gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular effects of paclitaxel: Myths and reality (a critical review) (1999)

Recent studies on paclitaxel (Taxol), a microtubule-stabilizing agent and effective anti-cancer drug, have identified numerous cellular and molecular effects, such as induction of cytokines and tumor-suppressor genes, indirect cytotoxicity due to secretion of tumor necrosis factor, vast activation of signal-transduction pathways and selective activity against cells lacking functional p53. Some of these results, including the immediate activation of signaling pathways and gene expression, have been observed only with paclitaxel concentrations 1,000-fold higher than those required for mitotic arrest and apoptosis. The effects of loss of p53 on paclitaxel cytotoxicity depend on cell type (normal murine fibroblasts vs. human cancer cells) and duration of exposure to paclitaxel; p53 status marginally affects paclitaxel sensitivity in human cancer. Although the biochemistry of mitosis and meiosis has been studied independently of research on the mechanism of action of anti-cancer drugs, it eventually provided insight into the effects of paclitaxel. For example, serine protein phosphorylation, which occurs during mitotic arrest or meiosis, explains paclitaxel-induced hyperphosphorylation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Although some observations are disputed, such mitotic arrest correlates with paclitaxel cytotoxicity, while there is currently no evidence that any paclitaxel effect at clinically relevant concentrations is independent of its tubulin-binding properties. Thus, paclitaxel exerts two types of effect: mitotic arrest with coincidental serine protein phosphorylation and cytotoxicity at clinically relevant concentrations as well as immediate activation of tyrosine kinase pathways and activation of gene expression at much higher concentrations.
SHB8PS––a new adaptative, assumed-strain continuum mechanics shell element for impact analysis (2002)

This paper presents the formulation of a new adaptative shell element. This is an eight-node brick element in which one chooses a special direction denoted “thickness”. The element is an assumed-strain element based on the formulation first proposed by Belytchko and Bindeman. It is integrated with a set of Gauss points through the thickness and with only one point in the other directions. A new assumed-strain formulation for the element is proposed and its development is carried out in elastoplasticity. The element adjusts to the physical situation automatically in the sense that the stabilizing forces are chosen to be proportional to the mean tangent modulus of the material across the thickness. This is a most important assumption because if the stabilizing forces were calculated without regard to the physical state of the element they would turn out to be too large. The element is then tested on simple academic cases and applied in a more complex situation.
Sub-resolution Assist Features in Photolithography Process Simulation (2007)

Summary form only given. As modern photolithography feature sizes reduce, the use of sub-resolution assist features (SRAFs) to improve the manufacturing process window has become more prevalent. To support this trend in conjunction with Optical Proximity Correction (OPC), it is vital to precisely simulate the manufacturing process with SRAF placement. However, for computational reasons, it is necessary to model features with SRAFs placed using specially developed approximation algorithms. This need arises for three reasons. First, SRAFs are normally difficult to verify physically because of their small sizes which leads to a relatively large uncertainty on SRAF layout compared to the printed features. Second, the effective transmission of SRAFs may not be the same as the transmission of main features. Third, the thickness of the mask is comparable to the feature sizes of SRAFs, so three-dimensional (3D) mask effects may play an important role in the process simulation. To compensate for these effects, three algorithms for SRAFs are proposed. The experimental data for this study were acquired from an optical system with hyper NA of 1.2. The cQuad source has a wavelength of 193 nm and sigma <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in</sub> of 0.80 and Sub-resolution assist features in photolithography process simulation Sub-resolution assist features in photolithography process simulation sigma <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">out</sub> of 0.96. The source polarization is chosen to be x-y sector polarization. The smallest line width of the test pattern is 44 nm with a pitch of 100 nm. The empirical process data were fit into a process model by minimizing the selected cost function derived from the root mean square (RMS) of the prediction errors. Figure 1 shows the results obtained by treating the features with SRAFs the same way as those without SRAFs. It is clearly seen in the plot that the residuals (CD errors) can be separated into two groups. For all the features without SRAFs (red), the best fitting residuals have a RMS error of 0.76 nm and range of 3.9 nm. However, for the features with SRAFs placed (black), there is a significant offset from the 0 target and the RMS of the residuals is 4.99 nm with a range 6.6 nm. To account for the effects mentioned above, three functions are added to SRAF models so the main feature fits remain unchanged, but SRAF feature fits improve. The three treatments are: a) edge bias is applied to all SRAFs edges; b) the attenuation of SRAFs is determined independent of the main features; c) a loading effect is added to SRAFs layer. Figure 2 shows the results after these functions for SRAFs features. Significant improvement on the fitting residuals with SRAFs is obtained, resulting in an RMS of 0.79 nm and range of 3.55 nm. The details on how the special treatments are added and the theoretical explanation on how they compensate those effects being missed in the main features will be discussed in the full paper.
An overview of monolithic GaAs MESFET travelling-wave amplifiers (1985)

Abstract Travelling-wave amplifier concepts combined with the recent advances in GaAs monolithic circuit technology resulted in significant achievements in the state-of-the-art wide-band microwave amplification. This paper is an attempt to summarize the fundamentals of this technology and review the recent experimental results.
Self-guiding of high-intensity laser pulses for laser wake field acceleration (1992)

A means of self‐guiding an ultrashort and high‐intensity laser pulse is demonstrated both experimentally and numerically. Its relevance to the laser wake field accelerator concept is discussed. Self‐focusing and multiple foci formation are observed when a high peak power (P≳100 GW), 1 μm, subpicosecond laser is focused onto various gases (air or hydrogen). It appears to result from the combined effects of self‐focusing by the gas, and de‐focusing both by diffraction and the plasma formed in the central high‐intensity region. Quasi‐stationary computer simulations show the same multiple foci behavior as the experiments. The results suggest much larger nonlinear electronic susceptibilities of a gas near or undergoing ionization in the high field of the laser pulse. Although self‐guiding of a laser beam by this mechanism appears to significantly extend its high‐intensity focal region, small‐scale self‐focusing due to beam non‐uniformity is currently a limitation.
Both a short hydrophobic domain and a carboxyl-terminal hydrophilic region are important for signal function in the Escherichia coli leader peptidase (1989)

Leader peptidase, typical of inner membrane proteins of Escherichia coli, does not have an amino-terminal leader sequence. This protein contains an internal signal peptide, residues 51-83, which is essential for assembly and remains as a membrane anchor domain. We have employed site-directed mutagenesis techniques to either delete residues within this domain or substitute a charged amino acid for one of these residues to determine the important properties of the internal signal. The deletion analysis showed that a very small apolar domain, residues 70-76, is essential for assembly, whereas residues that flank it are dispensable for its function. However, point mutations with charged amino acid residues within the polar sequence (residues 77-82) slow or abolish leader peptidase membrane assembly. Thus, a polar region, Arg-Ser-Phe-Ile-Tyr-Glu, is important for the signal peptide function of leader peptidase, unlike other signals identified thus far.
Dinero en Castilla. Notas sobre el pago de las guardas en 1523 (2003)

Una de las caracteristicas mas importantes de los ultimos siglos medievales fue el progresivo aumento del poder del rey desde ambitos muy diversos. La formacion de las monarquias modernas debe relacionarse con el desarrollo de diferentes elementos. Se ha puesto el acento en la llamada revolucion militar, entendida como un conjunto de transformaciones en la organizacion de la guerra, lo cual motivo la creacion de unos ejercitos alejados de las levas medievales. Esto es, la creacion de tropas leales y afines al monarca. Ejercitos mas estables, con nuevos armamentos de fuego que marcaban una linea de futuro. Tambien se unia cambios en las fortificaciones con la introduccion de la trace italienne. Claro que estos procesos conllevaban nuevas exigencias monetarias, lo cual hubo de traducirse en un aumento impositivo de amplias consecuencias. Aqui estaria el origen del celebre Estado fiscal que definiera Schumpeter. Es decir, se ha considerado que la creacion de los sistemas fiscales en los siglos XV-XVII tienen en el incremento del gasto su elemento explicativo clave en el gasto. A partir de aqui se desarrollarian unas imposiciones cada vez mas dependientes de la figura del monarca, gracias asimismo al progresivo crecimiento de su administracion. Advirtamos que este aumento impositivo no pudo llevarse a cabo sin el concurso de distintos grupos enriquecidos que veran en todo el desarrollo una oportunidad unica para el enriquecimiento personal. La cuestion no dejaba de estar ligada a las relaciones antidorales que articulaban las relaciones entre un monarca polisemico y sus propios vasallos
The development of large diameter, high pressure, cryogenic radial static seals (1976)

Two configurations of radial static seals are developed for high-pressure 773 kg per sq cm cryogenic applications: a U-shaped fluorocarbon seal and a delta-shaped PTFE seal. The U-seal is a common commercial design consisting of a spring-loaded cup-shaped jacket; the basic principle is that the soft plastic jacket provides the interface between the piston and the bore, the jacket being held in place by a metal spring. The delta seal is based on the principle that the soft plastic delta cross section furnishes the interface at the metal face and circumferential face of the gland and cylinder. Test results indicate that both the plastic U-seal and the delta seal designs are sufficiently flexible to accommodate assembly in bore or piston grooves. Of these two configurations, the delta seal is found to be superior as it meets all the design requirements for proof pressure testing the turbopump components of the main engine in the Space Shuttle.
Fully-automated segmentation of the striatum in the PET/MR images using data fusion (2012)

Different imaging modalities sample different properties of the tissue, and thus the tissue may appear different depending on the imaging technique. As a consequence, the shapes of organs and homogenous regions in tissues often have different shapes depending on the type of imaging. This presents a problem for ROI-based multi-modality quantitative imaging studies, since it is not clear what modality should be used for data segmentation. An example of such study is the quantitative PET imaging of Parkinson's disease subjects, which often present functional atrophy without an anatomical atrophy. A choice must be made between anatomical (MRI) and radioactivity-based (PET) ROIs. In addition manual ROI placement can be very time consuming and may lack consistency. In this work, we propose a new approach to multi-modality image segmentation. The proposed method generates so-called mixed ROIs that can be computed in a fully automated mode from single modality-based pure ROIs. The computation of the mixed ROIs is based on the fusion of probability images. The use of the fusion principles made it possible to transition between the pure ROI shapes in a smooth fashion. The mixed ROIs were found to be better aligned with the high activity regions than the pure MR ROIs, and had higher anatomical fidelity compared to the pure PET ROIs. Using the method, it is possible to generate a multitude of ROI sets for a particular study starting from one or more previously defined regions.
Southern Chartism (1991)

Chartism, the first genuinely working-class mass political movement, has attracted numerous general, regional, and local histories. The overwhelming proportion of these works concentrate on Chartism's strongholds in London, provincial urban centres, and the theatres of industrialism — including those in Scotland and Wales. Yet despite these regional characteristics, the common assumption is that Chartism was a national movement. This assumption is implicit in works including J.T. Ward's Chartism , while Dorothy Thompson, the author of the most recent notionally national overview, suggests that countryside Chartism has been underestimated.
The Yeast Telomere Length Counting Machinery Is Sensitive to Sequences at the Telomere-Nontelomere Junction (1999)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae telomeres consist of a continuous 325 +/- 75-bp tract of the heterogeneous repeat TG1-3 which contains irregularly spaced, high-affinity sites for the protein Rap1p. Yeast cells monitor or count the number of telomeric Rap1p molecules in a negative feedback mechanism which modulates telomere length. To investigate the mechanism by which Rap1p molecules are counted, the continuous telomeric TG1-3 sequences were divided into internal TG1-3 sequences and a terminal tract separated by nontelomeric spacers of different lengths. While all of the internal sequences were counted as part of the terminal tract across a 38-bp spacer, a 138-bp disruption completely prevented the internal TG1-3 sequences from being considered part of the telomere and defined the terminal tract as a discrete entity separate from the subtelomeric sequences. We also used regularly spaced arrays of six Rap1p sites internal to the terminal TG1-3 repeats to show that each Rap1p molecule was counted as about 19 bp of TG1-3 in vivo and that cells could count Rap1p molecules with different spacings between tandem sites. As previous in vitro experiments had shown that telomeric Rap1p sites occur about once every 18 bp, all Rap1p molecules at the junction of telomeric and nontelomeric chromatin (the telomere-nontelomere junction) must participate in telomere length measurement. The conserved arrangement of these six Rap1p molecules at the telomere-nontelomere junction in independent transformants also caused the elongated TG1-3 tracts to be maintained at nearly identical lengths, showing that sequences at the telomere-nontelomere junction had an effect on length regulation. These results can be explained by a model in which telomeres beyond a threshold length form a folded structure that links the chromosome terminus to the telomere-nontelomere junction and prevents telomere elongation.
Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Lipophilic Fraction of Honeybee Pollen from Native Species of Montesinho Natural Park (2006)

The lipophilic composition of honeybee pollen from Cistus ladanifer, Castanea sativa and Rubus sp. was analysed by GC-MS. The extracts are mainly composed by saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, sterols, long chain aliphatic alcohols, alkanes and alkenes. The profiles of chemical composition allow the chemical differentiation of pollen species. The biological activity of the lipophilic fractions against several Gram positive bacteria was demonstrated and related to the resistance of beehives to certain diseases when feed with such pollens.
A BiCMOS analog adaptive filter (1990)

A fully analog adaptive filter in BiCMOS technology, based on a given linear LMS (least-mean-square) adaption algorithm, is discussed. In the prototype filter the algorithm is realized using a combination of MOS switched-capacitor techniques and bipolar translinear cells for multiplications. Time sharing of op amps and multipliers saves area and power and is suitable for applications requiring a moderate number of filter taps (L<or=32). The architecture of the prototype filter with four taps is shown. Time-shared operation is achieved by clock signals, which activate sequentially the different signal paths by means of CMOS switches. All clocks are derived from master clocks.
The enol content and acidity of cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, and acetone in aqueous solution (1966)

From observations of its rapid reaction with bromine, the equilibrium proportions of enol in aqueous solutions of cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone at 25° are 1·3 × 10–5 and 4·1 × 10–6, respectively. In alkaline solutions the same method gives the content of enol plus enolate ion, leading to pK 16·7 for the keto forms of both ketones. Similar measurements with acetone were inconclusive, but suggested a smaller enol content than had previously been assumed, and a pK value between 19 and 20.
The binding order of substrates to phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. (1973)

We have studied the substrate binding order of S -adenosylmethionine and norepinephrine to phenylethanolamine N -methyltransferase via the use of two inhibitors of this enzyme. 2-(2,5-Dichlorophenyl)cyclopropylamine hydrochloride (SK&F 9208) competitively inhibited norepinephrine as the variable substrate but was an uncompetitive inhibitor with respect to S -adenosylmethionine. S -Adenosylhomocysteine, however, was a competitive inhibitor with respect to S -adenosylmethionine but noncompetitive as an antagonist of norepinephrine. These studies are interpreted to suggest a kinetically ordered pattern of substrate binding to the enzyme, with S -adenosylmethionine being initially bound.
Binding site on human C-reactive Protein (CRP) recognized by the Leukocyte CRP-receptor (1997)

C-reactive protein (CRP), the prototypical inflammatory acute phase reactant in humans, interacts with monocytes and neutrophils via a specific receptor. To map the site on CRP recognized by the CRP receptor (CRP-R), synthetic peptides corresponding to the surface region on each of the five identical subunits were tested as competitors vs. [125I]-CRP for cell binding. A peptide of residues 27-38 (TKPLKAFTVCLH) efficiently inhibited CRP binding when compared to other nonoverlapping peptides. This peptide was termed the cell-binding peptide (CB-Pep). The F(ab')2 of an IgG Ab to the CB-Pep specifically inhibited CRP binding upon reacting with the ligand. Competitive binding studies with synthetic peptides truncated from either the NH2- or COOH-terminus of the CB-Pep revealed that the minimum length recognized by the CRP-R consisted of residues 31-36: KAFTVC. Conservative substitutions of residues within the CB-Pep indicated that the four residues AFTV were critical for CRP-R binding. The CB-Pep also inhibited induced superoxide generation by HL-60 granulocytes. The minimum length required for the inhibition was also KAFTVC; however, only Phe-33 and Leu-37 were critical residues in this assay. Anti-CB-Pep IgG Ab reacted more extensively with heat-modified CRP, suggesting that an altered conformation of CRP is preferentially recognized by the CRP-R. The results suggest that this contiguous sequence on a beta-strand on one face of each of five subunits of the CRP pentamer serves as a unique recognition motif for inflammatory leukocytes.
Soret-Type Motion of Macromolecules in Solution (1977)

We show that by using a simple optical method, thermodiffusion processes can be exploited for an accurate, reasonably fast determination of the diffusion coefficient $D$ for various macromolecules in solution. As a byproduct, reliable values for the thermal-diffusion ratio ${k}_{T}$ are also derived. Furthermore, we report experimental evidence of a new type of convective instability generated in a dilute solution of macromolecules heated from above.
Design and analysis of an active power factor correction circuit (1989)

The design of an active-unity power factor correction circuit with variable-hysteresis control for off-line dc-to-dc switching power supplies is described. Design equations relating the boost inductor current ripple to the circuit components selection and circuit performance arc discussed. A computer-aided design program (CADO) is developed to give the optimal circuit components selection. A 500 watt, 300 volt experimental circuit is built to verify the simulation and analysis results. The control-to-output response of the power factor circuit is verified with the experimental results. Design guidelines for the low-frequency feedback network are presented. Small-signal closed-loop responses are measured with an experimental power factor circuit.
Cloud Security Issues (2015)

The emergence of cloud computing is a recent development, insights into critical aspects of security can be gleaned from reported experiences of early adopters and also from researchers analyzing and experimenting with available cloud provider platforms and associated technologies.The sections below highlight privacy and security-related issues that are believed to have long-term significance for public cloud computing and, in many cases, for other cloud computing service models.Because cloud computing has grown out of an amalgamation of technologies, including service oriented architecture, virtualization, Web 2.0, and utility computing, many of the privacy and security issues involved can be viewed as known problems cast in a new setting.The importance of their combined effect in this setting, however, should not be discounted.Public cloud computing does represent a thought-provoking paradigm shift from conventional norms to an open deperimeterized organizational infrastructure-at the extreme, displacing applications from one organization's infrastructure to the infrastructure of another organization, where the applications of potential adversaries may also operate.
Purification of a membrane-bound sorbitol dehydrogenase from Gluconobacter suboxydans (1995)

A sorbitol dehydrogenase was purified from the membrane fraction of Gluconobacter suboxydans KCTC 2111 (= ATCC 621) by chromatography on CM-, DEAE-, Mono S and Superose 12 columns. The purified enzyme showed a single activity band upon nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and three subunits of 75, 50 and 14 kDa upon SDS-PAGE. When purified preparations of the enzyme were reconstituted with pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), the specific enzyme activity was significantly increased (up to 9-fold). The absorption spectrum of purified sorbitol dehydrogenase in the reduced state exhibited three absorption maxima (417, 522 and 552 nm) which is in accordance with the typical absorption spectrum of cytochrome c. The 50 kDa subunit appeared as a red band on unstained SDS-gels suggesting its identity as a cytochrome. Fluorescence spectra of extracts from purified sorbitol dehydrogenase showed an excitation maximum at 370 nm and an emission maximum at 465 nm, which conformed to those of authentic PQQ. The purified enzyme showed a rather broad substrate specificity with significant activity toward D-mannitol (68%) and D-ribitol (70%) as well as D-sorbitol (100%). The PQQ-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase described in this study is clearly different from the FAD-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase from G. suboxydans var. α IFO 3254 strain in its cofactor requirement and substrate specificity.