gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Images for Iconoclasts: Images of Confucius in the Cultural Revolution (2007)

Confucius died and was buried in 479 B.C.E., and he was never seen again. Or so one would think. “You may forget me as I once was,” Confucius reminds us in the Zhuangzi, there is something unforgettable about me that will still live on. Confucius’s physical frame was concealed from sight below ground, but his body and face were not forgotten either by his followers or his detractors, each of whom remembered him (or remembered him) in different ways. People created semblances of Confucius that reflected their own visions of the past, and constructions of his body took on many lives of their own over the succeeding centuries. [excerpt]
Presenilins and early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. (1997)

Thirty-seven missense mutations and a splice-site mutation in the presenilin gene PS1 on chromosome 14 and two missense mutations PS2 on chromosome 1 co-segregate with early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). The presenilins belong to a family of conserved integral membrane proteins which include Caenorhabditis elegans SPE4 and SEL12 and the rat apoptosis-linked gene, ALG3. This review summarizes the genetics of presenilins in AD and indicators of putative function based on cellular localization and the functions of non-human homologues. Findings to date suggest an important role of presenilins in beta-amyloid (A beta) production: in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that presenilin mutations are associated with relatively increased production of the longer, and highly fibrillogenic A beta 42(43) peptide, and a marked elevation in the number of A beta 42-immunoreactive plaques in the brains of individuals with familial AD who carry PS1 and PS2 mutations. There is growing evidence that the deposition of A beta 42(43) could in some cases be an early and key event in the AD pathogenic cascade. The genetic and molecular biological data discussed in this review describe mechanisms by which presenilin mutations could lead to the development of AD. Also, mutant presenilins may be more proapoptotic. It is argued that the understanding of the processes by which presenilin mutations lead to the development of AD will help in devising a coherent framework for therapeutic strategies.
Synthesis of novel [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazines (2002)

The preparation of some derivatives of the [1,2,4]triazolo [4,3-b]pyridazine system from ethyl Nbenzoyl-(6-chloro[1,2,4]triazolo [4,3-b]pyridazin-3-yl)glycinate is reported.
Advances in chrono-stratigraphic interpretation modelling (2009)

Abstract <p align=justify>Jean-Claude Dulac of Paradigm introduces a method of performing 3D seismic volume flattening developed for improved seismic inversion and reservoir modelling.
Fallacies in Operations Research (1956)

Address presented to the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Operations Research Society of America on May 10, 1956. Prepared comments to this address were made by Charles Hitch and Glen Camp. Hitch's comments are printed at the end of this paper.
Randomized Phase III Trial of Paclitaxel, Etoposide, and Carboplatin Versus Carboplatin, Etoposide, and Vincristine in Patients With Small-Cell Lung Cancer (2003)

Patients with previously untreated SCLC who received paclitaxel, etoposide, and carboplatin showed improved overall and progression-free survival and less frequent hematologic toxicities than those who received the standard therapy.
A single-phase UPS system with harmonic suppression and reactive power compensation (2009)

This work proposes a control strategy applied to a single-phase uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system with series-parallel active power-line conditioning capabilities, allowing sinusoidal input current and sinusoidal output voltage, which results in an effective power factor correction. The UPS system is composed by two single-phase PWM converters in order to perform the active power line filter functions. The series converter acts as a series active power filter, which works as a sinusoidal current source in phase with the input voltage. The parallel converter acts as a parallel active power filter, which works as a sinusoidal voltage source in phase with the input voltage, providing sinusoidal voltage with low total harmonic distortion (THD). The detection of the angle-phase is performed using a single-phase PLL (Phase-Locked Loop) structure, which is based on instantaneous active power theory. The PLL system has been implemented into two-phase stationary reference frame. Thereby, a fictitious quadrature voltage needs to be generated, which must be orthogonal to the measured utility voltage. Both the control algorithm of the UPS system, which uses synchronous reference frame (SRF) method, and the active power flow that occurs through the UPS system will be described and analytically studied. Mathematical analysis of the SRF-based algorithm is presented and simulation results are performed to validate the theoretical development and to verify the performance of the UPS system.
Artificial Intelligence Applications to Information Warfare. (1996)

Abstract : In the coming years, a critical element of combat will likely be waged in the information infrastructure. Current strategic concepts do not compensate for the vulnerability of our ever-increasing information-based society. In this research project, artificial intelligence technology (specifically, intelligent agents) was explored. Intelligent agents were found to have characteristics that could help execute an information war. Although there still is work to be done, intelligent agents may someday manage the information flow, be the core technology in network firewalls, and contribute to overall network security through continuous Red Team vulnerability assessments.
Cerebrovascular amyloidosis: experimental analysis in vitro and in vivo. (1999)

With advancing age, the likelihood of beta-amyloid deposition in the cerebral vasculature increases, particularly in individuals with Alzheimer's disease. The beta-amyloid typically accumulates in the basal lamina of the arteriolar tunica media, and frequently extends into the adjacent neuropil. Cerebrovascular beta-amyloid increases the risk of hemorrhagic stroke, and may also play a role in the pathogenesis of AD. Genetic variations have been identified that are causative or risk factors for cerebrovascular beta-amyloid, including particular mutations in the genes for beta-amyloid precursor protein, presenilins 1 and 2, and possibly cystatin C, as well as polymorphisms in apolipoprotein E. Cerebrovascular amyloidosis is now being studied in a variety of in vitro and in vivo models, including cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, transgenic mice, and aged animals such as nonhuman primates. Methods for delivering agents selectively to vascular amyloid in living subjects are now being developed, and these techniques are paving the way to the development of diagnostic tools and therapies for cerebrovascular amyloidosis.
CHANNELS: a run-time system for multimedia protocols (2002)

This paper presents CHANNELS, a run-time system for network protocol processing. CHANNELS is especially intended and optimized for transport systems supporting multimedia applications on high-speed networks. Additionally to the traditional features of a run-time system like the scheduling of the processing of different protocols, the provision of dedicated facilities such as timer, buffer and mapping table libraries for protocol implementation and the support of communication to adjacent protocol entities, network devices and user processes, CHANNELS enables the implementation of sophisticated protocols which require real-time and parallel processing capabilities, or dynamic protocol configuration support. CHANNELS is implemented in the C++ programming language and one prototype is embedded in the SUN/UNIX kernel.
Programmed two-stage flow controller for supercritical fluid chromatography (1994)

The flow rate in a capillary supercritical fluid chromatographic (SFC) column can be maintained near the optimum value of a Van Deemter plot throughout the entire pressure or density programme by use of a programmed two-stage flow controller. The second stage is a conventional linear restrictor, which is designed to provide less restriction than is customary in capillary SFC. The first stage consists of a length of deactivated fused silica of 7 µm i.d. held in a temperature-controlled environment. As the pressure in the column is increased during a pressure or density programme, the temperature of the 7 µm fused-silica tube can be varied to maintain a constant flow rate.
Structure and Organization of the Gene Encoding Human Pulmonary Surfactant Proteolipid SP-B (1989)

Human pulmonary surfactant proteolipid SP-B arises by proteolytic processing of a 42,000-dalton precursor. The active proteolipid SP-B is one of two small hydrophobic proteins identified in surfactant that impart surface-active properties to surfactant phospholipids. We report the isolation and characterization of complete SP-B cDNA from a human lung cDNA library. The cDNA was used to isolate the gene encoding the SP-B precursor from a lambda EMBL3 library of human embryonic kidney DNA. The entire SP-B gene was sequenced and is approximately 9.5 kb long, with 11 exons and 10 introns including a large 823-nucleotide 3' untranslated exon. The sequence derived from the exons differs from the cDNA sequence at 3 positions out of 2001, only one of which is in the translated region. Direct RNA sequencing indicated that the 5' untranslated region is only 14 nucleotides long. A number of putative regulatory elements were found upstream of the SP-B gene, including a GC box and several putative cAMP and glucocorticoid receptor binding sites. Several Alu repeats and a region of potential Z-DNA formation were found in the introns. Southern blotting of human genomic DNA probed with SP-B cDNA indicated the presence of only one SP-B gene in the human genome, and the gene was localized to chromosome 2.
Cross-layer latency-aware and -predictable data communication (2019)

Cyber-physical systems are making their way into more aspects of everyday life. These systems are increasingly distributed and hence require networked communication to coordinatively fulfil control tasks. Providing this in a robust and resilient manner demands for latency-awareness and -predictability at all layers of the communication and computation stack. This thesis addresses how these two latency-related properties can be implemented at the transport layer to serve control applications in ways that traditional approaches such as TCP or RTP cannot. Thereto, the Predictably Reliable Real-time Transport (PRRT) protocol is presented, including its unique features (e.g. partially reliable, ordered, in-time delivery, and latency-avoiding congestion control) and unconventional APIs. This protocol has been intensively evaluated using the X-Lap toolkit that has been specifically developed to support protocol designers in improving latency, timing, and energy characteristics of protocols in a cross-layer, intra-host fashion. PRRT effectively circumvents latency-inducing bufferbloat using X-Pace, an implementation of the cross-layer pacing approach presented in this thesis. This is shown using experimental evaluations on real Internet paths. Apart from PRRT, this thesis presents means to make TCP-based transport aware of individual link latencies and increases the predictability of the end-to-end delays using Transparent Transmission Segmentation.
Tissue resistivities determine the current flow in the cochlea (2006)

Electrode design and coding strategies may result in more spatial stimulation of spiral ganglion cells, resulting in a better performance of the electrode-tissue interface.
Dominant inhibitory Ras delays Sindbis virus-induced apoptosis in neuronal cells (1996)

Mature neurons are more resistant than dividing cells or differentiating neurons to Sindbis virus-induced apoptotic death. Therefore, we hypothesized that mitogenic signal transduction pathways may influence susceptibility to Sindbis virus-induced apoptosis. Since Ras, a 21-kDa GTP-binding protein, plays an important role in cellular proliferation and neuronal differentiation, we investigated the effect of an inducible dominant inhibitory Ras on Sindbis virus-induced death of a rat pheochromocytoma cell line, PC12 cells. Dexamethasone induction of dominant inhibitory Ras (Ha Ras(Asn17)) expression in transfected PC12 cell lines (MMTV-M17-21 and GSrasDN6 cells) resulted in a marked delay in Sindbis virus-induced apoptosis, compared with infected, uninduced cells. The delay in death after Sindbis virus infection in induced versus uninduced PC12 cells was not associated with differences in viral titers or viral infectivity. No delay in Sindbis virus-induced apoptosis was observed in Ha Ras(Asn17)-transfected PC12 cells if dexamethasone induction was initiated less than 12 h before Sindbis virus infection or in wild-type PC12 cells infected with a chimeric Sindbis virus construct that expresses Ha Ras(Asn17). The delay in Sindbis virus-induced apoptosis in induced Ha Ras(Asn17)-transfected PC12 cells was associated with a decrease in cellular DNA synthesis as measured by 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation. Thus, in PC12 cells, inducible dominant inhibitory Ras inhibits cellular proliferation and delays Sindbis virus-induced apoptosis. These findings suggest that a Ras-dependent signaling pathway is a determinant of neuronal susceptibility to Sindbis virus-induced apoptosis.
Design and Research on Household Photovoltaic Power Generation System in Jilin Province (2014)

Taking Jilin province rural areas as an example, according to the local climate, environm- ental conditions and basic load case, designed with independent photovoltaic power generation system, the photovoltaic array Angle, photovoltaic panels, battery, inverter and controller and so on has carried on the optimized selection and design. With professional PVSYST photovoltaic software to design the simulation, to meet user demand and system, battery working status, economic and environmental benefits has made the detailed analysis, for the independent photovoltaic solar power systems in Jilin province to promote the study of theoretical basis.
Multiple Source Procurement Competitions (1991)

Relationships between buying and selling organizations in business markets are varied and complex. One important relationship is procurement, or the type of alliance that buyers form with sellers to fulfill their purchasing needs. Multiple sourcing is often proposed to prevent a variety of procurement problems. We develop a bidding model to investigate the effect of multiple sourcing on competitive behavior prior to supplier selection. The model treats the number of bidders (and the decision to bid) endogenously. This distinctive feature allows us to show that the distribution of the number of bids is not independent of the competition type. Most previous models have not considered this question at all. Although multiple sourcing does increase participation in a bidding competition, we show that it can lead to strategic pre-award price increases that can mitigate the effects of the advantages stressed by most previous analyses of post-award supplier management.
Early myocardial disease and cramping myalgia in Becker‐type muscular dystrophy (1979)

We present a clinical and morphologic study concerning a kindred with slowly progressive X-linked muscular dystrophy (Becker type). Five males were affected; one died of heart failure at age 16. Severe and early cardiac disorder is unusual in this type of muscular dystrophy, and death at such an early age had not been reported previously. In the other patients of the kindred, cardiac abnormalities, if present at all, were nonspecific. Another unusual feature in this kindred was severe muscle pain at an early stage of the disease, a feature that cannot yet be explained.
Review on Innovative Catalytic Reforming of Natural Gas to Syngas (2016)

Decreasing supplies of high quality crude oil and increasing demand for high quality distillates have motivated the interest in converting natural gas to liquid fuels, especially with the present boom in natural gas proven reserves. Nevertheless, one major issue is the curtailment of costs incurred in producing synthesis gas from natural gas, which account for approximately 60% of the costs used in producing liquid fuels. While there are three main routes to convert natural gas to syngas: steam reforming (SMR), partial Oxidation (POX) and auto-thermal reforming (ATR). Significant new developments and improvements in these technologies, established innovative processes to minimize greenhouse gases emission, minimize energy consumption, enhance syngas processes, adjust the desired H2/CO ratio and change the baseline economics. This article reviews the state of the art for the reforming of natural gas to synthesis gas taking into consideration all the new innovations in both processes and catalysis.
Engineering Gesture-Based Authentication Systems (2014)

Gestures are a topic of increasing interest in authentication and successful implementation as a security layer requires reliable gesture recognition. So far much work focuses on new ways to recognize gestures, leaving discussion on the viability of recognition in an authentication scheme to the background. It is unclear how recognition should be deployed for practical and robust real-world authentication. In this article, we analyze the effectiveness of different approaches to recognizing gestures and the potential for use in secure gesture-based authentication systems.
Sensitivity to reward loss as an indicator of animal emotion and welfare (2008)

The scientific study of animal emotion is an important emerging discipline in subjects ranging from neuroscience to animal welfare research. In the absence of direct measures of conscious emotion, indirect behavioural and physiological measures are used. However, these may have significant limitations (e.g. indicating emotional arousal but not valence (positivity versus negativity)). A new approach, taking its impetus from human studies, proposes that biases in information processing, and underlying mechanisms relating to the evaluation of reward gains and losses, may reliably reflect emotional valence in animals. In general, people are more sensitive to reward losses than gains, but people in a negative affective state (e.g. depression) are particularly sensitive to losses. This may underlie broader findings such as an enhanced attention to, and memory of, negative events in depressed individuals. Here we show that rats in unenriched housing, who typically exhibit indicators of poorer welfare and a more negative affective state than those in enriched housing, display a prolonged response to a decrease in anticipated food reward, indicating enhanced sensitivity to reward loss. Sensitivity to reward reduction may thus be a valuable new indicator of animal emotion and welfare.
A New Synthesis? (2004)

It may seem mystical to suggest the biology is not 'molecular' at its core the way physics and chemistry are. But suppose it is not the genome that is especially conserved by evolution. Suppose the ephemeral phenotype really is what we need to understand and what persists over time. Genes would then be 'only' the meandering spoor left by the process of evolution by phenotype. Perhaps we have hidden behind the Modern Synthesis, and the idea that all the action is in gene frequencies, for too long.– Kenneth Weiss and Stephanie Fullerton (2000)
Silver-Carbon Nanocapsule Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction (2007)

The types of carbonaceous material and electrocatalyst are the critical components in fabrication of gas diffusion electrodes for fuel cells and metal-air batteries. In this study, carbon nanocapsule and Ag-carbon nanocapsule powders were synthesized and characterized for their electrochemical performances as oxygen reduction electrocatalyst in alkaline electrolyte using commercial noncatalyzed gas diffusion electrode as substrate. The polarization response of the carbon nanocapsule demonstrated enhanced electrocatalytic capability over those of XC-72R and vapor growth carbon fiber, delivering at . In addition, Ag-carbon nanocapsule powders exhibited a value of at , surpassing commercially available Mn-catalyzed, and MnCo-catalyzed gas diffusion electrodes. Galvanostatic discharge of these Ag-carbon nanocapsule powders from confirmed their stability and sustainability. This report identified a class of carbon material that not only exhibits electrocatalytic capability itself but also provides opportunity as substrate for known electrocatalysts.
Comparison of Matching Algorithms for DSM Generation in Urban Areas from Ikonos Imagery (2010)

The extraction of the third dimension from remote sensing data is a well known technique. Since in a number of countries aerial images and laser scanner data are unavailable, expensive or classified, stereoscopic high-resolution optical satellite images provide a viable alternative for generating digital surface and digital terrain models. Especially the automatic extraction of highly accurate 3D surface models in urban areas is still a very complicated task due to occlusions, large differences in height and the variety of objects and surface material. In this paper an analysis and a visual and quantitative comparison of three different matching algorithms for generating urban DSMs based on very high-resolution satellite images is presented. The three algorithms are least squares matching (LSM) in a region growing fashion, dynamic programming (DP) and semiglobal matching (SGM). The characteristics of the three algorithms as applied to four different Ikonos stereo pairs with a ground sampling distance of 1 m are shown. The following results were obtained: visually, in the LSM results the shape of the buildings is considerably smoothed. While in the DP results the building shape is sharper, only little detail is visible on the building roofs, and streaking along the epipolar lines causes problems. With SGM more details can be extracted and the results visually have the best quality. Based on reference data for the different test sites, the standard deviation of the building heights determined by LSM and DP is in the range of one pixel or slightly better, while it is in the range of half a pixel for SCM.
Plasma Diagnostics with Tracer-Encapsulated Solid Pellet (2014)

The diagnostics method of a tracer-encapsulated solid pellet (TESPEL) has been developed. TESPEL consists of polystyrene as an outer shell and of specific material as a tracer in the core. Owing to the advantages of the TESPEL, the following results have been successfully obtained: (1) distinctive different feature of impurity transport between the plateau and Pfirsch-Schlüter regimes depending on the impurity source location which is analyzed with the STRAHL code, (2) specific feature of a non-local thermal transport such as abrupt increase of electron temperature in the plasma core in case of plasma cooling in the plasma periphery due to a small TESPEL injection, (3) spatially resolved energy distribution of the high energy particles obtained by a pellet charge exchange method, (4) longer impurity containment inside the magnetic island which is observed by depositing the tracers in the magnetic island by means of the TESPEL, and (5) identification of new spectral lines using interested atoms contained in the core of the TESPEL.