gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Drying of a partially saturated rock matrix by fracture ventilation: Experiments and modeling in a single fracture‐matrix system (2009)

We present an efficient approach for modeling drying resulting from airflow through fractures embedded within a rock matrix by coupling a nonlinear diffusion equation for moisture transport in the matrix with a depth‐averaged quasi steady state advection‐dispersion equation for the vapor transport in the fracture. Coupling between the moisture transport equation in the fracture and matrix is achieved by applying Kelvin's equation at the fracture‐matrix interface. The proposed modeling approach was then validated based on a single fracture‐matrix drying experiment involving airflow through a fracture sandwiched between two matrix blocks. The moisture diffusivity for the rock matrix was first estimated in a one‐dimensional matrix drying experiment using a mass balance method. Numerical simulations based on our coupled modeling approach captured the important characteristics of the drying behavior in the single fracture‐matrix experiment. Additional numerical simulations are presented to clarify the factors controlling drying behavior. The important features of drying in a single fracture‐matrix system are as follows: (1) The total evaporation rate exhibits an initial constant value at early time, followed by a 1/ t decrease with time. (2) At early time a “drying toe” forms near the fracture entrance and propagates along the fracture length as the fracture‐matrix interface becomes progressively drier. During this period, the moisture content distributions in the rock matrix are two‐dimensional, with gradients both parallel and perpendicular to the fracture. (3) At late time, after the drying toe reaches the end of the fracture, a “drying front” forms and propagates away from the fracture‐matrix interface, leading to a largely one‐dimensional (perpendicular to the fracture) variation of moisture content in the rock matrix. The experimental measurements could not fully resolve the early time two‐dimensional moisture content variations due to the coarse resolution, precluding a rigorous comparison with simulated behavior. However, the later‐time one‐dimensional moisture content variation observed in the experimental data was reasonably reproduced in the numerical simulations.
Iridium phosphors with peripheral triphenylamine encapsulation: highly efficient solution-processed red electrophosphorescence (2012)

The peripheral triphenylamine-encapsulated red-emitting iridium(III) complexes have been designed and synthesized. External quantum efficiency over 15% has been realized in single-layer polymer light-emitting diodes, which is the highest ever reported for solution-processed red phosphorescence.
Magnetic properties of Fe/Pd multilayers grown by electron-beam evaporation (1995)

The magnetic properties of [Fe(20 Å)/Pd(x Å)]25 multilayers prepared by ultrahigh vacuum electron-beam evaporation are presented. It is found that the crystal structure of Fe layers change from bcc to fcc when the thickness of Pd layers dPd≥36 Å. The saturation magnetization per unit Fe volume at 5 K is enhanced and oscillates with the increment of the thickness of Pd layers, due to the polarization of Pd atoms. The magnetic hysteresis loops of samples indicate low coercive forces, and ferromagnetic coupling between the Fe layers for all Pd thicknesses (6–60 Å). The conversion electron Mössbauer spectra measurements proved that the magnetic moment of fcc Fe is the same as that of the bcc Fe. It is also found that the magnetic anisotropy dependence on dPd is similar to that of the saturation magnetization, and relates to the Fe layer structure transition. The Curie temperature of Fe/Pd multilayers decreases monotonously with the increasing of dPd. The low temperature magnetization measurement of Fe/Pd multilayers suggests that the interlayer coupling between Fe layers and polarization of Pd layers influences the temperature dependence of saturation magnetization. No evidence of antiferromagnetic coupling between Fe layers and giant magnetoresistance effect is found. The relationship among structure, polarization of Pd layers, and magnetic coupling is discussed.
Riboflavin as an Oral Tracer for Monitoring Compliance in Clinical Research (2011)

We studied urinary riboflavin as an objective biomarker of compliance in clinical research using a simplified method amenable to high throughput analysis. Six healthy women not taking vitamin supplements ingested a study pill containing riboflavin (32 mg) as an inactive tracer and the soy isoflavones daidzin (0.243 mmole) and genistin (0.222 mmole) as active ingredients once daily for four days. Riboflavin and metabolites of the isoflavones were measured in urine samples obtained before and after each pill. Urinary excretion of riboflavin and metabolites of both isoflavones peaked within 8 hrs and remained higher than baseline for 24 hrs. Urinary excretion of riboflavin was also measured in 152 additional women with unrestricted dietary supplement intakes. Mean and median urinary riboflavin concentrations in these women were 0.42 and 0.31 μg/mL, respectively, compared to 0.2 μg/mL during a riboflavin-restricted diet. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves indicated that urinary riboflavin within 24 hrs after a 32 mg dose would perform well as a measure of compliance (all areas under the ROC curves ≥0.84. Samples collected during the initial 8 hrs after pill ingestion performed better as a compliance measure than later collections. In summary, compliance in a clinical study can be monitored in real time by incorporating 32 mg of riboflavin into study pills, with compliance indicated by urinary riboflavin levels increasing over individual baselines or to ≥1.0 μg/mL, with a false positive rate of being classified as compliant at <5%.
Evaluating Soybean Germplasm for Specific Leaf Weight (1988)

Specific leaf weight (SLW) defined as the mass of tissue per unit leaf area has been positively correlated with leaf photosynthesis in several species and has therefore been suggested as a potentially useful selection criterion. Little research has been done to assess the range in genetic variability of SLW in soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] as a first step in evaluating the potential of selection for SLW. In previous reports, comparisons of SLW among lines of differing maturity have been confounded with environmental conditions associated with the various sampling times. The objectives of this research were to determine the phenotypic variability of SLW that exists in a portion of the Maturity Group I soybean germplasm of comparable maturity, and to estimate the genetic component of that variability. Four leaf discs, 8.7 mm in diam., were cut from each of two leaflets of five plants for 231 Maturity Group I accessions in the USDA soybean germplasm collection. One leaflet each was collected from the most recently fully expanded leaf and the next youngest leaf on each plant between R5 and R6 growth stages. All selected leaves were in an unshaded position in the canopy and sampled near solar noon on clear sky days. Plots were grown at Urbana, IL in 1983 and 1984 and at West Lafayette, IN in 1984 with one replication in each environment. Averaged across all locations and years accession means for SLW ranged from 47 to 86 g m −2 . ‘Hodgson 78’ replicated nine times in each 1984 environment, had a mean SLW of 62 g m −2 . Repeatability for SLW was 0.48 indicating that effective selection for this trait should be possible.
SGML nets: integrating document and workflow modeling (2002)

We introduce so called SGML nets as a new formalism for an integrated modeling of document structures as well as document manipulation processes. SGML nets are a variant of high level Petri nets where each place (passive element "document store") is typed using an SGML document type definition (DTD). Each place may be marked with a set of DTD conforming document instances. Each transition (active element) specifies a class of operations on these document stores. Edges in SGML nets are inscribed with document templates. The incoming arcs of a transition select a set of instances to be read from the input places, while outgoing arcs define insertions into output places. The definition of the occurrence role ensures DTD conformance of the document instances in all places of the net at every moment.
Threshold Voltage Tuning of Low-Voltage Organic Thin-Film Transistors (2011)

There are two critical issues involved in voltages of organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs), i.e., high operating voltages <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$V_{\rm op}$</tex></formula> and random distributed threshold voltages <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$V_{\rm TH}$</tex></formula> , which lead to high power consumption and unreliable logic function in organic integrated circuits, respectively. This paper demonstrates that both issues can be solved in a single OTFT device by using very thin insulator films. The operating voltages could be reduced to be less than 3 V, without lowering the mobility and the on/off ratio. Using light-enhanced bias stress effect, the threshold voltages can be tuned into the range of <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$-$</tex></formula> 4 to 4 V in OTFTs with <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{SiO}_{2}$</tex></formula> or <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX"> $\hbox{Al}_{2}\hbox{O}_{3}$</tex></formula> as dielectric films, demonstrating that light-enhanced bias stress effect in OTFTs is independent of the dielectric material. The <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\Delta V_{\rm TH}/V_{\rm op}$</tex></formula> ratio is about 3, which is one of the largest threshold-voltage-shifting ratios. It is found that the threshold voltage shifting has a linear relationship with the bias voltage and the light illumination time. This tuning technology is a postfabrication and noninvasive method with negligible influence on the mobility and on/off current ratios.
A biomechanical analysis of the single toe loop and the single loop jump of novice figure skaters (2015)

The primary purposes of this study were to 1) document the kinematics of a single toe loop and a single loop as performed by novice figure skaters and to 2) determine significant differences in maximum jump height, angular momentum during the flight phase and radial velocity of the right leg during take-off Each jump consisted of three phases, the approach, take-off and flight phase. For all phases, time duration, average joint range of motion, average maximum and average minimum position were calculated for the following joint angles: shoulder adduction/abduction, shoulder flexion/extension, elbow flexion/extension, hip abduction/adduction, hip flexion/extension, trunk flexion with the ice surface, knee flexion/extension, ankle dorsiflexion/plantar flexion. Additionally, resultant take-off, horizontal, vertical velocities, take-off angle and radial velocity of the right leg were calculated for the takeoff phase. For the flight phase, maximum jump height, jump length, total moment of inertia, segmental contribution to total moment of inertia, angular momentum and angular velocity were also calculated. The six novice female subjects of this study completed at least one single toe loop and one single loop jump in the field of view of two cameras. The video data were synchronized using an algorithm developed by Yeadon and King (1999) using Matlab (MathWorks, Inc., 1999). The kinematic data was
An Abstract API for Multicast Address Allocation (2000)

This document describes the service interface for the dynamic multicast address allocation service, as seen by applications. While it does not describe a concrete API (i.e., for a specific programming language), it describes - in abstract terms - the semantics of this service, including the guarantees that it makes to applications.
PLANT LOCATIONS WITH REVERSE IMPORTS IN THE PRESENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT (2013)

In this paper, we develop a location model of two multi‐national firms (MNFs) with reverse imports and examine the consistency of MNFs' location shift in terms of social welfare in the foreign direct investment (FDI) source (home) country. If fixed costs are incurred in FDI, trade liberalization induces a gradual overseas production by MNFs. When an unemployment problem exists in the home country, firms tend to undertake FDI at a lower level of trade liberalization, compared to the socially desirable level. As a result of the presence of a foreign rival firm, FDI by a home firm benefits the home country given that another home firm chooses foreign production. On the other hand, because of the negative effect of unemployment on social welfare, FDI by a home firm hurts the home country given that another home firm chooses domestic production. Hence, the government of the FDI source country might use subsidy‐tax policies in order to induce the MNFs to choose a socially desirable production location.
Analysis and VLSI architecture for 1-D and 2-D discrete wavelet transform (2005)

In this paper, a detailed analysis of very large scale integration (VLSI) architectures for the one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is presented in many aspects, and three related architectures are proposed as well. The 1-D DWT and inverse DWT (IDWT) architectures are classified into three categories: convolution-based, lifting-based, and B-spline-based. They are discussed in terms of hardware complexity, critical path, and registers. As for the 2-D DWT, the large amount of the frame memory access and the die area occupied by the embedded internal buffer become the most critical issues. The 2-D DWT architectures are categorized and analyzed by different external memory scan methods. The implementation issues of the internal buffer are also discussed, and some real-life experiments are given to show that the area and power for the internal buffer are highly related to memory technology and working frequency, instead of the required memory size only. Besides the analysis, the B-spline-based IDWT architecture and the overlapped stripe-based scan method are also proposed. Last, we propose a flexible and efficient architecture for a one-level 2-D DWT that exploits many advantages of the presented analysis.
Realistic mobility for MANET simulation (2009)

In order to conduct meaningful performance analysis of routing algorithms in the context of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET), it is essential that the underlying mobility model on which the simulation is based reflects realistic mobility behavior. However, current mobility models for MANET simulation are either unrealistic or are tailor-made for particular scenarios. Furthermore, none of the existing mobility models support heterogeneous mobility behavior among different mobile nodes in the simulation. This thesis introduces GEMM, a tool for generating mobility models that are both realistic and heterogeneous. These models are capable of simulating complex and dynamic mobility patterns representative of real-world situations. The input to GEMM is a set of model descriptions and the output is a mobility scenario that can be used by either the Glomosim or NS2 network simulator. Simulation results are presented using AODV, OLSR and ZRP, three previously published MANET routing algorithms. These results illustrate that mobility-model changes have a significant impact on their performance. The results underscore the importance of using realistic mobility scenarios in MANET simulation and demonstrate the ability of GEMM to generate such mobility scenarios.
Dissociation and Ionization of Hydrogen in High Frequency Discharges (1962)

An examination of the collision processes in the electrodeless discharge of a hydrogen or deuterium ion source shows that the high yield of atomic ions implies a two-stage process, namely dissociation of molecules by electron collision and subsequent ionization of the atoms. A theoretical study of the balance between production and loss of atoms, together with measured values of plasma density and electron temperature, predicts a high degree of dissociation for a certain range of pressure. The energy balance is also examined and shows that most of the power maintaining the discharge apparently produces 10 ev ultra-violet quanta from excited atoms.
Enzyme Immunoassay: Binding of<i>Salmonella</i>Antigens to Activated Microtiter Plates (1985)

A heat extract prepared from radiolabeled Salmonella cells was used to determine if covalent binding to activated surface of polystyrene plates would improve antigen retention thus contributing to increase sensitivity in an enzyme immunoassay for Salmonella antigen. The effect of treatment with ethylchloroformate on the retention of antigens passively absorbed to polyvinylchloride and polystyrene plates was also investigated. Chemically modified plates retained more radiolabeled antigens after washing than did untreated plates in which the antigens had been physically adsorbed. However, improvement of assay sensitivity depended on the type of plate used for covalent binding of antigen. N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP), was found to be potentially useful for mediation of covalent binding of antigens to activated plates.
Cost of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Decision analysis and cost evaluation of a clinical study in Germany. (1999)

The presence of more preterm, premature and low-birth-weight infants added costs for practice C. The estimated cost savings lend support to the value of screening and treatment for bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy.
Hydrothermal chemistry of silicates. Part XVIII. Reactions in the system CaO–B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–SiO<sub>2</sub>–H<sub>2</sub>O (1974)

An investigation of the system CaO–B2O3–SiO2–H2O at 250 and 415 °C has shown the ready formation of cristobalite, quartz, five identified silicates, six identified borates, and the borosilicates danburite and datolite. In addition ten unidentified and possibly new borates and a number of phases which could not be classified chemically and which may include silicates and borosilicates, were also prepared. Co-crystallisation of mixtures was as typical of this calcic system as it was of the analogous baric one. The unclassified compounds were characterised by their X-ray powder patterns and where possible in other ways. No borosilicate zeolites have so far been identified.
Benzoquinone derivatives. Part I. Reactions of primary aliphatic amines with embelin (2,5-dihydroxy-3-undecyl-1,4-benzoquinone) and di-o-methylembelin (1975)

The reaction of embelin with some primary aliphatic amines has been reinvestigated. Embelin reacts with methylamine to give the 5-methylamino-derivative (2) or the quinone bismethylimine (9), depending on the he conditions. 2-Hydroxy-5-methylamino-3-undecyl-1,4-benzoquinone 1-methylimine (11) is obtained by the reaction of di-O-methylembelin with methylamine. The products of condensation of several primary aliphatic amines with embelin and its di-O-methyl derivative have been characterized.
Human Lactoferrin Impairs Virulence of<i>Shigella flexneri</i> (2002)

Lactoferrin is a glycoprotein present in most human mucosal secretions, including human milk. Lactoferrin is bacteriostatic in low iron media and, in some settings, bactericidal. Lactoferrin impairs ability of Shigella flexneri serotype 5 strain M90T to invade HeLa cells. To determine the mechanism by which lactoferrin decreases invasiveness of Shigella organisms, its effect on the major virulence proteins responsible for bacterial uptake by host cells was evaluated. Lactoferrin induced degradation of invasion plasmid antigens IpaB and, to a lesser extent, IpaC, the key proteins responsible for bacteria-directed phagocytosis by mammalian cells. The lipid A-binding N-terminal portion of lactoferrin (residues 1-33) induces release of invasion antigens but does not induce degradation of IpaBC. Lactoferrin does not directly degrade previously released invasion plasmid antigens but works by making IpaBC susceptible to breakdown by surface-expressed protease(s).
The effect that energy storage and return feet have on the propulsion of the body: A pilot study (2014)

A variety of energy storage and return prosthetic feet are currently available for use within lower limb prostheses. Designs claim to provide a beneficial energy return during push-off, but the extent to which this occurs remains disputed. Techniques currently used to measure energy storage, dissipation and return within the structure of the prosthetic foot are debatable, with limited evidence to support substantial elastic energy storage and return from existing designs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of energy storage and return foot designs through considering the ankle power during push-off and the effect on body centre of mass propulsion. To achieve this aim, the gait patterns of six trans-tibial prosthetic users wearing different designs of energy storage and return feet were analysed while ascending a ramp. Three examples of energy storage and return feet (suitable for moderate activity) were selected and randomly evaluated: the Blatchford's Epirus, Össur Assure and College Park Tribute feet. The power at the anatomical and mechanical ankle joints was integrated to evaluate the work done over the gait cycle. The direction of the inertial force, and therefore propulsion of the body centre of mass, was used to indicate the effect of the energy return by the energy storage and return feet. Results indicate that although energy storage and return feet may provide energy return, the work done around the prosthetic ankle indicates net power absorption. Therefore, the prosthetic limb is unable to contribute to the body centre of mass propulsion to the same extent as the biological limb.
Deforming virtual objects with an instrumented glove (2002)

A virtual hand controlled with an instrumented glove is used for visualizing the interaction between the hand and a virtually deformable object. Using a sphere-tree representation, collision between the fingers and the object is detected. Contacts between the virtual hand and the object are used for establishing constraints for the evaluation of deformation based on the finite element technique. Experiments showed that the critical process for attaining interactive response is the inversion of the stiffness matrix in finite element analysis. By using a parallel processing technique for the matrix inversion process, interactive response is attained for objects with a mesh composed of 300 nodes.
Calculation of Tree Height and Canopy Crown from Drone Images Using Segmentation (2015)

Drone imaging, which is more cost-effective and controllable compared to airborne LiDAR, requires a lowcost camera and is used for capturing color images. From the overlapped color images, we produced two highresolution digital surface models over different test areas. After segmentation, we performed tree identification according to the method proposed by La et al. (2015), and computed the tree height and the canopy crown size. Compared with the field measurements, the computed results for the tree height in test area 1 (coniferous trees) were found to be accurate, while the results in test area 2 (deciduous coniferous trees) were found to be underestimated. The RMSE of the tree height was 0.84 m, and the width of the canopy crown was 1.51 m in test area 1. Further, the RMSE of the tree height was 2.45 m, and the width of the canopy crown was 1.53 m in test area 2. The experiment results validated the use of drone images for the extraction of a tree structure.