gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i> infection in rodents: A model for human yersiniosis (1993)

Yersinia enterocolitica infection in humans causes a broad spectrum of diseases ranging from acute bowel disease to extraintestinal manifestations such as reactive arthritis, erythema nodosum and uveitis. During the last decade a fascinating part of the molecular biology of the pathogenicity of human pathogenic Yersinia species has been unraveled. Pathogenicity factors such as protein tyrosine phosphatase, protein kinase, thrombin- and collagen-binding factors have been identified and characterized on the molecular level. In contrast to many animal models for human enteropathogenic microorganisms, experimental Y. enterocolitica infection in rodents resembles yersiniosis in humans and thus offers extraordinary opportunities to study the sequential steps of the infectious process. Rabbits are suitable animals in which to study Yersinia-induced enteritis (enterotoxin-mediated) and the humoral immune response after oral infection. The role of Peyer's patches (PP) in the entry of enteropathogenic Yersinia species has been elucidated in mice and rabbits. M cells are probably the primary target cells of invading Yersiniae. Surprisingly, after penetration of the mucosal epithelial cell layer Yersinia bacilli were visualized to be exclusively extracellular in PP tissue. Obviously neutrophils within PP were unable to phagocytize the invading microorganisms. Presently, it is not clear how the microorganisms disseminate from PP into lymph nodes, spleen, liver and lung of mice where they form abscesses and granuloma-like lesions. Immunohistologically the involvement of macrophages and T cells could be demonstrated in Yersinia-induced lesions of mice. Direct evidence for the role of T cells and cytokine-activated macrophages in the host defense reaction against a primary Yersinia infection in mice could be obtained from experiments including adoptive transfer of Yersinia-specific T cells and in vivo neutralization of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. The experimental rat model turned out to be a suitable model for studying Yersinia-induced aseptic arthritis. Lewis- and SHR rats proved to be arthritis-susceptible. Arthritogenicity of Yersinia for rats appeared to be restricted to Y. enterocolitica of serotype 08 and correlated with the virulence potential of this serotype. Surprisingly, expression of YadA, the collagen-binding factor, was not necessary for arthritis induction. A close association between both susceptibility to arthritis induction and Yersinia infection could be demonstrated in various rat strains. Depletion of alpha/beta T-cell receptor (alpha beta-TCR)-positive T cells by treatment with alpha beta-TCR-specific antibody revealed that T cells were required for clearance of the pathogen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Modeling the C-V Characteristics of Heterodimensional Schottky Contacts (2002)

Abstract This paper addresses the capacitance-voltage (C-V)characteristics of heterodimensional Schottky diodes, inwhich the Schottky metal is placed in direct contact toa two-dimensional electron gas and the confinedelectron behavior directly dictates the deviceperformance. We develop a novel quasi-2D model forthe C-V characteristics of the device, by starting from aself-consistent solution of the Schrodinger and Poissonequations in the growth direction. The model isvalidated by contrasting the theoretical results withexperimental data from an AlGaAs/GaAs devicefabricated in our laboratory. 1. Introduction The properties of electrons in an inversion layerhave attracted interest since the 1930’s, when Lilienfeldconceived the field-effect transistor. Further attentionhas been motivated by the enhanced transport propertiesof the two-dimensional electron gas (2-DEG) formed atmodulation doped heterointerfaces, where the inversionlayer isquantized in the growth direction. Already inthe early 90’s High Electron-Mobility Transistors(HEMTs) based on this principle displayed poweramplification well above 100 GHz with outstandingnoise performance.This paper is concerned with devices based on afurther extension of the modulation doping concept byusing heterodimensional interfaces, i.e., interfacesbetween materials of dissimilar dimensions. In ourspecific case, this interface is a Schottky barrier laterallyconnecting a three-dimensional (3D) metal and a two-dimensional (2D) electron gas.In fact, heterodimensional diodes, transistors andphotodetectors present several attractive features such aslow capacitance due to the small effective cross-section,excellent noise and transport characteristics due to the2D electron gas and a high breakdown voltage, makingthem very promising for high-frequency applications [1-2].In order to illustrate the motivation for studyingheterodimensional devices we briefly revisit the questionof computing the thermionic emission current in suchdevices. In fact,straighforward extension of Bethe’stheory, considering both the proper two-dimensionaldensity of states as well as energyquantization in thegrowth direction for a 2-DEG with only onesignificantly populated subband, yields [3]:1 (1)kTqVexpkTEexpkTqJ A* T3 2 exp B
The extraordinary potential of metagenomic tools for food microbiology: an example with bacterial microbiota of raw and pasteurized milk cheeses (2012)

Among the culture-independent techniques, ultra-sequencing has contributed to place metagenomic analysis as the best alternative to study complex microbiota. During the last three years, metagenomic studies were used essentially for environmental samples but it could be used also to analyse bacterial populations of food samples. This work describes the application of this technique to study the bacterial population of different types of soft cheeses. Among these, three of them are a typical Belgian soft cheese with washed rind (two with raw milk and the third with pasteurized milk). The fourth is a French creamy soft cheese made with raw milk. Classical microbiological and 16S rDNA metagenomic analysis were carried out in the core and on the rind of the four cheeses, giving a total of 8 samples. In total, 48 genus and 163 species were identified for all samples. As expected Lactoccocus lactis and/or cremoris are the most representative species in the core of the four cheeses. On the rind of cheeses, the predominant bacterial species are Psychrobacter glacinola, Staphylococcus equorum, Corynebacterium casei and Marinilactibacillus psychrotolerans. Brevibacterium spp and Psychroflexus spp are important for the rind of washed rind cheeses. All these species are present in different proportions following the origin and the cheese making process and they are well known for their organoleptic properties on the rind of cheese. The two Belgian soft cheese made with raw milk are composed of many more different bacterial species. While the cheese made from pasteurized milk contains less species mainly composed by Lactococcus lactis (97,6%) in the core. An unexpected result is the low diversity of the a French creamy soft cheese made with raw milk with only two predominent species : Lactoccocus cremoris and Leuconostoc citreum are present in the core (94,9% and 4,9% , respectively) and on the rind (93,8% and 5% , respectively). Compared with the other cheeses made with raw milk, this result is surprising. The bacterial cheese microbiota plays a central role in cheese-making. The subtleties of cheese character, as well as their shelf-life, are largely determined by the evolution of their microbiota.
Growth of InAs and (InAs)1(GaAs)5 superlattice by atomic layer epitaxy using dimethylindium chloride (1992)

InAs is grown by metalorganic atomic layer epitaxy (MOALE) using dimethylindium chloride (DMInCl) as a new In source material for ALE in a horizontal, low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) system. Monolayer-unit growth is obtained over a wide range of growth temperatures from 400 to 475 °C, and of substrate exposure times to DMInCl from 15 to 27 s. With metalorganic chloride source gases, both InAs and GaAs growth are self-limited over a temperature range of 50 °C, from 425 to 475 °C. This is the widest temperature range so far reported. This advantage is applied to ALE growth of (InAs)1(GaAs)5 superlattice.
Aplicação do Modelo de Avaliação Formativa Learning Vector (LV) à Ferramenta Wiki do LMS Moodle (2011)

Neste trabalho, propõe-se uma ferramenta de avaliação de natureza formativa aliada aos novos paradigmas da Web 2.0 ou Web Social, que está sendo marcada pelo desenvolvimento de redes colaborativas e inteligência coletiva, alimentada por maior interatividade e como resultado tem transformado usuários em co-autores e produtores de conteúdos para a Internet. A finalidade desta ferramenta de avaliação é o acompanhamento dinâmico de produções colaborativas em ferramentas de produção textual em ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem. Sua especificação e modelagem fundamentada na metodologia Learning Vectors (LV) são detalhadas, assim como, suas interfaces e integração na ferramenta Wiki do LMS Moodle. Por fim, são realizados testes para verificar seu comportamento e consistência.
Hydrogen emissions to the atmosphere from industry and transportation (2011)

Hydrogen has the potential to become a sustainable energy carrier of the future, particularly for transportation. Until recently, H<sub>2</sub> emissions to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources have been largely disregarded and viewed in large part as a product of incomplete fossil fuel combustion. As H<sub>2</sub> production and the fraction of energy-based H<sub>2</sub> applications increase, a potential accumulation of H<sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere from direct emissions, losses and leakage, and changes in chemical processes in both the troposphere and the stratosphere could result. Vehicle exhaust gas is currently an important source of anthropogenic H<sub>2</sub> to the atmosphere, and losses of H<sub>2</sub> from production, distribution, storage, and other end-use systems could become increasingly significant contributors. With changing vehicle fleet composition and increasing H<sub>2</sub> demand and production for industrial and direct energy-based end-uses, an assessment of well-to-wheel H<sub>2</sub> emissions, including H<sub>2</sub> emissions from current and emerging vehicle technologies, will help assess the magnitude of future technological anthropogenic H<sub>2</sub> emissions to the atmosphere.
Hybrid Molecular Materials Formed by Magnetic and Conducting Networks Based on Inorganic Metal Complexes and Organic Donors (1997)

Abstract The synthesis and physical characterization of new hybrid molecular materials formed by magnetic and organic networks are reported. The conducting molecular networks have been prepared from TTF and BEDT-TTF type donors. The inorganic magnetic component is formed by anion metal complexes of different nuclearities and dimensionalities (simple metal halides, polyoxometalate clusters and bimetallic oxalates).
Metals@MOFs – Loading MOFs with Metal Nanoparticles for Hybrid Functions (2010)

Abstract Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as well as porous coordination polymers (PCPs) are porous, organic–inorganic hybrid solids with zeolite‐like structures and properties. Due to their extraordinarily high surface area and well defined pore structure MOFs can be used for the stabilization of metal nanoparticles with adjustable size. The embedded metal nanoparticles are still accessible for other reagents due to the high porosity of the MOF systems. This fact makes “metal@MOF” systems especially interesting for heterogeneous catalysis, gas storage and chemical sensing. This review compiles the cases of metal nanoparticles supported by or embedded into MOFs reported so far and the main aspects and problems associated with these novel nanocomposite systems. The determination of the dispersion and the location of the particles at the MOF support, the control of the loading degree and its effect on the catalytic activity of the system are discussed as well as the partial degradation of the MOF structure upon particle formation. Examples of the introduction of stabilizing groups into the MOF network that direct the loading and can influence the size and shape of the embedded particles are still rare and point into the possible direction of future investigations. Finally, the formation of bimetallic nanoparticles, which are stabilized and supported by a MOF network, will also be reviewed.
Genetic evidence for three unique components in primary cell-wall cellulose synthase complexes in <i>Arabidopsis</i> (2007)

In higher plants, cellulose is synthesized at the plasma membrane by the cellulose synthase (CESA) complex. The catalytic core of the complex is believed to be composed of three types of CESA subunits. Indirect evidence suggests that the complex associated with primary wall cellulose deposition consists of CESA1, -3, and -6 in Arabidopsis thaliana . However, phenotypes associated with mutations in two of these genes, CESA1 and -6 , suggest unequal contribution by the different CESAs to overall enzymatic activity of the complex. We present evidence that the primary complex requires three unique types of components, CESA1-, CESA3-, and CESA6-related, for activity. Removal of any of these components results in gametophytic lethality due to pollen defects, demonstrating that primary-wall cellulose synthesis is necessary for pollen development. We also show that the CESA6-related CESAs are partially functionally redundant.
Radium Exposure and Longevity: Not Mutually Exclusive-Reply (1990)

In Reply.— Dr Brucer misquotes the article. The actual quotation reads, ... an astonishing feat of longevity for someone who claimed to have consumed more radium water than any living man [emphasis added]. William J. A. Bailey was certainly one among many heavy radium ingesters during this period, and some of these individuals lived to advanced ages. Most, however, did not. Some legitimate investigators may honestly believe that current fears concerning the somatic and genetic effects of ionizing radiation have been overstated. 1 However, few would argue that we as a society have for better or worse put the burden of proof squarely on the shoulders of those who advocate less stringent radiation protection standards. At present, there are no convincing data that ionizing radiation at any dose (including background) is entirely free of health risks. Though the magnitude of the risk may be small compared with other dangers in an
Examination of the μ–Λ Relation Suggested for Drop Size Distribution Parameters (2007)

Abstract Raindrop size distributions are often assumed to follow a three-parameter gamma distribution. Since rain intensity retrieval from radar observations is an underdetermined problem, there is great interest in finding physical correlations between the parameters of the gamma distribution. One of the more common approaches is to measure naturally occurring drop size distributions (DSDs) using a disdrometer and to find DSD parameters by fitting a gamma distribution to these observations. Often the method of moments is used to retrieve the parameters of a gamma distribution from disdrometer observations. In this work the effect of the method of moments and data filtering on the relation between the parameters of the DSD is investigated, namely, the shape μ and the slope Λ parameters. For this study the disdrometer observations were simulated. In these simulations the gamma distribution parameters Nw, D0, and μ were randomly selected from a wide range of values that are found in rainfall. Then, using simulated disdrometer measurements, DSD parameters were estimated using the method of moments. It is shown that the statistical errors associated with data filtering of disdrometer measurements might produce a spurious relation between μ and Λ parameters. It is also shown that three independent disdrometer measurements can be used to verify the existence of such a relation.
Rapid time-gated polarimetric Stokes imaging using photoelastic modulators (2013)

We report a rapid time-gated full Stokes imaging approach without mechanically moving parts, which is well-suited for biomedical applications, using two photoelastic modulators (PEMs). A charge-coupled device (CCD) with microsecond time-gating capability was used to acquire the images. To synchronize the CCD with the PEMs, thus gaining signal-to-noise ratio advantage, a field programmable gate array was employed. After calibration, an evolutionary algorithm was used to select four time points from which the full Stokes vector can be recovered. Using the images taken by the camera at these four times (in ~80 ms), the images of the full Stokes vectors of different incident polarization states were accurately derived.
Vascular Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Protection in Atherosclerosis (2002)

From the Evans Memorial Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass. Address correspondence to: John F. Keaney, Jr, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Room W507, Boston, MA 02118; e-mail: [email protected]
High Concordance of Bovine Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Genotypes Generated Using Two Independent Genotyping Strategies (2010)

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) represent the most common form of DNA sequence variation in mammalian livestock genomes. While the past decade has witnessed major advances in SNP genotyping technologies, genotyping errors caused, in part, by the biochemistry underlying the genotyping platform used, can occur. These errors can distort project results and conclusions and can result in incorrect decisions in animal management and breeding programs; hence, SNP genotype calls must be accurate and reliable. In this study, 263 Bos spp. samples were genotyped commercially for a total of 16 SNPs. Of the total possible 4,208 SNP genotypes, 4,179 SNP genotypes were generated, yielding a genotype call rate of 99.31% (standard deviation ± 0.93%). Between 110 and 263 samples were subsequently re-genotyped by us for all 16 markers using a custom-designed SNP genotyping platform, and of the possible 3,819 genotypes a total of 3,768 genotypes were generated (98.70% genotype call rate, SD ± 1.89%). A total of 3,744 duplicate genotypes were generated for both genotyping platforms, and comparison of the genotype calls for both methods revealed 3,741 concordant SNP genotype call rates (99.92% SNP genotype concordance rate). These data indicate that both genotyping methods used can provide livestock geneticists with reliable, reproducible SNP genotypic data for in-depth statistical analysis.
Lambda bacteriophage-mediated transduction of ColE1 deoxyribonucleic acid having a lambda bacteriophage-cohesive end site: selection of packageable-length deoxyribonucleic acid (1979)

An in vitro recombinant ColE1-cos lambda deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule, pKY96, has 70% of the length of lambda phage DNA. The process of lambda phage-mediated transduction of pKY96 generated a small amount of transducing phage particles containing ColE1-cos lambda DNA molecules of 80 or 101% of the length of lambda phage DNA, in addition to those containing original pKY96 DNA molecules. The newly isolated larger plasmid DNAs were transduced 100 times more efficiently than pKY96 DNA. Their structures were compared with that of a prototype pKY96 DNA, and the mechanism of the formation of these molecules is discussed.
Causal relationships between frequency bands of extracellular signals in visual cortex revealed by an information theoretic analysis (2010)

Characterizing how different cortical rhythms interact and how their interaction changes with sensory stimulation is important to gather insights into how these rhythms are generated and what sensory function they may play. Concepts from information theory, such as Transfer Entropy (TE), offer principled ways to quantify the amount of causation between different frequency bands of the signal recorded from extracellular electrodes; yet these techniques are hard to apply to real data. To address the above issues, in this study we develop a method to compute fast and reliably the amount of TE from experimental time series of extracellular potentials. The method consisted in adapting efficiently the calculation of TE to analog signals and in providing appropriate sampling bias corrections. We then used this method to quantify the strength and significance of causal interaction between frequency bands of field potentials and spikes recorded from primary visual cortex of anaesthetized macaques, both during spontaneous activity and during binocular presentation of naturalistic color movies. Causal interactions between different frequency bands were prominent when considering the signals at a fine (ms) temporal resolution, and happened with a very short (ms-scale) delay. The interactions were much less prominent and significant at coarser temporal resolutions. At high temporal resolution, we found strong bidirectional causal interactions between gamma-band (40-100 Hz) and slower field potentials when considering signals recorded within a distance of 2 mm. The interactions involving gamma bands signals were stronger during movie presentation than in absence of stimuli, suggesting a strong role of the gamma cycle in processing naturalistic stimuli. Moreover, the phase of gamma oscillations was playing a stronger role than their amplitude in increasing causations with slower field potentials and spikes during stimulation. The dominant direction of causality was mainly found in the direction from MUA or gamma frequency band signals to lower frequency signals, suggesting that hierarchical correlations between lower and higher frequency cortical rhythms are originated by the faster rhythms.
In vitro hyporeactivity to alpha-interferon in children with severe combined immunodeficiency disease. (1984)

Interferon (IFN) treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from seven children with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) failed, with one exception, to induce the IFN-dependent enzyme, 2-5A synthetase or enhance natural killer cell activity. In one patient this hyporeactivity was demonstrated in both T cell enriched and T cell depleted lymphocyte preparations. These results may reflect the absence of an IFN reactive lymphocyte subpopulation or of the IFN receptor. This defect in SCID patients may be partly responsible for their increased susceptibility to viral infections and may contribute to the regulatory imbalances in T lymphocyte subpopulations.
ACUTE TOLERANCE TO NOREPINEPHRINE IN DOGS (1964)

Department of Pharmacology and the Cardiovascular Institute, Hahnernann Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania