gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemical phenotype matching between a plant and its insect herbivore (1998)

Two potential outcomes of a coevolutionary interaction are an escalating arms race and stable cycling. The general expectation has been that arms races predominate in cases of polygenic inheritance of resistance traits and permanent cycling predominates in cases in which resistance is controlled by major genes. In the interaction between Depressaria pastinacella, the parsnip webworm, and Pastinaca sativa, the wild parsnip, traits for plant resistance to insect herbivory (production of defensive furanocoumarins) as well as traits for herbivore "virulence" (ability to metabolize furanocoumarins) are characterized by continuous heritable variation. Furanocoumarin production in plants and rates of metabolism in insects were compared among four midwestern populations; these traits then were classified into four clusters describing multitrait phenotypes occurring in all or most of the populations. When the frequency of plant phenotypes belonging to each of the clusters is compared with the frequency of the insect phenotypes in each of the clusters across populations, a remarkable degree of frequency matching is revealed in three of the populations. That frequencies of phenotypes vary among populations is consistent with the fact that spatial variation occurs in the temporal cycling of phenotypes; such processes contribute in generating a geographic mosaic in this coevolutionary interaction on the landscape scale. Comparisons of contemporary plant phenotype distributions with phenotypes of herbarium specimens collected 9-125 years ago from across a similar latitudinal gradient, however, suggest that for at least one resistance trait-sphondin concentration-interactions with webworms have led to escalatory change.
SOME DEUTERIUM ISOTOPE EFFECTS: I. WATER SOLVOLYSIS OF METHYL-<i>d</i><sub>3</sub> ESTERS (1960)

The α-deuterium isotope effect has been examined for the solvolysis of a series of esters containing a fully deuterated methyl group. The possible sources of the effect have been divided into "thermodynamic" effects which appear to favor more rapid reaction of the protium compound and "zero point" effects where stiffening of out-of-plane vibrations may account for the direction of the observed isotope effects. It appears that the inverse isotope effect may be a measure of the spatial restrictions placed on the hydrogen atoms on the carbon atom in the activated complex.
Where, When, and how Long: Factors that Influence the Redemption of Mobile Phone Coupons (2015)

The use of coupons delivered by mobile phone, so-called “m-coupons,” is growing rapidly. In this study, the authors analyze consumer response to m-coupons for a two-year trial at a large shopping mall. Approximately 8,500 people were recruited to a panel and received three text-message m-coupons whenever they “swiped” their mobile phone at the mall entrances, with downstream redemption recorded. Almost 144,000 m-coupons were delivered during the trial, representing 38 stores that supplied 134 different coupons. The authors find that an important feature of m-coupons is where and when they are delivered, with location and time of delivery significantly influencing redemption. How long the m-coupons are valid (expiry length) is also important because redemption times for m-coupons are much shorter than for traditional coupons. This finding suggests that their expiration length should be shortened to help signal time urgency. Nevertheless, traditional coupon features, such as face value, still dominate m-coupon effectiveness, as does the product type, with snack food coupons being particularly effective.
Intracelluar pH (pHi) Measurements in the In Vitro Tadpole Brainstem: Direct Correlations between Changes in pHi and Ventilation (2013)

Central respiratory chemoreceptors measure pH in the brain stem and are an integral part of the neural circuitry that modulates respiratory rhythmogenesis, specifically in response to hypercapnic acidosis. Central respiratory chemoreceptor membrane potential and/or action potential firing rate are altered in response to changes in intracellular pH (pHi), which changes with the hydration of CO 2 in both the extracellular and intracellular space, however the role of cellular changes in chemoreceptor properties on respiratory motor output has been difficult to identify. We studied whole nerve respiratory activity while simultaneously visualizing pHi dynamics using the pH-sensitive dye, BCECF, in the spontaneously active in vitro tadpole brainstem. The isolated, superfused tadpole brainstem is well oxygenated and retains synaptic connectivity among respiratory central pattern generators, central respiratory chemoreceptors, and respiratory motor neuronsunder physiological conditions, where mammalian preparations do not. An ammonium prepulse was used to selectively induce a decrease in pHi. Our results show intracellular pH is regulated differently in cells located in chemosensitive and non-chemosensitive regions of the tadpole brainstem during hypercapnia. We were also able to show an inverse correlation between pHi in cells located in chemosensitive regions of the tadpole brainstem and whole nerve respiratoryrelated activity. Using this approach, the microenvironment of individual cells may be manipulated while monitoring real time changes in pHi, neuronal activity and ventilatory-related activity to elucidate the role of a variety of signals in eliciting changes in ventilation.
Studies of novel monomeric and polymeric azo disperse dyes (2002)

Abstract A series of polymeric dyes were synthesized by free‐radical addition polymerization of monomeric dyes that were derived from diazotized 2‐amino‐3,5‐bis‐(ethoxycarbonyl)‐4‐methylthiophene by coupling with various N ‐arylmaleimides. All the polymeric dyes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR and visible spectroscopy, viscometry, and TGA. Color and dyeability of the polymeric dyes are discussed by comparing them with those of the corresponding monomeric dyes. All the dyes have been found to give various color shades with good to very good depth and levelness on the fiber. The dyeing of the monomeric dyes shows good fastness to light and very good to excellent fastness to washing, perspiration, sublimation, and solvents. The corresponding polymeric dyes show excellent fastness properties. The percentage dyebath exhaustion and fixation on the fiber have been found to be good to very good (60–90%). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1380–1389, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10276
Kinetics and Isotope Effects in Solvolyses of Ethyl Trifluoromethanesulfonate (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTKinetics and Isotope Effects in Solvolyses of Ethyl TrifluoromethanesulfonateA Streitwieser, Jr, C Wilkins, and E KiehlmannCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 6, 1598–1601Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1968Publication History Published online5 August 2003Published inissue 1 March 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01008a601https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01008a601research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views397Altmetric-Citations65LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Coarse sample complexity bounds for active learning (2005)

We characterize the sample complexity of active learning problems in terms of a parameter which takes into account the distribution over the input space, the specific target hypothesis, and the desired accuracy.
Relationship Between Anatomical and Metabolic Responses to Soil Waterlogging in the Coastal Grass<i>Spartina patens</i> (1990)

Flooding responses in Spartina patens propagated from plants collected in dune, swale, and marsh habitats were examined in a 63 d time-course experiment. Leaf growth rates and anatomical and metabolic responses did not depend upon plant population, suggesting that there were no physiologically significant differences in soil waterlogging responses among source populations. Flooding resulted in significant declines in soil redox potential and root specific gravity (indicating increased root aeration). Root alcohol dehydrogenase activity (ADH, a measure of the capacity to ferment ethanol) increased within 3 d of flooding, then exhibited a significant decline as root aeration increased (i.e. as root specific gravity decreased). However, maximal aerenchyma development (50% of the root volume after 29 d) reduced but did not eliminate hypoxic stress in the roots. When plants that were flooded for 63 d were drained, ADH activity fell to levels equivalent to drained controls. These results support the following inferences: (1) Soil waterlogging dramatically increases root ADH activity. (2) Impact of soil waterlogging on root metabolism diminishes once internal root aeration increases. (3) Under severe chemically-reducing soil conditions, root aerenchyma formation, which adjusts to the prevalent degree of soil waterlogging, cannot provide roots with sufficient oxygen to support aerobic respiration completely.
Nitrogen heterocyclic analogs of polyaryls (1965)

Abstract Nitrogen heterocyclic analogs of polyaryls, derived from pyridine, quinoline, benzo[h]‐quinoline, indole, indolizine, and imidazo[1,2‐alpyridine, have been prepared from 1,4‐diacetyl‐ and 1,3,5‐triacetylbenzene and 2,6‐diacetylpyridine, for study of their physical, chemical and biological properties.
New Specific Equation to Estimate Resting Energy Expenditure in Severely Obese Patients (2011)

Calculating the estimated resting energy expenditure (REE) in severely obese patients is useful, but there is controversy concerning the effectiveness of available prediction equations (PE) using body weight (BW). We evaluated the efficacy of REE equations against indirect calorimetry (IC) in severely obese subjects and aimed to develop a new equation based on body composition compartments. One hundred and twenty severely obese patients had their REE measured (MREE) by IC and compared to the most commonly used PE (Harris-Benedict (HB), Ireton-Jones, Owen, and Mifflin St. Jeor). In a random sample (n = 60), a new REE equation based on fat-free mass (FFM) was developed and validated. All PE studied failed to estimate REE in severe obesity (low concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and limits of agreement of nearly 50% of the sample ±10% of MREE). The HB equation using actual BW exhibited good results for all samples when compared to IC (2,117 ± 518 kcal/day by HB vs. 2,139 ± 423 kcal/day by MREE, P > 0.01); these results were blunted when patients were separated by gender (2,771 vs. 2,586 kcal/day, P < 0.001 in males and 1,825 vs. 1,939 kcal/day, P < 0.001 in females). A new resting energy expenditure equation prediction was developed using FFM, Horie-Waitzberg, & Gonzalez, expressed as 560.43 + (5.39 × BW) + (14.14 × FFM). The new resting energy expenditure equation prediction, which uses FFM and BW, demonstrates higher accuracy, precision, CCC, and limits of agreement than the standard PE in patients when compared to MREE (2,129 ± 45 kcal/day vs. 2,139 ± 423 kcal/day, respectively, P = 0.1).The new equation developed to estimate REE, which takes into account both FFM and BW, provides better results than currently available equations.
Refractory status epilepticus (1998)

Mortality and morbidity associated with status epilepticus (SE) are, to a large extent, determined by the etiology underlying SE and the rapidity with which seizures are controlled.1 Most patients with SE will respond to aggressive treatment protocols that include repeated high doses of phenytoin, phenobarbital, and benzodiazepine. SE refractory to standard treatment protocols may respond to alternative therapies with IV lidocaine or valproic acid, or to continuous infusion of midazolam lorazepam or propofol.2 When these measures fail to control SE, patients may require the induction of coma with pentobarbital.3

A 13-year-old girl with seizures refractory to standard SE protocols, alternative therapeutic strategies, and 4 weeks of pentobarbital coma achieved control of both clinical and electrographic seizures after the administration of ketamine.

Case report. A previously healthy 13-year-old girl presented with a 3-day history of muscle aches, fever, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. She was treated with IV diazepam and loaded with 20 mg/kg phenytoin. SE persisted, and the patient was subsequently loaded with 20 mg/kg phenobarbital. Her seizures persisted despite these measures. Repeated doses of phenobarbital and phenytoin and continuous IV infusion to a maximum dose of 2 mg/kg/hour were ineffective. During the next 12 hours she continued to …
Pubovaginal Slings for the Management of Urinary Incontinence in Female Adolescents (1994)

A pubovaginal sling is an effective treatment for type III incontinence secondary to poor proximal urethral sphincter function. We used a pubovaginal sling to treat incontinence in 15 female adolescents. The etiology of incontinence was spinal dysraphism in 10 patients and prior trauma in 3. Simultaneous bladder augmentation was performed in the remaining 2 patients for poor bladder compliance. Three patients required additional procedures including repeat slings in 2 and repeat augmentation in 1. Of 13 patients followed for more than 6 months 11 remain dry, 1 leaks small amounts and wears 1 pad per day, and 1 did not achieve acceptable continence and was subsequently managed with bladder augmentation and a Mitrofanoff procedure. The upper urinary tracts have remained normal in all 13 patients. The pubovaginal sling has proved to be safe and successful in these children. The overall continence rate of 92% compares favorably to other available modalities.
The AAHE Scholar Award: Profile of the First Decade (1987)

(1987). The AAHE Scholar Award: Profile of the First Decade. Health Education: Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 29-30.
Human Cytomegalovirus with IE-2 (UL122) Deleted Fails To Express Early Lytic Genes (2001)

Much evidence suggests that the major immediate-early (IE) transactivator of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), IE-2, is likely to be critical for efficient viral replication; however, the lack of an IE-2 mutant HCMV has precluded an experimental test of this hypothesis. As an initial step toward characterizing an IE-2 mutant, we first cloned the HCMV Towne genome as a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) and analyzed the ability of transfected Towne-BAC DNA (T-BACwt) to produce plaques following introduction into permissive human fibroblasts. Like Towne viral DNA, transfected T-BACwt DNA was infectious in permissive cells, and the resulting virus stocks were indistinguishable from Towne virus. We then used homologous recombination in Escherichia coli to delete the majority of UL122, the open reading frame encoding the unique portion of IE-2, from T-BACwt. From this deleted BAC, a third BAC clone in which the deletion was repaired with wild-type UL122 was created. In numerous transfections of permissive human foreskin fibroblast cells with these three BAC DNA clones, the rescued BAC and T-BACwt consistently yielded plaques, while the UL122 mutant BAC never generated plaques, even after 4 weeks. Protein and mRNA of other IE genes were readily detected from transfected UL122 mutant BAC DNA; however, reverse transcription-PCR failed to detect mRNA expression from any of five early genes examined. The generalized failure of this mutant to express early genes is consistent with expectations from in vitro assays which have demonstrated that IE-2 transactivates most HCMV promoters. These experiments provide the first direct demonstration that IE-2 is required for successful HCMV infection and indicate that virus lacking IE-2 arrests early in the replication cycle.
Group Work with the Aged (1954)

Group Work with the Aged Ollie A. Randall CopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.44.1.111-b Published Online: August 29, 2011
N-3 fatty acids and pregnancy outcomes (2005)

Beneficial health outcomes are more likely to result from supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid itself, rather than its precursor alpha-linolenic acid. Trials have shown that a higher maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake during pregnancy may be favourable for the visual and cognitive development of the offspring. The significant positive association between maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake during pregnancy and the children's mental processing scores at 4 years suggest that optimization of the docosahexaenoic acid status of expectant women may offer long-term developmental benefits to their children.
等待时分——等，或者不等 (2011)

是谁说过，等待是一生最初的苍老？等待是一种夹杂着忧愁的期盼，亦如“天青色等烟雨”，亦如余光中在“蝉声沉落，蛙声升起”时的《等你，在雨中》。我们似乎早已习惯了等待，譬如等待天明，等待月上，等待日落，等待雨停，抑或，等待着某个有着丁香花般忧郁的姑娘，撑着油纸伞，从小巷里走来……
Astaxanthin attenuate iohexol-induced human proximal renal tubular epithelial cells injury via the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome signal pathway (2019)

Astaxanthin attenuate iohexol-induced human proximal
Non-polypoid colorectal neoplasms: Classification, therapy and follow-up (2015)

In the last years, an increasing interest has been raised on non-polypoid colorectal tumors (NPT) and in particular on large flat neoplastic lesions beyond 10 mm tending to grow laterally, called laterally spreading tumors (LST). LSTs and large sessile polyps have a greater frequency of high-grade dysplasia and local invasiveness as compared to pedunculated lesions of the same size and usually represent a technical challenge for the endoscopist in terms of either diagnosis and resection. According to the Paris classification, NPTs are distinguished in slightly elevated (0-IIa, less than 2.5 mm), flat (0-IIb) or slightly depressed (0-IIc). NPTs are usually flat or slightly elevated and tend to spread laterally while in case of depressed lesions, cell proliferation growth progresses in depth in the colonic wall, thus leading to an increased risk of submucosal invasion (SMI) even for smaller neoplasms. NPTs may be frequently missed by inexperienced endoscopists, thus a careful training and precise assessment of all suspected mucosal areas should be performed. Chromoendoscopy or, if possible, narrow-band imaging technique should be considered for the estimation of SMI risk of NPTs, and the characterization of pit pattern and vascular pattern may be useful to predict the risk of SMI and, therefore, to guide the therapeutic decision. Lesions suitable to endoscopic resection are those confined to the mucosa (or superficial layer of submucosa in selected cases) whereas deeper invasion makes endoscopic therapy infeasible. Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR, piecemeal for LSTs > 20 mm, en bloc for smaller neoplasms) remains the first-line therapy for NPTs, whereas endoscopic submucosal dissection in high-volume centers or surgery should be considered for large LSTs for which en bloc resection is mandatory and cannot be achieved by means of EMR. After piecemeal EMR, follow-up colonoscopy should be performed at 3 mo to assess resection completeness. In case of en bloc resection, surveillance colonoscopy should be scheduled at 3 years for adenomatous lesions ≥ 1 cm, or in presence of villous features or high-grade dysplasia patients (regardless of the size), while less intensive surveillance (colonoscopy at 5-10 years) is needed in case of single (or two) NPT < 1 cm presenting tubular features or low-grade dysplasia at histology.
[Effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha on the expression of connective tissue growth factor in hepatic stellate cells]. (2001)

To investigate the effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) on the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in rat hepatic stellate cells (HSC) in vitro.HSCs were prepared from SD rats by in situ perfusion and single-step Nycodenz gradient, and were treated with TNF-alpha and TGF-beta 1. The expression of CTGF in HSC was assessed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Both TNF-alpha and TGF-beta 1 could stimulate the expression of CTGF mRNA in HSC. The expression of CTGF was not found in HSC after treatment with TNF-alpha(10microgram/L) for 6 hours, but was observed after TNF-alpha treatment for 24 and 48 hours. TGF-beta1 could induce the mRNA expression for CTGF just after 6 hours of treatment at 1microgram/L concentration.TNF-alpha is able to induce the expression of CTGF in HSC, and this may be one of the mechanisms for TNF-alpha involving in the liver fibrosis.
Spiral antennas for ESM (1985)

The reason for the popularity of the cavity-backed spiral antenna in ESM systems is discussed, together with the surprising lack of supporting analysis and detailed understanding of its operation. In the absence of any published mathematical analysis of the complete antenna, the function and principle of operation of the three main antenna components—the spiral radiator, backing cavity and balun transformer— are described using elementary reasoning. Finally, as an illustration of the quality of performance presently achievable from these antennas, the performances of three particular spiral antenna designs are discussed; a reduced-size square antenna covering the frequency band 0.4–4.0 GHz, a 52 mm-diameter antenna covering the standard band 2.0–18.0 GHz, and an in-line 16 mm-diameter antenna and integral radome for the 18.0 to 40.0 GHz band, where the output is in double ridge waveguide.
Probing Hydrogen Bonding and the Local Environment of Silanols on Silica Surfaces via Nuclear Spin Cross Polarization Dynamics (1996)

By studying 1H→29Si cross-polarization dynamics of two untreated and two “dry” silica gel samples (one evacuated at 25 °C and one evacuated at 200 °C), we find that all the surface silanols on the two untreated silicas are hydrogen bonded, either to the hydroxyl groups of adjacent silanol(s) or to water molecule(s). About 46% and 47% of the geminal silanols and 53% and 58% of the single silanols that were hydrogen bonded only to water in the two untreated silicas become non-hydrogen bonded on the two “dry” silica surfaces, but the remainder of the silanols of the untreated silicas (i.e., those hydrogen bonded to other silanols) remain hydrogen bonded to other silanols upon drying. The ratio of the number of hydrogen-bonding single silanols to the number of hydrogen-bonding geminal silanols is 17-to-1 for a Fisher silica surface evacuated at 25 °C and 16-to-1 for a Baker silica surface evacuated at 200 °C. These results can be explained in terms of a generalized silica surface model based on the β-cristobalite crystal structure.