gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Power Transition and U.S.-China Relations: Is War Inevitable? (2005)

What can U.S.-China interactions since 1990 foretell the trend of this most important bilateral relationship in the 21 st century? This article explores whether and how a potential power transition from the United States to China will take place peacefully in the future. Historically power transitions from a dominant nation to a challenger almost always led to wars. While some progress has been made in accounting for the causes and consequences of wars associated with power transitions, little research has been done on the problem of peaceful management of power transitions in the international system. Theoretically, this research expands the Organskian power transition proposition and advances peace studies by analyzing factors contributing to systemic changes at international, domestic, societal and individual levels. After reviewing the U.S.-China relations since 1990 at all four levels, the author draws a tentative conclusion that a potential power transition from the United States to China is most likely to be peaceful. Policy recommendations are provided for managing this complex relationship in the early decades of the 21 st century in order to promote peace and avoid another human tragedy associated with power transition.
Evaluation of accelerometer based multi-sensor versus single-sensor activity recognition systems (2014)

Physical activity has a positive impact on people's well-being and it had been shown to decrease the occurrence of chronic diseases in the older adult population. To date, a substantial amount of research studies exist, which focus on activity recognition using inertial sensors. Many of these studies adopt a single sensor approach and focus on proposing novel features combined with complex classifiers to improve the overall recognition accuracy. In addition, the implementation of the advanced feature extraction algorithms and the complex classifiers exceed the computing ability of most current wearable sensor platforms. This paper proposes a method to adopt multiple sensors on distributed body locations to overcome this problem. The objective of the proposed system is to achieve higher recognition accuracy with "light-weight" signal processing algorithms, which run on a distributed computing based sensor system comprised of computationally efficient nodes. For analysing and evaluating the multi-sensor system, eight subjects were recruited to perform eight normal scripted activities in different life scenarios, each repeated three times. Thus a total of 192 activities were recorded resulting in 864 separate annotated activity states. The methods for designing such a multi-sensor system required consideration of the following: signal pre-processing algorithms, sampling rate, feature selection and classifier selection. Each has been investigated and the most appropriate approach is selected to achieve a trade-off between recognition accuracy and computing execution time. A comparison of six different systems, which employ single or multiple sensors, is presented. The experimental results illustrate that the proposed multi-sensor system can achieve an overall recognition accuracy of 96.4% by adopting the mean and variance features, using the Decision Tree classifier. The results demonstrate that elaborate classifiers and feature sets are not required to achieve high recognition accuracies on a multi-sensor system.
Space-time group codes (2002)

We consider the design of space-time constellations based on group codes for fading channels with multiple transmit and receive antennas. These codes can be viewed as multi-antenna extensions of phase-shift keying, in the sense that all codewords have equal energy, all are rotations of a fixed codeword, and there is a simple differential transmission rule that allows data to be sent without channel estimates at the transmitter or receiver. For coherent detection, we show that all optimal full-rank space-time group codes are unitary (each code matrix has equal-energy, orthogonal rows). This leads to a simpler code design criterion and shows that unitary codes play an important role in coherent as well as noncoherent communication. For any number of transmit antennas t, we use the design criterion to characterize all full-rank unitary group codes of minimum blocklength (also t) with 2/sup p/ codewords. In principle, these results allow us to determine all optimal unitary group codes with square code matrices, which matches the class of codes proposed recently for differential modulation.
Explosive spalling of concrete in fire (2014)

A sufficient resistance of concrete structures to fire was always taken for granted. The concrete’s low thermal conductivity ensures an overall good thermal protection of the concrete’s reinforcement, even during longer fire impact. In contrast to ordinary performance concrete used in most structures, the behavior of high (HPC) and ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) at high temperatures exhibits an increased tendency to explosive spalling and must be considered as critical. Explosive spalling might occur at high temperatures, leading to a direct fire exposure onto the reinforcement steel and a reduction of the cross section. The risk of explosive spalling of HPC and UHPC can be reduced with a modified concrete mixture including polypropylene fibers (PP-fibers); however, temperature-related damage cannot be excluded in general. Another possibility is the use of fire protective concrete linings, acting as a thermal barrier or narrow spaced stirrups. However, their application is still difficult due to the lack of existing design criteria. Within the framework of a research project at the Institute of Structural Engineering (IBK) at ETH Zurich, several tests on the analysis of the risk of temperature-related explosive spalling of HPC and UHPC was carried out. In this report, the explosive spalling of unprotected concrete cylinders (o = 150 mm, h = 300 mm) was investigated using linear heating. Chapter 2 describes these tests. In chapter 3, the behavior of HPC and UHPC containing PP-fibers was analyzed. Different amounts of PP-fibers with varying fiber geometry were tested with the same base concrete mixture. The influence of the PP-fiber’s geometry on the intensity of explosive spalling was clearly indicated. Tests on the porosity and permeability of concrete after cooling from high temperatures are described in chapters 4 and 5. Small concrete fragments (l = 4 mm) were used to determine the cumulative pore volume using mercury intrusion porosimetry. Concrete before and after explosive spalling was analyzed, as well as the influence of PP-fibers on the porosity at different temperature levels. Tests on permeability are described in chapter 5. The gas permeability was analyzed for concrete discs (o = 150 mm, h = 40 mm) at room temperature, after cooling from high temperatures of up to T = 500°C. The influence of steel and PPfibers on the concrete’s permeability was studied in these tests. Chapter 6 deals with the use of protective linings on concrete structures. The required material properties as input material properties for modeling and dimensioning of the linings were determined experimentally and analyzed. A description of tests on UHPC slabs (l • w • h = 1100 • 900 • 150 mm3) protected either with PP-fibers or protective lining is presented in the last part of this report (chapter 7). These slabs were heated according to the standardized ISO-fire curve [1] for a period of t = 120 min. The present test report describes the test set-up for all experimental investigations and summarizes the results. Further analysis or design models will be given in a research publication.
Gain tilt of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers due to signal-induced inversion locking (1993)

A theoretical analysis describing an interpretation of the fundamental processes, responsible for the second-order distortion of AM signals in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) is presented. It is shown that the locked-inversion gain tilt rather than the widely used continuous wave gain tilt is responsible for the distortion. The theoretical analysis is confirmed by experiments showing that the two types of gain tilt may differ by factors of up to 60. In particular, it is demonstrated that the locked-inversion gain-tilt may be significant even at the CW gain peak. Experimental results indicate that the relevant gain tilt can be reduced to acceptable levels by proper design of the EDFA.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Two-dimensional full-hemisphere frequency scanning array based on metamaterial leaky wave antennas and feed networks (2016)

This paper presents a novel two-dimensional (2-D) frequency scanning antenna array that can exhibit a full-hemisphere coverage of radiation beams. The proposed 2-D frequency scanning antenna array utilizes transmission-line based microwave metamaterials (MTMs) to realize both leaky wave antennas and antenna array feed networks. By engineering the dispersion of both metamaterial leaky wave antennas and metamaterial feed networks, the proposed passive 2-D MTM antenna array is able to perform one-to-one frequency-space mapping and beamforming over the entire full-hemisphere without using any phase shifters or mixers.
Contact dermatitis II. Clinical aspects and diagnosis. (1999)

Contact dermatitis (CD) is an altered state of skin reactivity induced by exposure to an external agent. "Eczema" and "dermatitis" are often used synonymously to denote a polymorphic pattern of inflammation of the skin characterized, at least in its acute phase, by erythema, vesiculation and pruritus. Substances that induce CD after single or multiple exposures may be irritant or allergic in nature. The clinical presentation may vary depending on the identity of the triggering agent and the reactivity of the subject, but in all cases the lesions are primarily confined to the site of contact. According to the mechanism of elicitation, the following types of contact reactions may be distinguished: (1) allergic contact dermatitis (ACD); (2) irritant contact dermatitis (ICD); (3) phototoxic and photoallergic contact dermatitis, and (4) immediate type contact reactions. The present review will focus on allergic contact dermatitis. ACD is the clinical presentation of contact sensitivity in humans. The pathophysiology of the contact sensitivity reaction has been reviewed in a preceding issue of this journal [1].
Use of Silica-Gold Core Shell Structured Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Delivery System (2011)

Drug targeting, using Silica-Gold core carrier particles loaded with antibiotic drugs is an emerging and significant method of disease treatment. Silica core particles were synthesized by Stober's method and it was functionalized with amine groups. The monodispersed Gold particles were prepared by conventional citrate reduction method. Both functionalized Silica and monodispersed Gold nanoparticles were combined and Silica-Gold core nanoshells was prepared in the range of 60-110nm. The morphology, elemental composition of the core nanoshell was characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Diffusive Spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray Diffraction analysis. The antibiotic Gentamycin was loaded onto these Silica-Gold core nanoshell carriers and the drug release profile was observed.
Endogenous pain control mechanisms: Review and hypothesis (1978)

The anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology of an intrinsic neural network that monitors and modulates the activity of pain-transmitting neurons is reviewed. This system can be activated by opiate administration or by electrical stimulation of discrete brainstem sites. Evidence is presented that its pain-suppressing action is mediated in part by endogenous opiatelike compounds (endorphins). This pain suppression system is organized at three levels of the neuraxis: midbrain, medulla, and spinal cord. Activation of neurons in the midbrain periaqueductal gray matter (by electrical stimulation, opiates, and possibly psychological factors) excites neurons of the rostral medulla, some of which contain serotonin. The medullary neurons, in turn, project to and specifically inhibit the firing of trigeminal and spinal pain-transmission neurons. As part of a negative feedback loop, the output of the pain transmission neurons, i.e., pain itself, is an important factor in activating the pain-suppression system. A neural model which incorporates the experimental findings is proposed, and the clinical implications of the model are discussed.
Surgical management of neuroendocrine tumors: treatment of localized and metastatic disease. (2011)

Tumors of neuroendocrine origin arising from the pancreas, luminal gastrointestinal tract, and other tissues differ greatly in their malignant potential.
Energy Metabolism of Experimental Wounds at Various Oxygen Environments (1975)

Energy metabolism of healing tissue was studied in experimental wounds of rats chronically breathing 11% O2, air or 55% O2. Increasing oxygen supply elevated both PO2 and PCO2 in the wound tissue. At the early phases of healing hypoxic wounds contained less DNA than normoxic or hyperoxic tissues. In hypoxia the accumulation of wound collagen was clearly retarded. Furthermore, tissue taken from wounds healing in hypoxic environments and tested ex vivo in air showed decreased capacity for glucose utilization, lactate production and oxygen consumption. Concentrations of AMP, ADP and ATP in repair tissue increased as healing progressed. The more oxygen available the higher the amounts of ADP and ATP. The AMP content was not affected by changes in local oxygen tension. These results support the earlier concept that the supply of oxygen in healing tissue may be rate-limitimg. Reduction of available oxygen either by systemic hypoxia or by increased diffusion distance impedes healing.
On VLF Radiation Resistance of an Electric Dipole in a Cold Magnetoplasma (1970)

By using full‐wave theory, an analysis is made of the radiation resistance of a short filamentary electric dipole, oriented with an arbitrary angle with respect to the static magnetic field, in a cold, uniform magnetoplasma. The frequency range considered lies below the local lower hybrid resonance frequency and above the proton gyrofrequency, and in this range approximate closed‐form expressions for the radiation resistance are obtained by using a plasma model appropriate to the magnetosphere. These closed‐form expressions are valid for dipoles of moderately restricted length, and the physical implications of this length restriction are discussed. It is found that the radiation resistance R increases rapidly as ф 0 , the angle of dipole orientation with respect to the magnetic field, varies from 0° to 30° but only gradually as ф 0 varies from 30° up to 90°. The ratio of R (ф 0 = 90°)/ R (ф 0 = 0°) is approximately equal to (ƒ He /ƒ) 2 . Except for the case of parallel orientation and ƒ < 10 −2 ƒ He , the radiation resistance of an electric dipole in the magnetoplasma is ∼ 10 2 to 10 5 times larger than that in free space. Thus, for the low frequency range considered, an electric dipole in the magnetoplasma is generally much more efficient that it would be in free space.
An expedient synthesis of fluorescent labeled ceramide-1-phosphate analogues (2013)

A synthesis for fluorescent analogs of ceramide-1-phosphate bearing 9-anthrylvinyl or 4,4-difluoro-3a,4a-diaza-<i>s</i>-indacene-8-yl (Me<sub>4</sub>-BODIPY) fluorophore at co-position of fatty acid residue was carried out. The key stage of the synthesis is hydrolysis of corresponding sphingomyelins catalyzed by phospholipase D from <i>Streptomyces chromofuscus</i>; the enzymatic yield has been raised to 50-70% by appliance of organic solvent in the incubation medium.
청동기시대 조기설정 재고 (2015)

청동기시대 조기설정 연구는 전환과정을 설명하는 연구와 별도로, 고고학적 자료를 시공간적으로 이해한다는 측면에서 다루어져 왔다. 그러나 조기에 문화사적 의미를 부여하기 위해서는 신석기시대 후말기부터 청동기시대 전기까지 조망하며 전환과정을 검토할 필요가 있다. 그리고 농경을 통해 전환과정을 설명하고자 한다면, 농경민의 이주배경과 토착민의 대응이라는 한반도 내외적 상황에 대한 설명이 이루어져야 한다. 이러한 관점에서 본 논문에서는 청동기시대 조기의 내용을 재검토하여 수정하면서 고고자료상에서 전기문화와의 차이점을 재확인하였다. 그리고 기후변화, 지역관계, 농경지 확보와 인구불균형 등의 복합적 계기로 농경민이 한반도로 이주하였다고 추정하였다. 이에 토착 신석기시대인들은 배타적 토지점유방식으로 인해 어쩔 수 없이 농경을 선택하는 수동적인 방식이 아니라, 농경에 능동적으로 대처하며 수렵채집민에서 농경민으로 전환한 것으로 보았다. 나아가서 청동기시대의 도작은 신석기시대보다 집약화되고, 토착민들은 도작에 필요한 도구제작 기술 및 벼 재배기술을 익혀야한다고 보고 도작농경으로의 시도 및 적응기간이라는 측면을 조기설정 의미로 부여하였다. 이후 본격적으로 농경사회 체제로 전환할 것을 결정한 수렵채집민은 농경에 적합한 새로운 물질문화를 만들어 가고, 결국 도작농경이 한반도 남부 전역으로 광역화되며 물질자료가 한반도화를 거쳐 확산되는 시기를 전기로 보았다.
Copy number of the 16S rRNA gene in Rickettsia prowazekii (1993)

The obligate intracellular parasite, Rickettsia prowazekii, is a slowly growing bacterium with a doubling time of 8 to 12 h. The copy number of the 16S rRNA gene in the rickettsial chromosome was determined to be one. Genomic DNA from R. prowazekii was digested either by a variety of restriction enzymes known not to cut at any site in the rickettsial 16S rRNA gene or by a combination of these noncutting enzymes and SmaI, which cuts the gene only once. Only one DNA fragment in these digests hybridized to a biotinylated probe containing a portion of the rickettsial 16S rRNA gene. Moreover, the density of the rickettsial 16S rRNA gene fragment after hybridization was equal to the density of each of the seven 16S rRNA gene fragments in Escherichia coli.
From the Chair: Importance of Mentoring (2013)

This article is from the 2013 Chair of the American Library Association (ALA) Government Documents Round Table (GODART) discussing the importance of mentoring.
Application of neural network technology for modelling well operation and fluid filtration processes in oil reservoirs (2003)

Mathematical simulation of oil reservoirs drilled by systems of wells is one of the compulsory stages of a design and feasibility study of technological schemes for oil field development. This simulation is based on formulation and numerical solution of simultaneous equations with partial derivatives under the relevant boundary and initial conditions. For the present, such mathematical simulation remains a tool for specialists, researchers. The paper considers a possible approach for problem solution of simulation and prediction using neural network technology. One of the possible variants for creation of such system is considered. The substantiation of its architecture is given. The system of input and output data as well as the operation scheme is described.
Dude, where's my car? (2012)

We present an in-the-large, in-situ study of a "car finder" application for mobile phones. The interface is an instance of the magic wand metaphor, i.e. the mobile phone vibrates when it points in the direction of the stored location (e.g. the car). The rationale of using tactile feedback is that visual interfaces may not be ideal when the application is used on the move, since its users may easily become distracted. To investigate if users would use tactile feedback and whether it can lower distraction and is accepted, we published the application for free on Google Play. We collected anonymous usage data between July 2011 and July 2012. We provide evidence that tactile feedback was used about half of the time and can lower the users' distraction.
CSTS: A Prototype Tool for Testing COM Component Security (2009)

The automatic testing tools of component security bring great effect on component-based software engineering, and they can effectively ensure the security of component-based software. A prototype tool named CSTS (component security testing system) is designed and implemented to test the security of the widely-used COTS (Commercial-off-the-Shelf) Microsoft COM (component object model) component. CSTS, a GUI (graphical user interface) software, adopts both static and dynamic testing based on fault injection and dynamic monitoring. Firstly, CSTS analyzes component type information and statically injects parameter faults into interface methods. Secondly, environment faults such as memory fault, file fault and process fault are injected into the tested component when the component is driven. Dynamic monitoring mechanism can monitor the running process of component and analyze the component security exceptions. Some commercial components were tested in the CSTS. The experimental results show that CSTS is effective and operable.
Development and evaluation of an ELISA to detect Escherichia coli K88 (F4) fimbrial antibody levels (1996)

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine IgG antibody levels against K88 (F4) fimbrial antigen from porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) has been developed. The ELISA method was checked with serum samples obtained from rabbits and pigs, and the parameters affecting the method were also analysed. ELISA plates were optimally coated with K88 antigen 0.5 microgram/ml for testing rabbit antiserum or with 1.25 microgram/ml for testing pig serum. Optimal concentrations of H202 (0.5%) and orthophenylene-diamine (OPD) (0.125%) were chosen when a 10-min incubation period was used. The expression of antibody levels as enzyme-immunosorbent units (EIU) significantly decreased the variability of results between duplicate plates, when compared with the expression of results as direct OD values. ELISA-K88 applied to a field study with serum samples from 141 vaccinated and 52 unvaccinated sows was shown to be useful in differentiating between samples from vaccinated and unvaccinated animals.
Antigen structure influences helper T‐cell epitope dominance in the human immune response to HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 (2008)

The development of an effective vaccine against HIV/AIDS has been hampered, in part, by a poor understanding of the rules governing helper T-cell epitope immunodominance. Studies in mice have shown that antigen structure modulates epitope immunodominance by affecting the processing and subsequent presentation of helper T-cell epitopes. Previous epitope mapping studies showed that the immunodominant helper T-cell epitopes in mice immunized with gp120 were found flanking flexible loops of the protein. In this report, we show that helper T-cell epitopes against gp120 in humans infected with HIV are also found flanking flexible loops. Immunodominant epitopes were found to be located primarily in the outer domain, an average of 12 residues C-terminal to flexible loops. In the less immunogenic inner domain, epitopes were found an average of five residues N-terminal to conserved regions of the protein, once again placing the epitopes C-terminal to flexible loops. These results show that antigen structure plays a significant role in the shaping of the helper T-cell response against HIV gp120 in humans. This relationship between antigen structure and helper T-cell epitope immunodominance may prove to be useful in the development of rationally designed vaccines against pathogens such as HIV.
Application of Blockchain in Carbon Trading (2019)

This paper introduces the similarity between the mechanism of carbon trading and blockchain, then it elaborates on the application of blockchain in carbon trading. In corporate carbon trading, blockchain technology can record and transfer information flow reliably, realize point-to-point transactions between suppliers and demanders to achieve “decentralization”, help to reduce the entry threshold for the carbon trading market. At the same time, an analysis of social environment for blockchain-based carbon trading on person is made. Finally, the paper confirms the value of "blockchain + carbon trading" and looks forward to the future.