gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Problem solving and engeneering design: Introducing students to engeneering work in the first phase of the bachelor of engeneering at K.U. Leuven. (2004)

A new engineering curriculum was introduced at K.U.Leuven together with the transition to the bachelor-master system. The students take a new course ‘Problem Solving and Engineering Design’ to introduce them from the first semester onwards into real engineering practice and teamwork. Throughout the three semesters of the first phase of the bachelor, a gradual transition from solving closed engineering problems to working on open-end design projects is implemented. The teamwork is much more coached and monitored in the first semester than in the third semester. The new course was introduced in September 2003 and was taken by all 420 freshman engineering students. Formal student feedback was obtained at the end of the first semester. The overall feedback was very positive. Only few student teams had to be catalogued as performing rather poorly. The vast majority of the students appreciated this new course and commented that they had learned more in a team than when they had to do the same tasks alone. The integration of the team assignments with the other regular courses will be improved before the start of the next academic year.
Über die Darstellung der Cyclohexanon‐(2)‐essigsäure‐(1) (1955)

Abstract Nach einem Rückblick auf die bisherigen Synthesen wird über eine neue Darstellung dieser Ketosäure berichtet. Durch thermische Zersetzung der Cyanhydrine von Cyclohexanon‐Mannich‐Basen wird zunächst das Cyclohexanon‐(2)‐acetonitril‐(1) erhalten, das leicht zur Säure verseift werden kann.
An output dead beat controllability test for a class of odd polynomial systems (1997)

An output dead beat controllability test that stops after finitely many rational operations is presented for a class of odd polynomial systems. The test is based on the Gröbner basis method but it needs to be facilitated in general with the QEPCAD symbolic computation package. Geometric properties due to which output dead beat controllability may be lost are identified and analysed. The computational requirements are smaller when compared with the known output dead beat controllability-tests.
Notice of Removal Countering Double-Spending in Next-Generation Blockchains (2018)

Removed.
Measurements of linear diattenuation and linear retardance spectra with a rotating sample spectropolarimeter (1993)

A technique to measure linear diattenuation and retardance spectra of infrared materials in transmission is described. A sample is rotated between two stationary linear polarizers in the sample compartment of a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The intensity modulation that results from the rotation of the sample is Fourier analyzed, and the linear diattenuation and linear retardance of the sample are calculated from the Fourier series coefficients for each wavelength. The advantages of this technique include immunity of the measurement to instrumental polarization, to circular diattenuation, and to circular retardance. The rotating sample polarimeter does not require retarders. Compensation for systematic errors from polarizers with diattenuation less than one is included in the data reduction. This technique is useful for the calibration of retarders and polarizers and hence for the bootstrap calibration of more elaborate polarimeters such as Mueller matrix polarimeters. We present as an example of t technique the caliration spectra 3-14 µm of an infrared quasi-achromatic retarder whose fast axis orientation oscillates with wavelength.
1,4-Bis[2,5,5-tris(carboxymethyl)-2,5-diazapentyl]benzene (PXED3A): synthesis, binuclear chelating tendencies, and iron(III) .mu.-oxo-bridge formation (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT1,4-Bis[2,5,5-tris(carboxymethyl)-2,5-diazapentyl]benzene (PXED3A): synthesis, binuclear chelating tendencies, and iron(III) .mu.-oxo-bridge formationChiu Yuen Ng, Arthur E. Martell, and Ramunas J. MotekaitisCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1983, 22, 5, 721–728Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1983https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00147a005Request reuse permissionsArticle Views71Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (927 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Theory and design of a high-harmonic gyrofrequency multiplier (1994)

In a gyrofrequency multiplier, the entire electron beam enters the output cavity optimally phased to lose energy in a first-order interaction (in contrast to the second-order standard gyrotron process) resulting in a high conversion efficiency. Because the electrons radiate at a high harmonic of the cyclotron frequency, a gyrofrequency multiplier is capable of efficiently generating power in the millimeter to submillimeter wave region. The operational principles of the gyrofrequency multiplier are described in this paper. Results from nonlinear simulation show that radial guiding-center spread of the beam can dramatically affect the device's efficiency while velocity spread effects are negligible. The design is presented for a 150 kW, 17.4 GHz, sixth-harmonic gyrofrequency multiplier which is under construction and is predicted to yield 31% conversion efficiency of the electron beam into the output wave. The 300 keV, 1.67 A axis-encircling beam is produced by a 1 MW, 2.9 GHz gyroresonant RF accelerator.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Rotational hysteresis in polycrystalline alloys (1978)

Rotational hysteresis has been studied at very low rotational speeds in nearly isotropic polycrystalline materials. Measurements were made on disc shaped samples of pure iron, 1.2% C steel and mild steel. The magnitude and direction of the moment were measured as the disc was rotated starting from an initial magnetization parallel to the external field. For large angles of rotation the measurements give the usual hysteresis loss measured in continually rotating specimens. However it was also possible to measure the approach to the steady state and the response of the moment to small changes in the direction of the external field. The results are explained in terms of two models, one appropriate to low fields, below the maximum in the rotational loss curve, the other to the high field regime. At low fields the losses are due to domain wall motion, and the model predicts that the ratio of alternating to rotational loss is <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\pi\sqrt{2}</tex> . At high fields the loss is thought to be due to a mechanism not present in alternating fields. This is the unstable rotation of the magnetization in each grain past its direction of difficult magnetization. To test the model Barkhausen noise measurements were made under alternating and rotating conditions. The results are compared with numerical calculations on the behaviour of 25 interacting dipoles.
Titelbild: Solid‐State Scrolls from Hierarchical Self‐Assembly of T‐Shaped Rod–Coil Molecules (Angew. Chem. 9/2009) (2009)

Abstract Feste Rollen bilden sich reversibel durch Selbstorganisation stabförmiger Moleküle, an die seitlich knäuelförmige Einheiten angebracht sind, im Unterschied zu Schichtstrukturen, die durch Selbstorganisation planarer Moleküle entstehen. Wie M. Lee et al. in der Zuschrift auf S. 1692 ff. schildern, lässt sich die Kernstruktur der Rollen, die entweder gefüllten Zylindern oder hohlen Röhren entsprechen, durch Variation der Länge der Knäuel‐Einheit steuern. Das Titelbild zeigt ausgerichtete röhrenförmige Rollen mit wohldefinierter Ordnung der Stabsegmente innerhalb einer Ebene. magnified image
The Structure of a Functional Unit from the Wall of a Gastropod Hemocyanin Offers a Possible Mechanism for Cooperativity<sup>,</sup> (2003)

Structure-function relationships in a molluscan hemocyanin have been investigated by determining the crystal structure of the Rapana thomasiana (gastropod) hemocyanin functional unit RtH2e in deoxygenated form at 3.38 A resolution. This is the first X-ray structure of an unit from the wall of the molluscan hemocyanin cylinder. The crystal structure of RtH2e demonstrates molecular self-assembly of six identical molecules forming a regular hexameric cylinder. This suggests how the functional units are ordered in the wall of the native molluscan hemocyanins. The molecular arrangement is stabilized by specific protomer-to-protomer interactions, which are probably typical for the functional units building the wall of the cylinders. A molecular mechanism for cooperative dioxygen binding in molluscan hemocyanins is proposed on the basis of the molecular interactions between the protomers. In particular, the deoxygenated RtH2e structure reveals a tunnel leading from two opposite sides of the molecule to the active site. The tunnel represents a possible entrance pathway for dioxygen molecules. No such tunnels have been observed in the crystal structure of the oxy-Odg, a functional unit from the Octopus dofleini (cephalopod) hemocyanin in oxygenated form.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Sulfur(IV) Oxidation by Hydrogen Peroxide in Aqueous Phase: The Non‐Linear Parts of the pH‐Profile (1992)

Abstract Stopped‐flow spectrophotometry was used to study the oxidation of S(IV) by H 2 O 2 at 285 K and 298 K, respectively, in the pH range −0.3 to 13 in buffered aqueous solution under pseudo‐first‐order conditions ( I = 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 M NaClO 4 , respectively). The reaction of HSO 3 − with H 2 O 2 is subject to general‐acid catalysis whereas that of the SO 3 2‐ ion is not. The dependence of the experimental first‐order rate constant on the concentration of the excess partner [H 2 O 2 ] was studied in detail. — In the pH range −0.3 to 6 the rate is given by Eq. (1) ( K R1 and K S1 : acid dissociation constants of H 3 O 2 + and SO 2 , respectively; [H] = proton activity). magnified image K exp is the experimental overall equilibrium constant for the various protonation steps involved in the formation of the intermediate peroxosulfurous acid (= PSA), whereas K is the equilibrium constant for the formation of PSA. Its decay ( k = 740 s −1 at 285 K) controls the rate of S(V1) formation. The p K a of the species H 3 O 2 + as derived from the kinetic data, is found to be p K R1 = 1.5–2.0. —In the pH range 6–8, the rate is given by p K a (HSO 3 − )). magnified image At pH > 8, the rate is governed by Eq. (3) p K a (HSO 3 − magnified image The data for k , K , k H , k HOH , k and k are presented and the mechanistic implications of rate laws (1)–(3) are discussed.
Overexpression of a truncated growth hormone receptor in the sex-linked dwarf chicken: evidence for a splice mutation. (1993)

Sex-linked dwarfism in chickens is a form of GH resistance that resembles the Laron syndrome in humans. The dwarfism found in chickens is due to a mutant gene (dw) carried on the sex chromosome. The homozygous dwarf (dwdw) chicken is characterized by reductions in stature and plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels. Despite the absence of hepatic GH-binding activity, Southern blot analysis shows that there is no gross structural change in the gene for the GH receptor (GHR) in this strain of dwdw chicken. GH-dependent IGF-I production can be restored in cultured dwdw hepatocytes after transfection and transient expression of a chicken GHR (cGHR) cDNA, indicating that other factors that participate in GH-mediated IGF-I synthesis are intact. Northern blot analysis of liver, muscle, fat, and pituitary RNA from normal (DwDw) chickens shows a major transcript of 4.3 kilobases (kb) and three minor transcripts (0.8, 1.7, and 3.2 kb), which correspond to the cGHR. In contrast, the 0.8-kb transcript is the major cGHR transcript expressed in these tissues from dwdw chickens. Northern blot analysis with domain-specific probes shows that the 0.8-kb transcript in DwDw and dwdw liver contains only a small portion of the extracellular domain of the cGHR. A cDNA clone encoding this transcript has been isolated from a liver library prepared from a normal chicken.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Characterization of the<i>bvgR</i>Locus of<i>Bordetella pertussis</i> (1998)

Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, produces a wide array of factors that are associated with its ability to cause disease. The expression and regulation of these virulence factors is dependent upon the bvg locus (originally designated the vir locus), which encodes two proteins: BvgA, a 23-kDa cytoplasmic protein, and BvgS, a 135-kDa transmembrane protein. It is proposed that BvgS responds to environmental signals and interacts with BvgA, a transcriptional regulator which upon modification by BvgS binds to specific promoters and activates transcription. An additional class of genes is repressed by the bvg locus. Expression of this class, the bvg-repressed genes (vrgs [for vir-repressed genes]), is reduced under conditions in which expression of the aforementioned bvg-activated virulence factors is maximal; this repression is dependent upon the presence of an intact bvgAS locus. We have previously identified a locus required for regulation of all of the known bvg-repressed genes in B. pertussis. This locus, designated bvgR, maps to a location immediately downstream of bvgAS. We have undertaken deletion and complementation studies, as well as sequence analysis, in order to identify the bvgR open reading frame and identify the cis-acting sequences required for regulated expression of bvgR. Studies utilizing transcriptional fusions of bvgR to the gene encoding alkaline phosphatase have demonstrated that bvgR is activated at the level of transcription and that this activation is dependent upon an intact bvgAS locus.
Protecting group free synthesis of glycosyl thiols from reducing sugars in water; application to the production of N-glycan glycoconjugates (2017)

Glycosyl thiols may be accessed from the corresponding reducing sugars in water without recourse to any sugar projecting groups by way of a DMC mediated reaction with thioacetic acid in the presence of base, and hydrolysis of the anomeric thioacetate. Glycosyl thiols produced by this method may be used to access glycoconjugates, such as glycopeptides by use of the thiol-ene click reaction.
Emerging Markets Financial Openness and Financial Development (2006)

We examine the effect of financial openness on the development of financial systems in a panel of 35 emerging markets during the period of 1976 to 2003. A group of indicators including variables from banking sector, stock market, and national capital accounts are used as measures of financial openness and financial development. In addition, aggregate index measures are developed to incorporate information from different areas of the financial system. Our empirical results generally suggest that financial openness is the key determinant of cross-country differences in the development of financial systems. When testing financial openness against the development of the banking sector and stock market separately, we found strong and robust evidence that this link between openness and development exists in stock markets. Although a similar link is sometimes found with banking sectors, it is not robust to different indicators of financial openness and model specifications.
Influence nanoparticles on morphology of internal organsof the mouse at intravenous introduction of a solution nanopowder Fe3O4 (2008)

The influence nanoparticles Fe3O4 on morphology of the vital organs of the mouse after unitary intravenous introduction of a solution nanopowder Fe3O4 has been investigated. Change of morphology of the studied organs has been established, it testifies about adaptive reactions of an organism of mice to intravenous introduction nanopowder which outcome at the given stage is difficult for predicting.
THE LEGACY OF NARCISSUS (2002)

Craniofacial and Reconstructive Surgery Providence Hospital 16001 West Nine Mile Road 3rd Floor, Fisher Center Southfield, Mich. 48075[email protected]
Semi‐synthetic Rab proteins as tools for studying intermolecular interactions (2000)

Rab GTPases play a key role in the regulation of membrane traffic. Posttranslational geranylgeranylation is critical for their biological activity and is conferred by a Rab geranylgeranyl transferase (RabGGTase). To study the interactions between Rab proteins and RabGGTase, we used in vitro ligation methodology to generate a fluorescent semi-synthetic Rab7 protein. The obtained protein was functionally active and was used to demonstrate a micromolar affinity interaction of Rab7 with the RabGGTase in the absence of Rab escort protein (REP). This finding is consistent with an earlier proposed model according to which RabGGTase possesses two independent weak binding sites for REP and Rab proteins.
[Treatment of prostatic cancer with diethylstilboestrol and detection of the vascular risk (author's transl)]. (1980)

A retrospective study of immunologic behavior of patients suffering from cancer of the prostate and treated with oestrogens permits the proposal of the utilisation of a test that separates a high thromboembolic risk population due to oestrogens from a population that can benefit from this hormonotherapy. The so-called "oestrogen tolerance test" consists of seeking the presence of immune complexes by the method of precipitation of serum by 25% saturated ammonium sulphate. The group of patients where precipitates exceeds 700 micrograms/ml has a thrombo-embolic risk above 30% (41% in our series with serious complications such as pulmonary embolus and arterial thrombosis. The group of patients where precipitates are less than 300 micrograms/ml has a lower risk of arterial thrombosis (2,5%) and the observed accidents are benign. Finally, a test test when precipitate exceed 700 micrograms/ml should exclude diethylstilboestrol treatment.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkylation of Diethyl Acetamidomalonate by Weak Electrophiles. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Solid-State Photoluminescence Modulation of <i>trans</i>-Alkoxy-Nitrostilbene Dyes by Triggering the Solidification of Mesophases via External Stimuli (2013)

Abstract Stimuli-responsive luminescent materials in solid state have many useful applications such as optical recording. However, reversible solid–solid phase transitions are not easy due to the restricted movements of molecules. In order to modulate solid-state emission properties via external stimuli, we aimed to induce various crystallization processes from the liquid-crystalline states of trans-alkoxy-nitrostilbene dyes. The structure–property relationships in the crystalline and liquid-crystalline states of the nitrostilbenes were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing optical microscopy (POM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCD), and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). Three types of slipped-stacking structures, which display distinct luminescent intensities, were found in their crystalline state. The photoluminescence color of these dyes in the crystalline state changes from green to yellow depending on the length of their substituted alkyl chains. Various external stimuli, including heat, mechanical force, and ultrasound, were applied to the liquid-crystalline state at supercooled temperatures to trigger different crystallization processes. Accordingly, a number of polymorphs were obtained that displayed various luminescent properties. Among these solids, enhanced luminescence of trans-4-undecyloxy-4′-nitrostilbene (NS11) was obtained through packing changes caused by mechanical force and ultrasonication. The reversible fluorescent properties can be applied to fluorescent recording and sensing.
Flow Visualization Study on the Production Mechanism of Fine Air Bubbles in Liquids Using Ejectors (1992)

Water jet flow patterns and the pipetted air in an ejector mixing tube were visualized and photographs were taken with the use of a microscope and camera. Various factors affecting the performance of the ejector as a device for producing fine air bubbles in liquid are examined and the mechanism of the bubble formation was studied.
Task Interruptions in Requirements Engineering: Reality Versus Perceptions! (2017)

Task switching and interruptions are a daily reality in software development projects: developers switch between Requirements Engineering (RE), coding, testing, daily meetings, and other tasks. Task switching may increase productivity through increased information flow and effective time management. However, it might also cause a cognitive load to reorient the primary task, which accounts for the decrease in developers' productivity and increases in errors. This cognitive load is even greater in cases of cognitively demanding tasks as the ones typical for RE activities. In this paper, to compare the reality of task switching in RE with the perception of developers, we conducted two studies: (i) a case study analysis on 5,076 recorded tasks of 19 developers and (ii) a survey of 25 developers. The results of our retrospective analysis show that in ALL of the cases that the disruptiveness of RE interruptions is statistically different from other software development tasks, RE related tasks are more vulnerable to interruptions compared to other task types. Moreover, we found that context switching, the priority of the interrupting task, and the interruption source and timing are key factors that impact RE interruptions. We also provided a set of RE task switching patterns along with recommendations for both practitioners and researchers. While the results of our retrospective analysis show that self-interruptions are more disruptive than external interruptions, developers have different perceptions about the disruptiveness of various sources of interruptions.
Selection of opioids for cancer-related pain using a biomarker: a randomized, multi-institutional, open-label trial (RELIEF study) (2017)

UMIN000015579 Date of registration: 4 November 2014. It is updated once every six months, the latest update is 30 June 2017. Trial status. The enrollment started in November 2014. At the time of manuscript submission (July 2017), Three-quarters of patients have participated. We thus expect to complete the recruitment by March 2018.