gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nucleotide sequence analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid. XIV. Conditions for the incorporation of ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides into single-stranded areas of long double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acids. (1974)

Abstract At 5°, high salt concentration, and with Mn2+ as metal ion, Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I catalyzes the incorporation of ribo- and deoxyribonucleotides almost exclusively into the single-stranded cohesive ends of double-stranded λDNA, using the 3'-hydroxyl ends as primers, and the 5' single-stranded regions as templates. The mixed ribodeoxyribo-oligomers are cleaved specifically at the points of ribonucleotide insertion, to give fragments with the expected sequence. Partial inhibition of the insertion of ribonucleotides occurs under the above incubation conditions which confine the incorporation of ribo- and deoxyribonucleotides to the single-stranded cohesive ends. Calculations, based on the assumption that in a fixed percentage of cases no further ribonucleotide insertion occurs, give 10% blockage to ribocytidylate insertion, 30% blockage to riboguanylate insertion, and 60% blockage to riboadenylate insertion. This system has been studied for possible use in DNA sequence analysis, commencing at the ends of a duplex DNA molecule.
Investigation of the Gas-Phase Structure of Electrosprayed Proteins Using Ion-Molecule Reactions (1994)

Proton transfer reactions of ammonia, dimemylamine, diethylamine, and trimethylarnine with multiply protonated proteins generated by electrospray ionization (ESI) were examined to probe the relationship between solution and gas-phase protein structure and the relationship with ion-molecule reactivity. The ion-molecule reactions were carried out in an atmospheric pressure capillary inlet/reactor based upon an ESI interface to a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Two types of systems were explored: (1) proteins possessing cysteine-cysteine disulfide bonds and the analogous disulfide-reduced proteins, and (2) proteins sprayed from solution compositions where the protein has different conformations. While the cysteine-cysteine disulfide-bound proteins were more reactive than equally charged disulfide-reduced proteins under these conditions, no significant reactivity differences were noted for ions arising from different solution conformations. The effect of inlet/reactor temperature on charge distributions with and without amine reagent was also explored, demonstrating that thermal denaturation of proteins can occur in heated capillary inlets. The results are discussed in the context of recent results indicating the persistence of at least some higher order protein structure in the gas phase.
Research on Polar Code Construction Algorithms Under Gaussian Channel (2018)

Polar code is widely accepted due to its excellent error correction performance, low complexity coding and decoding structure. However, the imperfect performance in the short code length of polar codes limits its further application. A significant way to improve the performance of short polar code is to choose fit subchannels for information bits accurately and effectively. After analyzing some construction algorithms for polar codes under Gaussian channel, comparing their complexity and their BER performance, this paper proposes an improved polarization weight (PW) algorithm, which can reduce the bit error rate.
A hybrid number system processor with geometric and complex arithmetic capabilities (1991)

The architecture, design, and performance of a hybrid number system processor are described. The processor performs multiplication, division, square root, and square in the logarithmic number system (LNS) domain. However, the input, output, addition, and subtraction are all executed in the 32-b IEEE standard floating-point number system. With the LNS multiplier and pipelined architecture, the processor is able to perform the geometric and complex arithmetic very effectively. The processor is also shown to compare well to an existing 32-b floating-point DSP (digital signal processor) chip. For the same level of CMOS technology, the performance ratios between the hybrid number system and the floating-point processor are shown to be 6.4:1 and 8:1 for division and square root, respectively; for the complex FFT (fast Fourier transform) algorithm, the ratio is around 2:1.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Microgel particles: The structure‐property relationships and their biomedical applications (2013)

ABSTRACT Microgels are crosslinked soft particles with a three‐dimensional network structure that are swollen in a good solvent. They have frequently been termed “smart materials” since the size, softness, and interaction forces between particles are tunable by external stimuli such as temperature, pH, or magnetic and electric fields. It is this unique feature that has captured the interest of many scientists across a wide range of disciplines. This brief review covers the basic aspects of the relationships between the network structure and gel properties of the thermally sensitive poly( N ‐isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) microgels including the phase transition process, the internal structure of microgels, and the phase behavior. Additionally, we highlight the impacts of microgels on the biomedical applications, especially in the gene delivery, cell matrix and differentiation of stem cells. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 2995–3003
Evolution of Directional Preferences in the Supplementary Eye Field during Acquisition of Conditional Oculomotor Associations (1996)

We assessed the preferred directions (PDs) of supplementary eye field (SEF) neurons during conditional visuomotor learning. Monkeys learned to select one of four saccadic eye movements in response to a foveal instruction stimulus (IS). ISs were either familiar or novel. Each familiar IS reliably evoked one saccade: 7 degrees left, right, up, or down form the central fixation point. Novel ISs initially triggered virtually random responses among those four possibilities, but the monkeys ultimately learned to select the instructed saccade. As reported previously, activity rates on novel IS trials significantly changed during learning. Some of these cells (learning-dependent) also have significant modulation on familiar IS trials, but others (learning-selective) lack such activity. Of the former, the familiar IS activity can be either directionally selective or omnidirectional. For most neurons, PDs were apparent during all phases of learning, but they were rarely constant. Only infrequently did a neuron's PD for novel ISs closely match that for familiar ISs throughout the learning process. In directional learning-dependent cells, the PD usually reoriented near the end of learning to resemble that for familiar IS trials. In omnidirectional cells, initially evident PDs dissipated with learning, even as the cell became more strongly modulated. Learning-selective cells typically began with significant PDs, but became unmodulated as learning progressed. Our findings show a pervasive lability in SEF PDs that may reflect a flexible and rapid remapping between inputs and responses within the premotor cortical network.
Compilation of the Static Dielectric Constant of Inorganic Solids (1973)

This compilation contains values of the static dielectric constant of more than 300 inorganic solids. The temperature and frequency of the measurements are listed and the magnitude of the loss tangent is indicated if known. For ninety materials — including most ferroelectrics and antiferroelectrics and several oxides and halides — additional information is presented in the form of graphs depicting the temperature dependence of the dielectric constant. In a few cases the frequency and pressure dependences are also shown. The basic principles and formulas pertinent to the field of dielectrics are reviewed in a short introduction. This part also mentions several measuring techniques and indicates the criteria used for data selection.
Lymphsystem und osteopathische Forschung (2011)

Das Lymphsystem war und ist ein wichtiges Thema in der osteopathischen Forschung – quantitativ seit Langem, qualitativ möglicherweise früher mehr als heute. Es gibt Ansatzpunkte genug, osteopathische Fragestellungen weiter zu untersuchen, insbesondere dann, wenn das genuin Osteopathische daran berücksichtigt wird.
Research on the liquid crystal adaptive optics system for human retinal imaging (2013)

The blood vessels only in Human eye retinal can be observed directly. Many diseases that are not obvious in their early symptom can be diagnosed through observing the changes of distal micro blood vessel. In order to obtain the high resolution human retinal images,an adaptive optical system for correcting the aberration of the human eye was designed by using the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor and the Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator(LCLSM) .For a subject eye with 8m<sup>-1</sup> (8D)myopia, the wavefront error is reduced to 0.084 λ PV and 0.12 λRMS after adaptive optics(AO) correction ,which has reached diffraction limit.The results show that the LCLSM based AO system has the ability of correcting the aberration of the human eye efficiently,and making the blurred photoreceptor cell to clearly image on a CCD camera.
Immune cells in the corpus luteum: friends or foes? (2001)

The corpus luteum produces progesterone, which is essential for the maintenance of pregnancy. In the absence of a viable embryo, the corpus luteum must regress rapidly to allow for development of new ovulatory follicles. In many species, luteal regression is initiated by uterine release of PGF(2alpha), which inhibits steroidogenesis and may launch a cascade of events leading to the ultimate demise of the tissue. Immune cells, primarily macrophages and T lymphocytes, are present in the corpus luteum, particularly at the time of luteolysis. The macrophages are important for ingestion of cellular remnants that result from the death of luteal cells. However, it has also been hypothesized that immune cells are involved directly in the destruction of luteal cells, as well as in the loss of steroidogenesis; this hypothesis is reviewed in the first part of this article. An alternative hypothesis is also presented, namely that immune cells serve to abate an inflammatory response generated by dead and dying luteal cells, in effect, preventing a response that would otherwise damage surrounding ovarian tissues. Finally, the changes in immune cells that accompany maternal recognition of pregnancy and rescue of the corpus luteum are discussed briefly. Inhibition of immune cells in the corpus luteum during early pregnancy may be due to embryonic or uterine signals, or to maintenance of high progesterone concentrations within the luteal tissue.
A Deep Policy Inference Q-Network for Multi-Agent Systems (2017)

We present DPIQN, a deep policy inference Q-network that targets multi-agent systems composed of controllable agents, collaborators, and opponents that interact with each other. We focus on one challenging issue in such systems---modeling agents with varying strategies---and propose to employ "policy features" learned from raw observations (e.g., raw images) of collaborators and opponents by inferring their policies. DPIQN incorporates the learned policy features as a hidden vector into its own deep Q-network (DQN), such that it is able to predict better Q values for the controllable agents than the state-of-the-art deep reinforcement learning models. We further propose an enhanced version of DPIQN, called deep recurrent policy inference Q-network (DRPIQN), for handling partial observability. Both DPIQN and DRPIQN are trained by an adaptive training procedure, which adjusts the network's attention to learn the policy features and its own Q-values at different phases of the training process. We present a comprehensive analysis of DPIQN and DRPIQN, and highlight their effectiveness and generalizability in various multi-agent settings. Our models are evaluated in a classic soccer game involving both competitive and collaborative scenarios. Experimental results performed on 1 vs. 1 and 2 vs. 2 games show that DPIQN and DRPIQN demonstrate superior performance to the baseline DQN and deep recurrent Q-network (DRQN) models. We also explore scenarios in which collaborators or opponents dynamically change their policies, and show that DPIQN and DRPIQN do lead to better overall performance in terms of stability and mean scores.
Index participation units and the performance of index futures markets and index options markets (1997)

In response to the need for a simple financial instrument that enables retail investors to easily and quickly participate in the U.S. equity market and for a vehicle that facilitates basket trading by institutions, the American Stock Exchange introduced Standard and Poor's Depository Receipts (SPDRs) on January 29, 1993. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of the introduction of SPDRs on the pricing efficiency of S&P 500 futures market and S&P 500 options market. Using a measure of efficiency that is based on the signed difference between the observed futures price and the theoretical futures price as per the Cost of Carry model, we find that the positive mispricing is reduced when SPDRs are introduced. When the absolute values of the differences are used as the measure of efficiency, the results also show an improvement in the pricing efficiency of the futures markets. Using an ARIMA(4,0,4)-TGARCH(1,1) model, rather than the OLS model, provides us with a more precise test of the mispricing series and supports the findings above. Tests of pricing efficiency of the index options market are conducted by measuring the frequency and magnitude of violations of the no-arbitrage conditions as per the Put-Call Parity. Results from the index options market indicate that arbitrage opportunities do exist but no clear cut conclusion could be made regarding the effect of SPDRs on the index options market. When taking transaction costs into consideration, it is clear that both the frequency and the magnitude of arbitrage opportunities are reduced
Pupillary Light Reflex as an Objective Biomarker for Early Identification of Blast-Induced mTBI (2013)

Forty U.S. military personnel participated in this study, equally divided in two groups: blast induced-mTBI group and non-TBI group.The non-TBI subjects who had deployed, but had no history of TBI or concussion were tested at the U.
A hybrid randomized algorithm for image compression (2012)

In this paper, we present a randomized algorithm for image compression by improving the Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm and by applying the principal component analysis method. Some Numerical examples are provided to show that the proposed algorithm is effective.
Micro-opto-mechanical 2×2 switch for single-mode fibers based on plasma-etched silicon mirror and electrostatic actuation (1999)

This paper reports on a new optical 2/spl times/2 switch for single-mode fibers. The switching principle is based on a vertical micro-mirror which can be moved into the optical path to switch light between two pairs of fibers. The micromirror switch is designed for by-pass applications. When power is turned off the mirror spring back into its rest position and brings the switch into its bar state. This operation is very reliable, since the moving parts do not get into contact. Fabrication is based on the silicon micromachining technology, which allows to integrate the switching mirror, its electrostatic actuator and the alignment grooves for the fibers on the same chip. The mechanical switching principle brings with it a number of optical advantages such as a high crosstalk attenuation above 50 dB and wavelength and polarization insensitivity. At a wavelength of 1310 nm a minimum insertion loss of 0.6 dB was measured in the bar state, i.e. when the mirror is out of the optical path. In the cross state the light is reflected on the gold coated micro-mirror which has a reflectivity of about 80%. The insertion loss of the bar state was thus higher and a minimum value of 1.6 dB could be obtained. The switching time was well below 1 ms.
A Dean’s Perspective (2008)

As a dean of and fine arts at a public university, I see it as part of my job to make argument that are at work in world. In his president's column about Presidential Forum panels in Win ter 2007 MLA Newsletter, Michael Holquist referred to the complex util ity of humanities (3). There are risks in making utilitarian arguments about value and values of humanities, but there are also risks in not making such arguments, since other disciplines constantly make them, and fate of within university?the valuation of their labor, their market share of student enrollments, respect for their research?depends on how are valued by world outside academy and how they are valued within academy by students and colleagues in other fields. I often talk about a 2002 New York Times profile of only financial reporter to warn of Enron's fatal fiscal problems. The Fortune Magazine reporter Bethany McLean, at first Cassandra of business world, attributed her ability to read Enron's books while everyone else sang its fortunes to her liberal arts education, in particular to her double major in English and math. 'When you come out of a liberal arts background,' she said, 'you want to know why something is way it is.' In account ing, 'there is no reason why. There is no fundamental truth underlying it.' McLean credits her liberal arts background with enabling her to see
Elementary Analysis of the Delayed-Emission Theory of the Dark Sheath in rf Plasmoidal Discharges (1970)

This paper considers a possible explanation of the dark sheath observed in rf discharges. This theory, termed the delayed-emission theory, accounts for the dark sheath in terms of the finite lifetimes of newly created ions against radiative de-excitation. In addition, simple analytical expressions describing the dark sheath are obtained and comparisons are made with a more detailed calculation. For the form of the electric field used in the calculations it is found that a dark sheath would be detectable for ions with a lifetime against radiative de-excitation as short as 1×10−7 sec.
An Engineered Viral Protease Exhibiting Substrate Specificity for a Polyglutamine Stretch Prevents Polyglutamine-Induced Neuronal Cell Death (2011)

These data provide a proof-of-concept that proteolytic cleavage of polyQ stretches could be an effective modality for the treatment of polyQ diseases.
A comparison of a nearest neighbor classifier and a neural network for numeric handprint character recognition (1989)

A comparison is made of two techniques for recognizing numerical handprint characters using a variety of features, including 2D fast-Fourier transform coefficients, geometrical moments, and topological features. A backpropagation network and a nearest neighbor classifier are evaluated in terms of recognition performance and computational requirements. The results indicate that for complex problems, the performance of the neural network is comparable to that of the nearest neighbor classifier while being significantly more cost effective.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Orthogonal Projection Approach Applied to Peak Purity Assessment (1996)

The orthogonal projection approach (OPA), a stepwise approach based on an orthogonalization algorithm, is proposed. The performance of OPA for the assessment of peak purity in HPLC-DAD is described and compared with that of SIMPLISMA. The occurrence of artifacts in both approaches under nonideal situations is discussed.
Development of Visualization-Animation Software for Learning Transportation Algorithms (2016)

Recognizing the steady decline in US Science Technology Engineering Mathematics (STEM) interests and enrollments, the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the White House have developed national strategies and provided significant budget resources to STEM education research [1-2] in the past years, with the ultimate goals being to improve both the quality and number of highly trained US educators, student workforce in STEM topics, in today’s highly competitive global markets. With the explosion of the internet’s capability and availability, it is even more critical to effectively train this future USA-STEM work-force and/or to develop effective STEM related teaching tools to reach a maximum possible number of “distance learners/audiences”. Various teaching philosophies have been proposed, tested and documented by educational research communities, such as video lectures (YouTube), “flipped” class lectures (where students are encouraged to read the lecture materials on their own time, and problem solving and/or question/answer sessions are conducted in the usual classroom environments), STEM summer camps, game-based-learning (GBL) [3-5], virtual laboratories [6] and concept inventory [7]. The goal of this study is to develop useful, user friendly Java computer animation for “teaching” these basic/important STEM algorithms that will not only help both the students and their instructors to master this technical subject, but also provide a valuable tool for obtaining the solutions for homework assignments, class examinations, and self-assessment tools. Java software tools were developed for this research which include the Unloading and Pre-Marshalling algorithms for Terminal Yard Operations, the Hungarian algorithm for worker to job optimum assignment, the Dijkstra algorithm for solving the shortest-path of a transportation network, and the Cholesky Decomposition algorithm for solving simultaneous linear equations. This “educational version” of the Java-based application were implemented with several desirable features, such as: A detailed, precise and clear step-by-step algorithm will be displayed in text and human voice during the animation of the algorithm. Options to hear animated voice in several major languages (English, Chinese and Spanish). Options to input/output data (CVS file), or manually edit the data using an editor, or “randomly generating” data. Output of the “final/optimal” results can be exported to text so that the users/learners can check/verify their “hand-calculated” results, which is an important part of the learning process.
Testing for Multivariate Threshold Autoregression (2011)

In this article we propose a testing procedure for multivariate threshold autoregression with the disturbances following conditional homoscedastic martingale difference sequences. A right-tailed asymptotic distribution of the proposed test statistics is derived and the accuracy is investigated by simulations. The numerical simulations however show a remarkable robustness to a miss-specification of the order of the AR model. This encourages one to apply the asymptotic results, which will make the computation more convenient in actual applications. Furthermore, some numerical simulations indicate that the proposed test is more powerful than the test in [12]. Key Words: Eigenvalues; Lagrange-multiplier test; Likelihood ratio test; Martingale differences; Threshold autoregression
RB1 gene mutations in retinoblastoma (1999)

Mutations in both alleles of the RB1 gene are causal for the development of retinoblastoma, a childhood tumor of the eye. The spectrum of somatic and germline mutations in this gene is dominated by small mutations. Data on small mutations are listed in a locus specific database available at http://www.d-lohmann.de/Rb/mutations.html. Analysis of 368 reported small mutations reveals considerable heterogeneity. A notable recurrence of transitions is observed at 13 CpG-dinucleotides that are part of CGA codons or splice donor sites. Most mutations create a premature termination codon. With few exceptions, patients heterozygous for mutations of this kind develop bilateral retinoblastoma. Missense mutations and inframe deletions are rare. Some of these mutations are associated with a distinct phenotype marked by incomplete penetrance and reduced expressivity. Hum Mutat 14:283–288, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.