gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Substitutional Nitrogen in Nanodiamond and Bucky-Diamond Particles (2005)

The inclusion of dopants (such as nitrogen) in diamond nanoparticles is expected to be important for use in future nanodevices, such as qubits for quantum computing. Although most commercial diamond nanoparticles contain a small fraction of nitrogen, it is still unclear whether it is located within the core or at the surface of the nanoparticle. Presented here are density functional tight binding simulations examining the configuration, potential energy surface, and electronic charge of substitutional nitrogen in nanodiamond and bucky-diamond particles. The results predict that nitrogen is likely to be positioned at the surface of both hydrogenated nanodiamond and (dehydrogenated) bucky-diamond, and that the coordination of the dopants within the particles is dependent upon the surface structure.
Linear Rheology of Guar Gum Solutions (2000)

We have investigated the linear viscoelastic behavior of guar gum solutions as a function of frequency, temperature, polymer concentration, and molecular weight. This was done to sort out the importance of different relaxation mechanisms like reptation or the breakup of physical bonds. In the kilohertz regime, Rouse behavior is observed. At lower frequencies, two storage modulus plateau zones were found, indicating two additional relaxations. One is operative between 1 and 100 Hz and gives rise to a very broad relaxation spectrum, even for monodisperse guar. Describing the dependencies of the relaxation time and low-shear viscosity on concentration and molecular weight with power laws resulted in unusually high coefficients. The second relaxation becomes manifest below 0.01 Hz and has not been earlier reported. Here the temperature dependence is very strong whereas all other dependencies are weak. Analyzing the experiments with existing models for transient polymer networks revealed that at best a partial decription of the experimental dependencies can be obtained. It was concluded that at least two different relaxation mechanisms must play a role, classical reptation not being one of these. Best overall predictions were obtained with a model assuming two types of associations. However, also the picture of star polymer-like structures held together via bonds with a long lifetime could give comparable predictions. For a further distinction between these mechanisms, more information about the mesoscopic structure is needed.
Mid-IR interstellar extinction towards the ISOGAL field FC-01863 00035 (2002)

International audience
Body Fat, Leptin, and Hypothalamic Amenorrhea (2004)

Hypothalamic amenorrhea can be defined as the cessation of menstruation due to a dysfunction of hypothalamic signals to the pituitary gland, resulting in a failure of ovulation. Typically, young women who are affected by the condition have no obvious structural abnormalities of the hypothalamus or the rest of the brain, pituitary gland, or ovaries. The common type of hypothalamic amenorrhea (also called functional amenorrhea) is a diagnosis of exclusion. Hyperprolactinemia, primary deficiency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and other hormonal abnormalities must be ruled out. Affected women are reportedly more likely to be underweight, athletic, engaged in “intellectual” professions, or exposed to . . .
OSI internet management: Management Information Base (1991)

This RFC documents a MIB for use with CMIP, either over pure OSI stacks or with the CMIP over TCP specification. It redefines objects comprised by the second revision of the Management Information Base for Network Management of TCP/IP-based internets: MIB-II so as to conform to the OSI structure of management information. This document is a product of the IETF OIM working group.
Physiology of Incretins in Health and Disease (2011)

The incretin hormones, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), are gut peptides which are secreted by endocrine cells in the intestinal mucosa. Their plasma concentrations increase quickly following food ingestion, and carbohydrate, fat, and protein have all been shown to stimulate GLP-1 and GIP secretion. Although neural and hormonal mechanisms have also been proposed to regulate incretin hormone secretion, direct stimulation of the enteroendocrine cells by the presence of nutrients in the intestinal lumen is probably the most important factor in humans. The actions of the incretin hormones are crucial for maintaining normal islet function and glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, it is also now being recognized that incretin hormones may have other actions in addition to their glucoregulatory effects. Studies have shown that GLP-1 and GIP levels and actions may be perturbed in disease states, but interpretation of the precise relationship between disease and incretins is difficult. The balance of evidence seems to suggest that alterations in secretion and/or action of incretin hormones arise secondarily to the development of insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and/or increases in body weight rather than being causative factors. However, these impairments may contribute to the deterioration of glycemic control in diabetic patients.
Survey of Wireless Geolocation Techniques (2007)

Ubiquitous and pervasive networks and applications include a growing number of research themes. In most use cases, applications require location information to interpret their environment and behave accordingly. In this paper, location algorithms and positioning methods that can be used for wireless geolocation are presented.
Short- and Long-Term Effects of Alkali Therapy in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review (2012)

Alkali therapy is associated with an improvement in kidney function, which may afford a long-term benefit in slowing the progression of CKD. However, differences in study protocols and small sample sizes preclude definitive conclusions.
The development of the human wrist joint during the fetal period (1970)

Abstract Recent morphological studies have revealed that the hominoid ulna has become progressively excluded from direct articulation with the carpus by the elaboration of an intervening intra‐articular meniscus, which in gibbons contains a bony lunula. In man this meniscus has merged with the triangular articular disk, forming a confluent proximal articular surface and constricting off a diverticulum of the synovial radiocarpal cavity, the prestyloid recess, which may lodge the ulnar styloid process. The present study reassesses the development of the human fetal joint in the light of these findings. Initially separate radioscaphoid, radiolunate and ulnotriquetral synovial cavities communicate to form a single continuous wrist joint cavity; the pisotriquetral cavity, at first independent, frequently establishes continuity with the wrist joint cavity, the normal condition in most Primates. After the 60 mm C. R. stage the ulna withdraws from the carpus and an intervening meniscus and prestyloid recess are elaborated. In a number of specimens a cartilaginous nodule, the so‐called intermedium antebrachii, has been observed adjacent to the ulnar styloid process. There is little doubt that this nodule, which may ossify, is homologous with the gibbon lunula.
Enhancing the Oral Bioavailability of Peptide Drugs by using Chemical Modification and Other Approaches (2014)

In regards to patient compliance for drug delivery, oral drug delivery is generally the preferred route of administration. However, parental injection of peptide drugs has always been the primary method of peptide drug administration. This is a result of the poor oral bioavailability of peptide drugs, which are typically under 1%. The degradation of peptides in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by peptidase enzymes and harsh pH, combined with the poor intestinal mucosal penetration properties of the non-drug-like peptide drugs have been identified as the major barriers towards improving the oral bioavailability. Nevertheless, oral delivery of peptide drug presents a significant challenge due to the enzymatic degradation by enzymes in the GI tract and the poor penetration of the peptides across gastro-intestinal epithelium membranes, particularly for adults. Therefore, a novel peptide drug analogue or pro-drug that both protect peptide drugs from degradation by the enzymes in the GI tract that also improves its penetration across the intestinal epithelium membrane would greatly advance the development of peptide drugs as effective candidates for the treatment of various diseases. So far several approaches are being investigated to improve the oral bioavailability of peptide drugs by different researchers. Indications suggest that chemical modification such as incorporation of unnatural amino acids, unnatural peptide bonds, cyclisation and pro-drug approaches as well as nanoparticulates systems such as nanoparticles and microemulsions offer great potential for improvement and likelihood of enabling peptide drug to be administered orally. This review will focus on the chemical modification methods and other approaches (such as using variable nanoparticular delivery systems), that could be used to overcome the barriers involved in low oral bioavailability of peptide drugs.
DB Facade: A Web Cache with Improved Data Freshness (2009)

Traditional Web database cache techniques have a major disadvantage, namely poor data freshness, because they employ an asynchronous data refresh strategy. A novel Web database cache, DB Facade, is proposed in this paper. DB Facade uses a main memory database to cache result sets of previous queries for subsequent reusing. Updates on backend database system are managed by delta tables, and then propagated to Web database cache in a near real-time manner, hence guarantee the freshness of data. DB Facade off loads query burden from backend database systems, and exploits the power of main memory database system to boost query performance. TPC-W testing result shows that the system's performance increases by about 17 percent.
Metronomic therapy with 5-FU, weekly nab-paclitaxel, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin, plus bevacizumab for advanced pancreatic cancer: A phase II study. (2012)

e14582 Background: The objective of this open label phase 2 study was to evaluate low-dose continuous (metronomic) chemotherapy given in conjunction with conventional anti-VEGF therapy for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Continuous infusion of 5FU, calcium leucovorin plus paclitaxel and oxaliplatin has been shown to be active in patients with pancreatic cancer. As a protracted low dose infusion, 5FU is anti-angiogenic and has been demonstrated to be synergistic with bevacizumab. Bevacizumab and nab-paclitaxel are synergistic as seen in the treatment of breast cancer. Methods: Since July 2008, we treated 40 patients with 5FU (180mg/m 2 /day x 14 days) via an ambulatory pump. Calcium leucovorin (20mg/m 2 ) IVP, nab-paclitaxel (100mg/m 2 ) IV as a 30 minute infusion and oxaliplatin (75mg/m 2 ) IV as a 60 minute infusion were given on days 1, 8, and 15. Bevacizumab (5mg/kg) IV over 30 minutes was given on days 1 and 15. Cycles were repeated every 35 days. There were 24 females and 16 males. The median age was 58. 34 patients had stage IV disease. Results: The median overall survival is greater than 17 months. A partial response was observed in 50% of the patients. There were 22 patients with prior treatment, 11 of whom responded to the protocol. 34 patients began treatment with an elevation of their CA19-9 greater than 40. Of these, 26 patients were subsequently noted to have greater than 50% reduction in their CA 19-9; 17 of whom had an objective CT scan response to therapy. Toxicity (grade 3 and 4) included stomatitis, diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, neuropathy, hypertension and renal failure. Hematologic toxicity included anemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. 19 patients stopped treatment due to disease progression, 18 patients stopped due totoxicity. There were no chemotherapy related deaths. Conclusions: This non-gemcitabine based regimen resulted in response rates and survival benefits greater than that which is ususally observed with gemcitabine based therapy. Low dose continuous (metronomic therapy) cytotoxic chemotherapy when combined with anti-angiogenic therapy is safe and effective for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
The Reactive Ion Etching of Transparent Electrodes for Flat Panel Displays Using Ar / Cl2 Plasmas (1995)

Large area flat panel displays require high resolution patterning of transparent and high conductivity metal oxides,but the reliability of standard chemical etch techniques at high resolution is inadequate. Tin oxide (SnO2) is a viablealternative to standard In2O3:Sn (ITO) over large areas but has been ignored due to the lack of a suitable etch process. Wehave developed an Ar/Cl2 reactive ion etch process capable of etching 4 µm feature sizes and resolutions of 300 lines perinch with rates of up to 90 nm min–1. Emission spectroscopy showed that atomic chlorine is a strong candidate for the activespecies and that volatile tin chlorides were generated as etch products. Furthermore, the presence of impurity species,particularly hydrogen, was found to be beneficial to the etch rate. Near etch completion, a dramatic decrease in atomic tinemission was observed along with an increase in Cl emission intensity. The etch rate for tin oxide using Ar/Cl2 was higherthan those obtained for ITO using alcohol-based plasmas without the polymer deposition normally associated with organicgas plasmas. Thus the use Ar/Cl2 etching of SnO2 can provide high resolution transparent conductive electrodes that areuniform over a large area
Changes in myofibrillar content and Mg-ATPase activity in ventricular tissues from patients with heart failure caused by coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, or mitral valve insufficiency. (1988)

Force development and shortening by cardiac muscle occur as a result of the interaction between actin and myosin within the myofibrillar lattice. This interaction is dependent upon intracellular ionized calcium and is controlled by the troponin-tropomyosin regulatory proteins situated along the actin filament. In this study, we compared the myofibrillar content and myofibrillar Mg-ATPase activity of normal human ventricular muscle with that of ventricular muscle from patients in end-stage failure caused by coronary artery disease or cardiomyopathy and ventricular muscle from patients with heart failure due to mitral valve insufficiency. The results show that the amount of myofibrillar protein (mg/g wet wt ventricle) in hearts in end-stage failure (coronary artery disease and cardiomyopathy) is significantly lower compared with normal hearts and hearts in failure due to mitral valve insufficiency. However, the Mg-ATPase activity of myofibrils from hearts in both end-stage failure and failure due to mitral valve insufficiency is significantly lower compared with myofibrils from normal hearts. The data suggest that the reduction in the amount of myofibrillar protein in ventricular tissue is a pivotal event that may be responsible for the progression of heart disease to the point of end-stage failure.
Applied Numerical Methods with MATLAB for Engineers and Scientists (2004)

Part One: Modeling, Computers, and Error Analysis Chapter 1: Mathematical Modeling, Numerical Methods and Problem Solving Chapter 2: MATLAB Fundamentals Chapter 3: Programming with MATLAB Chapter 4: Roundoff and Truncation Errors Part Two: Roots and Optimization Chapter 5: Roots: Bracketing Methods Chapter 6: Roots: Open Methods Chapter 7: Optimization Part Three: Linear Systems Chapter 8: Linear Algebraic Equations and Matrices Chapter 9: Gauss Elimination Chapter 10: LU Factorization Chapter 11: Matrix Inverse and Condition Chapter 12: Iterative Methods Chapter 13: Eigenvalues Part Four: Curve Fitting Chapter 14: Linear Regression Chapter 15: General Linear Least-Squares and Nonlinear Regression Chapter 16: Fourier Analysis Chapter 17: Polynomial Interpolation Chapter 18: Splines and Piecewise Interpolation Part Five: Integration and Differentiation Chapter 19: Numerical Integration Formulas Chapter 20: Numerical Integration of Functions Chapter 21: Numerical Differentiation Part Six: Ordinary Differential Equations Chapter 22: Initial-Value Problems Chapter 23: Adaptive Methods and Stiff Systems Chapter 24: Boundary-Value Problems Appendix A: MATLAB Built-in Functions Appendix B: MATLAB M-file Functions Bibliography Index
An efficient geometry compression method for 3D objects in the spherical coordinate system (1999)

In this paper, we propose a new geometry coding scheme for 3D objects. The prediction error of each vertex position along a vertex spanning tree is obtained in the Cartesian coordinate system (x,y,z), and transformed into the spherical coordinate system (r,θ,φ). The magnitude r of the prediction error is quantized by an optimal uniform quantizer, and the corresponding pair of (θ,φ) is encoded according to the magnitude of the quantized value of the radius. We partition the sphere of the radius r into n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> regions to allocate n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> quantization points over the sphere. Experimental results of the proposed method demonstrate improved coding efficiency.
New workplace challenges. One year after September 11. (2002)

The political and social response to September 11 has required home health employers to address new and sometimes unfamiliar personnel matters. Home care employers must be mindful of certain legal obligations, some imposed quite recently, designed to protect the rights of employees both on the job and if called away to duty.
Development of Conventional and Real-Time PCR Assays for Detection of <i>Legionella</i> DNA in Respiratory Specimens (2001)

The development and validation of a PCR assay based on the use of new 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA)-targeted primers to detect Legionella DNA in respiratory specimens are described. The assay was originally developed as conventional PCR followed by electrophoretic detection and was then adapted to Lightcycler format with SYBR Green I detection and melting curve analysis. The 73 Legionella pneumophila strains tested were amplified with both applications. In addition, 21 and 23 out of 27 other Legionella strains were found positive by conventional and real-time PCR assays, respectively, including the clinically important species L. micdadei, L. bozemaniae, and L. dumoffii. Two DNA purification methods were compared using artificially seeded clinical specimens: a standard organic extraction method and a commercial kit based on adsorption of DNA to silica particles. The detection limit of the assay varied from 2 CFU to >200,000 CFU per ml of clinical specimen, depending on the background sample (i.e., pooled sputa or BAL fluids) and the DNA purification method, the silica method achieving lower detection limits. Analysis of 77 clinical samples (66 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and 11 sputum samples) by conventional PCR yielded results that were consistent with Legionella culture results. The melting curve analysis in the Lightcycler system readily detected the specific amplification products. However, run-to-run variations in the measured melting temperatures required normalization against the standard sample in each run. The results obtained with the clinical specimens were similar to those obtained with conventional PCR, but more samples are required to determine whether the system can be applied to routine screening of samples for the presence of Legionella DNA.
Depressive disorders in the community: the scene in Great Britain, 1965. (1984)

Clinical-epidemiologic data collected in a rural general practice in England over the course of 20 years revealed a lifetime risk for clinically significant depression of approximately 10 cases per thousand. The background and basic findings of this research (published as Depression in the Community in 1965) are reviewed. Difficulties in differential diagnosis are explained, with case vignettes as illustration. The importance of being alert to the possibility of depression in patients presenting to a general medical practitioner is stressed.
The iPod Book: Doing Cool Stuff with the iPod and the iTunes Music Store (2005)

There is no denying it: With the introduction of the iPod and iTunes, Apple changed the face of music. While the iPod and iTunes are user-friendly, figuring them out for the first time can be tricky. Plus, they can do way more than meets the eye. In this fully updated best-seller, award-winning author, Scott Kelby, delivers what users need to know to get up to speed fast on Apple's popular iPod digital audio players and iTunes software. Through full-color illustrations and simple step-by-step instructions, readers will learn all about: the brand new iPod touch, equipped with a multitouch interface, 3.5-inch widescreen display, and WiFi Web browsing; the iPod shuffle, sporting a new belt clip and new colors; the iPod nano, featuring a new glamorous square shape, video, an enhanced interface, larger and brighter display, and new colors; the iPod classic which now incorporates iTunes cover flow, enhanced interface, and a sleeker design; and the new iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store, which now lets iPod users browse the iTunes Store and purchase music over a wireless connection straight onto their Apple mobile device. Scott also provides the basics of how to share music between Macs and PCs; sync iTunes-created playlists as well as iPod-created voice notes; burn large playlists to CDs; download and watch videos; and more. Best of all, Scott has peppered the guide with tons of time-saving tips and tricks that typically can only be gleaned through hard-won experience.
Magnetic resonance imaging of hydrostatic pulmonary edema in isolated dog lungs: comparison with computed tomography. (1990)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered inferior to computed tomography (CT) in the assessment of lung parenchyma, being hampered by low proton density, magnetic susceptibility effects, flow, and cardiac and respiratory motion. In this study the authors assessed the potential usefulness of MRI by comparing it with corresponding CT images of the lung in the absence of motion. They studied eight excised normal canine lung lobes inflated with oxygen before and after induction of pulmonary edema produced by intravascular infusion of saline at 30 cm H2O. T1, T2 and proton density weighted, 5-mm thick, gapped, multislice sequences were performed at 1.5 T. Magnetic resonance images were compared with corresponding 5-mm collimation CT scans at identical levels both before and after the induction of pulmonary edema. The MR and CT scans were assessed independently by two chest radiologists. In normal lung, there was equivalent visualization of vessels down to 1 mm and bronchi to 2 mm in diameter. T1 and proton density scans demonstrated lower spatial resolution but greater contrast than the corresponding CT images. In pulmonary edema both T1 and proton density sequences demonstrated peribronchial edema with greater contrast than CT. Air-space filling was equally well demonstrated by either technique. The authors conclude that, in motionless lung, MRI has lower spatial but greater contrast resolution than CT. It is potentially superior to CT in assessing focal and diffuse lung disease if cardiac and respiratory motion artifacts can be minimized or suppressed.
Move Over, Bacteria! Viruses Make Their Mark as Mutualistic Microbial Symbionts (2015)

Viruses are being redefined as more than just pathogens. They are also critical symbiotic partners in the health of their hosts. In some cases, viruses have fused with their hosts in symbiogenetic relationships. Mutualistic interactions are found in plant, insect, and mammalian viruses, as well as with eukaryotic and prokaryotic microbes, and some interactions involve multiple players of the holobiont. With increased virus discovery, more mutualistic interactions are being described and more will undoubtedly be discovered.