gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Vaporized Decontamination Systems on Selected Building Interior Materials: Chlorine Dioxide (2009)

Abstract : The National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC) of the EPA established an Interagency Agreement with the U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC) to take advantage of ECBC's extensive expertise and specialized research facilities for the decontamination of surfaces contaminated with chemical and biological (CB) warfare agents. The National Homeland Security Research Center formed a collaboration with ECBC in a mutual leveraging of resources, expanding upon ECBC's on-going programs in CB decontamination to more completely address the parameters of particular concern for decontamination of indoor surfaces in buildings following a terrorist attack. Vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) and chlorine dioxide (CIO2) have been used to decontaminate indoor surfaces contaminated with anthrax and show potential for use in decontaminating indoor surfaces contaminated by chemical agents. This program is specifically focused on the decontamination of the building environment for purposes of restoring a public building to a usable state after a terrorist chemical warfare attack. As building interiors typically contain large surfaces composed of concrete cinder block, wood, steel, carpet, suspension ceiling tile, and painted wallboard, the effort was designed to determine how building materials are affected by the decontaminants. The focus of this technical report is the evaluation of the building interior materials and the fumigant CIO2. The work discussed in this report was conducted from November 2003 to October 2006. under EPA IAG DW 939917-01-0.
The Alterations of Cellular Metabolism in the Contralateral Testis Following Spermatic Cord Torsion in Rats (1993)

Cellular metabolic study was performed on the contralateral testis after torsion to delineate early testicular changes. In 9-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats the left testicle was rotated and fixed to the scrotum for 3, 8 and 24 hours in 3 groups (I, II and III). Each group was divided into 3 subgroups (a, b and c) by the length of detorsion of 0, 4 hours and 14 days. We measured adenosine triphosphate, total adenosine nucleotides and adenylate energy charge of the contralateral testis by high performance liquid chromatography. Compared to controls, no subgroups showed differences in the histological parameters. Also in subgroups Ia, Ib, Ic and IIa none of the metabolic parameters were significantly altered. However, subgroups IIb and IIc, and group III and its subgroups showed significantly decreased levels of all metabolic parameters. Therefore, it appears that unilateral testicular torsion (greater than 8 hours) and detorsion affect the contralateral testicular metabolism without gross histological changes in rats, and these changes seem to be reversible in terms of cellular recoverability because the maximally decreased level of adenylate energy charge among all subgroups is only 13% compared to controls. These findings suggest that some systemic mechanisms rather than an immunological or local inflammatory process is involved in this early period after torsion.
MACAM - services discovery framework for self-management in mobile networking (2005)

This article proposes MACAM architecture, a self-management in mobile networking. The goal of MACAM is to produce self-managing network elements able to provide the desired service in an automated way by using a generic, complete and open framework, offering with secure and seamless access mechanisms.
Should we focus on “venous vulnerability” instead of “plaque vulnerability” in symptomatic atherosclerotic patients? (2011)

Should we focus on “venous vulnerability” instead of “plaque vulnerability” in symptomatic atherosclerotic patients? -
A study to investigate the capability of adsorbents for reduction of cold-start emissions (1998)

Most of the emissions (about 60 per cent) from automobiles occur during a cold start before the catalytic converter becomes active. The use of an adsorbent trap for temporary storage of emitted hydrocarbons before catalysts attain the light-off temperature in the converter has been investigated as a means for reduction of cold-start emissions. The hydrocarbon emissions can be reduced significantly if the hydrocarbons are retained by the trap until catalysts reach the light-off temperature. The effect of engine speed on the emission of NO x , CO and hydrocarbons and their subsequent retention in the adsorption trap was studied. A hydrophobic adsorbent, Hisiv-1000, and molecular sieve 13X were used individually and in conjunction in the trap to adsorb hydrocarbons. Although significant amounts of hydrocarbons were adsorbed in the trap initially, they were released from the trap rather quickly even before catalysts reached the light-off temperature.
The poxvirus ubiquitin ligase p28 manipulates the ubiquitin proteasome system (2010)

The significance of poxvirus manipulation of the host ubiquitin proteasome system has become increasingly apparent. Ubiquitin is post-translationally added to target proteins by a highly conserved enzymatic cascade, typically resulting in protein degradation via the 26S proteasome. The highly conserved poxvirus protein, p28, is a functional ubiquitin ligase and a critical virulence factor. Here, we investigate the relationship between p28 and ubiquitination. We observed that the KilA-N DNA binding domain in p28 targeted p28 to viral factories, where p28 co-localized with conjugated ubiquitin. Furthermore, we determined that p28 is highly regulated by ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Disruption of p28 ubiquitin ligase activity revealed that p28 is regulated through auto-ubiquitination and ubiquitination by an additional unknown ubiquitin ligase. Moreover, we observed Lysine-48 ubiquitin linkages, Lysine-63 ubiquitin linkages and a proteasomal subunit co-localizing with p28 at the viral factory, suggesting an intricate relationship between p28 and proteasomal degradation.
Pedigree‐based analysis of derivation of genome segments of an elite rice reveals key regions during its breeding (2015)

Analyses of genome variations with high-throughput assays have improved our understanding of genetic basis of crop domestication and identified the selected genome regions, but little is known about that of modern breeding, which has limited the usefulness of massive elite cultivars in further breeding. Here we deploy pedigree-based analysis of an elite rice, Huanghuazhan, to exploit key genome regions during its breeding. The cultivars in the pedigree were resequenced with 7.6× depth on average, and 2.1 million high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were obtained. Tracing the derivation of genome blocks with pedigree and information on SNPs revealed the chromosomal recombination during breeding, which showed that 26.22% of Huanghuazhan genome are strictly conserved key regions. These major effect regions were further supported by a QTL mapping of 260 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross of Huanghuazhan and a very dissimilar cultivar, Shuanggui 36, and by the genome profile of eight cultivars and 36 elite lines derived from Huanghuazhan. Hitting these regions with the cloned genes revealed they include numbers of key genes, which were then applied to demonstrate how Huanghuazhan were bred after 30 years of effort and to dissect the deficiency of artificial selection. We concluded the regions are helpful to the further breeding based on this pedigree and performing breeding by design. Our study provides genetic dissection of modern rice breeding and sheds new light on how to perform genomewide breeding by design.
Review of range-based positioning algorithms (2013)

This tutorial reviews algorithms which turn measured ranges into position solutions. From their basic mathematical principles, we relate and compare relevant aspects of these algorithms. Special attention is given to the direct (non-iterative) algorithms, which are frequently applied in indoor positioning. Most of them are shown to be essentially the same, as they can be related through applying different weighting schemes. This tutorial is intended as a useful guide to help researchers and system designers evaluate and select appropriate range-based positioning algorithms for their applications at hand.
Copper self‐sputtering and filling of submicron holes (1995)

Abstract A new thin‐film technology using self‐sputtering, which sputters the target with its own ions only, not with inert gas ions, is investigated. In the present paper, the characteristics of self‐sputtering and filling of deep holes with metal are investigated. Self‐sputtering of copper is performed in a wide pressure range of 10 −2 Pa to 10 −4 Pa. A high target current of 7 A to 10 A for a 4‐inch planar magnetron target is essential for a self‐sputtering process that yields a very high deposition rate of about 4 μm/min at 60 mm from the target surface. Conditions for sustained self‐sputtering are determined. Good bottom coverage of 100 percent is obtained in thinner film deposition (0.2 μm thick) and 50 percent coverage is obtained in thicker thin‐film deposition (1.2 μm thick); the submicron holes have a high aspect ratio of 2, an inlet diameter of 0.6 μm, and a depth of 1.2 μm. It is found that the bottom coverage β increases sharply when the ratio α = (distance between target and substrate)/(radius of erosion center ring) is larger than 2 and although at lower pressure the bottom coverage by self‐sputter deposition saturates at longer distances, the bottom coverage in conventional sputter deposition at 3 × 10 −1 Pa decreases with distance after saturation. The bottom coverage β also decreases with increasing pressure, with the thickness of the deposited film and with the radial distance of the substrate position from the target center toward the erosion center.
Carbohydrate‐derived alkylcobalt carbonyl: {[(1,2:5,6‐Di‐O,O‐isopropylidene‐α‐D‐glucofuranos‐3‐yl)oxycarbonyl]methyl}cobalt tricarbonyl triphenylphosphine (2001)

A carbohydrate-derivative alkylcobalt carbonyl,([(1,2:5,6-di-O,O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranos-3-yl)oxycarbonyl]methyl)cobalt tricarbonyl triphenylphosphene(3) was prepared and characterized by IR, NMR, and CD spectra, as well as by X-ray diffraction. The supramolecular chemistry in the crystalline P2(1)2(1)2(1) (chiral) phase and in solution was analyzed and compared. The bulky carbohydrate-based ligand stabilized one chiral conformation, which, however, is less ordered than for analogous compounds with more flexible and less bulky chiral groups. Intermolecular, H-bond interactions are more important in the P2(1)2(1)2(1) phase of complex 3 than at other analogous compounds.
Viewpoint Estrogen-repressed genes - key mediators of estrogen action? (2005)

Estrogen receptor (ER)-α is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. It is regulated not only by binding to its ligand but also through interaction with coregulators that can either enhance (coactivators) or repress
The Evolving Scope of PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases (2009)

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases is an open-access community journal that serves the needs of a small but active and robust community of neglected tropical disease (NTD) scientists, clinicians, and public health and policy experts. As stewards of that community, our editorial staff has very much molded the journal according to what we have learned from you in terms of mission, priorities, and scope. In the eighteen months since the launch of PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, some of our most interesting editorial discussions and queries from authors are in regards to the journal's scope, particularly the specific conditions defined as NTDs (http://www.plosntds.org/static/scope.action).

What has emerged from these discussions is a journal focused on a fairly specific group of important infections endemic in developing countries with seven common features [1],[2]: (1) the NTDs occur in the setting of poverty where they are the most prevalent infections afflicting “the bottom billion,” i.e., people living on less than US$1 per day [3]; (2) they are chronic conditions—people can harbor their NTDs for years or decades; (3) they generally disable, rather than kill; (4) they are frequently disfiguring and stigmatizing [4]; (5) they are not typically emerging in character; instead, the NTDs have plagued humankind for centuries and many are described in ancient texts [5]; (6) they are not just diseases of poverty, but they also promote poverty because of their effects on child development, cognition, and education, adult agricultural worker productivity, and pregnancy outcome [3]; and (7) the NTDs are a critical component of the “other diseases” mentioned in the sixth Millennium Development Goal (“Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases”) [1],[2],[6].
Induction of eosinophilic granules, nonspecific esterase activity and CD14 expression in the human eosinophilic leukemia cell line, EoL‐1 (1994)

We examined the expression of eosinophilic granules, esterase activity and CD14 in a human eosinophilic cell line, EoL-1. Unstimulated EoL-1 cells were weakly positive for nonspecific esterase, but negative for surface CD14, and contained a few eosinophilic granule-positive cells. A combination of G-CSF and TNF-alpha increased the eosinophilic granule-containing cells, but failed to increase esterase activity or CD14 expression. IFN-gamma alone or in combination with TNF-alpha enhanced nonspecific esterase activity but failed to induce CD14 expression or increase eosinophilic granule-containing cells. dbcAMP increased eosinophilic granule-containing cells, nonspecific esterase activity and CD14 expression. Specific esterase activity was not detected in any circumstances. EoL-1 cells fractionated by density gradients or CD14 expression showed nonspecific esterase activity and CD14 expression in both the eosinophilic granule-positive and negative cell populations. Forskolin and butyrate had a synergistic effect on CD14 induction and protein kinase A was suggested to play a role in dbcAMP-induced CD14 expression. A protein kinase C activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, did not increase eosinophilic granules, nonspecific esterase activity or CD14 expression in EoL-1 cells. The results show that EoL-1 cells can express nonspecific esterase and CD14, but the expression is not necessarily restricted to cells which have differentiated into the monocyte/macrophage lineage.
Modeling platform behaviors under degraded states using context-based reasoning (2000)

The goal of military training simulators is to portray the realities of combat situations as closely as possible. During combat situations, the performance of military vehicles can sustain progressive degradation induced by a variety of factors that range from enemy fire to crew fatigue. Training simulators should model these degraded states in order to provide military personnel with realistic training environments. Unfortunately, current simulators use less than optimal techniques to model platform degradation. The current techniques are mostly based on a probability of kill (PK). As an example, the performance degradation of a tank is modeled by three states: mobility kill, firepower kill, and catastrophic kill. This model does not leave room for the myriad of degradation conditions that lie somewhere in between these three states, as well as not taking into account other system components, such as communication equipment, nor the degraded performance that can result from human factors unrelated to the state of the equipment such as crew stress and fatigue. Researchers at the Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity (AMSAA) have developed a new model that proposes a vulnerability and lethality taxonomy (V/LT). This taxonomy serves as a much more realistically metric to describe platform degradation and its resulting consequences. Other researchers, principally Industrial/Organizational (I/O) psychologists, have been employed by the military to determine the influence of human factors in degraded platform behavior.
THE ABUNDANCES OF HYDROCARBON FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM INFERRED FROM LABORATORY SPECTRA OF HYDROGENATED AND METHYLATED POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (2013)

Infrared (IR) absorption spectra of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) containing methyl (-CH3), methylene (>CH2), or diamond-like *CH groups and IR spectra of mixtures of methylated and hydrogenated PAHs prepared by gas phase condensation were measured at room temperature (as grains in pellets) and at low temperature (isolated in Ne matrices). In addition, the PAH blends were subjected to an in-depth molecular structure analysis by means of high-performance liquid chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Supported by calculations at the density functional theory level, the laboratory results were applied to analyze in detail the aliphatic absorption complex of the diffuse interstellar medium at 3.4 mu-m and to determine the abundances of hydrocarbon functional groups. Assuming that the PAHs are mainly locked in grains, aliphatic CHx groups (x = 1,2,3) would contribute approximately in equal quantities to the 3.4 mu-m feature (N_{CHx} / N_{H} approx 10^{-5} - 2 * 10^{-5}). The abundances, however, may be two to four times lower if a major contribution to the 3.4 mu-m feature comes from molecules in the gas phase. Aromatic =CH groups seem to be almost absent from some lines of sight, but can be nearly as abundant as each of the aliphatic components in other directions (N_{=CH} / N_{H} < 2 * 10^{-5}; upper value for grains). Due to comparatively low binding energies, astronomical IR emission sources do not display such heavy excess hydrogenation. At best, especially in proto-planetary nebulae, >CH2 groups bound to aromatic molecules, i.e., excess hydrogens on the molecular periphery only, can survive the presence of a nearby star.
Abstract 955: Vascular Function and Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger’s Disease) (2008)

Background: Buerger’s disease is associated with endothelial dysfunction. Several lines of evidence have shown that the circulating number and function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are surrogate biologic markers for cardiovascular diseases. Methods and Results: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of EPCs in endothelial function in Buerger’s disease. We measured flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), nitroglycerine (NTG)-induced vasodilation, circulating levels of EPCs, cell migration response to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and serum levels of VEGF in 25 patients with Buerger’s disease and 25 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects, and 25 patients with atherosclerosis obliterans (ASO). Vascular reactivity of brachial artery was measured by using high-resolution ultrasound. Circulating EPCs were quantified by flow cytometry. Cell migration assay was performed by the Boyden chamber technique. FMD was lower in both the Buerger’s group and the ASO group than in the control group (Buerger; 6.6±3.1%, ASO; 5.5±5.4%, vs. control; 10.6±3.3%, p<0.01, respectively). There was no significant difference in FMD between the Buerger’s group and ASO group. The number of circulating EPCs was similar in the Buerger’s group and control group, whereas the number of circulating EPCs was lower in the ASO group than in other groups (Buerger; 966±543/mL; control; 980±424/mL, vs. ASO; 466±339/mL, p<0.01, respectively). Cell migration to VEGF was similar in the Buerger’s group and control group, whereas cell migration was lower in the ASO group than in other groups (Buerger; 12.8±4.1/hpf; control; 13.2±3.5/hpf, vs. ASO; 4.2±1.1/hpf, p<0.01, respectively). Serum VEGF levels was higher in the Buerger’s and ASO groups than in the control group, whereas serum VEGF levels was similar in the Buerger’s group and ASO group. Conclusions: These findings suggest that FMD was impaired in patient with Burger’s disease as well as patients with ASO compared with normal control subjects and that the number and function of EPCs were not decreased in patients with Burger’s disease. EPCs may be mobilized to restore endothelial function in Buerger’s disease. In patients with ASO, both the mobilizations of EPCs and endothelial function were impaired.
Reaction Mechanism of Zinc-Dependent Cytosine Deaminase from<i>Escherichia coli</i>: A Quantum-Chemical Study (2014)

The reaction mechanism of cytosine deaminase from Escherichia coli is studied using density functional theory. This zinc-dependent enzyme catalyzes the deamination of cytosine to form uracil and ammonia. The calculations give a detailed description of the catalytic mechanism and establish the role of important active-site residues. It is shown that Glu217 is essential for the initial deprotonation of the metal-bound water nucleophile and the subsequent protonation of the substrate. It is also demonstrated that His246 is unlikely to function as a proton shuttle in the nucleophile activation step, as previously proposed. The steps that follow are nucleophilic attack by the metal-bound hydroxide, protonation of the leaving group assisted by Asp313, and C-N bond cleavage. The calculated overall barrier is in good agreement with the experimental findings. Finally, the calculations reproduce the experimentally determined inverse solvent deuterium isotope effect, which further corroborates the suggested reaction mechanism.
Acetone Oxime (2007)

[127-06-0] C3H7NO (MW 73.09) InChI = 1S/C3H7NO/c1-3(2)4-5/h5H,1-2H3 InChIKey = PXAJQJMDEXJWFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N (a useful reagent for synthesis of isoxazoles and isoxazolidines; useful as an acetone equivalent for regiospecific C-alkylations) Alternate Names: propan-2-one oxime, acetoxime. Physical Data: mp 60–63 °C. Solubility: soluble in most commonly used organic solvents. Form Supplied in: white crystalline solid, widely available. Preparative Method: most commonly synthesized by condensation of acetone with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Purification: 1 solid can be recrystallized from petroleum ether, hexane, or can be sublimed. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: sensitive to moisture; toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin, and if swallowed; may cause eye irritation.
SDProber (2018)

Proactive measurement of the delay in communication networks aims to detect congestion as early as possible and find links on which the traffic flow is obstructed. There is, however, a tradeoff between detection time and cost (e.g., bandwidth utilization). Adaptive measurement adjusts the inspection rate per each link, for effective monitoring with reduced costs. In this paper we present SDProber---a tool for proactive measurement of delays in SDN. SDProber uses probe packets that are routed by adding tailored rules to the vSwitches. It adjusts the forwarding rules to route probe packets more frequently to areas where congestion tends to occur. To increase efficiency, SDProber uses a novel approach of probing by a random walk. Adaptation is achieved by changing the probabilities that govern the random walk. Our experimental results show that SDProber provides control over the probe rates per each link and that it reduces measurement costs in comparison to baseline methods that send probe packets via shortest paths.