gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Some Thoughts on Political Structure as Constitutional Law (2000)

Certainly I am going to endorse everything that Professor Levinson has said about Professor Lynch’s wonderful book. It establishes beyond question that there was no real consensus among the so-called founders about what the Constitution meant and thus, Professor Levinson is undoubtedly right that constitutional law should be taught as an ongoing negotiation. I will add one more reason why this must be the case. We talk about constitutional law, but law divorced from sanction is not law at all. It is perhaps scholarship, but unless constitutional law has a sanction it is nothing more than rhetoric; the ability to sanction a judgment depends completely on the will of the current political majority. The courts have no power to enforce a judgment absent that will. And thus, the very question of intentionalism in constitutional law seems to me to be a bit illogical. During the five decades I have been a lawyer, original intent, or strict construction, has been advanced—primarily by critics of the federal judiciary—as the only sound constitutional doctrine. In particular, critics of an allegedly activist Supreme Court have most frequently taken umbrage at the Supreme Court’s recognition of certain individual autonomy interests as constitutionally protected from regulation by the democratically elected branches of federal or state government. Perhaps the most influential of them has been Judge Robert H. Bork, whose nomination to the Supreme Court in 1987 produced extended hearings by the Senate Judiciary Committee on the appropriate interpretive posture of judges faced with a constitutional law argument. With considerable erudition, Bork passionately espoused the view that any approach other then the search for original intention of the constitutional draftsmen was illegitimate because it placed judges in the role of lawmakers rather than neutral arbitrators.
The Extent to Which Critical Thinking Is Subject-Specific: Further Clarification (1990)

In this response to McPeck’s reply to my paper, I briefly summarize my earlier essay, and make four major points: (a) that the vagueness of the concepts, domain, field, and subject, is a problem when subject specificity serves as a basis for prediction, though not necessarily when it serves as a slogan or a vague warning; (b) that the distinction between the subject matter of schools and the subject matter of everyday life is a viable one, though not the mutually exclusive one that McPeck seems to attribute to me; (c) that the distinction between topic and school subject serves to help avoid a tempting equivocation that starts with the premise that all thinking is about some subject; and (d) that “relatively narrow” general thinking abilities can be very broad in the range of their application, and that many, though perhaps obvious at times to some, are not trivial, because numerous people seem not to employ them in important situations. An underlying concern is McPeck’s apparent assumption that showing something (e.g., subject-matter knowledge) to be a necessary condition for critical thinking establishes that it is essentially a sufficient condition, or at least that all other things (e.g., general abilities) are unimportant. There is yet much research to be done before the basic issues can be resolved; I hope that this conceptual clarification will facilitate this research.
Privacy-enhancing <i>k</i> -anonymization of customer data (2005)

In order to protect individuals' privacy, the technique of k-anonymization has been proposed to de-associate sensitive attributes from the corresponding identifiers. In this paper, we provide privacy-enhancing methods for creating k-anonymous tables in a distributed scenario. Specifically, we consider a setting in which there is a set of customers, each of whom has a row of a table, and a miner, who wants to mine the entire table. Our objective is to design protocols that allow the miner to obtain a k-anonymous table representing the customer data, in such a way that does not reveal any extra information that can be used to link sensitive attributes to corresponding identifiers, and without requiring a central authority who has access to all the original data. We give two different formulations of this problem, with provably private solutions. Our solutions enhance the privacy of k-anonymization in the distributed scenario by maintaining end-to-end privacy from the original customer data to the final k-anonymous results.
Effect of Metallic Matrix Composition on the Erosion-Corrosion Behavior of WC-Coatings (1997)

Abstract In corrosive media the wear resistance of ceramic-metallic coatings is dependent on the corrosion resistance of the metal matrix. Other factors that will affect the coating deterioration are the corrosivity of the medium and any galvanic interaction from the surrounding material. This paper presents results from a study where different types of WC(Co/Cr/Mo/Ni) powders have been sprayed by HVOF, Diamond Jet 2600 Hybrid equipment. The properties of the sprayed coatings have been verified by metallographic studies and by erosion-corrosion testing both under corrosive and non-corrosive conditions. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of having a metal matrix at least as corrosion resistance as the surrounding materials. When wear exposed components in pipe systems, pumps or valves are coated with a WC type coating, the corrosion resistance of the metal matrix should be compatible to the material of the rest of the system. This is especially important when the surrounding materials are corrosion resistant alloys as stainless steels, where the coatings otherwise will act as an anode.
Chemometrics: From Basics to Wavelet Transform (2004)

Wavelet Transformations and Their Applications in Chemistry pioneers a new approach to classifying existing chemometric techniques for data analysis in one and two dimensions, using a practical applications approach to illustrating chemical examples and problems. Written in a simple, balanced, applications-based style, the book is geared to both theorists and non-mathematicians. This text emphasizes practical applications in chemistry. It employs straightforward language and examples to show the power of wavelet transforms without overwhelming mathematics, reviews other methods, and compares wavelets with other techniques that provide similar capabilities. It uses examples illustrated in MATLAB codes to assist chemists in developing applications, and includes access to a supplementary Web site providing code and data sets for work examples. Wavelet Transformations and Their Applications in Chemistry will prove essential to professionals and students working in analytical chemistry and process chemistry, as well as physical chemistry, spectroscopy, and statistics.
Protein Structure and Function Prediction Using I‐TASSER (2015)

I-TASSER is a hierarchical protocol for automated protein structure prediction and structure-based function annotation. Starting from the amino acid sequence of target proteins, I-TASSER first generates full-length atomic structural models from multiple threading alignments and iterative structural assembly simulations followed by atomic-level structure refinement. The biological functions of the protein, including ligand-binding sites, enzyme commission number, and gene ontology terms, are then inferred from known protein function databases based on sequence and structure profile comparisons. I-TASSER is freely available as both an on-line server and a stand-alone package. This unit describes how to use the I-TASSER protocol to generate structure and function prediction and how to interpret the prediction results, as well as alternative approaches for further improving the I-TASSER modeling quality for distant-homologous and multi-domain protein targets.
Influenza Vaccines (1992)

This chapter discusses immunology of influenza virus infections, limitations of current vaccines, and approaches for developing highly effective influenza virus vaccines. Influenza viruses are negative-strand RNA viruses that are surrounded by an envelope, spiked by surface glycoproteins with hemagglutinin (HA) or neuraminidase (NA) activity. Influenza virus infection is generally accompanied by fever, systemic symptoms, and respiratory tract illnesses, such as rhinitis, pharyngitis, tracheobronchitis, and in children, croup and bronchiolitis. Licensed influenza vaccines consist of formalin-inactivated whole influenza A and influenza B viruses or subunit vaccines consisting of chemically treated split viruses formulated with alum. The current inactivated vaccines, given by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, achieve a reasonable degree of protection against naturally occurring disease among normal healthy adults when the antigens of the vaccine and those of the circulating influenza viruses are closely related. However, when given annually, the resistance induced in healthy persons is incomplete and short-lived.
Detecting Linkedin Spammers and its Spam Nets (2013)

Spam is one of the main problems of the WWW. Many studies exist about characterising and detecting several types of Spam (mainly Web Spam, Email Spam, Forum/Blob Spam and Social Networking Spam). Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, there are no studies about the detection of Spam in Linkedin. In this article, we propose a method for detecting Spammers and Spam nets in the Linkedin social network. As there are no public or private Linkedin datasets in the state of the art, we have manually built a dataset of real Linkedin users, classifying them as Spammers or legitimate users. The proposed method for detecting Linkedin Spammers consists of a set of new heuristics and their combinations using a kNN classifier. Moreover, we proposed a method for detecting Spam nets (fake companies) in Linkedin, based on the idea that the profiles of these companies share content similarities. We have found that the proposed methods were very effective. We achieved an F-Measure of 0.971 and an AUC close to 1 in the detection of Spammer profiles, and in the detection of Spam nets, we have obtained an F-Measure of 1.
A screen for nonconditional dauer-constitutive mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans. (1994)

In Caenorhabditis elegans, formation of the developmentally arrested dauer larva is induced by high levels of a constitutively secreted pheromone. Synergy between two groups of incompletely penetrant dauer-constitutive (Daf-c) mutations has recently led to a proposal that these two groups of genes are partially redundant and function in two parallel pathways that regulate dauer formation. A possible weakness in this reasoning is that the mutations used to identify the synergy were specifically obtained as incompletely penetrant mutations. Here we use screens to identify new Daf-c alleles without any requirement for partial penetrance. Nevertheless, 22 of the 25 new mutations are incompletely penetrant mutations in 6 previously identified genes. Among these are mutations in daf-8 and daf-19, genes for which only one mutation had been previously identified. Also included in this group are three daf-1 alleles that do not exhibit the maternal rescue characteristic of other daf-1 alleles. Two of the 25 new mutations are fully penetrant and are alleles of daf-2, the one gene in which a fully penetrant mutation had been found earlier. Finally, one of the 25 new mutations is semidominant, temperature-sensitive, and identifies a new gene, daf-28. The results demonstrate that an incompletely penetrant Daf-c phenotype is characteristic of mutations in most Daf-c genes other than daf-2. This finding strengthens the hypothesis that a branched genetic pathway controls dauer formation.
Preparation of Glycyrrhetinic Acid Suspension Nasal Drops (2008)

To optimize the formula ratio of base and prepare better glycyrrhetinic acid suspension nasal drops.Using formula adjuvant as factor,sedimentation volume ratio,dispersibility and particle diameter as the target,the best ratio of suspending agent was optimized by momfactor analysis and homogeneons design.The best ratio of prescription is glycyrrhetic acid:tween-80:HPMC=0.25:0.3:0.05.The ratio is better.
A Dynamic Power Tuning for the Constrained Application Protocol of Internet of Things (2015)

Constrained application protocol (CoAP) has been designed for M2M and IoT applications. The resource directory (RD) in CoAP requires periodical updates by other nodes. However, a regular update process causes extra signaling overhead and drains the node's battery, which consequently reduces the battery lifetime of all nodes. Thus, there is a need to adjust the update interval to prolong the lifetime of the entire network. Although this problem has been investigated in the literature, it is still in its infancy as existing works do not consider the dynamic periodic adjustments of the update messages. To fill in this gap, this paper devise a new adaptive tuning approach between CoAP clients and their CoAP-RD to adjust the frequency of updates based on the battery level of the transmitting node. We evaluated our protocol using simulation experiments. The simulation results confirm that the adaptive tuning approach outperforms its traditional counterpart by 10 to 15% with respect to the overall network lifetime.
Major evolutionary transitions in ant agriculture (2008)

Agriculture is a specialized form of symbiosis that is known to have evolved in only four animal groups: humans, bark beetles, termites, and ants. Here, we reconstruct the major evolutionary transitions that produced the five distinct agricultural systems of the fungus-growing ants, the most well studied of the nonhuman agriculturalists. We do so with reference to the first fossil-calibrated, multiple-gene, molecular phylogeny that incorporates the full range of taxonomic diversity within the fungus-growing ant tribe Attini. Our analyses indicate that the original form of ant agriculture, the cultivation of a diverse subset of fungal species in the tribe Leucocoprineae, evolved approximately 50 million years ago in the Neotropics, coincident with the early Eocene climatic optimum. During the past 30 million years, three known ant agricultural systems, each involving a phylogenetically distinct set of derived fungal cultivars, have separately arisen from the original agricultural system. One of these derived systems subsequently gave rise to the fifth known system of agriculture, in which a single fungal species is cultivated by leaf-cutter ants. Leaf-cutter ants evolved remarkably recently ( approximately 8-12 million years ago) to become the dominant herbivores of the New World tropics. Our analyses identify relict, extant attine ant species that occupy phylogenetic positions that are transitional between the agricultural systems. Intensive study of those species holds particular promise for clarifying the sequential accretion of ecological and behavioral characters that produced each of the major ant agricultural systems.
Performance of a channelled-substrate-planar high-power phase-locked array operating in the diffraction limit (1987)

We report a stable, coherent, single spatial and single longitudinal mode phase-locked 8-element CSP array operating in the diffraction limit with a phase front aberration of <λ/50. Both theoretical modelling and experimental observation indicate that the single out-of-phase coherent array mode is strongly preferred.
Cost benefit analysis (2001)

Continuing the series on consultancy, Adrienne Price examines relatively simple cost benefit analysis consultancy work of the type which nurses might conduct
Generalized mel frequency cepstral coefficients for large-vocabulary speaker-independent continuous-speech recognition (1999)

The focus of a continuous speech recognition process is to match an input signal with a set of words or sentences according to some optimality criteria. The first step of this process is parameterization, whose major task is data reduction by converting the input signal into parameters while preserving virtually all of the speech signal information dealing with the text message. This contribution presents a detailed analysis of a widely used set of parameters, the mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs), and suggests a new parameterization approach taking into account the whole energy zone in the spectrum. Results obtained with the proposed new coefficients give a confidence interval about their use in a large-vocabulary speaker-independent continuous-speech recognition system.
Pattern recognition in genetic sequences (1979)

This paper announces an algorithm for finding pattern similarities between two given finite sequences. Two portions, one from each sequence, are similar if they are close in the metric space of evolutionary distances. In its most general form the algorithm allows a complete list to be made of all pairs of intervals, one from each of the two given sequences, such that each pair displays a maximum local degree of similarity; if the lengths of the sequences are m and n, then the algorithm requires on the order of mn steps. This result lends itself to detecting similarities by computer between pairs of biological sequences, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
Archaebacterial lipids: structure, biosynthesis and function. (1992)

The foregoing review of membrane lipids in archaebacteria has revealed a remarkable variety of polar lipids classes, including phospholipids, glycolipids, phosphoglycolipids and sulpholipids, all derived from the one basic core structure, diphytanylglycerol (1) and an equally remarkable set of novel pathways for their biosynthesis. Even with the relatively limited knowledge that we have of the physical properties of these lipids, it is clear that they are well-adapted as membrane components to the particular environmental conditions of the three groups of archaebacteria, extreme halophiles, methanogens, and thermoacidophiles. However, much remains to be learned concerning the precise asymmetric arrangement of the lipids in the membrane bilayers or monolayers, the interaction of the lipids with the membrane proteins, and the function of this membrane lipid asymmetry with respect to ion transport, permeability to nutrients, proton transport and conductance, and energy transduction. Perhaps then these unusual lipids will not appear so strange and our knowledge of them will help us to understand the function of the more familiar lipids in the eubacteria and eukaryotes.
Stand and deliver [modern day highwaymen are making a mint from cybercrime] (2005)

The various types of computer-based fraud collectively known as `e-crime' are costing British businesses billions of pounds a year. That is the warning from a new survey of hundreds of companies by the UK National Hi-Tech Crime Unit (NHTCU) which has found that virtually all lost out to some degree during the course of 2004. The FBI has identified two significant threats to cybersecurity. Traditional crimes like identity theft that have migrated online are expected to increase dramatically in the next few years. At the same time, new types of crime are emerging that the Internet has made possible, for example, extortion associated with denial of service attacks. They pose a powerful threat that we must all address.
A Simplified Method for the Determination of Pepsinogen in Blood and Urine (1969)

Abstract A simplified method for the determination of pepsinogen in blood and urine has been developed using serum protein as substrate. As crystalline pepsin digests human serum protein optimally in the region of pH 2, and blood exhibits such proteolytic activity on its own serum protein in this region, the determination of pepsinogen in blood is performed at this pH. The proteolytic activity of serum or plasma on its own (autologous) serum protein is inactivated by alkalinization. The blood of gastrectomized patients showed extremely low proteolytic activity in the region of pH 2 by the present method, indicating an absence of pepsinogen. The present method has greater specificity and accuracy than the method employing either hemoglobin or casein as substrate.
The Posterior End of Meckel’s Cartilage and related ossifications in Bony Fishes (1937)

ABSTRACT In modern Dipnoi (Protopterus) the membrane bones are separated by connective tissue from Meckel’s cartilage, and there is no endochondral or perichondral bone. The cartilage grows evenly over its whole extent. In Polypterus a large articular ossifies the posterior end of the cartilage, including the retro-articular process, and spreads into the neighbouring connective tissues. In Elops the joint surface is carried partly by the articular, and partly by the retro-articular, a special ossification of the retro-articular process. In most teleosts (Mugil, Sardina, Trigla) the articular is absent and the angular invades the perichondrium and cartilage to form the joint surface. Special growth zones of flattened cells are formed in the cartilage which by their growth carry the retro-articular, angular, and dentary away from one another, stability of the jaw being maintained by new growth of the membranous parts of the bones. Endochondral bone is reduced or absent in some specialized fishes (Tetrodon, Notopogon). The sesamoid articular of teleosts is a separated part of the angular which gives insertion to the adductor mandibulae muscle. An attempt is made to follow the evolution of Meckel’s cartilage and the related ossifications by a comparison of the early Dipnoi, Crossopterygii, and Amphibia described in the literature with modern forms.
Adaptive Sampling of Speech Signals (1974)

The present work gives a proposed method of sampling speech signals with a nonuniform sampling rate according to the magnitude of the slope of the signal, provided that the average sampling rate satisfies Shannon's requirements. With this proposed method, the quality of the reconstructed speech signal is improved. Experimental results have been compared with those obtained mathematically, and satisfactory agreement is indicated.
Explaining Recommendations: Satisfaction vs. Promotion (2005)

Recommender systems have become a popular technique for helping users select desirable books, movies, music and other items. Most research in the area has focused on devel-oping and evaluating algorithms for efficiently producing ac-curate recommendations. However, the ability to effectively explain its recommendations to users is another important aspect of a recommender system. The only previous investi-gation of methods for explaining recommendations showed that certain styles of explanations were effective at convinc-ing users to adopt recommendations (i.e. promotion) but failed to show that explanations actually helped users make more accurate decisions (i.e. satisfaction). We present two new methods for explaining recommendations of content-based and/or collaborative systems and experimentally show that they actually improve user’s estimation of item quality.
Thấm nhuần sáu lời dạy của Bác Hồ vào tổ chức dạy học ở nhà trường của đổi mới giáo dục (2015)

Trong bối cảnh đổi mới căn bản và toàn diện giáo dục, các nhà trường cần thấm nhuần những lời dạy của Bác Hồ trong việc tổ chức dạy học. Bài viết nêu 6 lời dạy của Bác (Thầy siêng dạy – Trò siêng học; Thầy quý trò – Trò kính thầy; Thầy dạy tốt – Trò học tốt). Những lời dạy của Bác là những chỉ dẫn vô cùng quý báu để phát triển nhân cách, nhà trường và giáo dục.