gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solubilities of salts in the ternary systems NaCl + CaCl2 + H2O and KCl + CaCl2 + H2O at 75°C (2011)

The solubility in the NaCl-CaCl2-H2O and KCl-CaCl2-H2O systems were determined at 75°C and the phase diagrams and the diagram of physicochemical property vs composition were plotted. One invariant point, two univariant curves, and two crystallization zones, corresponding to potassium chloride, dihydrate (CaCl2 · 2H2O) showed up in the phase diagrams of the ternary systems. The mixing parameters θM, Ca and ΨM, Ca, Cl (M = Na or K) and equilibrium constant K sp were evaluated in NaCl-CaCl2-H2O and KCl-CaCl2-H2O systems by least-squares optimization procedure, in which the single-salt Pitzer parameters of NaCl, KCl, and CaCl2 β(0), β(1), β(2), and C Φ were directly calculated from the literature. The results obtained were in good agreement with the experimental data.
Ergot Alkaloids Produced by Endophytic Fungi of the Genus Epichloë (2015)

The development of fungal endophytes of the genus Epichloë in grasses results in the production of different groups of alkaloids, whose mechanism and biological spectrum of toxicity can differ considerably. Ergot alkaloids, when present in endophyte-infected tall fescue, are responsible for "fescue toxicosis" in livestock, whereas indole-diterpene alkaloids, when present in endophyte-infected ryegrass, are responsible for "ryegrass staggers". In contrast, peramine and loline alkaloids are deterrent and/or toxic to insects. Other toxic effects in livestock associated with the consumption of endophyte-infected grass that contain ergot alkaloids include the "sleepy grass" and "drunken horse grass" diseases. Although ergovaline is the main ergopeptine alkaloid produced in endophyte-infected tall fescue and is recognized as responsible for fescue toxicosis, a number of questions still exist concerning the profile of alkaloid production in tall fescue and the worldwide distribution of tall fescue toxicosis. The purpose of this review is to present ergot alkaloids produced in endophyte-infected grass, the factors of variation of their level in plants, and the diseases observed in the mammalian species as relate to the profiles of alkaloid production. In the final section, interactions between ergot alkaloids and drug-metabolizing enzymes are presented as mechanisms that could contribute to toxicity.
Determining similarity in histological images using graph-theoretic description and matching methods for content-based image retrieval in medical diagnostics (2012)

The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1224798882787923.
Multiple-pulse thermal coupling at 3.8-μm wavelength (1980)

Pulsed DF laser irradiation of 2024-T3 aluminum in normal air produced increases in air-plasma-enhanced energy absorption after repeated exposures of the same target. For a sequence of pulses, the absorbed fluence per pulse increased on each shot until it reached a value more than twice that seen on the first pulse. The effect is believed to be due to surface roughening caused by melting and vaporization.
Antioxidant and Anti-hyperglycemic Activity of Polysaccharide Isolated from Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl (2007)

Although polysaccharide is believed to play an important role in the medicinal effect of Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl (DCL), its role as an antioxidant and in anti-hyperglycemic induction was not reported. In this study, polysaccharide with molecular weight of approximately 150 kDa, herein named DCLP, was isolated from the stem of DCL, and its antioxidative, hypoglycemic and immune stimulating effects were evaluated using various in vitro and in vivo assay systems. DCLP inhibited hydroxyl radicals (<TEX>$^{\cdot}$</TEX>OH)-mediated deoxyribose degradation by scavenging hydroxyl radicals directly as well as by chelating iron ions. DCLP also showed dose-dependent scavenging activity on superoxide anions (<TEX>$O_2^{{\cdot}-}$</TEX>) and offered significant protection (p < 0.001) against glucose oxidase-mediated cytotoxicity in Jurkat cells. DCLP had immune stimulating effects, as evidenced by the DCLP-mediated increases in the level of DNA synthesis, viability, and cytokine secretion in mouse lymphocytes. Moreover, oral administration of DCLP produced a significant reduction in blood glucose level in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. These findings suggest that DCLP has a potential utility in treating patients who require enhanced antioxidation, immune function and/or hypoglycemic activity.
Preventing overdiagnosis: how to stop harming the healthy (2012)

[Extract] Evidence is mounting that medicine is harming healthy people through ever earlier detection and ever wider definition of disease. With the announcement of an international conference to improve understanding of the problem of overdiagnosis, Ray Moynihan, Jenny Doust, and David Henry examine its causes and explore solutions<br/><br/>Medicine’s much hailed ability to help the sick is fast being challenged by its propensity to harm the healthy. A burgeoning scientific literature is fuelling public concerns that too many people are being overdosed, overtreated, and overdiagnosed. Screening programmes are detecting early cancers that will never cause symptoms or death,4 sensitive diagnostic technologies identify “abnormalities” so tiny they will remain benign,5 while widening disease definitions mean people at ever lower risks receive permanent medical labels and lifelong treatments that will fail to benefit many of them. With estimates that more than $200bn (£128bn; €160bn) may be wasted on unnecessary treatment every year in the United States,7 the cumulative burden from overdiagnosis poses a significant threat to human health.
Discovering molecular genetics : solutions manual & workbook (1996)

This is the companion volume to Discovering Molecular Genetics: A Case Study Course with Problems and Scenarios (ISBN 0-87969-475-0), which offers teachers a one-semester course in molecular genetics for use by life science majors (microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology or biology) or pre-med students. This manual offers solutions and strategies for the 140 problems in its companion text, covering scenarios from history, mythology, films and television, which test students' abilities to apply molecular genetic concepts. The case study book is adapted from a course in molecular genetics given by the author at the University of California in Los Angeles, USA.
Quantitative Classification of Plant Functional Types Based on Photosynthesis (2010)

Classifying plant functional types by a general and quantitative technique is important for sustainable forest management. Here, the time series of diurnal net photosynthetic rate and other related external and internal factors of 11 tree species in a young mixed broadleaf and coniferous Korean pine forest in Northeast China were recorded during the growing season. All time series data were analyzed by a newly proposed model, by which the relative importance of external environmental factors and internal factors on leaf photosynthetic rate among tree species was evaluated. The analysis showed that this method can be useful to identify environmentally sensitive tree species and to quantitatively classify plant functional types. Photosynthetic rate in most pioneer tree species is less sensitive to variation in environmental conditions than in late successional species. The photosynthetic rate of all 11 tree species was mainly determined by their internal factors. The results may also have implications for tree species selection in forest plantations and forest restoration.
Measurement of refractive index gradients by deflection of a laser beam (1975)

In this simple experiment for an undergraduate laboratory a laser beam is passed through the mixing zone of two liquids with different refractive indices. The spatial variation of the refractive index, at different times during the mixing, can be determined from the observed deflection of the beam.
15.3: Reliable Integrated a‐Si Select Line Driver for 2.2‐in. QVGA TFT‐LCD (2005)

Abstract A 2.2″ QVGA a‐Si TFT‐LCD panel with reliable integrated a‐Si select line driver (RASD) is demonstrated. The RASD makes it possible to perform an operation regardless the fluctuation in the threshold voltage of a‐Si TFT‐LCD after a long‐term use. The RASD on glass substrate makes the dead space of TFT‐LCD panel be further decreased.
Unifiliation ou double filiation dans l'adoption française (2003)

RÉSUMÉ Unifiliation ou double filiation dans l'adoption française L'analyse de l'adoption permet de saisir de manière privilégiée la manière dont une société pense la filiation, l'enfant et la famille. Dans les sociétés occidentales, en particulier en France, la légalité de l'adoption par une personne seule, redécouverte à propos de la revendication de l'homoparentalité, semble à beaucoup contradictoire avec l'interdiction de la procréation médicalement assistée pour les célibataires et de l'adoption pour les couples concubins. Comment comprendre la signification d'une filiation unilinéaire dans l'adoption alors que la parentalité paraît par ailleurs indissociable du couple ? Il faut recourir à l'histoire du droit de l'adoption, en particulier à la manière dont en 1804, la loi a conservé la notion d'adoption individuelle, sur le modèle antique grec et romain qui n'instaurait qu'une filiation adoptive unilinéaire masculine. Au cours du XIXe siècle et surtout de la première moitié du XXe siècle, l'adoption par des couples n'a cessé d'augmenter tandis que l'adoption par des personnes seules devenait l'apanage des femmes. Le désir de maternité explique ce changement qui a modifié de manière très importante le contenu de l'institution. Mots clés : Fine, normes, lois, rapports hommes-femmes, adoption, famille, parenté, France
Modelos de manutenção da posse de bola em jogos da Fifa World Cup 2010TM (2013)

de bola nos jogos em relao ao modelo geral e inferior, evidenciou-se maior tempo de posse de bola apenas nas zonas do meio-campo e laterais do ataque.
Object-background segmentation using new definitions of entropy (1989)

The definition of Shannon's entropy in the context of information theory is critically examined and some of its applications to image processing problems are reviewed. A new definition of classical entropy based on the exponential behaviour of information-gain is proposed along with its justification. Its properties also include those of Shannon's entropy. The concept is then extended to fuzzy sets for defining a non-probabilistic entropy and to grey tone image for defining its global, local and conditional entropy. Based on those definitions, three algorithms are developed for image segmentation. The superiority of these algorithms is experimentally demonstrated for a set of images having various types of histogram.
Differential signalling in printed circuit boards: edge effects, radiation patterns and p.u.l. parameters (2002)

The analysis of differential signaling in printed circuit boards is carried out analytically under some simplifying hypotheses suggested by physical and geometrical characteristics of the structures under consideration. The validity of the proposed formulation is corroborated by means of comparisons with numerical results. The analytical procedure is revealed to be particularly accurate and useful to give insights into fundamental aspects such as those related to radiated field and partial inductances.
Multi-Lateral Well Construction: A Multi-Benefit Drilling Technology (1998)

Abstract Application of multi-lateral well engineering has been successfully applied as an emerging technology in the Northern North Sea to drain more marginal reservoirs which would otherwise be uneconomic. Calibration of the technique to local conditions is vital and the success in the North Sea offers tremendous follow-on opportunities for global applications. Following a successful onshore trial, Shell Expro's Northern Business Unit and their lead well engineering contractor, KCA Drilling Ltd, drilled and completed TA-14, a cased hole multi-lateral. This consisted of an appraisal and subsequent abandonment of the Triassic formation, followed by the drilling of two geosteered horizontal laterals into the shallower Brent reservoir. Techniques developed on TA-14 were then employed on an existing well. TA-19, to suspend the mainbore, side-track and recomplete as a dual lateral. Re-entry exists into the horizontal lateral with continued production available from the mother bore. Recently, TA-17 has been completed as a dual lateral horizontal Triassic oil producer with selective production from, and re-entry capabilities into both cased hole laterals. One lateral developed Triassic reserves proven by TA-14 while the other appraised the neighbouring block. A steep learning curve has been experienced throughout the construction of multi-lateral junctions. This includes the milling and fishing process, management of debris and equipment design. Further well engineering strategies for cementing, clean up, perforating and completions have been developed. Benefits of the multi-lateral technique are pervasive. Savings on TA-14 type wells can be achieved by applying the technique in a combination of variable and low quality reservoirs in one single well. Slot constraints can be alleviated using the TA-19 technique by side-tracking existing producers at an earlier stage. This strongly accelerates production whilst safeguarding the often underestimated tail production from the mother borehole. By using the TA-17 technique, two objectives can be met from one borehole, which would have otherwise required two new wells. Lessons learnt have accelerated the evolution of multilateral systems on the Tern and applications have been identified for multi-laterals in early and mid 1998. Other future applications of the multi-lateral methods are expected to involve coiled tubing drilling and water injection wells with a very large economic window of opportunity. P. 523
Design of multidimensional signal constellations (2003)

An algorithmic technique intended for signal constellation design for an N-dimensional Euclidean signal space is presented. Such signals are used for reliable and efficient digital communications on an additive white Gaussian noise channel. The minimum Euclidean distance between signals and the constellation-constrained capacity are used as performance measures. The basic idea is to spread out the signal vectors using an iterative method modelling the behaviour of equally charged particles in free space. Initially, the vectors are randomly distributed. The vectors reach equilibrium after a few iterations. Numerical calculations for N=2, 3, 4 and 5 dimensions and M=N+1, N+2, …,20 signals show that the generated codes are nearly as good as previously known codes, and in some cases even better.
Violence, Biological Determinism and the Sex Work Industry (2000)

Theories of biological determinism have always been used to regulate, circumscribe and police women's sexuality. Women, these theories maintain, serve two sex related purposes: one of reproduction and the other, a vessel for sexual release (Cooper, 1989:101). The former role is for the wife and the latter for the prostitute (Koureskas, 1995:101). The prostitute 'whore' gratifies the insatiable sexual desires of men and the wife 'madonna' preserves the private realm of the nuclear family (Cooper, 1989:102). The Natural History of Rape is the latest book that serves to maintain these traditional gender roles for women. It uses biology as the basis to justify a range of sexist practices, including violence against women. This article explores the relationships between biological determinism, violence and prostitution. In doing so it exposes the hypocrisy of the laws surrounding prostitution: the double standards which disproportionately harm sex workers and the culture of acceptability of violence with little or no fear of retribution towards offenders. Likewise, this paper also exposes the ideological agenda of biological determinism and begins to look at feminist solutions for action and change in the sex work industry.
Privacy-preserving multi-set operations (2012)

We consider several multiset operations in secure two-party setting where Alice and Bob each have a multiset and they want to perform some private computations over the two multisets without revealing and private information which means no one of them would learn more information than what can be deduced from the result. We design some methods to compute union, intersection and element reduction operations effectively and securely and apply these techniques to solve the multiset operations problems in semi-honest setting and consider their extension to the malicious setting.
Employing Strategic Planning in Environmental Regulation (1997)

This chapter addresses the issues surrounding effective regulation. Understanding the procedures involved in the development and implementation of regulation is the first step. Cohen then describes the tools of strategic regulation. Next, criticisms of different modes of regulation are discussed. The chapter concludes with a summary of the strategic approach to regulation.
Current concepts in mental retardation. (1980)

Increased concern for the rights of the handicapped has led to changes in the philosophy of treatment for the mentally retarded. Normalization means that the retarded child has the right to live in an environment that most encourages normalized behavior. This concept is often in opposition to institutionalization. The doctrine of least restrictive alternative requires treatment strategies that minimize the degree of infringement on patients' rights without jeopardizing the likelihood of positive outcomes.
Fully distributed chirped FBG sensor and application in laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy (2009)

In the laser induced interstitial thermotherapy (LITT), real-timely detecting the temperature distribution of the cured tissue is a bottleneck. In this paper, a fully distributed chirped Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor, which is of small size, immune from electromagnetic interference (EMI) and high sensitivity, is proposed to solve this problem. An experiment simulation of LITT is set up, and only one chirped FBG is used to detect the dynamic spectral variation with different laser power. Meanwhile, a high-efficiency spectra inversion algorithm named MSAE of FBG is utilized to demodulate the system and obtain the temperature distribution. The spatial resolution is 0.25mm and the running time of demodulation is tens of seconds, which can help doctors control the laser parameters such as the laser power and the treatment time to guarantee the security of the therapy.
Selection of Artificial Lift (1999)

Abstract Selection of the most economical artificial lift method is necessary for the operator to realize the maximum potential from developing any oil or gas field. Historically the methods used to select the method of lift for a particular field have varied broadly across the industry, including Determining what methods will lift at the desired rates and from the required depths. Evaluating lists of advantages and disadvantages. Use of "expert" systems to both eliminate and select systems. Evaluation of initial costs, operating costs, production capabilities, etc. using economics as a tool of selection. This paper will highlight some of the methods commonly used for selection and also include some examples of costs and profits over time calculated to the present time as a tool of selection. The operator should consider all of these methods when selecting a method of artificial lift, especially for a large, long-term project.
A Study of Text Localization Algorithms forComplex Images (2014)

With the advancement of the digital technology, the multimedia databases are increasing every day. The databases usually contain images and videos in addition to the textual information. Several papers have been reported in the literature and numerous algorithms are proposed for text localization in natural images and videos. All these algorithms are proposed considering the different properties of text that helps to distinguish the text regions from the other regions in the natural scenes. In this paper, review of text localization is given. It will help the beginner’s to start their work in the field of text localization.
TIMING BEHAVIOR ANOMALY DETECTION IN ENTERPRISE INFORMATION SYSTEMS (2007)

Business-critical enterprise information systems (EIS) have to satisfy high availability requirements. In order to achieve the required availability, automatic failure detection and diagnosis techniques must be used. A major cause of failures in EIS are software faults in the application layer. In this paper, we propose to use anomaly detection to diagnose failures in the application layer of EIS. Anomaly detection aims to identify unusual system behavior in monitoring data. These anomalies can be valuable indicators for availability or security problems, and support failure diagnosis. In this paper we outline the basic principles of anomaly detection, present the state of the art, and typical application challenges. We outline a new approach for anomaly detection in Enterprise Information Systems that addresses some of these challenges.
Hybrid assessment method for programming assignments (2016)

In this work, we address the issue of automatic assessment for programming assignments. The objective is to provide immediate feedback to the learners and save teachers from manually managing all the students' solutions. We will present a method merging results from dynamic and static analysis to ensure a reliable and objective evaluation job. While dynamic analysis is based on unit testing framework, the static analysis will focus on finding the adequate structural similarity measure after transforming the programs into control flow graphs.
STFBC method for the ICI reduction in OFDM communication system (2005)

In OFDM communication system suitable for the highspeed broadband transmission, ICI (intersubcarrier-interference) caused by phase noise and frequency offset results in poor system performance. In this paper, new STFBC (space time frequency block coding) method combining ICI self-cancellation scheme and antenna, time, frequency diversity is studied to reduce ICI effectively. CPE (common phase error) and ICI are analyzed by the phase noise linear approximation method in the 4 kinds of systems. CIR (carrier-to-interference ratio), PAPR (peak to average power ratio), PICR (peak interference to carrier ratio), BER (bit error rate) and bandwidth efficiency are discussed to analyze the system performance degraded by phase noise of the PLL (or frequency offset) in the 5 kinds of systems. The SCI (self-channel interference) that usually happens in the STBC (space-time block coding) method can be easily avoided in above STFBC method. STFBC method considerably reduces ICI and SCI. Conclusively the proposed STFBC method using diversity technique can show excellent performance without the loss of bandwidth efficiency, compared with the other conventional methods, although it lowers the transmission speed.