gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diffraction of Axisymmetric Waves in a Borehole by Bed Boundary Discontinuities (1984)

This paper presents the calculation of the diffraction of axisymmetric borehole waves by bed boundary discontinuities. The bed boundary is assumed to be horizontal and the inhomogeneities to be axially symmetric. In such a geometry, an axially symmetric source will produce only axially symmetric waves. Since the borehole is an open structure, the mode spectrum consists of a discrete part as well as a continuum. The scattering of a continuum of waves by bed boundaries is difficult to treat. The approach used in the past in treating this class of problem has been approximate in nature, or highly numerical, such as the finite-element method. We present here a systematic way to approximate the continuum of modes by discrete modes. After discretization, the scattering problem can be treated simply. Since the approach is systematic, it allows derivation of the solution to any desired degree of accuracy in theory; but in practice, it is limited by the computational resources available. We also show that our approach is variational and satisfies both the reciprocity theorem and energy conservation.
Volatile Aroma Compounds in Young Leaves and Green Fruits of Japanese Pepper (1996)

Volatile compounds in the methanol extract of young leaves and green fruits of Japanese pepper (Zlnthoxylum piperitum DC) were separated on an adsorptive column method. The constituents of aroma concentrates from 71 samples of green fruits and 75 samples of young leaves were measured by GC. Volatile compounds were identified by GC-MS. The oil concentration of green fruits was 6200ppm ± 5700ppm, which means average value and standard deviation, and β-phellandrene, d-limonene, and β-pinene accounted for 42%, 23%, and 11% of total oils, respectively. In compounds containing oxygen, geranyl acetate (310ppm ± 530ppm), citronellol (220ppm ± 1700ppm), α-terpineol (7lppm ± 78ppm), citronellal (60ppm ± 157ppm), linalool (54ppm ± 140ppm), and isopulegol (48ppm ± 37ppm) were the main compounds. The oil concentration of young leaves was 1200ppm ± 670ppm, and hydrocarbons more than 80%. In compounds containing oxygen, isopulegol (100ppm ± 62ppm), α-terpineol (74ppm ± 53ppm), citronellal (44ppm ± 80ppm), geranial (37ppm ± 34ppm), geranyl acetate (18ppm ± 28ppm), and citronellol (18ppm ± 35ppm) were the main compounds. There was a large difference in the aroma quality of samples.
Metal−Olefin Interactions in M(CO)<sub>5</sub>(cycloolefin) (M = Cr, Mo, W; Cycloolefin = Cyclopropene to Cyclooctene):  Strain Relief and Metal−Olefin Bond Strength (2005)

Density functional theory calculations on the title compounds indicate that metal−olefin bond strengths follow the trend for cyclic olefin strain energies. It was found, however, that the proportionality between metal−olefin bond energy and strain energy is not evenly distributed throughout the olefin series. For instance, cyclopropene and cyclobutene are expected to bind to the metal much more weakly than would be anticipated on the basis of their strain energies. A bond energy decomposition analysis reveals that the metal−olefin interaction is responsible for strain relief in the cycloolefins by means of the rehybridization of the olefinic carbons. However, the geometrical changes accompanying this rehybridization, namely CC elongation and olefin pyramidalization, involve an energetic cost that is paid at the expense of the bonding interaction energy. Nonpyramidalized strained olefins such as cyclopropene and cyclobutene undergo large conformational changes, to the detriment of their large attractive interaction energies. It was found that a cyclic olefin that is already deformed, such as trans-cyclooctene, interacts strongly with a metal to relieve strain but does not suffer much energy-costly reorganizations. This, thus, constitutes an energy benefit to the metal−trans-cyclooctene bond strength.
Effect of cervical vagotomy on catecholaminergic neurons in the cranial division of the parasympathetic nervous system (1993)

This study provides evidence of catecholaminergic neurons in the cranial division of the parasympathetic nervous system. Presumptive catecholaminergic preganglionic neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX) were revealed by a clearcut depletion of intracellular catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme immunoreactivity induced by unilateral cervical vagotomy and identified on tissues immunocytochemically processed for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (D beta H) or phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT). This experimental design was essential because of the recent failure in two species to reproduce data previously obtained in double-label (combined immunocytochemical-retrograde transport) studies. Vagotomy data confirmed three spatially-segregated populations of catecholaminergic visceromotor neurons in the DMX. These cell bodies were morphologically identical to preganglionic neurons observed on alternate tissues stained for Nissl substance or immunostained for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the enzyme biosynthesizing acetylcholine. Neurons in the central and medial DMX demonstrated fall-off of TH-like immunoreactivity (LI) ipsilateral to the vagotomy at levels caudal to the obex. This cell group is assumed to be predominantly dopaminergic since relatively few neurons at this level of the DMX expressed D beta H-LI and none were immunostained for PNMT. A second population of immunoreactive neurons, concentrated in the rostral-lateral region of the DMX, was depleted of D beta H-LI on the ipsilateral side but did not express PNMT. These visceromotor neurons may, therefore, biosynthesize noradrenaline and belong to the rostral pole of the A2 area. A third population of presumptive adrenergic vagal dorsomotor neurons in the rostral-medial DMX was depleted of TH-, D beta H- and PNMT-LI at levels of the ipsilateral nucleus anterior to obex. Patterns of depletion of cytoplasmic enzyme-immunoreaction product were identical in all cases irrespective of the site of the transection or the postoperative survival period. Quantitative analysis demonstrated statistically significant loss of immunolabeled neurons in rostral and caudal subgroups of the DMX on the side ipsilateral to the vagotomy. It is concluded that catecholaminergic processes in the vagus nerve, as previously identified by the aldehyde-induced histofluorescence method, may partly arise from the lower brainstem.
Limiting factors in the production of laser generated microstructures (1999)

Microsystems increasingly require precision deep microstructures that can be cost-effectively designed and manufactured. New products must be able to meet the demands of the rapidly growing markets for microfluidic, micro-optical and micromechanical devices in industrial sectors which include chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biosciences, medicine and food The realisation of such products require an effective manufacturing process. Factors which limit the efficiency and precision obtainable using laser sources are important parameters. This paper reviews limiting factors when using diode pumped solid state Nd:YAG laser operated at λ/2 and λ/3 wavelengths. Etch depths per pulse were obtained as a function of intensity for Ni, 316L stainless steel and Al.
On the Reliability of Heteronuclear Precursors-Ligand Effects in the Li-MOCVD Synthesis of SrTiO<SUB>3</SUB> Films (2011)

Strontium titanate SrTiO3 thin films are highly perspective as gate dielectric material. Difference in volatility of the common homometallic precursors-strontium beta-diketonates and titanium alkoxides remains major hinder for preparation of high quality coatings based on this phase. An attractive alternative in its synthesis by MOCVD is provided by application of heterometallic mixed-ligand complexes, Sr2Ti2(beta-diket)4(OR)8(ROH)x. Mass-spectrometric study reveals, however, that none of these species can be considered a true single-source precursor. The relative stability of the molecules in solution and the congruence of in-situ release of homometallic species on evaporation are, on the other hand, crucial for the quality of the produced films and are strongly influenced by the nature of alkoxide ligands, OR. The historically first discovered representative of this heterometallic family, a sec-alkoxide derivative Sr2Ti2(thd)4(O(i)Pr)8, is in fact unexpectedly unstable, transforming in solution into Sr2Ti(thd)4(O(i)Pr)4((i)PrOH), which explains difficulties in keeping the correct stoichiometry using isopropoxide precursor. The primary alkoxide complexes, Sr2Ti2(thd)4(OR)8(ROH)2, R = Et, (n)Pr are also unstable yielding Sr4Ti2(thd)4(OR)8(ROH)2 on decomposition. The best solution stability and most uniform evaporation was observed for the iso-derivative, Sr2Ti2(thd)4(O(i)Bu)8, permitting to apply it in long term experiments under industrial process conditions. Present contribution provides detailed experimental comparison between and sec-and iso-alkoxide derivatives and sheds light on the influence of the ligand on molecular stability of a precursor and how it influences the quality of the derived oxide film, especially in relation to its electrophysical properties.
Exploiting intra-conversation variability for speaker diarization (2011)

In this paper, we propose a new approach to speaker diarization based on the Total Variability approach to speaker verification. Drawing on previous work done in applying factor analysis priors to the diarization problem, we arrive at a simplified approach that exploits intra-conversation variability in the Total Variability space through the use of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Using our proposed methods, we demonstrate the ability to achieve state-of-the-art performance (0.9% DER) in the diarization of summed-channel telephone data from the NIST 2008 SRE. Index Terms: speaker diarization, factor analysis, Total Variability, principal component analysis
Analyses of complex mixtures of hydrocarbons by time-of-flight mass spectrometry-open tube chromatography (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAnalyses of complex mixtures of hydrocarbons by time-of-flight mass spectrometry-open tube chromatographyMartin H. Studier and Ryoichi. HayatsuCite this: Anal. Chem. 1968, 40, 6, 1011–1013Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60262a026https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60262a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views34Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ChemInform Abstract: UNTERSUCHUNG UEBER AMINOZUCKER 30. MITT. SYNTH. VON 3′‐DESOXYKANAMYCIN (1972)

Abstract Durch Kondensation des Desoxystreptamins (IV) mit dem Ribohexopyranosy1‐ Chlorid (III) [aus dem Benzylidenpyranosid (I) über das Bromid (II) und vier weitere Zwischenstufen dargestellt] erhält man das Produkt (Va) und aus diesem durch Abspaltung der Isopropylidengruppe katalytische Reduktion und Decarboxylierung die Titelverbindung (Vb).
Quantitative assessments of traumatic axonal injury in human brain: concordance of microdialysis and advanced MRI (2015)

Axonal injury is a major contributor to adverse outcomes following brain trauma. However, the extent of axonal injury cannot currently be assessed reliably in living humans. Here, we used two experimental methods with distinct noise sources and limitations in the same cohort of 15 patients with severe traumatic brain injury to assess axonal injury. One hundred kilodalton cut-off microdialysis catheters were implanted at a median time of 17 h (13-29 h) after injury in normal appearing (on computed tomography scan) frontal white matter in all patients, and samples were collected for at least 72 h. Multiple analytes, such as the metabolic markers glucose, lactate, pyruvate, glutamate and tau and amyloid-β proteins, were measured every 1-2 h in the microdialysis samples. Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging scans at 3 T were performed 2-9 weeks after injury in 11 patients. Stability of diffusion tensor imaging findings was verified by repeat scans 1-3 years later in seven patients. An additional four patients were scanned only at 1-3 years after injury. Imaging abnormalities were assessed based on comparisons with five healthy control subjects for each patient, matched by age and sex (32 controls in total). No safety concerns arose during either microdialysis or scanning. We found that acute microdialysis measurements of the axonal cytoskeletal protein tau in the brain extracellular space correlated well with diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging-based measurements of reduced brain white matter integrity in the 1-cm radius white matter-masked region near the microdialysis catheter insertion sites. Specifically, we found a significant inverse correlation between microdialysis measured levels of tau 13-36 h after injury and anisotropy reductions in comparison with healthy controls (Spearman's r = -0.64, P = 0.006). Anisotropy reductions near microdialysis catheter insertion sites were highly correlated with reductions in multiple additional white matter regions. We interpret this result to mean that both microdialysis and diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging accurately reflect the same pathophysiological process: traumatic axonal injury. This cross-validation increases confidence in both methods for the clinical assessment of axonal injury. However, neither microdialysis nor diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging have been validated versus post-mortem histology in humans. Furthermore, future work will be required to determine the prognostic significance of these assessments of traumatic axonal injury when combined with other clinical and radiological measures.
A Comparison of The Viruses of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis (IPV), and Rinderpest Part II. Plaque Assay. (1964)

A plaque assay procedure was used successfully for studying the viruses of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV), and rinderpest. The plaques produced by the IBR and IPV viruses were indistinguishable, but differed from those of rinderpest. The viruses were neutralized by their respective antisera as indicated by plaque inhibition. Plaques formed by the IBR and IPV viruses were inhibited by homologous and heterologous antisera but not by rinderpest antisera, while those of rinderpest were inhibited by the rinderpest antisera only.
Condensation of Phenylcycloalkenes with Maleic Anhydride. I. Synthesis of 7-Methoxy-3,4-benzphenanthrene (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCondensation of Phenylcycloalkenes with Maleic Anhydride. I. Synthesis of 7-Methoxy-3,4-benzphenanthreneJacob Szmuszkovicz and Edward J. ModestCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70, 7, 2542–2543Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1948https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01187a071RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views68Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (231 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Source-filter interaction in the opposite direction: subglottal coupling and the influence of vocal fold mechanics on vowel spectra during the closed phase (2009)

Studies of speech source-filter interaction usually investigate the effect of the speech transfer function (loading) on vocal fold vibration and the voice source. In this study we explore how vocal fold mechanics affect the transfer function throughout the glottal cycle, with emphasis on the closed phase. Coupling between the subglottal and supraglottal airways is modulated by the laryngeal impedance. Although coupling is generally thought to occur only during the open phase of vocal fold vibration, a posterior glottal opening and the vocal fold tissue itself can allow sound transmission, thereby introducing coupling during the closed phase as well. The impedance of the vocal fold tissue at closure is shown to be small enough to permit coupling throughout the phonatory cycle, even in the absence of a posterior glottal opening. Open- and closed-phase coupling is characterized using mathematical models of the subglottal and supraglottal airways, and the parallel laryngeal impedances of the membranous glottis, posterior glottal opening, and vocal fold tissue. Examples from sustained vowels are presented, using synchronous recordings of neck skin acceleration, laryngeal high-speed videoendoscopy, electroglottography, and radiated acoustic pressure.
Video summarization based on the psychological unfolding of a drama (2002)

Abstract This paper proposes a method of composing digests of TV videos based on their psychological unfolding. Most of the studies of video summarization to date have been based on the video structure, such as cuts or objects in the video. It is generally considered, however, that the observer of a TV drama emphasizes instead the psychological unfolding of the video content (such as the climax). However, no method of summarizing a drama based on the psychological aspect of the video has been proposed. Track structures [such as cutting, lines spoken by the actors, BGM (background music), and sound effects] constitute physical components, and the dramatist skillfully manipulates the time structure based on his empirical knowledge in order to present a particular psychological impression. This paper proposes a method in which the psychologically important part is detected on the basis of empirical knowledge as a corresponding time‐series pattern of the track structure, and a summarized video is generated. As an experiment, the proposed method was applied to a TV drama, and the time length was reduced to approximately 1/14. Subjective evaluation experiments show that the proposed method preserves the content of the main plot, with naturalness of extraction, thus indicating the usefulness of the proposed method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(11): 39–49, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/scj.10066
Analysis of Data Reconstruction Efficiency Using (2001)

We derive a relationship between quality of data re- construction, data transmission rate, and integration decay rate for a stochastic transmitter and integrating receiver. This relationship can be used to quantify frame and directly compare the efficien- cies of scanned and address-event data representations. We find that high quality reconstruction of stochastic data requires time and dynamic range at the receiver, but a stochastic representation can provide advantages over scanning for some applications. As an example, we provide the design of a simple receiver based on these results.
When data must satisfy constraints upon writing (2014)

We initiate a study of constrained codes in which any codeword can be transformed into any other codeword by a sequence of single symbol changes such that the intermediate words (after each symbol change) all satisfy the underlying constraint. We shall refer to a set of constrained words with this property as being Hamming connected. Hamming connected constrained codes might be useful for encoding data in storage media when a constraint must be met upon writing data, as might be the case in some emerging storage technologies. The stated property would permit overwriting encoded data without violating the constraint during intermediate writes. We study the Hamming connectedness of (d, k)-run-length limited constraints and a few other special cases. We also consider the decidability of Hamming connectedness for finite memory constraints.
Analysis of inverter-fed high-speed induction motor considering crosspath resistance between adjacent rotor bars (1994)

The purpose of this work is to analyze the steady state performance of an inverter-fed high-speed induction motor with trapezoidal rotor bars taking into account crosspath resistance between adjacent rotor bars. The performance of the induction motor drives for various crosspath resistances of two kinds of rotor slot shapes, a rectangular bar and a trapezoidal bar, is discussed on the basis of theoretical and experimental results of a 2.2 kW 500 Hz 15000 rev/min three-phase induction motor. It is also shown that the equivalent rotor resistance and leakage reactance change with crosspath resistance between adjacent rotor bars for various values of the fundamental supply frequency, the rotor slip, and the harmonics. The results of this research will be applied for design consideration of a high-speed induction motor with uninsulated rotor bars.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Systems Ambiguity: A Framework to Assess Risks and Predict Potential Systems Failures (2007)

To be a high-reliability organization, organizations need to continually assess risks and predict potential failures before even they actually occur. In this paper, we present a new method to uncover and assess risks and failures embedded in a work system: systems ambiguity framework. We define systems ambiguity as uncertainty or vagueness that may prevent a work system from achieving its purpose. We identified five main types of ambiguity in a work system: task ambiguity, responsibility ambiguity, expectation ambiguity, method ambiguity, and exception ambiguity. Examples for each type of ambiguity are provided from a qualitative study aimed at identifying the underlying causes of non-compliance to evidence based guidelines in intensive care units. We argue that systems ambiguity framework can be used alone or in conjunction with well-known risk assessment methods (e.g., root cause analysis, failure modes and effects analysis) to uncover systems failures both reactively and proactively.
Macrolide-Based Regimens and Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2012)

In hospitalized patients with CAP, macrolide-based regimens were associated with a significant 22% reduction in mortality compared with nonmacrolides; however, this benefit did not extend to patients studied in RCTs or patients that received guideline-concordant antibiotics. Our findings suggest guideline concordance is more important than choice of antibiotic when treating CAP.