gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solid-State Nanopore (2018)

Solid-state nanopore has captured the attention of many researchers due to its characteristic of nanoscale. Now, different fabrication methods have been reported, which can be summarized into two broad categories: "top-down" etching technology and "bottom-up" shrinkage technology. Ion track etching method, mask etching method chemical solution etching method, and high-energy particle etching and shrinkage method are exhibited in this report. Besides, we also discussed applications of solid-state nanopore fabrication technology in DNA sequencing, protein detection, and energy conversion.
Effect of Silicone Oil Viscosity on Emulsification (1987)

Emulsification of intravitreal silicone oil has been observed as a late complication after its use as a retinal tamponade. We compared the emulsification potential of silicone oil of different viscosities (100 centistokes [cs], 1000 cs, and 12,500 cs) and molecular composition in an in vitro model using a commercial detergent (benzalkonium chloride) and physiologic surface-active agents (human serum and lysed red blood cells). We found that silicone oils that have low-molecular-weight contents emulsify more readily than those that do not. Moreover, the extent and susceptibility to emulsification increases with decreasing viscosity or with an increase in the proportion of low-molecular-weight constituents. Hence, higher-molecular-weight (viscosity) oils or removal of low-molecular-weight components from medical grade fluid may lessen the emulsification observed clinically.
Rough Sets and Near Sets in Medical Imaging: A Review (2009)

This paper presents a review of the current literature on rough-set- and near-set-based approaches to solving various problems in medical imaging such as medical image segmentation, object extraction, and image classification. Rough set frameworks hybridized with other computational intelligence technologies that include neural networks, particle swarm optimization, support vector machines, and fuzzy sets are also presented. In addition, a brief introduction to near sets and near images with an application to MRI images is given. Near sets offer a generalization of traditional rough set theory and a promising approach to solving the medical image correspondence problem as well as an approach to classifying perceptual objects by means of features in solving medical imaging problems. Other generalizations of rough sets such as neighborhood systems, shadowed sets, and tolerance spaces are also briefly considered in solving a variety of medical imaging problems. Challenges to be addressed and future directions of research are identified and an extensive bibliography is also included.
Formation of ultra-shallow junctions with pre-amorphization implant and microwave annealing (2013)

Microwave annealing was used for the activation of both n-and p-type ultra-shallow junctions, formed by pre-amorphization Ge implant followed by low energy n-and p-type dopant implant. The regrowth of a-Si layer was completed after 50 seconds microwave annealing. However, the EOR defects were still clearly visible even after 1200 seconds annealing. The maximum fraction of hall electrical activation was 29.1% for BF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -implanted samples and 79.4% for As-implanted ones. Dopant deactivation occurred when the annealing time was longer than 100 seconds.
Sponge phylogeny, animal monophyly, and the origin of the nervous system: 18S rRNA evidence (1996)

We sequenced 18S rRNA genes of a calcareous sponge, Clathrina cerebrum, a demosponge, Axinella polypoides, and a zoanthid cnidarian, Parazoanthus axinellae. Our phylogenetic analysis supports the monophyly of kingdom Animalia and confirms that choanoflagellate protozoans are their closest relatives. Sponges as a whole are monophyletic, but possibly paraphyletic; demosponges and hexactinellids form a monophyletic group of silicious sponges. Our phylogenetic trees support a monophyletic origin of the nervous system in the immediate common ancestor of Cnidaria and Ctenophora. They weakly suggest that animals with a nervous system may be more closely related to calcareous sponges than to silicious sponges; the nervous system might have originated in an early calcareous sponge. Our trees confirm that Myxozoa and Placozoa are animals that arose by secondary loss of the nervous system, but suggest that Myxozoa may be sisters of, rather than derived from, Bilateria. Kingdom Animalia is divided into four subkingdoms: Radiata (Porifera, Cnidaria, Placozoa, Ctenophora), Myxozoa, Mesozoa, and Bilateria. The 18S rRNA genes of Myxozoa evolved over twice as fast as in Radiata. Comparison with the fossil record reveals a brief 10-fold (or greater) acceleration in the rate of rRNA evolution in early Bilateria followed by normal low rates for about 500 million years.
Effects of an Antiprogesterone Agent, RU-486, on the Menstrual Cycle of the Rhesus Monkey (1985)

RU-486 (RU), a synthetic steroid with antiprogesterone receptor activity, was used to study the role of progesterone in the normal menstrual cycle of rhesus monkeys. The drug, at dosages of 2, 4, or 12 mg/kg, was administered as a single im injection during the luteal phase (days 5-8) in 16 experiments in 8 monkeys. RU had acute effects on the endometrium, as it induced menstruation within 3 days in spite of persistant progesterone elevations, thereby shortening the cycle length by about 5 days. Long term effects on menstrual cyclicity were also found with the higher RU doses. The intermenstrual interval after RU treatment increased from 31.8 +/- 2.4 (+/- SE) days after a 2 mg/kg dose of RU to 82.4 +/- 6.8 days after a 12 mg/kg dose of RU, with a control cycle length of 29.4 +/- 0.7 days. This prolonged interval was related to a delay in the completion of the follicular maturation process and, therefore, a delay in ovulation, as judged by estrogen and progesterone concentrations. Subsequent menstrual cycles were regular and ovulatory. Our results suggest that RU binds to the endometrial progesterone receptor, thereby inducing premature menstruation in the presence of elevated progesterone levels. RU also exerts long term effects on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis, since it significantly alters menstrual cyclicity.
Die Umsetzung von <scp>L</scp>‐Tryptophan und <scp>L</scp>‐Histidin mit Hexosen) (1964)

Abstract Die Umsetzung von L ‐Tryptophan mit D ‐Fructose liefert kristallisierte 2‐ N α ‐ L ‐Tryptophan‐2‐desoxy‐ D ‐glucose(I), mit D ‐Glucose 1‐ N α ‐ L ‐Tryptophan‐1‐desoxy‐ D ‐fructose (II), Aus L ‐Histidin und D‐Fructose entsteht 2‐ N α ‐ L ‐Histidin‐2‐desoxy‐ D ‐Glucose (II).
Kidney aldose reductase gene transcription is osmotically regulated (1992)

Cells generally adapt to long-term hypertonic stress by accumulating organic osmolytes. PAP-HT25 renal medullary cells in hypertonic medium accumulate sorbitol through a reaction catalyzed by aldose reductase and betaine through osmotically regulated transport. Hypertonicity increases aldose reductase protein synthesis rate by elevating its mRNA abundance. To test whether the rise in aldose reductase mRNA is due to enhanced transcription, PAP-HT25 cells adapted to isotonic medium were switched to hypertonic medium, and transcription rate was measured by nuclear run-on. Aldose reductase transcription rate peaked at 17-fold the isotonic level after 12 h of hypertonicity. Then, transcription fell as sorbitol and betaine accumulated. Transcription stabilized at fivefold the isotonic level within days. Aldose reductase mRNA stability was not significantly different between the hypertonic and isotonic steady states. Thus aldose reductase mRNA is osmotically regulated through changes in its transcription. The osmotically induced rise in aldose reductase transcription is blunted by the accumulation of intracellular betaine and is exaggerated and prolonged by preventing the accumulation of both sorbitol (by aldose reductase inhibition) and betaine (by removal from the medium). This study presents the first description of osmoregulated gene transcription in animal cells.
Interaction Parameters of Alloying Elements in Molten Iron (1961)

Interaction parameters of alloying elements in molten iron were calculated with statistical thermodynamics by using relatively simple models. The interaction parameter εC(B) between a substitutional solute B and a substitutional solute C is given by using the interchange energy W as follows:εC(B)={−WAB+WBC−WAC}⁄RTand that between a substitutional solute B and a interstitial solute C is given byεC(B)={WBC−WAC}⁄RTThe interchange energies in the above equations were estimated from the modified Mott’s equation, W=VM(δA−δB)2−23060\barn(XA−XB)2where δA and δB are the solubility parameters, and XA and XB are the electronegativities of the pure components, VM is the molar volume of mixture, and \barn is the appropriate number of AB bond in the mixture.The values of the interaction parameters thus calculated were compared with those determined experimentally in Fe-Cr-X, Fe-Ni-X, Fe-C-X and Fe-S-X systems, and reasonable agreements were obtained.
Ehrlichia sennetsu groE operon and antigenic properties of the GroEL homolog (1997)

A clone expressing an immunoreactive 55-kilodalton (kDa) protein of Ehrlichia sennetsu, the causative agent of human Sennetsu ehrlichiosis, was isolated from a gene library of this organism. Sequence analysis of the DNA insert revealed two open reading frames, encoding proteins of 10,620 and 58,225 kDa, respectively. These deduced amino acid sequences were homologous to those of the GroES and GroEL heat shock proteins (HSP) of other bacteria, respectively. Phylogenetic trees based on GroES and GroEL homologs of several bacteria including E. sennetsu showed a relationship similar to that based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The recombinant and native 55-kDa proteins of E. sennetsu, GroEL homolog, reacted with a monoclonal antibody (SPA807) which recognizes a homologous sequence between human and mycobacterial HSP60 and a polyclonal antibody (SPA804) to cyanobacteria HSP60, but not with antibodies to HSP60 of several other organisms used. Furthermore, anti-recombinant E. sennetsu 55-kDa protein antibody prepared in a rabbit was reactive to HSP60 antigens of other Ehrlichia and Rickettsia species, but not GroEL of E. coli. The recombinant 55-kDa protein would be a useful tool for studying the role of this antigen in the immune response to E. sennetsu infection.
Modeling Temporal Interactions with Interval Temporal Bayesian Networks for Complex Activity Recognition (2013)

Complex activities typically consist of multiple primitive events happening in parallel or sequentially over a period of time. Understanding such activities requires recognizing not only each individual event but, more importantly, capturing their spatiotemporal dependencies over different time intervals. Most of the current graphical model-based approaches have several limitations. First, time--sliced graphical models such as hidden Markov models (HMMs) and dynamic Bayesian networks are typically based on points of time and they hence can only capture three temporal relations: precedes, follows, and equals. Second, HMMs are probabilistic finite-state machines that grow exponentially as the number of parallel events increases. Third, other approaches such as syntactic and description-based methods, while rich in modeling temporal relationships, do not have the expressive power to capture uncertainties. To address these issues, we introduce the interval temporal Bayesian network (ITBN), a novel graphical model that combines the Bayesian Network with the interval algebra to explicitly model the temporal dependencies over time intervals. Advanced machine learning methods are introduced to learn the ITBN model structure and parameters. Experimental results show that by reasoning with spatiotemporal dependencies, the proposed model leads to a significantly improved performance when modeling and recognizing complex activities involving both parallel and sequential events.
Scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy: immunological properties and diagnosis for food products (1996)

While spongiform encephalopathies do not cross, in princip le, the species barrier in natural conditions, experimental transmission has been shown to be dependent of the host gene expressing the prion protein (PrPC). Cerebral and peritoneal routes are the most successful for experimental transmission, ie, from sheep to cow, but the oral route is the most probable for the natural transmission. In natural conditions there is no immune response in the infected but tolerant animal, whatever the species. It is possible to obtain specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, which, however, do not distinguish Prpc from the disease-specific prion protein (PrPSC). Transmission of scrapie (SC) or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) to humans, either by meat or by milk, has not been demonstrated. prion / antibody / scrapie / BSE Rsum -Scrapie et encphalopathie spongiforme bovine: proprits immunologiques et diagnostic pour les aliments. Bien que dans les conditions naturelles, les infections prions ne franchissent pas la barrire d'espce, mis part quelques exemples du mouton la chvre ou du bovin au chat, on a dmontr exprimentalement que la transmission interespce est possible, d-
Multi-index hashing for information retrieval (2002)

We describe a technique for building hash indices for a large dictionary of strings. This technique permits robust retrieval of strings from the dictionary even when the query pattern has a significant number of errors. This technique is closely related to the classical Turan problem for hypergraphs. We propose a general method of multi-index construction by generalizing certain Turan hypergraphs. We also develop an accompanying theory for analyzing such hashing schemes. The resulting algorithms have been implemented and can be applied to a wide variety of recognition and retrieval problems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Parallel simulation of mesh routing algorithms (2002)

Performance of a network depends primarily on the network topology, switching mechanism, flow control protocol and the underlying routing algorithm. While many routing algorithms have been proposed recently for direct networks, there is no time efficient technique to evaluate and compare all of them. A conventional routing algorithm simulation of a network on a uniprocessor takes unacceptably large computing time. The simulation can be made very time efficient by parallelizing it and running on a parallel test bed. This research is focussed on designing a parallel routing algorithm simulator for n-dimensional mesh connected networks with wormhole switching and virtual channel flow control. The research addresses partitioning mapping, synchronization issues, and implementation of various routing algorithms for 2-D and 3-D mesh architectures. Experimental results show that the parallel simulator can provide significant speedup compared do a uniprocessor environment.
Drug resistance in malaria--a perspective. (1969)

One of the major technical problems facing malaria eradication in certain areas is the development of drug resistance.

Resistance presents difficulties mainly in relation to P. falciparum infection. Proguanil and pyrimethamine resistance have seldom been reported in other species in the field and chloroquine resistance so far is restricted to P. falciparum malaria.

The distribution of chloroquine resistance and multiple resistance in P. falciparum in South America and South-east Asia is reviewed and figured in two maps. The history of the development of resistance is discussed. The main predisposing conditions to resistance appear to be the influx of people with low levels of immunity into an area of continuing transmission, the presence there of resistant mutant parasites and free availability of the respective antimalarials.

It is suggested that the underlying mechanisms by which resistant strains emerge are essentially the same for chloroquine as for folic reductase inhibitors. It is suggested moreover that chloroquine resistance may emerge in time in Africa where, until now, no proved foci of such strains have been recorded.

The main weapon against drug resistance is the interruption of malaria transmission by residual spraying but in certain problem areas this is not possible. In these areas little can be done when multiple-resistant parasites are present until better drugs are available.

A brief reference is made to the treatment of chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum malaria.
Hybrid language processing in the Spoken Language Translator (2002)

We present an overview of the Spoken Language Translator (SLT) system's hybrid language-processing architecture, focusing on the way in which rule-based and statistical methods are combined to achieve robust and efficient performance within a linguistically motivated framework. In general, we argue that rules are desirable in order to encode domain-independent linguistic constraints and achieve high-quality grammatical output, while corpus-derived statistics are needed if systems are to be efficient and robust; further, that hybrid architectures are superior from the point of view of portability to architectures which only make use of one type of information. We address the topics of "multi-engine" strategies for robust translation; robust bottom-up parsing using pruning and grammar specialization; rational development of linguistic rule-sets using balanced domain corpora; and efficient supervised training by interactive disambiguation. All work described is fully implemented in the current version of the SLT-2 system.
A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Meat Trays Made of Various Packaging Materials (2019)

In light of the debate on the circular economy, the EU strategy for plastics, and several national regulations, such as the German Packaging Act, polymeric foam materials as well as hybrid packaging (multilayered plastic) are now in focus. To understand the environmental impacts of various tray solutions for meat packaging, a comparative environmental assessment was conducted. As an environmental assessment method, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was applied following the ISO standards 14040/44. The nine packaging solutions investigated were: PS-based trays (extruded polystyrene and extruded polystyrene with five-layered structure containing ethylene vinyl alcohol), PET-based trays (recycled polyethylene terephthalate, with and without polyethylene layer, and amorphous polyethylene terephthalate), polypropylene (PP) and polylactic acid (PLA). The scope of the LCA study included the production of the tray and the end-of-life stage. The production of meat, the filling of the tray with meat and the tray sealing were not taken into account. The results show that the PS-based trays, especially the mono material solutions made of extruded polystyrene (XPS), show the lowest environmental impact across all 12 impact categories except for resource depletion. Multilayer products exhibit higher environmental impacts. The LCA also shows that the end-of-life stage has an important influence on the environmental performance of trays. However, the production of the trays dominates the overall results. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis illustrates that, even if higher recycling rates were realised in the future, XPS based solutions would still outperform the rest from an environmental perspective.
Control of Foliar Form Grape Phylloxera in Ohio, 1976 (1977)

Abstract Insecticides were screened for efficacy against phylloxera at Wooster and Vermilion. At Wooster, plots consisted of 2 Clinton vines with 4 replications per treatment in randomized blocks. Vine spacing was 8 ft × 9 f t . Aqueous treatments were applied to foliage at rate of 68 gal spray per acre using a Hudson 6209, 2 gal. Favorite sprayer at 40 psi. All sprays were applied June 22 and July 5. Furadan and Temik granules were incorporated in soil 1.5 ft away from vine row and 1.5 ft outside end vines, in form of ellipsis around plot. Granules were distributed uniformly in the bottom of a 1.5 inch furrow and covered with soil as soon as applied. Soil was moist at time of application. Granules were applied May 13, ca. one month before full bloom. At Vermilion, plots consisted of 3 Beta vines with 4 replications per treatment in randomized blocks. Spacing was 6 ft × 8 f t . Sprays were applied to vines at rate of 100 gal per acre using the same sprayer on June 4 and June 17. Nu-Film-17 extender was added to all spray treatments, except Zolone, at 1 pt per acre.
Performance of concentrator solar cells with passive cooling (2006)

This paper presents the results of an experimental study regarding the role of passive cooling on silicon-based concentrator solar cell performance. A design is presented for a gravity-dependent copper heat pipe using water or acetone as the working fluid for passively cooling concentrator solar cells operating up to 500×. Heating of the solar cell by illumination and temperature-dependent properties is taken into account. In addition, the performance at high concentrations has been improved using acetone as the working fluid in the gravity-dependent copper heat pipe for passive cooling. The results are promising for reasonable costs for such high efficiency cells working up to 500 suns.
A Study on Tohwan (2017)

Tohwan was the name of a buckle on braided belts that wrapped around men’s waists in informal dresses, Pyeonbok. Though no excavated evidence exist, various literary works and portraits from the early Joseon dynasty reveal that Tohwan was used. This research intends to identify and establish the notion of Tohwan, and to classify its categories. Literature review included the annals of the Joseon dynasty, traditional arts from China and Korea, and artifacts from China. Tohwan was commonly used in the Chinese Yuan dynasty, and it also was worn on men’s informal dresses and military uniforms, such as Cheolik, during Goryeo and Joseon dynasty. Various materials were used for Tohwan, such as jade, aloeswood, tridacnidae spp., gold and silver plating, brass, agate, Hyang-gwan, and Bi-gyeonseok. Tohwan was categorized by its buckles’ lock types, Tohwan-guja and Samtae. Furthermore, Tohwan-guja can be classified specifically into Ring, Hook and the combination of Ring and Hook types. Those consistent variations of shape in Tohwan reveal that there have been no changes throughout time. This research in Tohwan will be significant and lay a foundation for further studies in Tohwan relics and men’s ornaments in Korea.
Two-pass decision tree construction for unsupervised adaptation of HMM-based synthesis models (2009)

Hidden Markov model (HMM) -based speech synthesis systems possess several advantages over concatenative synthesis systems.One such advantage is the relative ease with which HMM-based systems are adapted to speakers not present in the training dataset.Speaker adaptation methods used in the field of HMM-based automatic speech recognition (ASR) are adopted for this task.In the case of unsupervised speaker adaptation, previous work has used a supplementary set of acoustic models to firstly estimate the transcription of the adaptation data.By defining a mapping between HMM-based synthesis models and ASR-style models, this paper introduces an approach to the unsupervised speaker adaptation task for HMM-based speech synthesis models which avoids the need for supplementary acoustic models.Further, this enables unsupervised adaptation of HMMbased speech synthesis models without the need to perform linguistic analysis of the estimated transcription of the adaptation data.