gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Batteries: Redox Targeting of Anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> for Redox Flow Lithium‐Ion Batteries (Adv. Energy Mater. 15/2014) (2014)

In the presence of redox shuttle molecules, TiO2 can be lithiated and delithiated via redox targeting reactions without being attached to a current collector. As reported by Qing Wang and co-workers in article number 1400567, the redox targeting technology expedites a novel energy storage device: a redox flow lithium-ion battery (RFLB). The device combines the advantages of great system flexibility of the redox flow battery with the high energy density of lithium-ion batteries.
Synthetic constructs in/for the environment: Managing the interplay between natural and engineered Biology (2012)

The plausible release of deeply engineered or even entirely synthetic/artificial microorganisms raises the issue of their intentional (e.g. bioremediation) or accidental interaction with the Environment. Containment systems designed in the 1980s-1990s for limiting the spread of genetically engineered bacteria and their recombinant traits are still applicable to contemporary Synthetic Biology constructs. Yet, the ease of DNA synthesis and the uncertainty on how non-natural properties and strains could interplay with the existing biological word poses yet again the challenge of designing safe and efficacious firewalls to curtail possible interactions. Such barriers may include xeno-nucleic acids (XNAs) instead of DNA as information-bearing molecules, rewriting the genetic code to make it non-understandable by the existing gene expression machineries, and/or making growth dependent on xenobiotic chemicals.
[Changes in the oxytocinergic neurosecretory cells in the accessory magnocellular neuroendocrine nuclei of the rat hypothalamus during aging]. (1997)

Histophysiology of accessory magnocellular nuclei of hypothalamus was studied in young (3-6 months) and old (14-29 months) male Wistar rats. Using non-labeled antibodies to oxytocin and karyolometry activation of protein synthesis combined with inhibition of oxytocin transport along the fibres was shown to occur in 4 (circular, fornical, dorso- and ventrolateral) of 5 accessory nuclei in old rats. This was not observed in anterior commissural nucleus. A hypothesis on compensatory role of accessory magnocellular nuclei of hypothalamus in regulation of neuroendocrine homeostasis in old rats is discussed.
Sonochemistry: The Production of Chemical Changes with Sound Waves (1953)

An extensive survey is made of the chemical effects of ultrasonic waves. Increased understanding of the mechanism of these effects is sought through a consideration of the significance of certain experimental variables such as frequency, intensity, pressure, and temperature. Also considered is the role of cavitation.
A high-level approach to computer document formatting (1980)

The very best document-formatting system is a good secretary. He can be given scrawled handwritten text in no particular format, and without further instruction produce a flawless finished document. Nevertheless, we believe that document formatting should be done by computers, because so much of it is the tedium that computers handle so well. Existing computer document formatting programs have met with some success; indeed, most computer systems offer some sort of text formatting capability. These programs are often difficult to use, and are almost invariably tied to a particular kind of printing device.The document-formatting language Scribe was designed to provide a simple, portable language in which document formatting could be specified; the Scribe compiler was written to process that language into finished documents. In following sections we describe the design goals, the implementation, and report on experience with the completed system.
Mining distance-based outliers in near linear time with randomization and a simple pruning rule (2003)

Defining outliers by their distance to neighboring examples is a popular approach to finding unusual examples in a data set. Recently, much work has been conducted with the goal of finding fast algorithms for this task. We show that a simple nested loop algorithm that in the worst case is quadratic can give near linear time performance when the data is in random order and a simple pruning rule is used. We test our algorithm on real high-dimensional data sets with millions of examples and show that the near linear scaling holds over several orders of magnitude. Our average case analysis suggests that much of the efficiency is because the time to process non-outliers, which are the majority of examples, does not depend on the size of the data set.
Clinical Science Physical and Chemical Effects of Toothpastes on Dental Enamel (1982)

The effects on surface enamel of an experimental toothpaste containing Sr-EDTA, sodium ricinoleate, and fluoride were compared with those of a commercially available fluoride toothpaste. Knoop indentations, before and after treatment with control and experimental toothpastes, showed no significant changes. Both toothpastes rendered the enamel surface less soluble after treatment.
An object oriented extension to APL (1987)

This paper describes an object oriented extension of APL, which is currently being implemented in a new APL system. This extension is integrated in a rather conservative way to APL. However, all the paradigms of object oriented languages (message passing, instance variables, methods, classes and inheritance) are made available to the user, without losing any of the successful features of APL. The paper first explains what are the interests of object oriented programming, and what is expected from this introduction in the language. It then discusses syntactic and semantic choices, and shows how the selected solutions fit the philosophy of APL. An example of this new style of programming in APL is proposed, then the internals of the implementation are presented, showing that this new possibility is made available at the cost of a minimal system overhead. Finally, the paper discusses about the results obtained so far.
Reaction of phenol with biacetyl in the presence of aluminum phenolate (1988)

The condensation of phenol with biacetyl in the presence of aluminum phenolate leads to a mixture of 4-methyl-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2H-chromene, 4-methyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2H-chromene, and 10b,5a-dihydro-10b,5a-dimethyl-2,3,4,5-benzofuro(2,3-b)furan. Under the optimum conditions the yields are 45, 11, and 5.1% respectively.
Non‐<scp><i>H</i></scp><i>elicobacter pylori</i> gastritis is common among paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease (2012)

Helicobacter-negative gastritis and duodenitis occur significantly more often in paediatric IBD patients than in non-IBD controls, as well as in adult IBD patients. Such upper gastrointestinal inflammation appears to be particularly common in patients with Crohn's disease.
Isotropic Fractionator: A Simple, Rapid Method for the Quantification of Total Cell and Neuron Numbers in the Brain (2005)

Stereological techniques that estimate cell numbers must be restricted to well defined structures of isotropic architecture and therefore do not apply to the whole brain or to large neural regions. We developed a novel, fast, and inexpensive method to quantify total numbers of neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the brain or any dissectable regions thereof. It consists of transforming highly anisotropic brain structures into homogeneous, isotropic suspensions of cell nuclei, which can be counted and identified immunocytochemically as neuronal or non-neuronal. Estimates of total cell, neuronal, and non-neuronal numbers can be obtained in 24 h and vary by <10% among animals. Because the estimates obtained are independent of brain volume, they can be used in comparative studies of brain-volume variation among species and in studies of phylogenesis, development, adult neurogenesis, and pathology. Applying this method to the adult rat brain, we show, for example, that it contains approximately 330 million cells, of which 200 million are neurons, and almost 70% of these are located in the cerebellum alone. Moreover, contrary to what is commonly assumed in the literature, we show that glial cells are not the majority in the rat brain.
Purification of a liver alkaline protease which degrades oxidatively modified glutamine synthetase. Characterization as a high molecular weight cysteine proteinase. (1985)

A nonlysosomal alkaline protease which degrades the oxidatively modified form of Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase has been purified to apparent homogeneity from rat and mouse liver acetone powders. Its molecular weight was determined to be 300,000 by Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration but results of further studies using high pressure liquid chromatography gel filtration suggest a value of 650,000. Examination of the subunit structure by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed multiple bands of molecular weights between 22,000 and 34,000. The alkaline protease was inhibited by thiol reagents. Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, aprotinin, leupeptin, antipain, and chymostatin partially inhibited the protease. The inhibition by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride was prevented by dithiothreitol, and alpha 1-antitrypsin and soybean trypsin inhibitor did not inhibit. No inhibition was observed with metalloprotease inhibitors. The alkaline protease is active over a broad range of pH with optimum activity for the degradation of oxidized glutamine synthetase around pH 9.0. Its activity is not stimulated by MgATP. A study of the products of insulin B chain degradation demonstrated major cleavage sites at Gln13-Ala14, Leu15-Tyr16, Cys(SO3H)19-Gly20, Gln4-His5, and Leu17-Val18. Based on its endopeptidase activity and its inhibitor specificity, the alkaline protease should be classified as a cysteine proteinase. It appears to be distinct from previously described proteinases and is likely involved in nonlysosomal mechanisms of intracellular protein turnover.
Perspectives on purine analogues. (1996)

The purine analogs, fludarabine, 2-chlorodeoxy-adenosine, and 2'-deoxycoformycin, have revolutionized our approach to the treatment of a variety of indolent lymphoid malignancies. Because of their impressive single agent activity, they should be considered as an initial therapeutic option, not only for hairy cell leukemia, but also for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, and Waldenström's macroglobulenemia. Combinations of purine analogs with alkylatng agents, topisomerase II inhibitors, and other new compounds are in development, and their role as radiation sensitizers is being explored in clinical trials. Substantial activity has also been noted in several of the rheumatologic and immunologic disorders, and in multiple sclerosis. Continued progress requires innovative strategies which can modulate the biology and immunology of these diseases toward the goal of curing these patients.
Regulation of exosome production and cargo sorting (2020)

Cellular communication can be mediated by the exchange of biological information, mainly in the form of proteins and RNAs. This can occur when extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes, secreted by a donor cell are internalized by an acceptor cell. Exosomes bear specific repertoires of proteins and RNAs, indicating the existence of mechanisms that control the sorting of molecules into them. Knowledge about loadings and processes and mechanisms of cargo sorting of exosomes is essential to shed light on the physiological and pathological functions of these vesicles as well as on clinical applications involving their use and/or analysis. In this review, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms associated with exosome secretion and their specific cargo sorting, with special attention to the sorting of RNAs and proteins, and thus the outcome and the emerging therapeutic opportunities of the communication between the exosome-producer and recipient cells.
Neurosteroids: biosynthesis and function. (1995)

The term "neurosteroids" applies to those steroids that are both synthesized in the nervous system, either de novo from cholesterol or from steroid hormone precursors, and that accumulate in the nervous system to levels at least in part independent of steroidogenic gland secretion rates. Glial cells play a major role in neurosteroid formation and metabolism. Several neurosteroids are involved in either auto- or paracrine mechanisms implicating both regulation of target gene expression and effects on membrane receptors (including those of neurotransmitters). The neuromodulatory role of neurosteroids in regulating the estrus cycle and pregnancy, stress, memory, developmental and aging processes awaits further investigation.
The bandwidth allocation of ATM through genetic algorithm (2002)

The authors develop an optimization algorithm based on the genetic algorithm to achieve the bandwidth allocation of the ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) network. Using the ATM technique, one can flexibly reconfigure the network and reassign the bandwidth to meet the requirements of all types of services. By dynamically routing the traffic and adjusting the bandwidth assignment, the average packet delay of the whole network can be reduced to a minimum. The M/M/1 queueing model can be used to analyze the performance. The genetic algorithm is applied to the bandwidth allocation problem of ATM to find the minimum average packet delay of the network. Simulation results show that a delay improvement (41.8%) can be achieved within 30 iterations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Mechanisms of Pollination and Fertilization in Plants (2002)

In flowering plants, pollen grains germinate to form pollen tubes that transport male gametes (sperm cells) to the egg cell in the embryo sac during sexual reproduction. Pollen tube biology is complex, presenting parallels with axon guidance and moving cell systems in animals. Pollen tube cells elongate on an active extracellular matrix in the style, ultimately guided by stylar and embryo sac signals. A well-documented recognition system occurs between pollen grains and the stigma in sporophytic self-incompatibility, where both receptor kinases in the stigma and their peptide ligands from pollen are now known. Complex mechanisms act to precisely target the sperm cells into the embryo sac. These events initiate double fertilization in which the two sperm cells from one pollen tube fuse to produce distinctly different products: one with the egg to produce the zygote and embryo and the other with the central cell to produce the endosperm.
Application of fuzzy intelligence to Elebike control design (2002)

This paper proposes the application of fuzzy intelligence to an electrical power-aided bicycle, i.e. "Elebike". Fuzzy intelligence presented in this paper is grouped into two categories. One is fuzzy sensing to gripe the attempt of the Elebike rider, i.e. the expected speed and acceleration in his/her mind that nobody else knows. The other is fuzzy logic control (FLC) that supplies complementary power, i.e. electrical motor current and torque, to accompany the rider's pedal force for reaching the expected speed and acceleration. An overall system is introduced to show the concept of the complementary torque generation scheme. A dynamic model of a conventional bike including torque transmission, positioning and analysis of a servo motor and sensors is given. Fuzzy logic control (FLC) is employed to meet various conditions of riders, ground and up/down hill. Fuzzification, inference and defuzzification in FLC are used in order to generate motor current and torque as well by assigning motor voltage. A two-level inference consisting of top level and bottom level inference is developed. The top level inference judges if the motion status is acceleration, constant speed or deceleration and places weighting on the dominant bottom level inference. Eventually, what to be tuned and how to tune the fuzzy logic control (FLC) are schemed by means of neural network learning for improving the performance of response and smoothness.
Constraints on detection of autoinducer-2 (AI-2) signalling molecules using Vibrio harveyi as a reporter (2003)

Microbiology Society journals contain high-quality research papers and topical review articles. We are a not-for-profit publisher and we support and invest in the microbiology community, to the benefit of everyone. This supports our principal goal to develop, expand and strengthen the networks available to our members so that they can generate new knowledge about microbes and ensure that it is shared with other communities.
What Can Make Joint Diagonalization Difficult? (2007)

We show that the issues of uniqueness and noise sensitivity in the problem of matrix joint diagonalization are closely related. We address other factors important in noise sensitivity. We distinguish between orthogonal and non-orthogonal joint diagonalization and argue that the latter can be more difficult than the former. Our analysis is based on the perturbation analysis of the stationary points of certain flows for joint diagonalization. Numerical experiments support the derived results.
<title>Measurement errors in polarization-based 3D vision systems</title> (1997)

Multiple reflections can degrade significantly depth data acquired by laser rangefinders. However, analysis of the polarization state of the reflected light can provide additional clues to distinguish the first and subsequent reflections. Such estimates depend critically on the ratio between absolute differences of intensity measured by a camera with different settings of some polarizing optical components. Errors introduced by weak signals, the nonlinear response of the sensors, noise and quantization in the video channel can be very significant. When a laser is used as the illumination source, fluctuation of the source intensity can introduce additional errors if comparisons are made between images acquired at different times. We presents a discussion of the type and effects of these errors, guidelines on systems settings and an upper-bound analysis of the error on the estimates of the orientation of the completely polarized component of light, a fundamental quantity used in several polarization vision systems for diverse applications.
Pathogenesis of periodontitis (1986)

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the periodontium which is characterized by a progressive destruction of the tissues supporting the tooth. Its primary etiology is an ill-defined series of microbial infections which may be composed of only some of the more than 300 species of bacteria currently recognized in the oral cavity. The disease is currently considered to progress as periodic, relatively short episodes of rapid tissue destruction followed by some repair, and prolonged intervening periods of disease remission. Despite the apparent random distribution of episodes of disease activity, the resulting tissue breakdown exhibits a symmetrical pattern of alveolar bone loss and pocket formation which is common to several forms of periodontitis, although the distribution of the most affected teeth and surfaces may vary among diseases (e.g., juvenile periodontitis versus adult periodontitis or rapidly progressive periodontitis). Several reports have indicated that bacterial cells can be found in the pocket wall of periodontitis lesions. The translocation of bacteria into the tissues from the pocket environment is quite common, as evidenced by the common occurrence of bacteremias in patients with periodontitis following relatively minor events such as chewing and oral hygiene procedures. However, it is important to distinguish between the passive introduction of bacteria into periodontal tissues and frank invasion as might occur in an acute infection, since the pathological implications may be quite different.
Feasibility of processing potatoes in California (1961)

Growers and shippers in the potato industry of California are faced with two important decisions: whether the early-crop area has enough economic advantage in the fresh market to justify continuous production; and whether the expanding use by consumers of processed potatoes will result in a major curtailment in acreage for the fresh market or a partial diversion of production into processed products.
Some reactions of 7-chloro-3-methylbenzo[b]thiophen (1972)

3-Bromomethyl-7-chlorobenzo[b]thiophen has been converted into related amino-, guanidino-, and ureido-compounds, among others, by modifications of known methods. Nitration, bromination, and acetylation of 7-chloro-3-methylbenzo[b]thiophen gave mainly the 2-substituted compounds. 7-Hydroxy- and 7-mercapto-3-methylbenzo[b]thiophen resulted from the treatment of the Grignard reagent derived from 7-chloro-3-methyl-benzo[b]thiophen with oxygen or with sulphur. Direct nucleophilic displacement of the 7-chloro-group also gave 7-hydroxy- or 7-amino-3-methylbenzo[b]thiophen in high yield.
Evaluation of a new technique for the detection of ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia (2002)

The purpose of this project is the development of a new technique for the Discrimination between Ventricular Fibrillation, Ventricular Tachycardia and Non-Shockable Cardiac Rhythms based on the treatment of ECG signal as a bi-dimensional image and its comparison with two conventional detection techniques. The overall performance of this method found to be fully comparative with the conventional ones.
Protein–ligand docking: Current status and future challenges (2006)

Understanding the ruling principles whereby protein receptors recognize, interact, and associate with molecular substrates and inhibitors is of paramount importance in drug discovery efforts. Protein-ligand docking aims to predict and rank the structure(s) arising from the association between a given ligand and a target protein of known 3D structure. Despite the breathtaking advances in the field over the last decades and the widespread application of docking methods, several downsides still exist. In particular, protein flexibility-a critical aspect for a thorough understanding of the principles that guide ligand binding in proteins-is a major hurdle in current protein-ligand docking efforts that needs to be more efficiently accounted for. In this review the key concepts of protein-ligand docking methods are outlined, with major emphasis being given to the general strengths and weaknesses that presently characterize this methodology. Despite the size of the field, the principal types of search algorithms and scoring functions are reviewed and the most popular docking tools are briefly depicted. Recent advances that aim to address some of the traditional limitations associated with molecular docking are also described. A selection of hand-picked examples is used to illustrate these features.
Effect of Step Size on Clinical and Adaptive 2IFC Procedures in Quiet and in a Noise Background (1996)

Audibility thresholds for a 1000-Hz sinusoid were measured with a standard clinical (CLIN) procedure and a two-interval, forced-choice (2IFC) adaptive procedure bracketing 79% correct. Both used 2- and 5-dB step sizes in quiet and in a continuous, broadband noise background. Clinical thresholds were from 2 to 4 dB higher than 2IFC thresholds, depending on the condition. Step size had a larger effect on the CLIN thresholds than the 2IFC thresholds. For the CLIN procedure, thresholds with a 2-dB step size were 1.4 dB lower than with a 5-dB step size. For the 2IFC procedure, thresholds with a 2-dB step size were 0.8 dB higher than with a 5-dB step size. Reliability, as measured by the intrasubject standard deviation, was better for the 2IFC than for the CLIN procedure and better in noise than in quiet. Reliability was unaffected by step size. Adding extra trials to the 2IFC adaptive track decreased the variability across threshold estimates, but more for the noise background than the quiet background. The efficiency of the 2IFC procedure was fairly constant across track length in noise, but decreased for longer track lengths in quiet. In both quiet and noise backgrounds, CLIN procedures were much more efficient than 2IFC procedures.