gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New Corporate Forms and Green Business (2013)

The comparative outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) versus surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients are scarce. We aimed to assess and compare the outcomes of TAVR versus SAVR in DM patients using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database from 2011 to 2013. A complete case analysis was performed for the multivariate analysis and cases with missing data were excluded. The primary end point was in-patient all-cause mortality and secondary outcomes were perioperative complications. An estimated 5,719 TAVR procedures and 65,096 SAVR procedures were performed among DM patients in the United States between 2011 and 2013. TAVR patients were older (80 ± 8.1 vs 70 ± 10, p <0.001), majority of them were women (45% vs 38%, p <0.001), and predominantly white race (total of 80%). The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for the primary outcome was significantly lower in TAVR patients (2.8% vs 3.6%, OR 0.63, p = 0.02). TAVR patients were also at lower risk for bleeding requiring transfusions (13% vs 20%, OR 0.43, p <0.01), cardiac complications (6.1% vs 14%, OR 0.34, p <0.01), respiratory complications (1.2% vs 3.7%, OR 0.26, p <0.01), postoperative sepsis (1.7% vs 3.6%, OR 0.45, p = 0.03), and acute myocardial infarction (2.5% vs 2.9%, OR 0.62, p <0.01), compared with SAVR patients. Conversely, TAVR patients were at increased risk for vascular complications (5.7% vs 3.9%, OR 1.5, p <0.01) and new pacemaker implantation (10% vs 5.7%, OR 1.5, p <0.01). The mean hospitalization cost was lower for TAVR than SAVR ($58,878 vs $63,869, p = 0.003). Length of stay (median 6 vs 8 days, p <0.001) was shorter in TAVR patients. In conclusion, TAVR may result in better in-hospital outcome than SAVR in DM patients.
Constructionism : research reports and essays, 1985-1990 (1991)

1st chapter is available on Papert's personal webpage : http://www.papert.org/articles/SituatingConstructionism.html
Multi-scale finite element analysis on biomechanical response of functionally graded dental implant/mandible system (2007)

This paper proposes a multi-scale finite element method to investigate the biomechanical response of functionally graded dental implant / mandible system. Macroscopically, the proposed dental implant / mandible model consists of a functionally graded biomaterial (FGB) dental implant, a mandible and a dental implant / mandible interface. The mandible was considered to construct with cancellous bone and cortical bone with a graded change in mechanical property between these two bones. The FGB dental implant was modeled to be composed of titanium (Ti) and hydroxyapatite (HA) also with a gradient change in composition between both ends of the implant. The interface was assumed to be at an unhealed state during the initial stage of implantation and later grow to have properties equal to those of healthy cancellous bone after healing. A finite element software package ABAQUS incorporated with a user-defined material subroutine, was used to perform the analysis. Microscopically, the microarchitecture of cancellous bone is modeled by using a face-centered-cubic (FCC) finite element (FE) unit cell model. By using this micro-cell FE model, the time-dependent compressive strength of the implant / mandible interface can be predicted. Macroscopically, the proposed method can also be applied to predict the load bearing capability and stress distribution of the implant / mandible interface.
Production and Maintenance Planning for a Deteriorating System with Operation-Dependent Defectives (2018)

This paper provides new insights to the area of sustainable manufacturing systems at analyzing the novel paradigm of integrated production logistics, quality, and maintenance design. For this purpose, we investigate the optimal production and repair/major maintenance switching strategy of an unreliable deteriorating manufacturing system. The effects of the deterioration process are mainly observed on the failure intensity and on the quality of the parts produced, where the rate of defectives depends on the production rate. When unplanned failures occur, either a minimal repair or a major maintenance could be conducted. The integration of availability and quality deterioration led us to propose a new stochastic dynamic programming model where optimality conditions are derived through the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations. The model defined the joint production and repair/major maintenance switching strategies minimizing the total cost over an infinite planning horizon. In the results, the influence of the deterioration process were evident in both the production and maintenances control parameters. A numerical example and an extensive sensitivity analysis were conducted to illustrate the usefulness of the results. Finally, the proposed control policy was compared with alternative strategies based on common assumptions of the literature in order to illustrate its efficiency.
Non-response to ovarian stimulation in normogonadotrophic, normogonadal women: a clinical sign of impending onset of ovarian failure pre- empting the rise in basal follicle stimulating hormone levels (1997)

The most important aspect of diminished ovarian reserve is the associated decline in reproductive potential. Assessment of ovarian reserve is mainly based on measurement of early follicular phase follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentration. The objective of this study was to report the identification of a group of 12 infertile women initially diagnosed as having unexplained or anovulatory infertility, who had a normal baseline hormonal profile and did not respond to repeated ovarian stimulation with gonadotrophins. All developed ovarian failure within a relatively short time span. Non-response to ovarian stimulation was defined by failure to achieve development of follicles >12 mm and failure to raise oestradiol concentration >350 pmol/l in two successive cycles of human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) doses of up to five ampoules per day for 5-8 days. Within a mean of 9 months following the failed attempts of ovarian stimulation the mean day 3 FSH concentrations rose from 5.4 +/- 2.7 IU/l to 53.5 +/- 19.7 IU/l. In these patients, day 3 FSH concentration failed to indicate the low ovarian reserve manifested only by lack of clinical response to treatment with gonadotrophins which was the first sign of impending ovarian failure. We conclude that women with normal early follicular phase serum FSH concentrations who do not respond to ovarian stimulation by HMG are at risk of developing ovarian failure within several months.
The Role of Exhaled Nitric Oxide in the Diagnosis, Management and Treatment of Asthma (2007)

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition affecting many adults and children. An association between asthma and raised gaseous nitric oxide in the exhaled breath was first reported in 1993. In the absence of an objective test for diagnosing and monitoring asthma, a vigorous research effort has subsequently sought to determine the nature of the relationship between exhaled nitric oxide (ENO) and asthma and to determine the clinical utility of ENO measurements in asthmatics. Many methodological issues relating to ENO measurements have also been addressed. The evidence indicates that ENO originates from a number of sources and the "excess" ENO in asthmatics is mostly derived from the lower respiratory epithelium where ENO probably reflects eosinophilic airway inflammation. Clinical studies have revealed that ENO may be useful in the diagnosis of atopic asthma but not non-atopic asthma. Longitudinal measurements of ENO have been found to correlate with asthma symptoms, including relapse of symptoms after cessation of corticosteroids treatment. In summary, over a relatively short time ENO has become recognised as a useful objective tool for diagnosing and monitoring asthma. More clinical studies will be required in order for ENO to become fully established in the diagnosis and management of asthma.
Continuous quantum measurement of a double dot (1999)

We consider the continuous measurement of a double quantum dot by a weakly coupled detector (tunnel point contact nearby). While the conventional approach describes the gradual system decoherence due to the measurement, we study the situation when the detector output is explicitly recorded that leads to the opposite effect: gradual purification of the double-dot density matrix. The nonlinear Langevin equation is derived for the random evolution of the density matrix which is reflected and caused by the stochastic detector output. Gradual collapse, gradual purification, and the quantum Zeno effect are naturally described by the equation. We also discuss the possible experiments to confirm the theory.
The Geometry of Automotive Rearview Mirrors - Why Blind Zones Exist and Strategies to Overcome Them (1995)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Equations are derived which describe and relate the magnification, viewing angle and reflected illuminance of convex mirrors as used in automotive applications. The derived equations are compared to those for plane mirrors. Using these equations, the viewing angles of automotive rearview mirrors are calculated and depicted. The blind zones are defined in terms of the viewing angles, obstructions to vision, perceptibility limitations, and the lateral separation of vehicles. Various strategies for overcoming the blind zones are discussed.</div>
Chemotherapy-induced hair loss. (2010)

Chemotherapy-induced hair loss occurs with an estimated incidence of 65%. Forty-seven percent of female patients consider hair loss to be the most traumatic aspect of chemotherapy and 8% would decline chemotherapy due to fears of hair loss. At present, no approved pharmacologic intervention exists to circumvent this side-effect of anticancer treatment, though a number of agents have been investigated on the basis of the current understanding of the underlying pathobiology. Among the agents that have been evaluated, topical minoxidil was able to reduce the severity or shorten the duration, but it did not prevent hair loss. The major approach to minimize chemotherapy-induced hair loss is by scalp cooling, though most published data on this technique are of poor quality. Fortunately, the condition is usually reversible, and appropriate hair and scalp care along with temporarily wearing a wig may represent the most effective coping strategy. However, some patients may show changes in color and/or texture of regrown hair, and in limited cases the reduction in density may persist.
Atrial Fibrillation (2002)

trial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia and effects nearly 1% of the population.Its prevalence increases with increasing age; it is relatively infrequent in those under 40 years old, but occurs in up to 5% of those over 80 years of age.
International Audiometric Zero (1964)

International reference-zero levels for pure-tone audiometers have been recommended by the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) and are under consideration for inclusion in a new American Standard for Audiometers. The new ISO levels are desirable because (1) the shape of the threshold contour is more accurate, (2) the threshold levels are reproducible from laboratory to laboratory and from country to country, and (3) they represent the only apparent escape from permanent ambiguity and confusion in the international exchange of audiometric information. The new ISO levels differ significantly from the American Standard values of 1951, but readings on one of these bases can readily be transferred to readings on the other base by a simple arithmetical adjustment. For instance, for the determination of percentage impairment of the ability to hear speech by calculation from the average of the decibel readings at 500, 1000, 2000 cps, an adjustment of 11 dB in the average of these readings provides the transfer from one base to the other.
OP-1 Clinical Studies (2001)

Osteopontin-1 (OP-1) has demonstrated considerable clinical usefulness, along with a strong record of safety, in a wide variety of musculoskeletal disorders in more than 500 patients worldwide during the past decade. Specifically, the outcomes of patients with tibial nonunions enrolled in a randomized, prospective clinical trial in the United States and treated with OP-1 and intramedullary fixation were comparable with those of patients treated with bone autograft and a rod. These, and the other carefully observed cases, build on substantial preclinical evaluation and begin the very important and practical process of clarifying the unique role these molecules will play in the clinical arena.

As with many new directions in medicine, the earliest research raises meaningful questions about study goals and design, including the specific questions to be addressed, the appropriateness and limitations of available methods of assessment, and the interpretation of data. The scope and the funding of clinical trials, as well as management of the partnership between academia and industry, are frequent issues encountered and addressed in the conduct of novel and cutting-edge …
Favored patterns in spike trains. I. Detection (1983)

Traditional spike-train analysis methods cannot identify patterns of firing that occur frequently but at arbitrary times. It is appropriate to search for recurring patterns because such patterns could be used for information transfer. In this paper, we present two methods for identifying "favored patterns" --patterns that occur more often than is reasonably expected at random. The quantized Monte Carlo method identifies and establishes significance for favored patterns whose detailed timing may vary but that do not have extra or missing spikes. The template method identifies favored patterns whose occurrences may have extra or missing spikes. This method is useful when employed after the results of the first method are known. Studies with simulated spike trains containing known interpolated patterns are used to establish the sensitivity and accuracy of the quantized Monte Carlo method. Certain trends with regard to parameters of the detected patterns and of the analysis methods are described. Application of these methods to neurophysiological data has shown that a large proportion of spike trains have favored patterns. These findings are described in the accompanying paper (3).
Designing a next-generation continuous software delivery system (2018)

Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery are established practices in modern agile software development. The DevOps movement adapted theses practices and places the deployment pipeline at its heart as one of the main requirements to automate the software development process and to deliver and operate software in a more robust way with higher quality.
SYNTHESIS OF 1-(TRIPHENYLGERM YLPROPIONO)-4-SUBSTITUTED THIOSEMICARBAZIDES (1995)

ＳＹＮＴＨＥＳＩＳＯＦ１－（ＴＲＩＰＨＥＮＹＬＧＥＲＭＹＬＰＲＯＰＩＯＮＯ）－４－ＳＵＢＳＴＩＴＵＴＥＤＴＨＩＯＳＥＭＩＣＡＲＢＡＺＩＤＥＳ￥ＲｕＹｕＣＨＥＮ；ＰｅｎｇＦｕＬｌ（ＩｎｓｔｌｔｕｔｅｏｆＥｌｅｍｅｎｔｏ－ＯｒｇａｎｉｃＣｈｅｍｉｔｒｙ，...
Synthesis, spectroscopy, and electrochemistry of homo- and hetero-leptic ruthenium(II) complexes of new pyrazole-containing bidentate ligands (1990)

Heteroleptic [Ru(bipy)2(L–L′)]2+ and homoleptic [Ru(L–L′)3]2+ complexes, where bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine and L–L′ is one of nine new pyrazole-containing bidentate ligands, have been prepared. Full assignments have been made for the 1H and 13C n.m.r. spectra of the complexes in CD3CN and the origins of the co-ordination-induced shifts are discussed. The absorption spectra and redox properties of the complexes are also discussed.
Analysis of similar event clusters in aftershocks of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake (2003)

We perform waveform cross‐correlation on over 14,000 aftershocks of the 1994 Northridge M W 6.7 earthquake in southern California as recorded by short‐period stations of the Southern California Seismic Network (SCSN). Approximately 10–30% of the events belong to similar event clusters, depending upon the similarity criteria that are applied. We relocate events within 218 of these clusters to a relative location accuracy of about 30 m using the differential times obtained from the cross‐correlation. These relocated event clusters often show planar features suggestive of faults at depth, and we apply principal parameter analysis to characterize the shape of each cluster and to compute best fitting planes. In several cases, these planes are parallel to the main shock fault plane; however, more generally, the seismicity planes exhibit a wide range of orientations, suggesting complexity in the aftershock faulting. Composite focal mechanisms can be obtained for each cluster by combining the P polarity data from individual events. A comparison of polarity measurement differences within similar event clusters provides constraints on the error rate in the individual focal mechanisms. For some clusters, we are able to resolve the primary versus auxiliary fault plane ambiguity by comparing the computed focal mechanisms with the best fitting seismicity planes. Individual event focal mechanisms are in general agreement with the composite focal mechanisms for the similar event clusters. Events occurring along the main shock rupture plane are mainly thrust, whereas events in the hanging wall are predominately strike‐slip.
Reducing the cost of diagnosis of breast carcinoma (2001)

BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine whether the use of ultrasound and percutaneous breast biopsies in patients with screen-detected nonpalpable abnormalities can reduce benign open surgical biopsies of the breast without increasing cost or sacrificing detection of potentially curable breast carcinomas. METHOD Using a computerized mammography database and consecutive logs of needle localization procedures and fine- and large core needle biopsies of a single university-based breast imaging practice, the authors determined the breast carcinoma yield and cost of diagnosis over a 14-year period and the changes that occurred over time with the sequential introduction of ultrasound, ultrasound-guided biopsies, and stereotactic biopsies. RESULTS The overall breast carcinoma yield for needle localization biopsies of nonpalpable lesions increased from 21% in 1984 to 68% in 1998 (P < 0.0001). The yield for nonpalpable masses increased from 21% to 87% (P < 0.0001) over the same period. The selective use of ultrasound alone and percutaneous fine- and large core needle biopsy resulted in a substantial reduction in benign open surgical biopsies. A cost analysis showed a 50% reduction in the average expense of discovering breast carcinoma. The breast carcinomas detected after introduction of these methods were prognostically favorable with 88% measuring 1.5 cm or less in size and 66% measuring less than 1 cm. CONCLUSIONS Selective use of ultrasound and imaging-guided percutaneous biopsies can significantly reduce the number of benign open surgical biopsies generated by mammographic screening. This can result in substantial cost savings without decreasing the sensitivity for detecting small potentially curable lesions. Cancer 2001;91:324–32. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Heavy Oil Production By Carbon Dioxide Injection (1982)

Abstract Currently, there is a great deal of interest in carbon dioxide for the recovery of both heavy and light oils. This paper deals with an investigation of the efficiency of gaseous carbon dioxide as a recovery agent for moderately viscous oils. The paper gives numerical model results, and compares and contrasts the findings with laboratory and field test observations, pointing out the range of conditions over which carbon dioxide is likely to be effective. The carbon dioxide injection simulator used simulates three- phase flow, and was checked out for numerical dispersion grid effects, material balance, etc. It was then employed for a variety of carbon dioxide injection simulations. The base cases were in qualitative agreement with the reported experimental data. It was found that over the viscosity range of J 10 1000 mPa.s, carbon dioxide was superior to natural depletion, inert gas injection or water flooding, jar oil viscosities above 70 mPa. s. The gain over water flooding was as much as 9 per cell· tiles in oil recovery, being greater for the more viscous crudes. Oil saturation was an important variable, as oil recovery decreased rapidly with a decrease in saturation. Another significant factor affecting ultimate oil recovery was the critical gas saturation. Viscous oils showed a 27% increase in recovery as the critical gas saturation varied from 0 to 10%. The blow down recovery on curtailment 0/ carbon dioxide injection was about 1 percentile; field values are as high as 4 percentiles. Reasons for this discrepancy are outlined. The amount of carbon dioxide left in the reservoir was used as a measure of the efficiency of the process; it was high for low oil saturations, especially for the more viscous oils. An economic analysis of the carbon dioxide injection process showed that the economics are tenuous; a variety of factors in addition to the oil price would determine the economic viability of the process. Introduction Although there is little debate that a significant amount of oil remains held in the ground by current technical and economic constraints, opinion is widespread as to the proper recovery technique or techniques to unlock these reserves. (Infill drilling and a handful of alternative recovery methods, such as thermal, miscible and improved mobility floods, compete for the over 52 billion cubic metres of United States and Canadian oil (&lt;980 Kg/m3) that remains in place. Carbon dioxide injection, as one of these processes, has long been thought of as a miscible process best applied in light oils with densities less than 930 Kg/m3. However, immiscible carbon dioxide flooding as part of the suite of enhanced oil recovery methods being tested may be promising in the case of heavy, moderately viscous oils where carbon dioxide injection improves recovery by lowering oil viscosity and promoting swelling. Deposits of heavy oil total over one-half trillion metres3 in the U.S., Venezuela and Canada. In the U.S. alone, there are over 2,000 heavy oil reservoirs occurring in 1500 fields in 26 states.