gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Determination of etching parameters for pulsed XeF<sub>2</sub>etching of silicon using chamber pressure data (2018)

A technique is presented for determination of the depletion of the etchant, etched depth, and instantaneous etch rate for Si etching with XeF2 in a pulsed etching system in real time. The only experimental data required is the pressure data collected temporally. Coupling the pressure data with the knowledge of the chemical reactions allows for the determination of the etching parameters of interest. Using this technique, it is revealed that pulsed etching processes are nonlinear, with the initial etch rate being the highest and monotonically decreasing as the etchant is depleted. With the pulsed etching system introduced in this paper, the highest instantaneous etch rate of silicon was recorded to be 19.5 µm min−1 for an initial pressure of 1.2 Torr for XeF2. Additionally, the same data is used to determine the rate constant for the reaction of XeF2 with Si; the reaction is determined to be second order in nature. The effect of varying the exposed surface area of Si as well as the effect that pressure has on the instantaneous etch rate as a function of time is shown applying the same technique. As a proof of concept, an AlN resonator is released using XeF2 pulses to remove a sacrificial poly-Si layer.
Adaptive aberration control in laser amplifiers and laser resonators (2003)

We present experimental and theoretical results on aberration control in solid state laser amplifiers and resonators. In lasers with diffraction-limited beam quality, aberrations cause diffraction losses that reduce the output power. In laser amplifiers, aberrations in the active medium degrade the beam quality of the amplified beam. Adaptive optics can be used to correct for the aberrations and thus increase output power and beam quality, respectively. The required precision of the adaptive aberration correction can be estimated with a simple mode expansion model in which an aberrated TEM<sub>00</sub> mode is expanded into Gauss-Hermite modes. Apart from these theoretical results we will present experimental results for a MOPA (Master-Oscillator-Power-Amplifier) laser system consisting of a Nd:YVO<sub>4</sub> master oscillator and two Nd:YAG power amplifiers. A micromachined deformable mirror was used in a closed-loop system to correct for the thermo-optic aberrations of the amplifiers. A beam with a beam quality of M<sup>2</sup>= 2.5 at an out power of 80 W was obtained. The deformable mirror was controlled by a genetic algorithm.
Mechanisms of Prednisolone Action in Erythropoiesis (1967)

Daily administration for 4 days of doses of methyl prednisolone acetate (MPA) ranging from 0.5 to 4.0 mg depressed erythropoiesis in normal mice; this effect was partially overcome by administration of erythropoiesisstimulating factor (ESF). The mechanism of this inhibitory action of MPA on erythropoiesis involves: 1) a diminution in the numbers and/or the response of hemic stem cells to ESF as seen in both normal and plethoric mice, and 2) a depression of ESF production, noted with the higher dose level (4 mg) in mice subjected to hypoxia. The ability of MPA to counteract the erythropoiesis-stimulating effect of hypoxia was not attributable to the presence of erythropoiesisinhibiting factors in the plasma. This was shown from the inability of plasma secured from MPAtreated mice to depress erythropoiesis in normal mice or to inhibit the action of exogenous ESF in plethoric mice. (Endocrinology81: 363, 1967)
Recovery of <i>Clostridium thermosulfurogenes</i> Produced β‐Amylase by (Hydroxypropyl)methylcellulose Partition (1990)

A procedure for recovering Clostridium thermosulfurogenes produced beta-amylase from fermentation broth by partition was developed. The partition was achieved by addition of ammonium sulfate to an aqueous solution of the enzyme with (hydroxypropyl)methylcellulose. The beta-amylase-containing pellet formed upon centrifugation could be redissolved and the polymer recovered by a second salt addition. The process was not dependent on polymer/enzyme solution pH, but it was affected by temperature, polymer nominal molecular weight and loading, and fermentation carbon source. Unlike more traditional aqueous-phase partitions, such as poly(ethylene glycol)/dextran, the current approach appeared to be biospecific.
Taylor-based pseudo-metrics for random process fitting in dynamic programming : expected loss minimization and risk management (2005)

Stochastic optimization is the research of x optimizing E C(x; A), the expectation of C(x; A), where is a random variable. Typically C(x; a) is the cost related to a strategy x which faces the realization a of the random process. Many stochastic optimization problems deal with multiple time steps, leading to computationally difficult problems ; efficient solutions exist, for example through Bellman’s optimality principle, but only provided that the random process is represented by a well structured process, typically an inhomogeneous Markovian process (hopefully with a finite number of states) or a scenario tree. The problem is that in the general case, is far from being Markovian. So, we look for 0 , looking like A, but belonging to a given family 0 which does not at all contain The problem is the numerical evaluation of A 0 looks like A. classical method is the use of the Kantorovitch-Rubinstein distance or other transportation metrics [Pflug, 2001], justified by straightforward bounds on the deviation jEC(x; A) EC(x; 0 )j through the use of the Kantorovitch-Rubinstein distance and uniform lipschitz conditions. These approaches might be better than the use of high-level statistics [Keefer, 1994]. We propose other (pseudo)distances, based upon refined inequalities, guaranteeing a good choice of 0 . Moreover, as in many cases, we indeed prefer the optimization with risk management, e.g. optimization of EC(x; noise(A)) where noise(:) is a random noise modelizing the lack of knowledge on the precise random variables, we propose distances which can deal with a user-defined noise. Tests on artificial data sets with realistic loss functions show the relevance of the method.
Sultam Hydroxamates as Novel Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors (2004)

In this communication we describe the design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel sultam hydroxamates 4 as MMP-2, -9, and -13 inhibitors. Compound 26 was found to be an active inhibitor (MMP-2 IC(50) = 1 nM) with 1000-fold selectivity over MMP-1 and good oral bioavailability (F = 43%) in mouse. An X-ray crystal structure of 26 in MMP-13 confirms the key hydrogen bonds and prime side binding in the active site.
Relating Strain Accumulation to Microstructure in BCC Tantalum. (2013)

Abstract not provided.
Vibration testing of timber floor systems (2002)

Inspection and evaluation of existing timber structures have been limited to individual structural members. The objective of this study was to conduct a pilot investigation on the use of transverse vibration testing techniques for inspecting timber structures by evaluating component systems such as floor systems rather than individual members. The practical considerations were 1) the effectiveness of free vibration compared with forced vibration; 2) the optimal location of forcing function input and transducers for obtaining adequate response signals; 3) the effect of superimposed dead loads on floor vibration response; and 4) the effect of joist decay on floor vibration response. We evaluated three floors, two constructed with new joists and one with salvaged joists having some deterioration, checks, and splits. Natural frequencies and damping ratios were determined for each floor. We conclude that the practical considerations involved in the inspection of floor systems could be determined through frequency and damping ratio data. Thus, transverse vibration testing holds promise as an inspection technique. Future research is needed on a range of floor spans and joist sizes.
THE MEASUREMENT OF RAINFALL AND SNOW (1919)

SYNOPSIS “The object of this paper is to describe methods of measuring rainfall and snow, and to discuss the errors and accuracy of such measurements, with a view to suggesting methods of securing rainfall records having the highest possible degree of accuracy and usefulness. Some attention will be given to the question of the reliability of the results obtained from a single raingage as applied to larger or smaller areas around it.”
Detection and predictive modeling of chaos in finite hydrological time series (2005)

Abstract. The ability to detect the chaotic signal from a finite time series observation of hydrologic systems is addressed in this paper. The presence of random and seasonal components in hydrological time series, like rainfall or runoff, makes the detection process challenging. Tests with simulated data demonstrate the presence of thresholds, in terms of noise to chaotic-signal and seasonality to chaotic-signal ratios, beyond which the set of currently available tools is not able to detect the chaotic component. The investigations also indicate that the decomposition of a simulated time series into the corresponding random, seasonal and chaotic components is possible from finite data. Real streamflow data from the Arkansas and Colorado rivers are used to validate these results. Neither of the raw time series exhibits chaos. While a chaotic component can be extracted from the Arkansas data, such a component is either not present or can not be extracted from the Colorado data. This indicates that real hydrologic data may or may not have a detectable chaotic component. The strengths and limitations of the existing set of tools for the detection and modeling of chaos are also studied.
G-108 Some HIV-1 virions are more equal than others (2016)

The ability of HIV to infect cells depends on the “functional” conformation of envelope spike glycoproteins (Env). However, other non-functional Env conformations are also displayed on virions. Determination of whether functional and non-functional forms of Env are co-displayed requires analysis of individual virions. We have applied a recently developed “flow virometry” to probe the conformation of Envs on single virions. Individual HIV virions were captured with 15-nm magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) decorated with anti-Env antibodies that recognize different epitopes of either the “functional” or non-functional Envs (monomeric, uncleaved gp160, or “stumps”). The MNP-virions complexes were isolated in a magnetic field. Our technology distinguished virions that were homogenous or mosaic with respect to functional and non-functional forms of Env. The majority of virions were not mosaic: if an HIV-1 virion has at least one functional spike, there is a low probability that this virion also carries defective spikes or gp41 stumps. A small fraction of virions was highly mosaic and carried various combinations of Env monomers, uncleaved gp160, stumps, and trimeric Envs. These virions do not contribute to the infection of human lymphoid tissue ex vivo, thus confirming the results of flow virometry. Flow virometry demonstrated that on the majority of virions in an HIV preparation there are either exclusively functional trimeric Envs or predominantly defective Envs. Only a relatively small fraction of virions were mosaic with respect to carrying both functional and nonfunctional Envs. The contribution of this fraction to HIV infection of human tissue is small. This all-or-nothing viral strategy is likely to facilitate HIV evasion of the immune response subverting the focus of humoral responses into the generation of non-neutralizing antibodies at no cost to infectious virions. In general, flow virometry provides new insight in the structure of HIV virions that may be important for the development of anti-HIV-1 vaccines.
HMGI(Y) and HMGI-C genes are expressed in neuroblastoma cell lines and tumors and affect retinoic acid responsiveness. (1999)

HMGI-C and HMGI(Y) are architectural DNA-binding proteins that participate in the conformational regulation of active chromatin. Their pattern of expression in embryonal and adult tissues, the analysis of the "pygmy" phenotype induced by the inactivation of the HMGI-C gene, and their frequent qualitative or quantitative alteration in experimental and human tumors indicate their pivotal role in the control of cell growth, differentiation, and tumorigenesis in several tissues representative of the epithelial, mesenchymal, and hematopoietic lineages. In contrast, very little information is available on their expression and function in neural cells. Here, we investigated the expression of the HMGI(Y) and HMGI-C genes in neuroblastoma (NB), a tumor arising from an alteration of the normal differentiation of neural crest-derived cells and in embryonal and adult adrenal tissue. Although HMGI(Y) is constitutively expressed in the embryonal and adult adrenal gland and in all of the NB cell lines and ex vivo tumors examined, its regulation appears to be associated to growth inhibition and differentiation because we observed that HMGI(Y) expression is reduced by retinoic acid (RA) in several NB cell lines that are induced to differentiate into postmitotic neurons, whereas it is up-regulated by RA in cells that fail to differentiate. Furthermore, the decrease of HMGI(Y) expression observed in RA-induced growth arrest and differentiation is abrogated in cells that have been made insensitive to this drug by NMYC overexpression. In contrast, HMGI-C expression is down-regulated during the development of the adrenal gland, completely absent in the adult individual, and only detectable in a subset of ex vivo NB tumors and in RA-resistant NB cell lines. We provide evidence of a causal link between HMGI-C expression and resistance to the growth arrest induced by RA in NB cell lines because exogenous HMGI-C expression in HMGI-C-negative and RA-sensitive cells is sufficient to convert them into RA-resistant cells. Therefore, we suggest that HMGI-C and HMGI(Y) may participate in growth- and differentiation-related tumor progression events of neuroectodermal derivatives.
Direct Electrochemical Transduction of Biorecognition at Viologen-Containing Monolayer Surfaces (2001)

We describe a new, direct electrochemical means of detecting biorecognition at modified electrodes. Ternary self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) were formed on gold electrodes by coadsorption of biotin, viologen, and oligo(ethylene glycol)-functionalized alkanethiols. These SAMs exhibit electroactivity of the viologen moieties, biospecificity of the biotin moieties, and inhibition of nonspecific adsorption by the oligo(ethylene glycol) moieties. Changes in electrochemical behavior of the immobilized viologen observed by cyclic voltammetry accompanying biospecific adsorption of an anti-biotin antibody to biotin can be used to transduce biorecognition on the surface rapidly and reproducibly. Surface plasmon resonance measurements are consistent with the electrochemical responses that result from the partially reversible adsorption of the antibody to the SAM surface.
Study of Titanium Diffusion in Lithium Niobate by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) Three Dimensional Profiling (1990)

Titanium diffusion in lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is the most prevalent fabrication method for form-ing optical waveguides in this substrate. Three dimensional profiles of the diffused Ti can be used to model diffusion constants of Ti in LiNb03 and to predict optical properties. We have studied Ti diffusion in LiNb03 by image depth profilling mode of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The novel application of SIMS to this substrate has enabled us to construct lateral cross sections at various depths as well as depth profiles. We varied the Ti thickness, Ti strip width, diffusion time and diffusion temperature to determine the diffused profile laterally and vertically. The SIMS depth profiles show that within the temperature range studied, the diffused profile depends strongly on the temperature with a weaker dependence on Ti thickness and diffusion time. Ti lateral cross sections at various depths indicate a concentra-tion dependent lateral diffusion constant. We calculated Ti diffusion constants and activation energies in the vertical dimension based on the SIMS data. The results of our study using this technique are applicable to integrated optics technology
Inhibitory effects of rimorphin and dynorphin on insulin secretion from the isolated, perfused rat pancreas. (1986)

In order to settle the question about whether or not opioid peptides stimulate or inhibit insulin secretion, we studied effects of rimorphin and dynorphin, two members of the preproenkephalin B group, on glucose-induced insulin secretion in the isolated, perfused rat pancreas. These peptides (3.95 X 10(-8) M), like morphine (3.95 X 10(-8) M), significantly inhibited the glucose-induced insulin secretion. The inhibitory effect of rimorphin was attenuated by naloxone (1.2 X 10(-6) M) and phentolamine (10(-6) M), suggesting an involvement of adrenergic alpha receptors in the inhibition of glucose-induced insulin secretion mediated through specific opiate receptors. Rimorphin also inhibited glucose-induced insulin secretion even in the cysteamine-treated rat pancreas from which somatostatin had been depleted. Thus, somatostatin does not appear to play a major regulatory role in the insulin secretion in the pancreas.
Molecular Analysis of Antimicrobial-Susceptible and -Resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i> from Retail Meats and Human Stool and Clinical Specimens in a Rural Community Setting (2009)

Nearly 20% of meat-source resistant E. coli represented ExPEC. The observed molecular similarity of certain meat and human-source E. coli isolates, including antimicrobial-resistant and potentially pathogenic strains, supports possible foodborne transmission.
Optimal Support Structures for Chopping Mirrors (1992)

The merits of a tangential spider vane support as opposed to a traditional radial vane support for telescope secondary mirrors are examined. Considerable interest in tangential spider design has been shown in recent large telescope projects. This configuration is used to limit vibration during the operation of the chopping secondary by improving the torsional stiffness.
Mouse Strain-Dependent Chemokine Regulation of the Genital Tract T Helper Cell Type 1 Immune Response (2001)

Vaginal infection with the mouse pneumonitis agent of Chlamydia trachomatis (MoPn) produces shorter courses of infection in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice than in C3H/HeN mice, while C57BL/6 mice are more resistant to oviduct pathology. A robust Th1 response is extremely important in host defense against chlamydia. In this study we examined gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), interleukin 10 (IL-10), and the T-cell-regulatory chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) to determine if differences in these responses were associated with the differential courses of infection seen in these three strains of mice. Increased and prolonged IFN-gamma responses and lower IL-10 responses were observed in the C57BL/6 strain compared to BALB/c and C3H. Examination of genital tract chemokines revealed a marked predominance of MIP-1alpha over MCP-1 only in the C57 strain. Thus, a pattern of high MIP-1alpha and low MCP-1 levels during the first week of infection is associated with an increased Th1 response and a shorter, more benign chlamydial infection. Inhibition of the MCP-1 response in C3H mice increased their later T-cell production of IFN-gamma but decreased their early IFN-gamma response and had no effect on the course or outcome of infection. Inhibition of MCP-1 is not beneficial in chlamydial infection because of its pleiotropic effects.
Tailoring the Ti surface via electropolishing nanopatterning as a route to obtain highly ordered TiO<sub>2</sub>nanotubes (2014)

Highly ordered TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) were synthesized by the electrochemical anodization of Ti foils subjected to electropolishing (EP) pre-treatment. We found that the Ti surface roughness plays an important role in the onset of pore nucleation in enhancing the local focusing effect of the electrical field. Additionally, EP induces the formation of dimple structures on the metal surface, which can work as a pre-pattern prior to anodization. These shallow ripples lead to a preferentially ordered pore nucleation, offering an organizational improvement of the anodic oxide NTs. We found that, depending on the EP applied potential, the roughness and the spatial period of the ripple-like structures varies from 8-2 nm and from 122-30 nm, respectively. Such tuning allowed us to focus on the influence of the initial Ti pre-surface topography features on the NTs' length, organization, and hexagonal arrangement quality, as well as diameter and density. Our results show that an EP under 10 V is the most suitable to obtain a small Ti surface roughness, the largest NT length (40% enhancement), and the effective improvement of the ordered hexagonal NTs' arrays over larger areas. Furthermore, the NTs' dimensions (pore diameters and density) were also found to depend on the initial Ti surface topography. The use of optimized EP allows us to obtain highly hexagonal self-ordered samples at a reduced time and cost.
THE PHOTOLYSIS OF 2-AMINOPYRIDINES AND 2-PYRIDONES (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE PHOTOLYSIS OF 2-AMINOPYRIDINES AND 2-PYRIDONESEdward C. Taylor, Robert O. Kan, and William W. PaudlerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961, 83, 21, 4484–4485Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1961https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01482a056RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views161Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (265 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Optimal Linear Estimation with Finite Impulse Response Filters (1996)

In this and the next chapter we turn to estimation problems. These problems have a major impact on many problems in signal processing and control.