gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimization of megavoltage beam and detector characteristics for portal imaging in radiotherapy (2003)

Radiotherapy is usually verified with portal imaging using the treatment beam. These megavoltage x‐ray images suffer from poor contrast and can be improved by developing an imaging mode in the linear accelerator. The bremsstrahlung target is modified to produce enough low‐energy photons for imaging. In this work the problem of optimizing the beam/detector combination to achieve optimal image quality is addressed. To optimize the system, consisting of the linac and the detector for a given phantom or patient, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and experimental measurements were carried out to investigate the parameters involved. A simple model of the system was generated for investigation of the effect of the target parameters on the quality of the image. The best targets were installed in a medical accelerator. To investigate the detector parameters in order to build the most suitable detector for imaging, the linac/phantom/detector system was simulated with MC. Contrast calculated from images predicted from the models gave a measure of the suitability of these detectors for imaging with the new beams. Experiments were carried out to verify the MC results. The optimized “imaging” beam was commissioned for clinical use and tested in a clinical trial to compare the new portal images with conventional ones. Camera based electronic portal imaging was also tested with the “imaging” beam and used for megavoltage CT acquisition. The optimal system of target (Al, 6 mm) and detector screen for film imaging and for the camera based EPID) produced high quality images with less dose than conventional systems.
Growth of the Stress-Bearing and Shape-Maintaining Murein Sacculus of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1998)

To withstand the high intracellular pressure, the cell wall of most bacteria is stabilized by a unique cross-linked biopolymer called murein or peptidoglycan. It is made of glycan strands [poly-(GlcNAc-MurNAc)], which are linked by short peptides to form a covalently closed net. Completely surrounding the cell, the murein represents a kind of bacterial exoskeleton known as the murein sacculus. Not only does the sacculus endow bacteria with mechanical stability, but in addition it maintains the specific shape of the cell. Enlargement and division of the murein sacculus is a prerequisite for growth of the bacterium. Two groups of enzymes, hydrolases and synthases, have to cooperate to allow the insertion of new subunits into the murein net. The action of these enzymes must be well coordinated to guarantee growth of the stress-bearing sacculus without risking bacteriolysis. Protein-protein interaction studies suggest that this is accomplished by the formation of a multienzyme complex, a murein-synthesizing machinery combining murein hydrolases and synthases. Enlargement of both the multilayered murein of gram-positive and the thin, single-layered murein of gram-negative bacteria seems to follow an inside-to-outside growth strategy. New material is hooked in a relaxed state underneath the stress-bearing sacculus before it becomes inserted upon cleavage of covalent bonds in the layer(s) under tension. A model is presented that postulates that maintenance of bacterial shape is achieved by the enzyme complex copying the preexisting murein sacculus that plays the role of a template.
Power Line Communication Technology (2007)

Power Line Communication and Technology, PLCT for short, is an emerging technology with significant new business potential for both the electricity supply and telecommunications sectors. The liberalization and deregulation of these sectors, currently underway in Nigeria is a major driving force in the development and exploitation of PLCT technology. Since power lines were devised for transmission of power at 50-60 Hz, and at most 400 Hz, the use this medium for data transmission, at high frequencies, presents some technically challenging problems. Besides large attenuation, power lines are one of the most electrically contaminated environments, which makes communication extremely difficult. Further, more the restrictions imposed on the use of various frequency bands in the power line spectrum limit the achievable data rates. This paper gives a concise overview, summary of limitations, and evaluation of recent trends in Power Line Communication Technology.
Neurofeedback as a Treatment for ADHD: A Methodological Review with Implications for Future Research (2004)

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) represents one of the most common psychiatric disorders in childhood, resulting in serious impairment across a variety of domains. Research showing that a high proportion of children with ADHD exhibit a dysfunctional electroencephalogram (EEG), relative to aged matched peers, provides a rationale for the use of neurofeedback as an intervention. The aim of neurofeedback training is to redress any EEG abnormality, resulting in a concomitant improvement in the behaviour and/or cognitive performance of these children. This review focused on studies using neurofeedback to treat children with ADHD, with particular emphasis on the methodological aspects of neurofeedback training. Specifically, the review examined the modality of feedback provided, the different training parameters and their underlying rationale, and the particular montages used. In addition, the review also focused on the duration, frequency and total number of training sessions required to obtain a positive effect in
Advanced Topics in Types and Programming Languages (2004)

A thorough and accessible introduction to a range of key ideas in type systems for programming language. The study of type systems for programming languages now touches many areas of computer science, from language design and implementation to software engineering, network security, databases, and analysis of concurrent and distributed systems. This book offers accessible introductions to key ideas in the field, with contributions by experts on each topic. The topics covered include precise type analyses, which extend simple type systems to give them a better grip on the run time behavior of systems; type systems for low-level languages; applications of types to reasoning about computer programs; type theory as a framework for the design of sophisticated module systems; and advanced techniques in ML-style type inference. Advanced Topics in Types and Programming Languages builds on Benjamin Pierce's Types and Programming Languages (MIT Press, 2002); most of the chapters should be accessible to readers familiar with basic notations and techniques of operational semantics and type systems—the material covered in the first half of the earlier book. Advanced Topics in Types and Programming Languages can be used in the classroom and as a resource for professionals. Most chapters include exercises, ranging in difficulty from quick comprehension checks to challenging extensions, many with solutions.
Multiple Molecular Forms of Peroxidases and Esterases Among Nicotiana Species and Amphiploids (1970)

Journal Article Multiple Molecular Forms of Peroxidases and Esterases Among Nicotiana Species and Amphiploids Get access H. H. SMITH, H. H. SMITH Department of Biology, Brookhaven National LaboratoryUpton, New York 11973. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar D. E. HAMILL, D. E. HAMILL Department of Biology, Brookhaven National LaboratoryUpton, New York 11973. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar E. A. WEAVER, E. A. WEAVER Department of Biology, Brookhaven National LaboratoryUpton, New York 11973. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar K. H. THOMPSON K. H. THOMPSON Department of Biology, Brookhaven National LaboratoryUpton, New York 11973. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Heredity, Volume 61, Issue 5, September 1970, Pages 203–212, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a108085 Published: 01 September 1970
Cotyledon cell development in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> during reserve deposition (1992)

Cotyledon cell development in Arabidopsis thaliana L. during reserve deposition has been analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Development has been related to the previously defined time scale for Arabidopsis, hours after flowering. Between 144 and 216 h after flowering the major cell changes in the cotyledon are an increase in the cell volume, a decrease in the volume fraction of cytoplasm and plastids, and an increase in lipid and vacuole volume fractions. The endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosome volume fractions are high during early reserve formation (144 – 168 h after flowering) but decrease significantly thereafter. Evidence as to the origin of the storage lipid is inconclusive, although a dual involvement of plastids and rough endoplasmic reticulum is a likely theory. The 3-nm lipid body membrane, which allows the bodies to retain their individuality during accumulation, is probably a half-unit biological membrane, derived from closely associated rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. Much of the evidence obtained in this study indicates that both the endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes are involved in protein synthesis and transport to the vacuole. The accumulation of reserves occurs in a well-defined and relatively short period during late embryogenesis (144–216 h after flowering). Key words: Arabidopsis, cotyledons, embryogenesis, reserve deposition, stereology.
Cultural Distances Among Occupational Categories (1968)

The responses to 113 national survey questions dealing with a variety of culture-related topics are used to estimate cultural differences among eight broad occupational categories in the United States. The estimated differences are rather small both among the manual categories and among the nonmanual categories, although there is not high consensus among individuals either in the working class or in the class. Both skilled manual workers and farmers, considered as aggregates, more closely resemble lower-class than middle-class workers in summary cultural scores computed to estimate the cultural differences. Although there is not a sharp disjunction in reported attitudes and behavior between manual and nonmanual workers, the distinction between the working class and the class still seems more useful than the concept of a middle mass.
Growth of Cadmium Fluoride Crystals from the Melt (1962)

Crystals of cadmium fluoride have been grown from the melt by the Stockbarger process up to 15 cm in diameter and 12 cm in length. Special difficulties are the tendency of the melt to evaporate and also to dissociate, and for a `crust' to form on the crystal. It is possible to choose an operating pressure (2 mmHg) such that the undissociated material stays in the crucible, while any free cadmium produced by dissociation can evaporate, giving a crystal transmitting down to about 2060 Å. Furnace details and operating conditions are described, and the effect of temperature gradient discussed.
Metabolic risk factors in prostate cancer (2010)

The biology of prostate cancer is influenced by the metabolic profile of each individual. The authors examined available evidence on interlinking prostate cancer with obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic syndrome components. See related article pp.
Penicillins and Cephalosporins (1967)

Interpretation of the meaning of a term such as "mechanism of action" as applied to antimicrobial substances is certain to be highly variable and dependent to a considerable degree on the background and area of interest of the individual reader. To a classically trained microbiologist, morphological effects may be dominant and of the greatest significance while a biochemically minded individual will wish to know the nature of specific metabolic changes; a clinician interested in infectious diseases wishes to know what events are observable in the host and how these relate to the probable success or failure of his therapy.KeywordsCell WallBacterial Cell WallCell Wall StructureCell Wall CompositionTeichoic AcidThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Morphological and cultural characters of Didymella bryoniae on seeds and culture media (1982)

Habit characteristics of imperfect and perfect stage of D. bryoniae encountered on naturally infected seeds of cucumber and pumpkin were studied by the blotter method and compared with those grown on Difco potato dextrose agar (PDA), V-8 juice agar and water agar leaf medium (WALM). Most of the pycnidiospores obtained from each isolate of this fungus grown on PDA were non-septate and microtype. Non-septate pycnidiospores were predominanted in all isolates, but a macrotype of the non-septate and a number of uniseptate pycnidiospores were produced on V-8 juice agar and water agar leaf medium. On seed the pycnidiospores were mostly non -septate, but rarely uniseptate ones were also found. On radicle of cucumber seed, the pycnidiospores were non-septate and uniseptate but small percentage biseptate with somewhat constricted at septa. Pycnidiospores produced on V-8 juice agar and water agar leaf medium were similar to those produced on seeds. In the present investigation the perithecia were mostly globose to subglobose with apical papillate ostiole and whitish spore masses formed on the ostiole of perithecia, either on naturally infected seed or on culture media. The mature perithecia were dark brown to black. They were partially embedded or erumpent on seed coat and culture media. The perithecia varied in size within a much narrower range than the pycnidia. But perithecial formation of this fungus on PDA, V-8 juice agar, WALM and seed varied considerably depending upon isolate and culture media.
Impurity Introduction during Epitaxial Growth of Silicon (1960)

In this note it has been shown that the silicon iodide disproportionation process for growing epitaxial layers of silicon is also capable of transporting and codepositing desired impurities. Certain Group I11 and V elements such as B, P, As and Sb, can be introduced controllably into epitaxial layers of silicon during the growth. Impurity concentrations obtained cover 4 orders of magnitude, reaching far into the degenerate region. Therefore the process as described by Wajda et a1 is a new tool for the fabrication of various silicon semiconductor structures.
HIV Infection: Point-of-Care Testing (2004)

The OraQuick test is simple enough to be performed in many settings including those that facilitate achievement of the goals outlined by the CDC. Availability of this test should have a dramatic impact on HIV detection and prevention strategies.
Dennis Robertson: The Economics and the Man (2008)

As with people in general, interesting economists are more interesting than uninteresting ones and in tracing the relationship between Dennis Robertson the Great Thinker in economics and Dennis Robertson the man, we shall be uncovering one of the most fascinating stories in the history of economics.KeywordsBanking PolicyAmateur ActorGreat ThinkerKeynesian EconomicClassical ScholarThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Electrochemical oxidation of DNA at a gold microelectrode (1995)

Abstract The electrochemical oxidation of DNA at a gold microelectrode has been investigated using cyclic voltammetry with a homemade microliter cell. Denatured DNA is adsorbed and oxidized more easily at the gold electrode than native DNA. The electrochemical oxidation of DNA also depends on its strand length. The DNA oxidation product adsorbs strongly on the gold electrode, so poisoning and inactivating its surface; the adsorbed product also inhibits electrooxidation of the gold surface.
Controlled Synthesis of CeO<sub>2</sub> Flower-Like and Well-Aligned Nanorod Hierarchical Architectures by a Phosphate-Assisted Hydrothermal Route (2008)

Large-scale CeO2 hierarchical architectures composed of well-aligned nanorods were controllably prepared through a simple Na3PO4 assisted hydrothermal reaction without any templates. The products were characterized with X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the CeO2 architectures are in flower-like and vertically aligned nanorod morphologies and composed of numerous fluorite cubic single-crystalline nanorods of 20−40 nm in diameter and lengths of up to several micrometers. The possible mechanism for the nanostructures formation was discussed.
Role of myosin light chain kinase in regulation of basal blood pressure and maintenance of salt-induced hypertension (2011)

Vascular tone, an important determinant of systemic vascular resistance and thus blood pressure, is affected by vascular smooth muscle (VSM) contraction. Key signaling pathways for VSM contraction converge on phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain (RLC) of smooth muscle myosin. This phosphorylation is mediated by Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) but Ca(2+)-independent kinases may also contribute, particularly in sustained contractions. Signaling through MLCK has been indirectly implicated in maintenance of basal blood pressure, whereas signaling through RhoA has been implicated in salt-induced hypertension. In this report, we analyzed mice with smooth muscle-specific knockout of MLCK. Mesenteric artery segments isolated from smooth muscle-specific MLCK knockout mice (MLCK(SMKO)) had a significantly reduced contractile response to KCl and vasoconstrictors. The kinase knockout also markedly reduced RLC phosphorylation and developed force. We suggest that MLCK and its phosphorylation of RLC are required for tonic VSM contraction. MLCK(SMKO) mice exhibit significantly lower basal blood pressure and weaker responses to vasopressors. The elevated blood pressure in salt-induced hypertension is reduced below normotensive levels after MLCK attenuation. These results suggest that MLCK is necessary for both physiological and pathological blood pressure. MLCK(SMKO) mice may be a useful model of vascular failure and hypotension.
Implementation of an H.264 motion estimation algorithm on a VLIW programmable digital signal processor (2006)

We studied the efficient implementation of a motion estimation algorithm for H.264/AVC on TMS 320C64x, a VLIW (very long instruction word) SIMD (single instruction multiple data) digital signal processor. H.264 motion estimation algorithms demand much arithmetic operations especially because of the variable block size optimization. The SAD (sum of absolute difference) reuse method is chosen not only to reduce the computation but also to utilize the regular algorithmic structure, which is essential for efficient implementation in parallel and pipelined processors. We applied a few techniques, such as loop length increase for efficient software pipelining, multi-block SAD computation for reducing memory access overhead, block processing for cache miss minimization, and improved quarter-pixel processing. The implementation results show that a real-time implementation of ME for D1 size (720*480) video is possible using a 720 MHz TMS320C6416 digital signal processor.
Remarkable Photoreversal of a Thio Analog of the Dewar Valence Isomer of the (6−4) Photoproduct of DNA to the Parent Nucleotides (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTRemarkable Photoreversal of a Thio Analog of the Dewar Valence Isomer of the (6−4) Photoproduct of DNA to the Parent NucleotidesJianquan Liu and John-Stephen TaylorView Author Information Department of Chemistry Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, Missouri 63130 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 13, 3287–3288Publication Date (Web):April 3, 1996Publication History Received24 July 1995Published online3 April 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja952450ahttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja952450arapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views194Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Biopolymers,Genetics,Irradiation,Mixtures,Monomers Get e-Alerts
Relationships of Viscosity With Contact Hardness and Modulus of Bone Matrix Measured by Nanoindentation (2010)

Creep is an active form of time-dependent viscoelastic deformation that occurs in bone tissue during daily life. Recent findings indicate bone mineralization, which is involved in determining the elastic and plastic properties of bone matrix, can also contribute in controlling its viscoelastic property. Nanoindentation viscosity was used as a direct measure for the capacity of a material to resist viscous-like flow under loading. The objectives of this study were to examine (1) whether the nanoindentation viscosity obtained using the traditional viscoelastic Voigt model can describe creep response of bone matrix and (2) how the nanoindentation viscosity is related to contact hardness and elastic modulus. The Voigt model accurately described the creep behavior of bone matrix (r(2)>0.96, p<0.001). The nanoindentation viscosity had strong relationships with nanoindentation contact hardness (r(2)=0.94, p<0.001) and modulus (r(2)=0.83, p<0.001) independent of tissue ages of osteonal bone matrix. The strong positive relationships of nanoindentation viscosity with contact hardness and modulus can be interpreted as increases in the mineral portion of bone matrix may limit the interfibril motion of collagen while enhancing the mechanical stability of bone. We suggest that previous nanoindentation results can be reanalyzed to characterize the viscoelastic creep using the Voigt model.
Solution characterization of poly(isobornyl methacrylate) in tetrahydrofuran (1994)

Abstract Thermodynamic and hydrodynamic properties of dilute solutions of poly (isobornyl methacrylate) (PIMA) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) were characterized by using viscosity, static, and dynamic light scattering measurements. PIMA samples with different molecular weight were obtained by fractional precipitation of PIMA solution. Chain dimension parameters ( R g and R H ), together with second virial coefficient A 2 and intrinsic viscosity [η], were used to calculate various solution parameters characterizing polymer chains in polymer solutions. The experimental results are compared with calculation, indicating that PIMA behaves as a flexible coil in THF. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.