gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Polyenes. IV (1944)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of Polyenes. IVM. S. Kharasch, W. Nudenberg, and E. K. FieldsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1944, 66, 8, 1276–1279Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1944Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1944https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01236a017https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01236a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views216Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Active guidance for laser retinal surgery with a handheld instrument (2009)

Laser photocoagulation is a standard interventional tool in vitreoretinal surgery. Commonly applied treatments such as grid photocoagulation and panretinal photocoagulation involve the application of hundreds of dot-like laser burns to the retina. In order to enhance the accuracy and reduce the tedium of this procedure, we are developing a robot-assisted technique for retinal laser photocoagulation that includes software for planning patterns of laser burns on a retinal image and uses an active handheld micromanipulator known as Micron in order to apply the pattern of burns to the retina. The paper describes the system and presents preliminary results. In a sample 7x7 pattern of lesions applied to an artificial surface, the system demonstrated a mean position error of 43+/-23 microm.
Spectral control of total internal reflection for novel information displays (2009)

A new method for creating a reflective image device has been devised based on total internal reflection (TIR). This technique has the potential to yield a brighter, highercontrast image than those of current reflective displays by incorporating polymeric micro-prismatic sheets that reflect by means of TIR. High surface reflectance is achieved by efficiently redirecting ambient light toward the viewer, and an image is generated by controllably preventing, or "frustrating", the reflection in selected regions through absorption of light in the very thin evanescent wave region near the TIR interface. The transition between the reflective and absorptive state requires a motion of less than a micron of the absorber, and therefore it can occur quickly and efficiently. A fundamental problem in this approach - interfacial adhesion - was ameliorated through the use of liquid phase backing material, instead of gas. However, this complicated the optical requirements by substantially reducing the refractive index ratio at the TIR interface. To maintain TIR over an acceptable angular range, a low refractive index perfluorinated hydrocarbon was identified as an ideal liquid, and an optical configuration was devised to enhance the effective refractive index ratio at the interface. Detailed Monte Carlo ray tracing verified that high reflectance and a high contrast ratio are achievable with these designs over a useful range of viewing directions. Electrophoresis of pigment particles in a perfluorinated hydrocarbon has been shown to be a practical method for modulating TIR. The observed photometric performance is consistent with a numerical model developed to describe the interaction of an incident light ray with a density distribution of particles near the interface. Colour pigment suspensions have yielded, for the first time, spectrally selective control of TIR, which requires the particles to be essentially non-scattering but selectively absorptive. The results presented here demonstrate the feasibility of this TIR-based approach in practical reflective image device applications, and are suggestive that further development work in this area is warranted.
Inhibitor stabilization of human immunodeficiency virus type-2 proteinase dimer formation. (1991)

We report the first direct observation of the subunit self-association behavior of highly purified recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (HIV-2) proteinase. Multiple samples of enzyme were subjected to sedimentation equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation sequentially at 8.8 degrees C and two pH values in the presence and absence of a C2 symmetric, peptidomimetic inhibitor. At both pH values the enzyme exhibited sedimentation equilibrium behavior which fit a monomer-dimer-tetramer model. In the absence of inhibitor, the apparent Kd for dimer formation was less than approximately 100 microM and the apparent Kd for the weaker dimer-tetramer association was greater than approximately 100 microM. In the presence of inhibitor, at either pH, dimer formation was more strongly favored as indicated by a approximately 5-14-fold decrease in the apparent Kd for dimer formation and a approximately 1.2-4-fold increase in the apparent Kd for tetramer formation. The enhanced formation of dimer and decrease in higher order self-associated forms in the presence of an inhibitor is consistent with inhibitor stabilization of an active dimer. The inhibitor-induced stabilization of the dimeric species is consistent with a model for substrate-induced formation of active proteinase dimers in virion assembly.
Theoretical studies of the fullerene growth mechanism: Ring-collapse model to C28 and cascade bond formation (2000)

The ring-collapse mechanism that suggests the reactions among the mono- to polycyclic carbon clusters has been analyzed using semiempirical AM1 and HF/6-31G* methods. The two cage structures D2 (chiral) and Td (achiral) for the C28 clusters are considered. Basing on the ring-stacking/circumscribing model and the ring-collapse mechanism various precursors are selected along with some appropriate carbon belts. Reactions between the precursors and the belts are found to be endoergic and lead to stable intermediates. All these stacking processes follow gradual and sequential paths. Various possible transition states structures (TSs) have been located and the barrier heights are found to be well within the earlier prescribed limits. Further, stacking the stable intermediates by suitable carbon belts generate the desired cage structures. The second step of the stacking resembles the annealing mechanism for the formation of the cage structures that is essentially an exoergic process. In this annealing process cascade-type bond formation is visualized. Finally, basing on the deformation energies of the precursors and the barrier heights, it is observed that monocyclic precursors are more suitable for the fullerene growth mechanism.
Cover Picture: Conception, Characterization and Correlation of New Marine Odorants (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 19/2003) (2003)

Abstract The cover picture shows , in front of a water surface and with an electon‐density cloud in the form of a water droplet, the best marine odorant of a series of substituted benzo[ b ][1,4]dioxepinones and 2,3‐dihydro‐1 H ‐5,9‐dioxacyclohepta[ f ]indenones. It posseses a very intense and diffusive, marine odor with floral‐aldehydic nuances and an exceptionally low odor threshold of 0.014 ng/L air! A beam highlights the hydrophobic binding centre 6.3 Å apart from the aromatic ring binding site. This feature accounts for its exceptional odor characteristics as was rationalized by an olfactophore model constructed on the basis of 20 measured odor thresholds. A synthetic sequence consisting of PPA‐mediated Friedel−Crafts acylation, Clemmensen reduction, demethylation, Williamson ether synthesis employing 1‐chloro‐2‐(chloromethyl)prop‐1‐ene and subsequent ruthenium tetroxide oxidation opens up a simple, straightforward access to these marine odorants and related structures. Details are discussed in the article by P. Kraft and W. Eichenberger on p. 3735 ff.
Do Consumer Grade Standards for Shell Eggs Reflect Consumers’ Preferences for Interior Quality? (1959)

A MAJOR problem in agricultural marketing is the wide range of “qualities” of the product that are produced and marketed. Variations in quality arise at the point of production because of differences in land, weather, disease, breed, feed, and management. Additional variations in quality arise in the process of marketing because of time, distance, handling, product characteristics, etc. Consumer grade standards are designed to aid consumers and the trade in making purchases and consequently standards aid in reflecting preferences through price. Grade standards for eggs were enacted in the early twenties by the United States Department of Agriculture for use on a voluntary basis. Shell egg standards are evaluated and changed every four or five years, however, the changes have only been minor since 1925. These standards were originally designed to promulgate common nomenclature and facilitate trading (Pond, 1956; Erdman, 1950). PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES The purpose of these studies was …
Involvement of Rolipram-Sensitive Cyclic AMP Phosphodiesterase in the Regulation of Cardiac Contraction (1990)

The involvement of rolipram-sensitive phosphodiesterase (PDE IV) in regulation of cardiac contraction was investigated by studying the effect of selective inhibitors (rolipram, denbufylline, Ro 20-1724) on guinea pig left atria contraction. In contrast to milrinone and SK&F 94120 (inhibitors of the cyclic GMP-inhibited PDE, PDE III), (+/-)-rolipram and denbufylline (0.1-30 microM) did not produce any positive inotropic effect in normal (2.5 mM) or elevated (3-3.2 mM) external CaCl2 concentration. In these conditions, Ro 20-1724 produced only a slight but significant increase of contraction over control levels. In the presence of forskolin (an adenylate cyclase activator) or SK&F 94120 (a PDE III inhibitor), which produced an increase of the response to electrical stimulation of approximately 10%, (+/-)-rolipram, denbufylline, and Ro 20-1724 all exerted concentration-dependent positive inotropic effects (mean EC50 values were 20, 25, and 125 nM, respectively, in the presence of forskolin). Rolipram exhibited stereospecificity: the (-)-enantiomer was 10 times more potent than the (+)-enantiomer. Neither preincubation of the atria with atenolol nor pretreatment of the guinea pigs with reserpine significantly modified the effect of PDE IV inhibitors obtained in the presence of forskolin. These data show that in the presence of cyclic AMP-dependent positive inotropic agents, PDE IV inhibitors exert a positive inotropic effect which probably does not involve enhanced catecholamine release from sympathetic nerve endings. This suggests that PDE IV may play a role in regulation of cardiac contraction in physiologic conditions in which the sympathetic outflow produces a stimulation of adenylate cyclase in cardiac cells.
Review of design equations for dilute phase gas-solids horizontal conveying systems for coal and related materials (1979)

Ever increasing importance of coal in solving energy problems increases the need for reliable equations for design of coal conveying systems. The Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) has a contract with the US Department of Energy to prepare a coal conversion systems technical data book. As part of this program, IGT has reviewed the available design methods for dilute-phase gas-solids horizontal conveying systems for materials like coal and char used in coal conversion processes. The published data are used to evaluate the available correlations for estimating saltation velocity and pressure drop in horizontal conveying lines. The correlations, original or modified, that best predict the data are recommended. In all a total of 18 correlations were evaluated with respect to 7 sets of data points covering wide ranges of operating conditions including solids leading of 0.3 to 22 lb of solids/lb of gas, pipe diameters of 1 to 12 inches, particle sizes of 100 to 25000 micron and particle densities of 10 to 540 lb/ft/sup 3/.
A novel erasing technology for 3.3 V flash memory with 64 Mb capacity and beyond (1992)

A novel erasing scheme has been developed to suppress the distribution of the erased cell threshold voltage (erased-V). The new 2-step erasing scheme consists of two steps of the cell gate bias conditions, that is to apply 1) negative high voltage on the control gate to erase the cell data, and successive 2) positive high voltage to inject a few electrons from the substrate back to the floating gate. The suppressing effect of the erased-V distribution was also confirmed using a 16 Kbit flash memory cell array, the erased-V/sub /distribution drastically decreases from 2.0 V by the conventional erasing scheme to 0.9 V using the 2-step erasing scheme.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Biochemical characterization of diverse deep-sea anthozoan bioluminescence systems (2020)

Abstract Bioluminescence, light produced by living organisms, is a common trait in the ocean. In benthic ecosystems in the deep-sea, octocorals are some of the most abundant luminous animals. Among luminous sessile organisms, the shallow-water sea pansy Renilla has been well studied for its chemistry and molecular biology. Aside from Renilla , however, little is known about the bioluminescent mechanisms of other anthozoans, especially deep-sea corals. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of bioluminescence in deep-sea anthozoans. The bioluminescent capabilities of Heteropolypus , Kophobelemnon , Paragorgia , and a hormathiid anemone are newly described. Coelenterazine, a substrate for bioluminescent reactions, was detected in extracts from octocorals. Coelenterazine-dependent luciferase activity was found in all the anthozoans. Moreover, immunoreactivity against Renilla luciferase was detected in protein extracts from the families Isididae, Alcyoniidae, Umbellulidae, Funiculinidae, Kophobelemnidae and Protoptilidae, suggesting that all luminous octocorals may share a common biochemical mechanism, which utilizes coelenterazine and Renilla -type luciferase. Our results support the hypothesis that the last common ancestor of all the octocorals was bioluminescent, and that bioluminescence evolved a minimum of six times in Cnidaria. Future studies with robust phylogenies, wide taxon sampling, and comparative transcriptome analyses could reveal the patterns of evolution of bioluminescence in octocorals and anthozoans. Our study provides fundamental observations of deep-sea corals and experimental evidence of their coelenterazine-dependent luciferase systems.
X-ray study of the crystalline structure of CdTe layers grown on (001), (111)<i>A</i>, and (111)<i>B</i> CdTe surfaces by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (1988)

CdTe layers grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on (111)A, (111)B, and (001) CdTe substrates exhibited substantial differences in crystalline microstructure. Double crystal diffractometry was used to resolve and identify the (111) microtwins. (111)B layers were found to be composed of lamella microtwins, while (111)A layers contained double positioning type twins and had a better structural quality. (001) layers exhibited the best crystalline quality and were found to be free of (111) twins.
Efficacy and Safety of Idebenone in the Treatment of Friedreich Ataxia: A Review of Early Results and Future Prospects (2008)

Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal-recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by difficulty walking, dysarthria and absent reflexes. At present, no treatment or cure exists, but the pathophysiology of FRDA suggests that antioxidants and related compounds may be efficacious. Research in the field has focused on idebenone, a lipid-soluble synthetic short-chain analogue of the quinone coenzyme Q10. Idebenone protects mitochondrial membranes from oxidative damage in vitro and may facilitate electron transport within the mitochondrial electron transport chain. In FRDA, idebenone decreases cardiac hypertrophy, but the clinical significance of this finding remains unknown. Recent Phase II trials using higher doses of idebenone have suggested a dose-dependent improvement in neurologic symptoms. To confirm these results, a Phase III trial has begun in the USA with the goal of assessing the efficacy of idebenone for the treatment of neurologic dysfunction in FRDA.
Differential effect of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors on the proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normals and subjects with atopic dermatitis (1995)

1. The aims of this study were to compare the effects of selective inhibitors of the type 3, type 4 and type 5 phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoenzymes on the phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (HPBM) from normals and subjects with atopic dermatitis (AD). 2. Mononuclear cells were isolated from peripheral venous blood of normals and subjects with AD. A concentration-response curve was carried out with PHA (0.5-5 micrograms ml-1) and a concentration which produced a submaximal stimulation of proliferation (2 micrograms ml-1) was selected for further experiments. HPBM (10(5) cells per well) were stimulated with PHA (2 micrograms ml-1) in the absence or presence of PDE inhibitor (0.01 microM-10 microM) and 24 h later [3H]-thymidine (0.1 microCi per well) was added. Cells were incubated for an additional 24 h period and [3H]-thymidine incorporation measured. 3. The type 4 PDE inhibitors (rolipram, RO 20-1724 and denbufylline) produced a concentration-related inhibition of proliferation of HPBM from normal and AD subjects. The IC50 for rolipram was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in HPBM from AD patients 0.28 microM (95% confidence limits (CL): 0.158-0.499, n = 5) vs normal subjects 2.6 microM (95% CL: 0.867-7.05, n = 5, P < 0.05) as were the IC50 values for denbufylline: 0.26 microM (95% CL: 0.152-0.440, n = 5) vs 1.84 microM (95% CL: 0.467-7.23, n = 5, P < 0.05) respectively and RO 20-1724: 1.49 microM (95% CL: 0.61 microM-3.64 microM) vs 6.46 microM (95% CL: 2.03 microM-20.46 microM), respectively. 4. The mixed type 3/4 inhibitors (zardaverine and benzafentrine) produced a concentration-related inhibition of proliferation of HPBM from normal and AD subjects. The IC50 value for zardaverine in HPBM from normal subjects: 1.8 microM (95% CL: 0.43 microM-7.85 microM, n = 4) was similar to that in AD subjects: 1.03 microM (95% CL: 0.48 microM-2.28 microM) as was the IC50 value for benzafentrine in normal 3.8 microM (95% CL: 2.45 microM-5.9 microM) and atopic 5.5 microM (95% CL: 3.84 microM-7.78 microM) HPBM. The type 5 PDE inhibitor, zaprinast was ineffective at inhibiting the proliferation of normal HPBM. The type 3 PDE inhibitor, siguazodan only inhibited [3H]-thymidine incorporation at a concentration of 10 microM. 5. These results show that combined inhibition of the type 3 and 4 PDE isoenzymes in HPBM from normal subjects has a greater antiproliferative effect than inhibition of the type 4 isoenzyme alone. In addition these data indicate that the proliferative response of HPBM from AD subjects is more sensitive to PDE 4 inhibition than the proliferation of HPBM from normals.
Das mikrozystische Adenexkarzinom – eine diagnostische und therapeutische Herausforderung (2016)

Wir berichten über eine 59-jährige Patientin, die sich mit einer größenprogredienten Vorwölbung im Bereich des medialen Augenwinkels vorstellte. Die Raumforderung war der Patientin erstmalig vor etwa 12 Monaten aufgefallen. Klinisch zeigte sich eine ca. 3×5 cm große, unregelmäßig konfigurierte, derbe, am medialen Augenwinkel beginnende, nach kranial ziehende und bis zur Mitte der Augenbraue reichende Neubildung. Die zunächst durchgeführte CT- und MRT-Bildgebung ergab eine Raumforderung im Bereich des rechten Lidwinkels ohne Beteiligung der Orbita und der knöchernen Strukturen ([Abb. 1]). Es zeigte sich kein Kontrastmittel-Enhancement.
The Contribution of Photosynthate to Turgor Pressure Rise in the Planktonic Blue-green Alga<i>Anabaena flos-aquae</i> (1977)

Journal Article The Contribution of Photosynthate to Turgor Pressure Rise in the Planktonic Blue-green Alga Anabaena flos-aquae Get access NEIL G. GRANT, NEIL G. GRANT Marine Biological LaboratoryWoods Hole, Mass., U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar A. E. WALSBY A. E. WALSBY Marine Biological LaboratoryWoods Hole, Mass., U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 28, Issue 2, April 1977, Pages 409–415, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/28.2.409 Published: 01 April 1977 Article history Received: 05 July 1976 Published: 01 April 1977
Influence of Hydrogen Absorption on the Electrochemical Potential Noise of an Iron Electrode Under Corrosion with Gas Evolution (1996)

Using the electrochemical permeation technique and a model for hydrogen diffusion in a metal, the fluctuations of the concentration, ΔC(t), of hydrogen absorbed in the first atomic layers of an Armco iron membrane, under cathodic polarization and at the corrosion potential in sulfuric acid solution, were measured. The fluctuations of the electrode potential, ΔE(t), and of the electrolyte resistance, ΔRe(t), induced by bubble evolution were also simultaneously recorded. Under cathodic potential, ΔE(t) and ΔC(t) are clearly induced by the evolution of big hydrogen gas bubbles. However, at the corrosion potential, another source of ΔE(t) and ΔC(t) must be proposed. It has been shown that this difference is related to the influence of an intermediate reaction species which partly blocks the hydrogen absorption under cathodic polarization and disappears at the corrosion potential.
Interactive Content-Aware Music Browsing using the Radio Drum (2006)

Portable digital music players are becoming pervasive and the size of personal digital music collections has been steadily increasing (5-10 thousand tracks are common today). The emerging area of music information retrieval (MIR) deals with all aspects of managing, analyzing and organizing music in digital formats. The majority of work in MIR follows a search/retrieval paradigm. More recently, the importance of browsing as an interaction paradigm has been realized and several novel interfaces have been proposed. In this paper, we describe a tangible interface for content-aware browsing of music collections. The radio drum is a gestural interface based on capacitance sensors that can detect the x,y,z positions of two drum sticks in a 3D volume. We describe two possible mappings that can be used for browsing music collections without relying on metadata. The first is an explicit mapping of tempo and beat strength, and the second is a music similarity space using audio feature extraction and a self organizing map (SOM)
ITS IN LATIN AMERICA: PRIVATELY SPEAKING (1996)

Latin American economies have undergone fundamental changes over the past 5 years, moving toward market-based systems as they seek to integrate more fully into a global economy. Many Latin American governments have realized that private-sector can provide more than financial contributions, they can provide an influx of new technologies and, more importantly, modern management techniques that are fundamental for effective public services, particularly in the transportation industry. This article describes the economic reform taking place in Latin America, its impact on transportation and gives specific examples of ITS technologies being implemented in the region.