gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemically-induced resistance against multiple pests in cotton (2001)

Plants can be treated with natural elicitors to induce resistance to herbivores. The effects of induced resistance to cotton aphids Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), two-spotted spider mites Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), and western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in cotton plants were investigated using applications of the natural plant inducer, jasmonic acid (JA). Preference was reduced by more than 60% for aphids and spider mites, and more than 90% for thrips on JA-induced leaves compared with control leaves. Survival of aphid nymphs was reduced by two-fold and percentage of nymphs attaining the adult stage was reduced by about eight-fold on induced leaves compared with controls. Induction reduced survival and reproduction of adult aphids by about 40% and 75%, respectively. Induction did not affect survival in spider mites or thrips. However, induction reduced egg production in spider mites by more than 75% and feeding in thrips by up to 80% compared with controls. Induction reduced leaf area in cotton seedlings by about 28%. The implications of our results for cotton pest management are discussed.
Low‐Thermal‐Conductivity Rare‐Earth Zirconates for Potential Thermal‐Barrier‐Coating Applications (2002)

Rare‐earth zirconates have been identified as a class of low‐thermal‐conductivity ceramics for possible use in thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) for gas‐turbine engine applications. To document and compare the thermal conductivities of important rare‐earth zirconates, we have measured the thermal conductivities of the following hot‐pressed ceramics: (i) Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 (pyrochlore phase), (ii) Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 (fluorite phase), (iii) Gd 2.58 Zr 1.57 O 7 (fluorite phase), (iv) Nd 2 Zr 2 O 7 (pyrochlore phase), and (v) Sm 2 Zr 2 O 7 (pyrochlore phase). We have also measured the thermal conductivity of pressureless‐sintered 7 wt% yttria‐stabilized zirconia (7YSZ)—the commonly used composition in current TBCs. All rare‐earth zirconates investigated here showed nearly identical thermal conductivities, all of which were ∼30% lower than the thermal conductivity of 7YSZ in the temperature range 25°–700°C. This finding is discussed qualitatively with reference to thermal‐conductivity theory.
Norovirus antivirals: Where are we now? (2018)

Human noroviruses inflict a significant health burden on society and are responsible for approximately 699 million infections and over 200 000 estimated deaths worldwide each year. Yet despite significant research efforts, approved vaccines or antivirals to combat this pathogen are still lacking. Safe and effective antivirals are not available, particularly for chronically infected immunocompromised individuals, and for prophylactic applications to protect high-risk and vulnerable populations in outbreak settings. Since the discovery of human norovirus in 1972, the lack of a cell culture system has hindered biological research and antiviral studies for many years. Recent breakthroughs in culturing human norovirus have been encouraging, however, further development and optimization of these novel methodologies are required to facilitate more robust replication levels, that will enable reliable serological and replication studies, as well as advances in antiviral development. In the last few years, considerable progress has been made toward the development of norovirus antivirals, inviting an updated review. This review focuses on potential therapeutics that have been reported since 2010, which were examined across at least two model systems used for studying human norovirus or its enzymes. In addition, we have placed emphasis on antiviral compounds with a defined chemical structure. We include a comprehensive outline of direct-acting antivirals and offer a discussion of host-modulating compounds, a rapidly expanding and promising area of antiviral research.
Pattern reduction in one-dimensional cutting stock problems (2000)

In industrial cutting operations the number of cutting patterns needed to satisfy a given set of orders may be crucial for the capacity load which can be achieved for the cutting equipment, since switching between different patterns often necessitates time-consuming set-ups. Therefore, in planning the cutting operations, one does not necessarily search for input-minimal cutting plans (i.e. cutting plans minimizing material costs) only, but also for plans with a small (or even minimal) number of cutting patterns. Such plans are usually generated in a two-step approach: in a first step, regardless of the number of patterns needed, an inputminimal cutting plan is generated while in a second step the number of patterns is reduced. In this paper a new method for the second step is presented, which can be considered as a generalization of other methods previously suggested for this purpose. The performance of the new method is evaluated on the basis of 1800 randomly generated problem instances. The solution quality of the new method turns out to be clearly superior to the existing methods, however, an increase in computing times occurs for some problem classes. In this case it is possible to speed up the proposed method considerably at the expense of a slight decrease in solution quality.
Multiple mechanisms contribute to osmotic inducibility of proU operon expression in Escherichia coli: demonstration of two osmoresponsive promoters and of a negative regulatory element within the first structural gene (1991)

Transcription of the proU operon in Escherichia coli is induced several hundredfold upon growth of cells in media of elevated osmolarity. A low-copy-number promoter-cloning plasmid vector, with lacZ as the reporter gene, was used for assaying the osmoresponsive promoter activity of each of various lengths of proU DNA, generated by cloning of discrete restriction fragments and by an exonuclease III-mediated deletion approach. The results indicate that expression of proU in E. coli is directed from two promoters, one (P2) characterized earlier by other workers with the start site of transcription 60 nucleotides upstream of the initiation codon of the first structural gene (proV), and the other (P1) situated 250 nucleotides upstream of proV. Furthermore, a region of DNA within proV was shown to be involved in negative regulation of proU transcription; phage Mu dII1681-generated lac fusions in the early region of proV also exhibited partial derepression of proU regulation, in comparison with fusions further downstream in the operon. Sequences around promoter P1, sequences around P2, and the promoter-downstream negative regulatory element, respectively, conferred approximately 5-, 8-, and 25-fold osmoresponsivity on proU expression. Within the region genetically defined to encode the negative regulatory element, there is a 116-nucleotide stretch that is absolutely conserved between the proU operons of E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium and has the capability of exhibiting alternative secondary structure. Insertion of this region of DNA into each of two different plasmid vectors was associated with a marked reduction in the mean topological linking number in plasmid molecules isolated from cultures grown in high-osmolarity medium. We propose that this region of DNA undergoes reversible transition to an underwound DNA conformation under high-osmolarity growth conditions and that this transition mediates its regulatory effect on proU expression.
SYSTEMS STUDIES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS: APPENDIX I-CONCEPTUAL AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEM DESIGNS (1981)

The concern of the Automated Highway Systems (AHS) studies is the analysis and evaluation of candidate system concepts to determine their practicality for deployment in the 1990 to 2000 time frame. The purpose of this report is to narrow the scope of the Automated Highway Systems analyses to those concepts, applications, and strategies which clearly merit a detailed investigation. The methodology used in defining the AHS analyses requirement attempts to achieve a balance between investigating as broad a spectrum as possible of real world concepts and issues while simultaneously constraining the analysis effort to a practical level. This report, then, documents the results of a review and selection process which establishes the candidate AHS concepts to be investigated, the scenarios within which they will be evaluated, the evolutionary implementation strategies to be analyzed, and the measures and parameters by which the most promising concepts and implementation plans will be identified. (FHWA)
PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON PORTULACA OLERACEA (PURSLANE) PLANT (2014)

Portulaca oleracea (PO) is globally used both as a vegetable and as a herb for medical and therapeutic purposes ; hence the need to investigate its phytonutrients. The aerial parts of PO were harvested, air dried and powdered for this study. Chemical tests were carried out on the aqueous extract and the powdered specimen to determine the phytoconstituents using standard procedures. The presence of Alkaloid, saponin, tannin, flavonoid, cardiac glycoside, terpenoid, steroid, phobatannin, protein and starch were accessed qualitatively while flavonoid, tannin alkaloid and saponin were determined quantitatively and it was found not to contain steroid and phobatanin but containing 32% of saponin as its highest constituent with 26% alkaloid. This finding authenticates its use in drug production and other therapies, and to enhance further its usage and research- study. Keyword: Herb, phytoconstituents, quantitative, qualitative, screening.
Evaluation of the Effects of Thermal Management on Battery Life in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (2018)

We develop a simulation model that aims to evaluate the effect of thermal management on battery life. The model consists of two submodels: a thermal model and a battery degradation model. The temperature rise in the battery is calculated using the thermal model, and a temperature profile is obtained under pre-defined driving, charging and stand-by scenarios. The temperature profile and the energy requirement required to achieve a driving profile act as inputs to the degradation sub-model, which is used to predict the battery life. The degradation model is derived from models and test data available in literature, and the model is constructed for aircooled cylindrical LiFePO4 cells based on the Hymotion Prius-conversion configuration. Preliminary results suggest that peak temperatures have the greatest impact on degradation: Thermal management increases life substantially in climates with high peak temperatures (Pheonix) and for more aggressive driving cycles (US06), while thermal management has less influence in climates with lower peak temperatures (Miami) and with gentle driving cycles (UDDS). Use of cabin air vs. outside air for thermal management has minor impact on battery life for the control strategy used, but thermostat control settings are important for lowering peak temperatures and extending battery life
MAPK signaling and the kidney (2000)

Following an overview of the biochemistry of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, the relevance of these signaling events to specific models of renal cell function and pathophysiology, both in vitro and in vivo, will be emphasized. In in vitro model systems, events activating the principal MAPK families [extracellular signal-regulated and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase and p38] have been best characterized in mesangial and tubular epithelial cell culture systems and include peptide mitogens, cytokines, lipid mediators, and physical stressors. Several in vivo models of proliferative or toxic renal injury are also associated with aberrant MAPK regulation. It is anticipated that elucidation of downstream effector signaling mechanisms and a clearer understanding of the immediate and remote upstream activating pathways, when applied to these highly clinically relevant model systems, will ultimately provide much greater insight into the basis for specificity now seemingly absent from these signaling events.
Physiology of V-ATPases. (1992)

Protons migrate much faster than other ions through water, ice and water-lined membrane channels because they participate in hydrogen bonding and H/H20 exchange. Similarly, hydrogen bonding enables protons with amino, carbonyl, phosphoryl and sulfonyl residues to influence critically the charge, conformation and stability of proteins. Therefore, it is not surprising that regulation of proton concentration, or pH, is an essential requirement in biological systems. It is no surprise either that enzymes which regulate proton concentration (i.e. proton pumps) should have evolved or that evolution should have used these enzymes further, for energization of biological membranes. At present there appear to be three classes of ATP-hydrolyzing proton pumps, or HATPases, which were dubbed P-ATPases, F-ATPases and V-ATPases, by Pederson and Carafoli (1987). H-translocating P-ATPases, as well as the Na/K-ATPase of plasma membranes and the Ca-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum, form phosphoaspartyl intermediates and are inhibited by the phosphate analogue orthovanadate. F-ATPases are the proton-translocating ATP synthases of mitochondria, chloroplasts and bacterial plasma membranes and are inhibited by azide. V-ATPases (V-type ATPases or vacuolar H-ATPases) are the proton-translocating ATPases best known as acidifiers of cytoplasmic vesicles and vacuoles. During reaction, they separate protons from gegenions, thus producing an electrical potential difference, A^P, across the membrane in which they reside. A ^ in turn can drive other ion movements, leading directly to acidification or alkalization and secondarily to salt transport and water movement. V-ATPases are inhibited by bafilomycin (in nanomolar concentrations) and A'-ethylmaleimide (in micromolar concentrations). In this paper the transport work that is accomplished when specific channels and porters are present in V-ATPase-energized membranes will be discussed using an intuitive thermodynamic analysis. Martin (1992) discusses similar cases using ionic circuit analysis. The two approaches provide complementary frameworks for understanding how the (output) compartment receiving protons from a V-ATPase can be rendered acidic, neutral or even alkaline, depending upon the selectivity of other carriers (porters) and channels present, upon the strength of the gegenions and upon the cellular and compartmental geometry. Encouragingly, both types of analysis lead to similar conclusions. Biochemical studies on V-ATPases were initiated on vacuolar membranes of fungi and plants and on clathrin-coated vesicles and other components of endomembrane systems (reviewed by Sze, 1985; Mellman etal. 1986; Nelson, 1988, 1989; Forgac, 1989; Stone et
Shear Strengthening Masonry Panels with Sheet Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polymer (2004)

This paper investigates strengthening masonry walls using glass-fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets. An experimental research program was undertaken. Both clay and concrete brick specimens were tested, with and without GFRP strengthening. Single-sided strengthening was considered, as it is often not practicable to apply the reinforcement to both sides of a wall. Static tests were carried out on six masonry panels, under a combination of vertical preload, and in-plane horizontal shear loading. The mechanisms by which load was carried were observed, varying from the initial, uncracked state, to the final, fully cracked state. The results demonstrate that a significant increase of the in-plane shear capacity of masonry can be achieved by bonding GFRP sheets to the surface of masonry walls. The experimental data were used to assess the effectiveness of the GFRP strengthening, and suggestions are made to allow the test results to be used in the design of sheet GFRP strengthening for masonry structures.
AWARENESS OF EEG‐SUBJECTIVE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS DETECTED WITHIN A CLOSED FEEDBACK SYSTEM (1970)

ABSTRACT The present report summarizes results from feedback experiments using the three EEG frequency ranges of theta, alpha, and beta to operate lights of three different colors. The subjects were requested to try to isolate and identify feeling (and/or thought) activity which they felt caused successful operation of the lights. Written descriptions of this experience from one subject group (26 S s) were compared to evaluations of subjective activity obtained in a second group of subjects (45 S s) determined using a color Q‐sort technique. Results from the latter technique were controlled for effects of color and for effects of the feedback experience using a control subject group (45 Ss). Results established two sets of relationships with subjective activity: color and EEG frequency. Each set could exist independently or in relationship to the other. Several characteristics were postulated to account for development of the subjective‐biological relationships in this feedback system, e.g., that generation of “stimulus”and “response”were both internal events; that both reinforcement of the process and the behavior reinforced were selected by subjective activity of the subject; and that positive reinforcement did not occur without effort by the subject to define it.
[Radioimmunologic detection of IgE and IgG antibodies against drugs. Conclusions after experience with over 1200 patients]. (1986)

Based on the radioallergosorbent test (RAST), the authors have developed a series of assays to detect IgE and IgG antibodies against a number of frequently used drugs. In this system drugs bound covalently to cellulose paper are incubated with serum and washed; the hapten-specific IgE and IgG antibodies are then qualified and quantified by means of 125I-labelled anti-human IgE and IgG respectively. Thus far the sera of 1,228 patients have been analyzed following therapy with betalactam antibiotics, co-trimoxazole, salicylates, pyrazolones, flavonoids and tetrahydroisoquinoline. The induction of IgG antibodies is a frequent occurrence and that of IgE rare. Isolated high titers of IgE are associated mainly with anaphylactic reactions; in the presence of simultaneously raised IgG titers such side reactions are often absent. Highest IgG titers were found in patients with immune hemolysis after betalactam antibiotics, flavonoids and tetrahydroisoquinoline. In the other types of side reaction specific IgG titers were not significantly higher than in patients without side reactions. The estimation of circulating antibodies against drugs cannot yet be utilized diagnostically except in the rare cases of anaphylactic side reactions. However, the method described permits specific and sensitive detection of sensitization and is suited for scientific purposes.
Messenger RNA expression of translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) in liver regeneration and cancer. (2008)

The results suggested that TCTP mRNA expression might be stage-specific in the proliferation of liver tissue but alter abnormally in cancer lesions. TCTP could be used as a potential target for suppression of liver tumorigenicity.
Flexible Execution of Distributed Business Processes based on Process Instance Migration (2010)

Many advanced business applications, collaborations, and virtual organizations are based on distributed business process management. As, in such scenarios, competition, fluctuation and dynamism increase continuously, the distribution and execution of individual process instances should become as flexible as possible in order to allow for an ad-hoc adaptation to changing conditions at runtime. However, most current approaches address process distribution by a fragmentation of processes already at design time. Such a static configuration can be assigned to different process engines near runtime, but can hardly be changed dynamically because distribution logic is weaved into the business process itself. A more dynamic segmentation of such distribution can be achieved by process runtime migration even without modifying the business logic of the original process model. Therefore, this contribution presents a migration data meta-model for enhancing such existing processes with the ability for runtime migration. The approach permits the inclusion of intensions and privacy requirements of both process modelers and initiators and supports execution strategies for sequential and parallel execution of processes. The contribution concludes with presenting a conceptual evaluation in which runtime migration has been applied to XPDL and WS-BPEL process instances and, based on these results, a qualitative comparison of migration and fragmentation.
Advantages of estimating rate corrections during dynamic propagation of spacecraft rates: Applications to real-time attitude determination of SAMPEX (1994)

This paper describes real-time attitude determination results for the Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX), a gyroless spacecraft, using a Kalman filter/Euler equation approach denoted the real-time sequential filter (RTSF). The RTSF is an extended Kalman filter whose state vector includes the attitude quaternion and corrections to the rates, which are modeled as Markov processes with small time constants. The rate corrections impart a significant robustness to the RTSF against errors in modeling the environmental and control torques, as well as errors in the initial attitude and rates, while maintaining a small state vector. SAMPLEX flight data from various mission phases are used to demonstrate the robustness of the RTSF against a priori attitude and rate errors of up to 90 deg and 0.5 deg/sec, respectively, as well as a sensitivity of 0.0003 deg/sec in estimating rate corrections in torque computations. In contrast, it is shown that the RTSF attitude estimates without the rate corrections can degrade rapidly. RTSF advantages over single-frame attitude determination algorithms are also demonstrated through (1) substantial improvements in attitude solutions during sun-magnetic field coalignment and (2) magnetic-field-only attitude and rate estimation during the spacecraft's sun-acquisition mode. A robust magnetometer-only attitude-and-rate determination method is also developed to provide for the contingency when both sun data as well as a priori knowledge of the spacecraft state are unavailable. This method includes a deterministic algorithm used to initialize the RTSF with coarse estimates of the spacecraft attitude and rates. The combined algorithm has been found effective, yielding accuracies of 1.5 deg in attitude and 0.01 deg/sec in the rates and convergence times as little as 400 sec.
Characterization of amorphous carbon coated silicon field emitters (1996)

Amorphous carbon was deposited on needle-shaped Si field emitters by filtered cathodic arc. Electron emission was obtained from these coated cathodes, but was reduced compared to emission from uncoated Si cathodes. Electron energy loss spectroscopy indicated that the coating was a high sp2 content amorphous carbon. Au particles were found to have precipitated out of the Si emitters, which were grown by a vapor–liquid–solid technique utilizing the Au–Si eutectic during the oxidation and chemical etch sharpening of the emitters. High resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction confirmed the amorphous nature of the coating and the presence of the Au particles at the Si surface. The field emission, electron energy loss spectroscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, and selected area electron diffraction results are presented and discussed.