gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Al,Zr–FeSi preconditioning of grey cast irons (2008)

Laboratory research has been conducted to investigate the effect of strong deoxidising elements such as Al, Zr or Ti in preconditioning of uninoculated and inoculated grey irons. Experimental heats were performed in an acid lined crucible induction furnace at 3˙7–3˙9% carbon equivalent, 5˙5–6˙5 Mn/S ratio and, <0˙005%Al and Ti. The content of 0˙027–0˙028%Al, 0˙011–0˙017%Ti or 0˙011–0˙013%Zr was obtained in preconditioned irons. Not only inoculation but also the preconditioning of the base iron has a strong effect on the solidification pattern. Preconditioning led to an improved level measuring the most significant temperatures of cooling curves and resulted in a positive trend of eutectic and of the end of solidification representative parameters, in both uninoculated and inoculated irons. A foundry case study is represented to illustrate the efficiency of Al and Zr bearing FeSi preconditioning of electrically melted, inoculated grey iron: decreasing the eutectic undercooling and recalescence, improved graphite characteristics, avoiding carbides, increased tensile strength, while heat treatment was eliminated, for 5 mm sections castings.
The measurement of isotopic cross sections of<sup>12</sup>C beam fragmentation on liquid hydrogen at 3.66 GeV/nucleon (2000)

An experiment with 12C beam fragmentation on a liquid hydrogen target has been performed using the magnetic spectrometer, Anomalon, equipped with a Cherenkov charge detector, and the Dubna synchrophasotron at a projectile energy of 3.66 GeV/nucleon. A charge resolution of 0.26e (except for the hydrogen nuclei) and a mass resolution of 0.11-0.18 amu have been achieved. Isotopic and elemental fragmentation cross sections have been obtained for fragments from Z = 1 to 6. Decayed cross sections have also been calculated. We compare the measured cross sections with the results of other experiments and with calculations based on semi-empirical and parametric approaches.
Effects of Harvest Date on Some Chemical and Physical Characteristics of American Ginseng (<i>Panax quinquefolius</i>L.) (1998)

ABSTRACT The influence of harvest date on the ground root color, major carbohydrates, and ginsenosides of kiln dried Panax quinquefolius L. was investigated. The root became lighter in color, sucrose concentration more than doubled, and starch concentration decreased by about a third as harvest date was delayed from August to November. Amounts of the ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, mRd, Ro and gypenoside XVII decreased as harvest date was delayed, suggesting that a change to earlier harvest can improve ginseng chemical quality.
Chapter 1. Introduction (1987)

J. R. Hanson and J. M. Mellor, Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem., Sect. B: Org. Chem., 1987, 84, 1 DOI: 10.1039/OC9878400001
In situ study of sucrose exposure, mutans streptococci in dental plaque and dental caries. (2001)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among frequency of sucrose exposure, mutans streptococci levels and dental caries. Adult volunteers took part in this crossover study performed in 4 phases of 28 days each. The volunteers wore intra-oral palatal appliances containing blocks of human dental enamel and dripped 20% sucrose solution onto the dental blocks from 0 to 8 times/day. After each phase, the colony forming units (CFU) were determined in dental plaque and enamel dental caries was evaluated using cross-sectional hardness. Sucrose frequency had no statistically significant effect on mutans streptococci levels. In the enamel cross-sectional hardness tests, significant differences (p < 0.05) in relation to area of mineral loss were observed only when sucrose exposure was 8 times/day. Similar results were obtained when cross-sectional hardness was assessed at each distance from enamel surface.
Efficient high-volume cleaning of Aspergillus nidulans cleistothecia using bare fingers. (2003)

Even seasoned workers find it tedious and sometimes frustrating to remove Hülle cells and stray conidia from Aspergillus cleistothecia by rolling them with forceps across an agar surface, particularly when large numbers must be cleaned. It can be even more challenging to teach the skill to others, especially to a whole class of easily discouraged undergraduates, who may be seeing their first high-mag image of forceps tips at the same time as their first view of a cleistothecium.
Afro-descendentes da Colônia Alemã Protestante de Três Forquilhas (2001)

Elio E. Müller, pastor emérito da IECLB, analisa neste artigo a participação de aproximadamente 60 afro-descendentes na com unidade luterana de Três Forquilhas (litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul) durante o período que compreende o final do século XIX e o início do século XX. Suas fontes de pesquisa foram o Livro do Registro Eclesiástico, mantido pelo então pastor Carl Leopold Voges, e depoimentos colhidos de pessoas idosas da localidade, quando de seu pastorado naquela localidade nos anos 70. Ele constata que tanto o pastor como vários outros colonos da época possuíam escravos. Realça a história, o papel e a influência desempenhados na com unidade pela escrava Maria, da Nação Nagô, finalizando com um breve ensaio de uma pastoral para afro-descendentes, como realizada na época pelo trabalho integrativo do pastor Emst Theodor Lechler, a partir de 1899.
Influence of Target Concentration and Background Binding on In Vitro Selection of Affinity Reagents (2012)

Nucleic acid-based aptamers possess many useful features that make them a promising alternative to antibodies and other affinity reagents, including well-established chemical synthesis, reversible folding, thermal stability and low cost. However, the selection process typically used to generate aptamers (SELEX) often requires significant resources and can fail to yield aptamers with sufficient affinity and specificity. A number of seminal theoretical models and numerical simulations have been reported in the literature offering insights into experimental factors that govern the effectiveness of the selection process. Though useful, these previous models have not considered the full spectrum of experimental factors or the potential impact of tuning these parameters at each round over the course of a multi-round selection process. We have developed an improved mathematical model to address this important question, and report that both target concentration and the degree of non-specific background binding are critical determinants of SELEX efficiency. Although smaller target concentrations should theoretically offer superior selection outcome, we show that the level of background binding dramatically affect the target concentration that will yield maximum enrichment at each round of selection. Thus, our model enables experimentalists to determine appropriate target concentrations as a means for protocol optimization. Finally, we perform a comparative analysis of two different selection methods over multiple rounds of selection, and show that methods with inherently lower background binding offer dramatic advantages in selection efficiency.
Oedema as a risk factor for multiple episodes of cellulitis/erysipelas of the lower leg: a series with community follow-up (2006)

This study demonstrates that the true frequency of postcellulitic oedema, as well as that of further episodes, is probably underestimated. Furthermore, there is a strong association between these factors, each of which is both a risk factor for, and a consequence of, each other, and for which intervention (reduction of oedema or more prolonged antibiotic therapy) may reduce the risk of recurrent infection. By contrast, self-reporting of toeweb maceration is low, so attempts to reduce the risk of recurrent cellulitis by treatment of tinea pedis or bacterial intertrigo may fail.
Intestinal fibrosis in inflammatory bowel disease — Current knowledge and future perspectives (2008)

It is reasonable to expect that therapy of IBD-associated fibrosis will radically improve once the underlying mechanisms are better understood, and therapeutic modalities will emerge that prevent or reverse this complication of IBD.
Spatial Memory for Context Reasoning in Object Detection (2017)

Modeling instance-level context and object-object relationships is extremely challenging. It requires reasoning about bounding boxes of different classes, locations etc. Above all, instance-level spatial reasoning inherently requires modeling conditional distributions on previous detections. Unfortunately, our current object detection systems do not have any memory to remember what to condition on! The state-of-the-art object detectors still detect all object in parallel followed by non-maximal suppression (NMS). While memory has been used for tasks such as captioning, they mostly use image-level memory cells without capturing the spatial layout. On the other hand, modeling object-object relationships requires spatial reasoning – not only do we need a memory to store the spatial layout, but also a effective reasoning module to extract spatial patterns. This paper presents a conceptually simple yet powerful solution – Spatial Memory Network (SMN), to model the instance-level context efficiently and effectively. Our spatial memory essentially assembles object instances back into a pseudo “image” representation that is easy to be fed into another ConvNet for object-object context reasoning. This leads to a new sequential reasoning architecture where image and memory are processed in parallel to obtain detections which update the memory again. We show our SMN direction is promising as it provides 2.2% improvement over baseline Faster RCNN on the COCO dataset with VGG161.
Short-lived absorption in excited gadolinium scandium gallium garnet crystals activated with Cr and Nd (1987)

An analysis is made of the possibility of reducing short-lived losses in a gadolinium scandium gallium garnet crystal activated with Cr and Nd when these losses are due to the short-wavelength component of the spectrum of the exciting radiation.
Hyperspectral Modeling of Skin Appearance (2015)

Exploration of the hyperspectral domain offers a host of new research and application possibilities involving material appearance modeling. In this article, we address these prospects with respect to human skin, one of the most ubiquitous materials portrayed in synthetic imaging. We present the first hyperspectral model designed for the predictive rendering of skin appearance attributes in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared domains. The proposed model incorporates the intrinsic bio-optical properties of human skin affecting light transport in these spectral regions, including the particle nature and distribution patterns of the main light attenuation agents found within the cutaneous tissues. Accordingly, it accounts for phenomena that significantly affect skin spectral signatures, both within and outside the visible domain, such as detour and sieve effects, that are overlooked by existing skin appearance models. Using a first-principles approach, the proposed model computes the surface and subsurface scattering components of skin reflectance taking into account not only the wavelength and the illumination geometry, but also the positional dependence of the reflected light. Hence, the spectral and spatial distributions of light interacting with human skin can be comprehensively represented in terms of hyperspectral reflectance and BSSRDF, respectively.
Synthesis and comparative structural investigation of crystalline and liquid-crystalline phases of low molecular mass compounds and side group polymers I. Low molecular mass compounds (1990)

Abstract Low molecular mass compounds and analogous side group polymers with a thermotropic phase behaviour crystalline-smectic liquid-crystalline-isotropic have been synthesized for a comparative structural study. As characteristic features of the compounds a biphenyl group has been chosen for the mesogenic core and alkoxy parts of various lengths as terminal and spacer groups. The phase behaviour has been studied with differential calorimetric (DSC) measurements and polarization microscopic observations. The low molecular mass compounds form crystalline phases at room temperature and exhibit predominantly mosaic textures in the polarization microscope at elevated temperatures indicating high order of the packing of the molecules. The arrangements of the molecules in the crystalline and liquid-crystalline phase can best be described as layered structures according to X-ray diffraction measurements. A structural analysis of a solution grown single crystal provides valuable information on the conformation and packing of the compounds investigated in this study.
Near unity power factor single-phase to three-phase converter feeding an induction motor (2006)

The paper presents a drive system consists of single-phase boost rectifier, space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) inverter, and three-phase induction motor. The single-phase boost rectifier is used to obtain near unity power factor and to reduce the harmonic distortion in the main supply. The SVPWM inverter is used to offer 15% increase in the output voltage and low output harmonic distortions compared with the conventional pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter. The input/output performance of the proposed model of single-phase to three-phase converter feeding an induction motor is simulated with different loading conditions.
Optic Disc and Optic Cup Segmentation Methodologies for Glaucoma Image Detection: A Survey (2015)

Glaucoma is the second leading cause of loss of vision in the world. Examining the head of optic nerve (cup-to-disc ratio) is very important for diagnosing glaucoma and for patient monitoring after diagnosis. Images of optic disc and optic cup are acquired by fundus camera as well as Optical Coherence Tomography. The optic disc and optic cup segmentation techniques are used to isolate the relevant parts of the retinal image and to calculate the cup-to-disc ratio. The main objective of this paper is to review segmentation methodologies and techniques for the disc and cup boundaries which are utilized to calculate the disc and cup geometrical parameters automatically and accurately to help the professionals in the glaucoma to have a wide view and more details about the optic nerve head structure using retinal fundus images. We provide a brief description of each technique, highlighting its classification and performance metrics. The current and future research directions are summarized and discussed.
Measuring building occupancy using existing network infrastructure (2011)

The primary focus of Green IT has been on reducing energy use of the IT infrastructure itself. Additional significant energy savings can be achieved by using the IT infrastructure to enable energy savings in both the IT and non-IT infrastructure. Our premise is that energy can be saved by driving building operation on information gleaned from existing IT infrastructure already installed for non-energy purposes. We call our idea implicit occupancy sensing where existing IT infrastructure can be used to replace and/or supplement traditional dedicated sensors to determine building occupancy. Our implicit sensing methods are largely based on monitoring MAC and IP addresses in routers and wireless access points, and then correlating these addresses to the occupancy of a building, zone, and/or room. Occupancy data can be used to control lighting, HVAC, and other building functions to improve building functionality and reduce energy use. We experimentally evaluate the feasibility of this dual-use of IT infrastructure and assess the accuracy of implicit sensing. Our findings, based on data collected from two facilities, show that there is significant promise in implicit sensing using the existing IT infrastructure present in most modern non-residential buildings.
Chemical and in vitro study of the potential of 3-(aryl)-2-sulfanylpropenoic acids and their Zn(ii) complexes as protective agents against cadmium toxicity (2010)

The free H(2)xspa ligands [xspa = pspa, Clpspa, tspa or fspa where p = 3-(phenyl), Clp = 3-(2-chlorophenyl), t = 3-(2-thienyl), f = 3-(2-furyl) and spa = 2-sulfanylpropenoato], their Zn(II) complexes of formula [HQ](2)[Zn(xspa)(2)] (HQ = diisopropylammonium) and the Cd(II) equivalents were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis and by IR, Raman and NMR ((1)H, (13)C) spectroscopy. X-Ray studies of the crystal structures of [HQ](2)[Zn(pspa)(2)], [HQ](2)[Zn(Clpspa)(2)], [HQ](2)[Zn(tspa)(2)] and [HQ](2)[Zn(fspa)(2)] show that the zinc atom is coordinated to two O atoms and two S atoms of the ligands in a distorted tetrahedral ZnO(2)S(2) environment. In the structures of [HQ](2)[Cd(pspa)(2)] and [HQ](2)[Cd(Clpspa)(2)] the cadmium atom is coordinated to three S atoms and two carboxylato O atoms of the ligands in a distorted trigonal bipyramidal environment. The interchange of ligands between Zn(II) and Cd(II) was studied by (113)Cd NMR spectroscopy. The in vitro protective effect of H(2)xspa and their Zn(II) complexes against Cd toxicity was investigated using the human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cell line and the pig renal proximal tubule LLC-PK1 cell line. The incorporation of Zn(II) was found to be relevant in the case of H(2)pspa, with an increase observed in the cell viability of the LCC-PK1 cells with respect to the value for the free ligand.
Zur Stereochemie der 2‐Phenyl‐1‐carboxy‐cyclopentanone‐(4) (1969)

Abstract Durch Michael‐Addition und Dieckmann‐Kondensation von Zimtsäuremethylester und äthan‐1.1.2‐tricarbonsäuremethylester wird 2 r ‐Phenyl‐1.1.3′‐trimethoxycarbonyl‐cyclopentanon‐(4) ( 2a ) erhalten. Sein stufenweiser Abbau wird beschrieben. Er führt stereoselektiv zu cis ‐2‐Phenyl‐1‐carboxy‐cyclopentanon‐(4) ( 6 ). – Bei der Dieckmann‐Kondensation von erythro ‐3‐Phenyl‐butan‐1.2.4‐tricarbonsäuremethylester ( 9a ) mit nachfolgender saurer Verseifung und Decarboxylierung entsteht stereoselektiv trans ‐2‐Phenyl‐1‐carboxy‐cyclopentanon‐(4) ( 7 ).
Design and efficient implementation of censored cell averaging CFAR for non-homogeneous background (2018)

In this paper we propose the design of Censored Cell Averaging CFAR (CCA-CFAR) processor which does not require sorting of power levels in the reference cells. Cell Averaging (CA) CFAR is an optimum CFAR under exponential background interference and works well in homogeneous background. In real world radar detection problems, homogeneous background is a stricter requirement and CA CFAR exhibits performance degradation in the presence of interfering targets and clutter edges. Variants of CA CFAR such as Smaller Of (SO), Greater Of (GO), Variability Index (VI) CFAR, CATM CFAR are proposed in literature to handle the situation. The proposed CFAR processor is an extension of CA CFAR which selectively employs censoring of outliers in threshold computation. The proposed CFAR initially assumes that the background is homogeneous and employs CA CFAR to compute the threshold. Targets with sufficient SNR gets detected in this stage (stage-1). The range cells which cross the CA CFAR threshold are considered targets and these are considered outliers in background estimation. The background power estimate of range cells which include these outliers in the reference window is to be recomputed omitting these outliers. This is done in the second stage. In this stage, new targets might appear, which otherwise were masked in stage-1. We can run the outlier removal algorithm once again in the third stage considering the newly detected targets as outliers and remove their influence from the background estimate of affected range cells. The proposed Censored CA-CFAR processor (CCA-CFAR) effectively handles the detection loss caused due to the presence of interfering targets. We propose Switching Censored Cell-Averaging-Greater of CFAR processor (SCCAGO-CFAR) to handle the deficiencies of CCA-CFAR processor in the presence of clutter edges. In this CFAR processor we propose to dynamically switch CFAR between CA and GO CFAR in the first stage based on variability index and mean ratio, followed by censoring of outliers as in CCA-CFAR processor. Both the proposed CFAR processor do not require the ranking of reference cells based on return power and thus computationally efficient. The proposed technique is an extension of CA CFAR and belongs to class of mean level CFAR processors and can be implemented with a little higher processing requirement compared to CA CFAR. The censoring happens in stages, and outlier rejection step works on the small set of range cells thus adding small incremental load compared to CA CFAR. Simulations are carried out to evaluate the proposed CFAR techniques in handling abrupt clutter transitions and multiple interfering target environment. The approach is compared with other CFAR processors. The proposed approach works well in non-homogeneous background in the presence of multiple nearby targets. The of passes used to compute the threshold is also programmable and generally two to three passes are sufficient to detect targets in multiple-target environment.
A survey on configurations of current-limiting circuit breakers (CL-CB) (2016)

This paper presents a survey of topology configurations of current-limiting circuit breakers. Twelve different current-limiting topologies within four categories are detailed discussed and compared. It is concluded that active CL-CB may be a good choice for AC for its controllable reactive power capability to increase stability and multi-function protection.
ENERGY TRANSFER BETWEEN CHARGED PARTICLES BY COULOMB COLLISIONS (1958)

The theory of energy transfer between charged particles in a fully ionized gas is reviewed, and calculations are made of the rate at which energy is transferred from electrons at a temperature T to cooler ions. The interaction between ion and electron is assumed to be of the Debye form (Ze/r) exp (-r/ lambda ), where lambda is the Debye shielding length. It is suggested that future improvements of the theory of Coulomb interaclions in ionized gases are likely to be made in two ways: through employing an effective potential derived on the basis of quantum statistics for the electrons and through improvements in the two-body approximation to the many-body problem. (auth)