gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cover Picture: Group 9 Metal Complexes of <i>meso</i>‐Aryl‐Substituted Rubyrin (Chem. Eur. J. 30/2015) (2015)

Metalations of­ meso-aryl-substituted rubyrin with CoII, RhI, and IrIII give non-twisted Hückel conformations, as shown by T. Soya and A. Osuka in their Communication on page 10639 ff. The bis-CoII complex displays antiaromatic character, whereas the bis-RhI complex and mono-IrIII complexes exhibit aromatic characters, despite their highly distorted conjugated networks. The CoII complex also shows antiferromagnetic coupling between two CoII ions via the bridging acetoxy groups. Metalations of­ meso-aryl-substituted rubyrin with CoII, RhI, and IrIII give non-twisted Hückel conformations, as shown by T. Soya and A. Osuka in their Communication on page 10639 ff. The bis-CoII complex displays antiaromatic character, whereas the bis-RhI complex and mono-IrIII complexes exhibit aromatic characters, despite their highly distorted conjugated networks. The CoII complex also shows antiferromagnetic coupling between two CoII ions via the bridging acetoxy groups. Alkaloids Reactive units presumably derived from L-lysine mixed under simple reaction conditions form complex mixtures from which interesting natural product-like scaffolds and even natural substances (see figure) can be extracted. For more details, see the Concept article by E. Poupon and E. Gravel on page 10604 ff.1 Asymmetric Synthesis Syntheses of [Co(bpy)3]2+ yield racemic solutions because the Δ- and Λ-enantiomers are stereochemically labile. However, crystallization and attrition-enhanced deracemization can give homochiral crystal batches of either handedness in quantitative yield. Subsequently, solvent-free oxidation with bromine vapour fixes the chirality because [Co(bipy)3]3+ does not enantiomerize in solution at ambient temperature. For more details, see the Communication by M. Håkansson et al. on page 10630 ff.1 DNA Base Pairs As is well known, Watson–Crick (WC) base pairs consist of A:T with two hydrogen bonds and G:C with three hydrogen bonds. This interaction through hydrogen bonding contributes not only to the stabilization of the DNA duplex but also to the rigorous conservation and transmittance of the genetic information. In their Full Paper on page 10688 ff., N. Minakawa et al. report an unnatural base-pair analogue with four hydrogen bonds, which is replicable and conserved in polymerase-catalyzed template-based DNA incorporation and amplification similar to WC base pairs.1
Kaliotoxin, a novel peptidyl inhibitor of neuronal BK-type Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels characterized from Androctonus mauretanicus mauretanicus venom. (1992)

A peptidyl inhibitor of the high conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels (KCa) has been purified to homogeneity from the venom of the scorpion Androctonus mauretanicus mauretanicus. The peptide has been named kaliotoxin (KTX). It is a single 4-kDa polypeptide chain. Its complete amino acid sequence has been determined. KTX displays sequence homology with other scorpion-derived inhibitors of Ca(2+)-activated or voltage-gated K+ channels: 44% homology with charybdotoxin (CTX), 52% with noxiustoxin (NTX), and 44% with iberiotoxin (IbTX). Electrophysiological experiments performed in identified nerve cells from the mollusc Helix pomatia showed that KTX specifically suppressed the whole cell Ca(2+)-activated K+ current. KTX had no detectable effects on voltage-gated K+ current (delayed rectifier and fast transient A current) or on L-type Ca2+ currents. KTX interacts in a one-to-one way with KCa channels with a Kd of 20 nM. Single channel experiments were performed on high conductance KCa channels excised from the above Helix neurons and from rabbit coeliac ganglia sympathetic neurons. KTX acted exclusively at the outer face of the channel. KTX applied on excised outside-out KCa channels induced a transient period of fast-flicker block followed by a persistent channel blockade. The KTX-induced block was not voltage-dependent which suggests differences in the blockade of KCa channels by KTX and by CTX. Comparison of KTX and CTX sequences leads to the identification of a short amino acid sequence (26-33) which may be implicated in the toxin-channel interaction. KTX therefore appears to be a useful tool for elucidating the molecular pharmacology of the high conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel.
Effects of Incretin-based Therapies on Weight-related Indicators among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Network Meta-analysis. (2020)

GLP-1 RAs were more effective than DPP-4Is in lowering the three indicators. Overall, the effects of GLP-1 RAs on weight, BMI, and WC were favorable.
Joint Sampling and Transmission Policies for Minimizing Cost under AoI\n Constraints (2021)

In this work, we consider the problem of jointly minimizing the average cost\nof sampling and transmitting status updates by users over a wireless channel\nsubject to average Age of Information (AoI) constraints. Errors in the\ntransmission may occur and a scheduling policy has to decide if the users\nsample a new packet or attempt for retransmission of the packet sampled\npreviously. The cost consists of both sampling and transmission costs. The\nsampling of a new packet after a failure imposes an additional cost on the\nsystem. We formulate a stochastic optimization problem with the average cost in\nthe objective under average AoI constraints. To solve this problem, we propose\nthree scheduling policies; a) a dynamic policy, that is centralized and\nrequires full knowledge of the state of the system, b) two stationary\nrandomized policies that require no knowledge of the state of the system. We\nutilize tools from Lyapunov optimization theory in order to provide the dynamic\npolicy, and we prove that its solution is arbitrary close to the optimal one.\nIn order to provide the randomized policies, we model the system by utilizing\nDiscrete Time Markov Chain (DTMC). We provide closed-form and approximated\nexpressions for the average AoI and its distribution, for each randomized\npolicy. Simulation results show the importance of providing the option to\ntransmit an old packet in order to minimize the total average cost.\n
Amphiphilic behavior of an apparently non-polar calixarene. (2005)

International audience
Magnetic anisotropy in TbFe thin films prepared at oblique incidence (1988)

Effects of the incident vapor-beam orientation on magnetic anisotropy of TbFe thin films were investigated. By coevaporation of Tb and Fe on tilted substrates, the angle of incident vapor beam was made to vary from 0° to 60° with respect to each substrate normal. The magnetic measurements were carried out using a vibrating sample magnetometer and a torque magnetometer in applied fields of 15 and 20 kOe, respectively. Assuming an intrinsic anisotropy with a single easy axis, the easy axis orientation and the intrinsic anisotropy energy were estimated. It was found that perpendicular magnetic anisotropy did not deteriorate until the angle of incidence reached 30°. However, the easy axis became tilted from the film normal for angles of incidence larger than 30°; finally, at an incident angle of 60°, it was in the film plane. A rapid increase in the shape anisotropy energy and a simultaneous decrease in the intrinsic anisotropy energy with the angle of incidence are believed to be causes for the loss of perpendicularity in the film.
The Pharmacotherapy of Minor Depression (1992)

Although the literature appears to demonstrate the efficacy of standard antidepressant medications for the short-term treatment of patients with minor depression, they are not widely prescribed. In comparison, psychotherapy is generally recommended, but without convincing data to support this conviction. We, therefore, advocate successive trials with antidepressants in any depressed patient, particularly if they have failed to benefit from psychotherapy or other supportive measures for three months.
SU‐E‐I‐38: Optimizing CT Slice Width Measurements (2012)

For measuring thin slices, the use of bead ramps, with adequately small FOV and a small focal spot should be advised. For measuring thick slices, wire ramps will give less variability although bead ramps give equally accurate results on average. Funding provided by The Phantom Laboratory, Incorporated and Image Owl, Incorporated.
The Science of Speed: Determinants of Performance in the 100 m Sprint (2011)

Science alone cannot explain all features and aspects of human exercise performance, and there is no doubt that coaches hold tremendous insight into determinants of athletic success. The challenge has and remains to be how to promote a marriage between science and coaching to stimulate improved understanding of human athletic performance. Our review, in combination with the commentary from Yannis Pitsiladis, Anthony Davis and Dennis Johnson, is a good examples of how such a marriage can occur and be fostered by pertinent academic and coaching journals...
Risk factors for prostate cancer: a case‐control study in Greece (1999)

A case-control study of prostate cancer (PC) was undertaken in Athens, Greece. Cases were 320 patients with histologically confirmed incident disease, whereas controls were 246 patients without history or symptomatology of benign prostatic hyperplasia, treated in the same hospitals as the cases for minor diseases or conditions. Cases and controls had similar distributions with respect to height, body mass index, sibship size and birth order in the parental family, marital status and number of offspring in the subject's own family and a long series of previous surgical operations and medical diagnoses, including diabetes mellitus, hepatitis and sexually transmitted diseases. There was also no evidence for a positive association between vertex baldness, tobacco smoking and drinking of coffee or alcoholic beverages, on the one hand, and PC, on the other. There was evidence, however, that some aspect of urban life may increase the risk for PC and a suggestion that sexual activity in early adulthood may be inversely associated with this risk. Int. J. Cancer80:699–703, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Interpreting Microscopic Magnetic Resonance Elastography Measurements Using Finite Element Analysis (2013)

Microscopic Magnetic Resonance Elastography (μMRE) could be useful in estimating the shear stiffness of biological or other samples of small dimension. In this study, a silicon rubber phantom shell with liquid inside of it was measured using μMRE. A parametric simulation study of a simplified axisymmetric shell model was performed in order to interpret the wave propagation and how it is affected by the material parameter values.
The Los Angeles TEAM Study: personal exposures, indoor-outdoor air concentrations, and breath concentrations of 25 volatile organic compounds. (1991)

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the California Air Resources Board studied the exposures of 51 residents of Los Angeles, California, to 25 volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) in air and drinking water in 1987. A major goal of the study was to measure personal, indoor, and outdoor air concentrations, and breath concentrations of VOCs in persons living in households that had previously been measured in 1984. Other goals were to confirm the marked day-night and seasonal differences observed in 1984; to determine room-to-room variability within homes; to determine source emission rates by measuring air exchange rates in each home; and to extend the coverage of chemicals by employing additional sampling and analysis methods. A total of 51 homes were visited in February of 1987, and 43 of these were revisited in July of 1987. The results confirmed previous TEAM Study findings of higher personal and indoor air concentrations than outdoor concentrations of all prevalent chemicals (except carbon tetrachloride); higher personal, indoor, and outdoor air concentrations in winter than in summer; and (in winter only) higher outdoor concentrations at night than in the daytime. New findings included the following: (1) room-to-room variability of 12-hour average concentrations was very small, indicating that a single monitor may be adequate for estimating indoor concentrations over this time span; (2) "whole-house" source emission rates were relatively constant during both seasons, with higher rates for odorous chemicals such as p-dichlorobenzene and limonene (often used in room air fresheners) than for other classes of chemicals; (3) breath concentrations measured during morning and evening were similar for most participants, suggesting the suitability of breath measurements for estimating exposure in the home; (4) limited data obtained on two additional chemicals-toluene and methylene chloride-indicated that both were prevalent at fairly high concentrations and that indoor air concentrations exceeded outdoor concentrations by a factor of about three.
Effect of polymethylhydrosiloxane on propylene polymerization catalyzed by Ziegler catalyst (1962)

Abstract Polymethylhydrosiloxane was added to the Ziegler catalyst in propylene polymerization, and a kinetic study carried out for this system was in good agreement with the results obtained in the polymerization carried out in an autoclave under pressure. The experimental equations for polymerization rate are for constant siloxane and AlEt 3 concentrations and for constant siloxane and TiCl 4 concentrations, where α, A, and β are constants. From experimental results of studies of the chemical properties of polymethylhydrosiloxane, a reasonable reaction mechanism was proposed which can explain the experimental results in the polymerization process. The polymers were separated by use of several solvents, and both the residue and extracted parts showed the presence of silicon. On the basis of chemical analysis and infrared absorption spectra, it was concluded that the polymers obtained were copolymers of polypropylene and polymethylsiloxane.
Development of a Three-Dimensional Bioengineered Platform for Articular Cartilage Regeneration (2019)

Degenerative cartilage pathologies are nowadays a major problem for the world population. Factors such as age, genetics or obesity can predispose people to suffer from articular cartilage degeneration, which involves severe pain, loss of mobility and consequently, a loss of quality of life. Current strategies in medicine are focused on the partial or total replacement of affected joints, physiotherapy and analgesics that do not address the underlying pathology. In an attempt to find an alternative therapy to restore or repair articular cartilage functions, the use of bioengineered tissues is proposed. In this study we present a three-dimensional (3D) bioengineered platform combining a 3D printed polycaprolactone (PCL) macrostructure with RAD16-I, a soft nanofibrous self-assembling peptide, as a suitable microenvironment for human mesenchymal stem cells' (hMSC) proliferation and differentiation into chondrocytes. This 3D bioengineered platform allows for long-term hMSC culture resulting in chondrogenic differentiation and has mechanical properties resembling native articular cartilage. These promising results suggest that this approach could be potentially used in articular cartilage repair and regeneration.
Enhanced high-field transport critical current density of superconducting bulk Y-Ba-Cu-O prepared by rapid solidification and directional annealing (1992)

Strongly textured high-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ bulk Y-Ba-Cu-O was prepared with rapid solidification and directional annealing processes. Sintered ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ (1:2:3) samples, produced by conventional ceramic synthesis, were rapidly quenched with a twin rolling mill and directionally annealed by moving the sample at a speed of 0.2 cm/h through a temperature gradient of up to 60 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C/cm from 1020 to 900 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. We have measured transport ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{c}}$ of 2000 A/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ by pulse current and 1150 A/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ by dc at 77 K in a field of 15 T. It has been found that the ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{c}}$ values measured by pulse and dc methods are approximately equal in high magnetic fields (8--15 T) and ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{c}}$ measured by pulse current is larger than that measured by dc in magnetic fields below 8 T. The measured values of ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{c}}$ decrease monotonically with increasing external magnetic field. Scanning and transmission-electron-microscopy studies showed that the 1:2:3 crystallites grow with their c axes perpendicular to the sample traveling direction. Crystallites of \ensuremath{\sim}2--4 \ensuremath{\mu}m of ${\mathrm{Y}}_{2}$${\mathrm{BaCuO}}_{5}$ (2:1:1) phase were observed also with their c axes perpendicular to the sample traveling direction. Grains with twin crystals orientated at \ensuremath{\sim}90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} from each other were observed. Precipitates of CuO were observed using energy-dispersive x-ray analysis. Dislocations with a density of \ensuremath{\sim}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{9}$/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ were found in the 1:2:3 crystals. These dislocations lie on the a-b plane. The enhancement of ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{c}}$ probably is due to flux pinning by the dislocations and to the preferred orientation of the crystallites with the a-b plane parallel to the sample traveling direction.
Three-Layer Dielectric Stripline Filter For Guided-Wave Applications (1984)

A novel wavelength filtering mechanism in a three-layer dielectric stripline structure is described. The waveguide consists of two high-index layers separated by a low-index layer in which the fields are evanescent perpendicular to the layer surfaces. The stripline is defined by a local extremum in the thickness of the middle, low-index layer. The analysis shows that upper or lower wavelength limits for propagation along the stripline can be set by proper choice of the thicknesses of the two high-index layers, if all layer refractive indices are specified. Outside these limits, the modes arc contained in the direction perpendicular to the layer surfaces, but are leaky in the direction parallel to them. The wavelength filtering mechanism is explained in terms of the wavelength dependence of the mode profile within and without the stripline. In this three-layer structure, for a particular mode, there is a critical wavelength for which the dependence of propagation constant on the thickness of the middle layer vanishes. At this wavelength, the mode does not see the stripline at all. On one side of this critical wavelength the effective index is at a local maximum along the stripline axis, while on the other it is at a local minimum. In the former case the structure acts as a dielectric stripline waveguide, containing the mode near the axis, while in the latter case the mode leaks away parallel to the layer surfaces. The structure gives sharp cutoffs in the transmittance vs. wavelength, with none of the oscillations beyond cutoff characteristic of distributed Bragg reflection filters.
Intrinsic frequency doubling in a magnetic tunnel junction–based spin torque oscillator (2011)

We show that the frequency of a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ)-based spin torque oscillator (STO) can be doubled and the first harmonic entirely suppressed by orienting the free and fixed layer magnetizations in an antiparallel (AP) state. The angular dependence of the harmonics allows us to extract the free layer precession angle, which follows a parabolic decrease from a maximum of 20∘ in the AP state to about 10∘ at 25∘ of misalignment. Frequency-doubling provides both a promising way for increasing the frequency of MTJ-STOs and a means for high-rate frequency shift keying using only a small magnetic field.
Shear wave elastography enables detection of vulnerable carotid plaques – MRI-validation of combined spatiotemporal and frequency-dependent wave analysis (2019)

Shear wave elastography enables detection of vulnerable carotid plaques – MRI-validation of combined spatiotemporal and frequency-dependent wave analysis
I.~The design, synthesis and evaluation of L-ascorbic acid provitamins. II.~Studies toward a rationally designed chiral lithium amide base for enantioselective deprotonation (1997)

The preparation and evaluation of L-ascorbic acid pro-vitamins is described. Through a modification of the Reichstein-Grussner synthesis of ascorbic acid, three derivatives of L-xylo-2-hexulosonic acid, designed to release sc L-ascorbic acid in vivo, were synthesized. Differing molecules acylated by L-xylo-2-hexulosonic acid: glycolic acid, glycine and urea were used, giving rise to an ester, amide and imide, respectively. Of the three derivatives, the imide was shown to afford sc L-ascorbic acid most readily under conditions designed to mimic gastric juice, and the amide least readily. It is anticipated that these derivatives may find use in therapies in which slow release of sc L-ascorbic acid to the intestines or bloodstream is desired. The second area of research discussed is a study directed toward the design and synthesis of a chiral lithium amide base for the asymmetric formation of carbanions through non-bonded interactions. A chiral variant of the widely used lithium amide base LDA was prepared from methyl (S)-lactate. Through incorporation of a pendant heteroatom to provide an additional coordination site for lithium, a high level of enantiodiscrimination is expected through the formation of highly ordered transition state structures in the deprotonation of conformationally anchored cyclohexanones.
Diagnosis and treatment of dementia: 5. Nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapy for mild to moderate dementia (2008)

Although the available therapies for dementia can help with the management of symptoms, there is a need to develop more effective interventions.
SORLA-Dependent and -Independent Functions for PACS1 in Control of Amyloidogenic Processes (2013)

Sorting-related receptor with A-type repeats (SORLA) is a sorting receptor for the amyloid precursor protein (APP) that prevents breakdown of APP into Aβ peptides, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several cytosolic adaptors have been shown to interact with the cytoplasmic domain of SORLA, thereby controlling intracellular routing of SORLA/APP complexes in cell lines. However, the relevance of adaptor-mediated sorting of SORLA for amyloidogenic processes in vivo remained unexplored. We focused on the interaction of SORLA with phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein 1 (PACS1), an adaptor that shuttles proteins between the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosomes. By studying PACS1 knockdown in neuronal cell lines and investigating transgenic mice expressing a PACS1-binding-defective mutant form of SORLA, we found that disruption of SORLA and PACS1 interaction results in the inability of SORLA/APP complexes to sort to the TGN in neurons and in increased APP processing in the brain. Loss of PACS1 also impairs the proper expression of the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor and its target cathepsin B, a protease that breaks down Aβ. Thus, our data identified the importance of PACS1-dependent protein sorting for amyloidogenic-burden control via both SORLA-dependent and SORLA-independent mechanisms.