gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
System Combination by Driven Decoding (2007)

The combination of automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems generally relies on a posteriori merge of system outputs or on a cross-adaptation. In this paper, we propose an integrated approach where the search of a primary system is driven by the outputs of a secondary one. This method allows to drive the primary system search by using the one-best hypotheses and the word posteriors gathered from the secondary system. Experiments are carried out within the experimental framework of the ESTER evaluation campaign (S. Galliano et al. 2005). Results show that the driven decoding algorithm significantly outperforms the two single ASR systems (-8% of relative WER, -1.7% absolute). Finally, we investigate the interactions between driven decoding and cross-adaptations. The best cross-adaptation strategy in combination with the driven decoding process brings to a final absolute gain of about 1.9% WER.
Carbonaceous cation exchangers from coal and coal refuse (1941)

Preparation and testing of carbonaceous exchangers made from coal refuse and from a good grade of Alabama coal is described. The possibility of using such exchangers as water softeners prompted the study.
A zero-crossing based 12b 100MS/s pipelined ADC with decision boundary gap estimation calibration (2010)

This paper describes a 12-bit zero-crossing based pipeline 100-MS/s ADC. The prototype ADC, fabricated in a 90-nm CMOS process, occupies 0.32 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The capacitor mismatch is calibrated by decision boundary gap estimate algorithm that runs in the background. It achieves an ENOB of 10.2 bits for a 49 MHz input signal and dissipates 6.2 mW from a 1.2V supply for a FOM of 53fJ/step.
Comparison of met‐enkephalin, dynorphin a, and neurotensin immunoreactive neurons in the cat and rat spinal cords: II. Segmental differences in the marginal zone (1989)

This study examined the number of met-enkephalin, dynorphin A 1-8, and neurotensin immunoreactive (IR) neurons in the marginal zone (lamina I) at one thoracic (T8:cat,T9:rat), one midlumbar (L5:cat,L4:rat), and one lower lumbar or sacral (S1:cat,L6:rat) spinal cord segment in the cat and rat. Marginal zone IR neurons ranged 10-70 microns in diameter in cats and 10-50 microns in rats and were flattened, pyramidal, fusiform, or polygonal in morphology. Immunoreactive neurons for each peptide in both species were found in the marginal zone at all spinal levels, but with a differential segmental distribution. The average number of IR neurons per 50-microns section generally was lowest in thoracic cord and greatest in lower lumbar/sacral cord for all peptides. For enkephalin and dynorphin, the estimated total number of IR neurons per segment and number of IR neurons per volume (mm3) generally were lowest in the midlumbar segments and highest in the thoracic and lower lumbar/sacral cord. For neurotensin, the estimated total number of neurons per segment remained lowest in the thoracic and largest in the lower lumbar/sacral cord. The number of neurotensin IR neurons per volume was equal in the thoracic and midlumbar cord, but remained highest at lower lumbar/sacral levels. The IR neurons quantified in this study may be interneurons or may serve as supraspinal projection neurons. The large number of IR neurons observed in segments receiving a relatively large visceral afferent input suggests that some of these neurons may be involved in visceral sensory processing. In addition, the segmental distribution of the IR neurons indicates that physiological and pharmacological studies on the effects of opioid and/or neurotensin peptides should be interpreted in light of the spinal segment(s) investigated.
Age- and sex-dependent stimulation of growth rate in rats by the adrenal inhibitor trilostane (1987)

The effects of the adrenal inhibitor trilostane were examined in male and female rats to determine whether growth rate could be improved by lowering circulating plasma corticosterone concentrations. Dose-response studies revealed that in young female rats (125 g) trilostane lowered peak plasma corticosterone levels in a dose-dependent manner. In male rats plasma corticosterone concentrations were reduced only by very high doses of trilostane (200 mg/kg), while lower doses (2-8 mg/kg) actually increased them. Five growth studies were conducted using a total of 90 rats. In female animals, daily injections of trilostane (10 mg/day) caused an age-dependent increase in growth rate ranging from 11% in 127 g rats to 30% in 164 g rats. In three out of four experiments using females, food intake was slightly increased by the drug. Food conversion efficiency was improved consistently by trilostane by up to 18%. Trilostane-treated females had significantly heavier adrenal glands and livers, but lighter kidneys than control rats. When a complete carcass analysis was performed on one experimental group, no significant differences were found. Carcass component weights relative to control values were: body weight (103%), body water (105%), fat-free solids (103%), carcass weight (103%), body length (103%), body fat (95%) and gut content (96%). In male rats (160 g), daily injections of trilostane (10 mg) resulted in a steady and sustained depression of growth rate reflecting a similar fall in food intake, with no change in food conversion efficiency. It is concluded that in older female rats growth rate is constrained by physiological concentrations of glucocorticoids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Canine Transitional Cell Carcinoma (2003)

Abstract Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder, the most common malignancy of the urinary tract in dogs, is challenging to both diagnose and treat effectively. The prevalence of this disease may be increasing. The etiology of canine TCC is likely multifactorial. Epidemiological studies of TCC in the dog have revealed a number of risk factors, including breed and female gender, as well as environmental factors, such as insecticide exposure. This tumor is difficult to remove surgically and responds poorly to chemotherapy. The efficacy of radiotherapy and other treatment modalities needs further investigation. Cyclooxygenase-inhibiting drugs have some activity against TCC, and studies to further define these effects are ongoing. Use of the tumor/node/ metastasis (TNM) classification scheme for bladder cancer has allowed for the identification of prognostic factors. Urinary tract obstruction and metastatic disease remain challenges to treat. Work with canine TCC has demonstrated how closely this disease resembles human invasive urinary bladder cancer. Therefore, future research has the potential to benefit both dogs and humans with TCC.
Finding a way in a changing world (2012)

The National-led government adheres strongly to the basic principles of New Zealand foreign policy. It is a staunch advocate of an independent approach and offers a strong voice on matters of global importance. Apart from building better relationships internationally, it has as its main focus the promotion of economic growth. New Zealand can only get wealthy selling things to the rest of the world. It must aim to deliver high quality in what it does and achieve high levels of intellectual property and innovation. This is not a straightforward process and demands a concerted effort, which is currently not made easier by the need to deal with the aftermath of the Christchurch earthquake.
Processing of exported proteins in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1980)

The mechanism of export of protein in E. coli can be summarized in terms of the 'signal hypothesis'. The proteins are synthesized on membrane-bound polyribosomes in the form of precursors, which carry N-terminal extensions of amino acids, the 'signal'. The proteins are vectorially transferred through the membrane during synthesis and the signal sequence is removed to generate the mature protein. The basic principle is established and it is now important to elucidate the molecular mechanism of export. We have attempted to detail the proteolytic removal of the signal. We have shown that the precursors are processed post-translationally, and we have data suggesting that two cleavages may be involved. It appears that processing is not necessary to activate the mature proteins. Why then is the signal removed? Perhaps the answer will shed light on the other yet unanswered questions: what is the energy source for the translocation? how does the cell differentiate between the two classes of exported proteins, those in the periplasm and those in the outer membrane? The next few years should see the resolution of these questions.
The Accumulation of Cosmogenic Chlorine-36 in Rocks: a Method for Surface Exposure Dating (1986)

Because of the reaction of cosmic rays with elements in minerals, chlorine-36 accumulates in rocks exposed at the earth's surface. This suggests that the ratio of chlorine-36 to stable chloride can be used as a geochronometer. Reasonable agreement has been obtained between measurements of chlorine-36 in volcanic rocks of known age and calculations of chlorine-36 production based on rock composition and cosmicray flux. The buildup of chlorine-36 should be a useful means for measuring the surface exposure time of young volcanic rocks and geomorphic features in the age range of 10(3) to 10(6) years.
UV Photocatalytic Activity for Water Decomposition of Sr<sub><i>x</i></sub>Ba<sub>1−<i>x</i></sub>Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub> Nanocrystals with Different Components and Morphologies (2017)

Strontium barium niobate <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">S</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">r</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">B</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">1</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">N</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">b</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">6</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math> (SBN) nanocrystals with different components (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle="italic">0.2</mml:mn></mml:math>, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8) were synthesized by Molten Salt Synthesis (MSS) method at various reaction temperatures (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>T</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> = 950°C, 1000°C, 1050°C, and 1100°C). The SBN nanocrystals yielded through flux reactions possess different morphologies and sizes with a length of about ~100 nm~7 μ m and a diameter of about ~200~500 nm. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to study the compositions, structures, and morphologies of the nanocrystals. The absorption edges of the SBN nanocrystals are at a wavelength region of approximate 390 nm, which corresponds to band-gap energy of ~3.18 eV. The SBN nanocrystals with different sizes display different photocatalytic activity under ultraviolet light in decomposition of water. The SBN60 nanocrystals exhibit stable photocatalytic rates (~100~130 μ mol of H 2 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>·</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math>g −1 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>·</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math>h −1 ) for hydrogen production. The SBN nanocrystals can be a potential material in the application of photocatalysis and micro/nanooptical devices.
Cost Advantage of Voriconazole over Amphotericin B Deoxycholate for Primary Treatment of Invasive Aspergillosis (2005)

These data demonstrate the importance of evaluating total drug costs when comparing treatment regimens and not just initial therapy. Initial therapy with voriconazole had a cost advantage over AmBd in total antifungal drug cost/patient.
Enhanced Effect of In-situ Generated Ammonium Salts Aerosols on the Removal of NO<i><sub>x</sub></i> from Simulated Flue Gas (2001)

The combined removal of sulfur dioxide (SO2, up to 3,000 ppm) and nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2, up to 1,200 ppm) has been investigated in a bench-scale pulsed-corona enhanced wet electrostatic precipitator (wESP) with the optional injection of ammonia and/or ozone. The reaction of ammonia with SO2 produces submicron aerosols under certain conditions. Experiments have shown the feasibility of combined SO2 and NOx removal from simulated flue gases by the action of these in-situ generated aerosols. The mechanisms for NOx removal include oxidation of NO to NO2 and subsequent absorption of NO2 into the water wall of the wESP. The results have shown that injecting NH3 (NH3/NOx molar ratio 1) resulted in NOx removal of approximately 13% in a simulated combustion flue gas. Injecting 200 ppm ozone (no ammonia) increased NO conversion to 35% by oxidation, but total NOx removal increased to only 17%. Without the formation of ammonium salts aerosols (e.g., without SO2 in the gas), co-injection of ammonia and ozone increased NO conversion to 60% and NOx removal to 40%. However, high NOx removals were measured in simulated flue gas that contained NH3, SO2, and ozone. The total NOx removal efficiency was 79% when the ammonium salts aerosols were formed in the presence of 2400 ppm SO2, 312 ppm O3, and 2,900 ppm NH3. The energy efficiency of collection improved by approximately 250% for SO2 removal and more than 4700% for NOx removal under these conditions. It was determined that the ammonium salts aerosols produced from the reaction of ammonia and sulfur dioxide substantially enhanced total NOx removal.
Historical Data about Presidents of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (2002)

One of the desirable outcomes of a mature organization is the accumulation, over time, of historical information about the organization. That information can be retained or disseminated by the organization according to its policies, or the information can be used by individuals or groups with interests or ties to the organization. From its inception, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has been vitally concerned with historical information about itself (see D&C 21:1). By commandment received on the day the Church was organized, the Lord said, “A record shall be kept.”1 The Church has been very diligent in the past 170-plus years in fulfilling this inspiring charge. In fact, perhaps few organizations have been as concerned or as diligent in accumulating information about themselves as has the Church of Jesus Christ. An interesting study would be one that compares the amount and variety of information accumulated about various ecclesiastical organizations in the world. I think the Church would fare extremely well in such an investigation. Many action verbs can be used to describe the activities that potentially take place associated with Church historical information. Such action verbs as keep, record, accumulate, gather, store, retrieve, chronicle, report, enter, post, write, transcribe, itemize, collect, gather, amass, assemble, and compile are examples of verbs associated with the keeping of historical information. Other action verbs such as examine, analyze, apply, employ, use, manipulate, 31
The Effects of Ribavirin on the GTP Level and the VIP Receptor Dynamic of Human IGR39 Cells (1996)

GTP is one of the major cellular molecules involved in fundamental functions of cell life. Ribavirin, and antiviral and antitumoral agent, the primary site of action of which is the IMP deshydrogenase, was used in order to depress the intracellular GTP level. Consequential effects were tested on the property and dynamic of the VIP receptor on human melanoma IGR 39 cells. A concentration of 100 microM of Ribavirin reduced the intracelluar GTP level by more than 60% and induced a reversible growth arrest. Nevertheless this drug displayed no effect on: i) the VIP binding parameters (Kd and Bmax) of both high and low affinity receptors; ii) the cycling of the VIP receptor; iii) the based and VIP-stimulated cAMP production and iv) the subcellular GTP distribution. We show that Ribavirin, in the range of concentrations used, is very efficient to inhibit GTP synthesis in the human melanoma cell line IGR 39 and its growth, without affecting VIP receptor functions.
A Facile Route to Pyrazolo[3,4-b]Pyridines and [1]jbenzopyranoh′[4,3,e]Pyrazolo[3,4-b]Pyridines (1999)

Abstract A direct synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines [5&6] and [l]benzopyrano[4′,3′-e]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines (7) is described by Friedlander condensation. An alternative and a short route for the preparation of [l]benzopyrano[4′,3′-e]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines (7) is also reported.
Use of polytetrafluoroethylene surgical membrane as a pericardial substitute in the correction of congenital heart defects. (1993)

Patients who undergo repair of congenital heart defects have a high probability of eventually needing a repeat operation. In such cases, use of a pericardial substitute can preclude adhesion formation, thereby helping to avert the complications of a repeat sternotomy. This report describes our use of the GORE-TEX polytetrafluoroethylene surgical membrane in 321 patients who underwent repair of congenital heart disease at our hospital between May of 1989 and December of 1992 (these cases account for 37.1% of all such repairs performed during this period). The patients' ages ranged from 2 days to 31 years (mean, 5.9 years). Eighty-eight patients (27.4%) had at least 1 previous median sternotomy, and 234 (73.0%) had a moderate to high probability of reoperation. Seventy-eight patients (24.3%) received a homograft, which was positioned extracardially in 63 cases. During a maximum follow-up period of 43 months (mean, 26 +/- 5.6 months), 11 patients died, for an overall mortality of 3.4%. In no case was death attributable to membrane-related complications. Postoperative complications were encountered in 12 patients (3.7%), 10 of whom required an early repeat thoracotomy. One patient had mediastinitis, for an incidence of 0.3% (in contrast to 0.2% in 864 patients who underwent similar repair without the use of a surgical membrane). No complications were encountered in the 27 patients in whom the membrane was implanted during delayed sternal closure. Seventeen patients (5.5% of the survivors) underwent a repeat sternotomy, for further correction of congenital heart defects, a mean of 20 months after the original repair. At reoperation, major complications were encountered. Although the number of reoperations was low, we conclude that use of the polytetrafluoroethylene surgical membrane for pericardial closure in children is a safe procedure that helps prevent complications at reoperation.
The Java Class Libraries, Volume 1: java.io, java.lang, java.math, java.net, java.text, java.util (1998)

From the Publisher:
creators of the Java technology at Sun Microsystems is an essential resource for both novice and experienced Java programmers. The information is presented in an easy-to-use, dictionary-like format. The packages covered in this book are:
java.io	java.net	
java.lang	java.text	
java.lang.reflect	java.util	
java.math	java.util.zip	

The extensive class and member descriptions contain details crucial for developing robust and professional applets and applications. Each description is supplemented by an example that demonstrates the class or member in a relevant context. The 24,000 lines of code in over 600 examples facilitate learning-by-example and provide useful code fragments for your projects. Each class description includes:

a class hierarchy diagram showing its connection to related classes a detailed overview describing its purpose and key concepts a convenient member summary that briefly describes each member and arranges the members into related groups an example demonstrating the class in a real-world context comprehensive descriptions and an example for each member
Facile fabrication of gold nanoparticle arrays for efficient surface-enhanced Raman scattering (2008)

An effective and facile method for the fabrication of a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active film with closely packed gold nanoparticle (AuNP) arrays is proposed by self-assembly of different sizes (16, 25, 40 and 70 nm) of AuNPs at a toluene/water interface with ethanol as the inducer. The as-prepared AuNP arrays exhibit efficient Raman scattering enhancement, and the enhancement factors estimated using p-aminothiophenol as a probe molecule range from 10(5) to 10(7). This is attributed to the coupling electromagnetic SERS enhancement mechanism with additional localization field within closely packed AuNPs, which have greater SERS activity and reproducibility than that on aggregates and on self-assembled monolayers of isolated AuNPs on glass.
Interaction of the Adaptor Protein Shc and the Adhesion Molecule Cadherin (1997)

In mitogenic signaling pathways, Shc participates in the growth factor activation of Ras by interacting with activated receptors and/or the Grb-2.Sos complex. Using several experimental approaches we demonstrate that Shc, through its SH2 domain, forms a complex with the cytoplasmic domain of cadherin, a transmembrane protein involved in the Ca2+-dependent regulation of cell-cell adhesion. This interaction is demonstrated in a yeast two-hybrid assay, by co-precipitation from mammalian cells, and by direct biochemical analysis in vitro. The Shc-cadherin association is phosphotyrosine-dependent and is abrogated by addition of epidermal growth factor to A-431 cells maintained in Ca2+-free medium, a condition that promotes changes in cell shape. Shc may therefore participate in the control of cell-cell adhesion as well as mitogenic signaling through Ras.
Theory of the Insulating State (1964)

In this paper a new and more comprehensive characterization of the insulating state of matter is developed. This characterization includes the conventional insulators with energy gap as well as systems discussed by Mott which, in band theory, would be metals. The essential property is this: Every low-lying wave function $\ensuremath{\Phi}$ of an insulating ring breaks up into a sum of functions, $\ensuremath{\Phi}={{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\infty}}}^{\ensuremath{\infty}}{\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{M}$, which are localized in disconnected regions of the many-particle configuration space and have essentially vanishing overlap. This property is the analog of localization for a single particle and leads directly to the electrical properties characteristic of insulators. An Appendix deals with a soluble model exhibiting a transition between an insulating and a conducting state.
The population genetics of speciation: the evolution of hybrid incompatibilities. (1995)

Speciation often results from the accumulation of "complementary genes," i.e., from genes that, while having no deleterious effect within species, cause inviability or sterility when brought together with genes from another species. Here I model speciation as the accumulation of genic incompatibilities between diverging populations. Several results are obtained. First, and most important, the number of genic incompatibilities between taxa increases much faster than linearly with time. In particular, the probability of speciation increases at least as fast as the square of the time since separation between two taxa. Second, as Muller realized, all hybrid incompatibilities must initially be asymmetric. Third, at loci that have diverged between taxa, evolutionarily derived alleles cause hybrid problems far more often than ancestral alleles. Last, it is "easier" to evolve complex hybrid incompatibilities requiring the simultaneous action of three or more loci than to evolve simple incompatibilities between pairs of genes. These results have several important implications for genetic analyses of speciation.