gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of murine non-specific killer cells induced in vivo by recombinant human interleukin-2. (1986)

We have examined the induction of murine non-specific killer cells in vivo and in vitro by purified recombinant human interleukin-2 (rIL-2), and compared their characteristics with respect to killing ability, cell surface phenotypes, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). C57BL/6 spleen cells cultured with rIL-2 were remarkably cytotoxic against a variety of tumour cells in a 4-hr 51Cr-release assay. Treatment with various antibodies (anti-Thy 1, anti-Lyt 1, anti-Lyt 2, and anti-asialo GM1) plus complement (C) showed that anti-Thy 1 or anti-asialo GM1 antibody plus C removed a majority of killer activity (80% and 66%, respectively). In addition, an increase in ADCC was detected in the spleen cells cultured with rIL-2. These ADCC effector cells were indistinguishable from non-specific killer cells by the cell surface phenotypes. A single administration of rIL-2 in vivo induced only transient and marginal enhancement of non-specific killer activity of spleen cells in C57BL/6 mice. On the other hand, when 10 micrograms of rIL-2 were administered daily by bolus to C57BL/6 mice, the activity increased gradually for about 10 days and reached a plateau. This enhanced non-specific killer activity rapidly decreased and returned to normal by 72 hr after the administration was stopped. The non-specific killer cells induced in vivo in this manner were not only greatly cytotoxic against natural killer (NK)-sensitive tumour cells but were also significantly cytotoxic against NK-resistant tumour cells. Most of the killer activity (more than 90%) was specifically removed by treatment with anti-Thy 1 or anti-asialo GM1 antibody plus C. An increase in ADCC was detected concurrently with an increase in non-specific killer activity in vivo, and both effector cells were indistinguishable by their cell surface phenotypes. These results indicate that a majority of non-specific killer cells induced both in vivo and in vitro by rIL-2 have some common features. Our results also suggest that these cells belong to the same lineage as NK cells, although they are thought to be at different stages from resident NK cells.
IrMn and FeMn blocking temperature dependence on heating pulse width (2010)

We have determined the write power density dependence on heating pulse width and antiferromagnet (AF) thickness using magnetic tunnel junctions whose storage layer is exchange biased with IrMn or FeMn. An increase in write power density needed to write the storage layer has been observed for both AF as pulse width is decreased from 0.1 ms to 10 ns. Quasistatic blocking temperatures (Tb) were measured on both full sheet and patterned samples, showing a reduction in Tb for patterned samples which we link to process induced damages. Power-temperature relationship was established based on a correspondence between writing power for long pulse duration and quasistatic Tb measurement. Both write power density and associated temperature results show a dependence of the Tb on AF thickness at pulse width as short as 10 ns. Particularly for IrMn, the relationship between write power and pulse width becomes weakly dependent on the AF thickness above a certain AF thickness. The write power density is significantly lower for thinner AF layer. This suggests a critical thickness below which the AF writing process deviates from bulk behavior.
McDonald, James Ingram 1865-1935 :Lieutenant Willoughby Shortland, Colonial Secretary 1840. 1903. (1903)

Half-length frontal portrait of Shortland in military uniform. Copied from an earlier portrait 
Signed: J. McD. 
Quantity: 1 drawing(s). 
Physical Description: Gouache, monochrome, 130 x 115 mm
Oxymercuration of strained olefins. Effect of syn-7 substituents (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOxymercuration of strained olefins. Effect of syn-7 substituentsT. T. Tidwell and T. G. TraylorCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 7, 2614–2620Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01271a002https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01271a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views85Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Nanostructure and Salt Effect of Zwitterionic Carboxybetaine Brush at the Air/Water Interface (2015)

Zwitterionic amphiphilic diblock copolymer, poly(ethylhexyl acrylate)-b-poly(carboxybetaine) (PEHA-b-PGLBT), was synthesized by the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) method with precise control of block length and polydispersity. The polymers thus obtained were spread onto the water surface to form a polymer monolayer. The fundamental property and nanostructure of the block copolymer monolayer were systematically studied by the surface pressure-molecular area (π-A) isotherm, Brewster angle microscopy (BAM), and X-ray reflectivity (XR) techniques. The π values of the monolayer increased by compression in relatively larger A regions. After showing a large plateau region by compression, the π value sharply increased at very small A regions, suggesting the formation of poly(GLBT) brush formation just beneath the water surface. The domain structure of μm size was observed by BAM in the plateau region. XR profiles for the monolayer at higher surface pressure regions clearly showed the PGLBT brush formation in addition to PGLBT carpet layer formation under the hydrophobic PEHA layer on the water surface, as was observed for both anionic and cationic brush layer in the water surface monolayer studied previously. The critical brush density, where the PGLBT brush is formed, was estimated to be about 0.30 chains/nm(2) for the (EHA)45-b-(GLBT)60 monolayer, which is relatively large compared to other ionic brushes. This observation is consistent with the fact that the origin of brush formation is mainly steric hindrance between brush chains. The brush thickness increased by compression and also by salt addition, unlike the normal ionic brush (anionic and cationic), whose thickness tended to decrease, i.e., shrink, by salt addition. This might be a character unique to the zwitterionic brush, and its origin is thought to be transition to an ionic nature from the almost nonionic inner salt caused by salt addition since both the cation and anion of the GLBT chain obtained counterions by the addition of salt. This stretching nature of the PGLBT brush depends on the ion species of the salt added, and it followed the Hofmeister series, i.e., more stretching in the order of Li(+) > Na(+) > K(+). However, it was rather insensitive to the anion species (Cl(-), Br(-), SCN(-)), which suggests that the carboxylic anion has a more dominant effect than the quaternized cation in GLBT although the former is a weak acid and the latter is believed to be a strong base.
The Emergence of RF-Powered Computing (2014)

Over the past decade, personal computers have been transformed into small, often mobile devices that are rapidly multiplying. Aside from the ever-present smartphone, a growing set of computing devices has become part of our everyday world, from thermostats and wristwatches, to picture frames, personal activity monitors, and even implantable devices such as pacemakers. All of these devices bring us closer to an “Internet of Things,” but supplying power to sustain this future is a growing burden. Technological advances have so far largely failed to improve power delivery to these machines. Power cords tie devices down, prohibiting their free movement, while batteries add weight, bulk, cost, the need for maintenance, and an undesirable environmental footprint. Fortunately, running small computing devices using only incident RF signals as the power source is increasingly possible. We call such devices RF-powered computers. As might be expected, the amount of power that can be harvested from typical RF signals is small. However, the energy efficiency of the computers themselves has improved exponentially for decades-a lesser-known consequence of Moore's law. This relentless improvement has recently brought the power requirements of small computational workloads into the microwatt realm, roughly equal to the power available from RF sources in practical settings.
Asymmetric Benzoin Condensation Catalyzed by Chiral Rotaxanes Tethering a Thiazolium Salt Moiety via the Cooperation of the Component:  Can Rotaxane Be an Effective Reaction Field? (2004)

Although some reactions on rotaxanes have been reported, the characteristic features of the rotaxanes providing unique reaction fields have hardly been studied, especially as catalyst. In our continuous studies on interlocked molecules such as rotaxanes and catenanes, we have noticed the importance of such interlocked structures with high freedom in functionalized materials such as molecular catalyst. For catalytic asymmetric benzoin condensations, two optically active rotaxanes possessing thiazolium salt moieties were prepared using the binaphthyl group as the chiral auxiliary. The benzoin condensations of aromatic aldehydes catalyzed by the chiral rotaxanes as catalysts gave optically active benzoins with ca. 30% ee in moderate to high chemical yields depending upon the structure of rotaxane and the reaction conditions employed. From the results, two intrarotaxane chirality transfers are confirmed: (i) through-space chirality transfer from wheel to axle and (ii) through-bond chirality transfer controlled with an achiral wheel. Because these asymmetric reaction fields are specific to the rotaxane structure, the importance and possibility of the "rotaxane field" as a particular reaction field is demonstrated in this work.
On the Theorem of Riemann-Roch for Adjoint Systems on Kählerian Varieties (1952)

1. Let 9)1 be a compact Kahlerian variety of (complex) dimension m.Suppose a (possibly reducible) compact analytic subvariety S of 9) of dimension m -1 as given and denote by Qi3(S; 9N) the linear space con- sisting of all meromorphic m-ple differentials W on 9)1 which are multiples of -S in the sense that (W) + S _ 0, (W) being the divisor of W. The problem concerning the theorem of Riemann-Roch for the adjoint system' of S consists in expressing the dimension of the linear space J3(S; 9)1) in terms of "numerical characteristics" of 9)1 and S. The purpose of the present short note is to give an answer to this problem2 in the following two simple cases: (a) S is an irreducible non-singular variety, (b) S consists of two irreducible components S,, S2 which are both non-singular and the intersection r = S, n S2 is an irreducible non-singular variety having the intersection-multiplicity 1 in the sense that at each point q e r the two varieties S,, S2 have different tangential planes.2. We start with the following remark: Let V be a compact analytic non-singular subvariety of 9) of (complex) dimension m -h and t be an arbitrary pure p-current3 of type s on V. Then we can associate with t a pure (p + 2h)-current T(t) of type (s + h) by setting T(t) [)] = t[bv] for a "variable" (2m -p -2h)-form 4) of Class C' on 9)I, where 4Pv denotes the (2m -p -2h) -form on V induced by (.Clearly the corre-
Conversion of CO<sub>2</sub>and CO laser radiations in a ZnGeP<sub>2</sub>crystal to the 2.3–3.1 μ spectral range (1985)

An experimental investigation was made of cascade generation of the fourth harmonic of CO2 laser radiation and of the second harmonic of CO laser radiation in single crystals of zinc germanium diphosphide. The radiation was converted to the spectral range 2.3–3.1 μ. The overall efficiency of conversion of CO2 laser radiation to the fourth harmonic was ∼ 0.1 %, but it should be possible to increase it to 20%. The efficiency of conversion of CO laser radiation to the second harmonic was (2.5–10)×10−3%.
Physically Plausible Spectral Reconstruction from RGB Images (2020)

Recently Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) have been used to reconstruct hyperspectral information from RGB images, and this spectral reconstruction problem (SR) can often be solved with good (low) error. However, little attention has been paid on whether these models' behavior can adhere to physics. We show that the leading CNN method introduces unexpected `colorimetric errors', which means the recovered spectra do not reproduce ground-truth RGBs, and sometimes this discrepancy can be large. The problem is further compounded by exposure change. Indeed, most CNN models over-fit to fixed exposure and we demonstrate that this can result in poor performance when exposure varies. In this paper we show how CNN learning can be extended so that the physical plausibility of SR is enforced. Remarkably, our physically plausible CNN solutions advance both spectral and colorimetric performance of the original network, while the application of data augmentation trades off the network performance for model stability against varying exposure.
ATP and SH3 Binding Sites in the Protein Kinase of the Large Subunit of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 of Ribonucleotide Reductase (ICP10) (1996)

The large subunit of herpes simplex virus type 2 ribonucleotide reductase (ICP10) is a multifunctional protein. It consists of a ribonucleotide reductase and a serine/threonine protein kinase (PK) domain, which has three proline-rich motifs consistent with SH3-binding sites at positions 140, 149, and 396. We used site-directed mutagenesis to identify amino acids required for kinase activity and interaction with signaling proteins. Mutation of Lys176 or Lys259 reduced PK activity (5-8-fold) and binding of the 14C-labeled ATP analog rho-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl 5'-adenosine (FSBA) but did not abrogate them. Enzymatic activity and FSBA binding were abrogated by mutation of both Lys residues, suggesting that either one can bind ATP. Mutation of Glu209 (PK catalytic motif III) virtually abrogated kinase activity in the presence of Mg2+ or Mn2+ ions, suggesting that Glu209 functions in ion-dependent PK activity. ICP10 bound the adaptor protein Grb2 in vitro. Mutation of the ICP10 proline-rich motifs at positions 396 and 149 reduced Grb2 binding 20- and 2-fold, respectively. Binding was abrogated by mutation of both motifs. Grb2 binding to wild type ICP10 was competed by a peptide for the Grb2 C-terminal SH3 motif, indicating that it involves the Grb2 C-terminal SH3.
The Effect of Magnetic Atom Substitution on the Tunneling Conductance in Skutterudite CoSb3 Semiconductors (2001)

Electron tunneling experiments were performed on n-Co0.9Ni0.1Sb3–Al oxide–Al junctions measured at 4.2 K. A V-shape tunneling conductance curve with small zero bias offset is observed, which can be associated with disorder states. Comparing with the results on p-Co0.9Fe0.1Sb3 samples, it has been clarified that the Fe substitution leads to a stronger three-dimensional disorder state as compared to the case of Ni substitution. Magnetic susceptibility measurements suggest that the observed three-dimensional disorder state is mainly magnetic in nature.
PHOTOTROPISM AND AXIS EXTENSION IN LIGHT‐GROWN MUSTARD <i>(Sinapis alba</i> L.) SEEDLINGS‡ (1985)

Abstract— The relationship between phototropism and axis extension was examined in light‐grown mustard ( Sinapis alba L.) seedlings using the low pressure sodium lamp (SOX)† technique to eliminate growth responses due to phytochrome. Addition of blue light caused no net inhibition of hypocotyl elongation, but plants showed a phototropic response. Curvature was caused by a simultaneous inhibition of growth on the illuminated side of the hypocotyl and an acceleration on the shaded side. Phototropism thus occurs independently of axis elongation and suggests that they are two separate processes. The results are inconsistent with the Blaauw theory of phototropism.
Intraocular Lens Exchange on Day One After Surgery (1994)

Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery 20(6):p 676-677, November 1994. | DOI: 10.1016/S0886-3350(13)80676-1
Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter: Experiment summary after the first year of global mapping of Mars (2001)

The Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA), an instrument on the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft, has measured the topography, surface roughness, and 1.064‐μm reflectivity of Mars and the heights of volatile and dust clouds. This paper discusses the function of the MOLA instrument and the acquisition, processing, and correction of observations to produce global data sets. The altimeter measurements have been converted to both gridded and spherical harmonic models for the topography and shape of Mars that have vertical and radial accuracies of ∼1 m with respect to the planet's center of mass. The current global topographic grid has a resolution of 1/64° in latitude × 1/32° in longitude (1×2 km 2 at the equator). Reconstruction of the locations of incident laser pulses on the Martian surface appears to be at the 100‐m spatial accuracy level and results in 2 orders of magnitude improvement in the global geodetic grid of Mars. Global maps of optical pulse width indicative of 100‐m‐scale surface roughness and 1.064‐μm reflectivity with an accuracy of 5% have also been obtained.
Flame speeds of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane-oxygen-nitrogen mixtures (1952)

Report presenting the laminar flame speed of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane with various oxygen-nitrogen mixtures as determined from schileren photographs of Bunsen-type flames. Some experimental results and theoretical predictions are provided. Testing occurred at 311 and 422 degrees Kelvin.
Indium-Mediated Allylation of Carbonyl Compounds in Ionic Liquids: Effect of Salts in Ionic Liquids (2018)

The In-mediated allylation of carbonyl compounds can be performed in various types of solvents including ionic liquids. However, we have found that in [bmim][BF₄] (where bmim = 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium), the In-mediated coupling of crotyl bromide with benzaldehyde gives a complex mixture, and some additives, such as halides and amines, are crucial for the successful conversion to the corresponding γ-adduct. Instead, the addition of alcohols or water promotes the formation of the α-adduct. An asymmetric induction with up to 62% enantiomeric excess (ee) was observed employing cinchonidine as an additive in a binary solvent consisting of an ionic liquid and dichloromethane.
Racial Determination of Origin of Mourning Doves in Hunters' Bags (1958)

Proper management of migratory game birds requires the ability to relate birds that are harvested to their area of production. This ability must be acquired to determine whether the birds harvested at different times or in different places have different breeding areas on which population information is available. It therefore permits formulation, with more confidence, of regional hunting regulations based on the condition of the population. One method of obtaining information that contributes to this knowledge with respect to the mourning dove, Zenaidura macroura, is the identification of racial components of the contents of hunters' bags, since each race is restricted to a definite breeding area. The purpose of this paper is to describe the application of this method in analyzing the contents of hunters' bags in two important dove-hunting areas, Texas and Georgia.
Bovine γ‐Glutamylamine cyclotransferase purification (2006)

γ‐Glutamylamine cyclotransferase (γ GACT) from bovine kidney is a soluble enzyme believed to be involved in the metabolism of transglutaminase products. This enzyme catalyses the cleavage of N ε ‐(γ‐glutamyl)lysine with intramolecular cyclization of the glutamyl moiety into 5‐oxoproline and release of free lysine. Fluorescence derivatization of the lysine produced and SDS‐PAGE are used to monitor the enzyme during the purification. In the initial purification of γ GACT from kidney tissue ultracentrifugation, anion exchange chromatography on DEAE‐Sepharose, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and size exclusion chromatography on Sephacryl S‐100 are employed. Size exclusion chromatography on Superdex‐S75 using reducing conditions gives a single peak of enzyme activity with a molecular mass of ~ 20 KDa. In chromatography with strong anion exchange on a Mono Q column several peaks of activity are observed; the relative concentration of the two main peaks of activity depends on the reducing conditions. Heterogeneity of the enzyme activity is also observed in isoelectric focusing (IEF). This research is supported by a grant from the Baylor University Research Committee.
Finite Mixtures of Structured Models (2015)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 11.2 Existing Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 11.3 Overdispersed Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 11.4 Clustered Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22411.4.1 Longitudinal Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 11.4.2 Multivariate Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 11.4.3 Further Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22911.5 ML Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 11.5.1 The EM Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 11.5.2 The Choice of the Number of Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 11.5.3 The Provision of Standard Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 11.5.4 Identifiability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23411.6 Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 11.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236In this chapter, we describe developments in finitemixturemodels for structured data, with a particular focus on clustered, multilevel, longitudinal, and multivariate data. Literature on finite mixtures in generalized linear models is now quite extensive and entails application areas such as marketing (Wedel and DeSarbo 1995), biostatistics (Wang et al. 1996), econometrics (Deb and Trivedi 1997), machine-learning (Jacobs et al. 1991), just to mention a few. After a brief introduction, we will discuss some examples of the use of finite mixtures in heterogeneous generalized linear models, with a particular emphasis on model definition. We will also provide a brief review of available software and some suggestions on potential research areas.