gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Severe acute pancreatitis: Clinical course and management (2007)

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) develops in about 25% of patients with acute pancreatitis (AP). Severity of AP is linked to the presence of systemic organ dysfunctions and/or necrotizing pancreatitis pathomorphologically. Risk factors determining independently the outcome of SAP are early multi-organ failure, infection of necrosis and extended necrosis (>50%). Up to one third of patients with necrotizing pancreatitis develop in the late course infection of necroses. Morbidity of SAP is biphasic, in the first week strongly related to early and persistence of organ or multi-organ dysfunction. Clinical sepsis caused by infected necrosis leading to multi-organ failure syndrome (MOFS) occurs in the later course after the first week. To predict sepsis, MOFS or deaths in the first 48-72 h, the highest predictive accuracy has been objectified for procalcitonin and IL-8; the Sepsis-Related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA)-score predicts the outcome in the first 48 h, and provides a daily assessment of treatment response with a high positive predictive value. Contrast-enhanced CT provides the highest diagnostic accuracy for necrotizing pancreatitis when performed after the first week of disease. Patients who suffer early organ dysfunctions or at risk of developing a severe disease require early intensive care treatment. Early vigorous intravenous fluid replacement is of foremost importance. The goal is to decrease the hematocrit or restore normal cardiocirculatory functions. Antibiotic prophylaxis has not been shown as an effective preventive treatment. Early enteral feeding is based on a high level of evidence, resulting in a reduction of local and systemic infection. Patients suffering infected necrosis causing clinical sepsis, pancreatic abscess or surgical acute abdomen are candidates for early intervention. Hospital mortality of SAP after interventional or surgical debridement has decreased in high volume centers to below 20%.
A Microcomputer-based Portable Radiation Survey Instrument for Measuring Pulsed Neutron Dose Rates (1980)

A special instrument is required to measure pulsed neutron dose rates in cases where the detector resolving time would result in significant count losses. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory has developed a portable radiation survey instrument that uses silver foil activation to measure dose equivalent rates from pulsed neutrons. This article describes an instrument with a similar moderator and detector configuration but one in which digital processing in a one-chip microcomputer replaces the analog weighting and averaging circuitry. The result is a simpler, more versatile, and less expensive instrument that is easier to calibrate and that can measure neutron dose equivalent rates of 1–300 mrem/hr from neutron pulses of any duration.
Exhaustive <i>tert</i>‐Butoxycarbonylation of Peptide Nitrogens (1985)

The protection of all nitrogen atoms in amino acids and peptides by the Bocgroup is easily possible using a new procedure. Model compounds were allowed to react with Boc2O (in excess) in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine. Examples are the reaction of Boc-Gly-OBzl to give 1 and Boc- Pro Gly-OMe to give to 2.The products are surprisingly stable.
Identification of a Novel Marine Fish Virus, Singapore Grouper Iridovirus-Encoded MicroRNAs Expressed in Grouper Cells by Solexa Sequencing (2011)

Our study provided a genome-wide view of miRNA production for iridoviruses and identified 16 novel viral miRNAs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimental demonstration of miRNAs encoded by aquatic animal viruses. The results provide a useful resource for further in-depth studies on SGIV infection and iridovirus pathogenesis.
α[C-11]Methyl-<scp>l</scp>-Tryptophan PET Maps Brain Serotonin Synthesis and Kynurenine Pathway Metabolism (2000)

Alpha[C-11]methyl-L-tryptophan (AMT) is an analog of tryptophan used with positron emission tomography for the measurement of serotonin synthesis in humans. Several attempts have been made to estimate the serotonin synthesis rate from plasma and brain kinetic data of AMT using the same model as that applied for the measurement of the glucose metabolic rate with 2-deoxyglucose. However, although AMT is similar to 2-deoxyglucose with regard to an irreversible pool of tracer uptake, there are important differences between the two tracers and how the model can be applied. These differences include transport at the blood-brain barrier and the presence of a large unmetabolized pool of AMT, precluding the method from providing the absolute serotonin synthesis rate. Despite this limitation, the unidirectional uptake rate constant (K-complex) values have been found to be stable within an individual, and the rank order of regional brain values for K-complex are consistent with the rank order for serotonin content in human brain. Furthermore, changes in K-complex with age, gender, and disease states are consistent with previously reported biochemical measurements of serotonin in brain tissue. The authors suggest, therefore, that the K-complex is an index of serotonin synthesis which they have termed the "serotonin synthesis capacity." The authors argue that AMT is a useful tracer for study of serotonergic mechanisms, and under certain pathologic states, of metabolism by means of the kynurenine pathway.
Multi-Scale 3-D Free-Form Surface Smoothing (1998)

A novel technique for multi-scale smoothing of a free-form 3-D surface is presented. Complete triangulated models of 3-D objects are constructed (through fusion of range images) and are then described at multiple scales. This is achieved by convolving local parametrizations of the surface with 2-D Gaussian filters iteratively. Our method for local parametrization makes use of semigeodesic or goedesic polar coordinates as a natural and efficient way of sampling the local surface shape. The smoothing eliminates surface noise and small surface detail gradually. Our technique for 3-D multi-scale surface smoothing is independent of the underlying triangulation. It is also argued that the proposed technique is preferrable to volumetric smoothing or level set methods since it is applicable to incomplete surface data which occurs during occlusion.
The Development of an Optimized System of Narcotic and Explosive Contraband Mimics for Calibration and Training of Biological Detectors (2009)

Current commercially available mimics contain varying amounts of either the actual explosive/drug or the chemical compound of suspected interest by biological detectors. As a result, there is significant interest in determining the dominant chemical odor signatures of the mimics, often referred to as pseudos, particularly when compared to the genuine contraband material. This dissertation discusses results obtained from the analysis of drug and explosive headspace related to the odor profiles as recognized by trained detection canines. Analysis was performed through the use of headspace solid phase microextraction in conjunction with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Upon determination of specific odors, field trials were held using a combination of the target odors with COMPS. Piperonal was shown to be a dominant odor compound in the headspace of some ecstasy samples and a recognizable odor mimic by trained detection canines. It was also shown that detection canines could be imprinted on piperonal COMPS and correctly identify ecstasy samples at a threshold level of approximately 100ng/s. Isosafrole and/or MDP-2-POH show potential as training aid mimics for non-piperonal based MDMA. Acetic acid was shown to be dominant in the headspace of heroin samples and verified as a dominant odor in commercial vinegar samples; however, no common, secondary compound was detected in the headspace of either. Because of the similarities detected within respective explosive classes, several compounds were chosen for explosive mimics. A single based smokeless powder with a detectable level of 2,4-dinitrotoluene, a double based smokeless powder with a detectable level of nitroglycerine, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, DMNB, ethyl centralite and diphenylamine were shown to be accurate mimics for TNT-based explosives, NG-based explosives, plastic explosives, tagged explosives, and smokeless powders, respectively. The combination of these six odors represents a comprehensive explosive odor kit with positive results for imprint on detection canines. As a proof of concept, the chemical compound PFTBA showed promise as a possible universal, non-target odor compound for comparison and calibration of detection canines and instrumentation. In a comparison study of shape versus vibration odor theory, the detection of d-methyl benzoate and methyl benzoate was explored using canine detectors. While results did not overwhelmingly substantiate either theory, shape odor theory provides a better explanation of the canine and human subject responses.
A Machine Learning Based Body Force Model For Analysis Of Fan-Airframe Aerodynamic Interactions (2018)

Body force modeling is a numerical strategy that allows an accurate representation of the aerodynamics of turbomachinery blade rows at a reduced computational cost, making it suitable for predicting fan-airframe aerodynamic interactions in boundary layer ingestion (BLI) propulsive architectures. This paper focuses on a new approach for building the body force representation using a machine learning technique, rather than analytically modelling the effects of the blades in the flow. This methodology is developed and assessed in a distorted inflow case representative of a BLI configuration and compared to a full annulus unsteady computation.
Introduction to <b>AI</b><i>EDAM</i> (2002)

I am very pleased to have been appointed to be the new Editor of the AI EDAM journal: only the third in its 15 years of existence. My involvement with AI EDAM started early in the life of the journal, due to my professional interactions with Professor Clive Dym, its first Editor. Clive put the journal on a very sound footing, and set the high standards that the journal continues to uphold. That it has maintained such a high reputation in the fields that it covers is due to Professor William Birmingham, the second Editor. My goal is to continue with the policies developed by these two prior Editors, while striving to raise the journal's standards, reputation, and visibility even further.
Blood plasma surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for non-invasive optical detection of cervical cancer (2013)

Based on blood plasma surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) analysis, a simple and label-free blood test for non-invasive cervical cancer detection is presented in this paper. SERS measurements were performed on blood plasma samples from 60 cervical cancer patients and 50 healthy volunteers. Both the empirical approach and multivariate statistical techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), were employed to analyze and differentiate the obtained blood plasma SERS spectra. The empirical diagnostic algorithm based on the integration area of the SERS spectral bands (1310-1430 and 1560-1700 cm(-1)) achieved a diagnostic sensitivity of 70% and 83.3%, and a specificity of 76% and 78%, respectively, whereas the diagnostic algorithms based on PCA-LDA yielded a better diagnostic sensitivity of 96.7% and a specificity of 92% for separating cancerous samples from normal samples. This exploratory work demonstrates that a silver nanoparticle based SERS plasma analysis technique in conjunction with PCA-LDA has potential for improving cervical cancer detection and screening.
Evaluation of boost, Sepic and Cuk topologies as power factor correction stage in electronic ballast applications (2002)

Recent improvements and advances in fluorescent lamps and electronic ballast technologies has considerably increased; the luminous efficacy (hn/w), the lamp's useful life of the ballast, and energy saving in fluorescent lighting systems. This paper present a comparison of results obtained when the power factor correction stage of electronic ballast was implemented under the boost, Sepic and Cuk power convertor topologies. For the fluorescent lamp driver, a push-pull configuration has been used to fulfil the lamp's operation requirements.
<title>CD data requirements for proximity effect corrections</title> (1994)

With i-line steppers and 0.5 micrometers lines the line size error due to the optical proximity effect is shown by simulation to be 35% - 60% of the CD error budget. Correcting for the error with individual feature biasing requires potentially thousands of line size measurements. Measuring only the isolated line or the equal line/gap pattern is insufficient. A minimal test pattern consists of 108 iterations of the dimensions and spacings of a three line pattern. Experimental measurements from this minimal set can be combined with simulation by anchoring and reshaping the more detailed simulation data.
C7 Management of hypodontia and caries in a dry mouth (2006)

Presenting problem: A fit and well 14‐year‐old girl was referred by a Consultant Orthodontist for management of her hypodontia. The patient's complaint was of difficulty chewing and poor dental appearance. Previous dental treatment comprised fissure sealants on first permanent molars and anterior restorations. A bilateral posterior open bite was present with a class three incisor relationship on a skeletal base III. Soft tissue examination revealed a dry mouth with a sinus associated with 53.There was severe hypodontia with retained 53, 55, 63, and 65. Caries was present in 11, 12, 16, 21, 22, 26, 36, 46, 53, 63, and 65. Clinical management: A rigorous preventive programme was implemented together with investigation of the cause of the xerostomia. Fissure sealants were placed on all non‐carious molars and premolars. Carious teeth were restored with composite, amalgam and preformed metal crowns all under local anaesthesia. The pulp of non‐vital 53 was extirpated and calcium hydroxide was placed to the extent of the root canal. Discussion: Diagnosis of the xerostomia was an important clinical finding, which had major implications for this patient with hypodontia. A combined team approach will be used to correct her malocclusion and provide a long‐term stable dentition.
Exception handlers in functional programming languages (1993)

Constructs for expressing exception handling can greatly help to avoid clutter in code by allowing the programmer to separate the code to handle unusual situations from the code for the normal case. The author proposes a new approach to embed exception handlers in functional languages. The proposed approach discards the conventional view of treating exceptions, as a means of effecting a control transfer; instead, exceptions are used to change the state of an object. The two types of exceptions, terminate and resume, are treated differently. A terminate exception, when raised, is viewed as shielding the input object. On the other hand, a resume exception designates the input object as curable and requires the immediate application of a handler function. This approach enables the clean semantics of functions raising exceptions without associating any implementation restriction and without loss of the referential transparency and the commutativity properties of functions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Analytical modeling provides new insight into complex mutual coupling between surface loops at ultrahigh fields (2017)

Ultrahigh-field (UHF) (≥7 T) transmit (Tx) human head surface loop phased arrays improve both the Tx efficiency (B<sub>1</sub><sup>+</sup> /√P) and homogeneity in comparison with single-channel quadrature Tx volume coils. For multi-channel arrays, decoupling becomes one of the major problems during the design process. Further insight into the coupling between array elements and its dependence on various factors can facilitate array development. The evaluation of the entire impedance matrix Z for an array loaded with a realistic voxel model or phantom is a time-consuming procedure when performed using electromagnetic (EM) solvers. This motivates the development of an analytical model, which could provide a quick assessment of the Z-matrix. In this work, an analytical model based on dyadic Green's functions was developed and validated using an EM solver and bench measurements. The model evaluates the complex coupling, including both the electric (mutual resistance) and magnetic (mutual inductance) coupling. Validation demonstrated that the model does well to describe the coupling at lower fields (≤3 T). At UHFs, the model also performs well for a practical case of low magnetic coupling. Based on the modeling, the geometry of a 400-MHz, two-loop transceiver array was optimized, such that, by simply overlapping the loops, both the mutual inductance and the mutual resistance were compensated at the same time. As a result, excellent decoupling (below -40 dB) was obtained without any additional decoupling circuits. An overlapped array prototype was compared (signal-to-noise ratio, Tx efficiency) favorably to a gapped array, a geometry which has been utilized previously in designs of UHF Tx arrays.
The National Cancer Chemotherapy Program (1982)

The National Cancer Chemotherapy Program was initiated in 1955. It is administered and integrated by the Division of Cancer Treatment at the National Cancer Institute. The program involves the discovery and development of potential new antitumor agents; their screening in preclinical experimental systems for antitumor effect, and, if active, for toxicology; and, for selected agents, preliminary, and more definitive clinical trials. While serendipity and empiricism played a substantial role in the early years of the program, the program has increasingly emphasized and been influenced by advances in tumor biology, drug development, clinical pharmacology, and the science of clinical trials. There has been effective interaction between investigator-initiated research on the one hand and developmental research at preclinical and clinical levels on the other. Over 30 chemotherapeutic agents with substantial clinical antitumor activity have been discovered, and their proper use, often in combination and often integrated with surgery or radiotherapy, has resulted in significant progress in the effective treatment of many forms of cancer.
Closed Needle Biopsy of the Pleura is a Valuable Diagnostic Procedure (1998)

Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center. Jackson, Mississippi, U.S.A.
On the pharmacological Effect of Phenothiazine and 1, 4-Thiazine Derivatives (1957)

Comparative examinations of pharmacological actions were made on derivatives of 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydrophenothiazine, 3-phenylbenzo-1, 4-thiazine, and 2, 3-dihydrobenzo-1, 4-thiazine with dialkylaminoalkyl group bonded to nitrogen, thought to have structures similar to Chlorpromazine. In general, toxicity of these derivatives was weaker than that of phenothiazine derivatives and the toxicity became far weaker with the introduction of chlorine into the ring. Antihistaminic action of these derivatives was stronger than their antiacetylcholine action, while some of them extended the duration of Thiopental anesthesia, this action being intensified by the introduction of chlorine into the ring. Temperature depression action was the strongest in phenothiazine derivatives while the compounds in general effected depression of blood pressure and the action was intensified by the presence of chlorine.
Optical switching (1993)

Nonlinear optical effects in fibres are reviewed with specific reference to their application to all-optical switching. The nonlinear optical loop mirror is described in relation to its switching properties. Applications are presented including, Clock recovery and signal regeneration.
A NEW PARAMETER FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF POWDER SURFACE (1993)

A new parameter, ATRHL (adhesion tension ratio of hydrophilic liquid to lipophilic liquid in contact with powder) used for the characterization of powder surface has been put forward. The measurement of ATEHL for powder is based on the adhesion tension of distilled water and toluene in contact with powder. Thus ATKHL expresses the hydropilic-lipophilic degree of the powder surface.
Web usage, advertising, and shopping: relationship patterns (2002)

Web sales reached over 30 billion dollars in the year 2001. This study explores the differences between heavy, medium, and light Web users in terms of their beliefs about Web advertising, attitudes toward Web advertising, purchasing patterns, and demographics. They lead to a more positive attitude toward Web advertising, which likely leads to more frequent Web purchasing and higher dollars spent on these purchases, suggesting marketers should consider consumer Web usage in their targeting efforts.
An Asynchronous Neighbor Discovery Algorithm for Cognitive Radio Networks (2008)

Cognitive radio (CR) technology is a promising emerging technology that enables a more efficient usage of already assigned spectrum. However, before CR networks can be deployed, new algorithms and protocols need to be developed. When forming an ad-hoc cognitive radio network (CRN), one of the fundamental tasks is to determine the neighbors of each node and channels that can be used to communicate among neighbors. The nature of the CRN makes this a challenging problem. Specifically in CRN, not only the network is multi-channel, but the channels available at different nodes may be different. Furthermore no time synchronization may be available to nodes. In this paper, we propose an asynchronous distributed algorithm that allows nodes to discover their neighbors and channels that can be used to communicate with them in a single-hop CRN.
Algorithms and metrics for processing multiple heterogeneous continuous queries (2008)

The emergence of monitoring applications has precipitated the need for Data Stream Management Systems (DSMSs), which constantly monitor incoming data feeds (through registered continuous queries), in order to detect events of interest. In this article, we examine the problem of how to schedule multiple Continuous Queries (CQs) in a DSMS to optimize different Quality of Service (QoS) metrics. We show that, unlike traditional online systems, scheduling policies in DSMSs that optimize for average response time will be different from policies that optimize for average slowdown, which is a more appropriate metric to use in the presence of a heterogeneous workload. Towards this, we propose policies to optimize for the average-case performance for both metrics. Additionally, we propose a hybrid scheduling policy that strikes a fine balance between performance and fairness, by looking at both the average- and worst-case performance, for both metrics. We also show how our policies can be adaptive enough to handle the inherent dynamic nature of monitoring applications. Furthermore, we discuss how our policies can be efficiently implemented and extended to exploit sharing in optimized multi-query plans and multi-stream CQs. Finally, we experimentally show using real data that our policies consistently outperform currently used ones.