gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Towards Robust Neural Models for Fine-Grained Image Recognition (2019)

Fine-grained recognition, i.e. identifying similar subcategories of the same superclass, is central to human activity. Recognizing a friend, finding bacteria in microscopic imagery, or discovering a new kind of galaxy, are just but few examples. However, fine-grained image recognition is still a challenging computer vision task since the differences between two images of the same category can overwhelm the differences between two images of different fine-grained categories. In this regime, where the difference between two categories resides on subtle input changes, excessively invariant CNNs discard those details that help to discriminate between categories and focus on more obvious changes, yielding poor classification performance. On the other hand, CNNs with too much capacity tend to memorize instance-specific details, thus causing overfitting. In this thesis, motivated by the potential impact of automatic fine-grained image recognition, we tackle the previous challenges and demonstrate that proper alignment of the inputs, multiple levels of attention, regularization, and explicit modeling of the output space, results in more accurate fine-grained recognition models, that generalize better, and are more robust to intra-class variation. Concretely, we study the different stages of the neural network pipeline: input pre-processing, attention to regions, feature activations, and the label space. In each stage, we address different issues that hinder the recognition performance on various fine-grained tasks, and devise solutions in each chapter: i) We deal with the sensitivity to input alignment on fine-grained human facial motion such as pain. ii) We introduce an attention mechanism to allow CNNs to choose and process in detail the most discriminate regions of the image. iii) We further extend attention mechanisms to act on the network activations, thus allowing them to correct their predictions by looking back at certain regions, at different levels of abstraction. iv) We propose a regularization loss to prevent high-capacity neural networks to memorize instance details by means of almost-identical feature detectors. v) We finally study the advantages of explicitly modeling the output space within the error-correcting framework. As a result, in this thesis we demonstrate that attention and regularization seem promising directions to overcome the problems of fine-grained image recognition, as well as proper treatment of the input and the output space.
Estimation of Effective Refractive Index of Birefringent Particles Using a Combination of the Immersion Liquid Method and Light Scattering (2008)

A method to detect the effective refractive index and concentration of birefringent pigments is suggested. The method is based on the utilization of the immersion liquid method and a multifunction spectrophotometer for the measurement of back scattered light. The method has applications in the measurement of the effective refractive index of pigments that are used, e.g., in the paper industry to improve the opacity of paper products.
Fatores de risco associados às atipias celulares do colo uterino em Tomé-açu (2013)

Introducao: O câncer cervical apresenta altas taxas de incidencia no mundo todo. Na regiao norte do Brasil e considerada a neoplasia de maior morbi-mortalidade, porem poucos estudos acerca dessa patologia foram realizados em cidades do interior na regiao. Estudos mostram que parecem existir fatores de risco que proporcionam a evolucao do quadro de infeccao do Papilomavirus Humano para o câncer cervical em si. Objetivos: Descrever os aspectos epidemiologicos relacionados a ocorrencia de atipias celulares precursoras do câncer do colo uterino em mulheres que fizeram o preventivo do câncer do colo uterino pelo programa de extensao realizado pela Universidade Federal do Para no municipio de Tome-Acu (PA) Metodologia ou Descricao da Experiencia: Estudo observacional retrospectivo em que foi realizada uma analise multivariada dos dados para avaliacao da relacao entre a ocorrencia de lesoes precursoras do CCU e as variaveis adotadas. Para isso foi utilizado o programa de computador BioEstat versao 5.0 utilizando o teste do qui-quadrado testar a diferenca entre duas proporcoes e o teste da regressao logistica multipla em que a finalidade e determinar a dependencia de uma variavel dependente em relacao as chamadas variaveis independentes Resultados: Foi possivel observar atraves da analise citologica que dentre as 175 amostras, 82,9% apresentavam esfregaco cervical dentro dos padroes de normalidade, 17,1% que apresentaram alguma atipia celular no colo do utero dentre as quais eram: 6,7% de AGC, 20% de ASC-US, 16,7% de ASC-H, 40% de LSIL e 16,7% de HSIL. A analise feita pelo teste do qui-quadrado nao mostrou significância estatistica entre os fatores de risco analisados e a ocorrencia de atipias. Entretanto no teste de regressao logistica multipla constatou-se que o inicio precoce da vida sexual tende para uma associacao (p=0,0531) com o aparecimento de lesoes pre-malignas e e fator de risco para essa neoplasia nesta populacao Conclusao ou Hipoteses: Varios estudos analisam fatores de risco classicamente estudados, porem e preciso levar em consideracao fatores socioculturais de cada regiao assim como seus habitos de vida. A expansao de programas de rastreio e prevencao do câncer cervical e da conscientizacao da populacao acerca do perigo dessa doenca e fator primordial para diminuir os altos indices de mortalidade verificadas do Norte do pais.
Reflection by Semi-infinite Diffusers (1955)

Total and directional reflectances are derived and tabulated for semi-infinite diffusers with matrices of various refractive indices and scattering according to the phase function ϖ 0(1 + x cos θ). On établit les formules algébriques et on donne des tables des valeurs numériques des réflectances totales et direction-nelles, calculées pour des diffuseurs semi-infinis caractérisés par des indices et des coefficients de diffusion satisfaisant à la loi ϖ 0(1 + x cos θ). Der Gesamwert und der gerichtete Anteil der Rückstrahlung eines den unendlichen Halbraum erfüllenden streuenden Mediums werden für Matrizzen von verschiedenen Brechwerten und einer Streuung gemäss der Phasenfunktion ω 0(1 + x cos θ) berechnet und tabelliert.
Building relief networks (2006)

Subtitle: Fritz Institute, American Logistics Aid Network look for better ways to support disaster relief efforts.
High-Resolution Association Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci: A Population-Based Approach (2005)

In this article, population-based regression models are proposed for high-resolution linkage disequilibrium mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL). Two regression models, the "genotype effect model" and the "additive effect model," are proposed to model the association between the markers and the trait locus. The marker can be either diallelic or multiallelic. If only one marker is used, the method is similar to a classical setting by Nielsen and Weir, and the additive effect model is equivalent to the haplotype trend regression (HTR) method by Zaykin et al. If two/multiple marker data with phase ambiguity are used in the analysis, the proposed models can be used to analyze the data directly. By analytical formulas, we show that the genotype effect model can be used to model the additive and dominance effects simultaneously; the additive effect model takes care of the additive effect only. On the basis of the two models, F-test statistics are proposed to test association between the QTL and markers. By a simulation study, we show that the two models have reasonable type I error rates for a data set of moderate sample size. The noncentrality parameter approximations of F-test statistics are derived to make power calculation and comparison. By a simulation study, it is found that the noncentrality parameter approximations of F-test statistics work very well. Using the noncentrality parameter approximations, we compare the power of the two models with that of the HTR. In addition, a simulation study is performed to make a comparison on the basis of the haplotype frequencies of 10 SNPs of angiotensin-1 converting enzyme (ACE) genes.
C-SPECT—A Clinical Cardiac SPECT/Tct Platform: Design Concepts and Performance Potential (2009)

Because of scarcity of photons emitted from the heart, clinical cardiac SPECT imaging is mainly limited by photon statistics. The sub-optimal detection efficiency of current SPECT systems not only limits the quality of clinical cardiac SPECT imaging but also makes more advanced potential applications difficult to be realized. We propose a high-performance system platform - C-SPECT, which has its sampling geometry optimized for detection of emitted photons in quality and quantity. The C-SPECT has a stationary C-shaped gantry that surrounds the left-front side of a patient's thorax. The stationary C-shaped collimator and detector systems in the gantry provide effective and efficient detection and sampling of photon emission. For cardiac imaging, the C-SPECT platform could achieve 2 to 4 times the system geometric efficiency of conventional SPECT systems at the same sampling resolution. This platform also includes an integrated transmission CT for attenuation correction. The ability of C-SPECT systems to perform sequential high-quality emission and transmission imaging could bring cost-effective high-performance to clinical imaging. In addition, a C-SPECT system could provide high detection efficiency to accommodate fast acquisition rate for gated and dynamic cardiac imaging. This paper describes the design concepts and performance potential of C-SPECT, and illustrates how these concepts can be implemented in a basic system.
A 57mW embedded mixed-mode neuro-fuzzy accelerator for intelligent multi-core processor (2011)

Artificial intelligence (Al) functions are becoming important in smartphones, portable game consoles, and robots for such intelligent applications as object detection, recognition, and human-computer interfaces (HCI). Most of these functions are realized in software with neural networks (NN) and fuzzy systems (FS), but due to power and speed limitations, a hardware solution is needed. For example, software implementations of object-recognition algorithms like SIFT consume ~10W and ~1s delay even on a 2.4GHz PC CPU. Previously, GPGPUs or ASICs were used to realize Al functions. But GPGPUs just emulate NN/FS with many processing elements to speed up the software, while still consuming a large amount of power. On the other hand, low-power ASICs have been mostly dedicated stand-alone processors, not suitable to be ported into many different systems. This paper presents a portable embedded neuro-fuzzy accelerator: the intelligent reconfigurable integrated system (IRIS), which realizes low power consumption and high-speed recognition, prediction and optimization for Al applications.
Cloning of an E. coli RecA and yeast RAD51 homolog, radA, an allele of the uvsC in Aspergillus nidulans and its mutator effects. (1997)

An E. coli RecA and yeast RAD51 homolog from Aspergillus nidulans, radA, has been cloned by screening genomic and cDNA libraries with a PCR-amplified probe. This probe was generated using primers carrying the conserved sequences of eukaryotic RecA homologs. The deduced amino acid sequence revealed two conserved Walker-A and -B type nucleotide-binding domains and exhibited 88%, 60%, and 53% identity with Mei-3 of Neurospora crassa, rhp51+ of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and Rad51 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, respectively. radA null mutants constructed by replacing the whole coding region with a selection marker showed high methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) sensitivity. Heterozygous diploids of radA disruptant with the uvsC114 mutant failed to complement with respect to MMS-sensitivity, indicating that radA is an allele of uvsC. In selecting spontaneous forward selenate resistant mutations, mutator effects were observed in radA null mutants similarly to those shown in uvsC114 mutant strains.
Improved geometric Goppa codes (2002)

Summary form only given. A new class of geometric Goppa codes are discussed. We show that the improved geometric Goppa codes are more efficient than the current geometric Goppa codes, for many cases. We also show several improved geometric Goppa codes from algebraic curves in high-dimensional spaces, hyperplanes in affine spaces and projective spaces, surfaces in affine spaces, and some varieties generated by algebraic curves. As special cases, the multi-level codes derived by Wu and Costello (see IEEE Trans. Information Theory, vol.IT-38, p.933, 1992), the hyperbolic cascaded Reed-Solomon codes derived by Saints and Heegard (see Lecture Notes in Computer Science 673, p.291, 1993), Chen (1986) codes, and their generalizations can be easily derived.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Canonical Wnt Pathway Inhibitor ICG-001 Induces Cytotoxicity of Multiple Myeloma Cells in Wnt-Independent Manner (2015)

Canonical Wnt signaling has been implicated in the regulation of multiple myeloma (MM) growth. Here, we investigated whether the targeting of this pathway with a novel pharmacological inhibitor ICG-001 would result in an anti-tumor effect and improvement of chemosensitivity in MM. As expected, ICG-001 specifically down-regulated β-catenin/TCF-mediated transcription in MM cells. Treatment with ICG-001 resulted in growth arrest and apoptosis in MM cell lines and primary MM cells. Moreover, ICG-001 enhanced the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin and melphalan and abrogated chemoresistance of MM cells to these chemotherapeutics induced by bone marrow stroma. The cytotoxic effect of ICG-001 was caspase-dependent and mediated through transcriptional up-regulation of BH3-only pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family Noxa and Puma but not through inhibition of canonical Wnt signaling. ICG-001 selectively induced apoptosis in primary MM cells but did not affect non-MM cells of the bone marrow microenvironment. Experiments using a xenograft model of MM showed substantial anti-tumor effects of this compound in vivo. Thus, our study demonstrated that the small molecule inhibitor ICG-001 has strong anti-MM effects and could be developed further for therapeutic intervention in this disease.
On the superconductivity of graphite interfaces (2014)

We propose an explanation for the appearance of superconductivity at the interfaces of graphite with Bernal stacking order. A network of line defects with flat bands appears at the interfaces between two slightly twisted graphite structures. Due to the flat band the probability to find high temperature superconductivity at these quasi one-dimensional corridors is strongly enhanced. When the network of superconducting lines is dense it becomes effectively two-dimensional. The model provides an explanation for several reports on the observation of superconductivity up to room temperature in different oriented graphite samples, graphite powders as well as graphite-composite samples published in the past.
Measurement of Poverty, Deprivation, and Economic Mobility (2015)

The papers in Measurement of Poverty, Deprivation, and Social Exclusion represent the most current research on poverty, deprivation, and income mobility. They illustrate the multidimensionality of poverty that is difficult to capture in any one measure. The volume presents state-of-the-art research that is relevant to poverty academics globally.The papers use a variety of methods that measure the persistence of poverty over time and cover numerous countries and circumstances. A selection of papers focus on single countries while others include comparisons of countries.The volume begins with a set of papers that examine particular groups that are most vulnerable to poverty and deprivation in a variety of places. These include measuring the persistence of poverty of immigrant children in Scandinavian countries. Finally the volume concludes with papers that analyze the relationships of two or more measures together to further elucidate what we know if we have only one measure of poverty.
Computational optical-sectioning microscopy for 3D quantification of cell motion: results and challenges (2002)

How cells move and navigate within a 3D tissue mass is of central importance in such diverse problems as embryonic development, wound healing and metastasis. This locomotion can now be visualized and quantified using computational optical-sectioning microscopy, which permits non-destructive 3D imaging of living specimens over long time periods. This technique, however, presents several technical challenges. Image restoration methods must be fast enough to process numerous I Gbyte time-lapse data sets (16 Mbytes per 3D image/spl times/60 time points). Because some cells are weakly labeled and background intensity is often high due to unincorporated dye, the SNR in some of these images is poor. Also required are accurate, automated-tracking procedures to generate both 3D trajectories for individual cells and 3D flows for a group of cells. Finally, sophisticated visualization techniques are needed to view the 3D movies of cell locomotion. Here, I discuss our current approaches to these problems and note present limitations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Rhetoric, Realism and Benefit‐Sharing (2004)

“This is the real ghaap of the natives, who use it as a substitute for food and water. The sweet sap reminds one of licorice and when on one occasion thirst compelled me to follow the example of my Hottentot guide, it saved further suffering and removed the pangs of hunger so efficiently that I could not eat anything for a day after having reached the camp.” Marloth (1855–1931)
Learning to predict resistive forces during robotic excavation (2002)

Few robot tasks require as forceful an interaction with the world as excavation. In order to effectively plan its actions, a robot excavator requires a method to predict the resistive forces experienced as it scoops soil from the terrain. This paper presents methods for a robot to predict resistive forces and to improve its predictions based on experience, using "learning" methods. A simple analytical model of a flat blade translating through soil is extended to account to for phenomena specific to motions of an excavator. In addition, the paper examines how representation and methodology affect prediction performance.
Conductivity structure of oceanic upper mantle beneath the Pacific plate (1981)

Ocean bottom magnetotelluric responses from three ages on the Pacific plate have been inverted to reveal the presence of a conductive zone whose depth is a function of lithospheric age. The conductivity achieves its maximum value (~0.1 S m‒1) at depths near 70, 120 and 180 km for lithospheric ages of 1, 30 and 72 Myr respectively. The existence of this conductive structure has firmly been established by constructing a number of different acceptable models, and also by obtaining unique averages over depth of the conductivity.
Largest Inscribed Rectangles in Convex Polygons (Extended Abstract) (2014)

We consider approximation algorithms for the problem of computing an inscribed rectangle having largest area in a convex polygon on n vertices. If the order of the vertices of the polygon is given, we present a deterministic approximation algorithm that computes an inscribed rectangle of area at least 1 − ɛ times the optimum in running time O ( 1 1 ɛ log
THE INFLUENCE OF MORAL ORIENTATION AND RELATIONAL RISK ON KNOWLEDGE SHARING IN SUPPLY CHAINS (2014)

Sharing knowledge through inter-organizational relationships is one means of enhancing strategic competitiveness. It is generally agreed that the development of close relationships facilitates such sharing among partners. This paper presents a research model comprises five research hypotheses with four constructs, including moral orientation, opportunistic behavior, loss of competences risk and knowledge sharing. This study develops a conceptual model that relational risk as a mediating construct to examine the inter-relationship effects that affect knowledge sharing and these relationships. We analyze data collected from 281 major manufacturing firms in Taiwan, using structural equation modeling. The results of the empirical study suggest that the role played by moral orientation is critical in ensuring the knowledge sharing as it mitigates the opportunistic behavior and loss of competences risk in the process. The findings of the study provide useful insights into how supply chain members should reinforce their collaborative behaviors and activities so as to improve their moral orientation and in turn enhance knowledge sharing for the supply chain as a whole.
Coherent detection of optical quadrature phase-shift keying signals with carrier phase estimation (2006)

This paper describes a coherent optical receiver for demodulating optical quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) signals. At the receiver, a phase-diversity homodyne detection scheme is employed without locking the phase of the local oscillator (LO). To handle the carrier phase drift, the carrier phase is estimated with digital signal processing (DSP) on the homodyne-detected signal. Such a scheme presents the following major advantages over the conventional optical differential detection. First, its bit error rate (BER) performance is better than that of differential detection. This higher sensitivity can extend the reach of unrepeated transmission systems and reduce crosstalk between multiwavelength channels. Second, the optoelectronic conversion process is linear, so that the whole optical signal information can be postprocessed in the electrical domain. Third, this scheme is applicable to multilevel modulation formats such as M-array PSK and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The performance of the receiver is evaluated through various simulations and experiments. As a result, an unrepeated transmission over 210 km with a 20-Gb/s optical QPSK signal is achieved. Moreover, in wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) environment, coherent detection allows the filtering of a desired wavelength channel to reside entirely in the electrical domain, taking advantage of the sharp cutoff characteristics of electrical filters. The experiments show the feasibility to transmit polarization-multiplexed 40-Gb/s QPSK signals over 200 km with channel spacing of 16 GHz, leading to a spectral efficiency as high as 2.5 b/s/Hz.
Carta de Alemania: El museo del Gordo y el Flaco (2003)

Having no regular leisure-time physical activity or longer sitting times is associated with a higher risk of prefrailty. For sedentary older adults to prevent prefrailty, they can become more active, sit less or better yet, commit to both.
CASM: a VLSI chip for approximate string matching (1995)

The edit distance between two strings a1, ..., a/sub m/ and b/sub 1/, ..., b/sub n/ is the minimum cost s of a sequence of editing operations (insertions, deletions and substitutions) that convert one string into the other. This paper describes the design and implementation of a linear systolic array chip for computing the edit distance between two strings over a given alphabet. An encoding scheme is proposed which reduces the number of bits required to represent a state in the computation. The architecture is a parallel realization of the standard dynamic programming algorithm proposed by Wagner and Fischer (1974), and can perform approximate string matching for variable edit costs. More importantly, the architecture does not place any constraint on the lengths of the strings that can be compared. It makes use of simple basic cells and requires regular nearest neighbor communication, which makes it suitable for VLSI implementation. A prototype of this array has been built at the University of South Florida.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>