gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<b>mice</b>: Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations in<i>R</i> (2011)

The R package <b>mice</b> imputes incomplete multivariate data by chained equations. The software mice 1.0 appeared in the year 2000 as an S-PLUS library, and in 2001 as an R package. mice 1.0 introduced predictor selection, passive imputation and automatic pooling. This article documents mice, which extends the functionality of mice 1.0 in several ways. In <b>mice</b>, the analysis of imputed data is made completely general, whereas the range of models under which pooling works is substantially extended. <b>mice</b> adds new functionality for imputing multilevel data, automatic predictor selection, data handling, post-processing imputed values, specialized pooling routines, model selection tools, and diagnostic graphs. Imputation of categorical data is improved in order to bypass problems caused by perfect prediction. Special attention is paid to transformations, sum scores, indices and interactions using passive imputation, and to the proper setup of the predictor matrix. <b>mice</b> can be downloaded from the Comprehensive R Archive Network. This article provides a hands-on, stepwise approach to solve applied incomplete data problems.
The effects of breathing 5% CO<sub>2</sub> on human cardiovascular responses and tolerance to orthostatic stress (2004)

Breathing carbon dioxide (CO2) is known to induce hypercapnic acidosis and to affect chemoreceptor regulation of the cardiovascular system. However, there is limited information in the literature regarding the effects of breathing CO2 upon tolerance to orthostatic stress where cardiovascular regulation is challenged. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of breathing 5% CO2 on presyncopal tolerance to lower body negative pressure (LBNP). Nine subjects (five males and four females; average +/-s.d. age 21.9 +/- 0.9 years, height 172.4 +/- 9.7 cm, mass 70.3 +/- 7.1 kg) volunteered to participate in this study. Orthostatic tolerance was determined by exposing subjects to LBNP until the onset of presyncopal signs and symptoms on two occasions each separated by approximately 1 week. On one occasion investigations were carried out while subjects were breathing room air and on the other while subjects were breathing air containing 5% CO2, inducing hypercapnia and stimulating systemic chemoreceptors. During hypercapnic conditions, as compared with normocapnia, there were significant increases (P < 0.05) in minute ventilation, end-tidal CO2 and estimated arterial P(CO2). Furthermore, under hypercapnic conditions there was an increase in orthostatic tolerance, peak heart rate and time to peak heart rate during LBNP. The LBNP-induced increase in calf circumference was significantly attenuated at -50 mmHg of LBNP in addition to a further 22.3% reduction in stroke volume under hypercapnic conditions. In conclusion, these results suggest that the possible protective element of presyncope was delayed during hypercapnia at the expense of further reductions in stroke volume. This delayed presyncopal response may have been associated with increases in cerebral blood flow (CBF) induced by the increased arterial P(CO2).
Phosphate‐Bonded Talc: A Superior Block‐Talc Substitute (1954)

Phosphate‐bonded talc shows advantages over block talc, which indicates that it is a superior substitute for this strategically important raw material. A satisfactory product has been made using talc from domestic sources. It has been formed by various methods, such as dry pressing, hydrostatic pressing, or hot pressing. Some factors that control the properties of the end product have been investigated, and the mechanical and dielectric properties are compared with those of natural block talc.
Antibodies against human chorionic gonadotropin convert the deglycosylated hormone from an antagonist to an agonist. (1984)

Chemical deglycosylation of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) produced an antagonist (DG-hCG) that specifically bound to hCG receptors but was no longer able to stimulate adenylate cyclase in the murine Leydig tumor cell line, MLTC-1. DG-hCG was restored to an agonist by incubating cells or membranes having the bound analogue with antibodies against hCG (anti-hCG). In the presence of anti-hCG, cyclic AMP accumulation and adenylate cyclase activity were stimulated over DG-hCG alone. There was no accumulation of cyclic AMP when the cells were exposed to anti-hCG alone or DG-hCG and normal serum or anti-hCG first then DG-hCG. Several different batches of anti-hCG were effective but their activity did not correlate with their affinity for DG-hCG or hCG. The effect of anti-hCG on DG-hCG activity was dose- and time-dependent. Maximal stimulation of cyclic AMP was achieved with antisera dilutions of 1:200 or less. When DG-hCG-treated cells were exposed to anti-hCG at 37 degrees C, there was a 10-min lag. The lag was eliminated when the cells were exposed to the antibodies at 4 degrees C for 3 h and then warmed to 37 degrees C. Adenylate cyclase was also activated when Fab fragments prepared by papain digestion of anti-hCG were used, whereas Fc fragments were not effective. Thus, the divalency of the anti-hCG is not the critical factor in the mechanism of antibody action. Our results suggest that anti-hCG converts DG-hCG from an antagonist to an agonist possibly by altering the conformation of the modified hormone.
Environmental Lessons from Our Pioneer Heritage (1999)

The efforts of the pioneers and their posterity to correct their mistakes in agricultural and ranching practices set an example for us today.
Hedgehog's Patterning Call Is Patched Through, Smoothly (1996)

The Hedgehog protein is a key signaling molecule in embryogenesis, sending a message that allows embryonic hands to tell thumb from little finger, for example. But researchers have long sought the molecular receiver for Hedgehog's message and gotten conflicting results. New studies offer a reason why: Two proteins, Patched and Smoothened, appear to work together to receive and relay the signal.
Plasma endothelin-1 levels and albumin excretion rate in normotensive, microalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients. (2003)

Our results showed that circulating ET-1 values were increased in microalbuminuric, normotensive, type 2 diabetic patients and correlated with albumin excretion rate. These findings confirm that endothelial dysfunction, as expressed by ET-1 levels, occurs early in these patients and support the hypothesis of a potential role for this peptide in development of microalbuminuria in diabetic nephropathy.
Spoofing Signal Detection Using Accelerometers in IMU and GPS Information (2014)

This paper considers a GPS anti-spoofing problem. Spoofing is an intentional interference that mislead the GNSS receiver. The spoofing attack is very significant since the target receiver is not aware of being attacked from spoofing. Accelerometers can be used to detect the spoofing signal by being compared with the acceleration obtained from GPS information using Kalman filter. In this paper we propose an N by N-point average and M-point window algorithm to detect GPS spoofing by using accelerometers and GPS outputs. The performance of the proposed algorithm is analyzed using actual vehicle trajectory and spoofing trajectory generated from INS and GPS toolbox for simulation.
The role of N -linked glycans in protein quality control in the early secretory pathway (2003)

The ER quality control machinery maintains the fidelity of the protein maturation process by sorting aberrant proteins for ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD), a process requiring retranslocation from the ER lumen to the cytosol and degradation by the proteasome. To understand the role of N-linked glycans in ERAD, degradation of wild-type (Tyr) and mutant (Tyr(C85S)) tyrosinase was examined. Here, we demonstrated that both wild-type and mutant tyrosinase were substrates of the 26S proteasome. Tyr(C85S), however, was less stable, and the cell line harboring the C85S mutation exhibited an up-regulated unfolded protein response as measured by XBP-1 mRNA splicing. Inhibiting mannose trimming or accumulating Tyr(C85S) in a monoglucosylated form led to stabilization, supporting a role for lectin chaperones in ER retention and mannose trimming in proteasomal degradation. In contrast, preventing glucose trimming caused rapid disappearance of protein. Upon closer examination employing procedures which monitored the appearance of degradation product (small peptides) rather than the disappearance of full-length protein, ablating lectin chaperone binding induced the formation of aggregates. Colocalization of tyrosinase with BiP and PDI, but not calnexin, implicated the latter two in aggregate dissolution. The fact that aggregates were disassembled and cleared from the ER at a rate similar- to non-aggregated species and degraded by the proteasome suggests a model of glycoprotein degradation in which non-lectin molecular chaperones function in the quality control of glycoproteins, at least in part, in the absence of lectin chaperones.
Predicting the Outcome of the CaNa 2 EDTA Challenge Test in Children with Moderately Elevated Blood Lead Levels (1999)

James R. Campbell, Stanley J. Schaffer, Predicting the Outcome of the CaNa2 EDTA Challenge Test in Children with Moderately Elevated Blood Lead Levels, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 107, No. 6 (Jun., 1999), pp. 437-440
Low-temperature growth and orientational control in RuO{sub 2} thin films by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (1996)

For growth temperatures in the range of 275 C to 425 C, highly conductive RuO{sub 2} thin films with either (110)- or (101)-textured orientations have been grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on both SiO{sub 2}/Si(001) and Pt/Ti/SiO{sub 2}/Si(001) substrates. Both the growth temperature and growth rate were used to control the type and degree of orientational texture of the RuO{sub 2} films. In the upper part of this growth temperature range ({approximately} 350 C) and at a low growth rate (< 30 {angstrom}/min.), the RuO{sub 2} films favored a (110)-textured. In contrast, at the lower part of this growth temperature range ({approximately} 300 C) and at a high growth rate (> 30 {angstrom}/min.), the RuO{sub 2} films favored a (101)-textured. In contrast, a higher growth temperatures (> 425 C) always produced randomly-oriented polycrystalline films. For either of these low-temperature growth processes, the films produced were crack-free, well-adhered to the substrates, and had smooth, specular surfaces. Atomic force microscopy showed that the films had a dense microstructure with an average grain size of 50--80 nm and a rms. surface roughness of {approximately} 3--10 nm. Four-probe electrical transport measurements showed that the films were highly conductive with resistivities of 34--40 {micro}{Omega}-cm ({at} 25 C).
Conductivity estimation by neural network (2002)

Presents a technique for detecting conductivity anomalies in sediments, e.g., a buried object in sedimentary layers under sea water, by using the neural network approach. The electric field values are used as the inputs to the neural network and the associated conductivities are treated as the targets. The neural network is then trained to associate these conductivities and field values. It is shown that a trained neural network can be used to estimate the conductivity of new objects that were not employed originally to train the network.
New Insights on Natural Hydraulic Fractures Induced by Abnormally High Pore Pressures (1995)

In this paper, I identify a mechanism by which high pore pressures, acting alone, can cause natural hydraulic fractures and keep them open for extended time periods. Such fractures may occur in tectonically extensional, neutral, or compressional settings. Although the fractures' orientations will be governed by the regional stress field, they can form and remain open without a horizontal stress differential large enough to induce regional-scale dilation. Rather, these fractures are a result of compression or shrinkage of the host rock's solid constituents (grains). As such, grain shrinkage caused by a pore-pressure increase is analogous to grain shrinkage caused by temperature decreases, a process that also causes extension fractures in rocks. I call these fractures hydra lic-shrinkage fractures to distinguish them from other types of hydraulic fractures that may be induced by intrusive fluids other than the dominantly present pore fluid. I present sample calculations to demonstrate the theoretical basis for these fractures, and include various examples to show how fracture potential and orientation are affected by the host rock's mechanical properties and different geological processes. These examples indicate that pore-pressure magnitude cannot be used alone as a fracture criterion. Instead, fracture potential and orientation depend on the geologic processes causing the excess pore pressures and the mechanical properties of the unfractured rock. In general, vertical (shrinkage) fractures are favored and should occur at lower pore pressures in less compressible rocks buried in basins with lower geothermal gradients.
Nutrient‐regulated transcriptional responses in the brown tide‐forming alga <i>Aureococcus anophagefferens</i> (2010)

Long-SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression) was used to profile the transcriptome of the brown tide-forming alga, Aureococcus anophagefferens, under nutrient replete (control), and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deficiency to understand how this organism responds at the transcriptional level to varying nutrient conditions. This approach has aided A. anophagefferens genome annotation efforts and identified a suite of genes upregulated by N and P deficiency, some of which have known roles in nutrient metabolism. Genes upregulated under N deficiency include an ammonium transporter, an acetamidase/formamidase and two peptidases. This suggests an ability to utilize reduced N compounds and dissolved organic nitrogen, supporting the hypothesized importance of these N sources in A. anophagefferens bloom formation. There are also a broad suite of P-regulated genes, including an alkaline phosphatase, and two 5'-nucleotidases, suggesting A. anophagefferens may use dissolved organic phosphorus under low phosphate conditions. These N- and P-regulated genes may be important targets for exploring nutrient controls on bloom formation in field populations.
The tunnel technique: a different approach to block grafting procedures. (2008)

The purpose of this study was to report on the tunnel technique, an approach to alveolar ridge augmentation in partially edentulous patients that uses bone blocks immobilized with titanium screws prior to implant placement. Twenty patients (7 men and 13 women) between the ages of 35 and 65 years were treated during a 2-year period with the tunnel technique. The technique consists of creating the tunnel, exposing the crestal defect, harvesting the graft, and final adaptation and stabilization of the graft in the defect site. Nineteen of the 20 patients treated had an adequate level of bone postoperatively to place implants 3.75 or 4 mm in diameter and at least 10 mm in length. None of the patients reported temporary or permanent lower lip paresthesia. There were also no infections reported in the donor sites. This method eliminates the need for a membrane because the integrity of the periosteum is preserved, and it greatly reduces patient discomfort since only one surgical field is needed. The learning curve for this procedure is relatively short.
Hirudin C-Terminal Fragments lnhibit Thrombin Induced Neutrophil Chemotaxis (1992)

Since native hirudin blocks the thrombin induced chemotaxis response of neutrophils, we examined whether hirudin C-terminal peptides were also capable of this inhibition. The studies showed that thrombin induced human neutrophil chemotaxis was effectively blocked by the C-terminal hirudin peptide analogs, Gly-Asp-Phe-Glu-Glu-Ile-Pro-Glu-Glu-Tyr-Leu-Gln (12-mer[54-65]) and Thr-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Ser-His-Asn-Asp-Gly-Asp-Phe-Glu-Glu-Ile-Pro-Glu-Glu- Tyr- Leu-Gln (21-mer[45-65]). Furthermore, neither peptide had an effect on formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine induced chemotaxis. The results suggest that binding of the hirudin C-terminal peptides block the thrombin chemotactic domain.
Immobilization of Urease on Activated Methoxypolyethyleneglycol-5000 (1996)

Urease (E.C 3.5.1.5) was covalently immobilized on activated methoxypolyethyleneglycol-5000 which is linear, uncharged, soluble in water and nonimmunogenic. mPEG is bound to the epsilon-NH2 groups of Lysin in urease. Previously different molar ratios of urease -Lys/activated-mPEG were searched for immobilization. Storage stabilities, molecular weights and the values of blocked amino groups were determined for each immobilized urease and the best conditions was found 1:3 urease-Lys/activated mPEG. Furthermore physical characterization, kinetic constants (Km, Vmax), heat and temperature stabilites were also determined.
Tone Discrimination and Speech Perception Benefit in Mandarin-Speaking Children Fit With HiRes Fidelity 120 Sound Processing (2009)

Taken together, the improved tone discrimination and speech perception results, along with subjective improvements in speech fluency, discrimination, and music appreciation, indicate a trend toward superior listening benefit with HiRes 120 compared with standard HiRes in Mandarin-speaking children.
Properties of cadmium-doped tin oxide thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis method (2003)

Cadmium doped Tin Oxide Thin Films have been prepared by Spray Pyrolysis Method on glass substrates at 350°C. Structural, electrical and optical properties have been measured. From XRD it is found that films deposited are crystalline in nature with tetragonal structure having lattice constant a=b=3.86 A° and c=5.62A°. Hall effect measurements show that films prepared are of n-type and the carrier concentration (≈10<sup>18</sup> cm<sup>-3</sup>) and room temperature conductivity decreases with the increases in cadmium concentration in the films. Activation energy has been calculated from conductivity measurements and it was found that conduction within the temperature range we have measured is due to hoping of carriers through the spectrum of localized states. Band gap of the un-doped films calculated from transmission spectrum is about 3.1 eV and the value decrease slightly with the addition of cadmium. The refractive index, extinction coefficient, real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant have been calculated from the optical spectra. The refractive index decreases with photon energy and also decreases slightly with cadmium concentration while extinction coefficient increases with photon energy.
Final rises and Swedish question intonation (2004)

Phrase-final intonation was analysed in a subcorpus of Swedish computer-directed question utterances with the objective of investigating the extent to which final rises occur in spontaneous questions, and also to see if such rises might have pragmatic functions over and beyond the signalling of interrogative mode. Final rises occurred in 22 percent of the utterances. Final rises occurred mostly in conjunction with final focal accent. Children exhibited the largest percentage of final rises (32%), with women second (27%) and men lowest (17%). These results are viewed in relationship to results of related perception studies and are discussed in terms of Swedish question intonation and the pragmatic social function of rises in a biological account of intonation.
Reduction of stress at the initial stages of GaN growth on Si(111) (2003)

GaN growth on heterosubstrates usually leads to an initially high dislocation density at the substrate/seed layer interface. Due to the initial growth from small crystallites, tensile stress is generated at the coalescence boundaries during GaN growth. In addition, with tensile thermal stress this leads to cracking of GaN on Si and SiC substrates when cooling to room temperature. By partially masking the typically applied AlN seed layer on Si(111) with an in situ deposited SiN mask a reduction in tensile stress can be achieved for the subsequently grown GaN layer. Additionally, the 6 K GaN band edge photoluminescence is increased by about an order of magnitude and shifts by 21 meV, which can be attributed to a change in tensile stress of ∼0.8 GPa, in good agreement with x-ray diffractometry measurements. This improvement in material properties can be attributed to a reduction of grain boundaries by the growth of larger sized crystallites and lateral overgrowth of less defective GaN.
Rapid Detection of Infectious Agents with a Biosensor Based Nucleic Acid Hybridization Assay (1992)

The goal of this project has been to optimize the Threshold DNA probe assay as a method for quantitating specific sequences after amplification by the polymerase chain reaction. Increasing the probe concentration 5-fold in the standard scheme B assay results in more rapid annealing of the probes to the target DNA, decreasing the overall assay time to less than 1 hour. A second assay format was developed in which the capture reagent and enzyme conjugate are added simultaneously. This scheme A format gives comparable results to those obtained using scheme B, and shortens the assay time to less than 30 minutes. Studies were also initiated to increase the detection sensitivity of the Threshold DNA probe assay by introducing multiple labels into the probe sequence by PCR. Data obtained after the reporting period officially ended indicate that 10 genomic targets can be detected after 25 cycles of PCR by using longer probes containing multiple fluorescein labels.
Binding and Autophosphorylating Activity of Human Insulin Analogs (1989)

Insulin receptor binding and autophosphorylating activities of a number of synthetic analogs of human insulin have been examined using highly purified insulin receptor from human placenta. In general, autophosphorylation correlates well with the ability of the analogs to stimulate glucose oxidation and to inhibit lipolysis in adipocytes although their biological activities varied over a wide range. These findings support the hypothesis that autophosphorylation is an obligatory step in the pathways leading to glucose oxidation and inhibition of lipolysis. The relative biological potencies of the analogs in the autophosphorylation assay also correlated well with their receptor-binding affinities except for the peptides [endo-TyrB16a]insulin, in which an additional Tyr has been inserted between TyrB16 and LeuB17 and [ProA2]insulin. The relative receptor binding affinity of [endo-TyrB16a]insulin is significantly greater than its biological activity in the adipocyte or receptor autophosphorylation assays. The converse is true for [ProA2]insulin. These results demonstrate that the amino-acid residues involved in binding and receptor activation may not be identical.
Dynamic voltage restorer using PWM ac-ac converter (2010)

This paper presents dynamic voltage restorers (DVRs) which are employing a PWM ac-ac converter. The shunt-series and series-shunt configurations are shown along with the operating principles when using the basic PWM ac-ac converter topologies such as buck, boot and buck-boost converters. The steady state analysis is carried out for an example case, the DVR with buck ac-ac converter. Also, this paper proposes three-phase DVR structures. Simulation results show the validity and feasibility of the proposed DVR.
Practical feasibility of the multistage deflection theory (1995)

A magnetic five-stage deflection system has been developed to prove the practicality of a design method based on the multistage deflection theory. High-precision printed coils are used for five-stage deflection. Coil manufacturing accuracy is 30 μm. By using this system, beam resolution of less than 0.25 μm has been obtained at 7×7 mm2 field corners with an 8 mrad beam half-angle. This system satisfies the requirement for deflective telecentricity.