gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry and the National Reference System (1993)

The clinical laboratory community of the United States, which is well represented by the NRSCL/NCCLS, has endorsed the IDMS/DMs developed at NIST. These DMs provide the accuracy (true value) base for the U.S. National Reference System for a number of specific analytes in human serum. Fortunately, the U.S. government through (a) actions of NIST administrators and scientists, (b) financial support from NIH (NIGMS) and FDA, and (c) interagency agreements with CDC has accepted the responsibility for developing and maintaining IDMS/DMs for clinically important analytes as an essential part of this national measurement system infrastructure. Furthermore, it is important to note that several professional organizations, particularly, The American Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC) and The College of American Pathologists (CAP), have interacted heavily with NIST in full support of these national standardization activities. CAP supports three full-time Research Associates at NIST so that target values on serum samples used in its Interlaboratory Comparison Survey Programs may be traced to DMs. This remarkable cooperation and teamwork between government agencies and private sector organizations, as well as numerous individual scientists and physicians, which promotes greater accuracy of patient results, depends heavily upon the continued timely availability of IDMS/DM measurements. In short, NIST's value assignments on human serum samples (e.g., SRMs and materials for CLIA '88 proficiency testing programs) by this critical IDMS/DM metrology provide the pragmatic base for assuring accurate test results in medicine. The resources required to support IDMS/DM technology at NIST over many decades are not trivial and from time to time require renewed R&D efforts to upgrade methodology and recapitalization in mass spectrometry instrumentation.
Clinical Pharmacology of Trastuzumab (2008)

Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the extracellular domain of HER2, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family. Trastuzumab is currently approved for the treatment of breast cancer overexpressing HER2, given alone or in combination with paclitaxel or docetaxel. Trastuzumab pharmacokinetics are characterized by a low systemic clearance, a low volume of distribution (4l) and a very long half-life (28 days) comparable to that of endogenous immunoglobulins G. The elimination pathways are not yet defined and the clinical relevance of trastuzumab kinetic variability is unknown. Whether exposure might correlate with toxic effects or inadequate response has not been explored. No drug-drug interactions have been reported. This is not surprising because based on the current knowledge, no monoclonal antibody (including trastuzumab) has been found to interact with major molecular pharmacokinetic determinants such enzymes, drug transporters or orphan nuclear receptors. Dosage regimens of trastuzumab are similar either it is used in the adjuvant setting (postoperative) or in metastatic disease. According to the official labelling, trastuzumab is given by intravenous perfusion at a dose based on body weight, weekly (metastatic, adjuvant) or 3-weekly (adjuvant). The schedule also includes a loading dose at the initiation of the treatment. The recommended duration of treatment is currently one year (adjuvant) or until the progression of the disease (metastatic). Regarding the adjuvant setting, different dosage regimens have been tested (from 9 weeks to 2 years) but the optimal duration of treatment is unknown. The short course of trastuzumab (9 weeks) appears promising in terms of activity, tolerance and cost but should be compared to 1 or 2-years treatments. In addition, dosing regimens might be optimized by integrating pharmacokinetic elements. In the adjuvant setting, given the more favorable kinetic situation (absence of tumor penetration), a less intense dosage regimen might be appropriate when compared with that used in metastatic disease. Further body weight is weakly related to trastuzumab exposure and it is not proven that it significantly affects clinical activity. These pharmacokinetic considerations may support the use of fixed doses given monthly, on short periods, for the treatment of early breast cancer.
IMU-Aided 3D Reconstruction Based on Multiple Virtual Planes (2010)

This paper proposes a novel approach for fast 3D reconstruction of an object inside a scene by using Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) data. A network of cameras is used to observe the scene. For each camera within the network, a virtual camera is considered by using the concept of infinite homography. Such a virtual camera is downward and has optical axis parallel to the gravity vector. Then a set of virtual horizontal 3D planes are considered for the aim of 3D reconstruction. The intersection of these virtual parallel 3D planes with the object is computed using the concept of homography and by applying a 2D Bayesian occupancy grid for each plane. The experimental results validate both feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Visualization of prokaryotic DNA in a regularly condensed chromatin-like fiber. (1976)

Electron microscopy of disrupted Escherichia coli cells under certain conditions revealed loops of a fiber 120 A in diameter which were attached to the cell envelope and showed a 130 A repeating beaded substructure. These fibers were detected only when the cells were lysed in 0.15 M NaCl solutions directly on the electron microscope supporting films and if the dehydration steps began within 2 min of lysis. Under these conditions examination of cells lysogenic for phage lambda after superinfection with lambda wild type or deletion mutants disclosed short loops of a 120 A diameter fiber free of the cell envelope. Because the contour length of these loops was proportionate to the DNA content of the superinfecting lambda phage, it was concluded that the fibers contained DNA condensed 6.5-fold in blocks of about 250 base pairs.
Syntheses of symmetric .alpha.,.alpha.,.alpha.-tris(imidazolylmethyl)acetonitriles: a new class of tripod M2+-chelating ligands (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSyntheses of symmetric .alpha.,.alpha.,.alpha.-tris(imidazolylmethyl)acetonitriles: a new class of tripod M2+-chelating ligandsT. S. Manoharan and R. S. BrownCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 6, 1439–1442Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00267a038https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00267a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views420Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Fecal incontinence: a clinical approach. (2000)

"Fecal incontinence" is defined as the involuntary loss of stool at any time of life after toilet training. It is a socially and psychologically devastating condition for patients and their families, and a topic which both patients and physicians are reluctant to approach. Although the true prevalence of fecal incontinence is unknown, studies have reported it to be as high as 2. 2% in the general population, with significantly higher rates among nursing home residents and hospitalized elderly. Risk factors include advancing age, female gender and multiparity. An understanding of pelvic floor anatomy and physiology is required to appreciate how diverse medical conditions can affect mechanisms involved in normal continence. The rectum serves as a storage reservoir until elimination can take place at a socially acceptable time and place. The pelvic floor muscles help to regulate the defecatory process and maintain continence. These muscles include the internal anal sphincter, the external anal sphincter and the puborectalis muscle. Each muscle contributes to normal continence, although the relative importance of each is controversial. Neurologic integrity and sensation are also key factors. Conditions associated with fecal incontinence include diarrheal states, fecal impaction, idiopathic neurologic injury, surgical and obstetric injury, pelvic trauma, collagen vascular disease, and neurologic impairment related to stroke, diabetes, or multiple sclerosis. Evaluation of the patient with fecal incontinence includes a directed history and physical examination, with particular attention paid to integrity of the perineum and rectum, and a complete neurologic evaluation. Diagnostic tools such as stool studies, anorectal manometry, defecography, electromyography, pudendal nerve conduction, and endoanal ultrasound may be employed in an outpatient setting. Fecal incontinence may be treated conservatively by employing such methods as dietary restriction, stool bulking agents, and biofeedback. Surgery may be the best option for cases refractory to medical treatment, or for those patients with rectocele or obstetrical injury. In this article, we review the presentation, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology of fecal incontinence. Evaluation, including key components of directed history and physical examination, and the appropriate use of diagnostic studies and indications for treatment options are also addressed.
Randomized Trial of $5 Versus $10 Monetary Incentives, Envelope Size, and Candy to Increase Physician Response Rates to Mailed Questionnaires (2002)

Investigators may increase response rates by including more money in the initial questionnaire packet, but there may be diminishing returns to serial increments in incentives greater than 5 dollars. Including smaller incentives in more questionnaires may maximize total responses.
Highly efficient synchronization based on active memory operations (2004)

Summary form only given. Synchronization is a crucial operation in many parallel applications. As network latency approaches thousands of processor cycles for large scale multiprocessors, conventional synchronization techniques are failing to keep up with the increasing demand for scalable and efficient synchronization operations. We present a mechanism that allows atomic synchronization operations to be executed on the home memory controller of the synchronization variable. By performing atomic operations near where the data resides, our proposed mechanism can significantly reduce the number of network messages required by synchronization operations. Our proposed design also enhances performance by using fine-grained updates to selectively "push " the results of offloaded synchronization operations back to processors when they complete (e.g., when a barrier count reaches the desired value). We use the proposed mechanism to optimize two of the most widely used synchronization operations, barriers and spin locks. Our simulation results show that the proposed mechanism outperforms conventional implementations based on load-linked/store-conditional, processor-centric atomic instructions, conventional memory-side atomic instructions, or active messages. It speeds up conventional barriers by up to 2.1 (4 processors) to 61.9 (256 processors) and spin locks by a factor of up to 2.0 (4 processors) to 10.4 (256 processors).
Digital Identity: From City to Screen. Some Aspects of Self-Representation in the Digital Space (2010)

In the virtual space of the social Web, subjective dynamics swing between ordinary and digital identity. In this paper, the author explains key features of social Web interaction and presents both boundaries of the identity continuum on the Internet. Once the framework is posited, the focus is on the character-screen, an extreme form of digital subjectivity, hovering between freedom and constraints of the system.
Direct solution method for initialising doubly-fed induction wind turbines in power system dynamic models (2003)

The modelling of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine in large power system dynamic simulation software is discussed, and the steady state equivalent circuit and reduced order dynamic DFIG models are described. A direct solution method for obtaining injected rotor voltages, which satisfy the dynamic model control objectives, is derived from the approximate steady state model. An initialisation procedure is given for the reduced order dynamic DFIG machine model. Simulation results are presented from initialised dynamic DFIG wind turbine models. PQ and PV bus representations of the DFIG for load flow studies are compared and simulated with typical turbine and network data for wind farm installations.
Bacterial communities associated with benthic organic matter in headwater stream microhabitats (2005)

Bacterial communities associated with a variety of benthic detritus types were studied in three streams in the context of the chemical characteristics of the sediment material and the stream water. A cell purification assay was developed for a quantitative microscopic evaluation of bacterial community structure in detritus samples by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The efficiency of FISH with fluorescently monolabelled probes was compared with FISH with signal amplification by catalysed reporter deposition (CARD-FISH). In detritus types poor in organic carbon and nitrogen, the numbers of prokaryotes were related to the chemical characteristics of the stream water column, whereas no such relationship was found for detritus types rich in organic carbon and nitrogen. These results might help to provide criteria for the selection of detritus types for river ecosystem assessment and monitoring. The percentage of bacteria detected by FISH with monolabelled probes was correlated with the detritus total organic matter (OM). This is likely attributed to a higher ribosome content of microbial cells on substrates rich in OM. Cell detection by CARD-FISH did not show any correlation with OM content, indicating that this technique renders the results more independent from the activity state of cells. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with four group-specific probes suggested a relationship between substrate quality and the composition of the microbial assemblages on the various types of detritus. The improved protocol for cell purification and CARD-FISH may facilitate future investigations on the relationship between the riverine benthic detritus quality and microbial community composition.
The use of the guiding catheter in coronary angioplasty: the technique of manipulating catheters to obtain the necessary power to cross tight coronary stenoses. (1986)

We have examined a small selection of helpful maneuvers to facilitate passage of a balloon through tight stenoses. Selection of the appropriate guiding catheter is a critical early decision. Changing guiding catheters may be the most expeditious way to solve a "difficult case." The various options for deep engagement of the guiding catheter into the coronary orifice to gain power for crossing resistant lesions have been examined and the potential risks enumerated. The operator must be willing carefully to chart a course to avoid vessel occlusion, pressure damping, dye trapping, intimal damage, and dissection. Sudden disengagement of the guiding catheter from the coronary and vessel spasm must be prevented. Selective use of the "balloon traction maneuver," if judiciously applied, may lead to higher success rates. Guiding catheters and balloons will continue to evolve and hopefully become easier to use. The continued development of smaller deflated balloon profiles with slippery surfaces and better power transmission characteristics will undoubtedly make the vigorous techniques mentioned above less necessary to master in the future.
Anomalous Schottky Signals from a Laser-Cooled Ion Beam (1995)

Longitudinal Schottky signals from a laser-cooled, spatially dense, ion beam have been studied in the ASTRID storage ring. The fluctuation signals are distorted by the effects of space charge, as is observed in electron cooling experiments. However, the spectra also exhibit previously unobserved coherent components. The ions' velocity distribution, measured by a laser fluorescence technique, suggests that the coherence is due to suppression of Landau damping. The observed behavior has important implications for the attainment of a crystalline ion beam in a storage ring.
The terminal nucleotide of the Mu genome controls catalysis of DNA strand transfer (2003)

Members of the transposase/retroviral-integrase superfamily use a single active site to perform at least two reactions during transposition of a DNA transposon or a retroviral cDNA. They hydrolyze a DNA sequence at the end of the mobile DNA and then join this DNA end to a target DNA (a reaction called DNA strand transfer). Critical to understanding the mechanism of recombination is elucidating how these distinct reactions are orchestrated by the same active site. Here we find that DNA substrates terminating in a dideoxynucleotide allow Mu transposase to hydrolyze a target DNA, combining aspects of both natural reactions. Analyses of the sequence preferences for target hydrolysis and of the structure of the cleaved product indicate that this reaction is promoted by the active site in the conformation that normally promotes DNA strand transfer. Dissecting the DNA requirements for target hydrolysis reveals that the ribose of the last nucleotide of the Mu DNA activates transposase's catalytic potential, even when this residue is not a direct chemical participant. These findings provide insight into the molecular mechanism insuring that DNA strand transfer ordinarily occurs rather than inappropriate DNA cleavage. The required presence of the terminal nucleotide in the transposase active site creates a great advantage for the attached 3'OH to serve as nucleophile.
Adam Smith in his time and ours: designing the decent society (1993)

Introduction: Back to Adam?1Pt. IAdam Smith in His Time1Cosmopolitan Provincial: Smith's Life and Social Milieu152Gentlemen, Consumers, and the Fiscal-Military State283Self-Love and Self-Command: The Intellectual Origins of Smith's Civilizing Project39Pt. IIDesigning the Decent Society4The Market: From Self-Love to Universal Opulence635The Legislator and the Merchant776Social Science as the Anticipation of the Unanticipated847Commercial Humanism: Smith's Civilizing Project938The Impartial Spectator1009The Historical and Institutional Foundations of Commercial Society11310The Moral Balance Sheet of Commercial Society13111The Visible Hand of the State14012Applied Policy Analysis: Smith's Sociology of Religion15413A Small Party: Moral and Political Leadership in Commercial Society164Pt. IIIFrom Smith's Time to Ours14Critics, Friendly and Unfriendly17715Some Unanticipated Consequences of Smith's Rhetoric18516The Timeless and the Timely194Notes206Guide to Further Reading240Acknowledgments262Index265
Energy dissipation in general purpose processors (2002)

In this paper we investigate how super-scalar issue and pipelining affect the energy-delay product of general purpose processors. We show that for idealized machines pipelining gives approximately a 2/spl times/ improvement in energy-delay product, while super-scalar issue only improves the energy-delay product by a small amount. We then show that real processors are roughly half as efficient as the idealized machines. We also show that improving the efficiency will be difficult since the overhead is distributed among many units, none of which represent a significant fraction of the energy dissipation.
Psychoacoustic model compensation with robust feature set for speaker verification in additive noise (2014)

This paper addresses the problem of speaker verification in the presence of additive noise for resource deficient languages. Psychoacoustic model compensation (Psy-Comp) has been shown to impart noise robustness to Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) based speaker verification systems using Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs). This work extends the idea of Psy-Comp to incorporate a more robust feature set, which includes Cepstral Mean Subtraction (CMS) and Δ coefficients along with the MFCCs. We propose a model domain CMS operation following the psychoacoustic compensation for improved performance in additive noise. An advantage of this approach is that it does not require specialized developmental data and hence it may be suitable for resource deficient languages. Experiments conducted with the NIST-2000 database corrupted with real-life street noise show improved performance with the proposed method.
Active Learning of Introductory Machine Learning (2006)

This paper describes a computer-based training program for active learning of agent technology, expert systems, neural networks and case-based reasoning by undergraduate students using a simple agent framework. While many machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) courses teach ML and AI concepts by means of programming assignments, these assignments have usually no connection to how the student will apply the newly obtained knowledge to previously unseen, real-world problems. The pedagogy that we adopted here is computer-based active learning: teams of students are presented with well-defined assignments aimed at building intelligent agents for person identification and recognition of facial expressions and emotions from video recordings of their faces. Classroom experience indicates that the students found the specified programming assignments highly motivating. Objective evaluation studies suggest that students learn much more effectively when a contextualized, collaborative, constructive, and reflective approach is used than when an orthodox, objectivist approach to teaching ML and AI techniques is used alone
The Vaudois baptism of Henry Cavendish (1997)

L'A. rapporte les circonstances qui ont pousse le Lord Henry Cavendish a recevoir le bapteme vaudois. Le point de contact avec les Vaudois se fait a la generation precedente, lors d'un sejour de Charles Cavendish en Savoie et dans le Piemont
Current status of fish-borne zoonotic trematode infections in Gia Vien district, Ninh Binh province, Vietnam (2015)

We conclude that Gia Minh and Gia Thinh communes are continuing to be hot-spot endemic areas of FZT and other helminths infections where the habit of eating raw fish by the local people is still present.