gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Coronal-Sounding Experiment. (1992)

The main science objective of the Ulysses Solar Corona Experiment is to derive the plasma parameters of the solar atmosphere using established coronal-sounding techniques. Applying appropriate model assumptions, the 3-D electron density distribution will be determined from dual-frequency ranging and Doppler measurements recorded at the NASA Deep Space Network during the solar conjunctions. Multi-station observations will be used to derive the plasma bulk velocity at solar distances where the solar wind is expected to undergo its greatest acceleration. As a secondary objective profiting from the favorable geometry during Jupiter encounter, radio-sounding measurements will yield a unique cross-scan of the electron density in the Io Plasma Torus.
Computer generated animation of faces (1972)

This paper describes the representation, animation and data collection techniques that have been used to produce "realistic" computer generated half-tone animated sequences of a human face changing expression. It was determined that approximating the surface of a face with a polygonal skin containing approximately 250 polygons defined by about 400 vertices is sufficient to achieve a realistic face. Animation was accomplished using a cosine interpolation scheme to fill in the intermediate frames between expressions. This approach is good enough to produce realistic facial motion. The three-dimensional data used to describe the expressions of the face was obtained photogrammetrically using pairs of photographs.
Masked Label Prediction: Unified Message Passing Model for Semi-Supervised Classification (2020)

Graph neural network (GNN) and label propagation algorithm (LPA) are both message passing algorithms, which have achieved superior performance in semi-supervised classification. GNN performs feature propagation by a neural network to make predictions, while LPA uses label propagation across graph adjacency matrix to get results. However, there is still no effective way to directly combine these two kinds of algorithms. To address this issue, we propose a novel Unified Message Passaging Model (UniMP) that can incorporate feature and label propagation at both training and inference time. First, UniMP adopts a Graph Transformer network, taking feature embedding and label embedding as input information for propagation. Second, to train the network without overfitting in self-loop input label information, UniMP introduces a masked label prediction strategy, in which some percentage of input label information are masked at random, and then predicted. UniMP conceptually unifies feature propagation and label propagation and is empirically powerful. It obtains new state-of-the-art semi-supervised classification results in Open Graph Benchmark (OGB).
Drainage Areas, Shapes, and Reserves for Wells in Reservoirs with Multiple Fluid Contacts / Constant Pressure Boundaries (2019)

Abstract Well drainage areas and shapes for wells in reservoirs with aquifer contact or gas-oil contact (constant pressure boundary) take varying shapes, such as, water coming from one-side (edge water drive) to water coming from 3-sides when the 4th-side is a sealing fault. This information is important in well test interpretations, peripheral flooding, aquifer injection, gas and CO2 aquifer storage, geothermal reservoirs, and any subsurface recovery schemes involving injection-production well pairs. A knowledge of well drainage shapes is helpful in optimizing well placement, well productivity estimations, and to maximize reserves. Results show that for a 2-well 3-sided water-drive reservoir system, each well drains an equal area when the well-rates are equal; however, the drainage areas of a well increases logarithmically with an increasing ratio of its flow rate to that of an adjacent well. In case of a multiple well system, results show that the drainage area of well closer to water contact is smaller than that of an interior well, farther away from the water-contact. Results are presented in graphical form and equations to determine the drainage area and shapes for varying production rate-ratios between wells in a multiple constant pressure boundary rectangular reservoir. An algebraic procedure is presented to generalize results from a 2-well system for extension to a multi-well system with similar multiple constant pressure boundary conditions. The equations yield result within 5% of those obtained from complex streamline simulations. A well's location within its drainage area is needed to determine mean well pressures from MBH (Matthews-Brons-Hazebroek) functions for water drive reservoirs, and to estimate productivity index and cumulative water influx volumes.
Continuous Reactor Technology for Ketal Formation:  An Improved Synthesis of Solketal (2001)

The development of a fully continuous process for the synthesis of solketal (4-hydroxymethyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane) is described. The use of a heterogeneous catalyst, recycle of unreacted starting material, elimination of the need for an entraining solvent, and purification of the product in situ all afford improvements over existing processes. Data generated in model reactions is used to prove the applicability of the process to a counter-current distillation reactor design, and to compute the operating parameters of the reactor.
Studies on melt spinning. IV. On the stability of melt spinning (1974)

The stability of melt spinning has been studied theoretically by solving for transients the perturbed form of the simultaneous partial differential equations of melt spinning introduced by the author in a previous study. Computed stability limits summarized in the form of maps in the (t*—St) plane with the cooling air speed serving as the third parameter showed that the thread must be in a molten state at the take-up before an instability can develop and that the cooling of the thread by air plays a predominant role in stabilizing the melt spinning. Here, t* is air temperature and St is the Stanton number. Draw resonances were observed experimentally in a water-quenched melt spinning of PET fiber and in the casting of PP film. Experimental results agreed well with theoretical simulations with respect to oscillation periods and stability. Draw resonance observed by Bergonzoni et al. was closely simulated by means of the present theories.
Why Is Wallerian Degeneration in the CNS So Slow? (2007)

Wallerian degeneration (WD) is the set of molecular and cellular events by which degenerating axons and myelin are cleared after injury. Why WD is rapid and robust in the PNS but slow and incomplete in the CNS is a longstanding mystery. Here we review current work on the mechanisms of WD with an emphasis on deciphering this mystery and on understanding whether slow WD in the CNS could account for the failure of CNS axons to regenerate.
Essentials of Dental Caries: The Disease and Its Management (2005)

Introduction. 1: Caries in enamel. 2: Caries in dentine and its effect on the pulp. 3: Diagnosis and its relevance to management. 4: Saliva and caries. 5: Diet and caries. 6: Fluoride supplementation in dental practice. 7: Prevention of caries by plaque control. 8: Patient motivation by Teresa Barker. 9: Fissure sealants. 10: The operative management of caries. References. Index
Synthesis of Complex Optical Wavefronts (1972)

For any coding scheme designed for the synthesis of an optical wavefront by a computer-generated, amplitude-transmittance hologram, two types of synthetic holograms may be defined: the first is the encoded form of the optical wavefront itself; the second is the encoded form of the Fourier transform of the wavefront. The extent of the optical wavefront produced by the first type varies inversely, while that of the second type varies directly, with resolution. Five coding schemes are characterized by two important quantities: the first is the minimum number of samples that must be numerically evaluated and drawn; the second is the product of the minimum resolution (lines/unit length) and length (per dimension) required for the drawing. These quantities are a measure of the required computer and drawing device capabilities, respectively, and knowledge of them permits comparison of the coding schemes.
CLINICAL ANALYSIS OF 40 CASES OF INTRATHORACIC SARCOIDOSIS (2000)

目的:对胸内结节病的诊断方法作一探讨.方法:对1989年2月～1998年5月经病理学诊断为结节病的40例患者作一回顾性分析,对不同的诊断方法在胸内结节病的诊断价值进行评价.结果:血清血管紧张素转换酶升高的占66.7%.纤维支气管镜支气管粘膜活检和经纤维支气管镜肺活检病理诊断的阳性率分别为81.8%和80.0%.外周淋巴结活检的阳性率为94.4%,皮下结节和皮肤红斑活检阳性率为85.7%.结论:支气管粘膜活检、TBLB和外周淋巴结活检是简便易行、阳性率高、创伤性小的方法,对结节病的诊断有较高的实用价值.
The Normal Platelet Count in Man (1951)

Measurement is a fundamental part of all scientific research, and the introduction of errors of different sorts is an inevitable part of the measurement process in epidemiological and clinical research. Despite the ubiquity of measurement error in research, the substantial impacts which measurement error can have on data and subsequent study inferences are frequently overlooked. This review introduces the basic concepts of measurement error that are most relevant to the study of sexually transmitted infections, and demonstrates the impacts of several of the most common forms of measurement error on study results. A self assessment test and MCQs follow this paper.
Test Procedures for a Class of Pattern-Sensitive Faults in Semiconductor Random-Access Memories (1980)

A class of pattern-sensitive faults in semiconductor random-access memories are studied. Efficient test procedures to detect and locate modeled faults are presented.
An overview of laser technology in dentistry (2011)

Laser technology was introduced in dentistry with a novel idea of overcoming some of the problems due to traditional treatment methods. After its first use in 1960s, laser technology has found its place in different aspects of dentistry field. The aim of this review is to explain laser applications and compare different types of lasers along with their advantages and disadvantages. A computer based search was done to study 135 articles in seven journals. Laser inherent properties make it the treatment of choice is some cases. Its main achievement is overcoming patient fear associated with conservative dental treatment. On the downside, cost is a big limiting factor in its use. Since the discovery of laser, its research has given different improved laser types, specialized for different targets, like new wavelength bands, maximum peak pulse energy, output power, minimum cost and maximum efficiency. Based on its development and its improved efficiency, laser technology application may revolutionize traditional dental treatment methods.
Improving diagnostic accuracy and interobserver concordance in the classification and grading of primary gliomas (1997)

The authors' data indicate that oligodendroglial tumors comprise up to 25% of gliomas, a significantly higher proportion than was previously recognized. The data also suggest that the wide range of survival times reported for patients with anaplastic astrocytoma may reflect "contamination" resulting from misdiagnosis, particularly of oligodendroglial tumors and pilocytic astrocytomas.
Some Unfinished Business, the Nonproliferation Treaty (1968)

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Light‐Emitting Diodes (2000)

Abstract Light Generation (Light‐emitting diodes). The light‐emitting diode (LED) is one of the most technologically fundamental and commercially important of compound semiconductor devices. Such emitters consist of a p – n junction diode formed in compound semiconductor material that emits radiation in the ultraviolet, visible, or infrared in response to an electrical current passing through a forward‐biased device. Radiative recombination in these devices is strongly influenced by a variety of material and structural properties, including the nature of the energy gap of the semiconductor and the presence of impurities or defects in the device. An important challenge in these devices is the ability to extract light from the high index semiconductor material into the outside world. Generally, LEDs may be grouped into two categories depending on performance and application. Visible or display emitters are utilized in lighting applications, and communications LEDs (mostly infrared) are utilized to optically transmit data. The various optoelectronic components, materials systems, and types of layered structures and dopants are discussed. Device design, fabrication techniques, and performance and presented.
BCL-2 proto-oncogene expression in prostate cancer and its relationship to the prostatic neuroendocrine cell. (1994)

Prostatic adenocarcinoma has a divergent response to androgen ablation and a varied long-term prognosis. BCL-2 is a proto-oncogene that prevents programmed cell death. Since androgen withdrawal induces apoptosis, it has been postulated that BCL-2 may play a role in androgen resistance. Neuroendocrine cells have been demonstrated in prostate cancer and have an adverse influence on long-term prognosis. This study demonstrates a proportional relationship between the tissue levels of BCL-2 and the neuroendocrine marker, neuron-specific enolase in 11 of 13 cases of primary prostate cancer. This relationship does not appear to exist in metastatic prostate cancer or in most nonprostate cancers. Direct immunohistochemical staining confirmed BCL-2 in six of the primary tumors, and these BCL-2-containing cells appeared to be intimately associated with tumor neuroendocrine cells.
Beziehungen zwischen Konstitution und Farbe bei Carotinoiden (1948)

Es wurde schon hervorgehoben, daß ein wesentliches Merkmal der Carotinoide ihre gelbe bis violette Farbe ist. So ist es auch zu verstehen, daß seit den Anfängen der Carotinoidforschung immer wieder Versuche unternommen wurden, die Zusammenhänge zwischen Struktur und Farbe aufzuklären und letztere, bzw. das Absorptionsspektrum, in den Dienst der Charakterisierung und Identifizierung von Polyenfarbstoffen zu stellen. Namentlich in den letzten 20 Jahren sind auf diesem Gebiet Erfolge erzielt worden, so daß heute aus dem Absorptionsspektrum eines Carotinoids Rückschlüsse auf seine Konstitution gezogen werden dürfen; umgekehrt läßt eine Änderung in der Struktur bestimmte Verschiebungen des Spektrums erwarten.
RCA SATCOM in-orbit experience: An update (1982)

The SATCOM in-orbit battery performance was evaluated. The capacitance and constant current charge rates for each of the three batteries were monitored. A typical eclipse discharge profile was generated and attendant reconditioning recharge conditions were considered. Battery temperatures, pressures, and average battery voltages are presented in tabular form. In-orbit data from monitoring the end of discharge voltage during eclipses, a key performance parameter, are also given.
Applications of Sequential Estimation to Numerical Weather Prediction (1984)

The main objective of this cooperative research with NASA's Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences (GLAS) is to use information about the atmosphere acquired from new types of observations, especially from satellites, in order to deepen our understanding of its behavior on time scales from hours to years. This is achieved by: (1) improving the methods for processing point observations into complete fields in space and time, using sequential estimation theory; and (2) analyzing low-frequency atmospheric variability by the methods of dynamical system theory, suitably modified to enhance practical predictability.
Epithelial cell polarity: a major gatekeeper against cancer? (2011)

The correct establishment and maintenance of cell polarity are crucial for normal cell physiology and tissue homeostasis. Conversely, loss of cell polarity, tissue disorganisation and excessive cell growth are hallmarks of cancer. In this review, we focus on identifying the stages of tumoural development that are affected by the loss or deregulation of epithelial cell polarity. Asymmetric division has recently emerged as a major regulatory mechanism that controls stem cell numbers and differentiation. Links between cell polarity and asymmetric cell division in the context of cancer will be examined. Apical-basal polarity and cell-cell adhesion are tightly interconnected. Hence, how loss of cell polarity in epithelial cells may promote epithelial mesenchymal transition and metastasis will also be discussed. Altogether, we present the argument that loss of epithelial cell polarity may have an important role in both the initiation of tumourigenesis and in later stages of tumour development, favouring the progression of tumours from benign to malignancy.
Evaluation of cavity size, kind, and filling technique of composite shrinkage by finite element (2018)

Increase in depth and type of filling technique has the greatest role of dimensional change after curing, but the type of composite resin does not have a significant role.
A comparative study of the transganglionic transport of cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase (CT-HRP) and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) in the trigeminal system of the guinea pig. (1991)

A comparative study of cholera toxin (CT) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was made on trigeminal central projections of the lower incisor gingiva afferent neurons in the guinea pig. Considerably more CT-HRP-labeled endings were observed in the trigeminal sensory nuclear complex (TSNC) and in the cervical spinal cord (C1-C8). The substantia gelatinosa (lamina II) of both the caudal nucleus of the TSNC and C1-C2 was the only area where WGA-HRP labeled more terminals. CT-HRP-labeled fibers and endings were traced up to C7-C8, whereas with WGA-HRP were rare caudal to C5. A comparison of the two methods currently in use, i.e. the 2-step glutaraldehyde and sodium periodate, showed that the latter yields conjugates which are more sensitive as neuroanatomical tracers.
Spatially inhomogeneous electron state deep in the extreme quantum limit of strontium titanate (2016)

When an electronic system is subjected to a sufficiently strong magnetic field that the cyclotron energy is much larger than the Fermi energy, the system enters the extreme quantum limit (EQL) and becomes susceptible to a number of instabilities. Bringing a three-dimensional electronic system deeply into the EQL can be difficult however, since it requires a small Fermi energy, large magnetic field, and low disorder. Here we present an experimental study of the EQL in lightly-doped single crystals of strontium titanate. Our experiments probe deeply into the regime where theory has long predicted an interaction-driven charge density wave or Wigner crystal state. A number of interesting features arise in the transport in this regime, including a striking re-entrant nonlinearity in the current-voltage characteristics. We discuss these features in the context of possible correlated electron states, and present an alternative picture based on magnetic-field induced puddling of electrons.
Comparative studies of paeoniflorin and albiflorin from<i>Paeonia lactiflora</i>on anti-inflammatory activities (2014)

These results show that albiflorin has similar anti-inflammatory effects to paeoniflorin, which provides new evidence that albiflorin can serve as a new chemical marker for the quality control of Paeoniae Radix and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia can be updated.
Epstein-Barr virus DNA is amplified in transformed lymphocytes (1979)

Leukocytes isolated from two adult donors who lacked detectable antibodies to antigens associated with Epstein-Barr virus were exposed to an average of 0.02 to 0.1 DNA-containing particles of Epstein-Barr virus per cell and immediately clones in agarose. Within about 30 generations all transformed cell clones contained between 5 and 800 copies of viral DNA per cell. Only 1 in 10(4) to less than 1 in 10(5) of the cells of each clone release virus, and the frequency of release did not correlate with the average number of copies of viral DNA in the cells of each clone. One clone that had an average of five copies of viral DNA per cell was recloned, and the average number of copies in four of six subclones increased 15-to 50-fold while the subclones were being propagated sufficiently to study them. These results indicate that Epstein-Barr virus DNA can undergo amplification relative to cell DNA at different times after it transforms cells.
Repeated Treatment with Subtoxic Doses of TRAIL Induces Resistance to Apoptosis through Its Death Receptors in MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells (2009)

Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (rhTRAIL) is being evaluated clinically in treating various malignancies. Previous studies have shown that repeated application of high doses of rhTRAIL results in a subpopulation of parental cells that is unresponsive to the death ligand. However, it is not clear whether TRAIL-sensitive cancer cells could acquire resistance to TRAIL treatment. Here, we found that MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, which are highly sensitive to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, became resistant to TRAIL killing after a prolonged exposure to subtoxic doses of rhTRAIL. The resulting TRAIL-resistant cells were cross-resistant to antibodies against its death receptors (DR4 and DR5); however, they retained sensitivity to several clinically relevant chemotherapies. Surface expression of DR4 and DR5 was significantly reduced in the selected cells, resulting in failure in death-inducing signaling complex formation and caspase activation. In addition, real-time PCR analysis revealed an upregulation in multiple apoptosis-regulator genes, including c-FLIP, Stat5a, and Stat5b. Inhibition of Janus-activated kinase, an upstream activator of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5), or knockdown of Stat5 itself partially restored cellular sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, suggesting that Stat5 signaling is also involved in the development of TRAIL resistance. Furthermore, we showed that acquired TRAIL resistance was effectively eliminated by combination with etoposide, doxorubicin, or paclitaxel. These results suggest that tumor cells could acquire resistance to TRAIL therapy especially when they are repeatedly exposed to low levels of the death ligand, highlighting the necessity of combination with therapies that target the resistance mechanisms.
Isotactic Polybutene-1 Single Crystals: Morphology (1964)

Three crystalline modifications of isotactic polybutene-1 have been obtained from dilute solution in a variety of habits. These three crystalline modifications are: (a) tetragonal, (b) ``untwinned'' hexagonal, and (c) orthorhombic. The structure of the orthorhombic polymorph has not previously been reported. The basic morphology of all forms is the thin lamellar structure associated with polymer single crystals containing folded chains. A crystal-crystal transformation (from tetragonal to ``twinned'' hexagonal) was observed to occur when single crystals were allowed to stand at room temperature. This transformation involved a conformational change (from an 113 helix to a 31 helix), as well as the crystallographic one, but it did not involve a morphological change. No change in either morphology or crystallography occurred at room temperature in the orthorhombic or the ``untwinned'' hexagonal polymorphs, although both could be transformed completely into the tetragonal form if dried crystals were heated at 90°C for one hour. If allowed to stand at room temperature, the resulting tetragonal crystals transformed to the ``twinned'' hexagonal structure. The isotactic polybutene system thus constitutes an excellent case in which crystallographic, morphological, and conformational changes may be studied.