gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
One third of thirteen million. (1993)

The fact that over 4 million African children die each year is tragic but not inevitable. As demonstrated at the Dakar Conference which had as its title "Africa's Progress for Child Survival," solutions do exist; at times they involve new drugs, institution-building, awareness-building methods, behavioral changes, and greater involvement and interaction among governments, international organizations, NGOs, and communities. Despite the many constraints, PLAN Saint Louis is optimistic that the situation can be changed. PLAN'S primary health care program works on a range of issues including training and health education, potable water, nutrition, immunization, malaria control, diarrheal disease control, hygiene and sanitation, maternal care, and the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS. The financial support provided by PLAN, however, cannot ensure the total sustainability of health facilities and activities. The social cost must be borne by both the state and individuals. However, establishing sustainability as a prerequisite is unrealistic for African nations because of their present level of development. Health for All by the year 2000 is one of the greatest challenges of the modern era. It can, however, be achieved only if governments, international organizations, the private sector and NGOs, and all the other actors accept the challenge.
Influence of humidity on the breakdown of sphere and rod gaps under impulse voltages of short and long wavefronts (1972)

Humidity-correction factors have been obtained for the breakdown of a 50 cm sphere gap, rod-rod gap and rod-plane gap using impulse voltages of both polarities up to 500 kV and having waveshapes of 1/50 μs 1/1000 μs and 80/1000 μs. The correction factor for all waves for the sphere-gap breakdown is 0.3% per g/m3. The factors for other gaps do not appear to depend much on gaplength over the voltage range 130 kV to 500 kV. Standard deviations of the scatter of results fall with increased spacing to about 2%, with one or two exceptions, and are not dependent on humidity for the range of 4–18.6 g/m3 investigated.
Evidence for haptic memory (2009)

The purpose of these experiments was to investigate the minimum duration of haptic memory representations. The term haptic memory can be defined as the ability to retain impressions of haptically acquired information after the original stimulus is absent. Participants repeatedly picked up objects of various masses. The time interval between the final practice lift of each object and a test lift was manipulated. In the 0 second delay condition, there was no delay between the release of the object after the final practice lift and the test lift. In the 2 and 10 second delay conditions there was a 2 or 10 second delay, respectively, between the release of the object after the last practice lift, and the test lift. Greater peak grip force was produced for the first lift compared to the subsequent practice lifts. In the 0 second delay condition, the peak grip force used in the test lift was similar to the last practice lift. As the delay increased to 10 seconds, the peak grip forces used were similar to that of the first lift. Even after a 2 second delay the peak grip force was greater than that of the last practice lift. Peak torque also followed these same patterns. The present results suggest that the haptic representation of object mass is short-lived (< 2 s) and has a duration and decay similar to visual iconic memory.
Synthesis and properties of nanophase materials (1993)

Nanophase materials, with their grain sizes or phase dimensions in the nanometer size regime, are now being produced by a wide variety of synthesis and processing methods. The interest in these new ultrafine-grained materials results primarily from the special nature of their various physical, chemical, and mechanical properties and the possibilities to control these properties during the synthesis and subsequent processing procedures. Since it is now becoming increasingly apparent that their properties can be engineered effectively during synthesis and processing, and that they can also be produced in quantity, nanophase materials should have considerable potential for technological development in a variety of applications. Some of the recent research on nanophase materials related to their synthesis and properties is briefly reviewed and the future potential of these new materials is considered.
“Steric” stabilization of colloidal solutions by adsorption of flexible macromolecules (1960)

Abstract It had previously been found in this laboratory that flexible polymer molecules adsorbed at colloidal particles most likely extend with many segments into the interior of the surrounding medium. This led one to expect a possible “steric protection” of colloidal particles by adsorption of flexible polymers of sufficiently high molecular weight since the merely slight interpenetration of polymer chains protruding from two colliding particles should keep them at distances too large to give a van der Waals interaction energy sufficient for coherence. This new type of stabilization was now proved using gold hydrosols as test systems and polyethylene glycols as adsorptives. The stabilization was found to increase with polymer concentration and, particularly, with the molecular weight of the polymer. In analogy with the previous finding, that the adsorption equilibrium is being approached very slowly if the molecular weight of the polymer exceeds several thousand, it was found that the degree of stabilization achieved by addition of polymer to the gold sols increases with the time elapsed before the subsequent addition of coagulating electrolyte. This increase is particularly strong during the first hour following addition of the polymer. The potential significance of the results for stabilization of organosols is discussed.
Transient RNA interference in hematopoietic progenitors with functional consequences (2003)

Short interfering (si) RNAs have now been shown to inhibit gene expression in several species, including mammals (Elbashir et al.: Nature 411:494-498, 2001; Fire et al.: Nature 391:806-811, 1998). RNA inhibition in primary cells such as stem cells would facilitate rapid gene discovery in a postgenome era. While retroviruses can deliver siRNA expression cassettes for stable expression (Barton and Medzhitov: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:14943-14945, 2002; Paddison et al.: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:1443-1448, 2002; Rubinson et al.: Nat Genet 33:401-406, 2003), an efficient method for direct transfer of siRNA to stem cells is still lacking. Here, we established electroporation to deliver siRNA to hematopoietic progenitors. On average, at least 80% of cells take up the RNA, and these display nearly 100% knockout of marker gene expression at both the RNA and protein level. Moreover, knockdown of the hematopoietic regulator, CD45, results in 3-fold more hematopoietic colonies in a progenitor assay. These results demonstrate that transient transfection of siRNA to primary cells can have substantial functional consequences. This technology may be applicable to a variety of primary cell types.
Systematic Analysis and Model Interpretation of Micromolecular Non-Fickian Sorption Kinetics in Polymer Films (2001)

This paper confirms and amplifies our previous demonstration (Sanopoulou, M.; Roussis, P. P.; Petropoulos, J. H. J. Polym. Sci.: Part B: Polym. Phys. 1995, 33, 993) that suitable systematic analysis and model interpretation of various features of weight gain (and loss) kinetic data, can lead to significant unambiguous conclusions concerning the physical nature and cause(s) of non-Fickian (NF) organic vapor sorption in polymer films. The relevant NF kinetic features, the modeling approaches used to provide the requisite theoretical background for analysis of the said NF features and the conclusions which can be drawn, are discussed in some detail. We then present, with the aid of supplementary new data, a much more detailed analysis and model interpretation of NF sorption in the cellulose acetate−acetone system than was given in our previous work cited above, and discuss the implications of the results obtained with regard to current views concerning the NF behavior of polymer−penetrant systems in general.
ZigBee wireless sensor network for radiation monitoring at nuclear facilities (2013)

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is increasing its market share in many industrial, health, surveillance and nuclear applications. This paper describes the design of a WSN that allows smart real time monitoring of radiation levels at nuclear facilities. We develop a local low cost prototype of wireless sensor node equipped with a radiation sensor. The wireless node based on ZigBee technology and Arduino platform, it is implemented using TI CC2530 chips. The radiation sensor is based on Geiger Muller tube (GMT) as a reliable detector for the radioactive particulates in the gaseous effluent vented from nuclear facilities. The WSN allows the operators to record and control the radiation levels emitted to the environment and it is supported with warning system for the early detection of radiation release. We evaluated the performance of the radiation sensor by the accuracy of the readings while the wireless link performance is represented in terms of the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), the Link Quality Indicator (LQI) and the Packet Reception Ratio (PRR).
Research In Australian Music Education: A Review and Analysis (1988)

A review is made of the contents of the Australian Journal of Music Education from 1969, and of conferences in the early history of the Australian Society of Music Education. The categories of music education theses 1936–78 are described. A review of the research presentations is made from reports of the conferences of the Association of Music Education Lecturers. The paper identifies seminal summaries of music education research issues over a twenty-five-year period. It traces the lines of reported research, distinguishing standards for identification of research. It is concluded that although awareness of research issues has been consistently present amongst music educators in Australia, a lack of research orientation, together with inadequate planning and organisational structure has left the field to haphazard individualism. Proposals for current research priorities and procedures for their pursuit are made.
Does leukoaraiosis predict morbidity and mortality? (2000)

<b><i>Objective:</i></b> To determine whether leukoaraiosis predicts morbidity and mortality. <b><i>Background:</i></b> Gait disturbance and leukoaraiosis both are common in the elderly. Gait disturbance predicts mortality. Leukoaraiosis may be a unifying factor to both gait disturbance and mortality. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We followed 221 patients prospectively evaluated for severity of neurologic deficits by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) stroke scale and for leukoaraiosis in seven brain regions by CT, graded as absent (n = 119, 54%), mild (in at least one of seven brain regions; n = 54, 24%), or severe (present in all seven brain regions; n = 48, 22%). Pneumonia (n = 27, 12%), falls resulting in fracture requiring hospitalization (n = 7, 3%), and death (n = 38, 17%) were end points. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Severe leukoaraiosis predicted death (Cox hazard ratio [HR] = 2.91; 95% CI = 1.5 − 5.6), pneumonia (HR = 5.1; 95% CI = 2.4 − 10.9), death from pneumonia (HR = 8.3; 95% CI = 1.5 − 46), and falls (HR = 6.8; 95% CI = 1.5 − 30). Severe leukoaraiosis predicted a combined end point of death, pneumonia, and falls (HR = 3.5; 95% CI = 2 − 6). Other predictors were NIH stroke scale score, age, smoking, diabetes, gait score, and referral diagnosis of either dementia or Parkinsonism. Severe leukoaraiosis remained a predictor after adjustment for these other factors (HR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.2 − 3.9), but was borderline after adjusting for gait (HR = 1.96; 95% CI = 0.97 − 3.94; <i>p</i> = 0.061). The combination of severe leukoaraiosis and gait disturbance had the highest risk (HR = 4.4; 95% CI = 2.4 − 7.9). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Severe leukoaraiosis predicts morbidity and mortality independently of preexisting neurologic deficits. The combination of leukoaraiosis and gait disturbance carries a poor prognosis.
Probing chiral interfaces by infrared spectroscopic methods (2006)

Biological homochirality on earth and its tremendous consequences for pharmaceutical science and technology has led to an ever increasing interest in the selective production, the resolution and the detection of enantiomers of a chiral compound. Chiral surfaces and interfaces that can distinguish between enantiomers play a key role in this respect as enantioselective catalysts as well as for separation purposes. Despite the impressive progress in these areas in the last decade, molecular-level understanding of the interactions that are at the origin of enantiodiscrimination are lagging behind due to the lack of powerful experimental techniques to spot these interactions selectively with high sensitivity. In this article, techniques based on infrared spectroscopy are highlighted that are able to selectively target the chiral properties of interfaces. In particular, these methods are the combination of Attenuated Total Reflection InfraRed (ATR-IR) with Modulation Excitation Spectroscopy (MES) to probe enantiodiscriminating interactions at chiral solid-liquid interfaces and Vibrational Circular Dichroism (VCD), which is used to probe the structure of chirally-modified metal nanoparticles. The former technique aims at suppressing signals arising from non-selective interactions, which may completely hide the signals of interest due to enantiodiscriminating interactions. Recently, this method was successfully applied to investigate enantiodiscrimination at self-assembled monolayers of chiral thiols on gold surfaces. The nanometer size analogues of the latter--gold nanoparticles protected by a monolayer of a chiral thiol--are amenable to VCD spectroscopy. It is shown that this technique yields detailed structural information on the adsorption mode and the conformation of the adsorbed thiol. This may also turn out to be useful to clarify how chirality can be bestowed onto the metal core itself and the nature of the chirality of the latter, which is manifested in the metal-based circular dichroism activity of these nanoparticles.
A report on radioactivity measurements of fish samples from the West Coast of Canada (2014)

Even though many studies have shown that radioactive caesium levels in fish caught outside of Japan were below experimental detection limits of a few Bq kg(-1), significant public concern has been expressed about the safety of consuming seafood from the Pacific Ocean following the Fukushima-Daiichi nuclear accident. To address the public concerns, samples of commonly consumed salmon and groundfish harvested from the Canadian west coast in 2013 were analysed for radioactive caesium. None of the fish samples analysed in this study contained any detectable levels of (134)Cs and (137)Cs under given experimental setting with the average detection limit of ∼2 Bq kg(-1). Using a conservative worst-case scenario where all fish samples would contain (137)Cs exactly at the detection limit level and (134)Cs at half of the detection limit level (to account for much shorter half-life of (134)Cs), the resulting radiation dose for people from consumption of this fish would be a very small fraction of the annual dose from exposure to natural background radiation in Canada. Therefore, fish, such as salmon and groundfish, from the Canadian west coast are of no radiological health concern.
Mathematical Models for Human Pilot Maneuvers in Aircraft Flight Simulation (2009)

Mathematical models are presented in this paper to describe human maneuvers for aircraft flight simulation. Input parameters for the human pilot model (HPM), such as the course deviation indicator (CDI) and the heading change, are defined for the model, and are related mathematically to those in the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller for automatic control. Similarities are discussed between the parameters in HPM and those in the automatic control for better understanding of the significance of human factors and their effect on aircraft behavior. Examples for the HPM include aircraft instrument landing system (ILS) lateral and vertical control, heading change, and homing. The model is tested by using the high-fidelity flight simulation simulator JSBSim [1].
New Organic Synthetic Methods Using the NaBH<sub>4</sub>/I<sub>2</sub> System (2001)

Research efforts in this laboratory revealed that the readily accessible and easy to handle NaBH4I2 reagent system can be used in place of other hydride reagents in several synthetic applications. The diborane generated using the NaBH4I2 reagent system has been used for the preparation of iodoborane-amine complexes that have good synthetic potential. An interesting catalytic process involving hydroboration with weak complexes of borane and Lewis bases followed by exchange of the alkyl group to catechol borane has been developed. The H3B:THF prepared in situ in THF using NaBH4I2 and I2 is useful for reduction of functional groups.
Techniques for evaluating the cause of bleeding in the ICU. Diagnostic clues and keys to interpreting hemostatic tests. (1995)

Begin by obtaining both a bleeding and a family history to help ascertain whether the disorder is acquired or inherited. On physical examination, look for multiple bleeding sites or profuse bleeding; these can indicate a systemic bleeding diathesis. Order hemostatic tests. Prolonged aPTT points to a defect in the intrinsic or common coagulation pathway; prolonged PT, to a defect in the extrinsic or common pathway. Thrombin time is abnormal when hypofibrinogenemia, afibrinogenemia, or thrombin inhibitors are present. Bleeding time is prolonged in thrombocytopenia, platelet dysfunction, severe hypofibrinogenemia, and von Willebrand's disease. Factor assays also may be needed to further define the defect.
Autoxidation of cholesterol fatty acid esters in solid state and aqueous dispersion (1982)

Abstract Cholesteryl stearate, oleate, linoleate, linolenate and arachidonate were oxidized in solid form (at 100 C) and in a water dispersion (in the presence of potassium stearate, pH 7.5, 80 C). The unsaponifiable fraction was analyzed by capillary gas liquid chromatography. In the solid state, the oxidation rates of esterified cholesterol were high for stearate and oleate, low for the polyunsaturated esters and very low for free cholesterol. In water dispersion, the rates were reversed, e.g., free cholesterol oxidized more quickly than its stearic and oleic acid esters. The fatty chains in 18∶0 and 18∶1 inhibited the autoxidation of cholesterol. Hydroxylation of the cholesterol side chain only occurred during solid‐state autoxidation as previously observed by others. The 20‐ and 25‐hydroxycholesterols were never detected in the products of micellar reactions, regardless of which surfactant was used for micelle formation.
Novopen Echo® for the Delivery of Insulin: A Comparison of Usability, Functionality and Preference among Pediatric Subjects, Their Parents, and Health Care Professionals (2010)

The results demonstrate a high overall level of satisfaction with NovoPen Echo among pediatric subjects, parents, and HCPs. The novel design aspects of NovoPen Echo, namely the simple memory function, half-increment units and, ease of use and design, may contribute towards promoting treatment adherence, which is essential in the pediatric setting.
Herpes simplex virus skin infection in man treated with idoxuridine in dimethyl sulphoxide. Results of double-blind controlled trial. (1966)

These inquiries suggest that if treatment to influence blood- pressure is necessary at all after cerebral infarction the measures most likely to do good are those that maintain or raise blood-pressure rather than those that lower it, and the patients who most need treatment are the old people with disproportionately low pressures who suffer from symptoms of postural hypotension.
Sensor Allocation for Source Localization With Decoupled Range and Bearing Estimation (2008)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> The source localization accuracy is known to be affected by the placement of sensors. This paper addresses the problem of optimum sensor allocation for decoupled range and bearing estimation, as well as position estimation of an emitting source, under the constraint that all sensors must be confined within a certain area. The source is assumed to be distant and has a curved wavefront when arriving at the sensors. The optimization criterion is the minimum estimation variance defined by the Cramer–Rao lower bound that is derived under Gaussian noise model. A geometric approach is employed to arrive at the optimum geometries and no complicated optimization technique is required. The optimum sensor allocations for time difference of arrival (TDOA), angle of arrival (AOA), and time of arrival (TOA) positionings are derived and their estimation accuracies are contrasted. The optimum geometries belong to the generic structure of a ring array plus some sensors at the center. TDOA and TOA are found to have identical optimum geometries for bearing estimation and yield the same accuracy, although the position localization accuracy of TDOA is known to be worse than that of TOA. Simulations are included to confirm the theoretical development and illustrate the improvement of using an optimum array compared to a random sensor placement array. </para>
A Scalable Bootstrap for Massive Data (2011)

The bootstrap provides a simple and powerful means of assessing the quality of estimators. However, in settings involving large datasets---which are increasingly prevalent---the computation of bootstrap-based quantities can be prohibitively demanding computationally. While variants such as subsampling and the $m$ out of $n$ bootstrap can be used in principle to reduce the cost of bootstrap computations, we find that these methods are generally not robust to specification of hyperparameters (such as the number of subsampled data points), and they often require use of more prior information (such as rates of convergence of estimators) than the bootstrap. As an alternative, we introduce the Bag of Little Bootstraps (BLB), a new procedure which incorporates features of both the bootstrap and subsampling to yield a robust, computationally efficient means of assessing the quality of estimators. BLB is well suited to modern parallel and distributed computing architectures and furthermore retains the generic applicability and statistical efficiency of the bootstrap. We demonstrate BLB's favorable statistical performance via a theoretical analysis elucidating the procedure's properties, as well as a simulation study comparing BLB to the bootstrap, the $m$ out of $n$ bootstrap, and subsampling. In addition, we present results from a large-scale distributed implementation of BLB demonstrating its computational superiority on massive data, a method for adaptively selecting BLB's hyperparameters, an empirical study applying BLB to several real datasets, and an extension of BLB to time series data.