gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bacterial Infections — A Major Cause of Death among Children in Africa (2005)

For the past 25 years, since the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) has been publishing estimates of mortality among children worldwide, the international medical community has been aware of the appalling burden of early deaths among African children. Early studies indicated that, in the absence of any effective medical care, children born in a rural African village had a probability of death before the age of five years of 30 to 50 percent.1 From the outset, it was understood that many of these deaths result from the combined effect of poverty and malnutrition.2 Since 1980, mortality rates have fallen but . . .
Effects of amorphous silicon capping layer on arsenic redistribution during TiSi2 formation (1989)

During titanium silicide (TiSi2) formation by rapid thermal annealing (RTA), the redistribution of implanted arsenic was investigated by means of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and secondary-ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). By using 30 nm amorphous silicon (a-Si) film deposited sequentially on 50 nm titanium film without breaking the vacuum, the As dopant redistribution is suppressed due to the reduction of consumption of silicon substrate (Si-sub) during TiSi2 formation. The AES shows that the silicon, which is required for TiSi2 formation, is supplied from the a-Si film more rapidly than from the Si-sub. Also, the conversion of deposited Ti film into TiSi2 is complete because the a-Si film on Ti film prevents the infiltration of oxygen impurity into the Ti film during the exposure to air before annealing.
‘Growing Up Poor’: child welfare, motherhood and the State during the First World War (2020)

In the history of child welfare in Ireland and other western countries, the period during the First World War coincided with a time of international attention on poor and working-class families and children.As this occurred at a time of 'revolution' as well as a time of war, the efforts of voluntary and state services were often driven by a variety of motives, including genuine concern for poor mothers and children, sectarianism, class bias and international child welfare developments.This paper will address the extent to which the lives of working-class and poor mothers in Ireland were affected by the warprimarily through concern expressed by child protection agencies (such as the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children), directly connecting the history of child welfare with the history of motherhood.
A soliton ring network (1993)

The recent demonstration of ultrafast, cascadable, all-optical soliton gates, although with long latency and at an early stage of research, opens the possibility of niche exploitation in architectures whose performance is primarily limited by the absence of a few such logic elements. A candidate system is a widely distributed, self-routing short packet, slotted ring system running at peak rates well beyond that of the conventional electronic hosts at each access node. The authors describe an architecture for a system with a 1.25 GHz packet rate, 32-bit payload, and 100 Gb/s peak bit rate serving a few hundred user nodes. An optical format is retained by through-going node traffic, so that the overhead of conversion to/from electronics is incurred only at the source and destination. This design effort has served to sharpen their understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of using such gates in carefully chosen applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Defining Commercial Transport Loss-of-Control: A Quantitative Approach (2004)

Loss-of-control (LOC) has contributed to more fatal commercial airliner accidents and related loss of life than any other factor during the last ten years of worldwide operations. In 1997, the Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST) designated LOC as one of three major areas of concern in commercial aviation safety, and launched an industry-wide effort to define its causes and develop interventions to reduce its occurrence. But what constitutes “loss-of-control”? The question is not merely academic – the statistical nature of accident analysis requires that investigators group accidents by category. In some cases, the distinction between LOC and other categories, such as Controlled Flight into Terrain or Approach and Landing Operations, is unclear. In others, LOC is undoubtedly a factor, but its specific characteristics are so complex that they make analysis difficult. Consequently, investigators have called for the development of quantitative LOC measurements and criteria. In 2000, the Boeing Company and the NASA Langley Research Center jointly developed a quantitative set of metrics for defining LOC through a NASA-funded partnership under the Aviation Safety and Security Program. These metrics take the form of five envelopes relating to airplane flight dynamics, aerodynamics, structural integrity, and flight control use. These envelopes have been employed successfully in ongoing NASABoeing LOC research to indicate in a measurable sense whether LOC was a factor in an event, and to determine its onset and severity. When these criteria are used in conjunction with data from LOC events and aggressive flight test maneuvers, it becomes evident that the excursion of three or more envelopes is a reliable, quantitative indication of LOC. Furthermore, this numerical methodology can reveal new insight into the circumstances involved in LOC events, providing a valuable tool for investigators seeking viable safety interventions to reduce their occurrence.
Creation of a cardiotropic adeno-associated virus: the story of viral directed evolution (2013)

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is an important vector system for human gene therapy. Although use of AAV serotypes can result in efficient myocardial gene transfer, improvements in the transduction efficiency and specificity are still required. As a method for artificial modification and selection of gene function, directed evolution has been used for diverse applications in genetic engineering of enzymes and proteins. Since 2000, pioneering work has been performed on directed evolution of viral vectors. We further attempted to evolve the AAV using DNA shuffling and in vivo biopanning in a mouse model. An AAVM41 mutant was characterized, which was found to have improved transduction efficiency and specificity in myocardium, an attribute unknown for any natural AAV serotypes. This review focuses on the development of AAV vector for cardiac gene transfer, the history of directed evolution of viral vectors, and our creation of a cardiotropic AAV, which might have implications for the future design and application of viral vectors.
Automatic creation of a talking head from a video sequence (2005)

In this paper, a real-time system to create a talking head from a video sequence without any user intervention is presented. In the proposed system, a probabilistic approach, to decide whether or not extracted facial features are appropriate for creating a three-dimensional (3-D) face model, is presented. Automatically extracted two-dimensional facial features from a video sequence are fed into the proposed probabilistic framework before a corresponding 3-D face model is built to avoid generating an unnatural or nonrealistic 3-D face model. To extract face shape, we also present a face shape extractor based on an ellipse model controlled by three anchor points, which is accurate and computationally cheap. To create a 3-D face model, a least-square approach is presented to find a coefficient vector that is necessary to adapt a generic 3-D model into the extracted facial features. Experimental results show that the proposed system can efficiently build a 3-D face model from a video sequence without any user intervention for various Internet applications including virtual conference and a virtual story teller that do not require much head movements or high-quality facial animation.
Die Casting (2018)

Abstract Nearly two-thirds of the aluminum castings made in North America are produced using high-pressure die casting techniques. This article compares and contrasts traditional high-pressure die casting with an improved version that uses a vacuum to pull air out of the die in order to reduce porosity in as-cast parts. It begins by describing a typical cycle for a traditional cold-chamber die casting machine, using detailed illustrations to show how gas can become trapped in the liquid metal. It then presents various remedies, ultimately focusing on vacuum die casting for the production of high-integrity parts. In addition to vacuum technology, the article discusses casting alloys, dies, and cells, and describes some of the benefits of structural die castings.
Characterization of filled elastomers by dynamic strain amplification at high frequencies (1990)

A high-frequency dynamic mechanical tester was used to characterize gum elastomers and their carbon black-filled counterparts. The objectives were to test a model for strain amplification in tensile deformation dynamically at high frequencies, to test further a previously proposed mechanism for elastomer reinforcement in shear and tensile deformation at high frequencies, and to evaluate the overall performance of a high-frequency dynamic mechanical analyzer. Differences in tensile and shear behavior of the compounds were found to be consistent with previous results, as were the effects of strain amplification, which were greater at higher frequencies and lower strains.
Trastornos de ansiedad en pacientes hospitalizados en Medicina Interna (2005)

A high proportion of patients hospitalized in medical wards have anxiety disorders, that once identified it may help to treat the medical ailments.
Taking De Minimis out of the Mix: The Sixth Circuit Threatens to Pull the Plug on Digital Sampling in Bridgeport Music, Inc. v. Dimension Films (2006)

ire of their customers.' 2 The film's soundtrack included the song "100 Miles and Runnin"' ("100 Miles") by the seminal rap group Niggaz With Attitude ("N.W.A.").1 3 The song, a dark tale of running from the law, included a sample from "Get Off Your Ass and Jam" ("Get Off") by George Clinton, Jr. and the Funkadelics. 14 In 2001, Plaintiffs Bridgeport Music, Southfield, Westbound Records, and Nine Records brought suit against approximately 800 defendants, among them Dimension Films and No Limit Films.' 5 Plaintiffs Bridgeport and Southfield are music publishers who license and sell copyrights in musical compositions; the latter plaintiffs, Westbound and Nine Records, distribute and produce sound recordings.
The Effects and Possible Mechanisms of Puerarin to Treat Uterine Fibrosis Induced by Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats (2017)

BACKGROUND Tissues fibrosis is caused by ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and results in organ dysfunction. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether fibrosis occurs after uterine ischemia-reperfusion injury, and to investigate the effects of puerarin (Pur) on the fibrosis process in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-four female Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (8 in each group): the control group rats only received operation without uterine ischemic, the IRI group and the IRI + Pur group rats received 30-minutes ischemia and 2-weeks of reperfusion. Pur was orally administered at the onset of reperfusion. Picrosirius red staining was used to assess uterine fibrosis. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and a-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Western blotting was used to evaluate the expression of chymase, TGF-β, α-SMA, and the activity of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. RESULTS Uterine fibrosis in the IRI+Pur group was significantly decreased compared with the IRI group. In addition, immunohistochemistry reveals that TGF-β and a-SMA were decreased in the IRI+Pur group compared with the IRI group. Western blotting results showed that Pur significantly suppresses the increase in chymase, α-SMA, TGF-β, and b-catenin expression levels induced by IRI. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that IRI could induce uterine fibrosis and that Pur had an improvement effect on IRI-induced uterine fibrosis by downregulating the activity of mast cell chymase, TGF-β, α-SMA, and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
Implantation profiles of low-energy helium in niobium and the blistering mechanism (1975)

The depth profiles of 1.5–15-keV 3He ions implanted into a Nb single crystal at doses of 5×1016–7×1018/cm2 have been measured using the 3He (d,p) 4He reaction. A comparison of the results with theoretical predictions for the range and the damage distribution of 3He in amorphous material shows reasonable agreement. Furthermore, the Deckeldicke (i.e., thickness of the covers of the blisters) was determined by Rutherford backscattering in double alignment. The results indicate that stress release rather than explosion of gas bubbles is the dominant mechanism in blister formation.
New adaptive-signal-processing concept (1974)

A new device is proposed that combines a surface-wave memory with an acoustoelectric convolver to yield an adaptive real-time correlator and convolver. The principal difficulty in combining these devices is obtaining short intense electron bursts in a small gap between a piezoelectric and a semiconductor.
Energy density and rate limitations in structural composite supercapacitors (2012)

The weight and volume of conventional energy storage technologies greatly limits their performance in mobile platforms. Traditional research efforts target improvements in energy density to reduce device size and mass. Enabling a device to perform additional functions, such as bearing mechanical load, is an alternative approach as long as the total mass efficiency exceeds that of the individual materials it replaces. Our research focuses on structural composites that function as batteries and supercapacitors. These multifunctional devices could be used to replace conventional structural components, such as vehicle frame elements, to provide significant system-level weight reductions and extend mission times. Our approach is to design structural properties directly into the electrolyte and electrode materials. Solid polymer electrolyte materials bind the system and transfer load to the fibers while conducting ions between the electrodes. Carbon fiber electrodes provide a route towards optimizing both energy storage and load-bearing capabilities, and may also obviate the need for a separate current collector. The components are being integrated using scalable, cost-effective composite processing techniques that are amenable to complex part shapes. Practical considerations of energy density and rate behavior are described here as they relate to materials used. Our results highlight the viability as well as the challenges of this multifunctional approach towards energy storage.
Low-Loss and Wide-Band Double-Mode Surface Acoustic Wave Filters Using Pitch-Modulated Interdigital Transducers and Reflectors (2007)

This paper proposes use of pitch-modulated interdigital transducers (IDTs) and reflectors for the realization of low-loss and wideband longitudinally coupled double-mode surface acoustic wave (DMS) filters. This technique offers drastic improvement of the device performances through the introduction of a sufficient number of degrees of freedom in the DMS filter design. Namely, the pass-band becomes wide and flat, and insertion loss can be reduced through the suppression of the bulk acoustic wave (BAW) scattering. First, it is shown how the BAW scattering loss can be reduced by the use of the pitch-modulated structure. The DMS filter with this structure is designed so that the frequency response becomes similar to that of the filter with the conventional unmodulated structure, and device performances are compared both theoretically and experimentally. It then is demonstrated how the total device performances are improved by the use of this technology when the device is designed optimally for given specifications. Adding to the reduced bulk wave scattering loss, various distinctive features offer drastic improvement of total device performances.
Perchlorate Biodegradation for Water Treatment (2005)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVFeatureNEXTPerchlorate Biodegradation for Water TreatmentPaul B. HatzingerCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 11, 239A–247APublication Date (Web):June 1, 2005Publication History Published online1 June 2005Published inissue 1 June 2005https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es053280xhttps://doi.org/10.1021/es053280xnewsACS Publications. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views3152Altmetric-Citations114LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (577 KB) Get e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Biodegradation,Perchlorates,Water treatment Get e-Alerts
Non-Contact Bridge Deflection Measurement Application of Laser Technology (2011)

Structural deflections represent a critical response parameter often measured for structural health monitoring. Traditional measurement sensor technologies such as DCDTs, LVDTs, etc., require attaching the device between the point of measurement and a reference point. Generally, this requires connecting the sensor to the ground or a temporary structure such as scaffolding. Use of the traditional sensors for highway bridge deflection measurement poses many challenges as most of them are over either a road or a waterway. Because of these challenges, they are not often used and deflection is calculated either from indirect data such as girder end rotation or the structural parameters that contribute to deflection which is derived from measurements such as strain and curvature. Strictly speaking, measured displacements provide the best means for understanding structural behavior. Aiming at addressing the challenges of direct measurements of bridge deflections, this article will address the capabilities of two state-of-the-art non-contact measurement technologies. These technologies are: Laser Tracker and Laser Scanner. Laser Tracker records position coordinates at few discrete points while the laser scanner captures point clouds representing deformed and undeformed shapes of a structure. These two remote technologies present distinctive advantages, capabilities, limitations, and several challenges for field applications. The article will present a case study where laser tracker and laser scanner was collaboratively used to measure the deflection of a highway bridge under static truck loads. Further, the capabilities, limitations, and several challenges for field applications of these technologies will be summarized.
Salt intakes around the world: implications for public health (2009)

Unfavourably high sodium intakes remain prevalent around the world. Sources of dietary sodium vary largely worldwide. If policies for salt reduction at the population level are to be effective, policy development and implementation needs to target the main source of dietary sodium in the various populations.
Recent Advances on Quantum-Dot-Enhanced Liquid-Crystal Displays (2017)

We review recent advances in quantum dot (QD)- enhanced liquid crystal displays (LCDs), including material formulation, device configuration, and system integration. For the LCD system, we first compare the color gamut difference between the commonly used Gaussian fitting method and that using real emission spectra. Next, we investigate the Helmholtz-Kohlrausch effect. Our simulation results indicate that QD-enhanced LCD appears 1.26X more efficient than organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display due to its wider color gamut. Finally, two new trends for QD-LCDs are discussed: 1) replacing conventional color filters with a QD array, and 2) emerging quantum rod (QR)-enhanced backlight. Their inherent advantages, technical challenges, and potential solutions are presented. We believe the prime time for QD-enhanced LCDs is around the corner.
Generative Adversarial Network (GANs) based training set enhancement for Stomach Adenocarcinoma Computed Tomography (CT) scan (2019)

The new era of Deep learning has found many widespread uses in diverse fields such as Science, Fashion, Game, Medical, Health etc. which has gained a huge attention for the researchers. Recently, Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) has crucial contribution in the field of medical image analysis, along with different variants of GAN it enhances the capability to resolve the challenging problems in medical field which leads to the betterment of healthcare technologies. Furthermore, GAN has proven to be useful, to synthesize images that can resolve the scarcity of real training data especially in medical and healthcare field of research. In this paper, we present an attempt to improve dataset for CT scan images of stomach cancer using GAN approaches to various fields of medical image analysis. The paper also provides a statistical comparison of generated images which are found to be of high quality.
Dipole Correlation Functions in Liquid Benzenes Measured with Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy (1997)

We report an experimental investigation of the dynamics of the dipole correlation functions in selected liquid benzenes (C6H12, C6H6, C6D6, C6H3F3, and C6F6). Using terahertz time domain spectroscopy, we have measured the complex frequency response, i.e., both index of refraction and absorption, in the range from 0 to 2.5 THz (0 to 83 cm-1), where the response is dominated by collective collision-induced processes. We have analyzed the data using the Mori memory function formalism and obtained dipole correlation function dominated by a simple exponential decay for all the substituted benzenes. The observed decay times are shorter than typical reorientation times and proportional to the free rotation time of the molecules. This indicates that small angle librational motion is responsible for the dipolar absorption observed.
Query-Efficient Black-box Adversarial Examples (superceded) (2017)

Note that this paper is superceded by "Black-Box Adversarial Attacks with Limited Queries and Information." Current neural network-based image classifiers are susceptible to adversarial examples, even in the black-box setting, where the attacker is limited to query access without access to gradients. Previous methods --- substitute networks and coordinate-based finite-difference methods --- are either unreliable or query-inefficient, making these methods impractical for certain problems. We introduce a new method for reliably generating adversarial examples under more restricted, practical black-box threat models. First, we apply natural evolution strategies to perform black-box attacks using two to three orders of magnitude fewer queries than previous methods. Second, we introduce a new algorithm to perform targeted adversarial attacks in the partial-information setting, where the attacker only has access to a limited number of target classes. Using these techniques, we successfully perform the first targeted adversarial attack against a commercially deployed machine learning system, the Google Cloud Vision API, in the partial information setting.