gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mutations and polymorphisms in the proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (<i>PCSK9</i>) gene in cholesterol metabolism and disease (2009)

Hypercholesterolemia is one of the major causes of coronary heart disease (CHD). The genes encoding the low-density lipoprotein receptor and its ligand apolipoprotein B, have been the two genes classically implicated in autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia (ADH). Our discovery in 2003 of the first mutations of the proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 gene (PCSK9) causing ADH shed light on an unknown actor in cholesterol metabolism that since then has been extensively investigated. Several PCSK9 variants have been identified, some of them are gain-of-function mutations causing hypercholesterolemia by a reduction of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor levels; while others are loss-of-function variants associated with a reduction of LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and a decreased risk of CHD. In this review, we focus on reported variants, and their biological, clinical, and functional relevance. We also highlight the spectrum of hypercholesterolemia or hypobetalipoproteinemia phenotypes that are already associated with mutations in PCSK9. Finally, we present future prospects concerning this therapeutic target that might constitute a new approach to reduce cholesterol levels and CHD, and enhance the effectiveness of other lipid-lowering drugs.
Targeting the Estrogen Receptor using Steroid–Therapeutic Drug Conjugates (Hybrids) (2012)

The estrogen receptor (ER) is a potentially useful biological target for diagnosis and therapy in hormonally responsive human breast cancer. This protein is often overexpressed both on the membrane and on the nuclear compartment of breast cancer cells and therefore provides a mechanism for targeted drug delivery. Over the past 30 years, many research groups have attempted to exploit the high affinity and receptor selectivity of steroidal estrogens to deliver cytotoxic agents that by themselves lack selectivity. In this review, we describe the strategies and methods employed by those investigators in their efforts to develop steroid-drug conjugates with the goals of enhanced antiproliferative activity and ER-selectivity. In particular, the choices of steroid scaffolds and sites for drug conjugation have evolved as the understanding of role of ER in cell function has expanded. Present knowledge of the mechanism of action for estrogens and antiestrogens helps explain the failure of most efforts to achieve their stated objectives. The review culminates in the description of our program, which has produced the first conjugate that clearly has achieved those goals and provides an approach for developing new agents for future clinical use.
Pervaporation of emulsion droplets for the templated assembly of spherical particles: A population balance model (2013)

The emulsion droplet solvent evaporation method is used in the preparation of spherical particles, which form due to processes such as the clustering of nanocrystals or precipitation of polymers as the volume of solvent in the droplets decreases. A population balance model is presented to describe this transport of solvent from nanocrystal‐ or polymer‐laden droplets in an emulsion that flows through a pervaporation unit. The solvent transport and lateral migration of droplets was simulated using a high‐resolution finite‐volume algorithm, which provided a smooth solution with second‐order accuracy. Concentration gradients in the continuous phase become prominent when the resistance to solvent transport in the continuous phase dominates that in the membrane. In contrast, with the membrane resistance controlling the overall transport rate, a lumped capacitance assumption can be made and a simpler plug flow model would be sufficient. The simulations also indicate that the particle‐size distributions are generally bimodal, and are broader for low dispersed‐phase volume fractions and very low‐solvent solubilities. Furthermore, the distributions show that radial diffusion of the particles occurs to a significant degree. Such simulations offer insight into how the solvent is removed from emulsion droplets as they flow down a pervaporation fiber and should be useful in the design of pervaporation systems for that purpose. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J , 59: 3975–3985, 2013
Dendritic cell defects in patients with cancer: mechanisms and significance (2006)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are a complex network of antigen-presenting cells that have an essential role in the modulation of primary immunity. There has been increasing evidence that DCs isolated from patients with malignancy demonstrate functional deficiencies that inhibit the capacity to mount an effective anti-tumor response. In this issue of Breast Cancer Research, Pinzon-Charry and colleagues investigate one of the possible mechanisms by which tumors induce DC dysfunction to evade host immune surveillance. They demonstrate that DCs isolated from the circulation of patients with early-stage breast cancer exhibit increased rates of spontaneous apoptosis. In vitro studies suggest that a soluble factor secreted by breast cancer cells is responsible for this phenomenon. In contrast, ex vivo conditioning of DCs with CD-40 ligand and IL-12 was protective against tumor-induced apoptosis.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Synthesis and Application of γ‐Difluoromethylated Prop‐2‐ ynylic and Allylic Alcohols. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Fluorinated poly(ether sulfone)s (1990)

Abstract New fluorinated poly(ether sulfone)s were prepared from bisphenols and α,ωbis(4‐fluorophenylsulfonyl)perfluoroalkanes. The fluorinated sulfone monomers were synthesized by reaction of 4‐fluorobenzenethiol salts with perfluoroalkylene diiodides, followed by oxidation. Sodium carbonate mediated polymerization gave high molecular weight polymers in excellent yield. The polymers are generally soluble in chlorinated hydrocarbons and some dipolar solvents, are amorphous with T g 's in the range of 120–160°C and are stable to 400°C. They form clear, colorless films by solution casting. Cast films have dielectric constants and dissipation factors somewhat below those of typical poly(ether sulfone)s, and show good permeability and selectivity for O 2 /N 2 gas separations.
Geolocation in mines with an impulse response fingerprinting technique and neural networks (2006)

The location of people, mobile terminals and equipment is highly desirable for operational enhancements in the mining industry. In an indoor environment such as a mine, the multipath caused by reflection, diffraction and diffusion on the rough sidewall surfaces, and the non-line of sight (NLOS) due to the blockage of the shortest direct path between transmitter and receiver are the main sources of range measurement errors. Unreliable measurements of location metrics such as received signal strengths (RSS), angles of arrival (AOA) and times of arrival (TOA) or time differences of arrival (TDOA), result in the deterioration of the positioning performance. Hence, alternatives to the traditional parametric geolocation techniques have to be considered. In this paper, we present a novel method for mobile station location using wideband channel measurement results applied to an artificial neural network (ANN). The proposed system, the wide band neural network-locate (WBNN-locate), learns off-line the location 'signatures' from the extracted location-dependent features of the measured channel impulse responses for line of sight (LOS) and non-line of sight (NLOS) situations. It then matches on-line the observation received from a mobile station against the learned set of 'signatures' to accurately locate its position. The location accuracy of the proposed system, applied in an underground mine, has been found to be 2 meters for 90% and 80% of trained and untrained data, respectively. Moreover, the proposed system may also be applicable to any other indoor situation and particularly in confined environments with characteristics similar to those of a mine (e.g. rough sidewalls surface).
Extrapyramidal symptoms due to dopamine-blocking agents in patients with AIDS encephalopathy (1991)

These preliminary results suggest that AIDS patients are more susceptible to extrapyramidal symptoms than psychotic patients without AIDS and that neuroleptics should be used cautiously and in lower doses for patients with AIDS.
A phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance study of the metabolic, contractile, and ionic consequences of induced calcium alterations in the isovolumic rat heart. (1986)

Isolated adult rat hearts perfused in an isovolumic mode were used to study the effects of sodium-potassium pump inhibition and sodium-calcium exchange alterations on the tissue content of adenosine triphosphate, phosphocreatine, inorganic phosphate, and intracellular pH, all measured by phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Rates of oxygen consumption, contractile function, and the cell contents of calcium, sodium, and potassium also were determined. The inhibition of sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase, either by the reduction in perfusate potassium from 5.9 to 1 millimolar or less, or by the addition of 10(-4) molar ouabain, transiently increased systolic pressure. This was followed by a decrease in systolic pressure, an increase in diastolic pressure, and eventual inexcitability. This contractile profile was accompanied by a persistent increase in oxygen consumption, a monotonic decline in cellular adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine content, the development of marked intracellular acidosis, a gain in cell sodium and calcium content, and a reduction in cell potassium. Quite similar metabolic changes were also observed when cell calcium was increased after a reduction in perfusate sodium. These metabolic and contractile effects could be prevented or reversed by decreasing perfusate calcium. The results emphasize the profound role of calcium in modulating cell oxygen consumption, energy balance, pH, excitability, and force production. These data are discussed in light of changes in the myocardial energy supply/demand balance, as well as from the viewpoint of the known competition between mechanisms for mitochondrial calcium transport vs. high-energy phosphate production.
Review of Polarization Remote Sensing Techniques and Applications in the Visible and Infrared (2010)

According to the spectral polarization properties of atmospheric radiation and ground object radiation, the polarization remote sensing has been developed as new ground-based,airborne,and spaceborne observation techniques to be applied to many scientific regions,such as the global climate variation investigation, earth remote sensing,and astronomical research.The development of optical polarization remote sensing system is introduced.With the different detection objectives,these polarimeters have their special polarization analytical mechanism and polarization information acquisition model.The polarization mechanics of interacting between the incident radiation and the substance is analyzed too.The experimental results of polarization detection in the visible and infrared wavebands are discussed.The application fundamental research of spectral polarization remote sensing information is described.The spectral polarization information helps to retrieve the properties of atmosphere,natural ground object,man-made object,and celestial body,respectively.At last,the advances of polarization optics,optoelectronics and computer technology are concerned.The application processes of advanced polarization measurement and polarization calibration applied to the optical polarization remote sensing system are emphasized.The trend in development of optical polarization remote sensing technique is predicted.
Less-Invasive Removal of Atherosclerotic Plaque Using Pulsed Lasers with a 5.75-μm Wavelength (2016)

We report the current status of the less-invasive laser treatment of atherosclerosis with a 5.75-μm Wavelength. This selective treatment exploits characteristic absorption by biomolecules in the midinfrared range. With pulsed lasers, we achieved the selective removal of atherosclerotic plaque at 5.75 μm, which is the absorption peak of cholesteryl esters in atherosclerotic plaque. The absorption is derived from the C = O stretching vibration mode. This result demonstrated the effectiveness of the midinfrared region for advanced less-invasive treatments. However, for clinical applications, problems remain, such as the equipment size, ablation efficiency, and the thermal effect. Therefore, further progress of mid-infrared light sources is required.
A Novel Drug Carrier:  Lipophilic Drug-Loaded Polyglutamate/Polyelectrolyte Nanocontainers (2007)

A novel lipophilic drug carrier, "oil-in-water" multifunctional composite nanocontainers, is developed by combining ultrasonic technique and layer-by-layer assembly. Polyglutamate/polyethyleneimine/poly(acrylic acid) nanocontainers loaded with the lipophilic drug, rifampicin, dissolved in soybean oil were fabricated. Raman confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy proved the successful incorporation of rifampicin into composite water-dispersible polyglutamate/polyelectrolyte nanocontainers. Transmission electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy indicated that the drug can be released by changing the pH value of the media due to the pH-responsive properties of the polyglutamate/polyelectrolyte shell.
Resolution of cast nephropathy following free light chain removal by haemodialysis in a patient with multiple myeloma: a case report (2008)

These observations indicate that cast nephropathy can quickly resolve on rapid reduction of monoclonal serum free light chains. This has important implications for the development of treatment strategies aimed at improving renal recovery rates for patients in this setting.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON REACTIONS OF THE N‐PHOSPHONIUM SALTS OF PYRIDINES PART 7, PREPARATION OF PEPTIDES AND ACTIVE ESTERS OF AMINO ACIDS BY MEANS OF DIPHENYL AND TRIPHENYLPHOSPHITES IN THE PRESENCE OF TERTIARY AMINES (1974)

Abstract Diphenylphosphit (I) reagiert mit Aminosäuren, wie z.B. (II), und dem Amin (III) in Pyridin (Py) in Gegenwart von Triäthylamin (TÄA) zu den Peptiden (IV).
Comparative Metagenomics of the Active Layer and Permafrost from Low-Carbon Soil in the Canadian High Arctic (2021)

Approximately 87% of the Arctic consists of low-organic carbon mineral soil, but knowledge of microbial activity in low-carbon permafrost (PF) and active layer soils remains limited. This study investigated the taxonomic composition and genetic potential of microbial communities at contrasting depths of the active layer (5, 35, and 65 cm below surface, bls) and PF (80 cm bls). We showed microbial communities in PF to be taxonomically and functionally different from those in the active layer. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed higher biodiversity in the active layer than in PF, and biodiversity decreased significantly with depth. The reconstructed 91 metagenome-assembled genomes showed that PF was dominated by heterotrophic, fermenting Bacteroidota using nitrite as their main electron acceptor. Prevalent microbes identified in the active layer belonged to bacterial taxa, gaining energy via aerobic respiration. Gene abundance in metagenomes revealed enrichment of genes encoding the plant-derived polysaccharide degradation and metabolism of nitrate and sulfate in PF, whereas genes encoding methane/ammonia oxidation, cold-shock protein, and two-component systems were generally more abundant in the active layer, particularly at 5 cm bls. The results of this study deepen our understanding of the low-carbon Arctic soil microbiome and improve prediction of the impacts of thawing PF.
Real-Time, Quantitative Lighting-up Detection of Telomerase in Urines of Bladder Cancer Patients by AIEgens (2015)

As a biomarker for early cancer diagnosis, telomerase are one of the promising targets for cancer therapeutics. Inspired by the fluorescent emission principle of aggregation-induced emission fluorogens, we creatively designed an AIE-based turn-on method to detect telomerase activity from cell extracts. A positively charged fluorogen (TPE-Z) is not fluorescent when freely diffused in solution. The fluorescence of TPE-Z is enhanced with the elongation of the DNA strand which could light up telomere elongation process. By exploitation of it, we can detect telomerase activity from different cell lines (E-J, HeLa, MCF-7, and HLF) with high sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, our method is successfully employed to demonstrate the applications in bladder cancer diagnosis (41 urine specimens from bladder cancer patients and 15 urine specimens from normal people are detected). The AIE-based method provides a simple one-pot technique for quantification and monitoring of the telomerase activity and shows great potential for future use in clinical tests.
Comparative study of the influence of scattering particles size on the polarimetric behavior of turbid media (2011)

Optical characterization of biological tissues by means of polarimetric techniques is receiving a growing attention. Polarized light traveling through a turbid media looses its degree of polarization (DOP) due to scattering. The modification of the DOP of transmitted and backscattered light varies as a function of the particle properties. In this work we perform a comparative study of the DOP variations as a function of the particles diameter. The Monte Carlo method is used as a numerical approach of polarized light transport in turbid media. The results enable to further develop polarimetric studies to analyze biological tissues optical properties.
Evaluation of the Paraoxonases as Candidate Genes for Stroke (2005)

These results suggest that Gln192Arg genotype is an important risk factor for stroke.
Electron‐impact induced fragmentation of alkylthiopyridines. The extent of ring nitrogen involvement (1969)

Abstract The fragmentation patterns obtained upon electron impact of 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐alkylthio‐pyridines were examined to determine the extent that the ring nitrogen is involved. The effect of the size of the alkyl group, as well as the ring position of the sulfide on the fragmentation of the methyl‐, ethyl‐, n ‐propyl‐, n ‐butyl‐ and t ‐butylthiopyridines, is discussed. The mass spectrum of 2‐ n ‐octylthiopyridine is also recorded. The molecular ions decomposed with rupture of the bonds α, β, γ, and δ from the hetero‐aromatic ring. The molecular ions also exhibited the loss of alkenes via a number of mechanisms, notably the loss of C n‐1 H 2n from the alkyl group of 2‐alkylthiopyridines by a transition involving the rupture of a C‐C bond γ to the ring and the transfer of a proton on a carbon ϵ to the ring. The role of the pyridine sp 2 nitrogen in this and other fragmentations is discussed. An elimination of HS radical is also observed in a number of these alkylthiopyridines.
The Living Value Chain : Coordinating Business Processes with Artificial Life Agents (1998)

The development of IT systems for coordinating business processes mostly starts with the definition of coordination mechanisms and organizational structures. This is usually based on assumptions about the cooperational behavior of the participating individuals. This top-down approach fails if the human participants behave in a competitive way, which can severely affect coordination as a whole. Artificial life concepts maintain global coordination by modeling local interaction rules and building on competition between individuals. This basic idea is exploited here in an economic context to show the possibility of coordinating business processes, like value chains, by autonomous self-interested software agents. We set up an artificial world where agents, representing human participants, cooperate and communicate using economically interpretable protocols. Starting from a given initial state of an economic agent population, the development of this population by applying local agent interaction rules and the observable coordination patterns will be investigated. We are currently in progress of implementing the simulation named Avalanche.
Structural trends in potential organic conductors based on (donor-CH2)2 tetracyanoquinodimethane molecules (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructural trends in potential organic conductors based on (donor-CH2)2 tetracyanoquinodimethane moleculesJ. Y. Becker, Joel Bernstein, S. Bittner, J. A. R. P. Sarma, and S. S. ShaikCite this: Chem. Mater. 1989, 1, 4, 412–420Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm00004a007https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00004a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views56Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Intranuclear delivery of an antiviral peptide mediated by the B subunit of <i>Escherichia coli</i> heat-labile enterotoxin (1999)

We report an intracellular peptide delivery system capable of targeting specific cellular compartments. In the model system we constructed a chimeric protein consisting of the nontoxic B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (EtxB) fused to a 27-mer peptide derived from the DNA polymerase of herpes simplex virus 1. Viral DNA synthesis takes places in the nucleus and requires the interaction with an accessory factor, UL42, encoded by the virus. The peptide, designated Pol, is able to dissociate this interaction. The chimeric protein, EtxB-Pol, retained the functional properties of both EtxB and peptide components and was shown to inhibit viral DNA polymerase activity in vitro via disruption of the polymerase-UL42 complex. When added to virally infected cells, EtxB-Pol had no effect on adenovirus replication but specifically interfered with herpes simplex virus 1 replication. Further studies showed that the antiviral peptide localized in the nucleus, whereas the EtxB component remained associated with vesicular compartments. The results indicate that the chimeric protein entered through endosomal acidic compartments and that the Pol peptide was cleaved from the chimeric protein before being translocated into the nucleus. The system we describe is suitable for delivery of peptides that specifically disrupt protein-protein interactions and may be developed to target specific cellular compartments.