gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing the salt requirements of beef cattle. The effect of withholding salt on the growth and condition of steers. (2012)

The object of this test was to learn what effect withholding salt,\nhas on fattening calves. Twenty good quality Hereford steer calves\nwere divided into two lots of 10 steers each and were self-fed a mixture\nof 1 pound of chopped alfalfa hay to 3 pounds of ground milo grain\nfor 203 days in 1951-52. The only difference in treatment was that\nsalt was withheld from one lot and offered free choice in the other lot.
An Integrated Shared-Memory / Message Passing API for Cluster-Based Multicomputing (1998)

This paper is concerned with the choice of the appropriate programming model for clusters of symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) machines. Software vendors who wish to take advantage of cluster-based multiprocessing can either support message passing, hardware shared memory, or shared memory on top of a DSM runtime system. Software vendors entering the marketplace are similarly faced with the difficult choice between a well-supported message passing standard (MPI) and an emerging shared memory standard (OpenMP) that offers convenience and the promise of performance. We instead propose a single unified programming model that supports access to memory anywhere in the cluster using either shared memory or message passing. The Brazos Common API allows interleaving of shared memory and message passing accesses at fine granularity, while preserving the communication and synchronization semantics of each model. This paper describes modifications to the Brazos DSM system that support this unified model. To demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, we have implemented significant subsets of MPI and OpenMP within the Brazos Common API. To demonstrate the potential performance benefit of the Brazos Common API, we modified two well-known shared memory applications to incorporate the proposed integrated programming style. For the applications studied, we observed performance improvements of 36 % and 138 % percent over the DSM-only version.
Pollination services provided to small and large highbush blueberry fields by wild and managed bees (2010)

Summary 1. Plantings of pollinator‐dependent crops vary from large, intensively managed fields to small fields that are managed less intensively, yet there is relatively little information on how pollinator populations and their contribution to crop productivity vary across this gradient. 2. We determined the relative importance of wild bees and managed honey bees Apis mellifera L. for crop pollination in the blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum L. system of Michigan, USA, by comparing bee communities in small, isolated blueberry fields with those in large blueberry fields (stocked with managed honey bee hives) and measuring the difference in yields of open‐pollinated and pollinator‐excluded clusters of flowers. We combined these assessments to calculate the contribution of bees to crop production in this system. 3. Wild bees were the dominant pollinators in small fields, comprising 58% of flower‐visiting bees, whereas 97% of bees in large fields were honey bees. Large fields had four times as many bees visiting flowers than small fields, but only one‐tenth as many bumble bees as small fields. 4. Levels of fruit set exceeded 85% in all fields and were similar between field sizes. Berry weight increased with flower exposure to pollinators and was positively correlated with bee abundance. Berry weights from open‐pollinated flowers were twice as high in large fields compared with small fields. 5. By combining berry weight increases attributable to honey bees and wild bees in blueberry fields with measurements of the bee community adjusted for pollinator efficiency, we calculated the relative contributions of honey bees and wild bees to pollination of Michigan blueberries. We estimate that wild bees provide 82% of the pollination in small fields but only 12% of the total pollination services across this system, mostly through their secondary role in large fields. 6. Synthesis and applications . Wild bees are the primary pollinators of small blueberry fields, but these insects are at low abundance in large fields, perhaps due to a lack of nesting resources or competition for resources with honey bees. Our findings highlight the dependence of commercial fruit producers on honey bees and suggest that increasing the pollination contribution of other bees, particularly bumble bees, in large fields will require that growers adopt wild bee conservation strategies or stock their fields with managed colonies. Quantifying the contributions of managed and wild pollinating bees across the range of crop production scenarios will help to direct development of integrated crop pollination strategies to minimize the risk of pollination deficits affecting food production.
Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide resistance prevention strategy (2011)

Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides are currently represented in New Zealand by eight active ingredients bixafen boscalid carboxin fluaxapyroxad fluopyram isopyrazam penthiopyrad and sedaxane They are either currently registered or undergoing development in New Zealand for use against a range of ascomycete and basiodiomycete pathogens in crops including cereals ryegrass seed apples pears grapes stonefruit cucurbits and kiwifruit These fungicides are considered to have medium to high risk of resistance development and resistance management is recommended by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) in Europe Guidelines are presented for use of SDHI fungicides in New Zealand to help avoid or delay the development of resistance in the fungal pathogens that they target
Medical Laboratory Haematology. (1985)

Haemopoiesis physiology of the blood basic haematological practice quality control preparation, staining and examination of blood films bone-marrow biopsy erythrocyte sedimentation rate and plasma viscosity automated blood-cell analysis anaemias I microcytic anaemias anaemias II macrocytosis and the macrocytic anaemias anaemias III haemolytic anaemias anaemias IV refractory anaemias the proliferative disorders haematology of infections disorders of the haemostatic mechanism antithrombotic therapy methods for the investigation of haemostatic disorders.
Video preprocessing techniques for real-time video compression-noise level estimation techniques (2003)

Processing of the video signal prior to MPEG2 encoding can provide dramatic quality improvements in the subjective quality of the reconstructed video or bit-rate reductions in the generation of the compressed bit-stream. In a broadcast environment the video source is not guaranteed to be noise free. Noise in video signal will not only reduce video quality but also cost extra bits to code. Instead of using expensive external video pre-processors, state of the art broadcast quality real-time video encoders incorporate onboard video pre-processing to remove noise. An estimate of the noise level is essential for the control of subsequent filtering. Optimum performance is achieved when there exists a close coupling between the video preprocessor and the video encoder. This paper presents noise level estimation techniques in the design of on-board video preprocessor for real-time video encoders. Simulation results are presented along with implementation considerations.
Privacy-Preserving Gradient-Descent Methods (2009)

Gradient descent is a widely used paradigm for solving many optimization problems. Gradient descent aims to minimize a target function in order to reach a local minimum. In machine learning or data mining, this function corresponds to a decision model that is to be discovered. In this paper, we propose a preliminary formulation of gradient descent with data privacy preservation. We present two approaches-stochastic approach and least square approach-under different assumptions. Four protocols are proposed for the two approaches incorporating various secure building blocks for both horizontally and vertically partitioned data. We conduct experiments to evaluate the scalability of the proposed secure building blocks and the accuracy and efficiency of the protocols for four different scenarios. The excremental results show that the proposed secure building blocks are reasonably scalable and the proposed protocols allow us to determine a better secure protocol for the applications for each scenario.
An automatic cell segmentation method for differential interference contrast microscopy (2008)

With the huge amount of cell images produced in bio-imaging, automatic methods for segmentation are needed in order to evaluate the content of the images with respect to types of cells and their sizes. Traditional PDE-based methods using level-sets can perform automatic segmentation, but do not perform well on images with clustered cells containing sub-structures. Furthermore, DIC images contain a phase gradient, which should be removed first. We present a method that removes this gradient, finds the cell centres and derives the relevant individual cells.
Automated and hand-held breast US: effect on patient management. (1987)

Breast ultrasound (US) was performed, with either an automated or a hand-held unit or both, on 1,212 patients. Of 612 asymptomatic patients, 118 (19.3%) had solitary cysts; ten (1.6%), multiple cysts; and 29 (4.7%), benign masses; however, US depicted only one (0.2%) nonpalpable mammographically undetected carcinoma. In 513 patients with palpable masses (n = 396) and with mammographically detected masses (n = 117), US was useful in avoiding an unnecessary biopsy in 113 (22.0%), leading to aspiration of a cyst in 26 (5.1%), monitoring multiple cysts in 31 (6.0%), avoiding aspiration of a solid mass in 65 (12.7%), supporting biopsy of an equivocal solid mass in 91 (17.7%), and demonstrating a nonpalpable mammographically detected carcinoma in six (1.2%). In 224 patients with either palpable or mammographically visible masses who underwent both methods of US, the 4.5-MHz or 3.9-MHz automated unit depicted the abnormality in 119 (53.1%) and the 7.5-MHz hand-held unit, in 171 (76.3%). Of 18 cancers evaluated with both methods, all were detected with the hand-held unit and only 12 were seen with the automated unit.
Proofreading in vivo: editing of homocysteine by methionyl-tRNA synthetase in Escherichia coli. (1990)

Previous in vitro studies have established a pre-transfer proofreading mechanism for editing of homocysteine by bacterial methionyl-, isoleucyl-, and valyl-tRNA synthetases. The unusual feature of the editing is the formation of a distinct compound, homocysteine thiolactone. Now, two-dimensional TLC analysis of 35S-labeled amino acids extracted from cultures of the bacterium Escherichia coli reveals that the thiolactone is also synthesized in vivo. In E. coli, the thiolactone is made from homocysteine in a reaction catalyzed by methionyl-tRNA synthetase. One molecule of homocysteine is edited as thiolactone per 109 molecules of methionine incorporated into protein in vivo. These results not only directly demonstrate that the adenylate proofreading pathway for rejection of misactivated homocysteine operates in vivo in E. coli but, in general, establish the importance of error-editing mechanisms in living cells.
CMOS high-frequency switched-capacitor filters for telecommunication applications (2000)

A digitally programmable high-frequency switched-capacitor filter for use in a switched digital video (SDV/VDSL) link is described. The highest available clock frequency in the system is 51.84 MHz (f/sub s/=2f/sub clock/=103.68 MHz for double sampling) while the three desired low-pass corner frequencies (f/sub c/) are 8,12, and 20 MHz. The double-sampling, bilinear, elliptic, fifth-order switched-capacitor filter meets the desired -40-dB attenuation at 1.3 f/sub c/, and -30 dB at 1.25 f/sub c/. For the 12-MHz corner frequency setting, given the 2V/sub pp/ differential input, the measured worst case total harmonic distortion is -60 dB, with signal-to-noise ratio of 54 dB. The analog power dissipation is 125 mW from a 5-V power supply. The test results indicate that the clock frequency can be increased to 73 MHz without any ill effects. More measurements verify that an all-digital CMOS implementation, utilizing metal-sandwich capacitors, performs as well as the special-layer analog capacitors implementation, with a small reduction in the absolute corner frequencies. The prototype IC's are fabricated in a 0.35-/spl mu/m 5-V (0.48 /spl mu/m drawn) CMOS process.
Variable-size interleaver design for parallel turbo decoder architectures (2005)

In this paper, we propose two techniques to design good S-random interleavers, to be used in parallel and serially concatenated codes with interleavers. The interleavers designed according to these algorithms can be shortened in order to support different block lengths: all the permutations obtained by pruning, when employed in a parallel turbo decoder, are collision-free.
TRYPAN BLUE-ASSISTED VITRECTOMY (2004)

Trypan blue staining of the internal limiting membrane, epiretinal membranes, and the posterior hyaloid is a useful adjunct in vitreoretinal surgery and improves the efficiency and safety of membrane identification and removal.
International Conference on 'Optics of Lasers-2003' (2004)

The 11th Conference on Optics of Lasers-2003 was held from 30 June to 4 July 2003 in St. Petersburg, Russia. This is the largest conference in East Europe in the laser field in which more than 700 scientists from 40 countries participated. The reports presented at the conference concerned various applications of laser technologies in medicine, nuclear power engineering, telecommunications, solar energy accumulation and transfer over space distances, microelectronics, nanotechnologies and microlithography, microchip fabrication technologies, etc. The participants of the conference have traditionally the possibility to publish the results reported at the conference in a leading Russian laser journal Quantum Electronics. I am pleased to present a collection of seven papers to the readers of the journal. Some ten other papers will be published in the next issues of the journal.
Monetare und Fiskale Behorden in der Republik Kroatien die Herausporderungen der Globalisierung (2000)

The relationship between monetary and fiscal authorities in the Republic of Croatia depends on the quality structure and functioning of the central bank, i.e. the Croatian National Bank on the one hand, and the structure and functioning of the Ministry of Finance and tax administration on the other. Both institutions are directly involved with political authorities in the country, as well as with achieving the set economic objectives, which aim for a faster, high-value economic development of the country. The activities of the Croatian National Bank are conducted in the interest of overall national economy, whereas the tax administration activities are conducted in the interest of the national budget. Certain tax administration data are available to the public, such as tax rates, the assessed, paid or unpaid taxes in the amount reported by the taxpayer, i.e. in the amount determined by tax authorities. Other data established and kept by tax administration officials are confidential, such as business operations and management of taxpayers. In their activities, tax administration officials cooperate with the financial police and other authorized bodies that participate in determining, collecting and control of public revenues.
A relation-based model for animating adaptive behavior in dynamic environments (1997)

Over the past few decades many advances have been made in computer animation, which has largely replaced traditional hand-drawn animation. However, the traditional path model used in animation has not changed. This model as based on predefined paths does not effectively address the needs of scene animation, which demands unpredictable environmental influences, multiple motion interactions, and personal behaviors. Some of the suggested approaches to scene animation are sensor-effector model, rule-based model, and predefined environment model, but these approaches don't completely solve the problem. This paper presents a relation-based model for dealing with the important issues of scene animation. Two fundamental principles of our model are: the specification of atomic units of motion (relations), and the ability to combine these atomic units to produce sophisticated behaviors. Each relation models a simple responsive behavior between two objects, and has its own sensor, response, duration, strength, and state. The dynamic states of relations can be interactively structured into hierarchical layers that produce complex scene behaviors. During the animation, structured relations are dynamically triggered by either its sensing condition(s) or the state of the environment. The variable state-control hierarchies facilitate on-line scene behavior animations. Several dancing examples for the use of our model are illustrated.
Co-suppression of miR-221/222 cluster suppresses human glioma cell growth by targeting p27kip1 in vitro and in vivo (2009)

MicroRNAs are short regulatory RNAs that negatively modulate protein expression at a post-transcriptional level. Emerging evidence suggests that altered regulation of miRNA may be involved in the pathogenesis of several types of cancers. In the current study, an inverse relationship between the expression of miR-221/miR-222 and the cell cycle inhibitor p27Kip1 was identified in U251 glioma cells. Co-suppression of miR-221/222 directly resulted in the up-regulation of p27Kip1 in the tested cells, consequently, affects their growth potential by reducing a G1 to S shift in the cell cycle. Consistently, miR-221/222 knocked-down through antisense 2'-OME-oligonucleotides increased p27Kip1 in U251 glioma subcutaneous mice and strongly reduced tumor growth in vivo through up regulation of p27Kip1. Our results suggest that miR-221/222 is a regulator of the tumor suppressor gene p27Kip1, and co-suppression of miR-221/222 expression in advanced gliomas may inhibit glioma cell proliferation by a mechanism involving the up-regulation of p27Kip1 in vitro and in vivo.
Synthesis of aromatic polyethersulfone‐based graft copolyacrylates via ATRP catalyzed by FeCl<sub>2</sub>/isophthalic acid (2001)

Abstract The atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) catalyzed by the FeCl 2 /isophthalic acid system was used for the preparation of novel aromatic polyethersulfone (PSF)‐based graft copolymers in N , N ‐dimethylformamide (DMF), such as aromatic PSF‐ graft ‐poly(methyl methacrylate), aromatic PSF‐ graft ‐polymethylacrylate, and aromatic PSF‐ graft ‐poly(butyl acrylate). The route consisted of two steps. The first step included the chloromethylation of aromatic PSF, and the second step involved the ATRP of acrylate monomers using chloromethylated aromatic PSF as the macroinitiator and FeCl 2 /isophthalic acid as the catalyst in DMF. Characterization data by gel permeation chromatography, DSC, IR, 1 H NMR, and thermogravimetric analysis confirmed that the graft copolymerization was successful. Only one glass‐transition temperature ( T g ) was observed for aromatic PSF‐ graft ‐poly(methyl methacrylate), and two T g 's were detected for aromatic PSF‐ graft ‐methyl acrylate and aromatic PSF‐ graft ‐poly(butyl acrylate). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2943–2950, 2001
Trophy moments on the frontier: Northern Territory horseracing, 1869-1911 (2012)

The archetypal characters who dominated the frontier frontline were the 'hard cases' and 'practical bushman'. In the euphemistic and obfuscating language of the colonial frontier, 'practical bushmen' were men adept with guns and a willingness to use them against Blacks who were resisting pastoral expansion. Deborah Bird Rose argues that 'their practicality required a very narrow definition of the past and a sense of history that detached actions from consequences. Brutality was always said to be in the past; visions of the future demanded that it be forgotten'. Inevitably, bushmen made up the majority of 'sportsmen' on the frontier.
In Situ Health Monitoring of Adhesively Bonded Joints during Fatigue Using Carbon Nanotube Network (2011)

Adhesive joints have widespread applications in aerospace and automotive industries, but predicting catastrophic failures during dynamic loads is very difficult due to the inaccessibility of the bonded interface. We have developed a new technique based on carbon nanotube (CNT) sensors that can monitor the bond integrity and is capable to predict failure well in advance. The conductive network inside the adhesive is very sensitive to crack initiation, propagation and delamination, therefore in-situ measurement of the bond resistance is capable of recording events that lead to failure. In 90% of the samples the change in bond resistance remains below 10% of the initial value up to approximately 80% of the fatigue life, and then the resistance increases rapidly due to crack propagation and interfacial delamination. As the increase in resistance typically occurs over a few hundreds to thousand cycles it is possible to define a resistance that corresponds to a safety limit before catastrophic failure. Moreover, the addition of 1 wt% MWCNTs inside the adhesive increased the joints shear strength and fatigue life by 10% and 20% respectively. The decrease in electrical resistance due to addition of only 0.5 wt% was more than 7 orders of magnitude.
Norfloxacin Sorption and Its Thermodynamics on Surface-Modified Carbon Nanotubes (2009)

Adsorption on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) may affect the environmental behavior of organic contaminants including antibiotics. In this study, sorption of norfloxacin (NOR) onto graphitized multiwall CNTs (G-CNTs), carboxylated multiwall CNTs (C-CNTs), hydroxylated multiwall CNTs (H-CNTs), and activated carbon (AC) was investigated. All sorption isotherms were highly nonlinear and were fitted well by Freundlich and Polanyi-Manes models. AC showed the highest NOR sorption capacity because of its highest surface area. H-CNTs had much higher NOR sorption than C-CNTs, and the pi-pi electron donor-acceptor (EDA) interactions could explain the distinction between the two types of CNTs. Comparison of sorption coefficients at different pHs indicates that hydrophobic and electrostatic interaction also played major roles in sorption of NOR on CNTs. Furthermore, high sorption capacity and hysteresis of NOR on CNTs were demonstrated in this study, which needs to be considered for predicting environmental risks of CNTs and NOR. The results from thermodynamic analysis show that sorption of NOR on AC and CNTs was thermodynamically favorable and generally endothermic. Sorption site energy analysis illustrates a distribution of sorption energy, consistent with nonlinear isotherms, which indicates the heterogeneous sites on CNTs for NOR adsorption.