gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
How the steady-state cotinine concentration in cigarette smokers is directly related to nicotine intake (1992)

The relationship between nicotine intake and steady-state cotinine concentration was studied in a sample of 125 subjects who smoked their usual brands of cigarettes. Nicotine and tar yield of cigarettes was determined with a smoking machine, under standardized conditions. Blood was drawn about 8 hours after the last cigarette was smoked and serum cotinine was measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Cotinine levels ranged from 11 to 400 ng/ml, and nicotine daily intake ranged from 1 to 33 mg/day. Regression analysis and the correlation coefficient, r = 0.919, significant at p less than 0.0001, showed that steady-state cotinine level was linearly and directly related to daily available nicotine, with an increase in correlation coefficient directly related to the increase in tar and nicotine yield. From the findings we also conclude that smokers of low-tar cigarettes do not tend to compensate for lower yields of nicotine.
How the result of a measurement of a component of the spin of a spin-<i>1/2</i>particle can turn out to be 100 (1988)

We have found that the usual measuring procedure for preselected and postselected ensembles of quantum systems gives unusual results. Under some natural conditions of weakness of the measurement, its result consistently defines a new kind of value for a quantum variable, which we call the weak value. A description of the measurement of the weak value of a component of a spin for an ensemble of preselected and postselected spin-(1/2 particles is presented.
Extension of SystemC framework towards power analysis (2009)

In the last years power dissipation has assumed a more and more relevant role in the design of complex integrated circuits, leading to an increasing need for effective power analysis tools. At present, a major demand is given by the capability to perform power estimations and optimizations in the first design phases, onto high abstraction level system description. As a consequence, the modern tools are required to be compatible with design languages able to address high abstraction levels, such as SystemC/C++. This paper describes the framework of a recently developed SystemC/C++ power analysis tool, the PKtool environment. The discussion underlines the followed implementation approach as fundamental guideline for explaining the features of this tool and the conceptual differences with other commercial tools.
Sum Product Networks for Activity Recognition (2015)

This paper addresses detection and localization of human activities in videos. We focus on activities that may have variable spatiotemporal arrangements of parts, and numbers of actors. Such activities are represented by a sum-product network (SPN). A product node in SPN represents a particular arrangement of parts, and a sum node represents alternative arrangements. The sums and products are hierarchically organized, and grounded onto space-time windows covering the video. The windows provide evidence about the activity classes based on the Counting Grid (CG) model of visual words. This evidence is propagated bottom-up and top-down to parse the SPN graph for the explanation of the video. The node connectivity and model parameters of SPN and CG are jointly learned under two settings, weakly supervised, and supervised. For evaluation, we use our new Volleyball dataset, along with the benchmark datasets VIRAT, UT-Interactions, KTH, and TRECVID MED 2011. Our video classification and activity localization are superior to those of the state of the art on these datasets.
Probiotic Survey in Cancer Patients Treated in the Outpatient Department in a Comprehensive Cancer Center (2016)

In this prospective study, we present for the first time the prevalence, side-effect experience, and aspects that most likely influence probiotic use in cancer patients. Minimal knowledge of risks underlines the importance of an active approach by oncologists to inform patients about probiotic safety.
3.5 K gate 32-bit ALU using GaAs HFET technology (2002)

A GaAs 32-b ALU circuit is described. The best performance is 100 ps delay per gate at 2 V power supply and 25 degrees C ambient. The average power dissipation is about 0.8 mW per gate. Best wafer yield of 14% was observed. This indicate that high-speed circuits with 3.5 K gate complexity can be implemented in the present SARGIC HFET technology in a pilot line environment. The ALU chip has input data register and output data register which can be clocked by independent signals. The propagation delay through a critical path between the registers is measured by moving the output clock edge towards the input clock edge until the chip fails.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The grain growth blocking effect of polycrystalline silicon film by thin native silicon oxide barrier during the excimer laser recrystallization (1999)

A method to control the recrystallization depth of amorphous silicon (a-Si) film during the excimer laser annealing is presented. By irradiating the XeCl excimer laser on the triple film structure of a-Si/thin native silicon oxide (∼20 Å)/thick a-Si layer, only the upper a-Si film is recrystallized, whereas the lower thick a-Si film remains amorphous. The thin native silicon oxide layer blocks the grain growth and prevents the upper grains from growing into the lower a-Si. As a result, the thin oxide film sharply defines the boundary between polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) and the a-Si layer. The poly-Si/a-Si double layer is useful for the fabrication of high-performance poly-Si thin film transistors.
A Thin-Film Cochlear Electrode Array With Integrated Position Sensing (2009)

A thin-film electrode array with integrated position sensors has been developed for a cochlear prosthesis. The array is designed to minimize tissue damage during array insertion and achieve deep implants that hug the modiolus inside the cochlea. The array is fabricated using bulk micromachining technology and contains embedded polysilicon piezoresistive sensors for wall-contact detection and array-shape recognition. Nine strain gauges are distributed at the tip and along the array, covering the 8-mm-long shank. Each sensor is arranged in a half Wheatstone bridge whose output signal is time multiplexed, amplified (10 or 30 times), and band limited. The equivalent gauge factors are typically about 15, permitting array-tip position to be determined within a 50-mum resolution while providing wall-contact output signals of more than 50 mV at the tip. The arrays use a parylene-silicon-dielectric-electrode structure, improving flexibility while maintaining enough robustness to facilitate a modiolus-hugging shape defined by a polymeric backing device. Integrated with an articulated position-control device, such arrays are the first step toward providing closed-loop control of array insertion and improved perception of speech and music.
Polymorphisms in the <i>hANP (Human Atrial Natriuretic Peptide) Gene, Albuminuria, and Hypertension</i> (2001)

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) jointly affects kidney function and blood pressure homeostasis and is a candidate susceptibility gene for both essential hypertension and kidney disease. We evaluated the relation between the ScaI and BstXI polymorphisms of the human ANP (hANP) gene, hypertension, and albuminuria in a clinical cohort of 1033 subjects, including type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients, nondiabetic subjects with essential hypertension, and nondiabetic normotensive control subjects. Microalbuminuria was present in 15%, 29%, and 2%, respectively, of type 1 diabetic, type 2 diabetic, and nondiabetic patients. Macroalbuminuria was present in 9% of type 1 diabetics, 21% of type 2 diabetics, and 31% of nondiabetics. Prevalence of hypertension was 31%, 58%, and 61% in normoalbuminuric, microalbuminuric, and macroalbuminuric subjects, respectively (P<0.0001). Genotype distributions were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in all 4 patient subgroups. The frequency of the ScaI mutated allele (A(1)) was significantly lower in hypertensive than in control subjects (11% versus 19%, P=0.018) and in patients with macroalbuminuria (5%) as compared with normoalbuminuric subjects (16%; P<0.0001). In a nominal logistic model adjusting for gender, age, obesity, diabetes, micro/macroalbuminuria, and hypertension, the A(1) allele was independently associated with macroalbuminuria (odds ratio, 0.57; confidence interval, 1.39 to 3.59; P=0.003) but not with hypertension. In the same model, the frequency of the BstXI mutated allele (T(708)) was increased in the presence of microalbuminuria (odds ratio, 2.25; confidence interval, 1.39 to 3.59; P<0.001). We conclude that the mutated genotypes of the ScaI polymorphism are negatively associated with overt nephropathy, whereas the mutated genotypes of BstXI polymorphism are positively associated with microalbuminuria. hANP gene variants may exert a protective effect against the development and progression of kidney damage in diabetes.
Precocious Puberty (2008)

The parents of a 6-year-old girl bring her to a pediatrician because of breast development. Her medical history is unremarkable. The parents are of average height, and the mother reports first menstruating when she was 11 years old. On physical examination, the girl is 125 cm tall (in the 97th percentile for her age), weighs 28 kg, and has a body-mass index of 17.9 (90th percentile for her age). Her breast development is classified as Tanner stage 3, and she has Tanner stage 2 pubic hair. Review of her previous growth data indicates that she has grown 8 cm during the past year. How should her condition be evaluated and managed?
Central olfactory connections in the macaque monkey (1994)

The connections between the olfactory bulb, primary olfactory cortex, and olfactory related areas of the orbital cortex were defined in macaque monkeys with a combination of anterograde and retrograde axonal tracers and electrophysiological recording. Anterograde tracers placed into the olfactory bulb labeled axons in eight primary olfactory cortical areas: the anterior olfactory nucleus, piriform cortex, ventral tenia tecta, olfactory tubercle, anterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala, periamygdaloid cortex, and olfactory division of the entorhinal cortex. The bulbar axons terminate in the outer part of layer I throughout these areas and are most dense in areas that are close to the lateral olfactory tract. Labeled axons also were found in the superficial part of nucleus of the horizontal diagonal band. Retrograde tracers injected into the olfactory bulb labeled cells in the nucleus of the diagonal band and in all of the primary olfactory cortical areas except the olfactory tubercle. Electrical stimulation of the olfactory bulb evoked short-latency unit responses and a characteristic field wave in the primary olfactory cortex. Multiunit activity in layer II tended to be of shorter latency than that in layer III and the endopiriform nucleus. Associational connections within the primary olfactory cortex were demonstrated with anterograde tracer injections into the piriform cortex and the entorhinal cortex. Injections into the piriform cortex near the lateral olfactory tract labeled axons in the deep part of layer I of many primary olfactory areas, but especially in areas near the tract. An injection into the rostral entorhinal cortex, distant to the lateral olfactory tract, labeled a complementary distribution of axons in deep layer I of olfactory areas medial and caudoventral to the tract. This organization resembles that reported in the primary olfactory cortex of the rat [Luskin and Price (1983) J. Comp. Neurol. 216:264-291]. The anterograde tracer injections into the piriform cortex and retrograde tracer injections into the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex and rostral insula label connections from the primary olfactory cortex to nine areas in the caudal orbital cortex, including the agranular insula areas Iam, Iai, Ial, Iapm, and Iapl and areas 14c, 25, 13a, and 13m. The piriform cortex projects most heavily to layer I of these areas. Only Iam, Iapm, and 13a receive a substantial projection to the deeper layers. Areas Iam, Iapm, and 13a were also the only areas that responded with multiunit action potentials to olfactory bulb stimulation in anesthetized animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Design and Implementation of Healthcare Toilet System (2016)

현대사회의 큰 문제점으로 떠오르고 있는 것 중에 하나는 인구의 고령화에 대한 것이다. 고령화에 따른 노인인구의 증가는 다양한 문제점을 가져왔는데 그 중 하나는 노령인구의 건강관리에 관한 것이다. 그 뿐만 아니라 현대인들의 바쁜 생활패턴으로 인하여 환자들이 병에 걸려도 병원에 직접 내방하여 진료를 받기가 힘들어져 유비쿼터스 헬스케어에 대한 관심이 높아졌다. 기존의 사용자 편의에 집중되었던 비데에 센서를 부착하여 소변의 pH수치를 측정하여 안드로이드 어플리케이션으로 자신의 건강상태를 모니터링 할 수 있고, 측정한 pH수치를 서버에 저장하여 안드로이드 어플리케이션에서 조회할 수 있으며, 응급상황을 판단하여 대처할 수 있는 헬스케어 토일렛 시스템을 구현하였다.
Cellular neural networks: a genetic algorithm for parameters optimization in artificial vision applications (2002)

An optimization method for some of the CNN's parameters, based on evolutionary strategies, is proposed. The new class of feedback template found is more effective in extracting features from the images that an autonomous vehicle acquires, than in the previous CNN's literature.
The lymphocytic infiltrate in acute cutaneous allogeneic graft‐versus‐host reactions lacks evidence for phenotypic restriction in donor‐derived cells (1998)

The lymphocytic subtypes effecting allogeneic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) are unknown. We studied 35 skin biopsy specimens from 19 women transplanted with bone marrow from men for patterns and time course of infiltration of the skin by Y chromosome-bearing lymphocytes using in situ hybridization. Immunophenotypic analysis was performed on serial sections. Significant numbers of donor cells were first observed by day 13 after bone marrow transplantation (BMT), although a few cells were noted at earlier time points. The quantity of donor lymphocytes in the dermis correlated with the diagnosis of GVHD. For specimens with grade 1 features, only rare cells bore the Y chromosome, whereas the majority of lymphocytes in grade 2 tissues, whether heavily inflamed or not, contained the Y chromosome. These lymphocytes were predominantly CD4+ with fewer CD8+ and CD56+ cells in the dermis and epidermis. No concentration of a specific subtype in the epidermal compartment was observed. These data do not support the observation that a cutaneous graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) is mediated primarily by CD8+ lymphocytes. Several effector cell populations may mediate a cutaneous GVHR with further variation over time and in BMTs between different individuals.
[Localization and degree of expression of dermatoliposclerosis can be well evaluated with 20 MHz ultrasound]. (1993)

33 legs of patients with chronic venous insufficiency and 21 legs of healthy persons were examined by high resolution 20 MHz ultrasound. With increasing lipodermatosclerosis--which was most pronounced in the medium part of the lower leg--an increase of thickness and a decrease of echo density of the dermis could be seen. The first sign of decreased density was an echolucent band in the upper part of the dermis. While in healthy subjects dermis and subcutaneous fat were clearly separated in ultrasound, in mild sclerosis differentiation was more difficult; in extensive lipodermatosclerosis it often was not possible to distinguish these parts of the skin. Localisation and extent of lipodermatosclerosis can be well demonstrated and evaluated by 20 MHz ultrasound.
Electronic error reduction system for clamp-on probes and measuring current transformers (2000)

An original electronic device for compensating ratio and phase-displacement errors, of measuring current transformers and clamp-on probes, is proposed. It is intended for low-frequency applications (power frequency and its harmonic components), where the magnetizing current is the main cause of measuring errors. This system reduces the magnetic flux in the transformer core, reducing in this way the magnetizing current. The proposed system even reduces the influence of the error produced by the variation of the burden connected to the secondary winding. Large values of burden can be used without effects on the transformer measuring errors. This device can be directly applied to conventional current transformers, connecting the device to the secondary terminals. It is not necessary to use any auxiliary winding or auxiliary core, or any modification of those transformers.
Determination of <sup>15</sup> N Abundance in Nanogram Pools of NO <sub>3</sub> <sup>-</sup> and NO <sub>2</sub> <sup>-</sup> by Denitrification Bioassay and Mass Spectrometry (1994)

Suspensions of two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ON12 and ON12-1) were used to reduce NO(3) and NO(2), respectively, to N(2)O. The evolved N(2)O was quantified by gas chromatography with electron capture detection, and the N abundance was determined by mass spectrometry with a special inlet system and triple-collector detection. Sample gas containing unknown N(2)O pools as small as 0.5 ng of N was analyzed by use of a spike technique, in which a reference gas of N(2)O of natural N abundance was added to obtain enough total N for the mass spectrometer. In NO(3) or NO(2) pools, the N abundance could be determined in samples as small as approximately 3.5 ng of N. No cross-contamination took place between the NO(3) and NO(2) pools. The excellent separation of NO(3) and NO(2) pools, small sample size required, and low contamination risk during N(2)O analysis offer great advantages in isotope studies of inorganic N transformations by, e.g., nitrifying or denitrifying bacteria in the environment.
Intractability is relative: Behaviour therapy in the elimination of violence in psychotic forensic patients (1997)

Purpose . This paper describes the treatment and effects of an integrated behavioural therapy programme for each of four male, psychotic in‐patients considered to be intractably violent and dangerous. Method . Each patient, after years of various combinations of treatments and extended periods in restraints, was administratively referred to psychology services. Extensive pre‐treatment observation and evaluation revealed that, for each patient, anger was a significant link in the behavioural chains leading up to violent behaviour. Target behaviours were identified and tailored for each patient. A strong therapeutic alliance was developed and maintained between each patient and the primary clinician. Integrated systems theory provided a framework for the synthesis of classical and operant conditioning approaches including (but not limited to) pre‐treatment skill building, behaviour shaping, desensitization, and affect modulation with other psychological approaches. No aversive techniques were used. Extensive groundwork and ongoing staff development were devoted to building the trust, ability, confidence and effectiveness of the nursing staff who took part in implementing the interventions. Results . All participants were able to increase and sustain prosocial behaviours and interactions including improved anger management skills. Violent behaviour and hours in seclusion and restraint were reduced and finally eliminated in each case. All participants were transferred to a less restrictive setting. These dramatic treatment successes rekindled a sense of hopefulness and empowerment in treatment staff. Conclusions . Intractability is a relative term. Violent behaviour can be successfully eliminated even while psychotic phenomena persist. Integrated, relationship‐based behavioural therapy—while labour intensive—is a valuable adjunct to other psychotherapeutic modalities for persistently violent, severely disordered individuals.
Endoscopic Transnasal Approach to the Craniocervical Junction (2010)

Anterior access to the craniocervical junction has traditionally been through a transoral approach. With the advent of newer techniques, recent literature suggests a possible role for a transnasal endoscopic approach to the craniocervical junction. A review of the literature primarily consists of case reports and three anatomic cadaveric studies demonstrating the feasibility of an endonasal approach. In this retrospective review, we report our experience with four patients who underwent an endoscopic transnasal approach to the C1-C2 region. The surgical technique using a binasal endoscopic approach is described. The results indicate that the procedure is well tolerated with no significant deleterious sequelae. Although the use of this technique is in its early stages, the transnasal approach may offer a safe and effective alternative with minimal morbidity. Larger clinical studies are necessary to further explore the risks and benefits of this procedure.
Molecular monitoring of adenovirus in peripheral blood after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation permits early diagnosis of disseminated disease (2003)

Adenovirus (AdV) infection in the course of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) is associated with high transplant-related morbidity and mortality. Disseminated AdV disease is lethal in most instances. Early detection of AdV infection and identification of patients carrying a high risk of disseminated disease therefore remain a major challenge. In view of the large number of existing AdV types, we have established real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays permitting sensitive detection and quantification of all 51 currently known human AdV serotypes. In a series of 132 consecutive pediatric patients undergoing SCT, more than 5000 samples derived from peripheral blood (PB), stool, urine, and throat were screened for adenovirus infection by PCR during the posttransplantation period. Thirty-six patients (27%) tested positive by PCR, revealing AdV types of the subgenera A, B, C, D, and F. Except for enteritis in some patients with AdV positivity in stool, detection of the virus at sites other than PB was not associated with clinical signs of virus disease, and transplant-related mortality was not significantly different from AdV-negative patients. By contrast, 82% of patients who had detectable AdV in PB died from infectious complications (P <.001). Monitoring of PB specimens by real-time PCR permitted early diagnosis of invasive AdV infection in all instances. In patients who developed disseminated AdV disease, detection of the virus in PB preceded onset of clinical symptoms by a median of more than 3 weeks. The observation of AdV in peripheral blood may therefore serve as a basis for early initiation of preemptive antiviral treatment.
Microbial Platform for Terpenoid Production: Escherichia coli and Yeast (2018)

Terpenoids, also called isoprenoids, are a large and highly diverse family of natural products with important medical and industrial properties. However, a limited production of terpenoids from natural resources constrains their use of either bulk commodity products or high valuable products. Microbial production of terpenoids from <i>Escherichia coli</i> and yeasts provides a promising alternative owing to available genetic tools in pathway engineering and genome editing, and a comprehensive understanding of their metabolisms. This review summarizes recent progresses in engineering of industrial model strains, <i>E. coli</i> and yeasts, for terpenoids production. With advances of synthetic biology and systems biology, both strains are expected to present the great potential as a platform of terpenoid synthesis.
Effect of Mechanical Ventilator Weaning Protocols on Respiratory Outcomes in Infants and Children<SUBTITLE>A Randomized Controlled Trial</SUBTITLE> (2002)

In contrast with adult patients, the majority of children are weaned from mechanical ventilator support in 2 days or less. Weaning protocols did not significantly shorten this brief duration of weaning.