gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Precise real‐time correction of Anger camera deadtime losses (2002)

An earlier paper dealt with modeling of the camera in terms of the resolving times, tau0 and T, of the paralyzable detector and nonparalyzable computer system, respectively, for the case of a full energy window. A second paper presented a decaying source method for the accurate real-time measurement of these resolving times. The present paper first shows that the detector system can be treated as a single device with a resolving time tau0 dependent on source distribution. It then discusses camera operation with an energy window, window fraction being fw = Rp/Rd < or = 1, where Rd and Rp are the detector and pulse-height-analyzer (PHA) outputs, respectively. The detector resolving time is shown to vary with window fraction according to tau0p = tau0p/f(w), while T is unaffected, so that operation may be paralyzable or nonparalyzable depending on window setting and the ratio kT = T/tau0. Regions of interest are described in terms of the ROI fraction, fr =Rr IR < or = 1, and resolving time, tau0r = tau0p/fr, where R and Rr are the recorded count rates for the field-of-view and the region-of-interest, respectively. As tau0p and tau0r are expected to vary with input rate, it is shown that these can be measured in real-time using the decaying source method. It is then shown that camera operation both with fw < or = 1 and fr < or = 1 can be described by the simple paralyzable equation r = ne(-n), where n=Nwtau0p=Nrtau0r and r=Rptau0p=Rrtau0r, Nw, and Nr being the input rates within the energy window and the region of interest, respectively. An analytical solution to the paralyzable equation is then presented, which enables the input rates Nw = n/tau0p and Nr = n/tau0r to be obtained correct to better than 0.52% all the way up to the peak response point of the camera.
Two kinds of lithotrophs missing in nature (1977)

Two groups of lithotrophic bacteria, the existence of which may be expected on evolutionary and thermodynamical grounds, have not yet been detected: (A) photosynthetic, anaerobic, ammonia bacteria, analogous to coloured sulphur bacteria, and (B) chemosynthetic bacteria that oxidize ammonia to nitrogen with O2 or nitrate as oxidant.
Can we ever trust the shear-wave log? (2015)

Abstract After three decades of shear-wave logging, there are still questions on the robustness of the measurement. The perceived variability in shear-wave slowness measurements comes from two main sources: (1) the dispersive nature of the flexural and quadrupole waves used in the measurement and (2) anisotropy. Dispersion and anisotropy affect shear-wave slowness measurements, and various methods take those effects into account to obtain a more robust shear-wave slowness log.
Inertial oscillations in floe motion over the Beaufort Sea ‐ observations and analysis* (1980)

Abstract A simple model developed by McPhee (1978) has been used in this study for simulating observed oscillatory movement of floe motion in the Beaufort Sea. The model uses the momentum equation integrated over ice, and the upper ocean driven by surface wind stress. Floe velocity is related to the total ice and water transport by considering an idealized current profile for the ocean boundary layer. Using hourly wind values for drilling site Kopanoar( 70°23'N, 135°06'W) oscillations in the floe velocity are simulated with reasonable success. The possibility of incorporating this model into the Computerized Prediction Support System (CPSS) of the Canadian Atmospheric Environment Service is discussed. Résumé La présente étude utilise un modèle simple mis au point par McPhee (1978) pour simuler le mouvement oscillatoire observé lors du déplacement des floes dans la mer de Beaufort. Le modèle intègre l'équation de la quantité de mouvement pour la glace et la couche supérieure de l'océan dont le mouvement dépend de la tension du vent en surface. On lie la velocité des floes au transport total des glaces et de l'eau en considérant un profil idéalisé des courants pour la couche limite de l'océan. A l'aide des données horaires sur le vent pour l'emplacement de forage de Kopanoar (70°23'N, 135°06’ W), on simule avec un succès relatif les oscillations de la velocité des floes. On examine également la possibilité d'incorporer ce modèle au Système Infor‐matique de Prévision (SIP) du Service de l'Environnement atmosphérique du Canada. Notes Work done under DSS Contract No. 01SZ.KM601–7–2058 for the Atmospheric Environment Service, Downsview, Ontario.
A novel experimental model of orthopedic trauma with acute kidney injury in obese Zucker rats (2013)

Obesity is associated with an increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) after blunt traumatic injury in humans. Because limitations exist in studying trauma in human patients, animal models are necessary to elucidate mechanisms of remote organ injury after trauma. We developed a model of severe orthopedic trauma in lean (LZ) and obese (OZ) Zucker rats, in which OZ develop greater kidney dysfunction after trauma than LZ. Orthopedic trauma was inflicted via bilateral hindlimb soft tissue injury, fibula fracture, and injection of homogenized bone components. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were measured for 6 h after trauma, and again at 24 h after trauma. Urine was collected for 24 h before and after trauma to measure urine albumin excretion. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6), and renal macrophage infiltration (ED-1 [CD68 Antibody] immunostaining) were measured in animals with and without trauma. MAP and HR were similar between LZ and OZ throughout the study, with the exception that OZ had a 18 mmHg lower pressure 24 h posttrauma. GFR and RPF were decreased significantly (∼50%), while urine albumin excretion, plasma IL-6, and renal ED-1-positive cells were increased in OZ 24 h after trauma compared to both OZ without trauma and LZ after trauma. In conclusion, these data are consistent with studies in humans that show that AKI develops more frequently in obese than in lean individuals. This model will be an important experimental tool to better understand the underlying mechanisms of poor outcomes after trauma in obese patients.
Beam transport line with scaling fixed field alternating gradient type magnets (2010)

A scaling fixed field alternating gradient (FFAG) accelerator provides large momentum acceptance despite the fact that magnetic guiding fields are constant in time. Optical functions are identical over the large momentum range as well. We have designed a straight beam transport line (BTL) using a scaling FFAG type magnet which has a field profile of ${y}^{k}$, where $y$ is the horizontal coordinate and $k$ is the magnetic field index. This FFAG-BTL has very large momentum acceptance and optical functions that, practically speaking, do not depend on momentum. We also designed a dispersion suppressor at the end of the line by combining unit cells with a different field index $k$ so that the momentum dependence of orbit location should be eliminated at the exit. An obvious application of this design is the BTL after an FFAG accelerator to a patient in a hadron therapy facility or to a target in general. This could be an alternative to the conventional BTL with solenoids or quadrupoles because of the strong focusing nature of a quadrupole and the large momentum acceptance like a solenoid.
Shared risk link Group (SRLG)-diverse path provisioning under hybrid service level agreements in wavelength-routed optical mesh networks (2005)

The static provisioning problem in wavelength-routed optical networks has been studied for many years. However, service providers are still facing the challenges arising from the special requirements for provisioning services at the optical layer. In this paper, we incorporate some realistic constraints into the static provisioning problem, and formulate it under different network resource availability conditions. We consider three classes of shared risk link group (SRLG)-diverse path protection schemes: dedicated, shared, and unprotected. We associate with each connection request a lightpath length constraint and a revenue value. When the network resources are not sufficient to accommodate all the connection requests, the static provisioning problem is formulated as a revenue maximization problem, whose objective is maximizing the total revenue value. When the network has sufficient resources, the problem becomes a capacity minimization problem with the objective of minimizing the number of used wavelength-links. We provide integer linear programming (ILP) formulations for these problems. Because solving these ILP problems is extremely time consuming, we propose a tabu search heuristic to solve these problems within a reasonable amount of time. We also develop a rerouting optimization heuristic, which is based on previous work. Experimental results are presented to compare the solutions obtained by the tabu search heuristic and the rerouting optimization heuristic. For both problems, the tabu search heuristic outperforms the rerouting optimization heuristic.
Einführung (2003)

Das Wirtschaften als eine uralte zivilisatorische Leistung zur Bedürfnisbefriedigung unterliegt einem ständigen Wandel. Von der Gesellschaftsform der Jäger und Sammler, dem Ackerbau und der Viehzucht und der Natural- und Tauschwirtschaft, über das System der Handwerksgilden und -zünfte, die Hanse und die Industrialisierung zur Entwicklung von der Agrar- zur Industrie- und von der Industrie- zur Dienstleistungs- und nun zur Informationsgesellschaft wohnt dem Wirtschaften als gesellschaftliches System eine Eigendynamik inne, die vielleicht die größte Triebfeder für Innovation und Entwicklung überhaupt ist.
HICLAS: a taxonomic database system for displaying and comparing biological classification and phylogenetic trees. (1999)

pramanik@cps.msu.edu; lotus@wipm.whcnc.ac.cn
Evaluation of thick-film inks for solar cell grid metallization (1981)

A study is described of commercially available thick-film conductor inks to determine their suitability for use as solar cell front electrical contacts. By varying processing parameters such as firing profile and length of HF etch, it was that most of the silver-based inks formed good electrical contacts. Regardless of ink composition, adjustment of processing parameters is necessary to optimize the performance of a thick-film solar cell contact. The base-metal conductor inks tested were found to be unsuitable for solar cell front metallization. The two major problems encountered were high diffusivities in silicon and high series resistances introduced by the base-metal contacts.
Electron-Hole Symmetry and Magnetic Coupling in Antiferromagnetic LaFeAsO (2008)

When either electron or hole doped at concentrations x approximately 0.1, the LaFeAsO family displays remarkably high temperature superconductivity with Tc up to 55 K. In the most energetically stable Q-->M=(pi,pi,0) antiferromagnetic (AFM) phase comprised of tetragonal-symmetry breaking alternating chains of aligned spins, there is a deep pseudogap in the Fe 3d states centered at the Fermi energy arising from light carriers (m* approximately 0.25-0.33), and very strong magnetophonon coupling is uncovered. Doping (of either sign) beyond x approximately 0.08 results in heavy carriers per Fe (by roughly an order of magnitude) with a large Fermi surface. Calculated Fe-Fe transverse exchange couplings Jij(R) reveal that exchange coupling is strongly dependent on both the AFM symmetry and on the Fe-As distance.
The CORDIC computing technique (1959)

The "Coordinate Rotation DIgital Computer" computing technique can be used to solve, in one computing operation and with equal speed, the relationships involved in plane coordinate rotation; conversion from rectangular to polar coordinates; multiplication; division; or the conversion between a binary - and a mixed-radix system.
Proofs about a folklore let-polymorphic type inference algorithm (1998)

The Hindley/Milner let-polymorphic type inference system has two different algorithms: one is the de facto standard Algorithm 𝒲 that is bottom-up (or context-insensitive), and the other is a “folklore” algorithm that is top-down (or context-sensitive). Because the latter algorithm has not been formally presented with its soundness and completeness proofs, and its relation with the 𝒲 algorithm has not been rigorously investigated, its use in place of (or in combination with) 𝒲 is not well founded. In this article, we formally define the context-sensitive, top-down type inference algorithm (named “M”), prove its soundness and completeness, and show a distinguishing property that M always stops earlier than 𝒲 if the input program is ill typed. Our proofs can be seen as theoretical justifications for various type-checking strategies being used in practice.
The Attention Schema Theory: A Foundation for Engineering Artificial Consciousness (2017)

The purpose of the attention schema theory is to explain how an information-processing device, the brain, arrives at the claim that it possesses a non-physical, subjective awareness, and assigns a high degree of certainty to that extraordinary claim. The theory does not address how the brain might actually possess a non-physical essence. It is not a theory that deals in the non-physical. It is about the computations that cause a machine to make a claim and to assign a high degree of certainty to the claim. The theory is offered as a possible starting point for building artificial consciousness. Given current technology, it should be possible to build a machine that contains a rich internal model of what consciousness is, attributes that property of consciousness to itself and to the people it interacts with, and uses that attribution to make predictions about human behavior. Such a machine would “believe” it is conscious and act like it is conscious, in the same sense that the human machine believes and acts.
Selected Sports Bras: Comparisons of Comfort and Support (1990)

This study compared seven sports bras on quantitative and subjective measures of support and comfort for small, medium, and large breasted women during exercise. Fifty-nine subjects representing A, B, C, and D cup sizes were filmed while jogging on a treadmill at 6 mph in each bra style and in the nude condition. The average vertical displacement of the breast relative to the body was calculated for each condition. Subsequently, subjects completed questionnaires after engaging in vigorous exercise in each bra to assess subjectively comfort and support for each of the seven sports bras. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA's and subsequent pairwise comparisons indicated significant differences by bra style in subjective mean comfort scores and a significant interaction between subjects' cup sizes and subjective mean support scores. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients among vertical displacement values, subjective measures of support, and subjective measures of comfort indicated that bras that effectively controlled breast displacement tended to score lower on comfort. There were, however, exceptions to this trend, and no single bra rated well on all three measures of performance.
Hepatic uptake of chylomicron remnants (1997)

Chylomicrons are formed in the intestine and transport dietary triglyceride to peripheral tissues and cholesterol to the liver. The enzyme lipoprotein lipase, with apolipoprotein (apo)C-II as a co-factor, hydrolyzes chylomicron triglyceride allowing the delivery of free fatty acids to muscle and adipose tissue. As a result, a new particle called a chylomicron remnant is formed. This particle is enriched in cholesteryl ester and fat-soluble vitamins and contains apoB-48 and apoE. It is rapidly removed from the circulation by the liver. ApoE is the moiety required for rapid hepatic removal. Its activity is inhibited by C apolipoproteins, especially apoC-I. Hepatic removal appears to be accomplished by several overlapping mechanisms. The particle must first achieve a size that allows it to be "sieved" through the endothelial fenestre allowing entrance into the space of Disse. Here, it may 1) be removed directly by LDL receptors; 2) acquire additional apoE that is secreted free into the space, and then be removed directly by the LDL receptor-related protein (LRP); or 3) it may be sequestered in the space. Sequestration occurs by binding of apoE to heparan sulfate proteoglycans and/or binding of apoB to hepatic lipase. Sequestered particles may be further metabolized allowing apoE, and lysophospholipid enrichment, followed by transfer to one of the above receptors for hepatic uptake. The above formulation is based upon animal studies. In humans, delayed removal of chylomicron remnants has been documented in diabetes, renal failure, and familial combined hyperlipemia and is the abnormality resulting in type III hyperlipidemia. Case control studies have identified delayed remnant removal as an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Thus, understanding the further details of the processes, and how it can be regulated in humans, is an important challenge for the future.
Deformation, Alignment, and Vibration in Large Turbine-Generator Set (1996)

Within the Industrial Alignment Project (1990–93) and the Dynamic Alignment Project (1993–96), collaborative research and development efforts involving the Department of Geomatics Engineering at The University of Calgary, the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and a number of industrial partners in western Canada, many high-precision machinery surveys have been carried out. In a project for one of the industrial partners, a number of epochs of deformation, alignment, and vibration measurements were made on a large turbine-generator set. Measurements were made in order to identify the root cause of high vibration levels. Analysis of these measurements reveals that high vibration levels are a result of a “soft foot” condition caused by structural weakness in the reinforced concrete table that supports the turbine-generator set. It was recommended that the owner consider stiffening the table by making solid (i.e. moment resisting) connections between the table and all supporting columns.
Planning and Routing Algorithms for Multi-Skill Contact Centers (2006)

The last four years of my work have been satisfactory; due to the research I was able to deploy and to learn a lot.In the first place, I would like to thank my advisor professor Ger Koole for allowing me to do this, and for giving me support, feedback, freedom, and nice opportunities.I am
Mikroalbuminurie und kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen in Österreich: Ergebnisse der TIP (Tritace In Proteinuria)-Anwendungsbeobachtung (2003)

Eine Mikroalbuminurie kennzeichnet PatientInnen mit einem erhöhten kardiovaskulären Risiko. Im Rahmen der TIP (Tritace In Proteinuria)-Anwendungsbeobachtung wurde bei 434 PatientInnen am Beginn der Datenerfassung eine Normo- bzw. Mikroalbuminurie nach der konventionellen Definition diagnostiziert. Wie bereits mehrfach beschrieben, bestand eine signifikante Assoziation zwischen einer erhöhten Albuminausscheidung und kardiovaskulären Begleiterkrankungen. Eine geschlechtsspezifische Adaptation der unteren Grenzwerte der Mikroalbuminurie verbesserte den prädiktiven Wert der Albuminurie in Hinblick auf das Vorliegen kardiovaskulärer Begleiterkrankungen, eine zusätzliche alterskorrigierte Adaptation hingegen erbrachte keinen zusätzlichen Vorteil. Wir schließen aus unserer Untersuchung, daß eine geschlechtsadaptierte Abgrenzung zwischen Normo- und Mikroalbuminurie vor allem bei grenzwertigen Befunden den Wert der Quantifizierung der Albuminurie zur Vorhersage des Vorliegens begleitender kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen verbessert.
Binaural signal detection - Equalization and cancellation theory. (1972)

The improvement in masked-signal detection afforded by two ears (i.e., binaural unmasking) is explained on the basis of a descriptive model of the processing of binaural stimuli by a system consisting of two bandpass filters, an equalization and cancellation mechanism, and a decision device. The main ideas of the model are initially explained, and a general equation is derived for the purpose of making quantitative predictions. Comparisons are then made between various special cases of this equation and experimental data. Failures of the preliminary model in predicting the data are considered, and possible revisions are discussed.
Highly sensitive ac nanocalorimeter for microliter-scale liquids or biological samples (2004)

We developed an ultrasensitive ac nanocalorimeter for use with biological liquids by means of microfabrication technologies. The volume of the cell measurement is only 5 μL. This nanocalorimeter, tested on deionized water, allows the measurement of heat capacity variation above ±150 nJ/K (resolution of ±5×10−6) with an operating temperature ranging from −20 to 120 °C and a stability of 100 μK. Its use is demonstrated on diluted lysosyme solution measured at the frequency of 3 Hz. At 3 Hz, this ac calorimeter gives only the variation of the heat capacity during the denaturation, which allows complementary thermodynamic investigations as regards to classical differential scanning calorimetry measurements.
Fuzzy-neuro approach to fault classification for transmission line protection (1998)

This paper presents a new approach to real-time fault detection and classification in power transmission systems by using fuzzy-neuro techniques. The integration with neural network technology enhances fuzzy logic systems on learning capabilities. The symmetrical components in combination with three line currents are utilized to detect fault types such as single line-to ground, line-to-line, double line-to-ground and three line-to-ground, and then to define the faulty line. Computer simulation results are shown in this paper and they indicate this approach can be used as an effective tool for high speed digital relaying, as the correct detection is achieved in less than 10 ms.
Synthesis of quinazoline analogs of isofolic acid (1975)

Four quinazoline analogs of isofolic acid were synthesized including 5-methyl-5,8-deazaisofolic acid (8a), 5,8-deazaisofolic acid (8c), as well as their 4-NH2 counterparts 8b and 8d. None of these showed significant activity against L1210 leukemia in mice at dose levels where amethopterin provided significant prolongation in survival.
Crystallite size of kaolinites as indicator of different geochemical types of bauxite (2009)

A simple microstructural X-ray diffraction analysis using the Voigt function method reveals differences between bauxite deposits in the Iberian Range  Catalanides area (NE, Spain). The highest values of apparent crystallite sizes, measured by volume weighted Dv values from 001 kaolinite reflection, have been found in bauxites of type 1.
Current amplification and magnetic reconnection at a three‐dimensional null point: Physical characteristics (2007)

The behavior of magnetic perturbations of an initially potential three‐dimensional equilibrium magnetic null point is investigated. The basic components which constitute a typical disturbance are taken to be rotations and shears, in line with previous work. The spine and fan of the null point (the field lines which asymptotically approach or recede from the null) are subjected to such rotational and shear perturbations, using three‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations. It is found that rotations of the fan plane and about the spine lead to current sheets which are spatially diffuse in at least one direction and form in the locations of the spine and fan. However, shearing perturbations lead to 3‐D‐localized current sheets focused at the null point itself. In addition, rotations are associated with a growth of current parallel to the spine, driving rotational flows and a type of rotational reconnection. Shears, on the other hand, cause a current through the null which is parallel to the fan plane and are associated with stagnation‐type flows and field line reconnection across both the spine and fan. The importance of the parallel electric field, and its meaning as a reconnection rate, are discussed.