gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Noble Metal Nanoparticles for Biosensing Applications (2012)

In the last decade the use of nanomaterials has been having a great impact in biosensing. In particular, the unique properties of noble metal nanoparticles have allowed for the development of new biosensing platforms with enhanced capabilities in the specific detection of bioanalytes. Noble metal nanoparticles show unique physicochemical properties (such as ease of functionalization via simple chemistry and high surface-to-volume ratios) that allied with their unique spectral and optical properties have prompted the development of a plethora of biosensing platforms. Additionally, they also provide an additional or enhanced layer of application for commonly used techniques, such as fluorescence, infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Herein we review the use of noble metal nanoparticles for biosensing strategies--from synthesis and functionalization to integration in molecular diagnostics platforms, with special focus on those that have made their way into the diagnostics laboratory.
Alterations in the expression of atrial calpains in electrical and structural remodeling during aging and atrial fibrillation (2013)

The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the change in the expression of atrial calpains and electrical, molecular and structural remodeling during aging and atrial fibrillation (AF). Adult and aged canines in sinus rhythm (SR) and with persistent AF (induced by rapid atrial pacing) were investigated. A whole-cell patch clamp was used to measure the L-type Ca2+ current (ICa-L) in cells in the left atrium. The mRNA and protein expression of the L-type calcium channel alc subunit (LVDCCa1c) and calpains were measured by quantitative (q)PCR and western blot analysis. Histopathological and ultrastructural changes were analyzed via light and electron microscopy. The quantity of apoptotic myocytes was determined by a terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. In SR groups, atrial cells of the aged canines exhibited a longer action potential (AP) duration to 90% repolarization (APD90), lower AP plateau potential and peak ICa-L current densities (P<0.05). In the adult and aged groups, AF led to a higher maximum diastolic potential, an increase in AP amplitude and decreases in APD90, AP plateau potential and peak ICa-L densities (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the mRNA and protein expression levels of LVDCCa1c were decreased in the aged groups; however, the mRNA and protein expression of calpain 1 was increased in the adult and the aged groups with AF (P<0.05). Samples of atrial tissue exhibited abnormal histopathological and ultrastructural changes, such as accelerated fibrosis and apoptosis with aging and in AF. Age-related alterations in atrial tissues were attributed to the increased expression of calpain 1. The general pathophysiological alterations in normal aged atria may therefore produce a substrate that is conducive to AF.
<i>DGAT1</i>, a new positional and functional candidate gene for intramuscular fat deposition in cattle (2003)

Intramuscular fat content, also assessed as marbling of meat, represents an important beef quality trait. Recent work has mapped a quantitative trait locus (QTL) with an effect on marbling to the centromeric region of bovine chromosome 14, with the gene encoding thyroglobulin (TG) being proposed as a positional and functional candidate gene for this QTL. Recently, the gene encoding diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (DGAT1), which also has been mapped within the region of the marbling QTL, has been demonstrated to affect the fat content of milk. In the present study, the effects of a 5'-polymorphism of TG and of a lysine/alanine polymorphism of DGAT1 on the fat content of musculus (m.) semitendinosus and m. longissimus dorsi in 55 bovine animals (28 German Holstein and 27 Charolais) has been investigated. Significant effects were found for both candidate genes in both the breeds. These effects seem to be independent of one another because the alleles of the two polymorphisms showed no statistically significant disequilibrium. The DGAT1 effect is mainly on the m. semitendinosus. The TG polymorphism only affects m. longissimus dorsi. However, both intramuscular fat enhancing effects seem to be recessive. The possibility of two linked loci, acting recessively on intramuscular fat content, will require special strategies when selecting for higher marbling scores.
Buena formulación local de un sistema acoplado de ecuaciones dispersas (2006)

En este articulo estudiamos la buena formulacion local del problema de valor inicial asociado a un sistema de ecuaciones de Korteweg-de Vries acopladas a traves de los efectos dispersivos y no lineales. Utilizando el metodo de regularizacion parabolica probamos la existencia y unicidad de solucion local, y las estimaciones de Bona-Smith para demostrar la dependencia continua de la solucion respecto de los datos iniciales.
Sensations evoked by intraneural microstimulation of single mechanoreceptor units innervating the human hand. (1983)

Intraneural microstimulation (i.n.m.s.) was performed in awake human volunteers, using tungsten micro-electrodes inserted into median and ulnar nerve fascicles supplying the skin of the hand. The same electrodes were used alternatively to record impulse activity from single nerve fibres at the i.n.m.s. sites. Monitoring occasionally, with a proximal electrode, the impulse traffic evoked by i.n.m.s. distally in the same fascicle, established that the stimulation procedure could be made selective enough to activate single myelinated fibres in isolation, while also permitting multifibre recruitment. Monitoring propagated impulses also established that i.n.m.s. of a single myelinated fibre supplying a low-threshold mechanoreceptor in the hand might evoke an elementary sensation. Such sensations were fully endowed with cognitive attributes amenable to psychophysical estimation: quality, magnitude and localized projection. Psychophysical tests were made during i.n.m.s. at intraneural sites where single-unit activity was recorded from classified RA, PC, SA I or SA II mechanoreceptors. Changes in excitability of the nerve fibre of an identified unit, induced by further i.n.m.s., certified that the recorded unit had been stimulated during psychophysical tests. Comparing physical location of the receptive field of a recorded unit and localization of the projected field of the corresponding elementary sensation, revealed that either predicted the other accurately. This further assisted identification of the unit activated by i.n.m.s. The type of a recorded unit and the quality of the elementary sensation evoked by its activation were also reciprocally predictive. RA units evoked intermittent tapping, PC units vibration or tickle and SA I units evoked pressure. SA II units evoked no sensation when activated in isolation. Afferent impulse frequency determined magnitude of pressure in the SA I system, and frequency of vibration in the PC system. In the RA system, stimulation frequency determined frequency of tapping-flutter-vibration sensation at relatively low rates and subjective intensity of sensation at high rates. These findings endorse the concept that quality of sensation is coded in specific sensory systems. Further, they provide novel evidence that sensory quality, magnitude and localization can be exquisitely resolved at cognitive levels on the basis of input initiated in a single mechanoreceptor unit.
The Use of Planning in English and German (NRW) Geography School Textbooks (2016)

Although it is not possible to predict the future, at least some ideas can be developed through planning.Geography focuses on current social, environmental and spatial problems; however, it should, at the sametime, teach us to plan its future handling. At school, this is a responsible role for the subject geography.This article compares how nineteen different English and German (North Rhine-Westphalian) geographytextbooks deal with planning through various tasks. These tasks are identified with a definition, based on amultidisciplinary literature review, and are examined by qualitative content analysis. It appears thatplanning skills for shaping the future are dealt with differently in both countries, with respect to branchesof geography, topic of concern, planning method, time frame and perspectivity. Implications andlimitations of the findings for geography teachers, international researchers in science education,publishing houses and other persons responsible for geography education programs are discussed.&amp;nbsp;
A knowledge-based system for seismological signal understanding (2003)

The authors describe the design of SNA (seismic network analyzer), an expert system that models the seismologist's interpretive behavior. The system architecture, which is based on the blackboard scheme, is reported; results and performance of a prototype implementation of SNA are given and discussed. An advantage of the system is that the integration of knowledge of different kinds guarantees higher sensitivity and robustness to the signal interpretation process. Also, simple and inexpensive numerical computations are sufficient to form an hypothesis for the event and a rough estimate of its features; more refined interpretive tasks can be postponed. The modular structure of the system allows easier maintenance and expandability.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Fermilab Superconducting Nb₃Sn High Field Magnet R Program (2019)

Magnets based on the modern Nb₃Sn conductor are the main candidates for future high-energy hadron colliders. Fermilab as part of the U.S. MDP executes an extensive R program on these high-field magnets. This program includes basic conductor and material R, quench per-formance studies, and building a meter-long high-field demonstrator. This paper summarizes the current status of the program including its recent results.
Attorney-Client Privilege: Continuing Confusion About Attorney Communications, Drafts, Pre-Existing Documents, and the Source of the Facts Communicated (1999)

privilege must be construed narrowly because it limits the disclosure of relevant evidence. 14 The basic privilege only protects client communications with the attorney; the privilege does not protect the underlying facts in these communications. 15
Shape Effects of Iron Nanowires on Hyperthermia Treatment (2013)

This research discusses the influence of morphology of nanomagnetic materials (one‐dimensional iron nanowires and zero‐dimensional iron nanoparticles) on heating efficiency of the hyperthermia treatment. One‐dimensional iron nanowires, synthesized by reducing method in external magnetic field, are explored in terms of their material properties, magnetic anisotropy, and cytotoxicity of EMT‐6 cells. The magnetic anisotropy of an array of nanowires is examined in parallel and perpendicular magnetic fields by VSM. For the magnetic hyperthermia treatment tests, iron nanowires and nanoparticles with different concentrations are heated in alternating magnetic field to measure their actual heating efficiency and SLP heating properties. The shape effects of iron nanomaterials can be revealed from their heating properties. The cytotoxicity of nanowires with different concentrations is measured by its survival rate in EMT‐6 with the cells cultivated for 6 and 24 hours.
Five-Level Diode Clamped Inverter to EliminateCommon Mode Voltage and Reduce $dv/dt$ inMedium Voltage Rating Induction Motor Drives (2008)

The High power induction machines are designed at medium voltage (MV) rating for better performance. The multilevel inverters (MLI) are able to provide medium voltage with high quality output at low switching frequency as compared to conventional two-level inverter. In addition to this, MLI reduces dv/dt, switching losses and leakage current. In this paper, approaches to reduce and eliminate the common mode voltage (CMV) using five- level diode clamped multilevel inverter (DCMLI) are presented. The CMV spikes are also eliminated by shifting dead-time across the phase pole. A novel technique for the selection of switching states to synthesize the desire vector is proposed. This paper realizes the implementation of five-level diode clamped MLI for three phase induction motor. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed solution.
Synthesis of Heteroatom Substituted SBA-15 by the “pH-Adjusting” Method (2004)

A simple and effective method denoted “pH-adjusting” is used to graft a large amount of heteroatoms such as Al and Ti to mesoporous silica material SBA-15. The products prepared by this method show highly ordered mesostructures with large surface areas and uniform mesopore size distribution. The results of ICP, EDX, 27Al NMR, calcium ion-exchange capacity, and UV−vis spectra show that almost all the heteroatoms added into the initial reaction mixture can be introduced into the products, and moreover, the heteroatoms introduced by this route locate at mainly tetrahedrally coordinated sites.
Classifying Smart Personal Assistants: An Empirical Cluster Analysis (2019)

The digital age has yielded systems that increasingly reduce the complexity of our everyday lives. As such, smart personal assistants such as Amazon’s Alexa or Apple’s Siri combine the comfort of intuitive natural language interaction with the utility of personalized and situation-dependent information and service provision. However, research on SPAs is becoming increasingly complex and opaque. To reduce complexity, this paper introduces a classification system for SPAs. Based on a systematic literature review, a cluster analysis reveals five SPA archetypes: Adaptive Voice (Vision) Assistants, Chatbot Assistants, Embodied Virtual Assistants, Passive Pervasive Assistants, and Natural Conversation Assistants.
Electronic structure of the minimum-diameter Tl, Pb and Bi quantum wire superlattices (1993)

On the basis of the analysis of the optical absorption spectra and conductivity data the model of the electronic structure of the regular three-dimensional arrays of minimum-diameter (0.6 nm) quantum wires of Tl, Pb and Bi has been proposed. It is characterized by a dielectric type of energy spectrum, an atomic-like energy band structure near the gap, anisotropy of this spectrum and localization of the electronic states near the gap.
Trade and the Environment A Survey of the Literature (1992)

The recent revitalization of concern for environmental quality has generated many questions about the interaction between trade and the environment. Most of these questions have to do with the impact of environmental regulation on trade patterns and gains from trade. If a tradeoff is perceived, it is often argued that some intervention becomes appropriate: either a specific trade policy or the establishment of an international environmental standard. Present GATT policy then becomes an issue of debate. Should GATT revise its rules to accommodate the specific trade measures suggested? How can GATT ensure that the environmental objective is not a disguise for a trade barrier? Should GATT establish some international environmental standard with procedures to ensure compliance? The importance given to trade liberalization and exchange rate policy reform as part of adjustment for development has raised another set of questions: Is there a direct link between the removal of trade barriers and environmental degradation? If so, how should liberalization strategies incorporate this cost? Should trade policy be used to meet environmental objectives? The author surveys the literature on the main questions being debated in both of these areas. Among her conclusions: (1) More stringent regulations in one country are thought to result in reduced competitiveness and perhaps industrial flight and the development of pollution havens. The many empirical studies that have tried to test these hypotheses have shown no evidence to support them. (2) Countervailing duties or an international environmental standard have no place here. Both concepts ignore the reallocation of resources that must occur if externalities are to be efficiently incorporated into costs. They also ignore the fact that standards should be based on local calculations of marginal costs and benefits. Only if an exporter's standards are below what is locally optimal would a countervailing duty be justified. (3) Subsidies are likely to be trade barriers in disguise and should generally not be accommodated. They are not usually an efficient means of achieving an environmental objective and may hinder the efficient allocation of resources away from pollution-intensive industries. (4) Imposing a tariff when pollution spills over national boundaries can be no more than a second-best policy. If the tariff is based on damage to the victim country alone, it will not reduce trade in the polluting product enough; if it maximizes the welfare of the victim, it may reduce trade in the product too much. (5) There seems to be a case for establishing some international code of product standards, to prevent the use of such standards as nontariff barriers.
Determination and Quantification of Molecular Interactions in Protein Films: A Review (2014)

Protein based films are nowadays also prepared with the aim of replacing expensive, crude oil-based polymers as environmentally friendly and renewable alternatives. The protein structure determines the ability of protein chains to form intra- and intermolecular bonds, whereas the degree of cross-linking depends on the amino acid composition and molecular weight of the protein, besides the conditions used in film preparation and processing. The functionality varies significantly depending on the type of protein and affects the resulting film quality and properties. This paper reviews the methods used in examination of molecular interactions in protein films and discusses how these intermolecular interactions can be quantified. The qualitative determination methods can be distinguished by structural analysis of solutions (electrophoretic analysis, size exclusion chromatography) and analysis of solid films (spectroscopy techniques, X-ray scattering methods). To quantify molecular interactions involved, two methods were found to be the most suitable: protein film swelling and solubility. The importance of non-covalent and covalent interactions in protein films can be investigated using different solvents. The research was focused on whey protein, whereas soy protein and wheat gluten were included as further examples of proteins.
PROLONGATION OF ALLOGRAFT SURVIVAL IN MICE BY INDUCERS OF INTERFERON (1973)

Three different types of agents known to induce interferon in mice significantly prolonged the survival of mouse tail skin allografts made across H-2 differences. Newcastle disease virus given i.v. on the day of or the day after grafting prolonged survival by 1.7 and 3.5 days, respectively. Statolon, a double stranded RNA mycophage, given i.p. in three doses of 3 mg each on the day of and the 2nd and 5th days after grafting prolonged survival by 1.9 days. Tilorone hydrochloride, in a concentration of 0.3 mg/ml given continuously by means of the drinking water, prolonged allograft survival by 4.7 days. These results are consistent with the idea that interferon inhibits the cellular immune response to allografts.
Students distracted by electronic devices perform at the same level as those who are focused on the lecture (2014)

Background. Little is known about the characteristics of internet distractions that students may engage in during lecture. The objective of this pilot study is to identify some of the internet-based distractions students engage in during in-person lectures. The findings will help identify what activities most commonly cause students to be distracted from the lecture and if these activities impact student learning. Methods. This study is a quasi-experimental pilot study of 26 students from a single institution. In the current study, one class of third-year students were surveyed after a lecture on special needs dentistry. The survey identified self-reported utilization patterns of "smart" devices during the lecture. Additionally, twelve quiz-type questions were given to assess the students' recall of important points in the lecture material that had just been covered. Results. The sample was comprised of 26 students. Of these, 17 were distracted in some form (either checking email, sending email, checking Facebook, or sending texts). The overall mean score on the test was 9.85 (9.53 for distracted students and 10.44 for non-distracted students). There were no significant differences in test scores between distracted and non-distracted students (p = 0.652). Gender and types of distractions were not significantly associated with test scores (p > 0.05). All students believed that they understood all the important points from the lecture. Conclusions. Every class member felt that they acquired the important learning points during the lecture. Those who were distracted by electronic devices during the lecture performed similarly to those who were not. However, results should be interpreted with caution as this study was a small quasi-experimental design and further research should examine the influence of different types of distraction on different types of learning.
RNA-seq Reveals Novel Transcriptome of Genes and Their Isoforms in Human Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells Treated with Thrombin (2012)

The dysregulation of vascular endothelial cells by thrombin has been implicated in the development of a number of pathologic disorders such as inflammatory conditions, cancer, diabetes, coronary heart disease. However, transcriptional regulation of vascular endothelial cells by thrombin is not completely understood. In the present study, Illumina RNA-seq was used to profile the transcriptome in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-L) treated with thrombin for 6 h to gain insight into thrombin's direct effects on the endothelial function. Out of 100 million total reads from a paired end sequencing assay, 91-94% of the reads were aligned to over 16,000 genes in the reference human genome. Thrombin upregulated 150 known genes and 480 known isoforms, and downregulated 2,190 known genes and 3,574 known isoforms by at least 2 fold. Of note, thrombin upregulated 1,775 previously unknown isoforms and downregulated 12,202 previously unknown isoforms by at least 2 fold. Many genes displayed isoform specific differential expression levels and different usage of transcriptional start sites after the thrombin treatment. The cross comparisons between our RNA-seq data and those of DNA microarray analysis of either 6 h thrombin treated HUVEC or 5 h TNFα treated HMVEC have provided a significant overlapping list of differentially expressed genes, supporting the robust utility of our dataset. Further in-depth follow-up analysis of the transcriptional regulation reported in this study may shed light on molecular pathogenic mechanisms underlying thrombin mediated endothelial dysfunction in various diseases and provide new leads of potential therapeutic targets.
EnvMine: A text-mining system for the automatic extraction of contextual information (2010)

EnvMine is a very efficient method for extracting contextual information from different text sources, like published articles or web pages. This tool can help in determining the precise location and physicochemical variables of sampling sites, thus facilitating the performance of ecological analyses. EnvMine can also help in the development of standards for the annotation of environmental features.
BioHMM: a heterogeneous hidden Markov model for segmenting array CGH data (2006)

We have developed a new method (BioHMM) for segmenting array comparative genomic hybridization data into states with the same underlying copy number. By utilizing a heterogeneous hidden Markov model, BioHMM incorporates relevant biological factors (e.g. the distance between adjacent clones) in the segmentation process.