gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Treatment of source-separated urine by a combination of bipolar electrodialysis and a gas transfer membrane (2006)

Urine contains nutrients which can be applied usefully as a fertiliser in agriculture, but the relatively high pH can lead to ammonia evaporation. Electrodialysis with bipolar membranes was combined with an additional mass transfer unit in order to render a product containing ammonium and phosphate at a low pH. In one case, the additional mass transfer unit consisted of bubble columns placed in acid and basic concentrate streams, connected with a circulating gas phase. In the other case, the unit consisted of a gas-filled (hydrophobic) membrane placed in between the circulating acid and basic concentrate streams. The results showed that ammonia was transferred through the gas phase, but also carbonate, which is present in stored urine originating from the hydrolysis of urea. Although the pH in the product stream decreases initially, it rises above pH 7 at longer operation times. This pH increase can be attributed to a combination of proton compensating effects. The use of ammonia-selective membranes for the transfer into the acid concentrate could provide a solution to generate an ammonium phosphate product at low pH and high recoveries.
Distributed data usage control for web applications (2011)

Usage control is concerned with how data is used after access to it has been granted. Respective enforcement mechanisms need to be implemented at different layers of abstraction in order to monitor or control data at and across all these layers. We present a usage control enforcement mechanism at the application layer. It is implemented for a common web browser and, as an example, is used to control data in a social network application. With the help of the mechanism, a data owner can, on the grounds of assigned trust values, prevent data from being printed, saved, copied&pasted, etc., after this data has been downloaded by other users.
Side-channel attack resilience through route randomisation in secure real-time Networks-on-Chip (2017)

Security can be seen as an optimization objective in NoC resource management, and as such poses trade-offs against other objectives such as real-time schedulability. In this paper, we show how to increase NoC resilience against a concrete type of security attack, named side-channel attack, which exploit the correlation between specific non-functional properties (such as packet latencies and routes, in the case of NoCs) to infer the functional behaviour of secure applications. For instance, the transmission of a packet over a given link of the NoC may hint on a cache miss, which can be used by an attacker to guess specific parts of a secret cryptographic key, effectively weakening it. We therefore propose packet route randomization as a mechanism to increase NoC resilience against side-channel attacks, focusing specifically on the potential impact of such an approach upon hard real-time systems, where schedulability is a vital design requirement. Using an evolutionary optimization approach, we show how to effectively apply route randomization in such a way that it can increase NoC security while controlling its impact on hard real-time performance guarantees. Extensive experimental evidence based on analytical and simulation models supports our findings.
Density, Viscosity, Surface Tension, and Refractive Index for Binary Mixtures of 1,3-Dimethyladamantane with Four C<sub>10</sub> Alkanes (2014)

For a comprehensive understanding of the properties of 1,3-dimethyladamantane (1,3-DMA) as a new potential candidate of high energy-density hydrocarbon fuels, densities, viscosities, surface tensions, and refractive indices for binary mixtures of 1,3-DMA with each of four C10 alkanes, n-decane, butylcyclohexane, decalin, and exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (JP-10), are determined over the whole composition range at different temperatures ranging from (293.15 to 363.15) K and atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa). The excess molar volume (VmE), the viscosity deviation (Δη), the surface tension deviation (Δγ), and the refractive index deviation (ΔnD) for these binary systems are calculated. All of the VmE values are negative over the whole composition range for these systems, and they show slight changes against the temperature. The Δη values for the systems except 1,3-DMA + JP-10 are negative, and the absolute values decrease obviously with rising temperature. The Δγ gives clearly negative values for the system of 1,3-DMA + n-decane and shows small values near zero for the other systems. Negligible values of ΔnD indicate that the refractive indices show nearly linear additions from those of two components for the binary mixtures. The results could provide important reference information for the development and performance of new high energy-density hydrocarbon fuels.
Direct Inference of SNP Heterozygosity Rates and Resolution of LOH Detection (2007)

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been increasingly utilized to investigate somatic genetic abnormalities in premalignancy and cancer. LOH is a common alteration observed during cancer development, and SNP assays have been used to identify LOH at specific chromosomal regions. The design of such studies requires consideration of the resolution for detecting LOH throughout the genome and identification of the number and location of SNPs required to detect genetic alterations in specific genomic regions. Our study evaluated SNP distribution patterns and used probability models, Monte Carlo simulation, and real human subject genotype data to investigate the relationships between the number of SNPs, SNP HET rates, and the sensitivity (resolution) for detecting LOH. We report that variances of SNP heterozygosity rate in dbSNP are high for a large proportion of SNPs. Two statistical methods proposed for directly inferring SNP heterozygosity rates require much smaller sample sizes (intermediate sizes) and are feasible for practical use in SNP selection or verification. Using HapMap data, we showed that a region of LOH greater than 200 kb can be reliably detected, with losses smaller than 50 kb having a substantially lower detection probability when using all SNPs currently in the HapMap database. Higher densities of SNPs may exist in certain local chromosomal regions that provide some opportunities for reliably detecting LOH of segment sizes smaller than 50 kb. These results suggest that the interpretation of the results from genome-wide scans for LOH using commercial arrays need to consider the relationships among inter-SNP distance, detection probability, and sample size for a specific study. New experimental designs for LOH studies would also benefit from considering the power of detection and sample sizes required to accomplish the proposed aims.
Hydroxyl Radical Photoproduction in the Sea and Its Potential Impact on Marine Processes (1990)

Photochemical production rates and steady-state concentrations of hydroxyl radicals (.OH) were measured in sunlight-irradiated seawater. Values ranged from 110 nanomolar per hour and 12 x 10(-18) molar in coastal surface water to 10 nanomolar per hour and 1.1 x 10(-18) molar in open ocean surface water. The wavelengths responsible for this production are in the ultraviolet B region (280 to 320 nanometers) of the solar spectrum. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) appears to be the main source for .OH over most of the oceans, but in upwelling areas nitrite and nitrate photolysis may also be important. DOM in the deep sea is degraded more readily by .OH (and its daughter radicals), by a factor of 6 to 15, than is DOM in open-ocean surface water. This finding may in part bear on major discrepancies among current methods for measuring dissolved organic carbon in seawater.
Titration of heparinase for removal of the PCR‐inhibitory effect of heparin in DNA samples (1997)

Heparin is a naturally occurring polysaccharide found primarily in the liver, lung and artery walls (White et al. 1968), which is commonly used as an anticoagulant for venal blood samples. Although the inhibitory effect of heparin on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other enzyme-mediated reactions has been noted (Beutler et al. 1990; Izraeli et al. 1991), this is not widely known to field biologists collecting samples which are subsequently used for genetic analysis. The enzyme heparinase (Linker & Hovingh 1972) has been used successfully to eliminate heparin inhibition from DNA samples post-extraction, because the normal range of DNA extraction techniques fail to do so (Beutler et al. 1990; Oberhauser et al. 1994; Taylor et al. 1994). However, the cost of heparinase treatment for large numbers of samples, such as those from a population survey, would prove prohibitively expensive if the concentration and grade of heparinase (heparinase II) used by Beutler et al. (1990) is followed (see Table 1): heparinase II is more than three times the price per unit than heparinase I. If the blood-to-heparin ratio is relatively high during the original collection, it appears that the inhibitory effect of heparin can be diluted out. In addition DNA extracted from washed lymphocytes rather than whole blood may not show the same level of inhibition. For example, the DNA extracted from washed lymphocyte pellets from 10 mL heparinized mammalian blood samples is amplifiable in our laboratory. However, DNA extracts from small (less than 1 mL), frozen brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula blood samples collected into heparin fail to amplify in PCR reactions. The DNA was extracted by lysis of the whole blood (method in Taylor et al. 1991) in order to reduce the number of decanting steps in the procedure, because yields were expected to be low. I therefore carried out an experiment to examine the efficacy of different concentrations and grades of heparinase in the removal of presumed PCR inhibition from these samples.
Si1−<i>x</i>Ge<i>x</i>/Si asymmetric 2×2 electro-optical switch of total internal reflection type (1995)

Based on plasma dispersion of Si1−xGex, we have fabricated asymmetric 2×2 switches of total internal reflection type, in which Si1−xGex was grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The optimum intersecting angle is 4°, and the crosstalk is less than −10.6 dB at 76 mA injection current. The insertion loss is 2.8 dB, and the switch time is 0.6 μs.
정말하게 제작된 이중슬릿에 의한 간섭 현상의 연구 (1994)

Interference and diffraction patterns have been studied with a laboratory made precision dou-ble-slits. The print film was better than the black and white film for making a precision double-slits. A He-Ne gas laser beam was used as a light source and the light intensities of diffraction pattern were measured with a photometer. The intensities of all patterns were significantly coincide to the theoretical values on the text book. As the interval(d) and width(b) of slits were varied, i.e, d=2h, 3h, 4b, 5h, 6b, the number of interference patterns in zero order of single-slit diffraction patterns were 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 respectively and the missing orders were appeared on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th order on the same pattern.
Combining test case generation for component and integration testing (2007)

When integrating different system components, the interaction between different features is often error prone. Typically errors occur on interruption, concurrency or disabling/enabling between different features. Test case generation for integration testing struggles with two problems: the large state space and that these critical relationships are often not explicitly modeled. The approach presented in this paper is to use task models to describe the interaction between environment and system. This restricts the possible state space to a feasible size and enables the generation of task sequences, which cover the critical interaction scenarios. These task sequences are too abstract for testing the System-Under-Test (SUT), due to missing input- and expected output behavior. To overcome the different abstraction levels, the tasks are mapped to component behavior models. Based on this mapping, task sequences can be enriched with additional information from the component models and thereby executed to test the SUT.
Genetics of Tetrahymena : progress report, October 1, 1958-December 31, 1962 (1963)

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/3246/5/ajp6250.0001.001.pdf
Time-resolved Fourier transform infrared emission as a plasma diagnostic (1995)

Time-resolved infrared emission has been observed by means of a Fourier transform technique from plasmas of fluorinated hydrocarbons under conditions similar to those used in semiconductor surface processing. Emission has been detected from vibrationally excited precursors and reaction products, and examples are shown of emission from HF, CF4, CO2, and CF2O. The time dependences of the signals on plasma extinction give information on the production and relaxation mechanisms taking place. Equilibrated rotational and translational temperatures in the plasma are derived from quantum state distributions in HF. Blackbody emission is observed from both chamber surfaces and from a Si wafer placed in the plasma, and the time-resolved emission technique is used to measure the surface temperature under conditions in which strong molecular emissions are present.
A Mild and Efficient Synthesis of 3-Hetarylamino-s-Tetrazines (2012)

3,6-Bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-s-tetrazine reacts with weakly based hetarylamines such as aminofurazans, aminoimidazoles, aminotriazoles, aminotetrazoles, or aminotetrazines on heating in MeCN in the presence of M2CO3 (M = K, Cs) to afford 3-hetaryl- amino-s-tetrazines, the products of 3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl group displacement.
Experimental evaluation and comparison of time-multiplexed multi-FPGA routing architectures (2016)

Multi-FPGA systems (MFS) are indispensable for emulating multi-million gates integrated circuits (ICs) for the purpose of functional design verification before IC fabrication. However, with every new generation of FPGAs, the ratio between the logic capacity and the number of inputs and outputs is also increasing. Consequently, the limited FPGA input/output (I/O) pins impose a constraint when the number of inter-FPGA nets greatly exceeds the inter-FPGA physical tracks. This problem is addressed by serializing multiple cut nets using time multiplexing technique. Besides I/O resources, routing architecture also exercises a strong effect on the cost, speed and routability of MFS. In this paper, we compare the achieved system performance in two routing architectures: Completely Connected Graph (CCG) and Torus, when time multiplexing is employed. Six benchmark circuits have been partitioned such that per FPGA logic utilization is upto 60%. However, even with such reasonable logic consumption, the required I/O usage is observed to be 5-11 times more than the available I/O pins, thus employing time multiplexing. Experimental results show that CCG achieves higher performance as compared to Torus for the given range of TDM ratios. However, Torus can provide better cost/performance ratio for higher TDM ratios.
The TCR-δ repertoire in human intestine undergoes characteristic changes during fetal to adult development (1997)

The TCR-delta repertoire in adult human intestine is oligoclonal and unique in each individual. In the present study, changes in the junctional regions of TCR-delta transcripts in human intestine that occur during development from fetal to adult life were used to characterize fundamental changes in the TCR-delta repertoire in the human intestinal tract during ontogeny. At mid-gestation, the fetal repertoire was polyclonal, but limited, in its junctional diversity by the relative lack of N region nucleotide additions and by the frequent formation of coding region joins at regions of short sequence homology. In addition, identical TCRDV2 transcripts that resemble canonical TCR-delta sequences in mice were present in the intestine of different fetuses. In the early period after birth, the intestinal TCR-delta repertoire was polyclonal, and more diverse than the fetal repertoire, with junctional regions that contained extensive N nucleotide additions and frequently were as complex as those of adults. The intestinal TCR-delta repertoire showed increasing restriction with age and, by 14 to 17 yr, the repertoire was oligoclonal and resembled the repertoire of individuals in the sixth to seventh decade. Moreover, the adult TCR-delta repertoire was almost identical at multiple sites throughout the intestine, suggesting a model in which gammadelta T cell clones, selected by ligands in the intestinal tract, undergo expansion and recirculation before lodging throughout the small intestine or colon.
The Assessment of Support Group Experiences by Caregivers of Dementia Patients (1987)

Recently a proliferation of clinical, theoretical, and descriptive reports have emphasized the role of informal and formal social support in reducing the burden and strain that accompanies caregiving responsibilities for dementia patients. However, what is lacking in the literature is the information regarding how caregivers perceive and assess their support group experiences. Using both quantitative and qualitative data from a nationwide sample of caregivers, information regarding the positive and negative assessment of support groups are presented. The group factors of universalify, group cohesiveness, and imparting of knowledge were assessed to be positive features of support groups. The group factors of content of meetings, logistics, and emotions/feelings were assessed as negative features of support groups. Discussion and implications of findings are addressed.
Propionic Acid Production from Raw Glycerol Using Commercial and Engineered Strains (2011)

Five technological schemes for propionic acid production from raw glycerol were designed, simulated, and economically assessed. Fermentative scenarios considered two different qualities of glycerol: 88 and 98 wt % with concentrations in the fermentation media from 20 to 50 g/L. Raw glycerol (60 wt %) was considered as the feedstock feeding the production process in all cases; then a purification process of raw glycerol up to the required quality was used. Simulation processes were carried out using Aspen Plus, while economic assessments were performed using Aspen Icarus Process Evaluator. Propionic acid recovery and purification processes were based on reactive–extraction with tri-n-octylamine using ethyl acetate as extractant agent. This technology results in energy-intensive processes with total energy consumption ranging from 120.4 to 138.9 MJ/kg. However, further significant improvements could be obtained using energy integration techniques. On the other hand, it was found that the production costs are directly related to the fermentation stage and decrease as follows: (i) increasing the glycerol concentration, (ii) decreasing the glycerol purity, and (iii) increasing the glycerol consumption.
Two-dimensional photonic bandgap optical limiter in the visible (1998)

Operation of a two-dimensional photonic bandgap optical limiter was studied at 514.5 nm for pulse durations of 0.1 to 4 ms . Photonic crystals consisted of 180- 230-nm spatial-period nanochannel glasses containing a thermal nonlinear liquid. A dynamic range in excess of 130 was observed in a single-element device.
Acidic ZSM-5 zeolite-coated long period fiber grating for optical sensing of ammonia (2010)

A ZSM-5 zeolite thin film with Si/Al ratio of about 23 has been grown on a long period fiber grating (LPFG) for optical gas sensing by monitoring its resonance wavelength (λR) shift caused by molecular sorption into the zeolite cavity. The sensing selectivity, sensitivity and speed of response of the zeolite-coated LPFG (Z-LPFG) are determined by the adsorption equilibria and transport properties of the analyte molecules in the zeolite pores. The ZSM-5 zeolite was modified through ammonium ion exchange and subsequent calcination to form acidic ZSM-5 (H-ZSM-5). The surface acidified Z-LPFG (HZ-LPFG) achieved dramatically improved sensitivity and selectivity for detecting ammonia gas. Also, increasing operation temperature improves sensing selectivity for the strongly adsorbing ammonia over weakly adsorbing gases and enhances response speed but compromises detection sensitivity due to reduced amount of adsorption for ammonia.
A mobile robot that understands pedestrian spatial behaviors (2010)

In human society, there are many invisible social rules or spatial effects existing in our environments. The robot that does not comprehend these spatial effects might harm people or itself. This paper presents a spatial behavior cognition model (SBCM) to describe the spatial effects existing between people and people, people and environments. By understanding the spatial effects in human-lived environments, the robot not only predicts pedestrian intentions and trajectories but also behaves socially acceptable motions. Moreover, the concept of pedestrian ego-graph (PEG) is proposed to efficiently query pedestrian-like paths for trajectory prediction. Model evaluation and experiments are shown to verify the proposed idea in this paper.
Nanoporous β-cyclodextrin-containing Silicas: Synthesis, Structure and Properties (2015)

Nanoporous b-cyclodextrin-containing silicas which differ in functional substituents of wide edge of attached cyclic oligosaccharide molecules (alcohol, bromoacetyl, thiosemicarbazidoacetyl groups) were synthesized. Сhemical composition of surface layer of organosilicas and their sorptional parameters were determined using IR spectroscopy, isotherms of nitrogen ad-desorption, elemental, chemical and thermogravimetric analyses. Ranges of thermal and chemical stability of synthesized b-cyclodextrin-containing silicas were defined; a method of organosilicas regeneration was proposed. Activation energies of water removal from the inner cavities of β-cyclodextrins and from the surface of functional organosilicas were calculated. Distribution and selectivity coefficients for sorption of mercury(II), copper(II), lead(II), cadmium(II), and zinc(II) cations were computed.
Erythropoietin protects against 6‐hydroxydopamine‐induced dopaminergic cell death (2005)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the death of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. In the present study, erythropoietin, a trophic factor that has both hematopoietic and neural protective characteristics, was investigated for its capacity to protect dopaminergic neurons in experimental Parkinson's disease. Using both the dopaminergic cell line, MN9D, and primary dopamine neurons, we show that erythropoietin (1-3 U/mL) is neuroprotective against the dopaminergic neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine. Protection was mediated by the erythropoietin receptor, as neutralizing anti-erythropoietin receptor antibody abrogated the protection. Activation of Akt/protein kinase B (PKB), via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway, is a critical mechanism in erythropoietin-induced protection, while activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 contributes only moderately. Indeed, transfection of constitutively active Akt/PKB into dopaminergic cells was sufficient to protect against cell death. Furthermore, erythropoietin diminished markers of apoptosis in MN9D cells, including caspase 9 and caspase 3 activation and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, suggesting that erythropoietin interferes with the apoptosis-execution process. When erythropoietin was administered to mice unilaterally lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine, it prevented the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons and maintained striatal catecholamine levels for at least 8 weeks. Erythropoietin-treated mice also had significantly reduced behavioral asymmetries. These studies suggest that erythropoietin can be an effective neuroprotective agent for dopaminergic neurons, and may be useful in reversing behavioral deficits associated with Parkinson's disease.