gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Corneal ectasia after photorefractive keratectomy (2006)

Two patients developed corneal ectasia after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). Case 1 had evidence of early keratoconus preoperatively, with manifest refractions of -4.00 +2.50 x 160 (20/20) in the right eye and -7.00 +3.00 x 180 (20/30) in the left eye; thin corneas (472 microm and 441 microm, respectively); and inferior paracentral steepening in the right eye and central steepening in the left eye on topography. Case 2 had manifest refractions of -8.50 +3.75 x 123 (20/20(-2)) in the right eye and -9.25 +4.00 x 077 (20/20(-1)) in the left eye; corneal thickness of 509 microm and 508 microm, respectively; and symmetric bow-tie patterns in both eyes on topography. Case 2 had a family history suspicious for keratoconus, with a sibling who had bilateral corneal transplantation at a young age. Both patients developed bilateral corneal ectasia after PRK.
Identification of lactoferrin-binding proteins in bovine mastitis-causing<i>Streptococcus uberis</i> (1999)

All strains of Streptococcus uberis evaluated bound to lactoferrin (Lf) in milk as detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting. A biotin-avidin-based microplate binding assay and ELISA also revealed that these bacterial strains bound to purified Lf. Binding of bacteria of Lf was not inhibited by mannose and galactose, indicating that glycosidic domains of the Lf molecule were not involved in binding. Lf binding was also unaffected by bovine transferrin. Western blot analysis demonstrated that there were at least two bacterial proteins involved in Lf-binding. Lf binding by S. uberis could enable this bacterium to acquire iron necessary for its growth.
Assembly and Hermetic Encapsulation of Wafer Level Secondary Batteries (2006)

A new technology was developed for the construction and hermetic encapsulation of chip-size secondary lithium-ion batteries on a wafer-level plane. To reduce the size of the package and improve the handling and assembly of miniature batteries, we established a wafer-level process that combines foil processing of Li batteries and wafer technologies for battery contacts and encapsulation. Parylene and thin-film metal deposition was used for hermetic encapsulation of the batteries. With this technology, battery sizes between 1 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and 1 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , and as thin as 250 µ m, can be fabricated. A discharge capacity of 860 Ah/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> was achieved with secondary lithium wafer-level batteries. The proportion of active material is thus increased to over 70%, despite the system’s very flat structure. The impact of the formation procedure on the battery performance was investigated. Electrical charge and discharge cycling tests have been carried out. The presented technology allows the transformation of the high energy density of cylindrical or prismatic cells to integrated micro batteries.
A general theory for regenerative stability (1983)

The governing equations for a simple, singly regenerative system are solved in closed form. A metal cutting system is chosen as the model for the theory. The exponential growth index α is expressed in terms of various machine and operating parameters. When α &gt; 0, chatter grows exponentially with time. When α &lt; 0, the system is stable. Plots of α versus speed indicate that at higher spindle speeds αmax is greater, but there is a greater range of stable speeds between unstable zones. Plots of α versus chatter frequency, cutting stability index, lobe precession, and a newly defined variable (the ratio of apparent to actual cutting compliance) indicate that the lobe precession effect is the best sensor for a stability detector. In the special case, α = 0 the general theory reduces to the stability boundary theory developed previously.
A Non‐Racemic Equivalent of Glycolic Acid: Preparation of both enantiomers from <scp>D</scp>‐mannitol (1996)

Abstract A practical synthesis of both enantiomers of 2‐( tert ‐butyl)‐2‐methyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐4‐one starting from D ‐mannitol is reported. These compounds are chiral equivalents of glycolic acid (= hydroxyacetic acid) which are configurationally stable and can be alkylated via their enolates.
Groove-maker for cataract surgery. (1975)

The making of a groove in cataract surgery and the preplacement of one or more sutures into the groove has been advocated by many surgeons. An instrument that facilitates the performance of the surgical groove is introduced. This instrument, a modification of a corneal trephine, provides a neat, smooth groove of adjustable depth.
Effect of nitrogen and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on growth and quantitative traits of tuberose (Polianthes tuberose L.) (2013)

Tuberose is one of the most important cut-flowers in Iran and the world. Since nutrition is an important factor in growth and quality of ornamental plants, a factorial experiment was conducted, based on completely randomized blocks design, with 12 treatments and 3 replications, in Zanjan province, in 2011, to assess the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilizer and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on growth and quantitative traits of tuberose (Polianthes tuberose L.). N from urea fertilizer source at 4 levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 kg/ha) and PSB at 3 levels (0, 5 and 10 kg/ha microbial fertilizer) were applied to soil. Soil was inoculated with PSB before planting and N was applied in two splits (after emergence of the bulbs and 20 days after the first application). In this experiment, the plant height, length of florescence, stem and floret diameter, number of leaves and florets, and fresh and dry weights of aerial parts and roots were measured. The results of ANOVA of data showed that application of N fertilizer increased significantly all measured traits, except stem and floret diameters. All growth parameters, except dry weight of aerial parts, were increased significantly by soil inoculation with PSB. Based on the results of this study, application of 200 kg/ha N and 10 kg/ha microbial fertilizer containing PSB resulted in the highest yield and quantitative traits for tuberose.
Remote water quality measurements with a lidar polarimeter (1973)

A lidar polarimeter system utilizing a 5 mw He-Ne laser has been constructed and used for laboratory and day light backscatter measurements from suspensions of teflon particles and absorbing dye in water. The results of this study have shown that a lidar polarimeter system can measure 'volume reflectance' without interference of peripheral effects such as sky reflections. The polarization ratio appears to be less affected by surface waves than does the total intensity or individual polarizations. The cross polarized return is the most sensitive to changes in the single scatter albedo and absolute concentrations of absorbing and scattering materials. A criterion is indicated which states that finite beam effects must be considered when the total extinction length is greater than the incident beam width.
Iron chelates of polyaminocarboxylic acids (1959)

J. Bond and T. I. Jones, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1959, 55, 1310 DOI: 10.1039/TF9595501310
Chemical composition of juice and seeds of pomegranate fruit (1990)

Abstract The edible parts of pomegranate fruit represented 52% of total fruit weight, comprising 78% juice and 22% seeds. The fresh juice contained 85.4% moisture, 10.6% total sugars, 1.4% pectin, 0.1 g/100 ml total acidity (as citric acid), 0.7 mg/100 ml ascorbic acid, 19.6 mg/100 ml free amino nitrogen and 0.05 g/100 ml ash. Meanwhile, the seeds are a rich source of total lipids, protein, crude fibers and ash representing 27.2, 13.2, 35.3 and 2.0%, respectively, and also contained 6.0% pectin and 4.7% total sugars. The iron, cupper, sodium, magnesium and zinc contents of the juice were lower than those of seeds, except potassium which was 49.2 ppm in the juice. On the other hand, the physical and chemical properties of seed's lipids indicated that the refractive index was 1.518, melting point 13.0°C, iodine value 74.2, acid number 1.1, unsaponifiable matters 0.7%, saponification value 188.9, ester value 187.8 and glycerol content 10.3%. Moreover, the studied lipids contained 11 fatty acids, from them caprylic, the predominant acid, represented 36.3%, followed by stearic acid (22.5%). Furthermore, oleic and linoleic acids covered 5.1% and 10.3%, respectively. Otherwise, the saturated fatty acids of seed's lipids of pomegranate composed 83.6% of the total fatty acids content.
Slab lasers: concept and implementation (1990)

Slab lasers offer advantages over rod lasers when higher output power is required. However, these advantages are realized only with careful engineering. In this paper some important design considerations needed to obtain high performance from slab lasers are reviewed.
分析哲学:语言、思想与实在关系研究新进展 (1987)

语言之所以引起分析哲学家的兴趣,其主要原因在于,它似乎提供了研究一些主要哲学问题的一种有力方式。以语言意义理论的形式所进行的关于语言的研究,便构成对实在性质的研究。上述这个想法一直就产生很大影响,它是提出真值条件语义学的主要动因,是实在论与反实在论之间的激烈争论的主要动因。在这一争论中,反实在论者论证说,标准的真值条件语义学所假定的那种实在论是无法接受的。
New Insights into the Role of Neuron-Specific Enolase in Neuro-Inflammation, Neurodegeneration, and Neuroprotection (2018)

Neurodegeneration is a complex process that leads to irreversible neuronal damage and death in spinal cord injury (SCI) and various neurodegenerative diseases, which are serious, debilitating conditions. Despite exhaustive research, the cause of neuronal damage in these degenerative disorders is not completely understood. Elevation of cell surface α-enolase activates various inflammatory pathways, including the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and some growth factors that are detrimental to neuronal cells. While α-enolase is present in all neurological tissues, it can also be converted to neuron specific enolase (NSE). NSE is a glycolytic enzyme found in neuronal and neuroendocrine tissues that may play a dual role in promoting both neuroinflammation and neuroprotection in SCI and other neurodegenerative events. Elevated NSE can promote ECM degradation, inflammatory glial cell proliferation, and actin remodeling, thereby affecting migration of activated macrophages and microglia to the injury site and promoting neuronal cell death. Thus, NSE could be a reliable, quantitative, and specific marker of neuronal injury. Depending on the injury, disease, and microenvironment, NSE may also show neurotrophic function as it controls neuronal survival, differentiation, and neurite regeneration via activation of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. This review discusses possible implications of NSE expression and activity in neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and neuroprotection in SCI and various neurodegenerative diseases for prognostic and therapeutic potential.
Grid workflows specification and verification (2008)

Abstract:- Grids are being adopted and developed in several scientific disciplines that deal with large-scale collaboration, massive distributed data, and distributed computing problems. The service orchestration is a problem of making multiple services coordinate themselves and communicate in an orderly fashion so as to accomplish a task more complex than the single tasks provided by the individual composing services. Composition is devoted to the aim of connecting services in a collaborative fashion. A Grid workflow system is a type of application-level Grid middleware that is supposed to support modelling, redesign and execution of large-scale processes. A grid workflow can be represented by a grid workflow graph, where nodes correspond to activities and edges correspond to dependencies between activities, called flows. Verification is usually based on an extension of a kind of formal method. Grid workflow verification and validation must be conducted so that we can identify any violations of the correctness in workflow specification and consequently remove them in time.
Behavioural responses of salmonid fry to low amino acid concentrations (1989)

The behaviour of start feed brown trout, Salmo trutla , and Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar , fry was observed in response to 5, 50 and 500 nM concentrations of L‐alanine, L ‐proline, L‐arginine and glycine. In addition, salmon fry were tested with dilute concentrations of shrimp extract. Five behaviour patterns (snap, yawn, dart, twitch movements and active swimming) were shown in response to all amino acid and shrimp extract concentrations. Snapping, darting and active swimming increased in both species as a function of amino acid concentration, and in the salmon fry as a function of increasing shrimp extract concentration. Otherwise, the salmon showed twice as much yawning and more twitch movements than the trout, but the trout showed more active swimming than the salmon. Both species showed an increase in activity in response to L‐proline at 5 nM, and the salmon also responded to L‐arginine and glycine at this concentration. Both species first responded to L‐alanine at 50 nM, but the trout did not respond to glycine until a concentration of 500 nM was presented. The salmon fry responded to shrimp extract at c. 10 14 g l ‐1 , but no differences in their activity were observed in response to concentrations between c. 10 ‐12 and 10 ‐6 gl ‐1 .
Alport Syndrome: An Inherited Disorder of Renal, Ocular, and Cochlear Basement Membranes (1999)

Alport syndrome (AS) is a genetically heterogeneous disease arising from mutations in genes coding for basement membrane type IV collagen. About 80% of AS is X-linked, due to mutations in COL4A5, the gene encoding the alpha 5 chain of type IV collagen (alpha 5[IV]). A subtype of X-linked Alport syndrome (XLAS) in which diffuse leiomyomatosis is an associated feature reflects deletion mutations involving the adjacent COL4A5 and COL4A6 genes. Most other patients have autosomal recessive Alport syndrome (ARAS) due to mutations in COL4A3 or COL4A4, which encode the alpha 3(IV) and alpha 4(IV) chains, respectively. Autosomal dominant AS has been mapped to chromosome 2 in the region of COL4A3 and COL4A4. The features of AS reflect derangements of basement membrane structure and function resulting from changes in type IV collagen expression. The primary pathologic event appears to be the loss from basement membranes of a type IV collagen network composed of alpha 3, alpha 4, and alpha 5(IV) chains. While this network is not critical for normal glomerulogenesis, its absence appears to provoke the overexpression of other extracellular matrix proteins, such as the alpha 1 and alpha 2(IV) chains, in glomerular basement membranes, leading to glomerulosclerosis. The diagnosis of AS still relies heavily on histologic studies, although routine application of molecular genetic diagnosis will probably be available in the future. Absence of epidermal basement membrane expression of alpha 5(IV) is diagnostic of XLAS, so in some cases kidney biopsy may not be necessary for diagnosis. Analysis of renal expression of alpha 3(IV)-alpha 5(IV) chains may be a useful adjunct to routine renal biopsy studies, especially when ultrastructural changes in the GBM are ambiguous. There are no specific therapies for AS. Spontaneous and engineered animal models are being used to study genetic and pharmacologic therapies. Renal transplantation for AS is usually very successful. Occasional patients develop anti-GBM nephritis of the allograft, almost always resulting in graft loss.
Filtering Characteristics of Virtually-Imaged Phased-Array (1996)

One of the most important components in a WDM light transmission system is a wavelength multiplexer/demultiplexer. For a system in which the wavelength bandwidth is limited by the amplifier gain bandwidth or the fiber chromatic dispersion, a narrow channel spacing is required in multichannel WDM. Other requirements for a WDM filter are low insertion loss, low polarization dependent loss, broad transmission band in each channel, low crosstalk from the neighbor channels, and stability. One possible means for multi-channel, dense WDM filters is a diffraction grating. However, a reflection-type diffraction grating which has a blaze angle of ~30 degrees shows small angular-dispersion, which requires a long light path in a filter1. The dispersion can be enhanced with a large blaze angle, and this enhancement was demonstrated by using transmission-type diffraction in a planar waveguide2,3.
IDEAL: A User's Guide for Software Process Improvement. (1996)

Abstract : This document describes a software process improvement (SPI) program model, IDEAL, which can be used to guide development of a long-range, integrated plan for initiating and managing a SPI program. The purpose of this document is to provide process improvement managers with a generic description of a sequence of recommended steps for SPI. The model shown in Figure Intro-i on page 2 depicts five phases of a SPI initiative, which provide a continuous loop through the steps necessary for SPI. It is important to note that the length of time it takes to complete a cycle through the IDEAL model will vary from organization to organization. Organizations will find, depending on the resources they are able to commit to the SPI program, many activities that can be pursued in a parallel fashion. There will also be instances of some parts of the organization pursuing activities in one phase of the model while others are pursuing activities in a different phase. In practice the boundaries between the phases of IDEAL are not as clearly defined as shown in the model. It is also important to note that the infrastructure set up to accomplish SPI will play a significant role in the success or failure of a SPI initiative. The value that the infrastructure brings to a SPI initiative, its understanding of its roles and responsibilities, cannot be underestimated.
Neurofilament protein phosphorylation. Species generality and reaction characteristics. (1982)

We have previously demonstrated that neurofilament protein (NFP) is endogenously phosphorylated in squid giant fiber axoplasm (1). Here the generality of this phenomenon is demonstrated, and optimal reaction conditions are described. Phosphorylation of Myxicola NFP is shown in vivo and in isolated axoplasm by 32P labeling from [32P]orthophosphoric acid and [gamma-32P]ATP, respectively. Phosphorylation of guinea pig NFP is shown in extracts of peripheral nerve and in enriched NFP preparations. Both Myxicola NFP subunits (150 and 160 kilodaltons) and all three guinea pig NFP subunits (200, 145, and 68 kilodaltons) are phosphorylated. Phosphorylation of 10-nm filament protein from cultured fibroblasts is also shown optimal reaction conditions with guinea pig enriched NFP are as follows. The reaction has high specificity for ATP as substrate. Divalent cations are required, Mn2+ being most effective. Monovalent cations decrease activity. The pH optimum is 8.0. Cyclic AMP and other low molecular weight factors have no significant modulatory effect.
Photoinduced Membrane Damage of E. coli and S. aureus by the Photosensitizer-Antimicrobial Peptide Conjugate Eosin-(KLAKLAK)2 (2014)

Together, our results suggest that (KLAKLAK)2 promotes the binding of eosin Y to bacteria cell walls and lipid bilayers. Subsequent light irradiation results in membrane damage from the production of both Type I & II photodynamic products. Membrane damage by oxidation is then further aggravated by the (KLAKLAK)2 moiety and membrane lysis is accelerated by the peptide. These results therefore establish how photosensitizer and peptide act in synergy to achieve bacterial photo-inactivation. Learning how to exploit and optimize this synergy should lead to the development of future bacterial photoinactivation agents that are effective at low concentrations and at low light doses.
Production of poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate from lactose and whey by <i>Methylobacterium</i> sp. ZP24 (1998)

Methylobacterium sp. ZP24, isolated from a local pond, is able to grow in a medium containing 12 g l-1 lactose as a sole source of carbon, giving 5.25 g l-1 biomass yield and poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) up to 59% of its dry weight in 40 h. The isolate was also able to utilize cheese whey and produce 1.1 g l-1 PHB. Addition of ammonium sulphate increased the production of PHB from whey 2.5-fold. The potential of Methylobacterium sp. ZP24 in PHB production from cheese whey is discussed.
Recent Progress in Silicon Photonics: A Review (2012)

With the increasing bandwidth requirement in computing and signal processing, the inherent limitations in metallic interconnection are seriously threatening the future of traditional IC industry. Silicon photonics can provide a low-cost approach to overcome the bottleneck of the high data rate transmission by replacing the original electronic integrated circuits with photonic integrated circuits. Although the commercial promise has not been realized, this perspective gives huge impetus to the development of silicon photonics these years. This paper provides an overview of the progress and the state of the art of each component in silicon photonics, including waveguides, filters, modulators, detectors, and lasers, mainly in the last five years.
Effect of the Parameters of Sapphire Substrates on the Crystalline Quality of GaN Layers (2005)

The effect of certain types of sapphire substrate treatment on the properties of gallium nitride layers grown by metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy is investigated.
Measles Virus: A Summary of Experiments Concerned with Isolation, Properties, and Behavior (1957)

Measles Virus: A Summary of Experiments Concerned with Isolation, Properties, and Behavior John F. Enders, Thomas C. Peebles, Kevin McCarthy, Milan Milovanović, Anna Mitus, and Ann Holloway CopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.47.3.275 Published Online: August 29, 2011
Citric acid metabolism in hetero- and homofermentative lactic acid bacteria (1976)

The effect of citrate on production of diacetyl and acetoin by four strains each of heterofermentative and homofermentative lactic acid bacteria capable of utilizing citrate was studied. Acetoin was quantitatively the more important compound. The heterofermentative bacteria produced no acetoin or diacetyl in the absence of citrate, and two strains produced traces of acetoin in its presence. Citrate stimulated the growth rate of the heterofermentative lactobacilli. Acidification of all heterofermentative cultures with citric acid resulted in acetoin production. Destruction of accumulated acetoin appeared to coincide with the disappearance of citrate. All homofermentative bacteria produced more acetoin and diacetyl in the presence of citrate than in its absence. Citrate utilization was begun immediately by the streptococci but was delayed until at least the middle of the exponential phase in the case of the lactobacilli.