gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Concentration-dependent absorption and photoluminescence of <i>n</i>-type InP (1985)

The absorption and photoluminescence of n-type InP are examined as a function of free-carrier concentration. It is found that concentration dependent band gap at 300 K is given by the empirical relation: Eg =1.344−(2.25±0.25)10−8n1/3 (eV). The photoluminescence results are interpreted using the model taking into account nonparabolicity of the conduction band. Calculations of the peak position and photoluminescence line shape for band-to-band transitions are performed. Both the band filling as well as band tailing due to the Coulomb interaction of free carriers with ionized impurities and band shrinkage due to the exchange interaction between free carriers are considered in order to properly account for observed features of photoluminescence spectra. It is proposed that room temperature photoluminescence linewidth can be used for determination of the free carrier concentration in n-type InP. This method can be used to estimate free carrier concentration ranging from 1016 to 1020 cm−3.
Progressive Oxidation of Selected Particles of Carbon Black: Further Evidence for a New Microstructural Model (1966)

Abstract A new technique is described for following the effects of successive increments of oxidative attack upon the same particles of carbon black. Oxidation was carried out under controlled conditions outside of the microscope, followed by electron micrography of selected grid areas. Electron micrographs show that normal thermal and furnace blacks generally oxidize from the inside out, forming capsules of unchanged external dimensions. Differences in rate of oxidation of individual particles are observed with thermal blacks; these rates are, however, independent of particle size. In agreement with earlier evidence, graphitized thermal blacks oxidize from the outside in. Strong support is given for a new “concentric crystallite” model of carbon black microstructure. On the basis of this model, slippage of rubber molecules on the surface of carbon black can be readily understood.
[A review of resources of the Internet site "Practical Molecular Biology"]. (2002)

In 2000, in the middle of September, the Russian Web site Practical Molecular Biology (http://molbiol.edu.ru) was opened. The main tasks of the project are (i) distribution of experimental work experience among Russian and foreign laboratories, and (ii) organization of an information database in Russian for researchers connected with molecular biology or medicine.
Induced β-Carotene Synthesis Driven by Triacylglycerol Deposition in the Unicellular Alga<i>Dunaliella bardawil</i>1 (1998)

Under stress conditions such as high light intensity or nutrient starvation, cells of the unicellular alga Dunaliella bardawil overproduce beta-carotene, which is accumulated in the plastids in newly formed triacylglycerol droplets. We report here that the formation of these sequestering structures and beta-carotene are interdependent. When the synthesis of triacylglycerol is blocked, the overproduction of beta-carotene is also inhibited. During overproduction of beta-carotene no up-regulation of phytoene synthase or phytoene desaturase is observed on the transcriptional or translational level, whereas at the same time acetyl-CoA carboxylase, the key regulatory enzyme of acyl lipid biosynthesis, is increased, at least in its enzymatic activity. We conclude that under normal conditions the carotenogenic pathway is not maximally active and may be appreciably stimulated in the presence of sequestering structures, creating a plastid-localized sink for the end product of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway.
The murine Slp gene. Additional evidence that sex-limited protein has no biologic function (1991)

Sex-limited protein (Slp) is a mouse serum protein of unknown function that has approximately 95% amino acid sequence identity with murine complement component C4 but is inactive in the complement pathway. The gene for Slp lies in the S region of the murine H-2 complex adjacent to the gene Cyp21 that encodes the Cytochrome P-450 enzyme steroid 21-hydroxylase. We report the sequence of a 26,307 bp long segment of the mouse genome that includes both the Slp and Cyp21 genes. The sequence reported was assembled from the sequences of three overlapping lambda phage genomic clones from mouse strain B10.WR, which carries four tandem pairs of Slp and Cyp21 genes. We also report the sequence of a fourth lambda clone, 12,539 bp in length, carrying parts of a distinct pair of Slp and Cyp21 genes from B10.WR mice. The Slp gene at 14.3 kb in length is about 1 kb shorter than the C4 gene; this difference is due primarily to absences of a simple repetitive sequence and a middle repetitive MT element in the corresponding introns 14 and 15, respectively. The gene sequence reveals an intron/exon organization identical to that of the murine C4 gene, and also that the 9 nucleotide deletion in exon 18, which appears to be directly responsible for the absence of complement activity, is unrelated to differences in intron sequences. Detailed comparisons of C4 and Slp gene sequences indicate that nucleotide substitutions in the Slp gene are occurring at approximately the same rate in both exons and introns. This implies that the murine Slp gene resembles a pseudogene and supports previously reported evidence that the Slp protein has no biologic function.
Phase equilibria in solutions of rod-like particles (1956)

Abstract A partition function for a system of rigid rod-like particles with partial orientation about an axis is derived through the use of a modified lattice model. In the limit of perfect orientation the partition function reduces to the ideal mixing law ; for complete disorientation it corresponds to the polymer mixing law for rigid chains. A general expression is given for the free energy of mixing as a function of the mole numbers, the axis ratio of the solute particles, and a disorientation parameter. This function passes through a minimum followed by a maximum with increase in the disorientation parameter, provided the latter exceeds a critical value which is 2e for the pure solute and which increases with dilution. Assigning this parameter the value which minimizes the free energy, the chemical potentials display discontinuities a t the concentration a t which the minimum first appears. Separation into an isotropic phase and a some what more concentrated anisotropic phase arises because of the discontinuity, in confirmation of the theories of Onsager and Isihara, which treat only the second virial coefficient. Phase separation thus arises as a consequence of particle asymmetry, unassisted by an energy term . Whereas for a large-particle asymmetry both phases in equilibrium are predicted to be fairly dilute when mixing is athermal, a comparatively small positive energy of interaction causes the concentration in the anisotropic phase to increase sharply, while the concentration in the isotropic phase becomes vanishingly small. The theory offers a statistical mechanical basis for interpreting precipitation of rod-like colloidal particles with the formation of fibrillar structures such as are prominent in the fibrous proteins. The asymmetry of tobacco mosaic virus particles (with or without inclusion of their electric double layers) is insufficient alone to explain the well-known phase separation which occurs from their dilute solutions at very low ionic strengths. Higher-order interaction between electric double layers appears to be a major factor in bringing about dilute phase separation for these and other asymmetric colloidal particles bearing large charges, as was pointed out previously by Oster.
Second progress report of light armor program (1967)

The mechanics of penetration and the role of the material physical parameters are now fairly well understood. The high strength of a material is revealed by the Hugoniot elastic limit. The comparatively low velocity at which the blunt projectile defeats the VASCOMAX-350 target is probably due to a low dynamic ductility characteristic of the material. This property was not known in advance. The ballistic tests themselves offer a simple and effective way to evaluate dynamic properties of materials once the overall mechanism of the impact phenomena has been understood. In regard to ceramic armor, the high Hugonoit elastic limit, the high sound speed, and the low density of boron carbide make it a difficult light armor material to surpass. It can be expected that only a modest improvement is possible with a new ceramic. Among the possibilities is the development of a ceramic with better tensile properties at the surface in contact with the backup plate, or a ceramic of lower density-elemental boron, for example. Fiber glass is a very effective material for a backup plate on a weight basis. There is some chance that the physical properties of these materials can be improved for the light armor application.
Inhibition of Endothelin Production by Adrenomedullin in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (1995)

Adrenomedullin recently has been found to potently stimulate cAMP formation in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In the present study, we examined the effect of adrenomedullin on the production of a vasoconstrictive and growth-promoting peptide, endothelin-1, after stimulation with a clotting enzyme, thrombin, and a potent mitogen, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), in cultured rat VSMCs. Thrombin and PDGF stimulated endothelin-1 production in a dose-dependent manner. Rat adrenomedullin significantly inhibited thrombin- and PDGF-stimulated endothelin-1 production in a dose-dependent manner between 10(-7) and 10(-9) mol/L. Inhibition by rat adrenomedullin of thrombin- and PDGF-stimulated endothelin-1 production was paralleled by an increase in the cellular level of cAMP. Human adrenomedullin also inhibited thrombin- and PDGF-stimulated endothelin-1 production and increased cAMP levels. The addition of 8-bromo-cAMP, a cAMP analogue, reduced thrombin- and PDGF-induced endothelin-1 production. Furthermore, forskolin, a potent activator of adenylate cyclase, reduced thrombin- and PDGF-induced endothelin-1 production. In contrast, basal production of endothelin-1 was not altered by rat or human adrenomedullin. These results indicate that adrenomedullin inhibits not basal but thrombin- and PDGF-induced ET-1 production in cultured VSMCs probably through a cAMP-dependent process. Taken together with the finding that adrenomedullin is synthesized in and secreted from vascular endothelial cells, adrenomedullin may modulate vascular tone as a paracrine regulator partially through the inhibition of VSMC endothelin-1 production in some pathophysiological states.
Microskin Grafting in the Treatment of Extensive Burns (1988)

Microskin grafting has proved to be an effective new procedure for the treatment of extensive burns, in which only a minimum amount of autogenous skin is needed for coverage of a large full-thickness burn wound. The technique has been improved and applied in 17 major burn patients. All patients survived. The wound covered with microskin grafts ranged from 6% to 45% TBSA, with a mean area of 24.1% TBSA. The expansion ratio of micrografts in this series reached up to 1:18, and can be greater. The wound healing was accomplished in three ways. 1) Wounds were completely resurfaced by micrografts in 24 limbs (58.5%). 2) Wounds were not totally healed with micrografts by the time the homograft was rejected, leaving only small raw areas which needed re-grafting in 12 limbs (29.3%). 3) The micrografts did not take on four limbs and one chest wall (12.2%). The improved technique, which has become more simple and feasible, is discussed in detail.
Synthesis of Dimethylapoerysopine and an Approach to the Total Synthesis of the Unrearranged Erythrina Bases (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of Dimethylapoerysopine and an Approach to the Total Synthesis of the Unrearranged Erythrina BasesK. Wiesner, Z. Valenta, A. J. Manson, and F. W. StonnerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 3, 675–683Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1955https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01608a040RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views397Altmetric-Citations39LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
MSH2 is essential for the preservation of genome integrity and prevents homeologous recombination in the moss Physcomitrella patens (2006)

MSH2 is a central component of the mismatch repair pathway that targets mismatches arising during DNA replication, homologous recombination (HR) and in response to genotoxic stresses. Here, we describe the function of MSH2 in the moss Physcomitrella patens, as deciphered by the analysis of loss of function mutants. Ppmsh2 mutants display pleiotropic growth and developmental defects, which reflect genomic instability. Based on loss of function of the APT gene, we estimated this mutator phenotype to be at least 130 times higher in the mutants than in wild type. We also found that MSH2 is involved in some but not all the moss responses to genotoxic stresses we tested. Indeed, the Ppmsh2 mutants were more tolerant to cisplatin and show higher sensitivity to UV-B radiations. PpMSH2 gene involvement in HR was studied by assessing gene targeting (GT) efficiency with homologous and homeologous sequences. GT efficiency with homologous sequences was slightly decreased in the Ppmsh2 mutant compared with wild type. Strikingly GT efficiency with homeologous sequences decreased proportionally to sequence divergence in the wild type whereas it remained unaffected in the mutants. Those results demonstrate the role of PpMSH2 in the maintenance of genome integrity and in homologous and homeologous recombination.
Anticancer activity of combination targeted therapy using cetuximab plus vemurafenib for refractory BRAFV600E-mutant metastatic colorectal carcinoma (2013)

Mismatch-repair-deficient colorectal cancers often contain kinase-activating V600E BRAF mutations, but no clinical utility has yet been demonstrated in this setting for monotherapy using oral braf kinase inhibitors such as vemurafenib or dabrafenib. Recent studies have indicated that tumour resistance to braf inhibition is mediated by upregulated epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) signalling, disruption of which is a routine treatment strategy in KRAS wild-type colorectal cancer. In this report, we describe the clinical course of a heavily pretreated patient who elected to receive off-label dual-targeted braf- and egfr-inhibitory therapy with good tolerance and apparent clinical benefit.
Adaptive EDCF: enhanced service differentiation for IEEE 802.11 wireless ad-hoc networks (2004)

This paper describes an adaptive service differentiation scheme for QoS enhancement in IEEE 802.11 wireless ad-hoc networks. Our approach, called adaptive enhanced distributed coordination function (AEDCF), is derived from the new EDCF introduced in the upcoming IEEE 802.11e standard. Our scheme aims to share the transmission channel efficiently. Relative priorities are provisioned by adjusting the size of the contention window (CW) of each traffic class taking into account both applications requirements and network conditions. We evaluate through simulations the performance of AEDCF and compare it with the EDCF scheme proposed in the 802.11e. Results show that AEDCF outperforms the basic EDCF, especially at high traffic load conditions. Indeed, our scheme increases the medium utilization ratio and reduces for more than 50% the collision rate. While achieving delay differentiation, the overall goodput obtained is up to 25% higher than EDCF. Moreover, the complexity of AEDCF remains similar to the EDCF scheme, enabling the design of cheap implementations.
Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology (2020)

This text is divided into three parts. The first part describes basic toxicological concepts and methodologies used in aquatic toxicity testing, including the philosophies underlying testing strategies now required to meet and support regulatory standards. The second part of the book discusses various factors that affect transport, transformation, ultimate distribution, and accumulation of chemicals in the aquatic environment, along with the use of modelling to predict fate.; The final section of the book reviews types of effects or endpoints evaluated in field studies and the use of structure-activity relationships in aquatic toxicology to predict biological activity and physio-chemical properties of a chemical. This section also contains an extensive background of environmental legislation in the USA and within the European Community, and an introduction to hazard/risk assessment with case studies.
Cytokines and reperfusion injury (1997)

There is increasing evidence that the inflammatory response plays an important role in the potentiation of central nervous system (CNS) ischemic injury. Much of this inflammatory response appears to be mediated by interleukins (IL), a multifunctional subclass of cytokines. The proinflammatory interleukins, including IL-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α), and IL-6, can influence the function and synthesis of other cytokines by a complex cytokine network.1 These proinflammatory interleukins are produced by a variety of cells, including microglial cells, astrocytes, and leukocytes, and appear to directly modulate CNS cell apoptosis, differentiation, and proliferation and to influence subsequent infiltration by leukocytes.1,2 Increased levels of IL-1, TNF-α, and IL-6 have been observed after experimental CNS ischemia.2,3 Indirect evidence for the involvement of interleukins in ischemic injury comes from several recent clinical studies which found that CSF and plasma levels of IL-6 predict the functional recovery of the patient and also correlate with the infarct size.4,5

The strongest support for the important role played by the inflammatory response in CNS ischemia comes from studies investigating the role of leukocyte adhesion and infiltration after stroke. A large number of studies have now shown that leukocytes adhere and infiltrate early after CNS ischemia and that agents that block leukocyte adhesion produce therapeutic benefits in a variety of animal models.6-8 Recent evidence suggests that cytokines may be key components in the activation and recruitment of leukocytes into the CNS. IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 activate leukocytes and increase the expression of adhesion receptors on the leukocyte (CD-18) and on endothelial and astrocyte cells (intercellular adhesion molecule [ICAM]-1).2,9

The preceding evidence suggests that the inflammatory response is an important component of CNS ischemic injury and that the interleukins appear to play a key role in the modulation of this inflammatory response. By modulating the …
<i>In silico</i> analysis of the interactions of certain flavonoids with the receptor-binding domain of 2019 novel coronavirus and cellular proteases and their pharmacokinetic properties (2020)

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has infected more than thirty five million people worldwide and caused nearly 1 million deaths as of October 2020. The microorganism causing COVID-19 was named as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or 2019-nCoV). The aim of this study was to investigate the interactions of twenty-three phytochemicals belonging to different flavonoid subgroups with the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike glycoprotein of 2019-nCoV, and cellular proteases [transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), cathepsin B and L (CatB/L)]. The compounds interacted more strongly with CatB and CatL than with the other proteins. Van der Waals and hydrogen bonds played an important role in the receptor-ligand interactions. As a result of RBCI (relative binding capacity index) analysis conducted to rank flavonoids in terms of their interactions with the target proteins, <i>(-)</i>-epicatechin gallate interacted strongly with all the proteins studied. The results obtained from molecular dynamics and molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) methods also supported this data. According to Lipinski's rule of five, <i>(-)</i>-epicatechin gallate showed drug-likeness properties. Although this molecule is not capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), it was concluded that <i>(-)</i>-epicatechin gallate can be evaluated as a candidate molecule in drug development studies against 2019-nCoV since it was not the substrate of P-gp (P-glycoprotein), did not inhibit any of the cytochrome Ps, and did not show AMES toxicity or hepatotoxicity on eukaryotic cells.
Oxidative Phosphorylation Diseases and Mitochondrial DNA Mutations: Diagnosis and Treatment (1994)

The objective of this review is to provide an overview of intermittent fasting regimens, summarize the evidence on the health benefits of intermittent fasting, and discuss physiological mechanisms by which intermittent fasting might lead to improved ...Read More
Effectiveness of weighted torso balance training as an adjunct to conventional balance training on anticipatory and reactive balance in elderly individuals: An experimental study (2021)

Background: Most of falls in elderly occur in the event of unexpected external perturbations. For this reason the Anticipatory and Reactive balance should be emphasized upon. Weighted torso balance training (WTBT), though a novel concept, has proved its merit on improving balance in patients with neurological deficits like Stroke, MS etc. This study thus aims towards determining the effectiveness of WTBT on anticipatory and reactive balance in elderly individuals.Subjects and Methods: In this comparative study, 36 patients aging 60-75 yrs and those meeting the selection criteria were selected. Anticipatory and reactive balance was measured using MiniBESTest. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups. Both groups received comprehensive balance training 3 times a week for 3 weeks. The experimental group performed the same exercises while wearing a weighted vest. MiniBESTest was administered post 3 weeks of exercises, data upon checking for normalcy, was analyzed using t-test.Results: Within group analysis of 33 subjects (3 dropouts) for MiniBESTest and its 4 sub components showed statistically significant results (p<0.01) for both groups. Between group analysis showed that WTBT was statistically more significant (p<0.0001) than conventional balance training in improving anticipatory balance, reactive balance, sensory orientation and overall MiniBESTest scores. Conclusion: This study concluded that WTBT as an adjunct to conventional balance training is more effective than conventional balance training alone in improving anticipatory and reactive balance in elderly individuals.