gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonrenewal Statistics of Electrosensory Afferent Spike Trains: Implications for the Detection of Weak Sensory Signals (2000)

The ability of an animal to detect weak sensory signals is limited, in part, by statistical fluctuations in the spike activity of sensory afferent nerve fibers. In weakly electric fish, probability coding (P-type) electrosensory afferents encode amplitude modulations of the fish's self-generated electric field and provide information necessary for electrolocation. This study characterizes the statistical properties of baseline spike activity in P-type afferents of the brown ghost knifefish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus. Short-term variability, as measured by the interspike interval (ISI) distribution, is moderately high with a mean ISI coefficient of variation of 44%. Analysis of spike train variability on longer time scales, however, reveals a remarkable degree of regularity. The regularizing effect is maximal for time scales on the order of a few hundred milliseconds, which matches functionally relevant time scales for natural behaviors such as prey detection. Using high-order interval analysis, count analysis, and Markov-order analysis we demonstrate that the observed regularization is associated with memory effects in the ISI sequence which arise from an underlying nonrenewal process. In most cases, a Markov process of at least fourth-order was required to adequately describe the dependencies. Using an ideal observer paradigm, we illustrate how regularization of the spike train can significantly improve detection performance for weak signals. This study emphasizes the importance of characterizing spike train variability on multiple time scales, particularly when considering limits on the detectability of weak sensory signals.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Modular Cadmium-Organic Framework with Biphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxylate (2002)

We report the synthesis and structural characterization of a thermally stable and highly crystalline novel metal-organic framework with cadmium(II) ions. The crystal structure is formed by a threefold interpenetration of identical three-dimensional modular frameworks, assembled by the repetition of a binuclear secondary building unit. This unit contains 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane and introduces biphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxylate as an effective rigid large spacer between metal centres. Water molecules are hydrogen bonded to carboxylate groups and act as bridges between each independent framework. To the best of our knowledge, CUmof-1 is the first structure in which the paddlewheel motif is associated with a distribution of cavities in a concertina manner. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2002)
Charles B. Whittaker (2001)

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An evolving system for simulating clothes on virtual actors (1996)

This cloth modeling and animation system aims to support virtual actors who can dress and undress themselves. It now creates autonomous clothes, independent of the synthetic human wearing them. The interactive editor, proportion box and body-scaling feature provide a set of intuitive tools for animators to design a rich variety of human shapes, and we have shown how to dress them with autonomous clothes. The new software considerably improves system performance, versatility and ease of use, and our goal of simulating actors that can dress and undress themselves is significantly closer.
A three-dimensional iconic environment for image database querying (1993)

Retrieval by contents of images from pictorial databases can be effectively performed through visual icon-based systems. In these systems, the representation of pictures with 2D strings, which are derived from symbolic projections, provides an efficient and natural way to construct iconic indexes for pictures and is also an ideal representation for the visual query. With this approach, retrieval is reduced to matching two symbolic strings. However, using 2D-string representations, spatial relationships between the objects represented in the image might not be exactly specified. Ambiguities arise for the retrieval of images of 3D scenes. In order to allow the unambiguous description of object spatial relationships, in this paper, following the symbolic projections approach, images are referred to by considering spatial relationships in the 3D imaged scene. A representation language is introduced that expresses positional and directional relationships between objects in three dimensions, still preserving object spatial extensions after projections. Iconic retrieval from pictorial databases with 3D interfaces is discussed and motivated. A system for querying by example with 3D icons, which supports this language, is also presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Automatic 3D modeling using range images obtained from unknown viewpoints (2002)

In this paper, we present a method for automatically creating a 3D model of a scene from a set of range images obtained from unknown viewpoints. Existing 3D modeling approaches require manual interaction or rely on mechanical methods to estimate the viewpoints. Given a set of range images (views), we use a surface matching system to exhaustively register all pairs of views. The results are verified for consistency, but some incorrect matches may be locally undetectable and correct matches may be missed. We then construct a consistent model from these potentially faulty matches using a global consistency criterion to eliminate incorrect, but locally consistent, matches. The procedure is demonstrated through an application called hand-held modeling, in which a 3D model is automatically created by scanning an object held in a person's hand.
Estimation of Productivity of Lobo 6 Sand (Lower Wilcox, TX) by Identifying Diagenetic Clays Using Well Log Data (1985)

ABSTRACT The laminated, structural and grain-coating primary clays in the Lower Wilcox Sand, Lobo 6, tend to be potassium-bearing illite and some smectite, whereas diagentic clays, the cause of pore-throat plugging, are largely potassium-deficient kaolinite and chlorite. Presence of these diagentic clays largely controls reservoir permeability, depending on the degree of pore-throat plugging. This paper presents different methods for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of these diagenetic clays which are related to productivity of the Lobo 6 Sand. Qualitative evaluation consists of crossplot techniques using natural spectral gamma ray and other log data plus selected computed reservoir parameters. For quantitative evaluation a sophisticated clay analysis program using log–derived Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and Hydrogen Index (HI) values is used. The average volume of different clay types in the zones of interest is calculated, presented, and correlated with production and core data. This approach was used on eight wells to evaluate the presence of diagenetic clays and to estimate productivity of the Lobo 6 Sand on which production data are available. The reliability of the log-derived method applied is verified by the excellent correlation with actual production data.
Dichotomy of Ca2+ in the heart: contraction versus intracellular signaling (2006)

Ca2+ plays a pivotal role in both excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) and activation of Ca2+-dependent signaling pathways. One of the remaining questions in cardiac biology is how Ca2+-dependent signaling pathways are regulated under conditions of continual Ca2+ transients that mediate cardiac contraction during each heartbeat. Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activation and its ability to regulate histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) nuclear shuttling represent a critical Ca2+-dependent signaling circuit for controlling cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, yet the mechanism of activation by Ca2+ is not known. In this issue of the JCI, Wu et al. convincingly demonstrate that the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) is involved in local control of Ca2+ for activating CaMKII in the nuclear envelope of adult ventricular cardiac myocytes (see the related article beginning on page 675). The overall paradigm that is demonstrated is the best example of a molecular mechanism whereby signaling is directly regulated by a local Ca2+ pool that is disparate or geometrically insensitive to cytosolic Ca2+ underlying each contractile cycle.
Approximate Processing in Real-Time Problem Solving (1988)

WE PROPOSE AN APPROACH FOR MEETING REAL-TIME CONSTRAINTS IN AI SYSTEMS THAT VIEWS (1) TIME AS A RESOURCE THAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEN MAKING CONTROL DECISIONS, (2) PLANS AS WAYS OF EXPRESSING CONTROL DECISIONS, AND (3) APPROXIMATE PROCESSING AS A WAY OF SATISFYING TIME CONSTRAINTS THAT CANNOT BE ACHIEVED THROUGH NORMAL PROCESSING. IN THIS APPROACH, A REAL-TIME PROBLEM SOLVER ESTIMATES THE TIME REQUIRED TO GENERATE SOLUTIONS AND THEIR QUALITY. THIS ESTIMATE PERMITS THE SYSTEM TO ANTICIPATE WHETHER THE CURRENT OBJECTIVES WILL BE MET IN TIME. THE SYSTEM CAN THEN TAKE CORRECTIVE ACTION BY FORMING LOWER QUALITY SOLUTIONS WITHIN TIME CONSTRAINTS. THIS MAY INVOLVE MODIFYING EXISTING PLANS OR FORMING RADICALLY DIFFERENT PLANS THAT UTILIZE ONLY ROUGH DATA CHARACTERISTICS AND APPROXIMATE KNOWLEDGE TO ACHIEVE A DESIRED SPEEDUP. A DECISION ABOUT HOW TO CHANGE PROCESSING SHOULD BE SITUATION-DEPENDENT, BASED ON THE CURRENT STATE OF PROCESSING AND ON DOMAIN-DEPENDENT SOLUTION CRITERIA. WE PRESENT PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTS THAT SHOW HOW APPROXIMATE PROCESSING HELPS A VEHICLE-MONITORING PROBLEM SOLVER MEET DEADLINES, AND OUTLINE A FRAMEWORK FOR FLEXIBLY MEETING REAL-TIME CONSTRAINTS.
THE MEASUREMENT OF CYCLIC ADENYLATE IN TISSUES (1964)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Ectomycorrhizal Inoculation Fails to Improve Performance of Sitka Spruce Seedlings on Clearcuts in Southeastern Alaska (1988)

Abstract Hebeloma crustulini-forme (Bull. ex St. Amans) Quel., Laccaria laccata (Scop. ex Fr.) Berk and Br., and Cenococcum geophilum (L. ex Fr.) Pers. ex Hooker were established as ectomycorrhizae on container-grown Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis [Bong.] Carr.) seedlings that, along with noninoculated controls, were planted in rotten wood, exposed mineral soil, and undisturbed duff on a recently clearcut site in southeastern Alaska. At planting, seedling heights differed significantly among all fungal treatments: the tallest were those inoculated with C. geophilum, the shortest with H. crustuliniforme. High fertilization controls, reared under a standard nursery regime, had significantly greater height and diameter than other treatments at out-planting. Four growing seasons after planting, seedling survival exceeded 99%. Total height and diameter after 4 years, as well as 4-year increments, did not differ significantly among fungal treatments and low fertilization controls. High fertilization controls had greater total heights and diameters than any other treatment; these differences were significant from seedlings inoculated with L. laccata or H. crustiliniforme. Although differences were not significant, seedlings planted in rotten wood, regardless of fungal treatment, had the smallest increase in height after 4 years (136%); those planted in undisturbed duff had the largest (162%). These data support earlier indications that prior colonization by these fungi provides little benefit to out-planted Sitka spruce seedlings on various microsites in southeastern Alaska clearcuttings. West. J. Appl. For. 3(4):110-112, October 1988.
Lateral Transfer Learning for Multiagent Reinforcement Learning (2021)

Some researchers have introduced transfer learning mechanisms to multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL). However, the existing works devoted to cross-task transfer for multiagent systems were designed just for homogeneous agents or similar domains. This work proposes an all-purpose cross-transfer method, called multiagent lateral transfer (MALT), assisting MARL with alleviating the training burden. We discuss several challenges in developing an all-purpose multiagent cross-task transfer learning method and provide a feasible way of reusing knowledge for MARL. In the developed method, we take features as the transfer object rather than policies or experiences, inspired by the progressive network. To achieve more efficient transfer, we assign pretrained policy networks for agents based on clustering, while an attention module is introduced to enhance the transfer framework. The proposed method has no strict requirements for the source task and target task. Compared with the existing works, our method can transfer knowledge among heterogeneous agents and also avoid negative transfer in the case of fully different tasks. As far as we know, this article is the first work denoted to all-purpose cross-task transfer for MARL. Several experiments in various scenarios have been conducted to compare the performance of the proposed method with baselines. The results demonstrate that the method is sufficiently flexible for most settings, including cooperative, competitive, homogeneous, and heterogeneous configurations.
Re: The Princeton Seminar in Advanced Musical Studies (1960)

What is one really talking about when one discusses music? In the first meeting of the more than thirty composers and other musicians who attended the Princeton Seminar in Advanced Musical Studies (August 13 September 3, 1960), Roger Sessions raised this question. Although not intended as a keynote address, his lecture sounded a theme which was developed in diverse ways by almost all the other lecturers.
Cloning of a grapevine Botrytis-responsive gene that has homology to the tobacco hypersensitivity-related hsr203J (2002)

A cDNA encoding a putative HSR203J-like protein (BIG8.1) was obtained from total RNA isolated from Botrytis cinerea-infected grapevine leaves using differential display and RACE techniques. Real time RT-PCR analysis confirmed that the level of mRNA corresponding to BIG8.1 increased in grapevine leaves during the infection progress by B. cinerea. No significant change in mRNA level was observed in leaves after UV exposure. This expression pattern suggests that BIG8.1 could be a HR-specific marker in grapevine like hsr203J in tobacco.
Goal Directed Adaptive Behavior in Second-Order Neural Networks: The MAXSON family of architectures (2000)

The paper presents a neural network architecture (MAXSON) based on second-order connections that can learn a multiple goal approach/avoid task using reinforcement from the environment. It also enables an agent to learn vicariously, from the successes and failures of other agents. The paper shows that MAXSON can learn certain spatial navigation tasks much faster than traditional Q-learning, as well as learn goal directed behavior, increasing the agent's chances of long-term sur vival. The paper shows that an extension of MAXSON (V-MAXSON) enables agents to learn vicariously, and this improves the overall survivability of the agent population.
Treatment of Secondary Sewage Effluent with a Peat‐Sand Filter Bed (1982)

Abstract A peat‐sand filter bed was constructed to provide additional treatment of the secondary sewage effluent from a campground located on the shore of North Star Lake, within the Chippewa National Forest in north‐central Minnesota. This effluent contained an average of 30.9 mg/liter total nitrogen, 8.63 mg/liter total phosphorus, and 122,000 fecal coliforms/100 ml. An average of 6.8 cm/week was applied from late May through early October for 8 years. The peat‐sand filter bed accomplished almost complete removal of fecal coliform bacteria and P. About 90% of the waste‐water N was removed during the 2nd and 3rd years of operation, but this declined to about 50% by the 5th year, due to oxidation of the peat and release of N. The high Fe, Al, and ash content of the peat contributed to the filter's highly efficient removal of P. Microbial immobilization in the peat contributed to N and P removal during the first 2 or 3 years of waste water application. Rough‐stalked bluegrass ( Poa trivialis L.) planted on the peat surface of the filter was very important in overall N and P removal. Nutrient uptake by the bluegrass increased each year and accounted for 45% of the P and virtually all of the N removed from the waste water in the 5th year of the study.
Reduced ground bounce and improved latch-up suppression through substrate conduction (1988)

The conventional method of bond wiring V/sub ss/ pads on CMOS chips is examined. For p-type epitaxial CMOS on a p/sup +/ substrate, these V/sub ss/ pads may not be required. Instead, the conduction path would be through the substrate to the ground plane on the package. This technique reduces the ground bounce and improves latch-up suppression. Furthermore, for input/output (I/O) bound chips, the substrate conduction method reduces the size of the I/O frame, reduces cost by decreasing die size, and improves performance by reducing conductor lengths on the chip. An ADVICE comparison was performed between the conventional and substrate conduction methods for connection V/sub SS/ to a CMOS chip in 0.9- mu m technology. Results of packaged-chip measurements are also presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Acylketen‐S,S‐ und Acylketen‐S,N‐acetale als Bausteine für Heterocyclen: Pyrazole und Isoxazole (1978)

Acylketene S,S‐ and Acylketene S,N‐Acetals as Buildingsets for Heterocycles: Pyrazoles and Isoxazoles Acylketene S,S‐acetals 1 react with hydrazines, semicarbazide, and benzhydrazide to yield tautomeric or isomeric pyrazoles 8 and 10 , respectively. On the other hand cyclisation to the aminopyrazoles 9 is possible. The pyrazoles 8 are also obtained by reaction of the dithioesters 2 with hydrazine in the presence of mercury oxide. 3(5)‐Aminopyrazoles 17 can be synthesized in three different ways: from the acylketene S,N‐acetals 3 , from the thioamides 4 or from the acylketene N,N‐acetals 5 and hydrazine. The reaction of 3 with phenylhydrazine and p‐nitrophenylhydrazine leads to the 5‐aminopyrazoles 20 , but 8e and 9d are formed by the elimination of 1 mol arylamine. The dependence of the reaction way on the kind of the used hydrazine is discussed. The reaction of acylketene S,S‐acetals 1 and S,N‐acetals 3 with hydroxylamine affords isoxazoles 21 and 22 .
Synthetic Aperture Method in Ultrasound Imaging (2011)

Medical ultrasound imaging is a technique that has become much more prevalent than other medical imaging techniques since it is more accessible, less expensive, safe, simpler to use and produces images in the real time. However, images produced by an ultrasound imaging system, must be of sufficient quality to provide accurate clinical interpretation. The most commonly used image quality measures are spatial resolution and image contrast which can be determined in terms of beam characteristics of an imaging system: beam width and sidelobe level. In the design of an imaging system, the optimal set of system parameters is usually found as a trade-off between the lowest side-lobe peak and the narrowest beam of an imaging system. In conventional ultrasound imaging system, when one transducer (in mechanical wobble) or linear array are used, the quality of images directly depends on the transducer acoustic field. Also in conventional ultrasound imaging the image is acquired sequentially one image line at a time that puts a strict limit on the frame rate that is important in real-time imaging system. Low frame rate means that moving structures (e.g. heart valves) are not easily imaged and diagnosis may be impaired. This limitation can be reduced by employing synthetic aperture (SA) imaging. The basic idea of the SA method is to combine information from emissions close to each other. The synthetic aperture method has previously not been used in medical imaging. This method is a contrast to the conventional beamforming, where only imaging along one line in receiving is used. This means that every image line is visualized as many times as the number of elements used. This will create an equal amount of low resolution images, which are summed up to create one high resolution image. Problems with medical ultrasound include low imaging depth, and high resolution is achieved only in the region where the transducer is focused. Another problem is decreasing SNR with depth. The basic idea with synthetic aperture is to combine information from emissions close to each other. This is a contrast to the conventional beamforming, were only imaging along one line in receiving is used. This means that every image line is visualized as many times as the number of elements used. This will create an equal amount of low resolution images which are summed up to create one high resolution image. One of the important processes in ultrasound imaging systems is beamforming. There are many different beamforming methods. In this work both the synthetic transmit aperture (STA) (Trots, et al. 2009) and the multi-element STA (Trots, et al. 2010) methods for medical ultrasound imaging system are discussed. In the case of the multi-element STA imaging
Telecollaboration (2018)

The term telecollaboration has come to describe any combination of text‐based, multimodal‐enhanced, asynchronous, synchronous, monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual collaboration. Telecollaboration research has been primarily qualitative, because the projects are uniquely situated within highly particularized cultural, social, institutional, and technological contexts. Researchers have examined telecollaboration across a variety of these contexts using a number of methodological approaches that cluster around three main areas of inquiry: language development; intercultural communication; and identity. Research has focused on socioinstitutional and cultural norms, on teacher positionality as intercultural learners, on instructional planning that involves task type and sequencing, and on the joint construction of interaction by learners. Although misunderstandings do occur in telecollaboration, instructors who build a rich foundation can help their students leverage such miscommunication to create deeper understanding and respect for the similarities and differences of one another's culturally, linguistically, historically, and socially situated interactions.
LncRNAs: New Players in Apoptosis Control (2014)

The discovery that the mammalian genome is largely transcribed and that almost half of the polyadenylated RNAs is composed of noncoding RNAs has attracted the attention of the scientific community. Growing amount of data suggests that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a new class of regulators involved not only in physiological processes, such as imprinting and differentiation, but also in cancer progression and neurodegeneration. Apoptosis is a well regulated type of programmed cell death necessary for correct organ development and tissue homeostasis. Indeed, cancer cells often show an inhibition of the apoptotic pathways and it is now emerging that overexpression or downregulation of different lncRNAs in specific types of tumors sensitize cancer cells to apoptotic stimuli. In this review we summarize the latest studies on lncRNAs and apoptosis with major attention to those performed in cancer cells and in healthy cells upon differentiation. We discuss the new perspectives of using lncRNAs as targets of anticancer drugs. Finally, considering that lncRNA levels have been reported to have a correlation with specific cancer types, we argue the possibility of using lncRNAs as tumor biomarkers.