gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Allowable received OTDR light power for in-service measurement in lightwave SCM systems (2000)

To measure in-service optical transmission lines in optical video distribution systems using subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) techniques, we clarify how measurement light from an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) affects the signal transmission performance when the light enters an optical network unit (ONU). We describe the additional noises induced when OTDR light is injected into the ONU and analyze the relationship between received OTDR light power and carrier-to-noise ratio. Moreover, we use the analysis to provide a technique for estimating the allowable received light power in lightwave SCM systems and show the dominant factors determining this allowable power. Finally, by using the estimation technique, we clarify the required rejection ratio for a filter designed to prevent OTDR light from entering ONU's in wavelength division multiplexing systems.
Retinal laser photocoagulation. (2010)

Since its discovery in the 1940s, retinal photocoagulation has evolved immensely. Although the first photocoagulators utilised incandescent light, it was the invention of laser that instigated the widespread use of photocoagulation for treatment of retinal diseases. Laser permits choice of electromagnetic wavelength in addition to temporal delivery methods such as continuous and micropulse modes. These variables are crucial for accurate targeting of retinal tissue and prevention of detrimental side effects such as central blind spots. Laser photocoagulation is the mainstay of treatment for proliferative diabetic retinopathy amongst many other retinal conditions. Considering the escalating prevalence of diabetes mellitus, it is important for physicians to grasp the basic principles and be aware of new developments in retinal laser therapy.
Platelet ERK2 activation by thrombin is dependent on calcium and conventional protein kinases C but not Raf‐1 or B‐Raf (2002)

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation pathways have been well characterized in a number of cell types but very few data are available for platelets. The thrombin-induced signaling pathway leading to ERK2 activation in platelets is largely uncharacterized. In this study, we investigated the kinases involved in thrombin-induced ERK2 activation in conditions of maximal ERK2 activation. We found that thrombin-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK)1/2 activation was necessary for ERK2 phosphorylation. We obtained strong evidence that conventional protein kinase Cs (PKCs) and calcium are involved in thrombin-induced ERK2 activation. First, ERK2 and MEK1/2 phosphorylation was totally inhibited by low concentrations (1 microM) of RO318425, a specific inhibitor of conventional PKCs. Second, Ca(2+), from either intracellular pools or the extracellular medium, was necessary for ERK2 activation and conventional PKC activation, excluding the involvement of a new class of calcium-insensitive PKCs. Third, LY294002 and wortmannin had no significant effect on ERK2 activation, even at concentrations that inhibit phosphatidylinositol (PI)3-kinase (5 microM to 25 microM and 50 nM, respectively). This suggests that PI3-kinase was not necessary for ERK2 activation and therefore, that PI3-kinase-dependent atypical PKCs were not involved. Surprisingly, in contrast to proliferative cells, we found that the serine/threonine kinases Raf-1 and B-Raf were not an intermediate kinase between conventional PKCs and MEK1/2. After immunoprecipitation of Raf-1 and B-Raf, the basal glutathione S-transferase-MEK1 phosphorylation observed in resting platelets was not upregulated by thrombin and was still observed in the absence of anti-Raf-1 or anti-B-Raf antibodies. In these conditions, the in vitro cascade kinase assay did not detect any MEK activity. Thus in platelets, thrombin-induced ERK2 activation is activated by conventional PKCs independently of Raf-1 and B-Raf activation.
Fault tolerant control of electric power steering using H-infinity filter-simulation study (2009)

In a physical system, faults could occur time to time and, for safety purpose, measures have to be implemented to keep the physical system continuously operating if a fault does not result in global shut-down. In this paper, a Fault tolerant Control (FTC) design is proposed for the electric power steering (EPS) system in an automobile to address the case of electric connection fault incurred in the torsion bar torque sensor. In particular, the total torque that acts on the assisting motor shaft is the sum of the torsion bar torque and road reaction torque. An H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">¿</sub> filter is designed to estimate the total torque on the motor shaft and the road reaction torque can be calculated out using the available signals from the vehicle stability system. The torque sensor signal can then be deduced and used to replace the torsion bar sensor signal when the electric connection is broken. It is claimed that the proposed robust filter design yields huge advantage over a Luenberger type estimator.
Performance of Ag-TiO<sub>2</sub>Photocatalysts towards the Photocatalytic Disinfection of Water under Interior-Lighting and Solar-Simulated Light Irradiations (2011)

This paper reports the characterization and photoactivity of Ag-TiO 2 materials using different amounts of silver during the hydrothermal synthesis. Photocatalysts were characterized by means of TEM, XPS, XRD, DRS, and N 2 sorption isotherms to determine the textural properties. The photocatalyst's configuration was observed to be as anatase-brookite mixed phase particles with Ag partially oxidized aggregates on the TiO 2 surface, which increased visible light absorption of the material. Moreover, photoproduction of singlet oxygen was followed by EPR analysis under visible light irradiations following the formation of TEMPOL. Such photoproduction was totally decreased by using the singlet oxygen scavenger DABCO. Photocatalysts were tested towards the photocatalytic disinfection of water suing a solar light simulator and an interior-light irradiation setup. Results evidenced an increase in the photooxidative effect of TiO 2 , while dark processes evidenced that part of the inactivation process is due to the Ag-TiO 2 surface bactericidal effect and possible lixiviated Ag + .
Optical properties of a stack of right- and left-handed layers of a cholesteric liquid crystal (2012)

We have studied the optical properties of a stack that consists of right- and left-handed layers of a cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC). The problem has been solved using the modified Ambartsumyan layer-summation method. We have examined particular features of the reflection spectra of this system and have shown that, as distinct from a single CLC layer, this system has multiple photonic band gaps. Particular features of the spectra of the photonic density of states have been considered. We have shown that this system has unique polarization characteristics; thus, in particular, if the number of sublayers is even, the eigenpolarizations of the system are degenerate (both eigenpolarizations coincide) and, as distinct from ordinary gyrotropic media, the rotation of the plane of polarization can decrease with increasing thickness of the system, the sign of the rotation depends on the sign of the chirality of the first sublayer of the system, the system is very sensitive to the variation in the number of sublayers, etc. We have investigated how the sublayer thickness, the angle of incidence, the local dielectric anisotropy, and the pitch of helix of sublayers affect the reflection spectra and other optical characteristics of the system.
Interactive collision detection (1993)

Collision detection and response can make a virtual-reality application seem more believable. Unfortunately, existing collision-detection algorithms are too slow for interactive use. The authors present a new algorithm that is not only fast but also interruptible, allowing an application to trade quality for more speed. The algorithm uses simple four-dimensional geometry to approximate motion, and sets of spheres to approximate three-dimensional surfaces. The algorithm allows a sample application to run five to seven times faster than it runs with existing algorithms.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Seasonal Changes in Osmotic Pressure of Flounder Sera (1961)

The freezing point depression of sera collected from flounder during the winter averaged 1.15°C, whereas it averaged 0.63°C for sera collected during the summer. Elevated concentration of sodium and chloride ions were found for the winter samples of sera, but NaCl explained only a fraction of the seasonal increase in osmolarity.
Microwave assisted Gould-Jacob reaction: Synthesis of 4-quinolones under solvent free conditions (2002)

A single step Gould-Jacob reaction between aromatic amines and diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonates (EMME) for the synthesis of 4-quinolones under solvent free microwave irradiation has been carried out and compared with classical heating.
Transgenerational epigenetics in the germline cycle of Caenorhabditis elegans (2014)

Epigenetic mechanisms create variably stable changes in gene expression through the establishment of heritable states of chromatin architecture. While many epigenetic phenomena are, by definition, heritably passed through cell division during animal and plant development, evidence suggests that 'epigenetic states' may also be inherited across multiple generations. Work in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has uncovered a number of mechanisms that participate in regulating the transgenerational passage of epigenetic states. These mechanisms include some that establish and maintain heritable epigenetic information in the form of histone modifications, as well as those that filter the epigenetic information that is stably transmitted. The information appears to influence and help guide or regulate gene activity and repression in subsequent generations. Genome surveillance mechanisms guided by small RNAs appear to be involved in identifying and directing heritable repression of genomic elements, and thus may participate in filtering information that is inappropriate for stable transmission. This review will attempt to summarize recent findings that illustrate this simple nematode to be a truly elegant resource for defining emerging biological paradigms.As the cell lineage that links generations, the germline is the carrier of both genetic and epigenetic information. Like genetic information, information in the epigenome can heritably affect gene regulation and phenotype; yet unlike genetic information, the epigenome of the germ lineage is highly modified within each generation. Despite such alterations, some epigenetic information is highly stable across generations, leading to transgenerationally stable phenotypes that are unlinked to genetic changes. Studies in the nematode C. elegans have uncovered mechanisms that contribute to transgenerational repression as well as to the expression of genes that rely on histone modifying machinery and/or non-coding RNA-based mechanisms. These studies indicate that epigenetic mechanisms operating within the germ cell cycle of this organism filter and maintain an epigenetic memory that is required for germ cell function and can also influence gene expression in somatic lineages.
Selective phosphorylation of the cis-2', 3'-diol of unprotected ribonucleosides with trimetaphosphate in aqueous solution (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSelective phosphorylation of the cis-2', 3'-diol of unprotected ribonucleosides with trimetaphosphate in aqueous solutionR. SaffhillCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1970, 35, 9, 2881–2883Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00834a004https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00834a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views370Altmetric-Citations54LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Overview of active flow control at NASA Langley Research Center (1998)

The paper summarizes active flow control projects currently underway at the NASA Langley Research Center. Technology development is being pursued within a multidisciplinary, cooperative approach, involving the classical disciplines of fluid mechanics, structural mechanics, material science, acoustics, and stability and control theory. Complementing the companion papers in this session, the present paper will focus on projects that have the goal of extending the state- of-the-art in the measurement, prediction, and control of unsteady, nonlinear aerodynamics. Toward this goal, innovative actuators, micro and macro sensors, and control strategies are considered for high payoff flow control applications. The target payoffs are outlined within each section below. Validation of the approaches range from bench-top experiments to wind-tunnel experiments to flight tests. Obtaining correlations for future actuator and sensor designs are implicit in the discussion. The products of the demonstration projects and design tool development from the fundamental NASA R and D level technology will then be transferred to the Applied Research components within NASA, DOD, and US Industry.
Testing the harmonisation and uniformity of the UNCITRAL model law on international commercial arbitration (2015)

The 1985 UNCITRAL Model Law attempts to introduce uniformity into the procedural\naspects of international commercial arbitration and has been adopted by 97\njurisdictions. This thesis tests the achievement of this objective in Australia, Hong Kong\nand Singapore in respect of Article 34 (and its equivalent in the New York Convention\non the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards) which empowers a\ncourt to set aside an arbitral award. Uniformity in law is generally considered a matter\nof function and degree, with absolute uniformity not being required for the achievement\nof the appropriate degree of functional similarity. An internationalist approach to the\ninterpretation of the Model Law is expressed in Article 2A, which was introduced in\n2006, although this was required from the outset.\nThe achievement of uniformity is tested by analysing how the legislators and courts\nhave implemented (textual uniformity) and applied (applied uniformity) the Model\nLaw. Significant textual dissimilarities are identified in how the three jurisdictions\nadopt an internationalist approach and some potentially significant textual\ndissimilarities in the adoption of Article 34/V. An analysis of over 300 cases shows, by\nreference to internationalist norms (‘I-Norms’), that an internationalist approach has\nbeen present throughout, but in particular in the last 10 years or so in Singapore and the\nlast 5 years in Australia. Applied uniformity is also tested by a method which identifies\nprinciples of law which pursuant to the internationalist approach are able to be cited\ncross border albeit not in a binding way (‘I-Ratios’ derived from International Ratio\nDecidendi). This analysis demonstrates numerous citations of decisions from other\njurisdictions but few adoptions of their I-Ratios. The jurisdictions analysed are thus\nshown to have achieved what can be considered to be a constantly developing degree of\ntextual and applied uniformity.
TEXIVE: Detecting Drivers Using Personal Smart Phones by Leveraging Inertial Sensors (2013)

In this work, we address a fundamental and critical task of detecting the behavior of driving and texting using smartphones carried by users. We propose, design, and implement TEXIVE that leverages various sensors integrated in the smartphone and realizes our goal of distinguishing drivers and passengers and detecting texting using rich user micro-movements and irregularities that can be detected by sensors in the phone before and during driving and texting. Without relying on external infrastructure, TEXIVE has an advantage of being readily implemented and adopted, while at the same time raising a number of challenges that need to be carefully addressed for achieving a successful detection with good sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and precision. Our system distinguishes the driver and passengers by detecting whether a user is entering a vehicle or not, inferring which side of the vehicle s/he is entering, reasoning whether the user is siting in front or rear seats, and discovering if a user is texting by fusing multiple evidences collected from accelerometer, magnetometer, and gyroscope sensors. To validate our approach, we conduct extensive experiments with several users on various vehicles and smartphones. Our evaluation results show that TEXIVE has a classification accuracy of 87.18%, and precision of 96.67%.
Recommendations for Increasing the Efficacy & Coverage of the Rotavirus Vaccination Program in Ghana (2020)

Rotavirus is the most prevalent cause of severe diarrhea in children worldwide, accounting for up to 600,000 preventable deaths in young children each year. The burden of rotavirus is particularly high in sub-Saharan Africa, the site of 150,000 to 200,000 of these annual deaths. There are two live, oral rotavirus vaccines available globally: RotaTeq, administered in three doses and Rotarix, administered in two doses. In May 2012, Ghana became one of the first countries in the sub-Saharan region to administer a rotavirus vaccine, namely Rotarix. However, when comparing results of clinical trials conducted on children in developing nations to those conducted on children in higher-income nations, it is evident that there is a decreased level of success of rotavirus vaccines in Ghana and other developing nations. In Ghana, longer rotavirus infection seasons, younger ages of infection, poorer health and nutrition of children and decreased access to adequate healthcare are the most relevant obstacles to the success of the rotavirus vaccination program. Therefore, there is a need for a unique set of vaccine delivery strategies to maximize the success of the rotavirus vaccination program in Ghana. This paper explores the most relevant issues through literature reviews, in-person forums with mothers in Ghana and on-site interviews with the Head of Program Planning and Evaluation at Ghana’s Ministry of Health and a rotavirus expert from the University of Ghana’s Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research. Recommendations for improving vaccine success in Ghana include administering a probiotic and micronutrient supplement with the vaccine and broadening age restrictions for the vaccine from eight months up to two years old. In addition, further studies should be conducted to evaluate the risks and benefits of a neonatal dose at two weeks of age, examine the potential impact of restricting breast-feeding 30 minutes before and after immunization and determine the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine in HIV-positive infants. Importantly, the investigation of new candidate vaccines may ultimately be necessary to provide protection against uncommon viral strains found at increasingly higher rates in children in developing nations. These recommendations aim to circumvent the challenges to vaccination to maximize performance of rotavirus vaccines in Ghana and in other developing nations worldwide.
Sub-microwatt correlation integral processor for implantable closed-loop epileptic neuromodulator (2010)

Neuromodulation of the brain is an emerging therapy to control the epileptic seizure. The therapy can be improved with a closed-loop mechanism in which the electrical stimuli is activated in accordance with the seizure onset. In this paper, a correlation integral (CI) processor in a form of application specific integrated circuit is designed to estimate the brain complexity, chaoticity, after the EEG/ECoG sensors. Since the neural firing becomes more organized prior to the seizure, the intent is to drive the neuromodulator after the early detection of the seizure onset. With the simplified CI algorithm and channel-folded architecture, 0.14μW/channel power consumption is achieved in 90nm CMOS process to simultaneously extract chaoticity for 16 channels in a real time. The simulation results demonstrate a 98.23% and 97.81% of sensitivity and specificity for the classification of normal and epileptic brain rhythms.
Plasma Distribution and Signaling Activities of IGF-II Precursors (2011)

IGF-II is thought to function through activation of the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) and the A isoform of the IR, with the IGF-IR being relevant to tumorigenesis and the IR to both tumorigenesis and metabolic control. In the paraneoplastic syndrome of nonislet cell tumor hypoglycemia, tumor-derived IGF-II has been proposed to exert both proliferative and metabolic effects, exemplifying this dual mode of action. Increased levels of IGF-II precursors ("big" and pro-IGF-II) have been reported in the circulation of nonislet cell tumor patients and have been proposed to exert greater or different effects than mature IGF-II. However, most studies have not defined which version is being investigated, and the relative activation of the IR and IGF-IR by IGF-II precursors has not been delineated. In this study, we determined the distribution of IGF-II isoforms in normal human plasma and their ability to activate the alternative versions of the IR. The majority (71%) of total IGF-II in human plasma was the mature form, while "big" and pro-IGF-II comprised 16% and 13%, respectively, with more variation seen in the levels of mature IGF-II. In IGF-IR-deficient cells expressing similar levels of human IR-A or IR-B, mature and "big" IGF-II exhibited similar activation of IR signaling, while pro-IGF-II exhibited significantly less activation. Downstream activation of Akt by mature and "big" IGF-II was greater in IR-A cells, consistent with previous reports of the greater affinity of IR-A for IGF-II. Thus, both IGF-II precursor forms are present in human plasma but do not preferentially activate the IR.
Knowledge is power (1857)

Knowledge is power Get access R. C. R. C. 1Cork Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s2-IV, Issue 97, 7 November 1857, Page 376, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s2-IV.97.376h Published: 07 November 1857