gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Current Status of Cell-Free Hemoglobin Solutions (2001)

Current Status of Cell-Free Haemoglobin Solutions. Persisting concern about the risks of allogeneic blood and the impending shortfall of such products have reinforced the search for alternative erythrocyte substitutes in recent years. With the absence of toxic side effects of modern, ultrapurified and chemically modified haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOC), many studies in animals, volunteers and patients have shown their effectivity and tolerability. HBOC can be applied in patients without prior cross-matching and one product, which is available as room temperature-stable formulation with a shelf-life of > 2 years, has recently been approved for the treatment of peri-operative anaemia in South Africa. While clinical studies with human cross-linked haemoglobin (DCLHb) were discontinued because of an increased mortality of patients receiving DCLHb after stroke and multiple injury shock, phase III studies with polymerized bovine haemoglobin (HBOC-201) have been completed showing that peri-operative infusion of HBOC-201 was able to avoid or reduce allogeneic blood transfusion. Different human, recombinant and bovine hemoglobin solutions are currently under investigation in cardiac surgery, sepsis and tumour patients. Extensive laboratory investigations have shown that HBOC are highly effective oxygen donors with regard to tissue oxygenation rather than erythrocyte substitutes in case of bleeding, because they provide plasmatic oxygen delivery under physiological concentrations of inspired oxygen. HBOC have advantages over red blood cells because of their easier oxygen release per se and from adjacent erythrocytes, and their capability to reach poststenotic or poorly perfused tissues with the plasma stream.
Hypolipidaemic activity of aqueous ocimum basilicum extract in acute hyperlipidaemia induced by triton WR-1339 in rats and its antioxidant property (2006)

Hyperlipidaemia, atherosclerosis and related diseases are becoming a major health problem in developing countries. Ocimum basilicum is one of the medicinal plants widely used in Morocco to reduce plasma cholesterol and to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis-related diseases. However, mechanisms underlying the reported hypolipidaemic effect of this plant have not been investigated. This study evaluates the lipid lowering effect of aqueous Ocimum basilicum extract in Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidaemic rats. Hyperlipidaemia was developed in animals by intraperitoneal injection of Triton (200 mg/kg). After injection of Triton the animals were divided into three treatment groups: hyperlipidaemic, hyperlipidaemic plus herb extract and hyperlipidaemic plus fenofibrate treated rats. At 7 h after the Triton injection, levels of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol in rats treated also with the Ocimum basilicum extract (0.5 g/100 g body weight) were, respectively, 50%, 83% and 79% lower than Triton-treated rats and HDL-cholesterol was 129% higher than in rats given Triton alone. At 24 h following Ocimum basilicum administration, total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol levels decreased by 56%, 63% and 68%, respectively, in comparison with the Triton treated group and HDL-cholesterol was not increased significantly. The hypolipidaemic effect exerted by Ocimum basilicum extract was markedly stronger than the effect induced by fenofibrate treatments. Further it was demonstrated that Ocimum basilicum aqueous extract displayed a very high antioxidant power. These results indicate that Ocimum basilicum extract may contain hypolipidaemic and antioxidant substances and its use as a therapeutic tool in hyperlipidaemic subjects may be of benefit and encourage further investigation in this field.
Subdomain IB Is the Third Major Drug Binding Region of Human Serum Albumin: Toward the Three-Sites Model (2013)

According to the conventional view, noncovalent association of small molecules with human serum albumin (HSA) occurs principally at the so-called Sudlow's sites located in subdomain IIA and IIIA. By employing a circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic approach, it is shown that biliverdin is the specific CD label of an additional drug binding area in subdomain IB. CD competition experiments disclosed the entrapment of a diverse assortment of acidic, neutral, and basic molecules within subdomain IB including anticancer agents (camptothecin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, teniposide, suramin, tyrosine kinase inhibitors), anticoagulants (dicoumarol), various steroids (bile acids, carbenoxolone), nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, natural substances (aristolochic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid), and synthetic dyes (methyl orange, azocarmine B). These finding imply that subdomain IB can be considered as the third major drug binding region of HSA featured with promiscuous ligand recognition ability. Additionally, subdomain IB is allosterically coupled with the Sudlow's sites, the ligand binding of which is shown to alter the HSA binding mode and affinity of biliverdin and hemin. Brief case studies are presented to illustrate how the evaluation of spectral changes of tetrapyrrole CD probes gains new insight into the HSA binding properties of endogenous as well as pharmaceutical compounds.
Large-Scale Multi-View Spectral Clustering via Bipartite Graph (2015)

In this paper, we address the problem of large-scale multi-view spectral clustering. In many real-world applications, data can be represented in various heterogeneous features or views. Different views often provide different aspects of information that are complementary to each other. Several previous methods of clustering have demonstrated that better accuracy can be achieved using integrated information of all the views than just using each view individually. One important class of such methods is multi-view spectral clustering, which is based on graph Laplacian. However, existing methods are not applicable to large-scale problem for their high computational complexity. To this end, we propose a novel large-scale multi-view spectral clustering approach based on the bipartite graph. Our method uses local manifold fusion to integrate heterogeneous features. To improve efficiency, we approximate the similarity graphs using bipartite graphs. Furthermore, we show that our method can be easily extended to handle the out-of-sample problem. Extensive experimental results on five benchmark datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method, where our method runs up to nearly 3000 times faster than the state-of-the-art methods.
Algal density assessed by spectrophotometry: A calibration curve for the unicellular algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (2011)

  The unicellular algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Korschikov) Hindák has been frequently used for ecotoxicological tests. In this paper, a calibration curve is proposed correlating absorbance values (684 nm) and cell density for routine ecotoxicological experiments. Density (cells/mL) could be estimated as follow: Cell Density = e {[ln (absorbance_684) +16.439]/1.0219} (n=130; r2=0.9998). Residual distribution revealed that the equation could be applied for algal densities under 5,000,000 cells/mL and/or absorbance values as high as 0.5.   Key words: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, spectrophotometry, ecotoxicological tests.
Combined X-ray Diffraction and Raman Identification of Synthetic Organic Pigments in Works of Art: From Powder Samples to Artists’ Paints (2009)

X-ray diffraction (XRD) complemented by Raman spectroscopy analyses of synthetic organic pigments in powder samples, layered paint systems, and commercial artists’ paints bound in acrylic, alkyd, and oil media are presented. The potential and limitations of the techniques to identify and characterize mixtures of these pigments, along with inorganic extenders, in works of art are exemplified and discussed. Stratified model paint systems that mimic the layering structure typically found in modern paintings are used to evaluate the effect of the μXRD experimental parameters, as well as extenders or fillers commonly found in modern artists’ paint formulations, on the quality of the patterns recorded in microsamples of paint. XRD is demonstrated for the first time to be an effective tool for the specific identification of synthetic organic pigment mixtures and fillers in acrylic and alkyd bound artists’ paints, while the identification of these pigments by XRD in oil bound paints appears problematic. Detailed crystallographic information provided by XRD is shown to be complementary to molecular information provided by Raman analysis. The combined use of these techniques allows for more frequent unambiguous compound identification than would be possible using one technique alone.
Expression of the type II activin receptor gene in the human placenta (1993)

Activin has been suggested to be an autocrine/paracrine regulator in the human placenta. In the present study, we examined the expression of the gene encoding activin type II receptor (ActRII) in this tissue. Using primers corresponding to the published sequence of human ActRII, a 456bp fragment was obtained from cDNAs prepared from the placenta, as well as the ovary and brain, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Southern blot hybridization of the PCR products and DNA cloning and sequencing confirmed that the product is the authentic ActRII. Trophoblast cells prepared from both first trimester and term placentae expressed the ActRII gene. When trophoblast cells from term placenta were separated into syncytiotrophoblast- and cytotrophoblast-enriched fractions and incubated for 1-6 days, ActRII gene expression was observed in both cell preparations, with the syncytiotrophoblast-enriched fraction having higher levels of expression at days 1, 3, and 4. These results provide the first direct evidence that the activin type II receptor mRNA is present in human trophoblast cells and strengthen the hypothesis that activin is an autocrine/paracrine regulator of placental function. To our knowledge, this is also the first report that the ActRII gene is expressed in the human brain and ovary.
Phenytoin-Induced Agranulocytosis: A Nonimmunologic Idiosyncratic Reaction? (1991)

Agranulocytosis is a rare side effect of phenytoin treatment. We describe the case of an elderly man who developed agranulocytosis 2 weeks following initiation of phenytoin treatment, on no cytotoxic drugs or any other medications except decadron. The white blood cell count was 300/mm3 with absent granulocytes. The liver enzymes were also noted to be newly elevated. Complete workup showed no evidence of infection. The patient was managed as a case of neutropenic fever and phenytoin was discontinued. A bone marrow biopsy showed absent granulocyte precursors after myelocytes, and an antigranulocyte antibody titer was negative, which suggests a direct toxic effect rather than an immunologic phenomenon. Both agranulocytosis and hepatitis were readily reversible on phenytoin cessation.
Prevalence of Astroviruses in a Children’s Hospital (1998)

An enzyme immunoassay for astrovirus was used to screen 357 stool samples from 267 symptomatic inpatients at a tertiary-care children's hospital. Thirty stool samples from 26 patients contained astrovirus antigen, while rotavirus was found in 34 samples and Clostridium difficile toxin was found in 40. Half of the astrovirus infections were nosocomial. Additional pathogens were identified in six of the astrovirus antigen-positive stool samples. Most (80%) of the astroviruses recovered were of serotype 1. Astrovirus infections were significantly more common than rotavirus or C. difficile infections in very young infants and in those with surgical short-bowel syndrome.
Effect of the angiotensin receptor blocker irbesartan on metabolic parameters in clinical practice: the DO-IT prospective observational study (2007)

Irbesartan therapy improves metabolic parameters in routine clinical settings. Thus, our study confirms previously published results from large intervention trials and extends the findings to routine clinical practice.
Metastatic carcinoid tumour with spinal cord compression (2012)

Carcinoid tumours are rare with an incidence of 5.25/100,000. They predominantly originate in the gastrointestinal tract (50-60%) or bronchopulmonary system (25-30%). Common sites of metastasis are lymph nodes, liver, lungs and bone. Spinal metastasis are rare, but has been reported in patients with symptoms of spinal cord compression including neurological deficits. We report a rare case of carcinoid metastasis with spinal cord compression, in a 63-year-old man, presenting with a one-year history of back pain without any neurological symptoms. The patient underwent a two-level decompressive laminectomy of T10 and T11 as well as piecemeal tumour resection. Post-operatively the patient made a good recovery without complications.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Properties of Oxazolidinones and Oxazinanones (2008)

Oxazolidinones are important synthetic antibacterial agents useful for the treatment of multi antibiotic resistant Gram-positive bacterial infections. Since the launch of Linezolid, the first member of the oxazolidinone antibacterial family, there have been many studies directed towards structural optimization and the development of second generation oxazolidinones. The N-aryl 5-acetamido methyl oxazolidinone is the core structure for this class of antibacterial agents and the oxazolidinone component is essential for antibacterial activities. The chiral cyclic carbamate 5-hydroxymethyloxazolidin- 2-one and 6-hydroxymethyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one are also important building blocks for synthesizing other biologically active compounds. Because of the importance of these compounds, many methods have been developed for their facile syntheses. In the first part of this paper, the synthesis of Linezolid and its analogs, as well as the preparation of the oxazolidinone core structures, will be reviewed. Secondly, recent developments in the area of oxazolidinone antibacterial agents including structure-activity relationships will be reviewed.
Use of old and new oral 5-aminosalicylic acid formulations in inflammatory bowel disease (1995)

Although sulfasalazine, a 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) agent, is still the anti-inflammatory agent of choice for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, newer formulations, which release drug to specific regions of the colon for maximal efficacy, also can be appropriate first-line agents. This article reviews recent clinical studies of therapy with older and newer 5-ASA formulations.
A real-time model-based human motion analysis system (2003)

This paper introduces a real time model-based human motion analysis system using two orthogonal views. The goal of the system is to analyze the motion of the human object without using any markers on the object. The system will generate the corresponding body definition parameters (BDPs) and body animation parameters (BAPs) defined by MPEG-4. With the BDPs and a sequence of BAPs, a real-time virtual actor can be synthesized on various platforms.
Climate Change 2007 (2007)

The Climate Change 2007 volumes of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provide the most comprehensive and balanced assessment of climate change available. This IPCC Working Group III volume provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art and worldwide overview of scientific knowledge related to the mitigation of climate change. It includes a detailed assessment of costs and potentials of mitigation technologies and practices, implementation barriers, and policy options for the sectors: energy supply, transport, buildings, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management. It links sustainable development policies with climate change practices. This volume will again be the standard reference for all those concerned with climate change, including students and researchers, analysts and decision-makers in governments and the private sector
Does mammary ductoscopy have a role in clinical practice? (2006)

MD is technically feasible in most patients and has a potential in the early detection of breast cancer. The procedure can be performed safely in the office setting and should be considered in all patients presenting with a single duct PND. MD has the potential to reduce the number of duct excision procedures and minimise the extent of surgical resection. Ductoscopic cytology is not sufficiently sensitive for the diagnosis of malignancy and the development of a biopsy tool that obtains tissue under direct visualisation is required.
Forces that shape the yield curve (2001)

The yield curve shows how the yield on a government bond depends on the bond's maturity. Monetary policymakers and observers pay special attention to the shape of the yield curve as an indicator of the economic impact of current and future monetary policy. Without the proper analytical tools, however, drawing inferences from the yield curve can be difficult. This article uses high-school algebra to introduce those tools in a rigorous but accessible way. ; The author develops the basic ideas about the yield curve using an analogy. Next, he discusses bond pricing in a world of perfect certainty, where no-arbitrage conditions are first worked out algebraically. The element of uncertainty is then added via a single flip of a coin, and the no-arbitrage conditions for bond prices are worked out for this scenario as well. These no-arbitrage conditions are shown to imply the existence of a risk premium that depends on the price of risk and the amount of risk. Finally, the article demonstrates how to translate the no-arbitrage condition for bond prices into a no-arbitrage condition for yields. ; The author concludes that convexity-the nonlinear relation between bond yields and bond prices-leads to surprising and even counterintuitive results in yield-curve analysis. A firm grasp of the no-arbitrage conditions is therefore necessary in order to make sense of the shape of the yield curve.
Fuzzy logic controllers for MPEG VBR video transmission over ATM networks (2004)

The overall aim of the paper is concerned with transmission of a digital video signal over an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network, using a self-organizing fuzzy (SOF) controller. In ATM a traffic-shaping buffer is used to prevent excessive back-to-back cells being generated during the peak transmissions of Moving Picture Expert Group (MPEG) variable bit rate (VBR) data sources. The VBR data sources are unpredictable and have substantial variations in bit rate, which could result in data loss and therefore image quality degradation. In this research, a self-organizing fuzzy controller is applied to digital video to eliminate excessive delay or loss at the user network interface. A self-organizing fuzzy controller adjusts the traffic-shaping buffer output rate frame by frame to enable the VBR encoded video to conform to the leaky bucket's contract. A rule-based fuzzy (RBF) controller regulates the average arrival rate to the traffic-shaping buffer to prevent either overflow or starvation of the buffer on a group of picture (GOP) by GOP basis. The computer simulation results demonstrate that the use of a SOF controller reduces excessive delay and data loss at the user network interface as compared with a conventional policing mechanism in ATM.
Venturing along the road less traveled: Virginia's experience with a private toll road (1995)

Private entrepreneurship is giving birth to new lanes of travel, but the labor is proving painful. Lessons learned from this experience should make the creation of private toll roads easier in the future.
Laser-induced autoionization from a double Fano system (1987)

We discuss a system with two discrete levels embedded in one continuum, which, after Fano diagonalization, gives a double Fano profile with two zeros. The second zero, which is located between the two levels, does not disappear even when the asymmetry parameter q goes to infinity. The spectrum of photoelectrons from such a system is calculated for any strength of the exciting field.
South Africa triumphs in food innovation awards : global food awards (2010)

South African companies have been rewarded for their innovation at the industry's equivalent of the Oscars, winning 40% of the product prizes at the Global Food Awards.
The blood is here: Zipline's medical delivery drones are changing the game in Rwanda (2019)

R Rwanda is known as the land of a thousand hills, and our car seems to go over every one of them as we drive from the small town of Muhanga to the even smaller town of Kinazi. The 50-kilometer I trip into western Rwanda will take us well over an hour. We're on our way to rendezvous with a blood-carrying drone that will make the trip in under 14 minutes. The drone is operated by Zipline, a California-based company focused on delivering medical supplies in areas with poor infrastructure. And not long after we arrive at Kinazi's hospital, the fixed-wing drone materializes out of the blue. In a blink-and-you'll-miss-it moment, the drone descends, opens a set of doors in its belly, and drops a small package that parachutes to the ground. The drone immediately begins to climb and vanishes over the hills as a staff member crosses the hospital parking lot to pick up the package-a shipment of blood ordered by WhatsApp less than half an hour earlier. We then climb back into our car to start our bone-jarring return drive to Muhanga, one of Zipline's launch sites, winding our way over dirt roads. By the time we make it back, the drone is flying smoothly toward another hospital elsewhere in Rwanda, with a fresh package of blood in its belly.
Targeting: The ADEPT Story So Far (2009)

Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy aims to restrict the action of a cytotoxic drug to cancer sites. An enzyme that has no human analogue is delivered to cancer sites by attachment to an antibody directed at a tumour associated antigen. In a second step an antibody or other agent inactivates and clears enzyme from blood. The third step is administration of a low toxicity prodrug that is a substrate for the enzyme thus generating a potent cytotoxic agent at cancer sites. Encouraging results were obtained with this system in small scale clinical trials using unrefined agents. During the past 10 years attempts have been made to reduce the system to two components. Although these have met with some success it is now accepted that future progress requires all three components.
In Vivo Sensitivity Test in Otitis Media: Efficacy of Antibiotics (1985)

During a 10-year period, antibiotics were assigned in random, double-blind fashion in six combinations to treat 948 episodes of otitis media in children. Exudate from the middle ear of all patients was cultured before treatment. Three follow-up visits were conducted; the first follow-up visit was three to five days after the start of therapy, and the second and third visits were 14 and 31 days after onset of treatment. Exudates were recultured for 75% of the patients on the first follow-up visit. Comparison of treatment results showed that triple sulfonamide combined with either phenoxymethyl penicillin, or benzathine and procaine penicillin G given intramuscularly (IM) was as effective as was ampicillin or amoxicillin. Phenoxymethyl penicillin and cyclacillin alone were usually effective against pneumococci but relatively ineffective against Haemophilus influenzae. Cefaclor and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole produced unsatisfactory results in about half the cases caused by pneumococci or H influenzae. Although production of beta-lactamase by some otitis-causing Haemophilus and Staphylococcus species may explain the ineffectiveness of some treatments, the percentage of organisms positive for beta-lactamase was too small to be responsible for the poor results with certain drugs.
Mechanism and reactivity in aromatic nucleophilic substitution reactions (1958)

J. F. Bunnett, Q. Rev. Chem. Soc., 1958, 12, 1 DOI: 10.1039/QR9581200001