gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The use of botulinum toxin A in children with cerebral palsy, with a focus on the lower limb (2010)

Purpose The purpose of this review is to clarify the role of botulinum toxin serotype A (BTX-A) in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy (CP), with a special focus on the lower limb. Background The treatment of spasticity is central in the clinical management of children with CP. BTX-A blocks the release of acetylcholine at the motor end plate, causing a temporary muscular denervation and, in an indirect way, a reduced spasticity. Children with increased tone develop secondary problems over time, such as muscle contractures and bony deformities, which impair their function and which need orthopaedic surgery. However in these younger children, delaying surgery is crucial because the results of early surgical interventions are less predictable and have a higher risk of failure and relapse. As BTX-A treatment reduces tone in a selective way, it allows a better motor control and muscle balance across joints, resulting in an improved range of motion and potential to strengthen antagonist muscles, when started at a young age. The effects are even more obvious when the correct BTX-A application is combined with other conservative therapies, such as physiotherapy, orthotic management and casts. There is now clear evidence that the consequences of persistent increased muscle tone can be limited by applying an integrated multi-level BTX-A treatment approach. Nevertheless, important challenges such as patient selection, defining appropriate individual goals, timing, dosing and dilution, accuracy of injection technique and how to measure outcomes will be questioned. Therefore, “reflection is more important than injection” remains an actual statement.
Technical considerations for the use of surface coils in MRI (1986)

The signal-to-noise response characteristics for two surface coils of different construction geometries (a single-turn planar coil and a single-turn saddle-shaped coil) were measured and compared with head and body coils. Measurements were made at different gradient magnifications (0, 20, 30, and 40%, relative to the head coil) and with different numbers of signal averages (3, 8, 12, and 18). The signal-to-noise curves were used to guide the selection of surface coils for use in clinical studies. This technique is useful in determining the optimal technique for specific clinical problems evaluated by surface-coil imaging. For the planar (flat) surface coils, the signal-to-noise per pixel was found to be superior to the conventional head coil at depths equal to or less than 5 cm. For the saddle coil, signal-to-noise per pixel was superior to the head coil for depths below 8.5 cm for magnifications up to 30%. For the 40% magnification, the depth at which the signal-to-noise was equal to the head coil decreased to about 6 cm. Surface coils have demonstrated a marked improvement in signal-to-noise relative to conventional head and body coils for superficial structures.
Photochemical and Photophysical Properties of Gold(I) Complexes and Phosphorescence Sensitization of Organic Luminophores (2006)

Two major topics that involve synthetic strategies to enhance the phosphorescence of organic and inorganic luminophores have been investigated. The first topic involves, the photophysical and photochemical properties of the gold (I) complexes LAuIX (L = CO, RNC where R = alkyl or aryl group; X = halide or pseudohalide), which have been investigated and found to exhibit Au-centered phosphorescence and tunable photochemical reactivity. The investigations have shown a clear relationship between the luminescence energies and association modes. We have also demonstrated for the first time that aurophilic bonding and the ligand p-acceptance can sensitize the photoreactivity of Au(I) complexes. The second topic involves conventional organic fluorophores (arenes), which are made to exhibit room-temperature phosphorescence that originates from spin-orbit coupling owing to either an external or internal heavy atom effect in systematically designed systems that contain d10 metals. Facial complexation of polycyclic arenes to tris[{m-(3,4,5,6-tetrafluorophenylene)}mercury(II)], C18F12Hg3 (1) results in crystalline adducts that exhibit bright RGB (red-green-blue) phosphorescence bands at room temperature. This arene-centered phosphorescence is always accompanied by a reduction of the triplet excited state lifetime due to its sensitization by accelerating the radiative instead of the non-radiative decay. The results of both topics are significant for rational design of efficient metal and arene-centered phosphors for molecular light emitting diodes in addition to the fundamental novelties in inorganic chemistry and molecular spectroscopy.
Noninvasive Monitoring of End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide in the Emergency Department (2006)

Noninvasive monitoring of end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) is not new technology but its routine use in the emergency department is a recent development. It is a better tool to evaluate ventilation when compared to oximetry because it provides the caregiver with breath-to-breath information. End-tidal carbon dioxide reflects the production, transportation, and elimination of CO2. This technology has been used to evaluate endotracheal tube placement. Now with both side stream and mainstream monitoring available, emergency departments can use ETCO2 in a variety of situations. The emergency nurse needs to be able to evaluate the configuration of the waveform in addition to the numeric value.
Benign mammary epithelial cells enhance the transformed phenotype of human breast cancer cells (2010)

Abstract Background Recent research has yielded a wealth of data underscoring the key role of the cancer microenvironment, especially immune and stromal cells, in the progression of cancer and the development of metastases. However, the role of adjacent benign epithelial cells, which provide initial cell-cell contacts with cancer cells, in tumor progression has not been thoroughly examined. In this report we addressed the question whether benign MECs alter the transformed phenotype of human breast cancer cells. Methods We used both in vitro and in vivo co-cultivation approaches, whereby we mixed GFP-tagged MCF-10A cells (G2B-10A), as a model of benign mammary epithelial cells (MECs), and RFP-tagged MDA-MB-231-TIAS cells (R2-T1AS), as a model of breast cancer cells. Results The in vitro studies showed that G2B-10A cells increase the colony formation of R2-T1AS cells in both soft agar and clonogenicity assays. Conditioned media derived from G2B-10A cells enhanced colony formation of R2-T1AS cells, whereas prior paraformaldehyde (PFA) fixation of G2B-10A cells abrogated this enhancement effect. Moreover, two other models of benign MECs, MCF-12A and HuMECs, also enhanced R2-T1AS colony growth in soft agar and clonogenicity assays. These data reveal that factors secreted by benign MECs are responsible for the observed enhancement of the R2-T1AS transformed phenotype. To determine whether G2B-10A cells enhance the tumorigenic growth of co-injected R2-T1AS cells in vivo , we used the nude mouse xenograft assay. Co-injecting R2-T1AS cells with G2B-10A cells ± PFA-fixation, revealed that G2B-10A cells promoted a ~3-fold increase in tumor growth, irrespective of PFA pre-treatment. These results indicate that soluble factors secreted by G2B-10A cells play a less important role in promoting R2-T1AS tumorigenesis in vivo , and that additional components are operative in the nude mouse xenograft assay. Finally, using array analysis, we found that both live and PFA-fixed G2B-10A cells induced R2-T1AS cells to secrete specific cytokines (IL-6 and GM-CSF), suggesting that cell-cell contact activates R2-T1AS cells. Conclusions Taken together, these data shift our understanding of adjacent benign epithelial cells in the cancer process, from passive, noncontributory cells to an active and tumor-promoting vicinal cell population that may have significant effects early, when benign cells outnumber malignant cells.
Impact of rock-physics depth trends and Markov random fields on hierarchical Bayesian lithology/fluid prediction (2010)

Abstract Early assessments of petroleum reservoirs are usually based on seismic data and observations in a small number of wells. Decision-making concerning the reservoir will be improved if these data can be integrated and converted into a lithology/fluid map of the reservoir. We analyze lithology/fluid prediction in a Bayesian setting, based on prestack seismic data and well observations. The likelihood model contains a convolved linearized Zoeppritz relation and rock-physics models with depth trends caused by compaction and cementation. Well observations are assumed to be exact. The likelihood model contains several global parameters such as depth trend, wavelets, and error parameters; the inference of these is an integral part of the study. The prior model is based on a profile Markov random field parameterized to capture different continuity directions for lithologies and fluids. The posterior model captures prediction and model-parameter uncertainty and is assessed by Markov-chain Monte Carlo simulation-based inference. The inversion model is evaluated on a synthetic and a real data case. It is concluded that geologically plausible lithology/fluid predictions can be made. Rock physics depth trends have influence when cementation is present and/or predictions at depth outside the well range are made. Inclusion of model-parameter uncertainty makes the prediction uncertainties more realistic.
[Effect of environment and occupational hygiene factors of hospital infection on SARS outbreak]. (2004)

Greater fluctuations of air temperature and higher airborne particles concentration in winter and spring, as well as poor occupational hygiene conditions are significant promoters of SARS outbreak. Warning of atmospheric conditions favorable to SARS, and improvement in occupational hygiene management is the key to prevention from SARS outbreak.
The detection of low magnitude seismic events using array-based waveform correlation (2006)

It has long been accepted that occurrences of a known signal are most effectively detected by cross-correlating the incoming data stream with a waveform template. Such matched signal detectors have received very little attention in the field of detection seismology because there are relatively few instances in which the form of an anticipated seismic signal is known a priori. Repeating events in highly confined geographical regions have been observed to produce very similar waveforms and good signals from events at a given site can be exploited to detect subsequent co-located events at lower magnitudes than would be possible using traditional power detectors. Even greater improvement in signal detectability can be achieved using seismic arrays; running correlation coefficients from single sensors can be stacked over an array or network to result in a network correlation coefficient displaying a significant array gain. If two events are co-located, the time separating the corresponding patterns in the wave train as indicated by the cross-correlation function is identical for all seismic stations and this property means that the correlation coefficient traces are coherent even when the waveforms are not. We illustrate the power of array-based waveform correlation using the 1997 August 16 Kara Sea event. The weak event that occurred 4 hr after the main event was barely detected using an STA/LTA detector on the SPITS array but is readily detected by signal matching on a single channel. The main event was also recorded by the far more distant NORSAR array but no conventional detection can be made for the second event. A clear detection is, however, made when the correlation coefficient traces are beamformed over all sensors of the array. We estimate the reduction in detection threshold of a test signal on a regional seismic array using waveform correlation by scaling down a master signal and immersing it into seismic noise. We show that, for this case, waveform correlation using a single channel detects signals of approximately 0.7 orders of magnitude lower than is possible using an STA/LTA detector on the array beam. Waveform matching on the full array provides an additional improvement of approximately 0.4 magnitude units. We describe a case study in which small seismic events at the Barentsburg coal mine on Spitsbergen were detected using the signals from a major rockburst as master waveforms. Many spurious triggers occurred in this study whereby short sections of signal exhibited coincidental similarity with unrelated incoming wave fronts. We demonstrate how such false alarms can almost always be identified and screened out automatically by performing frequency-wavenumber analysis upon the set of individual correlation coefficient traces.
Performance enhancement of a manufacturing industry by using continuous improvement strategies - a case study (2014)

In today’s highly competitive environment, manufacturing scenario has undergone a rapid change in the last two decades, more so in the last few years. The advent of new materials, products and the changing needs of the customers have brought a lot of pressure on the organisations in developing countries especially in India to perform better in the coming days. The purpose of this study is to identify improvement related critical areas for ascertaining and to improve the manufacturing performance of an auto part manufacturing plant using continuous improvement strategies. This paper highlights the contributions of continuous improvement function to ensure enhanced equipment improvement related issues, thereby affecting improvements in the manufacturing system performance. Results indicated the average improvement in overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) of about 4.15%, reduction of 88.22% in rejections, decrease in down time of 7.125 hours/week and the net cost savings of $2,420.
Accelerator-friendly neural-network training: Learning variations and defects in RRAM crossbar (2017)

RRAM crossbar consisting of memristor devices can naturally carry out the matrix-vector multiplication; it thereby has gained a great momentum as a highly energy-efficient accelerator for neuromorphic computing. The resistance variations and stuck-at faults in the memristor devices, however, dramatically degrade not only the chip yield, but also the classification accuracy of the neural-networks running on the RRAM crossbar. Existing hardware-based solutions cause enormous overhead and power consumption, while software-based solutions are less efficient in tolerating stuck-at faults and large variations. In this paper, we propose an accelerator-friendly neural-network training method, by leveraging the inherent self-healing capability of the neural-network, to prevent the large-weight synapses from being mapped to the abnormal memristors based on the fault/variation distribution in the RRAM crossbar. Experimental results show the proposed method can pull the classification accuracy (10%-45% loss in previous works) up close to ideal level with ≤ 1% loss.
Integration and characterization of micromachined optical microphones (2009)

The focus of this study is the optoelectronic integration of a micro-optical displacement detection architecture with a biomimetic MEMS microphone membrane based on the directional hearing mechanism of the parasitic fly Ormia Ochracea. The micromachined microphones feature optical interferometric displacement detection achieved using a commercially available Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) coupled with a custom designed silicon photodiode array. This design is shown to have significant advantages over conventional hearing aid microphones, which employ capacitive detection.\n\nA Multi-Chip Module (MCM) optoelectronic package is designed to integrate the biomimetic membrane with the optical displacement detection electronics in order to produce a fully integrated acoustic sensor. The modular package components, which are fabricated using high resolution stereolithography apparatus (SLA) equipment, provide accurate optical alignment of the optoelectronic components and allow complete device integration in a package with a total volume under 0.5cc. \n \nCharacterization of the integrated microphones is described in detail, including measurements of sensitivity, noise floor and directivity. A displacement resolution of 3.5x10⁻¹³ m/√Hz was measured between 4kHz and 16kHz in an anechoic test chamber, corresponding to a dynamic range of 115dB for the optical detection architecture. The total noise SPL of the device is 35.9dBA. Unlike capacitive microphones with similar noise levels, the device developed in this work exhibits first order dipole directivity patterns between 250Hz-1kHz, with an ideal Directivity Index of 4.8dB @ 1kHz and directional attenuation exceeding 25dB. With these results the optoelectronic package presented in this work demonstrates the viability of the integrated optical biomimetic microphones in compact, low power applications, specifically directional hearing aids.
Immunogold evidence that neuronal gap junctions in adult rat brain and spinal cord contain connexin-36 but not connexin-32 or connexin-43 (2000)

Physiological and ultrastructural evidence indicates that gap junctions link many classes of neurons in mammalian central nervous system (CNS), allowing direct electrical and metabolic communication. Among at least six gap junction-forming connexin proteins in adult rat brain, connexin- (Cx) 32, Cx36, and Cx43 have been reported to occur in neurons. However, no connexin has been documented at ultrastructurally defined neuronal gap junctions. To address this question directly, freeze-fracture replica immunogold labeling (FRIL) and immunofluorescence (IF) were used to visualize the subcellular and regional localization of Cx36 in rat brain and spinal cord. Three antibodies were generated against different sequences in Cx36. By Western blotting, these antibodies detected protein at 36 and 66 kDa, corresponding to Cx36 monomer and dimer forms, respectively. After double-labeling for Cx36 and Cx43 by FRIL, neuronal gap junctions in inferior olive, spinal cord, and retina were consistently immunogold-labeled for Cx36, but none were labeled for Cx43. Conversely, Cx43 but not Cx36 was detected in astrocyte and ependymocyte gap junctions. In >250 Cx32/Cx43 single- and double-labeled replicas from 10 CNS regions, no neuronal gap junctions were labeled for either Cx32 or Cx43. Instead, Cx32 and Cx43 were restricted to glial gap junctions. By IF, Cx36 labeling was widely distributed in neuropil, including along dendritic processes and within neuronal somata. On the basis of FRIL identification of Cx36 in neuronal gap junctions and IF imaging of Cx36 throughout rat brain and spinal cord, neuronal gap junctions containing Cx36 appear to occur in sufficient density to provide widespread electrical and metabolic coupling in adult CNS.
Failure of Imiquimod 5% Cream to Prevent Recurrence of Surgically Excised Trunk Keloids (2009)

The results of this study suggest that imiquimod 5% cream is not effective in preventing recurrence of trunk keloids after surgical excision. Although this is a small case series, results strongly discourage other studies using imiquimod 5% cream in the prevention of surgically excised trunk keloids.
The economic situation of Aborigines in Newcastle 1982 (1985)

Research into the contemporary Aboriginal situation in Australian metropolitan centres indicates the existence and persistence of complex systems of almost universal Aboriginal disadvantage and poverty. While migration to the cities m a y have generally resulted in a more adequate standard of living for Aborigines, that standard remains not only extremely low relative to the majority of Australians, but is a standard which would not be tolerated by the wider Australian society. T he First Report of the National Population Enquiry (1975) cited in Hollingworth (1979:111) noted that.
NiSi MOCVD for fabricating FinFETs and UTB-SOI devices (2003)

We investigated the use of NiSi MOCVD for fabricating FinFETs and UTB-SOI devices. MeCp/sub 2/Ni was synthesized as a Ni precursor. The NiSi film deposited using MeCp/sub 2/Ni and Si/sub 3/H/sub 6/ had a smooth interface with the Si substrate without Ni penetration. The step coverage of the deposited film on a patterned substrate was excellent.
The Histologic Type and Stage Distribution of Ovarian Carcinomas of Surface Epithelial Origin (2003)

Advances over the past decade suggest a need to reassess the distribution of ovarian surface epithelial tumors. A series of 220 consecutive invasive ovarian carcinomas, including carcinosarcomas and peritoneal carcinomas, was reviewed. Notable findings include: 7% of tumors were carcinosarcomas; 22% of cases of peritoneal serous carcinomatosis were of peritoneal origin; <3% of cases were mucinous carcinomas; and only one malignant Brenner tumor (0.5%) and no pure transitional cell carcinomas were identified. If peritoneal carcinomas, carcinosarcomas, and mixed carcinomas with a serous component are combined with serous carcinomas, this group accounts for 78% of all cases and 87% of advanced stage cases, suggesting a greater uniformity to epithelial ovarian cancer than previously appreciated.