gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Power distribution paths in 3-D ICS (2009)

Distributing power and ground to a vertically integrated system is a complex and difficult task. Interplane communication and power delivery are achieved by through silicon vias (TSVs) in most of the manufacturing techniques for three-dimensional (3-D) circuits. As shown in this paper, these vertical interconnects provide additional low impedance paths for distributing power and ground within a 3-D circuit. These paths, however, have not been considered in the design process of 3-D power and ground distribution networks. By exploiting these additional paths, the IR drop within each plane is reduced. Alternatively, the routing congestion caused by the TSVs can be decreased by removing stacks of metal vias that are used within a power distribution network. Additionally, the required decoupling capacitance for a circuit can be reduced, resulting in significant savings in area. Case studies of power grids demonstrate a significant reduction of 22% in the number of intraplane vias. Alternatively, a 25% decrease in the decoupling capacitance can be achieved.
Expression of integrated hepatitis B virus DNA in PLC/PRF/5, Hep 3B, and L6EC3 cell lines detected by in situ hybridisation. (1986)

The expression of the DNA of hepatitis B virus (HBV) was analysed in three cell lines (PLC/PRF/5, Hep 3B, L6EC3) which contain the HBV DNA integrated in their genome and release the viral surface antigen (HBsAg) in relation to cell growth. Using the in situ hybridisation technique and a cloned DNA probe specific for hepatitis B virus (PTKH9), the intracellular viral RNA localisation showed that for the three cell lines, HBV RNA are present in the different cell compartments according to the age of the culture. The nucleolar and nuclear localisation are visible in the early stages of the cell growth, whereas in the later stages viral RNA are found in the cytoplasm corresponding to the maximal production of the HBsAg. These observations suggest that the nucleolus is implicated in the expression of the integrated form of HBV genetic information, the regulation of which is linked to cell growth.
Genetic and epigenetic control of midbrain dopaminergic neuron development (2000)

The relatively few dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the mammalian brain regulate many important neural functions, including motor integration, neuroendocrine hormone release, cognition, emotive behaviors and reward. A number of laboratories, including ours, have contributed to unravel the mechanisms of DA phenotype induction and maturation and elucidated the role of epigenetic factors involved in specification, development and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic functions. DA progenitors are first "committed" to give rise to DA neurons by the action of two secreted factors, Sonic hedgehog and fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8). Subsequently, the function of selectively activated transcription factors, Nurr1 and Ptx3, is required for the DA final determination. Further development of DA neurotransmission requires specific interactions with the developing target striatal cells, which modulate key DA functions, namely synthesis and uptake of the neurotransmitter. Committed and determined DA neurons express the key genes involved in DA neurotransmission at different times in development. In rodents, synthesis and intracellular accumulation of DA is achieved shortly after expression of Nurr1, while the onset of high affinity uptake, responsible for ending the neurotransmission, takes place after a few days. Cell contacts between the presynaptic DA neurons and target striatal neurons are apparently necessary for the fine modulation of DA function, in vivo and in vitro. Strikingly, the in situ maturation and phenotypic specialization of DA neurons grafted into the adult striatum/caudate-putamen parallels the normal development of committed fetal dopamine neurons during neurogenesis. The correct matching between the right presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons is required also for grafted DA cells.
USE OF THE WEI–LIN–WEISSFELD METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF A RECURRING AND A TERMINATING EVENT (1997)

We consider application of the Wei–Lin–Weissfeld (WLW) method for multiple failure time data when analysing a disease process consisting of a recurring outcome, such as clinical progression, and a terminating outcome, such as death. In order to adapt WLW for this situation, ‘events’ must be specified that define multiple failure times and whether these are censored. Various choices of events are possible, and each corresponds to inferences about a different aspect of the underlying disease process. Definitions which regard the terminating outcome as a censor of the recurring outcome focus on specific cause-specific hazard functions, while event definitions which make no distinction between a recurring and terminating outcome focus on hazard functions of the induced failure times. Some event definitions require strong statistical assumptions to yield valid inferences and are not recommended. The application of WLW for recurring/terminating processes is illustrated with the results of two recently conducted clinical trials in persons with HIV. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Stat. Med., Vol. 16, 925–940 (1997).
The influence of shock-pad density and footwear cushioning on heel impact and forefoot loading during running and turning movements (2016)

This investigation explored how shock-pad density and footwear cushioning influences soccer players' biomechanics. Ten participants (20.9 ± 2.5 yrs, 83.2 ± 7.1 kg, UK footwear size 10-11) wore three footwear cushioning conditions (soccer boot, soccer boot with cushioning insole and soccer boot with heel insert). Each footwear condition was tested on two shock-pad densities (55 g/litre and 65 g/litre) beneath a third generation carpet. For each footwear-shock-pad combination, eight running trials (3.81 m/s) and eight turning trials (consistent self-selected speeds) were collected. Pressure insole data were collected to provide a measure of player loading at impact and propulsion. Repeated measures ANOVAs demonstrated no main effects of footwear. The greater surface density did however, significantly increase (p < 0.05) measurements associated with loading during running (first metatarsal peak pressure) and turning (peak impact force, lateral heel and first metatarsal peak pressure). These findings suggest that shock-pad density is important in the regulation of player loading.
Alprostadil combined with sodium ferulate in treating diabetic nephropathy (2011)

Objective To study the effect of alprostadil combined with sodium ferulate in treating diabetic nephropathy. Methods Seventy patients with diabetic nephropathy were divided into conventional therapy group and therapeutic alliance group. On the base of glucose-lowering treatment, the conventional therapy group were treated with the alprostadil, the therapeutic alliance group with alprostadil combined with sodium ferulate. To observe treatment anterior-posterior result after 3 months. Results Both groups showed lower urinary albumin, urea nitrogen, creatinine compared with the pretherapy(P<0.001), the therapeutic alliance group showed lower urine protein excretion compared with the conventional therapy group(P<0.05). Conclusions Alprostadil combined with sodium ferulate can obviously reduced urinary albumin. 

Key words: 
Alprostadil;  Sodium ferulate;  Therapeutic alliance;  Diabetic nephropathy
Influence of Base Resistivity on Solar Cell Parameters of Double-Side Contacted Rear Junction Solar Cells (2012)

We study the dependence of solar cell parameters on base resistivity for double-side contacted n-type rear junction solar cells with boron emitter and local rear contacts. Experimental data for solar cells processed on n-type Cz Si wafers with base resistivities ranging from 2 Ω·cm to 16 Ω cm are compared to device simulations for the respective resistivity range. Our experimental data show the typical strong increase of efficiency with base resistivity in the range of 2 - 5 Ω cm and at about 10 Ω cm a saturation of efficiency with base resistivity sets in [1–4].Comparison of experimental and simulation results reveal that our experimental findings are closely reproduced assuming a constant bulk lifetime after solar cell processing. Furthermore the results of this study were implemented in an optimized solar cell process. With 14 Ω cm n-type Cz as base material solar cell efficiencies of up to 20.9% on 243.4 cm2 (total area) were achieved which was confirmed by Fraunhofer ISE CalLab.
Circulating tumor DNA: a promising biomarker in the liquid biopsy of cancer (2016)

Tissue biopsy is the standard diagnostic procedure for cancers and also provides a material for genotyping, which can assist in the targeted therapies of cancers. However, tissue biopsy-based cancer diagnostic procedures have limitations in their assessment of cancer development, prognosis and genotyping, due to tumor heterogeneity and evolution. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is single- or double-stranded DNA released by the tumor cells into the blood and it thus harbors the mutations of the original tumor. In recent years, liquid biopsy based on ctDNA analysis has shed a new light on the molecular diagnosis and monitoring of cancer. Studies found that the screening of genetic mutations using ctDNA is highly sensitive and specific, suggesting that ctDNA analysis may significantly improve current systems of tumor diagnosis, even facilitating early-stage detection. Moreover, ctDNA analysis is capable of accurately determining the tumor progression, prognosis and assisting in targeted therapy. Therefore, using ctDNA as a liquid biopsy may herald a revolution for tumor management. Herein, we review the biology of ctDNA, its detection methods and potential applications in tumor diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.
DNA microarray analyses of melanoma gene expression: a decade in the mines (2007)

Gene expression profiling in melanoma is an exercise in prospecting for fundamental molecular biologies useful for formulating hypotheses to explain disease characteristics. Over the last 10 years DNA microarray technologies have been employed in scores of such melanoma studies. As soon as the technology became available, researchers grasped the new tool and began to hammer away at melanoma's molecular strata. A small army of data miners toiled into the dross, believing that glittering seams of relevance had been struck and from great slag heaps of data they would extract biological gold. What exactly has a decade of ceaseless sappering brought us, what can be profitably refined from what has already been extracted and what remains undiscovered? This review is a critical analysis of the multiple research programs, which have attempted to define and contextualize broad transcriptional changes relevant to melanoma biology.
No effect of<i>n</i>-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (EPA and DHA) supplementation on depressed mood and cognitive function: a randomised controlled trial (2007)

Low dietary intakes of the n-3 long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) EPA and DHA are thought to be associated with increased risk for a variety of adverse outcomes, including some psychiatric disorders. Evidence from observational and intervention studies for a role of n-3 LCPUFA in depression is mixed, with some support for a benefit of EPA and/or DHA in major depressive illness. The present study was a double-blind randomised controlled trial that evaluated the effects of EPA+DHA supplementation (1.5 g/d) on mood and cognitive function in mild to moderately depressed individuals. Of 218 participants who entered the trial, 190 completed the planned 12 weeks intervention. Compliance, confirmed by plasma fatty acid concentrations, was good, but there was no evidence of a difference between supplemented and placebo groups in the primary outcome - namely, the depression subscale of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales at 12 weeks. Mean depression score was 8.4 for the EPA+DHA group and 9.6 for the placebo group, with an adjusted difference of - 1.0 (95 % CI - 2.8, 0.8; P = 0.27). Other measures of mood, mental health and cognitive function, including Beck Depression Inventory score and attentional bias toward threat words, were similarly little affected by the intervention. In conclusion, substantially increasing EPA+DHA intake for 3 months was found not to have beneficial or harmful effects on mood in mild to moderate depression. Adding the present result to a meta-analysis of previous relevant randomised controlled trial results confirmed an overall negligible benefit of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation for depressed mood.
An Effective Bismuth‐Catalyzed Benzylation of Arenes and Heteroarenes (2006)

Abstract A highly efficient Bi(OTf) 3 ‐catalyzed benzylation of arenes and heteroarenes has been developed. The mild reaction conditions, high yields, operational simplicity and practicability, broad scope, and remarkably low catalyst loading render this environment friendly process an attractiv approach to diarylmethane derivatives. The extension to an intramolecular variant of this procedure provides a valuable route to substituted fluorenes.
Novel RFLPs at protooncogene and cancer-related gene loci on mouse chromosomes (1993)

DNA probes for the NRAS, HRAS, KRAS2, LCK, RAF1, MET, MYCL1, MYCN, MYB, ERBB2, FOS, CSF1R, and SRC protooncogene loci; the retinoblastoma gene locus (RB1); the tumor virus integration sites INT2, PVT1, and MLV12; and the locus of the tumor-specific antigen T1A were used to screen mouse genomic DNAs from RF/J, CAST/Ei, MOLF/Ei, Mus musculus musculus, M. m. poschiavinus, and M. spretus. Polymorphic DNA fragments for the 18 DNA probes have been identified using Southern blot hybridization and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis.
R. Orloffsky (1959)

Journal Article R. Orloffsky Get access Maurice B. Line Maurice B. Line 1The University, Southampton Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume 6, Issue 11, 1 December 1959, Page 459, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/6.11.459b Published: 01 December 1959
Mechanisms Underlying Very-Low-Frequency RR-Interval Oscillations in Humans (1998)

Although very-low-frequency heart period rhythms are influenced by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, as low and respiratory frequency RR-interval rhythms, they depend primarily on the presence of parasympathetic outflow. Therefore the prognostic value of very-low-frequency heart period oscillations may derive from the fundamental importance of parasympathetic mechanisms in cardiovascular health.
WSDL-Based Automatic Test Case Generation for Web Services Testing (2005)

Web services promote the specification based cooperation and collaboration among distributed applications in an open environment. To ensure the quality of the services that are published, bound, invoked and integrated at runtime, test cases have to be automatically generated and testing executed, monitored and analyzed at runtime. This paper presents the research to generate Web services test cases automatically based on the Web services specification language WSDL (Web Services Description Language), which carries the basic information of a service including its interface operations and the data transmitted. The WSDL file is first parsed and transformed into the structured DOM tree. Then, test cases are generated from two perspectives: test data generation and test operation generation. Test data are generated by analyzing the message data types according to standard XML schema syntax. Operation flows are generated based on the operation dependency analysis. Three types of dependencies are defined: input dependency, output dependency, and input/output dependency. Finally, the generated test cases are documented in XML based test files called service test specification.
Instrumental analysis of volatile (flavour) compounds in milk and dairy products (1997)

The present article reviews the most commonly used methods, techniques and equipments for instrumental analysis of volatile (flavour) compounds in milk and dairy products. After listing sorne previous important review articles, several methods commonly used for samp1e treatment are described, as weil as the following techniques for extraction and concentration prior to gas chromatographic (GC) analysis: static and dynamic headspace, steam distillation, high-vacuum distillation, molecular distillation, direct extraction (liquidlliquid or liquidlsolid), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), simultaneous (steam) distillation extraction (SDE), dialysis, solid-phase extraction (SPE) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Two c1assical injection deviees are also described: oncolumn injection and the so-called 'purge and trap' system. The main advantages and disadvantages of CUITent commercially available types of fused silica capillary columns are briefly considered. The newly developed 'chiral' phases are also described. The article reviews sorne of the numerous detection systems used for qualitative and/or quantitative analyses such as FID or MS detection, FTIR detection, SCD, FPD and NPD detectors used for sulfur-and nitrogen-containing components, AED detection and the 'sniffing deviee'. Sorne usefullibrary search systems such as PBM, INCaS and SISCaM (ie, MassLib) are mentioned to complete the overview of this topic. Finally, this paper briefly points out sorne other methods (ie, photometrie), capable of determining various specifie chemical functions responsible for flavour (carbonyl compounds, etc), as weil as promising techniques involving new electronic noses. milk / dairy product / volatile compound / flavour / analytical method Rsum -L'analyse instrumentale des composs volatils (de l'arme) du lait et des produits laitiers, Le prsent article passe en revue les mthodes, techniques et quipements les plus utiliss Oral communication at the lDF Symposium 'Ripening and Quality of Cheeses ', Besanon, France, February 26-28, 1996.
A study in accuracy of time synchronization of BLE devices using connection-based event (2017)

Time synchronization over a distributed BLE wireless network poses several challenging problems which may affect the accuracy of time stamping of events recorded by BLE devices. In this paper, we study the accuracy of a time synchronization scheme based on generation of an event in the application program at the time of BLE connection establishment. We discuss the background of the problem, explain the method of measurement used to evaluate the solution in detail, and present the results of time synchronization based on a practical BLE platform. We also explain the relationship between the time synchronization and BLE configuration parameters. The results of our experiments indicate that the accuracy of our time synchronization during connection establishment is around ±750μs.
Encyclopedia of artificial intelligence; vols. 1 and 2 (1987)

A method is described for confining an animal within an experimenter-defined area without the use of physical boundaries. The area of exploration is constrained by the presence of an aversive noise, triggered whenever the animal steps across a computer-controlled boundary. The radius of the invisible boundary is constantly reset so that the boundary becomes "fuzzy" and the animal cannot use it as a spatial localizing cue. The effectiveness of this technique is demonstrated both with behavioural data confirming reliable confinement, and also recordings of hippocampal place cells made from rats exploring the arena. The place cell data reveal that indeed, the cells did not appear to be controlled by the fuzzy boundary, in contrast with the strong control normally exerted by fixed boundaries. This technique is thus promising for studies of spatial behaviour in which the strong influence of walls needs to be removed in order to allow the study of more subtle processes such as landmark use and path integration.
Drag Reduction Technologies (2001)

Diluted polymer solutions, surfactants, microbubbles and compliant coating as drag reducers have been reviewed in this report. The advantages and disadvantages of each method have been discussed. For the polymer solutions, it is possible to achieve up to 80% drag reduction with only a few parts per million of polymer. Ionic and non-ionic surfactants can also offer similar drag reduction as polymer solutions but at a high concentration of few percent. Microbubbles are perhaps the cheapest and non-polluted drag reducer. However, the control of the bubble size and the angle of ejection can impose technical challenges. This method can be combined with other drag reduction (DR) technologies such as polymers to enhance its effectiveness. Compliant coatings can be designed to behave in a similar fashion to the skin of a dolphin. The development of the compliant coating is theoretically complicated, although the optimized coating can offer a DR up to 50%. Despite the extensive research in the area of DR over the past four decades, for each DR technology there is no universally accepted model that explains the DR mechanism. Application of DR technology with microbubbles to the ship hull indicated a 10 - 15% reduction in drag. The full scale testing of a submarine by the U.S. Navy has shown that polymer ejection has the potential to reduce the self-noise, drag and radiated noise generated by the propeller.
Effect of Solvent, Temperature, and Solvent-to-Solid Ratio on the Total Phenolic Content and Antiradical Activity of Extracts from Different Components of Grape Pomace (2005)

Grape byproducts were subjected to an extraction process under various different experimental conditions (namely, solvent type, temperature, solvent-to-solid ratio, time contact, and raw material) in order to study the effect of these conditions on the yield of phenolic compounds and the corresponding antiradical activity of extracts. Although the order of decreasing capacity to extract soluble materials was ethanol > methanol > water, methanol was the most selective for extracting phenolic compounds. Temperature and solvent-to-solid ratio were found to have a critical role in extraction efficiency; values of 50 degrees C (between 25 and 50 degrees C) and 1:1 (between 1:1 and 5:1) maximized the antiradical activity of phenolic extracts. In addition, extracts from grape samples previously subjected to distillation reached higher antiradical values in comparison to those coming directly from pressing; in both cases, seed extracts showed better results than those of stem when ethanol or water was employed, whereas the opposite occurred in the case of methanol. These differences were attributed to the different phenolic compositions of the considered fractions.
Iodine-123-HIPDM lung imaging in pulmonary vein-banded pulmonary hypertension. (1990)

To evaluate the use of N,N,N'-trimethyl-N,-[2-hydroxy-3-methyl-5 iodobenzyl-1, 3 propanediamine iodine-123 (HIPDM) in lung imagings for the diagnosis of individual pulmonary vein stenosis, 14 single-pulmonary vein-banded rats underwent lung imaging. After i.v. injection of 250-300 microCi [123I]HIPDM lung images were recorded at 2 min by a gamma camera interfaced with a PDP computer. Banded lung demonstrated higher [123I]HIPDM radioactivity than that of nonbanded lungs. The activity ratio of banded-to-nonbanded lungs ranged from 4.0 to 1.22 (average 1.62). Technetium-99m-macroaggregated albumin (MAA) lung images showed decreased perfusion in banded lung, and normal perfusion in the nonbanded lung. Postmortem microscopic changes in pulmonary arteries and veins were compatible with the elevated pulmonary artery and venous pressure in vein-banded lung. Whether the high uptake of [123I]HIPDM in banded lungs relates to endothelial receptors for HIPDM is unknown. Nevertheless, the finding of high lung uptake in banded lung in [123I]HIPDM lung imaging may be potentially used to diagnose individual pulmonary vein stenosis.