gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of ABC Transporters Abolishes Antimony Resistance in<i>Leishmania</i>Infection (2007)

The emergence of antimony (Sb) resistance has jeopardized the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in various countries. Previous studies have considered the part played by leishmanial parasites in antimony resistance, but the involvement of host factors in the clinical scenario remained to be investigated. Here we show that unlike infection with Sb-sensitive (Sbs) Leishmania donovani, infection with Sb-resistant (Sb r) L. donovani induces the upregulation of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) and permeability glycoprotein (P-gp) in host cells, resulting in a nonaccumulation of intracellular Sb following treatment with sodium antimony gluconate (SAG) favoring parasite replication. The inhibition of MRP1 and P-gp with resistance-modifying agents such as lovastatin allows Sb accumulation and parasite killing within macrophages and offers protection in an animal model in which infection with Sb r L. donovani is otherwise lethal. The occurrence of a similar scenario in clinical cases is supported by the findings that unlike monocytes from SAG-sensitive kala-azar (KA) patients, monocytes from SAG-unresponsive KA patients overexpress P-gp and MRP1 and fail to accumulate Sb following in vitro SAG treatment unless pretreated with inhibitors of ABC transporters. Thus, the expression status of MRP1 and P-gp in blood monocytes may be used as a diagnostic marker for Sb resistance and the treatment strategy can be designed accordingly. Our results also indicate that lovastatin, which can inhibit both P-gp and MRP1, might be beneficial for reverting Sb resistance in leishmaniasis as well as drug resistance in other clinical situations, including cancer.
THE CONVERSION OF α-KETO ACIDS AND OF α-KETO ACID OXIMES TO NITRILES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION (1961)

The conversion of α-oximino acids (anti HO— —COOH) to nitriles in aqueous solution is shown to be a general reaction. α-Keto acids are converted to nitriles in excellent yield in aqueous solution in the presence of hydroxylamine. Oxidation of α-oximino acids yields hydroxamic acids.
Distributed Web caching with incremental update (2003)

This paper proposes a peer-distributed Web caching scheme with incremental update and delivery. In the scheme, each computer (client) within a physical cluster is assigned an additional Web caching function. The server generates patches whenever there are updates of Web objects by coding the differences between the stale and the fresh Web objects. The protocol allows a client requesting an updated object to retrieve the patch from the original server and the patchable stale file from its local or peer cache storage. The stale file together with the patch then regenerates the fresh file for the client.
A Front-Tracking Method for Efficient Simulation of Miscible Gas Injection Processes (2005)

Abstract This paper presents a front-tracking method for the numerical simulation of first-contact miscible gas injection processes. The method is developed for constructing very accurate (or even exact) solutions to one-dimensional initial-boundary-value problems in the form of a set of evolving discontinuities. The evolution of the discontinuities is given by analytical solutions to Riemann problems. A complete analytical Riemann solver is presented along with methods for simplifying the wave structure for Riemann problems of small amplitude. Several representative examples are used to illustrate the excellent behavior of the front-tracking method. The front-tracking method can be extended to simulate higher-dimensional processes through the use of streamlines. The paper presents an application of this computational framework for the simulation of miscible flooding in a three-dimensional, highly heterogeneous formation, and demonstrate that a miscible water-alternating-gas injection scheme is more efficient than waterflooding or gas injection alone.
Teaching Students to Solve Insight Problems: Evidence for Domain Specificity in Creativity Training (2004)

Abstract: The purpose of this research was to investigate whether insight problem solving depends on domain‐specific or domain‐general problem‐solving skills, that is, whether people think in terms of conceptually different types of insight problems. In Study 1, participants sorted insight problems into categories. A cluster analysis revealed 4 main categories of insight problems: verbal, mathematical, spatial, and a combination of verbal or spatial. In Studies 2 and 3, participants received training in how to solve verbal, spatial, or mathematical problems, or all 3 types. They were taught that solutions to verbal insight problems lie in defining and analyzing the terms in the problem, solutions to mathematical insight problems lie in a novel approach to numbers, or solutions to spatial insight problems lie in removing a self‐imposed constraint. In both studies, the spatial trained group performed better than the verbal trained group on spatial problems but not on other types of problems. These findings ...
In vitro effect of diamidines on intracellular polyamines of Acanthamoeba polyphaga. (2001)

Treatment with the drugs berenil, dibromopropamidine, pentamidine and CGP-4O-215 were found to alter levels of intracellular polyamines of Acanthamoeba polyphagia trophozoites in organisms. While the polyamine, spermidine, consistently remained higher in the control organisms incubated at 8, 16 and 32 h respectively, the level fluctuated significantly from below 5% to 40% in drug-treated organisms. A novel polyamine (polyamine F), yet to be identified, representing 80% of the total polyamine extracts and seen in control organisms after 48 h of incubation (stationary phase), was seen much earlier in the drug treated organisms. Pentamidine, dibromopropamidine and CGP-4O-215 induced the appearance of the novel polyamine in the trophozoites after only 8 h of incubation with the drugs while induction by berenil occurred after 32 h. It is suggested that diamidine drugs either induce encystment or alter the pathway of polyamine metabolism in Acanthamoeba. If inducing encystment is the main mode of reaction, then drugs that induce early encystment will be less effective in treatment than those that delay it.
Automatic object extraction from images using deep neural networks and the level‐set method (2018)

The authors propose an automatic method for extracting objects with fine quality from photographs. The authors’ method starts with finding bounding boxes that enclose potential objects, which is achievable by state‐of‐the‐art object proposal methods. To further segment objects within obtained bounding boxes, the authors propose a new multi‐pass level‐set method based on saliency detection and foreground pixel classification. The level‐set function is initially constructed with respect to the automatically detected salient parts within the bounding box, which eliminates potential user interaction and predicts an initial set of pixels on the object. The input features for foreground pixel classifiers are constructed as a combination of classical texture features from the Gabor filter banks and convolutional features from a pre‐trained deep neural network. Through multi‐pass evolution of the level‐set function and re‐training of the foreground pixel classifier, the authors’ method is able to overcome possible inaccuracies in the initial level‐set function and converge to the real object boundary.
Synthesis of Diphenylalanine/Polyaniline Core/Shell Conducting Nanowires by Peptide Self‐Assembly (2009)

Breaking the mold: Self-assembled peptide nanowires were used as a template for the synthesis of hollow polyaniline (PANI) nanotubes (see scanning electron microscopy images). The thickness and the morphology of the PANI nanostructures could be controlled readily either by varying the reaction time or by applying multiple PANI coatings.
Pneumatic Coiling Actuator Inspired by the Awns of Erodium cicutarium (2020)

This study examines the coiling and uncoiling motions of a soft pneumatic actuator inspired by the awn tissue of <i>Erodium cicutarium</i>. These tissues have embedded cellulose fibers distributed in a <i>tilted</i> helical pattern, which induces hygroscopic coiling and uncoiling in response to the daily changes in ambient humidity. Such sophisticated motions can eventually "drill" the seed at the tip of awn tissue into the soil: a drill bit in the plant kingdom. Through finite element simulation and experimental testing, this study examines a soft pneumatic actuator that has a similar reinforcing fiber layout to the Erodium plant tissue. This actuator, in essence, is a thin-walled elastomeric cylinder covered by tilted helical Kevlar fibers. Upon internal pressurization, it can exhibit a coiling motion by a combination of simultaneous twisting, bending, and extension. Parametric analyses show that the coiling motion characteristics are directly related to the geometry of tilted helical fibers. Notably, a moderate tilt in the reinforcing helical fiber leads to many coils of small radius, while a significant tilt gives fewer coils of larger radius. The results of this study can offer guidelines for constructing plant-inspired robotic manipulators that can achieve complicated motions with simple designs.
IMPLEMENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF PACKET PRIORITY QUEUE IN WIRELESS ACCESS FOR THE VEHICULAR ENVIRONMENT (2009)

This document proposes methods of transmission with different priority level in the Wireless Access for the Vehicular Environment (WAVE) by a simulated slower system with 802.11p protocol. In the vehicular environment, data priority could be the most important issue for safety. There are four different priority levels in the Service Channel (SCH), Control Channel (CCH) and Car-to-Car Channel (C2C) before transmission, which are background, best effort, video and voice in increasing priority level. From [1], a queue data structure would be needed to separate those four different priority level packets at the MAC layer. By implementing a slower system with both On-Broad units (OBU) and Road-Side Units (RSU) in both python and C, and also by using different Arbitration Inter-Frame Space (AIFS) and adjustable Contention Window (CW) schemes, the communication in between machines will then have more effectiveness in safety.
Kinetics and mechanism of benzylation of anilines (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTKinetics and mechanism of benzylation of anilinesFrancesco P. Ballistreri, Emanuele Maccarone, and Antonino MamoCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 21, 3364–3367Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00883a005https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00883a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views520Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Accurate Range-Free Localization for Anisotropic Wireless Sensor Networks (2015)

Position information plays a pivotal role in wireless sensor network (WSN) applications and protocol/algorithm design. In recent years, range-free localization algorithms have drawn much research attention due to their low cost and applicability to large-scale WSNs. However, the application of range-free localization algorithms is restricted because of their dramatic accuracy degradation in practical anisotropic WSNs, which is mainly caused by large error of distance estimation. Distance estimation in the existing range-free algorithms usually relies on a unified per hop length (PHL) metric between nodes. But the PHL between different nodes might be greatly different in anisotropic WSNs, resulting in large error in distance estimation. We find that, although the PHL between different nodes might be greatly different, it exhibits significant locality ; that is, nearby nodes share a similar PHL to anchors that know their positions in advance. Based on the locality of the PHL, a novel distance estimation approach is proposed in this article. Theoretical analyses show that the error of distance estimation in the proposed approach is only one-fourth of that in the state-of-the-art pattern-driven scheme (PDS). An anchor selection algorithm is also devised to further improve localization accuracy by mitigating the negative effects from the anchors that are poorly distributed in geometry. By combining the locality-based distance estimation and the anchor selection, a range-free localization algorithm named <underline>S</underline>elective <underline>M</underline>ultilateration (SM) is proposed. Simulation results demonstrate that SM achieves localization accuracy higher than 0.3 r , where r is the communication radius of nodes. Compared to the state-of-the-art solution, SM improves the distance estimation accuracy by up to 57% and improves localization accuracy by up to 52% consequently.
Fuzzy control loop in an autonomous landing system for Unmanned Air Vehicles (2012)

Humans are still responsible for operating complex equipment because they are able to respond during emergency situations. By removing the pilot from an aircraft, Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) are vulnerable to unpredictable activity within their environment. The landing process is the most stressful phase of flight for pilots and as a consequence, a significant number of UAV are being destroyed or unnecessarily damaged. An automated landing system similar to that for civil aviation would not only improve safety, but it would reduce the cognitive loading of operators and logistic costs. A small team will integrate a segmented Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) with a low cost sensor (The XBox 360 Kinect) to create an autonomous landing system for UAV platforms. The knowledge discovered while processing and analysing the data captured during the course of the project will be used to evolve further capability into the controller.
Peculiar character of dialyzate ultraviolet extinction spectra as an indicator of nucleic acid metabolism in humans (2005)

UV extinction spectra of effluent dialyzate in the process of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are studied. It is found that they have distinctive individual features unique to each patient. The shape of the spectrum remains virtually invariable for a given subject during the whole period of the study (more than a year) and does not depend on the treatment modality or other factors like sex, age, the stage of chronic renal failure, and concomitant illnesses. Absorption bands in two spectral regions--255 to 265 nm and 288 to 298 nm--account for the unique character of dialyzate spectra. Spectra classification based on the ratio of integral extinctions in these regions are introduced. It is assumed that the shape of the spectrum depends on the relative contents of plasma components. Statistical analysis of individual features of spectra for the groups of patients undergoing hemodialysis (78 people) and peritoneal dialysis (42 people) is carried out. It is revealed that the distribution of patients by the ratio of integral extinctions in the specified spectral regions adheres to the normal law. Presumably individual features of spectra could be related to uric acid and a biochemically unidentified substance with an absorption peak near 260 nm.
Batch verification and finding invalid signatures in a group signature scheme (2011)

Batch cryptography has been developed into two main branches-batch verification and batch identification. Batch verification is a method to determine whether a set of signatures contains invalid signatures, and batch identification is a method to find bad signatures if a set of signatures contains invalid signatures. Recently, some significant developments appeared in such field, especially by Ferrara et al. [10] and Law et al. [15], respectively. However, no batch identification method for group signature have been suggested. In this paper, by exploiting earlier works on standard signature schemes, we propose methods of batch verification and batch identification of a group signature scheme.
The impact of inequalities (2015)

Learning about the health visitor's role in building community capacity has led Lisa Forbes to consider her personal convictions and ideology, and establish how her principles fit with her responsibilities as a public health practitioner.
Terminal proteins of Streptomyces chromosome can target DNA into eukaryotic nuclei (2008)

Streptomyces species are highly abundant soil bacteria that possess linear chromosomes (and linear plasmids). The 5' ends of these molecules are covalently bound by terminal proteins (TPs), that are important for integrity and replication of the telomeres. There are at least two types of TPs, both of which contain a DNA-binding domain and a classical eukaryotic nuclear localization signal (NLS). Here we show that the NLS motifs on these TPs are highly efficient in targeting the proteins along with covalently bound plasmid DNA into the nuclei of human cells. The TP-mediated nuclear targeting resembles the inter-kingdom gene transfer mediated by Ti plasmids of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, in which a piece of the Ti plasmid DNA is targeted to the plant nuclei by a covalently bound NLS-containing protein. The discovery of the nuclear localization functions of the Streptomyces TPs not only suggests possible inter-kingdom gene exchanges between Streptomyces and eukaryotes in soil but also provides a novel strategy for gene delivery in humans and other eukaryotes.
Measurement of oxidized and methylated DNA bases by HPLC with electrochemical detection (1996)

Oxidative DNA damage is thought to be an important contributor to cancer development and to be affected by dietary constituents, so its accurate measurement is important. DNA methylation is recognized as an important mechanism affecting gene expression. In the present paper we describe an HPLC-with-electrochemical-detection procedure that allows rapid and sensitive measurement of four oxidized (2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine, 5-hydroxyuracil, 8-hydroxyguanine, 8-hydroxyadenine) and three methylated (7-methylguanine, 1-methylguanine, O6-methylguanine) bases in acid hydrolysates of DNA. Guanine was also detected, but was clearly separated from the other bases.
ADARs: allies or enemies? The importance of A‐to‐I RNA editing in human disease: from cancer to HIV‐1 (2011)

Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) are enzymes that convert adenosine (A) to inosine (I) in nuclear-encoded RNAs and viral RNAs. The activity of ADARs has been demonstrated to be essential in mammals and serves to fine-tune different proteins and modulate many molecular pathways. Recent findings have shown that ADAR activity is altered in many pathological tissues. Moreover, it has been shown that modulation of RNA editing is important for cell proliferation and migration, and has a protective effect on ischaemic insults. This review summarises available recent knowledge on A-to-I RNA editing and ADAR enzymes, with particular attention given to the emerging role played by these enzymes in cancer, some infectious diseases and immune-mediated disorders.
Analysis of Natural Fractures Observed by Borehole Video Camera in a Horizontal Well (1988)

ABSTRACT A video camera survey was used to examine 2217 feet of horizontal well bore. The air-drilled hole was clean and generally free of debris. More than 200 curvalinear features were noted in the well bore which were interpreted to be natural fractures. A method of orienting the features observed was developed and tested by building a replica of a section of a well bore and examining features with known inclination and orientation. Special video enhancement and playback equipment was used to examine the video tape and orient features in the well bore. Rose diagrams of oriented features show good correlation with rose diagrams of surface joints, seismic trends in the area and fractures oriented from 74 feet of oriented core taken in the well. The video camera survey also revealed that 2-phase flow conditions existed in the well bore. LNG flowed through fractures into the wellbore staining the walls, sublimated, and was produced as a gas. This method of analysis provides information useful in designing completions and stimulations in low-pressure reservoirs.
β-cells in type II diabetes mellitus (1991)

In 1960, immunoassays of insulin first demonstrated significant quantities of circulating hormone in non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes and for 30 yr have fostered debate as to whether a beta-cell abnormality plays an etiological role in this syndrome. Early efforts to determine the adequacy of islet beta-cell function showed that obesity and its associated insulin resistance were major confounding variables. Subsequently, it was recognized that glucose not only directly regulated insulin synthesis and secretion but moderated all other islet signals, including other substrates, hormones, and neural factors. When both obesity and glucose are taken into account, it becomes clear that patients with fasting hyperglycemia all have abnormal islet function. Type II diabetes is characterized by a defect in first-phase or acute glucose-induced insulin secretion and a deficiency in the ability of glucose to potentiate other islet nonglucose beta-cell secretagogues. The resulting hyperglycemia compensates for the defective glucose potentiation and maintains nearly normal basal insulin levels and insulin responses to nonglucose secretagogues but does not correct the defect in first-phase glucose-induced insulin release. Before the development of fasting hyperglycemia, only first-phase glucose-induced insulin secretion is obviously defective. This is because progressive islet failure is matched by rising glucose levels to maintain basal and second-phase insulin output. The relationship between islet function and fasting plasma glucose is steeply curvilinear, so that there is a 75% loss of beta-cell function by the time the diagnostic level of 140 mg/dl is exceeded. This new steady state is characterized by glucose overproduction and inefficient utilization. Insulin resistance is also present in most patients and contributes to the hyperglycemia by augmenting the glucose levels needed for compensation. Decompensation and absolute hypoinsulinemia occur when the renal threshold for glucose is exceeded and prevents further elevation of circulating glucose. The etiology of the islet beta-cell lesion is not known, but a hypothesis based on basal hyperproinsulinemia and islet amyloid deposits in the pancreas of type II diabetes is reviewed. The recent discovery of the islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) or amylin, which is the major constituent of islet amyloid deposits, is integrated into this hypothesis. It is suggested that pro-IAPP and proinsulin processing and mature peptide secretion normally occur together and that abnormal processing, secondary to or in conjunction with defects in hormone secretion, lead to progressive accumulation of intracellular IAPP and pro-IAPP, which in cats, monkeys, and humans form intracellular fibrils and amyloid deposits with a loss of beta-cell mass.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)