gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cytokine‐dependent Modulation of Oral Tolerance in a Murine Model of Autoimmune Uveitis (1996)

In summary, our data suggest that oral tolerance in the mouse EAU model may occur by anergy/deletion or by suppression, depending on the feeding regimen. Tolerance involving putative regulatory cells appears to require the ability to produce both IL-4 and IL-10, whereas induction of tolerance involving anergy may not require the presence of Il-4 and IL-10. We propose that regulatory cells induced by three feedings of IRBP can be selectively enhanced through the use of cytokines. From the point of view of clinical therapy, it would be worthwhile to explore postimmunization feeding regimens involving administration of IL-4 and IL-10.
Laboratorio de Ensayo de Resistencia al Fuego (2003)

Although fire statistics in Chile are not very complete, those available clearly show that fire losses have grown significantly in the last few years. Insurance reports indicate that fire related claims have grown almost three fold between 1989 and 1997 (from 6 to more than 17 million dollars This significant increase in losses can be attributed to many factors of which one of great importance is the dramatic change in construction practices in Chile. Among the changes are a significant increase in construction volume, industrial growth, development of local construction methods and technology and an increasing preference for taller and larger buildings. As an example it can be stated that 23 out of the 25 tallest buildings in Santiago were built within the last 10 years [2]. Despite this dramatic change, Chilean codes and standards have remained almost unaltered throughout the same period Furthermore, training and education in the area of fire safety is restricted to the fire service and a few occasional training courses. Fire safety authorities and practitioners generally fulfill their roles with simply an intuitive knowledge of current technology and practices. It is therefore clear that a dramatic influx of technology into fire safety practices is necessary in Chile.
Viral hemagglutinin augments peptide‐specific cytotoxic T cell responses (1993)

In attempt to increase the induction of peptide-specific cytolytic T cells (CTL) we investigated the effect of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene product on the activation of peptide-specific CTL. Spleen cells of CH3 mice immunized against the influenza nucleoprotein peptide 50-63 (NP 50-63) were restimulated in vitro (i) with peptide-pulsed syngeneic fibroblast cells (Ltk-) as antigen-presenting cells, which were in addition (ii) infected with NDV or (iii) stably transfected with the HN cDNA of NDV. A greater than sixfold increase in peptide-specific CTL responses was observed in cultures restimulated with peptide-pulsed Ltk- cells which co-expressed viral hemagglutinin due to either infection or transfection. A similar augmentation was seen in CTL responses against other types of antigen (major histocompatibility complex alloantigens, minor histocompatibility antigens or tumor antigens) when suboptimal cultures were stimulated with the respective antigen-presenting cells modified by NDV infection. These findings suggest that NDV or viral HN expressed on antigen-presenting cells or tumor cells can exert a T cell co-stimulatory function.
Analysis of secondary structure elements of proteins using indexing techniques (2003)

In this paper we present a method for protein structure comparison that is based on indexing. Unlike most methods using indexing, ours does not use invariants of the C/sub /spl alpha// atoms of the proteins, rather it relies on geometric properties of the secondary structures. Given a set of protein structures, we compute the angles and distances of all the triplets of linear segments associated to the secondary structures of the proteins and use them to build hash tables. The hash tables can be used for fast retrieval of hypotheses of matches of a query protein against the database. We present and analyze the tables obtained for two separate sets of proteins that are representatives of all the folds in the PDB. The tables show an interesting distribution of the triplets of elements, especially if one takes into account that the elements of a triplet are generally not close in space. The majority of the elements are found to belong to two planar regions in the three-dimensional tables. The planar regions can be characterized as those whose corresponding triplets of structures lie on almost parallel planes.
Kde má hmyz svůj magnetoreceptor - v tykadlech Periplanetaamericana zřejmě není. (2007)

Pro smyslovou fyziologii a zoologii je dosud velkou neznamou,
kde maji zviřata lokalizovan receptor pro svůj sestý smysl jimž
vnimaji geomagneticke pole. Prvni informace o tom, jak by mohl
receptor fungovat a kde by mohl být lokalizovan, byly ziskany
studiem obratlovců. U skupiny hmyzu, ktera je přitom z hlediska
smyslove neurofyziologie velmi významna, vsak experimentalni
důkaz lokalizujici receptor zcela chybi. Pomoci laboratorniho
testu magnetorecepcniho chovani svaba americkeho (Periplaneta
americana) jsme zjisťovali zda ablace tykadel povede k ztratě
behavioralni odpovědi na magnetickou stimulaci. Ztrata reakce
by signalizovala jistou ulohu tykadel v magnetorecepci anebo
nespecificke naruseni přirozeneho chovani. Neporusena reakce by
ukazovala na to, že tykadla, ktera jsou specializovanými
smyslovými nastroji hmyzu, nejsou sidlem smyslu magnetickeho.
Předběžne výsledky na 90 jedincich ukazaly, že magnetorecepce
svaba americkeho nebyla ablaci tykadel zablokovana. Výsledek
významně zužuje spektrum možných struktur a mechanismů, na
nichž je tento smysl u hmyzu postaven.
Neuroprotective effect of methanol extract of Phellodendri Cortex against 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium (MPP<sup>+</sup>)‐induced apoptosis in PC‐12 cells (2009)

Phellodendri Cortex (PC) is a traditional herbal medicine, widely used in Korea and China. The effects of the methanol extract of Phellodendri Cortex (PC extract) on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced neuronal apoptosis in PC-12 cells have been investigated. MPP(+)-induced apoptosis in PC-12 cells was accompanied by an increased bax/bcl-2 ratio, release of cytochrome c to the cytosol and activation of caspase-3. PC extract inhibited the downregulation of bcl-2 and the upregulation of bax, as well as the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into the cytosol. In addition, PC extract attenuated caspase-3 activation and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). These results suggest that the PC extract has protective effects against MPP(+)-induced neuronal apoptosis in PC-12 cells.
Release of reactive oxygen species by guinea pig tracheal epithelial cells in vitro (1992)

Regulatory and stimulatory mechanisms of H2O2 release from guinea pig tracheal epithelial cells were investigated. Cells in primary culture maintained in a previously described air-liquid interface system released H2O2 to the extracellular space only from the apical side of the cells. The rate of release was 0.044 +/- 0.003 nmol.min-1.mg protein-1. H2O2 release could be stimulated significantly during a 30-min incubation period with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and platelet-activating factor (PAF). A stimulatory effect of PAF was achieved at concentrations greater than 100 nM and with PMA at concentrations greater than 10 ng (16 nM). When protein kinase C was inactivated with staurosporine, the responses to both PAF and PMA were abolished, whereas the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, did not affect H2O2 generation. When guinea pig tracheal epithelial cells were exposed to sublethal concentrations of extracellular H2O2 (30 microM), H2O2 was detoxified from both apical and basal sides, H2O2 removal being significantly more rapid from the apical side of the cells. These results suggest that tracheal epithelial cells can be stimulated to generate reactive oxygen species into the airway lumen and that this occurs in response to inflammatory mediators that act through protein kinase C. Luminal H2O2 release may have developed as a defense mechanism against microbes, and, similarly, luminal detoxification of H2O2 could represent an important mechanism of modulation of airway inflammation in response to oxidant stress.
IgG1 and IVIg induce inhibitory ITAM signaling through FcγRIII controlling inflammatory responses (2012)

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) has been used in the treatment of several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. However, its mechanism of action remains incompletely understood. Here, we investigated the possibility that IVIg induces its anti-inflammatory effects through activating Fcγ receptors bearing an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) in the FcRγ signaling adaptor. Recently, the concept of inhibitory ITAM (ITAMi) has emerged as a new means to negatively control the immune response. We found that interaction of FcRγ-associated mouse or human FcγRIII with uncomplexed IgG1 or IVIg, or with bivalent anti-FcγRIII F(ab')(2) reduced calcium responses, reactive oxygen species production, endocytosis, and phagocytosis, induced by heterologous activating receptors on monocyte/macrophages and FcγRIII(+) transfectants. Inhibition required the ITAMi configuration of the FcγRIII-associated FcRγ subunit and SHP-1 recruitment involving formation of intracellular "inhibisome" clusters containing FcγRIII, and the targeted heterologous activating receptor. IVIg as well as anti-FcγRIII treatments controlled the development of nonimmune mediated inflammation in vivo independently of FcγRIIB. These results demonstrate that circulating immunoglobulins (Ig)Gs are not functionally inert but act through continuous interaction with FcγRIII-inducing ITAMi signaling to maintain immune homeostasis. These data support a new mechanism of action for IVIg and demonstrate the therapeutic potential of FcγRIIIA targeting in inflammation.
Lentiviral Vector Delivery of siRNA and shRNA Encoding Genes into Cultured and Primary Hematopoietic Cells (2005)

Lentiviral vectors are able to transduce non-dividing cells and maintain sustained long-term expression of the transgenes. Many cell types including brain, liver, muscle, and hematopoietic stem cells have been successfully transduced with lentiviral vectors carrying a variety of genes. These properties make lentiviral vectors attractive vehicles for delivering small interfering RNA (siRNA) genes into mammalian cells. RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoters are most commonly used for expressing siRNAs from lentiviral vectors. Pol III promoters are relatively small, have high activity, and use simple termination signals of short stretches of U. It is possible to include several Pol III expression cassettes in a single lentiviral vector backbone to express different siRNAs or to combine siRNAs with other transgenes. This chapter describes the delivery of Pol III promoted siRNAs by HIV-based lentiviral vectors and covers vector design, production, and verification of siRNA expression and function. This chapter should be useful for establishing a lentiviral vector-based delivery of siRNAs in experiments that require long-term gene knockdown or developing siRNA-based approaches for gene therapy applications.
Involvement of aberrant cyclin‐dependent kinase 5/p25 activity in experimental traumatic brain injury (2016)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with adverse effects on brain functions, including sensation, language, emotions and/or cognition. Therapies for improving outcomes following TBI are limited. A better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of TBI may suggest novel treatment strategies to facilitate recovery and improve treatment outcome. Aberrant activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) has been implicated in neuronal injury and neurodegeneration. Cdk5 is a neuronal protein kinase activated via interaction with its cofactor p35 that regulates numerous neuronal functions, including synaptic remodeling and cognition. However, conversion of p35 to p25 via Ca(2+) -dependent activation of calpain results in an aberrantly active Cdk5/p25 complex that is associated with neuronal damage and cell death. Here, we show that mice subjected to controlled cortical impact (CCI), a well-established experimental TBI model, exhibit increased p25 levels and consistently elevated Cdk5-dependent phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau and retinoblastoma (Rb) protein in hippocampal lysates. Moreover, CCI-induced neuroinflammation as indicated by increased astrocytic activation and number of reactive microglia. Brain-wide conditional Cdk5 knockout mice (Cdk5 cKO) subjected to CCI exhibited significantly reduced edema, ventricular dilation, and injury area. Finally, neurophysiological recordings revealed that CCI attenuated excitatory post-synaptic potential field responses in the hippocampal CA3-CA1 pathway 24 h after injury. This neurophysiological deficit was attenuated in Cdk5 cKO mice. Thus, TBI induces increased levels of p25 generation and aberrant Cdk5 activity, which contributes to pathophysiological processes underlying TBI progression. Hence, selectively preventing aberrant Cdk5 activity may be an effective acute strategy to improve recovery from TBI. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases astrogliosis and microglial activation. Moreover, TBI deregulates Ca(2+) -homeostasis triggering p25 production. The protein kinase Cdk5 is aberrantly activated by p25 leading to phosphorylation of substrates including tau and Rb protein. Loss of Cdk5 attenuates TBI lesion size, indicating that Cdk5 is a critical player in TBI pathogenesis and thus may be a suitable therapeutic target for TBI.
Analytical prediction of sample eigenvector quality deterioration in large arrays due to SNR or sample size constraints (2008)

It is well-known that subspace-based estimation methods in adaptive array processing suffer a rapid degradation in performance as either the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or the number of available snapshots drops below a certain threshold value. In the large system, relative large sample size limit, one can use random matrix theory to analytically predict this threshold and the degradation in the ''quality'' of the corresponding subspace estimates. In certain settings, one observes a "phase transition" phenonemon so that if the signals are too weak or there are insufficient number of snapshots or both, the subspace estimates are, statistically speaking, noise-like. We discuss the implication of these results for the subspace based detection of signals in white and colored noise using large arrays and illustrate the accuracy of the predictions with numerical simulations.
Detection of cardiac transplant rejection with radiolabeled lymphocytes. (1982)

To determine whether rejections of cardiac transplants could be detected specifically and non-invasively by lymphocytes labeled with indium-111 (111In), we studied 36 allogeneic and 14 isogeneic heterotopic cardiac transplants in rats. Allogeneic grafts accumulated autologous 111In-lymphocytes, detectable scintigraphically 24 hours after i.v. injection of the labeled cells. At the time of peak histologic rejection, the allogeneic grafts accumulated 92. +/- 4.8 times more activity than the native hearts (determined by well counting). The tissue-to-blood ratio in the rejecting transplants was 3.7 +/- 2.2; total uptake by the graft was 2.9 +/- 2.1% of the injected dose. Autoradiography confirmed that graft radioactivity was associated with labeled lymphocytes. In contrast, isogeneic grafts showed no signs of rejection and did not accumulate radioactivity. Because conventionally isolated and labeled lymphocytes are often contaminated with platelets, we prepared both 111In-platelets and purified 111In-lymphocytes for use in additional experiments. Allogeneic grafts accumulated platelets and purified lymphocytes independently. Thus, deposition of immunologically active cells in the rejecting graft representing specific pathophysiologic events can be detected. The results suggest that rejection of cardiac transplants can be detected noninvasively, potentially facilitating objective early clinical detection of rejection and titration of antirejection therapy.
Receiver design for MIMO OFDM transmission over time variant channels (2007)

This paper considers receiver design for space time block coded MIMO OFDM transmission over frequency and time selective channels. The receiver employs the expectation-maximization algorithm for joint channel and data recovery. It makes collective use of the data and channel constraints of the communication problem. The data constraints include pilots, the cyclic prefix, the finite alphabet constraint, and space-time block coding. The channel constraints include the finite delay spread and frequency and time correlation as well as spatial correlation. The channel estimation part of the receiver boils down to an EM-based forward-backward Kalman filter. To avoid the latency and storage associated with smoothing, we introduce a forward-only Kalman that performs channel (and data) recovery with no latency. Simulations show that the receiver outperforms other least-squares based iterative receivers.
Why the Structure but Not the Activity of the Immunoproteasome Subunit Low Molecular Mass Polypeptide 2 Rescues Antigen Presentation (2012)

The proteasome is responsible for the generation of most epitopes presented on MHC class I molecules. Treatment of cells with IFN-γ leads to the replacement of the constitutive catalytic subunits β1, β2, and β5 by the inducible subunits low molecular mass polypeptide (LMP) 2 (β1i), multicatalytic endopeptidase complex-like-1 (β2i), and LMP7 (β5i), respectively. The incorporation of these subunits is required for the production of numerous MHC class I-restricted T cell epitopes. The structural features rather than the proteolytic activity of an immunoproteasome subunit are needed for the generation of some epitopes, but the underlying mechanisms have remained elusive. Experiments with LMP2-deficient splenocytes revealed that the generation of the male HY-derived CTL-epitope UTY(246-254) was dependent on LMP2. Treatment of male splenocytes with an LMP2-selective inhibitor did not reduce UTY(246-254) presentation, whereas silencing of β1 activity increased presentation of UTY(246-254). In vitro degradation experiments showed that the caspase-like activity of β1 was responsible for the destruction of this CTL epitope, whereas it was preserved when LMP2 replaced β1. Moreover, inhibition of the β5 subunit rescued the presentation of the influenza matrix 58-66 epitope, thus suggesting that a similar mechanism can apply to the exchange of β5 by LMP7. Taken together, our data provide a rationale why the structural property of an immunoproteasome subunit rather than its activity is required for the generation of a CTL epitope.
High-pressure CS2 electric discharge laser (1974)

Laser action has been observed at 11.5 and 12.2 μm in electron-beam-stabilized electric discharges using He/CO/CS2 and He/N2/CS2 gas mixtures. Laser operation at 1 atm pressure was possible using He/CO/CS2 mixtures. Laser assignments, aided by the use of 13C-enriched samples, indicate that the 001 to 100 and 0111 to 1110 transitions of CS2 both contribute to the lines observed. Line coincidences, which are very likely for several bands of CS2, may be the cause of the anomalous laser intensity distribution among the rotational states observed at low pressures.
Optical coherence tomography-based angle-resolved backscattering studies on bovine tendon and cartilage (2012)

The difference in the genetic make up of the constituent molecules in collagen fibers in tendon and articular cartilage is what makes them mechanically and functionally different. A comparative study carried out on the differences in the angle-resolved back-scattering properties obtained from optical coherence tomography based studies on the two different types of scatterers: collagen I and collagen II fibers in bovine tendon and bovine articular cartilage sample, respectively, is reported here. Tendon sample shows greater anisotropy in the angle-resolved scattering profile compared to that obtained from articular cartilage sample. Rayleigh-Gans scattering approximation is used to provide the qualitative support needed to substantiate differences in the light scattering profiles obtained from the two tissues based on the size and type of the scatterers involved.
Reverse self-assembly of lipid onions induced by gadolinium and calcium ions (2012)

Self-assembly of lipids in water is well-known to result in nanostructures such as vesicles in dilute solution. In contrast, self-assembly in nonpolar organic solvents (oils) is much less established and there are hardly any known routes to forming structures such as reverse vesicles. Here, we build such structures based on our surprising recent discovery that salts can influence self-assembly of lipids in oil. We induce the self-assembly of nanoscale multilamellar vesicles (“onions”) in cyclohexane and toluene by combining the saturated phospholipid, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), with salts of di- or trivalent cations like calcium (Ca2+) or gadolinium (Gd3+) in the absence of water. DMPC–Gd3+ onions can be seen by a transmission electron microscope (TEM) without additional staining. They have sizes between ∼100 and 400 nm and have 6–18 concentric bilayer shells (lamellae) that are uniformly spaced. The presence of lamellae is further confirmed by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), from which we find the inter-lamellar spacing to be 6.0 nm. The formation of reverse onions is driven by the binding of these multivalent cations with the lipid headgroups, which in turn brings adjacent lipids close and causes a tighter packing of the lipid tails. Evidence for such binding is provided by the cation-induced lowering of the lipid melting temperature.
The non‐competitive inhibitory activities of morphinan and morphine derivatives at the α3β4 neuronal acetylcholine receptor (2006)

Purpose 20 compounds (morphinan and morphine derivatives) were investigated as non‐competitive inhibitors of the α3β4 subtype of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α3β4 nAChR) using newly developed high‐throughput method. Methods The identifications of inhibitors were performed using chromatographic experiments on an immobilizedα3β4 nAChR column combined with chemometric and molecular modeling techniques. The pharmacological effect of these agents was also determined using a functional assay (nicotine induced 86 Rb + efflux) from KXα3β4R2 cell line, the same cell line used to create the nAChR column. Results The chromatographic retention on the immobilized α3β4 column indicated that 11 of the 13 morphine derivatives had little interaction with the immobilized receptor, which was consistent with their observed IC 50 values of >200 μM. All of the morphinans and 2 of the morphine derivatives (buprenorphine and naltrindole) were significantly retained on the chromatographic column and had IC 50 values < 60 μM. Molecular modeling techniques were used to determine that the morphinans bound to the α3β4 nAChR at a hydrophobic pocket near the V/F ring of the inner lumen of the receptor, while buprenorphine and naltrindole bound at the quinacrine site of the receptor. Conclusions The data demonstrate that tandem affinity chromatography – molecular modeling methodology can be used for the rapid assessment of pharmacological activity on nAChRs and to determine the binding site(s) of non‐competitive inhibitors of this receptor.