gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Review on diagnosis and treatment of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. (2008)

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is one the most important causes of the nephrotic syndrome in adult patients. FSGS is not a disease entity. The identification of underlying causes of FSGS (secondary FSGS) has increased our insight into the pathogenesis of FSGS. Moreover, differentiating between primary (idiopathic) and secondary forms of FSGS is important to allow appropriate treatment. Recently a new pathological classification of FSGS was proposed, expanding FSGS to include nonsclerotic lesions. In this review we discuss the current diagnostic and therapeutic options in patients with FSGS.
Goal-directed weakening of abstract interpretation results (2007)

One proposal for automatic construction of proofs about programs is to combine Hoare logic and abstract interpretation. Constructing proofs is in Hoare logic. Discovering programs' invariants is done by abstract interpreters. One problem of this approach is that abstract interpreters often compute invariants that are not needed for the proof goal. The reason is that the abstract interpreter does not know what the proof goal is, so it simply tries to find as strong invariants as possible. These unnecessary invariants increase the size of the constructed proofs. Unless the proof-construction phase is notified which invariants are not needed, it blindly proves all the computed invariants. In this article, we present a framework for designing algorithms, called abstract-value slicers , that slice out unnecessary invariants from the results of forward abstract interpretation. The framework provides a generic abstract-value slicer that can be instantiated into a slicer for a particular abstract interpretation. Such an instantiated abstract-value slicer works as a post-processor to an abstract interpretation in the whole proof-construction process, and notifies to the next proof-construction phase which invariants it does not have to prove. Using the framework, we designed an abstract-value slicer for an existing relational analysis and applied it on programs. In this experiment, the slicer identified 62%--81% of the computed invariants as unnecessary, and resulted in 52%--84% reduction in the size of constructed proofs.
The Player Engagement Process – An Exploration of Continuation Desire in Digital Games (2011)

Engagement is an essential element of the player experience, and the concept is described in various ways in the literature. To gain a more detailed comprehension of this multifaceted concept, and in order to better understand what aspects can be used to evaluate engaging game play and to design engaging user experiences, this study investigates one dimension of player engagement by empirically identifying the components associated with the desire to continue playing. Based on a description of the characteristics of player engagement, a series of surveys were developed to discover the components, categories and triggers involved in this process. By applying grounded theory to the analysis of the responses, a process-oriented player engagement framework was developed and four main components consisting of objectives, activities, accomplishments and affects as well as the corresponding categories of engagement, disengagement and their triggers – were identified and rank-ordered.
Multifaceted role of prohibitin in cell survival and apoptosis (2015)

Human eukaryotic prohibitin (prohibitin-1 and prohibitin-2) is a membrane protein with different cellular localizations. It is involved in multiple cellular functions, including energy metabolism, proliferation, apoptosis, and senescence. The subcellular localization of prohibitin may determine its functions. Membrane prohibitin regulate the cellular signaling of membrane transport, nuclear prohibitin control transcription activation and the cell cycle, and mitochondrial prohibitin complex stabilize the mitochondrial genome and modulate mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial biogenesis, and the mitochondrial intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Moreover, prohibitin can translocates into the nucleus or the mitochondria under apoptotic signals and the subcellular shuttling of prohibitin is necessary for apoptosis process. Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death that is important for the maintenance of normal physiological functions. Consequently, any alteration in the content, post-transcriptional modification (i.e. phosphorylation) or the nuclear or mitochondrial translocation of prohibitin may influence cell fate. Understanding the mechanisms of the expression and regulation of prohibitin may be useful for future research. This review provides an overview of the multifaceted and essential roles played by prohibitin in the regulation of cell survival and apoptosis.
Detecting<i>Phytophthora</i> (2009)

Species of the genus Phytophthora are arguably the most destructive plant pathogens causing widespread damage to many horticultural and ornamental species, and to native ecosystems throughout the world. Globalization has increased the volume of plants being transported over long distances and has increased the spread of Phytophthora species. As traditional detection methods such as baiting or direct isolation are incapable of handling the large volume of material to be tested, researchers have developed more rapid and specific antibody and DNA based tests. This review compares the performance of the different types of tests used for detection of Phytophthora.
Development of a large scale flexible LED display matrix for the screen industry (2013)

This project addresses the viability of lightweight, low power consumption, flexible, large format LED screens. The investigation encompasses all aspects of the electrical and mechanical design, individually and as a system, and achieves a successful full scale prototype. The prototype implements novel techniques to achieve large displacement colour aliasing, a purely passive thermal management solution, a rapid deployment system, individual seven bit LED current control with two way display communication, auto-configuration and complete signal redundancy, all of which are in direct response to industry needs.
Enabling GPU-assisted Antivirus Protection on Android Devices through Edge Offloading (2018)

Antivirus software are the most popular tools for detecting and stopping malicious or unwanted files. However, the performance requirements of traditional host-based antivirus make their wide adoption to mobile, embedded, and hand-held devices questionable. Their computational- and memory-intensive characteristics, which are needed to cope with the evolved and sophisticated malware, makes their deployment to mobile processors a hard task. Moreover, their increasing complexity may result in vulnerabilities that can be exploited by malware.
Channel network extraction from high resolution topography using wavelets (2007)

The availability of high resolution topography from LIDAR offers new opportunities for objectively extracting the channels directly from a DEM using local topographic information, instead of inferring them indirectly based on global criteria, such as area or area‐slope threshold relationships. Here we introduce the use of wavelet filtering to delineate threshold curvatures for defining valleys and threshold slope‐direction‐change for defining probable channeled portions of the valleys. This approach exploits the topographic signatures uniquely found in high resolution topography, and reveals the fuzzy topographic transition in which local weakly convergent areas lie at the transition between hillslopes and valleys.
Positron emission tomography molecular imaging for drug development (2011)

Human in vivo molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) enables a new kind of 'precision pharmacology', able to address questions central to drug development. Biodistribution studies with drug molecules carrying positron-emitting radioisotopes can test whether a new chemical entity reaches a target tissue compartment (such as the brain) in sufficient amounts to be pharmacologically active. Competition studies, using a radioligand that binds to the target of therapeutic interest with adequate specificity, enable direct assessment of the relationship between drug plasma concentration and target occupancy. Tailored radiotracers can be used to measure relative rates of biological processes, while radioligands specific for tissue markers expected to change with treatment can provide specific pharmacodynamic information. Integrated application of PET and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods allows molecular interactions to be related directly to anatomical or physiological changes in a tissue. Applications of imaging in early drug development can suggest approaches to patient stratification for a personalized medicine able to deliver higher value from a drug after approval. Although imaging experimental medicine adds complexity to early drug development and costs per patient are high, appropriate use can increase returns on R and D investment by improving early decision making to reduce new drug attrition in later stages. We urge that the potential value of a translational molecular imaging strategy be considered routinely and at the earliest stages of new drug development.
Nutritional evaluation of very low glucosinolate canola meal (1991)

Two very low glucosinolate (VLG) canola meals from crop years 1987 and 1988 (CM; 1.66 and 0.53 μmol g −1 ) and two Tobin CM (B. campestris) (10.71 and 15.62 μmol g −1 ) were evaluated in experiments with pigs. In exp. 1, 1987 Tobin CM, VLG-CM and soybean meal (SBM) were compared in individually fed meal and pelleted diets. Daily gains from 23 to 57 kg were similar for the CMs (VLG-CM 662 g, Tobin CM 645 g) but lower than those obtained with SBM (730 g; P < 0.01). Daily feed intakes of pigs fed CM were lower than for those fed SBM (P < 0.05). Plasma thyroxine (T 4 ) levels were similar for SBM and VLG-CM and were above those from pigs fed Tobin (P < 0.05) CM. Triiodothyronine (T 3 ) levels were lower for VLG-CM than for SBM (P < 0.05) and the T 3 value for Tobin CM was intermediate. Pelleting enhanced T 3 (0.70 vs 0.94 ng mL −1 ) and T 4 (50 vs. 60 ng mL −1 ) levels with all protein supplements (P < 0.01). In exp. 2, similar diets were fed ad libitum. Daily gains for SBM were greater than for Tobin CM (803 vs. 744, P < 0.05) and gains for pigs fed VLG-CM was 774 g. Daily feed intakes were similar (2.01, 1.99 and 1.92 kg). In exp. 3 energy digestibility of 1987 VLG-CM was greater (P < 0.01) than for Tobin CM (75.0 vs 67.4% for 30-kg pigs). Apparent digestibility coefficients of crude protein (CP) were 71.9, 71.2 and 71.6 in 16% CP diets. In exp. 4 Tobin and VLG-CMs from 1987 and 1988 crops were compared with SBM and commercial CM using 96 pigs (48M, 48F). Daily gains and feed intakes were similar for the CMs but T 3 and T 4 values were below those of SBM (P < 0.05). Key words: Canola meal, very low glucosinolate, digestibility, feeding value, pigs
Strength Property of Ternary System Non-Cement Matrix according to the Curing Method (2014)

본 연구는 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>발생으로 인한 지구 온난화에 따른 해결책으로 고로슬래그, 레드머드, 실리카 흄 등을 시멘트를 대체하기 위한 기초적인 연구를 수행한 것으로 고로슬래그, 레드머드, 실리카 흄 및 알칼리 자극제를 사용하여 시멘트와 같은 성질을 가지는 경화체의 제조가 가능한지에 대한 실험적 검토를 실시하였다. 이를 위하여 시멘트 대체재로 고로슬래그, 레드머드, 실리카 흄 등의 무기결합재와 수산화나트륨(NaOH), 규산나트륨(<TEX>$Na_2SiO_3$</TEX>)등을 사용하여 비빔시간 변화에 따른 강도특성을 선행실험에 실시하였다. 선행실험을 바탕으로 본 실험에서는 기건양생, 수중양생, 피막양생, 한지양생을 실시함으로써 경화체의 강도특성에 대하여 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 수중양생 <TEX>$80^{\circ}C$</TEX>의 경우 재령 28일에서 압축강도 및 휨강도가 가장 우수하였으며 무시멘트 경화체의 제조가 가능해서 친환경적인 콘크리트 생산에 커다란 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. This study was conducted as the basic research for the replacement of Blast Furnace Slag, Red Mud, Silica Fume, etc., with cement as a solution to the problems arising from the global warming caused by the generation of <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>, and conducted the experimental review to examine the feasibility of matrix having properties identical to those of cement by using the Blast Furnace slag, Red mud, Silica fume, and alkali-activator. For this, by using the the inorganic binder, such as Blast Furnace Slag, Red Mud, Silica Fume, etc., and NaOH, <TEX>$Na_2SiO_3$</TEX> and others as the cement substitute material, the strength characteristic according to the mixture time variation was performed in the tentative experiment. Based on the preceding experiment, this study performed the experiment to analyze the strength properties of hardener through the curing by air-dry temperature, curing by temperature in water, coating curing, and Korean paper curing. For the water curing at <TEX>$80^{\circ}C$</TEX>, the compressive strength and flexural strength were found to be the most excellent at the age of the 28th day, and furthermore, it was found that the non-cement hardener could be made, which is considered to affect the production of eco-friendly concrete.
Koenigs–Knorr reactions. Part 3. Mechanistic study of mercury(<scp>II</scp>) cyanide promoted reactions of 2-O-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-methyl-α-<scp>D</scp>-glucopyranosyl bromide with cyclohexanol in benzene–nitromethane (1977)

The kinetics and products of reactions of 2-O-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-methyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl bromide(I) with cyclohexanol in the presence of Hg(CN)2 in nitromethane–benzene (1 : 1 v/v) at 10–25 °C were investigated by polarimetry, g.l.c., and 1H n.m.r. The reactions exhibited a first-order kinetic dependence on the glucosyl bromide and Hg(CN)2 concentrations, but the reaction rates were independent of the cyclohexanol concentration. Cyclohexyl 2-O-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-methyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (IV) was the major final product (>90%) in reactions. The initial reaction is believed to involve rate-determining, Hg(CN)2-assisted heterolysis of the carbon–bromine bond to form the glucopyranosyl carboxonium ion. Glucoside formation then results from reaction of the alcohol with the carboxonium ion as the ion pair, the dissociated carboxonium ion, or an intermediate orthoester, 1,2-O-(1-cyclohexyloxyethylidene)-3,4,6-tri-O-methyl-α-D-glucopyranose (III). The orthoester (III) was shown to selectively form the β-glucoside (IV) under the reaction conditions used. The mole fraction of orthoester (III) in the initial reaction products was always substantially greater than that of cyclohexyl 2-O-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (V) and increased as the alcohol concentration decreased. Stereoselective formation of the β-glucoside (IV) in the overall reaction of the glucosyl bromide (I) is due to the fact that in those reactions of (I) which do not yield (IV) directly, α-glucoside (V) formation is minimized by preferential formation of the orthoester (III) which selectively forms the β-glucoside (IV).
Notiz zur Synthese von 3‐[Alkyl(aryl)thio]isoindolinonen aus 2‐Formylbenzoesäure‐methylester (1985)

Note on the Synthesis of 3‐[Alkyl(Aryl)thio]isoindolinones from Methyl 2‐Formylbenzoate In a one‐pot procedure the isoindolinone derivatives 6 have been obtained from methyl 2‐formylbenzoate, primary amines, and thiols via the intermediate imines 1 .
Physiological and morphological development of the rat cerebellar Purkinje cell (2005)

Cerebellar Purkinje cells integrate multimodal afferent inputs and, as the only projection neurones of the cerebellar cortex, are key to the coordination of a variety of motor- and learning-related behaviours. In the neonatal rat the cerebellum is undeveloped, but over the first few postnatal weeks both the structure of the cerebellum and cerebellar-dependent behaviours mature rapidly. Maturation of Purkinje cell physiology is expected to contribute significantly to the development of cerebellar output. However, the ontogeny of the electrophysiological properties of the Purkinje cell and its relationship to maturation of cell morphology is incompletely understood. To address this problem we performed a detailed in vitro electrophysiological analysis of the spontaneous and intracellularly evoked intrinsic properties of Purkinje cells obtained from postnatal rats (P0 to P90) using whole-cell patch clamp recordings. Cells were filled with neurobiotin to enable subsequent morphological comparisons. Three stages of physiological and structural development were identified. During the early postnatal period (P0 to approximately P9) Purkinje cells were characterized by an immature pattern of Na(+)-spike discharge, and possessed only short multipolar dendrites. This was followed by a period of rapid maturation (from approximately P12 to approximately P18), consisting of changes in Na(+)-spike discharge, emergence of repetitive bursts of Na(+) spikes terminated by Ca(2+) spikes (Ca(2+)-Na(+) bursts), generation of the trimodal pattern, and a significant expansion of the dendritic tree. During the final stage (> P18 to P90) there were minor refinements of cell output and a plateau in dendritic area. Our results reveal a rapid transition of the Purkinje cell from morphological and physiological immaturity to adult characteristics over a short developmental window, with a close correspondence between changes in cell output and dendritic growth. The development of Purkinje cell intrinsic electrophysiological properties further matches the time course of other measures of cerebellar structural and functional maturation.
Hargrave's Communications Dictionary (2001)

"This comprehensive book, which provides a succinct-as-possible glossary of the plethora of terms commonly used in communications, is destined to become an indispensable desk-side reference for engineers and others working in the area." - Curtis Siller, Lucent Technologies Are you sometimes overwhelmed by the overabundance of jargon encountered in technical books and articles? Hargrave's Communications Dictionary is a treasure of simplified communications terms, definitions, acronyms, charts, equations, and a wealth of related information amassed over the author's extensive engineering career. From ATM to Zone Paging, this volume includes over ten thousand definitions of key phrases that readers in industry, government, and academia need to understand. Many definitions incorporate basic tools for problem solving not found in other publications-such as drawings, graphs, charts, and references to IEEE standards.
Common Law Interpleader in Equity (1958)

Where there is a dispute between two or more persons, and the subject of the controversy is held by a third person who admits he has no right to the thing held, but is willing to give up the stakes according to the result of the dispute-that is, he is merely a stakeholder-he may avoid the expense and danger of defending two actions and a possible double recovery by giving up the thing in dispute to the court.This being done the stakeholder is no longer a substantial party to the action, and the court directs that the persons between whom the dispute really exists fight it out at their own expense.The preceding is by no means an all-encompassing definition of interpleader, but is intended, rather, to provide only a very general description as a starting point.A common situation appropriate to the use of interpleader arises in the case of bailments when a bailee is confronted by conflicting claims to the bailed property by the bailor and by an alleged assignee of the bailor.The bailor, claiming that there was no sale to the alleged assignee, or that the sale was fraudulent, brings suit.The assignee also sues.Naturally, the bailee had nothing to do with the sale, and evidence concerning it is not readily available to him.Although he assumed one obligation, he is faced with the prospect of a double suit and perhaps a double recovery, since juries in both cases could find in favor of the claimants without any error at law.There are two early Virginia cases,' having substantially the same fact situation, which provide a further illustration of the remedy of interpleader in terms of local law.In Storrs v. Payne, 2 decided in 1810, the complainant as sheriff of Henrico County, took the goods and chattels of V. S. Moore under an execution IStorrs v. Payne, 4 Hen.& M. ( 14
What We Swept Under the Rug: Radically Rethinking CS1 (1998)

Introductory computer science education is entrenched in an outdated computational model. Although it corresponds neither to our computing environments nor our work, we teach our students a single-thread-of-control static problem-solving view of the role of the computer program: computation as calculation. In this model, the job of a computer program is to start with a problem, calculate its answer, return that answer, and stop. This program-as-an-island bears little resemblance to most of today's software. We can dramatically improve this situation--and, as a corollary, all of undergraduate computer science--by teaching our students from the very beginning to conceptualize computation with a model of computer programs as simultaneous ongoing entities embedded in and interacting with a dynamic environment: computation as interaction; computation as it occurs in spreadsheets and video games, web applications and robots.
Back-hopping after spin torque transfer induced magnetization switching in magnetic tunneling junction cells (2009)

In some cases such as junctions with low magnetic thermal activation energy, the magnetization of the free layer in MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) can back hop to its original direction after successful spin torque induced switching. The back-hopping is observed in both current directions corresponding to parallel-to-antiparallel and antiparallel-to-parallel switchings. For bias voltage pulses with increasing pulse width, the threshold voltage for back-hopping appears to decrease together with spin-torque switching and junction breakdown thresholds, but its rate of decrease is less. Increasing the anisotropy field Hk by increasing the MTJ aspect ratio can raise the threshold voltage of back-hopping significantly.
Recent spreading codes for spread spectrum communication systems (1992)

Abstract This paper presents recent spreading codes and their applications to spread spectrum (SS) systems. First, co‐channel interference in spread spectrum multiple access communication systems (SSMA) and cross‐correlation functions are described, and the relationship between new “No sequences” with low cross‐correlations and other well known sequences is summarized. Second, an SSMA using very low‐rate convolutional codes proposed by Viterbi is described. With this SSMA the spectral efficiency can be improved over that of FDMA using a guardband. Finally, optical orthogonal codes for fiber networks, orthogonal Gold sequences, orthogonal Bent sequences for synchronous SSMA, majority logic combination sequences using M‐sequences, and generalized Geffe sequences for rapid acquisition are described.
Achieving uniform standards (1999)

Understanding different perspectives of quality and standards is essential argues Beverley Thomas
Use of BCB in high frequency MCM interconnects (1996)

Multichip modules (MCMs) are increasingly used for high frequency, microwave, and millimeter wave applications. This has prompted the need for low loss dielectrics to meet the performance requirements of multilayer interconnects used in MCMs. In the GE high density interconnect (HDI) process, adhesives are used to bond dielectric film layers over bare chips and components. After vias are formed in the dielectric and adhesive, patterned metal is fabricated, and additional layers of dielectric are bonded and additional patterned metal is fabricated to complete the interconnect structure. In this study, we evaluated the electrical performance of selected adhesives used to bond one dielectric film layer to another. The use of a low loss thermoset polymer such as benzocyclobutene (BCB) as the adhesive resulted in lower dielectric losses compared to an epoxy-based adhesive evaluated over the 10-20 GHz regime tested. Based on the experimental data derived in this study, the electrical performance improvement should be even more significant at higher frequencies.