gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Expression of the dystrophin isoform Dp116 preserves functional muscle mass and extends lifespan without preventing dystrophy in severely dystrophic mice (2011)

Dp116 is a non-muscle isoform of dystrophin that assembles the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), but lacks actin-binding domains. To examine the functional role of the DGC, we expressed the Dp116 transgene in mice lacking both dystrophin and utrophin (mdx:utrn(-/-)). Unexpectedly, expression of Dp116 prevented the most severe aspects of the mdx:utrn(-/-) phenotype. Dp116:mdx:utrn(-/-) transgenic mice had dramatic improvements in growth, mobility and lifespan compared with controls. This was associated with increased muscle mass and force generating capacity of limb muscles, although myofiber size and specific force were unchanged. Conversely, Dp116 had no effect on dystrophic injury as determined by muscle histopathology and serum creatine kinase levels. Dp116 also failed to restore normal fiber-type distribution or the post-synaptic architecture of the neuromuscular junction. These data demonstrate that the DGC is critical for growth and maintenance of muscle mass, a function that is independent of the ability to prevent dystrophic pathophysiology. Likewise, this is the first demonstration in skeletal muscle of a positive functional role for a dystrophin protein that lacks actin-binding domains. We conclude that both mechanical and non-mechanical functions of dystrophin are important for its role in skeletal muscle.
A Holistic Strategy for Characterizing the Safety of Metabolites through Drug Discovery and Development (2009)

The subject of metabolites in safety testing has had much debate in the recent past and has shown itself to be a complex issue with no simple solutions to providing absolute assurance of drug safety. Much of the attention has focused on the ability to identify metabolites and then demonstrate that their risk has been adequately characterized, either through their exposure in toxicology species or, failing this, by direct safety testing. In this review, we summarize our forward operational strategy that combines the principles summarized in the FDA Guidance, together with discussions at scientific meetings and literature opinions. It is a balance between the primary goal of assuring patient safety with one of reasonable investment. A key principle in striking this balance is to build stepwise information on metabolites through the drug discovery and development continuum. This allows assessments to be made from early nonclinical studies onward as to whether or not metabolite safety is underwritten by exposure in toxicology species. This strategy does not require absolute quantitation of the metabolites in early clinical trials but relies upon comparison of relative exposures between animals and humans using the capabilities of modern analytical techniques. Through this strategy, human disproportionate metabolites can be identified to allow a decision regarding the need for absolute quantitation and direct safety testing of the metabolite. Definitive radiolabeled studies would be initiated following proof of pharmacology or efficacy in humans, and nonclinical safety coverage would be adequately assessed prior to large-scale clinical trials. In cases where metabolite safety is not supported through the parent compound toxicology program, approaches for the direct safety testing of metabolites with regard to general and reproductive toxicology, safety pharmacology, and genetic safety have been defined.
Isotopic exchange of O(1 D) with carbon dioxide (1966)

The photolysis of carbon dioxide with xenon resonance radiation (1470 Å) has been used as a source of excited atomic oxygen O(1D). The exchange and quenching reactions of O(1D) with carbon dioxide have been investigated by measuring the rate of growth of CO16O18 in a photolyzed mixture of CO16O16 and CO18O18. The probability αN of incorporation of each O(1D) into a CO2 molecule before quenching can occur is 0.69. Possible interpretations of this result are discussed. The simplest explanation of the exchange kinetics is provided by the intermediate formation of CO3. This species must be sufficiently long lived for internal energy equilibration to take place.
Response to “Comment on ‘Electrospun hybrid organic/inorganic semiconductor Schottky nanodiode’ ” [Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 033505 (2006)] (2006)

First Page
Constitutive fatty acid and enzyme profiles of Mycobacterium species. (1997)

Sixty-one strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and 47 strains of nontuberculous mycobacteria were analyzed for fatty acids and enzyme profiles. Cellular fatty acids were extracted from bacteria, methylated and analyzed by gas liquid chromatography operated either manually (Perkin-Elmer) or by the automatic Microbial Identification System. The major cellular fatty acids in all mycobacterial species were C16:0 and C18:1. Tuberculostearic acid was found in all species with the exception of Mycobacterium gordonae. The fatty acids with a carbon-length longer than 20 could be detected only by conventional gas chromatography. Strains of M. tuberculosis had a high ratio of C26:0 to C24:0, and a relatively low ratio of C14:0 to C15:0. For determination of branched-chain fatty acids, the MIS provided more definitive results. The data indicated that the fatty acid profiles could provide rapid species identification. The results of the enzyme profile analysis using API-ZYM strips showed 39 different patterns from 59 strains of M. tuberculosis, and 41 different patterns from 46 nontuberculous mycobacteria strains, suggesting that enzyme profiles can also be used for strain characterization within the same species.
Friedel—Crafts Reactions between Gaseous Benzene and Ethyl Chloride on Solid Aluminum Chloride (1953)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFriedel—Crafts Reactions between Gaseous Benzene and Ethyl Chloride on Solid Aluminum ChlorideMonte Blau and John E. WillardCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 14, 3330–3333Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1953https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01110a011https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01110a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views132Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An analytical model for dispersion-managed 160 Gb/s OTDM transmission systems (2005)

As the next generation of ultra-fast optical transmission systems, the optical time division multiplexing (OTDM) systems with a bit rate up to 160 Gb/s are actively being researched. Several experimental ultra-fast OTDM transmission systems with all-optical 3R-regeneration have been reported. With the development of ultra-fast OTDM technologies, techniques for rigorously evaluating the system performance through the calculation of bit error ratio (BER) have become increasingly important. We report a novel analytical model for estimating the performance of a 160 Gb/s OTDM receiver. The BER of the OTDM system is evaluated based on the calculation of the noise probability density function using the moment generating function. The optical pulse broadening by the fiber dispersion is compensated through the dispersion-managed approach and both nonlinearity and dispersion of the fiber channel are taken into account. Noise (ASE, shot and thermal) and performance-impairing factors (intrachannel interactions and timing jitter) are included in the calculation of the BER. A variational analysis approach is used to solve the optical pulse evolution over a periodical, dispersion-managed, nonlinear fiber channel as this yields an analytical expression for the received optical pulses. The OTDM demultiplexer is modeled as an optical gate controlled by an optical or electrical clock signal and the cyclostationary characteristic of the ASE noise after passing the OTDM demultiplexer is considered. Also the timing jittering between the signal pulse and the gate window and its effects on the signal decision are taken into account. Based on the proposed model, calculated results for the performance of the 160 Gb/s OTDM transmission systems are presented.
Cloning of <i>BCAS3</i> (17q23) and <i>BCAS4</i> (20q13) genes that undergo amplification, overexpression, and fusion in breast cancer† (2002)

In breast cancer, several chromosomal sites frequently undergo amplification, implicating the location of genes important for tumor development and progression. Here we cloned two novel genes, breast carcinoma amplified sequence 3 (BCAS3) and 4 (BCAS4), from the two most common amplification sites in breast cancer, 17q23 and 20q13. The BCAS3 gene at 17q23 spans more than 600 kb at the genomic level and was predicted to encode a 913 amino acid nuclear protein. The BCAS4 gene at 20q13.2 encodes a 211 amino acid cytoplasmic protein. Both BCAS3 and BCAS4 represent novel genes with no homologies to any other known gene or protein. In the MCF7 breast cancer cell line, the BCAS3 and BCAS4 genes were co-amplified, and cloning of a highly overexpressed 1.3-kb transcript revealed a rearrangement fusing the last two exons of BCAS3 with BCAS4. The fusion led to a novel message in which only the first exon of BCAS4 and part of exon 23 of BCAS3 were transcribed. The BCAS4-BCAS3 fusion transcript was detected only in MCF7 cells, but the BCAS4 gene was also overexpressed in nine of 13 breast cancer cell lines. In conclusion, our results indicate that these novel genes, BCAS3 at 17q23 and BCAS4 at 20q13.2, undergo amplification, overexpression, and fusion in breast cancer and therefore may have a role in the frequent chromosomal alterations affecting these two loci.
Etude de la limite de solubilité de la chromine (Cr2O3) dans les liquides sodo-silicatés : Détermination de grandeurs thermodynamiques et physicochimiques (2008)

In the field of "corrosion and thermodynamics of systems at high temperature", the objective of this study is to increase the knowledge of corrosion by glass melts with carrying a particular interest to define the factors determining the chromia dissolution. The precise goal of this work was to determine the total solubility of chromia in the soda-silicate and soda-lime systems, as a function of temperature, oxygen fugacity and melt composition. After a detailed bibliographic introduction, the first part of this work describes the experimental device developed and validated for this study. This reactor allows controlling independently different experimental parameters. Therefore, the kinetic study shows clearly, at first, that the achievement of the equilibrium is limited by the dissolved oxygen diffusion in the matrix. Subsequently, the kinetic study allows the construction of two isothermal sections of the pseudo-ternary system Na2O-SiO2-Cr2O3 pointing the stability domain of each solid phase (Na2CrO4, Cr2O3, NaCrSi2O6 and SiO2) in the melt. The total chromium oxide (Cr2O3) solubility was then measured in Na2O-xSiO2 melts considering the effect of each experimental parameter. The presence of CrII, CrIII and CrVI species was evidenced and their respective contributions in the total Cr content dissolved in the melt were determined. The experimental results were described using a model of chromium chemistry in silicate melts involving dissolution, redox and oxo complex reactions. A mathematical treatment, using the obtained results, allows the correlation between the proposed model and thermodynamic properties of the system. The free enthalpies and entropies associated to the different reactions. Finally, the same processes could be extended to the Na2O-CaO-SiO2 system.
Multiscale Phenomena in the Solid-Liquid Transition State of a Granular Material: Analysis and Modelling of Dense Granular Materials (2011)

Abstract : We have recently established, in close collaboration with experimentalists (from geology, physics, geotechnical and agricultural engineering), a comprehensive first-of-a-kind knowledge base for state-of-the-art data, characterization and modelling of the behaviour of dense granular systems under quasi-static loading conditions. This behaviour is intrinsically multiscale and is arguably one of, if not, the most challenging to characterize and model of the gamut of granular behaviour encountered in practice. In particular, it exhibits self-organized pattern formation and co-evolution of emergent functional structures in the mesoscopic scale. Therefore, one of the great challenges in the field is to decipher a granular material's inherent structural design principles as it deforms in response to external loads. Herein we summarize key achievements from this research program, including those above and beyond what was originally proposed.
Lateralized Spatial Strategies in Oscillating Drawing Movements (1997)

Kinematic characteristics and lateral differences between two upper extremities were investigated in a unimanual graphic task involving fast and precise oscillating movements on the vertical plane. The spatial locations of sequential reversal points were used to calculate the pairs of angles, relative to the horizontal axis. The point biserial coefficient of correlation was used to analyze the difference between big and large angles and their sequence in each pair. Three main groups (A, B, and C) of performance models were distinguished in 132 tests by 33 strongly right-handed male subjects. Group A showed strong variation in vertical movement, Group B covariation in vertical and horizontal vectors, while Group C reflected independent variation of both vertical and horizontal directions. It is suggested that the movement strategies might reflect three different models of motor control involving coupling of an oscillator controlling pools of motoneurons which regulates horizontal movements with an oscillator controlling vertical movement (Groups A + B) or with nonoscillating control signal (Group B). It is argued that Group A represents the simplest strategy and only performance Type A met by the left hand.
New selective medium for Pseudomonas aeruginosa with phenanthroline and 9-chloro-9-[4-(diethylamino)phenyl]-9,10-dihydro-10- phenylacridine hydrochloride (C-390) (1988)

A new selective medium (PC agar) for the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was developed, consisting of 30 micrograms of 9-chloro-9-[4-(diethylamino)phenyl]-9,10-dihydro-10-phenylacridine hydrochloride (C-390) per ml and 30 micrograms of phenanthroline per ml in Columbia agar. PC agar was superior to phenanthroline, C-390, acetamide, and cetrimide agars for the selective growth of P. aeruginosa.
Testing schemes for FIR filter structures (2001)

This paper presents a new pseudoexhaustive test methodology for digital finite impulse response (FIR) filters. The proposed scheme can be employed to detect any combinational faults within the basic cell of the functional units occurring in linear phase comb filters, trees of sign-extended adders and phase-shift multipliers. It uses additive generators as a source of pseudoexhaustive patterns to systematically test all FIR filter building blocks.
Relation of the Tail Length of Cock Ring-Necked Pheasants to Harem Size (1956)

Relation of theTail Length of Cock Ring-necked Pheasants to Harem Size.--During the winter of 1953-1954, Donald Reid, a graduate student in the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State College, trapped 29 cock pheasants and marked them by cutting off their tails and placing a colored plastic band around the neck of each.This was done on the Michigan State College Farm, East Lansing, as part of a study of winter movements away from concentration points.The following spring between April 12 and May 21, it was noted that a marked difference existed between the numbers of hens seen with marked and unmarked cocks.During this period, individual marked cocks were observed 41 times.Three times a hen was with the cock; the other times the cock was alone.Individual unmarked cocks were observed 241 times.On 130 of these occasions, the cock was alone, 36 times one hen was present, 28 times there were two hens, 18 times three, 16 times four, 5 times five, 3 times six, once eight, and once nine hens were present.The differences between individual marked and unmarked cocks both with respect to the number seen alone and to harem size are highly significant statistically (P < 0.001).Observations of two or more cocks together were not included in these tabulations.At the time the spring observations were made, in only 17 of the 41 observations of marked cocks was a colored neck band seen.Sixteen of the 17 with both neck band and bobbed tail and 22 of the 24 with only the bobbed tail were without hens.This difference was not significant and suggests that presence of a neck band probably had no effect on the ability of cocks to attract hens.
Erratum: APR-246/PRIMA-1MET inhibits thioredoxin reductase 1 and converts the enzyme to a dedicated NADPH oxidase (2017)

Correction to: Cell Death and Disease (2013) 4, e881. doi:10.1038/cddis.2013.417; published online 24 October 2013. After publication of this paper in Cell Death and Disease in 2013, the authors noted an error contained in Figure 3a, in that, the beta-actin blot for the 48 h time point was by mistake duplicated for the 72 and 96 h time points.
Perception of Clones in Forest Rendering (2010)

The application of instanced clones represents a powerful technique for reducing the time and space requirements of the storage and visualization of large populations of similar objects. This paper presents the results of several perceptual experiments into the application of cloning to plant populations, within the context of a project to explore the use of resource-acquisition based techniques to model plant distributions. The perceptive effects of clone rotation on human subjects will be explored, with the goal of stratifying clone rotations and minimizing their detection. The perceptual effects of clone number, plant species heterogeneity and appearance will also be explored.
Efficacy of CAB therapy in stage C prostate cancer: Exploratory analyses based on results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase III study of bicalutamide (2007)

5154 Background: Although the efficacy of CAB in advanced prostate cancer (PC) has been demonstrated by the PCTCG and others, more evidence is required in locally advanced (Stage C) PC. The results of a Japanese P III study of bicalutamide in Stage C/D PC suggested the efficacy of CAB was better than monotherapy. When time to progression (TTP) was evaluated in Stage C and D separately, CAB had significant benefits in both stages and results in stage D were consistent with PCTCG data. Thus, this exploratory analysis was conducted to evaluate more thoroughly the efficacy of CAB in Stage C. Methods: 205 untreated PC patients with Stage C/D were randomized to CAB (goserelin 3.6 mg/4 weeks or leuprorelin 3.75 mg/4 weeks + bicalutamide 80 mg/day) or LHRHa monotherapy (same LHRHa + placebo). Among these patients, 99 had Stage C (52/47 on CAB/monotherapy). The median of the following parameters were calculated, and log-rank tests performed: TTP in all Stage C patients; TTP in Stage C patients by age, PSA value at diagnosis, and histopathological class; time to PSA normalization when normal level was defined as =4, =1 and =0.2 ng/mL. Results: The median observation period in Stage C patients was 144 weeks. The median TTPs by each parameter in Stage C are shown below. The median times to PSA normalization on CAB and monotherapy were 7 and 16 weeks (p<0.01), 8 and 93 weeks (p<0.01) and 20 weeks and NR (p<0.01) with normal values defined as =4, =1 and =0.2 ng/mL, respectively. Conclusions: These results suggest that CAB with bicalutamide possesses superior efficacy to LHRHa monotherapy in Stage C regardless of age, PSA value at diagnosis, or degree of tumor differentiation. It is suggested that CAB in Stage C could decrease PSA to lower levels in a shorter period than with LHRHa monotherapy. The study is ongoing to assess long term survival outcome. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Surface Stress Measurements using Conical Oblique Pins on a Forging Die Mandrel (1987)

Normal and friction stresses on a die mandrel were measured simultaneously using oblique pins when precision forging three different hollow shapes. The pins were conical to eliminate extrusion of the workpiece into the pin/bore clearance that occurs with previous designs. The variation of normal pressure and the direction of the friction force over the mandrel depends on the stage of die filling when a T-sectioned shape is forged. In general friction stresses approach the yield shear stress of the workpiece when the normal pressure becomes about twice the workpiece yield stress. Up to this value of contact pressure Amonton's friction law is applicable. Experimental results were found to be in good agreement with predicted ones.
ChemInform Abstract: Rh<sub>2</sub>(II)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Carbazoles from Biaryl Azides. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Signal processing of ultrasonic array data (2005)

This paper describes an investigation into the use of post‐processing techniques to evaluate the performance of linear phased arrays. Simulated data has been produced for single point reflectors and an array performance indicator has been used to characterize the point spread function for a number of standard test procedures. Experimental results are also presented and these show good quantitative agreement with the simulated data sets. An advanced processing algorithm has been implemented which allows the array to be focused at every point in the target in both transmission and reception. This method is proposed as a superior alternative to the conventional test techniques.
Inter‐Cloud architectures and application brokering: taxonomy and survey (2012)

SUMMARY Although Cloud computing itself has many open problems, researchers in the field have already made the leap to envision Inter‐Cloud computing. Their goal is to achieve better overall Quality of Service (QoS), reliability and cost efficiency by utilizing multiple clouds. Inter‐Cloud research is still in its infancy, and the body of knowledge in the area has not been well defined yet. In this work, we propose and motivate taxonomies for Inter‐Cloud architectures and application brokering mechanisms. We present a detailed survey of the state of the art in terms of both academic and industry developments (20 projects), and we fit each project onto the discussed taxonomies. We discuss how the current Inter‐Cloud environments facilitate brokering of distributed applications across clouds considering their nonfunctional requirements. Finally, we analyse the existing works and identify open challenges and trends in the area of Inter‐Cloud application brokering. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.