gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated diarrhea. (1999)

It can be concluded from these data that, in Turkey, C. difficile is responsible for 20% of antibiotic-associated diarrheas. Lincomycin, Azithromycin and Ampicillin were most often associated with the development of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Ornidazole and Vancomycin were effective agents for C. difficile-associated diarrhea with the latter agent being associated with no relapses.
Palladium-Catalyzed One-Pot Synthesis of Highly Substituted Furans by a Three-Component Annulation Reaction (2005)

A new three-component cyclization-coupling reaction catalyzed by palladium was developed, producing polysubstituted furans in good yields from readily available substrates. The reaction conditions and the scope of the process were examined, and a possible mechanism is proposed.
Incremental Flow Scheduling and Routing in Time-Sensitive Software-Defined Networks (2017)

Several networking architectures have been developed atop IEEE 802.3 networks to provide real-time communication guarantees for time-sensitive applications in industrial automation systems. The basic principle underlying these technologies is the precise transmission scheduling of time-triggered traffic through the network for providing deterministic and bounded latency and jitter. These transmission schedules are typically synthesized offline (computational time in the order of hours) and remain fixed thereafter, making it difficult to dynamically add or remove network applications. This paper presents algorithms for incrementally adding time-triggered flows in a time-sensitive software-defined network (TSSDN). The TSSDN is a network architecture based on software-defined networking, which provides real-time guarantees for time-triggered flows by scheduling their transmissions on the hosts (network edge) only. These algorithms exploit the global view of the control plane on the data plane to schedule and route time-triggered flows needed for the dynamic applications in the Industrial Internet of Things (Industry 4.0). The evaluations show that these algorithms can compute incremental schedules for time-triggered flows in subseconds with an average relative optimality of 68%.
Super-resolution ultrasonic imaging by using adaptive focusing (1985)

In this paper, a new super-resolution ultrasonic imaging method is proposed. In this method, a set of reflected wave field data from an object is acquired by repeating the transmission and reception for all pairs of transducers on the array, then from these data the object-dependent adaptive focusing is performed in order to illuminate the desired points on the object at a constant level, and simultaneously, distributing nulls over the other regions of the object to suppress the signal. Image reconstruction is performed by scanning the adaptive focusing beam patterns over the object region and receiving the reflected wave field for this adaptive illumination. These procedures are carried out numerically by manipulating the acquired wave field data matrix and no actual beam scanning is required. Since the focusing is performed adaptively, the resolution of this method is much better than that of the extended two-dimensional maximum entropy method [Yokota and Sato, IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process. (April 1984)] and the active incoherent method [Yokota and Sato, Acoustical Imaging (Plenum, New York, 1982, Vol. 12; Yokota et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. (submitted)] for objects with fairly localized dominant reflecting regions. The effectiveness of the method is shown by numerical analysis and experimental results.
[Studies on the renal toxicity caused by aristolochic acids (AAs) and Chinese herbs containing AAs]. (2004)

The article summarized the general situation of the study on the renal toxicity caused by aristolochic acids (AAs) and Chinese herbs containing AAs. The renal lesion induced by AAs and Chinese herbs containing AAs locates mainly in renal tubules, and glomeruluses have no obvious histological change. The short term administration of large doses causes acute renal epithelia denaturalization and tubular necrosis, but the long-term administration may result in chronically progressive interstitial fibrosis of the kidney. Renal failure may occur following both acute and chronic renal lesion. The renal function should be strictly monitored while one is using the Chinese herbs containing AAs, and the dosage and duration for the treatment must be limited to prevent renal toxicity.
Membrane Transport of Folate Compounds (1992)

All eukaryotic cells and some prokaryotes that are unable to synthesize folic acid utilize membrane-associated transport systems for acquisition of the pre-formed vitamin or its coenzyme forms from external sources. These transport systems, in addition to providing folates essential for cell replication, are also important because of their role in the internalization of antifolates such as Methotrexate (MTX) that are used extensively in cancer chemotherapy. Information about the components and mechanism of folate transport systems has been derived, in large part, from studies with Lactobacillus casei and L1210 mouse leukemia cells, which serve as convenient models for prokaryotes and eukaryotes, respectively. L. casei contain a single folate transport system whose Kt value (i.e., concentration for half-maximum rate of uptake) for the preferred substrate folate is in the nanomolar range. The hydrophobic membrane-associated folate transport protein (18 kDa) has been purified to homogeneity and characterized. Expression of this transporter is repressed in cells grown on high concentrations (microM) of folate. L1210 cells contain two separate transport systems for folate compounds: (1) the low affinity system (Kt values for the preferred substrates 5-methyl- and 5-formyltetrahydrofolate and MTX in the microM range); and (2) the high affinity system (Kt for folate in the nM range). Fluorescein and biotin derivatives of MTX and folate, after conversion to N-hydroxysuccinimide esters, can be attached covalently to the transporters. These probes have been used for visualizing the transporters by fluorescence and electron microscopy and for their purification to homogeneity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Handbook of multisensor data fusion : theory and practice (2009)

Multisensor Data Fusion D. L. Hall and J. Llinas Data Fusion Perspectives and Its Role in Information Processing O. Kessler and F. White Revisions to the JDL Data Fusion Model A. N. Steinberg and C. L. Bowman Introduction to the Algorithms of Data Association in Multiple-Target Tracking J. K. Uhlmann The Principles and Practice of Image and Spatial Data Fusion E. Waltz and T. Waltz Data Registration R. R. Brooks and L. Grewe Data Fusion Automation: A Top-Down Perspective R. Antony Overview of Distributed Decision Fusion M. E. Liggins Introduction to Particle Filtering: The Next Stage in Tracking M. E. Liggins and K-C. Chang Target Tracking Using Probabilistic Data Association-Based Techniques with Applications to Sonar, Radar, and EO Sensors T. Kirubarajan and Y. Bar-Shalom An Introduction to the Combinatorics of Optimal and Approximate Data Association J. K. Uhlmann A Bayesian Approach to Multiple-Target Tracking L. D. Stone Data Association Using Multiple-Frame Assignments A. B. Poore, S. Lu, and B. J. Suchomel General Decentralized Data Fusion with Covariance Intersection S. Julier and J. K. Uhlmann Data Fusion in Nonlinear Systems S. Julier and J. K. Uhlmann Random Set Theory for Multisource-Multitarget Information Fusion R. Mahler Distributed Fusion Architectures, Algorithms, and Performance within a Network-Centric Architecture M. E. Liggins and K-C. Chang Foundations of Situation and Threat Assessment A. N. Steinberg An Introduction to Level 5 Fusion: The Role of the User E. Blasch Perspectives on the Human Side of Data Fusion: Prospects for Improved Effectiveness using Advanced Human-Computer Interfaces D. L. Hall, C. M. Hall, and S. A. H. McMullen Requirements Derivation for Data Fusion Systems E. Waltz and D. L. Hall A Systems Engineering Approach for Implementing Data Fusion Systems C. L. Bowman and A. N. Steinberg Studies and Analyses within Project Correlation: An In-Depth Assessment of Correlation Problems and Solution Techniques J. Llinas, Capt. L. McConnell, C. L. Bowman, D. L. Hall, and P. Applegate Data Management Support to Tactical Data Fusion R. Antony Assessing the Performance of Multisensor Fusion Processes J. Llinas A Survey of COTS Software for Multisensor Data Fusion S. A. Hall McMullen, R. R. Sherry, and S. Miglani A Survey of Multisensor Data Fusion Systems M. L. Nichols Data Fusion for Developing Predictive Diagnostics for Electromechanical Systems C. S. Byington and A. K. Garga Adapting Data Fusion to Chemical and Biological Sensors D. C. Swanson Fusion of Ground and Satellite Data via the Army Battle Command System S. Aungst, M. Campbell, J. Kuhns, D. Beyerle, T. Bacastow, and J. Knox Developing Information Fusion Methods for Combat Identification T. M. Schuck, J. Bockett Hunter, and D. D. Wilson
Atomically precise bottom-up fabrication of graphene nanoribbons (2010)

Graphene nanoribbons-narrow and straight-edged stripes of graphene, or single-layer graphite-are predicted to exhibit electronic properties that make them attractive for the fabrication of nanoscale electronic devices. In particular, although the two-dimensional parent material graphene exhibits semimetallic behaviour, quantum confinement and edge effects should render all graphene nanoribbons with widths smaller than 10 nm semiconducting. But exploring the potential of graphene nanoribbons is hampered by their limited availability: although they have been made using chemical, sonochemical and lithographic methods as well as through the unzipping of carbon nanotubes, the reliable production of graphene nanoribbons smaller than 10 nm with chemical precision remains a significant challenge. Here we report a simple method for the production of atomically precise graphene nanoribbons of different topologies and widths, which uses surface-assisted coupling of molecular precursors into linear polyphenylenes and their subsequent cyclodehydrogenation. The topology, width and edge periphery of the graphene nanoribbon products are defined by the structure of the precursor monomers, which can be designed to give access to a wide range of different graphene nanoribbons. We expect that our bottom-up approach to the atomically precise fabrication of graphene nanoribbons will finally enable detailed experimental investigations of the properties of this exciting class of materials. It should even provide a route to graphene nanoribbon structures with engineered chemical and electronic properties, including the theoretically predicted intraribbon quantum dots, superlattice structures and magnetic devices based on specific graphene nanoribbon edge states.
The use of lorcaserin in the management of obesity: a critical appraisal (2010)

Obesity is a chronic disease with a high prevalence in both developed and developing countries. Effective management of this worldwide epidemic will have a significant impact on the health care system globally. Lifestyle interventions, such as restricting calorie consumption and increasing physical activity, remain a major component of weight-reduction programs. The development of pharmacotherapy for the management of obesity is still at the infancy stage. Side effects have been the key issue for anti-obesity drugs previously withdrawn from the market. The focus of this review, lorcaserin, is a selective serotonin receptor agonist that is currently undergoing Phase III evaluations. The efficacy of this drug in reducing body weight and improving metabolic parameters of obese patients has been demonstrated in two recent clinical trials. The available evidence indicates that this drug does not show unwanted effects on heart valves or pulmonary artery pressure, and the treatment improves the risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Despite these promising results, additional experimental and clinical studies are critical for the approval of lorcaserin as a new anti-obesity monodrug therapy by the US Food and Drug Administration.
Modified gastrojejunostomy tube: percutaneous placement for gastric decompression and jejunal feeding. (1989)

A four-lumen, 20-F surgical gastrojejunostomy tube designed to incorporate separate lumens for both jejunal feeding and gastric decompression was modified for guide-wire use. This modification permits radiologic rather than intraoperative tube placement. The tube was successfully placed in six patients. Slow gastric leakage that developed at the stoma site in one patient immediately after tube insertion resolved after 24 hours. No catheter dislodgments or other complications occurred. At 4-month follow-up, five patients had fully functional tubes; the sixth patient had died with a functional tube.
[Anesthetic gas contamination in the operating room--an unsolved problem? Results of our own studies]. (1991)

Ambient air concentrations of nitrous oxide (N2O) and volatile anesthetics were assessed under routine conditions in a total of 41 surgical suites located at seven Vienna hospitals. Continuous measurements were performed by means of infrared trace gas analyzers throughout a period of approximately 450 h. Additional analyses of ventilation facilities (if installed) revealed no essential deficiencies; however, anesthetic gas scavenging (AGS) systems yielded insufficient flow rates in 32% (less than 25 l/min). In surgical suites without mechanical ventilation or scavenging systems (2 out of 41), maximum occupational threshold limits (i.e., 100 ppm N2O; 5 ppm halothane) were exceeded continuously and to considerable degrees throughout the duration of anesthesia. During measurements conducted in operating rooms (ORs) in otolaryngology departments, extreme peaks (greater than 2600 ppm N2O, greater than 150 ppm halothane) of several minutes duration were documented when open-circuit anesthesia was performed. In the general surgical ORs equipped with modern ventilation facilities ambient air contamination was lowest, time-weighted average (TWA) values ranging from 8 to 15 ppm (mean 11 +/- 3 ppm) for N2O and 0.1 to 0.6 ppm (mean 0.3 +/- 0.2 ppm) for the halogenated anesthetic. Despite good ventilation and scavenging in the gynecological ORs, distinctly higher concentrations (mean 83 +/- 49, range 24-211 ppm N2O; mean 0.75 +/- 0.3, range 0.3 to 1.3 ppm volatile agent) were measured in cases where anesthesia was delivered by mask. TWA values exceeding currently established maximum workplace concentrations were found in an unscavenged but ventilated urological OR. At present, short-term concentration peaks seem to be inevitable even under optimal OR ventilation conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
High-Quality Single Crystalline Ge(111) Growth on Si(111) Substrates by Solid Phase Epitaxy (2012)

Heterogeneous integration of crystalline Ge layers on cleaned and H-terminated Si(111) substrates are demonstrated by employing a combination of e-beam evaporation and solid phase epitaxy techniques. High-quality single crystalline Ge(111) layers on Si(111) substrates with a smooth Ge surface and an abrupt interface between Ge and Si are obtained. An XRD rocking curve scan of the Ge(111) diffraction peak shows a FWHM of only 260 arcsec for a 50-nm-thick Ge layer annealed at 600°C with a ramp-up rate of 20°C/s and a holding time of 1 min. The AFM images exhibit that the rms surface roughness of all the crystalline Ge layers are less than 2.1 nm.
Interaction of bacterial endotoxins with chitosan. Effect of endotoxin structure, chitosan molecular mass, and ionic strength of the solution on the formation of the complex. (2000)

The interaction of endotoxins of different structure (lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes (LPPC)) with chitosan has been studied. It was shown that the mechanism of interaction is rather complicated and depends on the macromolecular organization of endotoxin as well as on the degree of polymerization of the chitosan. Chitosan with molecular mass of 20 kD reveals higher affinity to LPS than chitosan with molecular mass of 140 kD. Endotoxins with long O-specific chains can bind completely with chitosan with the formation of LPS-chitosan and LPPC-chitosan complexes with weight ratios between the original components of 1:1 and 1:5. When endotoxins with higher degree of hydrophobicity and short O-specific chains were mixed with chitosan, a part of the LPS remained unbound. The stability of the complexes formed depends on ionic strength. It was shown that, in addition to electrostatic forces, other types of forces take part in the formation of the complexes. A decrease in acute toxicity of various LPSs is observed on their binding with chitosans.
STUDIES IN PANCREATIC FIBROSIS (1949)

A simple new test is described which estimates roughly the proteolytic activity of stools by determining their ability to liquefy gelatin. Fecal suspensions are placed upon gelatin film (unexposed and unfixed) and the extent of removal of the gelatin film noted. Two groups of patients were studied: (a) 500 normal and sick individuals, and (b) 50 patients with pancreatic fibrosis. In group (a), less than 5% of the infant group lacked this proteolytic power. As one advanced into the older age groups, this percentage increased. The administration of a laxative to some older children with absent tryptic activity resulted in stools possessing tryptic activity. A total of 220 separate stool specimens were examined from patients in group (b). In 209 specimens, there was no tryptic activity. The remaining 11 specimens from seven patients showed definite tryptic activity. Three patients in this group had minimal tryptic activity in the duodenal fluid. When oral pancreatin was given to patients with pancreatic fibrosis, the stools became positive for trypsin. When laxatives were given to a few patients with pancreatic fibrosis, the stool trypsin test remained negative. The duodenal fluid was assayed in a number of infants with acute and chronic nutritional disturbances, and, when tryptic activity was demonstrated in the duodenal fluid, the stools showed the presence of trypsin. The possibilities of bacterial or food origin of fecal tryptic activity have been considered and largely eliminated. Three separate stool examinations by this test in infants are proposed as sufficient either to eliminate or to make probable the diagnosis of pancreatic insufficiency. Conclusions and interpretations based on a single examination is hazardous. At least three menspecimens should be studied and whenever doubt arises duodenal intubation is indicated.
Heel spur syndrome. Pathomechanics and nonsurgical treatment. Biomechanics Graduate Research Group for 1988 (1991)

In this study, the authors review the multitude of suspected etiologies of heel spur syndrome, propose a new pathomechanical theory, and apply a treatment plan to 84 patients with 133 painful heels. The study investigates whether there is a common foot type to the syndrome and whether factors such as sex, age, occupation, and weight influence incidence or treatment. A subgroup is established, consisting of subjects who only received mechanical treatment, to determine if a change in foot position can relieve symptoms.
Hydroxyl radical‐induced cell‐wall loosening <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> : implications for the control of elongation growth (2001)

Hydroxyl radicals (OH) are capable of unspecifically cleaving cell-wall polysaccharides in a site-specific reaction. I investigated the hypothesis that cell-wall loosening underlying the elongation growth of plant organs is controlled by apoplastically produced OH attacking load-bearing cell-wall matrix polymers. Isolated cell walls (operationally, frozen/thawed, abraded segments from coleoptiles or hypocotyls, respectively) from maize, cucumber, soybean, sunflower or Scots pine seedlings were pre-loaded with catalytic Cu or Fe ions and then incubated in a mixture of ascorbate + H2O2 for generating OH in the walls. This treatment induced irreversible wall extension (creep) in walls stretched in an extensiometer. The reaction could be promoted by acid pH and inhibited by several OH scavengers. Generation of OH by the same reaction in living coleoptile or hypocotyl segments caused elongation growth. Auxin-induced elongation growth of maize coleoptiles could be inhibited by OH scavengers. Auxin promoted the production of superoxide radicals (O2(-)), an OH precursor, in the growth-controlling outer epidermis of maize coleoptiles. It is concluded that OH fulfils basic criteria for a wall-loosening factor acting in auxin-mediated elongation growth of plant species with widely differing cell-wall polysaccharide compositions.
Involvement of Glycolipids in Myxovirus-induced Membrane Fusion (Haemolysis) (1983)

Myxoviruses (influenza viruses and paramyxoviruses) penetrate their host cells by fusion of viral and cellular membranes. During this process, virus envelopes react with galactose-terminating glycolipids of cellular membranes. This was suggested by experiments showing the ability of these lipids to inhibit fusion (as measured by haemolysis) when reacted with the viruses, and to enhance it when added as enrichment to erythrocytes.
Molecular Studies of Piscine Hatching Enzymes: Choriolysin gene structure and expression. (2007)

L’elaborato mostra gli ultimi 558 nucleotidi dei 786 totali che compongono la sequenza genica (cDNA), trovati con le tecniche di Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) e Rapid Amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) -PCR. L’espressione genica
durante lo sviluppo embrionale e stato analizzato dallo stadio di uova non fertilizzate alla schiusa, utilizzando la Real-Time PCR.
Feed the Leviathan (2005)

SUMMARY New Orleans folklore tells of a gigantic subterranean serpent that lives and feeds on human sexual energy and activity aboveground, regardless of gender. From his native Louisiana hometown, the “Bi(g) Easy,” to the “Big Apple,” New York City, the author appreciates how he relates differently with men and women, and recounts his prepubescent, adolescent, and adult sexual explorations with both sexes. In an exotic yet familiar culture where little is forbidden and much is permitted, New Orleans residents and tourists alike break traditional sexual boundaries when they let the good times roll.
Reinforcement Learning in Multidimensional Environments Relies on Attention Mechanisms (2015)

In recent years, ideas from the computational field of reinforcement learning have revolutionized the study of learning in the brain, famously providing new, precise theories of how dopamine affects learning in the basal ganglia. However, reinforcement learning algorithms are notorious for not scaling well to multidimensional environments, as is required for real-world learning. We hypothesized that the brain naturally reduces the dimensionality of real-world problems to only those dimensions that are relevant to predicting reward, and conducted an experiment to assess by what algorithms and with what neural mechanisms this "representation learning" process is realized in humans. Our results suggest that a bilateral attentional control network comprising the intraparietal sulcus, precuneus, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is involved in selecting what dimensions are relevant to the task at hand, effectively updating the task representation through trial and error. In this way, cortical attention mechanisms interact with learning in the basal ganglia to solve the "curse of dimensionality" in reinforcement learning.
Fire safety science : proceedings of the third international symposium (1991)

Invited lectures 1991 Howard W. Emmons lecture fire physics fire chemistry translation of research into practice structures people and fire special fire problems smoke movement detection suppression poster papers.