gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, characterization, and swelling behavior of alginate‐<i>g</i>‐poly(sodium acrylate)/kaolin superabsorbent hydrogel composites (2007)

Abstract A novel superabsorbent composite based on sodium alginate and the inorganic clay kaolin was synthesized via the graft copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA) in an aqueous medium with methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinking agent and ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator. The effects of reaction variables, such as the MBA, AA, and APS concentrations and the alginate/kaolin weight ratio, on the water absorbency of the composite were systematically optimized. Evidence of grafting and kaolin interactions was obtained by a comparison of the Fourier transform infrared spectra of the initial substrates with that of the superabsorbent composite, and the hydrogel structure was confirmed with scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that with an increasing alginate/kaolin weight ratio, the swelling capacity and gel content increased. The effects of various salt media were also studied, along with the swelling kinetics. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Effect of Supplementing Diets with Fat on Infrared Analysis of Milk Fat (1989)

lactation had a greater effect on mean molecular weight of fatty acids in milk than did the feeding of fat. Additional research is warranted to analyze fat in milk from cows under more widely diffeting dietary conditions.
Clinical testing of the otoliths: a critical assessment of ocular counterrolling. (1984)

A test procedure which measures the amount of ocular counterrolling (OCR) of the eyes in response to lateral tilt of the body is considered a means of obtaining objective responses to stimulation of the otolithic receptors in the non-auditory labyrinth of the inner ear. OCR is thought to be the result of changing the orientation of the otolithic maculae relative to the gravitational vector. A special optical system (goniometer) has been devised which enables the observer to obtain a clear image of the subject's eye and to measure OCR responses in degrees and minutes of arc. Although attempts have been made elsewhere to evaluate the clinical significance of such responses, the results have been controversial, and clearly indicate the need for further study in order that OCR may be utilized as a reliable diagnostic tool. Accordingly, a review of the literature is presented, together with preliminary findings at St. Michael's Hospital and recommendations for further research.
Umwandlung von Bicyclo [3.2.0]hept‐2‐en‐6‐on in Cyclopentadienessigsäure‐Derivate (1983)

Conversion of Bicyclo [3.2.0]hept‐2‐en‐6‐one into Cyclopentadienylacetic Acid Derivatives The reaction of a mixture of 4 exo ‐bromobicyclo [3.2.0]hept‐2‐en‐6‐one ( 2 ) and ‐7‐one ( 3 ) with O‐ or N‐nucleophiles yielded cyclopentadien‐5′‐yl‐acetates 4a–f or‐acetamides 4g–h . Due to their rapid isomerization, the products 4 were not isolated, but some of them were demonstrated spectroscopically or captured in situ with maleimide as 10′‐substituted norbornene derivatives 7 . The formation of 4 from 2/3 involves a fragmentation of the bond between the carbonyl and the bridge‐head C‐atom, induced by the attacking nucleophile and the leaving Br‐ion and aided by the relief of the four‐membered ring strain. Some of the isomerization products of 4 , i.e. the cyclopentadiene‐1′‐yl‐ and 2′‐yl‐acetyl derivatives were captured with maleimide as the 1′‐ and 8′‐substituted norbornene‐derivatives 8 and 9 . Two C‐nucleophiles did not induce the fragmentation: sodium acetylacetonate substituted the Br‐atom and sodium (diethoxyphosphoryl)ethoxycarbonylmethide condensed with the carbonyl group of 2/3 , yielding 11/12 and 13/14 , respectively.
Novel interconnect modeling by using high-order compact finite difference methods (2002)

The high-order compact finite difference (HCFD) method is adapted for interconnect modeling. Based on the compact finite difference method, the HCFD method employs the Chebyshev polynomials to construct the approximation framework for interconnect discretization, and leads to improved equivalent-circuit models. The HCFD-based modeling requires far fewer intervening grid points for building an accurate discrete model of the transmission line than other numerical methods like traditional Finite Difference (FD) method. It is believed that given the number of state variables, the presented method gives more accurate results than other known passive discrete modeling methods. The theoretical proof shows that HCFD-based modeling preserves the passivity.
Geometrical control of ionic current rectification in a configurable nanofluidic diode (2016)

Control of ionic current in a nanofluidic system and development of the elements analogous to electrical circuits have been the subject of theoretical and experimental investigations over the past decade. Here, we theoretically and experimentally explore a new technique for rectification of ionic current using asymmetric 2D nanochannels. These nanochannels have a rectangular cross section and a stepped structure consisting of a shallow and a deep side. Control of height and length of each side enables us to obtain optimum rectification at each ionic strength. A 1D model based on the Poisson-Nernst-Planck equation is derived and validated against the full 2D numerical solution, and a nondimensional concentration is presented as a function of nanochannel dimensions, surface charge, and the electrolyte concentration that summarizes the rectification behavior of such geometries. The rectification factor reaches a maximum at certain electrolyte concentration predicted by this nondimensional number and decays away from it. This method of fabrication and control of a nanofluidic diode does not require modification of the surface charge and facilitates the integration with lab-on-a-chip fluidic circuits. Experimental results obtained from the stepped nanochannels are in good agreement with the 1D theoretical model.
Distribution of sidelobe level in random arrays (1969)

The probability of peak sidelobe level of a random array is obtained for any given probability density of element positions. The method is based on the sampling theorem for band-limited functions. These results are applicable to small as well as large arrays. In the case of large arrays, they coincide with those obtained earlier by Lo through a different argument. In addition, this method shows the effect of probabilistic distribution of the elements on the sidelobe level.
A Preparative and Spectroscopic Study of Fluorophores for Zinc(II) Detection (2001)

Zinc(II) specific fluorophores are of substantial importance in the study of intracellular Zn 2+ . Two such widely used fluorophores are 2-methyl-8-(4-toluenesulfonamido)-6-quinolyloxyacetic acid, Zinquin (1), and its ethyl ester, Zinquin ester (2), which fluoresce strongly when bound by Zn 2+ . To gain insight into the factors affecting the fluorescence of such fluorophores the closely related 4-methyl- N -(6-methoxy-2-methyl-8-quinolyl)-benzenesulfonamide (3), and nine analogues (4–12), substituted at sulfur by nine different substituents have been prepared and their fluorescing characteristics and those of their Zn 2+ complexes have been examined. The nine substituents are: 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl (4), 4-methoxyphenyl (5), 4-acetamidophenyl (6), 4-bromophenyl (7), 4-nitrophenyl (8), 3-trifluoromethylphenyl (9), naphth-1-yl (10), naphth-2-yl (11) and 5-dimethylaminonaphth-1-yl (12). Under neutral conditions in 75/25% v/v ethanol/water solutions, (3)–(7) and (9)–(11) fluoresce weakly in the free state, (8) does not fluoresce and (12) fluoresces strongly. Ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopy shows that (3)–(12) complex to Zn 2+ , but unlike the remainder, the complexes of (8) and (12) do not fluoresce, with those possessing electron-withdrawing substituents, (4) and (9), being the most fluorescent. On this basis ethyl-2-(2-methyl-quinolyloxy-8-(2,2,2-trifluoroethylsulfonamido))acetate (19) was prepared and its Zn 2+ complex was found to be substantially more fluorescent than that of (2).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHETIC STUDIES ON THE VALIDAMYCINS. VI. SYNTHESIS OF DL‐6′‐EPIVALIDOXYLAMINE A (1983)

Abstract Die Umsetzung des D,L‐Epoxycyclohexens (I) mit dem blockierten D,L‐ Validamin (II) ergibt die blockierten 6′‐Epimeren (III) von Validoxylamin A. (III) wird in die Octaacetate (IVa) übergeführt.
Breast cancer recurrence diagnosis suspected on tumor marker rising (2010)

18FDG-PET/CT imaging is an efficient technique to detect breast cancer recurrence suspected on tumor marker rising in asymptomatic patients. It may thus contribute to improve patient management, providing an earlier diagnosis with complete whole-body staging as a "one-stop shop" procedure.
Voices in noise or noisy voices: Effects on task performance and appreciation (2017)

Learning from orally presented information often requires distinguishing target signals from noise. Effects of background noise on information processing has been extensively studied, and it is clear that similarity between target and noise makes separation more difficult. Therefore, the question is what happens when noise is actually part of the target signal, which is the case for dysphonic voices. Dysphonia is defined as a speech disorder `characterized by the abnormal production and/or absences of vocal quality, pitch, loudness, resonance, and/or duration, which is inappropriate for an individual's age and/or sex.' (ASHA). In this study, information processing is investigated in two noise conditions that are thought to be very challenging: multitalker babble and dysphonic voices. The aim is to compare the effect of a noise source that is very similar to the target signal (speech) but clearly external, with the effect of noise sources that are inherently part of the signal (dysphonia). In addition, the combined effect, i.e. a dysphonic voice in multitalker babble, is studied as well. For information processing, task performance and subjective perception of difficulty are evaluated. Subjective perception varies most clearly with the different noise conditions. Reported difficulty increases significantly for multitalker babble and dysphonia separately, both compared to a healthy voice in quiet conditions. Remarkably, within multitalker babble no differences in rating between dysphonic voices and the healthy voice are seen; dysphonic voices  are no longer rated more difficult than a healthy voice when this healthy voice is also presented within babble noise.
Providing Goal-Based Autonomy for Commanding a Spacecraft (2008)

A computer program for use aboard a scientific-exploration spacecraft autonomously selects among goals specified in high-level requests and generates corresponding sequences of low-level commands, understandable by spacecraft systems. (As used here, 'goals' signifies specific scientific observations.) From a dynamic, onboard set of goals that could oversubscribe spacecraft resources, the program selects a non-oversubscribing subset that maximizes a quality metric. In an early version of the program, the requested goals are assumed to have fixed starting times and durations. Goals can conflict by exceeding a limit on either the number of separate goals or the number of overlapping goals making demands on the same resource. The quality metric used in this version is chosen to ensure that a goal will never be replaced by another having lower priority. At any time, goals can be added or removed, or their priorities can be changed, and the 'best' goal will be selected. Once a goal has been selected, the program implements a robust, flexible approach to generation of low-level commands: Rather than generate rigid sequences with fixed starting times, the program specifies flexible sequences that can be altered to accommodate run time variations.
Schaltung bakterieller Adhäsion auf glycosylierten Oberflächen durch reversible Reorientierung der Kohlenhydratliganden (2014)

Abstract In vielen biologischen Systemen wird die Erkennung von Oberflächen durch die Wechselwirkung von Kohlenhydrat‐spezifischen Proteinen (Lektinen) mit den Kohlenhydratepitopen (Liganden) der ungeordneten Glycokonjugatschicht (Glycokalyx) der Zellen gesteuert. Damit es zu einer erfolgreichen Anbindung kommt, müssen sich diese Liganden geeignet im Raum orientieren. Wir stellen zum ersten Mal ein Modellsystem vor, in dem die Orientierung der Liganden auf einer Oberfläche kontrolliert variiert wird, ohne dabei ihre strukturelle Qualität in irgendeiner Weise zu verändern. Der Schlüssel für die Kontrolle der Ligandorientierung liegt in der Konjugation an photoschaltbare Azobenzoleinheiten.
Phase dependent structural and electronic properties of lanthanum orthophosphate (LaPO<sub>4</sub>) (2016)

We study the phase-dependent structural and electronic properties of bulk LaPO4, using density functional theory (DFT). The applicability of conventional semi-local and hybrid functionals in predicting structural and electronic properties of monoclinic and hexagonal LaPO4 is evaluated by comparing results to available experimental data. The monoclinic LaPO4 was found to be more stable than the hexagonal phase in ambient conditions with a small energy difference, suggesting a possibility of a phase transition. Both the phases in the bulk form are found to be diamagnetic with indirect energy gaps. These results are consistent with available experimental results. In the monoclinic phase, the hybrid functionals predict indirect band gap at about 8 eV. Furthermore, the calculated indirect-direct transition energy offset (ΔE) in the hexagonal phase was three times lower than the monoclinic phase. Our calculations based on hybrid functionals also reveal that the states near the conduction band edge in the hexagonal LaPO4 are strongly hybridized between La and PO4 states. By analyzing the band dispersion around the band edges, we show that the hexagonal phase has lighter electron effective mass, as compared to the monoclinic phase. With a larger energy gap, smaller ΔE, and smaller electron effective mass, the hexagonal LaPO4 might be a promising candidate material as an n-type transparent oxide.
Miniaturized SnO/sub 2/-based suitable for temperature-tailored lambda-ratio sensors (2001)

A sol-gel method for the fabrication of miniaturized SnO/sub 2/ sensors, compatible with Si technology, is described. The fabrication procedure consists of deposition and patterning of Pt heating elements and sensor contact pads. The SnO/sub 2/ sensing element is formed through a new sol-gel method exploiting a lift-off step for patterning. Sintering of the sensor at a temperature of 600/spl deg/C finalizes the fabrication. Preliminary results of sensor characteristics are reported. In addition, the behaviour of SnO/sub 2/ sensors fabricated using a pressed-pallet method with anomalous characteristics is addressed. The temperature-dependent response of SnO/sub 2/-based sensors as a /spl lambda/-ratio sensing device is reported. A low-high transition in the sensor conductivity, occurring at a ratio of combustible to oxygen gases away from the stoichiometric value, is reported for the first time. The ratio at which this transition arises, happens at values higher than the stoichiometric point for CO and by raising the temperature, it moves towards the stoichiometric point. This phenomenon is reversed for C/sub 2/H/sub 6/.
Effects of qing jin de sheng tablets on PCNA and p53 expressions in human lung adenocarcinoma cells (2007)

Objective To explore the mechanism of anti-tumor effects of qins jin de sheng tablets on lung cancer.Methods To apply the serum contained medicine and cytopharmacology approach to observe the effects of qing jin de sheng tablets on the levels of p53 protein,which were determined by ELISA method,in up- per cultured liquid;on the levels of PCNA and p53 protein expressions,which were determined by SABC meth- od,in human lung adenocarcinoma cells.Results 72 hours after the addition of the serum contained qing jin de sheng tablets,the levels of p53 protein in upper cultured liquid reduced significantly;and the positive dyeing rate of PCNA and p53 proteins reduced in human lung adenocarcinoma cells.The above reductions showed obvi- ous dose-effect relations.Conclusion Qing jin de sheng tablets have anti-tumor effects against lung cancer by inhibiting the proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma cells and the mutation of p53 gene.
AIDS Serology Testing in Low- and High-Risk Groups (1985)

The performance characteristics of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-retrovirus serological tests including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot, and immunofluorescence assay were defined in a clinical laboratory setting by testing 1,257 serum specimens from low- and high-risk groups for AIDS. The three prototype AIDS retroviruses (lymphadenopathy-associated virus, human T-lymphotropic virus III, and AIDS-associated retrovirus) were equally suitable as target antigen for these assays. Sera from six of 74 laboratory and health care personnel and 91 of 1,014 unselected blood donors were falsely positive by ELISA (positive to negative ratio [P/N], greater than or equal to 2) based on the lack of Western blot confirmation. Only two true-positives (two [0.2%] of 1,014 blood donors) were detected in these low-risk groups. In contrast, 106 of 108 specimens with ELISA P/N ratios of 2 or greater from the high-risk groups including asymptomatic homosexual men, hemophiliacs, AIDS-related complex patients, and AIDS patients were positive by Western blot and immunofluorescence assay. Four false-negative ELISA results based on positive immunofluorescence assay and Western blot were found in the AIDS patient group. Ten of 69 AIDS patients were negative by all three serological tests. The consequence of maintaining high sensitivity for the ELISA (P/N ratio, greater than or equal to 2) as a screening test was a loss of specificity. The number of false-positive results necessitated the use of a confirmation test with greater specificity.
Challenges posed by adoption issues from a bioinformatics point of view (2004)

Developing interoperability models for data is a crucial factor for the adoption of research tools within industry. In this paper, we discuss efficient data interoperability models within a field where they are highly needed: the bioinformatics field. We present the challenges that interoperability models for data must face within this field and we discuss some existing strategies built to address these challenges. The potential of a semi-structured data model based on XML is discussed. Also, a novel approach that enhances the capabilities of the data integration model by automatically identifying XML documents generated based on the same DTD is presented. Practices developed within this application domain can be used for the benefit of similar adoption issues in various other domains.
Macromol. Biosci. 8/2017 (2017)

Front Cover: A vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-releasing fiber mat was developed for the effective transplantation of multilayered cardiomyocyte sheets. The transplanted multilayered cardiomyocyte sheets with the VEGF-releasing fiber mat exhibited thick cardiomyocytes layer and incorporated larger-diameter blood vessels. This is reported by Kenichi Nagase, Yuhei Nagumo, Miri Kim, Hee-Jung Kim, Hei-Won Kyung, Hye-Jin Chung, Hidekazu Sekine, Tatsuya Shimizu, Hideko Kanazawa, Teruo Okano, Seung-Jin Lee and Masayuki Yamato, article number 1700073.
Ferric chloride / tetraethyl orthosilicate as efficient catalytic system for Biginelli dihydropyrimidinone synthesis (2005)

Dihidropirimidinoni spadaju u važnu skupinu bioloski aktivnih spojeva sirokog spektra djelovanja. Najznacajniji i najjednostavniji put sinteze te skupine spojeva je Biginellijeva trokomponentna kondenzacija odgovarajuceg alifatskog ili aromatskog aldehida, acetoacetatnog estera i uree katalizirana razlicitim proticnim i Lewisovim kiselinama. Dihidropirimidinoni koji su derivati stericki ometenih aldehida i / ili acetoacetatnih estera primjenom vecine opisanih metoda dobivaju se u niskim iskoristenjima. Pronađeno je da tetraetil-ortosilikat djeluje kao ucinkovito dehidratacijsko sredstvo u Biginellijevoj kondenzaciji niza razlicito supstituiranih aromatskih i alifatskih aldehida, acetoacetatnih estera i uree u prisustvu bezvodna željezova(III) klorida kao katalizatora u vrijucem izopropil-alkoholu.
On the Structure and Properties of Polyamides. XXVII. The Mechanism of Water Sorption in Polyamides (1967)

Abstract The sorption and the desorption isotherms of water are described for several crystalline polyamides (nylons 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 11), amorphous polyamides (poly‐ C ‐methylcaprolactam, terpolymer of caprolactam, aminoheptanoic acid and aminoundecanoic acid) and model amides ( N ‐ethyl acetamide, Y ‐ethyl butyramide, N ‐butyl capronamide) at 27°C., with amides also at 40 and 55°C. On the basis of our own as well as reported data (on sorption isotherms, heat balance of sorption, sorption heats, infrared absorption, nuclear magnetic resonance, mechanical properties of polyamide‐water systems), we propose the following mechanism for the sorption of water in polyamides (capillary condensation is not considered): In nylon 6, three molecules of water are sorbed on two neighboring amide groups in an accessible region. The first molecule forms a double H‐bonds between the CO groups (firmly bound water) and the other two molecules form H‐bonds between the CO and the NH groups (loosely bound water). It turns out that even in nylons 2 to 6, water is probably sorbed by this mechanism whereas in nylons 8 to 12 only one molecule of water is sorbed on two amide groups, probably as a firmly bound water. Nylon 7 stands somewhere between the two groups.
Relations of Change in Plasma Levels of LDL‐C, Non‐HDL‐C and apoB With Risk Reduction From Statin Therapy: A Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Trials (2014)

Using both a frequentist and Bayesian approach, relative risk reduction across 7 major placebo-controlled statin trials was more closely related to reductions in apoB than to reductions in either non-HDL-C or LDL-C.
Heavy Metal Analysis of Sabine River and Toledo Bend Reservoir Bed Sediments (2011)

Core samples were collected from the Sabine River and Toledo Bend Reservoir beds, digested, and analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy for several heavy metals. The magnitude of heavy metal concentrations in the bed sediments and the pattern of deposition can help determine which heavy metals are present, the source of heavy metals found in the fish (bed sediment or water), and the source of the heavy metal pollution, if any: industrial, geologic, or atmospheric.
<i>rac</i>-(6<i>S</i>)-6-Hydroxy-6-{2-[2-(propan-2-ylidene)hydrazinylidene]propyl}indolo[2,1-<i>b</i>]quinazolin-12(6<i>H</i>)-one (2011)

The chiral title compound, C(21)H(20)N(4)O(2), crystallizes as a racemic mixture. In the crystal, mol-ecules form centrosymmetric π-overlapping dimers [inter-planar distance = 3.338 (6) Å], which are further connected along the a axis forming centrosymmetric dimers via O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds. C-H⋯O inter-actions are also observed. The indolo[2,1-b]quinazoline group is somewhat bent, with a small dihedral angle of 6.3 (4)° between the plane of the quinazoline system and the plane of the benzene ring of the indole moiety. The C=N-N=C atoms of the azine group is oriented almost perpendicular [84.1 (2)°] to the mean plane of the quinazoline system.
Synchronization of Optical Polarization Conversion and Scattering in Chiral Fibers (2006)

Polarization conversion and scattering are synchronized in birefringent fiber twisted with nonuniform pitch so that one incident polarization eigenstate is strongly scattered while the other is freely transmitted. This makes possible a broadband linear polarizer.