gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dihydroergotamine (1992)

Dihydroergotamine has been one of the main drugs used in the treatment of migraine for greater than 40 years. The recent introduction of the more selective 5-HT antagonist sumatriptan will challenge the place of dihydroergotamine in migraine therapy and indicates the need to review the evidence for the use of dihydroergotamine. Although there is little evidence from double-blind clinical trials, dihydroergotamine does appear to be effective in the treatment of acute attacks and in the prevention of migraine. Its place in treatment is in cases where simple analgesics alone or in combination with other agents fail to provide relief. Further studies are necessary to compare dihydroergotamine with sumatriptan for acute migraine and with beta-blockers in prophylaxis to determine its future role in migraine therapy.
Insights into the mechanism of CXCL12-mediated signaling in trophoblast functions and placental angiogenesis (2015)

The chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 are important signaling components required for human blastocyst implantation and the progression of pregnancy. Growing evidence indicates that the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis can regulate trophoblast function and uterine spiral artery remodeling, which plays a fundamental role in placentation and fetal outcome. The orphan receptor CXCR7 is also believed to partly regulate the function of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis. Additionally, the CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis can enhance the cross-talk between trophoblasts and decidual cells such as uterine natural killer cells and decidual stromal cells which are involved in regulation of trophoblast differentiation and invasion and placental angiogenesis. In addition, recent studies proved that CXCL12 expression is elevated in the placenta and mid-trimester amniotic fluid of pregnant women with preeclampsia, implying that dysregulation of CXCL12 plays a role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Further understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of CXCL12-mediated signaling in trophoblast functions and placental angiogenesis may help to design novel therapeutic approaches for pregnancy-associated diseases.
Ultimate strength theory for short reinforced concrete cylindrical shell roofs (1952)

Summary The theory proposed by Professor Baker in Magazine of Concrete Research No.4, in which he provides a simple method for designing shell roofs including prestressed shells, is extended to include shells in which longitudinal slab bending is not negligible.
A new steerable wheel system for road transport applications (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Background Proposal Vehicles Performance Based Standards (PBS) Numerical Models Results and Discussion Concluding Comments References
Dynamic Channel Allocation in IEEE 802.11 Networks (2016)

Wireless channel allocation plays as an important role in thedesign of wireless network, as it greatly influences the throughput and performance of the network. It is proposed a technique to improve the usage of wireless spectrum in the context of IEEE 802.11 wireless network using new channel assignment methods among interfering Access Points (APs). Reliable channel selection for each Access Point (AP) is essential in setting up and operating densely deployed 802.11 WLANs. The aim of the channel selection is to provide efficient reuse of the spectrum and therefore minimize interference and improve the performance. The focus is mainly on to design an algorithm to solve the problem of channel allocation using Simulated Annealing. The algorithm minimizes the interference among the Access Points (APs). All the access points in the network operate on this algorithm simultaneously and determine the best channel it should use to minimize the interference from the neighboring access points.
Fiber optic cables : fundamentals, cable technology, installation practice (1987)

Provides clear and comprehensive coverage of an increasingly important area of communications engineering. Examines all facets of design and manufacture of optical cables and optical communications systems, with an emphasis on the practical applications of lightwave conductors. Topics include the physical operations and materials used to make optical waveguides and the latest applications of optical communications systems, such as IJDN. The text is supported by numerous illustrations, many in full color.
MicroRNAs in Human Placental Development and Pregnancy Complications (2013)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs, which function as critical posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression by promoting mRNA degradation and translational inhibition. Placenta expresses many ubiquitous as well as specific miRNAs. These miRNAs regulate trophoblast cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion/migration, and angiogenesis, suggesting that miRNAs play important roles during placental development. Aberrant miRNAs expression has been linked to pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia. Recent research of placental miRNAs focuses on identifying placental miRNA species, examining differential expression of miRNAs between placentas from normal and compromised pregnancies, and uncovering the function of miRNAs in the placenta. More studies are required to further understand the functional significance of miRNAs in placental development and to explore the possibility of using miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for pregnancy-related disorders. In this paper, we reviewed the current knowledge about the expression and function of miRNAs in placental development, and propose future directions for miRNA studies.
Open multi-methods for c++ (2007)

Multiple dispatch - the selection of a function to be invoked based on the dynamic type of two or more arguments - is a solution to several classical problems in object-oriented programming. Open multi-methods generalize multiple dispatch towards open-class extensions, which improve separation of concerns and provisions for retroactive design. We present the rationale, design, implementation, and performance of a language feature, called open multi-methods, for C++. Our open multi-methods support both repeated and virtual inheritance. Our call resolution rules generalize both virtual function dispatch and overload resolution semantics. After using all information from argument types, these rules can resolve further ambiguities by using covariant return types. Great care was taken to integrate open multi-methods with existing C++ language features and rules. We describe a model implementation and compare its performance and space requirements to existing open multi-method extensions and workaround techniques for C++. Compared to these techniques, our approach is simpler to use, catches more user mistakes, and resolves more ambiguities through link-time analysis, runs significantly faster, and requires less memory. In particular, the runtime cost of calling an open multi method is constant and less than the cost of a double dispatch (two virtual function calls). Finally, we provide a sketch of a design for open multi-methods in the presence of dynamic loading and linking of libraries.
Listener weighting of cues for lateral angle: The duplex theory of sound localization revisited (2002)

The virtual auditory space technique was used to quantify the relative strengths of interaural time difference (ITD), interaural level difference (ILD), and spectral cues in determining the perceived lateral angle of wideband, low-pass, and high-pass noise bursts. Listeners reported the apparent locations of virtual targets that were presented over headphones and filtered with listeners' own directional transfer functions. The stimuli were manipulated by delaying or attenuating the signal to one ear (by up to 600 micros or 20 dB) or by altering the spectral cues at one or both ears. Listener weighting of the manipulated cues was determined by examining the resulting localization response biases. In accordance with the Duplex Theory defined for pure-tones, listeners gave high weight to ITD and low weight to ILD for low-pass stimuli, and high weight to ILD for high-pass stimuli. Most (but not all) listeners gave low weight to ITD for high-pass stimuli. This weight could be increased by amplitude-modulating the stimuli or reduced by lengthening stimulus onsets. For wideband stimuli, the ITD weight was greater than or equal to that given to ILD. Manipulations of monaural spectral cues and the interaural level spectrum had little influence on lateral angle judgements.
Dimeric Propenyl Phenol Ethers. XVII. The Hydrocarbon Analog of the Cyclic Dimers (1953)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDimeric Propenyl Phenol Ethers. XVII. The Hydrocarbon Analog of the Cyclic DimersAlexander Muller and Karoly KormendyCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1953, 18, 10, 1237–1245Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1953https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo50016a002https://doi.org/10.1021/jo50016a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views79Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Adobe Photoshop CS one-on-one (2003)

Presents step-by-step lessons on the digital image editing software with two hours of video instruction on the companion DVD-ROM.
Relative Chloromethylation Rates of Some Aromatic Compounds (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRelative Chloromethylation Rates of Some Aromatic CompoundsH. Harry. Szmant and Joseph. DudekCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 11, 3763–3765Publication Date (Print):November 19, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 19 November 1949https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01179a053RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views352Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (344 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Design, fabrication, and characterization of a micro fuel processor (2007)

The development of portable-power systems employing hydrogen-driven solid oxide fuel cells continues to garner significant interest among applied science researchers. The technology can be applied in fields ranging from the automobile to personal electronics industries. In order for fuel cell systems to outperform batteries, a method of chemically converting high-energy-density combustible fuels to hydrogen while maintaining high thermal efficiency must be developed. This thesis focuses on developing microreaction technology that minimizes thermal losses during the conversion of fuels- such as light end hydrocarbons, their alcohols, and ammonia- to hydrogen. Critical issues in realizing high-efficiency devices capable of operating at high temperatures have been addressed: specifically, thermal management, the integration of materials with different thermophysical properties, and the development of improved packaging and fabrication techniques. A new fabrication scheme for a thermally insulated, high temperature, suspended-tube
The Uses of Research: Politics, Academics, and the Police in the United States of America and the Federal Republic of Germany (1990)

This paper compares research that has been published within the past 20 years on police organization and operations in two countries, the United States of America and the Federal Republic of Germany. The research in the two countries is compared in terms of the influence of political and organizational forces on its quality and nature. After a period in the late 1960s and early 1970s, when academics in both countries, responding to the dramatic events of the 1960s, were engaging in similar kinds of research, the paths diverged because of the organizational forces that were at work on them. In Germany, disillusionment with the results of research, as well as other forces that existed in the German police organization, helped to bring about the end of field studies of police. Increasingly, research on policing has become informed by an abstract critical legal studies perspective. In the United States, under the influence of various forces including availability of federal government funds, research on policing has become pragmatic, geared toward better methods of crime control and fear reduction, and, compared to the earlier period, neglectful of basic questions about the police role and performance in American society.
IEC 61158: the Fieldbus standard. Its influence and present status (1998)

DOI: 10.1049/ic:19980410 Location: London, UK Conference date: 15 May 1998 Format: PDF (9 pages)
Meat Research (1972)

The Low Temperature Research Station was established in Cambridge in 1922 to investigate scientific problems arising out of the preservation and handling of foods, and particularly their refrigerated transport and storage. In 1967, the Research Station moved from Cambridge and divided into two larger units; the Meat Research Institute, situated on the campus of the Veterinary Departments of Bristol University, and the Food Research Institute at Norwich, adjacent to the University of East Anglia.
An improved method of partially digesting plant megabase DNA suitable for YAC cloning: application to the construction of a 5.5 genome equivalent YAC library of tomato (1996)

An improved method for preparing partially digested tomato DNA has been developed, that is suitable for YAC cloning. It involves (i) isolation of high molecular-weight DNA from agarose-embedded leaf protoplasts, (ii) controlled partial digestion in situ using EcoRl endonuclease in the presence of EcoRI methylase (M. EcoRl), and (iii) fractionation of the partial digest on a Clamped Homogeneous Electric Fields (CHEF) gel. Unlike methods commonly used for generating partial digests, the present method allows one to produce digests in which the bulk of restriction fragments are of the desired size. Use of these partial digests in constructing YAC libraries of the tomato lines Moneymaker-Cf4 and VFNT Cherry resulted in libraries (total 21,060 clones, 5.5 genome equivalents) in which 80% of the YACs have inserts between 200 and 600 kb. Both libraries have been screened with selected RFLP markers linked to the Cladosporium fulvum Cf4 locus on chromosome 1, using a three-dimensional PCR-based screening technique. To this end, the RFLP markers have been sequenced to allow for the synthesis of specific primers. Thus, for each marker tested several YAC clones have been isolated, including a family of clones that carry leucine-rich repeat sequences located around the Cf4/Cf9 locus.
Somatostatin Receptors 2 and 5 Are the Major Somatostatin Receptors in Insulinomas: An in Vivo and in Vitro Study (2003)

Somatostatin (SRIF) receptors (sst) are present on normal pancreatic endocrine beta-cells. However, the use of SRIF analogs in the scintigraphic imaging of insulinomas and in the medical management of these tumors seems to be restricted to a subgroup of patients. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of sst expression in vitro and characterize sst subtype binding in insulinomas and its correlation with in vivo sst receptor scintigraphy (SRS). In vitro studies were performed on 27 insulinomas from 25 patients: 22 with benign and three with malignant tumors. Semiquantitative RT-PCR of sst mRNAs was performed for 20 of these insulinomas. Sst2 and sst5 were expressed in 70%, sst1 in 50%, and sst3 and sst4 subtypes only in 15-20% of the tumors. (125)I-Tyr(0)DTrp(8)SRIF(14) binding was assessed by quantitative autoradiography in 18 insulinomas, and competition experiments were performed with SRIF(14) and L797-591, L779-976, L796-778, L803-087, L817-818, selective agonists of the five sst subtypes, and BIM23244, a selective agonist of sst2 and sst5. Significant specific binding was observed in 72% of the insulinomas. Displacement experiments with ligands of higher affinity for each of the sst receptors revealed significant binding with the sst2 and sst5 ligands in 72%, sst3 in 44%, sst1 in 44%, and sst4 in 28% of cases. All insulinomas displaying sst2 binding were also sst5 sensitive. However, the ratio of sst5/sst2 displacement was variable and only equal to that for SRIF(14) in experiments with the sst2/sst5 agonist BIM23244. SRS was performed 10 times in nine patients; it detected 60% of the tumors, including metastases of a malignant insulinoma. All the tumors detected by SRS displayed high levels of (125)I-Tyr(0)DTrp(8)SRIF(14) binding. The mechanisms underlying the loss of expression of sst2/sst5 in a third of insulinomas remains to be determined, but this loss of expression may be involved in beta-cell dysfunction.
Localization of the Kv1.5 K+ channel protein in explanted cardiac tissue. (1995)

The cloned Kv1.5 K+ channel displays similar kinetics and pharmacology to a delayed rectifier channel found in atrial myocytes. To determine whether the Kv1.5 isoform plays a role in the cardiac action potential, it is necessary to confirm the expression of this channel in cardiac myocytes. Using antibodies directed against two distinct channel epitopes, the Kv1.5 isoform was localized in human atrium and ventricle. Kv1.5 was highly localized at intercalated disk regions as determined by colocalization with connexin and N-cadherin specific antibodies. While both antichannel antibodies localized the Kv1.5 protein in cardiac myocytes, only the NH2-terminal antibodies stained vascular smooth muscle. The selective staining of vasculature by this antiserum suggests that epitope accessibility, and perhaps channel structure, varies between cardiac and vascular myocytes. Kv1.5 expression was localized less in newborn tissue, with punctate antibody staining dispersed on the myocyte surface. This increasing organization with age was similar to that observed for connexin. Future work will address whether altered K+ channel localization is associated with cardiac disease in addition to changing with development.
Microbial Populations of an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor Treating Wastewater from a Gelatin Industry (2001)

The microbial populations of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, used for treating wastewater from the gelatin industry, were studied by microbiological methods and phase-contrast and electron microscopy. Microscopy examination of the sludge showed a complex mixture of various rod-shaped and coccoid bacterial plus long filaments and very mobile curved rods. In addition free-living anaerobic ciliates and flagellates were also observed. The trophic group population observed in decreasing order of dominance were hydrolytic and acetogenic at 106 and sulfate reducing and methanogenic at 105. The rate of methane production in anaerobic granular sludge cultivated in growth medium supplement with formate pressurized with H2:CO2 showed a significant increase in methane yield compared with the seed culture containing the same substrate and atmosphere of N2:CO2. Similar rates of methane production were observed when the growth medium was supplemented with acetate pressurized either with H2:CO2 or N2:CO2. The number of total anaerobic bacteria at 107, fecal coliforms and total coliforms at 106, and fecal streptococci at 103 is based on colony counts on solid media. The four prevalent species of facultative anaerobic gram-negative bacteria that belong to the family of Enterobacteriaceae were identified as Escherichia coli, Escherichia fergusonii, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Citrobacter freundii. The species Aeromonas hydroghila, Aeromonas veronii, Acfnefobacter iwoffi and Stenofrophomonas maltophila were the most frequently isolated glucose fermenting and nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli.
Molecular cloning of a type A chicken corticotropin-releasing factor receptor with high affinity for urotensin I (1996)

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is an essential physiological system in many species. CRF, the major neuropeptide regulating ACTH secretion, is highly conserved in its primary sequence. Evolutionary conservation of the CRF sequence suggests that the CRF receptor (CRF-R) complementary DNA and examined its properties. The avian CRF-R complementary DNA encodes a 420-amino acid protein that is 87-88% identical to those of human, rat, and mouse. Most sequence divergence occurs in the putative signal peptide and the extracellular amino-terminus of the receptor. Five additional amino acids are inserted in the amino-terminus of the cCRF-R. When expressed in COS-7 cells, the cCRF-R binds the CRF and urotensin I radioligands with high affinities. Urotensin I competes for binding to the chicken CRF-R, expressed in COS-7 cells, with an apparent affinity 20 times higher than that of CRF. Both urotensin I and sauvagine were more effective in stimulating cAMP accumulation in COS-7 cells transfected with the cCRF-R than CRF. The effects of CRF and urotensin I on inositol phosphate accumulation were also tested. Urotensin I was an effective as CRF in stimulating inositol phosphate accumulation in COS-7 cells transfected with the cCRF-R. These data suggest that the sequence of the CRF-R is highly conserved from avian to mammalian species and that, despite its high sequence homology to the type A mammalian CRF-R, the ligand binding properties of cCRF-R are similar to those of the type B CRF-R i.e. a higher affinity for urotensin I than for CRF.
<i>Escherichia coli</i>Sequence Type ST131 as the Major Cause of Serious Multidrug‐Resistant<i>E. coli</i>Infections in the United States (2010)

A single E. coli clonal group, ST131, probably caused the most significantly antimicrobial-resistant E. coli infections in the United States in 2007, thereby constituting an important new public health threat. Enhanced virulence and/or antimicrobial resistance compared with other E. coli, plus ongoing dissemination among locales, may underlie ST131's success. Urgent investigation of the sources and transmission pathways of ST131 is needed to inform mitigation efforts.