gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of production cost savings from consolidation of balancing authorities in the U.S. western interconnection under High wind and solar penetration (2014)

This paper introduces a comprehensive analysis to quantify the potential savings in production cost due to consolidation of 32 U.S. Western Interconnection Balancing Authorities (BAs). Three simulation scenarios are developed: the current structure of Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) BAs, full copper-sheet consolidation, and full consolidation with transmission congestion considered. The study uses a WECC Transmission Expansion Planning Policy Committee model that was developed for the year 2020. The model assumes 8% wind and 3% solar energy penetration as percentage of total WECC demand in 2020. Sensitivity analyses are carried out to assess the impact of transmission hurdle rates between WECC BAs on potential benefits. The study shows that savings ranging from $440 million (2.4% of total one-year production cost) to $610 million (3.2%) per year in thermal unit production cost due to consolidation can be achieved. The copper-sheet consolidation scenario shows a further savings of $240 million (1.4%) per year.
Explant Outgrowth, Propagation and Characterization of Human Pericytes (2010)

We conclude that our method for culturing pericytes from human placenta results in the expansion of functional pericytes that may be used to study a variety of questions related to vascular biology.
Addition of Mn to Ge quantum dot surfaces—interaction with the Ge QD {105} facet and the Ge(001) wetting layer (2013)

The interaction of Mn with Ge quantum dots (QD), which are bounded by {105} facets, and the strained Ge wetting layer (WL), terminated by a (001) surface, is investigated with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). These surfaces constitute the growth surfaces in the growth of Mn-doped QDs. Mn is deposited on the Ge QD and WL surface in sub-monolayer concentrations, and subsequently annealed up to a temperature of 400 ° C. The changes in bonding and surface topography are measured with STM during the annealing process. Mn forms flat islands on the Ge{105} facet, whose shape and position are guided by the rebonded step reconstruction of the facet. Voltage-dependent STM images reflect the Mn-island interaction with the empty and filled states of the Ge{105} reconstruction. Scanning tunneling spectra (STS) of the Ge{105} facet and as-deposited Mn-islands show a bandgap of 0.8 eV, and the Mn-island spectra are characterized by an additional empty state at about 1.4 eV. A statistical analysis of Mn-island shape and position on the QD yields a slight preference for edge positions, whereas the QD strain field does not impact Mn-island position. However, the formation of ultra-small Mn-clusters dominates on the Ge(001) WL, which is in contrast to Mn interaction with unstrained Ge(001) surfaces. Annealing to T < 160 °C leaves the Mn-clusters on the WL unchanged, while the Mn-islands on the Ge{105} facet undergo first a ripening process, followed by a volume gain which can be attributed to the onset of intermixing with Ge. This development is supported by the statistical analysis of island volume, size and size distribution. Increasing the annealing temperature to 220° and finally 375 ° C leads to a rapid increase in the Mn-surface diffusion, as evidenced by the formation of larger, nanometer size clusters, which are identified as germanide Mn5Ge3 from a mass balance analysis. This reaction is accompanied by the disappearance of the original Mn-surface structures and de-wetting of Mn is complete. This study unravels the details of Mn-Ge interactions, and demonstrates the role of surface diffusion as a determinant in the growth of Mn-doped Ge materials. Surface doping of Ge-nanostructures at lower temperatures could provide a pathway to control magnetism in the Mn-Ge system.
Preparation, Transport Properties, and Structure Analysis by Resonant X-ray Scattering of the Type I Clathrate Cs<sub>8</sub>Cd<sub>4</sub>Sn<sub>42</sub> (2002)

Structural and transport properties of Cs8Cd4Sn42 are reported. Cs8Cd4Sn42 has a thermal conductivity that is unusually low for a crystalline solid (1 W m-1 K-1 at room temperature). This low lattice thermal conductivity is associated with the rattling of cesium in the tetrakaidecahedral cavities, as indicated by the large atomic displacement parameters of Cs in the tretrakaidecahedra. Resonant X-ray powder diffraction measurements indicate that all of the cadmium is located on one of three inequivalent framework sites. There is no evidence for any framework vacancies in the material.
A calorimeter for measuring the power in a high-energy x-ray beam (1956)

The design and calibration of a calorimeter to measure the power in X-ray beams having peak energies between 1 and 180 million electron volts are described . The calorimeter included two thermally balanced lead cylinders, 4 centimeters in diameter by 7.5 centimeters long, one irradiated by an X-ray beam. The lead cylinder was large enough to absorb almost completely the X-ray beam. The absorbed energy resulted in an unbalance of temperature of the two cylinders, which was measured by the change in r esistance of embedded thermistors.
Assessment of sorghum landraces for combining ability (2005)

Two lines and ten landraces were crossed in line × tester system and the resultant twenty hybrids and parents were evaluated. Estimates of variances indicated the predominance of non-additive gene action in the inheritance of all the characters except number of primaries panicle−1. Among the lines, 117A was a good general combiner for panicle mass and grain yield while among the testers, PU 28 was combining well for most of the characters viz., plant height, panicle mass, panicle length, panicle width and grain yield, followed by PU 16 for number of primaries panicle−1 and grain yield. PU 11 was a good combiner for test weight. These genotypes may be best utilized in heterosis and pedigree breeding programmes.
Erasing Belady's limitations: in search of flash cache offline optimality (2016)

NAND-based solid-state (flash) drives are known for providing better performance than magnetic disk drives, but they have limits on endurance, the number of times data can be erased and overwritten. Furthermore, the unit of erasure can be many times larger than the basic unit of I/O; this leads to complexity with respect to consolidating live data and erasing obsolete data. When flash drives are used as a cache for a larger, disk-based storage system, the choice of a cache replacement algorithm can make a significant difference in both performance and endurance. While there are many cache replacement algorithms, their effectiveness is hard to judge due to the lack of a baseline against which to compare them: Belady's MIN, the usual offline best-case algorithm, considers read hit ratio but not endurance.

We explore offline algorithms for flash caching in terms of both hit ratio and flash lifespan. We design and implement a multi-stage heuristic by synthesizing several techniques that manage data at the granularity of a flash erasure unit (which we call a container) to approximate the offline optimal algorithm. We find that simple techniques contribute most of the available erasure savings. Our evaluation shows that the container-optimized offline heuristic is able to provide the same optimal read hit ratio as MIN with 67% fewer flash erasures. More fundamentally, our investigation provides a useful approximate baseline for evaluating any online algorithm, highlighting the importance of comparing new policies for caching compound blocks in flash.
Search for dark matter, extra dimensions, and unparticles in monojet events in proton–proton collisions at $$\sqrt{s} = 8$$ s = 8 $$\,{\mathrm{TeV}}\,$$ TeV (2015)

Results are presented from a search for particle dark matter (DM), extra dimensions, and unparticles using events containing a jet and an imbalance in transverse momentum. The data were collected by the CMS detector in proton-proton collisions at the LHC and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 19.7[Formula: see text]at a centre-of-mass energy of 8[Formula: see text]. The number of observed events is found to be consistent with the standard model prediction. Limits are placed on the DM-nucleon scattering cross section as a function of the DM particle mass for spin-dependent and spin-independent interactions. Limits are also placed on the scale parameter [Formula: see text] in the Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos, and Dvali (ADD) model of large extra dimensions, and on the unparticle model parameter [Formula: see text]. The constraints on ADD models and unparticles are the most stringent limits in this channel and those on the DM-nucleon scattering cross section are an improvement over previous collider results.
Combined mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibition blocks growth and induces catastrophic macropinocytosis in cancer cells (2019)

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which plays a critical role in regulating cellular growth and metabolism, is aberrantly regulated in the pathogenesis of a variety of neoplasms. Here we demonstrate that dual mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitors OSI-027 and PP242 cause catastrophic macropinocytosis in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) cells and cancers of the skin, breast, lung, and cervix, whereas the effects are much less pronounced in immortalized human keratinocytes. Using RMS as a model, we characterize in detail the mechanism of macropinocytosis induction. Macropinosomes are distinct from endocytic vesicles and autophagosomes in that they are single-membrane bound vacuoles formed by projection, ruffling, and contraction of plasma membranes. They are positive for EEA-1 and LAMP-1 and contain watery fluid but not organelles. The vacuoles then merge and rupture, killing the cells. We confirmed the inhibition of mTORC1/mTORC2 as the underpinning mechanism for macropinocytosis. Exposure to rapamycin, an mTORC1 inhibitor, or mTORC2 knockdown alone had little or reduced effect relative to the combination. We further demonstrate that macropinocytosis depends on MKK4 activated by elevated reactive oxygen species. In a murine xenograft model, OSI-027 reduced RMS tumor growth. Molecular characterization of the residual tumors was consistent with the induction of macropinocytosis. Furthermore, relative to the control xenograft tumors, the residual tumors manifested reduced expression of cell proliferation markers and proteins that drive the epithelial mesenchymal transition. These data indicate a role of mTORC2 in regulating tumor growth by macropinocytosis and suggest that dual inhibitors could help block refractory or recurrent RMS and perhaps other neoplasms and other cancer as well.
Recent developments in refractive corneal surgery (1992)

The 4- and 5-year results of the Prospective Evaluation of Radial Keratotomy Study reveal a hyperopic shift of more than 1.0 D within the follow-up time in 22% and 24%, respectively, of the eyes that underwent radial keratotomy. The number of eyes with this complication increased progressively from 6 months to 4 years. Attempts to correct this progressive hyperopia are discussed. Results of clinical studies of myopic photorefractive keratectomy performed with the excimer laser are reviewed. Regarding safety and short-term efficacy, photorefractive keratectomy is a promising technique. In the past, corneal topography has been interpreted qualitatively. Ray-tracing analysis now allows quantitative estimation of the influence of aspheric corneas on the degradation of the retinal image. Three approaches to correct hyperopia, radial thermokeratoplasty, laser thermokeratoplasty, and hexagonal keratotomy are reviewed and discussed. Additional concave intraocular lenses for correction of high myopia are still undergoing clinical evaluation. Endothelial damage is the most dangerous short-term complication of implantation with these lenses.
Surface Wave Propagation and Amplification by Beam/Plasma Interaction (1969)

This paper concerns propagation of surface waves along a plasma column, and their amplification by interaction with an electron beam penetrating the plasma. First, surface wave propagation is analyzed for stationary and drifting plasmas. In addition to undamped propagation, the dispersion relation describes infinite sets of modes which can be categorized as evanescent and damped propagating waves. Next, it is shown how surface waves can be driven unstable by an electron beam. When the beam partially fills the plasma, interaction may occur not only with surface waves but also with plasma oscillations. A detailed stability analysis for the case of beam filling the plasma shows that the system may be either convectively or absolutely unstable, depending on the beam parameters. These findings are compared with the predictions of weak coupled mode theory, which are demonstrated to be misleading. Experiments aimed at measuring surface wave amplification, and checking the theory, are described. The propagation observed is interpreted as a beating between a weakly growing and a damped surface wave. The maximum growth corresponded to an electronic gain of 2 dB/cm at 470 MHz. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the applicability of the results to development of a practical beam/plasma microwave amplifier.
The generalized forward-backward method for analyzing the scattering from targets on ocean-like rough surfaces (1999)

In Holliday et al. (1995, 1996), the iterative forward-backward (FB) method has been proposed to solve the magnetic field integral equation (MFIE) for smooth one-dimensional (1-D) rough surfaces. This method has proved to be very efficient, converging in a very small number of iterations. Nevertheless, this solution becomes unstable when some obstacle, like a ship or a large breaking wave, is included in the original problem. In this paper, we propose a new method: the generalized forward-backward (GFB) method to solve such kinds of complex problems. The approach is formulated for the electric field integral equation (EFIE), which is solved using a hybrid combination of the conventional FB method and the method of moments (MoM), the latter of which is only applied over a small region around the obstacle. The GFB method is shown to provide accurate results while maintaining the efficiency and fast convergence of the conventional FB method. Some numerical results demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the new method even for low-grazing angle scattering problems.
ISOTROPIC MID-INFRARED EMISSION FROM THE CENTRAL 100 pc OF ACTIVE GALAXIES (2009)

Dust reprocesses the intrinsic radiation of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) to emerge at longer wavelengths. The observed mid-infrared (MIR) luminosity depends fundamentally on the luminosity of the central engine, but in detail it also depends on the geometric distribution of the surrounding dust. To quantify this relationship, we observe nearby normal AGNs in the MIR to achieve spatial resolution better than 100 pc, and we use absorption-corrected X-ray luminosity as a proxy for the intrinsic AGN emission. We find no significant difference between optically classified Seyfert 1 and 2 galaxies. Spectroscopic differences, both at optical and IR wavelengths, indicate that the immediate surroundings of AGNs is not spherically symmetric, as in standard unified AGN models. A quantitative analysis of clumpy torus radiative transfer models shows that a clumpy local environment can account for this dependence on viewing geometry while producing MIR continuum emission that remains nearly isotropic, as we observe, although the material is not optically thin at these wavelengths. We find some luminosity dependence on the X-ray/MIR correlation in the smallest scale measurements, which may indicate enhanced dust emission associated with star formation, even on these sub-100 pc scales.
An assessment of the ORLAU ParaWalker-electrical stimulation hybrid orthosis (2003)

Reciprocal locomotion with the ParaWalker was augmented by surface electrical stimulation of stance side gluteal muscles in three subjects. Crutch impulse and energy cost measurement revealed a considerable reduction in the vertical crutch impulse (mean 21%) and moderate reduction in the energy cost of their locomotion (mean 7.1%) with electrical stimulation. Cocontraction of anterior abdominal wall musculature hindered achievement of maximal contraction of the gluteal muscles. Subjects also found difficulty in accessing the electrodes sites and self-adhesive electrodes became loose due to perspiration. The hybrid orthotic system seems worth considering because in the long-term, stimulation of gluteal muscles may have a beneficial physiological effect.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Serum-free culture of enriched hematopoietic progenitors reflects physiologic levels of fetal hemoglobin biosynthesis (1990)

Adult erythroid progenitors produce significantly higher fetal hemoglobin (HbF) levels in cultures containing fetal calf serum (FCS) and erythropoietin (Ep) than in vivo. The precise mechanisms for this increased HbF production in culture have not been elucidated. We examined HbF biosynthesis by enriched human progenitors in serum-free (SF) culture. We measured globin chain biosynthesis by combination of isoelectric focusing and autoradiography and examined percent nucleated erythrocytes containing HbF (%FNRBC) using microscopic immunodiffusion. CD34 (My10)-positive marrow cells from a normal subject yielded an almost negligible amount of gamma-globin in SF culture stimulated by 100 U/mL interleukin-3 (IL-3) and 2 U/mL Ep, while corresponding FCS culture revealed significant gamma-globin biosynthesis. The %FNRBC of the erythroid bursts in SF cultures derived from nine normal adults (2.0% +/- 0.9% F cells) was 3.0% +/- 3.4%, while in FCS culture, it was 25% +/- 12% (mean +/- SD). Dosages of IL-3 between 10 and 10,000 U/mL did not increase %FNRBC in FCS of SF conditions. Mean Hb contents of nucleated erythrocytes (NRBC) assayed by microdensitometry of pericellular immunoprecipitate were similar in FCS and SF cultures. The number of erythroid bursts per 2 x 10(3) CD34-positive marrow cells was 48 +/- 20 in FCS and 36 +/- 12 in SF cultures. In two experiments, progenitors grown for 7 days under SF conditions were isolated and recultured in either SF or FCS conditions for 7 days, and the resulting erythroid bursts were analyzed for FNRBC. The bursts that had been returned to FCS cultures yielded values of %FNRBC intermediate between those obtained from progenitors grown entirely in SF or FCS cultures, indicating that serum effect is not solely due to growth selection for certain subpopulations of erythroid burst-forming units. This experiment also demonstrated that the factors present in serum responsible for HbF augmentation act at both early and late stages during erythroid burst development. SF culture of peripheral blood progenitors of one subject with heterocellular hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) yielded elevated levels of FNRBC (19% +/- 5%) that accurately reflected the F cell (18%) of the circulating blood. Similarly, FNRBC in cultures of progenitors from one umbilical cord blood sample (86% F reticulocytes) was 87 +/- 3% FNRBC. The SF culture for enriched human progenitors, which nearly reflects the physiologic HbF programs of the donor, should facilitate studies of the exact mechanisms of postnatal reactivation of HbF production.
MOVPE growth of high quality AlN layers and effects of Si doping (2008)

Abstract High quality AlN layers were grown by MOVPE on c ‐plane sapphire substrates after optimization of various stages of the epitaxial process. AFM measurements revealed a rms surface roughness of 0.2 nm. The FWHM of HRXRD for the (002) and (114) reflections are 25 and 300 arcsec, respectively. This excellent quality is further confirmed by low temperature (10 K) CL spectra with a FWHM of 10 meV. We observed degrading surface and crystal quality of Si doped samples along with increasing in‐plane tensile strain up to a Si concentration of approx. 2 × 10 19 cm –3 and thereafter relaxation for higher concentrations as determined by HRXRD, and low temperature CL measurements. Furthermore, we obtained a weak n‐type conductivity, increasing with temperature with an activation energy of about 200 meV. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ultrafast terahertz spectroscopy of rapid carrier relaxation in graphene oxide (2014)

We study the distinct terahertz (THz) carrier relaxation dynamics in graphene oxide (GO). In contrast to the graphene, we observe that the photoexcited carrier relaxation in GO exhibits a peculiar non-Drude behavior.
ChemInform Abstract: 4π Participation of 1‐Aza‐1,3‐butadienes in (4 + 2)Cycloaddition Reactions: Intramolecular Diels‐Alder Reactions of α,β‐ Unsaturated N‐Sulfonylimines. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Protein Kinase Cε Is a Predictive Biomarker of Aggressive Breast Cancer and a Validated Target for RNA Interference Anticancer Therapy (2005)

Tumor metastasis is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with breast cancer. It is critical to identify metastasis enabling genes and understand how they are responsible for inducing specific aspects of the metastatic phenotype to allow for improved clinical detection and management. Protein kinase C epsilon (PKC epsilon), a member of a family of serine/threonine protein kinases, is a transforming oncogene that has been reported to be involved in cell invasion and motility. In this study, we investigated the role of PKC epsilon in breast cancer development and progression. High-density tissue microarray analysis showed that PKC epsilon protein was detected in 73.6% (106 of 144) of primary tumors from invasive ductal breast cancer patients. Increasing PKC epsilon staining intensity was associated with high histologic grade (P = 0.0206), positive Her2/neu receptor status (P = 0.0419), and negative estrogen (P = 0.0026) and progesterone receptor status (P = 0.0008). Kaplan-Meier analyses showed that PKC epsilon was significantly associated with poorer disease-free and overall survival (log-rank, P = 0.0478 and P = 0.0414, respectively). RNA interference of PKC epsilon in MDA-MB231 cells, an aggressive breast cancer cell line with elevated PKC epsilon levels, resulted in a cell phenotype that was significantly less proliferative, invasive, and motile than the parental or the control RNA interference transfectants. Moreover, in vivo tumor growth of small interfering RNA-PKC epsilon MDA-MB231 clones was retarded by a striking 87% (P < 0.05) and incidence of lung metastases was inhibited by 83% (P < 0.02). PKC epsilon-deficient clones were found to have lower RhoC GTPase protein levels and activation. Taken together, these results revealed that PKC epsilon plays a critical and causative role in promoting an aggressive metastatic breast cancer phenotype and as a target for anticancer therapy.