gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysing the causes of the Italian and Swiss Blackout, 28 th September 2003 (2007)

On the 28th September 2003, a blackout affected more than 56 million people across Italy and areas of Switzerland. Estimates vary for the number of fatalities that were directly related to the loss of power. 30, 000 people were trapped on trains. Several hundred passengers were stranded on underground transit systems. There were significant knock-on effects across other critical infrastructures. Many commercial and domestic users suffered disruption in their power supplies for up to 48 hours. The immediate trigger for the blackout stemmed from a fault in the Swiss transmission system. The consequences of the initial failure propagated across the border affecting the networks in France, Slovenia, and Austria. It also led to a domino effect that ultimately led to the separation of the Italian system from the rest of the European grid. The 2003 blackout, therefore, has immense importance for the future development of European energy policy. The immediate causes of the failure acted as a catalyst for longer term, technical vulnerabilities to do with the regulation and monitoring of energy transfers and the algorithms used to predict potential distribution problems. The 2003 power failure also had managerial and human factors causes; these arguably included an over-reliance on computer-based decision support systems. The following paper applies accident investigation techniques to represent and reason about the complex interactions between these causes. In particular, we use Violation and Vulnerability (V2) diagrams to map out the causal factor behind this engineering failure. This article is a companion paper to a previous study that applied the same analytical techniques to the US and Canadian blackout, 14th August 2003 (Johnson, 2006).
Increased adhesion of erythrocytes to components of the extracellular matrix: isolation and characterization of a red blood cell lipid that binds thrombospondin and laminin (1996)

Red blood cell (RBC) adhesion to the vascular endothelium is increased in several pathologic conditions, including sickle cell disease and malaria. However, RBC interactions with components of the subendothelial matrix are not well-characterized. Under in vitro flow conditions of 1 dyne/cm2, washed RBCs bound to the purified adhesive molecules thrombospondin (TSP) and laminin. Sickle RBCs had the greatest adhesion of all tested RBCs. The adhesion of sickle RBCs to immobilized TSP was inhibited by the anionic polysaccharides high molecular weight (MW) dextran sulfate and chondroitin sulfate A, but not other anionic polysaccharides of similar structure and/or charge density. These data were consistent with the RBC adhesive molecule being a sulfated glycolipid. Therefore, TSP-binding lipids from normal and sickle RBCs were isolated and characterized. The TSP-binding lipid was purified by alkaline methanolysis, anion exchange chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC). A homogeneous band on TLC was identified using a specific overlay TSP-binding assay. TSP binding to the purified lipid was stable to bass and neuraminidase treatment, labile to acid treatment, and was inhibited by high MW dextran sulfate, similar to that seen with intact RBCs binding to immobilized TSP under conditions of flow. In addition, soluble laminin bound to the purified RBC lipid. This acidic TSP- and laminin-binding lipid(s) isolated from both sickle and normal RBC membranes may contribute to erythrocyte interactions with the subendothelial matrix, hereby participating in the pathogenesis of vaso-occlusive diseases.
Minimally invasive aortic banding in mice: effects of altered cardiomyocyte insulin signaling during pressure overload (2003)

We developed a minimally invasive method for producing left ventricular (LV) pressure overload in mice. With the use of this technique, we quickly and reproducibly banded the transverse aorta with low surgical morbidity and mortality. Minimally invasive transverse aortic banding (MTAB) acutely and chronically increased LV systolic pressure, increased heart weight-to-body weight ratio, and induced myocardial fibrosis. We used this technique to determine whether reduced insulin signaling in the heart altered the cardiac response to pressure overload. Mice with cardiac myocyte-restricted knockout of the insulin receptor (CIRKO) have smaller hearts than wild-type (WT) controls. Four weeks after MTAB, WT and CIRKO mice had comparably increased LV systolic pressure, increased cardiac mass, and induction of mRNA for beta-myosin heavy chain and atrial natriuretic factor. However, CIRKO hearts were more dilated, had depressed LV systolic function by echocardiography, and had greater interstitial fibrosis than WT mice. Expression of connective tissue growth factor was increased in banded CIRKO hearts compared with WT hearts. Thus lack of insulin signaling in the heart accelerates the transition to a more decompensated state during cardiac pressure overload. The use of the MTAB approach should facilitate the study of the pathophysiology and treatment of pressure-overload hypertrophy.
The relationship of money and income: the breakdowns in the 70s and 80s (1986)

Includes the current FRB Chicago-Gittings model p. 10-13
Analysis of Fungal Diversity in the Wheat Rhizosphere by Sequencing of Cloned PCR-Amplified Genes Encoding 18S rRNA and Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (1999)

Like bacteria, fungi play an important role in the soil ecosystem. As only a small fraction of the fungi present in soil can be cultured, conventional microbiological techniques yield only limited information on the composition and dynamics of fungal communities in soil. DNA-based methods do not depend on the culturability of microorganisms, and therefore they offer an attractive alternative for the study of complex fungal community structures. For this purpose, we designed various PCR primers that allow the specific amplification of fungal 18S-ribosomal-DNA (rDNA) sequences, even in the presence of nonfungal 18S rDNA. DNA was extracted from the wheat rhizosphere, and 18S rDNA gene banks were constructed in Escherichia coli by cloning PCR products generated with primer pairs EF4-EF3 (1. 4 kb) and EF4-fung5 (0.5 kb). Fragments of 0.5 kb from the cloned inserts were sequenced and compared to known rDNA sequences. Sequences from all major fungal taxa were amplified by using both primer pairs. As predicted by computer analysis, primer pair EF4-EF3 appeared slightly biased to amplify Basidiomycota and Zygomycota, whereas EF4-fung5 amplified mainly Ascomycota. The 61 clones that were sequenced matched the sequences of 24 different species in the Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) database. Similarity values ranged from 0.676 to 1. Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) analysis of the fungal community in the wheat rhizosphere of a microcosm experiment was carried out after amplification of total DNA with both primer pairs. This resulted in reproducible, distinctive fingerprints, confirming the difference in amplification specificity. Clear banding patterns were obtained with soil and rhizosphere samples by using both primer sets in combination. By comparing the electrophoretic mobility of community fingerprint bands to that of the bands obtained with separate clones, some could be tentatively identified. While 18S-rDNA sequences do not always provide the taxonomic resolution to identify fungal species and strains, they do provide information on the diversity and dynamics of groups of related species in environmental samples with sufficient resolution to produce discrete bands which can be separated by TGGE. This combination of 18S-rDNA PCR amplification and TGGE community analysis should allow study of the diversity, composition, and dynamics of the fungal community in bulk soil and in the rhizosphere.
D-Dimer Testing in Ischemic Stroke and Cerebral Sinus and Venous Thrombosis (2005)

D-dimer measurement is commonly included in the diagnostic workup of patients with suspected acute symptomatic deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. As a haemostatic marker, it could be theoretically useful in other thromboembolic disorders, such as acute cerebrovascular events. In this review we summarize published literature on D-dimer testing in acute ischemic stroke and cerebral sinus and venous thrombosis (CSVT), discussing possible clinical diagnostic and therapeutical applications. In ischemic stroke, mounting evidence suggests a possible role of D-dimer in the acute diagnosis of ischemic stroke subtypes, especially in identifying tromboembolic and lacunar stroke. Its prognostic role still remains unclear, due to conflicting data. D-dimer could be also an useful screening test for excluding CSVT in patients presenting with acute headache, making the presence of cerebral thrombosis unlikely with low plasma levels. In this clinical setting sensitivity and negative predictive value are comparable to that reported in the diagnosis of acute thromboembolic disease. However, more studies are needed to confirm these recent findings as well as management studies to correctly introduce D-dimer measurement in clinical daily practice of ischemic stroke and CSVT.
EVOLUTION OF HSP90 EXPRESSION IN TETRAHYMENA THERMOPHILA (PROTOZOA, CILIATA) POPULATIONS EXPOSED TO THERMALLY VARIABLE ENVIRONMENTS (2004)

Evolutionary consequences of thermally varying environments were studied in the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. Replicated lines were propagated for 60 days, a maximum of 500 generations, in stable, slowly fluctuating (red spectrum), and rapidly fluctuating (blue spectrum) temperatures. The red and blue fluctuations had a dominant period length of 15 days and two hours, respectively. The mean temperature of all time series was 25 degrees C and the fluctuating temperatures had the same minimum (10 degrees C), maximum (40 degrees C), and variance. During the experiment, population sizes and biomasses were monitored at three-day intervals. After the experiment, carrying capacity and maximum growth rate were measured at low (15 degrees C), intermediate (25 degrees C), and high (35 degrees C) temperatures for each experimental line. Physiological changes in the lines were assessed by measuring the expression of stress-induced heat shock protein Hsp90 at 25 degrees C, 35 degrees C, and 39 degrees C. Population sizes and biomasses showed no differences between stable, blue, or red temperature treatments during the experiment. Also, after the experiment, mean carrying capacities and maximum growth rates were comparable in the stable, blue, and red temperature treatments. The expression of Hsp90 was higher in lines from the blue environment than in lines from the stable environment. Lines from the red environment had an intermediate level of Hsp90 expression. This supports the hypothesis that inducible thermotolerance and expression of canalizing genes can evolve in response to rapidly varying environments. Furthermore, we found correlative evidence of benefits and disadvantages of high Hsp90 expression. Lines with high expression of Hsp90 had an increased growth rate at the highest temperature when food resources were not limiting growth. At low and intermediate temperatures the same lines had the lowest carrying capacities.
Mobile robot path planning based on Q-learning algorithm (2019)

Nowadays, reinforcement learning is gaining more and more attention with AlphaGo’s triumph. Path planning algorithm based on Q-learning, a model free reinforcement learning algorithm, was proposed for mobile robots. The algorithm translated sonar sensor information of the environment around the robot, the robot’s pose, and the location of target points to finite states. Afterwards, a reasonable environment model and state space were constructed, with discrete rewarding functions being established. The experimental results validated the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, as each action of the robot obtained the corresponding rewarding value, which improved the convergence efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
Sol‐Gel‐Derived Thin‐Film Manganese Dioxide Cathodes (1996)

Sol‐gel technology presents an attractive possibility as an alternative method for producing alkaline batteries, specifically in a thin‐film configuration. The cathode material prepared via sol‐gels proved to perform better in terms of both energy and power output compared to conventional electrodes. Procedures for the cathode fabrication are summarized, and the electrochemical performance of the cathode under various discharge conditions is presented.
Western Spruce Budworm Damage Affects Form and Height Growth of Western Larch (1973)

An unusual feeding behavior of the western spruce budworm (Choristoneuraoccidentalis Freeman) reduced height growth and deformed young western larch (Larixoccidentalis Nutt.). On western larch, budworm larvae did not confine their feeding to foliage, their usual diet on other conifers; they also fed on and severed stems of current-year terminal and lateral shoots. A 5-year study in young larch stands showed that: (1) amount and severity of budworm damage increased annually, (2) all trees were damaged sometime during the study, (3) severance of the terminal shoot was the most serious type of budworm damage to larch, (4) severances reduced net height growth at least one-fourth and resulted in forked, bushy-topped trees, and (5) specific forks in the tree did not persist more than 5 years because of the strong apical dominance characteristic of larch.
Thrombin Stimulated Platelet Accumulation on Protein Coated Glass Capillaries: Role of Adhesive Platelet α-Granule Proteins (1989)

The generation of trace amounts of thrombin at artificial surfaces in contact with blood is likely to be a contributing factor in thrombosis on biomaterials. Using an in vitro capillary perfusion system, platelet accumulation on glass surfaces, uncoated or precoated with purified bovine collagen or human plasma proteins, was determined in the presence or absence of preadsorbed purified human thrombin. Static adsorption for 15 min at 22 degrees C from solutions of thrombin 100 NIH units (33 micrograms)/ml gave surface concentrations in the range 0.019-0.101 micrograms/cm2. Protein coated capillaries, thrombin treated or untreated, were perfused for 2 min at 37 degrees C with suspensions of washed 111In-labeled human platelets in Tyrode's-albumin buffer containing 40% washed red blood cells, under conditions of controlled, non pulsatile laminar flow (50 s-1 or 2,000 s-1). Platelet accumulation was increased in the presence of surface adsorbed thrombin on uncoated and albumin or fibrinogen coated glass but little affected on fibronectin or collagen coated glass. On von Willebrand factor (vWF) coated glass, thrombin enhancement was observed only at high shear forces. In experiments using antibodies against human platelet alpha-granule proteins, thrombin stimulated platelet deposition in uncoated glass capillaries was inhibited at 2,000 s-1 by anti-vWF and to a lesser extent by anti-fibrinogen but not by anti-thrombospondin antibodies.
A coding scheme for additive noise channels with feedback--I: No bandwidth constraint (1966)

In some communication problems, it is a good assumption that the channel consists of an additive white Gaussian noise forward link and an essentially noiseless feedback link. In this paper, we study channels where no bandwidth constraint is placed on the transmitted signals. Such channels arise in space communications. It is known that the availability of the feedback link cannot increase the channel capacity of the noisy forward link, but it can considerably reduce the coding effort required to achieve a given level of performance. We present a coding scheme that exploits the feedback to achieve considerable reductions in coding and decoding complexity and delay over what would be needed for comparable performance with the best known (simplex) codes for the one-way channel. Our scheme, which was motivated by the Robbins-Monro stochastic approximation technique, can also be used over channels where the additive noise is not Gaussian but is still independent from instant to instant. An extension of the scheme for channels with limited signal bandwidth is presented in a companion paper (Part II).
On the ionisation of atmospheric air (1901)

Abstract The present communication contains an account of some of the results of investigations undertaken for the Meteorological Council with the object of throwing light on the phenomena of atmospheric electricity. In a paper containing an account of the results arrived at during the earner stages, of the investigation, I described the behaviour of positively and negatively charged ions as nuclei on which water vapour may condense.
Social network generation and friend ranking based on mobile phone data (2013)

Social networking websites have been increasingly popular in the recent years. The users create and maintain their social networks by themselves in these websites by establishing or removing the connections to friends and sites of interests. The smart phones not only create a high availability for social network applications, but also serve for all forms of digital communication such as voice or video calls, e-mails and texts, which are also the ways to form or maintain our social network. In this paper, we deal with the problem of automatically generating and organizing social networks by analyzing and assessing mobile phone usage and interaction data. We assign weights to the different types of interactions. The interactions among users are then evaluated based on these weight values for certain periods of time. We use these values to rank the friends of users by a sports ranking algorithm, which recognizes the changes in the collected data over time.
The African Elite in the Anti-Colonial Struggle (1972)

(1972). The African Elite in the Anti-Colonial Struggle. The Black Scholar: Vol. 3, The Black Colony: The African Struggle, pp. 2-11.
Securing Cloud Computing Environment using a New Trend of Cryptography (2015)

Cloud computing is an internet-based computing, where shared resources, software, and information are provided with consumers on-demand. They guarantee a way to share distributed resources and services that belong to different organizations. In order to build secure cloud environment, data security and cryptography must be assured to share data through distributed environment. So, this paper provides more flexibility and secured communication environment by deploying a new cryptographic service. This service entails both Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and enhanced version of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). Moreover, this service solves the key distribution and key management problems in cloud environment which emerged through the two implemented modes, on-line and off-line modes.
Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Based Glucose/O<sub>2</sub> Biofuel Cell with Glucose Oxidase and Laccase as Biocatalysts (2007)

This study describes a multi-walled carbon nanotube-based glucose/O2 biofuel cell with glucose oxidase and laccase as the anodic and cathodic biocatalysts, respectively. Upon being functionalized with L-a-phosphatidylcholine, one kind of lipid, multi-walled carbon nanotubes can serve as a support for glucose oxidase to form a three-dimensional, conducting and uniform bioanode that possesses a good bioelectrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of glucose biofuel with solution-phased ferrocene monocarboxylic acid as the mediator to shuttle the electron transfer between glucose oxidase and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. In a similar way, the lipid-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes can also be used to support the cathodic biocatalyst, i.e., laccase, and, more remarkably, to facilitate the direct electron transfer of laccase. As a result, the prepared biocathode is very active toward the reduction of oxygen without using any electron-transfer mediators. The biofuel cell has a 0.45 V open circuit potential and 34 microA/cm2 short circuit current density in phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) separated with Nafion-117 membrane with anodic compartment containing 15 mM glucose and 2 mM ferrocene monocarboxylic acid and with cathodic compartment being saturated with O2 at room temperature. A maximum power density of 3.2 microW/cm2 is obtained with ca. 0.2 V potential output.
Country-Level Performance of New Experience Products in a Global Rollout: The Moderating Effects of Economic Wealth and National Culture (2014)

International marketing manager decisions pertaining to a new experience product's global rollout are critical to the product's country-level performance. Extending work on the lead–lag and success-breeds-success effects, the authors examine how the country-specific factors of economic wealth and national culture influence the effects of a new experience product's global rollout decisions (i.e., the time lag from initial lead country introduction to target country introduction and the number of countries in which the product was introduced before its introduction in the target country) on the product's country-level performance. The authors employ hierarchical linear modeling and, from an examination of 259 unique movies gathered from 16 countries, corresponding to 2,523 total entries between 2006 and 2007, find significant interaction effects between a country's economic wealth and national culture and time lag and target country position on the new experience product's country-level performance. The authors conclude with a discussion of the theoretical and practical implications.
Interactive Mesh-Free Stress Analysis for Mechanical Design Assembly With Haptics (2007)

This paper describes a virtual reality application that performs fast stress reanalysis coupled with virtual reality and haptics that allows rapid evaluation of multiple designs throughout the product design process. The Interactive Virtual Design Application (IVDA) allows the engineer to interactively explore new design geometry while simultaneously examining the finite element analysis results. In the presence of other parts in the assembly, the new shape can be analyzed and modified, taking into consideration mating part fits. This approach supports concurrent product design and assembly methods prototyping. A “two-step” approach utilizing Taylor series approximations and Pre-conditioned Conjugate Gradient methods is used to perform quick reanalysis during interactive shape modification. The virtual environment provides an immersive three-dimensional workspace. Haptics are used to provide feedback of the stress gradient as the part geometry is changed, thus facilitating the designer’s understanding of the impact of shape change on product performance.
From little things big things grow: Enhancing literacy learning for secondary students in rural and regional Australia (2015)

Abstract Overall, the educational achievement of rural and regional students is lower than that of students elsewhere. To address uneven student achievement, a regional NSW high school, in collaboration with the local university, adopted a whole school approach to literacy teaching and learning. The literacy pedagogy adopted by the school has been applied to meet the specific literacy demands of each learning area. How teachers implementing the pedagogy have been supported by a school-university partnership is documented in this paper. A key outcome of the professional learning is that teachers in years 7 and 8 are expected to develop a language shared with colleagues and students for talking about the literacy demands of the learning areas so literacy knowledge and skills gained in one learning area can be applied in other learning areas. Key words: Literacy teaching and learning, literacy pedagogy, school-university partnerships