gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibitory Effects of p-Hydroxybenzyl Alcohol on Somatic Embryogenesis in Carrot Cell Cultures. (2000)

Somatic embryogenesis in carrot (Daucus carota L.) is strongly inhibited by certain factors that accumulate in the medium of cultures with high embryogenic carrot cell density. We previously identified p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol as one of these inhibitory factors. In this study, we performed a detailed analysis of the effects of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol on somatic embryogenesis. p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol strongly inhibited the formation of somatic embryos by suppressing cell division. The inhibitory effect on the development of globular embryos was stronger than that on the development of heart-shaped and torpedo-shaped embryos. In contrast, p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol had no effect on the proliferation of both undifferentiated embryogenic cells or non-embryogenic cells. These results indicate that p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol inhibits the division of cells in a way that is specific to the early stage of somatic embryogenesis and that plays an important role in the formation of somatic embryos.
Television system for monitoring target position in laser thermonuclear fusion experiments (1984)

A four-channel TV system was developed for monitoring the positioning of working thermonuclear fusion targets in three dimensions with an error of + or - 5 micrometers. A target at a distance of from 250 to 350 mm is located in a spatial volume of 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 mm with a magnification of 17 it is set in three coordinates relative to a specified point in a volume of 1 x 1 x 1 mm with a magnification of 250. The configuration of the system using an He-Ne laser is diagrammed and discussed. The spherical targets have diameters of 50 to 800 micrometers. The spatial resolution in the target setting mode is 62 lines/mm. The ultimate magnification of the system is 500 photographs of TV images of polystyrene and glass targets are shown.
Causal assessment of surrogacy in a meta-analysis of colorectal cancer trials (2011)

When the true end points (T) are difficult or costly to measure, surrogate markers (S) are often collected in clinical trials to help predict the effect of the treatment (Z). There is great interest in understanding the relationship among S, T, and Z. A principal stratification (PS) framework has been proposed by Frangakis and Rubin (2002) to study their causal associations. In this paper, we extend the framework to a multiple trial setting and propose a Bayesian hierarchical PS model to assess surrogacy. We apply the method to data from a large collection of colon cancer trials in which S and T are binary. We obtain the trial-specific causal measures among S, T, and Z, as well as their overall population-level counterparts that are invariant across trials. The method allows for information sharing across trials and reduces the nonidentifiability problem. We examine the frequentist properties of our model estimates and the impact of the monotonicity assumption using simulations. We also illustrate the challenges in evaluating surrogacy in the counterfactual framework that result from nonidentifiability.
Inhibition of NF-&#954;B and Proteasome Activity in Tumors: Can We Improve the Therapeutic Potential of Topoisomerase I and Topoisomerase II Poisons (2002)

Activation of signaling pathways following DNA damage induced by topoisomerase (topo) poisons can lead to cell death by apoptosis. NF-kappaB, a major regulator of the stress response and a negative regulator of apoptosis is often activated following treatment with topoisomerase poisons. Since activation of NF-kappaB is generally considered to relay an anti-apoptotic signal, inactivation of this signaling molecule is considered to represent an important strategy to improve therapeutic efficacy. Although this strategy seems to be effective in some model systems, our results in human non-small cell lung cancers differed. In this review we will discuss the role of NF-kappaB in mediating topoisomerase poison-induced DNA damage and apoptosis and the consequence of inhibiting its activity. Newer insights about the importance of proteasome inhibitors and anti-apoptotic genes in topoisomerase poison-induced signaling mechanisms leading to apoptosis will also be reviewed. The knowledge obtained from these studies may be useful for translation to a clinical setting for development of more effective therapeutic strategies.
Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Study of the Interconversion and Decomplexation of Cobalt(II) Sandwich Polyoxometalates Based on a Dawson-Type Anion (2012)

The reaction of the trivacant Dawson polyoxometalate α-[P(2)W(15)O(56)](12-) and the divalent cations Co(2+) is known to form a symmetrically derived sandwich complex of formula ββ-[Co(4)(H(2)O)(2)(P(2)W(15)O(56))(2)](16-) [symbolized as ββ-Co(4)(P(2)W(15))(2)] at low pH (ca. pH 3). We have shown previously that, by a slight modification of the reaction conditions, trinuclear αβ-[(NaOH(2))Co(3)(H(2)O)(P(2)W(15)O(56))(2)](17-) and dinuclear [(NaOH(2))(2)Co(2)(P(2)W(15)O(56))(2)](18-) complexes [symbolized as αβ-NaCo(3)(P(2)W(15))(2) and Na(2)Co(2)(P(2)W(15))(2), respectively] can be synthesized as aqueous-soluble sodium salts. αβ-NaCo(3)(P(2)W(15))(2) is a "lacunary" sandwich complex that can add a Co(2+) cation to form nearly quantitatively an unsymmetrical Dawson tetracobalt sandwich polyoxometalate, αβ-[Co(4)(H(2)O)(2)(P(2)W(15)O(56))(2)](16-) [symbolized as αβ-Co(4)(P(2)W(15))(2)]. Thus, for Co(4)(P(2)W(15))(2), the junctions between the trivacant {P(2)W(15)} subunits and the central tetrameric unit can be either both β type or β and α types. The interconversion between αβ-Co(4)(P(2)W(15))(2) and ββ-Co(4)(P(2)W(15))(2) and the decomplexation process at low pH, leading to the formation of αβ-NaCo(3)(P(2)W(15))(2) and/or Na(2)Co(2)(P(2)W(15))(2), have been followed in aqueous solution at various pH values by electrochemistry, UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, and (31)P NMR spectroscopy.
Innate immune factors associated with HIV-1 transmission (2011)

Better understanding the cellular mechanisms of HIV-1 transmission and how different host factor can influence infection will aide in the future development of vaccines, microbicides, and therapies.
Multi-Pass Malware Sandbox Analysis with Controlled Internet Connection (2010)

Malware sandbox analysis, in which a malware sample is actually executed in a testing environment (i.e. sandbox) to observe its behavior, is one of the promising approaches to tackling the emerging threats of exploding malware. As a lot of recent malware actively communicates with remote hosts over the Internet, sandboxes should also support an Internet connection, otherwise important malware behavior may not be observed. In this paper, we propose a multi-pass sandbox analysis with a controlled Internet connection. In the proposed method, we start our analysis with an isolated sandbox and an emulated Internet that consists of a set of dummy servers and hosts that run vulnerable services, called Honeypots in the Sandbox (HitS). All outbound connections from the victim host are closely inspected to see if they could be connected to the real Internet. We iterate the above process until no new behaviors are observed. We implemented the proposed method in a completely automated fashion and evaluated it with malware samples recently captured in the wild. Using a simple containment policy that authorizes only certain application protocols, namely, HTTP, IRC, and DNS, we were able to observe a greater variety of behaviors compared with the completely isolated sandbox. Meanwhile, we confirmed that a noticeable number of IP scans, vulnerability exploitations, and DoS attacks are successfully contained in the sandbox. Additionally, a brief comparison with two existing sandbox analysis systems, Norman Sandbox and CWSandbox, are shown.
Cervical assessment at the routine 23‐week scan: standardizing techniques (2001)

Cervical length is influenced by the degree of cervical curvature. The disparity of measurements between the internal and external os taken as a straight line or along the cervical canal increases with cervical length. However, this disparity may not have any clinical implications because at short cervical length (less than 16 mm) the cervix appears to be always straight.
Action of alkali on O-benzylated aldoses: a simple rationalization of some reactions occurring in alkaline media (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAction of alkali on O-benzylated aldoses: a simple rationalization of some reactions occurring in alkaline mediaMario Anastasia, Pietro Allevi, Pierangela Ciuffreda, Alberto Fiecchi, and Antonio ScalaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 9, 3054–3058Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00009a024https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00009a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views120Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
ChemInform Abstract: Fluoro and Mixed‐Ligand Fluoro Complexes of Copper(II). A New Synthesis of KCuF3, and Synthesis and Physico‐Chemical Studies of New Mixed‐Ligand Fluorocuprates(II), A(CuF(SO4))·nH2O (A: Na, n = 2; A: K or NH4, n = 3). (1989)

Abstract The title fluoro complexes are prepared in high yields according to the scheme.
Effects of Mechanical Factors on Tissue Ablation by Excimer Laser (1991)

To evaluate the mechanical factors that determine ablation depth rate in vivo, we studied samples of canine aortas in a model system. The segments of atherosclerotic arteries were irradiated using a 308nm XeCl excimer laser energy delivered through a fiberoptic that was held in constant contact with the tissue.The effect of the mechanical factors, such as the applied pressure and laser pulse repetition rate, on the ablation depth rate was studied. The ablation depth rate was found to depend on applied pressure and laser pulse repetition rate. That is, the ablation depth rate increased as applied pressure and laser pulse repetition rate increased. No effect of the laser pulse repetition rate on ablation depth rate was observed when the tissue was irradiated by a focused bare beam (applied pressure=0). Histological finding suggested that a mechanical tearing of tissue occurs.Conclusion: Our study suggested that in a clinical setting, not only a laser energy but also the mechanical factors such as the applied pressure and laser pulse repetition rate affected the ablation depth rate.
No/Low SAP and Alternative Engine Oil Development and Testing (2008)

The use of alternative base oils, like esters or polyglycols, with more intrinsic properties for the lubrication of automobile engines has a potential for ecological and technical advantages. Being in competition with hydrocarbon-based formulations, detailed knowledge of several thermophysical and viscometric properties as well as tribological properties over a large temperature range are required (mapping). The tested polymer-free polyglycols and ester-based formulations displayed no visible tribological weaknesses regarding wear resistance and EP-behavior as well as offering significant advantages in order to meet metal- and ash-free and bio-no-tox criteria. Especially the formulated polyglycols without friction modifiers also showed an intrinsic retention of low coefficients of friction and a hydrodynamic film forming behavior comparable to hydrocarbon-based factory-fill oils. The wear resistance and EP-behavior of low-additivated polyglycols, but also of esters, can be enhanced by means of triboactive materials. Lubricious oxides or triboactive materials and polar base oils, or a combination thereof, may substitute the EP and AW properties realized by the additives, thus enabling long drains and responding to “eco-tox” or “bio-no-tox” requirements as well as restrictions from the “chemical box.”
Synthesis of Alkyl 3-Chloroazetidine-3-carboxylates via Regioselective Ring Transformation of Alkyl 2-(Bromomethyl)aziridine-2-carboxylates (2013)

The synthesis of alkyl 3-chloroazetidine-3-carboxylates was developed by ring transformation of alkyl 2-(bromomethyl)aziridine-2-carboxylates utilizing ring opening with hydrochloric acid at the more sterically hindered carbon atom of the aziridine ring and subsequent base-promoted ring closure.
Performance characterization of a helicon double layer thruster using direct thrust measurements (2011)

The performance of a helicon double layer thruster (HDLT) has been characterized using a pendulum type thrust stand and retarding field energy analyser. Data recorded for a fixed propellant flow rate of 16 sccm of krypton and fixed magnetic field topology show that the thrust generated increases linearly with increasing radio frequency input power over a range 250–650 W. Over the power range investigated thrust levels of approximately 1–2.8 mN were achieved. A maximum effective specific impulse of 280 s was determined using the thrust data. Ion energy distribution functions indicate that increasing power corresponds to improved plasma generation processes as general trends show increasing plasma and beam currents with increasing power.
High power aluminum nitride RF vacuum window (2004)

Summary form only given. Aluminum nitride (AlN) is a leading candidate for replacing BeO or high-purity alumina as an RF window material because of its good mechanical and electrical properties. However, forming a vacuum tight AlN-to-metal seal has, until recently, proven difficult. Sienna Technologies has created a metallization technique to allow AlN to be used as a window ceramic and, jointly with L-3 Electron Devices, developed a braze process to hermetically seal the metallized AlN to copper. As an example, an S-band RF output window, suitable for incorporation into a high power microwave klystron, was designed by L-3 Electron Devices using CASCADE.
Isomeric N-arylglycosylamine tetra-acetates (1955)

R. Bognár and P. Nánási, J. Chem. Soc., 1955, 185 DOI: 10.1039/JR9550000185
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐Alkyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐4(1H)‐quinolinones by a Tandem Michael‐S<sub>N</sub>Ar Annulation Reaction. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Acid-Base Values of Single Pass, Batch System, Bicarbonate Based Hemodialysate (1997)

The bicarbonate, calcium, and magnesium values of a single pass, batch system, bicarbonate based hemodialysate were found to be stable during a period of 5 hours, whether the solution was extensively covered by a floating polystyrene lid or not. The pH and PCO2 of the dialysate that had been covered with a floating lid remained stable during the 5 hours, whereas the corresponding values of the dialysate that had not been so covered did show changes that were secondary to the loss of carbon dioxide. The changes were not marked enough to preclude the clinical use of the latter uncovered dialysate.
Better Control of Antibiotic Resistance (2001)

This text summarizes the conclusions of the French Working Party to Promote Research to Control Bacterial Resistance, initiated by the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance. The goal was to identify and prioritize the research areas most pertinent to the evolution of antibiotic resistance. The working group was part of a nationwide consultation of experts in the field of bacterial resistance and was coordinated with 2 other groups addressing (1) the use and surveillance of resistance to antibiotics and (2) the control and prevention of resistance to antibiotics. The proposals were discussed at a meeting held on 13 January 1999 by a large group of French microbiologists and clinicians who specialize in infectious diseases. The expert panel stressed that the determinants of evolution of antimicrobial resistance and the possibility of reversing this evolution are not completely known or understood. It emphasized the need for efforts to anticipate emergence of new resistances, to analyze the consequences of bacterial resistance, to develop rapid tests for determination of susceptibility to antibiotics, and to develop new antibiotics.
J. P. LOYALL ET AL . (2011)

SOA middleware has emerged as a powerful and popular distributed computing paradigm because of its high-level abstractions for composing systems and encapsulating platform-level details and complexities. Control of some details encapsulated by SOA middleware is necessary, however, to provide managed QoS for SOA systems that require predictable performance and behavior. This paper presents a policy-driven approach for managing QoS in SOA systems called QoS enabled dissemination (QED). QED includes services for: (1) specifying and enforcing the QoS preferences of individual clients; (2) mediating and aggregating QoS management on behalf of competing users; and (3) shaping information exchange to improve real-time performance. We describe QED's QoS services and mechanisms in the context of managing QoS for a set of Publish-Subscribe-Query information management services. These services provide a representative case study in which CPU and network bottlenecks can occur, client QoS preferences can conflict, and system-level QoS requirements are based on higher level, aggregate end-to-end goals. We also discuss the design of several key QoS services and describe how QED's policy-driven approach bridges users to the underlying middleware and enables QoS control based on rich and meaningful context descriptions, including users, data types, client preferences, and information characteristics. In addition, we present experimental results that quantify the improved control, differentiation, and client-level QoS enabled by QED. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Piperidine-4-methanthiol Ester Derivatives for a Selective Acetylcholinesterase Assay (2010)

The activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is measured to obtain pathological information about the cholinergic system in various disease states and to assess the effect of AChE inhibitors. Using Ellman's method that is commonly used in such examinations, butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors must be added to measure AChE-specific activity because of low selectivity of AChE toward traditional substrates; however, such inhibitors also inhibit AChE. Therefore, it is desirable to obtain an AChE selective substrate that can be used with the Ellman's method. Here, we synthesized novel AChE substrates, 1-methyl-4-acetylthiomethylpiperidine and 1,1-dimethyl-4-acetylthiomethylpiperidine, and evaluated the hydrolysis rate and AChE selectivity by comparison with the results obtained when traditional substrates were used. The hydrolysis rate of the novel compounds by human AChE was one order of magnitude lower than that of the traditional substrates, acetylthiocholine and acetyl-beta-methylthiocholine, whereas the hydrolysis rate using human butyrylcholinesterase was two orders of magnitude lower than that of the traditional substrates. This indicated that AChE showed selectivity towards the novel substrates which was one order of magnitude higher than that of the traditional substrates. The hydrolysis of the novel compounds in a rat cerebral cortical homogenate and a monkey whole blood was completely inhibited by 1 muM of the specific AChE inhibitor, 1,5-bis(4-allyldimethylammoniumphenyl)pentan-3-one, indicating the high specificity of AChE towards the novel substrates in a crude tissue sample. From these results, we conclude that the novel compounds developed would be suitable AChE-selective substrates for Ellman's method.
Multilevel design optimisation of a vehicle-dummy model under crash, vibration and injury criteria (2015)

A decomposed formulation and solution approach is presented for multidisciplinary vehicle design optimisation under crashworthiness, occupant safety, mass, and vibration design criteria. The vehicle model, equipped with a dummy and occupant restraint system, is used in nonlinear transient dynamic finite element simulations of both full frontal impact (FFI) and side impact (SI) for calculation of multiple injury criteria. A body-in-white vehicle model based on the corresponding crash finite element model is used for vibration analysis. The hierarchically decomposed multilevel optimisation problem consists of an injury criteria minimisation problem at the system level and separate mass minimisation problems subject to FFI and SI criteria at the subsystem level. Key aspects of the multilevel optimisation methodology are presented with the results showing a mass reduction of 8.7 kg in the vehicle model along an 8% improvement in the injury index with no loss of vehicle rigidity relative to the baseline model.
Dynamic manipulation in piezoresponse force microscopy: creating\n non-equilibrium phases with large electromechanical response (2020)

Domain\nwalls and topological defects in ferroelectric materials\nhave emerged as a powerful tool for functional electronic devices\nincluding memory and logic. Similarly, wall interactions and dynamics\nunderpin a broad range of mesoscale phenomena ranging from giant electromechanical\nresponses to memory effects. Exploring the functionalities of individual\ndomain walls, their interactions, and controlled modifications of\nthe domain structures is crucial for applications and fundamental\nphysical studies. However, the dynamic nature of these features severely\nlimits studies of their local physics since application of local biases\nor pressures in piezoresponse force microscopy induce wall displacement\nas a primary response. Here, we introduce an approach for the control\nand modification of domain structures based on automated experimentation,\nwhereby real-space image-based feedback is used to control the tip\nbias during ferroelectric switching, allowing for modification routes\nconditioned on domain states under the tip. This automated experiment\napproach is demonstrated for the exploration of domain wall dynamics\nand creation of metastable phases with large electromechanical response.