gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Downstream-Water-Level Control Test Results on the WM Lateral Canal (2009)

On steep canals, distant downstream-water-level control can be challenging. The Software for Automated Canal Management was developed, in part, to test various distant downstream water-level controllers. It was implemented on the WM canal of the Maricopa Stanfield Irrigation and Drainage District, Stanfield, Ariz. to compare the performance of various controllers. In 2004, Clemmens and Schuurmans used optimization to determine the coefficients for a variety of controllers. These controllers vary in their complexity from a series of simple, single-input-single-output, proportional-integral controllers to a fully centralized, multiple-input-multiple-output, optimal controller. The controller design also varies regarding which pools are under downstream, or upstream, control and according to the conditions (e.g., flow rate) assumed for controller design. These controllers were tested under actual operating conditions and with unscheduled disturbances. The results of these tests are presented in this paper.
Electrophysiological Studies on Chemoreceptive Neurons in Crustacea (1990)

Single channel currents were recorded from the soma membrane of chemoreceptive neurons my means of GΩ seal patch clamp technique (cell attached and outside-out configuration). So far three types of ion channels could be identified in different neurons activated by either nicotinamide purine nucleotides or amino acids (and analogous substances). Open times, reversal potential and the single channel conductance were determined. A new method for the controlled application and wash out of activator at excised membrane patches within less than 0.5 ms was used. The purine nucleotide channels were activated within about 1 ms and after an initial peak of opening desensitized completely with a time constant of 150 ms. The amino acid activated channels showed a fast rise time («1 ms) and desensitized within 200 ms to a low level of steady state activity.
Aktive Systeme im Crash (2005)

Das Potential aktiver oder adaptiver Systeme für eine Vielzahl von Anwendungen konnte in den abgeschlossenen und laufenden Forschungsprojekten eindrucksvoll aufgezeigt werden. Erkenntnisse, die in diesen Projekten gewonnen werden konnten, erlauben jedoch auch zunehmend die Übertragbarkeit auf Fragestellungen, die bisher klassisch nicht betrachtet wurden. Unter anderem zeigen die laufenden Ergebnisse ein hohes Potential adaptiver Strukturtechnologien zur Erhöhung der passiven Sicherheit während eines Unfalls. Es gibt bereits Ansätze, Energie hoch absorbierende Materialsysteme zu entwickeln oder die Strukturverformung während eines Unfalls aktiv zu beeinflussen. Beides kann für den notwendigen verbesserten Fußgänger- und Insassenschutz eingesetzt werden, um die Folgen eines Unfalls zu minimieren. Obwohl weiterhin Grundlagenforschung zur Funktionalität, Herstellung und Zuverlässigkeit intelligenter Materialsysteme erforderlich ist, liegen ausreichende Erkenntnisse vor, prototypisch aktive oder adaptive Systeme zur Erhöhung der passiven Sicherheit zu entwickeln. Unter anderem werden in dem Integrierten Projekt APROSYS erstmalig in einem Europäischen Projekt intelligente Materialsysteme zur Erhöhung der passiven Sicherheit im Fall eines Seitencrashs eingesetzt. Darüber hinaus wird in Kooperation zwischen dem LBF, der TU Darmstadt, TNO Automotive und der TU Eindhofen ein aktives Rückhaltesystem entwickelt, welches herkömmliche, pyrotechnisch ausgelöste Gurtsysteme ersetzen soll. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrages werden erste Ergebnisse beider Projekte zur Entwicklung aktiver Systeme im Crash vorgestellt und seine wissenschaftlichen und technologischen Zielsetzungen erklärt.
Obstetrician-gynecologists' knowledge and training about antenatal corticosteroids (2001)

Most obstetrician-gynecologists reported using antenatal corticosteroids; however, in general, many were not aware of more recent information regarding potential risks. This survey suggests that a multipronged educational approach is warranted to update obstetrician-gynecologists about antenatal corticosteroids.
Measurement of Extravascular Renal Water by the Thermal Dye Indicator Dilution Technique (1982)

Simple mechanical swelling of the renal parenchyma against an unyielding renal capsule may be responsible in part for the development of oliguria and acute tubular necrosis. However, until now, renal swelling was difficult to measure, except by postmortem gravimetric techniques. A new in vivo technique, the thermal dye double indicator dilution technique, was used to assess renal swelling by measuring extravascular renal water. Ice cold indocyanine green dye solution was injected rapidly into the renal artery of 5 mongrel dogs, and the thermal dilution and dye dilution curves were recorded simultaneously by means of a thermistor catheter in the renal vein. The curves were corrected for the response time of the measuring systems, then the extravascular renal water was compared (renal blood flow multiplied by the difference in mean transit times of the thermal dilution and dye dilution curves). The results were compared to the gravimetrically determined extravascular renal water. A high correlation was found to exist between the thermal dye dilution method and the gravimetric method (r = 0.92, X = 0.65 Y + 19.8, p less than 0.05). These preliminary results are encouraging and warrant further trials, inasmuch as this technique would allow the sequential in vivo measurement of renal edema. It is therefore feasible to quantitate the effect of clinical insults, such as hypovolemic shock or sepsis, on the kidney, and to assess the value of different therapeutic interventions. A small body of evidence attempts to relate the role of simple mechanical swelling of the kidney to the pathogenesis of acute renal failure.
SARS-CoV-2 Transmission between Mink (<i>Neovison vison</i>) and Humans, Denmark (2020)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has caused a pandemic in humans. Farmed mink (Neovison vison) are also susceptible. In Denmark, this virus has spread rapidly among farmed mink, resulting in some respiratory disease. Full-length virus genome sequencing revealed novel virus variants in mink. These variants subsequently appeared within the local human community.
Photophysics and spectroscopy of metal particles (2000)

Abstract This paper describes our recent work using ultrafast laser spectroscopy to examine the fundamental properties of metal particles. Two studies are presented. First, the characteristic time scale for electron-phonon coupling in Au particles with sizes between 2 and 120 nm has been examined by bleach recovery measurements. These experiments show that the coupling between the electrons and phonons is independent of particle size, to within the signal-to-noise of our experiments. We have also used transient absorption spectroscopy to examine the low-frequency "breathing" modes of the Au particles. These modes are impulsively excited by the rapid lattice heating that accompanies electron-phonon coupling. The breathing motion contributes to the transient absorption signal because the position of the plasmon band depends on the free electron density and, thus, the particle volume. The measured frequencies are inversely proportional to the radius, and almost exactly match the predictions of classical mechanics calculations for Au.
The PlA1/A2 polymorphism of platelet glycoprotein IIIa is not associated with deep venous thrombosis. (2001)

Our data suggest that the PlA1/A2 polymorphism of GP IIIa is not associated with DVT.
packetC Language for High Performance Packet Processing (2009)

Increasingly, applications that process network packets, especially those that inspect packet payload content, need to run at speeds in the range of 1-40 gigabits per second. These requirements en-courage exploiting specialized hardware. Thus, typical approaches involve programming a specific network processor in assembly language or a C dialect that exposes machine-specific particulars so developers can closely control task switching and machine-specific resources. This paper describes CloudShield Technologypsilas alternative approach, which combines a parallel model, the packetC language and heterogeneous multiprocessor implementations. The parallel packet processing model uses coarse-grain, SPMD parallelism to free users from thread management and it requires the host system to locate protocol headers in the packet before a parallel copy of the program executes. The packetC language abstracts and encapsulates familiar packet processing data sets and operations into new aggregate data types and operators, e.g., for packets, databases and searchsets. These language constructs can be implemented by ordinary arrays, strings, instructions, etc. However, they are especially amenable to being implemented with specialized hardware without requiring any specific hardware. Our current implementation combines FPGAs, microcoded NPUs (Network Processing Units), content addressable memories and other specialized chips.
Very Rare Complementation between Mitochondria Carrying Different Mitochondrial DNA Mutations Points to Intrinsic Genetic Autonomy of the Organelles in Cultured Human Cells (2000)

In the present work, a large scale investigation was done regarding the capacity of cultured human cell lines (carrying in homoplasmic form either the mitochondrial tRNA(Lys) A8344G mutation associated with the myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fiber (MERRF) encephalomyopathy or a frameshift mutation, isolated in vitro, in the gene for the ND4 subunit of NADH dehydrogenase) to undergo transcomplementation of their recessive mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations after cell fusion. The presence of appropriate nuclear drug resistance markers in the two cell lines allowed measurements of the frequency of cell fusion in glucose-containing medium, non-selective for respiratory capacity, whereas the frequency of transcomplementation of the two mtDNA mutations was determined by growing the same cell fusion mixture in galactose-containing medium, selective for respiratory competence. Transcomplementation of the two mutations was revealed by the re-establishment of normal mitochondrial protein synthesis and respiratory activity and by the relative rates synthesis of two isoforms of the ND3 subunit of NADH dehydrogenase. The results of several experiments showed a cell fusion frequency between 1.4 and 3.4% and an absolute transcomplementation frequency that varied between 1.2 x 10(-5) and 5.5 x 10(-4). Thus, only 0.3-1.6% of the fusion products exhibited transcomplementation of the two mutations. These rare transcomplementing clones were very sluggish in developing, grew very slowly thereafter, and showed a substantial rate of cell death (22-28%). The present results strongly support the conclusion that the capacity of mitochondria to fuse and mix their contents is not a general intrinsic property of these organelles in mammalian cells, although it may become activated in some developmental or physiological situations.
Beyond Pairwise Similarity: Quantifying and Characterizing Linguistic Similarity between Groups of Languages by MDL (2018)

We present a minimum description length based algorithm for finding the regular correspondences between related languages and show how it can be used to quantify the similarity between not only pairs, but whole groups of languages directly from cognate sets. We employ a two-part code, which allows to use the data and model complexity of the discovered correspondences as information-theoretic quantifications of the degree of regularity of cognate realizations in these languages. Unlike previous work, our approach is not limited to pairs of languages, does not limit the size of discovered correspondences, does not make assumptions about the shape or distribution of correspondences, and requires no expert knowledge or fine-tuning of parameters. We here test our approach on the Slavic languages. In a pairwise analysis of 13 Slavic languages, we show that our algorithm replicates their linguistic classification exactly. In a four-language experiment, we demonstrate how our algorithm efficiently quantifies similarity between all subsets of the analyzed four languages and find that it is excellently suited to quantifying the orthographic regularity of closely-related languages.
Separation of Molybdenum Isotopes at Supercritical Fluid Extraction with Carbon Dioxide in a Vertical Gradient Field of Temperatures (2020)

Separation of molybdenum isotope complexes by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with carbon dioxide was studied experimentally. The extraction of molybdenum isotope complexes was carried out in the updated extraction chamber (reactor) of the SFE-U installation, which provided an initial pressure of P ≤ 20 MPa at constant temperatures of the upper T1 = 35°C and bottom T2 = 45°C flanges. The device, through which the eluent was discharged, involved a set of four thin tubes of different lengths located inside the reactor. The axes of the tubes and the reactor are parallel and the tubes are equally spaced circumferentially inside the reactor. The extract was removed from each tube through channels isolated from each other and located in the bottom flange with cylindrical expansion, in which several layers of filter paper were placed. After passing through the filters the extract entered a restrictor designed to remove the eluent from the reactor. The initial pressure of carbon dioxide and the holding time of the extract were specified in the experiments. The level of the eluent sampling was set by the lengths of the tubes depending on the reactor height. A method of producing molybdenum complexes was described. It was experimentally shown that at an initial pressure of 20 MPa and a given holding time a difference from the natural content of Mo isotopes for given heights of extract sampling depending on the reactor height was observed in extracts removed through filters. The ranges of deviation of the content of molybdenum isotopes in extracts from natural one were determined.
STRUCTURE AND MICROTRIBOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF TEFLON/ Si_3N_4 MICRO-ASSEMBLING FILM (1998)

Micro-assembling Teflon/Si3N4 multi--farer film was synthesized by ion beam alternating sputtering Teflon and Si3N4 ceramic targets. The structure, mechanical and ndcrotribological properties were studied by PHI--5300, FT--IR2000, Xos and atolinc force and frictioll force microscOPe. The results show that the multilayer is consist of crystalline Teflon and amorphous St3N4. The hardness of the multilayer is less than that of St3N4; but the toughness of Teflon/SisN' is greatly approved. This Teflon/Si3N4 multilayer has low friction coefficient and high wear resistance. The friction force of Tellon/ St3N4 film is linear with the load in nano--scale.The worn track will be formed in Teflon film when the load is greater than 70 uN.Keywrods: Teflon, multilayer film, structure, structure ,microtribology
Bystander effect in tumor cells produced by Iodine-125 labeled human lymphocytes (2012)

The observed reduction in the proliferation of LS174T cells in presence of (125)I-labeled lymphocytes or media obtained from such co-cultures can be attributed to an inhibitory (antiproliferative) bystander effect, probably mediated by factor(s) released from the dying (125)I-labeled lymphocytes.
Transport properties of a novel human organic anion efflux transporter hNPT4 (<I>SLC17A3</I>) (2011)

I型Na+リン酸トランスポーター（NPT）ファミリーSLC17に属するヒト遺伝子SLC17A3は，その輸送基質が不明のオーファントランスポーターであった．2008年，Deghanらは全ゲノム関連解析の結果，SLC17A3はSLC2A9，ABCG2とともに，血中尿酸値に影響を与える遺伝子の一つであることを報告した．最近我々は，SLC17A3遺伝子産物のNPT4は腎臓近位尿細管管腔側膜に発現し，電位依存性にパラアミノ馬尿酸（PAH）や尿酸などの有機酸の排出を担う多選択性トランスポーターである事を見出し報告した．今回NPT4の更なる輸送特性の解析を行った．常法に従いNPT4 cRNAをin vitro transcription法により作成し，アフリカツメガエル卵毋細胞にmicroinjection法により注入して，2-3日経過後NPT4による尿酸の細胞内取込みを測定した．RI標識PAH及び尿酸の卵母細胞からの排出実験には，cRNA発現卵毋細胞へのmicroinjection法による基質の直接的注入を行い，一定時間経過後の細胞内外のPAH及び尿酸量を測定し，排泄率を計算した．NPT4によるPAH及び尿酸取込みは，ともに細胞内のpH上昇／下降により増加し，またそれらの排出はともに細胞外pH上昇の影響を受けない点で共通していた．NPT4によるPAH及び尿酸取込みは，細胞外溶液のイオン組成をNa+をK+に置換することにより増加するが，これは細胞外K+濃度依存性で，ともに50mMを越える条件下で増加することが見出された．以上の結果から，NPT4の尿酸輸送特性は，そのPAH輸送特性とほぼ一致すると考えられた．このことはNPT4による尿酸輸送において，有機酸輸送時と同じ基質結合部位を利用している事，また同部位を介して薬物と尿酸が相互作用（薬物誘発性高尿酸血症）する可能性を示唆する．
Pharmacokinetic/Dynamic Assessment in Drug Development (1995)

The safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the investigational partial opioid agonist, mirfentanil, were determined in a dose-escalating, Phase 1 study in healthy male volunteers. Hemodynamic, central nervous system, and respiratory monitoring were used for safety assessment. The electroencephalogram (EEG) was evaluated as a surrogate measure of drug effect. Butorphanol was chosen as the control drug. In the mirfentanil group (n = 8) the dose was increased in sequential subjects from 25 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 for 30 min to 450 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 for 15 min, and in the butorphanol group (n = 10) from 2 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 for 30 min to 25 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 for 15 min. In the mirfentanil group, serious side effects were observed at plasma concentrations more than 2000 ng/mL: heart rates exceeded 130 bpm (n = 2), epileptiform EEG potentials (n = 2), and a convulsion (n = 1). The clearance of mirfentanil was high (5.8-7.2 L/min), and the volume of distribution large (247-348 L). The EEG of the subjects receiving mirfentanil showed no changes typical for opioids. Butorphanol however, caused intermittent slowing in the delta and theta ranges. The results of our study define the upper limit of safe plasma concentrations in future mirfentanil studies.
Structure–property relationship of extended π-conjugation of ancillary ligands with and without an electron donor of heteroleptic Ru(ii) bipyridyl complexes for high efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells (2013)

Two new heteroleptic Ru(II) bipyridyl complexes MH06 and MH11 were designed, synthesized and characterized for DSSCs. While the ancillary ligand of MH06 was molecularly engineered with a strong electron donating group coupled with an extended π-conjugated system, the ancillary ligand of MH11 contained a longer π-conjugated system only. Molecular modeling, photophysical, and photovoltaic properties were compared under the same experimental conditions against the benchmark N719. In an effort to understand the structure-property relationship, their photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical properties including Jsc, Voc, ground and excited state oxidation potentials, UV-Vis absorption, and molar extinction coefficients were studied. The UV-Vis results showed intense MLCT absorption peaks of MH06 and MH11 in the visible region with a red shift of 12 and 18 nm, respectively, with significantly higher molar extinction coefficients compared to N719. Tetrabutylammonium (TBA) substituted MH11-TBA demonstrated the most efficient IPCE of over 90% in the plateau region covering the entire visible spectrum and extending into the near IR region (ca. 890 nm), which showed a solar-to-power conversion efficiency (η) of 10.06%, significantly higher than that of the benchmark N719 dye (9.32%). The superior performance in terms of the IPCE and Jsc of MH11 can be attributed to the bulky and highly hydrophobic nature of the pyrene-based ancillary ligand, which behaves as a shielding barrier for hole-transport recombination between TiO2 and the electrolyte. In addition, the IMPS results showed that the contribution of dyes to the conduction band shift of the TiO2 level is almost similar, regardless of different substitutions on the bipy-moiety. This implies that the open-circuit photovoltage (Voc) increases with reduced charge recombination in the presence of a thick layer of tetrabutyl ammonium ions (TBA) of the dye anchored on the surface of TiO2.
Radiating Characteristics of High Temperature Exhaust Plumes from a Subsonic Axisymmetric Nozzle (2009)

Infrared (IR) camera measurements were obtained of exhaust plumes exiting from a subsonic nozzle designed for a nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) of 1.6. Measurements were obtained with the plume having a NPR of 1.6, a fixed nozzle inlet temperature (Tin) of 865 K, and a fixed mass flow rate ( m& ) of 1.4 kg/s. The plume had a core of high radiation intensity (I) near the nozzle exit which experienced a linear decay in the plume I for nearly all operating conditions. Following the core, the plume I decayed exponentially due to viscous mixing of the plume with the surrounding air. The I from plumes with a NPR of 1.6 but varying Tin and m& varied greatly in magnitude, but had comparable non-dimensionalized profiles. Plumes with a fixed m& exhibited a temperature (T) dependence of 5.1 which is due to the nonlinear dependence of I on Tin as well as the dependence of the plume Tin on the equivalence ratio (Φ). For a fixed m& , non-dimensionalized I profiles were similar regardless of the Tin. The plume I for a fixed Tin had the highest peak intensity (Imax) for the smallest m& and the smallest Imax for the highest m& . This is attributed to changes in the static T for the different m& due to isentropic expansion through the nozzle. Nondimensional scaling of the I shows that the plumes with the smallest m& decay the most quickly.
Unlocking stranded resources in naturally fractured reservoirs using a novel approach to structural reconstructions and palaeostress field modelling: an example from the Hoton field, southern North Sea, UKCS (2015)

Abstract Remaining resources in mature basins, such as the southern North Sea (SNS), are often associated with complex or unconventional reservoirs. Unlocking the value of these resources requires non-conventional approaches to the description and the development of the reservoir. Originally developed as a conventional reservoir, the Hoton field in the SNS delivers economic rates from a tight and fractured Lower Leman Sandstone. The northern part of the field is developed via a trilateral producer, but the field's southern half, which appraisal drilling showed to consist of poor-quality rock, was deemed too tight for development. Roughly 40% of the field's resource of dry gas lies within the southern part of the field with no plans to develop it. A reassessment of the southern area's potential using geomechanical tools suggests that it also could deliver commercial well rates, similar to those experienced in the northern area of the field. A combination of structural restorations using Dynel2D and forward deformation modelling using Poly3D produces palaeostress predictions, which are used to constrain a discrete fracture network model. From these, well profiles are generated that suggest that a development well into the southern part of the field can recover about half of the currently stranded resource.
Role of Rostral Ventrolateral Medullary ERK/JNK/p38 MAPK Signaling in the Pressor Effects of Ethanol and Its Oxidative Product Acetaldehyde (2013)

Enhancement of RVLM ERK2 phosphorylation constitutes a major molecular mechanism for the pressor response elicited by intra-RVLM EtOH or its metabolite, ACA, in conscious SHRs. Further, RVLM kinases dephosphorylation does not contribute to intra-RVLM EtOH- or ACA-evoked pressor response.