gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Philosophical foundations of qualitative research. (1993)

Although new and still emerging for us, qualitative research approaches have been receiving considerable attention for some time in other disciplines. Along with philosophical debates, there are debates about whether there needs to be a debate. On a philosophical level, there is irreconcilable conflict between the quantitative and qualitative paradigms. It is important to recognize this conflict, avoiding illogical compromise. Yet, proponents of each paradigm need to applaud both the existence of the other and the hybrid paradigms that inevitably are born of conflict. An apt beginning would be broader definitions of what constitutes science and research in nursing, eliminating the sense-organ bias that is so contrary to our philosophy for practice. This alone would provide qualitative nurse researchers with the sanction they need to progress in their exploration of various approaches to creating a science and a body of knowledge in, for, and about nursing practice. In the chapters to follow, readers will be introduced to several qualitative research approaches. Each approach represents an interpretation of the qualitative paradigm in nursing research, grounded in the general perspective of phenomenological philosophy. This perspective focuses on phenomena as they appear and recognizes that reality is subjective and a matter of appearances for us in our social world. Subjectivity means that the world becomes real through our contact with it and acquires meaning through our interpretations of that contact. Truth, then, is a composite of realities, and access to truth is a problem of access to human subjectivity. This perspective guides the qualitative researcher in nursing to the subject matter of lived experiences, which are the original contacts with a world, and of the processes and content of interpretation--the meaning attributions that constitute realities and perspectives for a future of possibilities in the world. Other consequences of a phenomenological perspective in research include deliberate attention to the researcher's involvement in the study, engagement of multiple modes of awareness, and creative expression of findings. The product of efforts to establish a phenomenological baseline, a thorough and accurate description of nursing phenomena (a task that remains forever incomplete), will be clarified nursing concepts. If we encourage our qualitative nurse researchers, we can look forward to enhanced relevance in theoretical and empirical comments about nursing from studies guided by a mature nursing identity.
Research on Knowledge Base System Based on Ontology (2008)

Ontology is introduced to the knowledge base in this paper based on the traditional knowledge base system. The origin and de- velopment of ontology in knowledge engineering,the definition and role in knowledge base system are discussed in the paper.Then,the ap- proach to building the knowledge base system is studied and its application is introduced a question knowledge base system as an example of.
Regulation of the final phase of mammalian melanogenesis (1992)

The regulation of the final steps of the melanogenesis pathway, after L-2-carboxy-2,3-dihydroindole-5,6-quinone (dopachrome) formation, is studied. It is shown that both tyrosinase and dopachrome tautomerase are involved in the process. In vivo, it seems that tyrosinase is involved in the regulation of the amount of melanin formed, whereas dopachrome tautomerase is mainly involved in the size, structure and composition of melanin, by regulating to the incorporation of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) into the polymer. Moreover, using L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) and related compounds, it was shown that the presence of dopachrome tautomerase mediates an initial acceleration of melanogenesis since L-dopachrome is rapidly transformed to DHICA, but that melanin formation is inhibited because of the stability of this carboxylated indole compared to 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI), its decarboxylated counterpart obtained by spontaneous decarboxylation of L-dopachrome. Using L-dopa methyl ester as a precursor of melanogenesis, it is shown that this carboxylated indole does not polymerize in the absence of DHI, even in the presence of tyrosinase. However, it is incorporated into the polymer in the presence of both tyrosinase and DHI. Thus, this study suggests that DHI is essential for melanin formation, and the rate of polymerization depends on the ratio between DHICA and DHI in the medium. In the melanosome, this ratio should be regulated by the ratio between the activities of dopachrome tautomerase and tyrosinase.
Transient substrate currents in junction-isolated lateral IGBT (2006)

In this brief, experimental results of transient substrate currents that occur during clamped inductive switching of a junction-isolated lateral insulated gate bipolar transistor are analyzed. The transient substrate current peak at turn off is broader and higher than the value at turn on. The peak substrate current increases with increasing anode voltage, and anode injection efficiency significantly influences the characteristics of the transient currents. Two-dimensional numerical simulations are used to evaluate the internal dynamics of the device. It is shown that the Kirk effect is responsible for the transient currents during the switching of a lateral insulated gate bipolar transistor.
Free β-Hydroxy-γ-amino-butyric Acid in Brain (1959)

By using the methods of paper chromatography and high-potential paper electrophoresis and by comparing the pattern of prepared extracts with that of synthesized beta-hydroxy-gamma-aminobutyric acid, we found that free beta-hydroxy-gamma-aminobutyric acid exists in the brains of mice, rabbits, cattle, and human beings.
Anomalous acetoxylation of aromatic nuclei: some structural requirements in the substrate (1981)

For certain aromatic nuclei, bromination in acetic acid and in the presence of pyridine is accompanied by nuclear acetoxylation. As first observed with galbulin, when two alkoxyl groups, one meta and one para to a benzylic centre of the substrate are present, acetoxylation occurs at the intervening ortho position. Under the given conditions, acetoxylation occurs at position 8 of 6,7-dimethoxy-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4,-tetrahydronaphthalene, and at position 2 of 3,4,-dimethoxy diphenyl- and triphenyl-methanes. Acetoxylation does not occur in the absence of either of the alkoxy groups or in the absence of pyridine, nor does it occur in the pendant ring of 1-(3´,4´-dimethoxypheny1)- 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene. These results are consistent with the earlier suggestion that the reaction occurs by way of initial oxidative formation of a doubly benzylic cation.
Theoretical Evaluation of Ultrasonic Velocities in Binary Liquid Mixtures of Anisaldehyde with Some Alcoxyethanols at Different Temperatures (2012)

Ultrasonic velocities and densities of the binary liquid mixtures of anisaldehyde with alcoxyethanols like methoxyethanol (MOE), ethoxyethanol (EOE), and butoxyethanol (BOE) have been measured at temperatures 303.15 K, 308.15 K, 313.15 K, and 318.15 K over the entire composition range of mole fractions. The theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity were evaluated using Nomoto's relation (), impedance relation (), ideal mixing relation (), Jungie's relation (), and Rao’s specific velocity relation (). The molecular interaction parameter () has been evaluated from the values of experimental and theoretical velocities. The variation of this interaction parameter with the composition mixture has been discussed in terms of molecular interactions.
Vikings: Mais do que um povo, um ideal (2000)

"Leif não quis voltar ainda para a Groenlândia, pois quis ir mais para o sul. Nesta viagem, ele encontrou terras mais quentes e com sinal de povoamento. Resolveu então desembarcar e fazer contato com os habitantes do lugar."
<b>Advances in Antiplatelet Therapy in Coronary Artery Disease</b>: Importance of the Platelet GPIIb/IIIa Receptor (1997)

It is now widely agreed that platelets are intimately involved in and contribute to the pathogenesis of acute coronary thrombosis. Aspirin, a relatively weak inhibitor of platelet activation, saves lives when administered early after acute myocardial infarction and should be routinely used as lifelong therapy in patients with coronary atherosclerosis. Ticlopidine has a mechanism of action distinct from and additive to that of aspirin; it inhibits activation of platelets mediated by the agonist, adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The reduction in subacute coronary thrombosis attained by the use of combination therapy with aspirin and ticlopidine (for 2–4 weeks) after intracoronary stenting is further evidence of the role of platelets in mediating acute arterial thrombosis. Potent platelet agonists (like thrombin) can override the effect of aspirin and ticlopidine; therefore these agents are of limited efficacy. In contrast, inhibitors of the platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor are potentially more potent inhibitors of adhesive platelet interaction and may therefore be effective in blocking adhesive platelet interactions irrespective of the activating agonist. The GPIIb/IIIa receptor mediates the bridging of platelets (platelet aggregation) via fibrinogen, thus allowing platelet to bind other platelets at the injured vessel wall. Antagonists of this receptor are thus capable of blocking the “effector function” by acting at a step that is downstream to platelet activation. By abrogating the final common pathway of platelet aggregation, antagonists of GPIIb/IIIa also affect the most proximal step in thrombin generation (that most efficiently occurs on the membrane surface provided by platelets). Accordingly, these agents can profoundly inhibit arterial thrombosis. The clinical use of the antibody fragment directed against the GPIIb/IIIa receptor (c7E3 Fab) has truly revolutionized the practice of interventional cardiology and has the potential to effectively treat heparin‐resistant intracoronary thrombosis. Synthetic antagonists of fibrinogen binding to the GPIIb/IIIa receptor (the “fibans”) are currently under initial clinical testing.
Ligand–receptor interaction platforms and their applications for drug discovery (2012)

Equilibrium-binding affinity should not be used as a solo indicator for the in vivo pharmacology of drugs. The clinical relevance of drug-binding kinetics demands high throughput kinetics early in drug discovery. The dependence of ligand binding and function on the conformation of targets necessitates solution-based and whole cell-based ligand-binding assays. The increasing need to examine ligand binding at the proteome level, driven by the clinical importance of the polypharmacology of ligands, has started to make the structure-based in silico binding screen an indispensable technique for drug discovery and development. Integration of different ligand-binding assays is important to improve the efficiency of the drug discovery and development process.
Paradoxical hyperfibrinolysis is associated with a more intensely haemorrhagic phenotype in severe congenital haemophilia (2002)

To elucidate potential causes for differing bleeding phenotypes of haemophilic patients of identical degree of coagulation factor deficiency, we investigated 21 male patients with severe haemophilia. Median annual coagulation factor demand and the extent of haemophilic arthropathy were used to discriminate between intensely and less intensely haemorrhagic phenotypes. Haemophiliacs with a median annual coagulation factor demand of 800 IU per kg bodyweight or more and with three or more joints affected by haemophilic arthropathy represented the intensely haemorrhagic phenotype group; all other patients comprised the less intense group. The discriminator values represent the respective medians of the overall group. The results of activated partial thromboplastin time, endogenous thrombin potential, pro- and anticoagulant factor analysis did not differ between the two groups. Median tissue-type plasminogen activator concentration (TPA) was elevated significantly in haemophiliacs with an intensely haemorrhagic phenotype, as was the activity of the thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor. Median activity of the plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI 1) and the concentration of TPA-PAI 1 complexes were increased to approximately double those in nonsevere haemophiliacs. Coexistent congenital thrombophilia was found significantly more often in the less intensely haemorrhagic group. Thus, increased stimulation of the fibrinolytic system was associated with a more intensely haemorrhagic phenotype in our patients. We hypothesize that ineffective haemophilic haemostasis in response to trauma evokes a protracted stimulation of the entire haemostatic system, including costimulation of fibrinolysis. The absence of coexistent congenital thrombophilia predisposes to excess stimulation of fibrinolysis, which cannot be downregulated effectively due to the dysfunctional intrinsic pathway. The association of a more intensely haemorrhagic phenotype with a paradoxical hyperstimulation of the fibrinolytic system resembles a vicious circle, where bleeding seems to cause predisposition to more bleeding.
Do Cleaning Powders Scratch Porcelain Enamel (1942)

Most household scouring powders and pastes scratch or dull porcelain enamel surfaces, according to tests made in the household equipment department at Iowa State College. Dirt and stains adhere readily to enamels that have been roughened by abrasives, additional scouring is necessary, and a vicious cycle of staining and scrubbing begins.
A simulation method to analyze chemo‐mechanical behavior of swelling‐induced shape‐memory polymer in response to solvent (2011)

Abstract A network of thermally responsive shape‐memory polymers (SMPs) could imbibe a quantity of solvent molecules to swell, and subsequently induces a chemical potential change in polymer. When an equilibrium is reached between the mechanical load and the chemical potential of polymer network and solvent, the SMP polymer usually swells with a field of inhomogeneous and anisotropic deformation, which is considered to be equivalent to a hyperelastic field. We implement this theory in the free‐energy function equation, and analyze examples of swelling‐induced deformation and shape recovery behavior. This work may provide a powerful tool to study complex swelling‐induced shape‐memory behavior of SMPs in response to the immersing solvents. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Listening to music and physiological and psychological functioning: The mediating role of emotion regulation and stress reactivity (2011)

Music listening has been suggested to have short-term beneficial effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the association and potential mediating mechanisms between various aspects of habitual music-listening behaviour and physiological and psychological functioning. An internet-based survey was conducted in university students, measuring habitual music-listening behaviour, emotion regulation, stress reactivity, as well as physiological and psychological functioning. A total of 1230 individuals (mean = 24.89 ± 5.34 years, 55.3% women) completed the questionnaire. Quantitative aspects of habitual music-listening behaviour, i.e. average duration of music listening and subjective relevance of music, were not associated with physiological and psychological functioning. In contrast, qualitative aspects, i.e. reasons for listening (especially 'reducing loneliness and aggression', and 'arousing or intensifying specific emotions') were significantly related to physiological and psychological functioning (all p = 0.001). These direct effects were mediated by distress-augmenting emotion regulation and individual stress reactivity. The habitual music-listening behaviour appears to be a multifaceted behaviour that is further influenced by dispositions that are usually not related to music listening. Consequently, habitual music-listening behaviour is not obviously linked to physiological and psychological functioning.
Spatiotemporal Properties of Multipeaked Electrically Evoked Potentials Elicited by Penetrative Optic Nerve Stimulation in Rabbits (2010)

Multiple components with different properties were elicited in EEPs when the ON was stimulated by penetrating electrodes. Retinotopic and localized stimulation could be achieved with this stimulating approach.
Preserved motor learning after stroke is related to the degree of proprioceptive deficit (2009)

These results support the importance of central sensory processing for motor learning. The confirmation of central sensory processing dependent motor learning in humans is discussed in the context of our prior report of preserved motor learning when sensation is disrupted peripherally.
A comparative study of the on-off switching behavior of metal-insulator-metal antifuses (2000)

The on-state reliability of metal-insulator-metal antifuses based on aluminum nitride, silicon nitride, amorphous silicon, and tetrahedral amorphous carbon were investigated and compared. Among them, only the tetrahedral amorphous carbon antifuses show no spontaneous switching from the on-state to the off-state during operation. The unwanted switching was found to be associated with the presence of pinholes in the upper metal electrode of the antifuse. The percentages of silicon nitride and amorphous silicon antifuses with on-off switching were found to he greatly reduced after thermal annealing of the insulators. A failure mechanism of an antifuse resulting from thermal oxidation of its conductive link is proposed.
Borehole image log analysis for sedimentary environment and clay volume interpretation (2013)

Primarily, the Fullbore Formation MicroImager (FMI) log of a case well was used to interpret the sedimentary environment of a reservoir rock. In this study independent FMI interpretation was integrated with conventional log interpretation to analyze the reservoir facies, bedding geometry and sedimentary environment. Secondly, the focus was put to highlight information potential of the image logs. The quantitative analysis of the FMI log was carried out to demonstrate the capability of this log in shale volume and net to gross calculation of thinly laminated reservoirs where the other logs may not be able to distinguish shale and sands properly.
Self-training PCFG grammars with latent annotations across languages (2009)

We investigate the effectiveness of self-training PCFG grammars with latent annotations (PCFG-LA) for parsing languages with different amounts of labeled training data. Compared to Charniak's lexicalized parser, the PCFG-LA parser was more effectively adapted to a language for which parsing has been less well developed (i.e., Chinese) and benefited more from self-training. We show for the first time that self-training is able to significantly improve the performance of the PCFG-LA parser, a single generative parser, on both small and large amounts of labeled training data. Our approach achieves state-of-the-art parsing accuracies for a single parser on both English (91.5%) and Chinese (85.2%).
Multiplier-less design of FIR filters (2005)

In many real time applications such as in communications, digital filters are to be implemented in hardware. In a hardware realization, to reduce cost, it is highly desirable to minimize the number of general multiplications. Whereas multiplications by fixed powers of two are very easy to implement in hardware. In this paper, a new technique to design FIR filters is presented. The filters designed by this technique require only additions and powers of two multiplications for their implementation. They do not require any general multiplications. This technique has been successfully used to design DTMF/MF receivers in telephony which require only a few additions. Low-pass and band-pass filters with excellent stop-band attenuation and very flat pass-band response have also been designed. The filters designed by this technique are particularly well suited for custom VLSI implementation.
Properties of silicon photon counting detectors and silicon photomultipliers (2009)

Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (APD) or photon counting detectors (PCD) have become the basis of a range of new detectors and applications. Such devices are sensitive to single photons and are being adapted to create different detector technologies such as the silicon photomultiplier (SPM). A silicon photomultiplier, so-called because of its similarity in performance to conventional photomultiplier tubes, is based on an array of photon counting detectors but with a single common output. While the silicon photomultiplier does not provide positional information, it does allow photon number resolution and photon counting at higher count rates than are achievable with a solitary PCD. These new detectors are enabling a range of new applications in the fields of medicine, biology, high-energy physics and space exploration. In this paper we report the performance of PCD with dimensions ranging from 20 μm × 20 μm to 200 μm × 200 μm and on 1 mm2 silicon photomultipliers and illustrate the use of an SPM in single photon counting mode.
The Historical Perspectives on Evaluation project (2003)

A teenager, approaching the magical twenty years might be expected to ask: ‘Where have I come from? Why am I different?’ With over 21 years of National (and International) Evaluation Conferences behind it the Australasian Evaluation Society (AES), which is still only a teenager, is expected to ask these questions. Indeed, at the recent Auckland Conference it venerated its oldies, and bestowed on some of them the title of ‘Fellow’, including the role of searching for answers to these and similar questions on behalf of the AES. It was also clear from some misconceptions and incorrect mathematics that there are still a significant number of practitioners of evaluation, and AES members, who are in need of some answers.
On limit cycling control systems (1963)

A class of limit cycling feedback control systems is investigated using a simple and practical analytic tool to determine input-output dynamic response characteristics. The nature of the dynamic response adaptivity of such systems is shown. A model is derived for the dynamic response characteristics of the amplitude of the limit cycle. Experimental verification is given for each of the principal theoretical results.
Comparison of traditional versus mobile app self-monitoring of physical activity and dietary intake among overweight adults participating in an mHealth weight loss program (2013)

These findings point to potential benefits of mobile monitoring methods during behavioral weight loss trials. Future studies should examine ways to predict which self-monitoring method works best for an individual to increase adherence.