gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of extrusion processing of feed ingredients on apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients for rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) (2003)

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of extrusion processing on apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, energy and minerals in soya bean meal (SBM), barley, corn gluten meal and whole wheat, using rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss as the test species. In addition, availabilities of amino acids were also determined in SBM. Feed ingredients were preconditioned at 89–93 °C and then extruded using a Wenger X-85 extruder. Nonextruded ingredients were used as is, meaning that they were not preconditioned. The extruded and nonextruded ingredients were mixed with a casein–gelatin reference diet at 3 : 7 ratio prior to determination of ADC values. A total of 135 trout (initial mean body weight 223.4 ± 12.7 g) were stocked into nine 140-L fibreglass digestibility tanks with 15 fish per tank. Individual tanks were assigned randomly to each of eight diets made from the four ingredients (extruded and nonextruded) plus the reference diet. After faeces were collected in the first week, the diets were switched among tanks, and faeces were collected again after 5-day acclimation period in the second week. Yttrium oxide was used as the inert marker. Results showed that extrusion processing significantly improved ADCs of dry matter, crude fat and gross energy, and reduced ADCs of crude protein, phosphorus, copper, iron and zinc. Results also showed that the effects of extrusion processing on chemical composition and ADCs of nutrients depended on the ingredients. It is recommended that trace minerals such as copper, iron and zinc be supplemented by an additional 10–20% when rainbow trout diets are extruded because of their reduced bioavailability in plant meal-based feed ingredients.
Confocal Fluorescence Imaging of Photosensitized DNA Denaturation in Cell Nuclei¶ (2005)

Abstract The double-stranded helical structure of DNA is maintained in part by hydrogen bonds between strands and by stacking interactions between adjacent purine and pyrimidine bases in one strand. The transition (denaturation) from a double-stranded (ds) to a single-stranded (ss) form can be induced in isolated DNA or fixed cells by exposure to elevated temperatures, alkali or acids, aprotic or nonpolar solvents or some drugs. We report here that DNA denaturation can occur in situ in cell nuclei as a result of interaction between light and an intercalated dye, acridine orange or ethidium bromide. This DNA photodenaturation was probed using metachromatic properties of acridine orange and imaged by fluorescence confocal microscopy. Furthermore, an empirical kinetic model was developed to separate changes of acridine orange luminescence intensities caused by photobleaching from those that were a result of DNA denaturation. We investigated the influence of oxygen on these phenomena and propose a mechanism by which photodenaturation may occur.
Wave propagation in reconfigurable magneto-elastic kagome lattice structures (2015)

The paper discusses the wave propagation characteristics of two-dimensional magneto-elastic kagome lattices. Mechanical instabilities caused by magnetic interactions are exploited in combination with particle contact to bring about changes in the topology and stiffness of the lattices. The analysis uses a lumped mass system of particles, which interact through axial and torsional elastic forces as well as magnetic forces. The propagation of in-plane waves is predicted by applying Bloch theorem to lattice unit cells with linearized interactions. Elastic wave dispersion in these lattices before and after topological changes is compared, and large differences are highlighted.
Water absorption and mechanical properties of electrospun structured hydrogels (2004)

Abstract Electrospun nanofibers are made when electrostatic forces overcome the surface tension of a polymer solution, causing an electrically charged jet to be ejected; as the jet travels through the air, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind an electrically charged fiber, which can be collected in the form of a nonwoven sheet. A superabsorbent was added to a polymer solution containing an elastomer (concentrations = 0–85%). The mixture was electrospun, producing nanofibers in which the superabsorbent particles were held in place with nanoscale elastic fibers. The nanofibers were tested for absorbency in water and synthetic urine. Fluid absorption by the nanofibers led to the formation of structured hydrogels. Increases in the weight gain from water absorption ranged from 400 to 5000%. The linear dimensions of samples cut from the nonwoven sheet were measured; wetting the superabsorbent increased the thickness dimension of the sheet dramatically and produced a smaller change in the plane of the sheet. The rate of water absorption was calculated; the samples containing 0–70% superabsorbent reached essentially their maximum absorbency within 5 s. The excellent strength and elasticity of the wet samples make these structured hydrogels ideal for many uses, including wound care, drug delivery, and sanitary goods. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 427–434, 2005
Analysis of maximum frame rates for gamma-ray camera-computer systems (1972)

The prospective purchaser of a computer system designed to acquire and analyse dynamic data provided by a gamma -ray scintillation camera should know how rapidly framed data can be accumulated. This problem is analysed by considering the size of the memory available for data storage, the count rate provided by the camera, the sizes and count rates in the target and non-target regions and the dead time of the system. The maximum frame rate for a typical system was analyzed, and found to be less than ten frames per second under most conditions. A general equation is presented for calculating the maximum frame rate, applicable to any camera-computer system. The equation may also be used to estimate the frame rate for any prospective study.
<title>Cost-effective, high-resolution, portable digital x-ray imager</title> (1995)

A high-resolution, portable, digital x-ray imaging device which replaces current film based systems has been developed. The system is intended to be used in field hospitals where on-line verification is required during treatment. Image acquisition is performed by a 3 X 4 matrix of charge-coupled-device (CCD) imaging sensors which view the output of a standard x-ray scintillation screen via an off-the-shelf optical system. The use of multiple, moderately priced CCD units results in a high resolution system with a low cost of production relative to other digital imaging systems of comparable resolution. The fields of view of each CCD are purposefully overlapped so as to facilitate image reconstruction. The acquisition of each radiographic image formed on a scintillation screen results in the production of twelve sub- images. A software algorithm is employed to detect the regions of overlap and create a single, continuous digital radiograph from the raw CCD data. Software methods are utilized to correct for barrel distortion affects that are caused by the use of low cost lens components.
Grenzflächenspannung und Benetzung - Parameter zur Produktcharakterisierung/ Inerfacial tension and wetting — parameters for product characterisation (1995)

Article Grenzflächenspannung und Benetzung - Parameter zur Produktcharakterisierung/ Inerfacial tension and wetting — parameters for product characterisation was published on December 1, 1995 in the journal Tenside Surfactants Detergents (volume 32, issue 6).
Spontaneous symmetry breaking and switching in planar nonlinear optical antiwaveguides (2000)

We consider guided light beams in a nonlinear planar structure described by the nonlinear Schrodinger equation with a symmetric potential hill. Such an "antiwaveguide" (AWG) structure induces a transition from symmetric to asymmetric modes via a transcritical pitchfork bifurcation, provided that the beam's power exceeds a certain critical value. It is shown analytically that the asymmetric modes always satisfy the Vakhitov-Kolokolov (necessary) stability criterion; nevertheless, the application of a general Jones' theorem shows that the AWG modes are always unstable. To realize the actual character of the instability, we perform direct numerical simulations, which reveal that a deflecting instability, which drives the asymmetric beam into the cladding without giving rise to fanning or stripping of the beam, sets in after a propagation distance of approximately 16 transverse widths of the AWG's core. The symmetry-breaking bifurcation, in combination with the deflecting instability, may be used to design an all-optical switch. The switching can easily be controlled by means of a symmetry-breaking "hot spot" that acts upon an initial symmetric beam launched with a power exceeding the bifurcation value.
LSST optical beam simulator (2014)

We describe a camera beam simulator for the LSST which is capable of illuminating a 60mm field at f/1.2 with realistic astronomical scenes, enabling studies of CCD astrometric and photometric performance. The goal is to fully simulate LSST observing, in order to characterize charge transport and other features in the thick fully-depleted CCDs and to probe low level systematics under realistic conditions. The automated system simulates the centrally obscured LSST beam and sky scenes, including the spectral shape of the night sky. The doubly telecentric design uses a nearly unit magnification design consisting of a spherical mirror, three BK7 lenses, and one beam-splitter window. To achieve the relatively large field the beam-splitter window is used twice. The motivation for this LSST beam test facility was driven by the need to fully characterize a new generation of thick fully-depleted CCDs, and assess their suitability for the broad range of science which is planned for LSST. Due to the fast beam illumination and the thick silicon design [each pixel is 10 microns wide and over 100 microns deep] at long wavelengths there can be effects of photon transport and charge transport in the high purity silicon. The focal surface covers a field more than sufficient for a 40×40mm LSST CCD. Delivered optical quality meets design goals, with 50% energy within a 5 micron circle. The tests of CCD performance are briefly described.
Identification of a functional variant in the <i>KIF5A-CYP27B1-METTL1-FAM119B</i> locus associated with multiple sclerosis (2012)

This study determines a functional variant which alters the enhancer activity of a regulatory element in the locus affecting the expression of several genes and explains the association of the 12q13.3-12q14.1 region with MS.
SGER: computer-assisted interpretation of citizen input in rebuilding lower Manhattan (2005)

Computer-mediated communication, specifically facilitated by the Internet, offers new channels for citizens to express their views to elected officials, government agencies, and civic associations. Individuals have embraced email, mailing lists, and web-based forms as a method of registering their opinions, frequently resulting in tens of thousands of comments addressed to a given entity. The resulting deluge poses a technical and political challenge: how can official recipients, who have invited citizen input, make sense of commentary received on such a massive scale? How can meaningful patterns be efficiently and effectively identified? We propose the use of computer-assisted interpretation and dynamic visualization complemented by human analysis as one means of addressing these challenges.
Impact of Pilot Delay and Non-Responsiveness on the Safety Performance of Airborne Separation (2008)

Assessing the safety effects of prediction errors and uncertainty on automationsupported functions in the Next Generation Air Transportation System concept of operations is of foremost importance, particularly safety critical functions such as separation that involve human decision-making. Both ground-based and airborne, the automation of separation functions must be designed to account for, and mitigate the impact of, information uncertainty and varying human response. This paper describes an experiment that addresses the potential impact of operator delay when interacting with separation support systems. In this study, we evaluated an airborne separation capability operated by a simulated pilot. The experimental runs are part of the Safety Performance of Airborne Separation (SPAS) experiment suite that examines the safety implications of prediction errors and system uncertainties on airborne separation assistance systems. Pilot actions required by the airborne separation automation to resolve traffic conflicts were delayed within a wide range, varying from five to 240 seconds while a percentage of randomly selected pilots were programmed to completely miss the conflict alerts and therefore take no action. Results indicate that the strategicAirborne Separation Assistance System (ASAS) functions exercised in the experiment can sustain pilot response delays of up to 90 seconds and more, depending on the traffic density. However, when pilots or operators fail to respond to conflict alerts the safety effects are substantial, particularly at higher traffic densities.
Fibroblast growth factor family aberrations in cancers: clinical and molecular characteristics (2015)

Fibroblast growth factor ligands and receptors (FGF and FGFR) play critical roles in tumorigenesis, and several drugs have been developed to target them. We report the biologic correlates of FGF/FGFR abnormalities in diverse malignancies. The medical records of patients with cancers that underwent targeted next generation sequencing (182 or 236 cancer-related genes) were reviewed. The following FGF/FGFR genes were tested: FGF3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 14, 19, 23 and FGFR1, 2, 3, and 4. Of 391 patients, 56 (14.3%) had aberrant FGF (N = 38, all amplifications) and/or FGFR (N = 22 including 5 mutations and one FGFR3-TACC3 fusion). FGF/FGFR aberrations were most frequent in breast cancers (26/81, 32.1%, p = 0.0003). In multivariate analysis, FGF/FGFR abnormalities were independently associated with CCND1/2, RICTOR, ZNF703, RPTOR, AKT2, and CDK8 alterations (all P < 0.02), as well as with an increased median number of alterations (P < 0.0001). FGF3, FGF4, FGF19 and CCND1 were co-amplified in 22 of 391 patients (5.6%, P < 0.0001), most likely because they co-localize on the same chromosomal region (11q13). There was no significant difference in time to metastasis or overall survival when comparing patients harboring FGF/FGFR alterations versus those not. Overall, FGF/FGFR was one of the most frequently aberrant pathways in our population comprising patients with diverse malignancies. These aberrations frequently co-exist with anomalies in a variety of other genes, suggesting that tailored combination therapy may be necessary in these patients.
The Atacama Compact Array (ACA) (2009)

Abstract For realizing high fidelity of imaging with mosaicing observations, the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) consists of a homogeneous array of 12 m antennas (12 m Array) and the Atacama Compact Array (ACA) in order to cover all spatial frequency Fourier components of the brightness distribution of observed sources. The array is located at an altitude site of about 5000 m with an operating wavelength range of 0.3 to 3 mm. ACA is an array composed of four 12 m dishes [TP (Total Power) Array] and twelve 7 m dishes (7 m Array). The 7 m Array has a very compact configuration to take short-baseline data corresponding to the low spatial frequency Fourier components. The 7 m Array has two configurations extended over 30-50 m to avoid shadowing at low elevation. The scientific importances and operation concepts of ACA, and the system design of ACA and its performance are presented in this paper.
Spiroguanidine rhodamines as fluorogenic probes for lysophosphatidic acid (2014)

Direct determination of total lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) was accomplished using newly developed spiroguanidines derived from rhodamine B as universal fluorogenic probes. Optimum conditions for the quantitative analysis of total LPA were investigated. The linear range for the determination of total LPA is up to 5 μM with a limit of detection of 0.512 μM.
Pharmacokinetics of endogenous porphyrins induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid as observed by means of laser-induced fluorescence from several organs of tumor-bearing mice (1995)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) add support to efficient treatment modalities of superficial and early stage cancer. Recently 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), a precursor of hemoglobin in the hem biosynthetic pathway, was used to stimulate endogenous porphyrin production. The time dependency of 5-ALA induced porphyrin fluorescence has been investigated on several normal tissues as well as on a tumor in an in-vivo tumor model (human gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma Grade II, UICC IIa). 5-ALA has been administered intravenously at a concentration of 50 mg/(kg bw). With respect to a certain time schedule the animals were sacrificed and 12 different organs as well as the tumor were removed. Using laser-induced fluorescence techniques the emission spectra in the range of (lambda) equals (550-750) nm were detected from the tissues after excitation with light of the wavelength (lambda) equals (411 +/- 4) nm. For quantitative evaluation the integral fluorescence intensity at (lambda) equals (635 +/- 2) nm of the porphyrin specific spectra has been determined. All tissues showed porphyrin fluorescence, while brightest fluorescence has been detected from the tumor. With respect to the other tissues the relative tumor selectivity showed a maximum ratio at 406 h post injection. The kinetics of the porphyrin fluorescence intensity of the organs follow different time dependencies. Simple mathematical pharmacokinetic models are developed and discussed.
Fabrication and performance of low loss optical components made by ion exchange in glass (1988)

Passive optical components made by photolithography with ion exchange in glass have been developed. The technology used to fabricate these components is described, and their performance characterization is discussed. It is shown that this technique produces highly uniform low-loss devices.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Alkoxohalogenotellurate(IV): Darstellung und Struktur von Tetraphenylphosphonium-trichloro(dioxo-ethylen-O.O')tellurat(rV) / Alkoxohalogenotellurates(IV): Preparation and Structure of Tetraphenylphosphonium Trichloro(dioxo-ethylene-O,O')tellurate(IV) (1981)

Abstract The deprotonated glycolate dianion (OCH 2 CH 2 O) 2- is shown to react as a bidentate chelating ligand towards chalcogen(IV) halides. With TeCl 4 , the anion TeCl 3 (O 2 C 2 H 4 ) - is formed. According to a single crystal X-ray analysis of the tetraphenylphosphonium salt (P2 1 /c, a = 7.501, b = 26.328, c = 13.582 A, β= 104.55°, Z = 4) Te is in a tetragonal pyramidal (ψ octahedral) coordination with the alcoholate ligands in the apical (Te-O 1.919 Å) and in one of the equatorial positions (Te O 1.973 Å), the Te-Cl bond lengths being between 2.495 and 2.590 Å. The trans bond lengthening effect of the equatorial alcoholate ligand (i.e. the polarizing effect towards the lone pair) is unusually low. Vibrational spectra are reported.
Neptunium-237 production from atmospheric nuclear testing (1982)

Mass-spectrometric measurements on neptunium and plutonium from two soil samples that are representative of global fallout have been completed. The /sup 237/Np//sup 239/Pu atom ratio is 0.7 +- 0.2. This ratio, when multiplied by the amount of plutonium in worldwide fallout, indicates that 3 t of /sup 237/Np were produced by atmospheric testing to date.
Role of Prolactin in Pregnancy Hypertension (1987)

In 51 patients with pregnancy hypertension (H) and 51 normotensive gravid women (N), matched for age of gestation, plasma prolactin was measured at 8.30 am (PRL1) and 9.30 am (PRL2) in basal conditions and after 10 minutes of upright posture (PRL3). While in N there was a fall from PRL1 to PRL2 which was nonsignificant, in H there was a significant fall from PRL1 to PRL2. With upright posture there was a further decrease in prolactin in N and a significant increase in H. With multiple regression analysis, systolic and diastolic blood pressure did not show any independent relations with PRL1, PRL2 and PRL3, while serum proteins and proteinuria showed a significant relation with PRL1, as did serum proteins, serum potassium and serum urate with PRL2 and serum urate with PRL3. As has been suggested in primary hypertension, a certain increase in peripheral sympathetic tone, dependent on a decreased central dopaminergic activity, may be present in patients who develop pregnancy hypertension compared to normotensive pregnant controls and may be involved in the pathogenesis of pregnancy hypertension.
Preterm delivery and growth restriction in multifetal pregnancies reduced to twins (1997)

Gestation at delivery, birthweight and pregnancy outcome of surviving fetuses from 127 multifetal pregnancies undergoing embryo reduction to twins were compared to 354 chromosomally normal non-reduced dichorionic twin pregnancies. First-trimester embryo reduction was carried out by intracardiac injection of KCl. In 16 (12.6%) of the 127 multifetal pregnancies reduced to twins, there was miscarriage of both fetuses before 24 weeks of gestation. The median interval between reduction and fetal loss was 5 weeks (range 1-12). In livebirths, the median gestation at delivery was 36 weeks (range 24-41) and the median difference in birthweight from the appropriate mean was -0.94 SD (range -3.89-1.73 SD). Both fetal loss before 24 weeks and the interval between embryo reduction and delivery were significantly associated with the gestation at reduction (r = 0.40, P < 0.001 and r = -0.57, P < 0.001 respectively). In the pregnancies reduced to twins compared to the non-reduced twins, the percentage of miscarriages was higher (12.6 compared to 2.5%; chi 2 = 19.2, P < 0.001), the median gestation at delivery was lower (36 compared to 37 weeks; t = -1.74, P < 0.05), and the median birthweight deficit was greater (-0.94 compared to -0.65 SD: t = -4.1, P < 0.001).
Valsalva sinus asymmetry in bicuspid aortic valve: diameter through fused cusp is smaller than diameter through nonfused cusp but maximal diameter is the same whatever the phenotype when estimated by CMR (2015)

Background Previous studies establish a link between bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) morphology and aortic shape. Anteroposterior (AP) leaflets with right left (RL) fusion was found more often associated with dilatation of VS than left-right (LR) leaflets with either fusion between right and noncoronary(R-NC) cusps or between left and noncoronary cusps(L-NC). However, most of these studies were performed by transthoracic echocardiography with parasternal long axis view measurements without taking into account a possible valsalva sinus (VS) asymmetry. The aim of our study was to assess aortic valsalva sinus size and morphology by CMR in a large cohort of BAV subjects.