gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neural Precursors as Preferential Targets for Drug Abuse: Long-Term Consequences and Latent Susceptibility to Central Nervous System Disorders (2006)

Abstract Considerable evidence suggests that drugs with abuse liability disrupt development by affecting the production of new neurons and glia. The effects of drug abuse are not limited to a particular cell type, germinal zone, or stage of development, but rather uniquely affect individual neuronal and glial precursor types with various germinal zones. Germinal zones are targeted to varying degrees by most substance with abuse liability. This chapter discusses the effects of opiates and nicotine on the genesis of neural cells.
Snow stratigraphy measured by snow hardness and compared to surface section images (2002)

Snow hardness is one of the most important parameters in the study of snow. Hand, ram and micro penetrometer hardness measurements were taken in seven snow pits. The snow profiles are analysed in terms of the three hardness tests and surface section images are used as an objective reference. From the images we established the stratigraphy in terms of layers and layer boundaries at high spatial resolution and compared the stratigraphy to the hardness profiles. The hand hardness test captured 80 % of all layers and layer boundaries and the ram hardness test 60 %. The micro penetrometer captured the stratigraphy more complete than hand and ram profiles. The hand and ram profiles are a generalization of the effective snow hardness and stratigraphy. Important details are missed, for example thin hard and soft layers which are highly relevant to avalanche formation. Differences in soft snow are resolved by the micro penetrometer, which is problematic or impossible with hand and ram tests. The surface sections and micro penetrometer profile show a much more stratified snowpack than revealed in a classical snow profile. Quantitative evaluation of mechanical and textural snowpack properties requires methods that have a spatial resolution of at least 1 mm. Since the main heat and mass fluxes are perpendicular to the snow surface, the much stronger stratification now revealed has a large impact on vapour transport. Electromagnetic models (microwave emission and radar), hydrology (water flow), avalanche formation (metamorphism in thin layers) are examples where a highly resolved snowpack stratigraphy will be important.
Tissue-specific PKA inhibition using a chemical genetic approach and its application to studies on sperm capacitation (2008)

Studies on cAMP signaling and protein kinase A (PKA) function in vivo are limited by the lack of highly specific inhibitors that can be used in primary cell culture and whole animals. Previously we reported that a mutation in the ATP binding pocket of a catalytic subunit (Calpha) of PKA confers sensitivity to the pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine inhibitor, 1NM-PP1. We have now engineered the mouse Pkraca gene such that after Cre-mediated recombination in vivo, the CalphaM120A mutant protein is expressed and the wild-type Calpha is turned off. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by examining the requirement for PKA activity during capacitation of sperm from mice that express CalphaM120A mutant protein. For CalphaM120A sperm, 10 microM of 1NM-PP1 prevented PKA-dependent phosphorylation and the activation of motility that are both rapidly (<90 s) evoked by the HCO(3)(-) anion. A continuous (90 min) inhibition with 10 microM of 1NM-PP1 prevented the protein tyrosine phosphorylation of late-stage capacitation. Delayed application of 1NM-PP1 demonstrated that PKA activity was required for at least the initial 30 min of capacitation to produce subsequent protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Acute application of 1NM-PP1 rapidly slowed the accelerated beat of activated motility but did not affect the established waveform asymmetry of hyperactivated sperm. Our results demonstrate that PKA in CalphaM120A mutant sperm is rapidly and reversibly inhibited by 1NM-PP1 and that this blockade has selective and time-dependent effects on multiple aspects of capacitation. The conditional CalphaM120A-expressing mouse lines will be valuable tools for studying PKA function in vivo.
VOLTAIC CELLS IN FUSED SALTS: PART IV. ELECTRODE POTENTIALS OF THE SYSTEMS: Tl/TlCl (KCl–NaCl), Cu/CuCl (KCl–NaCl), Cu/CuCl<sub>2</sub> (KCl–NaCl), Cr/CrCl<sub>2</sub> (KCl–NaCl), AND Cr/CrCl<sub>3</sub> (KCl–NaCl). REDOX POTENTIALS OF THE SYSTEMS: Pt/CuCl, CuCl<sub>2</sub> (KCl–NaCl), AND Pt/CrCl<sub>2</sub>, CrCl<sub>3</sub> (KCl–NaCl) (1958)

Using a Ag/AgCl (KCl–NaCl) reference electrode, the standard electrode potentials of the systems Tl/TlCl (KCl–NaCl), Cu/CuCl (KCl–NaCl), Cu/CuCl 2 (KCl–NaCl), Cr/CrCl 2 (KCl–NaCl), and Cr/CrCl 3 (KCl–NaCl) were measured and found to be: 0.650 volt at 680 °C, and 0.250, −0.175, 0.755, and 0.423 at 700 °C. respectively. The standard redox potentials of the systems Pt/CuCl 2 , CuCl (KCl–NaCl), and Pt/CrCl 3 , CrCl 2 (KCl–NaCl) were also measured at 700 °C. and found to be 0.600 and 0.240 volt respectively. The effect of temperature on the electromotive forces of the above cells was measured and the heats of the cell reactions were calculated from the data.
Accuracy comparison of micro-angiographic detector and image intensifier for an interventional localization task (2003)

In order to assess the effect of the use of a high-resolution micro-angiographic detector on the accuracy of performing interventional localization tasks, we set up a simple task to localize a guide wire tip relative to one edge of a thin marker wire. Trained observers were asked to evaluate the micro-angiographic images as well as the comparison standard x-ray image intensifier (XRII) images, both of which were taken with the guidewire in the same positions. The observers were able to get more accurate estimation results using images obtained with the micro-angiographic detector than the XRII; the average distance error and performance variability both were reduced by factors of 2-3.
Rapid oxygen diffusive lithium–oxygen batteries using a restacking-inhibited, free-standing graphene cathode film (2019)

The rapid oxygen diffusion of corrugated 2D graphene sheets enhances the capacity and cycle life of lithium air batteries.
Single-Well Chemical Tracer Test for Residual Oil Measurement: Field Trial and Case Study (2016)

Abstract Tracers are increasingly being deployed as an effective reservoir monitoring and surveillance (M&S) tool in the oil and gas industry. In particular, the single-well chemical tracer test (SWCTT) is being widely used to estimate remaining oil saturation (ROS) or residual oil saturation (Sor), especially in improved oil recovery (IOR) and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations. The test provides a direct measure of ROS in a wider reservoir volume compared to the measurements made by near wellbore logs or cores. A SWCTT was designed and implemented in a carbonate field to determine fluid saturations. The reservoir is heterogeneous with layers of high to low permeability limestone, porosity in the range of 20–30%, and interspersed with patchy layers of dolomites and a very competent anhydrite seal. The SWCTT was conducted in a very mature part of the field near the peripheral water injectors, to determine the residual oil saturation before a planned IOR pilot test. This paper presents the complete design and implementation of the test, operational challenges, and the analyses and interpretation of the results. The depth of investigation was 13–14 feet from the wellbore. Laboratory results of determining the partitioning coefficient of the chemical tracer are described and presented. The design of the tracer test taking into consideration the reservoir properties are shared. Considerable operational challenges in the field and appropriate solutions to overcome them provide a very interesting case study. The returns and analyses of the samples provided a unique set of data that were interpreted using a simple analytical tracer model which was comparable to the reservoir simulations predictions. The Sor was obtained after fitting the tracer return data to a model of the classical convection-dispersion equation. The results indicate that there was no displacement or drift that occurred during the shut-in period. The mass balance of the tracers suggests that more than 98% of the tracers were recovered with negligible tracer adsorption during the test duration. The results are in close agreement with a similar test benchmarked independently by a commercial vendor using a different injection design scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: BROM‐LITHIUM‐AUSTAUSCH AN VINYL‐ UND ARYL‐BROMIDEN MIT TERT.‐BUTYLLITHIUM, ZUR RINGERWEITERUNG UEBER DIBROMCARBENADDUKTE (1974)

Abstract Das Bromid (I) läßt sich über 1‐Lithio‐cyclo0cten mit den entsprechenden ElektroA philen Benzophenon, Dimethyl‐ und Diphenyldisulfid sowie Trimethylchlorsilzin unter Bildung der Cycloocten‐Derivate (II) substituieren (das dabei entstehende tert.‐Butylbromid wird von überschüssigem tert.‐Butyl‐Li dehydrohalogenicrt, so daß eine Nebenreaktion mit dem Reaktionsprodukt verhindert wird).
OA08.01. Cholecystokinin antagonizes opioid function during electroacupuncture inhibitory effect on pressor reflex in rats (2012)

Purpose Acupuncture or electroacupuncture (EA) is increasingly being accepted as a viable therapy in the United States and may serve as an alternative treatment to drug therapy in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. We have demonstrated that EA acts through an opioid mechanism in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM) to inhibit sympathoexcitatory reflexes induced by gastric distention. Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), a gastrointestinal peptide hormone, is present throughout the central nervous system and mediates pain and anxiety. CCK-8 interacts with CCK1 and CCK2 receptors. The present study investigated the hypothesis that CCK-8 in the rVLM limits the modulatory action of EA effect on sympathoexcitatory responses.
In vivo model for the acute, latent and reactivated phases of cytomegalovirus infection. (1985)

Tissue samples from the salivary gland, lung spleen, liver and kidney of Balb/c mice infected with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) contained infective MCMV and virus-specific antigens for 6-7 weeks following the infection. After the 8th week no infective virus could be detected in any organ and antigens were found only in the spleen and the mesangial cells of the renal glomerules. As a result of cyclophosphamide treatment applied in the 22nd-24th weeks, the latent viral infection was reactivated in nearly all animals, infective virus production started again in the organs, and lasted for about 3 weeks. During the subsequent latent period the virus was again reactivated by repeated cyclophosphamide treatment. The experimental alternation of the latent and reactivated phases of viral infection renders the model suitable for study of the mechanism and consequences of viral latency and reactivation in vivo.
Roadmap for the IEEE PES test feeders (2009)

The Distribution System Analysis Subcommittee (DSAS) of the IEEE PES Power System Analysis, Computing, and Economics Committee has been developing benchmarks for distribution system analysis tools. A number of test cases have already been developed may be easily downloaded on the Internet. Other test cases have been requested. This paper describes the purpose and planned direction for these test cases in the near future. Participation from the power industry is solicited.
Endothelial Transcytosis of Iron-Transferrin in the Liver Does Not Involve Endosomal Traffic (1992)

Through a process resembling receptor-mediated internalization, liver endothelium binds and internalizes iron-transferrin (Fe-Tf) complexes, transporting them from the luminal to abluminal side. Since in most systems, the path of receptor-mediated endocytosis leads to the endosomal compartment where the medium is acidified, it is expected that Fe and Tf become dissociated in this acidified medium. However, experiments with double labeling (59Fe, 125I-Tf) indicate that these remain associated. To determine whether the endosomal pathway is used in the course of transendothelial transport of Fe-Tf, experiments were done by incubating purified liver endothelium with radiolabeled Fe-Tf in the presence and absence of endosomal inhibitors, NH4Cl, ethylamine and monensin. The discharge of radiolabeled protein was measured as a function of time. While there was an early phase inhibition in the presence of endosomal inhibitors, the discharge of Tf by endothelium in the presence of inhibitors, reached a plateau comparable to control cells after 4 h, indicating that endosomal inhibition does not inhibit transendothelial transport of Tf and, thus, the transport does not involve endosomal traffic.
Gold is not a Faradaic-Efficient Borohydride Oxidation Electrocatalyst: An Online Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry Study (2010)

Made available in DSpace on 2012-04-19T15:58:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1\nart_CHATENET_Gold_is_not_a_Faradaic-Efficient_Borohydride_Oxidation_2010.pdf: 623407 bytes, checksum: 161e399742e462782f7000d5016277c9 (MD5)\n Previous issue date: 2010
LEED probe for surface spin systems (1977)

Abstract: Information about the spin structure of a surface is contained in ditf LEED intensities via spin-orbit scattering or, in the case of fer-romagnets, exchange scattering. Such information, for example, can be exploited for determination of surface magnetic structure or for profiling surface barrier potentials. The influence of spin scattering on the measured LEED intensities can be enhanced by polarizing the incident electron beam. In the spin-polarized LEED system described here, the electron source is zero-electron-affinity Ga As + Cs- 0- Cs, illuminated by circularly polarized light. After pas-sage through a 90 ’ electrostatic deflector to convert the photoemitted elec-trons from longitudinal to transverse polarization, the beam passes a con-stant magnification lens before striking the sample at energies from 10-200 eV. Diffracted intensities are m ensured by a minicomputer-controlled Faraday cup. Data reduction, st(,rage, and display occur via dedicated link between the minicomputer and an iBM 370. A synchronous method for measuring the scattered polarization and preliminary results are discussed.
Impact of programmed second endoscopy with appropriate re‐treatment on peptic ulcer re‐bleeding: A systematic review (2003)

Objectives: The aim of the present systematic review is to critically appraise the current evidence from published medical trials on the role of programmed second endoscopy with appropriate therapy on peptic ulcer re‐bleeding. Methods: A systematic review of five prospective randomized controlled trials comparing the effect of programmed second endoscopy against conservative management on peptic ulcer re‐bleeding was carried out. Results: From the meta‐analysis of the combined results from the five trials on the effect of programmed second endoscopy in ulcer bleeding, we found that a programmed second endoscopy with appropriate therapy reduced the number of recurrent bleeding significantly (Peto odds ratio = 1.97, Mantel Haenszel‐Peto P < 0.01). The number of patients needed for treatment with a programmed second endoscopy in order to prevent one recurrent bleeding ranged from four to 11. Conclusion: Programmed second endoscopy with appropriate therapy reduced the number of recurrent bleeding significantly in patients with bleeding peptic ulcers. Individual trials also showed a possible benefit in reduction of the number of surgical interventions.
Minimum-disturbance description for the development of adaptation algorithms and a new leakage least squares algorithm (2009)

Usual methods for the development of adaptive filters are based on a stochastic approximation of the gradient vector and Hessian matrix, or on a deterministic minimization of quadratic a posteriori output errors. Gradient-based algorithms are usually placed in the first group, whereas least squares (LS) based algorithms are placed in the second group. These are just how algorithms are usually presented and analyzed and alternative descriptions exit. This paper proposes to shed new light onto known adaptation algorithms by means of a minimum-disturbance approach to the cost function together with constraints added to improve their robustness. The resulting algorithms are able to perform extremely well in many demanding applications.
Cyan Fluorescent Protein Carries a Constitutive Mutation That Prevents Its Dimerization (2010)

The tendency of GFP-like fluorescent proteins to dimerize in vitro is a permanent concern as it may lead to artifacts in FRET imaging applications. However, we have found recently that CFP and YFP (the couple of GFP variants mostly used in FRET studies) show no trace of association in the cytosol of living cells up to millimolar concentrations. In this study, we investigated the oligomerization properties of purified CFP, by fluorescence anisotropy and sedimentation velocity. Surprisingly, we found that CFP has a much weaker homoaffinity than other fluorescent proteins (K(d) ≥ 3 × 10(-3) M), and that this is due to the constitutive N146I mutation, originally introduced into CFP to improve its brightness.
Generic and updatable XML value indices covering equality and range lookups (2009)

We describe a collection of indices for XML text, element, and attribute node values that (i) consume little storage, (ii) have low maintenance overhead, (iii) permit fast equi-lookup on string values, and (iv) support range-lookup on any XML typed value (e.g., double, dateTime). The equi-lookup string value index depends on an elaborate hash function and on an associative combination function to facilitate updates on both mixed-content and element nodes. We also present techniques for creating range-lookup indices supporting any ordered XML typed value. These indices rely on a finite state machine that accepts the type specific language, and on a state combination table for combining states to speed-up updates. We evaluate the stability of the hash function, the storage overhead, and the indices creation and maintenance time in the context of the open-source XML database system MonetDB/XQuery.
A novel sulfonamide containing a boronate ester group (2002)

A novel sulfon­amide containing a boronate ester group, name­ly N-[3-(4,4,5,5-tetra­methyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)­phenyl]-N-(2,4,6-tri­methyl­benzyl)-p-toluene­sulfon­amide,C29H36BNO4S, crystallizes with two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. The Lewis-acid B atom is in a trigonal–planar environment and is not involved in inter- or secondary intramolecular interactions.
Cytoplasmic microtubules innormalandtransformed cells in culture: Analysis bytubulin antibody immunofluorescence (1975)

Monospecific antibody directed against bo- vinebrain tubulin wasusedasanimmunofluorescent probe toevaluate thedistribution ofmicrotubules innormal and transformed cells grownintissue culture. Thefluorescent staining pattern oftransformed andnontransformed cells is significantly different andmaybeusedinconjunction with other morphological features toidentify transformants in mixed cell populations. Normal cells areflattened, elongated, andfibroblastic; theydisplay numerous Colcemid-sensitive fluorescent cytoplasmic filaments, presumably microtubules. Transformed cells, however, aresmaller, morepolygonal in shape, andcontain very fewcytoplasmic tubules. During mi- tosis, thecytoplasmic microtubule complex ofnormal cells completely disappears, butreappears after cell division. Treatment oftransformed cells withdibutyryl-adenosine 3'1 5'-cyclic monophosphate plus testosterone ortheophylline re- stores thenormal fibroblastic appearance ofthecells and stimulates theassembly ofnumerous cytoplasmic microtub- ules. Thisstudy provides further evidence fortwoseparate microtubule entities incycling nontransformed cells: acyto- plasmic microtubule complex andthemicrotubules ofthe mitotic spindle. Although aninterchange oftubulin dimers seems toexist between microtubules inthetwosystems, con- trol oftubule assembly maybeunder separate constraints. Stimulation ofcytoplasmic microtubule assembly intrans- formed cells byderivatives ofadenosine 3':5'-cyclic mono- phosphate suggests thatimpairment ofthecytoplasmic mi- crotubule complex inthese cells maybeduetosuboptimal levels ofadenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate. Malignant transformation ofnormal cells invitro isusually characterized byalterations incell form, surface topogra- phy,lectin binding features, andloss ofdensity-dependent growth control. Although changes incell morphology, espe- cially cell shape, arefrequently cited asinitial evidence for transformation, thestructural andbiochemical bases for morphological changes arepoorly understood. Themaintenance ofcell forminmostcells isthought to bedueinpart tothepresence ofcytoplasmic microtubules (1, 2). Forexample, treatment offibroblasts orneuroblasto- macells withinhibitors such ascolchicine, Vinca alkaloids, orcold temperatures leads tothedisappearance ofmicrotu- bules andarapid alteration incell shape (for review seeref. 3). Theinvolvement ofmicrotubules invirus-induced cell transformation hasbeenimplied inseveral earlier studies (4-6). Themorphology oftransformed cells canbereversed fromacompact, randomly oriented state tomoreelongated fibroblastic forms withderivatives ofadenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP). Moreover, suchtreatments have beenreported torestore other normal features, including contact-inhibite
LovG: The Thioesterase Required for Dihydromonacolin L Release and Lovastatin Nonaketide Synthase Turnover in Lovastatin Biosynthesis (2013)

No Lov lost: The cryptic thioesterase LovG was found to be responsible for product release from the lovastatin nonaketide synthase (LNKS or LovB; see scheme). LovG also helped improve the turnover of LovB through hydrolysis of incorrectly made intermediates, freeing LovB for another round of catalysis.
HISTORY OF COBALT CATALYST DESIGN FOR FTS (2003)

Cobalt catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) of liquid and waxy paraffins from syngas were first discovered about 90 years ago. In the subsequent nine decades, catalyst technology has advanced from a simple cobalt oxide on asbestos to sophisticated, high-activity, highlyoptimized cobalt catalysts supported on carefully-modified alumina, silica, or titania carriers and promoted with noble metals and basic oxides. Catalyst design has evolved from trial and error art based on experimental reactor tests of activity and selectivity to a scientific, nanoscale design founded on activity-structure relationships and computerized theoretical models. Documentation of the early work has been until recently somewhat sketchy; much of this work was forgotten or unavailable. Nevertheless, recently unearthed databases of Fischer-Tropsch literature, including early German patents and technical files of the Allied Technical Oil Mission (TOM) carried out just after World War II, provide new perspectives of the extensive work on FT catalysts carried out during the 1930’s and 1940’s in Germany. These documents provide evidence that a number of later developments, i.e., some of those resulting from an explosion of patents and processes during the last quarter of the 20 Century, are to some extent rediscoveries of the prior art. The importance of studying historical scientific and patent literatures is emphasized.