gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Kristallisierte Wolframblauverbindungen; Wasserstoffanaloga der Wolframbronzen H<sub>x</sub>WO<sub>3</sub> (1951)

Abstract Dem „Wolframblau”︁ liegt nicht eine einzige Verbindung oder Reduktionsstufe zugrunde. Es wird eingeteilt in Blauoxyde und Blauhydroxyde. W 10 O 29 ist das einzige definierte Blauoxyd. Durch Reduktion von WO 3 mit naszierendem Wasserstoff entsteht violettes H 0,5 WO 3 , das im DO 9 ‐Typ mit a=3,75 5 Å kristallisiert (geringfügige Verzerrung). Es ist das Wasserstoffanalogon der kubischen Wolframbronzen Na x WO 3 (x=0,3—1,0). Wasser und Kalilauge zersetzen es unter Wasserstoffentwicklung; beim thermischen Abbau gibt es Wasserstoff und Wasser ab. Weitere Wasserstoffanaloga der Wolframbronzen sind das blaue, tetragonal kristallisierende H 0,33 WO 3 (a = 3,75 1 ; c = 3,79 6 Å) und das blaue, rhombisch kristallisierende H 0,1 WO 3 (a = 7,24 7 ; b = 7,50 2 ; c = 3,84 4 Å). Bei der Reduktion von H 2 WO 4 gewinnt man WO 2,82 · x H 2 O mit charakteristischem Röntgendiagramm, das aus Wasser und Kalilauge Wasserstoff frei macht. Es besitzt noch don Charakter einer Säure. H 0,1 WO 3 , H 0,33 WO 3 und H 0,5 WO 3 stehen mit dem Ausgangsmaterial WO 3 in enger Verbindung; ebenso verhält es sich mit WO 2,82 · x H 2 O und H 2 WO 4 · Sie werden als genotypische Verbindungen bezeichnet, die sich von WO 3 bzw. H 2 WO 4 ableiten. Die niederste Reduktionsstufe mit WO 3 als Ausgangsmaterial entspricht WO 2,72 ; mit H 2 WO 4 als Ausgangsmaterial WO 2.82 . Eine Apparatur wird beschrieben, die Dekantieren, Trocknen und Abfüllen der Präparate in inerter Atmosphäre gestattet.
Imaging superficial tissues with polarized light (2000)

Objective Polarized light can be used to obtain images of superficial tissue layers such as skin, and some example images are presented. This study presents a study of the transition of linearly polarized light into randomly polarized light during light propagation through tissues. Study Design/Materials and Methods The transition of polarization was studied in polystyrene microsphere solutions, in chicken muscle (breast) and liver, and in porcine muscle and skin. The transition is discussed in terms of a diffusion process characterized by an angular diffusivity (radians2/mean free path) for the change in angular orientation of linearly polarized light per unit optical path traveled by the light. Results Microsphere diffusivity increased from 0.031 to 0.800 for diameters decreasing from 6.04 μm to 0.306 μm, respectively. Tissue diffusivity varied from a very low value (0.0004) for chicken liver to an intermediate value (0.055) for chicken and porcine muscle to a very high value (0.78) for pig skin. Conclusion The results are consistent with the hypothesis that birefringent tissues randomize linearly polarized light more rapidly than nonbirefringent tissues. The results suggest that polarized light imaging of skin yields images based only on photons backscattered from the superficial epidermal and initial papillary dermis because the birefringent dermal collagen rapidly randomizes polarized light. This anatomic region of the skin is where cancer commonly arises. Lasers Surg. Med. 26:119–129, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Diagnosis and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders (2007)

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is currently recognised as one of the most common psychiatric disorders as well as one of the most disabling of all medical disorders. Obsessive-compulsive related disorders (OCRDs), often comorbid with OCD, include many distinct psychiatric conditions (i.e. some somatoform disorders, eating disorders, impulse control disorders and some neurological conditions) which have overlapping symptoms and compulsive qualities with OCD. Although effective treatments exist, OCD and related disorders are often underdiagnosed and undertreated. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) represent the first-line treatment for OCD and related disorders. However, the time and the doses of the medications used in the treatment of OCD and related disorders differ from those recommended in depressive disorders. In addition, remission is not common for patients with OCD and related disorders in clinical practice, and poor responders as well as refractory cases may benefit from different treatment strategies including integrated treatment, pharmacological augmentation and brain stimulation techniques.
Asymmetry of masking between complex tones and noise: Partial loudness (2003)

This experiment examined the partial masking of periodic complex tones by a background of noise, and vice versa. The tones had a fundamental frequency (F0) of 62.5 or 250 Hz, and components were added in either cosine phase (CPH) or random phase (RPH). The tones and the noise were bandpass filtered into the same frequency region, from the tenth harmonic up to 5 kHz. The target alone was alternated with the target and the background; for the mixture, the background and target were either gated together, or the background was turned on 400 ms before, and off 200 ms after, the target. Subjects had to adjust the level of either the target alone or the target in the background so as to match the loudness of the target in the two intervals. The overall level of the background was 50 dB SPL, and loudness matches were obtained for several fixed levels of the target alone or in the background. The resulting loudness-matching functions showed clear asymmetry of partial masking. For a given target-to-background ratio, the partial loudness of a complex tone in a noise background was lower than the partial loudness of a noise in a complex tone background. Expressed as the target-to-background ratio required to achieve a given loudness, the asymmetry typically amounted to 12-16 dB. When the F0 of the complex tone was 62.5 Hz, the asymmetry of partial masking was greater for CPH than for RPH. When the F0 was 250 Hz, the asymmetry was greater for RPH than for CPH. Masked thresholds showed the same pattern as for partial masking for both F0's. Onset asynchrony had some effect on the loudness matching data when the target was just above its masked threshold, but did not significantly affect the level at which the target in the background reached its unmasked loudness. The results are interpreted in terms of the temporal structure of the stimuli.
Fermented Oyster Extract Promotes Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1-Mediated Osteogenesis and Growth Rate (2020)

Fermented oyster (<i>Crassostrea gigas</i>) extract (FO) prevents ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and activating osteogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying FO-mediated bone formation and growth rate are unclear. In the current study, we found that FO significantly upregulated the expression of growth-promoting genes in zebrafish larvae including insulin-like growth factor 1 (<i>zigf-1</i>), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (<i>zigfbp-3</i>), growth hormone-1 (<i>zgh-1</i>), growth hormone receptor-1 (<i>zghr-1</i>), growth hormone receptor alpha (<i>zghra</i>), glucokinase (<i>zgck</i>), and cholecystokinin (<i>zccka</i>). In addition, zebrafish larvae treated with 100 μg/mL FO increased in total body length (3.89 ± 0.13 mm) at 12 days post fertilization (dpf) compared to untreated larvae (3.69 ± 0.02 mm); this effect was comparable to that of the β-glycerophosphate-treated zebrafish larvae (4.00 ± 0.02 mm). Furthermore, FO time- and dose-dependently increased the extracellular release of IGF-1 from preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells, which was accompanied by high expression of <i>IGF-1</i>. Pharmacological inhibition of IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) using picropodophyllin (PPP) significantly reduced FO-mediated vertebrae formation (from 9.19 ± 0.31 to 5.53 ± 0.35) and growth performance (from 3.91 ± 0.02 to 3.69 ± 0.01 mm) in zebrafish larvae at 9 dpf. Similarly, PPP significantly decreased FO-induced calcium deposition in MC3T3-E1 cells by inhibiting GSK-3β phosphorylation at Ser9. Additionally, DOI hydrochloride, a potent stabilizer of GSK-3β, reduced FO-induced nuclear translocation of RUNX2. Transient knockdown of <i>IGF-1Rα</i>/<i>β</i> using specific silencing RNA also resulted in a significant decrease in calcium deposition and reduction in GSK-3β phosphorylation at Ser9 in MC3T3-E1 cells. Altogether, these results indicate that FO increased phosphorylated GSK-3β at Ser9 by activating the autocrine IGF-1-mediated IGF-1R signaling pathway, thereby promoting osteogenesis and growth performance. Therefore, FO is a potential nutritional supplement for bone formation and growth.
Delivery of chemotherapeutic agents using drug-loaded irradiated tumor cells to treat murine ovarian tumors (2010)

Thus, the employment of drug-loaded irradiated tumor cells represents a potentially innovative approach for the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs for the control of ovarian tumors.
Estimation of missing observations in split-plot experiments where whole-plots are missing or mixed-up (1961)

The problem of estimating missing split-plots when entire whole-plots are missing is discussed. The simultaneous equations for estimating the missing values are singular and inconsistent, but they can be solved subject to the condition that the sum of the unknowns equals the value which minimizes the whole-plot error mean square. If some of the values are merely mixed-up a direct solution is always available.
Adiponectin and Metabolic Syndrome (2003)

In this review article, the crucial roles of adipocytes in the development of so-called metabolic syndrome and vascular disease are reviewed, focusing on adipocyte-derived bioactive substances, adipocytokines. Recent progress in adipocyte biology shows that adipocytes are not merely energy-storing cells but that they secrete a variety of hormones cytokines, growth factors, and other bioactive substances. To search for novel adipocytokines by the large-scale random sequence analysis of expressed genes in adipocytes, we identified an adipose-specific collagen-like molecule, adiponectin. This novel adipocytokine has plural biofunctions, such as antidiabetic, antiatherosclerotic, and antiinflammatory functions. Adiponectin plasma levels decrease with the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue. In this review, we discuss the link of adiponectin to visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, and vascular diseases.
Electrochemical C-V profiling of heterojunction device structures (1989)

Electrochemical capacitance-voltage profiles of multiple (In,Al) GaAs heterostructures have been measured and compared with the results of a numerical calculation of the apparent charge density based on a one-dimensional Poisson solver. The calculation, using layer thicknesses, dopings, and heterojunction band discontinuities obtained from MBE growth calibrations, is in overall agreement with the measured data. The largest discrepancy occurs between the expected and measured heterojunction band discontinuity. This difference is consistent with an electrolyte/semiconductor interface which is not planar on a scale comparable to the layer thickness.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis of nearly monodisperse polystyrene–polypeptide block copolymers via polymerisation of N-carboxyanhydrides (2003)

Primary amine hydrochlorides promote a well-controlled ring-opening polymerisation of Z-L-lysine-N-carboxyanhydride in DMF at 40-80 degrees C; the polystyrene-poly(Z-L-lysine) block copolymers synthesised exhibit a very narrow molecular weight distribution, close to a Poisson distribution.
Micromechanical characterisation of TRIP-assisted multiphase steels by<i>in situ</i>neutron diffraction (2006)

The flow behaviour of the constitutive phases in multiphase steels, possibly exhibiting a mechanically-induced phase transformation (TRIP effect), is investigated using neutron diffraction conducted during uniaxial tensile loading. The BCC and FCC lattice strains of several specimens containing different amounts ferrite, bainite, martensite and metastable retained austenite are measured along elastic and plastic deformation. The validity of the measurements, as well as the strengthening resulting from the TRIP effect, are evaluated on the basis of overall mechanical equilibrium.
Transistor grouping and metal layer trade-offs in automatic tile layout of FPGAs (2004)

The physical layout of modern commercial FPGAs is one of the last bastions of manual VLSI layout. Our recent work has automated the FPGA layout process from architectural description to mask-level layout of the repeated FPGA tile. Here we improve on that work using two approaches: 1) by making better choices for the grouping of circuitry into the cells used for the layout and 2) through better allocation of metal. The new groupings improve the FPGA tile area by between 10% and 14%. That, together with the superior metal layer allocation allows us to automatically lay out a very accurate capture of a Xilinx Virtex-E tile that is only 54% to 92% larger than the real thing. With two additional metal layers, our tile area is only 13% larger. In addition, we show that a standard cell implementation is 102% larger than the real Xilinx Virtex-E.
Metallocene Technology in Commercial Applications (2000)

Second in the Metallocene series from PDL, this book focuses on the commercial use and process improvements of resins produced with metallocene, single site, and other modern catalytic methods. Research to broaden the scope of applications and shorten production cycles is presented. New and improved polymer blends resulting from the use of new catalysts and improved polymer compatibility are explored as well as new applications becoming possible due to improved and balanced properties. Current trends and the latest research from the international scientific and industrial community are presented in this volume. Chapters cover use in extrusion, film manufacture, injection molding, foam production, fiber spinning, composites and new applications. Precise testing methods, material characterization, polymer morphology and crystallization are the focus of another section of the book.
Pentalenene biosynthesis and the enzymatic cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphate. Anti stereochemistry in a biological SE' reaction (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPentalenene biosynthesis and the enzymatic cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphate. Anti stereochemistry in a biological SE' reactionDavid E. Cane, Christopher. Abell, Rene. Lattman, Charles T. Kane, Brian R. Hubbard, and Paul H. M. HarrisonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 12, 4081–4082Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00220a081https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00220a081research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views141Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Superantigen reactive Vβ6+ T cells induce perforin/granzyme B mediated caspase-independent apoptosis in tumour cells (2002)

The endogenous viral superantigen 7 in DBA/2 mice serves as a target antigen on syngeneic ESb-MP lymphoma cells for allogeneic graft-vs-leukaemia reactive cells. Allogeneic viral superantigen 7 reactive Vbeta6+ T cells are able to transfer graft-vs-leukaemia reactivity and to kill specifically viral superantigen 7+ ESb-MP tumour cells in vitro. Here we elucidate the mechanism of this superantigen specific cell lysis. Already 10 min after co-incubation with in vitro stimulated Vbeta6+ T cells, viral superantigen 7+ ESb-MP tumour cells show an apoptotic phenotype (Annexin V-positivity, DNA-fragmentation). This extremely rapid type of cell death is not mediated by the death inducing ligands CD95L, TRAIL and TNF but by perforin and granzyme B. Surprisingly, neither mitochondria nor any of the known caspases appear to be involved in this type of tumour cell killing. In contrast, nitric oxide, released by activated macrophages and endothelial cells, induces in the same tumour cells another type of apoptosis which is much slower and involves mitochondria and caspase activation. A synergistic effect between the two different effector mechanisms of superantigen reactive donor cytotoxic T lymphocytes and nitric oxide releasing host macrophages and endothelial cells might explain the effective immune rejection of even advanced metastasised cancer in this graft-vs-leukaemia animal model.
Structural precursor to freezing in the hard-disk and hard-sphere systems (1998)

We show that the simplest model fluids in two and three dimensions, namely, the hard-disk and hard-sphere fluids, exhibit a structural precursor to the freezing transition, which manifests itself as a shoulder in the second peak of the radial distribution function. This feature is not present in the radial distribution function of the low-density fluid. Close examination of the two-dimensional fluid configurations in the vicinity of the freezing transition reveals that the shoulder corresponds to the formation of a distinct structural motif, identifiable as a four-particle hexagonally close-packed arrangement. As the dense fluid approaches the freezing transition, the ordered arrangements form large embryonic domains, commensurate with those seen in the crystal at the melting point. Contrary to the notion that the split second peak is a signature of the amorphous solid, our results support the idea that it is a precursor to the development of long-range order.
Overview of Ceramic Materials, Design, and Application (2002)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Processing of Advanced Ceramics Brittleness and Brittle Materials Design Applications Information Sources Future Trends References
Ferromagnetic ultrasound microbubbles contrast agent (2004)

Microbubbles have attracted attention as ultrasonic contrast agents because their ultrasonic scattering property is excellent in comparison with other ultrasonic contrast agents. In the development of ultrasound contrast agent, the main difficulties accounted are the making of small microbubbles less than 10 /spl mu/m and the elongation of the lifetime of microbubbles. A new ultrasonic contrast agent, which is microbubbles typed coating by surfactant, has been developed. The contrast images produced by different-sized microbubbles contrast agents are studied quantitatively. Furthermore, a ferromagnetic ultrasound contrast agent was also studied for its potential as a Drug Delivery System (DDS). In this paper, a new ultrasonic contrast agent for the Drug Delivery System will be discussed. Ferromagnetic materials are placed on the surfaces of the surfactant microbubbles developed in our laboratory for the above purpose. Multivalent ions such as calcium ions are used to put the ferromagnetic materials on the surfaces of the microbubbles. It is confirmed that the developed magnetic microbubbles could be lead by a permanent magnet. The performance of the magnetic microbubbles is evaluated by measuring the time dependence of the attenuation constant as one of their acoustic properties.
Dynamic effects of mechanical angular scanning of a parametric array (1976)

The effect of mechanical angular scanning of a parametric array is examined theoretically and experimentally. The results indicate that difference frequency pressure level and directivity are not affected if the frequency of rotation is small compared to the difference frequency. Subject Classification: [43]25.35; [43]30.75.
Structure of tris(η5-cyclopentadienyl)uranium thiocyanate (1993)

Tris(η 5 -cyclopentadienyl)(thiocyanato-N)-uranium, [U(NCS)(C 5 H 5 ) 3 ], M r =491.40, orthorhombic, Pca2 1 , α=15.427 (2), b=8.323 (3), c=11.772 (5) A, V=1511 (1) A 3 , Z=4, D x =2.159 g cm -3 , λ(Mo Kα)=0.71073 A, μ=103.0 cm -1 , F(000)=904, T=295 (1) K, R=0.043 for 902 reflections [I>3σ(I)]
Glutamic acid decarboxylase-immunoreactive neurons and terminals in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat (1984)

We have examined the distribution of neurons and terminals that are immunoreactive for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthesizing enzyme for the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid within the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. We estimate that GAD-positive neurons constitute approximately one-fourth of the neurons in all layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus and in the medial interlaminar nucleus (MIN). In addition, almost all of the neurons within the perigeniculate nucleus are GAD-positive. The mean size of GAD-positive cell bodies is significantly smaller than the mean size of unlabeled neurons in all subdivisions of the lateral geniculate nucleus. GAD-positive neurons have thick primary dendrites which are associated with thin lightly immunoreactive processes that give rise to clusters of GAD-positive terminals. Clusters of GAD-positive terminals are prominent in lamina A, A1, magnocellular C, and MIN but are rare in the parvocellular C laminae. Within the A laminae, GAD immunoreactivity is found within vesicle-containing profiles of the synaptic glomerulus lying postsynaptic to optic axon terminals and presynaptic to unlabeled dendritic profiles. GAD-positive neurons in the A laminae are distinguished from other small to medium-sized neurons by their failure to label following injections of HRP into visual cortex and by their lack of cytoplasmic laminated body. These results support the idea that GAD-positive neurons constitute a distinct population of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat; a population which has a number of features in common with previous descriptions of presumed local circuit neurons based on Golgi staining.
Surface Plasmon Resonance near Infrared Spectroscopy (2005)

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is ill-suited to microanalysis because of its low absorptivity. We have\ndeveloped a highly sensitive detection method for NIR\nspectroscopy based on absorption-sensitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The newly named SPR−NIR\nspectroscopy, which may open the way for NIR spectroscopy in microanalysis and surface science, is realized\nby an attachment of the Kretschmann configuration\nequipped with a mechanism for fine angular adjustment\nof incident light. The angular sweep of incident light\nenables us to make a tuning of a SPR peak for an absorption band of sample medium. From the dependences\nof wavelength, incident angle, and thickness of a gold film\non the intensity of the SPR peak, it has been found that\nthe absorbance can be enhanced by ∼100 times compared with the absorbance obtained without the gold film\nunder optimum conditions. This article reports the details\nof the experimental setup and the characteristics of\nabsorption-sensitive SPR in the NIR region, together with\nsome experimental results obtained by using it.