gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A commercial strategy in the labour export market with reference to Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland (1975)

One of the most notable features of the economies of the recently independent African states of southern Africa is the export of large numbers of migrant workers to South Africa. For example, in 1971, Botswana estimated that some 45000 individuals, or approximately 16% of its work force (aged 15-65), were temporarily engaged in employment in South Africa.1 Basotho labour is likewise very much dependent on employment opportunities in South Africa. In 1969, it was estimated that 45% of Lesotho's male labour force was employed in South Africa.2 By comparison, Swaziland exports a smaller amount of its labour to South Africa. In 1971, it was estimated that some 15 000 individuals or approximately 6,4% of Swaziland's African work force was employed in South Africa.3 Both the positive and negative socio-economic implications of this large export of labour are certainly recognised by the Governments of these countries and it is clear that each would like to be in a position to reduce this particular feature of economic interdependence with South Africa. However, it is equally clear that this objective will not be realised in the near future, especially in the case of Lesotho where the high and increasing density of population employing traditional agricultural production techniques and growing traditional crops is resulting in falling average productivity in the subsistence sector. Recognising that the export of labour from these countries to South Africa is an economic fact of life, it is my purpose to suggest a strategy whereby these countries can improve their terms of trade vis-a-vis South Africa. In Part II of this paper 1 examine the occupational distribution in South Africa of workers migrating from Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland (BLS) as well as occupational wage differentials of African labour in South Africa. What data is available suggests that migrants from BLS are employed in the lowest paying sectors of the South African economy. The underlying reasons for this phenomenon are discussed in Part III and it is established that by the utilisation of commercial policy and diplomacy the Governments of BLS could rectify this situation and enable migrants from their countries to have access to jobs in the much higher paying sectors of the South African economy. The paper is concluded with a discussion of the short and long term benefits of the successful implementation of the proposed labour export policy.
A method for real-time detecting and responding to harmful traffic (2011)

By rapid development and growth of the Internet, communications has developed into IP-based converged network, based on individual media convergence, such as broadcast, communications, Internet, etc. With the development of network, security issues are very important in managing the network, especially defence against a distributed traffic attack causing traffic congestion can be called essential. In a distributed traffic attack, security management on the new unknown pattern of hazardous traffic as well as the defence against well-known patterns of hazardous traffic is necessary. It is possible to block Internet attacks using defense technology including the sinkhole tunnelling, but real-time detection and response methods are not defined on the unknown traffic patterns, which do not require the sinkhole router. In this paper, the authors propose real-time detection and counter-measures on harmful traffic such as a distributed attack traffic, viruses, etc.
RUGRAT: Runtime Test Case Generation Using Dynamic Compilers (2008)

The testing of error handling and dynamic security mechanisms often depends on reproducing specific conditions outside the realm of an application's normal program state. We present RUGRAT, a novel technique to automatically generate tests for these challenging test situations. RUGRAT uses a dynamic compiler to add instructions to the program during execution, and thus dynamically generates tests to exercise code designed to handle uncommon situations during program execution. The RUGRAT testing approach is independent of the source language, requires no modification to the source orbinary program under test and generates runtime tests automatically based on a simple test specification. We demonstrate RUGRAT's capabilities by targeting two particular uncommon situations: handling errors from system and application calls, and testing security mechanisms that protect a program against attacks on function pointers. Both code coverage and failure detection results indicate that RUGRAT is a cost effective approach that reduces the number of required test inputs and need for vulnerable programs.
Design and implementation of intelligent flammable gas leakage detection alarm system (2008)

The system can monitor real-timely gas concentration.When gas concentration exceeds the standard the system set out warning signal immediately and start ventilation equipment,as a result it can prevent fatal accidents.It is designed with Visual Basic and SQL Sever 2000,and the design of hardware,software,database and distance controll of this system are put forward.
IN VIVO EVALUATION OF TIMING, DEGREE, AND DISTRIBUTION OF BACTERIAL TRANSLOCATION FOLLOWING EXPERIMENTAL SMALL BOWEL TRANSPLANTATION (1995)

These studies were designed to evaluate the correlation between morphologic and functional changes after heterotopic auxiliary small bowel isograft with systemic venous drainage and two ostomies in 20 Lewis rats. Morphologic damage of the graft was scored by full-thickness biopsies before surgery and 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after transplant. Functional evaluation of the graft was done, at the same time points, by urinary excretion of lactulose and mannitol injected in the proximal ostomy. The intestinal permeability was also studied by injecting Escherichia coli labeled with indium-111 oxine in the proximal ostomy. Translocation of radiolabeled bacteria was quantitated in extraintestinal tissues by radionuclide counts and number of viable organisms and in vivo by scinti-graphic imaging. One day after transplant, significant graft damage (score 17.2±4.2) was observed when compared with the pretransplant value (7.3±2.6). The degree of tissue injury was similar on days 3 (15.8±3.5) and 5 (16.1 ±3.9) after transplant and remained high on day 7 (11.8±2.8). The lactulose to mannitol ratio showed a significantly increased permeability on day 1 (17.5) versus pretransplant values (2.6), remained high on day 3 (8.6), and returned to normal values on day 5 (2.8). Translocation of bacteria to distant organs, as measured by both radionuclide counts and number of viable organisms, was strikingly enhanced on day 1 after transplantation, compared with control animals, but returned to the pretransplant value on day 3. A good qualitative and quantitative correlation was observed between radionuclide counts in the extraintestinal organs and in vivo images obtained by scintigraphic scanning. In conclusion, in this model, timing and degree of bacterial translocation do not seem to correlate well, with the exception of the acute posttransplantation phase, with morphologic and perme ability changes of the graft. Evaluation of translocation by scintigraphic imaging appears a suitable approach to study in vivo the kinetics and distribution of this process.
Electrochemically Induced Surface-Enhanced Infrared Difference Absorption (SEIDA) Spectroscopy of a Protein Monolayer (2003)

Functional infrared difference spectra of a protein monolayer are recorded by exploiting the surface enhancement exerted by a modified gold surface. The noble metal is used as the working electrode to induce redox-linked structural changes in the single layer of cytochrome c. The observed differences in the relative band intensities as compared to the difference spectrum of cytochrome c in solution are attributed to orientational effects of the adsorbed protein.
By-product analogs for bovine carboxypeptidase B (1978)

A series of monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acid sulfur-containing by-product analogues of lysine and arginine has been synthesized and tested as competitive inhibitors of bovine carboxypeptidase B. The most effective derivatives were guanidinoethylmercaptosuccinic acid and aminopropylmer-captosuccinic acid with Kis of 4 and 8 X 10(-6) M, respectively. Kinetics studies established the pure competitive nature of the inhibition. Mixed studies with the alkylating reagents bromoacetyl-D-arginine and bromoacetamidobutylguanidine established their efficiency in protecting the active-center glutamic acid and tyrosine of bovine carboxypeptidase B, respectively, from irreversible alkylation. Kinetic studies with bovine carboxypeptidase A and porcine carboxypeptidase B showed a lack of efficiency for A and high degree of efficiency for B.
Advances in Viroid-Host Interactions (2021)

Viroids are small, single-stranded, circular RNAs infecting plants. Composed of only a few hundred nucleotides and being unable to code for proteins, viroids represent the lowest level of complexity for an infectious agent, even below that of the smallest known viruses. Despite the relatively small size, viroids contain RNA structural elements embracing all the information needed to interact with host factors involved in their infectious cycle, thus providing models for studying structure-function relationships of RNA. Viroids are specifically targeted to nuclei (family <i>Pospiviroidae</i>) or chloroplasts (family <i>Avsunviroidae</i>), where replication based on rolling-circle mechanisms takes place. They move locally and systemically through plasmodesmata and phloem, respectively, and may elicit symptoms in the infected host, with pathogenic pathways linked to RNA silencing and other plant defense responses. In this review, recent advances in the dissection of the complex interplay between viroids and plants are presented, highlighting knowledge gaps and perspectives for future research.
Learning Pixel-level Semantic Affinity with Image-level Supervision for Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation (2018)

The deficiency of segmentation labels is one of the main obstacles to semantic segmentation in the wild. To alleviate this issue, we present a novel framework that generates segmentation labels of images given their image-level class labels. In this weakly supervised setting, trained models have been known to segment local discriminative parts rather than the entire object area. Our solution is to propagate such local responses to nearby areas which belong to the same semantic entity. To this end, we propose a Deep Neural Network (DNN) called AffinityNet that predicts semantic affinity between a pair of adjacent image coordinates. The semantic propagation is then realized by random walk with the affinities predicted by AffinityNet. More importantly, the supervision employed to train AffinityNet is given by the initial discriminative part segmentation, which is incomplete as a segmentation annotation but sufficient for learning semantic affinities within small image areas. Thus the entire framework relies only on image-level class labels and does not require any extra data or annotations. On the PASCAL VOC 2012 dataset, a DNN learned with segmentation labels generated by our method outperforms previous models trained with the same level of supervision, and is even as competitive as those relying on stronger supervision.
Carrier Phase Techniques (2005)

where φ is the partial carrier phase cycle measured by the receiver. The carrier wavelength is λ and f is the carrier frequency. The L1 carrier frequency is being used in which the wavelength is 0.1904 meters and the frequency is 1575.42 MHz. The geometric range between the receiver and the satellite is r, I is the ionospheric advance, and T is the tropospheric delay, which are all expressed in units of meters. The receiver and satellite clock biases are δtu and δt, respectively, which are expressed in units of seconds. N is the integer ambiguity, which is the total number of full cycles between the receiver and the satellite. The integer ambiguity cannot be measured and has to be estimated, but the integers remain constant as long as the carrier tracking loop maintains lock.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence decomposition of, but not plant nutrient capture from, glycine patches in soil (2001)

• The contribution of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to nutrient capture from an organic patch, and the subsequent impact on root proliferation was investigated. • Organic patches were created with glycine labelled with <sup>15</sup> N and <sup>13</sup> C. This allowed decomposition (as <sup>13</sup> CO<sub>2</sub> release) and uptake of nutrients (as <sup>13</sup> C and <sup>15</sup> N enrichments in the plant tissues) to be followed. Changes in root responses were followed in situ by the use of minirhizotrons and compared to responses in control (H<sub>2</sub> O) patches. • Although there were differences in internal colonization and external mycelium production among the three AMF tested, none of the fungi responded to the presence of the glycine patch, and N and C capture was no different to uncolonized controls. However, the presence of glycine affected the manner in which colonized roots responded, particularly below the patch. The presence of AMF affected the decomposition of glycine. • Root responses to the presence of N-rich patches appear more important than AMF responses.
Binding of Concanavalin A to the Envelope of Two Murine RNA Tumour Viruses (1972)

Microbiology Society journals contain high-quality research papers and topical review articles. We are a not-for-profit publisher and we support and invest in the microbiology community, to the benefit of everyone. This supports our principal goal to develop, expand and strengthen the networks available to our members so that they can generate new knowledge about microbes and ensure that it is shared with other communities.
Control of Chemotherapy-Induced Diarrhea with Octreotide (1994)

Cisplatin-related diarrhea is a relatively common complication in the clinical management of cancer patients and until now no treatment for this condition has been identified. Octreotide has been reported effective in the treatment of 5-fluorouracil-related diarrhea. To assess the safety and efficacy of octreotide in controlling diarrhea caused by cisplatin, 43 patients who had already had diarrhea during the 24-hour period following a previous cisplating administration were randomized to receive either octreotide or placebo during the next cisplatin course. The patients given octreotide experienced less diarrhea (5 vs. 75%, p = 0.01). There were no side effects. We conclude that octreotide is more effective than placebo in controlling diarrhea following cisplatin chemotherapy.
JFET pinched bootstrap diode (JPBD) without substrate leakage current integration to 120V BCDMOS process (2013)

A new concept to realize the usage of a high-voltage bootstrap diode without substrate leakage current for 120 V high-side-driver application is proposed and verified by 2D simulation. The combination of high-voltage (HV) JFET and medium-voltage (MV) diode with proper modification to avoid substrate leakage current at forward conduction state and high-blocking voltage at off state for integrated bootstrap operation is proposed. Simulation results showed 130 V of breakdown voltage and 0.79 V of FVD (forward voltage drop) @ 100 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> without substrate leakage current at conduction mode.
Characterization of trbC, a new F plasmid tra operon gene that is essential to conjugative transfer (1991)

We have characterized a previously unidentified gene, trbC, which is contained in the transfer region of the Escherichia coli K-12 fertility factor, F. Our data show that the trbC gene is located between the F plasmid genes traU and traN. The product of trbC was identified as a polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight (Ma) of 23,500 that is processed to an Ma-21,500 mature protein. When ethanol was present, the Ma-23,500 polypeptide accumulated; the removal of ethanol resulted in the appearance of the processed mature protein. Subcellular fractionation experiments demonstrated that the processed, Ma-21,500 mature protein was located in the periplasm. DNA sequence analysis showed that trbC encodes a 212-amino-acid Mr-23,432 polypeptide that could be processed to a 191-amino-acid Mr-21,225 mature protein through the removal of a typical amino-terminal signal sequence. We also constructed two different Kmr gene insertion mutations in trbC and crossed these onto the transmissible F plasmid derivative pOX38. We found that cells carrying pOX38 trbC mutant plasmids were transfer deficient and resistant to infection by F-pilus-specific phages. Transfer proficiency and bacteriophage sensitivity were restored by complementation when a trbC+ plasmid clone was introduced into these cells. These results showed that trbC function is essential to the F plasmid conjugative transfer system and suggested that the TrbC protein participates in F-pilus assembly.
From acute to chronic pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A prospective follow-up analysis (2005)

The risk of significant chronic pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholecystolithiasis is low but was significantly associated with the intensity of acute postoperative pain. Patients should be carefully examined to exclude somatic causes of chronic pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Technique of apical left ventricular puncture revisited: a case report of double-valve prosthesis evaluation. (1994)

The presence of both mitral and aortic mechanical prostheses often make access to the left ventricle difficult for hemodynamic evaluation of valve gradients and for performing angiography. We present a case where both the transseptal and direct apical ventricular puncture techniques are utilized for assessing prosthetic valve function. The use of a new over the wire technique for left ventricular access using a flexible 4 French pediatric multipurpose catheter is described.
[Studies on chemical constituents in fruit of Gardenia jasminoides]. (2007)

Compounds 1-6 were isolated from this plant for the first time.
National Transportable Telecommunications Capability: commercial satellite and cellular communications for emergency preparedness (2003)

The authors describe the National Transportable Telecommunications Capability (NTTC) system, a quick-reaction emergency satellite, cellular, and microwave communications package. The purpose of the NTTC is to restore last mile connectivity to remote isolated areas in the United States or abroad that have been devastated by hurricanes, earthquakes, or other natural or man-made disasters. The NTTC is self-contained for rapid airlift in a single C-130 military transport, or may be transported by land or sea. The system is leased service that uses commercially available equipment to augment federal government communications during natural disasters or civil emergencies when the public switched network (PSN) may be disabled or nonexistent. Upon deployment, the NTTC will provide toll-quality duplex telephony to aid in coordinating relief efforts by establishing local cellular radio telephone communications among parties to the relief effort and linking those communications by satellite to the PSN in Clarksburg, Maryland.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
REVIEWS (1990)

Journal Article REVIEWS Get access Boethian Apocalypse: Studies in Middle English Vision Poetry. By MICHAEL D. CHERNISS. Pp. x+272. Norman, Oklahoma: Pilgrim Books, 1987. $29.95. The Medieval Boethius: Studies in the Vernacular Translations of ‘De Consolatione Philosophiae’. Edited by A. J. MINNIS. Pp. x+198. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1987. £35 net. PHILLIPA HARDMAN PHILLIPA HARDMAN University of Reading Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Review of English Studies, Volume XLI, Issue 162, May 1990, Pages 234–236, https://doi.org/10.1093/res/XLI.162.234 Published: 01 May 1990
Online Learning and Sequential Anomaly Detection in Trajectories (2013)

Detection of anomalous trajectories is an important problem in the surveillance domain. Various algorithms based on learning of normal trajectory patterns have been proposed for this problem. Yet, these algorithms typically suffer from one or more limitations: They are not designed for sequential analysis of incomplete trajectories or online learning based on an incrementally updated training set. Moreover, they typically involve tuning of many parameters, including ad-hoc anomaly thresholds, and may therefore suffer from overfitting and poorly-calibrated alarm rates. In this article, we propose and investigate the Sequential Hausdorff Nearest-Neighbor Conformal Anomaly Detector (SHNN-CAD) for online learning and sequential anomaly detection in trajectories. This is a parameter-light algorithm that offers a well-founded approach to the calibration of the anomaly threshold. The discords algorithm, originally proposed by Keogh et al. , is another parameter-light anomaly detection algorithm that has previously been shown to have good classification performance on a wide range of time-series datasets, including trajectory data. We implement and investigate the performance of SHNN-CAD and the discords algorithm on four different labeled trajectory datasets. The results show that SHNN-CAD achieves competitive classification performance with minimum parameter tuning during unsupervised online learning and sequential anomaly detection in trajectories.
Challenges and strategies: The immune responses in gene therapy (2004)

The host immune responses, including T lymphocytes mediated immune response and humoral immune responses are the important parts of the challenges in gene therapy. There are some potential immunostimulants in gene delivery systems, such as viral and non-viral vectors. Viral gene products, transgene products, viral proteins derived from viral particles required by dead-end infection, and CpG DNA in plasmid may play important roles in inducing the host immune responses when foreign genes are transferred into the targeted tissues. The immune responses should lead to many problems in gene therapy: transient expression of therapeutic gene, non-efficient re-administration of the same vectors, and severe side-effects in clinical trials. Although RNAi may act as gene therapeutic agent for suppression of specific gene expression, little attention has been given to the potential non-specific effects that might be induced. It was reported that small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can induce the host interferon response following transfected to mammalian cells. Facing these challenges, a number of studies have been focused on taking measures to solve them, such as immunosuppression, selection of different administration routes and dose of the vectors, using the tissue-specific promoters and modifying the vectors.
Distributed artificial intelligence for multi-agent problem solving and group learning (2002)

The advances in information technology have made computer networks ubiquitous. The increasing uses of distributed processing and electronic meeting systems that involve multiple users necessitate the development of some new principles of information system design that consider the distributed, coordinated nature of group problem solving. This paper describes a framework for designing group problem-solving systems based on distributed artificial intelligence. Among the design issues, the authors find the coordination mechanisms and the learning schemes used to be of particular importance. An implementation example of a network of expert systems is used to illustrate the distributed artificial intelligence approach.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>