gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A statistical learning algorithm for word segmentation (2011)

In natural speech, the speaker does not pause between words, yet a human listener somehow perceives this continuous stream of phonemes as a series of distinct words. The detection of boundaries between spoken words is an instance of a general capability of the human neocortex to remember and to recognize recurring sequences. This paper describes a computer algorithm that is designed to solve the problem of locating word boundaries in blocks of English text from which the spaces have been removed. This problem avoids the complexities of speech processing but requires similar capabilities for detecting recurring sequences. The algorithm relies entirely on statistical relationships between letters in the input stream to infer the locations of word boundaries. A Viterbi trellis is used to simultaneously evaluate a set of hypothetical segmentations of a block of adjacent words. This technique improves accuracy but incurs a small latency between the arrival of letters in the input stream and the sending of words to the output stream. The source code for a C++ version of this algorithm is presented in an appendix.
Perception of Beer Flavour Associates with Thermal Taster Status (2010)

Beer flavour, and thus much of the consumer experience of beer, is determined by the sensations elicited when it is taken into the mouth. Thus, individual differences in the perception of these oral sensations may contribute to the variation in consumer behaviour. A new taste phenotype shown to associate with the intensity of oral sensations elicited by simple solutions is thermal taster status (TTS). Thermal tasters (TTs) perceive ‘phantom’ tastes with thermal stimulation of the tongue, while thermal non-tasters (TnTs) do not. Here, we investigate the effect of TTS on the perceived intensity of bitterness, sourness, sweetness, fullness, carbonation and overall flavour intensity elicited by seven beers representing classic styles — wheat beer, brown ale, pale ale, low-alcohol lager, standard lager, high-alcohol lager and stout. A strong trend was observed for TTs (n = 20) to rate attributes higher than TnTs (n = 20) for all beers except the stout, with these differences significant in many instances (ANOVA or binomial analysis). It is concluded that TTS may be an important determinant of individual differences in the perception of beer flavour, but beer liking and preference are more complex phenomena than can be accounted for by this phenotype alone.
The significance of hepatitis B virus DNA detected in hepatocellular carcinoma of patients with hepatitis C (2000)

The results of this study corroborate previous reports of frequent detection of HBV DNA in the liver tissue of anti-HCV positive/HBs antigen negative patients with HCC, but do not support an essential role of HBV in hepatocarcinogenesis in patients with chronic hepatitis C and occult HBV infection.
Oocyte regulation of metabolic cooperativity between mouse cumulus cells and oocytes: BMP15 and GDF9 control cholesterol biosynthesis in cumulus cells (2007)

Oocyte-derived bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) and growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) are key regulators of follicular development. Here we show that these factors control cumulus cell metabolism, particularly glycolysis and cholesterol biosynthesis before the preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone. Transcripts encoding enzymes for cholesterol biosynthesis were downregulated in both Bmp15(-/-) and Bmp15(-/-) Gdf9(+/-) double mutant cumulus cells, and in wild-type cumulus cells after removal of oocytes from cumulus-cell-oocyte complexes. Similarly, cholesterol synthesized de novo was reduced in these cumulus cells. This indicates that oocytes regulate cumulus cell cholesterol biosynthesis by promoting the expression of relevant transcripts. Furthermore, in wild-type mice, Mvk, Pmvk, Fdps, Sqle, Cyp51, Sc4mol and Ebp, which encode enzymes required for cholesterol synthesis, were highly expressed in cumulus cells compared with oocytes; and oocytes, in the absence of the surrounding cumulus cells, synthesized barely detectable levels of cholesterol. Furthermore, coincident with reduced cholesterol synthesis in double mutant cumulus cells, lower levels were also detected in cumulus-cell-enclosed double mutant oocytes compared with wild-type oocytes. Levels of cholesterol synthesis in double mutant cumulus cells and oocytes were partially restored by co-culturing with wild-type oocytes. Together, these results indicate that mouse oocytes are deficient in synthesizing cholesterol and require cumulus cells to provide products of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. Therefore, oocyte-derived paracrine factors, particularly, BMP15 and GDF9, promote cholesterol biosynthesis in cumulus cells, probably as compensation for oocyte deficiencies in cholesterol production.
An Investigation of the Determination of Molecular Weights of High Polymers by Light Scattering (1945)

The determination of the molecular weights of large molecules by measuring the turbidity of the solution and the change in index of refraction with concentration is discussed. The apparatus, its calibration, and the technique used are treated together with a comparison between molecular weights measured by this method and other methods. The effect of polymolecularity is also presented.
Einleitung (2001)

Der Begriff der Promotion-Instrumente umschreibt die vielfältigen Maßnahmen der Verkaufsförderung, die im Marketing von den Unternehmen in der Konkurrenz um die Gunst der Abnehmer für ihre Produkte ergriffen werden können. Die Instrumente können entsprechend der Aktionsebenen des Einsatzes, respektive der Zielgruppen unterschieden werden (vgl. BECKER (1998, S. 587); KOTLER (1999, S. 109 f.)):
Long pulse delays in thin metamaterial slabs (2007)

This work provides experimental evidence that an electromagnetic pulse can be delayed with minimum loss and distortion, while propagating through a new type of planar metamaterials that supports modes weakly coupled to free-space radiation. This study also shows that the pulse velocity can be controlled through appropriate subwavelength patterning of a thin metal film, namely a planar metamaterial.
STABILIZATION AND HANDLING OF PASSENGER CAR-TRAILER COMBINATION WITH AUTOMATICALLY CONTROLLED STEERING SYSTEM (1982)

In passenger car-trailer combination, low damping oscillation occurs at high speed, and off-tracking of the trailer arises at low speed. Thus, careful consideration should be given to these problems from the view point of safety. In order to solve these two problems at the same time, an automatically controlled steering system which is installed on the trailer is proposed. This system has two inputs which are relative yaw velocity and relative yaw angle between the passenger car and trailer. It is anticipated that the former input causes the trailer to be stabilized at high speed and the latter gives the trailer good tracking at low speed. These problems were analyzed by computer simulation and small scale model experiments. It is concluded that this steering system appreciably improves stability at high speed, off-tracking of trailer, and the passenger car handling. (Author/TRRL)
Long wavelength (1.3 μm) vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with a wafer-bonded mirror and an oxygen-implanted confinement region (1997)

We proposed and demonstrated a novel design for long wavelength (1.3 μm) vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). In this design, oxygen-implanted current-confinement regions were formed in a GaAs/AlGaAs Bragg reflector which is the bottom mirror wafer bonded to an AlGaInAs/InP cavity consisting of nine strain-compensated quantum wells. Room- temperature continuous-wave (cw) operation of 1.3 μm-VCSELs with a record low cw threshold current density of 1.57 kA/cm2 and a record low cw threshold current of 1 mA have been realized.
What we can learn from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome sequencing projects. (2000)

A major milestone in tuberculosis research occurred in June 1998 with the report of the genomic sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. The complete determination of the 4411529 base pairs of the M. tuberculosis genome opens avenues for new scientific opportunities in basic science and clinical research on tuberculosis. In this paper we will review the findings presented by the complete genome and discuss the impact that this sequence will have on the areas of comparative genomics, bacterial pathogenesis, and diagnostics development for tuberculosis. Indirect benefits of the complete genome sequence are anticipated in the areas of drug development and vaccine development as future discoveries in bacterial pathogenesis and immunology accrue.
Design And Utilization Of An Air-core Superconducting-solenoid Nuclear - Reaction - Product Spectrometer. (1987)

A spectrometer based on an air-core, superconducting solenoid has been constructed, tested, and demonstrated to be useful as a heavy-ion reaction-product collection and detection device. Two detector systems which measure ion energy loss, residual energy, time-of-flight, and position in the detector plane have been developed for use with the spectrometer. This spectrometer is the first which uses an air-core rather than a steel-yoked magnet. The characteristics of the two different designs are compared. The spectrometer's cylindrical symmetry, focusing properties, and large solid angle make it well-suited for several different types of experiments, including reactions with low cross sections and experiments requiring detection of reaction products emitted at small angles to the beam. The optical properties of the spectrometer were determined using alpha-particle sources and elastically scattered particles from an accelerator beam. Simple first-order and ray-tracing calculations are shown to reproduce well the measured effects. The spectrometer was then used in the study of $\sp{18}$O-induced transfer reactions on neutron-rich targets, which resulted in the measurement of the masses of $\sp{30}$Mg, $\sp{108}$Ru, and $\sp{109}$Rh.
ChemInform Abstract: A Biomimetic‐Like Radical Approach to Furanoditerpenes. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Effects of β1- and β2-blockade on blood pressure and sympathetic responses to flight phobia stress (1990)

Cardiovascular and sympathoadrenal effects of short-term oral treatment with beta 1-blockade (atenolol, 50 mg, administered two times) and beta 2-blockade (ICI 118,551, 50 mg, administered three times) were compared with placebo during actual flying in subjects with flight phobia (n = 34). beta 1-Blockade lowered resting blood pressure and heart rate and prevented a heart rate response but not a blood pressure response to this psychologic stress. beta 2-Blockade minimally lowered resting heart rate and prevented a heart rate response, but it failed to lower resting blood pressure or blood pressure response to the stress. Plasma epinephrine increased with all three treatments and more with beta 1-blockade than with placebo. Plasma norepinephrine decreased with administration of beta 2-blockade. Thus neither beta 1- nor beta 2-blockade prevents an increase in blood pressure during acute flight phobia stress. Increased plasma epinephrine seems to be the sympathetic variable that is closest related to this increase in blood pressure. Norepinephrine may be less consistently related to the blood pressure rise during flight phobia stress as shown by the decrease in plasma norepinephrine with administration of beta 2-blockade.
Thermal and mechanical characterization of ViaLUX/sup TM/ 81: a novel epoxy photo-dielectric dry film (PDDF) for microvia applications (2001)

Multilayered high density interconnect (HDI) processing on organic substrates typically introduces warpage and residual stresses. The magnitude of the warpage and the residual stresses depends on, among other factors, the processing temperatures and the thermomechanical properties of the dielectric and substrate materials. In this work, a prospective epoxy-based dielectric material for such sequentially built up (SBU) high density-interconnect printed wiring boards (HDI-PWB) is considered. The polymer is a photo-dielectric dry film (PDDF) material called ViaLux/sup TM/ 81, which exhibits a complicated curing behavior due to the long lifetime of the cationic photoinitiators generated by ultraviolet (UV) exposure. The objectives of this work are 1) to conduct differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments and develop a cure kinetics model; 2) to develop a cure shrinkage model based on thermal and chemical shrinkage experiments; 3) to determine the thermomechanical properties of partially and fully cured Vialux/sup TM/ 81 dry film. All of these experimental characterizations are necessary to select suitable process parameters and to obtain a consistent product with the desired physical and mechanical properties.
Surface studies on copolymers having pendant monosaccharides (1994)

Abstract Copolymers having pendant monosaccharide groups were synthesized by copolymerizing 2‐(glucosyloxy)ethyl methacrylate (GEMA, 1 ), with methyl methacrylate (MMA) or styrene (St). The surface characteristics of the copolymer films were investigated by means of contact angle measurements, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and protein adsorption. The surface free energy of the GEMA/St copolymer films was constant in the range of a GEMA content from 10 mol‐% to 60 mol‐%. Insertion of GEMA of over 60 mol‐%, however, caused an increase of the surface free energy of the copolymer films. The surface composition determined by means of XPS supported the result from surface free energy measurements. There was a significant difference between the GEMA/St and GEMA/MMA copolymer films in the effect of the GEMA content on the surface characteristics of the films. The differences could be explained on the basis of the sequence of monomeric units in each copolymer. Immersing the copolymer films in hot water made the copolymer surface more hydrophilic. This is because each component migrates to the surface or the bulk in order to minimize the surface free energy of the copolymer films. The introduction of GEMA to the copolymer suppressed fibrinogen adsorption onto the copolymer films.
In vitro antitumour activity of organotin compounds (1992)

info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Can Microsatellite Status of Colorectal Cancer Be Reliably Assessed after Neoadjuvant Therapy? (2017)

<b>Purpose:</b> Determination of microsatellite instability (MSI) by PCR is the gold standard; however, IHC of mismatch repair (MMR) proteins is frequently performed instead. The reliability of these methods on postneoadjuvant therapy specimens is unknown. We examined the effect of neoadjuvant therapy on MSI results by PCR and IHC.<b>Experimental design:</b> A total of 239 colorectal cancers resected after neoadjuvant therapy were assessed for MSI with PCR and IHC. PCR and IHC results for matched paired pre- and posttreatment specimens were compared. In parallel, 2 isogenic cell lines conditioned for MMR functioning and 2 different patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) were exposed to chemotherapy, radiation, or both. We also examined whether establishment of PDXs induced MSI changes in 5 tumors. IHC and MSI were tested after treatment to assess for changes.<b>Results:</b> We identified paired pre- and posttreatment specimens for 37 patients: 2 with PCR only, 34 with IHC only, and 1 with both. All 3 patients with PCR had microsatellite stable pre- and posttreatment specimens. Of the 35 patients with IHC, 30 had intact MMR proteins in pre- and posttreatment specimens, 1 had equivocal MLH1 staining in the pretreatment and loss in the posttreatment specimen, and 4 had intact pretreatment MSH6 but variable posttreatment staining. In the experimental setting, no changes in MSI status were detected after treatment or tumor implantation in animals.<b>Conclusions:</b> Our findings show that the expression of MMR proteins, commonly MSH6, can change after neoadjuvant therapy and confirm PCR as the gold-standard test for MSI after neoadjuvant therapy. <i>Clin Cancer Res; 23(17); 5246-54. ©2017 AACR</i>.
An OFDMA resource allocation algorithm based on coalitional games (2011)

Abstract This work investigates a fair adaptive resource management criterion (in terms of transmit powers and subchannel assignment) for the uplink of an orthogonal frequency-division multiple access network, populated by mobile users with constraints in terms of target data rates. The inherent optimization problem is tackled with the analytical tools of coalitional game theory, and a practical algorithm based on Markov modeling is introduced. The proposed scheme allows the mobile devices to fulfill their rate demands exactly with a minimum utilization of network resources. Simulation results show that the average number of operations of the proposed iterative algorithm are much lower than K · N , where N and K are the number of allocated subcarriers and of mobile terminals.
Mechanisms and Mediators of Pulmonary Fibrosis (2005)

The mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis are complex, and several hypotheses have been put forward to explain how fibrosis develops. It was long thought that inflammation was a key event in the process; however, this has recently been challenged. The inflammation hypothesis has led to the description of numerous inflammatory and profibrotic mediators in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Inhibition of inflammation can attenuate fibrosis in animal models but is less successful in humans. More recently, an important role for epithelial injury, circulating mesenchymal precursor cells, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and vascular remodeling have been described in various models of fibrosis. Many of the classic inflammatory and profibrotic mediators are important in these processes, as well. The development of effective therapies will require the understanding of the complex interplay of the various mediators and the mechanisms of remodeling.
Constructing Large Proposition Databases (2012)

Using semantic parsing or related techniques, it is possible to extract knowledge from text in the form of predicate–argument structures. Such structures are often called propositions. With the advent of massive corpora such as Wikipedia, it has become possible to apply a systematic analysis of a wide range of documents covering a significant part of human knowledge and build large proposition databases from them. While most approaches focus on shallow syntactic analysis and do not capture the full meaning of a sentence, semantic parsing goes deeper and discovers more information from text with a higher accuracy. This deeper analysis can be applied to discover temporal and location-based propositions from documents. Medical researchers could, for instance, discover articles regarding the interaction of bacteria in a specific body part. Christensen et al. (2010) showed that using a semantic parser in information extraction can yield extractions with higher precision and recall in areas where shallow syntactic approaches have failed. This accuracy comes at a cost of parsing time.
Kinematic Locator for Crystal Alignment (1966)

A kinematic locator with one rotational degree of freedom is described. This device allows the transfer of aligned crystals within 2″.
Covalent Binding of Aquaruthenium Complexes to DNA (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCovalent Binding of Aquaruthenium Complexes to DNANeena Grover, Thomas W. Welch, Terri A. Fairley, Michael Cory, and H. Holden ThorpCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1994, 33, 16, 3544–3548Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00094a018https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00094a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views355Altmetric-Citations65LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Anisotropy in the paramagnetic phase of<i>R</i><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Al</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>cubic intermetallic compounds (<i>R</i>=Tb, Dy, and Er) (1987)

In this paper it is shown that the anisotropy in the paramagnetic phase is a useful characteristic when used to single out high-rank susceptibility tensor components in the paramagnetic regime of cubic crystals. Application of this technique to R${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$ compounds (R=Tb,Dy,Er) allows the determination of longitudinal and transverse (in the form of linear combinations) fourth- and sixth-rank paramagnetic susceptibilities. The use of the fourth-rank longitudinal susceptibility allows quadrupolar pair interactions in these compounds to be probed.
Direct field-resolved detection of terahertz transients with amplitudes of megavolts per centimeter (2003)

Phase-matched difference-frequency mixing in a thin GaSe crystal within the broad spectrum of 25-fs pulses from a Ti:sapphire oscillator multipass amplifier system permits the generation of few-cycle electric field transients, frequencies up to 30 THz, and amplitudes of more than 1 MV/cm. The field transients generated at a 1-kHz repetition rate are directly measured by electro-optic sampling by 12-f probe pulses from the 75-MHz repetition-rate Ti:sapphire oscillator in combination with a novel electronic gating technique.
Nanomatériaux polymères fonctionnels – Stratégies de nanostructuration de systèmes réactifs par des copolymères à blocs ou des nanoclusters hybrides organiques/inorganiques (2008)

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Variations in expert rower coordination when rate increases on ergometer concept2<sup>®</sup> (2008)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeKeywords: kinematicsinter-limbcoordinationcontinuous relative phaserowing
Rapid temporal acceleration of a turbulent pipe flow (2004)

Measurements were made of fully developed turbulent pipe flows subjected to temporal pressure gradients larger than those considered previously. Integral profile parameters exhibited similar qualitative trends when time was scaled with the flow rise time and this differed from corresponding spatial development of flows subjected to steady streamwise pressure gradients. Velocity profiles were initially characterized by significant reduction of their wake component. This was accompanied by turbulence intensity freezing in the core region of the pipe and a rapid turbulence increase in the near-wall region that propagated towards the pipe centre. The final phase of the acceleration was characterized by reconstitution of the wake, producing a velocity profile inflection and the generation of turbulence in that vicinity. These features were not observed in previous investigations, possibly due to the present use of higher ramp rates and initial Reynolds numbers.