gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Homogenized blocked arcs for multicriteria optimization of radiotherapy: Analytical and numerical solutions (2010)

The iterative methodology is appropriate and useful for computing homogenized blocked arcs, as it produces better dose-distributions than the analytic approaches and their obvious extensions, and can more straightforwardly be used to generate homogenized arcs for concave OARs. However, the analytical solutions provide promising starting points for the iterative algorithm, leading to fast convergence.
Explosive properties of reactor‐grade plutonium (1993)

The following discussion focuses on the question of whether a terrorist organization or a threshold state could make use of plutonium recovered from light‐water‐reactor fuel to construct a nuclear explosive device having a significantly damaging yield. Questions persist in some nonproliferation policy circles as to whether a bomb could be made from reactor‐grade plutonium of high burn‐up, and if so, whether the task would be too difficult for a threshold state or terrorist group to consider. Although the information relevant to these questions is in the public domain, and has been for a considerable time, it is assembled here for use by policy makers and members of the public who are concerned about preventing the spread of nuclear explosives.
Majority-Carrier Capture Cross Section of Amphoteric Nickel Center in Silicon Studied by Isothermal Capacitance Transient Spectroscopy (1996)

Isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy (ICTS) has been used to measure majority-carrier capture cross section of nickel centers in silicon. Capture cross sections obtained are temperature-independent with values of 3.2×10 -17 cm 2 for electron capture at the nickel acceptor center in n-type silicon and 1.8×10 -16 cm 2 for hole capture at the nickel donor center in p-type silicon. These capture cross sections are associated with the neutral capture of the majority carriers at the amphoteric nickel centers.
Techno-Economic Assessment of Polymer Membrane Systems for Postcombustion Carbon Capture at Coal-Fired Power Plants (2013)

This study investigates the feasibility of polymer membrane systems for postcombustion carbon dioxide (CO(2)) capture at coal-fired power plants. Using newly developed performance and cost models, our analysis shows that membrane systems configured with multiple stages or steps are capable of meeting capture targets of 90% CO(2) removal efficiency and 95+% product purity. A combined driving force design using both compressors and vacuum pumps is most effective for reducing the cost of CO(2) avoided. Further reductions in the overall system energy penalty and cost can be obtained by recycling a portion of CO(2) via a two-stage, two-step membrane configuration with air sweep to increase the CO(2) partial pressure of feed flue gas. For a typical plant with carbon capture and storage, this yielded a 15% lower cost per metric ton of CO(2) avoided compared to a plant using a current amine-based capture system. A series of parametric analyses also is undertaken to identify paths for enhancing the viability of membrane-based capture technology.
Modeling Perceived Relevance for Tail Queries without Click-Through Data (2011)

Click-through data has been used in various ways in Web search such as estimating relevance between documents and queries. Since only search snippets are perceived by users before issuing any clicks, the relevance induced by clicks are usually called \emph{perceived relevance} which has proven to be quite useful for Web search. While there is plenty of click data for popular queries, very little information is available for unpopular tail ones. These tail queries take a large portion of the search volume but search accuracy for these queries is usually unsatisfactory due to data sparseness such as limited click information. In this paper, we study the problem of modeling perceived relevance for queries without click-through data. Instead of relying on users' click data, we carefully design a set of snippet features and use them to approximately capture the perceived relevance. We study the effectiveness of this set of snippet features in two settings: (1) predicting perceived relevance and (2) enhancing search engine ranking. Experimental results show that our proposed model is effective to predict the relative perceived relevance of Web search results. Furthermore, our proposed snippet features are effective to improve search accuracy for longer tail queries without click-through data.
<title>Automatic Cartridge Case Inspection And Process Control Monitor</title> (1978)

Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories has developed an advanced cartridge case measurement/eject system (CCMES) which automatically inspects and rejects cases at up to 1200 per minute. The system consists of a mechanical handler, measurement instruments, and a dedicated computer. System operation is monitored and controlled while the product is being measured. Five case dimensions are measured by an electro-optical system using, diode arrays to measure a case image at unity magnification. By scan averaging, measurement standard deviations as small as 2.5 microns are obtained at a throughput of 1200 cases per minute. Measurements made with the system fall within the uncertainties of hand-gauged values for the same cases. Four zones on each case are examined for surface flaws, such as dents and scratches, by detecting light scattered from the surface. The system can detect these surface flaws at inspection rates of 1200 cases per minute. Using electro-optic methods, two additional measuring stations detect vent hole presence and gross size deviations to prevent mechanical jams. A third station employs an eddy current technique to detect splits and folds in critical regions of the cartridge. The overall system has passed quality assurance tests administered by the sponsor and will soon be installed at the Lake City Army Ammunition Plant.
Engineering of a <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Strain with Adjustable Levels of Intracellular Biotin for Secretory Production of Functional Streptavidin (2002)

Streptavidin is a biotin-binding protein which has been widely used in many in vitro and in vivo applications. Because of the ease of protein recovery and availability of protease-deficient strains, the Bacillus subtilis expression-secretion system is an attractive system for streptavidin production. However, attempts to produce streptavidin using B. subtilis face the problem that cells overproducing large amounts of streptavidin suffer poor growth, presumably because of biotin deficiency. This problem cannot be solved by supplementing biotin to the culture medium, as this will saturate the biotin binding sites in streptavidin. We addressed this dilemma by engineering a B. subtilis strain (WB800BIO) which overproduces intracellular biotin. The strategy involves replacing the natural regulatory region of the B. subtilis chromosomal biotin biosynthetic operon (bioWAFDBIorf2) with an engineered one consisting of the B. subtilis groE promoter and gluconate operator. Biotin production in WB800BIO is induced by gluconate, and the level of biotin produced can be adjusted by varying the gluconate dosage. A level of gluconate was selected to allow enhanced intracellular production of biotin without getting it released into the culture medium. WB800BIO, when used as a host for streptavidin production, grows healthily in a biotin-limited medium and produces large amounts (35 to 50 mg/liter) of streptavidin, with over 80% of its biotin binding sites available for future applications.
Guidance automation for nap-of-the-earth flight (1986)

Low-Altitude/Nap-of-the-Earth (NOE) rotorcraft flight in adverse weather has been identified as a major technology void by both military and civil agencies because of its direct relationship to the needs of the military's new scout-attack helicopter and to various civilian applications including Emergency Medical Services (EMS). As part of NASA's Aircraft Automation Program, Ames Research Center has identified as a major goal the automating and advancing of applicable terrain following/terrain avoidance/obstacle avoidance (TF/TA/OA) guidance technologies to a level where NOE rotorcraft flight can be demonstrated in an advanced simulator and, later, in fully automatic flight. Areas of emphasis to date for achieving automatic guidance include real-time sensor blending and the real-time computation of NOE guidance commands. The present paper reports on the guidance command generation. The applicability of TF/TA techniques to the NOE problem is described, and simulation results are presented that suggest that automatic NOE can indeed be accomplished.
The renin–angiotensin system – a therapeutic target in COVID-19? (2020)

COVID-19, caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2, is a disease characterised by cough, fever and fatigue, which progresses to life-threatening lung injury in approximately 5% of patients. The SARS-CoV-2 virus enters the cell via ACE2. ACE2 is a component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) which has an important counterregulatory effect on the classical ACE-dependent pathway. Several antihypertensives increase ACE2 expression or activity, leading to concern that this may facilitate SARS-CoV-2 entry and worsen COVID-19 disease. However, ACE2 is protective against lung injury while ANG II (which is catabolised by ACE2) is associated with lung injury both in mice and humans. We propose that medications which inhibit the RAS ACE-dependent pathway may be beneficial in treating COVID-19 and should be explored in animal models and clinical trials. Here we give an overview of the RAS pathway with respect to COVID-19 and argue that strategies which manipulate this pathway might reduce the destructive lung manifestations of COVID-19 and improve patient outcomes.
Facile synthesis of carbon nanotubes and their use in the fabrication of resistive switching memory devices (2013)

An electrophoretic deposition technique was performed to prepare metal catalysts (Fe and Ni) over stainless steel substrates. The catalytic activity of the as prepared metal catalysts was evaluated for the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by chemical vapour deposition. The well graphitized CNTs obtained from the Fe catalyst were utilized for the fabrication of a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) type memory device. The effect of the CNT content on the electrical bistable switching of a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–CNT composite film was investigated. By varying the CNT content in the PVA films, the Si/Al/PVA–CNT/Al memory device performance parameters, such as conductivity, turn-on voltage and ON/OFF state current ratio could be tuned accordingly. The device exhibited the characteristic behavior of an insulator, write-once-read-many-times, rewritable and conductor effect by doping various weight percentages of CNT in PVA. The device with 3% CNT in PVA demonstrated a significantly low turn-on voltage of −1 V and a high ON/OFF state current ratio of 107. We thus suggest that solution processed PVA–CNT films are economical and a potential candidate for memory devices.
Los Angeles 1-Million tree canopy cover assessment (2008)

The Million Trees LA initiative intends to chart a course for sustainable growth through planting and stewardship of trees. The purpose of this study was to measure Los Angeles's existing tree canopy cover (TCC), determine if space exists for 1 million additional trees, and estimate future benefits from the planting. High resolution QuickBird remote sensing data, aerial photographs, and geographic information systems were used to classify land cover types, measure TCC, and identify potential tree planting sites. Benefits were forecast for planting of 1 million trees between 2006 and 2010, and their growth and mortality were projected until 2040. Two scenarios reflected low (17 percent) and high (56 percent) mortality rates. Numerical models were used with geographic data and tree size information for coastal and inland climate zones to calculate annual benefits and their monetary value. Los Angeles's existing TCC was 21 percent, and ranged from 7 to 37 percent by council district. There is potential to add 2.5 million additional trees to the existing population of approximately 10.8 million, but only 1.3 million of the potential tree sites are deemed realistic to plant. Thus, there is space for planting 1 million new trees. Benefits for the 1-million-tree planting for the 35-year period were $1.33 billion and $1.95 billion for the high- and low-mortality scenarios, respectively. Average annual benefits were $38 and $56 per tree planted. Eighty-one percent of total benefits were aesthetic/other, 8 percent were stormwater runoff reduction, 6 percent energy savings, 4 percent air quality improvement, and less than 1 percent atmospheric carbon reduction. Recommendations included developing a decision support tool for tree selection and tracking, as well as establishing a model parking lot greening program.
Recognition memory: Material, processes, and substrates (2010)

The proposal that a system centering on the perirhinal cortex is responsible for familiarity discrimination, particularly for single items, whereas a system centering on the hippocampus is responsible for recollective and more complex associational aspects of recognition memory is reviewed in the light of recent findings. In particular, the proposal is reviewed in relation to recent animal work with rats and results from human clinical studies. Notably, progress has been made in determining potential neural memory substrate mechanisms within the perirhinal cortex in rats. Recent findings have emphasized the importance of specifying the type of material, the type of test, and the strategy used by subjects to solve recognition memory tests if substrates are to be accurately inferred. It is to be expected that the default condition is that both the hippocampal and perirhinal systems will contribute to recognition memory performance. Indeed, rat lesion experiments provide examples of where cooperation between both systems is essential. Nevertheless, there remain examples of the independent operation of the hippocampal and perirhinal systems. Overall, it is concluded that most, though not all, of the recent findings are in support of the proposal. However, there is also evidence that the systems involved in recognition memory need to include structures outside the medial temporal lobe: there are significant but as yet only partially defined roles for the prefrontal cortex and sensory association cortices in recognition memory processes.
The significance of serum magnesium in diabetes mellitus. (1993)

The mean serum magnesium level in normal individual was found 1.967 +/- mgm/dl. No significant difference in serum magnesium level was found in various age groups. All diabetic patients, having normal renal function, exhibited hypomagnesemia. The hyperglycemia in these cases was inversely related to hypomagnesemia and its restoration towards normal by insulin therapy restored the normal serum magnesium concentration. These existed in inverse correlationship between serum magnesium and cholesterol (r = -0.56). The hypomagnesemia was the result and not the cause of alterations in the cholesterol metabolism. A positive correlation was observed between blood urea level and serum magnesium (r = +0.7) and it was significant. The magnesium correlated with major diabetic complications too, e.g. micro and macroangiopathies. Thus, serum magnesium can be used for prognostic assessment in diabetic individuals.
Torque Teno Sus Virus (TTSuV) in Cell Cultures and Trypsin (2011)

Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV), a member of the family Anelloviridae, is a single-stranded, circular DNA virus, widely distributed in swine populations. Presently, two TTSuV genogroups are recognized: Torque teno sus virus 1 (TTSuV1) and Torque teno sus virus 2 (TTSuV2). TTSuV genomes have been found in commercial vaccines for swine, enzyme preparations and other drugs containing components of porcine origin. However, no studies have been made looking for TTSuV in cell cultures. In the present study, a search for TTSuV genomes was carried out in cell culture lineages, in sera used as supplement for cell culture media as well as in trypsin used for cell disaggregation. DNA obtained from twenty-five cell lineages (ten from cultures in routine multiplication and fifteen from frozen ampoules), nine samples of sera used in cell culture media and five batches of trypsin were examined for the presence of TTSuV DNA. Fifteen cell lineages, originated from thirteen different species contained amplifiable TTSuV genomes, including an ampoule with a cell lineage frozen in 1985. Three cell lineages of swine origin were co-infected with both TTSuV1 and TTSuV2. One batch of trypsin contained two distinct TTSuV1 plus one TTSuV2 genome, suggesting that this might have been the source of contamination, as supported by phylogenetic analyses of sequenced amplicons. Samples of fetal bovine and calf sera used in cell culture media did not contain amplifiable TTSuV DNA. This is the first report on the presence of TTSuV as contaminants in cell lineages. In addition, detection of the viral genome in an ampoule frozen in 1985 provides evidence that TTSuV contamination is not a recent event. These findings highlight the risks of TTSuV contamination in cell cultures, what may be source for contamination of biological products or compromise results of studies involving in vitro multiplied cells.
Gesetze und Verordnungen (1999)

ZusammenfassungJede Tätigkeit im industriellen Bereich ist mit Umweltbelastungen verbunden. Vor etwa 3 Jahrzehnten lernte die westliche Industriegesellschaft, daß Umweltbelastungen für eine dicht besiedelte Landschaft und darüber hinaus auch für die ganze Menschheit auf Dauer zur tödlichen Gefahr werden können. Umweltbelastungen treten im industriellen Bereich im wesentlichen in folgenden Bereichen auf: Abgase und Staub in der Luft Schlamm und Giftstoffe im Abwasser Giftstoffe im Grundwasser Umweltschädigung durch Lärm Umweltschädigung durch elektromagnetische Strahlen
Presa de Óbidos: Aprovechamiento Hidroagrícola de las Baixas de Óbidos y Bloque de Amoreira. (2007)

La presa de Obidos esta localizada cerca de la villa de Obidos y esta cimentada en la zona central sobre formaciones aluvionares con espesores variables entre 2 y 13 m, constituidas por arenas finas y medias, normalmente limosas o arcillosas, de baja compacidad, intercaladas por arcillas limosas o arenosas. A fin de hacer posible la construccion de una presa sobre unterreno de cimentacion con estas caracteristicas, se opto por su tratamiento por vibrosustitucion a traves de la construccion de columnas de grava. Esta solucion se destina, por un lado, a mejorar las caracteristicas mecanicas del suelo, disminuyendo los asentamientos, y por otro, a evitar el fenomeno de licuefaccion en el caso de suceso de un seismo. En esta comunicacion se describe la situacion inicial encontrada, las metodologias adoptadas en la ejecucion de las columnas de grava, los resultados esperables y los ensayos realizados despues del tratamiento; ademas sa aborda el problema del aumento de la permeabilidad de la cimentacion motivado por la introduccion de columnas de un material de machaqueo mas permeable que el terreno natural y la obra en su generalidad
A Multi-Agent Based Power Sharing Scheme for Hybrid Power Sources (2007)

The hybridization technique provides an effective approach to combining the best properties of a heterogeneous set of power sources to achieve higher energy density, power density and fuel efficiency. Hybrid power sources can be used to power hybrid electric vehicles using selected combinations of internal combustion engines, fuel cells, batteries, and/or supercapacitors. They can be deployed in all-electric ships to build a distributed shipboard electric power system. They can also be used in a bulk power system to construct an autonomous distributed energy unit. An important aspect of designing a hybrid power source is to find a suitable control strategy that can take advantage of the inherent scalability and robustness benefits of the hybrid system. This paper presents a multi-agent based power sharing scheme for hybrid power sources. In the paper, the main features of agent technology are discussed. The agent-based control framework for power sharing in the hybrid power source is then presented. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed multi-agent based power sharing scheme, simulation studies are performed for a hybrid power source that can be used in a solar car as the main propulsion power module. Simulation results clearly indicate that the agent-based control framework is effective to coordinate the various energy sources and manage the power/voltage profiles.
Airlift assisted wastewater treatment (2008)

Static low density media (SLDM) filtration has been received with great admiration in the aquaculture industry and consequently spawned into the domestic wastewater setting on the pilot scale. This method of granular filtration uses plastic beads to facilitate the roles of both clarification and biofiltration into one compact unit. The fundamental operating principles utilized in this form of treatment can be greatly enhanced when they are coupled with self contained recirculation from airlift pumps. Recirculation of this type in a SLDM unit has the ability to provide multiple passes of the substrate in the wastewater through the bead bed to enhance removal efficiency. The main objective of this study was to determine the discharge and aeration properties associated with a 6” airlift pump when combined with a 25 ft3 SLDM filter. Data was collected using the SLDM filter and airlift pump configuration to determine the optimum submergence to lift ratio and air injection rate needed to achieve full benefit. It was determined that a submergence to lift ratio of 4 to 1 at an air injection rate between 15 to 25 cfm was the most desirable for the given application. This range of air injection equates to about 90 to 150 gpm of discharge respectively. This air injection range also provided approximately 2.00 to 3.00 Kg-O2 per day for heterotrophic decay and 1.50 to 2.25 Kg-O2 per day for nitrogenous decay in the filter respectively. In order to maximize the potential of the available bead volume in the given 25 ft3 SLDM filter, heterotrophic decomposition would require only one draft tube while nitrification would require four 6” airlift draft tubes for adequate recirculation.
A Novel Mutator of <i>Escherichia coli</i> Carrying a Defect in the <i>dgt</i> Gene, Encoding a dGTP Triphosphohydrolase (2008)

A novel mutator locus in Escherichia coli was identified from a collection of random transposon insertion mutants. Several mutators in this collection were found to have an insertion in the dgt gene, encoding a previously characterized dGTP triphosphohydrolase. The mutator activity of the dgt mutants displays an unusual specificity. Among the six possible base pair substitutions in a lacZ reversion system, the G.C-->C.G transversion and A.T-->G.C transition are strongly enhanced (10- to 50-fold), while a modest effect (two- to threefold) is also observed for the G.C-->A.T transition. Interestingly, a two- to threefold reduction in mutant frequency (antimutator effect) is observed for the G.C-->T.A transversion. In the absence of DNA mismatch repair (mutL) some of these effects are reduced or abolished, while other effects remain unchanged. Analysis of these effects, combined with the DNA sequence contexts in which the reversions take place, suggests that alterations of the dGTP pools as well as alterations in the level of some modified dNTP derivatives could affect the fidelity of in vivo DNA replication and, hence, account for the overall mutator effects.