gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular and renal effects of adrenomedullin in rats with heart failure (1999)

Plasma adrenomedullin (AM), a novel hypotensive peptide, has been shown to increase in heart failure (HF). This study sought to examine the cardiovascular and renal effects of intravenous infusion of AM in HF rats and sham-operated rats (control) using two doses of AM that would not induce hypotension. Rat AM-(1-50) was intravenously administered at rates of 0.01 (low) and 0.05 (high) microg. kg body wt-1. min-1. Low-dose AM increased urine flow (+21% in HF, +29% in control) and urinary sodium excretion (+109% in HF, +123% in control) without changes in any hemodynamic variables. In contrast, high-dose AM slightly decreased mean arterial pressure (-3% in HF, -5% in control) and significantly increased cardiac output (+20% in HF, +12% in control). Infusion of high-dose AM resulted in significant decreases in right ventricular systolic pressure (-11%) and right atrial pressure (-28%) only in HF rats. High-dose AM significantly increased glomerular filtration rate (+10% in HF, +16% in control) and effective renal plasma flow (+25% in HF, +46% in control) as well as urine flow and urinary sodium excretion. In summary, intravenous infusion of AM exerted diuresis and natriuresis without inducing hypotension and, in the higher dose, produced beneficial hemodynamic and renal vasodilator effects in rats with compensated HF.
Land use change alters functional gene diversity, composition and abundance in Amazon forest soil microbial communities (2014)

Land use change in the Amazon rainforest alters the taxonomic structure of soil microbial communities, but whether it alters their functional gene composition is unknown. We used the highly parallel microarray technology GeoChip 4.0, which contains 83,992 probes specific for genes linked nutrient cycling and other processes, to evaluate how the diversity, abundance and similarity of the targeted genes responded to forest-to-pasture conversion. We also evaluated whether these parameters were reestablished with secondary forest growth. A spatially nested scheme was employed to sample a primary forest, two pastures (6 and 38 years old) and a secondary forest. Both pastures had significantly lower microbial functional genes richness and diversity when compared to the primary forest. Gene composition and turnover were also significantly modified with land use change. Edaphic traits associated with soil acidity, iron availability, soil texture and organic matter concentration were correlated with these gene changes. Although primary and secondary forests showed similar functional gene richness and diversity, there were differences in gene composition and turnover, suggesting that community recovery was not complete in the secondary forest. Gene association analysis revealed that response to ecosystem conversion varied significantly across functional gene groups, with genes linked to carbon and nitrogen cycling mostly altered. This study indicates that diversity and abundance of numerous environmentally important genes respond to forest-to-pasture conversion and hence have the potential to affect the related processes at an ecosystem scale.
Determination of long-lived radionuclides by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry using different nebulizers (1999)

Different nebulizers (cross-flow, ultrasonic and two microconcentric nebulizers) were used for sample introduction of radioactive solutions into a quadrupole-based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-QMS). The best sensitivity (from 420 to 850 MHz, which is about one order of magnitude higher in comparison with the cross-flow nebulizer) for long-lived radionuclides ( 226 Ra, 230 Th, 237 Np, 238 U and 241 Am) was observed using the ultrasonic nebulizer. However, using the ultrasonic nebulizer, a significantly higher sample size (26-fold) in comparison with the micronebulizers is required. Sample introduction by micronebulization with a small sample size in the low picogram range is the method of choice for the determination of long-lived radionuclides. The precision of determination of a 10 ng l –1 concentration was in the low-% range (and sub-% range) for all measurements using different nebulizer types. The detection limits for the determination of long-lived radionuclides in aqueous solutions applying the different nebulizers were 0.01-0.6 ng l –1 . The flow injection analysis approach was optimized for isotope dilution analysis of 232 Th (using 20 µl of 5 µg l –1 230 Th) by ICP-QMS. The isotopic abundance ratios of 230 Th- 232 Th isotope mixtures ( 230 Th/ 232 Th=0.01, 0.001 and 0.0001) were determined using a microconcentric nebulizer and 1 µg l –1 Th solutions with a relative external standard deviation of long-term stability measurements (over 20 h) of 0.17, 0.62 and 2.66%, respectively.
Transmural Blood Flow of Multi-Layered Latissimus Dorsi Skeletal Muscle Ventricles During Circulatory Assistance (1986)

MANNION, J. D.; VELCHIK, M. A.; ACKER, M.; HAMMOND, R.; STAUM, M.; ALAVI, A.; DUCKETT, S.; STEPHENSON, L. W.
Micelles of PAAm-<i>b</i>-PEO-<i>b</i>-PAAm Triblock Copolymers and Their Binding with Prednisolon (2011)

The IntraPC forming asymmetric PAAm-b-PEO-b-PAAm triblock copolymers (TBCs) composed of poly(ethylene oxide) (M v = 6 · 103 and 1.4 · 104) and polyacrylamide of a variable chain length form “hairy-type” micelles in water and “flower-like” micelles at the addition of EtOH > 40 vol %. The specific micellization is developed in TBC aqueous/ethanol solutions (EtOH content < 30 vol %) at the PS introduction. It is caused by the binding of PS with TBC micelles due to hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. The amorphous structure of TBCs and polymorphic crystalline structures of PS are found. The products of the interaction of TBC and PS contain highly ordered crystalline structures of the drug. But it is possible to avoid the drug crystallization at low PS contents.
Influence of Polarization on the Efficiency of In<sub>x</sub>Ga<sub>1-x</sub>N/GaN p–i–n Solar Cells (2010)

The net polarization charge and induced internal electric field can positively or negatively affect the performance of InGaN-based optoelectronic devices, depending on the formation of the polarization charge. While positive polarization charges at the InGaN/n-GaN interface are supposed to affect solar efficiency positively by increasing the electric field, negative polarization charges at the InGaN/n-GaN interface negatively affect efficiency by forming an energy barrier. However, the solar performance is not improved in a beneficial case when the polarization charge reaches 10 20 cm -3 . In the detrimental case, the efficiency of p-GaN/i-In 0.1 Ga 0.9 N/n-GaN solar cells is seriously degraded from 2.75 to 0.49% as the polarization charge increases from 0 to 2.5×10 18 cm -3 . The insertion of graded layers with a slowly increasing In content is proposed to relax the polarization, and shown to improve solar efficiency.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrogenerated Electrophilic Reagents from Sulfur: A New Access to Bismethoxyaryl Sulfides. (1990)

Abstract Electrolytic oxidation of sulfur at a sulfur/carbon anode yields electrophilic sulfur which reacts with (het)aromatic methyl ethers such as (I) to produce bis(methoxy(het)aryl) sulfides such as (III).
LOS Rate Estimation in Inertial Navigation using Landmarks (1991)

This paper deals with the problem of estimating the LOS (Line of Sight) rate of the aimpoint of a guided vehicle from certain angle-only measurements. The on-board IMU (Inertial Measuring Unit) provides primary estimates of the vehicle's absolute position and velocity. However, the IMU based estimates are not sufficient to guarantee the desired guidance accuracy. We consider the problem where a small number of discrete measurements of the aimpoint LOS angle and continuous measurements of the LOS angle of some nearby landmarks ("track points") are available according to a certain schedule along the trajectory. An algorithm that uses these angle measurements to improve the aimpoint LOS rate estimate is developed. The estimation error of the proposed method is evaluated and illustrated via numerical examples.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Chiral Stationary Phase for Optical Resolution of Amino Acids and Their Derivatives by Ligand‐Exchange High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography. (1988)

Abstract A novel chiral stationary phase, the acid corresponding to the salt (III), is prepared from (‐)‐norephedrine (I) and the salt (III) is bound to silica gel pretreated with (3‐(glycidyloxy)propyl)trimethoxy silane (→ (IV) → (V) → (VI)).
Clinical Significance of Postinfarct Fever in ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study (2017)

Postinfarct fever could predict advanced myocardial injury and less salvaged myocardium in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.
Oxidation of Benzylamines to Amides (1997)

Abstract A convenient method for the conversion of tertiary benzylamines to benzamides by phase transfer oxidation is described. Yields are good. Regioselectivities are reported.
<title>Tapping mode scanning capacitance microscopy: feasibility of quantitative capacitance measurement</title> (1997)

Tapping mode scanning capacitance microscopy is a new technique to study local capacitances. It is a combination of the tapping mode scanning force microscopy and the scanning capacitance microscopy. With the tapping motion of the tip, tip-sample distance is accurately regulated. In addition, topographic images are simultaneously obtained together with the capacitive images. In this paper, feasibility of the quantitative capacitance determination is described. Experimental results with a silicon nitride film are compared with the theoretical curve. The effective electrode area (lateral resolution) and the tip-sample capacitance were calculated.
WlDE BAND GAP ELECTRONIC DEVlCES (KEYNOTE) (2002)

The feature sizes of silicon devices approach values where fundamental physics limitations lead to diminishing returns on investment in further scaling, and wide band gap semiconductor materials look increasingly attractive for many applications, where high electron mobility, high current carrying capabilities, a high thermal conductivity, high temperature operation, and a high breakdown field make them superior to silicon and Ill-V semiconductor technology. GaN-based devices have demonstrated high-temperature operation with little or no degradation up to 300 C. The most spectacular results have been obtained for AIGaN/GaN microwave power High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) that yielded over to 11 W/mni power at 10 GHz. The maximum density of the two-dimensional electron gas at the GaNiAlGaN heterointerface or in GaN/AIGaN quantum well structures can exceed 2~10'~ cm-2, which is an order of magnitude higher than for traditional GaAs/AIGaAs heterostructures. Very large piezoelectric constants of AIN and GaN can be used in piezoelectric and pyroelectric sensors and could be taken advantage for enhancing the sheet carrier concentration and reducing leakage current in conventional electronic devices. Recently proposed Strain Energy Band Engineering and Pulsed Atomic Epitaxy techniques should allow us to independently control strain and lattice mismatch by using AllnGaNGaN heterostructures and should find important applications in power devices. Si02/AIGalnN/GaN Metal Oxide Semiconductor Heterostructure Field Effect Transistors (MOSHFETs) and SiN/AlGalnN/GaN Metal lnsulator Semiconductor Heterostructure Field Effect Transistors (MlSHFETs) have exhibited perfomiance superior to that of conventional AIGaN/GaN devices and hold promise for power applications. GaN epitaxial layers can be grown on Sic, which allows us to combine superior transport properties of GaN with a high thermal conductivity of Sic. All this gives hope that electronic devices based on GaN will reach the same prominence as GaN-based blue and white, and UV light emitters.
Material Decomposition in Spectral CT Using Deep Learning: A Sim2Real Transfer Approach (2021)

The state-of-the art for solving the nonlinear material decomposition problem in spectral computed tomography is based on variational methods, but these are computationally slow and critically depend on the particular choice of the regularization functional. Convolutional neural networks have been proposed for addressing these issues. However, learning algorithms require large amounts of experimental data sets. We propose a deep learning strategy for solving the material decomposition problem based on a U-Net architecture and a Sim2Real transfer learning approach where the knowledge that we learn from synthetic data is transferred to a real-world scenario. In order for this approach to work, synthetic data must be realistic and representative of the experimental data. For this purpose, numerical phantoms are generated from human CT volumes of the KiTS19 Challenge dataset, segmented into specific materials (soft tissue and bone). These volumes are projected into sinogram space in order to simulate photon counting data, taking into account the energy response of the scanner. We compared projection- and image-based decomposition approaches where the network is trained to decompose the materials either in the projection or in the image domain. The proposed Sim2Real transfer strategies are compared to a regularized Gauss-Newton (RGN) method on synthetic data, experimental phantom data and human thorax data.
A review of current advances in the detection of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents based biosensor approaches (2019)

This review encompasses a literature review of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and the attendant advantages and limitations of existing techniques (i.e. gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and ion mobility spectrometry) used for the detection of CWAs in previous decades. CWAs include the following agent classes i.e. nerve agents, blister agents, blood agents and incapacitating agents. Nerve agents are among the most toxic and have been used by certain military forces and terrorists in many conflicts and consequently have caused both death and disability to humans. Here, we focus on current developments in biosensor approaches used for the detection of organophosphorus CWAs, especially those that are able to overcome the limitations found in earlier detection techniques. The biosensor approach offers rapid, sensitive, selective, portable, simple and low-cost on-site detection capability that would meet the requirements for CWA detection in the event of future events. The future prospects and challenges of biosensor development for CWA detection is also discussed.
Visual Exploration of Big Spatio-Temporal Urban Data: A Study of New York City Taxi Trips (2013)

As increasing volumes of urban data are captured and become available, new opportunities arise for data-driven analysis that can lead to improvements in the lives of citizens through evidence-based decision making and policies. In this paper, we focus on a particularly important urban data set: taxi trips. Taxis are valuable sensors and information associated with taxi trips can provide unprecedented insight into many different aspects of city life, from economic activity and human behavior to mobility patterns. But analyzing these data presents many challenges. The data are complex, containing geographical and temporal components in addition to multiple variables associated with each trip. Consequently, it is hard to specify exploratory queries and to perform comparative analyses (e.g., compare different regions over time). This problem is compounded due to the size of the data-there are on average 500,000 taxi trips each day in NYC. We propose a new model that allows users to visually query taxi trips. Besides standard analytics queries, the model supports origin-destination queries that enable the study of mobility across the city. We show that this model is able to express a wide range of spatio-temporal queries, and it is also flexible in that not only can queries be composed but also different aggregations and visual representations can be applied, allowing users to explore and compare results. We have built a scalable system that implements this model which supports interactive response times; makes use of an adaptive level-of-detail rendering strategy to generate clutter-free visualization for large results; and shows hidden details to the users in a summary through the use of overlay heat maps. We present a series of case studies motivated by traffic engineers and economists that show how our model and system enable domain experts to perform tasks that were previously unattainable for them.
“Anziehen” von “nacktem” Acetylid mit Metallkomplexen: wie und warum? (2003)

Die hohe Mobilität des C22−-Liganden in dreikernigen Komplexen vom Typ [M]3C2 (siehe Schema) und in Alkinyl-verbrückten Komplexen [M]2C2R liefert Hinweise zum Verständnis der Topomerisierungsprozesse von Alkinkomplexen und Alkinen (über Vinylidenkomplexe [M]CCR2 bzw. Vinylidene :CCR2 als Zwischenstufen), bei denen die C-Atome ihre Position tauschen.
Cathode Refractory Materials for Aluminium Reduction Cells (2013)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Refractory materials Laboratory tests for cryolite resistance of refractories Chemical defoliation of refractory linings Conclusion
Performance of externally tuned fibre Fabry-Perot transmission modulators (2002)

The performance of electroabsorption transmission modulators incorporating a fibre-matched externally tunable, asymmetric Fabry-Perot cavity is investigated, The theoretical analysis includes the effects of the optical power source characteristics, cavity finesse, and the power coupling loss for single fibre devices. The results show that for a laser source, fibre with standard numerical aperture of 0.2, fibre end reflectivity of 0.8, a cavity length less than four times of the working wavelength is required to obtain 6 dB contrast with an insertion loss less than 2 dB and a modulation change larger than 50%.
Electrochemical photovoltaic cells. Project 65021 quarterly technical progress report, July 15-October 15, 1979 (1979)

During the second quarter of this program we have evaluated the photoelectrochemical performance of single-crystal MoSe/sub 2/ and GaAs, polycrystalline CdSe, and cells with RbAg/sub 4/I/sub 5/ solid electrolyte. MoSe/sub 2/ electrode exhibited very good photoresponse in electrolytes containing Br/sup -//Br/sub 2/ redox couple. The photopotential and photocurrent were larger in acid than in alkaline electrolyte. A power conversion efficiency of about 5% was achieved under 200 mW/cm/sup 2/ Xenon light illumination in the acid medium. The catalytic activity of a platinized platinum electrode toward Br/sup -//Br/sub 2/ redox couple was also better in acid electrolyte than in alkaline electrolyte. Higher current densities were obtained in the acid medium. The MoSe/sub 2/ was found to have good stability in acid and alkaline electrolytes; however, it will be necessary to protect the electrolyte against evaporation of the bromine, oxidation by air, or photodecomposition. GaAs was tested in alkaline electrolytes containing Se/sup 2 -//Se/sub n//sup 2 -/, I/sup -//I/sub 2/ or Br/sup -//Br/sub 2/ redox couple and in acid electrolytes containing Fe/sup +2//Fe/sup +3/, Cr/sup +2//Cr/sup +3/, Sn/sup +2//Sn/sup +4/, Cu/sup +1//Cu/sup +2/, Ti/sup +3//Ti/sup +4/, I/sup -//I/sub 2/ or Br/sup -//Br/sub 2/. Large anodic dark currents were observed in solutions containing Sn/sup +2//Sn/sup +4/ or Cu/sup +1//Cu/sup +2/. The large photoeffects found with the other redox couples were usually accompanied by electrode darkening and decrease in photocurrent with time. Polycrystalline electrodes have been made by thermal vacuum evaporation of CdSe on titanium foil or SnO/sub 2/-coated glass. The CdSe still suffered from poor adherence to the substrates and, therefore, poor photoresponse. A solid electrolyte photoelectrochemical cell was fabricated giving photopotentials of about 300 mV at current densities of about 0.1 mA/cm/sup 2/ under 200 mW/cm/sup 2/ Xenon light illumination.
Quasicrystals:  A Short Review from a Surface Science Perspective (1998)

Quasicrystals are materials of both intellectual and practical importance. Although some level of understanding can now be applied to their bulk electronic and atomic structure, the same cannot be said of their surface properties. In this article, we point out some of the key issues in the surface science of quasicrystals at present.
PHYBAL — Kurzzeitverfahren zur Berechnung der Lebensdauer metallischer Werkstoffe auf der Basis physikalischer Messgrößen (2008)

Kurzfassung Zur mikrostrukturbasierten Charakterisierung des Ermüdungsverhaltens und zur Berechnung der Lebensdauer metallischer Werkstoffe werden neben mechanischen Spannung-Dehnung-Hysteresismessungen, hochgenaue Temperatur- und elektrische Widerstandsmessverfahren eingesetzt. Im Rahmen eines am Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffkunde der TU Kaiserslautern entwickelten Versuchskonzeptes werden in Betriebslastfolgen kurze einstufige Messsequenzen mit einer Spannungsamplitude deutlich unterhalb der Wechselfestigkeit eingefügt. Die erfassten Messgrößen werden äquivalent zu Einstufenversuchen in Wechselverformungskurven zur Bewertung verformungsinduzierter mikrostruktureller Veränderungen und fortschreitender Ermüdungsschädigung unter Betriebsbeanspruchung aufgetragen. Die in einem Laststeigerungsversuch und zwei Einstufenversuchen ermittelten Ermüdungsdaten dienen als Eingangsgrößen zur Lebensdauerberechnung auf der Basis allgemeiner Morrow- und Basquin-Gleichungen mit der physikalisch basierten Methode „PHYBAL‟. Mit nur drei Ermüdungsversuchen können Wöhlerkurven in sehr guter Übereinstimmung mit experimentellen Bruchlastspielzahlen berechnet werden. Gegenüber der konventionellen Ermittlung von Wöhlerkurven, die mit einem hohen experimentellen und zeitlichen Aufwand verbunden ist, führt die Anwendung von „PHYBAL‟ zu einer erheblichen Verkürzung der Versuchszeiten und damit zu einer deutlichen Absenkung der Kosten.
Enhancement of the lethal effects of adriamycin (adria) by combining with other agents. Abstr. (1975)

When rat peritoneal mast cells which had been loaded with fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fura-2/AM were exposed to compound 48/80, fura-2 fluorescence was increased in the presence of 1mM extracellular Ca2+, but remained unchanged in the Ca2(+)-eliminated medium. Only in the presence of 1mM extracellular Ca2+, both fura-2 fluorescence and histamine release were increased in response to compound 48/80, depending on the concentration of the stimulant. Both of these responses were attenuated in the same degree by such release inhibitors as disodium cromoglycate and HSR-6071. Fluorescent microscopic observation of fura-2/AM-loaded mast cells revealed that fura-2 fluorescence was densely localized in the granules and the nucleus, but less in the cytoplasm. All these results strongly suggest that increase in the fura-2 fluorescence might not result from the increase in cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration, but from binding of fura-2, which had been released together with chemical mediators from granules following stimulation, to extracellular Ca2+. Therefore, it seems likely that the fura-2/AM loading method is inadequate to investigate whether or not the increase in cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration triggers release of chemical mediators from mast cells.