gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biology of<i>Giardia lamblia</i> (2001)

Giardia lamblia is a common cause of diarrhea in humans and other mammals throughout the world. It can be distinguished from other Giardia species by light or electron microscopy. The two major genotypes of G. lamblia that infect humans are so different genetically and biologically that they may warrant separate species or subspecies designations. Trophozoites have nuclei and a well-developed cytoskeleton but lack mitochondria, peroxisomes, and the components of oxidative phosphorylation. They have an endomembrane system with at least some characteristics of the Golgi complex and encoplasmic reticulum, which becomes more extensive in encysting organisms. The primitive nature of the organelles and metabolism, as well as small-subunit rRNA phylogeny, has led to the proposal that Giardia spp. are among the most primitive eukaryotes. G. lamblia probably has a ploidy of 4 and a genome size of approximately 10 to 12 Mb divided among five chromosomes. Most genes have short 5' and 3' untranslated regions and promoter regions that are near the initiation codon. Trophozoites exhibit antigenic variation of an extensive repertoire of cysteine-rich variant-specific surface proteins. Expression is allele specific, and changes in expression from one vsp gene to another have not been associated with sequence alterations or gene rearrangements. The Giardia genome project promises to greatly increase our understanding of this interesting and enigmatic organism.
Herpes Simplex Virus Transmission (1984)

The incidence of genital herpes simplex infections has risen at a rapid rate over the past 20 years. Sexually active young adults ask whether condoms will effectively block the transmission of herpes simplex virus from one individual to another. Using a laboratory plunger model to stimulate human coitus, the authors have shown that high concentrations of HSV-2 did not cross the latex or natural membrane condoms that were tested. We have also shown that high concentrations of HSV-2 left in contact with a condom for 8 hr does not penetrate the barrier. This study gives good indirect evidence that condoms block the transmission of herpes simplex virus.
Fault coverage analysis for physically-based CMOS bridging faults at different power supply voltages (2002)

Bridging faults in CMOS circuits sometimes degrade the output voltage and time performance without altering the logic function. The traditional voltage testing models based on the normal power supply voltage do not accurately model this behavior. In this paper we develop a model of bridging faults that accounts for both the bridging resistance distribution and gate sensitization and propagation choices. This model shows that fault coverage increases at lower power supply voltages. It suggests that decreasing the power supply voltage is a promising technique to maximize the real fault coverage of voltage tests, thereby minimizing the number of relatively slow Iddq tests required to achieve high quality.
Role of buffer surface morphology and alloying effects on the properties of InAs nanostructures grown on InP(001) (1998)

We show the role played by the buffer surface morphology and by alloying effects on the size, shape and lateral distribution of InAs nanostructures grown on InP(001) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. Three buffers, viz., In0.53Ga0.47As, In0.52Al0.48As, and InP lattice matched on InP have been studied. Differences in nanostructure morphology and in carrier confinement have been evaluated by atomic force microscopy and by low-temperature photoluminescence measurements, respectively. Alongside the classical relaxation mode through two-dimensional/three-dimensional surface morphology change, a chemical relaxation mode has to be introduced as a competitive mode of relaxation of strained layers. This chemical relaxation mode, due to alloying between the InAs deposit and the buffer, is thought to be responsible for most of the observed differences in the InAs nanostructure properties.
Cryopreservation of semen from domestic livestock (2000)

Fifty years after the first successful cryopreservation of spermatozoa, the technique is an integral part of the cattle breeding industry but has failed to establish itself commercially in the production of other breeds of domestic livestock. New assessment techniques have shown that the ejaculate consists of a heterogeneous population of cells, which achieve their full fertility potential at different rates within the female tract and thus maximize the chances of a fertile spermatozoon successfully combining with an egg. It is becoming apparent that the freeze-thaw process results in a more homogeneous cell population, which may be functionally compromised. One aspect of sperm function that has been demonstrated to be affected by cryopreservation is the process of capacitation. Chlortetracycline staining has shown that frozen-thawed spermatozoa undergo an accelerated 'capacitation-like' process which has implications for their interaction with the female tract, ability to establish sperm reservoirs in vivo and hence for their life expectancy after insemination. In addition to heterogeneity within the ejaculate, there is increasing evidence for variation between individuals in the success of sperm freezing. Post-thaw sperm survival may be consistently poor for certain individual animals even though pre-freeze parameters appear normal. The mechanisms that may underlie such differences in cryosensitivity remain unclear. A greater role for the use of frozen semen in livestock production can come only from an improvement in the preservation of the functional competence of the cryopreserved spermatozoon after insemination into the female tract.
Optical recording in hydrogenated semiconductors (1982)

Optical information recording and storage is investigated in hydrogenated amorphous semiconductor films. The recording mechanisms are based on the evolution of hydrogen within the active layer. Three different processes are observed: (1) bulge (or bubble) formation, (2) spongelike microswelling, and (3) ablation without melting.
PCM Encoded NTSC Color Television Subjective Tests (1973)

Digital television may effectively serve as the means to store, process and control color television signals within a broadcast plant. Pulse code modulation (PCM) involves the periodic amplitude sampling of a video signal and the conversion of each sample into a binary number of n bits. The PCM signal bit stream can be in n parallel channels or be time multiplexed into a single channel. In either case the total bit rate equals n times the encoding rate. We desire to minimize the bit rate in order to save circuit elements and bandwidth, consistent of course with acceptable picture quality. — A series of subjective tests was conducted to determine the importance of various parameters when PCM encoding an NTSC, 525-line, 60-field, composite television signal. Among these parameters are: (1) the number of amplitude levels being sampled that, in turn, define the n-bit digital word; (2) the encoding rate, both locked and unlocked with respect to the 3.58-MHz color subcarrier; and (3) the role of dither consisting of coherent square waves and weighted noise. The test setup consisted of a color film camera, encoding rate generators, dither generators, A/D and D/A converters, color and monochrome monitors. A test panel of experienced viewers examined the pictures in a controlled environment and rated each picture on a stepped acceptance scale. We concluded that NTSC television pictures that had been encoded with 6 or more bits per codeword suffered negligible impairment. The encode rate should be phase coherent with the color subcarrier in order to avoid beats in the picture. Dither signals did not make any improvement in picture quality except to mask contours during 4- or 5-bit encoding.
Nongenotoxic p53 Activation Protects Cells against S-Phase–Specific Chemotherapy (2006)

Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene TP53 represent the most frequent genetic difference between tumor cells and normal cells. Here, we have attempted to turn this difference into an advantage for normal cells during therapy. Using the Mdm2 antagonist nutlin-3, we first activated p53 in U2OS and HCT116 cells to induce cell cycle arrest. These arrested cells were found to be resistant to subsequent transient treatment with the nucleoside analogue gemcitabine, as revealed by clonogenic assays following drug removal. In contrast, isogenic cells lacking functional p53 continued to enter S phase regardless of nutlin-3 pretreatment and remained highly susceptible to gemcitabine-mediated cytotoxicity. The sequential treatment with nutlin-3 alone, followed by transient exposure to nutlin-3 plus gemcitabine, efficiently compromised the clonogenicity of tumor cells with deletions or mutations of p53 but largely spared the proliferation of nontransformed human keratinocytes. Nutlin-3 pretreatment also conferred protection of p53-proficient cells against cytosine arabinoside but not against doxorubicin or cisplatin. We propose that the cell cycle arrest function of p53 can be used to convert p53 from a killer to a protector of cells, with the potential to reduce unwanted side effects of chemotherapy.
Regulation of histone acetyltransferase activity of p300 and PCAF by proto‐oncogene protein DEK (2006)

The proto-oncogene protein DEK has been implicated in the t(6;9) chromosomal translocation associated with a subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), which results in the formation of a DEK-CAN fusion protein. Histone acetylation is an important post-translational modification which is involved in transcriptional regulation. In this study, we report that the acidic domain containing protein DEK interacts with histones and exerts a potent inhibitory effect on both p300 and PCAF-mediated histone acetyltransferase activity and transcription. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we have demonstrated that the recruitment of DEK to the appropriate promoter induces the histone H3 and H4 hypoacetylation of chromatin. Collectively, our data illustrate the important regulatory role played by protein DEK in transcriptional regulation, and suggest that transcription-regulating acidic domain regions may play a role in leukemogenesis.
Object-orientation in business process modeling through applying event driven process chains (EPC) in UML (2002)

Object-orientation is the most common approach for implementing information systems. On the other side, methods to improve business strategies and business operation like business process reengineering are usually process oriented. Since requirements for information system implementation are derived from business analysis, an integration of process orientation and object-orientation is mandatory. Event-driven process chains (EPC) are widely used for modeling, analyzing and redesigning business processes. The resulting EPC models are used as a starting point for the development of information systems and for the definition of workflows. They can be applied for simulation and activity based costing. A major area of application is the Implementation of standard software packages, because many vendors have documented their software's processes with EPCs. Since UML diagrams as the upcoming standard for object-oriented design do not yet cover all aspects required for the above mentioned application areas, an integrated approach is necessary for describing the dependencies between event-driven process chains and UML diagrams. Such an integrated approach is presented.
[Effect of Shenmai injection on expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in hypoxic-ischemic brain damage: experiment with rats]. (2009)

The HIF-1alpha mRNA expression in brain tissue is up-regulated after HI insult. Shenmai injection helps increase the mRNA expression of HIF-1alpha in brain and reduces the apoptosis of hippocampus neurons after HI insult.
Live Imaging of Micro-Wettability Experiments Performed for Low-Permeability Oil Reservoirs (2017)

Low-permeability (unconventional) hydrocarbon reservoirs exhibit a complex nanopore structure and micro (µm) -scale variability in composition which control fluid distribution, displacement and transport processes. Conventional methods for characterizing fluid-rock interaction are however typically performed at a macro (mm) -scale on rock sample surfaces. In this work, innovative methods for the quantification of micro-scale variations in wettability and fluid distribution in a low-permeability oil reservoir was enabled by using an environmental scanning electron microscope. Live imaging of controlled water condensation/evaporation experiments allowed micro-droplet contact angles to be evaluated, while imaging combined with x-ray mapping of cryogenically frozen samples facilitated the evaluation of oil and water micro-droplet contact angles after successive fluid injection. For the first time, live imaging of fluids injected through a micro-injection system has enabled quantification of sessile and dynamic micro-droplet contact angles. Application of these combined methods has revealed dramatic spatial changes in fluid contact angles at the micro-scale, calling into question the applicability of macro-scale observations of fluid-rock interaction.
Scalable Steiner Tree for Multicast Communications in Software-Defined Networking (2014)

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) enables flexible network resource allocations for traffic engineering, but at the same time the scalability problem becomes more serious since traffic is more difficult to be aggregated. Those crucial issues in SDN have been studied for unicast but have not been explored for multicast traffic, and addressing those issues for multicast is more challenging since the identities and the number of members in a multicast group can be arbitrary. In this paper, therefore, we propose a new multicast tree for SDN, named Branch-aware Steiner Tree (BST). The BST problem is difficult since it needs to jointly minimize the numbers of the edges and the branch nodes in a tree, and we prove that it is NP-Hard and inapproximable within $k$, which denotes the number of group members. We further design an approximation algorithm, called Branch Aware Edge Reduction Algorithm (BAERA), to solve the problem. Simulation results demonstrate that the trees obtained by BAERA are more bandwidth-efficient and scalable than the shortest-path trees and traditional Steiner trees. Most importantly, BAERA is computation-efficient to be deployed in SDN since it can generate a tree on massive networks in small time.
<b>Cryptotanshinone down‐regulates androgen receptor signaling by modulating</b> lysine‐specific demethylase 1 <b>function</b> (2011)

Development and progression of prostate cancer are intimately associated with androgen receptor (AR) signaling. The emergence of hormone-refractory prostate cancer and consequent failure of conventional androgen deprivation therapies make it necessary to bypass hormonal resistance by targeting the same signaling pathway at new intervention points. In our study, we showed that cryptotanshinone inhibited the growth of AR-positive prostate cancer cells, suggesting that cryptotanshinone affected AR function. Cryptotanshinone also profoundly inhibited the transcriptional activity of AR and suppressed the expression of several AR-target genes at the mRNA and the protein levels. At the molecular level, cryptotanshinone disrupted the interaction between AR and lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), and inhibited the complex of AR and LSD1 to the promoter of AR target genes without affecting the protein degradation and translocation of AR. Cryptotanshinone increased the mono-methyl and di-methylation of Histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9), a repressive histone marker which is demethylated and activated by LSD1. These data suggest that cryptotanshinone functions via inhibition of LSD1, a protein that promotes AR-dependent transcriptional activity via derepression of H3K9. In summary, we describe a novel mechanism whereby cryptotanshinone down-regulates AR signaling via functional inhibition of LSD1-mediated demethylation of H3K9 and represses the transcriptional activity of AR. Our data suggest that cryptotanshinone can be developed as a potential therapeutic agent for prostate cancer.
Magnetoferritin: in Vitro Synthesis of a Novel Magnetic Protein (1992)

The iron storage protein ferritin consists of a spherical polypeptide shell (apoferritin) surrounding a 6-nanometer inorganic core of the hydrated iron oxide ferrihydrite (5Fe2O3.9H2O). Previous studies have shown that the in vitro reconstitution of apoferritin yields mineral cores essentially identical to those of the native proteins. A magnetic mineral was synthesized within the nanodimensional cavity of horse spleen ferritin by the use of controlled reconstitution conditions. Transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction analysis indicate that the entrapped mineral particles are discrete 6-nanometer spherical single crystals of the ferrimagnetic iron oxide magnetite (Fe3O4). The resulting magnetic protein, "magnetoferritin," could have uses in biomedical imaging, cell labeling, and separation procedures.
Distributed game-theoretic power-control for wireless data over MIMO CDMA system (2005)

We consider a distributed noncooperative power control game for wireless data in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) CDMA system. We establish utility functions for wireless data in the MIMO CDMA system. The spectral efficiency and power efficiency are each referred to as a utility which reflects the level of satisfaction a data user gets. According to the utility functions, we develop four noncooperative power control games, and establish the existence and uniqueness of their Nash equilibria. We present power control algorithms to get the Nash equilibria and analyze the performance of the proposed power control games.
Use of Titration as a Therapeutic Individualization Strategy: An Analysis of Food and Drug Administration–Approved Drugs (2019)

Selecting a dose regimen that is both safe and effective for patients is one of the most critical elements of a successful drug development program. Titrating the dose regimen of a drug based on patient response may help to identify safe and effective dosages at the individual patient level. Therefore, we quantified and characterized the use of response-guided titration for drugs recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to assess how frequently this dosing strategy is used and how titration regimens are evaluated during drug development. Most of the 181 drugs approved from 2013-2017 (78%) had only one approved dosing regimen. Only 30 of 76 (39%) drugs that were considered amenable to response-guided dosing strategies had information in labeling about such strategies. These findings indicate that although response-guided titration can be found in labeling, this strategy is used in a minority of drugs for which it may be useful. Careful consideration should be made early in drug development as to whether a new drug is amenable to response-guided titration as an approach to reducing interpatient variability.
Some Phenoxy-2H-Benzo[B]Pyrans (2000)

Successful methods have been found for the preparation of a wide range of phenoxy-2H-benzo-[b]pyrans.
Effect of Alumina Micropowders on Properties of Calcium Hexaluminate (2013)

Calcium hexaluminate(CA6) was synthesized by mixing light-weight calcium carbonate and Al2O3micropowder( calcined α-Al2O3, activated α-Al2O3orρ-Al2O3) according to the stoichimetric ratio of CA6,and reaction sintering at 1 200,1 300,1 400 and 1 500 ℃ for 3 h,respectively. Effects of the three alumina micropowders on the phase composition,microstructure and properties of CA6 were investigated. The results show that:(1) for the three Al2O3 micropowders,the reaction to generate CA6 in specimens basically completes at about 1 500 ℃; CA6generated in all specimens is planar,but the array modes are slightly different;(2) the specimens prepared from calcinedα-Al2O3 or ρ-Al2O3 shrink almost,while the specimens prepared from activated α-Al2O3 expand;( 3) the cold crushing strength of the specimen prepared from activated α-Al2O3 is the highest,reaching 42. 5 MPa when only CA6 exists(after firing at 1 500 ℃);(4) the specimen prepared from ρ-Al2O3 has the lowest generation temperature of CA6and the highest apparent porosity,reaching 70. 1% when only CA6 exists( after firing at 1 500 ℃);(5)the specimen prepared from calcined α-Al2O3 has the biggest bulk density.
Position sensitive x-ray detector (1977)

A position sensitive proportional counter is described which shows some novel features in the method of position encoding compared with previous systems. The encoding is done by an inductance-capacity (L-C) line connected to cathode strips, rather than by resistance-capacity encoding (high resistance) using the anode wire. The spatial resolution for a counter length of 8 cm is 0.2 mm (which corresponds to 0.01° for the geometry used here). Counting can be at high rates for indefinite periods.
Multilayer alumina and titania optical coatings prepared by atomic layer deposition (2008)

The microstructure and optical properties of alumina and titania multilayer coatings prepared using atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been investigated. The titania layers were prepared using TiCl<sub>4</sub>+H<sub>2</sub>O as the precursors while two different precursors, Al(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>+H<sub>2</sub>O and AlCl<sub>3</sub>+H<sub>2</sub>O, were used to deposit the alumina layers. The results show that ALD can be used to produce amorphous, stoichiometric alumina and titania thin films with uniform thicknesses at low temperatures (120 °C). An antireflective coating design based on 4 alternating layers of titania and alumina was prepared and the resulting reflectance compared to theoretical calculations. The results demonstrate that ALD is a suitable technique for the deposition of optical thin films at temperatures compatible with thermally sensitive substrates.
Fueling protein–DNA interactions inside porous nanocontainers (2007)

Vesicle encapsulation offers a biologically relevant environment for many soluble proteins and nucleic acids and an optimal immobilization medium for single-molecule fluorescence assays. Furthermore, the confinement of biomolecules within small volumes opens up new avenues to unique experimental configurations. Nevertheless, the vesicles' impermeability, even toward ions and other small molecules such as ATP, hinders more general applications. We therefore developed methods to induce pores into vesicles. Porous vesicles were then used to modulate the interaction between Escherichia coli RecA proteins and ssDNA by changing the extravesicular nucleotides. Repetitive binding and dissociation of the same RecA filament on the DNA was observed with a rebinding rate two orders of magnitude greater than in the absence of confinement, suggesting a previously unreported nucleation pathway for RecA filament. This method provides a biofriendly and simple alternative to surface tethering that is ideal for the study of transient and weakly interacting biological complexes.