gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Einleitung (2018)

Der Sprachkompetenz kommt als Voraussetzung für den Bildungserfolg eine Schlüsselfunktion zu. Es ist daher als wesentliche Aufgabe aller Bildungsinstitutionen anzusehen, ein‐ und mehrsprachige Kinder möglichst früh beim Erwerb sprachlicher Fähigkeiten zu unterstützen, unterschiedliche sprachliche Ausgangsbedingungen aufzufangen und zur Stärkung sprachlicher Fähigkeiten beizutragen (Hasselhorn & Sallat, 2014; Müller, 2014). Während im vorschulischen Bereich in den letzten Jahren zahlreiche Konzepte und Werkzeuge zur Sprachstandserfassung und Sprachförderung entwickelt wurden (Überblick in Lisker, 2010, 2011), fand die Arbeit im U3‐Bereich, d. h. in Bildungsinstitutionen, in welchen ausschließlich oder teilweise auch Kinder bis zum Alter von drei Jahren betreut werden, innerhalb der Diskussion um eine effektive Sprachförderung lange Zeit nur wenig Berücksichtigung.
Probit (2010)

The logit model is limited in three important ways. It cannot represent random taste variation. It exhibits restrictive substitution patterns due to the IIA property. And it cannot be used with panel data when unobserved factors are correlated over time for each decision maker. GEV models relax the second of these restrictions, but not the other two. Probit models deal with all three. They can handle random taste variation, they allow any pattern of substitution, and they are applicable to panel data with temporally correlated errors.
Self-assembled nanoparticles based on modified cationic dipeptides and DNA: novel systems for gene delivery (2013)

The cationic dipeptide Nps can successfully deliver DNA without exerting any cytotoxic effect. Owing to their simple dipeptide origin, ease of synthesis, enhanced enzymatic stability as well unmatched biocompatibility, these could be successfully developed as vehicles for effective gene therapy.
Carbon source dependence of transposable element-associated gene activation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1984)

Seven cis-dominant mutations leading to the overproduction of the glucose-repressible alcohol dehydrogenase isozyme ADHII (structural gene, ADH2) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have previously been shown to be due to insertion of a transposable element, Ty, in the 5' regulatory region of the ADH2 gene. We showed that although mating-competent cells (a, alpha, a/a, or alpha/alpha cells) overproduced both ADHII enzyme and ADH2 mRNA, mating-incompetent cells (a/alpha or ste-cells) produced much less ADHII enzyme and ADH2 mRNA. This mating type effect on ADH2 expression was greatest in the presence of a normally derepressing carbon source, glycerol, and much less apparent in the presence of a repressing carbon source, glucose. In addition, Ty insertion led to an aberrant carbon source response in mating-incompetent cells--the normally glucose-repressible ADHII becomes glycerol repressible. The mating type effect and aberrant carbon source response in mating-incompetent cells was specific for Ty-associated mutations in the 5' flanking region of the ADH2 gene in that a non-Ty mutation in the same region did not show these effects. Finally, Ty1 RNA levels also showed a/alpha, suppression, which was apparent only during growth on a nonfermentable carbon source such as glycerol. This suggests that Ty-mediated gene expression is subject to regulation by both mating competence and carbon catabolites.
Robust prediction of hourly PM2.5 from meteorological data using LightGBM (2020)

Retrieving historical fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) data is key for evaluating the long-term impacts of PM<sub>2.5</sub> on the environment, human health and climate change. Satellite-based aerosol optical depth has been used to estimate PM<sub>2.5</sub>, but estimations have largely been undermined by massive missing values, low sampling frequency and weak predictive capability. Here, using a novel feature engineering approach to incorporate spatial effects from meteorological data, we developed a robust LightGBM model that predicts PM<sub>2.5</sub> at an unprecedented predictive capacity on hourly (R<sup>2 </sup>= 0.75), daily (R<sup>2 </sup>= 0.84), monthly (R<sup>2 </sup>= 0.88) and annual (R<sup>2 </sup>= 0.87) timescales. By taking advantage of spatial features, our model can also construct hourly gridded networks of PM<sub>2.5</sub>. This capability would be further enhanced if meteorological observations from regional stations were incorporated. Our results show that this model has great potential in reconstructing historical PM<sub>2.5</sub> datasets and real-time gridded networks at high spatial-temporal resolutions. The resulting datasets can be assimilated into models to produce long-term re-analysis that incorporates interactions between aerosols and physical processes.
Treatment of Articular Cartilage Defects in Athletes: An Analysis of Functional Outcome and Lesion Appearance (1998)

This article characterizes chondral injuries and reviews the results of microfracture treatment in high-level competitive and recreational athletes. Thirty-eight high-level and 140 recreational athletes completed functional questionnaires preoperatively and yearly postoperatively, recording symptoms, function, and activity level. Second-look arthroscopy tapes were available in 26 high-level and 54 recreational athletes. The mean follow-up for the high-level athletes was 3.7 +/- 1.4 years. Chondral defects averaged 223 +/- 180 mm2. Lesion size and follow-up were not significantly different in the recreational group. Functional questionnaire responses demonstrated significant improvements from the time of microfracture to final follow-up. Improvement in function and symptoms was similar for the competitive and recreational athletes.
Dimensional probes of the enzyme binding sites of adenine nucleotides. Biological effects of widening the adenine ring by 2.4 Å (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDimensional probes of the enzyme binding sites of adenine nucleotides. Biological effects of widening the adenine ring by 2.4 ÅNelson J. Leonard, David I. C. Scopes, Pieter Van der Lijn, and Jorge R. BarrioCite this: Biochemistry 1978, 17, 18, 3677–3685Publication Date (Print):September 5, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 5 September 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00611a001https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00611a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views95Altmetric-Citations52LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Finite mixture models: visualisation, localised regression, and prediction (2018)

Initially, this thesis introduces a new graphical tool, that can be used to summarise data possessing a mixture structure. Computation of the required summary statistics makes use of posterior probabilities of class membership obtained from a fitted mixture model. In this context, both real and simulated data are used to highlight the usefulness of the tool for the visualisation of mixture data in comparison to the use of a traditional boxplot. \n\t\t\nThis thesis uses localised mixture models to produce predictions from time series data. Estimation method used in these models is achieved using a kernel-weighted version of an EM-algorithm: exponential kernels with different bandwidths are used as weight functions. By modelling a mixture of local regressions at a target time point, but using different bandwidths, an informative estimated mixture probabilities can be gained relating to the amount of information available in the data set. This information is given a scale of resolution, that corresponds to each bandwidth. Nadaraya-Watson and local linear estimators are used to carry out localised estimation. For prediction at a future time point, a new methodology of bandwidth selection and adequate methods are proposed for each local method, and then compared to competing forecasting routines. A simulation study is executed to assess the performance of this model for prediction. \n\nFinally, double-localised mixture models are presented, that can be used to improve predictions for a variable time series using additional information provided by other time series. Estimation for these models is achieved using a double-kernel-weighted version of the EM-algorithm, employing exponential kernels with \ndifferent horizontal bandwidths and normal kernels with different vertical bandwidths, that are focused around a target observation at a given time point. Nadaraya-Watson and local linear estimators are used to carry out the double-localised estimation. For prediction at a future time point, different approaches are considered for each local method, and are compared to competing forecasting routines. Real data is used to investigate the performance of the localised and double-localised mixture models for prediction. The data used predominately in this thesis is taken from the International Energy Agency (IEA). \n
Theoretical Investigation of the Interrelationship Between Stationary and Personal Sampling in Exposure Estimation (2000)

In exposure estimation, personal sampling is the method of choice as it is a nearby representative of the contaminant concentration in the breathing zone. Due to the versatility of the stationary sampling in obtaining much higher sensitivity, in its adaptability to telemetering observations, it may also be an attractive sampling method for many circumstances. However, the two sampling methods differ in many theoretically important ways that go beyond the obvious differences. The theoretical investigation of the stationary and personal sampling methods vis-à-vis sampling for exposure estimation shows that the area sampling can be used to represent personal sampling under restricted conditions. Under the restricted conditions, an area of concentration within specified bounds may be determined in relation to a reasonably well-defined source. The extension of the theory to multiple or ill-defined sources pose potential complications that may be intractable through a theoretical analysis. These limitations and restrictions are inherent to the underlying premises of the two methods; therefore they are not amenable to easy correction. Even though these restrictions may suggest only a limited role for area sampling in exposure assessment, the theory shown also suggests areas of further applied and theoretical research to extend the proper use of area sampling in exposure assessment.
Use of Immunoglobulin G Antibody Avidity for Differentiation of Primary Human Herpesvirus 6 and 7 Infections (2001)

A human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) indirect immunofluorescence antibody avidity test was developed and used with an existing human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) antibody avidity test to detect and distinguish low-avidity antibodies to HHV-6 and HHV-7 and hence the respective primary infections. With sera from 269 British children aged 0 to 179 weeks, the tests showed that most (10 of 98 serum samples [13%]) HHV-6 low-avidity antibody was found in the first year of life, whereas for HHV-7, most (18 of 101 serum samples [20%]) HHV-7 low-avidity antibody was found in the second year of life. Five children had low-avidity antibodies to both viruses. Of nine Japanese children with previously serologically proven primary HHV-6 or HHV-7 infections, eight had low-avidity antibody only to the relevant virus, but one child had low-avidity antibodies to HHV-6 and HHV-7. The avidity tests were applied to five British children and further proof of viral infection was sought by the detection of specific DNA in serum or plasma, and saliva or cerebrospinal fluid. In two children who had low-avidity antibody to HHV-7 but who were seronegative for HHV-6, only HHV-7 was found. Both viruses were detected in one child with low-avidity HHV-7 antibody and high-avidity HHV-6 antibody. In two children with low-avidity antibodies to both viruses, HHV-6 and HHV-7 DNAs were found, confirming dual primary infections and excluding antibody cross-reactivity.
Physician Charges in the Hospital (1992)

Medicare physician payments are growing rapidly. At least 40% of the annual growth is due to volume increases. Reforms passed in 1989 include volume performance standards that attempt to control volume by linking future physician fee increases to volume growth. There is concern that defining the entire nation as the risk pool will result in an unworkable volume performance standard. One way to improve incentives is to create a separate volume performance standard for in-hospital physician services, define bundles of services related to the hospital stay, and place the medical staff of the hospital at risk for volume growth. To forestall the unbundling of services outside the stay, windows could be defined around the stay. This study reports physician services during the stay and in windows around the stay. In so doing, the study creates the knowledge base necessary to design better volume control policies and judge among alternative window definitions. Using 1987 data, this study presents average physician charges by type of service during: 1) the hospital stay; and 2) 1-month windows before and after the stay. For all admissions, 85% of charges occur during the stay and 15% occur during the windows (windows for surgical admissions and medical admissions are 9% and 23%, respectively). Pre- and postwindows are roughly symmetrical and average charges per day gradually increase before the admission and decline after discharge. A small physician panel commented on the clinical appropriateness of the one month windows. The panel indicates that defining in-hospital episodes of physician care is feasible.
Drugs that increase intelligence?: Application for childhood cognitive impairment (1998)

Due in part to the favorable demographics of Alzheimer's disease in the general population, pharmaceutical companies worldwide are aggressively pursuing the research and development of cognitive-enhancing drugs. There have been two rather noteworthy successes in recent years as both tacrine and donepezil have received FDA approval as useful pharmacologic treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Given what is now known regarding the critical periods for synaptic development and the organization of large-scale neuronal circuits in the developing cerebral cortex, it appears that there may exist a window of opportunity during which specifically targeted, pharmacologic intervention could exert a significantly favorable biologic effect during development. Pharmacologic agents that increase the brain's responsiveness to activity-dependent plasticity may be of particular therapeutic benefit to children with some forms of mental retardation. Currently available medications designed for use in adults with dementia have targeted cholinergic neurotransmission and to a lesser degree glutamatergic neurotransmission, both of which play important roles in learning, memory, and developmental organization of the brain. The “cholinergic hypothesis” of memory dysfunction has done much to focus research efforts on cholinergic strategies for the enhancement of learning and memory. Medications that affect cholinergic neurotransmission include acetylcholine precursors, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and muscarinic agonists. Drugs targeting the glutamatergic system are among the most novel modalities in treating disorders of memory and learning. These drugs have grown in proportion to advancements in our understanding of the physiologic and pathologic effects of this important excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter. The most important class of medications that affect glutamatergic neurotransmission include nootropics (ampakines) and glycinergic compounds. The rationale for using drugs that act on the glutamatergic system during critical periods for neuronal organization depends, in part, on the degree to which abnormal dendritic spine morphology and/or function associated with some forms of mental retardation is mediated by dysfunctional glutamatergic neurotransmission. It also depends to what degree spine morphology and/or function can be modified in these conditions. MRDD Research Reviews 1998;4:36–49. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Filter Radiometry and Some of Its Applications (1953)

Filter radiometry is discussed in terms of its general application to the study of various problems involving the accurate measurement of radiant energy or the calibration of selective radiant energy detectors. As an example of its use data are given on the method and results of total ozone measurements at Sacramento Peak, New Mexico, in June 1949.
A study of the occlusal plane orientation in complete denture construction (1987)

A cephalometric study was conducted on eighteen dentulous subjects and fifty-six complete denture wearers to determine the location of the natural and artificial occlusal planes as related to Camper's plane. The results indicated that both the natural and artificial occlusal planes were not parallel to Camper's plane. However, the final anteroposterior inclination of the artificial occlusal plane in complete dentures was almost the same as the inclination of the natural occlusal plane.
Rifamycin Antibiotics for Treatment of Clostridium difficile–Associated Diarrhea (2008)

Preliminary data support the use of rifamycins for treatment of CDAD. With the increased incidence and severity of CDAD, further investigation into this drug class as a treatment regimen for CDAD is warranted.
The prevalence of Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis (2014)

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder. We sought to synthesize studies on the prevalence of PD to obtain an overall view of how the prevalence of this disease varies by age, by sex, and by geographic location. We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for epidemiological studies of PD from 1985 to 2010. Data were analyzed by age group, geographic location, and sex. Geographic location was stratified by the following groups: 1) Asia, 2) Africa, 3) South America, and 4) Europe/North America/Australia. Meta-regression was used to determine whether a significant difference was present between groups. Forty-seven studies were included in the analysis. Meta-analysis of the worldwide data showed a rising prevalence of PD with age (all per 100,000): 41 in 40 to 49 years; 107 in 50 to 59 years; 173 in 55 to 64 years; 428 in 60 to 69 years; 425 in 65 to 74 years; 1087 in 70 to 79 years; and 1903 in older than age 80. A significant difference was seen in prevalence by geographic location only for individuals 70 to 79 years old, with a prevalence of 1,601 in individuals from North America, Europe, and Australia, compared with 646 in individuals from Asia (P < 0.05). A significant difference in prevalence by sex was found only for individuals 50 to 59 years old, with a prevalence of 41 in females and 134 in males (P < 0.05). PD prevalence increases steadily with age. Some differences in prevalence by geographic location and sex can be detected.
Pain in children and adolescents: a common experience (2000)

Little is known about the epidemiology of pain in children. We studied the prevalence of pain in Dutch children aged from 0 to 18 years in the open population, and the relationship with age, gender and pain parameters. A random sample of 1300 children aged 0-3 years was taken from the register of population in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. In the Rotterdam area, 27 primary schools and 14 secondary schools were selected to obtain a representative sample of 5336 children aged 4-18 years. Depending on the age of the child, a questionnaire was either mailed to the parents (0-3 years) or distributed at school (4-18 years). Of 6636 children surveyed, 5424 (82%) responded; response rates ranged from 64 to 92%, depending on the subject age and who completed the questionnaire. Of the respondents, 54% had experienced pain within the previous 3 months. Overall, a quarter of the respondents reported chronic pain (recurrent or continuous pain for more than 3 months). The prevalence of chronic pain increased with age, and was significantly higher for girls (P<0.001). In girls, a marked increase occurred in reporting chronic pain between 12 and 14 years of age. The most common types of pain in children were limb pain, headache and abdominal pain. Half of the respondents who had experienced pain reported to have multiple pain, and one-third of the chronic pain sufferers experienced frequent and intense pain. These multiple pains and severe pains were more often reported by girls (P<0.001). The intensity of pain was higher in the case of chronic pain (P<0. 001) and multiple pains (P<0.001), and for chronic pain the intensity was higher for girls (P<0.001). These findings indicate that chronic pain is a common complaint in childhood and adolescence. In particular, the high prevalence of severe chronic pain and multiple pain in girls aged 12 years and over calls for follow-up investigations documenting the various bio-psycho-social factors related to this pain.
Features (2009)

The various chapters so far have introduced the basics of process-algebraic reasoning, including essential concepts such as recursion, parallel composition, and abstraction, and several extensions of this basic framework with time, data, and state. This one-but-last chapter introduces two more extensions, to reason about priorities and probabilities, and elaborates briefly on mobility and variants of parallel composition in Sections 11.3 and 11.4.
Mutation of a transcription factor, TFCP2L3, causes progressive autosomal dominant hearing loss, DFNA28 (2002)

We ascertained a large American family with an autosomal dominant form of progressive non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. After excluding linkage to known deafness loci, we performed a genome-wide scan and found linkage to marker GAAT1A4 on chromosome 8q22 (LOD=5.12 at theta=0), and this locus was designated DFNA28. Sequencing of six candidate genes in the 1.4 cM linked region identified a frameshift mutation (1609-1610insC) resulting in a premature translation stop codon in exon 14 of the gene TFCP2L3 (transcription factor cellular promoter 2-like 3). TFCP2L3 is a member of a family of transcription factor genes whose archetype is TFCP2, a mammalian homolog of the Drosophila gene grainyhead. Northern blot analyses and in situ hybridization studies show that mouse Tfcp2l3 is expressed in many epithelial tissues, including cells lining the cochlear duct, at embryonic day 18.5 and postnatal day 5.