gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Esophageal carcinoma with prominent spindle cells (1987)

Eight cases of esophageal carcinoma with prominent spindle cells (carcinosarcoma or pseudosarcoma) were studied using the avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase method and monoclonal antibodies to various keratins and vimentin. In all eight cases positive immunoreactivity for keratin was found in carcinomatous areas and for vimentin, in the spindle cells. It is interesting that five cases demonstrated focal immunoreactivity to keratin in the spindle cell component. Trace positivity to vimentin was seen in the carcinomatous areas in one case. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that esophageal carcinoma with prominent spindle cells is of epithelial origin and may represent a morphologic variant of squamous cell carcinoma.
Novel Iminium Ion Equivalents Prepared through C−H Oxidation for the Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Functionalized Propargylic Amine Derivatives (2003)

Access to stereochemically complex, polyfunctionalized amine derivatives is made possible using novel oxathiazinane N,O-acetal starting materials. These heterocycles are prepared through intramolecular sulfamate ester C-H insertion with a Rh(2+)-carboxylate catalyst and PhI(OAc)(2) as the terminal oxidant. Such compounds function as unique iminium ion equivalents to which nucleophilic alkynylzinc reagents add smoothly in the presence of BF(3).OEt(2). The coupled products are isolated in high yield (63-92%) and with good levels of diastereoinduction (6 --> 20:1). The alkyne-substituted oxathiazinanes serve as versatile building blocks and may be further manipulated through nucleophilic ring-opening reactions of the sulfamate core. The efficient construction of 1,7,8-trihydroxyindolizidine in six steps and in 34% overall yield highlights the power of these combined methods for synthesis.
Introduction (2013)

Extract In August 2009, President Dmitrii Medvedev of Russia was declared an incarnation of the Buddhist goddess White Tārā. The Pandito Khambo Lama, the leader of Buryat Buddhists, made the declaration during the president's official visit to the Buddhist Ivolginsk Monastery in Siberia (fig. 1). The news set off a storm among the Russian commentators: from the left, decrying such unseemly alliances between church and state, and from the right, over the choice of the church in question, proclaiming that a "Russian Orthodox president" cannot also be a Buddhist goddess. In Buryatia, however, where there is a long tradition of binding Russian emperors to the most popular female deity in the Tibetan Buddhist pantheon, the announcement was received as a logical extension of local practice. While some considered such a "nomination" an obsequious and politically opportunist gesture or, conversely, an ultimate recognition of Russian sovereignty over Buryats, other local leaders viewed this as a reverse "incorporation"—not of Buryatia into Russia, but of Russia into the larger Buddhist cosmos through laying claim to the president's body.
Characterization of verocytotoxin-producing<i>Escherichia coli</i>O157 isolates from patients with haemolytic uraemic syndrome in Western Europe (1995)

Fifty verocytotoxin (VT)-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) strains of serogroup O157 were characterized by phage typing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for VT genes and the E. coli attaching and effacing (eae) gene, and random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR) fingerprinting. The collection represented isolates obtained from patients with diarrhoea-associated haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (D+ HUS) and their family contacts, isolated in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany between 1989 and 1993. Based on isolates from separate families (n = 27) seven different phage types were identified, types 2 (44%) and 4 (33%) were predominant. Eighty-five percent of the strains contained only VT2 gene sequences and 15% both VT1 and VT2. All strains of the dominant phage types 2 and 4 carried the VT2 gene. Strains that belonged to the minor phage types 8, 14, 32 carried both VT1 and VT2 genes, with the exception of two isolates identified as phage types 49 and 54 which contained only VT2 genes. All O157 VTEC strains possessed the chromosomally-located eae gene, which indicates its usefulness as virulence marker. RAPD-PCR fingerprinting identified four distinct banding patterns, with one profile found among 79% of the strains. Based on the combined results of all typing methods used in this study, the collection of 50 O157 VTEC strains could be divided into nine distinct groups. Strains isolated from different persons within one family could not be distinguished by any of these methods. The data suggest that O157 VTEC strains are members of one clone that has become widely distributed.
Diversity Reception in UHF Long-Range Communications (1955)

Several diversity techniques employed in uhf beyond-the-horizon systems are discussed. Field experience is evaluated in terms of equipment reliability, flexibility and performance. A nonswitching parallel combiner has become the standard military diversity circuit for uhf long-range receivers. The circuit is described and analyzed.
6 Switch-mode supply power factor improvement via harmonic elimination methods (2002)

The authors present power factor improvement methods, for switched-mode power supplies, by using harmonics elimination. Three methods were valuated: a series connected resonant filter, a parallel connected resonant filter, and an active boost converter. The two passive filters are commercial products, and the boost converter is an in-house design using a power MOSFET as the switching device and a dedicated commercial IC for the control circuit. An off-the-shelf PC power supply along with the two passive filters and a boost converter were used as the test specimen. The experimental results show input power factor, distortion factor, crest factor, total harmonic distortion, and harmonic components. Also identified are the power system impacts of nonlinear current, the relative cost of harmonic elimination, and the motivation that may come from new power quality standards.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Matter and Flux in Plato's Timaeus (1987)

In a well-known passage in the Theaetetus (182c1-183b5), Plato describes a radical Heraclitean position according to which all things change both in place and in character. Although the theory becomes tied to an account of perception discussed earlier in the dialogue, the Heraclitean position as introduced is quite general. And the conclusion Plato draws would seem to apply to any item subject to Heraclitean flux: if something is radically impermanent, both moving in space and altering its character, then nothing can be said of it, except perhaps not even used in an indefinite way. The Timaeus appears to be concerned with just such a Heraclitean world. At 49a6-c7 Plato raises a difficulty about fire and things like fire. He remarks of such things that it is difficult to tell which of these one must say is really water rather than fire, and which any one thing rather than all and each, so as to use language which is trustworthy and secure (49b2-5). The trouble is that what we now call water, we see being compacted to generate earth and stone or being dispersed to generate air, and that being inflamed to generate fire. Since these phenomenal stuffs keep changing, how can we say that any one of them is really one thing (e.g. water) rather than some other? Plato then says:
Harmonic loss comparison of modulating function type PWM techniques for VSI-fed induction motors (2002)

High frequency operation of modern power semiconductor devices have permitted higher number of switchings per cycle. PWM techniques based on minimization of some undesirable effect of harmonics (harmonic elimination, loss minimization, minimization of speed and torque ripples, etc.) are now restricted to limited applications. Modulating function (MF) type techniques (for which fundamental output voltage is proportional to modulation index) do not need such large tables, and therefore, they are suitable for widespread applications. Search of best modulating signal amongst several competing alternatives has led to the selection of seven of the best known MF techniques for comparison. For all these techniques, four loss factors (adopted from literature) are plotted against fundamental frequency/over constant volts per hertz range. Three of these loss factors are used to extract useful information about total harmonic losses through the method of loss equivalents. On the basis of this information, the different techniques are expressed in the increasing order of their harmonic losses for certain important frequencies. The fourth loss factor indicates the maximum peak current in the switching devices, and therefore, is used for the comparison on this basis. Studies for the seven and ten switchings per quarter cycle show the superiority of two of the techniques over the others. For deciding the better of the two techniques, the comparison need to be extended to higher number of switchings per cycle.
5-Phenyl-2-isoxazoline-3-carboxylic Acid<sup>1</sup> (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT5-Phenyl-2-isoxazoline-3-carboxylic Acid1WYMAN R. VAUGHAN and JOHN L. SPENCERCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1960, 25, 7, 1160–1164Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01077a022https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01077a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views271Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Sensitive gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric method for the determination of gacyclidine in rat plasma and spinal cord dialyzates (1999)

A sensitive gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric (GC-MS) procedure is described for the selective determination of gacyclidine (a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist) in rat plasma and spinal cord dialyzates. It involves a single-step liquid–liquid extraction of plasma samples and dialyzates with hexane (pH 8.0) and the use of phencyclidine as an internal standard. The compounds were separated on a GC capillary column and specifically detected by MS in the selected-ion monitoring mode. Gacyclidine and its internal standard were monitored by using the fragment ions at m/z 206 and 200, respectively. The method was accurate and reproducible (intra- and inter-day reproducibility <12%) with a limit of quantification of 1.6 ng ml–1 using 100 µl plasma of dialyzate samples. The calibration curves for rat plasma and Ringer’s solution were linear (r2 > 0.996) over a range from 1.6 to 200 ng ml–1. The extraction efficiency was close to 100%. This simple and rapid assay (total run time <10 min) was validated for a pilot pharmacokinetic study in healthy rats after intravenous injection of a bolus dose of gacyclidine (2.5 mg kg–1).
CUSUM of Squares Chart for the Detection of Variance Change in the Process (1998)

Traditional statistical process control(SPC) assumes that consective observations from a process are independent. In industrial practice, however, observations are ofter serially correlated. A common a, pp.oach to building control charts for autocorrelatd data is to a, pp.y classical SPC to the residuals from a time series model fitted. Unfortunately, one cannot completely escape the effects of autocorrelation by using charts based on residuals of time series model. For the detection of variance change in the process we propose a CUSUM of squares control chart which does not require the model identification. The proposed CUSUM of squares chart and the conventional control charts are compared by a Monte Carlo simulation. It is shown that the CUSUM of squares chart is more effective in the presence of dependency in the processes.
Palladium‐Catalyzed CH Activation of<i>tert</i>‐Butyl Groups: A Simple Synthesis of 1,2‐Dihydrocyclobutabenzene Derivatives (1994)

The tert-butyl group of 1 is surprisingly reactive in the presence of palladium catalysts. A domino coupling affords 1,2-dihydrocyclobutabenzene 2 in good yield (75%). The observed CH activation can also be used for cross coupling reactions.
Slow Crack Propagation in Heterogeneous Materials (2006)

Statistics and thermally activated dynamics of crack nucleation and propagation in a two-dimensional heterogeneous material containing quenched randomly distributed defects are studied theoretically. Using the generalized Griffith criterion we derive the equation of motion for the crack tip position accounting for dissipation, thermal noise, and the random forces arising from the defects. We find that aggregations of defects generating long-range interaction forces (e.g., clouds of dislocations) lead to anomalously slow creep of the crack tip or even to its complete arrest. We demonstrate that heterogeneous materials with frozen defects contain a large number of arrested microcracks and that their fracture toughness is enhanced to the experimentally accessible time scales.
PRoPHYS: Providing Resilient Path in Hybrid Software Defined Networks (2017)

The growing reliance on high-bandwidth, time-critical, and delay-sensitive technologies (such as video streaming, voice over IP, and virtual reality) leads to a dominance of delay-sensitive IP flows. Nowadays, a 50ms protection interval is considered tolerable by service providers [1] since most applications support the resulting loss with limited impact on the end-user's quality of experience (QoE). However, following the increase of required broadband speed per application [2], the amount of packets lost during those 50ms will also increase, leading to disruptions in the buffer playout process, and negatively impacting the QoE. It is therefore essential to enhance network resiliency techniques in order to combat network failures. To tackle this problem, we devised PRoPHYS – Providing Resilient Path in Hybrid SDN – which leverages the centralized SDN controller in hybrid networks (SDN alongside legacy L2/L3 equipment) to monitor traffic or network segments, and quickly detect failures or network disruptions, to reroute traffic. PRoPHYS features two strategies (one passive and one active) to detect network segment failures; and is designed for smooth integration with legacy routing protocols, e.g., OSPF. Our evaluation of PRoPHYS illustrates that it can decrease downtime by 50% during segment link failures, thus reducing drastically the number of packets lost, while minimizing the number of false positives.
Linear Quadrupole Focusing for High Resolution Microdroplet-Based Fabrication (2005)

In industry, particularly in the field of rapid prototyping, droplet-based manufacturing is proving to be an extremely efficient technique for the production of low cost electronic components. However, for some applications, the desired material properties at deposition are not easily integrated with a homogeneous, low viscosity fluid suitable for droplet ejection. For this reason, it would prove beneficial to have some means of altering the material properties of the droplets during their travel to the substrate. Due to the inherent irregularities in droplet ejection systems, increases in the associated throw-distances and travel times generally cause decreased resolution in placement. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the potential of a linear electrodyamic quadrupole for use in constraining the trajectories of charged microdroplets to allow for modification of their material properties prior to deposition. The equations of motion for the droplets within the device were derived and integrated numerically. Approximate bounds on the system stability were determined and the effects of the respective parameters were considered. An experimental system was constructed and used for deposition experiments. The results obtained, show that a linear quadrupole can be used to focus microdroplet streams for deposition, and that the corresponding operating variables can be predicted from the governing equations.
Role of the leader peptide of maltose-binding protein in two steps of the export process (1988)

During the process of export of maltose-binding protein to the periplasm of Escherichia coli, the leader peptide is involved in at least two steps. The presence of the leader portion of maltose-binding protein was shown to be necessary to mediate initial binding of the precursor to the membrane. However, the presence of a mutationally altered leader which does not sustain export in vivo was sufficient to allow this interaction. Thus, the defect in export which is manifested in vivo by this mutational substitution occurs at a step that follows membrane association, most likely the translocation step. Translocation occurs at discrete sites that are not uniformly distributed over the cytoplasmic membrane. A large proportion of the membrane involved in translocation has a higher density than that of bulk cytoplasmic membrane.
Hepatic Hepcidin Protects against Polymicrobial Sepsis in Mice by Regulating Host Iron Status (2014)

AbstractAbstract Disruption of mouse hepatic hepcidin expression led to significant increases in organ damage and mortality when sepsis was produced. Decreasing the iron levels in these mice improved survival. Background: Hepcidin is a master regulator of iron metabolism primarily produced by the liver. Markedly increased hepcidin levels have been observed in septic individuals, while decreased hepatic hepcidin expression has been demonstrated in liver diseases that tend to develop into sepsis. However, the role of liver hepcidin in sepsis remains unknown. Methods: Mouse hepatic hepcidin expression was silenced using adenovirus-mediated hepcidin-specific short hairpin RNA injected via the tail vein. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture, and the outcome (n = 23 for hepcidin knockdown mice, n = 15 for controls) and pathogenic changes (n = 5) related to sepsis were evaluated. The impact of alteration of iron status on the survival rate of hepatic hepcidin knockdown mice (n = 18 to 19) was also investigated. Results: Disruption of liver hepcidin expression increased serum iron level (537.8 ± 28.1 μg/dl [mean ± SD] vs. 235.9 ± 62.2 μg/dl; P < 0.05) and reduced iron content in the spleen macrophages at the steady state. Hepatic hepcidin knockdown mice not only showed increased 7-day mortality (73.9% vs. 46.7%; P < 0.05), but also had exacerbated organ damage and oxidative stress, as well as compromised host inflammatory responses and bacterial clearance at 24 h after polymicrobial sepsis. Treating the hepatic hepcidin knockdown mice with low-iron diet plus iron chelation decreased systemic iron content (serum level: 324.0 ± 67.4 μg/dl vs. 517.4 ± 13.4 μg/dl; P < 0.05) and rescued the mice from lethal sepsis (7-day survival: 36.8% vs. 83.3%; P < 0.01). Conclusions: Hepatic hepcidin plays an important role in sepsis through regulation of iron metabolism. The findings may have potential therapeutic implications for liver diseases in which hepcidin expression is decreased.
Mild Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: New Insights of Pathophysiology (2016)

By giving their relatively well-preserved spirometry, some have discussed that respiratory symptoms in patients with mild COPD are unlikely to be related to lung function abnormalities. There is emerging physiological and clinical evidence of peripheral airway dysfunction, reduced physical activity levels, and diminished quality of life, and increased exercise intolerance, hospitalization, mortality in patients with mild COPD. The objective of the present review article was to summarized recent studies regarding the pathophysiology of mild COPD.
Enhancing Water Imbibition Rate and Oil Recovery by Carbonated Water in Carbonate and Sandstone Rocks (2015)

Spontaneous imbibition is regarded as an important mechanism of oil recovery by waterflood, particularly in heterogeneous or fractured reservoirs where direct displacement of oil by water is usually poor. It has been shown that carbonated water injection (CWI) can improve recovery from oil reservoirs. It has also been reported that the dissolution of CO2 in water can alter water/oil contact angle, which is a direct indication of the wettability of a crude oil/water/rock/system. In this work, our main objective was to experimentally investigate the potential of carbonated water for improving the rate of spontaneous imbibition of water and, hence, the oil recovery from systems where spontaneous imbibition of water would be important. To achieve this objective, a special high-pressure imbibition cell has been designed, and six spontaneous imbibition experiments have been performed on two different types of rocks (carbonate rock and sandstone) at a pressure of 2500 psi and room temperature. Crude oil was used for these experiments together with seawater and CO2-enriched (carbonated) seawater. The results of the experiments performed on both sandstone and carbonate rocks reveal high potential for carbonated water to enhance water imbibition rate and oil recovery. This positive impact of carbonated water is attributed to wettability alteration toward more water-wet as well as oil swelling, oil viscosity reduction, reduction of interfacial tension between water and oil, and mineral dissolution. Our experimental results show that the extent of the impact of carbonated water on the observed improvement of spontaneous imbibition of water and the consequent oil recovery enhancement is a strong function of the initial wettability of the rock as well as the rock type and mineralogy. Crude oil type and its physical and chemical properties are also expected to impact the results.