gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Osteogenic Transcription Factor Runx2 Controls Genes Involved in Sterol/Steroid Metabolism, Including Cyp11a1 in Osteoblasts (2009)

Steroid hormones including (1,25)-dihydroxyvitamin D3, estrogens, and glucocorticoids control bone development and homeostasis. We show here that the osteogenic transcription factor Runx2 controls genes involved in sterol/steroid metabolism, including Cyp11a1, Cyp39a1, Cyp51, Lss, and Dhcr7 in murine osteoprogenitor cells. Cyp11a1 (P450scc) encodes an approximately 55-kDa mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes side-chain cleavage of cholesterol and is rate limiting for steroid hormone biosynthesis. Runx2 is coexpressed with Cyp11a1 in osteoblasts as well as nonosseous cell types (e.g. testis and breast cancer cells), suggesting a broad biological role for Runx2 in sterol/steroid metabolism. Notably, osteoblasts and breast cancer cells express an approximately 32-kDa truncated isoform of Cyp11a1 that is nonmitochondrial and localized in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses and gel shift assays show that Runx2 binds to the Cyp11a1 gene promoter in osteoblasts, indicating that Cyp11a1 is a direct target of Runx2. Specific Cyp11a1 knockdown with short hairpin RNA increases cell proliferation, indicating that Cyp11a1 normally suppresses osteoblast proliferation. We conclude that Runx2 regulates enzymes involved in sterol/steroid-related metabolic pathways and that activation of Cyp11a1 by Runx2 may contribute to attenuation of osteoblast growth.
A Comparative, Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of Supragingival and Subgingival Calculus (1980)

The morphology of supragingival and subgingival calculus on extracted teeth was studied with the scanning electron microscope. Oral, crevicular, and fracture surfaces were examined. Both subgingival and supragingival calculus had a heterogenous core covered by a soft, loose layer of microorganisms. On supragingival calculus this layer was dominated by filamentous microorganisms while subgingival calculus was covered by a mixture of cocci, rods and filaments. The supragingival covering of filaments was oriented with the filaments approximately perpendicular to and in direct contact with the underlying dense calculus. This arrangement was rarely seen subgingivally where there was no distinct pattern of orientation. Some of the specimens of sub- and supragingival calculus were treated with sodium-hypochlorite. These lost the soft covering, and channels the same size as the filamentous organisms were found penetrating into the calculus. They were oriented prependicular to the surface in supragingival calculus but had no specific direction in subgingival calculus. The appearance of the channels supports the concept that calcification starts between the microorganisms in both subgingival and supragingival calculus.
Convergent Synthesis of the Quinolone Substructure of BILN 2061 via Carbonylative Sonogashira Coupling/Cyclization (2006)

A convergent synthesis of quinolone 2 (key substructure of the protease inhibitor BILN 2061) was developed via palladium-catalyzed carbonylation of 2-iodo-5-methoxyaniline (4) with thiazolylacetylene 5.
The genotype of the human cancer cell: Implications for risk analysis (1996)

An extremely large database describes genotypes associated with the human cancer phenotype and genotypes of human populations with genetic predisposition to cancer. Aspects of this database are examined from the perspective of risk analysis, and the following conclusions and hypotheses are proposed: (1) The genotypes of human cancer cells are characterized by multiple mutated genes. Each type of cancer is characterized by a set of mutated genes, a subset from a total of more than 80 genes, that varies between tissue types and between different tumors from the same tissue. No single cancer-associated gene nor carcinogenic pathway appears suitable as an overall indicator whose induction serves as a quantitative marker for risk analysis. (2) Genetic defects that predispose human populations to cancer are numerous and diverse, and provide a model for associating cancer rates with induced genetic changes. As these syndromes contribute significantly to the overall cancer rate, risk analysis should include an estimation of the effect of putative carcinogens on individuals with genetic predisposition. (3) Gene activation and inactivation events are observed in the cancer genotype at different frequencies, and the potency of carcinogens to induce these events varies significantly. There is a paradox between the observed frequency for induction of single mutational events in test systems and the frequency of multiple events in a single cancer cell, suggesting events are not independent. Quantitative prediction of cancer risk will depend on identifying rate-limiting events in carcinogenesis. Hyperproliferation and hypermutation may be such events. (4) Four sets of data suggest that hypermutation may be an important carcinogenic process. Current mechanisms of risk analysis do not properly evaluate the potency of putative carcinogens to induce the hypermutable state or to increase mutation in hypermutable cells. (5) High-dose exposure to carcinogens in model systems changes patterns of gene expression and may induce protective effects through delay in cell progression and other processes that affect mutagenesis and toxicity. Paradigms in risk analysis that require extrapolation over wide ranges of exposure levels may be flawed mechanistically and may underestimate carcinogenic effects of test agents at environmental levels. Characteristics of the human cancer genotype suggest that approaches to risk analysis must be broadened to consider the multiplicity of carcinogenic pathways and the relative roles of hyperproliferation and hypermutation. Further, estimation of risk to general human populations must consider effects on hypersusceptible individuals. The extrapolation of effects over wide exposure levels is an imprecise process.
Knowledge Representation to Empower Expert Systems (2011)

Knowledge representation is a field of artificial intelligence that has been actively pursued since the 1940s.1 The issues at stake are that given a specific domain, how do we represent knowledge in that domain, and how do we reason about that domain? This issue of knowledge representation is of paramount importance, since the knowledge representation scheme may foster or hinder reasoning. The representation scheme can enable reasoning to take place, or it may make the desired reasoning impossible. To some extent, the knowledge representation depends upon the underlying technology. For instance, in order to perform default reasoning with exceptions, one needs weak negation (aka negation as failure. In fact, most complex forms of reasoning will require weak negation. This is a facility that is an integral part of logic programs but is lacking from expert system shells. Many Prolog implementations provide negation as failure, however, they do not understand nor implement the proper semantics. The companion article to this article in this volume, “Logic Programming Languages for Expert Systems,” discusses logic programming and negation as failure.
Cloning and Functional Characterization of an NAD <sup>+</sup> -Dependent DNA Ligase from <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2001)

A Staphylococcus aureus mutant conditionally defective in DNA ligase was identified by isolation of complementing plasmid clones that encode the S. aureus ligA gene. Orthologues of the putative S. aureus NAD(+)-dependent DNA ligase could be identified in the genomes of Bacillus stearothermophilus and other gram-positive bacteria and confirmed the presence of four conserved amino acid motifs, including motif I, KXDG with lysine 112, which is believed to be the proposed site of adenylation. DNA sequence comparison of the ligA genes from wild type and temperature-sensitive S. aureus strain NT64 identified a single base alteration that is predicted to result in the amino acid substitution E46G. The S. aureus ligA gene was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and the enzyme was purified to near homogeneity. NAD(+)-dependent DNA ligase activity was demonstrated with the purified enzyme by measuring ligation of (32)P-labeled 30-mer and 29-mer oligonucleotides annealed to a complementary strand of DNA. Limited proteolysis of purified S. aureus DNA ligase by thermolysin produced products with apparent molecular masses of 40, 22, and 21 kDa. The fragments were purified and characterized by N-terminal sequencing and mass analysis. The N-terminal fragment (40 kDa) was found to be fully adenylated. A fragment from residues 1 to 315 was expressed as a His-tagged fusion in E. coli and purified for functional analysis. Following deadenylation with nicotinamide mononucleotide, the purified fragment could self-adenylate but lacked detectable DNA binding activity. The 21- and 22-kDa C-terminal fragments, which lacked the last 76 amino acids of the DNA ligase, had no adenylation activity or DNA binding activity. The intact 30-kDa C terminus of the S. aureus LigA protein expressed in E. coli did demonstrate DNA binding activity. These observations suggest that, as in the case with the NAD(+)-dependent DNA ligase from B. stearothermophilus, two independent functional domains exist in S. aureus DNA ligase, consisting of separate adenylation and DNA binding activities. They also demonstrate a role for the extreme C terminus of the ligase in DNA binding. As there is much evidence to suggest that DNA ligase is essential for bacterial survival, its discovery in the important human pathogen S. aureus indicates its potential as a broad-spectrum antibacterial target for the identification of novel antibiotics.
ChemInform Abstract: POTENTIAL ANTILEPROTIC AGENTS PART 3, INHIBITION OF MYCOBACTERIAL DIHYDROFOLIC REDUCTASE BY 2,4‐DIAMINO‐5‐METHYL‐6‐ALKYLQUINAZOLINES (1974)

Abstract 2‐Methyl‐3‐nitrobenzoesäure (I) liefert durch Diazotierung, Umsetzung mit KJ und Veresterung die Jodverbindung (II), die mit Cu‐acetyliden in Pyridin zu den Acetylenestern (III) kondensiert wird.
Laser Photophoretic Migration with Periodic Expansion−Contraction Motion of Photo-Absorbing Microemulsion Droplets in Water (2004)

When the water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsion droplets including the Co(III)-pyridylazo complex as the photo-absorber were irradiated with a continuous-wave Ar(+) ion laser (514.5 nm), we have observed unexpected phenomenon that photo-absorbing microemulsion droplets in water repeated the expansion and the sudden contraction during the laser photophoretic migration. The period of the expansion-contraction cycle was inversely proportional to both the concentration of the complex and the irradiated laser power and was independent of the initial size of the droplet. The mechanism of the periodic motion of the droplet was investigated by local temperature measurement and Raman microscope spectroscopy. It was suggested that the first step was the phase separation of the bicontinuous microemulsion droplet into the normal w/o microemulsion outer phase and the aqueous inner phase in the droplet, which was caused by the laser-induced temperature gradient inside the droplet. Subsequently, an expansion of the inner aqueous phase was induced by the percolation of the external water by thermo-osmosis, which was caused by the laser-induced temperature gradient between the inside and the outside of the microemulsion liquid membrane of the droplet. When the liquid membrane became thinner to a critical thickness, the inner aqueous phase was released and the droplet shrank into the original size. The proposed mechanism can give an account of the unique cyclical motion.
Synthesis of InN/InP core/sheath nanowires (2004)

Bulk quantities of InN/InP core/sheath nanowires with a diameter of 60–90 nm and a length of several micrometers were synthesized through a vapor reaction route. The nanowires consisted of single-crystalline InN core with 30–40 nm in diameter and amorphous InP sheath with a thickness of 20–25 nm. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images indicated that most of the InN core is perfect crystalline; there also exists a high density of stacking faults and twins in the crystalline InN core in some of the synthesized nanowires. Indium nanoparticles found at the tip of the nanowires indicated a vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism for formation of the InN/InP nanostructures. This type of InN/InP nanowire is important and may be further developed to be utilized as nanoscale field effect transistor and light-emitting diode.
Zwei‐Konstanten‐Modell zur Beschreibung der Selbstassoziation von H‐ und D‐Brückenbildnern in binären Mischungen aus Dampfdruckmessungen (1977)

Abstract Es wird geprüft, wieweit die Selbstassoziation von einfachen Alkylaminen und Alkanolen in n‐Alkanen bei Zugrundelegen der Theorie idealer assoziierter Lösungen mit einem Zwei‐Konstanten‐Modell beschrieben werden kann. Die Beziehungen des Modells ermöglichen die Ermittlung der beiden Assoziationskonstanten, einer Konstanten für die Dimerisation und einer für die Höherpolymerenbildung, unmittelbar aus den Ansätzen zur Darstellung der Aktivitätskoeffizienten. Aus den Assoziationskonstanten lassen sich die Werte bestimmen. die den Aktivitätskoeffizienten, der freien Exzeßenthalpie und anderen für die Assoziation charakteristischen Größen unter den Annahmen des Zwei‐Konstanten‐Modells zukommen. Der Vergleich der Daten mit den regulär berechneten Größen zeigt, daß die Gleichungen des Modells zumindest eine formale Beschreibung der betrachteten Lösungen mit nur geringem Fehler fast im ganzen Molenbruchbereich zulassen. Darüber hinaus können die mit den Gleichungen gewonnenen Daten weitgehend in einer Weise interpretiert werden, die vernünftigen Erwartungen entspricht. Im Falle der Alkohol‐Lösungen gibt das Zwei‐Konstanten‐Model1 vor allem das Verhalten bei den kleinen und den mittleren Alkoholkonzentrationen wieder, während das von Renon und Prausnitz verwandte Modell die Lösungen besonders bei den mittleren und den großen Alkoholkonzentrationen beschreibt.
Characterization of subtype-specific antibodies to the human D5 dopamine receptor: studies in primate brain and transfected mammalian cells. (1995)

To achieve a better understanding of how D5 dopamine receptors mediate the actions of dopamine in brain, we have developed antibodies specific for the D5 receptor. D5 antibodies reacted with recombinant baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells expressing the D5 receptor but not with the D1 receptor or a variety of other catecholaminergic and muscarinic receptors. Epitope-tagged D5 receptors expressed in mammalian cells were reactive with both D5 antibodies and an epitope-specific probe. A mixture of N-linked glycosylated polypeptides and higher molecular-mass species was detected on immunoblots of membrane fractions of D5-transfected cells and also of primate brain. D5 receptor antibodies intensely labeled pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex, whereas spiny medium-sized neurons and aspiny large interneurons of the caudate nucleus were relatively lightly labeled. Antibodies to the D5 dopamine receptor should prove important in experimentally determining specific roles for the D5 and D1 receptors in cortical processes and diseases.
Synthesis and some pharmacological properties of 8-L-homoarginine-vasopressin and of 1-deamino-8-L-homoarginine-vasopressin (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and some pharmacological properties of 8-L-homoarginine-vasopressin and of 1-deamino-8-L-homoarginine-vasopressinGunnar Lindeberg, Miklos Bodanszky, Margot Acosta, and Wilbur H. SawyerCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1974, 17, 7, 781–783Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00253a035https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00253a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views37Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Fibre Length, Microfibril Angle and Wood Colour Variation and Interrelationships for Two Radiata Pine Trees with Mild and Severe Compression Wood (2004)

Growth-layer-level radial, circumferential and height variation in fibre length, a selected wood colour parameter (L*) and microfibril angle (MFA) were determined for a nominally straight and a severely bent radiata pine. The 16-year-old trees were ramets of the same genotype grown on the same site. Visual compression wood was rated as being absent to mild in the straight tree, and being absent to severe in the bent tree. Growth-layer-level patterns of change with stem height and radial direction are strongly matched (particularly for the bent-tree) for fibre length, L* and MFA; with increasing compression wood contents giving progressively shorter fibres, and lower L* (darker) and higher MFA values. Correlation between the length, L* and MFA propertyresiduals are weak to moderate for the control-tree, and moderate to strong for the bent-tree. A residual property value is the difference between the actual value for a given direction, growth layer, and height position and the mean property value for all measured directions of a given growth layer and height position.
Characterisation of shrimp haemocytes and plasma components by monoclonal antibodies (1995)

Various haemolymph components of the shrimp Penaeus japonicus were identified and characterised by monoclonal antibodies. Three groups of monoclonal antibodies were raised. Their reactivity to haemocyte types and/or secreted molecules was determined by immunofluorescence and the molecular masses of the antigens were analysed by western-blotting. A 170 kDa protein, in reducing conditions, was recognized by four panhaemocytic monoclonal antibodies from group 1. This protein was present both in the plasma and in the haemocytes from which it appears to be secreted. The shrimp haemocytes were separated by isopycnic centrifugation on a Percoll gradient and the different subpopulations were antigenically analysed using the two monoclonal antibodies, 40E2-2A and 40E10-2B, from group 2. The granular cells were labelled by 40E2-2A which was specific for a protein of 142 kDa also present in plasma. By comparison, the 40E10-2B monoclonal antibody was assumed to be the marker for small hyaline and semigranular cells since the granular ones were not labelled. Moreover, the antigen immunoprecipitated by this monoclonal antibody was shown to have different molecular masses of 250, 150, 66 and 27 kDa under nonreducing conditions. It appeared to be secreted by the haemocytes. Some plasma proteins were recognized by the third group of monoclonal antibodies. The antibodies, designated 41D11-3A, 42C11-3B and 42E8-3C, all immunoprecipitated a protein with an apparent molecular mass of 180 kDa under reduced conditions. The 44E6-3D antibody was specific for a 75 kDa protein under reduced conditions and was shown to be immunoreactive against P. japonicus haemocyanin extract.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
N-learners problem: system of PAC learners (1997)

A system of Probably Approximately Correct (PAC) learners, where each learner had produced a hypothesis by employing empirical risk minimization methods, is considered. When no access to additional examples is available, our objective is to make the system at least as efficient -- in terms of normalized precision or confidence -- as best of the learners. Two separate cases are studied. In the first case, the training samples used by the individual learners are known; a method that approaches (in a weak convergence sense) the optimal Bayesian fuser is proposed. In the second: Case, the training samples are not known; majority and location-based fusers are shown to achieve the objective.
Expression of bacteriophage T4 minor baseplate proteins in the bacteriophage T7 promoter/RNA polymerase expression system. (1991)

The central part of bacteriophage T4 baseplate is built of several proteins which are present in only a few copies per phage particle. Only some of these minor baseplate components have been identified previously as distinct protein species by biochemical analysis. We have used the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase expression system to identify and overexpress the minor baseplate proteins. The products of genes 25, 26 and 51 were identified on the autoradiographs after selective labelling with [35]S methionine. The overexpression of gene 25 and 51 products was high enough to make possible undertaking their purification and studies of their properties.
Synthesis of Substituted Pyrano[3,2‐c]pyridines via Diels—Alder Reaction of 3‐Methylenepyridin‐4‐one. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Simplified command and range detection system (1977)

Communication system processes subcarrier that is modulated with sequential range codes and with command data. Loop locks in on range codes as they occur in sequence. When range code modulated with data-frequency arrives, loop switches to DEMOD to receive data.