and the effects of counterions on the acidities of ionic liquids are discussed.
Langevin-dynamics study of the dynamical properties of small magnetic particles (1998)

The stochastic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation of motion for a classical magnetic moment is numerically solved (properly observing the customary interpretation of it as a Stratonovich stochastic differential equation), in order to study the dynamics of magnetic nanoparticles. The corresponding Langevin-dynamics approach allows for the study of the fluctuating trajectories of individual magnetic moments, where we have encountered remarkable phenomena in the overbarrier rotation process, such as crossing-back or multiple crossing of the potential barrier, rooted in the gyromagnetic nature of the system. Concerning averaged quantities, we study the linear dynamic response of the archetypal ensemble of noninteracting classical magnetic moments with axially symmetric magnetic anisotropy. The results are compared with different analytical expressions used to model the relaxation of nanoparticle ensembles, assessing their accuracy. It has been found that, among a number of heuristic expressions for the linear dynamic susceptibility, only the simple formula proposed by Shliomis and Stepanov matches the coarse features of the susceptibility reasonably. By comparing the numerical results with the asymptotic formula of Storonkin {Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. 30, 489 (1985) [Kristallografiya 30, 841 (1985)]}, the effects of the intra-potential-well relaxation modes on the low-temperature longitudinal dynamic response have been assessed, showing their relatively small reflection in the susceptibility curves but their dramatic influence on the phase shifts. Comparison of the numerical results with the exact zero-damping expression for the transverse susceptibility by Garanin, Ishchenko, and Panina {Theor. Math. Phys. (USSR) 82, 169 (1990) [Teor. Mat. Fiz. 82, 242 (1990)]}, reveals a sizable contribution of the spread of the precession frequencies of the magnetic moment in the anisotropy field to the dynamic response at intermediate-to-high temperatures.
Nonlocal de Broglie wavelength of a two-particle system (2001)

We show that it is possible to associate a de Broglie wavelength with a composite system even when the constituent particles are separated spatially. The nonlocal de Broglie wavelength $(\ensuremath{\lambda}/2)$ of a two-photon system separated spatially is measured with an appropriate detection system. The two-photon system is prepared in an entangled state in space-momentum variables. We propose that the same result can be obtained for a system of massive particles separated spatially in an entangled state in space-momentum variables.
Pharmacological management of narcolepsy (2003)

Narcolepsy is a disabling disorder characterised by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, sleep paralysis and disturbed nocturnal sleep. Traditionally, a wide variety of substances are used in the symptomatic pharmacological treatment of narcolepsy. Several generally more-tolerated substances have been added to the therapeutic repertoire after extensive testing in large patient populations during recent years. This review addresses the state-of-the-art knowledge about the pharmacological treatment of narcolepsy along with the personal view of the authors. The recent discovery that narcolepsy is caused by deficient hypocretin (orexin) transmission opens a perspective on causal therapy.
The Effect of Nonionic Surfactant Triton X-100 during Electrochemical Deposition of MnO[sub 2] on Its Capacitance Properties (2007)

Manganese dioxide has been considered as a promising material for electrochemical supercapacitors. In order to obtain a high specific capacitance, has been electrodeposited from an aqueous solution of consisting of a neutral surfactant, namely, Triton X-100. The electrodeposited films of in the presence of the surfactant possess greater porosity and hence greater surface area in relation to the films prepared in the absence of the surfactant. Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling experiments reveal that specific capacitance is higher by about 59% due to the effect of Triton X-100. As surfactants are known to form micelles at a critical concentration, studies have been conducted to arrive at an appropriate concentration of Triton X-100. Accordingly, it has been found that Triton X-100 in solution is the optimum composition of the electrolyte for obtaining a maximum specific capacitance. Extended charge-discharge cycling studies indicate that superior performance of due to Triton X-100 is seen throughout the life-cycle.
Intestinal Water Absorption - Implications for the Formulation of Rehydration Solutions (1998)

Absorption of ingested water and most solutes occurs in the proximal small intestine, therefore the rate at which beverages are emptied from the stomach is an important factor in determining the rate of water absorption. In the small intestine, water absorption is brought about by the creation of suitable osmotic gradients that promote net uptake of water from the intestinal lumen. The absorption of solute, especially that brought about by active carriers, are highly effective in creating the osmotic gradients that promote net water uptake. The activation of these transporters also increases the permeability of the mucosa which helps absorption. Moderate hypotonicity of the luminal contents potentiates solute-induced water absorption while hypertonicity slows fluid absorption. Dilute hypotonic glucose-sodium solutions are highly effective oral rehydration solutions, and the type of carbohydrate used does not appear to be important. The addition of other actively absorbed solutes gives little benefit in potentiating water uptake. The inclusion of sodium in rehydration solutions may not be required to stimulate water absorption but probably assists the overall rehydration process. The amount of glucose required to stimulate water absorption is relatively small and for rehydration purposes ingestion of an adequate amount of a dilute solution is more beneficial than drinking a smaller volume of a more concentrated beverage.
Designing auction institutions for exchange (1999)

In this paper we present a dialogue between game theory and laboratory/field experiments using a number of examples from the economic systems design literature. We observe that neither game theory or laboratory experimentation is sufficient for economic design. Instead, what seems to be critical is the ability of each to inform the other. We discuss the rapid emergence of 'smart' markets which are being engineered to extract the gains from exchange in increasingly complex resource allocation environments. We describe some of the desirable properties of these markets.
Studies on Isocyanides and Related Compounds. A Facile Synthesis of Imidazo[1,5‐<i>a</i>]imidazoles (1993)

Abstract The Ugi four‐component condensation between 1,1‐diethoxy‐2‐isocyanoethane ( 2 ), cycloketones 1 , amine hydrochlorides 4 , and potassium thiocyanate ( 3a ) or selenocyanate ( 3b ) affords spiroimidazoles 5 , which are cyclized to spiroimidazo[1,5‐ a ]imidazole‐5‐thiones (or selenones) 6 .