gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Model of the Control of Saccades by Superior Colliculus and Cerebellum (1999)

Experimental evidence indicates that the superior colliculus (SC) is important but neither necessary nor sufficient to produce accurate saccadic eye movements. Furthermore both clinical and experimental evidence points to the cerebellum as an indispensable component of the saccadic system. Accordingly, we have devised a new model of the saccadic system in which the characteristics of saccades are determined by the cooperation of two pathways, one through the SC and the other through the cerebellum. Both pathways are influenced by feedback information: the feedback determines the decay of activity for collicular neurons and the timing of the activation for cerebellar neurons. We have modeled three types of cells (burst, buildup, and fixation neurons) found in the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus. We propose that, from the point of view of motor execution, the burst neurons and the buildup neurons are not functionally distinct with both providing a directional drive to the brain stem circuitry. The fixation neurons determine the onset of the saccade by disfacilitating the omnipause neurons in the brain stem. Excluding noise-related variations, the ratio of the horizontal to the vertical components of the collicular drive is fixed throughout the saccade (i.e., its direction is fixed); the duration of the drive is such that it always would produce hypermetric movements. The cerebellum plays three roles: first, it provides an additional directional drive, which improves the acceleration of the eyes; second, it keeps track of the progress of the saccade toward the target; and third, it ends the saccade by choking off the collicular drive. The drive provided by the cerebellum can be adjusted in direction to exert a directional control over the saccadic trajectory. We propose here a control mechanism that incorporates a spatial displacement integrator in the cerebellum; under such conditions, we show that a partial directional control arises automatically. Our scheme preserves the advantages of several previous models of the saccadic system (e.g., the lack of a spatial-to-temporal transformation between the SC and the brain stem; the use of efference copy feedback to control the saccade), without incurring many of their drawbacks, and it accounts for a large amount of experimental data.
Temporal Discontiguity Is neither Necessary nor Sufficient for Learning-Induced Effects on Adult Neurogenesis (2006)

Some, but not all, types of learning and memory can influence neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Trace eyeblink conditioning has been shown to enhance the survival of new neurons, whereas delay eyeblink conditioning has no such effect. The key difference between the two training procedures is that the conditioning stimuli are separated in time during trace but not delay conditioning. These findings raise the question of whether temporal discontiguity is necessary for enhancing the survival of new neurons. Here we used two approaches to test this hypothesis. First, we examined the influence of a delay conditioning task in which the duration of the conditioned stimulus (CS) was increased nearly twofold, a procedure that critically engages the hippocampus. Although the CS and unconditioned stimulus are contiguous, this very long delay conditioning procedure increased the number of new neurons that survived. Second, we examined the influence of learning the trace conditioned response (CR) after having acquired the CR during delay conditioning, a procedure that renders trace conditioning hippocampal-independent. In this case, trace conditioning did not enhance the survival of new neurons. Together, these results demonstrate that associative learning increases the survival of new neurons in the adult hippocampus, regardless of temporal contiguity.
Effects of high-fat diets on hepatic fatty acid oxidation in the rat Isolation of rat liver peroxisomes by vertical-rotor centrifugation by using a self-generated, iso-osmotic, Percoll gradient (1981)

1. Rat liver peroxisomal fractions were isolated in iso-osmotic Percoll gradients by using vertical-rotor centrifugation. The fractions obtained with rats given various dietary treatments were characterized. 2. The effect on peroxisomal beta-oxidation of feeding 15% by wt. of dietary fat for 3 weeks was investigated. High-fat diets caused induction of peroxisomal beta-oxidation, but diets rich in very-long-chain mono-unsaturated fatty acids produced a more marked induction. 3. Peroxisomal beta-oxidation induced by diets rich in very-long-chain mono-unsaturated fatty acids can oxidize such acids. Trans-isomers of mono-unsaturated fatty acids are oxidized at rates that are faster than, or similar to, those obtained with corresponding cis-isomers. 4. Rates of oxidation of [14-14C]erucic acid by isolated rat hepatocytes isolated from rats fed on high-fat diets increased with the time on those diets in a fashion very similar to that previously reported for peroxisomal beta-oxidation [see Neat, Thomassen & Osmundsen (1980) Biochem, J. 186, 369-371]. 5. Total liver capacities for peroxisomal beta-oxidation (expressed as acetyl groups produced per min) were estimated to range from 10 to 30% of mitochondrial capacities, depending on dietary treatment and fatty acid substrate. A role is proposed for peroxisomal beta-oxidation in relation to the metabolism of fatty acids that are poorly oxidized by mitochondrial beta-oxidation, and, in general, as regards oxidation of fatty acids during periods of sustained high hepatic influx of fatty acids.
Improvement of the magnetic configuration in the reversed field pinch through successive bifurcations (2009)

The reversed field pinch (RFP) is a magnetic configuration alternative to the tokamak that can be considered for a second generation of reactors. In this paper new remarkable results obtained in the RFP experiment RFX-mod are presented, showing that an internal transport barrier delimitates a large fraction of the plasma volume in a RFP when the current is raised to ∼1.5 MA. The formation of this transport barrier is related to a profound, spontaneous modification of the magnetic topology. Due to the occurrence of a saddle node bifurcation the plasma enters in the single helical axis state, which is theoretically known to be more resilient to chaos. This bifurcation is driven by the amplitude of the helical perturbation which dominates the mode spectrum.
The impact of CD8+ T-cell subsets on HIV replication in the cerebrospinal fluid (2007)

Objective: Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We characterized T cell subsets in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to determine the relationship between the local T cell repertoire and HIV load.
The environmental benefits and challenges of a composite car with structural battery materials (2021)

One way to reduce the environmental impact of an electric vehicle is to reduce the vehicle’s mass. This can be done by substitution of conventional materials such as steel, aluminium, and plastics with carbon fibre composites, or possibly even with structural battery composite materials. In the latter case, another consequence is that the size of the vehicle battery is reduced as the structural battery composite not only provides structural integrity, but also stores energy. This study assesses the change in life cycle environmental impacts related to transitioning from a conventional battery electric vehicle to a vehicle with components made from either carbon fibre composites or structural battery composites, with the aim of identifying environmental challenges and opportunities for cars with a high share of composite materials. Results show that a transition to carbon fibre composites and structural battery composite materials today would (in most cases) increase the total environmental impact due to the energy intensive materials production processes. The two major contributors to the environmental impacts for the structural battery composite materials are energy intensive structural battery material manufacturing process and carbon fibre production process, both of which can be expected to decrease their energy consumption as the technology maturity level increases and other production and manufacturing processes are developed. For future assessments, more effort needs to be put on collecting primary data for large-scale structural battery composites production and on assessing different technology development routes.
Macrophage-Enhanced Germination of <i>Bacillus anthracis</i> Endospores Requires <i>gerS</i> (2002)

Germination of Bacillus anthracis Sterne and plasmidless Delta-Sterne endospores was dramatically enhanced in RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells, while germination of nonpathogenic Bacillus endospores was not. Elimination of gerS, a germinant receptor locus, caused a complete loss of cell-enhanced germination, implicating gerS in the breaking of endospore dormancy in vivo.
SCDT-09. FOCAL ENHANCED DELIVERY OF SYSTEMICALLY ADMINISTERED THERAPEUTIC HUMAN MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS USING MRI-GUIDED DISRUPTION OF THE BBB WITH FOCUSED ULTRASOUND (2017)

INTRODUCTION: Pre-clinical interventions to the CNS often require direct cranial administration to reach relevant therapeutic concentrations but cranial opening is not always justified. Systemic administration is required yet application is often hindered due to the difficulty in penetrating the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We used MR-guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS) to deliver primary-patient derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) for the first time in preselected areas of the brain with sub-millimeter precision. MRIgFUS is a revolutionary way to deliver cellular therapy to delicate or inoperable regions obviating the need for invasive surgical intervention. METHOD: MRgFUS mediates BBB opening when low intensity FUS is applied to brain vasculature containing circulating microbubbles where the oscillation initiates BBB opening at site of FUS pulse. Human MSCs isolated from our patients were injected intracardially in mice as a proof-of-principal delivery system. Under guidance of MRI, 0.4-1MPa in situ pressures at 1 MHz, 1ms bursts and 1Hz pulse repetition frequency of 120 seconds, left hemisphere of mice was sonicated while the contralateral hemisphere served as control. RESULTS: We demonstrate MRgFUS-mediated permeability of BBB. Each animal (n=3) received 3 cavitation parameters ranging from .4-1MPa in situ pressures at 2, 6 and 24hrs. Immunohistochemistry identified hMSC localization on sonicated points. Further analysis showed blood cell extravasation and capillary damage due indices sonicate close together causing a larger sheer force from the fluid stream of injected microbubbles. The consequence is a cavitation pore larger than intended, necessitating further optimization. There were no observed behavioral complications after sonication and no hMSCs localization in non-pulsed regions demonstrating precise localization and no off-target delivery. CONCLUSION: Hurdles of systemic therapy due to BBB makes access of therapeutics nearly impossible. This study investigates for the first time the utility of FUS to non-destructively permeabilize the BBB by creating a transient pore big enough for hMSC access.
Instrumentation of Gas Chromatography (2000)

Abstract Instrumentation for gas chromatography (GC) comprises well‐defined components, each of which contributes to the overall chromatographic performance. Most of these components have reached a mature level of technical development after nearly 50 years of development. Nonetheless, advances are occurring in an evolutionary, not revolutionary, manner with sample handling and in refinements of detectors. One area of dramatic advance in GC instrumentation is the development of small, sophisticated, portable gas chromatographs. Each component of a gas chromatograph (columns excepted) is discussed below where principles and recent developments are emphasized.
Photo classification by integrating image content and camera metadata (2004)

Despite years of research, semantic classification of unconstrained photos is still an open problem. Existing systems have only used features derived from the image content. However, Exif metadata recorded by the camera provides cues independent of the scene content that can be exploited to improve classification accuracy. Using the problem of indoor-outdoor classification as an example, analysis of metadata statistics for each class revealed that exposure time, flash use, and subject distance are salient cues. We use a Bayesian network to integrate heterogeneous (content-based and metadata) cues in a robust fashion. Based on extensive experimental results, we make two observations: (1) adding metadata to content-based cues gives highest accuracies; and (2) metadata cues alone can outperform content-based cues alone for certain applications, leading to a system with high performance, yet requiring very little computational overhead. The benefit of incorporating metadata cues can be expected to generalize to other scene classification problems.
Dynamic changes in E-protein activity regulate T reg cell development (2014)

E-proteins are TCR-sensitive transcription factors essential for intrathymic T cell transitions. Here, we show that deletion of E-proteins leads to both enhanced peripheral TGF-β-induced regulatory T (iT reg) cell and thymic naturally arising T reg cell (nT reg cell) differentiation. In contrast, deletion of Id proteins results in reduced nT reg cell differentiation. Mechanistic analysis indicated that decreased E-protein activity leads to de-repression of signaling pathways that are essential to Foxp3 expression. Decreased E-protein binding to an IL-2Rα enhancer locus facilitated TCR-induced IL-2Rα expression. Similarly, decreased E-protein activity facilitated TCR-induced NF-κB activation and generation of c-Rel. Consistent with this, microarray analysis indicated that cells with E-protein depletion that are not yet expressing Foxp3 exhibit activation of the IL-2 and NF-κB signaling pathways as well as enhanced expression of many of the genes associated with Foxp3 induction. Finally, studies using Nur77-GFP mice to monitor TCR signaling showed that TCR signaling strength sufficient to induce Foxp3 differentiation is accompanied by down-regulation of E-protein levels. Collectively, these data suggest that TCR stimulation acts in part through down-regulation of E-protein activity to induce T reg cell lineage development.
ChemInform Abstract: ALKENE‐1,1‐DIBORONIC ESTERS FROM THE CONDENSATION OF TRIBORYLMETHIDE ANIONS WITH KETONES OR ALDEHYDES (1974)

Abstract Die ionischen Triborylmethyl‐Verbindungen (II) reagieren mit Ketonen zu den Kondensationsprodukten (IIIa)‐(IIId), (VI), (X) und (XI) und mit Aldehyden zu (V).
The Polymerization of Propargyl Chloride Activated by Interaction with Poly(4-vinylpyridine) (1975)

Abstract The reaction between poly (4-vinylpyridine) and propargyl chloride was studied in methanol. It was shown that, independently of the ratio of reactants to each other, the end products of the reaction are polymers with conjugated bond systems formed by the opening of the propargyl triple bond which was activated by interaction with poly (4-vinylpyridine). It was shown that “normal” quarternization of poly (4-vinylpyridine) by propargyl chloride precedes accelerated polymerization of propargyl chloride which begins at 6 to 8% alkylation. It was established that the solution becomes structured before accelerated polymerization begins. A possible mechanism for this reaction has been proposed.
Photoorientation in Lb Multilayers of Thermotropic Polymers (1997)

Abstract The photoreorientation of azobenzene side groups is studied in LB multilayers of different order and compared to the process in spin-coated films of the same smectic polyacrylate and “hairy rod” polyglutamates. The photochemically induced reorientation process depends on the aggregation of the azobenzene moieties, the supramolecular order of the films, the enthalpic stability of the mesophase in the case of the LB multilayers of thermotropic polyglutamates and on the irradiation conditions. The stable nematic-like order of the “hairy rod” polyglutamate backbones influences the photoreorientation of the azobenzene side groups in the LB films. In all cases the photoreorientation process becomes more efficient after weakening the intermolecular interactions by a suitable preparation of the films, on irradiation in the viscous-elastic state or by a temporary photochemical decoupling of the supramolecular order.
Nanocomposites Based on Liquid Crystalline Resins (2005)

ABSTRACT The intercalation and exfoliation of liquid crystalline resins (LCRs) in the presence of organophilic montmorillonite were investigated. Their properties were compared with those of pristine resin, as well as with those of nanocomposites based on a commercial epoxy resin containing the same amounts of nanoclays. It was demonstrated that the dispersion of inorganic fillers has a detrimental effect on thermal and mechanical properties if a liquid crystalline (LC) matrix is used. In particular, tensile strength of LC nanocomposites is reduced with the increasing amount of organoclay, which, somehow, disturb the molecular order in the liquid crystalline resin.
Large changes in optical response through chemical pre‐ordering of poly(<i>p</i>‐phenylenevinylene) (1993)

Conjugated polymers such as poly( p ‐phenylenevinylene), (PPV, see Figure), show real promise in optoelectronic applications. A new synthetic route to improved PPV is presented, involving the thermal conversion of a precursor polymer containing rigid rod conjugated segments joined by flexible spacer groups. A high degree of interchain ordering results which influences the optical response of the material. magnified image
Oxygen consumption after massive sympathetic nervous system discharge (1989)

We evaluated the possibility that massive, sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation [as may precede the development of neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE)] increases O2 demand. O2 consumption (VO2) and plasma concentrations of the calorigenic agents, epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE) were measured in alpha-chloralose-anesthetized dogs under control conditions and for 3 h after the administration of either 1) intracisternal (ic) veratrine to activate the SNS, 2) intravenous (iv) veratrine, 3) ic saline, or 4) ic veratrine, after clamping the adrenal blood vessels. VO2 increased 31.7 +/- 3.6% (SE), and EPI and NE increased to, respectively, 30,853 +/- 8,347 and 8,176 +/- 2,104 pg/ml in the ic veratrine group. No increases in VO2 and EPI and attenuated increases in NE were observed in the ic veratrine animals with clamped adrenals. No significant increases in VO2 or catecholamine concentrations were observed after ic saline or iv veratrine administration. These data suggest that the elevated VO2 may have been mediated by adrenal catecholamines and that an increased metabolic rate may complicate the ability of patients with severe NPE to balance O2 supply with demand.
An Analysis of Vibration of Masonry Buildings (1952)

From the results of vibration tests on several masonry buildings, we have found the facts that the horizontal amplitude of any point along the vertical axis of such buildings shows a linear modal line, and its magnitude is remarkably affected by the horizontal shifting of the foundation and the rotation of the structure due to the deformation of soil. (cf. Fig. 1 and Fig. 2)Taking these facts into consideration, we present an analytical theory which can explain vibrational features of masonry structure not only in elastic range but also in plastic. Considering the linearity of modal line, we assume in the theory that a masonry structure can be represented by a rigid model with horizontal and vertical springs at its bottom as shown in Fig. 3, where the actual deformability of the structure itself is considered to be amalgamated into the coefficient of the soil spring.From theoretical calculations of forced, coupled vibration, we can see the nodal point always exists at a nearly fixed position when the frequency approaches to the fundamental resonance and, accordingly, we can treat the model as a rotating vibration system with one degree of freedom having its rotating center at the nodal point.Using this simplification we can explain the behavours of large vibration whose resonance diagram shows a non-linear characteristic. (cf. Fig. 6).While, in the present paper, the authors submit a theory of vibration of masonry structures excited by a vibrator as shown in Fig. 3 and prove the coincidence of theoretical results with the experiment, they also give some consideration to the acceleration which will take place in such structures when shaked by ground motion.In the last part of this paper, there are listed some values of spring constants of soils or the coefficients of both subgrade reaction and subgrade shear reaction, which have been obtained from the test results on some actual masonry buildings.
All optical regeneration by cross gain compression in semiconductor amplifiers (2005)

We demonstrate the regenerative properties of cross gain compression between two logical inverted signals in a semiconductor optical amplifier. Simultaneous wavelength conversion and wavelength-preserving regeneration of degraded 10 Gb/s signals are reported. (2 pages)
Mutants of<i>Spirulina platensis</i>resistant to valine inhibition (1988)

Growth of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis is inhibited by low concentrations of valine. Spontaneous valine-resistant mutants were isolated from S. platensis and a preliminary characterization of three of them indicates that one (strains DR2) is defective in valine uptake and two (strains DR5 and DR9) carry alterations in a valine-mediated mechanism of synthesis of acetohydroxy acid synthase, the first common enzyme of the pathway.
Composition of Strong Phosphoric Acids (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTComposition of Strong Phosphoric AcidsRussell N. BellCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1948, 40, 8, 1464–1467Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1948https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50464a027https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50464a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views176Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
SIGNIFICANCE OF ANGIOGRAPHIC ABSENCE OF LEFT ANTERIOR DESCENDING CORONARY ARTERY IN A LEFT VENTRICLE WITH INTACT ANTERIOR WALL. (1978)

Fifteen patients having total occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery were studied. All fifteen had normal left ventricular anterior walls. The electrocardiogram was normal in eight patients; old inferior wall infarction was evident in one; anterior ischemia in five; and left anterior hemiblock in one. Collateral circulation was found in twelve patients (80%). These findings suggest that an angiographically non-visualized left anterior descending (LAD) vessel is patent and bypassable in patients where the anterior ventricular wall is intact, thus representing an additional criterion for aortocoronary bypass surgery.