gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Overcoming Spectral Interferences in the Determination of Cadmium in Various Food Materials Using Isotope Dilution Inductively‐coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry<sup>#</sup> (2015)

Double isotope dilution inductively‐coupled plasma mass spectrometry ( ID ICP / MS ) is widely used for the certification of trace elements in candidate reference materials by many national metrology institutes because it allows accurate and reliable determination of the elemental content in complex matrices of food samples. The presence of isobaric interferences, however, may cause nonnegligible biases in isotope ratio measurements, giving erroneous analytical results. In this study, a matrix separation was carried out using anion exchange chromatography to eliminate isobaric interferences so that an accurate determination of Cd in candidate reference materials could be obtained. Synthetic blends of Cd and interfering elements were used to optimize the matrix separation conditions. The isobaric interferences for cadmium isotopes in various food samples were investigated using the optimized method. Without matrix separation, a significant bias, up to 18%, was observed in a soybean sample. It was about 3% in an herb sample. With the proper selection of isotopes and elimination of isobaric interferences, Cd concentrations in food candidate reference materials were robustly certified.
Sampling-based Inverse Reinforcement Learning Algorithms with Safety Constraints (2021)

Planning for robotic systems is frequently formulated as an optimization problem. Instead of manually tweaking the parameters of the cost function, they can be learned from human demonstrations by Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL). Common IRL approaches employ a maximum entropy trajectory distribution that can be learned with soft reinforcement learning, where the reward maximization is regularized with an entropy objective. The consideration of safety constraints is of paramount importance for human-robot collaboration. For this reason, our work addresses maximum entropy IRL in constrained environments. Our contribution to this research area is threefold: (1) We propose Constrained Soft Reinforcement Learning (CSRL), an extension of soft reinforcement learning to Constrained Markov Decision Processes (CMDPs). (2) We transfer maximum entropy IRL to CMDPs based on CSRL. (3) We show that using importance sampling in maximum entropy IRL in constrained environments introduces a bias and fails to achieve feature matching. In our evaluation we consider the tactical lane change decision of an autonomous vehicle in a highway scenario modeled in the SUMO traffic simulation.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Organosilicon Reagents (2012)

Abstract Review: 199 refs.
Computer-assisted bronchoscopy:Aims and research perspectives (1995)

The introduction of spiral computed tomography (CT) of the thoracic cavity has allowed the development of new visualization tools. These tools provide a three-dimensional (3-D) endoluminal reconstruction of the tracheobronchial tree, as it would be viewed through a fibroscopic instrument. However, 3-D reconstruction techniques cannot replace conventional fibroscopy, which remains indispensable for obtaining histological samples. Furthermore, when CT-detected mediastinal or parenchymal lesions are not seen during fiberoptic bronchoscopy, guiding transbronchial needle biopsy is a major challenge. Computer-guided transbronchial biopsy involves the fusion of image data from both CT slices and bronchoscopic video sequences. This fusion is described in this paper in two parts. First, we present a segmentation process, using mathematical morphology operators, in order to analyze the video sequence and localize the bronchoscopic camera within the tracheobronchial tree. Second, we present tools used to match this localization knowledge with CT data. Finally, we produce images that create a bronchoscopic augmented reality, using elements extracted from the CT examination.
Calcium availability influences lead accumulation in a passerine bird (2006)

Abstract The emission of heavy metals in the environment is often accompanied by emissions of acidifying pollutants. The acidification of terrestrial ecosystems results in the leaching of calcium and consequently a lowered concentration or availability of this essential nutrient in the environment. Calcium deficiency in the diet may lead to an increased absorption of toxic metals. In this study we investigated the effect of calcium availability on the accumulation of lead and essential metals (calcium, copper, iron and zinc) in important target tissues of zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). When exposed to 20 ppm lead via drinking water, zebra finches excluded from an additional calcium supply (i.e. oyster shell grit) accumulated significantly higher concentrations of lead in liver, kidney, muscle, brain and bone than zebra finches with access to oyster shell grit. Levels of calcium, copper, iron and zinc were not significantly affected by either the calcium availability or the increased absorption of lead. There were no significant sex related differences, suggesting that males and females have a similar demand, metabolism and/or distribution of calcium and other metals in the non-reproductive period. This study clearly illustrates the importance of calcium supply on the bioavailability of lead.
Epidemiology of Unintentional Child Injuries in the Makwanpur District of Nepal: A Household Survey (2015)

Secondary sources of information indicate that the proportion of child deaths due to injuries is increasing in Nepal. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of unintentional injuries in children, explore risk factors and estimate the burden faced by families and the community in the Makwanpur district. We conducted a household survey in Makwanpur, covering 3441 households. Injuries that occurred during the 12 months before the survey and required treatment or caused the child to be unable to take part in usual activities for three or more days were included. We identified 193 cases of non-fatal unintentional child injuries from 181 households and estimated an annual rate of non-fatal injuries of 24.6/1000 children; rates for boys were double (32.7/1000) that for girls (16.8/1000). The rates were higher among the children of age groups 1-4 years and 5-9 years. Falls were the most common cause of non-fatal child injuries followed by burns in preschool children and road traffic injuries were the most likely cause in adolescence. Mean period of disability following injury was 25 days. The rates and the mechanisms of injury vary by age and gender. Falls and burns are currently the most common mechanisms of injury amongst young children around rural homes.
ChemInform Abstract: FURTHER REACTIONS OF CHLORINE(I) AND BROMINE(I) TRIFLUOROMETHANESULFONATE AND BROMINE(I) FLUOROSULFATE (1982)

Abstract Die Trifluormethansulfonylhypochlorite (I) reagieren mit Trifluorbromsilan (II) zum Trifluorsilylsulfonsäureester (III).
Effects of an 8-Month Exercise Training Program on Off-Exercise Physical Activity (2011)

Eight months of exercise training was not associated with a compensatory reduction in off-exercise physical activity, regardless of exercise modality. The absence of compensation is particularly notable for AT/RT subjects, who performed a larger volume of exercise than did AT or RT subjects. We believe that the extended duration of our exercise training program was the key factor in allowing subjects to reach a new steady-state level of physical activity within their daily lives.
Opioids modulate stress-induced proenkephalin gene expression in the hypothalamus of transgenic mice: a model of endogenous opioid gene regulation by exogenous opioids (1994)

Stressful stimuli strongly induce proenkephalin gene expression within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. A human proenkephalin-beta-galactosidase fusion gene has previously been shown to give correct phenotypic expression and appropriate stress regulation within the hypothalamus of transgenic mice; this model provides high sensitivity, cellular resolution, and ready quantification of levels of proenkephalin gene expression. Here we describe use of this transgenic model to study modulation of stress-regulated gene expression in the PVN by opiates. Acute or subacute morphine administration prior to a hypertonic saline stress produced marked superinduction of transgene expression compared with hypertonic saline stress alone. In contrast, chronic morphine administration decreased basal expression of the transgene, and inhibited stress-induced expression of the transgene. The endogenous proenkephalin mRNA was induced in parallel with the transgene as demonstrated by in situ hybridization; the immediate-early gene c-fos was also regulated in parallel with the transgene. These data suggest that acute or subacute morphine administration sensitizes proenkephalin neurons within the PVN and other regions of the hypothalamus to stress and that chronic morphine administration desensitizes this response. Because the molecular mechanisms regulating the expression of the transgene are well understood, this model provides a useful tool for investigating cellular and molecular effects of opioids on the hypothalamus.
Identification of electromechanical parameters in piezoelectric shunt damping and loss factor prediction (2012)

Shunted piezoelectric elements have been studied for several years as promising devices for vibration damping. Different shunting techniques have been developed to deal with the vibration energy in the appropriate way. The energy dissipated by all these techniques, expressed in terms of loss factor or damping ratio, mainly depends on two different contributions: the electromechanical coupling and the shunt design. Therefore, an accurate prediction of the damping is based on a reliable identification of the generalized coupling coefficient that completely describes the electromechanical coupling. In this study, a robust method for the measurement of this coefficient is proposed, where the influence of the inherent damping of the structure is also considered. This method is based on the analysis of the dynamic response of the structure when the piezoelectric patch is connected to a resonant shunt. The proposed method is applied to different sample structures, and the measured generalized coupling coefficients are used for predicting the values of damping attainable with different shunting techniques (such as the resonant shunt or the synchronized switching damping). Vibration tests are then carried out on the same shunted structures, and the analytical prediction of the damping is compared with the experimental results.
Lift Enhancement of a Flat-Plate Airfoil by Steady Suction (2017)

The effect of suction on an airfoil surface at various locations downstream of the leading edge of a thin flat-plate airfoil was studied in a wind tunnel at a low Reynolds number. At poststall angles of attack, substantial lift enhancement and delay of stall can be achieved if a large separation bubble is generated by reattaching the massively separated flow near the trailing edge. The effects of location and volumetric flow rate of suction were investigated by means of force and velocity field measurements. There is an optimal location of suction around , which generates the maximum lift coefficient for suction coefficients less than 3%. When suction is applied closer to the leading edge, it may be possible to reattach the flow for smaller suction coefficients, but the resulting small separation bubble causes smaller lift increase. Large separation bubbles are needed for the maximum time-averaged lift enhancement, however, they exhibit shear layer flapping, intermittent reattachment, and larger lift fluctuations.
The Eastern heart and Galen's ventricle: a historical review of the purpose of the brain. (2007)

The seat of consciousness has not always been thought to reside in the brain. Its "source" is as varied as the cultures of those who have sought it. At present, although most may agree that the central nervous system is held to be the root of individualism in much of Western philosophy, this has not always been the case, and this viewpoint is certainly not unanimously accepted across all cultures today. In this paper the authors undertook a literary review of ancient texts of both Eastern and Western societies as well as modern writings on the organic counterpart to the soul. The authors have studied both ancient Greek and Roman material as well as Islamic and Eastern philosophy. Several specific aspects of the human body have often been proposed as the seat of consciousness, not only in medical texts, but also within historical documents, poetry, legal proceedings, and religious literature. Among the most prominently proposed have been the heart and breath, favoring a cardiopulmonary seat of individualism. This understanding was by no means stagnant, but evolved over time, as did the role of the brain in the definition of what it means to be human. Even in the 21st century, no clear consensus exists between or within communities, scientific or otherwise, on the brain's capacity for making us who we are. Perhaps, by its nature, our consciousness--and our awareness of our surroundings and ourselves--is a function of what surrounds us, and must therefore change as the world changes and as we change.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging cartilage composition as a potential early marker for degenerative joint disease in patients with Cryopyrinopathies (2012)

Poster: ESSR 2012 / P-0007 / Magnetic Resonance Imaging cartilage composition as a potential early marker for degenerative joint disease in patients with Cryopyrinopathies by: Mattiuz, M. B. Damasio, C. Malattia, A. Naselli, G. Chiusano, C. Basso, M. Finetti, A. Martini, G. M. Magnano, M. Gattorno; Genoa/IT
Combined optical and acoustic trapping (2011)

We present the combination of optical and acoustic trapping in a microfluidic device. This setup combines the advantages of a large trapping volume of acoustic trapping with the high precision and flexibility of optical micro-manipulation.
Ligand-dependent and -independent integrin focal contact localization: the role of the alpha chain cytoplasmic domain. (1993)

Many integrin receptors localize to focal contact sites upon binding their ligand. However, unoccupied integrin receptors do not localize to focal contact sites. Because the integrin beta 1 cytoplasmic domain appears to have a focal contact localization signal, there must be a mechanism by which this domain is kept inactive in the unoccupied state and becomes exposed or activated in the occupied receptor. We considered that this mechanism involves the alpha subunit cytoplasmic domain. To test this hypothesis, we have established two NIH 3T3 cell lines that express either the human alpha 1 wild-type subunit (HA1 cells) or the cytoplasmic domain deleted alpha 1 subunit (CYT cells). Both cell lines express similar levels of the human alpha 1 subunit, and there is no significant effect of the deletion on the dimerization and surface expression of the receptor. Furthermore, the deletion had no effect on the binding or adhesion via alpha 1 beta 1 to its ligand collagen IV. However, when these two cell lines are plated on fibronectin (FN), which is a ligand for alpha 5 beta 1 but not for alpha 1 beta 1, there is a striking difference in the cellular localization of alpha 1 beta 1. The HA1 cells show only alpha 5 in focal contacts, without alpha 1, demonstrating that all of the integrin localization is ligand dependent. In contrast, when the CYT cells are plated on FN, the mutant alpha 1 appears in focal contacts along with the alpha 5/beta 1. Thus, there is both ligand-dependent (alpha 5/beta 1) and ligand-independent (alpha 1/beta 1) focal contact localization in these cells. The truncated alpha 1 also localized to focal contacts in a ligand-independent manner on vitronectin. We conclude that the mutant alpha 1 no longer requires ligand occupancy for focal contact localization. These data strongly suggest that the alpha cytoplasmic domain plays a role in the normal ligand-dependent integrin focal contact localization.
Signal Processing and Machine Learning for Air Traffic Delay Prediction (2021)

As data quality and quantity increase, the prediction of future events using machine learning (ML) techniques across engineering disciplines grows by the day. Air transportation cannot be an exception. Delay prediction is paramount in the aerospace industry, since air traffic delays are responsible for millions of dollars in losses to airlines and passengers, along with negative impacts on the environment. In this contribution, we leverage recent signal processing and ML advances to put forth a processing-and-learning pipeline for the prediction of air traffic delays. The proposed approach is executed in several steps. Firstly, we apply signal processing and data science techniques to filter and denoise the original information. Secondly, we run a descriptive analysis of the data and design new features tailored to the prediction problem. Thirdly, we implement a scheme to select the most informative of those features, contributing to a better generalization performance, and offering useful insights. Two algorithms are used to that end: one based on random forests and one employing a sparse logistic regression approach. Finally, once the features are selected, we implement, analyse, and compare several ML architectures (from classical classifiers to deep learning) to predict the delay. While the focus of the comparison is prediction accuracy, metrics such as sample and computational complexity are also discussed. Numerical experiments are drawn from the US domestic market for the year 2018, when more than 7 million flights between 358 airports were flown. The designed processing/learning pipeline reveals interesting insights and achieves better prediction results than the state of the art. The results confirm that air traffic delay prediction is a challenging problem, mainly because the delay is extremely airport-dependent and the data is highly unbalanced (i.e., only a small percentage of flights are noticeable delayed), and identify worth-pursuing future lines of work.
Hydraulic actuator circuit fault detection using extended Kalman filter (2004)

This paper presents the application of extended Kalman filter (EKF) to closely estimate the states of hydraulic systems. The EKF, working concurrently with the actual system, accepts the input voltage signal to the servovalve and the measurements of the cylinder chamber pressures, and then rebuilds the system states. The spool displacement of the servovalve, the chamber pressures of the actuator and the velocity of the ram are accurately estimated. By comparing the estimated states and the actual measurements, residual signals are generated and then analyzed to report the occurrence of faults. Experiments show that the EKF estimator has the ability to promptly and reliably respond to the changes in the pump pressure as little as 10% of the normal operating pressure.
Near‐Infrared‐III‐Absorbing and ‐Emitting Dyes: Energy‐Gap Engineering of Expanded Porphyrinoids via Metallation (2020)

The synthesis of organometallic complexes of modified 26π-conjugated hexaphyrins with absorption and emission capabilities in the third near-infrared region (NIR-III) is described. Symmetry alteration of the frontier molecular orbitals (MOs) of bis-Pd<sup>II</sup> and bis-Pt<sup>II</sup> complexes of hexaphyrin via N-confusion modification led to substantial metal d<sub>π</sub> -p<sub>π</sub> interactions. This MO mixing, in turn, resulted in a significantly narrower HOMO-LUMO energy gap. A remarkable long-wavelength shift of the lowest S<sub>0</sub> →S<sub>1</sub> absorption beyond 1700 nm was achieved with the bis-Pt<sup>II</sup> complex, t-Pt<sub>2</sub> -3. The emergence of photoacoustic (PA) signals maximized at 1700 nm makes t-Pt<sub>2</sub> -3 potentially useful as a NIR-III PA contrast agent. The rigid bis-Pd<sup>II</sup> complexes, t-Pd<sub>2</sub> -3 and c-Pd<sub>2</sub> -3, are rare examples of NIR emitters beyond 1500 nm. The current study provides new insight into the design of stable, expanded porphyrinic dyes possessing NIR-III-emissive and photoacoustic-response capabilities.
Relationship between Virulence and Adhesion of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria amorpha (Strain: HpBa-1) to the Yellowish Elongate Chafer, Heptophylla picea (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). (2004)

We isolated an entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria amorpha (Strain: HpBa-1), from Heptophylla picea larva. When the larvae were inoculated with HpBa-1, 90.0% cumulative mortality was obtained in 30 days. However, the cumulative mortality was low when the larvae were inoculated with Metarhizium anisopliae (Strain: PMA-7) isolated from H. picea larvae. The high virulence of HpBa-1 to H. picea larvae was analyzed by investigating the conidial adhesion and germination of HpBa-1 on larval cuticle. Numerous HpBa-1 conidia adhered to the H. picea cuticle and most conidia on the H. picea cuticle remained over time. HpBa-1 conidia germinated on H. picea cuticle 96 h postinoculation. However, few PMA-7 conidia adhered to the H. picea cuticle as compared to HpBa-1 and did not germinate on the cuticle 96 h postinoculation. From these results, conidial adhesion and germination on the cuticle of H. picea is one factor causing high virulence of HpBa-1 to the larvae.
Constituents of West African Medicinal Plants XXV. Isolation of Oblongine from Tiliacora dinklagei and the Synthesis of Oblongine and Related Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTConstituents of West African Medicinal Plants XXV. Isolation of Oblongine from Tiliacora dinklagei and the Synthesis of Oblongine and Related Benzylisoquinoline AlkaloidsD. Dwuma-Badu, J. S. K. Ayim, T. T. Darbra, M. M. El-Azizi, P. L. Schiff Jr., D. J. Slatkin, and J. E. KnappCite this: J. Nat. Prod. 1983, 46, 3, 342–349Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 July 2004Published inissue 1 May 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/np50027a008https://doi.org/10.1021/np50027a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views121Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Stoner-Wohlfarth hysteresis model with stochastic input as a model of viscosity in magnetic materials (1992)

The Stoner-Wohlfarth hysteresis model with stochastic input is used to describe viscosity or creep in magnetic materials. An expression for the expected value of the magnetic moment of Stoner-Wohlfarth particles as a function of time is derived. It is found that this expected value for each particle decays exponentially to a history-independent value. An expression for the expected value of the average magnetization as given by the Stoner-Wohlfarth model is derived. The analysis is based on the Preisach-like formalism proposed for the Stoner-Wohlfarth model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>