gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Purification and properties of the cellulases from the thermophilic fungus <i>Thermoascus aurantiacus</i> (1980)

Three cellulases and a beta-glucosidase were purified from the culture filtrate of the thermophilic fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus. The isolated enzymes were all homogeneous on polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis. Data from chromatography on Bio-Gel P-60 and sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis indicated mol.wts. of 87000 (beta-glucosidase), 78000 (cellulase I), 49000 (cellulase II) and 34000 (cellulase III); the carbohydrate contents of the enzymes were 33.0, 5.5, 2.6 and 1.8% (w/w) respectively. Although the three purified cellulases were active towards filter paper, only cellulases I and III were active towards CM(carboxymethyl)-cellulose. Cellulase I was also active towards yeast glucan. The Km and catalytic-centre-activity values for the enzymes were as follows; 0.52 mumol/ml and 6.5 X 10(4) for beta-glucosidase on p-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucoside, 3.9 mg/ml and 6.3 for cellulase I on CM-cellulose, 1.2 mg/ml and 1.1 for cellulase I on yeast glucan, 35.5 mg/ml and 0.34 for cellulase II on filter paper, and 1.9 mg/ml and 33 for cellulase III on CM-cellulose.
The prevalence of glucose metabolism disturbances in Chinese Muslims and possible risk factors: a study from northwest China (2014)

In northwest China, the prevalence of DM was higher in the Muslim population, and it was special higher on the 20-year-old age compared to the Han. This might be explained by the potential genetic differences and poor dietary habits.
A Long-term Follow-up Study of 214 Children with the Syndrome of Infantile Spasms (1982)

The long-term prognosis of 192 surviving children with the syndrome of infantile spasms was evaluated. The children had been admitted to three paediatric hospitals in Helsinki at the time of initial diagnosis. The aetiological factors of the syndrome were carefully studied in each case. ACTH therapy was employed in 162, usually for about six weeks. The follow-up study 3-19 (mean 10.4) years later was made at the Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki. The rate of mortality was 19.6 per cent. Normal development was seen in 12 per cent and slightly subnormal in 10.4 per cent of the surviving children. Psychiatric disorders were seen in 27.6 per cent of the survivors. Sensory defects were also common. Severe cerebral palsy was seen in 4 per cent. Other seizures after cessation of the infantile spasms were seen in 60 per cent. Serial EEG studies showed that the temporal lobe was the most common site of abnormality. Abnormalities in the temporal lobes were seen frequently in children with symptomatic neonatal hypoglycaemia as a probable cause of the spasms. Prognostically favourable factors were "idiopathic" aetiology, normal development and not other fits prior to the spasms, short treatment lag, good response to ACTH and short duration of the spasms. In this study early treatment seemed to be of great importance even with regard to mental development. The factors connected with a bad outcome were: symptomatic aetiology (especially brain malformations, early infections and tuberous sclerosis), slow development before spasms, other seizures before infantile spasms, early onset of the spasms, long treatment lag, long duration of the spasms and other later occurrence of myoclonic-astatic seizures (Lennox-Gastaut). Large doses of ACTH (120-160 units) were not associated with a better prognosis than the smaller doses (20-40 units). The benefit of long versus short treatment schedules could not be evaluated in this study. The relapse rate here was 32 per cent.
Regulation of the Growth of Multinucleated Muscle Cells by an Nfatc2-Dependent Pathway (2001)

The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family of transcription factors regulates the development and differentiation of several tissue types. Here, we examine the role of NFATC2 in skeletal muscle by analyzing adult NFATC2(-/)- mice. These mice exhibit reduced muscle size due to a decrease in myofiber cross-sectional area, suggesting that growth is blunted. Muscle growth was examined during regeneration after injury, wherein NFATC2-null myofibers form normally but display impaired growth. The growth defect is intrinsic to muscle cells, since the lack of NFATC2 in primary muscle cultures results in reduced cell size and myonuclear number in myotubes. Retroviral-mediated expression of NFATC2 in the mutant cells rescues this cellular phenotype. Myonuclear number is similarly decreased in NFATC2(-/)- mice. Taken together, these results implicate a novel role for NFATC2 in skeletal muscle growth. We demonstrate that during growth of multinucleated muscle cells, myoblasts initially fuse to form myotubes with a limited number of nuclei and that subsequent nuclear addition and increases in myotube size are controlled by a molecular pathway regulated by NFATC2.
Eye movements and hazard perception in active and passive driving (2015)

Differences in eye movement patterns are often found when comparing passive viewing paradigms to actively engaging in everyday tasks. Arguably, investigations into visuomotor control should therefore be most useful when conducted in settings that incorporate the intrinsic link between vision and action. We present a study that compares oculomotor behaviour and hazard reaction times across a simulated driving task and a comparable, but passive, video-based hazard perception task. We found that participants scanned the road less during the active driving task and fixated closer to the front of the vehicle. Participants were also slower to detect the hazards in the driving task. Our results suggest that the interactivity of simulated driving places increased demand upon the visual and attention systems than simply viewing driving movies. We offer insights into why these differences occur and explore the possible implications of such findings within the wider context of driver training and assessment.
Immediate and Midterm Complications of Sclerotherapy: Report of a Prospective Multicenter Registry of 12,173 Sclerotherapy Sessions (2006)

This study demonstrates that sclerotherapy is a safe technique.
Right Hemisphere Language Comprehension (2013)

The statement, "The Right Hemisphere (RH) processes language"--while not exactly revolutionary--still provokes vigorous debate. It often elicits the argument that anything the RH does with language is not linguistic but "paralinguistic." The resistance to the notion of RH language processing persists despite the fact that even the earliest observers of Left Hemisphere (LH) language specialization posited some role for the RH in language processing, and evidence attesting to various RH language processes has steadily accrued for more than 30 years. In this volume, chapters pertain to a wide, but by no means, exhaustive set of language comprehension processes for which RH contributions have been demonstrated. The sections are organized around these processes, beginning with initial decoding of written or spoken input, proceeding through semantic processing of single words and sentences, up to comprehension of more complex discourse, as well as problem solving. The chapters assembled here should begin to melt this resistance to evidence of RH language processing. This volume's main goal is to compile evidence about RH language function from a scattered literature. The editorial commentaries concluding each section highlight the relevance of these phenomena for psycholinguistic and neuropsychological theory, and discuss similarities and apparent discrepancies in the findings reported in individual chapters. In the final chapter, common themes that emerge from the enterprise of studying RH language and future challenge for the field are reviewed. Although all chapters focus only on "typical" laterality of right handed people, this work provides a representative sample of the current state of the art in RH language research. Important features include: * a wide range of coverage from speech perception and reading through complex discourse comprehension and problem-solving; * research presented from both empirical and theoretical perspectives; and * commentaries and conclusions integrating findings and theories across sub-domains, and speculating on future directions of the field.
Stretch Shorten Cycle Performance: Detrimental Effects of Not Equating the Natural and Movement Frequencies (1996)

Abstract This study aimed to assess whether the benefits associated with stretch shorten cycle (SSC) movements required the movement frequency to be in resonance with the natural frequency of the elastic structures. Seventeen untrained participants performed SSC and concentric bench press throws. Further, quasi-static muscular actions were also performed in which a brief perturbation was applied to the bar with the resulting damped oscillations providing natural frequency data. It was observed that prior stretch did not facilitate concentric performance. Further, there were large significant differences between the natural frequency of the musculo-tendinous system and the frequency of the SSC movements. The authors hypothesize that the failure to achieve resonance contributed to the poor performance achieved in the SSC actions.
A correlation between estrogen sulfotransferase levels and estrogen receptor status in human primary breast carcinoma. (1979)

Estrogen sulfotransferase (EC 2.8.2.4) activity and estrogen receptor levels were measured in 32 human primary breast cancer cytosol preparations. Two types of tumors were identified: type 1, in which estrogen sulfotransferase levels were low (less than 40 pmol 17 beta-estradiol 3-sulfate formed per mg protein per 2 hr) and were independent of [35S]adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate production from [35S]sulfate and adenosine triphosphate, and type 2, in which estrogen sulfotransferase levels ranged from 50 to 200 pmol 17 beta-estradiol 3-sulfate per mg protein per 2 hr and were correlated with [35S]adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate formation (r = 0.70; p less than 0.005). In type 1 tumors, 11 of 16 were estrogen receptor negative; in type 2 tumors, 2 of 16 were receptor negative. Estrogen sulfotransferase levels in receptor-negative tumors were significantly lower than the levels in receptor-positive tumors (p = 0.025).
Direct imaging of interfacial ordering in ultrathin (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Si</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">m</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ge</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">n</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">p</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>superlattices (1991)

We present the first atomic-resolution images of interfacial ordering occurring in ultrathin (${\mathrm{Si}}_{\mathit{m}}$${\mathrm{Ge}}_{\mathit{n}}$${)}_{\mathit{p}}$ superlattices. The observed asymmetric interfacial abruptness is associated with several distinct ordered configurations, which differ from phases considered previously. This is explained by a novel Ge-atom pump mechanism which is chemically driven, and takes place principally at the rebonded edge configuration during type-${\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{B}}$ step propagation, leading to lateral (2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) compositional ordering.
Fibroblast biology. Development and differentiation of synovial fibroblasts in arthritis. (2000)

Synovial fibroblasts occur as two phenotypes--intimal and subintimal. The specialised intimal phenotype includes expression of uridine diphosphoglucose dehydrogenase (UDPGD), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and complement decay-accelerating factor (DAF). These gene products contribute to specialised functions relating to tissue movement and leucocyte traffic.
A Parallel Thyratron Pulser with Magnetic Sharpening for Large HgBr Lasers (1987)

We report on an electric discharge laser pulser that used three parallel thyratrons to drive a large, meter-long HgBr laser. By placing a magnetic sharpening switch between the thyratrons and the laser load, we were able to generate a 60 kV voltage,Rpike, and a 30 kA, 120 nS long current pulse with a rising front of approximately 1 x 10<sup>12</sup> A/S at the laserhead. This led to an optical output exceeding 2 J and an energy transfer efficiency of 1.7 percent.
Segmented Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomers (1973)

The preparation and physical properties of a group of polyether-polyester copolymers are described. Where the polyester component has a high homopolymer melting point, the resulting copolyesters are tough, resilient, thermoprocessable elastomers. Polymer hardness and modulus characteristics may be varied from a fairly soft elastomer to an impact-resistant plastic by varying the relative amounts of polyether (soft segment) and polyester (hard segment). The general characteristics of these polymers suggest that these materials have a continuous amorphous polyether phase tied together with crystalline hard segment domains. Properties such as tear strength, flex resistance, and oil resistance may be modified by incorporating a second ester component; in these latter polymers, the crystalline phase contains one, but not both, of the hard segment ester components. Melting points of the copolymers depend upon the mole fraction of crystallizable hard segment.
Pre-clinical drug tests in the mdx mouse as a model of dystrophinopathies: an overview. (2012)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a lethal X-linked muscle disease affecting 1/3500 live male birth. It results from defects in the subsarcolemmal protein dystrophin, a component of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) which links the intracellular cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. The absence of dystrophin leads to muscle membrane fragility, muscle necrosis and gradual replacement of skeletal muscle by fat and connective tissue, through a complex and still unclear cascade of interconnecting events. No cure is currently available, with glucocorticoids being the sole drugs in clinical use in spite of their remarkable side effects. A great effort is devoted at performing pre-clinical tests on the mdx mouse, the mostly used homologous animal model for DMD, with the final aim to identify drugs safer than steroids and able to target the pathogenic mechanisms so to delay pathology progression. This review updates the efforts on this topic, focusing on the open issues about the animal model and highlighting the classes of pharmaceuticals that are more promising as disease-modifiers, while awaiting for more corrective therapies. Although caution is necessary in data transfer from mdx model to DMD patients, the implementation of standard operating procedures and the growing understanding of the pathology may allow a more accurate evaluation of therapeutics, alone or in combination, in pre-clinical settings. A continuous cross-talk with clinicians and patients associations are also crucial points for proper translation of data from mouse to bedside.
Theoretical sensitivity of direct-detection multilevel modulation formats for high spectral efficiency optical communications (2006)

Sensitivities of several direct-detection multilevel modulation formats, including M-ary differential phase-shift keying (M-DPSK), M-ary differential amplitude-phase-shift keying (M-DAPSK), and M-ary differential polarization-phase-shift keying (M-DPolPSK) are systematically calculated. The theory is based on a unified mathematical framework for direct-detection receivers using optical delay interferometers and balanced detectors. Results quantitatively elucidate the tradeoffs between these direct-detection multilevel modulation formats as well as the classic multilevel modulation format, M-ary amplitude-shift keying (M-ASK). Although the conventional bit error rate estimation method based on the eye Q-factor with Gaussian approximation is not accurate enough for DPSK and DQPSK, it is found to be reasonably accurate for M-DPSK with M>8 and in M-DPolPSK.
Optimal efficiency control of switched reluctance generators (2006)

This paper investigates the problem of optimal control for accomplishing maximum energy conversion in switched reluctance generators. A controller that determines the optimal turn-on and turn-off angles in the mode of single-pulse operation is proposed. The structure of the controller and its implementation are simple, since the knowledge of the magnetization curves is not required. The suggested generator drive operates in a wide speed range and provides constant dc-link voltage at a desired value, with maximum energy efficiency. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness and the resulting improvements of the proposed control scheme.
Characterisation of Multiple Glutathione Transferases Containing the GST I Subunit with Activities toward Herbicide Substrates in Maize (<i>Zea mays</i>) (1997)

The glutathione transferases (GSTs) of maize with activities toward chloroacetanilide herbicides are relatively well characterised, but their range of substrate specificities has not been determined in detail. GST activities toward an extensive range of chemically diverse xenobiotic substrates, including the herbicides atrazine, alachlor, metolachlor and fluorodifen, have been determined in crude and purified preparations from the roots and shoots of dark-grown maize seedlings treated with and without the herbicide-safener dichlormid. With the exception of the activity toward atrazine, specific activities were higher in the roots than in the shoots in all cases. In untreated shoots activities were in the order atrazine=alachlor=metolachlor>fluorodifen with safener–treatment selectively increasing the activity toward the chloroacetanilides and fluorodifen. In the roots the highest GST activities toward herbicides were toward the chloroacetanilides. Dichlormid treatment resulted in an increase in activities toward all four herbicides in the roots of one maize cultivar (Pioneer 3394) but only enhanced the activities toward the chloroacetanilides and fluorodifen in cultivar Artus. Using the non-herbicide 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as substrate, anion-exchange chromatography showed that the roots and shoots contained a similar range of GST isoenzymes. All of these isoenzymes were enhanced in response to safeners, though the extent of this induction was organ-dependent. GST isoenzymes containing the GST I subunit were purified from safener-treated roots by a combination of hydrophobic interaction chromatography and affinity chromatography using Orange A agarose. Three isoenzymes could then be purified following resolution by anion-exchange chromatography. The three GSTs were termed GST I/I, GST I/II and GST I/III with GST I, II and III referring to the presence of 29 kDa, 27 kDa and 26 kDa subunits respectively. This revised nomenclature for the maize GSTs was considered necessary in view of the continued discovery of new isoenzymes, such as GST I/III, composed of subunits which have been previously described. GST I/I had measurable activity toward atrazine, low activities toward the other herbicides and appreciable activities toward a range of other xenobiotic substrates. GST I/II and the novel GST I/III isoenzymes both showed high activities toward the chloroacetanilides and fluorodifen but lower activities toward the other substrates and negligible activities toward atrazine. The GST II subunit of GST I/II also had activity as a glutathione peroxidase. Our results show that the GST I subunit can form dimers with the GST III subunit in addition to the GST I and GST II subunits and that the degree of specificity toward herbicide substrates of the respective isoenzymes is greater than previously reported. Our results also suggest that the safener-inducible GST II subunit has additional activities as a glutathione peroxidase. © 1997 SCI.
Design of tri‐band (EGSM/GPS/PCS) antenna with parasitic element for mobile‐phone application (2006)

Abstract This paper proposed a novel design of tri‐band (EGSM/GPS/PCS) antenna for mobile phone application. The measured data and detailed antenna configure are available, too. The measured results show the design is successful and applicable. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 1347–1350, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21651
<i>Rac</i>‐Flurbiprofen is more ulcerogenic than its (S)‐enantiomer (1993)

The most common, and sometimes life-threatening, side-effects associated with the human use of the analgesic, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are gastrointestinal. These include gastritis, ulceration, and severe bleeding. The aryl propionic acid class of NSAIDs are among the most widely used of these drugs in the world, including rac-ibuprofen, rac-flurbiprofen, and rac-ketoprofen. Marketed as racemates, it was assumed that the "inactive" (R)-enantiomers, having no cyclooxygenase inhibiting effect, also had no toxic effect. In a 30-day dose response study of (S)-, (R)-, and rac-flurbiprofen given daily over a range of doses the (R)-isomer alone proved to be without apparent gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. On the other hand the racemate proved to be 2 to 4 times as ulcerogenic in enantiomerically equivalent doses as the (S)-enantiomer. These results have significant clinical implications.
Selection of cell wall antigens for the rapid detection of bacteria by immunological methods (1992)

Some proteins extracted from the cell wall of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that affect the time for which meat can be stored are antigens produced by the strains from our laboratory collection or from field samples. Moreover, the rapid detection of bacteria (within 8 h for Gram-positive or 5 h for Gram-negative) that influence the quality of meat is made possible by immunochemical techniques such as ELISA or by introducing simultaneous detection of these antigens, as no cross-reactions have been observed.
Two Novel Metal−Organic Frameworks (MOFs) with (3,6)-Connected Net Topologies: Syntheses, Crystal Structures, Third-Order Nonlinear Optical and Luminescent Properties (2010)

Two novel metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) [Cu3(C7H2NO5)2]n·3nH2O (1) and [CuAg2(C7H3NO5)2]n (2) were obtained by the hydrothermal reaction. Complex 1 exhibits a three-dimensional (3,6)-connected anatase topology with the Schläfli symbol (42.6)2(44.62.88.10), while complex 2 displays a two-dimensional (3,6)-connected TiS2 related net topology with the Schläfli symbol (43)2(46.66.83). The optical studies show that 1 and 2 both have good third-order nonlinear optical and luminescent properties.
Cerebral oxygenation monitoring: near-infrared spectroscopy (2006)

Neurological complications during critical illness remain a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality. To date, monitors of cerebral function including electroencephalography, jugular bulb mixed venous oxygen saturation and transcranial Doppler, either require an invasive procedure and/or are not sensitive enough to effectively identify patients at risk for cerebral hypoxia. Near-infrared spectroscopy is a noninvasive device that uses infrared light, a technique similar to pulse oximetry, to penetrate living tissue and estimate brain tissue oxygenation by measuring the absorption of infrared light by tissue chromophores. The following article reviews the latest technology available to monitor cerebral oxygenation, near-infrared spectroscopy, its advantages and disadvantages, the currently available evidence-based medicine that demonstrates that this technology can identify deficits in cerebral oxygenation, and that monitoring such deficits allows for therapy to reverse cerebral oxygenation issues and thereby prevent long-term neurological sequelae.
THE PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF XYLOSE ISOMERASE IN PLANT TISSUES (1962)

Abstract not available