gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Statistical Evaluation of Atmospheric, In-Service, and Accelerated Corrosion of Stainless Steel Automotive Trim Material (1968)

Stainless steel panels with various surface finishes were exposed to winter salt and ash conditions on trucks and automobiles, salt atmosphere, industrial atmosphere, and rural atmosphere for periods of one to four years. They were also evaluated by six accelerated tests either presently used by, or proposed by, the automobile industry. Comparisons of the average results of the multiple specimens were made in an attempt to determine the relative superiority among the grades of stainless and among the surface finishes in each exposure environment. Statistical correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the degree of corrosion resistance correlation among the sites and to determine the correlation between “in-service” corrosion and the accelerated tests. No clear superiority of any grade in all environments could be determined. With the exception of chromium flash plating, no surface finish tested was significantly superior to any other. The automobile and truck exposures showed that the varying weather conditions from one winter to another could cause unpredictable, conflicting results. The correlation between corrosion resistance and temperature, snow-fall, and de-icing agents was not clear. The statistical correlation analysis conducted showed that very limited or no correlation exists between in-service corrosion and and accelerated tests. Even among the tests, the correlation was poor or not existent. This study indicates that none of the accelerated tests evaluated can be expected to predict stainless steel corrosion performance in service.
AIRSIDE PERFORMANCE OF STAGGERED TUBE BUNDLE HAVING SHALLOW TUBE ROWS (2001)

Abstract Airside performance for tube bank having N = 1 ~6 are reported in this study. Test results indicated that the heat transfer coefficients for N = 1 and N = 2 are comparable and the heat transfer coefficients increase with the number of tube row. For the same P t, P t the heat transfer coefficients for the tube bank containing smaller diameter tube are higher than those of larger tube diameter for N≥2 and is comparable for N = 1. Comparisons of the heat transfer performance were made with several correlations. It is found that the Gnielinski correlation gives the best predictive ability. For multiple-row heat exchangers, the predictive ability of the well-known Žukauskas correlation is also good. But the correlation under-estimate the present I-row heat exchangers. As a consequence, a slight modification to the Žukauskas correlation is proposed that can extend its applicability in N = 1 and ReD < 1000. In addition, modification to the frictional performance of Žukauskas correlation is also made. The mean deviation of the proposed frictional correlation is 11.2%.
Object identification in legacy code as a grouping problem (2003)

Maintenance is undoubtedly the most effort-consuming activity in software production whereby the entropy of legacy systems is a major challenge. Migration of legacy systems to object-oriented technology is considered by many organizations as a suitable way out, however, the cost and the complexity of the task may dissuade the decision-makers. As a contribution to the automation, complete or partial, of the migration process, this paper presents two algorithms for identifying objects in procedural code, a task which is crucial within the entire process. The suggested algorithms are experimentally evaluated, using the examples of three existing systems.
Simulation and analysis of nasalized vowels based on magnetic resonance imaging data (2007)

In this study, vocal tract area functions for one American English speaker, recorded using magnetic resonance imaging, were used to simulate and analyze the acoustics of vowel nasalization. Computer vocal tract models and susceptance plots were used to study the three most important sources of acoustic variability involved in the production of nasalized vowels: velar coupling area, asymmetry of nasal passages, and the sinus cavities. Analysis of the susceptance plots of the pharyngeal and oral cavities, -(B(p)+B(o)), and the nasal cavity, B(n), helped in understanding the movement of poles and zeros with varying coupling areas. Simulations using two nasal passages clearly showed the introduction of extra pole-zero pairs due to the asymmetry between the passages. Simulations with the inclusion of maxillary and sphenoidal sinuses showed that each sinus can potentially introduce one pole-zero pair in the spectrum. Further, the right maxillary sinus introduced a pole-zero pair at the lowest frequency. The effective frequencies of these poles and zeros due to the sinuses in the sum of the oral and nasal cavity outputs changes with a change in the configuration of the oral cavity, which may happen due to a change in the coupling area, or in the vowel being articulated.
Effect of Germination Temperature on Surface Area and CO2 Production of Corn Seedlings<sup>1</sup> (1967)

Abstract Corn seedlings were germinated at 29C and 25C, then transferred to growth chambers at 25C and aerated with sterilized, CO 2 ‐free air under dark conditions. A modification of the Devaux technique was used to measure the surface area of irregularly shaped corn seedlings. The growth rate, as measured by the surface area and the CO 2 respired, was greater for the corn seedlings germinated at 29C than at 25C. The flux of CO 2 declined with time and the rate of decline increased as the temperature of germination increased. In general, the growth rate was greater for the shoot than the root under the conditions of the experiment.
Tension-free Polypropylene Mesh-related Surgical Repair for Pelvic Organ Prolapse has a Good Anatomic Success Rate but a High Risk of Complications (2015)

Tension-free polypropylene mesh (PROSIMA™ )-related surgical repair of POP has better short-term anatomical outcomes at the apical and posterior compartments, but a low patient satisfaction rate. The mesh complications were not the definitive cause of recurrence.
Experimental Aeroelasticity - History, Status and Future in Brief (1990)

NASA conducts wind tunnel experiments to determine and understand the aeroelastic characteristics of new and advanced flight vehicles, including fixed-wing, rotary-wing and space-launch configurations. Review and assessments are made of the state-of-the-art in experimental aeroelasticity regarding available facilities, measurement techniques, and other means and devices useful in testing. In addition, some past experimental programs are described which assisted in the development of new technology, validated new analysis codes, or provided needed information for clearing flight envelopes of unwanted aeroelastic response. Finally, needs and requirements for advances and improvements in testing capabilities for future experimental research and development programs are described.
Lung dosimetry in a linac‐MRI radiotherapy unit with a longitudinal magnetic field (2010)

Dosimetry issues observed in a transverse linac-MR geometry such as changes to the depth dose distribution and tissue interface effects were significantly reduced or eliminated in a longitudinal geometry on a representative lung plan. Further, an increase in dose to the PTV, resulting from the magnetic field confining electrons to the forward direction, shows potential for a reduction in dose to the surrounding tissues.
Ein neuer Weg zu Intercalaten aus Vanadiumpentoxid und Pyridinen: (4-H2N-C5H5NH)V2O5 (1999)

Licht am Ende des Tunnels! Kompositmaterialien aus anorganischen Schichtverbindungen und intercalierten Pyridinen faszinieren Chemiker seit mindestens zwei Jahrzehnten. Allerdings waren Strukturbestimmungen problematisch, da keine geeigneten Einkristalle verfügbar waren. Das Intercalat (4-H2N-C5H5NH)V2O5 konnte jetzt durch Einkristallstrukturuntersuchungen charakterisiert werden; auch seine Elektronenstruktur und seine magnetischen Eigenschaften wurden detailliert untersucht.
Accurate Measurement of Signals Close to the Noise Floor on a Spectrum Analyzer (1992)

Because most spectrum analyzers are calibrated to read the true power of a sinusoidal signal, a correction factor is necessary to read the true power of a nonsinusoidal signal, such as noise. Consequently, when noise and a sine wave are both present, a correction factor that is a function of the signal-to-noise ratio is necessary to find the true signal power. For some spectrum analyzers the correction factor for pure noise is incorporated into the software, but the correction factor for signal-plus-noise is generally ignored. The authors derive this correction factor, which is significant where the signal-to-noise ratio is near unity. >
α-Hydroxy ketone rearrangement as a key step en route to the calebassinine skeleton (1986)

G. Palmisano, B. Danieli, G. Lesma and M. Mauro, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1986, 1564 DOI: 10.1039/C39860001564
A systemic<i>P</i><i>asteurella multocida</i>toxin aggravates cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in mice (2015)

Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) persistently activates heterotrimeric G proteins of the Gαq/11 , Gα12/13 and Gαi family without interaction with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). We show that PMT acts on heart tissue in vivo and on cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts in vitro by deamidation of heterotrimeric G proteins. Increased normalized ventricle weights and fibrosis were detected after intraperitoneal administration of PMT in combination with the GPCR agonist phenylephrine. In neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, PMT stimulated the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, which is crucial for the development of cellular hypertrophy. The toxin induced phosphorylation of the canonical phosphorylation sites of the extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 and, additionally, caused phosphorylation of the recently recognized autophosphorylation site, which appears to be important for the development of cellular hypertrophy. Moreover, PMT stimulated the small GTPases Rac1 and RhoA. Both switch proteins are involved in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In addition, PMT stimulated RhoA and Rac1 in neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts. RhoA and Rac1 have been implicated in the regulation of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) secretion and expression. Accordingly, we show that PMT treatment increased secretion and expression of CTGF in cardiac fibroblasts. Altogether, the data indicate that PMT is an inducer of pathological remodelling of cardiac cells and identifies the toxin as a promising tool for studying heterotrimeric G protein-dependent signalling in cardiac cells.
Conversion of Pleuropneumonialike Organisms to Bacteria. (1957)

A high frequency of appearance of diphtheroids in liquid culture of 3 established strains of pleuropneumonialike organisms has been noted. Statistical, morphological, biochemical and serological tests have shown that a relationship exists between these diphtheroids and the pleuropneumonialike organisms in which cultures the bacteria appear. All PPLO strains tested are serologically related. PPLO strains not giving rise to diphtheroids do not cross react with diphtheroids. Diphtheroids appearing in PPLO cultures differ from oral and air diphtheroids.
Disruption recovery modeling in supply chain risk management (2014)

It is well known that disruptions can significantly affect the performance of a company's supply chain especially in highly volatile markets. It is therefore imperative to have appropriate mechanisms/tools to mitigate the effects of disruptions. We developed the concept for a disruption recovery-modelling approach that provides more accurate supply forecasts during supply chain disruptions (i.e. smaller variance), which are of prime importance to supply chain risk management. Specifically, we show that a combination of model forecasts performs no worse than the individual component models applied in this paper. In addition, the projections of the models updated through a Bayesian framework generate supply forecasts with smaller variances.
Selfish Genes, Sophisticated Plants, and Haphazard Ecosystems (2012)

This chapter discusses the limitations of natural selection, arguing that the overall organization of even ancient natural ecosystems may be relatively imperfect compared to individual adaptations that have been repeatedly tested through competition. After considering the near-perfection of natural ecosystems from the perspective of agroecology, the chapter explains how natural selection improves genes and individuals, rather than ecosystems. It then compares natural ecosystems with agricultural ecosystems designed by humans in terms of their ability to improve ecosystem-wide properties. It also examines whether we can harvest more food, sustainably, from human-managed ecosystems or from natural ones by focusing on two systems: human cultivation of wild rice without fertilizer, and human management of reindeer herds (domesticated caribou).
A bond graph model for the sample extraction/injection system of a microsized gas chromatographic instrument (1996)

A bond graph model of the sample extraction/injection system of a prototype portable gas chromatographic instrument has been developed. In addition to performing the same functions as current portable gas chromatographs (GCs), the new generation of GC instruments is designed to perform extraction of analytes from liquid and solid samples. The prototype instrument achieves these improvements by taking of advantage of microfabrication technologies and microprocessor control in the design. A novel sample extraction/injection module is essential to the improved performance of the portable instrument, which will include microfabricated components such as inlets, interface chips, fluid channels, control valves, optimal heater/sensor combinations, and multiport connectors. In order to achieve the desired analytical performance, all of the major components are heated to 250 °C during different stages of a sample analysis. Predicting the performance of the system in this operating regime requires the modeling and analysis of system behavior in two interacting energy domains, fluid and thermal. This article represents the first effort to understand the dynamic behavior of the thermofluid aspect of micro-GC instruments and one of the first attempts to apply the widely-used bond graph technique to modeling and analysis of microsized thermofluid systems. Simulation results using the bond graph model closely match available experimental data, with differences typically less than 10%. This demonstrates that fluid dynamic theory for macroscale systems, and the bond graph method based on it, can be readily applied to microscale systems with these dimensions. The bond graph method can be a useful computer-aided design tool for the development of a new generation of truly integrated micro-GC instruments and sensors fabricated with micromachining technology.
Three-dimensional structure of a cloning vector (1992)

Filamentous bacteriophage M13 is a single-stranded DNA phage about 65 A in diameter and 9300 A long. X-ray diffraction studies of magnetically oriented fibers of native, mercury and iodine-labeled phage particles have been used to determine the arrangement of the major coat protein, the gene 8 product, in the virion. The coat protein is made up of a single gently curving alpha-helix extending from approximately Pro6 to near the carboxyl terminus. The axis of the alpha-helix is tilted about 20 degrees from the viral axis and wraps around the axis in a right-handed helical sense. The surface of the virus is made up largely of polar residues in the amino-terminal half of the protein including the segment of alpha-helix extending from Pro6 to Tyr24. The interior surface of the protein coat faces the DNA and consists of an amphipathic helical segment extending from Thr36 to Ser50. The alpha-helices form a tightly packed 15 to 20 A thick cylindrical coat around the DNA. This structural model provides insight into the potential sites for incorporating foreign protein domains that may act as functional binding sites on the surface of M13.
Partial Reactions Catalyzed by γ-Glutamylcysteine Synthetase and Evidence for an Activated Glutamate Intermediate (1971)

Abstract Highly purified rat kidney γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (mol wt ∼92,000) catalyzes three partial reactions which appear to reflect aspects of the over-all catalytic mechanism: Reaction 1, hydrolysis of ATP; Reaction 2, phosphorylation by ATP of inorganic phosphate to yield inorganic pyrophosphate, and Reaction 3, cyclization of glutamate to pyrrolidone carboxylate associated with cleavage of ATP. Reactions 1 and 2 are inhibited by l-glutamate, glutamate analogues, and methionine sulfoximine. The enzyme does not catalyze ADP-ATP or Pi-ATP exchange reactions, but does catalyze incorporation of glutamate and of α-aminobutyrate into γ-glutamyl-α-aminobutyrate in the presence of ADP and Pi. The enzyme catalyzes the formation of pyrrolidone carboxylate from d-glutamate about 5 times more rapidly than from l-glutamate; however, the rate of synthesis of dipeptide from d-glutamate is very much less than that from l-glutamate. The enzyme is less active in γ-glutamylcysteine and γ-glutamyl-α-aminobutyrate synthesis when Mg++ is replaced by Mn++, but the amino acid acceptor specificity is broader with Mn++ than with Mg++ and some amino acids are utilized more rapidly with Mn++ than with Mg++. An enzyme-glutamate complex was isolated by gel filtration in the presence of ATP-Mn++; the data are consistent with the conclusion that enzyme-bound γ-glutamylphosphate is an intermediate in dipeptide synthesis. A scheme is presented for the reactions catalyzed by the enzyme.
Selection of the Drug Form in Exploratory Development (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Identification of the Lead Candidate Overview of the Exploratory Development Process Case Studies in Exploratory Development Analytical Tools Polymorph Screening and Determination of the Low-Energy Drug Form High-Throughput Screening Summary Acknowledgments References and Notes
Dual-DLL-based CMOS all-digital temperature sensor for microprocessor thermal monitoring (2009)

Today's microprocessors increasingly need on-chip temperature sensors for thermal and power management [1]. Since these sensors do not take part in the main computing activity but rather play the auxiliary, albeit important, role of temperature monitoring, their presence in terms of area, power, and design effort should be minimal, thus, all-digital sensors are desired. Temperature sensing based on temperature-dependent delays of inverters [2] could be suited for microprocessor applications, as it lends itself to digital implementation: by using a time-to-digital converter (TDC), an inverter delay can be compared to an absolute delay reference and converted to a digital temperature output [2] (Fig. 3.7.1). We report on an all-digital CMOS temperature sensor for microprocessor application, which also exploits temperature-dependent inverter delays within the TDC-based framework of Fig. 3.7.1. It, however, has two improvements over prior art of [2]. First, it removes the effect of process variation on inverter delays via calibration at one temperature point (instead of 2-point calibration of [2]), thus, reducing high volume production cost. Second, we use two fine-precision DLLs, one to synthesize a set of temperature-independent delay references in a closed loop, the other as a TDC to compare temperature-dependent inverter delays to the references. The use of DLLs simplifies sensor operation and yields a high measurement bandwidth (5kS/s) at 7b resolution, which could enable fast temperature tracking. This is in contrast to [2], where a counter-based cyclic TDC with an open-loop single delay-reference has a longer measurement time for a similar resolution.
AMPK mediates a pro‐survival autophagy downstream of PARP‐1 activation in response to DNA alkylating agents (2012)

In this study we aim to elucidate the signaling pathway and biological function of autophagy induced by MNNG, a commonly used DNA alkylating agent. We first observed that MNNG is able to induce necrotic cell death and autophagy in Bax-/- Bak-/- double knockout MEFs. We analyzed the critical role of PARP-1 activation and ATP depletion in MNNG-mediated cell death and autophagy via AMPK activation and mTOR suppression. We provide evidence that suppression of AMPK blocks MNNG-induced autophagy and enhances cell death, suggesting the pro-survival function of autophagy in MNNG-treated cells. Taken together, data from this study reveal a novel mechanism in controlling MNNG-mediated autophagy via AMPK activation downstream of PARP-1 activation and ATP depletion.
Myocardial infarct size estimation by echocardiography in an acute rat model (2007)

It has been a challenge to estimate the infarct size in rats post acute myocardial infarction (MI). The major purpose of our study was measure structural and functional changes of the left ventricle with non‐invasive echocardiography and analyze the changes based on infarct size determined by postmortem pathology. Methods: MI was induced by coronary artery ligation via left thoractomy in male Lewis rats under isoflurane. The Left ventricular end diastolic and systolic volume (LVEDV and LVESV), ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS) were measured before surgery (for baseline) and ~24 hrs post surgery with echocardiography (VisualSonics, Vevo 770). The heart was sectioned and stained with TTC to calculated MI size (Image J Planimetry software, NIH). Results: In rats with MI >35% (57±22%, mean±SD, n=11) LVESV increased by 77±19μl (45±23 to 121±23); whereas in rats with MI <35% (12±12%, n=15) it increased by only 36±34 μl (43±22 to 79±25) (p<0.01). Correspondingly, in rats with MI >35% EF decreased by 38±17% vs. 15±12% in rats with MI <35% (p<0.01). In the same order, FS decreased by 29±8% vs. 13±11% (p<0.01). However, no significant change in LVEDV was observed (p>0.05). Conclusions: Our data indicates that the changes in LVESV, EF and FS are determined by the size of MI. By measuring these changes with echocardiography, it is possible to identify rats with a larger MI within 24 hrs.
Engineer Roles in Public Participation Process (1983)

Engineers often are key participants in required public participation processes. A case in point is the preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement which usually involves engineers as representatives of governmental agencies or as professional consultants. A less common but equally important role for the engineer is as a member of an advisory committee or as a voluntary participant in public hearings. A case study of a recently completed EIS process involving the expansion of Albuquerque, New Mexico's wastewater collection and treatment facilities suggests a number of ways that engineers in each of these roles might improve their effectiveness. Increased voluntary participation by citizen engineers is recommended as an effective means to improve the public participation process as well as to enhance the reputation of the engineering profession.