gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AUTONOMOUS PARALLEL PARKING -A study based on the implementation of a car-like mobile robot (2008)

The area of autonomous parking attracts a great deal of attention from the research community and the automobile industry. Research has showed that many robotic navigation systems fail to deliver the performance and flexibility of animal navigation techniques, even though they are both mathematically and technologically complex. Biomimetic robotic research, i.e., research that tries to mimic biological solutions, has inspired me to take on a simplified approach to the task of autonomous parallel parking. In this study, three ways to reduce the complexity of the task are shown and demonstrated by the implementation of a car-like mobile robot. First, a distinction between to autonomouslyfind a free parking place and to autonomously park a vehicle is made, where only the latter is of relevance. Second, nothing but the goal, i.e., the free parking place, needs to be plotted on the internal map. Finally, the solution should only use cheap and commonly available technologies. The practicability of the prototype is measured in terms of performance, accuracy and reliability, with satisfactory results.
Innate Immune Sensing of Flaviviruses (2013)

Mosquito-borne flaviviruses cause annual epidemics of encephalitis and viscerotropic disease worldwide. West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV) antigenic complex, is a major cause of viral encephalitis throughout the world In the United States, WNV has been estimated to cause more than 3 million infections, resulting in over 780,000 illnesses, 30,000 confirmed cases, and 1,100 deaths between 1999-2013 [2]. In contrast, dengue virus (DENV) is a major cause of virusinduced viscerotropic disease, with an estimated 50 to 100 million people infected each year and a total of 2.5 billion people worldwide are at risk of infection. There are currently no approved antiviral therapies or vaccines to combat or prevent WNV or DENV infection. WNV and DENV are closely related flaviviruses that are enveloped and possess a single strand positive-sense RNA genome of approximately 11 kb in length. The genome is comprised of three structural proteins (C, prM/M, and E), which mediate virus attachment, entry, and encapsidation and seven non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5), which form the replication complex to synthesize viral RNA (as reviewed in The NS proteins, including the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5, form a replication complex that synthesizes negative-sense RNA intermediates, which subsequently serve as the template for synthesis of positive-sense RNA. The newly synthesized viral RNA is encapsidated, transported through the host secretory pathway, and released from the infected cell by exocytosis. The entire viral life cycle takes place within the cytoplasm. To combat infection, the host encodes pattern recognition receptors (PRR), residing within the cytoplasm and endosomal vesicles, which recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger inflammation and antiviral immune responses (Figure Defining how viruses are sensed and the antiviral programs that are initiated to restrict virus replication have been areas of intense investigation over the past several years. In this article, we discuss contemporary research findings on how flaviviruses are ''sensed'' by the host pattern recognition receptors and highlight a few outstanding questions on the mechanisms underlying host immune sensing and viral countermeasures.
Presymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 — Singapore, January 23–March 16, 2020 (2020)

Presymptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), might pose challenges for disease control. The first case of COVID-19 in Singapore was detected on January 23, 2020, and by March 16, a total of 243 cases had been confirmed, including 157 locally acquired cases. Clinical and epidemiologic findings of all COVID-19 cases in Singapore through March 16 were reviewed to determine whether presymptomatic transmission might have occurred. Presymptomatic transmission was defined as the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from an infected person (source patient) to a secondary patient before the source patient developed symptoms, as ascertained by exposure and symptom onset dates, with no evidence that the secondary patient had been exposed to anyone else with COVID-19. Seven COVID-19 epidemiologic clusters in which presymptomatic transmission likely occurred were identified, and 10 such cases within these clusters accounted for 6.4% of the 157 locally acquired cases. In the four clusters for which the date of exposure could be determined, presymptomatic transmission occurred 1-3 days before symptom onset in the presymptomatic source patient. To account for the possibility of presymptomatic transmission, officials developing contact tracing protocols should strongly consider including a period before symptom onset. Evidence of presymptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 underscores the critical role social distancing, including avoidance of congregate settings, plays in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic.
Monitoring and Suppression of Chromatic Dispersion in 40Gbps OTDM System (2015)

In this paper the effect of dispersion on the transmission distance has been demonstrated. Chromatic Dispersion in signal increases as length of optical fiber increases. This limits the performance of a system. Three dispersion compensation techniques are used to compensate the dispersion in 40Gbps OTDM system: pre-, postand symmetrical over an Alcatel Dispersion Compensated Fiber (DCF) having dispersion 8ps/nm-km. These three techniques pre, post and symmetrical are compared. With predispersion compensation technique, maximum distance travelled by a signal was 572 km. With Postdispersion compensation technique, maximum distance travelled by a signal was 616 km. But the best results were observed in symmetrical dispersion compensation technique where maximum distance travelled by signal is 704 km with Q-Factor 7.9. All the results are gained at a wavelength of 1552.52 nm.
Full-scale experiences with anaerobic treatment of industrial wastewater (2001)

High rate anaerobic treatment for industrial wastewater was first applied on a commercial scale in the sugar industry in the mid 70's. Since that time the technology has developed into a standard method of wastewater treatment for a wide variety of industries. The technology is now functional in over 65 countries and a total of approximately 1,400 plants were build by the 16 leading vendors of such systems. These plants account for approximately 65% of the total number of anaerobic treatment plants for industrial applications, which is estimated to be ca. 2,000. From the analysis from a database consisting of 1,215 plants it appears that the UASB technology as originally developed in the Netherlands is the most predominant process. It is also seen that the higher loaded EGSB type systems are gradually replacing at least some of the UASB applications.
Future Automotive Fuels (1972)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The national concern over air quality and the understanding of the role of the internal combustion engine powered passenger car as a contributor of atmospheric pollutants has imposed new design criteria upon both the automobile manufacturer and the petroleum refiner. For the passenger car engine builder these criteria have been specified by the emission standards required by the Clean Air Amendments of 1970. With certain exceptions, gasolines for these low-emitting passenger cars have not yet been specified nor have their required quality and performance characteristics been clearly spelled out. This paper attempts to judge the influence of emission control requirements on future gasoline quality. Lead anti-knocks, hydrocarbon compositions and gross physical properties are among the factors considered and an effort is made to quantify the effects of changes in these characteristics on emissions and to estimate their impact on the industry. It is concluded that future automotive fuels, i.e., fuels that will be produced for future emission controlled vehicles, will be a blend of liquid hydrocarbons, free of lead alkyl anti-knocks and other catalyst poisons, and with hydrocarbon composition and volatility modestly adjusted to provide optimum emissions control at lowest overall system cost.</div>
Disturbance and riverine benthic communities: What has it contributed to general ecological theory? (2009)

Abstract Disturbance from floods and/or low flows is a pervading force in almost all benthic riverine communities around the world. As such the study of disturbance effects on benthic communities has been a dominant theme of research in benthic river ecology. Many of these studies have been phenomenological or have evaluated hypotheses developed in other areas of ecology. These studies have provided considerable weight to move the common view of ecological communities in general as deterministically structured, to one where stochastic disturbances can be the dominant structuring force in many communities. Benthic river studies investigating the link between disturbance and diversity have generally failed to find support for single variable hypotheses, such as the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, from other areas of ecology, however, river ecologists have been among the first to embrace multivariate models of diversity. The highly mobile, larval life history stage of many riverine invertebrates makes many of the hypotheses generated in general ecology inappropriate for benthic river communities; however, the recently popularized neutral models may prove to be good descriptors of these communities. Food web structure studies indicate riverine webs respond differently to disturbance from the way predicted by ecological theory. The contribution of studies of disturbance in benthic ecology to general ecology has to date been rather limited with some notable exceptions. However, the ubiquity of floods in rivers worldwide offers fertile ground for future contributions that could substantially advance this area of ecology. Benthic river ecologists need to resist the temptation to simply show general ecological models often do not work in streams, and need to develop their own models, which in turn may feed back to wider ecology. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural Analysis of Proteins by Covalent Labeling and Mass Spectrometric Detection (2021)

This study investigated the effects of special education background and demographic variables on the perceptions of leadership styles by public school principals with and without special education backgrounds in Massachusetts. Utilizing Q-sort methodology, principals sorted 47 statements reflective of transformational, instructional, transactional, and distributed leadership. Analysis found that the participants separated into two factor groups. The special education background of the participants did not influence the formation of the factors, and it was found that prior special education experience was not a predictor of subsequent leadership perceptions of principals. Instead, Factor A was composed of younger, less educated, less experienced principals in lower-performing schools who valued instructional leadership and school improvement in their leadership. Factor B was composed of older, more educated, more experienced, and more ethnically diverse principals who worked in higher-performing schools and who valued multiple leadership styles and high-level, whole-school leadership. A model was developed, showing a process for how principals grow their expertise and evolve their leadership over the course of their leadership careers. This study demonstrates the importance of continued research into special education leadership and of how leadership is differentiated among schools with different levels of student performance.
Compact fuzzy rule base generation methods for computer vision (2002)

Rule-based approaches are commonly used in vision systems to solve complex problems. The rules are usually elaborated by experts. The authors propose a method to generate such rules automatically from training data. The proposed approach achieves this in four stages: estimation of class membership functions, elimination of redundant features, estimation of the membership functions of linguistic labels that best describe the nonredundant features, and generation of rules. Redundancy detection and rule base generation stages are achieved by training appropriate fuzzy connective-based aggregation networks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Phosphocarnitine Enantiomers (2002)

Racemic phosphocarnitine 3 has been synthesized starting from diethyl 3-chloro-2-oxopropanephosphonate 4 in three steps involving reduction of 4 to the corresponding 2-hydroxyphosphonate 5, conversion of the latter to phosphonic acid 6, and final reaction with trimethylamine, affording the trimethylammonium salt of 3. Baker's yeast reduction of 4 and enzymatic kinetic resolution of (+/-)-5 afforded the enantiomerically pure precursors of phosphocarnitine, (R)-(+)-5 and (S)-(-)-5, which were converted to (S)-(-)- and (R)-(+)-phosphocarnitine 3, respectively.
ELECTRA: European Lead-Cooled Training Reactor (2012)

AbstractThe design of a low-power fast neutron reactor cooled by liquid lead (ELECTRA) is presented. Application of (Pu,Zr)N fuel permits the design of a core with very small volume and fuel column height, resulting in highly negative coolant, fuel, and structure temperature coefficients and very low channel pressure drop. Full design power of 0.5 MW(thermal) may be completely removed by natural circulation in the primary circuit, thus eliminating the need for pumps. Analysis of flow stability and performance under unprotected transients show that the suggested design is very safe, supporting its intended use for training and educational purposes.
Various Phosphorylation Pathways, Depending on Agonist and Antagonist Binding to Endogenous Estrogen Receptor α (ERα), Differentially Affect ERα Extractability, Proteasome-Mediated Stability, and Transcriptional Activity in Human Breast Cancer Cells (2003)

Estrogen receptor-alpha (ER) is down-regulated in the presence of its cognate ligand, estradiol (E2), as well as in the presence of antiestrogens, through the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. Here, we show that, at pharmacological concentrations, the degradation rate of pure antagonist/endogenous ER complexes from human breast cancer MCF-7 cells is 10 times faster than that of ER-E2 complexes, while 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (4-OH-T)-ER complexes are stable. Whereas pure antagonist-ER complexes are firmly bound to a nuclear compartment from which they are not extractable, the 4-OH-T-ER accumulates in a soluble cell compartment. No difference was observed in the fate of ER whether bound to pure antiestrogens ICI 182,780 or RU 58668. Cycloheximide experiments showed that, while the proteasome-mediated destruction of E2-ER (unlike that of RU 58668- and ICI 182,780-ER) complexes could implicate (or not) a protein synthesis-dependent process, both MAPKs (p38 and ERKs p44 and p42) are activated. By using a panel of kinase inhibitors/activators to study the impact of phosphorylation pathways on ER degradation, we found that protein kinase C is an enhancer of proteasome-mediated degradation of both ligand-free and ER bound to either E2, 4-OH-T, and pure antagonists. On the contrary, protein kinase A, MAPKs, and phosphatidyl-inositol-3 kinase all impede proteasome-mediated destruction of ligand free and E2-bound ER while only MAPKs inhibit the degradation of pure antiestrogens/ER species. In addition, no correlation was found between the capacity of kinase inhibitors to affect ER stability and the basal or E2-induced transcription. These results suggest that, in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, ER turnover, localization, and activity are maintained by an equilibrium between various phosphorylation pathways, which are differently modulated by ER ligands and protein kinases.
Use of 6-Benzylamino Purine and Adenine to Induce Bottom Breaks in Greenhouse Roses1 (1971)

Abstract The growth of lower buds and the development of bottom breaks, for the rejuvenation of greenhouse grown roses ( Rosa hybrida L. cvs. Forever Yours and Regal Gold), was induced by treating buds with 6-benzylamino purine (BA) and adenine in lanolin paste in both pruned and unpruned plants.
Recent advances in the study of mechanism of action of marine neurotoxins. (1994)

A variety of marine neurotoxins exert potent and specific actions on neuronal sodium channels. Tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin block the sodium channel selectively without any effect on other types of voltage-activated and transmitter-activated ion channels. They bind to a site near the external orifice of the sodium channel on a one-to-one stoichiometric basis. The block is influenced by the membrane potential in a complex manner, and binding and penetration of calcium ions to the sodium channel appear to be responsible for the voltage-dependent block. Owing to the potent and specific sodium channel blocking action, tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin have been used extensively in various studies of ion channels. The dorsal root ganglion neurons of the rat are endowed with tetrodotoxin-sensitive and tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels. The latter is also resistant to saxitoxin. These two types of sodium channels exhibit different physiological and pharmacological profiles. Tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels are slower in time course and open and inactivate at less negative membrane potentials than tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels. Lidocaine blocks tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels more potently than tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels. However, Pb2+ and Cd2+ block tetrodotoxin-resistant channels more strongly. The pyrethroid insecticide allethrin modifies tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels while affecting tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels to a much lesser extent. The differences in pharmacological and toxicological profiles between the two types of sodium channels are deemed critically important in understanding the mechanisms of action of various chemicals in animals.
Doppler analysis of uterine blood flow changes in spontaneous and medically induced menopause (1995)

The aim of this study was to compare the uterine blood flow variations induced by chemical castration and spontaneous menopause. Thirty infertile patients were studied in the early follicular phase (day 5-7) and then treated with gonadotropin releasing hormone agonists (GnRH-a). On day 25 from GnRH-a injection, the suppressive effect was checked. The values obtained were compared with those found in 18 postmenopausal women (menopause < 5 years). All the subjects underwent transvaginal ultrasonography, Doppler analysis of uterine arteries, hormonal assay and evaluation of hematological and biochemical parameters. In all infertile patients, the GnRH-a suppressive effect was shown at the 25th day from the injection. Endometrium thickness decreased from 0.6 +/- 0.1 mm to 0.3 +/- 0.1 mm (p < 0.05) and the pulsatility index increased from 2.52 +/- 0.31 to 3.02 +/- 0.25 (p < 0.05). The plasma estradiol level fell from 48.2 +/- 4.4 pg/ml to 13.6 +/- 7.9 pg/ml (p < 0.05). No other hormonal and biochemical parameters were significantly modified by GnRH-a. In postmenopausal women, the values of the studied parameters were similar to those found in the infertile GnRH-a-suppressed patients. These data show that GnRH-a induces vascular modifications similar to those induced by early post-menopause and that both are probably exclusively related to hypoestrogenism.
An Integrated Approach to Structure Verification Using Automated Procedures (2014)

Spectroscopic methods - of which nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is one of the most vital players - have almost entirely replaced those old “wet chemistry”-based approaches and the art has become a science. The fact that any automatic structure verification (ASV) system measures the degree of compatibility between a proposed molecular structure and the available spectroscopic data is of fundamental importance. This chapter presents a brief survey of existing computer-based verification systems. It reviews the rudiments of NMR data acquisition and processing. The chapter also presents the well-known theory on signal processing to lay the basis required to ensure a minimum level of data quality. It shows some practical examples as well as some general recommendations that could be followed in the conditions commonly used in the context of verification by NMR.
Grand rounds for SNs and RNs. (1991)

The use of Nursing Grand Rounds as a teaching tool helps students gain clinical competence and become more proficient in nursing processes. Adaptation of this learning tool for staff development could be an important strategy for personal and professional growth of nurses in gerontological settings.
Matched filtering of gravitational waves from inspiraling compact binaries: Computational cost and template placement (1999)

We estimate the number of templates, computational power, and storage required for a one-step matched filtering search for gravitational waves from inspiraling compact binaries. Our estimates for the one-step search strategy should serve as benchmarks for the evaluation of more sophisticated strategies such as hierarchical searches. We use a discrete family of two-parameter wave form templates based on the second post-Newtonian approximation for binaries composed of nonspinning compact bodies in circular orbits. We present estimates for all of the large- and mid-scale interferometers now under construction: LIGO (three configurations), VIRGO, GEO600, and TAMA. To search for binaries with components more massive than ${m}_{\mathrm{min}}{=0.2M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$ while losing no more than $10%$ of events due to coarseness of template spacing, the initial LIGO interferometers will require about $1.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}$ flops (floating point operations per second) for data analysis to keep up with data acquisition. This is several times higher than estimated in previous work by Owen, in part because of the improved family of templates and in part because we use more realistic (higher) sampling rates. Enhanced LIGO, GEO600, and TAMA will require computational power similar to initial LIGO. Advanced LIGO will require $7.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}$ flops, and VIRGO will require $4.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{12}$ flops to take full advantage of its broad target noise spectrum. If the templates are stored rather than generated as needed, storage requirements range from $1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}$ real numbers for TAMA to $6.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{14}$ for VIRGO. The computational power required scales roughly as ${m}_{\mathrm{min}}^{\ensuremath{-}8/3}$ and the storage as ${m}_{\mathrm{min}}^{\ensuremath{-}13/3}.$ Since these scalings are perturbed by the curvature of the parameter space at second post-Newtonian order, we also provide estimates for a search with ${m}_{\mathrm{min}}{=1M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}.$ Finally, we sketch and discuss an algorithm for placing the templates in the parameter space.