gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structured prediction with indirect supervision (2011)

Structured tasks, which often involve many interdependent decisions for each example, are the backbone for many important applications such as natural language processing tasks. The models built for structured tasks need to be capable of assigning values to a set of interdependent variables. In this thesis, we point out that the strong dependencies between the decisions in structured tasks can be exploited to simplify both the learning task and the annotation effort – it is sometimes possible to supply partial and indirect supervision to only some of the target variables or to other variables that are derivatives of the target variables and thus reduce the supervision effort significantly. 
Based on this intuition, this thesis addresses the problem of reducing the cost of labeling for structural tasks. We tackle this problem by developing advanced machine learning algorithms that can learn and generalize from indirect supervision in addition to labeled data. Indirect supervision can come in the form of constraints or weaker supervision signals. Our proposed learning frameworks can handle both structured output problems and problems with latent structures. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the learning with indirect supervision framework for many natural language processing tasks.
Hierarchical analysis of power distribution networks (2002)

Careful design and verification of the power distribution network of a chip are of critical importance to ensure its reliable performance. With the increasing number of transistors on a chip, the size of the power network has grown so large as to make the verification task very challenging. The available computational power and memory resources impose limitations on the size of networks that can be analyzed using currently known techniques. Many of today's designs have power networks that are too large to be analyzed in the traditional way as flat networks. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical analysis technique to overcome the aforesaid capacity limitation. We present a new technique for analyzing a power grid using macromodels that are created for a set of partitions of the grid. Efficient numerical techniques for the computation and sparsification of the port admittance matrices of the macromodels are presented. A novel sparsification technique using a 0-1 integer linear programming formulation is proposed to achieve superior sparsification for a specified error. The run-time and memory efficiency of the proposed method are illustrated on industrial designs. It is shown that even for a 60 million-node power grid, our approach allows for an efficient analysis, whereas previous approaches have been unable to handle power grids of such size.
Satpathy, Zhang, and Salehpour reply (1991)

Received 8 November 1990DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.394©1991 American Physical Society
Attention-based Multi-hypothesis Fusion for Speech Summarization (2021)

Speech summarization, which generates a text summary from speech, can be achieved by combining automatic speech recognition (ASR) and text summarization (TS). With this cascade approach, we can exploit state-of-the-art models and large training datasets for both subtasks, i.e., Transformer for ASR and Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) for TS. However, ASR errors directly affect the quality of the output summary in the cascade approach. We propose a cascade speech summarization model that is robust to ASR errors and that exploits multiple hypotheses generated by ASR to attenuate the effect of ASR errors on the summary. We investigate several schemes to combine ASR hypotheses. First, we propose using the sum of sub-word embedding vectors weighted by their posterior values provided by an ASR system as an input to a BERT-based TS system. Then, we introduce a more general scheme that uses an attention-based fusion module added to a pre-trained BERT module to align and combine several ASR hypotheses. Finally, we perform speech summarization experiments on the How2 dataset and a newly assembled TED-based dataset that we will release with this paper. These experiments show that retraining the BERT-based TS system with these schemes can improve summarization performance and that the attention-based fusion module is particularly effective.
Computation of the electric field around a wet polluted insulator by analytic and numerical techniques (2002)

A benchmark problem of a cylindrical insulator with a wet and dry band is formulated. An analytic solution was obtained and numerically evaluated, and compared with the solution obtained from: (1) a finite-differencing technique; and (2) a commercially available finite-element software. The agreement between the solutions obtained from the three methods was found to be within 10 to 20%.
Technique for upgauging peripheral venous cannulae in volume resuscitation (2007)

Achieving large-bore venous access in a shocked patient is a frequent problem encountered by the emergency department physician. Alternatives1–3 to standard cannula-over-needle percutaneous cannulation are time/operator dependent, and confer increased potential morbidity. We aimed to prospectively validate the anecdotally described, but largely overlooked, technique of utilising an initial distending volume of saline to facilitate large-bore peripheral venous cannulation.

With regional ethics committee approval and verbal consent, adult (⩾16 years) patients presenting to our tertiary emergency department with a clinical diagnosis of hypovolaemia (pulse ⩾100 bpm, …
Sensor bias estimation from measurements of known trajectories (2005)

In this paper, we consider the problem of estimating sensor biases (e.g., range and bearing biases) from measurements of targets flying on known trajectories (i.e., zero, or near-zero, process noise). The key difficulty with this form of sensor registration is that the a priori kinematic uncertainty of the target state is often inaccurate. In this paper, we examine the sensitivity of two bias estimators: the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and nonlinear least squares (NLS) estimator, to the precision of the a priori information about the object. We examine a simplified two-dimensional problem in order to simplify the calculations required in the NLS iteration. In addition, the performance of the estimators is compared with the derived Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB).
Diversity among aromatic hydrocarbon‐degrading bacteria and their <i>meta</i> ‐cleavagegenes (1997)

Sixty-one strains of bacteria capable of growth on 4-methyl benzoic acid (29 isolates) or naphthalene (32 isolates) as the sole source of carbon and energy were isolated from sediments and water samples from the River Tyne, UK. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA from genomic DNA extracted from the different strains demonstrated that 14 of the 4-methyl benzoate-degrading isolates were unique and the remainder fell into seven groups containing two or three isolates that produced identical banding patterns. Thirteen of the naphthalene-degrading isolates were unique and nine groups with two or three identical representatives encompassed all other isolates. Screening of the bacterial strains for the presence of genes homologous to xylE, nahC and bphC by polymerase chain reaction and dot blot hybridization demonstrated that most strains harboured xylE- and/or nahC-like genes and only a single isolate was found that did not harbour any of these genes. None of the isolates harboured bphC-like genes. It was concluded that, while considerable diversity existed in host strains isolated using a single simple enrichment procedure, the extradiol dioxygenase genes involved in aromatic ring cleavage, present in these strains, were conserved to a considerable degree.
5'-terminal caps of snRNAs are accessible for reaction with 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine-specific antibody in intact snRNPs. (1983)

Immune precipitation assays with antibodies specific for 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine (m2,2,7(3)G) have been used to study the accessibility of the 5'-terminal m2,2,7(3)G-containing caps of eucaryotic small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) either as naked RNAs or in intact small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNPs). The antibody selectively precipitates snRNA species U1a, U1b, U2, U4, and U5 from total deproteinized RNA isolated from Ehrlich ascites cells. Binding by the antibody occurs via the m2,2,7(3)G moiety of the snRNAs' caps, since complex formation with the antibody can be completely abolished by excess nucleoside m2,2,7(3)G. The specificity of the antibody is further demonstrated by the complete absence of reaction with deproteinized snRNA species U6, the 5' terminus of which does not contain m2,2,7(3)G. Most importantly, the cap structures of the snRNAs U1a, U1b, U2, U4, and U5 are also accessible for anti-m2,2,7(3)G IgGs when intact snRNPs are reacted with the antibody. In this case, snRNP species U6 is coprecipitated, suggesting that there are intermolecular interactions between this and other snRNPs. Our data demonstrate that the 5'-terminal regions of the above snRNAs are not protected by the snRNP proteins. This finding is of special interest for snRNP species U1, and is discussed in terms of a model which proposes that the 5'-terminal region of U1 participates in the proper alignment of splice junctions in eucaryotic pre-mRNAs (Lerner, M. R., Boyle, J.A., Mount, S.M., Wolin, S.L., and Steitz, J. A. (1980) Nature (Lond.) 283, 220-224).
Exploration of Virtualization Techniques for Achieving Adaptability in Heterogeneous MPSoCs (2010)

National audience
Assignment of groups responsible for the "opsin shift" and light absorptions of rhodopsin and red, green, and blue iodopsins (cone pigments). (1988)

A modified structural model of rhodopsin is presented. Seven (alpha-helical) segments of 24 largely hydrophobic amino acid residues are assembled with exobilayer connecting strands into an aligned set, using the sequences of human red, green, and blue iodopsins (cone pigments) and human and bovine rod rhodopsins. (Aligned set numbering is used in this article). The inner region of the heptahelical hydrophobic domain includes one His-Glu (Asp) ion pair (red, green rod) near the retinylidene moiety in addition to an iminium ion Asp-99 pair. The negative charges posited in the "point-charge model" to cause the shift of the retinylidene iminium ion light absorption to longer wavelengths in the protein ("opsin shift") are Asp-99 (red, green rod), Glu-102 (red, green), and Glu-138 (rod). Blue iodopsin lacks both an ion pair and a counter charge to the iminium ion in the inner region, a fact that explains its absorption relative to rod rhodopsin. The spectroscopic difference between rod rhodopsin and the red/green iodopsins is due to the influence of Glu-102 in the latter. The red-green difference is due to the net effect of seven OH groups around the chromophore, all such groups being found within one helix turn of the retinylidene location. The tryptophan, which rotates as the retinylidene group isomerizes, may be Trp-142 or Trp-177. The geometric change (the rhodopsin "photoswitch") resulting from cis-trans isomerization in the first excited electronic state (S1), ultimately leads to RX (photoactivated rhodopsin, metarhodopsin II) and changes the activity of exobilayer groups, possibly causing dissociation of Lys-83 and Arg-85 from the carboxylate groups at positions 263 and 265.
Snow's Two Cultures Revisited: Perspective from Design in Human-Computer Interfaces (1992)

In 1959, Sir Charles P. Snow presented a landmark lecture on relationship between science community and that of arts and humanities, or literary intellectuals. In his essay, Snow characterized these two communities as having lost even pretense of a common culture. That is, they had lost ability to communicate on any plane of serious endeavor. This he argued from perspective of creativity, intellectual life, and normal day-to-day living. This was essay, then, that coined term the two cultures, to characterize polarization of these two communities.
THe Effect Of The Synthetic Thrombin Inhibitor, No. 805, On An Experimental DIC In Rabbits (1981)

Our studies of synthetic thrombin inhibitors of arginine derivatives yielded very recently No. 805 (MCI-9038 or MD-805) having a specific stereostructure of 4-methyl-2- piperidinecarboxylic acid at its carboxamide portion which showed an extremely potent and selective inhibition of thrombin with a Ki of 0.019 μM. The effect of No. 805 on an experimental DIC was studied. An experimental DIC in rabbits was generated by a constant i.v. infusion of 0.1 M lactic acid and crude bovine placental tissue thromboplastin. A rapid decrease in platelet number and a gradual decrease in fibrinogen content in plasma were observed over the experiment period of 5 hrs. The i.v. infusion of No. 805 suppressed the decrease in platelet number and fibrinogen content dose- dependently from 1.0 to 31.6 μg/kg/min and the suppression of ca. 50% was attained at a dose of 3.16 μg/kg/min showing a plasma level as low as ca. 0.3 μM, while heparin given at a dose of 100 or 1,000 u/kg i.v. (x2) did not show a notable suppression of the platelet number decrease but a significant suppression of the fibrinogen content decrease. Thus, No. 805 was shown to be effective on the experimental DIC at lower plasma level, exhibiting more dominant effects on platelets than heparin. This result was carefully compared with those on other animal thrombosis.
A Ground-Penetrating Radar Study Of Quaternary Faulting In The Benton Hills Area, Southeast Missouri (1998)

Two grids of ground-penetrating radar profiles were acquired in the Benton Hills area, southeast<br>Missouri. The first grid, consisting of six north-northeast trending GPR profiles, was acquired adjacent and<br>parallel to the Upper Rainbow Trench (MDNR-USGS trench), near the southern edge of the Benton Hills<br>Escarpment. The Upper Rainbow Trench crosses a section of the Commerce Geophysical Lineament, and<br>exposes several near-vertical deep-seated faults that displace juxtaposed Quaternary and Tertiary strata and<br>extend to the surface. These exposed faults and the shallow strata were imaged on the GPR data and correlated<br>across the grid of profiles. The interpretation of the GPR data confirms that the recent faults trend<br>predominantly west-southwest, essentially parallel to the Commerce Fault Lineament.<br>The second grid, consisting of nine north-northeast trending GPR profiles, was acquired to the westsouthwest<br>of the Benton Hills across the projected extension of the Commerce Geophysical Lineament. The<br>GPR grid was centered adjacent to a reflection seismic anomaly (interpreted deep-seated fault). The<br>interpretation of the GPR data correlates with the seismic data and suggests that the anomalous seismic feature<br>is indeed a shallow fault (that extends to the base of disturbed soil). These data support the thesis that the<br>Commerce Geophysical Linearnent extends to the west-southwest of the Benton Hills and into the lowlands of<br>the Mississippi Embayment.<br>The interpretations of the GPR data are significant for two reasons. First, these data indicate that GPR<br>can be used to detect shallow faults in southeast Missouri, even where such faults are overlain by a thin veneer<br>,of surficial soil, or by disturbed soil (agricultural areas). Second, the GPR data supports the thesis that the<br>Commerce Fault extends into the Mississippi Embayment. This indicates that significant tectonic activity has<br>occurred in southeast Missouri outside of the New Madrid area of active micro-seismicity, implying that the<br>earthquake risk in southeast Missouri is greater than generally thought. It also supports the thesis that tectonics<br>played an important role in the development in the Mississippi Embayment.
Modeling of Thin Wires in a Lossy Medium for FDTD Simulations (2005)

An equivalent radius of a thin wire in a lossy medium, represented by the finite-difference time-domain method, is derived using the concept that was proposed to derive an equivalent radius of a thin wire in air. Then, a simple technique to specify an arbitrary radius of a thin wire in a lossy medium is proposed. The proposed technique does not employ locally fine or nonuniform subgrids, but is based on an orthogonal and uniform-spacing Cartesian grid. The validity of the proposed technique is investigated in a transient state, as well as in a quasisteady state, and shown to be satisfactory.
ChemInform Abstract: Single‐Step Preparation of 1‐Hydroxybisphosphonates via Addition of Dialkyl Phosphite Potassium Anions to Acid Chlorides. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
[An empirical combination of antibiotics used in aplasias during chemotherapy for acute malignant hemopathies (author's transl)]. (1982)

Continuous infusion of amikacin, cotrimoxazole and carbenicillin was the second empirically established combination of antibiotics used when fever occurred during the induction phase of chemotherapy in sixty-five patients (58 acute myeloid leukemias, 5 acute lymphoid leukemias, 2 non Hodgkin lymphomas). Clinical evidence of infection was available in 25 cases and the infection was bacteriologically documented in 19 cases. Therapy was successful in 57 patients (89%). When infection was clinically or bacteriologically documented tha success rates were 92 and 82% respectively. The average length of treatment was ten days. In 25 patients receiving 2 g of amikacin in continuous infusion, the mean serum concentration was 15,9 micrograms/ml; in 17 patients receiving 3 g, the mean serum concentration was 19,4 micrograms/ml.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND REACTIONS OF A BIS‐HOMO‐(CH)5(+)‐TYPE CARBOCATION (1974)

Abstract Bei Temperaturen unter ‐40°C ergibt die Protonierung des exo‐Alkohols (I) mit F SO3H‐SO,CIF das Kation (II), dessen Struktur durch seine 1 H‐ und 13 C‐NMR‐ Spektren bestätigt wird und das ebenfalls durch Protonierung des Methylentetraoctans (III) unter den obigen Bedingungen gebildet wird.
Transgenic Mice Over-expressing Dicarbonyl/L-xylulose Reductase Gene Crossed with KK-Ay Diabetic Model Mice: An Animal Model for the Metabolism of Renal Carbonyl Compounds (2005)

Carbonyl compounds in the blood stream tend to accumulate in the kidney of diabetic or end stage renal failure subjects. Previously we isolated cDNA encoding dicarbonyl/L-xylulose reductase (DCXR) from a mouse kidney cDNA library. In the present study, transgenic (Tg) mice were generated to study the functional role of DCXR in the kidney. With a six-fold increase in the DCXR protein expression levels in the kidney, the homozygous Tg mice did not show any notable histological abnormalities. While the elevated DCXR expression was observed throughout the body, its renal distribution was similar to that of the endogenous DCXR protein, namely, the major expression site was the collecting tubules, along with moderate expression in other tubules and Bowman's capsule, but it was absent from the interstitial area and glomeruli. The Tg mice were crossed with KK-A(y) diabetic model mice to examine the role of DCXR in the progression of diabetic nephropathy. The resulting progeny, Tg/A(y), showed lighter body weight, lower levels of blood glucose, water uptake and creatinine clearance compared to their +/A(y) littermates. Although remarkable pathological differences were not observed at the microscopic level and in the renal accumulation of carboxymethyl lysine, the data imply that DCXR might function in the metabolism of glucose or carbonyl compounds, and play a protective role in a kidney which is under hyperglycemic pressure. The DCXR Tg mice and the Tg x KK-A(y) hybrid mice, therefore, serve as specific models for carbonyl metabolism in the kidney with diabetic background.
In Vitro Transformation by the Adenovirus-Simian Virus 40 Hybrid Viruses (1969)

The ribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization technique was utilized to determine the presence of adenovirus (ad) and SV40 genetic information and to determine which ad genomes were present in clones of hamster cells transformed with the ad 2-SV40 and ad 12-SV40 transcapsidant hybrid virus populations. The results were correlated with the morphology of the transformed cells and colonies. It was found that cells transformed by either transcapsidant virus which had an SV40 morphology contained the ad 7 and SV40 genomes, whereas cells with a typical ad morphology contained only ad genetic information. Cells and colonies with morphological features of both ad- and SV40-transformed cells contained either the ad 2, or ad 12 genomes, depending on the transcapsidant used, together with the ad 7 and SV40 genomes. The results indicate the following: at least three different events occurred during transformation of hamster cells by the transcapsidant virus populations; the morphology of the resulting clones is determined by the viral genome(s) present; the linkage of the ad 7-SV40 genomes is confirmed since the ad 7- SV40 genomes were never found to be dissociated; the defective ad 7-SV40 genomes are capable of causing transformation; and the transcapsidant particle is probably composed of only ad 7 and SV40 genetic information.
Multi-wavelength Pulse Generation Using A Raman Amplification-Based Adiabatic Soliton Compressor (2011)

A multi-wavelength pulse generation at 10 Gb/s using Raman amplification-based adiabatic soliton compressor is demonstrated. The duration of both compressed pulses can be simultaneously controlled from 16.0 ps to 2.0 ps by adjusting Raman pump power.
Characteristics of the formation of particle wall-layers in CFB boilers (1995)

The character of the vertical two-phase flow in circulating fluidized bed (CFB)boiler furnaces is compared with results from small CFB risers presented in literature. The particle flow in furnaces as well as in the smaller risers shows a core/wall-layer structure. In the CFB boilers the particle flow pattern develops up through the furnace with the major back-flow caused by separation to the furnace walls. Both the particle wall-layer thickness and the downward flux within this layer increase downwards along the furnace walls. In the smaller units this downward increase is either absent or much smaller, a consequence of a more developed particle flow profile, which, typically, is parabolic in shape.
Structural Characterization of a Blue Chromoprotein and Its Yellow Mutant from the Sea Anemone Cnidopus Japonicus (2006)

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its relatives (GFP protein family) have been isolated from marine organisms such as jellyfish and corals that belong to the phylum Cnidaria (stinging aquatic invertebrates). They are intrinsically fluorescent proteins. In search of new members of the family of green fluorescent protein family, we identified a non-fluorescent chromoprotein from the Cnidopus japonicus species of sea anemone that possesses 45% sequence identity to dsRed (a red fluorescent protein). This newly identified blue color protein has an absorbance maximum of 610 nm and is hereafter referred to as cjBlue. Determination of the cjBlue 1.8 A crystal structure revealed a chromophore comprised of Gln(63)-Tyr(64)-Gly(65). The ring stacking between Tyr(64) and His(197) stabilized the cjBlue trans chromophore conformation along the Calpha2-Cbeta2 bond of 5-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methylene]-imidazolinone, which closely resembled that of the "Kindling Fluorescent Protein" and Rtms5. Replacement of Tyr(64) with Leu in wild-type cjBlue produced a visible color change from blue to yellow with a new absorbance maximum of 417 nm. Interestingly, the crystal structure of the yellow mutant Y64L revealed two His(197) imidazole ring orientations, suggesting a flip-flop interconversion between the two conformations in solution. We conclude that the dynamics and structure of the chromophore are both essential for the optical appearance of these color proteins.