gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clearance Pathways and Tumor Targeting of Imaging Nanoparticles (2015)

A basic understanding of how imaging nanoparticles are removed from the normal organs/tissues but retained in the tumors is important for their future clinical applications in early cancer diagnosis and therapy. In this review, we discuss current understandings of clearance pathways and tumor targeting of small-molecule- and inorganic-nanoparticle-based imaging probes with an emphasis on molecular nanoprobes, a class of inorganic nanoprobes that can escape reticuloendothelial system (RES) uptake and be rapidly eliminated from the normal tissues/organs via kidneys but can still passively target the tumor with high efficiency through the enhanced permeability permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The impact of nanoparticle design (size, shape, and surface chemistry) on their excretion, pharmacokinetics, and passive tumor targeting were quantitatively discussed. Synergetic integration of effective renal clearance and EPR effect offers a promising pathway to design low-toxicity and high-contrast-enhancement imaging nanoparticles that could meet with the clinical translational requirements of regulatory agencies.
Properties of gallium-doped hydrogenated amorphous germanium (1995)

The effects of adding small quantities of gallium atoms to hydrogenated amorphous germanium (a-Ge:H) on its dark-conductivity, band-gap, electronic density of states and the hydrogen bonding, were studied in detail by dark-conductivity, optical and infrared-transmission, and photothermal-deflection-spectroscopy measurements. Films of a-Ge:H having relative Ga atomic concentrations ranging between 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$ and 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ were deposited by the cosputtering of solid Ge and Ga targets in a rf-plasma sputtering chamber. The Ga incorporation was found to produce significant changes in the conductivity in the whole studied concentration range. The sign of the thermopower signal reveals a change from n- to p-type conduction for Ga concentrations reaching a value of about (1--5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$. No variations in the magnitude of the band gap were detected for Ga atomic concentrations lower than 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$. For higher Ga contents a gradual narrowing of the band gap is observed, which is not correlated by modifications in the hydrogen content nor in the H bonding structure as deduced from the infrared transmission spectra. The present results show that Ga acts as a p-type dopant in a-Ge:H, with a doping efficiency comparable to that of boron in a-Ge:H.The position of the Fermi level with respect to the conduction path levels was determined from the conductivity results, assuming a common constant prefactor for the observed thermally activated dark conductivity for both n- and p-type samples. The total energy region swept by the Fermi level in the studied Ga concentration range is approximately 0.3 eV, which is about the same as that reported in the literature for B doping of a-Ge:H. A semiquantitative electronic density of states distribution for a-Ge:H and its evolution with Ga doping was deduced systematically by fitting an analytical model of the optical absorption data. A significant increase in the defect states density was found to develop for Ga contents higher than about 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$. This effect seems to be correlated with the Fermi level approaching the valence band tail region. Conductivity prefactors for both electrons and holes in the 140--260 ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ range were deduced from the analysis of the present conductivity and absorption data, which are in fair agreement with values reported in the literature for hydrogenated amorphous silicon and theoretical estimates. Significant tendency for Ga segregation was observed for a-Ge:H films having Ga atomic concentrations approaching 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$.
A phenotypically and karyotypically stable human thyroid epithelial line conditionally immortalized by SV40 large T antigen. (1992)

Primary cultures of normal human neonatal thyroid follicular cells were transfected with a plasmid expressing a temperature-sensitive (tsA58) mutant of SV40 large T antigen. An epithelial cell line, designated B-thy-ts.1, was obtained which showed tight temperature-dependent growth. In sharp contrast to previous such lines, which were derived from adult thyroid, B-thy-ts.1 has retained a well-differentiated phenotype as reflected in its morphology and cytokeratin expression pattern. In addition to phenotypic stability the line also displays an unusually stable karyotype, lacking the usual clastogenic effects of SV40, which we speculate to result from a greater DNA repair capacity of its cell of origin. B-thy-ts.1 should be a particularly useful tool with which to study the effects of activated oncogenes on epithelial growth and differentiation.
Development of Advanced Lightweight Systems Containment. (1981)

Abstract : The objective of this program was to obtain parametric type data on advanced lightweight containment systems. These data were used to generate design methods and procedures necessary for the successful development of such systems. The methods thus developed were then demonstrated through the design of a lightweight containment system for a CF6 size engine. The containment concept evaluated consisted basically of a lightweight structural sandwich shell wrapped with dry Kevlar cloth. The initial testing was directed towards the determination of the amount of Kevlar required to result in threshold containment for a specific Set of test conditions. A relationship was then developed between the thickness required and the energy of the released blade so that the data could be used to design for conditions other than those tested. The remainder of the testing was directed towards the evaluation of a number of variations in the basic concept. Using the data from these tests, a lightweight containment design was made for a typical large turbofan engine. Based on this design, a weight saving in the range of 20% to 25% over current containment systems was projected.
Joint modelling of longitudinal measurements and event time data (2000)

This paper formulates a class of models for the joint behaviour of a sequence of longitudinal measurements and an associated sequence of event times, including single-event survival data. This class includes and extends a number of specific models which have been proposed recently, and, in the absence of association, reduces to separate models for the measurements and events based, respectively, on a normal linear model with correlated errors and a semi-parametric proportional hazards or intensity model with frailty. Special cases of the model class are discussed in detail and an estimation procedure which allows the two components to be linked through a latent stochastic process is described. Methods are illustrated using results from a clinical trial into the treatment of schizophrenia.
A HARD LOOK AT CONCRETE (1989)

Concrete has been looked upon as something fixed and unchanging, a generic, nondescript mass, But it demands specific engineering attention. Because many existing concrete studies are outdated, it's time to address today's conditions. There are new products and processes, and such concrete types as admixtures, fly ash, pulverized slag and silica fume are here to stay.
THE PHOENIX FLIES IN BIRMINGHAM. (2000)

Intense competition and the globalization of world markets has forced many cities to review their development strategies in order to respond to changing economic conditions. This report, the first of a proposed series of such articles, uses a case study of Birmingham, UK to identify the key drivers and influences that have underpinned the substantial progress that has been made. Attention focuses on the need to create a clear vision of the future; for positive and determined civic leadership from all sectors working in partnership; on the importance of high standards of infrastructure; and on the critical importance of taking a wide perspective on regeneration that includes the raising of standards in education, housing and social provision.
A New Technique for Identifying Synchronous Resonances Using Tip-Timing (2000)

Non-contact measurement of vibration at turbomachinery rotor blade tips using blade tip-timing has become an industry-standard procedure. Current research focuses on analysis methods for interpretation of the measured vibration data from a limited number of probes. The methods are classified by the form of the vibration they can identify. Identification of asynchronous response amplitude and frequency is well documented. Whilst a method for identifying maximum synchronous resonance amplitude has existed since the early 1970s, there is no published evidence of a method for directly identifying frequency or engine order using a small number of probes. This paper presents a new analysis method for identifying synchronous resonance engine order using two tip-timing vibration measurements. The measurements are made at different locations on the turbomachinery casing using a minimum of two probes. A detailed description of the method and results from its practical application are given. The potential of the method to identify the amplitude and frequency of close modes, not possible with current methods, is demonstrated. The effect of blade mistuning on the accuracy of the method is investigated. Existing synchronous response analysis methods and the new method presented here give the response amplitude and frequency after the resonance has been traversed. Real-time identification of synchronous response amplitude and frequency would allow tip-timing to be used as a safety monitor of all blades. Real-time methods, their limitations and practical application are discussed. The future use of tip-timing as the dominant vibration measurement system is discussed with reference to experience on measurements made solely with tip-timing on assemblies with undefined vibration characteristics. [S0742-4795(00)02602-8]
Effect of the Velvet Antler of Formosan Sambar Deer (<i>Cervus unicolor swinhoei</i>) on the Prevention of an Allergic Airway Response in Mice (2012)

Two mouse models were used to assay the antiallergic effects of the velvet antler (VA) of Formosan sambar deer (Cervus unicolor swinhoei) in this study. The results using the ovalbumin- (OVA-) sensitized mouse model showed that the levels of total IgE and OVA-specific IgE were reduced after VA powder was administrated for 4 weeks. In addition, the ex vivo results indicated that the secretion of T helper cell 1 (Th1), regulatory T (Treg), and Th17 cytokines by splenocytes was significantly increased (P < 0.05) when VA powder was administered to the mice. Furthermore, OVA-allergic asthma mice that have been orally administrated with VA powder showed a strong inhibition of Th2 cytokine and proinflammatory cytokine production in bronchoalveolar fluid compared to control mice. An increase in the regulatory T-cell population of splenocytes in the allergic asthma mice after oral administration of VA was also observed. All the features of the asthmatic phenotype, including airway inflammation and the development of airway hyperresponsiveness, were reduced by treatment with VA. These findings support the hypothesis that oral feeding of VA may be an effective way of alleviating asthmatic symptoms in humans.
A general approach for the quantitative analysis of bisphosphonates in human serum and urine by high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (2006)

Bisphosphonates are extremely hydrophilic and structurally similar to many endogenous phosphorylated compounds, making their selective extraction from serum or urine very challenging. Many bisphosphonates lack strong chromophores for sensitive UV or fluorescence detection. We report here the first general approach to enable sensitive and selective quantitation of N-containing bisphosphonates by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) following derivatization with diazomethane. The novelty of the strategy lies in performing the derivatization on silica-based anion-exchange sorbents as an integrated step in the sample purification by solid-phase extraction (SPE). The 'on-cartridge' reaction with diazomethane not only led to higher efficiency of derivatization, but also enabled a more discriminatory recovery of the drug's derivatives. The derivatized bisphosphonates demonstrated improved chromatographic separation and increased sensitivity of the detection. The general applicability of the approach was demonstrated by validation of bioanalytical methods for risedronate and alendronate in human serum and urine. Sensitivity was achieved at the pg/mL level with merely 100-200 microL of sample.
Intra-arterial infusion of anticancer drugs: theoretic aspects of drug delivery and review of responses. (1980)

A linear, physiologically based pharmacokinetic model has been used to study drug delivery characteristics of anticancer drugs after both iv and intra-arterial infusion. It confirms the general belief that intra-arterial infusion produces an increase in local tissue levels and a reduction in systemic drug availability. The increase in local drug concentration depends largely on the blood flow rate of the infusing artery and the rate of drug elimination by the rest of the body. A low arterial blood flow rate and a high drug elimination rate will ensure a high local drug level. On the other hand, the reduction of systemic drug delivery depends on the ability of the infused region to eliminate the drug. Lower systemic availability will be obtained if a substantial amount of the drug is removed during the first pass through the infused region. A review of the clinical response rates of five cytotoxic drugs (Adriamycin, bleomycin, 5-fluorouracil, melphalan, and methotrexate) infused intra-arterially as single agents indicates that, despite a general belief in the advantages of intra-arterial infusion, only 5-fluorouracil shows a significant increase in response rate in the treatment of cancer when compared to systemic routes of administration. There appears to be no justification for the higher costs and substantial risks of intra-arterial infusion for the other drugs due to the lack of controlled studies and the lack of a substantial increase in the response rates. It is suggested that a future controlled study be required to validate the claims of superiority of intra-arterial infusion therapy.
Summary of NACA research on afterburners for turbojet engines (1956)

From Summary: "NACA research on afterburners for turbojet engines during the past 5 years is summarized. Although most of this work has been directed toward the development of specific afterburners for various engines rather than toward the accumulation of systematic data, it has, nevertheless, provided a large fund of experimental data and experience in the field. The references cited present over 1000 afterburner configurations and some 3500 hours of operation. In the treatment of the material of this summary, the principal effort has been to convey to the reader the "know-how" acquired by research engineers in the course of the work rather than to formulate a set of design rules."
Novel H-bridge multi-level inverter with DC-link switches (2011)

This paper proposed a new multi-level inverter topology based on a H-bridge with two switches and two diodes connected to the DC-link. The output voltage of the proposed topology is quite closer to a sinusoidal waveform compared with a typical single phase inverter. The proposed multi-level inverter is applicable to a power conditioning system for renewable energy sources, and it can be also used as a building block of a cascaded multi-level inverter for a high voltage application. In case of conventional H-bridge type or NPC type multi-level inverter, 8 controllable switches are used to obtain a 5 level output voltage, but the proposed multi-level inverter requires only 6 controllable switches. Thus the circuit configuration is quite simple, reliable and cost-effective implementation is possible. The efficiency can be improved owing to the reduction of the switching loss. A new PWM method based on POD modulation is suggested which requires only one carrier signal. The switching sequence to make the capacitor voltage balanced is also considered. The feasibility is studied through simulation and experiment.
The Effect of Operating Conditions on the Radiation Resistance of VDMOS Power FETs (1982)

The effect of gamma radiation on the threshold voltage, "On" resistance, and breakdown voltage of VDMOS Field Effect Transistors operating under various bias conditions is presented. The drain-source breakdown voltage and the "On" resistance of these devices have been found to be unaffected by irradiating the devices to a total dose of 4×104 rads. The electrical parameter affected by irradiation is the gate threshold voltage. The threshold voltage shift at a particular radiation level for devices biased with both gate and drain voltage has been determined to be dependent only on the magnitude of the gate voltage during irradiation. This shift has been found to be independent of the drain-source voltage (30-80 volt range) and operating frequency (10-50kHz range). Practically no annealing occurs at room temperature. However, these devices have been found to recover to within 10% of their initial threshold voltage after annealing at 200°C under gate bias of 18 volts for 22 hours.
Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury Triggers Rapid Necrotic Death of Immature Neurons in the Hippocampus (2012)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes cell death predominantly in the cerebral cortex, but there is additional secondary cell death in the hippocampus. We previously found that most of the dying cells in the mouse hippocampus are newborn immature granular neurons in a mouse model of lateral controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury with a moderate level of impact. It is not known how long this selective cell death in the hippocampal dentate gyrus lasts, and how it is induced. Using Fluoro-Jade B and immunohistochemistry, we show that most of the neuron death in the hippocampus occurs within 24 hours after TBI and that cell death continues at low level for at least another 2 weeks in this lateral CCI model. Most of the dying immature granular neurons did not exhibit morphologic characteristics of apoptosis, and only a small subpopulation of the dying cells was positive for apoptotic markers. In contrast, most of the dying cells coexpressed the receptor-interacting protein 1, a marker of necrosis, suggesting that immature neurons mainly died of necrosis. These results indicate that moderate TBI mainly triggers rapid necrotic death of immature neurons in the hippocampus in a mouse CCI model.
Getting down to business 'Mulan' and Disney's evolving progressivism (2018)

Profitable and warmly received upon its release, 'Mulan' is significant both for its powerful heroine, whose storyline eschews traditional romance, and for its authentic adaptation of Chinese folklore. Michelle Law examines how the animated film's themes reflect a changing world - and a changing Disney - twenty years on.
Unique Rock Bit Cutter Fabrication Technology Provides Bit Design, Performance, and Reliability Breakthroughs (1993)

ABSTRACT The development of a patented powder metal forging technology for making rockbit cutters is the first major innovation in rockbit manufacturing technology since the development of the insert bit. Rapid, solid state densification of a net shape cutter eliminates many conventional cutter design constraints and provides advanced materials options that significantly improve cutting structure integrity. A review of the new manufacturing process and comparison with conventional methods will highlight the design and materials capability and reliability improvements intrinsic to this solid state densification process. Prototype bits made using this technology duplicated the cutting structure and materials used in standard IADC Type 11 roller cone bits. These bits demonstrated the process capability and potential, and provided insights into design and process improvements used in second generation bits. Field test results from the second generation bits that employed more advanced profile designs and cutting element materials demonstrated the potential impact of this new class of rockbit on drilling cost. Powder metal cutter (PMC) bits from the prototype program and phase one of the project have been successfully run in typical Type 11 bit applications. The materials and design options available indicate the capability to address a wide range of soft and medium soft drilling applications economically by linking PMC with state of the art bearing and hydraulic design technologies.
A New Protector Device for Safe Endoscopic Removal of Sharp Gastroesophageal Foreign Bodies in Infants (1993)

The accidental ingestion of sharp foreign bodies into the upper-gastrointestinal tract is not uncommon in children. Endoscopic extraction of these objects poses technical difficulties, and a number of dangerous complications can occur. We present two cases of successful retrieval of large, sharp gastroesophageal foreign bodies in small children using a new, commercially available endoscopic end protector hood that prevents exposure of the esophageal and pharyngeal wall to injuries and laceration by the foreign body. This device is simple to use, versatile, and effective and advances the safe endoscopic removal of a variety of gastroesophageal foreign bodies in pediatric patients.
A Simpler Rate-Optimal CPIR Protocol. (2017)

In PETS 2015, Kiayias, Leonardos, Lipmaa, Pavlyk, and Tang proposed the first (n, 1)-CPIR protocol with rate \(1 - o (1)\). They use advanced techniques from multivariable calculus (like the Newton-Puiseux algorithm) to establish optimal rate among a large family of different CPIR protocols. It is only natural to ask whether one can achieve similar rate but with a much simpler analysis. We propose parameters to the earlier (n, 1)-CPIR protocol of Lipmaa (ISC 2005), obtaining a CPIR protocol that is asymptotically almost as communication-efficient as the protocol of Kiayias et al. However, for many relevant parameter choices, it is slightly more communication-efficient, due to the cumulative rounding errors present in the protocol of Kiayias et al. Moreover, the new CPIR protocol is simpler to understand, implement, and analyze. The new CPIR protocol can be used to implement (computationally inefficient) FHE with rate \(1 - o (1)\).