gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>Clostridium botulinum</i>: A Bug with Beauty and Weapon (2005)

Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, anaerobic spore-forming bacteria, is distinguished by its significant clinical applications as well as its potential to be used as bioterror agent. Growing cells secrete botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), the most poisonous of all known poisons. While BoNT is the causative agent of deadly neuroparalytic botulism, it also serves as a remarkably effective treatment for involuntary muscle disorders such as blepharospasm, strabismus, hemifacial spasm, certain types of spasticity in children, and other ailments. BoNT is also used in cosmetology for the treatment of glabellar lines, and is well-known as the active component of the anti-aging medications Botox and Dysport. In addition, recent reports show that botulinum neurotoxin can be used as a tool for pharmaceutical drug delivery. However, BoNT remains the deadliest of all toxins, and is viewed by biodefense researchers as a possible agent of bioterrorism (BT). Among seven serotypes, C. botulinum type A is responsible for the highest mortality rate in botulism, and thus has the greatest potential to act as biological weapon. Genome sequencing of C. botulinum type A Hall strain (ATCC 3502) is now complete, and has shown the genome size to be 3.89 Mb with a G+C content of approximately 28.2%. The bacterium harbors a 16.3 kb plasmid with a 26.8% G+C content--slightly lower than that of the chromosome. Most of the virulence factors in C. botulinum are chromosomally encoded; bioinformatic analysis of the genome sequence has shown that the plasmid does not harbor toxin genes or genes for related virulence factors. Interestingly, the plasmid does harbor genes essential to replication, including dnaE, which encodes the alpha subunit of DNA polymerase III which has close similarity with its counterpart in C. perfringens strain 13. The plasmid also contains similar genes to those that encode the ABC-type multidrug transport ATPase, and permease. The presence of ABC-type multidrug transport ATPase, and permease suggests putative involvement of efflux pumps in bacteriocin production, modification, and export in C. botulinum. The C. botulinum plasmid additionally harbors genes for LambdaBa04 prophage and site-specific recombinase that are similar to those found in the Ames strain of Bacillus anthracis; these genes and their products may play a role in genomic rearrangement. Completion of genome sequencing for C. botulinum will provide an opportunity to design genomic and proteomic-based systems for detecting different serotypes of C. botulinum strains in the environment. The completed sequence may also facilitate identification of potential virulence factors and drug targets, as well as help characterize neurotoxin-complexing proteins, their polycistronic expression, and phylogenetic relationships between different serotypes.
Rapid HPLC Method for Determination of Parachloroaniline in Chlorhexidine Antiseptic Agent in Mouthrinses, Ophthalmic and Skin Solution (2011)

We described a simple and rapid method to quantify simultaneously chlorhexidine (CHD) and its major metabolite, para Chloroaniline (pCA) by HPLC with UV detection without the additional need of mobile-phase amine modifiers or ion-pairing reagents, with good resolution between pCA and CHD, symmetry peak of the compound and short run time. HPLC-UV analyses were performed using a Dionex® Summit liquid chromatograph (Dionex Corp, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Chromatographic separations were carried out on a Luna® 150 mm×3 mm i.d. column packed with 3 µm CN (cyano) particles (Phenomenex®), guarded by an on-line filter. Mobile phase consist of methanol:water with sodium chloride with 0.02% of formic acid (55:45). Wavelengths for pCA and for CHD are 238 and 255 nm respectively. Influence of methanol and of sodium chloride content in the eluant has been studied. Linearity of CHD is very good, from 0.5 up to 21.2 µg/l while linearity of pCA is in the range of 0.05 to 10 µg/l with correlation coefficients above 0.999. Resolution between the components is above 4, asymmetry is about 1.3 and 1.7 for pCA and CHD respectively and the run time is less than 5 minutes. This method has been applied to CHD solution of different medical devices. No interference has been reported, and the analysis of direct injection of solution, without any treatment is achieved in less than five minutes.In conclusion, we present a validated method for dosage of CHD and its major impurity pCA, known to be carcinogen, available into medical products or medicinal device for in-vitro diagnostic.
An Advanced and Robust Ensemble Surrogate Model: Extended Adaptive Hybrid Functions (2018)

Hybrid or ensemble surrogate models developed in recent years have shown a better accuracy compared to individual surrogate models. However, it is still challenging for hybrid surrogate models to always meet the accuracy, robustness, and efficiency requirements for many specific problems. In this paper, an advanced hybrid surrogate model, namely, extended adaptive hybrid functions (E-AHF), is developed, which consists of two major components. The first part automatically filters out the poorly performing individual models and remains the appropriate ones based on the leave-one-out (LOO) cross-validation (CV) error. The second part calculates the adaptive weight factors for each individual surrogate model based on the baseline model and the estimated mean square error in a Gaussian process prediction. A large set of numerical experiments consisting of up to 40 test problems from one dimension to 16 dimensions are used to verify the accuracy and robustness of the proposed model. The results show that both the accuracy and the robustness of E-AHF have been remarkably improved compared with the individual surrogate models and multiple benchmark hybrid surrogate models. The computational time of E-AHF has also been considerately reduced compared with other hybrid models.
Diversity of protease‐producing marine bacteria from sub‐antarctic environments (2011)

From seawater and the intestines of benthonic organisms collected from the Beagle Channel, Argentina, 230 marine bacteria were isolated. Cultivable bacteria were characterized and classified as psychrotolerant, whereas few isolates were psychrophiles. These isolates were capable of producing proteases at 4 and 15 °C under neutral (pH 7.0), alkaline (pH 10.0) and acidic (pH 4.5) conditions on different media, revealing 62, 33 and 22% producers at cold and 84, 47 and 33% producers at low temperatures, respectively. More protease-producing strains (67%) were detected when isolated from benthic invertebrates as compared to seawater (33%), with protease production under neutral conditions resulting in milk protein hydrolysis halos between 27 and 30 ± 2 mm in diameter. Using sterile 0.22 μm membrane filters, 29 isolates exhibiting extracellular protease activity were detected. These were grouped into six operational taxonomic units by restriction analysis and identified based on 16S rDNA as γ-proteobacteria of the genera Pseudoalteromonas, Pseudomonas, Shewanella, Alteromonas, Aeromonas, and Serratia. Plasmids were found to be harbored by eight strains, mainly within the isolates from benthonic organisms.
Successful surgical treatment by extraanatomic bypass grafting of a pseudoaneurysm of anastomosis after aortic replacement for coarctation complicated by septic aortitis. (2005)

Presented herein are the results of successful surgical treatment by extraanatomic bypass grafting of coarctation of the aorta complicated by septic aortitis and a pseudoaneurysm of the anastomosis between the graft and aortic arch.
Conformance testing of VMEbus and Multibus II products (1992)

A system for testing VMEbus and Multibus II products is described. The system is mainly automated to reduce costs and ensure impartiality. A test campaign is explained in the sense of a walk through the test system, in the way of a customer-such as a manufacturer, reseller, or original equipment manufacturer-would see it. The focus is on testing bus interfaces because it is more complex than testing backplanes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The 'Unwritten War' No Longer: Alice Fahs Explores Popular Literature Of The Civil War (2001)

Civil War Book Review (cwbr): In The Imagined Civil War, you note that popular literature during this time was "part of a shared culture." Why does it have resonance in the literary world today? Alice Fahs (af): Popular literature can offer a wider, more comprehensive....
Planar optical waveguide in Cu-doped potassium sodium strontium barium niobate crystal formed by mega-electron-volt He-ion implantation (1997)

The first planar optical waveguide to the authors' knowledge has been formed in Cu-doped potassium sodium strontium barium niobate crystal by mega-electron-volt He(+) implantation. Both TE and TM modes are observed. The profiles of the ordinary and the extraordinary refractive indices are deduced from dark-line mode spectroscopy. The results show that the mega-electron-volt He implantation results in a decrease in refractive index in barriers for both n(o) and n(e), but for n(e) there is an obvious increase in the waveguide region. From an experiment in photorefractive two-wave mixing, it is found that the erasure time for two-wave mixing is prolonged by ion implantation.
Aerodynamics of a Wing with a Wingtip Flapper (2018)

In the present study, an oscillating membrane flapper was pivotally attached to the tip of a conventional rigid wing. Stroke-averaged aerodynamic forces were measured for the range of the flapping frequency, showing significant increases in the lift coefficient and lift-to-drag ratio for the wing with a flapper. Major vortex patterns were deduced from observations of smoke-wire visualization and 2D phase-locked particle image velocimetry (PIV). The centerline of the primary vortex wanders in the counterclockwise direction. On the contrary, its core rotates in the same sense of rotation as a wingtip vortex in a conventional wing. The secondary weaker vortex of opposite rotation lasts for a half stroke. The vortex ring sheds from the flapper during the second half of the upstroke and pronation. The outer parts of the vortex system are much stronger than the inner ones. The circulation and size of vortices decrease significantly at the most distant station from the wing. Strong vertical jets were found in smoke-wire visualization and confirmed with velocity and vorticity fields obtained by PIV. These jets are formed between undulating vortices and inside of the vortex ring. The jet airflow moves away from the flapper and downward or upward depending on the flapping direction.
Current Phase Lead Compensation in Single-Phase PFC Boost Converters With a Reduced Switching Frequency to Line Frequency Ratio (2007)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> Traditional design of the current loop controller in a single-phase power factor correction boost converter is not suitable for applications with higher line frequencies (up to 800 Hz) because of the zero-crossing distortion and high harmonic content due to the current phase lead effect. Increasing the control bandwidth and switching frequency in order to avoid this effect would reduce converter efficiency and is objectionable. The paper presents the leading-phase admittance cancellation (LPAC) technique, which improves the current-shaping control structure and eliminates the current phase lead without increasing the bandwidth requirement. The LPAC method extends the allowable line frequency range from 1/150 to 1/5 of the current loop bandwidth. The LPAC method is load-invariant and superior to other previously proposed methods. The LPAC network can be added to existing designs, which would require only two passive components in the simplest case. </para>
Modification of the Nucleotide Cofactor-binding Site of Cytochrome P-450 Reductase to Enhance Turnover with NADH in Vivo (2002)

NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase is the electron transfer partner for the cytochromes P-450, heme oxygenase, and squalene monooxygenase and is a component of the nitric-oxide synthases and methionine-synthase reductase. P-450 reductase shows very high selectivity for NADPH and uses NADH only poorly. Substitution of tryptophan 677 with alanine has been shown to yield a 3-fold increase in turnover with NADH, but profound inhibition by NADP(+) makes the enzyme unsuitable for in vivo applications. In the present study site-directed mutagenesis of amino acids in the 2'-phosphate-binding site of the NADPH domain, coupled with the W677A substitution, was used to generate a reductase that was able to use NADH efficiently without inhibition by NADP(+). Of 11 single, double, and triple mutant proteins, two (R597M/W677A and R597M/K602W/W677A) showed up to a 500-fold increase in catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) with NADH. Inhibition by NADP(+) was reduced by up to 4 orders of magnitude relative to the W677A protein and was equal to or less than that of the wild-type reductase. Both proteins were 2-3-fold more active than wild-type reductase with NADH in reconstitution assays with cytochrome P-450 1A2 and with squalene monooxygenase. In a recombinant cytochrome P-450 2E1 Ames bacterial mutagenicity assay, the R597M/W677A protein increased the sensitivity to dimethylnitrosamine by approximately 2-fold, suggesting that the ability to use NADH afforded a significant advantage in this in vivo assay.
Effect of Aromatics on Deep Hydrodesulfurization of Dibenzothiophene and 4,6-Dimethyldibenzothiophene over NiMo/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Catalyst (2006)

The influence of different aromatics on the deep hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT) and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) over a commercial NiMo/γ-Al2O3 hydrotreating catalyst was investigated in a fixed-bed multiphase microreactor under designed conditions. Both the sulfur-containing compounds and the aromatic compounds in feeds and hydrotreated products were identified and quantified by GC−AED. Catalyst deactivation was observed, and a simple model for it was established. The kinetic behavior of these model compounds was studied with an assumption of pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics. The rate constants and the corresponding activation energies were determined, and the heat of adsorption for each compound on the catalyst surface was computed by density functional theory using the Material Studio software. The HDS rate for 4,6-DMDBT was much lower than that for DBT, which is attributed to the steric hindrance of the methyl groups at the 4 and 6 positions. The apparent activation energy of 4,6-DMDBT was higher than that of DBT under the same conditions. TThe HDS reaction rate significantly decreased with an increase of the content of aromatics in the feed. Aromatics with 2 or more rings were found to have stronger retardant effect on HDS than monoaromatics. This adverse effect was more pronounced for 4,6-DMDBT than for DBT. The competitive adsorption between the sulfur compounds and aromatics on the catalyst surface was the main reason for the decreased HDS efficiency as qualitatively verified by the heat of adsorption data.
Erg K<sup>+</sup> channels modulate contractile activity in the bovine epididymal duct (2008)

The expression and functional role of ether-à-go-go-related gene (erg) K+ channels were examined in the bovine epididymal duct. Sperm transit through the epididymal duct relies on spontaneous phasic contractions (SC) of the peritubular smooth muscle wall. Isometric tension studies revealed SC-enhancing effects of the erg channel blockers E-4031, dofetilide, cisapride, and haloperidol and SC-suppressing effects of the activator NS-1643. In the corpus epididymidis, EC50 values of 32 nM and 8.3 microM were determined for E-4031 and NS-1643, respectively. E-4031 was also able to elicit contraction in epithelium-denuded corpus segments, which lacked SC. In the cauda region, E-4031 and NS-1643 exerted effects on agonist-induced contraction similar to those observed in the proximal duct. Experiments with nifedipine and thapsigargin suggested that the excitatory effects of E-4031 depended mainly on external calcium influx and not on intracellular calcium release. Western blot and RT-PCR assays revealed the expression of both, erg1a and erg1b, in all duct regions. Because erg1b appears to predominate in the epididymal duct, patch-clamp experiments were performed on heterologously expressed erg1b channels to investigate the sensitivity of this splice variant to NS-1643. In contrast to its effects on erg1a, NS-1643 induced a concentration-dependent current increase mainly due to a marked leftward shift in erg1b channel activation by approximately 30 mV at 10 microM, explaining the inhibitory effect of the drug on epididymal SC. In summary, these data provide strong evidence for a physiological role of erg1 channels in regulating epididymal motility patterns.
PSEUDOFOLLICULITIS BARBAE. 2. TREATMENT (1977)

Pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB) is a minor disease affecting essentially only and almost all Negroes who shave. It results from transepidermal or transfollicular penetration by sharp incurving beard hairs. Because of a continued requirement by the U.S. Army for clean-shaven faces, a significant racial furor and hostility has been aroused, and definitive medical care has been difficult to achieve. The disease can be cured only by complete cessation of shaving but it can be adequately controlled in most patients by carefully shaving the hairs neither too close nor too long and by meticulous lifting out of penetrating hairs.
Oral efficacy of WIN 51711 in mice infected with human poliovirus (1986)

WIN 51711, a new broad-spectrum anti-picornavirus agent, prevented the development of paralysis and subsequent death in mice infected intracerebrally with a lethal dose of human poliovirus type 2 (MEF strain). The prophylactic efficacy of intragastrically administered WIN 51711 was dose dependent over the 3.9- to 62.5-mg/kg (twice daily) dose range, with a minimal significantly effective dose of less than 15.6 mg/kg per dose (twice daily) (P less than 0.008). An oral four times a day dosage regimen initiated 48 h postinfection with WIN 51711 doses as low as 12.5 mg/kg was effective in significantly reducing poliovirus-induced paralysis and death compared with a placebo. Viral titers in the brains and spines of mice infected intracerebrally with 200 50% lethal doses of poliovirus were reduced by 3 to 5 log10 PFU/g in the WIN 51711-medicated group compared with placebo-medicated animals. The potent in vitro and in vivo anti-picornavirus activity of WIN 51711 makes it a potentially useful drug for the treatment of enterovirus infections in humans.
A First Look into the Regenerative Engine (1989)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The regenerative internal combustion engine is a novel concept for increasing the economy and the power output, and decreasing the pollutant emissions of the conventional reciprocating engine. This engine is based on the recovery of heat from the exhaust gases, to be utilized in the engine cycle itself. This is carried out through simple modifications to the conventional engine, affecting only the combustion chamber. In this paper, a theoretical analysis of the cycle is presented first. Recommendations are made concerning the optimum strategy to control the engine, the reduction of pollutants, and the critical design parameters. Some of the possible shortcomings of the new engine are discussed, particularly speed limitations.</div>
Coupling of slow waves near the lower hybrid frequency in JET (1990)

The physical properties of the JET lower hybrid antenna have been investigated numerically with a two-dimensional computer code based on the linear coupling theory. The antenna is made from an array of multijunction units which divide the incident power along the toroidal direction. The main properties of this new coupler are investigated and compared with those of the conventional grills generally used in previous lower hybrid experiments. In the light of this study, the general design of the multijunction antenna is presented; the importance of the geometrical parameters of the multijunction unit (e.g. choice of the location of the E-plane junctions, septum width between waveguides) is stressed. These parameters are optimized and their values are taken into account in launcher manufacturing. With such an optimization, the electric field enhancement in each secondary waveguide is minimized for an electron density at the launcher of about 1018 m−3, the power reflection coefficient is below 1.5% and the 'n1-weighted antenna directivity' is expected to lie between 60% and 70% in a large range of plasma densities around the optimum density. By using two shorted passive waveguides on each side of the antenna, the edge effects are reduced. The effect of the accessibility limit on coupling is also investigated.
Thermal decomposition of 2-chlorocyclobutanone (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThermal decomposition of 2-chlorocyclobutanoneJohn. Metcalfe and Edward K. C. LeeCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 13, 4316–4320Publication Date (Print):June 27, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 27 June 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00794a029https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00794a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views55Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Analysis of a Tubular Gas Lens (1964)

If a cool gas is blown into a hot tube, it acts as a positive lens which will focus a light beam passing through the tube. Using a theory presented in Ref. 3, we give curves which show the temperature distribution in the tube as a function of the distance from the tube axis and also as a function of the distance along the axis. The focusing power of the lens is described by the difference in phase angle between a ray on the tube axis minus a ray at arbitrary distances from this axis and also as the second derivative of the phase angle on the axis of the tube. The phase curves, as a function of distance r from the tube axis, follow very closely an r <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> dependence. Expressions are given for the focal length of the lens. The power consumption of the lens is discussed, and a figure of merit is defined as focusing power per watt. The gas used for this lens should be selected such that (n − 1)/k is as large as possible (where n is the index of refraction, k the heat conductivity of the gas). Using CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> and a ¼-inch ID tube 5 inches long heated 20°C above the incoming gas, a focal length of 5 feet with a power consumption of 0.325 watt is calculated; the focal length is inversely proportional to power consumption within certain limits.