gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Citizen participation in water management (1999)

Abstract If rivers are to be managed sustainably, and the potential to resolve conflicts of use realised, the general public must be more involved in their management. Participation in water management in England and Wales occurs at three levels: formal consultation; public involvement; or actual direct participation by the public. Formal consultations often leave the public in the role of the “objector” and ignore the “silent majority” focusing on the more vociferous minority of the population. Public involvement is less formal and can take a variety of forms. Although not allowing the public to be directly involved in the decision making processes, it provides the public with the opportunity to comment upon plans for river works or the redevelopment of a river location, or to indicate what they want from the rivers that flow through their own local area and which they use for recreation and amenity. True participation is where the public are actively involved in the decision making processes. Citizen participation at all three levels provides environmental education, however, personal experience promotes a greater environmental awareness and understanding by the public. This paper reflects upon approaches to citizen participation in the UK and provides examples of specific projects involving both formal organisations and the general public.
Flexible design of multidimensional perfect reconstruction FIR 2-band filters using transformations of variables (1993)

An approach to designing multidimensional linear-phase FIR diamond subband filters having the perfect reconstruction property is presented. It is based on a transformation of variables technique and is equivalent to the generalized McClellan transformation. Methods for designing a whole class of transformation are given. The approach consists of two parts; design of the transformation and design of the 1-D filters. The use of Lagrange halfband filters to design the 1-D filters is discussed. The modification of a particular Lagrange halfband filter which gives a pair of simple 1-D filters that are almost similar to each other in their frequency characteristics but still form a perfect reconstruction pair is presented. The design technique is extended to other types of two-channel sampling lattice and subband shapes, in particular, the parallelogram and the diagonally quadrant subband cases. Several numerical design examples are presented to illustrate the flexibility of the design method.
External force generation for object segmentation on 3D ultrasound images using simplex meshes (2006)

Three algorithms of simplex mesh external force generation are presented. The algorithms are used for simplex meshes adaptation to manually traced object boundaries on several representative non-parallel cross sections of 3D ultrasound images. A morphing algorithm for the transformation between two simplex meshes is also considered.
Methods used to determine technology competence for Virginia teachers (2004)

By July 1, 2003, all Virginia public school teachers must demonstrate proficiency on technology standards mandated by the Virginia Department of Education (VDOE). The responsibility for verifying each teacher’s level of proficiency was delegated to the local school divisions. Public schools across the Commonwealth of Virginia were not given specific direction on how to provide staff development or assess instructional personnel in technology skills except to suggest different web sites on the Department of Education’s home page. The Virginia Department of Education commissioned a study to assess the availability and use of technology in Virginia’s public schools (Virginia Department of Education, 1998a). Recommendations from the study suggest that Virginia should maintain high proficiency standards for teachers and administrators and should consider statewide prototypes, although no prototypes have been recommended by the VDOE. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the various methods utilized to assess instructional personnel across the Commonwealth of Virginia on technology standards. A survey was distributed electronically to the directors of technology in each school division in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Methods of assessing instructional personnel, perceptions of effectiveness and cost effectiveness of each method, incentives to meet demonstrated proficiency on the technology standards, and percentage of teachers meeting demonstrated proficiency on the technology standards were assessed on the survey instrument. A 79% response rate indicated that workshops, college courses and portfolio assessment were the methods most used in Virginia public schools. The most effective methods were reported to be workshops, mentoring, performance assessment and college courses. The most cost efficient methods were reported to be portfolio, and signed demonstrative proficiency statement. Recertification points and certificates were the most frequent incentives given to those who demonstrated proficiency of the technology standards. Sixty-nine school divisions reported 80 to 100% of their instructional personnel have demonstrated proficiency on the technology standards as of June 2002.
The new Internet Navigator (1995)

A Wild Surmise The Internet Defined Signing on to the Internet Introduction to Unix FTP: Files by the Gigabyte Telnet Shrinks the World A World of Electronic Mail Electronic Mail as a Gateway to the Internet The Art of the List Electronic Magazines, Newspapers, and Project Gutenberg USENET: Keeping Up with the News Gopher: Information by Menu WAIS: Tracking Down Information The World Wide Web An Internet Toolbox A Directory of Internet Resources The Future of the Internet Appendix Glossary Bibliography Index.
The Reversible Dementias: Do They Reverse? (1988)

Thirty-two studies (2889 subjects) that investigated the prevalence of the causes of dementia were critically reviewed. Particular attention was paid to potential and actual reversibility. Although dementia manifests itself primarily in old age (particularly age 75 and older), the mean age of patients for the studies that reported age data (56%) was 72.3 years. Twenty-five studies originated from secondary or tertiary centers, and four were community-based. Dementias consisted of Alzheimer disease, 56.8%; multi-infarct, 13.3%; depression, 4.5%; alcoholic, 4.2%; and drugs, 1.5%. No single other cause contributed more than 1.6% of the cases. Potentially reversible causes made up 13.2% of all cases. However, the more important question of whether patients with potentially reversible causes were followed and reversal actually seen was not always examined. In 11 studies (34%) that provided follow-up, 11% of dementias resolved, either partially (8%) or fully (3%). The commonest reversible causes were drugs, 28.2%; depression, 26.2%; and metabolic, 15.5%. Due to the presence of various biases (selection, lack of "blinded" investigators, and others) in the surveyed works, it is probable that the true incidence of reversible dementias in the community is even lower than that reported. Research implications as well as a conservative approach to the workup of a new case of dementia are offered.
Low serum cholesterol level and attempted suicide (1995)

Male psychiatric patients with low cholesterol levels were twice as likely to have ever made a medically serious suicide attempt than men with cholesterol levels above the 25th percentile. Low cholesterol concentration should be further investigated as a potential biological marker of suicide risk.
Body composition, adipokines, bone mineral density and bone remodeling markers in relation to IGF-1 levels in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome (2018)

In adults with Prader-Willi syndrome alterations in body composition, adipokines, hs-CRP and bone mineral density were demonstrated but these were not associated with IGF-1 levels. Further investigations are warranted to gain more insight into the exact pathophysiology and the role of these alterations in the metabolic and cardiovascular complications seen in PWS, so these complications can be prevented or treated as early as possible.
“History of the United States Christian Commission” (1961)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Free-form lenses for high illumination quality light-emitting diode MR16 lamps (2009)

Light-emitting diode (LED) MR16 lamps, regarded as one typical general lighting product of LEDs, are being widely used in many applications. Light efficiency into a main beam and uniformity are two key issues for high quality illumination of LED MR16 lamps. In this study, a practical and precise nonimaging optical design method is presented, and two novel 90- and 120-deg free-form lenses for high illumination quality LED MR16 lamps are designed according to this method. Based on the Monte-Carlo ray-tracing method, numerical simulation results demonstrate that the light output efficiencies of these novel lenses reach as high as 98% and are 17% higher than that of traditional total internal reflection (TIR) MR16 lens. Moreover, more than 89% of light exiting from the surfaces of these novel lenses irradiate within the desired receive target, while only 60% irradiate for traditional TIR lens. The uniformities of illuminance distribution across the target of these novel MR16 lamps also are much higher. In addition, these novel lenses are both quite compact and no more than 1/5 of that of the TIR lens. Therefore, these LED MR16 lamps integrated by novel lenses provide an effective solution to high quality illumination.
The story so far: molecular regulation of the heme oxygenase-1 gene in renal injury (2004)

Heme oxygenases (HOs) catalyze the rate-limiting step in heme degradation, resulting in the formation of iron, carbon monoxide, and biliverdin, the latter of which is subsequently converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase. Recent attention has focused on the biological effects of product(s) of this enzymatic reaction, which have important antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective functions. Two major isoforms of the HO enzyme have been described: an inducible isoform, HO-1, and a constitutively expressed isoform, HO-2. A third isoform, HO-3, closely related to HO-2, has also been described. Several stimuli implicated in the pathogenesis of renal injury, such as heme, nitric oxide, growth factors, angiotensin II, cytokines, and nephrotoxins, induce HO-1. Induction of HO-1 occurs as an adaptive and beneficial response to these stimuli, as demonstrated by studies in renal and non-renal disease states. This review will focus on the molecular regulation of the HO-1 gene in renal injury and will highlight the interspecies differences, predominantly between the rodent and human HO-1 genes.
Collecting Eco-Cultural Capital: Polar Bear Tourism (2013)

This paper considers the commoditization of this collision of human mobility with animobility. Pre-trip material provided to tourists assumes that these are environmentally sensitive individuals, visiting the bears as confirmation of their own green politics. Participant observation with a tour group reveals another picture. The primary goal of the tourists is to enjoy a comfortable, risk free holiday where they can document their own voyeuristic encounters with this species. This entitlement is fundamental to the ideology of travel capitalism. Afterwards their Facebook and other websites will display new evidence of their own cultural capital.
Wavelength-dependent optical properties of melanosomes in retinal pigmented epithelium and their changes with melanin bleaching: a numerical study (2017)

In this paper, we present the first numerical study on full metrics of wavelength-dependent optical properties of melanosomes in retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells. T-matrix method was used to simulate the spheroidal shapes of mature melanosomes, and the complex refractive index was calculated by a subtractive Kramers-Kronig relation for melanin. The validity of the method was first confirmed by Mie theory, and corroborated by a comparison between visible light and near infrared (NIR) optical coherence tomography (OCT) on human retinal imaging. We also studied the changes of melanosome optical properties due to melanin bleaching by numerically reducing the absorption of melanin. This study implies a unique approach to detect melanin changes specifically in RPE by a spectroscopic contrast of optical coherence tomography.
Wind erosion of waste impoundments in arid climates and mitigation of dust pollution (2008)

Wind can erode and disperse fine-grained material from an impoundment of mining, industrial or municipal waste that stands above the level of its surroundings. Such dust dispersion can be a serious nuisance as well as a health hazard to inhabitants and animals in nearby settlements. It can also degrade crops, making them less marketable, and pollute soil, surface water and ground water. Wind can seasonally erode waste impoundments in all types of climate, but the erosion intensifies and persists for more of each year as regional aridity increases. As clouds of dust are often observed billowing across the top surfaces of waste impoundments in dry windy weather, there is a common misconception that dust arises from erosion of the top surface of an impoundment, resulting in much effort and money being misspent on top treatments when in fact the sloped sides of the impoundments are the true source of blown dust. This paper offers a brief review of general waste impoundment wind erosion issues and then focuses in more detail on the mechanics of how wind erodes surfaces of waste impoundments. Recommendations are offered for mitigating the effects of wind-eroded dust.
A linear temperature-to-frequency converter (1965)

The possibility of converting temperature into a frequency signal by means of a thermistor which is part of the frequency-determining network of an RC oscillator is investigated. It is shown that a temperature-frequency characteristic which has a point of inflection may be realized, and that the maximum value of the temperature-frequency coefficient β in this point is - 1/3 α, where α is the temperature coefficient of the thermistor at the corresponding temperature. Curves showing the range in which the converter is expected to be linear to within ±0.1 degC are given. A laboratory-built converter having β = 1.0% degC-1 at 25°C is found to be linear to within ±0.1 degC from 10 to 40°C.
Fully auditable electronic secret-ballot elections (2000)

"What could be easier than counting a bunch of votes!" is a natural thought when one first thinks of the problem of electronic voting. It does not seem very hard either to build an Internet-based system which enables people to vote conveniently from their PCs, WAP phones, or other personal devices. The problem gets much more difficult, however, if one wants to address ballot secrecy in a serious way. The challenge then is to guarantee voters’ privacy and integrity of the election result at the same time. In this paper we show how special-purpose cryptographic protocols help to achieve this goal.
Diabetes Information Systems: A Rapidly Emerging Support for Diabetes Surveillance and Care (2006)

With the advancements in information technology, the diabetes registers have the potential to rise beyond their traditional functions with dynamic data integration, decision support, and data access, as demonstrated by some diabetes information systems. With the rapid pace of development in electronic health records and health information systems, countries that are beginning to build their health information technology infrastructure could benefit from planning and funding along these lines.
Molecular mechanisms of cross-talk between growth factors and nuclear receptor signaling (2003)

Signaling pathways can be linear, but more complex patterns are common. Growth factors and many other extracellular signals cannot directly enter cells and transduce their information via membrane-bound receptors. In contrast, steroid receptors are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily and await their cognate hormones inside the cells. These two types of signaling pathways are extensively intertwined and crosstalk at many different levels. A wide range of extra- and intracellular signals, including a variety of growth factors, can activate the transcriptional activity of steroid receptors in the absence of their cognate hormones. Conversely, steroid receptors lead a double life. By coupling to signaling molecules that mediate signal transduction of extracellular factors, they can elicit very rapid nongenomic responses. The signaling pathways of steroid-independent activation of steroid receptors, on the one hand, and of nongenomic signaling by steroid receptors, on the other, display a remarkable reciprocal relationship suggesting that these two modes of signaling crosstalk may be two faces of the same coin.
Biochemical dysfunction in heart mitochondria exposed to ischaemia and reperfusion (2005)

Heart tissue is remarkably sensitive to oxygen deprivation. Although heart cells, like those of most tissues, rapidly adapt to anoxic conditions, relatively short periods of ischaemia and subsequent reperfusion lead to extensive tissue death during cardiac infarction. Heart tissue is not readily regenerated, and permanent heart damage is the result. Although mitochondria maintain normal heart function by providing virtually all of the heart's ATP, they are also implicated in the development of ischaemic damage. While mitochondria do provide some mechanisms that protect against ischaemic damage (such as an endogenous inhibitor of the F1Fo-ATPase and antioxidant enzymes), they also possess a range of elements that exacerbate it, including ROS (reactive oxygen species) generators, the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, and their ability to release apoptotic factors. This review considers the process of ischaemic damage from a mitochondrial viewpoint. It considers ischaemic changes in the inner membrane complexes I-V, and how this might affect formation of ROS and high-energy phosphate production/degradation. We discuss the contribution of various mitochondrial cation channels to ionic imbalances which seem to be a major cause of reperfusion injury. The different roles of the H+, Ca2+ and the various K+ channel transporters are considered, particularly the K+(ATP) (ATP-dependent K+) channels. A possible role for the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in ischaemic damage is assessed. Finally, we summarize the metabolic and pharmacological interventions that have been used to alleviate the effects of ischaemic injury, highlighting the value of these or related interventions in possible therapeutics.
Feast and Famine (2007)

In this issue of JASN , Smith et al. [1][1] demonstrate an association between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and mortality in a cohort of patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Nearly 120,000 elderly patients with AMI (mean age 76 ± 7 yr) were followed for 10 yr, and all-cause
A multimedia electronic mail system on a heterogeneous environment (2002)

This paper examines the research and development of a prototype object-based multimedia electronic mail system (MEmail) at Nanyang Technological University (NTU). The system provides a transparent multimedia electronic mail facility across a heterogeneous environment which are linked together via different local area networks within the academic environment of NTU. The paper provides an overview of the system and addresses a number of design and architectural issues. The problems of heterogeneity and interconnectivity are highlighted and solutions are proposed. MEmail uses a unified user interface across different platforms for authoring, receiving, viewing and sending multimedia mails. It also facilitates the attachment of commercial data files such as spreadsheet or word processor data across the system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Self-organizing neural networks for visual navigation and adaptive control (1996)

This dissertation describes two self-organizing neural networks that learn to convert perceptual information into representations useful for planning and performing action. The first network converts optic flow into heading estimation, scene depth estimation, and moving object localization. Network weights are trained during an action-perception cycle in which self-generated eye and body movements produce optic flow. The confounding effect of eye movement during translation is suppressed by learning the relationship between eye movement outflow commands and the optic flow signals they induce. The remaining optic flow field is due only to observer translation and independent motion of objects in the scene. A self-organizing feature map encodes heading by categorizing normalized translational flow patterns. Cells in the map that respond maximally to movement along a certain heading simultaneously learn the average translational flow signals induced by that motion. Comparing these learned averages to instantaneous flow fields yields a relative depth estimate across the entire visual field. Active heading map cells also learn expected optic flow directions. These expected patterns are subtracted from normalized flow patterns to detect objects moving independently of the observer. All learning processes take place concurrently and require no external teachers. The network will automatically adapt to the sensor geometry and other opto-mechanical properties of robotic vision systems. Simulations verify its visual navigation performance using both noise-free and noisy optic flow information.
The second neural architecture is a general-purpose adaptive controller based on the DIRECT model of movement control. The function approximation technique used in DIRECT is replaced with a more efficient adaptive radial basis function (RBF) network. Specifically, the network is a variant of a Gaussian normalized RBF network with linear mapping coefficients at each basis. Learning laws are derived that allow the widths and centers of the bases to adapt to unknown mappings. The result is a network that is more memory efficient and can learn inverse control problems with many fewer training movements than the original DIRECT model. Simulations illustrate kinematic control of a planar 3-joint arm and a 7-dimensional articulatory speech synthesizer.
NOx Adsorbers for Heavy Duty Truck Engines-Testing and Simulation (2002)

This feasibility study of NOx adsorbers in heavy-duty diesel engines examined three configurations (dual-leg, single-leg and single-leg-bypass) in an integrated experimental setup, composed of a Detroit Diesel Class-8 truck engine, a catalyzed diesel particulate filter and the NOx absorber system. The setup also employed a reductant injection concept, sensors and advanced control strategies.
Magnetic nerve stimulation without interlinkage between nerve and magnetic flux (1984)

A new method of magnetic stimulation of nerves is proposed. Nerves are located on a core aperture outside the core which is implanted in the body. Nerves can be stimulated by the secondary currents which flow in the body fluids around the core when the magnetic flux in the core is changed. One of the advantages in this method is to be able to avoid the interlinkage between the core and nerves. The equivalent resistance of tissues around the core is calculated, and current density for nerve excitation is estimated. The validity of the new method is demonstrated by experiments using frog nerve-muscle preparations. The results show that the nerve can be excited by a change of magnetic flux which generates an EMF of 0.8-volts peak amplitude and 0.8-ms duration in a monitor wire. The current density in the vicinity of the core aperture for nerve excitation is 3.2 mA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .