gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Foreword: The Promise and Peril of Biotechnology (2002)

Recent years have seen unprecedented growth in biotechnology and its potential applications to human health. Yet the promise of biotechnology will also bring challenges – challenges to the medical, scientific, and patient communities, and to the legal and regulatory structures that govern the development and commercialization of these new biological tools. The authors in this Symposium address challenges posed in the health care fraud, regulatory and patent protection contexts. While recognizing the enormous potential for medical advances, each author acknowledges the ways in which biotechnology stretches the boundaries of traditional health care and intellectual property regulation. Finding the proper balance is a difficult task: lack of regulation may leave millions of patients vulnerable to abuse, while overly restrictive laws pose the risk of freezing the industry in an undeveloped state. The suggestions made by these authors, and their careful analyses of the problems, will go far toward helping us achieve that balance.
[Expression of human brain myelin basic protein gene cDNA in Escherichia coli]. (1996)

A 612bp full-length cDNA sequence coding for 21.5 kd myelin basic protein (MBP) was amplified from human brain cDNA library by polymerase chain reaction, cloned into vector pGEM-3Zf(+) with blunt-end. The 561bp cloned fragment was recovered from recombinant pGEMP after BamHI digestion, and then inserted into the BamHI site downstream of the glutathione-S-transferase gene of the expression vector pGEX-5T. The recombinant vector p5TBP was transformed into E. coli JM 109 and positive colonies were incubated in LB medium containing 1 mmol/L IPTG for six hours at 37 degrees C. A new polypeptide band with an apparent molecular weight 49 kd was detected in transformed cell lysates by SDS-PAGE. Western blotting analysis confirmed that this fusion protein reacted specifically with rabbit antibodies to human MBP. The expression level of MBP in this system was about 50 mg/L of bacterial culture estimate by immuno-dot blot, ELISA and absorbance scanning of SDS-PAGE.
Prognostic impact of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its inhibitor PAI-1 in completely resected gastric cancer. (1994)

The prognostic impact of the proteolytic factors urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) was evaluated in 76 completely resected gastric cancer patients enrolled in a prospective study. All patients underwent macroscopically and microscopically residual tumor-free resection (category R0, Union International Contre Cancer, 1987). uPA and PAI-1 levels were quantified in detergent-extracted (Triton X-100) specimens of primary gastric tumors by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Median values of 1.57 ng uPA/mg protein were determined in tumor tissue extracts compared to 0.14 ng uPA/mg protein in normal mucosa. For PAI-1, 0.93 ng PAI-1/mg protein versus 0.09 ng PAI-1/mg protein was calculated. uPA levels in tumor tissue extracts were significantly correlated with vascular invasion, Laurén classification, and WHO classification, whereas PAI-1 levels showed a significant correlation with advanced lymph node involvement, depth of invasion, tumor stage, site of tumor, and the Laurén, Borrmann, and WHO classifications. Elevated uPA and PAI-1 levels were found to be associated with poor prognosis. The optimal cutoff values indicating a group of patients with shorter survival were 1.5 ng uPA/mg protein and 1.25 ng PAI-1/mg protein, respectively (Classification and Regression Tree analysis). Patients with either high uPA or PAI-1 values were significantly associated with decreased survival (median time of survival was 23 months (high) versus 44 months (low). By univariate Cox regression analysis, it was shown that TNM categories, WHO classification, size of tumor, uPA and PAI-1 levels were all significantly associated with survival. However, in multivariate Cox regression analysis of these grouped variables, nodal status, PAI-1 levels, and WHO classification were the only independent prognostic factors. The relative risks of failure were 5-, 2.9-, and 2.4-fold, respectively. We conclude that PAI-1 and uPA positivity may serve as new prognostic factors in gastric cancer, predicting shorter survival even in clinically important subgroups of patients.
Mathematical software (1971)

Mathematical software is software that implements algorithms that have a basis in mathematics. The scope of the term is generally accepted to include algorithms whose primary interest or motivation is mathematical and not merely the application of mathematics. Thus, a computer program to solve a system of first-order differential equations is considered to be mathematical software. A program to solve a chemical reaction problem is not mathematical software, even though the essence of the program might be an algorithm for solving differential equations. The scope of the term is much broader than a pure mathematician's view of mathematics: it includes some aspects of programming languages and computer systems. The scope is also much broader than traditional numerical analysis, for it includes such areas as statistics, symbolic mathematical analysis, and linear programming, which are clearly mathematical in nature.
SOFC Related Research and Development within the Framework Programme of the European Union (2007)

This paper provides an overview of current SOFC related projects funded by the European Commission by any of their programmes. Projects presented concern basic or generic activities for developing materials and components; application related development activities for stationary and transport systems, as well as projects aiming for cost reduction of SOFC manufacturing processes. Additionally, an activity on establishing pre-normative, harmonised SOFC test procedures is reported.
Has the P300 been cost effective? (1988)

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Presence of a basic amino acid residue at either position 66 or 122 is a condition for enzymic activity in the ribonuclease superfamily (1989)

Some members of the ribonuclease superfamily differ at more than 50% of the amino acid positions. Although the three-dimensional structures probably are very similar and the active-site residues have been conserved, other substrate-binding regions have changed considerably. Several proteins in the superfamily are active ribonucleases while other exhibit practically no enzymic activity. The presence of a basic residue at either position 66 or 122 appears to be a condition for ribonuclease activity.
Development of Water-in-Oil Emulsions as Delivery Vehicles and Testing with a Natural Antimicrobial Extract (2020)

Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions have high potential for several industrial areas as delivery systems of hydrophilic compounds. In general, they are less studied than oil-in-water (O/W) systems, namely in what concerns the so-called fluid systems, partly due to problems of instability. In this context, this work aimed to produce stable W/O emulsions from a natural oil, sweet almond oil, to be further tested as vehicles of natural hydrophilic extracts, here exemplified with an aqueous cinnamon extract. Firstly, a base W/O emulsion using a high-water content (40/60, <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) was developed by testing different mixtures of emulsifiers, namely Tween 80 combined with Span 80 or Span 85 at different contents. Among the tested systems, the one using a 54/46 (<i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) Span 80/Tween 80 mixture, and subjected to 12 high-pressure homogenizer (HPH) cycles, revealed to be stable up to 6 months, being chosen for the subsequent functionalization tests with cinnamon extract (1.25-5%; <i>w</i>/<i>v</i>; water-basis). The presence of cinnamon extract leaded to changes in the microstructure as well as in the stability. The antimicrobial and antioxidant analysis were evidenced, and a sustained behavior compatible with an extract distribution within the two phases, oil and water, in particular for the higher extract concentration, was observed.
Renegotiation: Pro and Con (1944)

Hither came Jack Spicer and talked of Exchequer matters and how the Lord Treasurer hath now ordered
Toward Achieving Robust Low-Level and High-Level Scene Parsing (2018)

In this paper, we address the challenging task of scene segmentation. We first discuss and compare two widely used approaches to retain detailed spatial information from pretrained CNN - "dilation" and "skip". Then, we demonstrate that the parsing performance of "skip" network can be noticeably improved by modifying the parameterization of skip layers. Furthermore, we introduce a "dense skip" architecture to retain a rich set of low-level information from pre-trained CNN, which is essential to improve the low-level parsing performance. Meanwhile, we propose a convolutional context network (CCN) and place it on top of pre-trained CNNs, which is used to aggregate contexts for high-level feature maps so that robust high-level parsing can be achieved. We name our segmentation network enhanced fully convolutional network (EFCN) based on its significantly enhanced structure over FCN. Extensive experimental studies justify each contribution separately. Without bells and whistles, EFCN achieves state-of-the-arts on segmentation datasets of ADE20K, Pascal Context, SUN-RGBD and Pascal VOC 2012.
A crisis of hegemony (1988)

During the 1980s a new politics became established in the West. There were different national variants but many common themes. In the 1980s its most celebrated exponents were the governments of Margaret Thatcher in Britain and Ronald Reagan in the United States. The new politics came to be thought of primarily as a new conservative politics.
A Reliable People Counting System via Multiple Cameras (2012)

Reliable and real-time people counting is crucial in many applications. Most previous works can only count moving people from a single camera, which cannot count still people or can fail badly when there is a crowd (i.e., heavy occlusion occurs). In this article, we build a system for robust and fast people counting under occlusion through multiple cameras. To improve the reliability of human detection from a single camera, we use a dimensionality reduction method on the multilevel edge and texture features to handle the large variations in human appearance and poses. To accelerate the detection speed, we propose a novel two-stage cascade-of-rejectors method. To handle the heavy occlusion in crowded scenes, we present a fusion method with error tolerance to combine human detection from multiple cameras. To improve the speed and accuracy of moving people counting, we combine our multiview fusion detection method with particle tracking to count the number of people moving in/out the camera view (“border control”). Extensive experiments and analyses show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art techniques in single- and multicamera datasets for both speed and reliability. We also design a deployed system for fast and reliable people (still or moving) counting by using multiple cameras.
Prepaid metering system for isolated microgrids (2016)

This paper describes two implementations of prepaid metering systems for isolated microgrids. The first implementation uses GSM as its communication channel. The system is composed of smart meters with GSM capability and a utility server that handles all the accounting and reloading processes. The system allows communication among the supplier or microgrid owner, the consumers, and the retailers through SMS. The second implementation replaces the GSM module with a Zigbee module which allows communication on areas without cellular access. This system is composed of smart meters and a base station which communicate with each other up to a certain distance. The results show that the meter performs accurate energy measurements for both linear and non-linear loads. The smart meter, utility server, and base station are also able to properly handle all incoming and outgoing messages in modest duration given a moderate GSM signal strength or a certain distance whether indoors or outdoors. The server is also able to reload, audit and disconnect the meters whenever necessary.
Automated discovery of patient-specific clinician information needs using clinical information system log files. (2003)

Knowledge about users and their information needs can contribute to better user interface design and organization of information in clinical information systems. This can lead to quicker access to desired information, which may facilitate the decision-making process. Qualitative methods such as interviews, observations and surveys have been commonly used to gain an understanding of clinician information needs. We introduce clinical information system (CIS) log analysis as a method for identifying patient-specific information needs and CIS log mining as an automated technique for discovering such needs in CIS log files. We have applied this method to WebCIS (Web-based Clinical Information System) log files to discover patterns of usage. The results can be used to guide design and development of relevant clinical information systems. This paper discusses the motivation behind the development of this method, describes CIS log analysis and mining, presents preliminary results and summarizes how the results can be applied.
Introduction to reversible computing (2005)

Reversible computing is motivated by the von Neumann-Landauer (VNL) principle, a theorem of modern physics telling us that ordinary irreversible logic operations (which destructively overwrite previous outputs) incur a fundamental minimum energy cost. Such operations typically dissipate roughly the logic signal energy, itself irreducible due to thermal noise. This fact threatens to end improvements in practical computer performance within the next few decades. However, computers based mainly on reversible logic operations can reuse a fraction of the signal energy that theoretically can approach arbitrarily near to 100% as the quality of the hardware is improved, reopening the door to arbitrarily high computer performance at a given level of power dissipation. In the 32 years since the theoretical possibility of this approach was first shown by Bennett, our understanding of how to design and engineer practical machines based on reversible logic has improved dramatically, but a number of significant research challenges remain, e.g., (1) the development of fast and cheap switching devices with adiabatic energy coefficients well below those of transistors, (2) and of clocking systems that are themselves of very high reversible quality; and (3) the design of highly-optimized reversible logic circuits and algorithms. Finally, the field faces an uphill social battle in overcoming the enormous inertia of the established semiconductor industry, with its extreme resistance to revolutionary change. A more evolutionary strategy that aims to introduce reversible computing concepts only very gradually might well turn out to be more successful. This talk explains these basic issues, to set the stage for the rest of the workshop, which aims to address them in more detail
Vehicle Relay Attack Avoidance Methods Using RF Signal Strength (2013)

The number of passenger cars equipped with a smart key system continues to increase due to the convenience of the system. A smart key system allows the driver to enter and start a car without using a mechanical key through a wireless authentication process between the car and the key fob. Even though a smart key system has its own security scheme, it is vulnerable to the so-called relay attacks. In a relay attack, attackers with signal relaying devices enter and start a car by relaying signals from the car to the owner’s fob. In this study, a method to detect a relay attack is proposed. The signal strength is used to determine whether the signal received is from the fob or the attacker’s relaying devices. Our results show that relay attacks can be avoided by using the proposed method.
Helmet Exhalation Capture System (HECS) Sizing Evaluation for an Advanced Space Suit Portable Life Support System (2008)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">As part of NASA's initiative to develop an advanced portable life support system (PLSS), a baseline schematic has been chosen that includes gaseous oxygen in a closed circuit ventilation configuration. Supply oxygen enters the suit at the back of the helmet, passes over the astronaut's body, and is extracted at the astronaut's wrists and ankles through the liquid cooling and ventilation garment (LCVG). The extracted gases are then treated using a rapid cycling amine (RCA) system for carbon dioxide and water removal and activated carbon for trace gas removal before being mixed with makeup oxygen and reintroduced into the helmet. Thermal control is provided by a suit water membrane evaporator (SWME).</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">As an extension of the original schematic development, NASA evaluated several Helmet Exhalation Capture System (HECS) configurations as alternatives to the baseline. The HECS configurations incorporate the use of full contact masks or non-contact masks to reduce flow requirements within the PLSS ventilation subsystem. The primary scope of this study was to compare the alternatives based on mass and volume considerations; however other design issues were also briefly investigated. This paper summarizes the results of this sizing analysis task.</div>
Generating a High-Precision True Digital Orthophoto Map Based on UAV Images (2018)

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) low-altitude remote sensing technology has recently been adopted in China. However, mapping accuracy and production processes of true digital orthophoto maps (TDOMs) generated by UAV images require further improvement. In this study, ground control points were distributed and images were collected using a multi-rotor UAV and professional camera, at a flight height of 160 m above the ground and a designed ground sample distance (GSD) of 0.016 m. A structure from motion (SfM), revised digital surface model (DSM) and multi-view image texture compensation workflow were outlined to generate a high-precision TDOM. We then used randomly distributed checkpoints on the TDOM to verify its precision. The horizontal accuracy of the generated TDOM was 0.0365 m, the vertical accuracy was 0.0323 m, and the GSD was 0.0166 m. Tilt and shadowed areas of the TDOM were eliminated so that buildings maintained vertical viewing angles. This workflow produced a TDOM accuracy within 0.05 m, and provided an effective method for identifying rural homesteads, as well as land planning and design.
Interferon‐γ and tumor necrosis factor induce the L‐arginine‐dependent cytotoxic effector mechanism in murine macrophages<sup>*</sup> (1988)

We tested several monokines and muramyl dipeptide (MDP) to determine whether they induce the L-arginine-dependent effector mechanism in cultured murine macrophages. Recombinant interferon-gamma (rIFN-gamma) and recombinant tumor necrosis factor (rTNF) synergize to induce nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-) synthesis from L-arginine as well as to cause inhibition of the iron-dependent enzyme aconitase in macrophages. Unlike rTNF, recombinant interleukin 1 (rIL 1) and rIL 6/B cell stimulatory factor 2 (rIL 6/BSF-2) did not act as cofactors when added to macrophages in the presence of rIFN-gamma. rIFN-gamma plus MDP induced the L-arginine-dependent effector mechanism in murine macrophages. However, induction by rIFN-gamma plus MDP was inhibited by anti-rTNF antibodies which suppressed both NO2-/NO3- synthesis and aconitase inhibition. This result indicates that endogenously produced TNF is involved in the induction of the L-arginine-dependent effector mechanism when MDP is the co-stimulant with rIFN-gamma. In contrast, anti-rTNF antibodies did not fully suppress the effect of combining rIFN-gamma and lipopolysaccharide, suggesting that, in this case, activation of the L-arginine-dependent effector pathway may involve more than induction of TNF synthesis by the macrophages. These results provide information, at a biochemical level, on a mechanism through which combination of IFN-gamma and TNF can modulate macrophage functions involved in the control of cell proliferation.
Cellular two's complement serial—pipeline multipliers (1979)

Serial two's complement pipeline multipliers are the basic module in the serial arithmetic implementation of digital signal processing algorithms. These multipliers accept the data serially in two's complement notation and generate a serial output product in two's complement notation as well. The designs, however, presented up to now lack in modularity; in addition, they have the problem of the internal overflow. In this paper a new two's complement multiplication algorithm is worked out, that allows cellular implementation of serial-pipeline multipliers and does not limit the dynamic range of the data input. In addition, by using the proposed cell, useful functions for digital signal processing can be performed. Methods are proposed for overflow detection, and comparison is made with previously proposed realizations.
The Two Pathophysiologies of Focal Brain Ischemia: Implications for Translational Stroke Research (2012)

Brain injury after focal ischemia evolves along two basically different pathophysiologies, depending on the severity of the primary flow reduction and the dynamics of postischemic recirculation. In permanent and gradually reversed focal ischemia as after thromboembolic occlusion, primary core injury is irreversible but the expansion of the core into the penumbra can be alleviated by hemodynamic and molecular interventions. Such alleviation can only be achieved within 3 hours after the onset of ischemia because untreated core injury expands to near maximum size during this interval. In promptly reversed transient ischemia as after mechanical vascular occlusion, primary core injury may recover but a secondary delayed injury evolves after a free interval of as long as 6 to 12 hours. This injury can be alleviated throughout the free interval but the longer window is without clinical relevance because transient mechanical vascular occlusion is not a model of naturally occurring stroke. As this difference is widely ignored in stroke research, most clinical trials have been designed with a far too long therapeutic window, which explains their failure. Transient mechanical vascular occlusion models should, therefore, be eliminated from the repertoire of preclinical stroke research.
Dielectric properties of biological tissue: Variation with age (2005)

The dielectric properties of whole brain, skin, and skull were determined experimentally in the frequency range 300 KHz-300 MHz. Tissue samples were excised from 10, 30, and 70 day old Wistar strain rats. The data are presented in graphical format and compared to previously published data in the frequency range 0.1-20 GHz. Good agreement is observed between the two data sets. At frequencies in excess of about 100 MHz, where the gamma dispersion is dominant, the permittivity and conductivity increase monotonically with decreasing age. At lower frequencies, the site of the beta dispersion, a change in the frequency dependence of the dielectric parameters is observed and is most evident in the spectra for brain and skin. This is attributed to changes in the tissue structure. Age-related dielectric data, available for 9 of the 34 tissues, were incorporated in a numerical plane wave exposure dosimetry study on anatomically heterogeneous rat models with body sizes corresponding to the ages of 10, 30, and 70 days at a number of spot frequencies from 27 to 2000 MHz. The results reveal that the variation in the dielectric properties affect the whole body SAR by less than 5% with the most conservative value (highest SAR) obtained when 70 day properties are used.