gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Examination of the Effect of Feature Size Scaling on Effective Power Consumption in Analog to Digital Converters (2006)

Wireless sensor network (WSN) nodes require components with ultra-low power consumption, as they must operate without an external power supply. One technique for reducing consumption of a system is to scale it to a smaller technology; however, in recent technologies is not clear whether the decrease in dynamic power consumption outweighs the increase in static power consumption (due to leakage currents). Here this is considered by examining the power consumption of three implementations of an analog to digital converter (ADC). One in 350 nm, one in 180 nm, and one in 90 nm, were simulated and compared. The results show that the dynamic power consumption was reduced by a factor of four over the three technologies, but standby power consumption increased by an order of magnitude. The power consumption of the 180 nm implementation was always lower than the 350 nm implementation. However, assuming a WSN application with a duty cycle of 1%, the effective power consumption of the 90 nm ADC was higher than both the 180 nm and the 350 nm implementation. This highlights the dominance of leakage current in determining the effective power consumption in low-throughput nodes
Auditory Selective Attention Reveals Preparatory Activity in Different Cortical Regions for Selection Based on Source Location and Source Pitch (2013)

In order to extract information in a rich environment, we focus on different features that allow us to direct attention to whatever source is of interest. The cortical network deployed during spatial attention, especially in vision, is well characterized. For example, visuospatial attention engages a frontoparietal network including the frontal eye fields (FEFs), which modulate activity in visual sensory areas to enhance the representation of an attended visual object. However, relatively little is known about the neural circuitry controlling attention directed to non-spatial features, or to auditory objects or features (either spatial or non-spatial). Here, using combined magnetoencephalography (MEG) and anatomical information obtained from MRI, we contrasted cortical activity when observers attended to different auditory features given the same acoustic mixture of two simultaneous spoken digits. Leveraging the fine temporal resolution of MEG, we establish that activity in left FEF is enhanced both prior to and throughout the auditory stimulus when listeners direct auditory attention to target location compared to when they focus on target pitch. In contrast, activity in the left posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS), a region previously associated with auditory pitch categorization, is greater when listeners direct attention to target pitch rather than target location. This differential enhancement is only significant after observers are instructed which cue to attend, but before the acoustic stimuli begin. We therefore argue that left FEF participates more strongly in directing auditory spatial attention, while the left STS aids auditory object selection based on the non-spatial acoustic feature of pitch.
Patulin accumulation in apples by Penicillium expansum during postharvest stages (2006)

Shortening preprocessing times at warm temperatures would result into a reduction in patulin content at initial steps of fruits entering the processing plants.
Electron Spin Relaxation in Ferromagnetic Insulators (1960)

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Solvent effect on the complex formation of poly(methacrylic acid) with proton‐accepting polymers (1980)

Abstract A pair of polymers may interact with each other through hydrogen bond and form a polymer complex. Such polymer complex formation is affected by several chemical and physical factors, especially by solvent properties. This solvent effect was studied in the complex formation of poly(methacrylic acid) with a series of proton‐accepting polymers in aprotic solvents. The extraordinary behaviour of polymer complexes in dimethyl sulfoxide was well explained in terms of the strong interaction between proton‐donating polymer and dimethyl sulfoxide. In addition, a stronger proton‐accepting polymer, viz. poly( N,N ‐dimethyl‐ N′,N′,N″,N″ ‐tetramethylenephosphoramide), was synthesized. This polymer could form a polymer complex with poly(methacrylic acid) through hydrogen bond even in dimethyl sulfoxide. Selective polymer complex formation was achieved by controlling such solvent properties.
Effect of management and host factors on seroprevalence of bovine anaplasmosis and babesiosis in Costa Rica (1994)

The relationships between the seroprevalences of Anaplasma rnarginale, Babesia bige mina, Babesia bovis and some selected factors were assessed. Factors studied were age, \nbreed, herd size, farm size, rotational grazing schedule, grass variety and acaricide usage. \nThese relationships were analyzed in 39 herds belonging to a Livestock Information Sys tem developed by the School of Veterinary Medicine: 23 dairy farms ( 1352 animals ), eight \ncow-calf and eight dual purpose farms (2204 animals) from different ecological areas in \nCosta Rica. Using random-effect logistic regression as analytical method, the following \nrisk factors were found: season (rainy), age (over 1 year) and dipping interval (30 days) \nfor the seroprevalence ofA. marginale, B. bigemina and B. bovis in the dairy farms. On the \nother hand, in beef and dual purpose cattle, breed (Bos taurus), age (over 1 year) and \nseason (rainy) were detected as risk factors for the seroprevalence of A. marginale and \nseason (dry), age (less than 1 year) and breed (Bos taurus) for seroprevalence ofbabesiosis.
4‐Amino‐6‐hydroxy‐1<i>H</i>‐pyrrolo[3,2‐<i>c</i>] pyridine (3,7‐dideazaisoguanine) (1978)

Abstract The preparation of 4‐amino‐6‐hydroxy‐1 H ‐pyrrolo[3,2‐ c ]pyridine (3,7‐dideazaisoguanine) ( 1 ) in five steps from 1 H ‐pyrrolo[3,2‐ c ]pyridin‐4,6(5 H ,7 H ) dione (3,7‐dideazaxanthine) ( 2 ) is described. Furthermore, prolonged treatment of 1 with 10% aqueous sodium carbonate solution is reported to lead to ring opening of the pyridine of 1 resulting in 3‐carboxamidopyrrole‐2‐acetic acid ( 3 ).
Osmolytes affect the kinetics of Abeta (1‐42) aggregation (2009)

The formation of plaques in the brains of Alzheimer's patients has long been thought to be the disease causing agent. Yet, recent data has shown that small oligomers of Abeta that form prior to plaque formation may actually be the toxic disease causing agent. But little is known about these small oligomer species. We have examined the formation of the small oligomers created from Abeta (1‐42) to better understand the formation of these suspected toxic species. Using circular dichroism, the transition of the peptide from a random configuration to an ordered beta sheet oligomer was observed and the kinetic rates were examined to determine how the addition of different osmolytes affected the oligomer formation. With the use of small‐angle scattering, we have examined the rate of change of the size of these small oligomer species under aggregating conditions. By changing the concentration of osmolytes in the solution, we were able to increase and decrease the kinetic rates of the aggregation process and learn more about the chemical environment that causes the transition of Abeta (1‐42) from random peptide to structured oligomer. This information is important to understand the molecular basis of Alzheimer's disease and brings us closer to creating a drug that can slow or stop the progression of this disease. This work was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, DOE (DE‐FG02‐07ER46429).
Role structurant du fluor organique par interaction d'exclusion : composes lamellaires de tetrathiafulvalenes fluores, de la chaine de spin au semi-conducteur (2000)

La cohesion des solides moleculaires est assuree par de nombreuses interactions faibles comme la liaison hydrogene ou encore les interactions halogene/halogene. Encore inexploitees a l'etat solide, les interactions fluor/fluor ont suscite notre interet pour elaborer des materiaux moleculaires conducteurs ou magnetiques de dimensionnalite controlee. Aussi, avons nous realise la synthese de derives fluores du tetrathiafulvalene (ttf), dont les proprietes de donneur organique sont preservees par la presence d'un espaceur non conjugue entre le cur ttf et le groupe cf 2. L'etude par diffraction des rayons x du donneur neutre symetrique, le f 4bpdt-ttf, met en evidence un compose lamellaire issu d'une forte segregation fluorophile/fluorophobe et d'un reseau de liaisons hydrogene faibles chf. Son electrocristallisation, en presence d'anions lineaires de type ix 2, conduit a des sels d'ions radicaux ou la segregation de la partie fluoree represente un frein aux proprietes de conduction electronique. En effet, l'anion se trouve propulse au sein de la partie organique formee par le donneur oxyde. Neanmoins, ces sels possedent des proprietes magnetiques interessantes. Afin de retrouver une conduction electronique, l'introduction d'atomes de fluor sur la partie anionique des materiaux a ete realisee, via la synthese du compose anionique isolobal du f 4bpdt-ttf, le complexe ni(f 2pddt) 2 n. Sa forte analogie structurale avec le ttf fluore a permis l'electrosynthese d'un materiau tres prometteur, de stchiometrie un donneur pour deux complexes. D'un autre cote, le caractere gregaire de l'atome de fluor a ete module par l'utilisation de derives dissymetriques du f 4bpdt-ttf. Leur association a des anions volumineux tels que mo 6cl 1 4
Compression in the Surgical Treatment of Fractures of the Tibia (1974)

SUMMARY The method of treatment of a fracture must be based on the patient, on the fracture, on the surgeon, on his skills and last, but certainly not least, on the facilities available for treatment. The development of rigid internal fixation by the use of compression has permitted rapid mobilization of the injured extremity and in this not only accomplished fixation of the fracture, but also rapid rehabilitation. Such a reliable method of internal fixation has lessened the hazards and made surgery a distinct advantage. This method has also made it possible to treat the complications of fracture care, namely nonunions, some of which have been considered totally beyond salvage.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF N‐SUBSTITUTED IMIDAZOLES WITH FERROUS PHTHALOCYANINE IN DIMETHYLSULPHOXIDE (1975)

Abstract Der quadratisch planare Fe(II)‐Phthalocyanin‐Komplex liegt in DMSO als sechsfachkoordinierter Komplex mit zwei Lösungsmittelmolekülen vor.
Sampling Instruction: 100-D-100 and 100-D-30/104 Excavation Sites (2014)

This document describes procedures that will be used to obtain and analyze samples a the 100-D-100 and 100-D-30/104 excavation sites in the 100 Area of Hanford.
A DIAMOND-SHAPED GRAFT FROM THE ILIUM FOR NON-UNION OF THE TIBIA (1951)

The pathology of the slipping of the upper femoral epiphysis has been studied on whole sections of the disesed area. Histological evidence goes to show that the basic pathological change associated with the deformity takes place in the epiphyseal cartilage, which, instead of producing endochondral bone, is transformed into fibrous tissue. All the lesions observed in the neck and in the head are secondary.
New transitions in the photoluminescence of GaAs quantum wells (1981)

When GaAs quantum wells are optically excited with intensities ≳10 kW/cm2 new peaks appear in the photoluminescence spectrum at low temperatures. The excitation spectra are used to demonstrate that the new peaks correspond to the recombination of electrons in excited well states, n≳1, with holes in n = 1 states. These parity-forbidden transitions, Δn odd, derive their strength from three body interactions that occur at high excitation levels.
Converting substations in basements and sub-basements (1913)

This paper treats principally of methods of overcoming the difficulties attendant upon the installation of synchronous converter and battery substations in the basements of large office buildings in the down-town district of a large city. The development covers a period of fifteen years during which time the capacity of the units has been increased as many fold. The combined capacity of such substations is 42,000 kw., serving 0.81 sq. mi. (2.1 sq. km.) of area in which are many high commercial buildings with a connected load of 1,940,000 lamps (50-watt equivalent). This type of substation is divided into two classes: I — the basement type, referring to those located directly below street level, and II — the sub-basement type, referring to those located in the first or second sub-basement. Description and illustration of a typical machinery intake for a Class II substation are given, also methods and difficulties of bringing in apparatus. The air supply for the apparatus as compared with a substation above grade is next considered. A special air cleaning device is described. Description and illustration of a supply and exhaust system for ventilating the apparatus are given. The temperature of a 5000-kw. substation was lowered 11 deg. cent. by directing the exhaust air from the units. The difficulty in providing air cooling equipment for larger units for sub-basement substations has been more or less responsible for the adoption of the oil and water cooling system, particularly for the stationary apparatus, such as transformers and the regulators. The diagram and description of the oil and water piping system show how 3850-kv-a. transformers, each containing 3100 gal. (11,730 1.) of oil, are cooled. The nature of the foundation structure of large buildings limits the adaptation of the floor construction for the electrical apparatus, which is the reason for the comparatively high structural cost. The floor space required for small units of 500 kw. capacity is 0.95 sq. ft. (0.088 sq. m.) per kw., and for large units of 3500 kw. capacity is 0.54 sq. ft. (0.05 sq. m.) per kw. The plan and elevation of one of the largest and most modern substations of the sub-basement type are shown. The ultimate capacity of this substation is 16,000 kw. with a 1875-kw. battery. The floor space is 10,600 sq. ft. (985 sq. m.) and the head-room is 26 ft (7.9 m.).
Faecal and Urinary Incontinence after Multimodality Treatment of Rectal Cancer (2008)

Marilyne Lange and Cornelis van de Velde discuss the differential diagnosis and management of incontinence after rectal cancer treatment.
Electrophoresis, Chromatography, and Mass Spectrometry (2014)

The first step to consider in a proteomic study is the harvesting and preparation of the samples. Meticulous care is essential in the preparation of high-purity samples in order to achieve quality results. The next step involves the protein separation processes: the protein fraction may be subjected to one-dimensional electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE) – which separates the proteins by molecular mass – or to two-dimensional electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel (2D-PAGE) – which separates them by molecular mass and isoelectric point. The gel areas containing the protein may be excised and subjected to a trypsinization procedure, which will yield a peptide mixture. The peptides derived from a given spot or band can then be analyzed by mass spectrometry (MS); a preceding separation may be carried out using liquid chromatography. The chapter describes the primary characteristics of the analytical separation, detection, and identification tools used in proteome- and metabolome-related studies.
The crystal structure of photosynthetic A2B2-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase discloses the mechanism of thioredoxin regulation (2007)

Chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a light-regulated,\nNAD(P)H-dependent enzyme involved in plant photosynthetic carbon reduction.\nAt difference with lower photosynthetic organisms which only contain A4-GAPDH,\nthe major GAPDH isoform of land plants is made up of A and B subunits, the latter containing\na C-terminal extension (CTE) with fundamental regulatory functions. Light-activation of AB-GAPDH depends on the redox state of a pair of CTE cysteines forming a disulfide bond under control of\nthioredoxin f, leading to specific inhibition of the NADPH-dependent activity. The\ncrystallographic structural model of oxidized A2B2-GAPDH complexed with NADP is\ncomposed of one tetramer and a dimer, which generates a second tetramer using a\ncrystallographic two-fold axis coincident with the molecular axis P. A2B2-\nGAPDH showed an overall structural organization similar to thioredoxin-independent\nA4-GAPDH [2]. These two isoforms almost identical along P and Q axes, are differently sized along R axis, where the A2B2 tetramer (75.7 Å) appeared shorter than A4-GAPDH (78.1 Å). Each A or B subunit consists of a coenzyme-binding domain and a catalytic domain. One NADP molecule was bound to each coenzyme\ndomain, and one or two sulphate ions were found in each catalytic domain. The CTE of B-subunits was only partially detectable by x-ray diffraction experiments. The inspection of the electron density maps showed an elongated electron density region not continuous with any subunit, but interpretable as a protein chain slipping into the cleft bordered by a pair of A and B-subunits. This cleft features a positive electrostatic surface potential due to six exposed arginines and two histidines (Arg77, Arg183, Arg191 and His190), conserved in both A and B-subunits. The CTE contains negatively charged residues and could be attracted by the strongly cationic cleft. Present data support the view that A2B2-GAPDH inhibition by thioredoxin depends on the docking of the oxidized CTE into the cleft delimited by A/B-subunits. In this location, the CTE appears to interfere with the recognition of bound NADP by the crucial residues Arg77 and Ser188, thus leaving the tetramer in a kinetically inhibited conformation, unable to efficiently use NADPH as the preferred coenzyme.
Quantitative Assessment of Operational Weather Radar Rainfall Estimates over California’s Northern Sonoma County Using HMT-West Data (2013)

Abstract An evaluation of Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) KMUX and KDAX radar quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) over a site in California’s northern Sonoma County is performed and rain type climatology is presented. This site is next to the flood-prone Russian River basin and, because of the mountainous terrain and remoteness from operational radars, is generally believed to lack adequate coverage. QPE comparisons were conducted for multiyear observations with concurrent classification of rainfall structure using measurements from a gauge and an S-band profiler deployed at the location of interest. The radars were able to detect most of the brightband (BB) rain, which contributed over half of the total precipitation. For this rain type hourly radar-based QPE obtained with a default vertical profile of reflectivity correction provided results with errors of about 50%–60%. The operational radars did not detect precipitation during about 30% of the total rainy hours with mostly shallow nonbrightband (NBB) rain, which, depending on the radar, provided ~(12%–15%) of the total precipitation. The accuracy of radar-based QPE for the detected fraction of NBB rain was rather poor with large negative biases and characteristic errors of around 80%. On some occasions, radars falsely detected precipitation when observing high clouds, which did not precipitate or coexisted with shallow rain (less than 10% of total accumulation). For heavier rain with a significant fraction of BB hourly periods, radar QPE for event totals showed relatively good agreement with gauge data. Cancelation of errors of opposite signs contributed, in part, to such agreement. On average, KDAX-based QPE was biased low compared to KMUX.
Zur Theorie der osmotischen Drucke, der Membranpotentiale und der Ausflockung von Kolloiden (1924)

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Watermarking FPGA bitstream for IP protection (2008)

In this thesis, we address the problem of digital intellectual property (IP) protection for the field programmable gate array (FPGA) designs. Substantial time and effort is required to the design complex circuits; thus, it makes sense to re-use these designs. An IP developer can sell his design to the companies and collect royalty. However, he needs to protect his work from security breach and piracy.\n\nThe legal means of IP protection such as patents and license agreements are a deterrent to illegal IP circulation, but they are insufficient to detect an IP protection breach. Watermarking provides a means to identify the owner of a design. Firstly, we propose a watermarking technique that modifies the routing of an FPGA design to make it a function of the signature text. This watermarking technique is a type of constraint-based watermarking technique where we add a signature-based term to the routing cost function. Secondly, we need a method to verify the existence of the watermark in the design. To address this we propose a digital signature generation technique. This technique uses the switch state (ON/OFF) of certain switches on the routing to uniquely identify a design.\n\nOur results show less than 10% speed overhead for a minimum channel width routing. Increasing the channel width by unit length, we could watermark the design with a zero speed overhead. The increase in the wire length is negative for majority of the circuits. Our watermarking technique can be integrated into the current routing algorithm since it does not require an additional step for embedding the watermark. The overall design effort for routing a watermarked design is equivalent to that of routing a non-watermarked design.
Interval prediction in structural dynamic analysis (1992)

Methods for assessing the predictive accuracy of structural dynamic models are examined with attention given to the effects of modal mass, stiffness, and damping uncertainties. The methods are based on a nondeterministic analysis called 'interval prediction' in which interval variables are used to describe parameters and responses that are unknown. Statistical databases for generic modeling uncertainties are derived from experimental data and incorporated analytically to evaluate responses. Covariance matrices of modal mass, stiffness, and damping parameters are propagated numerically in models of large space structures by means of three methods. The test data tend to fall within the predicted intervals of uncertainty determined by the statistical databases. The present findings demonstrate the suitability of using data from previously analyzed and tested space structures for assessing the predictive accuracy of an analytical model.