gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure and function of the human MHC class Ib molecules HLA‐E, HLA‐F and HLA‐G (1998)

The major histocompatibility (MHC) class Ib molecules HLA-E, HLA-F and HLA-G are relatively non-polymorphic compared to class Ia molecules. Both HLA-E and HLA-G bind peptides and are involved in natural killer (NK)-cell recognition, but the role of HLA-F is unclear. HLA-E binds specifically to the conserved leader sequence peptides from the class Ia MHC molecules and interacts on the cell surface with the CD94/NKG2 class of NK-cell receptors. The framework structure of HLA-E is similar to that of the MHC class Ia molecules, but the peptide-binding groove is highly adapted for the specific binding of the leader sequence peptides. This is different from class Ia molecules, which have highly promiscuous peptide-binding grooves. The HLA-E groove makes full use of all the available pockets and imposes specificity along the entire length of the peptide. HLA-G binds nonamer peptides with leucine or isoleucine at position 2, proline at position 3 and leucine at position 9. Expression of HLA-G inhibits NK cells expressing the CD94/NKG2 class of receptors, though an interaction with these receptors has not been directly demonstrated.
The Biosynthesis of Folic Acid (1969)

Abstract Procedures are described for the purification from extracts of Escherichia coli of the two enzymes necessary for the synthesis of dihydropteroic acid (H2-pteroate) from 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihydropteridine (H2-pteridine-CH2OH) and p-aminobenzoic acid in the presence of ATP. We have shown that the first enzyme, which has been named H2-pteridine-CH2OH pyrophosphokinase, catalyzes a reaction whereby H2-pteridine-CH2OH and ATP are used for the formation of a product that has been identified as the pyrophosphate ester of H2-pteridine-CH2OH. Since the other product of the reaction has been identified as AMP, the reaction is characterized as an enzyme-catalyzed transfer of a pyrophosphate group. Mg2+ is needed for the enzyme to function. The Km values for H2-pteridine-CH2OH and ATP are both 1.5 x 10-5 m. The molecular weight of the enzyme is approximately 15,000 and the enzyme is relatively heat-stable. The second enzyme, which has been named H2-pteroate synthetase, catalyzes the synthesis of H2-pteroate from p-aminobenzoic acid and the pyrophosphate ester of H2pteridine-CH2OH. Inorganic pyrophosphate has been identified as the other product of the reaction and Mg2+ is required for this enzyme to function. The Km value for aminobenzoic acid is 2.5 x 10-6 m. The molecular weight of the enzyme is approximately 50,000.
Thromboembolism after surgical treatment of hip fractures. (1981)

Seventy-five patients ages 40 to 95 (average, 78), 60 of whom were women and 15 men, were admitted with upper femoral fractures and participated in a study designed to evaluate the possible prophylactic effects of platelet-inhibiting drugs on the incidence of thromboembolism. Aspirin, 600 mg, b.i.d., or a combination of the above doses of aspirin and hydroxychloroquine, 300 mg, b.i.d., were used from the time of admission. The study was prospective, consecutive except for a few exclusions, double-blind and randomized. Standard surgical treatment was given by three orthopedists. Venography by the 11th day was the endpoint, although daily examinations and early impedance plethysmography were also used. Twenty-five patients received placebos, 24 aspirin alone and 26 aspirin and Plaquenil. In the control group, 15 of 25 (60%) developed thrombosis and two had nonfatal pulmonary emboli. With aspirin, six of 24 (25%) had thrombosis and one a fatal embolus. In the combination group seven of 26 (27%) developed thrombosis and there were no emboli. No significant difference existed between treatment groups, but there was significant difference between the control and treatment group at the 2% level by the Yates chi2 test. Treated women received significant protection against thromboses (p less than 0.02); 13 of 20 untreated women had deep thromboses versus 12 of 40 in the treated women. Aspirin prophylaxis is significantly useful in fractured hip patients. The combination of aspirin and Plaquenil offers no additional benefit and only leads to complications from hematomas.
Preventive and curative effects of <i>Berberis aristata</i> Fruit extract on paracetamol‐ and CCl<sub>4</sub>‐induced hepatotoxicity (1995)

Abstract The effect of an aqueous‐methanol extract of Berberis aristata fruits (Berberidaceae) was investigated against paracetamol‐ and CCl 4 ‐induced hepatic damage. Paracetamol produced 100% mortality at a dose of 1 g/kg in mice while pre‐treatment of animals with crude extract (500 mg/kg) reduced the death rate to 10%. Pre‐treatment of rats with fruit extract (500 mg/kg, orally twice daily for 2 days) prevented ( p <0.05) the paracetamol (640 mg/kg) as well as CCl 4 (1.5 mL/kg)‐induced rise in serum transaminases (GOT and GPT). Post‐treatment with three successive doses of extract (500 mg/kg, 6h) restricted the hepatic damage induced by acetaminophen ( p <0.01) but CCl 4 ‐induced hepatotoxicity was not altered ( p >0.05). Plant extract (500 mg/kg) caused significant prolongation ( p <0.01) in pentobarbital (75 mg/kg)‐induced sleep as well as increased strychnine‐induced lethality in mice suggestive of inhibitory effect on microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes (MDME). These results indicate that the crude extract of Berberis aristata fruits exhibits hepatoprotective action partly through MDME inhibitory action.
체육수업 공간인 운동장에 관한 문화기술적 연구 (2010)

사람들에게 의미가 있는 장소는 그 곳에 존재하는 사람의 정체성을 보여주는 곳이다. 그래서 연구자는 학생들의 공간을 들여다보고 그들을 이해하려는 일환으로 본 연구를 시도하게 되었다. 그러므로 본 연구는 중학생들의 일상 공간인 운동장의 문화기술을 통해 학교생활의 맥락 속에서 운동장의 공간적 의미를 깊이 이해하고자 하는 것이 목적이었다. 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 서울 소재 한 중학교의 운동장을 1년간 참여 관찰하였으며, 남녀 학생 4명(남2, 여2)의 연구 참여자들을 대상으로 문화기술적 인터뷰를 실시하였다. 또한 심층인터뷰 외에 개방형 설문지, 수업일지, 연구일지, 각종 문서 자료 등을 수집하였다. 수집한 자료의 분석은 Huberman과 Miles(1984)가 제안한 귀납적 자료 분석 방법을 사용하였다. 자료의 반복적 수집과 순환적 읽기를 통해 운동장은 첫째, 축구로 운동장을 보려는 왜곡된 그들만의 시선이 있었으며, 둘째, 스포츠가 늘 존재하는 곳에서 신체적 능력으로 겨루면서도 우연으로 승리를 갈망하기도 했다. 셋째, 학교의 질서를 유지하기 위한 제도화된 규율과 그 규율 속에서 벗어나려는 몸짓이 공존하였다. 넷째, 학습 공간으로써 기회균등이 주어지면서 성과 신체적 능력, 학년의 위계구조 등으로 차별이 존재하는 곳임을 밝힐 수 있었다. 운동장에 중층적으로 존재하는 학생들의 문화를 기술함으로써 체육수업 공간으로만 이해되는 운동장에 대한 이해의 지평을 크게 넓힐 수 있었다.
Deficiency in activation-induced cytidine deaminase promotes systemic autoimmunity in<i>lpr</i>mice on a C57BL/6 background (2009)

Activation-induced deaminase (AID) is a prerequisite for immunoglobulin (Ig) class-switch recombination and somatic hypermutation, which is critical for antibody affinity maturation. IgM and IgG autoantibodies are characteristic of the systemic autoimmune disorders such as lupus. However, the relative contributions of hypermutated high-affinity IgG antibodies and germline-encoded IgM antibodies to systemic autoimmunity are not defined fully. The role of AID in autoimmunity is unclear. The current study used AID-deficient mice to investigate the role of AID in the development and pathogenesis of murine lupus. C57BL/6 mice deficient in both Fas and AID were generated. Compared to their AID-competent littermates, AID(-/-) lymphoproliferative (lpr) mice produced significantly elevated levels of IgM autoreactive antibodies with enhanced germinal centre (GC) response, developed more advanced splenomegaly and exhibited more severe glomerulonephritis. Thus, AID may play an important role in the negative regulation of systemic autoimmune manifestations in murine lupus. The results also indicate that hypermutated high-affinity IgG antibodies are not necessary for the development of autoimmune syndrome in lpr mice on a C57BL/6 background.
Chronic Type I IFN Is Sufficient To Promote Immunosuppression through Accumulation of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (2016)

Failure of the immune system to eradicate viruses results in chronic viral infections, which are associated with increased susceptibility to secondary infections. Pathogenic HIV or lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus chronic infections display a persistent type I IFN signature. In chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, blockade of type I IFN signaling partially restores antiviral responses. In a mouse model, we tested whether chronic administration of type I IFN, at doses mimicking chronic viral infection, induced immunosuppression. Chronic exposure of mice to IFN-α alone was sufficient to strongly suppress specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells responses to subsequent vaccinia virus infection. It resulted in the accumulation of Ly6C<sup>hi</sup> monocytes. These monocytes were similar, phenotypically and functionally, to the myeloid-derived suppressor cells found in cancer because they exerted a potent suppression on CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell responses in vitro. They acted at least partly through the l-arginine pathway. In vivo, their elimination restored antiviral CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell responses. Our work provides a specific mechanism accounting for the role of IFN-α in immunosuppression and predicts that type I IFN modulation will be pivotal to cure human chronic infections, cancer, or autoimmune diseases.
Liquefaction Potential of Gravelly Soils in Dams (1993)

Gravelly soils are common components of embankment dams and their foundations. When such soils have been placed or deposited in a loose condition and are saturated, they are potentially liquefiable. In recent years, several large embankment dams have been reevaluated to assess the liquefaction potential of gravelly soil zones within the dam foundation. In this paper, the authors present their experiences in assessing the liquefaction potential of gravelly soils using both laboratory and in situ techniques. These techniques are: large-scale cyclic triaxial testing with correction for membrane compliance and Becker Penetration Testing. The results from several investigations will be summarized and compared to approaches and results obtained for investigations targeting sandy soil.
X-ray scattering from nonideal multilayer structures: Calculations in the kinematical approximation (1995)

In the kinematical approximation, a two-dimensional model is described for X-ray scattering from multilayered films that includes discrete thickness fluctuations and interfacial correlated roughness. In this work, the influence of the thickness fluctuations and of the roughness that is introduced as small perturbations at the interfaces is studied on both specular and nonspecular reflectances. For specular direction, the kinematical calculations are compared with those calculated using the full optical Fresnel theory. It is shown that whenever the reflectance is low, both computations are in good agreement. Finally, the model is applied tentatively to fit the experimental specular and nonspecular spectra performed on Fe/Si multilayered samples.
Beet‐vinasse (condensed molasses solubles) as an ingredient in diets for cattle and pigs – nutritive value and limitations (2005)

Sugar beet vinasse, originating as the condensed molasses residue from yeast production, was fed to bulls and pigs to determine the feed value. It contained, per kg dry matter (DM content 66.8%), 293 g crude protein, 305 g N-free extract (therefrom 34.4 g total sugar), and 395 g crude ash. The experiment was carried out with three fattening bulls (German Holstein) and four adult pigs (Gottingen Minipig). In bulls, two balance trials lasting 20 days each (10 days adaptation; 10 days collection) were conducted in which subsequently a basal ration without and with vinasse (14% in DM) was fed. In pigs, the experiment consisted of three 12-day balance trials with the final 5 days as collection period. In the first trial, pigs received a basal diet without vinasse and in the following, a mixed diet with 16 and 43% vinasse (in DM) respectively. Digestibilities of components in vinasse in bulls were: organic matter 73.5%, crude protein 72.6%, and N-free extract 52.3%. In bulls, no influence on faeces quality could be detected while feeding 14% vinasse in DM. While feeding 16% vinasse in DM to pigs, the digestibility of organic matter amounted to 72.3% (crude protein 71.8%; NfE 74.6%). Feeding higher amounts of vinasse (43% in DM) in the diet of pigs, digestibilities were reduced (organic matter: 61.6%), which might be a result of a reduced retention time of the chyme as a result of an osmotically driven diarrhoea because of unexpectedly high sulphate (136 g/kg DM) content in the vinasse. It is concluded that because of organic matter digestibility >70% for cattle and pigs, the use of vinasse in these species in small proportions is reasonable.
Linear polythioesters. III. Products of interfacial polycondensation of 1,4‐, 1,5‐di(mercaptomethyl)‐naphthalene, and their mixture with adipoyl and sebacoyl chlorides (1979)

Abstract New polythioesters of naphthalene derivatives by polycondensation of 1,4‐di(mercaptomethyl)‐naphthalene, 1,5‐di(mercaptomethyl)naphthalene, as well as their mixture with adipoyl and sebacoyl chlorides have been obtained. Low‐temperature and high‐temperature solution polycondensation as well as interfacial polycondensation have been used. Interfacial polycondensation proved to be the most useful. To define the optimal conditions of interfacial polycondensation, the following factors influencing the process have been studied: ratio of aqueous to organic phase, concentration of hydrochloride acceptor, temperature of reaction and rate of addition of acid chloride, contribution of emulsifier and catalyst. Yield for all reaction products and reduced viscosity have been found. The structure of polythioesters of high‐value viscosity and good yield was determined from elementary analysis, infrared spectra, x‐ray, and thermogravimetric analysis. Some mechanical and electrical properties of the polythioesters obtained from the mixture of 1,4‐ and 1,5‐di(mercaptomethyl)naphthalene have been studied after pressing in increased temperature. The molecular weight was not determined because of very low solubility.
Morphological Stability of a Particle Growing by Diffusion or Heat Flow (1963)

The stability of the shape of a spherical particle undergoing diffusion-controlled growth into an initially uniformly supersaturated matrix is studied by supposing an expansion, into spherical harmonics, of an infinitesimal deviation of the particle from sphericity and then calculating the time dependence of the coefficients of the expansion. It is assumed that the pertinent concentration field obeys Laplace's equation, an assumption whose conditions of validity are discussed in detail and are often satisfied in practice. A dispersion law is found for the rate of change of the amplitude of the various harmonics. It is shown that the sphere is stable below and unstable above a certain radius Rc, which is just seven times the critical radius of nucleation theory; analogous conclusions are obtained for the solidification problem. The results for the sphere are used to discuss the stability of nonspherical growth forms.
The Circular Waveguide Step-Discontinuity Mode Transducer (Short Papers) (1973)

Power conversion coefficients and the launch phase of propagating modes excited by a symmetric step-discontinuity in circular waveguide are accurately predicted by a modal analysis of the discontinuity which includes only a few evanescent modes. The relative power in transmitted and reflected propagating modes is presented as a function of normalized frequency for two step-discontinuity ratios to indicate typical solution results.
Iterative Threshold Decoding of Product Codes Constructed from Majority Logic Decodable Codes (2006)

In this paper the performance of product and parallel concatenated block codes based on one step majority logic decodable (OSMLD) codes is investigated. Our iterative decoding process use a soft-input soft-output threshold decoding algorithm as component decoder. Numerical results for symmetric and asymmetric product codes transmitted additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel are provided. Results have shown that product codes are more efficient than parallel concatenated block codes for moderate and high signal to noise ratios (SNR)
Is the United States' Opposition to the ICC Intractable? (2004)

Journal Article Is the United States' Opposition to the ICC Intractable? Get access Patricia M. Wald Patricia M. Wald Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of International Criminal Justice, Volume 2, Issue 1, March 2004, Pages 19–25, https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/2.1.19 Published: 01 March 2004
Effects of an Arteriovenous Fistula on the Devascularized Limb (1965)

To reverse the tendency for thrombosis in small prosthetic grafts and sutured or otherwise damaged vessels, the advantages of maintaining a high rate of blood flow through these vessels by small caudad arteriovenous fistulae have been demonstrated previously in our laboratory. Neointimaformation was found in these damaged vessels. This principle could be used to maintain vessel patency until collateral flow could develop, particularly in patients with ischemic limbs in which standard femoropopliteal-artery reconstruction is unsuitable. The effects of arteriovenous fistulae have been said to be harmful. Four groups of dogs were used for study in order to avoid imposing further damage on ischemic limbs of patients. We sought thus to duplicate experimentally the clinical situation of obstructed or obliterated popliteal arteries. <h3>Materials and Methods</h3> Dogs of either sex weighing 25 to 35 lb were anesthetized with intravenous pentobarbital sodium. Through low midline abdominal and ventral thigh incisions, all branches of
New Radiative Recombination Processes Involving Neutral Donors and Acceptors in Silicon and Germanium (1967)

Relatively weak extrinsic luminescence bands observed at low temperatures (\ensuremath{\lesssim}80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) in silicon doped with several different donors and acceptors are described and identified with the following recombination processes: (1) Phonon-assisted decay of excitons bound to neutral centers involving the momentum-conserving (MC) transverse acoustical phonon; also multiphonon transitions involving the zone-center optical phonon together with the MC transverse optical phonon. The phonon energies and relative intensities of these replicas are shown to be very similar to those observed in the intrinsic luminescence bands in silicon. The relationship between the relative strength of the no-phonon band and the impurity ionization energy is discussed. (2) "Two-electron" transitions, in which an exciton bound to a neutral impurity center decays, leaving the impurity center in a bound excited state. (3) "Two-electron" transitions, observed only for donor centers, in which a free exciton in the vicinity of a neutral donor center decays, leaving the donor in an excited valley-orbit state. (4) Radiative recombination of a free hole (or electron) with the second electron (or hole) in a newly observed ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$-like complex involving the shallow donor and acceptor centers. (5) Radiative recombination of a free electron with a neutral acceptor center, observed only for the relatively deep acceptors gallium and indium. Processes (1) and (3) are significant only below \ensuremath{\sim}50\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, while transitions (4) and (5) are observed only above \ensuremath{\sim}30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Process (3) is significant at all temperatures investigated. Unidentified lines reported by Benoit \`a la Guillaume and Parodi in the low-temperature edge luminescence of doped germanium are shown to be consistent with mechanisms (2) and (3), while other lines previously discussed by them in terms of mechanism (5) are in closer agreement with mechanism (4). These "two-electron" transitions in silicon and germanium all appear to contain donor or acceptor excitations involving no parity change, in contrast to similar transitions in gallium phosphide. The ionization energies of the ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$-like complexes in silicon and germanium are \ensuremath{\sim}4 meV and \ensuremath{\sim}1.5 meV, respectively.
Array Processing Techniques for Broadband Acoustic Beamforming (2005)

Audio acquisition and recording can benefit from directional reception of the acoustic signals. Current acoustic designs of highly-directional microphones are bandwidth limited and physically large. A microphone array used in conjunction with a beamforming algorithm can acquire and spatially filter the signal, but traditionally this has suffered from limitations similar to those of the purely acoustic designs. The work presented in this paper attempts to overcome these limitations by producing and analyzing three atypical techniques for broadband beamforming. The last and most successful technique employs an algorithm which calculates the difference in group delay of the acquired signals and uses that information to determine the direction of the incoming signals as a function of frequency.
Effect of polymethylolcarbamide (urea formaldehyde condensation polymer) on growth and tissue formaldehyde residues in shrimp (1995)

Toxicity of the urea formaldehyde resin pellet binder polymethylolcarbamide (BasfinR) was determined in 28-day feeding trials conducted in tanks with Penaeus vannamei Boone, 1931. Levels of polymethylolcarbamide ranging from 0.25 to 8% did not affect shrimp survival. However, growth of shrimp fed feeds containing more than 0.5% polymethylolcarbamide was less than that of shrimp fed control feeds without polymethylolcarbamide. Growth was reduced 58% by feed containing 8% polymethylolcarbamide, and 19 to 27% by feeds containing 1 to 4% polymethylolcarbamide. In a separate trial, growth was reduced 29 and 30% by feeds containing 0.5 and 1% polymethylolcarbamide, respectively. Growth was reduced by polymethylolcarbamide both in feeds that were extruded without heating using alginate as the binder, and in feeds that were bound by polymethylolcarbamide with the addition of steam, heat and pressure. Formaldehyde residues in muscle increased linearly with polymethylolcarbamide level in feed. However, at levels of polymethylolcarbamide recommended by manufacturers for pellet binding, predicted levels of formaldehyde in shrimp tissues would be lower than those reported in stored fish and shrimp. Under conditions of semi-intensive pond culture where natural foods were present, a 28-day feeding trial conducted in outdoor pens indicated that growth and survival were not affected by 0.5% polymethylolcarbamide.
The deceptive behaviors that offend us most about spyware (2005)

Before effective legislation against spyware can be drawn, lawmakers and vendors must understand what users find most deceptive and offensive about this stealth software.