gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanism-Based Enhanced Delivery of Drug-Loaded Targeted Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer Therapy (2013)

Abstract : The endocytic trafficking pathway is the site of action for receptor-targeted drug-delivery strategies, including Antibody-Drug- Conjugates (ADCs) and nanoparticle drug-delivery systems. Effective drug-release requires trafficking of the endocytosed receptor-bound cargo into the lysosomes for efficient disintegration. However, cancer-cell specific alterations that lead to receptor recycling, instead of lysosomal-degradation, can dampen the efficiency of drug delivery. Such changes include receptor overexpression, increased association with the molecular chaperone, chaperones such as HSP90 or alterations in regulators of recycling versus lysosomal pathways (Rab GTPases, c-Src, deubiquitinases). While substantial effort has gone into designing receptor-targeted drug delivery systems, the consequence of factors leading to altered recycling versus lysosomal trafficking on the efficiency of drug delivery have not been considered. The receptor tyrosine kinases ErbB2 and EGFR, which are often overexpressed in breast cancer, are examples of cell surface receptors used for evaluating nanoparticle-based targeted drug delivery systems. However, several studies have established that the ErbB2 receptor is either endocytosis-impaired or undergoes rapid recycling, suggesting that the strategies to enhance receptor internalization and lysosomal routing could further enhance the efficacy of cytotoxic drug being delivered. While, the molecular chaperone HSP90 is critical for maintaining oncogenic ErbB2-activity, it also is thought to be responsible for the altered trafficking of the receptor. The objective of this synergistic DOD-IDEA grant proposal was to evaluate our innovative hypothesis that HSP90 inhibitors can facilitate ErbB2-targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic payloads.
4D reconstruction of cardiac SPECT using a robust spatialtemporal prior (2017)

Cardiac gated images in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are known to suffer from increased noise due to low data counts. In this work, we investigate a 4D reconstruction approach based on an adaptive spatiotemporal smoothing prior, which is used to exploit the common signal component among the different cardiac gates in a sequence. In the experiments, we evaluated this approach with both simulated NCAT imaging data and two sets of clinical acquisitions. The results demonstrate that the proposed 4D approach can be more effective for improving the heart wall in terms of both noise levels and spatial resolution than motion-compensated 4D reconstruction. The proposed approach was also found to be robust for noise suppression when the imaging dose was reduced.
Nuevo marco jurídico para la protección de los consumidores en la contratación de préstamos y créditos hipotecarios, y en la intermediación de préstamos y créditos (2009)

En este articulo se analizan los nuevos deberes a los que quedan sujetas las personas fisicas y juridicas que, sin ser entidades de credito, intervienen en la contratacion de prestamos y creditos hipotecarios, y en la intermediacion de prestamos y creditos en general. Se entreveran normas protectoras de consumidores con normas financieras o proximas a lo financiero, con las dificultades interpretativas que de ello se derivan para los operadores juridicos
Activation of Apoptotic Procaspases (2012)

Most proteases are expressed as inactive precursors, known as zymogens. Studies to explore zymogen activation can further elucidate biological regulatory mechanisms and lead to novel chemical biology tools to trigger them. Caspases, or cysteine aspartyl proteases, are expressed as such inactive precursors, or procaspases, which become activated in fate-determining transformations, such as apoptosis. Procaspases are naturally activated upon binding to scaffolding complexes or as a result of cleavage by upstream proteases in response to extrinsic or intrinsic cellular signals. Removal of an N-terminal prodomain and an additional cleavage to yield a large and small subunit generates the mature enzyme. A small molecule, termed 1541, was identified from a high-throughput screen to facilitate procaspase-3 maturation. Unexpectedly, 1541 assembles into nanofibrils that bind procaspase-3, however, the proenzyme alone cannot auto-process. A trace amount of mature caspase-3 contaminant dominates procaspase-3 activity measurements. Thus, 1541 acts as a scaffolding moiety to promote induced proximity of procaspase-3 with caspase-3 to enhance autocatalytic maturation of the proenzyme. Similar to known signaling complexes, proteogenic fibrils may serve as a platform for procaspase maturation. These studies suggest that increasing the activity of an upstream protease or promoting colocalization of the proenzyme with an active protease are reasonable approaches to facilitate procaspase-3 activation.1541 represents a first-in-class, self-assembling, small-molecule nanofibril, which catalyzes procaspase-3 activation. A focused library of 1541-analogs was generated to evaluate the structural requirements for procaspase binding and activation. An initial screen of the library against procaspase-3, -6, and -7 identified compounds that can selectively activate each procaspase. These active molecules also form fibrils, yet demonstrate selective interactions with the zymogen and mature caspases. Thus, procaspase binding and activation can be tuned based on the substituents of the small molecule.Surprisingly, 1541 also induces apoptosis in a manner dependent upon the fibrils. While 1541 promotes cell death and caspase activity in most cell lines tested, additional fibril-forming analogs appear to have more selective toxicity profiles. Cell death induced by the fibrils is independent of both the intrinsic and extrinsic cellular pathways. Nevertheless, the cellular activity of these fibrils is unlikely due to direct binding of procaspases.
Comparison of multi-channel adaptive MLSE equalizers using different channel tracking strategies (1999)

In order to gain insights on equalization design in wireless mobile communication systems, we compare the performance of several multi-channel MLSE equalizers which adaptively track fast-fading channels. Commonly-used channel tracking schemes, decision-directed recursive least square (DD/RLS), per-survivor processing recursive least square (PSP/RLS) and other reduced-complexity MLSE algorithms are considered. Simulation results that illustrate the performance of the equalizers working with various channel tracking schemes are presented.
Pulse duration and energy scaling of femtosecond all-normal dispersion fiber oscillators (2012)

The pulse parameters of mode-locked fiber oscillators are scaled by variation of the fiber length and the spectral filter bandwidth. 31-fs pulses with energies of 84 nJ are demonstrated from a step-index fiber oscillator setup.
The First, General, Highly Efficient Method for Preparing Tetrasubstituted Epoxides Using HOF·CH<sub>3</sub>CN (2003)

Abstract Tetrasubstituted epoxides, and especially electron‐depleted ones, generally are difficult to prepare. HOF·CH 3 CN complex, probably the best oxygen transfer agent known today, epoxidizes tetrasubstituted alkenes at 0 °C in a matter of minutes or less in excellent yields. HOF·CH 3 CN complex is very easy to prepare by bubbling diluted fluorine (commercial) through aqueous acetonitrile. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Impact of electrode insertion depth on intracochlear trauma (2006)

This study gives evidence that intracochlear trauma increases with deep insertions. Thus, in cases where cochlear integrity might be important, limited insertions should be achieved.
Extraordinary stability of femtosecond direct written structures (2004)

We report novel results on the stability of femtosecond direct written structures: a silica sample previously irradiated with ultrashort pulses was annealed at increasing temperatures till 1400° C where it crystallized. Our results show that the birefringent direct written structures are stable till a temperature close to the glass transition of silica. After annealing at a temperature as high as 1100° C the form birefringence of the structures is still present, proving that the nature of the laser induced anisotropy is related to a structural change.
A comparative study of pulsed laser deposition and flash evaporation of Culn<sub>0.75</sub>Ga<sub>0.25</sub>Se<sub>2</sub> thin films (1994)

Abstract In this paper initial results are presented for the growth and characterisation of polycrystalline Culn 0.75 Ga 0.25 Se 2 thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition and flash evaporation. Analogies are drawn between these two important deposition technologies. The deposited films were characterised using a veriety of analytical techniques, including energy‐dispersive analysis of X‐rays and Rutherford‐backscattering spectroscopy for compositional evaluation, X‐ray diffreaction and Raman spectroscopy for structural evaluation, scanning electron microscopy for surface examination and the four‐point and hot‐point probe techniques for electrical characterisation. The comparison of films produced by these two deposition methods revealed that, in terms of their stochiometry, electrical and physical characteristics, good‐quality GIGS thin films could be produced by both techniques.
Single-translocation and double-chimeric transcripts: detection of NUP98-HOXA9 in myeloid leukemias withHOXA11 or HOXA13 breaks of the chromosomal translocation t(7;11)(p15;p15) (2002)

It has been demonstrated that the chromosomal translocation t(7;11)(p15;p15) in patients with human acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) invariably involves fusion of the nucleoporin gene, NUP98, on chromosome 11 and the class 1 HOX gene, HOXA9, on chromosome 7, and that the fusion gene NUP98-HOXA9 is an important gene in myeloid leukemogenesis. Here are reported 2 novel chromosome 7p15 targets of the t(7;11)(p15;p15) chromosomal translocation in 2 patients with CML and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Southern blot and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses of leukemia cell DNA failed to show rearrangement of HOXA9, whereas NUP98 was found to be rearranged in both cases. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis using a NUP98 primer and a degenerate primer corresponding to the third helix of the homeodomain of HOXA demonstrated that NUP98 was fused in-frame to HOXA11 in the patient with CML and to HOXA13 in the patient with MDS. The chromosomal breakpoints on 7p15 were located within introns of HOXA11 or HOXA13 genes. In both patients chimeric NUP98-HOXA9 transcripts were also observed. These findings suggest that AbdB-type HOXA genes are common targets of t(7;11)(p15;p15) chromosomal translocations and that a single translocation can produce more than one NUP98-HOXA fusion gene, presumably because of altered splicing.
Calcium influences cellular and extracellular product formation during biofilm-associated growth of a marine Pseudoalteromonas sp. (2005)

Bacteria undergo a variety of physiological changes following a switch from planktonic growth to surface-associated biofilm growth. Here, it is shown that biofilm development of a marine isolate, Pseudoalteromonas sp. 1398, results in global changes in its cytosolic and extracellular proteomes. Calcium influences these proteome responses, and affects the amount of surface-associated biomass and extracellular matrix material produced by Pseudoalteromonas sp. 1398. Four extracellular proteins, characterized by N-terminal sequencing, showed increased abundances, while one protein, flagellin, showed reduced abundance at higher [Ca(2+)]. Immunoblotting and transmission-electron-microscopy analysis confirmed that higher [Ca(2+)] and surface-associated growth results in the repression of flagella production. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE) studies combined with cluster analysis of global proteome responses demonstrated that Ca(2+) had a greater regulatory influence on Pseudoalteromonas sp. growing in biofilms than on planktonic cultures. Approximately 22 % of the total cytosolic proteins resolved by 2DGE had differing abundances in response to a switch from planktonic growth to surface-associated growth when the cells were cultivated in 1 mM Ca(2+). At higher [Ca(2+)] this number increased to 38 %. Fifteen cellular proteins that were differentially expressed in response to biofilm growth and/or Ca(2+) were analysed by N-terminal sequencing and/or MS/MS. These proteins were identified as factors involved in cellular metabolic functions, putative proteases and transport proteins, although there were several proteins that had not been previously characterized. These results indicate that Ca(2+) causes global changes in matrix material, as well as in cellular and extracellular protein profiles of Pseudoalteromonas sp. 1398. These changes are more pronounced when the bacterium grows in biofilms than when it grows in planktonic culture.
Ring Closures Involving Highly Hindered Ketone Groups (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRing Closures Involving Highly Hindered Ketone GroupsReynold C. Fuson and William C. HammannCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 7, 1626–1628Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01127a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01127a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views109Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Angiotropic Large Cell Lymphoma: An Unfamiliar Cause of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency (1998)

Recently non-invasive and quite effective diagnostic procedures, such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have been applied for manypatients with, or sometimeseven without suspected pathology. Adrenal masses thus found incidentally are now referred to as adrenal "incidentalomas". In this issue, Kuwahara et al (1) report a case of angiotropic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) which is rarely diagnosed before death; given a clue from relatively incidentally discovered bilateral adrenal swelling.
Transmetalation of tetranuclear copper complexes. 5. Transmetalation of copper(I) complexes and stoichiometry and kinetics of oxidation of neutral tetranuclear (DENC)3Cu3M(NS)X4 (DENC = N,N-diethylnicotinamide) complexes by dioxygen in aprotic solvents (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTransmetalation of tetranuclear copper complexes. 5. Transmetalation of copper(I) complexes and stoichiometry and kinetics of oxidation of neutral tetranuclear (DENC)3Cu3M(NS)X4 (DENC = N,N-diethylnicotinamide) complexes by dioxygen in aprotic solventsGeoffrey Davies, Mohamed A. El-Sayed, Ahmed El-Toukhy, Thomas R. Gilbert, and Khadija NabihCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1986, 25, 12, 1929–1934Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00232a004https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00232a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views59Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Synthesis and properties of new ferroelectric liquid crystalline compounds having a 1, 2-diphenylethane structure (1990)

Abstract Chiral 1, 2-diphenylethane derivatives have been synthesized and found to form stable chiral Sc phases exhibiting ferroelectric properties. Comparison with diphenylacetylene derivatives revealed that flexibility of the bridging groups between two benzene nuclei strongly influences the stability of mesophases as well as transition temperatures.
Galanin immunoreactivity is increased in the nucleus basalis of meynert in Alzheimer's disease (1990)

A depletion of large cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert is a consistent finding in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The nucleus basalis of Meynert also contains interneurons and afferents that may modulate its functioning. In the present study we examined neurochemical markers for neuropeptides, amino acid neurotransmitters, and monoaminergic neurotransmitters in postmortem samples of the nucleus basalis in 16 control subjects and 30 patients with AD. There were no significant changes in glutamate, aspartate, taurine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and catecholamines; however, concentrations of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and 5-hydroxytryptophol were significantly reduced. Choline acetyltransferase activity was significantly reduced, consistent with previous reports. Galanin immunoreactivity was significantly increased twofold in the patients with AD, but there were no significant changes in substance P, somatostatin, or neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity. Since galanin inhibits acetylcholine release, and produces cognitive deficits in animals, increased galanin immunoreactivity in the nucleus basalis of Meynert in AD may contribute to the cognitive deficits that characterize the illness.
Unusual Cleavage of the Enolsilane C-O Bond: Transformation of 2-Silyloxy-1,3-dienes into 1,3-Dienyl-2-zirconium Compounds and their Cross-Coupling Reactions (2001)

Aryl enolsilanes and 2-silyloxy-1,3-dienes react with zirconocene to give alkenylzirconium, and novel 1-methylene-2-propenylzirconium compounds which can be used as 2-dienylation reagents. Thus, one-pot coupling of 4-phenyl-1,3-butadienyl-2-zirconocene (2d) with a range of electrophiles including aryl, alkynyl, allyl halides, bromine, iodine and a Michael acceptor occurs regioselectively at the C-2 position in the presence of Pd or Cu catalysts.
Alternative TrkA Splicing and Neuroblastoma (2012)

Neuroblastoma -Present and Future 112 a change in any one or combination of RTK regulatory mechanisms.Direct oncogenic activation of RTKs has been shown to result from gene amplification; novel chimera formation; deletion and point-mutation; and also by alternative and/or aberrant splicing (Bennasruone et al., 2004).Alternative splicing is a fundamental physiological mechanism for differential protein expression from a single gene through alternative exon usage, is largely responsible for the proteomic complexity of higher organisms (Modek & Lee, 2002) and is also involved in cancer at the level of both oncogene activation and oncosuppressor inactivation.RTK oncogenes reported to be activated by alternative or aberrant splicing include the EGF receptor, FGF receptor-1; insulin receptor and nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor tropomyosin related tyrosine kinase (Trk) A (Kalnina et al., 2005;Tacconelli et al., 2004).TrkA is the preferred receptor for NGF, plays a critical role in sympathetic nervous system development and is essential for the formation, differentiation and survival of normal sympathetic neurons that originate from cells of neural crest origin (Bibel & Barde, 2000).Not surprisingly, since the majority of NBs arise from a sympathoadrenal cell lineage of neural crest origin they also exhibit varying degrees of TrkA gene expression (Nakagawara et al., 1992;Nakagawara & Koger, 2000;Nakagawara, 2001).Mutation-activated TrkA oncogenes, however, have not been reported in NB and a possible NB tumour-suppressor function for TrkA has been suggested by an inverse relationship between expression and NB stage.Indeed, TrkA expression is considered to be a marker of better prognosis, potentially involved in both spontaneous and therapy-induced NB regression (Nakagawara et al., 1992;Nakagawara & Koger, 2000;Nakagawara, 2001).This hypothesis is supported by reports of TrkA tumour-suppressing activity in NB models, characterised by growth inhibition; differentiation, apoptosis and the inhibition of angiogenesis (Tacconelli et al.
Compact Optical Generation of Microwave Signals Using a Monolithic Quantum Dot Passively Mode-Locked Laser (2009)

Microwave signal generation from the saturable absorber of a monolithic quantum dot passively mode-locked laser is presented. We observe a differential efficiency of 33% that measures the optical-to-RF power conversion. An optimum extraction efficiency of the saturable absorber of about 86% is also found. To assess the stability of the device, the mode-locking operation regime of the quantum dot device is analyzed and compared to the quantum well system. Our findings confirm that quantum dot mode-locked lasers are suitable candidates for the optical generation of RF signals in a compact and efficient semiconductor device.
Numerical modeling of an enhanced very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) prototype system (2000)

In this paper, two numerical models are presented to simulate an enhanced very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) prototype system, which is used for buried-object detection and environmental problems. Usually, the VETEM system contains a transmitting loop antenna and a receiving loop antenna, which run on lossy ground to detect buried objects. In the first numerical model, the loop antennas are accurately analyzed using the method of moments (MoM) for wire antennas above or buried in lossy ground. Then, the conjugate gradient (CG) methods, with the use of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) or MoM, are applied to investigate the scattering from buried objects. Reflected and scattered magnetic fields are evaluated at the receiving loop to calculate the output electric current. However, the working frequency for the VETEM system is usually low and, hence, two magnetic dipoles are used to replace the transmitter and receiver in the second numerical model. Comparing these two models, the second one is simple, but only valid for low frequency or small loops, while the first modeling is more general. In this paper, all computations are performed in the frequency domain, and the FFT is used to obtain the time-domain responses. Numerical examples show that simulation results from these two models fit very well when the frequency ranges from 10 kHz to 10 MHz, and both results are close to the measured data.