gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Array recovery and high-level transformations for DSP applications (2003)

Efficient implementation of DSP applications is critical for many embedded systems. Optimizing compilers for application programs, written in C, largely focus on code generation and scheduling, which, with their growing maturity, are providing diminishing returns. As DSP applications typically make extensive use of pointer arithmetic, the alternative use of high-level, source-to-source, transformations has been largely ignored. This article develops an array recovery technique that automatically converts pointers to arrays, enabling the empirical evaluation of high-level transformations. High-level techniques were applied to the DSPstone benchmarks on three platforms: TriMedia TM-1000, Texas Instruments TMS320C6201, and the Analog Devices SHARC ADSP-21160. On average, the best transformation gave a factor of 2.43 improvement across the platforms. In certain cases, a speedup of 5.48 was found for the SHARC, 7.38 for the TM-1, and 2.3 for the C6201. These preliminary results justify pointer to array conversion and further investigation into the use of high-level techniques for embedded compilers.
The multi-dimensional quality of task requirements for dextrous robot hand control (2003)

The authors identify four important task requirements for dextrous robot hand control. These requirements are stability, manipulability, torquability, and radial rotatability. High-level task descriptions, supplied by the user, are refined into detailed task descriptions that can be used to drive a robot hand. A knowledge-based approach for refining a reasonable set of tasks is used to infer values for a set of task attributes, which trigger several heuristics. Those heuristics are applied using a set of metaheuristics to determine good grasp postures and poses for the task. How to use this multidimensional grasping quality in grasp mode selection and performance evaluation is shown in an industrial assembly domain.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PROTEIN STABILIZED EMULSIONS: EFFECT OF PROCESSING (1977)

ABSTRACT In order to evaluate the emulsifying characteristics of a protein the effect of processing of a protein stabilized soybean oil‐in‐water emulsion on the creaming stability of the emulsion was investigated. Three protein systems were used, namely soybean protein isolate, sodium caseinate and whey protein concentrate (WPC). The effects of four different types of emulsifying equipment, an ultra‐turrax, a Sorvall omnimixer, a valve homogenizer and an ultrasonic apparatus were studied. It was found that the type of emulsifying apparatus, the emulsifying time and intensity had a marked influence on the properties of the protein stabilized emulsions. It was demonstrated for all the types of apparatus and proteins used, that by increasing emulsifying intensity and time better emulsions, when characterized by the creaming method, are obtained up to a certain limit whereupon there is nothing to be gained by an additional increase of these factors. The necessary emulsifying intensity and time to obtain a certain stability range differed considerably according to the various proteins investigated as well as environmental conditions. This intensity‐time dependence may be considered as an emulsifying characteristic of the protein.
Evolving Transport in the Internet (2014)

The Internet's transport layer - the SOCK_STREAM service from TCP and the SOCK_DGRAM service from UDP--has seen little evolution over the past three decades, despite wildly changing requirements. Indeed, the movement of the "waist" of the protocol stack hourglass from IP up the stack toward HTTP (over TLS) over TCP has combined with a proliferation of middleboxes that make stringent assumptions about the structure of the traffic they will pass to reduce protocol diversity over time. This ossification has reduced our ability to evolve transport protocols to meet these new application requirements. In this work, the authors describe aspects of this problem and propose a solution space and agenda for improving the situation.
Nucleoside Drugs Induce Cellular Differentiation by Caspase-Dependent Degradation of Stem Cell Factors (2010)

We show that drug-induced differentiation is not a consequence of pharmacologic epigenetic modulation, but is induced by the degradation of stem-cell-specific proteins by caspases. Our results thus uncover a novel pathway that induces differentiation of embryonic cancer stem cells and is triggered by the established anticancer drugs cytarabine and decitabine. These findings suggest new approaches for directly targeting the stem cell fraction of human tumours.
Causes of increased length of hospitalization on a general thoracic surgery service: a prospective observational study. (2002)

Length of hospitalization after elective thoracic surgery may be prolonged for medical or nonmedical reasons. Although complications like persistent air leak and pneumonia have an impact on medically required length of stay, social factors may also significantly delay discharge.
In vivo RECEPTOR BINDING OF THE OPIATE PARTIAL AGONIST, BUPRENORPHINE, CORRELATED WITH ITS AGONISTIC AND ANTAGONISTIC ACTIONS (1981)

1 In order to gain more insight into the mechanisms behind the actions of opiate partial agonists, an analysis of the dual agonist/antagonist properties of the partial agonist, buprenorphine, was made in conjunction with in vivo binding studies on the drug in the rat. 2 Buprenorphine revealed a bell-shaped dose-response curve for antinociception peaking at approx. 0.5 mg/kg subcutaneously. It antagonized morphine antinociception at doses which normally have agonistic effects and produced maximum antagonistic effects at doses above those having prominent agonistic activity. The withdrawal precipitating potency of buprenorphine as measured in highly morphine-dependent rats was present at doses above those having agonistic activity. The entire dose-response curve for buprenorphine was shifted symmetrically to the right by the opiate antagonist, naltrexone. 3 The dose-dependent occupation of receptors in vivo by buprenorphine seemed to be almost complete over the agonist dosage range; almost no further receptor occupation over the antagonist range was seen. 4 The possibility is discussed that site-to-site receptor interactions leading to cooperativity of effect may be the best explanation of these results.
A framework for using formal methods in object-oriented software development (1992)

Although formal methods (FMs) hold great promise for improving the process of software development, up to now these methods have had limited impact on the actual development of software. This note outlines why this is so and predicts how formal methods can be developed and evolved to become useful in practice.
Group delay effects on the performance of wideband CW-LFM radars (2001)

The effect of group delay variations over the operation bandwidth of CW-LFM radars is investigated. Although present systems have no special problems with phase distortion, it is shown that for the next generation of low probability of interception radars this is a very important handicap. Main parameters relevant for the performance of the system are identified and some design techniques are proposed.
Initiation of Gaseous Detonation (1977)

Most fuel-oxygen gas mixtures can be detonated. If a detonating mixture is diluted with an inert gas such as nitrogen, there then exists a particular oxygen to nitrogen ratio below which the mixture can no longer be detonated. If this oxygen to nitrogen ratio is less than about 0.25 (composition of air), the fuel will also detonate when mixed with air. If a mixture detonates, the detonation states can be predicted quite adequately for most practical purposes by the classical Chapman-Jouguet theory. However, no exact quantitative theory currently exists whereby one can predict, a priori, whether a given fuel-air mixture can detonate, and if so, what the detonability limits are. Neither can one predict whether a flame can accelerate to a detonation in this mixture, or whether the detonation can be initiated directly via a powerful explosive charge. The practical significance of the above questions is self-evident, and considerable effort has been directed in recent years toward answering these questions in connection with vapor cloud explosions, accidental. or otherwise. Our qualitative understanding of the detonation phenomena is almost complete. The aim of this article is to report primarily on the initiation aspect and to demonstrate the central role it plays in the overall detonation phenomena. The article is not meant to be an extensive review of the current literature. It expresses my personal view of how the various pieces of the problem are now fitting together. Generally speaking, there are two modes of initiation: a slow mode where the detonation is formed via an accelerating flame and a fast mode where the detonation is formed instantaneously when a sufficiently powerful igniter is used. The slow mode is usually referred to as the transition from deflagration to detonation. Turbulence and interactions between pressure waves and flame are the principle flame-acceleration mechanisms that generate the critical states for the onset of detonation. In general, the ignition source plays no role in the transition processes. On the other hand, the ignition source plays the dominant role in the fast mode of initiation. The blast wave generated by the igniter energy produces the necessary critical states for the onset of detonation. The fast mode is referred to as direct
Calibration of Confidence Measures in Speech Recognition (2011)

Most speech recognition applications in use today rely heavily on confidence measure for making optimal decisions. In this paper, we aim to answer the question: what can be done to improve the quality of confidence measure if we cannot modify the speech recognition engine? The answer provided in this paper is a post-processing step called confidence calibration, which can be viewed as a special adaptation technique applied to confidence measure. Three confidence calibration methods have been developed in this work: the maximum entropy model with distribution constraints, the artificial neural network, and the deep belief network. We compare these approaches and demonstrate the importance of key features exploited: the generic confidence-score, the application-dependent word distribution, and the rule coverage ratio. We demonstrate the effectiveness of confidence calibration on a variety of tasks with significant normalized cross entropy increase and equal error rate reduction.
Blk haploinsufficiency impairs the development, but enhances the functional responses, of MZ B cells (2011)

Blk was identified two decades ago as a B-cell-specific member of the Src family of tyrosine kinases. Recent studies, however, have discovered that Blk is expressed in many cell types outside of the B lineage, including early thymic precursors, interleukin-17-producing γδ T cells and pancreatic β-cells. In light of these recent discoveries, we performed a more comprehensive analysis of Blk expression patterns in hematopoietic cells and found that Blk is differentially expressed in mature B-cell subsets, with marginal zone (MZ) B cells expressing high levels, B1 B cells expressing intermediate-to-high levels and follicular (FO) B cells expressing low levels of Blk. To determine whether these differences in Blk expression levels reflected differential requirements for Blk in MZ, B1 and FO B-cell development, we analyzed the effects of reducing and eliminating Blk expression on B-cell development. We report that both Blk haploinsufficiency and Blk deficiency impaired the generation of MZ B cells. Moreover, although there were fewer MZ B cells in Blk(+/-) and Blk(-/-) mice as compared with Blk(+/+) mice, Blk-mutant MZ B cells were hyper-responsive to B-cell receptor stimulation, both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, this study has revealed a previously unappreciated role for Blk in the development and activation of MZ B cells.
Drownproofing of Low Overflow Structures (1991)

Submergence of hydraulic jumps occurs frequently at low overflow structures, such as weirs and low‐head dams. In these cases the jump degenerates into a rotating current that produces a strong upstream‐directed surface velocity in an otherwise seemingly quiescent downstream pool. This vortex is commonly called the hydraulic by canoeists and water safety experts who fear and respect its potential to maim and kill, yet the phenomenon is virtually unknown in the hydraulic engineering literature. Using analysis and experimental evidence, the paper shows how the hydraulic may be eliminated by either increasing the height of the structure sufficiently to promote formation of a proper hydraulic jump, or by adopting the cascade concept of continuous energy dissipation on a baffled chute. In the former instance, the required height can easily become so great, however, that it may be deemed unacceptable. On the other hand, baffled‐chute spillways are environmentally attractive, known to function well over a wide range of operating conditions, and completely independent of tailwater depth.
The role of graphite in the thermal shock resistance of refractories (1985)

On etudie les facteurs contribuant a l'excellente resistance aux chocs thermiques des refractaires contenant du graphite: dilatation thermique, module d'elasticite, mecanisme de rupture, deformation, conductivite thermique
Modeling and Simulation of Optical Coherence Tomography on Virtual OCT (2015)

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is noninvasive emerging medical imaging technique for acquiring depth resolved information from human tissues. Some of the commercially available OCT systems have found their applications in ophthalmology, where one can acquire detailed images from within the retina. Recently OCT has found its applications in blood flow estimation, cancer diagnosis, dermatology, dentistry, gastroenterology and other non-biomedical applications. For this purpose simulation of OCT has been done using Lab VIEW and Matlab scripts. Spectral domain OCT (SD-OCT) which is recent modification to traditional time domain OCT systems and has advantage of faster signal acquisition rates and higher signal to noise ratio. The basic principle of OCT, its types, modeling and its simulation on Virtual OCT GUI and various results obtained from it have been discussed.
Quantization noise improvement in a hybrid distributed-neuron ANN architecture (2001)

This work explores a useful self-scaling property of a hybrid (analog-digital) artificial neural network architecture based on distributed neurons. In conventional sigmoidal neural networks with lumped neurons, the effect of weight quantization errors becomes more noticeable at the output as the network becomes larger. However, it is shown here based on a stochastic model that the inherent self-scaling property of a distributed-neuron architecture controls the output quantization noise (error) to signal ratio as the number of inputs to an Adaline increases. This property contributes to a robust hybrid VLSI architecture consisting of digital synaptic weights and analog distributed neurons.
The interaction of the erythropoietin receptor and gp55. (1992)

Friend virus induced erythroleukaemia can be conveniently divided into a first stage and a second stage. The first stage results from the mitogenic stimulation of EPO-R by gp55. In the second stage, multiple proviral integrations appear to result in further transformation of the SFFV infected erythroblast to a leukaemogenic state. The first stage results from EPO-R activation. After retroviral entry, mediated through an unknown receptor, and after cDNA synthesis and proviral integration, viral proteins are synthesized. Gp55 binds and activates EPO-R. A small but measurable amount of gp55-EPO-R complex is transported to the cell surface (Casadewall et al, 1991). In the presence of helper virus, the defective SFFV genome is packaged and released for subsequent rounds of infection. During the first stage, erythroblasts proliferate but are not tumorigenic. During the second stage of Friend disease, subsequent infections result in further proviral integrations in the host genome. Some of these integrations result in increased Spi-1 expression, whereas others result in decreased p53 expression. These events appear to account for the leukaemogenic properties of cells at this stage, 4-6 weeks after the initial SFFV infection. The interaction between EPO-R and gp55 persists at this later stage, although its contribution to the malignant phenotype of the MEL cells is not known. The sequence of events during stage 1 and stage 2 does not appear to have absolute requirements. Starting with IL-3 dependent immortalized Ba/F3 cells, which already have some unknown proliferative mutation (Mathey-Prevot et al, 1986), gp55 and EPO-R can subsequently be introduced, resulting in tumorigenicity (Li et al, 1990). The primary focus of this review has been the early mitogenic stage of Friend disease. Several concepts have emerged regarding the interaction between gp55 and EPO-R. The interaction between the polypeptides is highly specific, occurs in the extracytoplasmic regions and the transmembrane region of the polypeptides and occurs within the same cell, not via cell-cell contact. Both EPO and gp55 activate EPO-R, via different binding sites, resulting in increased cellular tyrosine kinase activity. The first stage of Friend disease is an example of how a non-oncogene bearing retrovirus can induce leukaemia. The env gene of the SFFV is not a classical oncogene. It does not appear to be derived from a normal cellular proto-oncogene. The interaction of gp55 and EPO-R therefore supports the "receptor mediated leukaemogenesis" hypothesis (McGrath and Weissman, 1978, 1979).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Effects of dissipation on an adiabatic quantum search algorithm (2010)

According to recent studies (Amin et al 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 060503), the effect of a thermal bath may improve the performance of a quantum adiabatic search algorithm. In this paper, we compare the effects of such a thermal environment on the algorithm performance with those of a structured environment similar to the one encountered in systems coupled to an electromagnetic field that exists within a photonic crystal. Whereas for all the parameter regimes explored here, the algorithm performance is worsened by contact with a thermal environment, the picture appears to be different when one considers a structured environment. In this case we show that by tuning the environment parameters to certain regimes, the algorithm performance can actually be improved with respect to the closed system case. Additionally, the relevance of considering the dissipation rates as complex quantities is discussed in both cases. More specifically, we find that the imaginary part of the rates cannot be neglected with the usual argument that it simply amounts to an energy shift and in fact influences crucially the system dynamics. © In Copyright http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/
Hyperthermia in cancer therapy: the biological basis and unresolved questions. (1985)

Summary The properties of a cell population which characterize it as malignant also render that cell population sensitive to hyperthermia. These heat-sensitizing properties are accessory, rather than intrinsic to the transformed state. The loss of normal growth control and enhanced rate of glycolysis of tumor cells gives rise in situ to a relatively rapidly proliferating, poorly perfused, acidic and energy-deprived cell mass, all with regional variation. Reduction in tissue blood flow limits the capacity of tissue to dissipate locally deposited heat and may permit selective tumor heating under certain circumstances. Elevated rates of glycolysis and lactic acid production probably give rise to a reduced pH, which is commonly observed in tumor tissue, and increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to hyperthermia. During tumor growth, the availability of glucose and oxygen does not match the demand for these ATP substrates. Moderate reductions in cellular energy status which are not toxic at 37°C increase the sensitivity of cells to hyperthermia. However, not all cells in tumors reside in a poorly perfused, acidic, or nutrient-deprived microenvironments. The thermal sensitivity of these “normal environment” tumor cells is probably no greater than that of corresponding normal tissue cells. Therefore, the total population of cells within a tumor will be most effectively treated by combining hyperthermia with other forms of therapy. Taken together, these considerations give rise to the expectation that hyperthermia will be useful in cancer therapy. In addition to these basic considerations, 3 promising avenues of research are addressed: the possibility of enhancing tumor thermal sensitivity by enhancing differences in tumor and normal tissue pH and energy status; the possibility of noninvasively predicting tumor thermal sensitivity based on tumor blood flow, pH, and energy status; and the possibility of structuring hyperthermia fractionation protocols which minimize damage to normal tissue and which maximize damage to tumor tissue, based on differences in thermotolerance decay kinetics.
Database performance evaluation in an indexed file environment (1987)

The use of database systems for managerial decision making often incorporates information-retrieval capabilities with numeric report generation. Of great concern to the user of such a system is the response time associated with issuing a query to the database. This study presents a procedure for estimating response time for one of the most frequently encountered physical storage mechanisms, the indexed file. The model provides a fairly high degree of accuracy, but is simple enough so that the cost of applying the model is not exorbitant. The model incorporates the knowledge that the distribution of access key occurrences is known to follow Zipf's law. It first estimates the access time required to complete the query, which includes the time needed for all input and output transactions, and CPU time used in performing the search. The effects of multiple users on an individual's response time are then assessed using a simple regression estimation technique. The two-step procedure allows for the separation of access time from multiuser influences.
Optimum shortened cyclic codes for burst-error correction (1963)

This paper is concerned with the construction of the most efficient shortened cyclic (pseudo-cyclic) codes that can correct every burst-error of length <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</tex> or less. These codes have the maximum number of information digits <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</tex> among all shortened cyclic burst- <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</tex> codes with a given number of check digits <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</tex> . The search procedure described is readily programmable for computer execution and efficient particularly for the case where <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</tex> is close to the theoretical minimum of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2b</tex> check digits. For <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2 \leq b \leq 10</tex> , several optimum shortened cyclic codes in the above-mentioned sense have been found. Their code-lengths and generators are tabulated in this paper.