gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies on Carbohydrate Derivatives. V (1959)

Galactose was acetylated to β-pentaacetyl-D-galactose which was brominated with glacial acetic acid saturated with hydrogen bromide at 0° to from α-acetobromo-D-galactose. Condensation of this brominated compound with fatty alcohols by the König-Knorr reaction, using silver oxide in chloroform, afforded alkyl 2, 3, 4, 6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-galactopyranosides, which was finally deacetylated with 0.01N sodium methoxide, forming 10 kinds of alkyl β-D-galactopyranosides; viz. butyl compound, m.p. 101°; pentyl, m.p. 117°, hexyl, m.p. 118.5°; octyl, m.p. 109.5°; decyl, m.p. 152° (t.p. 103°); dodecyl, m.p. 159° (t.p. 101.5°); tetradecyl, m.p. 168° (t.p. 102°); hexadecyl, m.p. 161° (t.p. 102°); octadecyl, m.p. 154° (t.p. 103°); and cis-9-octadecenyl, m.p. 138 (t.p. 56°).Similarly, alkyl β-D-glucopyranosides and their acetyl derivatives were prepared; viz. tetradecyl compound, m.p. 150° (t.p. 83°); hexadecyl, m.p. 145° (t.p. 82.5°); octadecyl, m.p. 120° (t.p. 81.5°); and cis-9-octadecenyl as a syrup. Their acetyl derivatives were: Tetradecyl, m.p. 69°; hexadecyl, m.p. 73.5°; octadecyl, m.p. 79.5°; and cis-9-octadecenyl, b.p0.05 252°. (t.p.: transition point).Of these, alkyl galactosides with larger number of carbon than decyl, and alkyl glucosides are considered to form liquid crystals.
Sonication provides maximal recovery of staphylococcus epidermidis from slime-coated vascular prosthetics. (1991)

Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) prosthetic vascular graft infections are often difficult to detect. A reliable culture method is needed so that appropriate therapeutic decisions can be initiated in a timely fashion. Sonication of graft material has been proposed as a method of enhancing bacterial recovery. Theoretically, however, this could cause cell lysis and false-negative culture results. Several methods of obtaining bacterial cultures were compared to determine the best method of quantitative bacterial recovery from infected graft material. Polytetrafluoroetehylene (PTFE) and knitted Dacron graft segments (n = 192) were exposed to a slime-producing strain of S. epidermidis or Escherichia coli (E. coli) at four different bacterial concentrations. Recovery of bacteria from the segments was then compared using three different methods to obtain organisms. One-third of the segments were pressed directly onto the agar to transfer bacteria while the other two-thirds were placed in broth and then either sonicated or vortexed prior to plating onto agar. The direct technique was significantly less effective (P less than 0.01) at recovering bacteria than either sonicating or vortexing for both graft materials at bacterial concentrations of 10, 10(2), and 10(4) CFU/ml of S. epidermidis. Sonication was significantly better at recovery from either material at 10(2) and 10(4) CFU/ml of S. epidermidis than vortexing (P less than 0.05). E. coli graft adherence was poor, and significant recovery occurred only at 10(8) CFU/ml. Sonication is necessary to maximally recover S. epidermidis from infected prosthetic grafts.
Calcium alginate microparticles for oral administration: II effect of form ulation factors on drug release and drug entrapment efficiency (1999)

The release rate of nicardipine HCl from various alginate microparticles was investigated. Manugel A7B618 which has a high guluronic acid content of 70% and a low polymerization degree of 60-400 was used as alginate. A 2(3) factorial design was utilized for the preparation of the alginate microparticles. The effect of drug:polymer weight ratio, CaCl2 concentration and curing time on parameters such as the time for 50% of the drug to be released (t50%) and the drug entrapment efficiency were evaluated with analysis of variance. The mean particle sizes and the swelling ratios of the microparticles were determined. The in vitro release studies were carried out with a flow-through cell apparatus at different media (pH 1.2, 2.5, 4.5, 7, 7.5 buffer solutions). Drug:polymer weight ratio and the concentration of the crosslinking agent were the influential factors on the release of NC from the alginate microparticles. The release of nicardipine was extended with alginate microparticles prepared in a ratio of 1:1 (drug:polymer weight ratio). The release of drug from alginate microparticles took place by both diffusion through the swollen matrix and relaxation of the polymer at pH: 1.2-4.5. However, the release was due to diffusion and erosion mechanisms at pH 7-7.5.
Strategy for Optimizing DNA Amplification in a Peripheral Blood PCR Assay Used for Diagnosis of Human Brucellosis (1998)

We studied two of the possible factors which can interfere with specific DNA amplification in a peripheral-blood PCR assay used for the diagnosis of human brucellosis. We found that high concentrations of leukocyte DNA and heme compounds inhibit PCR. These inhibitors can be efficiently suppressed by increasing the number of washings to four or five and decreasing the amount of total DNA to 2 to 4 microg, thereby avoiding false-negative results.
Duration and magnitude of faecal shedding of Shiga toxin-producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> from naturally infected cattle (2004)

To clarify the epidemiological relationship between cattle and human infections of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), we studied the duration and magnitude of the excretion of STEC O157 and STEC O26 with rectal faeces from naturally infected cattle at a breeding farm in the Tohoku area of Japan, using microbiological methods. The prevalence of STEC O157 was 3.5% (11/324), whereas that of STEC O26 was 7.9% (14/178). Faecal shedding of STEC O157 persisted for < 1 week to 10 weeks, whereas STEC O26 persisted from < 1 week to < 3 weeks. The magnitude of faecal shedding (per 10 g) ranged from 4 to > 110,000 c.f.u. for STEC O157 and from 3 to 2400 c.f.u. for STEC O26. All isolates of both STEC serotypes contained the stx1 or stx2 genes. Pulsed-field electrophoretic analysis of both STEC serotypes identified predominantly STEC O157 type III and STEC O26 type I in isolates, suggesting that a single STEC strain may be mutated in the intestinal tract of calves. These results indicate that STEC O157 is secreted for longer periods and in higher numbers than STEC O26 from healthy calves with natural infections, suggesting that STEC O157 may have more opportunities than STEC O26 to induce human disease.
A two-stage approach for VMAT treatment plan optimization (2013)

In this paper we study the optimization problem for the radiation treatment planning of Volumetric-Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT). Considering dose rate and MLC leafs as decision variables, we formulate the problem as nonlinear integer programming problem, which is very difficult to solve. A two-stage approach is proposed to tackle it, where in the first stage integer decision variables for MLC leafs are relaxed so as to decompose the nonlinear optimization problem using generalized Bender's decomposition, and in the second stage an 0-1 mixed integer programming problem is solved by nested-partitions method for MLC leafs positions. Throughout this approach a number of linear programming (LP) problems are solved, hence a high quality feasible treatment plan can be efficiently obtained.
A comparison of the effects of semisynthetic human insulin and porcine insulin on transmembrane ion shifts and glucose metabolism during euglycaemic clamping (1984)

Disturbances of potassium, calcium, phosphate and magnesium homeostasis in diabetes mellitus are well documented. We have compared the effects of semisynthetic human and pancreatic porcine insulin on transmembrane shifts of these ions, and on glucose metabolism, at two insulin infusion rates, 20 and 50 mU/kg/h, during euglycaemic clamping for 2 h in 6 normal volunteers. The glucose requirements and the changes in blood metabolite concentrations were not significantly different during the porcine and human insulin infusions. Serum potassium levels, however, showed a significant greater decline with infusions of porcine insulin (4.2 +/- 0.1 to 3.5 +/- 0.1 mmol/l) compared with human insulin (4.2 +/- 0.1 to 3.7 +/- 0.1 mmol/l) at 50 mU/kg/h (P less than 0.05). Potassium levels were significantly lower during the porcine insulin infusion at 105 and 120 min and at 15 and 30 min after stopping the infusion. Electrocardiographic T-wave voltage decreased during the porcine and human insulin infusion by 0.13 +/- 0.02 and 0.10 +/- 0.01 mV, respectively (P less than 0.02). Changes in serum levels of magnesium, calcium, phosphate, and red blood cell concentrations of magnesium and 2,3-DPG, were not significantly different between the insulins. Thus a small but significant greater decline in potassium levels with similar glucose requirements was found during iv administration of porcine insulin compared with human insulin.
Highly Luminescent and Photostable Quantum Dot–Silica Monolith and Its Application to Light-Emitting Diodes (2013)

A highly luminescent and photostable quantum dot-silica monolith (QD-SM) substance was prepared by preliminary surface exchange of the QDs and base-catalyzed sol-gel condensation of silica. The SM was heavily doped with 6-mercaptohexanol exchanged QDs up to 12 vol % (26 wt %) without particle aggregation. Propylamine catalyst was important in maintaining the original luminescence of the QDs in the SM during sol-gel condensation. The silica layer was a good barrier against oxygen and moisture, so that the QD-SM maintained its initial luminescence after high-power UV radiation (∼1 W) for 200 h and through the 150 °C LED encapsulant curing process. Green and red light-emitting QD-SMs were applied as color-converting layers on blue LEDs, and the external quantum efficiency reached up to 89% for the green QD-SM and 63% for the red one. A white LED made with a mixture of green and red QDs in the SM, in which the color coordinate was adjusted at (0.23, 0.21) in CIE1931 color space for a backlight application, showed an efficacy of 47 lm/W, the highest value yet reported.
Nanocrystals for silicon-based light-emitting and memory devices (2013)

Nanocrystals (NCs), representing a zero-dimensional system, are an ideal platform for exploring quantum phenomena on the nanoscale, and are expected to play a major role in future electronic and photonic devices. Here we review recent progress in the growth, characterization and utilization of some group-IV semiconductors (Si and Ge), metal and high-k NCs for silicon planar technology compatible light-emitting and floating gate memory devices. We first introduce the size-dependent electrical and optical properties of Si and Ge NCs. We outline some of the schemes to achieve light emission from indirect band gap Si and Ge NCs embedded in different high band gap oxide matrices. In particular, special emphasis is given on the review of the advances in Ge NCs because of some of their intriguing electronic and optical properties. We then describe the use of semiconductor and metal NCs as floating gates for non-volatile memory devices to achieve high data retention and faster program/erase speeds. The exploitation of high-k oxides with tunable and variable injection barriers for improved charge storage devices is discussed. Finally, the integration of single and multilayer metallic NCs and multilayer high-k oxides as floating gates is explored by the fabrication and testing of memory transistors.
[Preparation of nanocrystalline goethite (alpha-FeOOH) by gel-network precipitation method and spectral properties]. (2009)

Iron oxyhydroxides (FeOOH), as an environmental mineral material, can adsorb and coprecipitate the contamination from the medium. The ability of removing contamination is decided by the morphology and structural characteristic and the synthesis methods of the obtained mineral. In the present, the used synthesis methods of iron oxyhydroxides (FeOOH) include ferric iron hydrolyzation and ferrous chemical oxidation. But the products of iron oxyhydroxides prepared by these two chemical methods are easily agglomerated and form bigger particles. Thus, in the present study, a novel gel-network precipitation method was developed to synthesize the nanoparticles of goethite (alpha-FeOOH) as environmental mineral material. During formation of alpha-FeOOH nanoparticles by this method, FeCl3 acted as the reaction material and glutin played a role of the reaction medium, which prevents the presence of agglomeration of precipitate particles. So the obtained alpha-FeOOH nanoparticles had smaller size, no aggregation and basic monodispersity, compared with that prepared by the coprecipitation method. At the same time, we introduced the spectrum analysis measures, and studied the effect of different concentration of glutin and FeCl3 solution on the crystallizability and morphology of products. The structure and morphology of alpha-FeOOH nanocrystallites were determined by means of XRD, FTIR and SEM. The results of the spectrum analysis showed that the particle sizes and shapes and crystallizability of the obtained alpha-FeOOH precipitate products were highly related to the network structure of gelatin. And the goethite particles with better monodispersity, prepared by the optimum concentrations of glutin (12%) and FeCl3 solution (0.6 mol x L(-1)), had a short rod-type shape approximately 110 nm in length with an average diameter of about 35 nm.
Rock permeability in high-temperature geothermal systems (2002)

Economic development of high-temperature geothermal systems for electrical power generation requires the production, through wells, of large volumes of steam or hot water. However, one of the principal cost factors in drilling a geothermal well stems from the loss of drilling fluid from the well bore to the formation. Both fluid production and fluid loss result from permeable zones in the rock. Fluid-loss zones in the upper parts of wells are caused by both inter-granular and fracture permeability. Reservoirs for high-temperature fluid production are formed by fracture systems where, typically, fractures result from faulting. Faults are generally modeled as consisting of core and damaged zones. The core is the area where most of the strain is accommodated. It is separated from the protolith, or undeformed rock, by a damaged zone that includes joints, which have little or no offset, as well as faults with lesser offset than the core. In nongeothermal zones, the core is often of lower permeability than the damage zone due to the accumulation of crushed rock. However, within the geothermal system, the core appears to have the highest permeability. Brittle rocks are preferred lithologies as the hosts of geothermal reservoirs, whereas rocks that behave in a ductile manner form system boundaries or barriers to fluid flow within the reservoir. Evidence suggests that the bottoms of geothermal systems are formed by the transition from brittle to ductile behavior that is a function of rock type, temperature and strain rate. A model is presented here that describes the changing permeability in different zones of a geothermal system.
Power of Myths and Myths of Power : Shakespeare's History Plays and Modern Historiography (1996)

International audience
Magnetic properties of amorphous FeCo base ultrafine particles (1986)

RF sputter deposition of (FeCo) <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">80</inf> B <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">20</inf> onto a sputter-etched polyimide substrate produces a dense array of elongated finger-like projections of amorphous ferromagnetic material, with diameters less than 1000 Å and aspect ratio about 4. These particles, which we call ultrafine amorphous particles, have a magnetic easy axis perpendicular to the substrate. The coercive field and magnetic anisotropy depend strongly on the Fe/Co ratio and also on the annealing conditions. A maximum coercive field of almost 1200 Oe is obtained for (Fe <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.4</inf> Co <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.6</inf> ) <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">80</inf> B <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">20</inf> particles annealed at about 500°C. After this treatment the particles are crystalline.
Longitudinal handling characteristics of a tailless gull-wing aircraft (2008)

A handling quality investigation was performed on the swept gull-wing configuration. The swept gull-wing configuration is tailless and has a wing with a transition in the sweep and dihedral angle. An example of this type of aircraft is the Exulans. This aircraft is currently under development at the University of Pretoria. The handling quality study was focussed on pitch axis dynamics. The Exulans is a research testbed that will be used to investigate the swept gull-wing configuration and its special controls by means of full-scale flight testing. Variable wing sweep, twisting elevons and winglets will be investigated as means of control. These control devices are configured in such a way as to have minimum impact on the performance of the aircraft. The handling qualities of the swept gull-wing configuration have to be acceptable while using these different control strategies. The study was launched to investigate whether a gull-wing configuration aircraft will have satisfactory handling qualities at CG positions associated with the most favourable aerodynamic performance. There is an aerodynamic performance gain in designing an aircraft so that the CG falls on the so-called `E-point'. The E-point is the centre of pressure for an elliptical circulation distribution. An elliptical circulation distribution is associated with the highest Oswald efficiency for an aircraft. Time domain simulation techniques and frequency domain analysis techniques were used to analyse the handling qualities of the gull-wing configuration. The C-star criterion was used to analyse handling qualities with time domain simulation data as input. Comparative time domain simulations were performed between the Exulans and other aircraft to compare handling qualities. Eigenvalue analysis was used together with the thumbprint criterion to investigate inherent gull-wing airframe dynamics. The Shomber-Gertsen and Military Specification 8785 criteria were also used for the same purpose. The Neal-Smith method was used to investigate the effect of control authority on handling qualities and the effect of a pilot. The Monnich and Dalldorff criterion was used to evaluate gust handling qualities. An analysis chart by Fremaux and Vairo was used to evaluate the tumbling susceptibility of the gull-wing configuration. The pitch handling quality investigation shows sufficient promise that the swept gull-wing configuration will have acceptable handling qualities with the CG placed at positions associated with optimised aerodynamic performance. Analysis showed that the swept gull-wing configuration is potentially prone to tumbling. With low static margins, the configuration should exhibit improved handling qualities in gusty conditions when compared to existing tailless aircraft. It is recommended that a lateral handling quality study be performed before full scale flight testing commences on the Exulans. In addition, the possibility of wingtip stall must be investigated for the case of the swept gull-wing configuration.
Single optical fiber probe for optogenetics (2012)

With the advent of optogenetics, all optical control and visualization of the activity of specific cell types is possible. We have developed a fiber optic based probe to control/visualize neuronal activity deep in the brain of awake behaving animals. In this design a thin multimode optical fiber serves as the head of the probe to be inserted into the brain. This fiber is used to deliver excitation/stimulation optical pulses and guide a sample of the emission signal back to a detector. The major trade off in the design of such a system is to decrease the size of the fiber and intensity of input light to minimize physical damage and to avoid photobleaching/phototoxicity but to keep the S/N reasonably high. Here the excitation light, and the associated emission signal, are frequency modulated. Then the output of the detector is passed through a time-lens which compresses the distributed energy of the emission signal and maximizes the instantaneous S/N. By measuring the statistics of the noise, the structure of the time lens can be designed to achieve the global optimum of S/N. Theoretically, the temporal resolution of the system is only limited by the time lens diffraction limit. By adding a second detector, we eliminated the effect of input light fluctuations, imperfection of the optical filters, and back-reflection of the excitation light. We have also designed fibers and micro mechanical assemblies for distributed delivery and detection of light.
Application of Equal Area Criterion Conditions in the Time Domain for Out-of-Step Protection (2010)

A new procedure for out-of-step protection by mapping the equal area criterion conditions to the time domain is proposed in this paper. The classification between stable and out-of-step swings is done using the accelerating and decelerating energies, which represents the area under the power-time curve. The proposed methodology is simple and overcomes some of the difficulties associated with the previous techniques. The proposed approach is based only on the local electrical quantities available at the relay location, and does not depend on the network configuration and parameters. The proposed algorithm has been tested on a single-machine infinite bus and a three-machine infinite bus system using software simulations. A digital prototype of the relay has also been implemented on the hardware and its performance has been assessed in a closed-loop mode using a real-time digital simulator. The simulation results and the hardware testing results confirm the validity of the approach presented.
Antiphospholipid antibodies: new perspectives on antigenic specificity. (1992)

Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are found in up to 60% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and appear to predispose to a number of complications of the disease. We purified IgG from patients with SLE and the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) who have high levels of aPL and used this IgG in a modified ELISA where we excluded any source of cofactor in the assay. We showed that for 10 of the 11 patients, IgG bound strongly to cardiolipin only in the presence of the cofactor, which was present in fetal calf serum, normal human serum (NHS), and in the infranatant lipoprotein fractions obtained by flotation ultracentrifugation of NHS. We then purified beta 2 glycoprotein I (beta 2GPI) from NHS and showed that for 9 of the 11 samples of IgG, beta 2GPI was as effective, or more effective, than NHS as a source of cofactor. When beta 2GPI was coated on ELISA plate and used as an antigen we found little or no reactivity of patient sera or IgG, suggesting that beta 2GPI alone is not antigenic in our system. Three possible explanations could be put forward to explain the behavior of cardiolipin and beta 2GPI, neither of which is antigenic alone.
Spectral clustering for German verbs (2002)

We describe and evaluate the application of a spectral clustering technique (Ng et al., 2002) to the unsupervised clustering of German verbs. Our previous work has shown that standard clustering techniques succeed in inducing Levin-style semantic classes from verb subcategorisation information. But clustering in the very high dimensional spaces that we use is fraught with technical and conceptual difficulties. Spectral clustering performs a dimensionality reduction on the verb frame patterns, and provides a robustness and efficiency that standard clustering methods do not display in direct use. The clustering results are evaluated according to the alignment (Christianini et al., 2002) between the Gram matrix defined by the cluster output and the corresponding matrix defined by a gold standard.