gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Control of the Photoisomerization Mode of Carbon–Carbon Double Bond by Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond; One-way Photoisomerization of 2′-Hydroxychalcone Induced by Adiabatic Intramolecular Hydrogen Atom Transfer (2000)

Abstract To investigate the effect of intramolecular hydrogen bonding on the photoisomerization of carbon–carbon double bond, photoisomerization of 2′-hydroxychalcone has been studied. Based on the quantum yield measurements and laser flash photolysis studies, it was found that 2′-hydroxychalcone isomerized only from cis- to trans-isomer. The one-way cis-trans isomerization is induced by the adiabatic hydrogen atom tranfer in the triplet state.
Human breast lesions: characterization with proton MR spectroscopy. (1998)

Spatially localized H-1 MR spectroscopy can provide sufficient sensitivity and spectral resolution at 1.5 T to demonstrate Cho in human breast lesions with a spectroscopic protocol that provides up to 1-cm3 resolution. Determining the presence of Cho may provide a useful test for malignancy.
Effects of Stenosis Asymmetry on Blood Flow in Stenotic Arteries and Wall Compression (1999)

Abstract Severe stenoses in arteries cause critical flow conditions which may be related to thrombus formation, artery compression and plaque cap rupture. The exact mechanism of these events and the conditions causing them are not well understood. Considerable work for flow in stenotic tubes have been reported in last twenty years and many interesting phenomena such as flow limitation, choking, flutter and wall collapse have been observed [3]. Stenosis severity, wall compliance and pressure conditions have been identified as dominating factors affecting wall deformation and flow and pressure fields. However, real arteries are rarely axisymmetric. Stenosis asymmetry may have considerable effects on wall stress and the critical flow characteristics.
Characterization of Magnetic Markers for Liquid-Phase Immunoassays Using Brownian Relaxation (2012)

We characterized the magnetic markers used in biological immunoassays based on Brownian relaxation. Because the markers are composed of aggregated nanoparticles, i.e., magnetic nanoclusters, we first clarified their magnetic properties using AC susceptibility measurements, magnetization (M–H) curves, and magnetic relaxation properties. Analyzing the experimental results, we obtained the key parameters for the immunoassay, i.e., hydrodynamic diameter dh, magnetic moment mB, and anisotropy energy EB of the markers. Because these parameters were distributed in practical samples, we took their distribution into account in the analysis. Next, we showed the relationship between these parameters obtained from different samples. It was shown that mB increased approximately in proportion to dh. On the other hand, no clear correlation between mB and EB was obtained. These results were very different from those expected from single-domain nanoparticles and must be taken into account when magnetic markers are used in immunoassays based on Brownian relaxation.
Gastric protective effect of peripheral PYY through PYY preferring receptors in anesthetized rats (2002)

The influence of intravenous peptide YY (PYY) on the gastric injury induced by 45% ethanol was investigated in urethane-anesthetized rats. PYY (25, 75, 125, and 250 pmol x kg(-1) x h(-1)) significantly reduced gastric lesions by 36, 59, 40, and 38%, respectively. Antibody against ratPYY (2 mg/rat) injected intravenously completely prevented the gastroprotective effect of intravenous PYY (75 pmol x kg(-1) x h(-1)), whereas injected intracisternally (460 microg/20 microl), it significantly prevented intracisternal PYY (24 pmol/rat)-induced 58% reduction of ethanol lesions but not that induced by intravenous PYY. Vagotomy did not influence the gastroprotective effect of intravenous PYY. The Y(1)/"PYY-preferring" receptor agonist [Pro(34)]PYY (75 pmol x kg(-1) x h(-1) iv) significantly decreased ethanol-induced gastric lesions by 82%, whereas [Leu(31), Pro(34)]NPY, a Y(1)/Y(3) agonist, and PYY-(3-36), a Y(2) agonist, had no effect. These data indicate that PYY-infused intravenously at doses reported to mimic postprandial peak blood levels prevents ethanol-induced gastric injury through vagal independent pathways and PYY-preferring receptors.
The Development of a Small High Speed Steam Microturbine Generator System (2015)

The efficient use of energy is paramount in every kind of business today. Steam is a widely used energy source. In many situations steam is generated at high pressures and then reduced in pressure through control valves before reaching point of use. An opportunity was identified to convert some of the energy at the point of pressure reduction into electricity. This can be accomplished using steam turbines driving alternators on large scale systems. To take advantage of a market identified for small scale systems, a microturbine generator was designed based on a small high speed turbo machine. This gave rise to a number of challenges which are described with the solutions adopted. The challenges included aerodynamic design of high efficiency impellers, sealing of a high speed shaft, thrust control and material selection to avoid steam erosion. The machine was packaged with a sophisticated control system to allow connection to the electricity grid. Some of the challenges in packaging the machine are also described. The Spirax Sarco TurboPower has now concluded performance and initial endurance tests which are described with a summary of the results.
Cytotoxic Activity of 2′,2′-Difluorodeoxycytidine (Gemcitabine) in Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma Cells (2000)

Poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancers are aggressive and usually fatal neoplasms, despite aggressive treatment. We performed an in vitro study to assess the activity of gemcitabine (2',2' difluorodeoxycytidine), a new fluorinated nucleoside analogue, against three poorly differentiated human thyroid carcinoma cell lines (ARO, WRO, and NPA). Each cell line was exposed to increasing concentrations of gemcitabine (0.0003 to 3000 mumol/L) for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Maximal reduction in cell viability was seen after 72 hours of gemcitabine for all three cell lines as measured by 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. NPA cells were more sensitive than the other two lines after 24 and 48 hours of exposure, but all cell lines were similarly sensitive at 72 hours. A cytotoxic effect was confirmed by DNA assay of adherent cells. IC50 concentrations for reduction in cell viability ranged from 0.731 and 0.986 mumol/L for each cell line after 72 hours of exposure. These concentrations are lower than serum levels in phase 1 clinical trials of gemcitabine for other malignancies. In summary, gemcitabine has activity against poorly differentiated thyroid cancer cell lines in vitro. In vivo studies using xenograft models are warranted to confirm these promising observations.
Topoisomerase II-mediated DNA breaks and cytotoxicity in relation to cell proliferation and the cell cycle in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and L1210 leukemia cells. (1987)

The DNA intercalator, 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide (m-AMSA) and the nonintercalator, etoposide (VP-16) produce topoisomerase II-mediated protein-linked DNA strand breaks. This function of topoisomerase II was investigated in relation to cell proliferation and cell cycle. Mouse fibroblasts NIH 3T3 and mouse leukemia L1210 cells stop proliferation when they reach a certain density. Nuclei were isolated from proliferative or quiescent cells and then treated with drug for 30 min. DNA modifications were assayed by alkaline elution. We found that the frequencies of m-AMSA- or VP-16-induced DNA-protein links were higher in nuclei from exponentially growing than in those from quiescent cells in both the 3T3 and the L1210 lines. Drug-induced protein-associated DNA breaks were also studied as a function of the cell cycle in 3T3 cells that had been arrested by contact inhibition in medium containing 1% calf serum and then stimulated to proliferate by raplating at a lower cell density in medium containing 10% serum. In these synchronized cells, a large peak of [3H]thymidine incorporation occurred 18-30 h after replating. The yield of DNA-protein cross-links produced by 30-min drug treatments of nuclei isolated at various times after growth initiation increased concomitantly with the peak of the DNA synthesis. The topoisomerase II activity of nuclear extracts, as measured by kinetoplast DNA decatenation followed a similar pattern. Using colony-forming assays, we also observed that m-AMSA and VP-16 were most cytotoxic in proliferative cells and during DNA synthesis. These results suggest that alkaline elution measurement of m-AMSA- or VP-16-induced protein-linked DNA breaks reflects the association of topoisomerase II with DNA. This association is increased during DNA replication, making the cells more vulnerable to m-AMSA and VP-16 at this time.
Patient Management and Clinical Decision Making in HBV – Aims of Therapy and What we can Achieve (2010)

International treatment guidelines for hepatitis B emphasize alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and serum HBV DNA thresholds, but strict adherence to these markers might lead to missed opportunities in some patients with acquisition in early life. Clinical trials have used improvement in liver histology, rate of hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion and sustained HBV DNA suppression as primary end points. These are potentially short-term end points because HBV infection can not be eradicated and delayed relapses might occur. The closest end point to a clinical cure of disease is the loss of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The ability of interferon to stimulate the immune response of the host might explain the higher rate of early HBsAg clearance when compared with nucleoside analogues. Early studies suggest that combination therapy with interferon and long-term treatment with nucleoside analogues might lead to an even higher rate of HBsAg seroconversion. Measuring HBsAg concentration during therapy might provide an early indication that a durable virological response, including HBsAg clearance, is likely to occur. Thus far, this has been best studied using interferon. The relationship of this phenomenon to viral genotype will be discussed. There is a need for more flexible on-treatment criteria for hepatitis B. HBsAg clearance remains the best therapeutic end point, but is not readily achievable with current treatments. Future treatment paradigms should take into account the duration as well as the extent of viraemia, place less reliance on the ALT level to indicate the extent of liver injury and consider the possibility that maintenance therapy can prevent liver disease complications.
How Capillary Electrophoresis Sequenced the Human Genome (2000)

The most recent milestone in the history of science must be the determination of the sequence of the human genome. Capillary electrophoresis is an important tool that has revolutionized DNA sequencing and allowed the completion of the human genome sequencing well ahead of schedule and well under budget. The development of multiple-capillary versions of the instrument, with a sheath-flow cuvette for laser-induced fluorescence detection, has been an important step in the development of this technology.
Quels sont les récepteurs plaquettaires du collagène (2002)

Les fibres de collagene forment une matrice importante pour l'adherence des plaquettes au sous-endothelium expose et constituent l'un des principaux composants de la plaque d'atherome dans l'atherosclerose. Les plaquettes se fixent au site vasculaire endommage et sont activees, ce qui conduit a la secretion du contenu des granules et a l'agregation. Dans l'atherosclerose, cette interaction peut initier des thromboses arterielles. L'adherence des plaquettes au collagene peut se faire par des interactions indirectes, via le facteur von Willebrand et la glycoproteine Ib-IX-V, ou directes, par l'intermediaire de l'integrine alpha2beta1 et du complexe GPVI-FcRgamma. Le role de ces deux derniers est encore actuellement l'objet de nombreuses etudes. Neanmoins, il semble que alpha2beta1 serait plutot implique dans l'adherence et l'ancrage des plaquettes au collagene, tandis que GPVI serait plutot implique dans l'activation plaquettaire en reponse au collagene. D'autres recepteurs specifiques d'un type de collagene ont ete decrits. Les caracteristiques et la fonction des principaux recepteurs du collagene, c'est-a-dire alpha2beta1 et GPVI, sont discutees dans cette revue. L'implication des polymorphismes de ces recepteurs en tant que facteur de risque de pathologies thrombotiques et hemorragiques est egalement presentee.
Regulation by fatty acids of angiotensinogen gene expression in preadipose cells (1997)

Adipocytes represent an important source of angiotensiongen (AT). Angiotensin II (A-II) stimulates in vitro and in vivo the formation and release of prostacyclin which acts as a potent adipogenic signal in triggering the terminal differentiation of preadipocytes into adipocytes [Darimont, Vassaux, Gaillard. Ailhaud and Négrel (1994) Int. J. Obes. 18, 783-788]. Since fatty acids have been reported to activate in preadipose cells the expression of various differentiation-dependent genes, the role of fatty acids in the regulation of AT gene expression was investigated. Long-chain natural and non-metabolized fatty acids as well as peroxisome proliferators behave as activators of AT gene expression. Accumulation of AT mRNA parallels that of the adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein gene and is primarily due to transcriptional activation of the AT gene. AT mRNA decreases after fatty acid removal (half-life approx. 8 h). Secretion of AT is also observed but appears mainly as a late differentiation-dependent phenomenon. Thus the AT gene appears to be a fatty acid-responsive gene; this regulation provides a potential link between the flux of fatty acids and the potential of adipose tissue to produce AT and possibly A-II.
Perspectives on Group Quiltmaking in Nebraska (1994)

Profiles of Nebraskan quiltmaking groups and quilts made by those groups between 1880 and 1989 were developed using data collected during twenty-seven Nebraska Quilt History Days and information garnered from telephone interviews. Quiltmaking by Nebraska groups peaked in the 1920s and 1930s and again in the 1970s and 1980s when American quiltmaking enjoyed its first and second twentieth century revivals. Most of the groups were non-church affiliated organizations. These groups included sewing clubs/quilting groups or guilds, social clubs, municipal groups, Cooperative Extension clubs, fraternal associations, and senior center groups. Group membership was between 15 to 24 members until the 1980s when membership increased to over 50. Most groups consisted of female members, had officers, met once a month in a member’s home, and were active from 1 to 24 years or 50 to 74 years. Nebraska groups most often made pieced quilts and embroidered quilts. The four most prevalent pieced quilt patterns were the Friendship Chain, Dresden Plate, Nine Patch, and Friendship Star. Most quilts were made from new cotton fabrics and contained embroidered inscriptions bearing dates and names. Most group-made quilts were hand quilted in an outline quilting pattern. The average number of quilting stitches per inch was 6.6 stitches. Quilting of group-made quilts was undertaken most often by the group which constructed the quilt top. The largest quilts were made in the 1970s and 1980s. The most common purposes for making group-constructed quilts were special occasions, special persons, or fund-raising. Advisor: Patricia Cox Crews
Optimization of the posttranslational click modification of proteins (2011)

In order to develop efficient methods that would enable the synthesis of posttranslationaly modified proteins in a site-specific manner we have adopted the orthogonal pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pair to genetically encode various pyrrolysine analogs, which we were able to insert into the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). These experiments showed that the alkene and alkyne containing amino acids 5 and 6 are superior substrates for the pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase and that they can be successfully incorporated into proteins. Using the Cu(I)-catalyzed Huisgen–Meldal–Sharpless click reaction, the alkyne containing YFP was finally glycosylated with various sugars. We confirmed the presence of the modified amino acids as well as the corresponding sugar modifications by HPLC-MS/MS mass spectrometry.
Nutritional Influences on Chemical Biotransformations in Humans (2009)

Journal Article Nutritional Influences on Chemical Biotransformations in Humans Get access Karl E. Anderson, M.D, Karl E. Anderson, M.D Associate Professor The Rockefeller University and Hospital. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Allan H. Conney, Ph.D, Allan H. Conney, Ph.D Adjunct Professor The Rockefeller University and Director, Department of Biochemistry and Drug Metabolism, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, NJ 07110. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Attallah Kappas, M.D Attallah Kappas, M.D Fairchild Professor Rockefeller University, and Physician-in-Chief, The Rockefeller University Hospital, New York, NY 10021. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nutrition Reviews, Volume 40, Issue 6, June 1982, Pages 161–171, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1982.tb05298.x Published: 01 June 1982
Nanocellulose Aerogels Inspired by Frozen Tofu (2017)

Cellulose-based aerogels are reported that were generated using cellulose nanofibril (CNF) gels in an ambient drying process. These nancellulose aerogels were inspired by the preparation of a traditional Chinese food, frozen tofu, which undergoes significant toughening after freezing and thawing. It is this toughening mechanism that allows for the formation of nanocellulose aerogels which ordinarily would collapse upon ambient drying. By freezing hydrated CNF gel dispersions, solvent exchanging, and drying at ambient pressure, monolithic nanocellulose aerogels with high porosity (>98%), low density (as low as 0.018 g cm–3), and high surface area (>30 m2 g–1) were readily generated. Moreover, since no special reactors are required, these structures can be easily created over large areas. For example, a hydrated CNF gel was frozen at −72 °C, and then, the frozen gel was immersed directly in a 2-propanol bath to allow solvent exchange. The resulting alcohol-infused gel was dried at ambient pressure to fabricate monolithic CNF aerogels, enabling the scalable fabrication of nanocellulose aerogels in an energy-efficient and cost-effective manner.
Oil and Grease in Urban Stormwaters (1984)

A study of oil and grease in urban stormwaters was performed on a small watershed in Richmond, Calif., with the objective of determining the amount of oil and grease discharged into San Francisco Bay. Five sampling stations were selected at various places in the watershed that were indicative of specific land uses, and runoff from seven storms was sampled and analyzed. The results of the survey indicated that oil and grease concentration was highly dependent upon land use, ranging from 4.1 mg/L in residential areas to 15.3 mg/L in parking lots. A statistical analysis of oil and grease and storm characteristics showed that oil and grease concentration was independent of all storm characteristics, except that mass of oil and grease discharged was proportional to total rainfall. Qualitative analysis of the oil and grease by gas chromatography indicated that it most resembled used automobile crankcase oil. Several samples showed evidence of spills of specific compounds. A simulation of management techniques indicated that a 90% reduction in discharge from commercial properties and parking lots, which represented only 9.6% of the total surface area, would result in a 53% reduction in total oil and grease discharge. Growth simulation predicted a potential 27% increase in discharge if 5% of the watershed were converted from open land to commercial property.
High performance long-wavelength QD diode lasers on GaAs substrates (2003)

Long-wavelength GaAs-based quantum dot laser diodes with external differential efficiency of 84...88% combined with low internal loss and characteristic temperature of 150 K are realized.
2-bit poly-Si-TFT nonvolatile memory using hafnium oxide, hafnium silicate and zirconium silicate (2006)

In this paper, the authors, for the first time, have successfully fabricated SONOS-type poly-Si-TFT memories employing three kinds of high-k dielectrics, including HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> , Hf-silicate and Zr-silicate, as the trapping layer with low-thermal budget processing. It was demonstrated that the fabricated memories exhibit good performance in terms of relatively large memory window, high program/erase speed (1ms/10ms), long retention time (>10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> s for 20% charge loss) and negligible read/write disturbances. In particular, 2-bit operation has been successfully demonstrated
Ulcerated tophaceous gout (2015)

Gout is an inflammatory arthritis characterised by hyperuricemia, which, if poorly controlled, can lead to the development of tophi. We report the case of a 60-year-old Caucasian man with poorly controlled polyarticular tophaceous gout with multiple comorbidities (including renal failure) who presented with tophaceous ulcers of the upper extremity. These ulcers caused extreme pain, requiring chronic opiate medications, and were associated with decreased sensation and reduced ability to move the extremity. His hospital course was complicated by acute kidney injury, haemolytic anaemia and Clostridium difficile infection. He required 1 month of antibiotics and intensive wound care for his ulcers. This case highlights the diagnosis, natural history and management of an unusual complication of hyperuricemia.
Chemistry of 2-methoxy-2,5-cyclohexadienones. III. Syntheses of 2-methoxy-4,4-diphenyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone and 4-dichloromethyl-2-methoxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone. (1984)

2-Methoxy-4, 4-diphenyl-2, 5-cyclohexadienone (Ib) was synthesized by phenylselenylation of 2-methoxy-4, 4-diphenyl-2-cyclohexenone (Va) followed by oxidative deselenylation of the resultant 6-phenylselenyl derivative (Vc). 4-Dichloromethyl-2-methoxy-4-methyl-2, 5-cyclohexadienone (Ic) was prepared by the Reimer-Tiemann reaction of 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol (IIa).
Validation of a synthesis technique for the optimal control of an electro-hydraulic positioning system (2000)

The successive Galerkin approximation (SGA) method is presented as a means for approximating solutions to the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation. The SGA strategy is applied to the development of optimal control laws for an electrohydraulic positioning system (EHPS) having nonlinear dynamics. An EHPS dynamic model is presented along with an experimental validation of the model. Results demonstrating the experimental application of the SGA synthesis strategy to an EHPS under a variety of operating conditions are presented. These results are compared to those obtained from a linear quadratic regulator developed from linearized model equations.