gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional hybrid image coding and transmission over noisy channels (2003)

The image coding performance of a two-dimensional (2D) hybrid system when transmission occurs over a noisy channel is described. Image data compression is achieved through the use of 2D transform operations on the gray-level pixels within an image subsection, followed by 2D DPCM (differential pulse code modulation) encoding of common transform coefficients from disjoint image subsections. Results from this 2D hybrid scheme indicate an overall improvement in image source coding gain vis-a-vis conventional 2D transform coding. An adaptive hybrid scheme is investigated in which both the quantizer characteristics and the predictor structure are tailored to fit the statistics of the transform samples in each disjoint block. Hybrid system performance dependence on block size and choice of transform is demonstrated. Two-dimensional hybrid image coding and transmission over noisy channels is investigated analytically for Gaussian autoregressive image models and experimentally through computer simulation on real-world images. This hybrid system provides a means of improving existing transform coding systems with a minimal increase in hardware complexity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Signal-to-Noise Ratios in Band-Pass Limiters (1953)

A general analysis is made of the relations between output signal and noise powers and input signal and noise powers for band-pass limiters having odd symmetry in their limiting characteristics. Specific results are given for the case where the limiter has an nth root characteristic, and they include the ideal symmetrical limiter (or clipper) as a limiting case. This analysis shows that, for the band-pass limiter, the output signal-to-noise power ratio is essentially directly proportional to the input signal-to-noise power ratio for all values of the latter. This result is due to the band-pass characteristics rather than to the symmetrical limiting action.
CAD-based automated machinable feature extraction (2002)

Feature technology is used to bridge the gap between design and manufacturing, several approaches have been used to support the existing CAD systems. However, most of design features can not be applied to the downstream process directly. We explore an automatic scheme which can extract machinable features from CAD data and use it to determine related process planning. The proposed system is accomplished through three key steps. First, a feature extractor is used to extract and recognize form features of a design part from the CAD database of the IGES format. Based on 2D primitives classification rules of our prior work, all the 3D form features in a part can be recognized. The form features and related parameters are compiled into a form feature adjacency graph (FFAG) with 3D part base, which is used as the output of the feature extractor. Second, a feature transformer is used to change the FFAG into a DSG-like tree. Since the feature type in this tree structure can be treated as a composite of removable volume from the part stock. Therefore it may serve as a good linkage between the CAD and CAM. Finally, a set of machinable features and related constraints are generated using production rules. A loosely correspond machining process, thereafter, may be developed by an automated process planner. A testing part is provided to demonstrate our scheme.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Superior Wound Healing Effect of Topically Delivered Silver Nanoparticle Formulation Using Eco-Friendly Potato Plant Pathogenic Fungus: Synthesis and Characterization (2011)

Biosynthesis of silver Nanoparticles (NPs) using microorganisms has been reported but methodologies of synthesis are slow and the silver nanoparticles are not stable. In this study, an attempt has been made to synthesize the silver nanoparticles (SNPs) within 10 min from Phytophthora infestans and it was found to be stable. The SNPs formation was confirmed by changes in colour and also from the UV spectral analysis. The sizes of the particles were confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), particle size measurement. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of protein as the stabilizing agent surrounding the SNPs. The physical stability was also tested, and the stability of the nanoparticles was confirmed by zeta potential measurement and by SDS-PAGE profiling. Once the SNP ointment was prepared; the wound healing activity of the SNPs was studied by measuring wound contraction ability in excision wound model at different time intervals and histopathology, the least effective dose of SNP 0.125% (w/w) ointments showed significant wound healing as compared to standard silver sulphadiazine ointment currently available in the market.
Neural-network learning and Mark Twain's cat (1992)

In current practice in the engineering community, neural networks are used as only one useful class of adaptive pattern recognizer. Neural networks, however, are far more than devices that can learn accurate input-output transformation or form good category boundaries for pattern classifiers. They are a new form of computer, good at some unfamiliar problems, but quite poor at some familiar ones. An application involving a neural network learning some elementary arithmetic is discussed. It is shown that a simple network program can be implemented by differential weighting of the input data vector. In favorable cases the programming vector can be estimated by seeing relatively few examples of the output, if the task and the structure of the data allow it. Therefore, easy programming is allowed in only a limited domain, controlled by the data representation. >
A review of field performance of EVA-based encapsulants (2003)

As part of a past PVMaT contract (ZAG-3-11219-02-105661), several encapsulant formulations, developed for enhanced photothermal stability, were fielded at the STAR facility (Arizona) for long-term testing and observation. In all, 36 modules (4 different module manufacturers) have been evaluated. At the annual evaluation point, the modules had been exposed in the field for 4.5 years. Visual inspection and I-V measurements were made for each module. Upon inspection, all formulations designed to eliminate the discoloring mechanism appeared to be clear. The relative short-circuit current (I/sub sc/) was measured for each module. For all module types, it was found that the dependence of the relative Isc with exposure time was the same for a particular module type, regardless and exclusive of the encapsulant formulation.
Assessing dialogic argumentation in online environments to relate structure, grounds, and conceptual quality (2007)

Abstract The national science standards, along with prominent researchers, call for increased focus on scientific argumentation in the classroom. Over the past decade, researchers have developed sophisticated online science learning environments to support these opportunities for scientific argumentation. Assessing the quality of dialogic argumentation, however, has proven challenging. Existing analytic frameworks assess dialogic argumentation in terms of the nature of students' discourse, formal argumentation structure, interactions, and epistemic forms of reasoning. Few frameworks, however, connect these assessments to conceptual quality. We present an analytic framework for assessing argumentation in online science learning environments that relates levels of opposition with discourse moves, use of grounds, and conceptual quality. We then apply the proposed framework to students' dialogic argumentation within a representative online science learning environment to investigate the framework's potential affordances as well as to assess issues of reliability and appropriateness. The results suggest that the framework offers significant affordances and that it also offers high interrater reliability for trained coders. The applicability of the framework for offline contexts and future extensions of the framework are discussed in light of these results. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 45: 293–321, 2008
<i>RNASEL</i> Gene Polymorphisms and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: a Meta-analysis (2006)

Compared with the genotype Asp/Asp, the Glu variant at the Asp541Glu polymorphism increases prostate cancer risk by <2-fold in Caucasians, regardless of family history of the disease. This suggests that genuine genetic effects of this polymorphism may account for only a part of prostate cancer in the Caucasian population.
Feste Gashydrate II. Struktur und Raumchemie (1954)

Abstract Durch röntgenographische Untersuchungen sind bei den Gashydraten zwei kubische Strukturen festgestellt worden: Struktur I. a ≃ 12 Å mit 46 Wassermolekeln in der Elementarzelle, die ein Gerüst mit 2 Hohlräumen der Koordinationszahl 20 und 6 Hohlräumen der Koordinationszahl 24 bilden. Die Idealzusammensetzung bei Besetzung aller Hohlräume mit Gasmolekeln M ist daher M · 5 3 / 4 H 2 O. Struktur II. a ≃ 17,3 Å mit 136 Wassermolekeln, die ein Gerüst mit 16 Hohlräumen mit der Koordinationszahl 20 und 8 großen Hohlräumen mit der Koordinationszahl 28 bilden. Diese Hydratstruktur wird von Stoffen (meist Flüssigkeiten) mit größeren Molekeln (6 bis 7 Å Durchmesser) gebildet, wobei nur die großen Hohlräume besetzt werden. Die Idealzusammensetzung ist also M · 17H 2 O. Die kleinen Hohlräume der Struktur II können zusätzlich durch kleine Molekeln besetzt werden, und zwar entweder unter Bildung einer Mischphase (z.B. CCl 4 ‐N 2 ‐Hydrat) mit druckabhängigem Gehalt an kleinen Molekeln oder unter Bildung einer Verbindung mit nur temperaturabhängigem Dissoziationsdruck. Letzteres ist der Fall, wenn die kleinen Hohlräume mit H 2 S oder H 2 Se besetzt werden. Dies sind die de Forcrandschen„ Doppelhydrate”︁, deren Idealzusammensetzung demnach M · 2H 2 S · 17H 2 O ist. Die Bedingungen für die Bildung von Hydraten der hier behandelten Art werden festgelegt. Neben den Bedingungen einer homöopolaren nicht salzartigen Natur der Hydratbildner, der Nichtmischbarkeit mit Wasser (Unfähigkeit zur Wasserstoffbrückenbindung) und einer genügenden Kleinheit der v. d. Waalsschen Kräfte (K. P. unter 60° C) ist die richtige Größe der Molekeln entscheidend. Es ist anzunehmen, daß die Molekeln in den Hohlräumen rotieren.
Multiple-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Diazepam Following Once-Daily Administration of a Controlled-Release Capsule (1983)

The study was designed to determine the steady-state pharmacokinetic profile of diazepam and desmethyldiazepam following a 15-mg controlled-release capsule dosed once daily at either 7 a.m. or 11 p.m. compared with the respective profiles of the conventional 5-mg tablet dosed three times a day at 7 a.m., 12 p.m., and 5 p.m. Plasma concentrations of diazepam and desmethyldiazepam were assayed by an electron-capture gas-liquid chromatographic method. Plasma concentrations indicated that there were no differences between the pharmacokinetic profiles following the 7 a.m. or 11 p.m. dosings of the controlled-release capsule. Steady-state concentrations of diazepam were attained between days 7 and 9 during the controlled-release dosing, and the accumulation profiles are similar to those observed for the conventional tablet given three times a day. Nearly identical areas under the diazepam plasma concentration-time curves (AUC) on day 1 and at steady state for both regimens indicate equal extents of absorption from the two formulations. In addition, the steady-state AUCs for desmethyldiazepam were independent of formulation. The data indicate that a single daily dose of the 15-mg controlled-release capsule results in accumulation and steady-state profiles comparable to those observed following a regimen of the 5-mg conventional tablet three times a day.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Competition season (2010)

Make your impact on Materials Today in 2011 by entering one of our competitions
Wind effects on structures: An introduction to wind engineering (1978)

THE ATMOSPHERE Atmospheric Circulations The Atmospheric Boundary Layer Extreme Wind Climatology WIND LOADS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON STRUCTURES Fundamentals Bluff-Body Aerodynamics Structural Dynamics Aereolastic Phenomena Wind Tunnels Wind Directionality Effects Applications to Design Tall Buildings: Structural Response and Cladding Design Slender Towers and Stacks with Circular Cross Section Hyperbolic Cooling Towers Trussed Frameworks and Plate Girders Suspended-Span Bridges, Tension Structures, and Power Lines Offshore Structures Wind-Induced Discomfort In and Around Buildings Tornado Effects Appendixes Index.
Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of analogs of 4-amino-N-(1-phenylethyl)benzamide (1987)

A group of amides and amines related to 4-amino-N-(1-phenylethyl)benzamide, 1, were prepared in a study on the relationship of structure to anticonvulsant activity in this compound. Acylation and alkylation of the amino group of 1 resulted in almost total loss of anticonvulsant activity. Insertion of a methylene between the 4-amino group and the aromatic ring of 1 produced a slight increase in anticonvulsant potency and a significant increase in toxicity. Hydride reduction of the amide carbonyl in 1 also yielded compounds having a slightly lower ED50 against convulsions induced by electroshock and a much lower TD50 in the rotorod assay. Modification of the 1-phenylethyl group of 1 also decreased anticonvulsant potency.
Thin-film silicon: Preparation, properties, and device applications (1969)

This paper will review the properties of thin silicon films deposited on sapphire (SOS) and magnesium aluminate spinel by the pyrolysis of silane in the temperature range 900-1200°C. Variations of carrier mobility, free-carrier concentration, minority carrier lifetime, crystalline perfection, and surface quality will be discussed as a function of substrate crystal and growth parameters. MOS transistors exhibiting field-effect mobility close to that obtained with bulk silicon have been fabricated and a complementary MOS transistor memory cell has been constructed with a WRITE-READ delay of 6 ns. The standby power for the cell is typically 10 µW. Other CMOS circuits display a pair-delay of 1.5-2.0 ns. AIl-epitaxial bipolar transistors with a current gain of 5 and f <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</inf> of 350 MHz have been made in which all layers are sequentially deposited during one high-temperature operation. Recent improvements in bipolar fabrication techniques have lead to current gains as high as 25 at 10 mA.
Absorption of some glycol ethers through human skin in vitro. (1984)

To assist evaluation of the hazards of skin contact with selected undiluted glycol ethers, their absorption across isolated human abdominal epidermis was measured in vitro. Epidermal membranes were set up in glass diffusion cells and, following an initial determination of permeability to tritiated water, excess undiluted glycol ether was applied to the outer surface for 8 hr. The appearance of glycol ether in an aqueous "receptor" phase bathing the underside of the epidermis was quantified by a gas chromatographic technique. A final determination of tritiated water permeability was compared with initial values to establish any irreversible alterations in epidermal barrier function induced by contact with the glycol ethers. 2-methoxyethanol (EM) was most readily absorbed (mean steady rate 2.82 mg/cm2/hr), and a relatively high absorption rate (1.17 mg/cm2/hr) was also apparent for 1-methoxypropan-2-ol (PM). There was a trend of reducing absorption rate with increasing molecular weight or reducing volatility for monoethylene glycol ethers (EM, 2.82 mg/cm2/hr; 2-ethoxyethanol, EE, 0.796 mg/cm2/hr; 2-butoxyethanol, EB, 0.198 mg/cm2/hr) and also within the diethylene glycol series: 2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethanol (DM, 0.206 mg/cm2/hr); 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy) ethanol (DE, 0.125 mg/cm2/hr) and 2-(2-butoxyethoxy) ethanol (DB, 0.035 mg/cm2/hr). The rate of absorption of 2-ethoxyethyl acetate (EEAc) was similar to that of the parent alcohol, EE. Absorption rates of diethylene glycol ethers were slower than their corresponding monoethylene glycol equivalents. Combination of intrinsic toxicity and ability to pass across skin contribute to assessment of hazards of contact with undiluted glycol ethers.
Aminozucker, XXIV<sup>1)</sup> Die Reaktion von Methyl‐2.3‐<i>O</i>‐isopropyliden‐4‐<i>O</i>‐mesyl‐α‐L‐rhamnosid mit Natriumazid und Hydrazin (1970)

Abstract Die Reaktion von Methyl‐2.3‐ O ‐isopropyliden‐ 4 ‐ O ‐mesyl‐α‐L‐rhamnosid ( 1 ) mit Natriumazid führt vorwiegend zum Methyl‐2.3‐ O ‐isopropyliden‐5‐azido‐5.6‐didesoxy‐α‐L‐talofuranosid ( 4e ). Nach Reduktion und Acetylierung ist auch Methyl‐2.3‐ O ‐isopropyliden‐5‐acetamino‐5.6‐didesoxy‐β‐D‐ allofuranosid ( 5b ) in kleiner Menge isolierbar. ‐ Bei der Umsetzung des Rhamnosids 1 mit Hydrazin und nachfolgender Reduktion entstehen Methyl‐2.3‐ O ‐isopropyliden‐4‐amino‐4.6‐didesoxy‐α‐L‐talopyranosid ( 2a ) sowie die Isomeren 3a , 4a und 5a . Die Strukturen werden auf Grund der NMR‐Spektren ermittelt.
Effect of Different Light Qualities on Growth, Pigment Content, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in the Red Alga<i>Pyropia haitanensis</i>(Bangiales, Rhodophyta) (2016)

Spectral light changes evoke different morphogenetic and photosynthetic responses that can vary among different algae species. The aim of this study is to investigate the photosynthetic characteristics of the red macroalgae grown under different spectrum environments. In this study, Pyropia haitanensis were cultured under blue, red, and green LED and fluorescent tubes light. The growth rate, photopigment composition, chlorophyll fluorescence, and antioxidative enzymes activities in different light spectrums were investigated. The results revealed that growth rate was significantly higher in the thalli grown under blue, green, and fluorescent tubes light. Contents of Chl a and phycobiliprotein in red light were lower among all the growth conditions. Furthermore, a striking increase in SOD and CAT activity was observed in red light treatment along with the NPQ increase. The results revealed that the photosynthetic efficiency and increased growth rate of P. haitanensis benefitted from light spectrums such as blue, green, and fluorescent tubes light by pigment composition and photochemical efficiency manipulation, whereas red light has disadvantageous effects. Accordingly, the results for improving quality and the economic yield of algae species in some extent and the combination of different wavelengths could allow better economic resource exploitation.
Definitions of Managed Objects for Service Level Agreements Performance Monitoring (2000)

This memo defines a Management Information Base (MIB) for performance monitoring of Service Level Agreements (SLAs) defined via policy definitions. The MIB defined herein focuses on defining a set of objects for monitoring SLAs and not on replication of the content of the policy definitions being monitored. The goal of the MIB defined within this document is to defined statistics related to a policy rule definition for reporting on the effect that a policy rule has on a system and to defined a method of monitoring this data.
Relation of corn grain density to yields of dry-milling products (1991)

Grain density of corn is positively correlated with yields of certain dry-milled fractions. Grain hardness of corn determined by density correlated positively with yields of total grits and with second- plus third-break grits (P < 0.01), and negatively with yields of degerminator fines, low-fat flour, high-fat flour, and total flour (P < 0.01). Grain density and percent moisture were found to be negatively correlated.
A new buffer insertion ring with time variant priority scheme to facilitate real-time image transmission on a high speed integrated local area network (2003)

A high speed integrated local area network and its protocols are described. The protocols combine blocking, queueing, and connection management disciplines to maximize the use of network bandwidth. This ensures that many stations can transmit real-time packets simultaneously, even real-time video data. Performance results including transmission delay and discarding ratio are presented and discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cardiac Regenerative Capacity and Mechanisms (2012)

The heart holds the monumental yet monotonous task of maintaining circulation. Although cardiac function is critical to other organs and to life itself, mammals are not equipped with significant natural capacity to replace heart muscle that has been lost by injury. This deficiency plays a role in leaving millions worldwide vulnerable to heart failure each year. By contrast, certain other vertebrate species such as zebrafish are strikingly good at heart regeneration. A cellular and molecular understanding of endogenous regenerative mechanisms and advances in methodology to transplant cells together project a future in which cardiac muscle regeneration can be therapeutically stimulated in injured human hearts. This review focuses on what has been discovered recently about cardiac regenerative capacity and how natural mechanisms of heart regeneration in model systems are stimulated and maintained.
FENS 2000--Federation of European Neuroscience Societies. 24-28 June 2000, Brighton, UK. (2000)

This meeting of the Federation of European Neuroscience Societies (FENS), hosted by the British Neuroscience Association (BNA), included a diverse range of neuroscience presentations including many of pharmacological relevance. The pharmacological characterization and mode of action of numerous drugs was presented, including IL-1ra, ARL-17477, zVAD-fmk, L-790984, CEP-1347, gacyclidine, NBI-30775, AWD-131-138, flumazenil, ondansetron, LY-367385, MPEP, and NBI-34060.
Hepatitis A antibody titres after infection and immunization: implications for passive and active immunization (1993)

Titres of antibodies against hepatitis A virus (HAV) were determined in patients, in donors, and in volunteers after active, passive, and combined immunization. Highest titres were found in recently infected persons: in 109 IgM anti-HAV positive persons, the geometric mean titre (GMT) was 15,400 mIU/ml. The GMT in 265 anti-HAV positive blood donors was 10,700 mIU/ml. The anti-HAV seroprevalence in 19,746 donors increases with age: at the age of 40 years, 50% have antibodies. Titres after active, passive, and combined immunization were studied in three groups: 51 persons received inactivated HAV vaccine at months 0, 1, and 6. The GMT after the booster was 3,400 mIU/ml at month 7. All persons produced more than 100 mIU/ml anti-HAV. Forty-nine persons received both 5 ml immunoglobulin and three vaccinations, yielding a GMT of 1,300 mIU/ml at month 7. One person in this group produced less than 100 mIU/ml anti-HAV. Forty-nine persons received 5 ml immunoglobulin intramuscularly. At day 5 the GMT was 96 mIU/ml. The estimated minimum protective level (10 mIU/ml) was reached in 3 months. Hepatitis A vaccination may supersede the use of immunoglobulin as prophylaxis for travellers to endemic areas. Passive immunization remains necessary for protection during outbreaks. The dosage regimen for passive immunization is based on old studies using preparations with unknown anti-HAV content. Concern regarding the antibody levels in immunoglobulin preparations is justified; the prevalence of HAV antibodies in developed countries continues to fall. Our results indicate that dosage regimens should be reconsidered. Dosage should be deduced logically from the anti-HAV antibody content of the immunoglobulin preparation.