gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ends-In-View Problems (2003)

The purpose of this chapter is to examine these ends-in-view problems and to demonstrate how they can provide powerful learning experiences for students.The problems that are described in this chapter are classified according to the type of product that is to be developed and the nature of the ends-in-view that apply to each. Such products include tools (e.g., models, plans, and designs),constructions (e.g., complex artifacts, cases, and assessments), and problems(i.e., problems that are posed, questions that are asked, or hypotheses that are tobe tested). We first consider some general features of these problems and thentake a closer look at the various types of products. In the second part of thechapter we examine some different examples of ends-in-view problems, onesthat are based on the domain of data handling. The data-handling examplesillustrate how the important ideas and processes within a domain can be fosteredthrough ends-in-view problems.
Handoff Rate and Coverage Analysis in Multi-tier Heterogeneous Networks (2015)

This paper analyzes the impact of user mobility in multi-tier heterogeneous networks. We begin by obtaining the handoff rate for a mobile user in an irregular cellular network with the access point locations modeled as a homogeneous Poisson point process. The received signal-to-interference-ratio (SIR) distribution along with a chosen SIR threshold is then used to obtain the probability of coverage. To capture potential connection failures due to mobility, we assume that a fraction of handoffs result in such failures. Considering a multi-tier network with orthogonal spectrum allocation among tiers and the maximum biased average received power as the tier association metric, we derive the probability of coverage for two cases: 1) the user is stationary (i.e., handoffs do not occur, or the system is not sensitive to handoffs); 2) the user is mobile, and the system is sensitive to handoffs. We derive the optimal bias factors to maximize the coverage. We show that when the user is mobile, and the network is sensitive to handoffs, both the optimum tier association and the probability of coverage depend on the user's speed; a speed-dependent bias factor can then adjust the tier association to effectively improve the coverage, and hence system performance, in a fully-loaded network.
EXPERIENCES OF BILIARY INTERVENTIONS USING SHORT DOUBLE‐BALLOON ENTEROSCOPY IN PATIENTS WITH ROUX‐EN‐Y ANASTOMOSIS OR HEPATICOJEJUNOSTOMY (2010)

Biliary interventions via DBE using a short enteroscope are feasible in patients with surgical anatomy.
Contributions from the SuperKamiokande Collaboration (1995)

This document consists of two reports contributed to the XXIV International Cosmic Ray Conference (Rome, Italy, August 28--September 8, 1995) from the SuperKamiokande Collaboration: one on the SuperKamiokande outer data acquisition system, and one on preliminary results from muon/electron identification tests at KEK of IMB3-detector phototubes and electronics.
An Evaluation of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Cray XT3 (2008)

In 2005, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) received delivery of a 5294 processor Cray XT3. The XT3 is Cray's third-generation massively parallel processing system. The ORNL system uses a single-processor node built around the AMD Opteron and uses a custom chip—called SeaStar—for interprocessor communication. The system uses a lightweight operating system called Catamount on its compute nodes. This paper provides a performance evaluation of the Cray XT3, including measurements for micro-benchmark, kernel, and application benchmarks. In particular, we provide performance results for strategic Department of Energy applications areas including climate, biology, astrophysics, combustion, and fusion. Our results, on up to 4096 processors, demonstrate that the Cray XT3 provides competitive processor performance, high interconnect bandwidth, and high parallel efficiency on a diverse application workload, typical in the DOE Office of Science.
Advanced architecture and training algorithms for recurrent neural networks (2006)

Recurrent neural networks (RNN) attract considerable interest in computational intelligence fields because of its superior power in processing spatio-temporal data and time-varying signals. 
Traditionally, the recurrency of a neural network occurs between input samples along the time axis. The simultaneous recurrent network (SRN) extends the recurrent property to the spatial dimension. Presenting the feedback information with the same input vector to the network illustrates the transient properties of the system, which helps to trace the error propagation and facilitates the training at last. Backpropagation through time and extended Kalman filter are proved to be suitable gradient-based training algorithms for RNN. 
Population based algorithms provide an alternative solution for RNN training when the gradient information is costly to obtain, or even unavailable. The evolutionary training employs stochastic search algorithms to find a near-optimal solution. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) and evolutionary algorithm (EA) are two successful approaches among many variants of evolutionary training methods. Despite utilizing similar evolution procedure, PSO and EA concentrate on different search techniques during the evolution, which leads to a faster convergence. In PSO, particles are also sharing the search information through a global best solution. While in EA, the selection pressure forces each individual to find a better position for survival; and the mutation factor helps the population to maintain a good level of diversity. An innovative hybrid PSO-EA algorithm discussed in this dissertation inherits the advantages of both PSO and EA, i.e., the cooperation and competition, by integrating evolutionary operators, such as selection and mutation, into the standard PSO. 
The architecture and training methods discussed above have achieved good performance in solving the challenging real world applications, such as car engine classification, game of Go and time series prediction.
Generic spice compatible model of current feedback in switch mode convertors (1992)

The mechanism of duty cycle generation in current mode (CM) and average current mode (ACM) PWM convertors is examined and found to be identical except for the functional relationship of the controlling parameters. This result is used to develop a SPICE compatible and topology independent generic current mode (GCM) model.
Textural Analysis And Real-Time Classification of Sea-Ice Types Using Digital SAR Data (1984)

Digital measures of synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) image texture, as well as the local approximation to the mean value of individual ice types, were used to perform discrimination and mapping of ice types. The SAR data described in this paper were gathered in March, 1979, over the Beaufort Sea as part of the Canadian SURSAT project. Digital SAR data from a 3 × 3 km area were obtained using optical processing of the signal film and digital recording of the output image. Prior to performing the textural analysis, a digital filter algorithm was developed that minimizes the effect of radar-system-generated coherent speckle and produces an image approximating local tone while preserving edge definition. This image was used in the analysis to separate image tone from image texture. The textural analysis, which included calculating the entropy and inertia of the image, indicated that first- and multiyear, smooth- and rough-ice types could be distinguished based on the textural values obtained from the data with an overall accuracy of 65 percent. This study has also considered the use of cellular operations based upon neighborhood transformations to calculate the textural values. This computation method can potentially reduce the time to compute textural features on a general-purpose computer to near real-time rates.
Computer aided analysis of electrical and mechanical activity of stomach and duodenum. (1987)

In studies of gastroduodenal motility several imaging techniques and also recordings of signals of implanted transducers are used. Combination of methods and prolonged observation times produce so much information that an automatic analysis is advantageous, the more so because more complex parameters can be analysed. Using a desktop computer, it is possible to analyse long time-series of antral and duodenal signals, obtained with implanted electrodes and strain gauges. The developed program can discriminate between the signal and the majority of artefacts. An easy manual interaction on the computer display enables the operator to either accept or adjust the indicators of recognized signals. The times of occurrence and the amplitudes of the detected peaks are retained for further analysis e.g. production of histograms of interval time, amplitude, antroduodenal time lag, or calculation of coordination parameters.
Synthesis and Properties of Polydithieno[3,2-<i>b</i>:2‘,3‘-<i>d</i>]pyrroles:  A Class of Soluble (Chiral) Conjugated Polymers with a Stable Oxidized State (2005)

status: Published
Origin of the Bicarbonate Stimulation of <i>Torpedo</i> Electric Organ Synaptic Vesicle ATPase (1982)

Abstract: The origin of the stimulation by bicarbonate of the ATPase found in cholinergic synaptic vesicles isolated from Torpedo californica electric organ was studied. Given in descending order of potency, the anions formate, malonate, acetate, thiosulfate, cyanate, biphosphite, biselenite, and bisulfite also stimulate to lesser extents. The anion channel blockers 4‐acetamido‐4′‐isothiocyanostilbene‐2,2′‐disulfonic acid (SITS) and 4,4′‐diisothiocyanostil‐bene‐2,2′‐disulfonic acid (DIDS) inactivated the ATPase at micromolar concentrations, but there was no indication that the reagents acted to block an anion channel. The LineweaverBurk plot of the basal ATPase activity was biphasic, indicating high‐ and low–affinity states with K m s of 0.0098 ′ 0.0013 and 1.2 ′ 0.1 mM for V max s of 52 ′ 2 and 82 ′ 9 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. It became nearly linear in the presence of bicarbonate, indicating conversion of all of the ATPase to one high affinity‐high velocity state with a K m of 0.054 ′ 0.009 mM and a V max of 232 ′ 0.051 nmol/min/mg protein. The pH activity profile for basal ATPase was bell‐shaped and optimal between pH 6 and 8. The bicarbonate stimulation was maximal at about pH 7. The ATPase could be solubilized in 1.6% Lubrol WX with full retention of the bicarbonate stimulation. Although ouabain and oligomycin act at high concentrations to inhibit bicarbonate stimulation of the ATPase, there is no contamination by the Na + ‐K + ATPase, mitochondrial ATPase, or other common ATPases. The study suggests that bicarbonate acts to stimulate the ATPase by acting directly on it at an allosteric site on the outside of the synaptic vesicle.
Dynamics of monopole walls (2014)

The moduli space of centred Bogomolny-Prasad-Sommerfield 2-monopole fields is a 4-dimensional manifold M with a natural metric, and the geodesics on M correspond to slow-motion monopole dynamics. The best-known case is that of monopoles on R 3 , where M is the Atiyah-Hitchin space. More recently, the case of monopoles periodic in one direction (monopole chains) was studied a few years ago.
A PML for Electroacoustic Waves in Piezoelectric Materials using FDTD (2010)

An improved Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) boundary condition is introduced that addresses the previously reported instabilities. A PML for acoustic waves is derived by closely following Bérenger's derivation of a PML for electromagnetic waves. A new matching condition is developed to relate the velocity and stress loss-coefficients similar to the matching condition defined for electromagnetic waves.<br /> Whereas, the spatial and temporal derivatives are related by simple scalars in Maxwell's equations, elastodynamic equations describing waves in piezoelectric materials require the use of tensor quantities whose general forms are material dependent. <br /> In practice, SAW generation is often also accompanied by some small creation of SAWs, which act as parasitic waves. It is thus desired to remove the reflection of these waves from the bottom, in both physical SAW devices and in modeling.
Industrial lead contamination of an Illinois wildlife refuge and indigenous small mammals (1984)

Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) were trapped from a sand prairie at various distances from an adjacent battery lead reclamation plant. Analysis of liver, kidney, and bone for lead concentrations showed an increase of tissue lead concentrations over controls to a distance of approximately 400 m. Soil and plant lead concentrations roughly correlated with the findings in deer mouse tissues. At higher tissue lead concentrations, acid-fast staining intranuclear inclusions within renal tubular epithelial cells were an occasional finding.
Detection of Bluetongue Virus Serogroup by Polymerase Chain Reaction (1992)

To facilitate detection of active bluetongue virus (BTV) infection, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol was developed. The BTV reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) is a 1-tube reaction and involves chemical denaturation of the double-stranded viral RNA target, a complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis step, and PCR amplification of the cDNA. BTV RT-PCR using primers derived from highly conserved genome segment 10 results in a 251–base pair (bp) product. BTV RNA from all USA prototype serotypes 2, 10, 11, 13, and 17; a wide spectrum of USA BTV field isolates including serotypes 10, 11, 13, and 17; and a spectrum of Israeli field isolates including serotypes 2, 4, 6, 10, and 16 were detected by BTV RT-PCR. With agarose gels, the 251–bp product was detected from as little as 100 fg-1 pg of BTV RNA, which is equivalent to 5 × 10 3 -5 × 104 viral particles or 5 × 10 2 -5 × 103 infectious units. With dot blot hybridization, specific PCR product was detected from as little as 1 fg of BTV RNA, which is equivalent to 50 viral particles, or 5 infectious units. This level of sensitivity is comparable to that of virus isolation. The BTV RT-PCR using primers derived from genome segment 10 can detect a wide spectrum of USA and Israeli BTV serotypes and has potential for detection of infection by the BTV serogroup. Application of this BTV PCR to clinical samples is in progress.
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity against virus-infected target cells in humans. II. Interferon induction and activation of natural killer cells. (1978)

The mechanisms by which human lymphocytes lyse virus-infected allogeneic fibroblast cultures were analyzed with particular consideration of the role of anti-viral antibodies and interferon. Human cells infected with viruses were able to induce high levels of interferon upon contact with human lymphocytes. Interferon, whether produced by lymphocytes after direct infection with virus or induced upon exposure of lymphocytes to virus-infected fibroblasts, appeared to be responsible for enhancing the cytotoxic efficiency of the natural killer cell against the infected target. Activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes occurred as early as 6 hr after addition of interferon and increased up to 24 hr. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (Ab-CMC) could be easily induced by sensitization of infected target cells with antiviral antibodies and could be detected at 4 hr from the beginning of the cytotoxic test, before the effect of interferon on the natural killer cell was evident. However, the antibody-dependent effector cell was inactive after 4 hr of incubation. F(ab')2 fragments of rabbit anti-human IgG completely inhibited Ab-CMC but did not at all affect the spontaneous cytotoxic activity of the effector cells against virus-infected target.
Guanidinium Ions. I. A Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Proton Exchange in Methylguanidinium Salts<sup>1,2</sup> (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGuanidinium Ions. I. A Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Proton Exchange in Methylguanidinium Salts1,2James U. Lowe Jr., Rupert D. Barefoot, and Albert S. TompaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1966, 31, 10, 3315–3317Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01348a049https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01348a049research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views115Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
H-Ras Activation Promotes Cytoplasmic Accumulation and Phosphoinositide 3-Oh Kinase Association of β-Catenin in Epidermal Keratinocytes (1999)

The mechanisms underlying downregulation of the cadherin/catenin complexes and beta-catenin signaling during tumor progression are not fully understood. We have analyzed the effect of oncogenic H-Ras on E-cadherin/catenin complex formation/stabilization and beta-catenin distribution in epidermal keratinocytes. Microinjection or stable expression of V12Ras into keratinocytes promotes the loss of E-cadherin and alpha-catenin and relocalization of beta-catenin to the cytoplasm and nucleus. Moreover, these effects are dependent on PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase) activity. Interestingly, a strong association of p85alpha and p110alpha subunits of PI3K with beta-catenin is induced in V12Ras-expressing keratinocytes, and in vitro binding assays show a direct interaction between beta-catenin and p85alpha. Overexpression of either V12Ras or constitutively active p110alpha induces metabolic stabilization of beta-catenin and promotes its accumulation in cytoplasmic and nuclear pools. In addition, the interaction of beta-catenin with the adenomatous polyposis coli protein is blocked in V12Ras and p110alpha transformants though no changes in glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta activity could be detected. Nevertheless, in V12Ras transformants the in vivo phosphorylation of beta-catenin in Ser residues is strongly decreased. These results indicate that H-Ras activation induces the relocalization and cytoplasmic stabilization of beta-catenin by a mechanism involving its interaction with PI3K.
Steroid Regulation of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) (1997)

The present review is dedicated to the work of B.S. Mc Ewen on the regulatory effects of steroid hormones on peptidergic neurotransmission in the brain and pituitary. The focus is on the discoveries encompassing almost two decades of work on the central and neuroendocrine regulation of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) by both corticosteroids and estrogens.
Autolysin-Independent DNA Release in <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae in vitro</i> Biofilms (2018)

ABSTRACT Biofilms are defined as layers of cells of microorganisms adhered to the surface of a substrate and embedded in an extracellular matrix and provide an appropriate environment for increased genetic exchange. Extracellular DNA (eDNA) is an essential component of the extracellular matrix of microbial biofilms, but the pathway(s) responsible for DNA release are largely unknown. Autolysis (either spontaneous or phage-induced) has been proposed the major event leading to the appearance of eDNA. The ‘suicidal tendency’ of Streptococcus pneumoniae is well-known, with lysis mainly caused by the triggering of LytA, the major autolytic amidase. However, the LytC lysozyme and CbpD (a possible murein hydrolase) have also been shown involved. The present work examines the relationship between eDNA, autolysins, and the formation and maintenance of in vitro pneumococcal biofilms, via fluorescent labelling combined with confocal laser scanning microscopy, plus genetic transformation experiments. Bacterial DNA release mechanisms other than those entailing lytic enzymes were shown to be involved by demonstrating that horizontal gene transfer in biofilms takes place even in the absence of detectable autolytic activity. It had been previously suggested that the quorum sensing systems ComABCDE and LuxS/AI-2 are involved in the production of eDNA as a response to the accumulation of quorum sensing signals, although our immunofluorescence results do not support this hypothesis. Evidence that the release of DNA is somehow linked to the production of extracellular vesicles by S. pneumoniae is provided.
Comment on ‘‘Transition-temperature oscillations in thin superconducting films’’ (1985)

A Comment on the Letter by B. G. Orr, H. M. Jaeger, and A. M. Goldman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 2046 (1984).Received 15 April 1985DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.55.139©1985 American Physical Society
Silent Talk (2016)

Abstract Language is a fundamental part of legal practice: without it, lawyers cannot function. But despite its importance, the applicable language is addressed rarely in a dispute resolution clause. Given its potent impact, the parties often disagree over which language (or languages) should apply where the clause is silent. This chapter considers the tools available to an arbitral tribunal to identify the language of the arbitration and to maintain the applicable language of the proceedings, while affording the parties flexibility in how they present their cases and ensuring that the matter proceeds efficiently. As with all discretions, this exercise must be carried out properly and fairly. In reaching their decisions, tribunals should not be confined by strict presumptions or priorities; they must assess all of the available indicia, weighing each element in the balance.
Clinical use of technetium-99m HM-PAO for determination of brain death. (1989)

We report our clinical experience with the use of [99mTc]hexamethyl propyleneamine oxime (HM-PAO) in establishing a diagnosis of brain death in 11 patients following trauma to the head and four patients who suffered atraumatic injuries. In 9/15 studies there was no intracranial flow present and brain death was then confirmed by standard criteria. Of the remaining 6/15 studies which showed evidence of cerebral perfusion, 3/6 patients underwent a subsequent HM-PAO study which showed cessation of perfusion. One additional patient died of pneumonia and two patients survived. Thus, in all cases where there was no flow present the diagnosis of brain death was later confirmed whereas three patients clinically thought to be brain dead showed significant perfusion and survived the cerebral trauma. HM-PAO may be useful in determination of brain death because it provides unequivocal results, can be performed by planar imaging at the bedside, and does not require withdrawal of medical therapy, thus allowing a diagnosis to be established more rapidly.