gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Heulandite-Ba, a new zeolite species from Norway (2005)

Heulandite-Ba, ideally (Ba,Ca,Sr,K,Na) 5 Al 9 Si 27 O 72 ·22H 2 O, is a new zeolite species in the heulandite series, occurring as an accessory mineral in hydrothermal veins of the Kongsberg silver deposit type at the Northern RavnAs prospect, southern Vinoren, 14 km NNW of Kongsberg town, Kongsberg ore district, Flesberg community, Buskerud county, Norway. The mineral has also been found at the Bratteskjerpet mine, Saggrenda near Kongsberg, and in hydrothermal veins in quartzite at Sjoa in Sel community, Oppland county. Heulandite-Ba occurs as well developed, thick tabular, trapezoidal crystals up to 4 mm across, showing the forms {100}, {010}, {001}, 111} and {201}. The mineral is colourless to white, rarely very pale yellowish white or pale beige, with a white streak; transparent to translucent, with a vitreous lustre, pearly on {010}. The mineral has a perfect {010} cleavage; subconchoidal to uneven fracture. It is non-fluorescent in long- or short-wave ultraviolet light. The Mohs9 hardness is 3½; D meas = 2.35(1) and D calc = 2.350 g/cm 3 . Heulandite-Ba is biaxial positive with n α = 1.5056(5), n β = 1.5064(5) and n γ = 1.5150(5); Δ = 0.0094, n (mean) = 1.5090. 2V γ (calc) = 34.1°, 2V γ (meas) = 38(1)°; distinct dispersion, r > v; α Λ c varying from ≅ 39° to ≅ 51° in obtuse angle β, γ = b. An average of 14 electron microprobe analyses on heulandite-Ba from the Northern RavnAs prospect, Kongsberg, gave SiO 2 54.26, Al 2 O 3 15.27, MgO 2 O 0.34, K 2 O 0.58, H 2 O 13.1 (from TGA), total 99.99, corresponding to (Ba 2.49 Ca 1.41 Sr 0.30 K 0.37 Na 0.33 ) Σ4.90 Al 8.96 Si 27.00 O 72.00 ·21.75H 2 Oon the basis of 72 framework oxygen atoms. Chemical zoning is frequent, with transitions to heulandite-Ca and heulandite-Sr. Heulandite-Ba is monoclinic, C 2/ m , with a = 17.738(3), b = 17.856(2), c = 7.419(1) A, β = 116.55(2)°, V = 2102.0(7) A 3 , Z = 1. The strongest five X-ray diffraction lines of the powder pattern [ d in A( I )( hkl )] are: 2.973(100)(151), 3.978(97)(131), 7.941(66)(200), 4.650(66)(-131), 2.807(65)(-621). The crystal structure refinements (R = 3.5%) of heulandite-Ba were done in space groups C 2/ m, Cm, C 2, and C 1, but refinements in space groups with lower symmetry than C 2/ m did not improve the structural model.
Strategy of Utilizing In Vitro and In Vivo ADME Tools for Lead Optimization and Drug Candidate Selection (2005)

The high-throughput screening in drug discovery for absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties has become the norm in the industry. Only a few years ago it was ADME properties that were attributed to more failure of drugs than efficacy or safety in the clinic trials. With the realization of new techniques and refinement of existing techniques better projections for the pharmacokinetic properties of compounds in humans are being made, shifting the drug failure attributes more to the safety and efficacy properties of drug candidates. There are a tremendous number of tools available to discovery scientists to screen compounds for optimization of ADME properties and selection of better candidates. However, the use of these tools has generally been to characterize these compounds rather than to select among them. This report discusses applications of the available ADME tools to better understand the clinical implication of these properties, and to optimize these properties. It also provides tracts for timing of studies with respect to the stage of the compound during discovery, by means of a discovery assay by stage (DABS) paradigm. The DABS provide the team with a rationale for the types of studies to be done during hit-to-lead, early and late lead optimization stages of discovery, as well as outlining the deliverables (objectives) at those stages. DABS has proven to be optimal for efficient utilization of resources and helped the discovery team to track the progress of compounds and projects.
Réduction de l’hystérésis magnétique sous l’action d’une sollicitation mécanique vibratoire (2014)

National audience
Performance of π-constellations in Rayleigh fading with a real channel estimator (2003)

We define a transmission system in a fading environment using modulation diversity (/spl pi/-constellations) and a channel estimator. Usually, the /spl pi/-constellation performance results suppose a perfect channel estimate. Here, we propose to give their performance results coupled with a channel estimator. The channel estimation scheme used is the pilot symbol-assisted modulation (PSAM) method. We treat two kinds of channel estimators: the Wiener filter and an estimator from the expectation maximisation (EM) algorithm. Simulation results show that modulation diversity coupled with a channel estimator are still attractive.
A spread spectrum digital data link for aviation (2002)

Digital data links for aviation applications have come of age. The majority of data links employing narrow-band transceivers are susceptible to interference from RF sources beyond the range to signal sources of interest. This susceptibility dramatically reduces the probability of detecting or receiving desired signals. Spread spectrum transceivers offer a significant improvement in selectivity by virtue of the phenomenon known as process gain arising from spreading and despreading of the RF signal. This process gain can significantly reduce the number of interfering sources (by factors ranging from 4 to 16 for currently viable transceivers), which in turn has a significant positive impact on the probability of detecting desired signals in the presence of interference.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of the Spinal Cord in the Pig, Rat, and Rabbit (1996)

Phosphorus-31 NMR spectra of the spinal cord revealed resonances common to brain tissue. Importantly, the existence of a previously undetected resonance, which is likely to correspond to myelin phospholipids, also is reported. This resonance may prove important in future studies monitoring changes in myelin in response to trauma and ischemia.
The case for subdivision surfaces in building design (2012)

In his seminal 2010 IASS Journal paper titled “New Challenges for the Structural Morphology Group”, Andrew Borgart outlined the need for radical new techniques for the design, engineering and construction of complex geometry structures in order to continue to produce innovative and beautiful design solutions in the current economic and environmental climate. He concluded that unorthodox solutions were needed, and that these would only be provided through transfer of technologies from a wide range of disciplines. This paper rises to Borgart’s challenge, by demonstrating through a case study project that the adoption of Subdivision Surfaces as a new modeling framework for engineering design would go a long way towards addressing these problems and would reinvigorate the Shell and Spatial Structure design community.
Biomarker discovery using targeted maximum‐likelihood estimation: Application to the treatment of antiretroviral‐resistant HIV infection (2008)

Researchers in clinical science and bioinformatics frequently aim to learn which of a set of candidate biomarkers is important in determining a given outcome, and to rank the contributions of the candidates accordingly. This article introduces a new approach to research questions of this type, based on targeted maximum-likelihood estimation of variable importance measures.The methodology is illustrated using an example drawn from the treatment of HIV infection. Specifically, given a list of candidate mutations in the protease enzyme of HIV, we aim to discover mutations that reduce clinical virologic response to antiretroviral regimens containing the protease inhibitor lopinavir. In the context of this data example, the article reviews the motivation for covariate adjustment in the biomarker discovery process. A standard maximum-likelihood approach to this adjustment is compared with the targeted approach introduced here. Implementation of targeted maximum-likelihood estimation in the context of biomarker discovery is discussed, and the advantages of this approach are highlighted. Results of applying targeted maximum-likelihood estimation to identify lopinavir resistance mutations are presented and compared with results based on unadjusted mutation-outcome associations as well as results of a standard maximum-likelihood approach to adjustment.The subset of mutations identified by targeted maximum likelihood as significant contributors to lopinavir resistance is found to be in better agreement with the current understanding of HIV antiretroviral resistance than the corresponding subsets identified by the other two approaches. This finding suggests that targeted estimation of variable importance represents a promising approach to biomarker discovery.
Artificial Nucleosides Possessing Metal Binding Sites at the 3‘- and 5‘-Positions of the Deoxyribose Moieties (2002)

This paper describes a convenient synthetic procedure for nucleoside mimics, 1-6, in which the 3',5'-hydroxy groups of natural 2'-deoxythymidine or 2'-deoxyadenosine are replaced by thiol, amine, or alkylthiol groups. Such nucleosides would be built up into a single DNA strand with cooperative participation of metal coordination, where internucleoside linkages are replaced by metal complexation motifs. The X-ray crystal structure and complexation behaviors of 3',5'-dithiothymidine, 1, with Au(I) are also reported.
A light-scattering survey of critical behavior in the phase diagram of KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> (1980)

Abstract Recent Brillouin-Rayleigh scattering experiments performed on the xy shear mode of KDP near the ferroelectric transition temperature are reviewed. The static central peak has been removed by annealing, producing paraelectric spectra in perfect agreement with mean-field theory. Application of a static electric field causes the transition to become non-symmetry breaking. This suppresses the soft mode and generates a heat-diffusion central peak in the paraelectric phase. At the critical field there are no microscopic critical fluctuations, and hence no opalescence, although several thermodynamic quantities are predicted to diverge classically. Under sufficient hydrostatic pressure, the transition becomes continuous in the absence of field, and the spectra exhibit an increased relaxation rate.
Data driven signal processing: an approach for energy efficient computing (1996)

The computational switching activity of digital CMOS circuits can be dynamically minimized by designing algorithms that exploit signal statistics. This results in processors that have time-varying power requirements and perform computation on demand. An approach is presented to minimize the energy dissipation per data sample in variable-load DSP systems by adaptively minimizing the power supply voltage for each sample using a variable switching speed processor. In general, using buffering and filtering, the computation can be spread over multiple samples averaging the workload and lowering energy further. It is also shown that four levels of voltage quantization combined with dithering is sufficient to closely emulate arbitrary voltage levels.
Surface Imprinting in Layer‐by‐Layer Nanostructured Films (2007)

Abstract In this Full Paper, we develop a novel approach for the generation of stable molecularly imprinted sites in polymeric films by combining the layer‐by‐layer (LbL) technique and photochemical crosslinking of the layered structure. After photo‐crosslinking, the imprinted films show high reproducibility and rapid loading and unloading of imprinted sites by the template molecules. Moreover, the competitive adsorption of template molecules and redox labels into the imprinted film using electrochemical methods indicates that the imprinted film has higher affinity for template molecules. We believe this approach may have some advantages over traditional ways of preparing imprinted sites in polymer matrices and it may open a new avenue for the functionalization of LbL films.
Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Sulfur-Rich Compounds (1999)

The molecular third-order optical nonlinearity γR (second hyperpolarizability or nonlinear refractive index) was measured for a series of sulfur-rich molecules: sulfur (S8), carbon−sulfur compounds, and metal thiolate clusters. Z-scan techniques (pulse width 27 ps, wavelength 527 nm) were used to measure these properties in solution by comparing the solution to the pure solvent. Our approach is an efficient way to evaluate a number of different compounds and to quickly direct synthetic strategies for improved nonlinear and linear optical properties. The optical nonlinearities were evaluated in terms of figures of merit, |W|/I0 and [T]-1, where |W|/I0 is the ratio of nonlinear refraction to linear absorption and [T]-1 is the ratio of nonlinear refraction to nonlinear absorption. Among the carbon−sulfur compounds, C6S8O2 had the largest figures of merit: |W|/I0 = 4.3 × 10-13 m2 W-1 and [T]-1 > 5. The metal thiolate cluster with the largest second hyperpolarizability was [Zn10S4(SPh)16]4- (γR = −7.8 × 10-56 C m4 V-3, −6.3 × 10-31 esu). This cluster exhibited no measurable linear or nonlinear absorption, so the figures of merit were effectively infinite. Previous work on the second hyperpolarizability of sulfur-rich compounds examined species that were hampered by substantial linear absorption coefficients. The present work shows that high figures of merit can be achieved without significant linear or nonlinear absorption.
A prototype architecture for cyber-physical systems (2008)

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) is an exciting emerging research area that has drawn the attention of many researchers. Although the question of "What is a CPS?" remains open, widely recognized and accepted attributes of a CPS include timeliness, distributed, reliability, fault-tolerance, security, scalability and autonomous. In this paper, a CPS definition is given and a prototype architecture is proposed. It is argued that this architecture captures the essential attributes of a CPS and lead to identification of many research challenges.
An AOA estimator for multiple GPS signals using a modified despreader (2010)

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is one of the core technologies for the Location Based Service (LBS), and has various applications from the leisure business to the military. LBS requires accurate location information of an object, which GPS estimates using at least four satellites. In order to enhance the GPS signal quality, angle-of-arrival (AOA) information is required, but these are difficult to estimate because the system operates with a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and in the presence of high-power interference. In this paper, we explore an extension of a recently proposed GPS AOA estimation technique based on a modified despreader for multiple GPS signals. Since the extended estimator does not require a singular value decomposition (SVD), unlike conventional AOA estimation algorithms such as Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC), it has a relatively low computational complexity. Also, this technique does not need to choose the GPS AOAs from all estimated AOAs because those of the interference signals are not estimated. We demonstrate the performance of the GPS AOA estimation algorithm for multiple satellites via a computer simulation example.
Perfluorohexyloctane improves long-term storage of rat pancreata for subsequent islet isolation (2009)

Pancreas oxygenation by means of the hyperoxygen carrier perfluorodecalin (PFD) has been established to prevent ischemically induced damage from cold-stored pancreata. However, large-scale studies did not confirm the promising results that had been observed in smaller donor populations. This study assessed whether islet isolation from pancreata stored for prolonged periods can be improved by utilizing the new oxygen carrier perfluorohexyloctane (F6H8) characterized by lower gravity and higher lipophilicity than PFD. Subsequent to 24 h of storage in either oxygenated PFD or F6H8, the rat pancreata were assessed for the intrapancreatic partial oxygen pressure (pO(2)) and subsequently processed with current standard procedures. The intrapancreatic pO(2) was nearly identical in rat pancreata stored either in PFD or F6H8. Nevertheless, rat islet isolation outcome was significantly increased in terms of yield, integrity, in vitro function and post-transplant outcome after transplantation in diabetic nude mice when F6H8 was used as oxygen carrier. This proof-of-concept study demonstrated in rats that islet isolation performed after long-term storage of oxygenated pancreatic tissue can be significantly improved if PFD was replaced by F6H8.
DEFINITION AND MEASUREMENT OF MEAT TEXTURE IN MILITARY DEVELOPMENT AND PROCUREMENT (1976)

ABSTRACT The need for improved texture evaluation methods in meat product development and procurement is discussed with emphasis on problems facing the Armed Forces. It is pointed out that inexpensive, reproducible, simple methods are needed similar to, for example, the rapid moisture analysis equipment now being used in chemical evaluation of foods.
Synthesis and properties of poly(2,5‐ethylene benzimidazole) (1974)

Abstract Methyl β‐(3,4‐diaminophenyl)propionate, its hydrochloride, and β‐(3,4‐diaminophenyl)propionic acid were prepared and their structures were established. The effect of temperature, time, and pressure on the polymerization of these compounds and the molecular weight and structure of the resulting polymers were examined. Thin films of different polymer samples were prepared by compression molding, and their infrared spectra were used to study their structures. Samples of poly(2,5‐ethylene benzimidazole) formed under typical polymerization conditions were shown by differential scanning calorimetry and x‐ray techniques to be amorphous, and the glass transition temperature ranged between 201 and 240°C. The polymers were shown by thermogravimetric analysis to have good thermal stability, and 29–34% of the original weights remained after heating to 1000°C in nitrogen.
Correcting Toxicological Misconceptions (1985)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVBook ReviewNEXTCorrecting Toxicological MisconceptionsKEITH C. BARRONSCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1985, 63, 36, 27–29Publication Date (Print):September 9, 1985Publication History Published online7 November 2010Published inissue 9 September 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v063n036.p027https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v063n036.p027book-reviewACS PublicationsCopyright © 1985 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETYArticle Views9Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Chemical engineering and industrial chemistry,Toxicology Get e-Alerts
“boiling” the melt during copper remelting (2009)

The conditions and mechanism of “boiling” the melt of oxidized copper are investigated. Boiling is caused by the interaction between oxygen dissolved in the melt and carbon appearing in the crucible material. The specific features of this process are established.
DIFFERENCES IN POST-DIAPAUSE THERMAL REQUIREMENTS FOR EGGS OF TWO RANGELAND GRASSHOPPERS (1987)

Abstract A study was conducted to examine the springtime hatching characteristics of Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) and Aulocara elliotti (Thomas) eggs on rangeland. Laboratory experiments showed that eggs of M . sanguinipes required fewer accumulated degree days (DD) to complete post-diapause development than those of A . elliotti at a constant temperature of 23.3°C. Springtime field observations revealed that A . elliotti nymphs emerged prior to or concurrent with M . sanguinipes . Additionally, results suggest that A . elliotti nymphs emerge over a shorter interval than M . sanguinipes . Much of the variation in springtime emergence could be attributed to species-specific oviposition sites, pod depth, and pod orientation that resulted in A . elliotti eggs accumulating heat more rapidly than M . sanguinipes eggs. Results help explain some of the variation found in egg hatching of these two grasshopper species on rangeland.
Radio Planning in Multibeam Geostationary Satellite Networks (2003)

We consider the problem of how a geostationary satellite should assign bandwidth to several service providers (operators) so as to meet some minimum requirements, on one hand, and to perform the allocation in a fair way, on the other hand. In the paper, we firstly address practical issues (such as integrity constraints), whereafter we provide a computational method for obtaining an optimal fair allocation in polynomial time taking the practical issues into account.
Interpolation by a prime factor other than 2 in low-voltage low-power ΣΔ DAC (2013)

This paper presents power optimization of a sigma-delta (ΣΔ) modulator based digital-to-analog converter (DAC) for hearing-aid audio back-end application. In a number of state-of-the-art publications the oversampling ratio (OSR) of the ΣΔ modulator is chosen as a factor of integer power of two. The reason given is the simplicity of the interpolation filter (IF) block. However, being able to choose OSR factors of integer powers of two only, might be restricting and not necessarily optimal. Therefore the ΣΔ modulator based DAC designs with multistage IF that include a stage performing oversampling by a factor of 3 are investigated. This new design freedom is used to lower the operating frequency of the whole DAC and save considerable amount of power. It is shown that the figure-of-merit (FOM) of such designs can be lower than designs using oversampling by a factor of integer powers of two. The same optimization approach can be used for other low voltage low power portable audio applications (mobile phones, notebook computers etc.).
EXOSAT observations of double-peaked bursts with radius expansion from 4U/MXB 1820-30 (1987)

A detailed analysis is presented of seven X-ray bursts from the X-ray source 4U/MXB 1820-30 in the globular cluster NGC 6624. The bursts were double-peaked, and recurred at almost equal time intervals of 3.2 hr. The persistent flux varied by only 10 percent on time scales of 60 minutes. The ratio of the total persistent energy emitted before a burst to the total energy released by a burst varied between 125 and 155. The inferred blackbody radius for the burst spectra showed large variations, increasing from 10 to 200 km within the first 0.25-1.5 s, accompanied by a decrease in spectral temperature from 1.2 to 0.4 keV. The inferred source radius during burst decay was constant at about 10 km. This radius is interpreted as the size of the neutron star. During the radius expansion phase, the luminosity remained constant at a mean value of 2.5 x 10 to the 38th ergs/s, which is consistent with the helium Eddington limit for a 10 km, 1.4 solar mass neutron star.