gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aliphatic vs. aromatric C–H bond activation of phenylcyclohexane catalysed by cytochrome P450cam (1996)

Catalytic hydroxylation of phenylcyclohexane 1 by wild-type and the Y96A and Y96F mutant forms of cytochrome P450cam occurs only at the 3- and 4-positions on the cyclohexane ring, giving cis-3-phenylcyclohexanol 2, cis-4-phenylcyclohexanol 3 and trans-4-phenylcyclohexanol 4.
An improved method for evaluating osteogenesis <i>in vitro</i> (1964)

Abstract A simple, rapid method is presented which permits qualitative evaluation of osteogenesis in tissue culture. Eleven‐day embryonic chick tibiae, with distal and proximal condyles removed, were grown in organ culture for two weeks. Explants demonstrated subperiosteal osteogenesis, bridging of fracture defects, and formation of bone, de novo , over the cut cartilaginous end surfaces of explants. The method presented herein has several advantages over those previously described and may be adopted for an in vitro assay of materials to determine direct effects on osteogenesis. Large quantities of explants can be prepared easily and cultured to yield consistantly abundant quantities of osteoid. Bone which is formed over ends of anlage is particularly significant by virtue of its position. New bone formed elsewhere in explants, with the possible exception of the fracture sites, however, is difficult to distinguish from bone present before onset of cultivation. Further more, osteogenesis which occurs over the cut cartilaginous ends after a week of culture, probably results from favorable environmental conditions in vitro and not from cellular activity “preprogrammed” in ovo. In addition to osteogenesis, alteration of cartilage cells and matrix were observed in this system. Chondrocytes in the cut ends of the anlagen became spheroidal and resembled osteoblasts. Bone formation, however, was not observed about these cells. In and about lacunae of degenerating chondrocytes at the ends of the anlagen, collagen fibers appeared.
A unit for measuring and stabilizing the temperatures of the furnace table of the high-temperature ion collector in the ILU-3 accelerator (2014)

A schematic diagram of the unit is described. A method for connecting thermocouples in the vacuum chamber of the ion collector of the ILU-3 accelerator, taking the “cold end” temperature into account, is proposed. The maximal stabilization temperature of the furnace table in the high-temperature ion collector is 800°C, and the minimal stabilization temperature depends on implantation modes. The temperature control accuracy is ±3°C.
A Journey to the Glaciers of the Eastern Karakoram: Discussion (1932)

William Goodenough, Lord Conway, Francis Younghusband, T. G. Longstaff, Giotto Dainelli, A Journey to the Glaciers of the Eastern Karakoram: Discussion, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 79, No. 4 (Apr., 1932), pp. 268-274
Vapor Phase Oxidation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons. (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTVapor Phase Oxidation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons.J. H. Jones, M. R. Fenske, D. G. Hutton, and H. D. AllendorfCite this: J. Chem. Eng. Data 1961, 6, 4, 623–626Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1961https://doi.org/10.1021/je60011a043RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views53Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (3 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Effect of &Delta;<sup>9</sup>-Tetrahydrocannabinol on the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Rat (1978)

THC was neither ulcerogenic in ‘semi-fasted’ or 18-hour fasted rats following an oral dose of 100.0 mg/kg nor did it promote fecal blood loss (51Cr-labelled erythrocyte test) in the fasted rat after a dose of 200.0 mg/kg. On the contrary, 200.0 mg/kg of acetylsalicylic acid was ulcerogenic and caused fecal blood loss in the fasted rat. Neither substance caused mortalities at the doses tested.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Studies on Polynuclear Osmium Carbonyl Hydrides. Part 33. Formation of Tungsten‐Triosmium Clusters. Crystal Structure and Reactivity of (η5‐C5H5)WOs3(CO)12(μ3‐CC6H4CH3)(μ‐H)2. (1987)

Abstract The title cluster (III) is obtained as a minor product besides the previously identified mixed‐metal clusters (IV)‐(VI) by the 1:1.2 molar reaction of the Os cluster (I) with the W complex (II).
Dietary Considerations for Obese Diabetic Subjects (1988)

Individuals with an upper-body form of obesity show greater associations with higher glucose excursions, exacerbated insulin resistance, increased abnormality of lipoprotein profile, and higher cardiovascular risk. Individuals with obesity and diabetes are at great risk for cardiovascular disease. Weight reduction and improvement in blood glucose control through dietary interventions for the obese person with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) hold the greatest potential for reducing morbidity and mortality. The relative merits of different weight-reduction programs are unclear, but regimens should be nutritionally complete, easy to follow, and include a program for maintaining the reduced weight level. Improvement in insulin action and the possibility of slowing development of clinical nephropathy or end-stage renal disease in NIDDM through weight loss have been found. Very low calorie diets, when used with medical supervision, may lead to significant weight loss, improved metabolic status, and even reduction or elimination of the need for oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin; however, further studies are needed to examine possible negative outcomes in people with NIDDM before very low calorie diets can be recommended. The causes of obesity and its connection with diabetes are unclear, but even modest calorie restriction may be beneficial to obese diabetic patients because of the positive effects on blood glucose levels and requirements for insulin and oral antidiabetic agents.
[The roles of primary and secondary health services in the production and utilization of clinical chemical blood analyses. A 5-year survey in the county of Frederiksborg]. (1992)

The number of clinical chemical analyses performed on blood in the County of Frederiksborg in 1990 was 3.7 per inhabitant. The number of analyses requested increased by only 2.5% since 1986. Approximately 1/3 of the analyses were requested from primary care and about 1/5 of these analyses were performed in the doctors' offices. Approximately 100 different kinds of analyses were requested, but the 10 (20) most frequent analyses requested in 1990 account for 62 (80%) of the analyses requested from the hospitals and 73 (89%) of the analyses requested from primary care. Approximately 50% of the analyses requested for B-hemoglobin and B-sedimentation rate and about 70% of the analyses requested for B-glucose was performed in the doctors' office in 1990. Only the number of analyses requested for B-glucose has increased (50%) since 1986. The three analyses account for more than 90% of the clinical chemical analyses performed on blood in the doctors' offices. The pattern of analyses for the ten most frequent analyses requested from primary care differs from the pattern of analyses requested from the hospitals. As compared with the number of analyses requested for P-creatinine, the analyses P-aspartate aminotransferase, P-alkaline phosphatase, B-sedimentation rate and B-differential counts were requested more than twice as frequently from primary care as from the hospitals. The pattern of analyses requested for a number of the 20 most frequently requested analyses shows considerably variation from hospital to hospital. This is especially pronounced for B-sedimentation rate and B-leucocyte counts.
Effects of carbon dioxide on trapped electrolyte hydrogen-oxygen, alkaline fuel cells (1970)

Carbon dioxide traces effects on composition, volume and electrochemical characteristics of trapped electrolyte hydrogen oxygen alkaline fuel cells
Alternative outlets for sustaining photosynthetic electron transport during dark-to-light transitions (2019)

Environmental stresses dramatically impact the balance between the production of photosynthetically derived energetic electrons and Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle (CBBC) activity; an imbalance promotes accumulation of reactive oxygen species and causes cell damage. Hence, photosynthetic organisms have developed several strategies to route electrons toward alternative outlets that allow for storage or harmless dissipation of their energy. In this work, we explore the activities of three essential outlets associated with <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i> photosynthetic electron transport: (<i>i</i>) reduction of O<sub>2</sub> to H<sub>2</sub>O through flavodiiron proteins (FLVs) and (<i>ii</i>) plastid terminal oxidases (PTOX) and (<i>iii</i>) the synthesis of starch. Real-time measurements of O<sub>2</sub> exchange have demonstrated that FLVs immediately engage during dark-to-light transitions, allowing electron transport when the CBBC is not fully activated. Under these conditions, we quantified maximal FLV activity and its overall capacity to direct photosynthetic electrons toward O<sub>2</sub> reduction. However, when starch synthesis is compromised, a greater proportion of the electrons is directed toward O<sub>2</sub> reduction through both the FLVs and PTOX, suggesting an important role for starch synthesis in priming/regulating CBBC and electron transport. Moreover, partitioning energized electrons between sustainable (starch; energetic electrons are recaptured) and nonsustainable (H<sub>2</sub>O; energetic electrons are not recaptured) outlets is part of the energy management strategy of photosynthetic organisms that allows them to cope with the fluctuating conditions encountered in nature. Finally, unmasking the repertoire and control of such energetic reactions offers new directions for rational redesign and optimization of photosynthesis to satisfy global demands for food and other resources.
Ribonuclease and Oligoribonucleotide Synthesis (1967)

Abstract The nucleotides, 5'-O-phosphoryl uridine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and 5'-O-methylphosphoryl uridine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate, and the dinucleotides obtained from the reaction of these compounds with uridine have been synthesized and characterized. The 5'-substituted nucleotides were prepared to serve as nonpolymerizing substrates in kinetic studies of oligoribonucleotide synthesis. Reaction conditions were obtained which allowed a comparison of the synthetic activity of the native enzyme and the synthetically active derivative, e-dinitrophenyllysine-41-ribonuclease. Irrespective of substrate, the synthetic activity of the dinitrophenylated enzyme differed from that of unmodified ribonuclease with regard to optimal pH, proportionality to enzyme concentration, reaction velocity, and the effect of substrate concentration. In reactions catalyzed by ribonuclease A, the kinetic parameters (Km and Vm) for synthetic activity were identical with either nonpolymerizing pyrimidine cyclic phosphate. The e-dinitrophenyllysine-41-ribonuclease-catalyzed reactions yielded kinetic values which varied with the 5'-substituent of the cyclic phosphate. Relative to native ribonuclease, the apparent affinity (Km) of the substrates for the modified enzyme was not diminished, although the reaction velocity (Vm) was reduced. Analysis of the data suggests that the lysine-41 residue is not essential for pyrimidine cyclic phosphate binding, but may participate in the catalytic process required for synthetic activity.
Genetic variation in<i>CLDN1</i>and susceptibility to hepatitis C virus infection (2009)

Claudin-1 is a recently discovered co-receptor for hepatitis C virus (HCV) that is required for late-stage binding of the virus. Because variants in the gene that encodes claudin-1 (CLDN1) could play a role in HCV infection, we conducted a 'whole gene association study' among injection drug users (IDUs) to examine whether CLDN1 genetic variants were associated with the risk of HCV infection or with viral clearance. In a cross sectional study, we examined genotype results for 50 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the CLDN1 gene region, comparing genotypes among participants with chronic HCV (n = 658) to those in IDUs who had cleared HCV (n = 199) or remained HCV-uninfected (n = 68). Analyses were controlled for racial ancestry (African-American or European-American) by stratification and logistic regression modeling. We found that participants who remained uninfected more often carried CLDN1 promoter region SNPs -15312C [odds ratio (OR), 1.72; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00-2.94; P = 0.048], -7153A (OR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.25-3.62; P = 0.006) and -5414C (OR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.06-3.00; P = 0.03). HCV-uninfected participants less often carried CLDN1 IVS1-2983C (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.31-0.97; P = 0.04), which lies in intron 1. CLDN1 -15312C, -7153A and -5414C formed a haplotype in both the African-American and European-American participants and a haplotype analysis supported the association of CLDN1 -7153A in the HCV-uninfected participants. The analyses of HCV clearance revealed no associations with any SNP. These results indicate that genetic variants in regulatory regions of CLDN1 may alter susceptibility to HCV infection.
Phosphate: the Silent Challenge (2014)

Phosphorus (P) is one of the most vital elements for all living organisms which acts as aconstituent of essential biomolecules such as nucleic acids, phospholipids, and phosphosugars,and as a major contributor to almost all metabolic reactions including photosynthesis,respiration, and energy delivery. It is one of the most needed nutrients for plant growth anddevelopment. Despite high levels of P in the soil, plants absorb it only in the soluble inorganicform of free phosphate ion (Pi) which is scarce in soil. Therefore, there has been a large demandfor Pi fertilizers to secure crop yields, yet its deposition in soil and gradual run-off into waterreservoirs lead to chains of events that cause irreversible damages to ecosystems. Researches,including genome-wide data analyses, have revealed interesting molecular aspects of plantadaptive strategies to deal with low Pi concentrations in soil. These include the higherexpression of acid phosphatases and Pi transporters as well as the secretion of organic acids inthe rhizosphere that maintain cellular Pi homeostasis in order to keep metabolic reactionsrunning. Describing the cycle of Pi exchange between physical and biological worlds, the extentto which current agricultural practices are disturbing the cycle, the necessity of introducing lessdestructivemethods of providing Pi, and alternative measures and solutions for sustainableagriculture will be discussed in this review.
Association of plasma homocysteine and gene polymorphisms of homocysteine with ulcerative colitis (2010)

Objective To evaluate association of plasma levels of homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 as well as genetic polymorphisms of homocysteine with ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods Three hundred and ten consecutive patients with UC and 936 healthy controls were recruited.Polymorphisms of methylenetetrahyrdofolate reductase (MTHFR, C677T and A1298C), methionine synthase (MTR) A2756G and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) A66G were genotyped using PCR-RELP methods. Eighty eight patients and one hundred healthy controls were randomly selected for determination of plasma levels of homocysteine by enzymatic cycling assay, and concentrations of folate and vitamin B12 were measured by corpuscle immune chemiluminescence assay. Results The variant allele and genotype frequencies of MTHFR 1298C, MTR 2756G and MTRR 66G were significantly higher in UC patients than in the healthy controls (P＜0. 01). Moreover, plasma homocysteine level was obviously higher in UC patients than in controls [(21.73±6.59) mmol/L vs(12.47±5.01)mmol/L,P<0.01).Whereas both folate F(11.25±6.19)nmol/L] and vitamin B12 [(322.81±128.47)pmol/L] concentrations were significantly lower in UC patients than in controls [(15.28±7.72)nmol/L and (422.59±129.36)pmol/L,respectively,P<0.01].Logistic analysis revealed that abnormal levels of homocysteine,folate and vitamin B12 were independent risk factors for UC(P<0.01).Conclusions Plasma levels of homocysteine,folate and vitamin B12 as well as the related genetic polymorphisms of homocystein are correlated with UC,which provides a theoretical basis for supplement of folate and vitamin B12 in treatment of UC patients.

Key words: 
Colitis,ulcerative; Homocysteine; Folate acid; Vitamin B12
Oxygen (2001)

[7782-44-7] O2 (MW 32.00) (oxidizing agent for many organic systems, including, most commonly, organometallic compounds, carbon radicals, and heteroatoms such as sulfur) Physical Data: mp −218 °C; bp −183 °C; d 1.429 g L−1 (0 °C), 1.149 g L−1 (−183 °C). Solubility: sol to some extent in most solvents. Selected data, expressed as mL of O2 (at 0 °C/760 mmHg) dissolved in 1 mL of solvent when the partial pressure of the gas is 760 mmHg, are as follows: Me2CO (0.207/18 °C), CHCl3 (0.205/16 °C), Et2O (0.415/20 °C), EtOAc (0.163/20 °C), MeOH (0.175/19 °C), petroleum ether (0.409/19 °C), PhMe (0.168/18 °C), H2O (0.023/20 °C). Form Supplied in: dry gas; dilutions in Ar, He, or N2; 18O2; 17O2. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: of itself, oxygen gas is essentially nontoxic. However, it will support and vigorously increase the rate of combustion of most materials. It may ignite combustibles and can cause an explosion on contact with oil and grease. The potential for autoxidative formation of explosive peroxides (e.g. with Et2O) should always be borne in mind.
Development of high temperature scanning electron microscopy and applications to sintering studies (1978)

The densification and microstructutral changes of a metallic and/or ceramic powder compact during sintering is a critically important but incompletely understood process.Whether solely in the solid state or in the presence of a liquid phase, mass transport occurs at elevated temperatures to eliminate porosity and reduce the surface energy of the system.. , .-. .-_.*-... Modifications in a commercial specimen heating stage for the JEOL JSM-U3 scanning electron microscope were made, for the purpose of increas ing the temperature capability of the device.Changes in specimen dimensions, particle shape and pore morphology, formation of liquid phases and other direct evidence of the sintering process have been observed and recorded at temperature using video tape and 16mm time lapse movies of the TV scanning image.Materials that have been examined at elevated temperature are Ni, glass, A1.0,,, U0", W, Cu, WC-Co, and CaF2-
Molecular Biology of Weed Control (2002)

The vast commercial effort to utilize chemical and molecular tools to solve weed control problems has had a major impact on the basic biological sciences as well as benefits to agriculture, and the first generation of transgenic products has been successful, while somewhat crude. More sophisticated products are envisaged and expected. Biotechnologically-derived herbicide-resistant crops have been a considerable benefit, yet in some cases there is a risk that the same useful transgenes may introgress into related weeds, specifically the weeds that are hardest to control without such transgenic crops. Biotechnology can also be used to mitigate the risks. Molecular tools should be considered for weed control without the use of, or with less chemicals, whether by enhancing crop competitiveness with weeds for light, nutrients and water, or via allelochemicals. Biocontrol agents may become more effective as well as more safe when rendered hypervirulent yet non-spreading by biotechnology. There might be ways to disperse deleterious transposons throughout weed populations, obviating the need to modify the crops.
Incorporation of a sunscreen in microspheres: determination of permeation and distribution on reconstituted epidermis (Skinethic) (2012)

Aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of the incorporation in microspheres of 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (Parsol 5000) on distribution and permeation through reconstituted epidermis (SKINETHIC, RE). The permeation profiles demonstrated that the incorporation of the sunscreen in the microspheres remarkably reduced the flux through reconstituted epidermis of about 20 times while a greater recovery in the stratum corneum was determined with respect to viable epidermis. Furthermore in vitro release of Parsol 5000 from emulsion trough cellulose acetate membrane gave similar results indicating the important role of the microspheres in the interaction with the skin.
Ontogeny of the bovine neurohypophyseal hormone precursors (1984)

Neurohypophyseal hormones are fragments of precursor proteins that include specific neurophysins and are processed during axonal transport. Neurohormones and neurophysins purified from 7-9 month old bovine foetuses have been characterized by amino acid analysis and partial amino acid sequences. Oxytocin and arginine vasopressin, on one hand, and VLDV-neurophysin and MSEL-neurophysin, on the other, are identical to products previously characterized in the adult. Whereas oxytocin and vasopressin genes seem to be expressed at the same rates in the adult, as judged by the amounts of their peptide products in neurohypophysis, in the late foetus the vasopressin gene appears to be roughly three times more active than the oxytocin gene.
Spectroscopic and Molecular Dynamics Studies on Binding of Dimethylplatinum(II) Complex Drug to Human Serum Albumin (2014)

Abstract In the present work, the interaction of a dimethylplatinum(II) complex (Pt(II) complex) with DNA and human serum albumin (HSA) was studied by different spectroscopic techniques, including UV–vis spectroscopy, fluorescence, and far-UV circular dichroism (CD). The Pt(II) complex exhibits strong ability in quenching the intrinsic fluorescence of HSA. The results of far-UV CD suggest that this Pt(II) complex induces significant reduction of HSA α-helical structure which was accompanied with the elevation in quantity of the other protein structures. Molecular simulation and fluorescence spectroscopic results were employed to define the van der Waals and hydrophobic interactions of this complex with HSA. Also, the half maximal cytotoxic concentration (Cc50) of the complex was found to be 17.33 and 3.95 µM for the incubation times of 24 and 48 h, respectively. The results show that this complex is a promising antiproliferative agent that can serve as a new drug with anticancer properties.