gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biochemical Pathways: An Atlas of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ed. Michal, Gerhard) (2000)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVBook and Media Revie...Book and Media ReviewNEXTBiochemical Pathways: An Atlas of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ed. Michal, Gerhard)William H. Voige View Author Information Department of Chemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 2, 163Publication Date (Web):February 1, 2000Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 February 2000Published inissue 1 February 2000https://doi.org/10.1021/ed077p163RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1610Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (14 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Biochemistry,Biology,Metabolism Get e-Alerts
Synthesis of Phytohormones by Plant-Associated Bacteria (1995)

The plant hormones, auxins and cytokinins, are involved in several stages of plant growth and development such as cell elongation, cell division, tissue differentiation, and apical dominance. The biosynthesis and the underlying mechanism of auxins and cytokinins action are subjects of intense investigation. Not only plants but also microorganisms can synthesize auxins and cytokinins. The role of phytohormone biosynthesis by microorganisms is not fully elucidated: in several cases of pathogenic fungi and bacteria these compounds are involved in pathogenesis on plants; auxin and cytokinin production may also be involved in root growth stimulation by beneficial bacteria and associative symbiosis. The genetic mechanism of auxin biosynthesis and regulation by Pseudomonas, Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, and Azospirillum, are well studied; in these bacteria several physiological effects have been correlated to the bacterial phytohormones biosynthesis. The pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas and Agrobacterium produce indole-3-acetic acid via the indole-3-acetamide pathway, for which the genes are plasmid borne. However, they do possess also the indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway, which is chromosomally encoded. In addition, they have genes that can conjugate free auxins or hydrolyze conjugated forms of auxins and cytokinins. In Agrobacterium there are also several genes, located near the auxin and cytokinin biosynthetic genes, that are involved in the regulation of auxins and cytokinins sensibility of the transformed plant tissue. Symbiotic bacteria Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium synthesize indole-3-acetic acid via indole-3-pyruvic acid; also the genetic determinants for the indole-3-acetamide pathway have been detected, but their activity has not been demonstrated. In the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum, as in Agrobacterium and Pseudomonas, both the indole-3-pyruvic acid and the indole-3-acetamide pathways are present, although in Azospirillum the indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway is of major significance. In addition, biochemical evidence for a tryptophan-independent indole-3-acetic acid pathway in Azospirillum has been presented.
다큐멘터리 제작자의 저작물 이용에 관한 소고 (2008)

Fair Use Doctrine is one of the important tool to decide the limitation between copyright holders`` rights and users`` rights. It makes a decision about the scope of users`` right which means the users`` creative rights to fulfill the goal of copyright law. To reach this goal, it is also important to establish the meaning and the institution of fair use doctrine. Today, as developing the information technologies, there are various methods to represent personal expression. Especially, audio-visual methods, like films, become more important and popular. However here come another problems-copyright. It shows a plenty of works-writings, musics, photos, even performances- at the same time in a same frame, so the user should take the clearance right process to successfully release his works. It is very anxious, expensive and dangerous, typically to small size documentary filmmakers. To protect social documentary film makers, in the U.S., ``Documentary filmmakers`` Statement of Best Practices in Fair Use`` was declared in 2006. It is for the documentary filmmakers to use copyrighted works without copyright holders`` permission. By using the fair use doctrine, filmmakers can quote other works without the fear of violation of others`` copyright. It can also diminish the cost of making film. In the Korean copyright law, there is not the fair use doctrine. But the article 28 in the Copyright Act stipulates the rule of quoting the existed works. I think we apply it to the case of filmmakers`` use right. If it can be possible, we can get a similar result to the fair use doctrine of the U.S.. Although our system is under the continental legal system, so we can not accept the fair use doctrine directly, the court can consider the practices in the U.S. to decide the case related to fair use doctrine for documentary filmmakers.
A game theory approach to pairwise classification with support vector machines (2005)

Support Vector Machines (SVM) for pattern recognition are discriminant binary classifiers. One of the approaches to extend them to multi-class case is pairwise classification. Pairwise comparisons for each pair of classes are combined together to predict the class or to estimate class probabilities. This paper presents a novel approach, which considers the pairwise S VM classification as a decision-making problem and involves game theory methods to solve it. We prove that in such formulation the solution in pure minimax strategies is equivalent to the solution given by standard fuzzy pairwise SVM method. On the other hand, if we use mixed strategies we formulate new linear programming based pairwise SVM method for estimating class probabilities. We evaluate the performance of the proposed method in experiments with several benchmark datasets, including datasets for optical character recognition and multi-class text categorization problems.
Macrophages and tuberculosis (1998)

Almost one third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis. Each year there are eight million new cases of tuberculosis and three million deaths from the disease worldwide. Mtb is an intracellular pathogen that resides predominantly within macrophages. Paradoxically, macrophages also represent the first line of defense against this pathogen. Significant recent advances have been made in understanding the mechanisms by which Mtb gains entry into the macrophage, suppresses the microbicidal activities of this host cell, and ultimately subverts cell-mediated immune responses that eradicate the infection. This article reviews recent findings that contribute to our understanding of the roles played by mononuclear phagocytes in the immune response against tuberculosis.
How to Declare Access Control Policies for XML Structured Information Objects using OASIS' eXtensible Access Control Markup Language (XACML) (2005)

Web Services, as the new building blocks of today's Internet provide the power to access distributed and heterogeneous information objects, which is the base for more advanced use like in electronic commerce. But, the access to these information objects is not always unrestricted. The owner of the information objects may control access due to different reasons. This paper introduces a novel approach for declaring information object related access restrictions, based on a valid XML encoding. The paper shows, how the access restrictions can be declared using XACML and Xpath. Based on the specified 'fine grained' policies, multiple policies can be applicable. If these policies declare positive and negative permissions for the same subject, policy inconsistencies exist. The paper also focuses on specifying the ground of policy inconsistencies and how to solve them.
Hot off the press (1998)

R. A. Hill and A. R. Pitt, Nat. Prod. Rep., 1998, 15, 5-iii DOI: 10.1039/A805HOPY
Parallel magnetic resonance imaging: potential and limitations at high fields (2005)

Over the past decades Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has been established as a vital tool for routine clinical diagnostics and basic medical research.In comparison to alternative imaging modalities, MRI Stands out by its non-invasivenessand its exceptionalversatility.In particular, by appropriate adjustment of sequence pa rameters, MRI can be used either for basic morphological imaging or for collecting a variety of subsidiaryinformation, such as about blood flow, brain and musclefiber architecture, and even brain activation.Bcsides these advantages MRI also faoes major limitations, most notably an intrinsically low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and comparatively long scan times.These restrictions have been addressed quite effectivelyby means of sequence optimization and advances in gradient hardware.
iRBO: Intelligent Role-Based Object for Object-Based Storage Device (2007)

The intelligence of Object-based Storage Device (OSD) is crucial for an autonomous Object-based Storage Device Cluster (OSDC) and the intelligence of OSD depends on the intelligent Objects. Traditionally, object defined in OSD-2 draft is the container of data and attributes (such as user object) and lacks for intelligence which is the basis of an intelligent OSD. Consequently, the construction of an intelligent object will catch the fancy of most researchers. The task of traditional object is similar to each other and some special tasks aren't taken by the specific objects. So some specific objects are urgent needed to be added into OSD for the special missions. This paper presents intelligent Role-Based Object (iRBO) for OSD. The construction of intelligent object is proposed firstly. Methods, rules, trigger and feed back mechanism are introduced into object defined in OSD-2 draft, so an object is comprised of data, attributes, methods, rules, trigger and feed back mechanism. After the relationship among these six components is built up, the object is no longer passive, but active. Then, the model of iRBO is discussed and some specific objects for special missions are introduced.
Penetration depth in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">YBa</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cu</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>7</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>thin films from far-infrared transmission (1995)

We compare the analytical expressions for the transmission and the surface resistance of a thin superconducting film and we point out the differences and similarities between the two quantities. We show that in the case of the transmission, this single quantity allows a straightforward determination of the electromagnetic penetration depth \ensuremath{\lambda}(T\ensuremath{\ll}${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$) at low temperatures. We illustrate this point by transmission measurements at different fixed far-infrared frequencies (4--60 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$) in two purposely very different ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ thin films. We find 2900 and 2000 \AA{}, respectivley, for the absolute value of their electromagnetic penetration depth at T\ensuremath{\ll}${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$, which suggests an extrinsic origin of the field penetration in these samples. Such an assignment may further clarify the temperature dependence of the penetration depth which has been observed in thin films.
A comparison of the cryogenic current comparator and the Josephson potentiometer in resistance bridges using their figures of merit (1993)

The introduction of nearly error-free DC quantum standards of voltage and ohm is a challenge for precision metrology to improve the precision of measurements. Therefore, the principles and the performance of DC resistance bridges with the cryogenic current comparator and the Josephson potentiometer are discussed and their figures of merit are established, showing the present state of the art and the limitations given by the noise of the detectors and the quality of available resistance standards.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Roles of galectins in vivo (2002)

The mutational analysis of the galectin family is shedding a different light of this class of molecules. On the one hand, it appears that galectin 1 and galectin 3 are not required for the survival of mice in normal animal house conditions, while on the other hand, there seems to be several subtle, but very complex, consequences of lacking galectins during development.
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and type 4 (MEN4) (2013)

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) is characterized by the occurrence of tumors involving two or more endocrine glands within a single patient. Four major forms of MEN, which are autosomal dominant disorders, are recognized and referred to as: MEN type 1 (MEN1), due to menin mutations; MEN2 (previously MEN2A) due to mutations of a tyrosine kinase receptor encoded by the rearranged during transfection (RET) protoncogene; MEN3 (previously MEN2B) due to RET mutations; and MEN4 due to cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDNK1B) mutations. Each MEN type is associated with the occurrence of specific tumors. Thus, MEN1 is characterized by the occurrence of parathyroid, pancreatic islet and anterior pituitary tumors; MEN2 is characterized by the occurrence of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) in association with phaeochromocytoma and parathyroid tumors; MEN3 is characterized by the occurrence of MTC and phaeochromocytoma in association with a marfanoid habitus, mucosal neuromas, medullated corneal fibers and intestinal autonomic ganglion dysfunction, leading to megacolon; and MEN4, which is also referred to as MENX, is characterized by the occurrence of parathyroid and anterior pituitary tumors in possible association with tumors of the adrenals, kidneys, and reproductive organs. This review will focus on the clinical and molecular details of the MEN1 and MEN4 syndromes. The gene causing MEN1 is located on chromosome 11q13, and encodes a 610 amino-acid protein, menin, which has functions in cell division, genome stability, and transcription regulation. Menin, which acts as scaffold protein, may increase or decrease gene expression by epigenetic regulation of gene expression via histone methylation. Thus, menin by forming a subunit of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) complexes that trimethylate histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4), facilitates activation of transcriptional activity in target genes such as cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors; and by interacting with the suppressor of variegation 3-9 homolog family protein (SUV39H1) to mediate H3K methylation, thereby silencing transcriptional activity of target genes. MEN1-associated tumors harbor germline and somatic mutations, consistent with Knudson's two-hit hypothesis. Genetic diagnosis to identify individuals with germline MEN1 mutations has facilitated appropriate targeting of clinical, biochemical and radiological screening for this high risk group of patients for whom earlier implementation of treatments can then be considered. MEN4 is caused by heterozygous mutations of CDNK1B which encodes the 196 amino-acid CDK1 p27Kip1, which is activated by H3K4 methylation.
PENGEMBANGAN MATERI AJAR ANIMASI BAHASA INGGRIS BAGI USIA DINI DI KOTA BENGKULU (2018)

Pendidikan dan pembelajaran bahasa Inggris didasari suatu pemikiran bahwa belajar bahasa asing atau bahasa kedua akan lebih baik bila dimulai lebih awal. Banyak asumsi tentang usia dan pembelajaran bahasa antara lain adalah anak-anak belajar bahasa lebih baik dari pebelajar dewasa, pembelajaran bahasa asing disekolah sebaiknya dimulai seawal mungkin, lebih mudah menarik perhatian dan minat anak-anak daripada orang dewasa. Pada saat ini di Indonesia telah banyak berkembang play group dan taman kanak- kanak yang memberikan pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris kepada anak usia dini. Mereka yang terlibat didalamnya sangat perlu untuk memahami teori mengenai pengetahuan terkait pendidikan Bahasa Inggris khusus siswa usia dini namun kenyataannya masih banyak sekolah yang kesulitan untuk menemukan materi yang sesuai dengan apa yang didinginkan oleh siswa mereka. Hal ini seringkali dirasakan oleh sekolah Raudhatul Athfal di kota Bengkulu. Dalam penelitian ini, para peneliti mengembangkan bahan ajar yang dalam bentuk animasi dan lembar kerja siswa yang berguna untuk melengkapi dan menutupi kekurangan dari bahan ajar utama dari subjek Bahasa Inggris. Produk akhir dalam penelitian ini dikembangkan berdasarkan analisis kebutuhan siswa dan guru pada Raudhatul Athfal sederajat di kota Bengkulu
1 kW portable fuel cell system based on PEFCs (2002)

We have developed a 1 kW portable fuel cell system that is powered by polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). It consists of a cabinet that contains a fuel cell stack, hydrogen gas cylinders, an inverter, a control unit, and other components. The volume and mass of the system are about 275 l and 120 kg. The system can supply 1 kW of AC 100 V power for three hours using two 10 l hydrogen gas cylinders. The warm-up time is only about one minute. The system generates electric power from the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen in air, so it is very quiet and does not emit harmful gases or carbon dioxide. Our portable fuel cell system has been applied as a long-term power back-up system in combination with an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) and a synchronization-switch system.
The Use of a Ring Array as a Skip Range Antenna (1955)

The problem involved here is the development of a shore antenna for shore-to-ship communications at distances from 40 to 500 miles. The difficulty at these distances is due to interference between ground-wave and sky-wave modes of propagation. The propagation factors involved are considered and it is shown that (1) A frequency less than 3.3 mc should be used, (2) The ground wave should be used during the day and (3), The sky wave should be used at night. An azimuthally omnidirectional antenna is described which consists of vertical monopoles equally spaced around the circumference of a circle. The antenna can be excited in either of two ways, one of which concentrates the radiated energy along the ground for use with the ground wave, and the other of which gives maximum radiation at a polar angle of 30 degrees and a null in the ground plane for use with the skywave. The results of model tests at 30 mc and at 1,200 mc are given. Results of calculations showing the expected coverage for noon and midnight are included.
The Milky Way: Four Centuries of Discovery of the Galaxy (2005)

This general introduction is intended to place the present meeting in a broader historical context, highlighting some of the critical junctions in our understanding of the small and large scale structure and evolution of the Galaxy.
Effect of Chlorhexidine on Genital Microflora, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis In Vitro (2000)

Based on its in vitro activity, chlorhexidine may be an appropriate topical microbicide for prevention of gonorrhea, but not for prevention of trichomoniasis. This study suggests that the presence of blood and pH affect the activity of chlorhexidine against genital pathogens and commensals.
Magnetron sputtering of solar coatings inside tubes (1981)

A small post-cathode magnetron sputtering system using a moving magnet inside the cathode is described. Unusual features in the voltage-current characteristics of the device are discussed. The system is particularly useful for coating inside cylindrical substrates, especially glass tubes for solar energy collectors.
Separation of Thorium and Uranium from Silicate Rock Samples Using Two Commercial Extraction Chromatographic Resins (1998)

A new chemical separation technique to isolate Th and U from silicate rocks was established by using two kinds of commercial extraction chromatographic resins. In the first column procedure, with U/TEVA·spec resin, almost all elements except Th and U were eluted by 4 M HNO(3). Th was then separated by using 5 M HCl, and U was finally isolated by successive addition of 0.1 M HNO(3). A significant amount of Zr still remained in the Th fraction, which was then further purified in the second column stage using TEVA·spec resin. In the second procedure, Zr was eluted first by using 2 M HNO(3), and then Th was collected by 0.1 M HNO(3). Both the Th and U fractions obtained by these procedures were sufficiently pure for thermal ionization mass spectrometric (TIMS) analysis. Recovery yields of Th and U exceeded 90%, and total blanks were <19 pg for Th and <10 pg for U. Our method has advantages over previous methods in terms of matrix effects, tailing problems, and degree of isolation. Since Th and U are effectively separated without suffering any matrix interference from coexisting cations and anions, this technique can be used not only for the analysis of igneous rock samples but also for the analysis of soils, marine sediments, carbonates, phosphates and seawater, groundwater, and surface water.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Quinoline‐Based Acylhydrazone for Highly Selective Fluorescence Recognition of Cu(II) and Sulfide in Aqueous Solution. (2013)

Abstract The title fluorescent compound (III) shows high selectivity to Cu 2+ (“ON‐OFF” behavior) and the generated (III)‐Cu 2+ complex exhibits excellent selectivity to sulfide ions (“OFF‐ON” behavior).
Indirect numerical solution of constrained optimal control problems with parameters (2005)

The first-order necessary conditions for the extremum of typical optimal control problems lead to boundary-value problems in differential-algebraic equations (BVP-DAE). This paper presents a procedure for the numerical solution of these BVP-DAE. Here, the algebraic equations are nonlinear and not easily eliminated from the boundary-value problem. The solution method presented is based on the multiple shooting technique. In this approach the time domain is divided into subintervals. By requiring that the differential-algebraic equations be continuous from one interval to the next, and satisfy the boundary conditions leads to a set of shooting equations. Efficient techniques for integrating the differential-algebraic equations, and solving the shooting equations are discussed.