gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetic Considerations and Efficacy of Levofloxacin in an Inhalational Anthrax (Postexposure) Rhesus Monkey Model (2006)

Because the treatment of inhalational anthrax cannot be studied in human clinical trials, it is necessary to conduct efficacy studies using a rhesus monkey model. However, the half-life of levofloxacin was approximately three times shorter in rhesus monkeys than in humans. Computer simulations to match plasma concentration profile, area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), and time above MIC for a human oral dose of 500 mg levofloxacin once a day identified a dosing regimen in rhesus monkeys that would most closely match human exposure: 15 mg/kg followed by 4 mg/kg administered 12 h later. Approximately 24 h following inhalational exposure to approximately 49 times the 50% lethal doses of Bacillus anthracis (Ames strain), monkeys were treated daily with vehicle, levofloxacin, or ciprofloxacin for 30 days. Ciprofloxacin was administered at 16 mg/kg twice a day. Following the 30-day treatment, monkeys were observed for 70 days. Nine of 10 control monkeys died within 9 days of exposure. No clinical signs were observed in fluoroquinolone-treated monkeys during the 30 treatment days. One monkey died 8 days after levofloxacin treatment, and two monkeys from the ciprofloxacin group died 27 and 36 days posttreatment, respectively. These deaths were probably related to the germination of residual spores. B. anthracis was positively cultured from several tissues from the three fluoroquinolone-treated monkeys that died. MICs of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin from these cultures were comparable to those from the inoculating strain. These data demonstrate that a humanized dosing regimen of levofloxacin was effective in preventing morbidity and mortality from inhalational anthrax in rhesus monkeys and did not select for resistance.
SUMO2/3 is Associated with Ubiquitinated Protein Aggregates in the Mouse Neocortex after Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (2014)

Protein modifications cooperatively act to protect the proteome from cellular stress. Focal cerebral ischemia increases protein ubiquitination, resulting in formation of ubiquitin-rich aggregates. A concurrent elevation in small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO)-conjugated proteins has also been reported, but a potential connection to ubiquitin remains unexplored. Here we show that SUMO2/3 conjugates are present in postischemic ubiquitin-rich aggregates, physically associated with ubiquitin. The coaggregation of SUMO2/3 and ubiquitin is induced rapidly after ischemia, depends on reperfusion, and is also observed in the absence of ischemic damage. The association between SUMO and ubiquitin suggests overlapping functional roles after ischemia/reperfusion.
Bone-Marrow Transplantation for Hematologic Neoplasia in 16 Patients with Identical Twins (1974)

Abstract Sixteen patients (11 years to 67 years of age) with hematologic neoplasia refractory to conventional therapy were treated with cyclophosphamide (60 mg per kilogram per day on two occasions), a supralethal dose of total-body irradiation (1000 rads) and a bone-marrow transplant from a normal identical twin. Twelve patients also received immunotherapy consisting of subcutaneous injections of the patients' own leukemia cells lethally irradiated with 10,000 rads and intravenous infusions of peripheral blood lymphocytes from the normal twin. Fourteen patients experienced complete remissions. Six patients (two with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, three with acute myelogenous leukemia, and one with lymphosarcoma-leukemia) remained in complete remission at 11 to 44 months without any maintenance chemotherapy, and two others with acute myelogenous leukemia were in complete remission at two and three months. One patient died of viral hepatitis without leukemia. Five patients relapsed at three to seven months....
Systèmes nano électro mécanique et intéractions à l'échelle nanométrique (2009)

Les Micro et Nano Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS et NEMS) font partie des meilleurs candidats pour les mesures d'intéractions à l'échelle nanométrique. La résolution en force de l'ordre de l'attonewton a été exploitée avec succès aussi bien pour mesurer le poids de molécules uniques que pour la mesure du spin d'un électron unique. Les NEMS et les MEMS sont généralement des systèmes fabriqués à partir de composants sub-microniques l'un en face de l'autre. Lorsque leur distance atteint l'échelle sub-micronique, phénomenes généralement négligés, doivent être pris en compte lors d'applications microscopiques. Les intéractions mécaniques entre deux surfaces séparées de moins d'un micron sont régies par des forces qui, dans des systèmes macroscopiques, sont souvent négligeables. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous étudions les forces d'intéraction entre surfaces séparées par une distance allant de quelques nanomètres à plusieurs micromètres. Premierement nous traiterons du problème des forces hydrodynamiques agissant sur des micro-structures oscillantes en environnement visqueux. Nous montrerons que l'effet d'amortissement d'un fluide confiné dépend de la taille du confinement. Nous étudierons comment cet effet de confinement peut modifier les propriétés de cet oscillateur mécanique. Dans un second temps nous poserons le probleme des forces optiques agissant sur les micro-oscillateurs mécaniques. Par l'utilisation de l'absorption et de la diffraction des faisceaux de rayons X nous verrons que les effets habituellement observés en lumière visible le sont aussi par rayons X. Nous montrerons que les MEMS et potentiellement les NEMS sont des systèmes adéquats pour le développement de nouveaux outils pour les techniques de la lumiere Synchrotron. Enfin nous étudierons la radiation thermique entre deux surfaces à une distance micronique et sub-micronique où la contribution des composantes champs proche ne peuvent plus être negligées. Nous présenterons les mesures de radiation thermique entre deux surfaces de verres amenant une comparaison avec la theorie de la radiation thermique basee sur l'électrodynamique stochastique.
Resonant terahertz detection in InGaAs/AlInAs and AlGaN/GaN — based nanometric transistors (2009)

The (THz) range of frequencies is often referred to as the terahertz gap, since it lies in between the frequency ranges of electronic and photonic devices and it is hardly achieved from the both sides. Therefore, the development of the THz emitters and detectors is of the high importance. Dyakonov and Shur, proposed to use the nonlinear properties of plasma excitations in 2D gated electron gas for detectors, mixers, and THz radiation sources [1,2] The plasma waves in a field-effect transistor (FET) have a linear dispersion law [1], w = sk , where s = Ve(Ugc U th )1m is the wave velocity, Ugs
A new absorbing stack for EUV masks (2004)

Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) masks are composed of EUV-reflective regions (multilayer) and of EUV-absorbing regions (patterned areas). The choice of materials for the absorbing stack (i.e. the buffer layer and the absorber layer) is crucial for providing good optical performances. This choice has to take into account three major issues: optical aspects (EUV and DUV performances, aerial image); repair feasibility and technological feasibility (deposition, etching, stripping...); ageing and utilization aspects: stability of the stack, cleaning capability. In this paper, a new absorbing stack A/B is proposed: this stack completely fulfils optical specifications and its total thickness is much lower than those found in the literature, with absorbing materials like TiN, Cr or TaN for instance. This thin thickness enables to reduce shadowing effects, which is particularly interesting for very advanced nodes. Experimental studies were then carried out on this new stack. We focused on two major topics: low temperature deposition and wet etching feasibility of B-material.
Accelerated Testing of Ultrasonic Welding for Crystalline Silicon on Glass Modules (2008)

Ultrasonic welding has been demonstrated to be a viable alternative tabbing process to ultrasonic soldering for Crystalline Silicon on Glass (CSG) modules. Orthodyne Electronics ultrasonically welded tab ribbons to CSG test coupons to determine the influence of substrate conditions on bond quality. Substrate texture and silicon were the most important parameters to achieve reliable low contact resistivity bonds. Ultrasonically welded CSG modules were exposed to almost one and a half years of accelerated environmental exposure, demonstrating exceptional durability with minimal loss of power and minimal increase in equivalent module series resistance.
Report from the American Society of Cinematographers Technology Committee (2013)

From its inception in 2003, the ASC Technology Committee has been guided by its primary mission to engage and influence motion imaging technology developments in ways that better serve and protect the filmmaker's creative intent and the role of the cinematographer in realizing a creative vision.
In Situ Monitoring of Surface Kinetics in GaAs Atomic Layer Epitaxy by Surface Photo-Absorption Method (1991)

The epitaxial growth reactions that proceed on the substrate surface during halogen transport atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) are observed directly with a surface photo-absorption method. The heat of desorption (48.5 kcal/mol) is obtained from the reflective intensity change. The value agrees well with the activation energy reported in classical halogen transport vapor-phase epitaxy. Based on the observation, a reaction mechanism is proposed. The self-limiting mechanism of halogen transport ALE is ascribed to the complete coverage of surface As sites by the adsorbed complex.
Reduction Mammaplasty Using the Inferior Glandular “Pyramid” Pedicle (1987)

A comprehensive review of 300 patients undergoing reduction mammaplasty (576 breasts) based on an inferior glandular pedicle is presented. The average age was 31.7 years, weight 146.6 lbs., and the amount of tissue removed 1313.6 gm. No deepithelialization of the skin was performed, and average operating time was 174 minutes. The average distance the nipple-areola complex was moved was 12 cm, with the longest being 22.5 cm. Fifty-seven percent had fibrocystic mastopathy on histologic analysis, and no malignancies were found, even in patients who had undergone a previous mastectomy for breast carcinoma. The most common complication (3.1 percent) was minor suture line necrosis along the infra-mammary crease. All healed without intervention. There was no necrosis or sensory loss to the nipple-areola complex in any patient, and cosmesis was excellent. The analysis also showed that the use of epinephrine, injected subcutaneously just prior to the operation, significantly decreased intraoperative blood loss (p less than 0.0005), regardless of the amount of tissue removed, and eliminated the need for transfusions.
Subflow – an open-source, object-oriented application for modeling geologic storage of CO2 (2016)

The capture of carbon dioxide for its subsequent storage in brine-saturated reservoirs or depleted oil fields has become a significant part of US energy policy. In this work, we focus on the design and development of a novel CCUS application to model carbon dioxide injection in brine-saturated reservoirs. SubFlow is written in C++ and uses a relational database to store user session and simulation parameters such as mineral, solute, kinetic reaction, lithology, formation, and injection water data. Subflow is capable of 3D real-time visualization, distributed-parallel execution on massively parallel processor (MPP) systems using OpenMP and MPI, and features an intuitive user interface developed using Qt. SubFlow uses a mimetic discretization method (MDM) for solving conservation of solute mass, energy, and fluid momentum, and the finite-element method for solving the pressure, rock stress, and fracture fields. SubFlow is implemented with the Mimetic Methods Toolkit (MTK), a C++ API which allows for an intuitive implementation of the Castillo-Grone based Mimetic Discretization Methods. The FVM is second order accurate while the MDM is capable of fourth order accuracy. OpenGL is used to render pressure, temperature, stress, velocity, and solute concentration fields on a 3D mesh that represents a reservoir. Results from selected simulations are compared with those produced by TOUGHREACT and STOMP.
Associations of microvascular dysfunction with cardiovascular outcomes: The cardiac, endothelial function and arterial stiffness in ESRD (CERES) cohort (2019)

Microvascular function was associated with higher rates of cardiovascular hospitalizations and all-cause mortality among individuals with ESRD on dialysis. Further research is needed to learn whether novel therapies that target microvascular endothelial function could improve outcomes in this high-risk population.
Dosimetry of the MRC fast neutron beam by calorimetry and ionization techniques (1972)

Increased interest in the use of fast neutron beams for radiotherapy and radiobiology has led to the planned installation of fast neutron sources at a number of centres. This situation creates the need for reliable and reproducible methods of absolute neutron dosimetry in order to facilitate intercomparisons between institutions. Absolute dosimetry of the MRC Cyclotron fast neutron beam has been carried out using a tissue equivalent (TE) calorimeter. A polythene-ethylene (CH2/C2H4) gas flow ionization chamber has also been used to measure absorbed dose. With reference to calorimetric determination of absorbed dose using TE plastic calorimeters, the authors have found a 6-8% exothermic chemical effect, rather than the 4% endothermic reaction previously reported by Fleming and Glass. They have observed that the 4% endothermic reaction is only observed following the delivery of a conditioning dose of a few hundred kilorads, a condition unknowingly fulfilled by Fleming who used megarads of protons for his measurements.
The phospholipidosis-lnducing potential of the chemopotentiating drug, N,N-Diethyl-2-[4-(phenylmethyl)phenoxy]ethanamine (DPPE, tesmilifene) correlates with its stimulation of phosphatidylserine synthesis and exposure on the plasma membrane in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. (2007)

N,N-Diethyl-2-[4-(phenylmethyl)phenoxy]ethanamine (DPPE, tesmilifene), a potent chemopotentiating drug currently in Phase III clinical trials of metastatic breast cancer, increases cytotoxicity of anthracyclines and taxanes in a variety of multi-drug resistance expressing (MDR+) tumor cell lines in vitro; inhibits binding of histamine to CYP3A4, a lipid/prostanoid-regulatory P450; and modulates serum levels of HDL/LDL cholesterol and phospholipids in vivo. Since increased exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the outer cell membrane leaflet is associated with apoptosis, increased clearance of dead cells by phagocytes and inhibition of the P-glycoprotein pump, the effect of DPPE on PS synthesis was assessed in vitro in a human breast cancer cell line. MCF-7 cells were incubated with 5 microM DPPE for 24 hr or 5 days, followed by addition of [1-(14)C]arachidonic acid for 4 hr; or [3H]serine for 8 hr. Compared to untreated cells, a 27-42% (p < 0.05) increase in [1-(14)C]arachidonic acid incorporated into all phospholipids, including a 1.9-fold increase (p < 0.05) in PS was observed in DPPE-treated cells. [3H]Serine incorporation into PS was elevated 37%, while the pool size of PS was elevated 23% (p < 0.05) in DPPE-treated cells, indicating elevated de novo PS biosynthesis. Annexin-5 binding studies indicated an elevation in exposure of PS on the surface of the plasma membrane in DPPE-treated cells. DPPE-treatment also resulted in N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)-1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine accumulation indicative of phospholipidosis-inducing potential. Thus, the chemopotentiating effect of DPPE may be due to its phospholipidosis-inducing potential and stimulation of PS synthesis leading to an increased exposure of PS on the cell surface which could potentially enhance cancer cell clearance by phagocytes.
The dynamic traveling repairman problem (1989)

Includes bibliographical references (p. 30-32).
Tri-axial Grain Orientation of Y<sub>2</sub>Ba<sub>4</sub>Cu<sub>7</sub>O<sub><i>y</i></sub>Achieved by the Magneto-science Method (2008)

Tri-axial orientation of orthorhombic and twin-free Y2Ba4Cu7Oy (Y247) powders was attempted using a rotating magnetic field with modulated rate. Although magnetic anisotropy of paramagnetic Y247 originated only from the two-dimensional CuO2 and one-dimensional Cu–O chain structures are small, strong tri-axial grain orientation with misorientation angles below 1.5° was successfully achieved during the solidification process of epoxy resin. Our present results indicate the possibility of fabrication of tri- or bi-axial grain-oriented bulk and thick films without applying epitaxial methods, such as melt-solidification or thin film deposition, and that the modulated-rotation magnetic field is applicable not only to RE247 compounds but also to orthorhombic high critical temperature cuprate superconductors, including practical REBa2Cu3Oy, in principle.
Scaling Study for SP-100 Reactor Technology (1989)

In this study, we explored several ways of extending SP-100 reactor technology to higher power levels. One approach was to use the reference SP-100 pin design and increase the fuel pin length and the number of fuel pins as needed to provide higher capability. The impact on scaling of a modified and advanced SP-100 reactor technology was also explored. Finally, the effect of using alternative power conversion subsystems, with SP-100 reactor technology was investigated. One of the principal concerns for any space-based system is mass; consequently, this study focused on estimating reactor, shield, and total system mass. The RSMASS code (Marshall 1986) was used to estimate reactor and shield mass. Simple algorithms developed at NASA Lewis Research Center were used to estimate the balance of system mass. Power ranges from 100 kWe to 10 MWe were explored assuming both one year and seven years of operation. Thermoelectric, Stirling, Rankine, and Brayton power conversion systems were investigated. The impact on safety, reliability, and other system attributes, caused by extending the technology to higher power levels, was also investigated. 6 refs., 4 figs., 3 tabs.
Ultra-long distance soliton transmission: putting fiber nonlinearity to work (2002)

The author discusses how the soliton owes its very existence to fiber nonlinearity. As a pulse self-trapped in time, it is able to resist a great many effects, such as chromatic dispersion and polarization dispersion, that are highly destructive of ordinary ("linear") pulses. It is extremely robust in this regard. The transmission line picks the soliton out of whatever reasonable pulse is launched into it, and discards the residue as dispersive wave radiation. In a line with amplifiers, the soliton tends to propagate stably over an indefinitely long distance. For the soliton in a broad-band transmission line, however, one optical frequency is as good as another. This indifference to optical frequency makes it relatively easy for spontaneous emission, by way of the nonlinear term, to change the soliton's frequency, and hence to change its velocity. The resultant random spread in pulse arrival times, known as the Gordon-Haus effect, tends to limit the maximum allowable bit-rate for error-free transmission.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Assessment of adhesion reliability for plastic flip-chip packaging (2014)

The flip-chip area-array package, which connects the active device side of the semiconductor face-down via solder bumps on a multi-layered substrate, has been identified as an enabling technology in the National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors [1]. The development of flip-chip area-array packages in­ corporates new sets of materials, processes and interconnect structures, that are not always optimized or compatible because of specific functional requirements. Although the use of underfill encapsulation significantly improves the reliability of flip-chip solder interconnections, delamination at various interfaces becomes a major reliability concern for flip-chip packages, as reviewed by Wu et al [2]. Underfill delamination from the chip and/or the board is most commonly ob­ served and often leads to premature failure of the solder interconnects. These necessitate the assessment of interfacial adhesion reliability as part of designand qualification of a plastic flip-chip package. However, emerging new materi­ als and processes, together with the demands for cost reduction and fast product cycles, present serious challenges to the assessment of interfacial adhesion reli­ ability.
Sub-nanomolar detection of cesium with water-gated transistor (2019)

Cesium (Cs+) cations are rare in nature, but the β− active radioisotope 137Cs can be released from nuclear accidents and find its way into the water supply, where it is harmful to humans and animals who drink it. We here report a water-gated thin film transistor (WGTFT) that allows the detection of Cs+ in drinking water at very low concentrations. The transistor channel is formed from spray-pyrolyzed tin dioxide, SnO2, which gives WGTFTs with near-zero initial threshold. When the WGTFT is sensitized with a plasticized PVC membrane containing the Cs+-selective zeolite “mordenite,” it displays a threshold shift when exposed to drinking water samples carrying traces of Cs+. The response characteristic is given by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm instead of the Nikolsky-Eisenman law commonly found for ion-sensitive WGTFTs sensitized with organic ionophores. We find a complex stability constant K = (3.9 ± 0.4) × 109 l/mol and a limit of detection (LoD) of 33 pM. Our LoD is far lower than the Cs+ potability limit of 7.5 nM, which cannot be met by organic-sensitized membranes where the LoD is typically in the order of 100 nM or more.
An Analytical Approach to Cost Optimal Network Design (2009)

The growth of the Internet and its applications is built on the success of optical transport technologies, enabling the sustained bandwidth growth observed. The advent of fibre transport in the access and aggregation networks imposes new challenges on network operators. Most networks were optimised according to the limitations of copper twisted-pair or coaxial cables, demanding stringent limits for the distances between the end user, switches and local exchanges. The high bandwidth-demand product of optical fibres allows operators to give up their old infrastructure by benefitting from unamplified transmission distances of 40+ kilometres. Multiple technologies exist to satisfy the needs, either based on a purely optical transport solution like fiber-to-the-home (FTTH), or hybrid approaches leveraging for the last mile on the existing copper infrastructure in solutions like fiber-to-the-curb (FTTB). Larger transmission distances, however, translate in a higher number of end users whose traffic needs to be terminated in the network switches and IP gateways. In this paper we present an analytical approach on identifying cost-optimal solutions for such new network architectures, stretching from the access to the core network. The large number of technological and architectural options for a network redesign renders a simulation-based approach impossible. The analytical model used here provides immediate results on the capital expenditure required for a certain architecture, taking into account transport and switching costs in the access, aggregation and core of the network. The analytical model trades accuracy in detail for tractability and understanding of the relevant effects governing overall network design. Prinipical and numerical results obtained by applying the model to a fictive Germany-wide network are presented.