gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiple Fracture Stimulations In Horizontal Open-Hole Wells The Example of Well Boetersen Z9, Germany (1998)

Abstract The hydraulic fracturing of uncased wells or wells completed with a pre-drilled liner carries a risk of early proppant screenout. On the other hand, this can be a very cost-effective completion and stimulation method. This paper describes the successful application of multiple hydraulic fracturing in a deep horizontal gas well, Boetersen Z9, which was completed with a pre-drilled liner. The first step in the design of the treatment was to determine the optimum positions of two propped fractures with information from a production log and from multifrac inflow simulations. Weakening the rock by perforating would raise the probability that two hydraulic fractures would he created at these positions during fracturing. The actual positions of the fractures were later estimated from the minifrac analysis. The main pumping treatment was an extension of common practice. Pump rates were maximized so several fractures could grow simultaneously to the planned length and width. A large stage with medium proppant loading was pumped to confirm access to the fractures before stages with higher proppant loadings were pumped. Precise stage volumes were inferred from the minifrac and took into account the uncertainty in the actual positions of the fractures. Resin-coated proppant was used throughout the job, rather than being used as a tail-in only, because fractures could become packed off at any time during the job and proppant flowback is avoided for each of them. The well capacity increased from 7000 m3/h at 100 bar FWHP to 20000 m3/h at 370 bar. Skin and good communication between the fractures and the open-hole wellbore may have contributed to the success of the treatment. P. 351
Re-editing the paradigm of Cytidine (C) to Uridine (U) RNA editing (2014)

Cytidine (C) to Uridine (U) RNA editing is a post-trancriptional modification that until recently was known to only affect Apolipoprotein b (Apob) RNA and minimally require 2 components of the C to U editosome, the deaminase APOBEC1 and the RNA-binding protein A1CF. Our latest work has identified a novel RNA-binding protein, RBM47, as a core component of the editosome, which can substitute A1CF for the editing of ApoB mRNA. In addition, new RNA species that are subjected to C to U editing have been identified. Here, we highlight these recent discoveries and discuss how they change our view of the composition of the C to U editing machinery and expand our knowledge of the functional attributes of C to U RNA editing.
Anthropometric equations for estimating abdominal adipose tissue distribution in women. (1996)

These equations might be used as an inexpensive estimation of IAF, SCF and TOTF in adult Caucasian females varying greatly in age and percentage body fat.
The integration of simulation and response surface methodology for the optimization of IC processes (1994)

This paper describes a methodology that can be used for the optimization of semiconductor processes. This is achieved by integrating the design of experiments and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with process and device simulation tools. Software for automating multiple simulations has been implemented and interfaced to RS/1 to assist in the manual design and analysis of experiments and the subsequent optimization procedures. The procedure is illustrated through the optimization of part of an MOS process with multi-parameter optimization being performed by the introduction of composite responses and sensitivity analysis. These simulated results are also compared with experimental measurements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Application of Real Time Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay on Dried Blood Spots in the Detection of HCV RNA among High Risk Patients (2016)

Detection of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA, the earliest marker and a direct indicator of ongoing viral replication, is more reliable than the anti HCV antibodies for screening for an ongoing HCV infection especially in high risk patients,
Path tracking and stabilization for a reversing general 2-trailer configuration using a cascaded control approach (2016)

In this paper a cascaded approach for stabilization and path tracking of a general 2-trailer vehicle configuration with an off-axle hitching is presented. A low level Linear Quadratic controller is used for stabilization of the internal angles while a pure pursuit path tracking controller is used on a higher level to handle the path tracking. Piecewise linearity is the only requirement on the control reference which makes the design of reference paths very general. A Graphical User Interface is designed to make it easy for a user to design control references for complex manoeuvres given some representation of the surroundings. The approach is demonstrated with challenging path following scenarios both in simulation and on a small scale test platform.
Precipitation of Kraft Lignin: Yield and Equilibrium (2015)

Kraft pulping is the dominant pulping process used in the world today. The material efficiency in modern kraft pulp mills is, however, only 40−55% and the final product consists mainly of cellulose. Recently, a novel process called “LignoBoost” has been introduced to separate lignin from kraft black liquor. The separated lignin can be utilized either as a solid fuel or as a raw material for the production of carbon fibres or chemicals. It makes it possible for a traditional pulp mill to become a combined biorefinery. There are four major steps in the LignoBoost process: precipitation of lignin, filtration of lignin, re-dispersion of the lignin suspension and, finally, washing of lignin. The filtration and washing steps have been investigated extensively already, so it is of interest to gain more knowledge regarding the precipitation of lignin. Two kraft black liquors were used in this work: a mixed hardwood/softwood black liquor and a softwood black liquor. Cross-flow filtration was used to fractionate lignin with a different molecular weight from the softwood black liquor. The precipitation of lignin was performed by acidifying the black liquor at various process conditions, namely pH, temperature and ionic strength of the black liquor. The influences exerted by these parameters on the precipitation yield of lignin were investigated. The molecular properties (average molecular weight and functional groups) of precipitated lignin, together with a carbohydrate analysis of the black liquor and precipitated lignin, were determined. Finally, the dissociation degree of the phenolic groups on the lignin molecules was estimated using the Poisson-Boltzmann cell model. The results show that the precipitation yield of lignin increases with decreasing pH and temperature and/or with increasing ionic strength of the black liquor. There is an increasing amount of lignin with a lower molecular weight that is precipitated at a higher yield. Within the same precipitation conditions, the lignin fraction with the highest molecular weight tends to have the highest yield. According to NMR analysis of lignin, the content of methoxyl groups decreases for softwood lignin but increases for mixed hardwood/softwood lignin at a higher yield, whereas the content of phenolic groups increases at a higher yield for both types of lignin. The content of carbohydrates decreases with increasing yield. In a highly electrolyte solution (such as black liquor), the dissociation degree of the phenolic groups on the lignin molecules is related to the alkalinity and temperature of the precipitation conditions, but less so to an increase in the ionic strength or the molecular weight of the lignin.
Quick Decision-Making for Close-Boiling Distillation Schemes (2017)

Separating close-boiling components using distillation is very common in industry. Considering the higher capital and energy intensity of the task, schematic selection of optimal distillation strategies becomes a significant decision of both industrial and methodological importance. In this sense, this paper introduces a reliable shortcut method of simplicity and robustness for optimizing the target of total annualized cost (TAC). In detail, selective analyses are carried out among four schematic candidates for three close-boiling systems. The schemes are conventional distillation column, mechanical vapor recompression (MVR), double-effect distillation, and distillation with a recycle process. The mixtures to be separated are methyltrichlorosilane/dimethylchlorosilane, methylcyclopentane/cyclohexane, and isobutanol/n-butanol. After the first round evaluation, hydraulic calculations through rigorous simulations are worked out to size the equipment, which is necessary for TAC analyses. In the second round comparison, MVR stands out to be a more attractive option for close-boiling separations than other configurations.
Exploiting non-Markovian Bio-Processes (2009)

The Stochastic Simulation Algorithm (SSA) is a milestone in the realm of stochastic modeling of biological systems, as it inspires all the current algorithms for stochastic simulation. Essentially, the SSA shows that under certain hypothesis the time to the next occurrence of a biochemical reaction is a random variable following a negative exponential distribution. Unfortunately, the hypothesis underlying SSA are difficult to meet, and modelers have to face the impact of assuming exponentially distributed reactions besides the prescribed scope of applicability. An opportunity of investigation is offered by the use of generally distributed reaction times. In this paper, we describe how general distributions are introduced into BlenX, a programming language designed for specifying biological models. We then experiment the new extension on few examples of increasing complexity and discuss how the quantitative behaviour of a model is affected by the choice of the reaction time distribution.
Carbon Nanotubes in Bone Tissue Engineering (2009)

Ordinary outputs of developed models for predicting mechanical properties of fiberreinforced composites include consideration of microstructural Youngâ€™s, shear, and/or bulk moduli with respect to volume fraction of reinforcement phase. Rule-of-Mixtures gives two general cases of isostrain and isostress arrangements of material constituents proposed by (Voigt, 1889) and (Reuss, 1929), respectively. Voigt suggests the upper limit of a range of elastic constants, while the lower limit of this range is given by Reussâ€™s model. Results of other classical models lie between Rule-of-Mixtures estimated limits. So-called HashinShtrikman upper and lower bounds (Hashin & Shtrikman, 1961a,b; 1962a,b; 1963) for the composite material behavior are the most adopted bounds for the overall properties of composites. Mori and Tanaka proposed their well-known method (Mori & Tanaka, 1973), matching Hashin-Shtrikmanâ€™s lower bound for the composite behavior in certain conditions. The key point in different approaches is the pre-assumed interaction between composite phases. Voigtâ€™s model, assuming perfect bonding between matrix and reinforcement, considers isostrain condition in which deformations of the elements are equal at every contact point between the two phases. Perfect bonding assumption in such a situation, provides the uppermost limit of effective properties of the composite. However, the crosslinking model presented here, represents the inter-phase interaction only at cross-links sites which results in a significant deviation from Voigtâ€™s prediction. When interface contact is less perfect, as is the case for our cross-linking model compared to isostrain model, it is expected to see a weaker reinforcing mechanism and so a smaller value for the Youngâ€™s modulus of the composite.
Fluid Bed Catalytic Oxidation: An Underdeveloped Hazardous Waste Disposal Technology (1984)

Fluid bed incinerators have been used to dispose of a wide variety of hazardous wastes including refinery waste streams, surplus explosives, PCB-contaminated transformer oil and oxychlorination process wastes. Both inert and catalytic solids have been employed separately and in mixed beds or sequential reactors. However, in most catalytic processes, the nature of the catalyst and the process operating conditions are proprietary. In this paper, the catalytic oxidation kinetics of three chlorinated hydrocarbons are determined in an externally pumped recycle reactor with a commercially available chromia on alumina catalyst. Conversion of the chlorocarbon species in the reactor effluent are monitored by gas chromatography for temperatures in the range 350 to 550°C. Regression of the measured catalytic oxidation rates yields rate expressions which are first order in the chlorocarbon concentration, between zero and first order in oxygen concentration and exhibit some inhibition by water. Some catalyst poisoning by halogen containing species is observed. However, the poisoning phenomena can be minimized by control of the H/Cl ratio in the mixed waste feed stream.
ChemInform Abstract: Simplified Cannabidiols. Part 1. Boron Trifluoride‐Diethyl Ether on Alumina: A Modified Lewis Acid Reagent. Friedel‐Crafts Alkylation of 5‐ Alkylresorcinols with Cyclic Allylic Alcohols. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Bone morphogenetic protein‐7 in growth‐plate chondrocytes: Regulation by retinoic acid is dependent on the stage of chondrocyte maturation (1998)

Although the bone morphogenetic proteins stimulate chondrogenesis, little is known regarding their expression and regulation in growth-plate chondrocytes. The expression of bone morphogenetic protein-7 was examined in chick growth-plate chondrocyte cultures. Low basal levels of bone morphogenetic protein-7 mRNA and protein expression were stimulated by increasing doses of all-trans retinoic acid, a metabolite of vitamin A. The addition of 10 microM retinoic acid resulted in approximately a 6-fold increase in bone morphogenetic protein-7 mRNA levels. In contrast, other growth regulators, including basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta, vitamin D, bone morphogenetic protein-6, bone morphogenetic protein-7, and parathyroid hormone-related peptide, did not alter bone morphogenetic protein-7 transcript levels. The increase in bone morphogenetic protein-7 transcripts, although present at 6 hours, was maximal following a 12-hour exposure to retinoic acid. Retinoic acid induction of bone morphogenetic protein-7 transcript levels was dependent on protein synthesis because the induction could be blocked by cyclohexamide. In maturationally distinct subpopulations of chondrocytes separated by countercurrent centrifugal elutriation, retinoic acid markedly induced bone morphogenetic protein-7 mRNA levels in the least differentiated chondrocytes but had no effect in the most terminally differentiated hypertrophic chondrocytes. Immunohistochemical localization of bone morphogenetic protein-7 demonstrates its expression throughout the developing and adolescent growth plate consistent with the constitutive pattern of expression seen in isolated chondrocytes. The addition of exogenous bone morphogenetic protein-7 to chondrocyte cultures stimulated maturation in undifferentiated chondrocyte populations. The data support a role for bone morphogenetic protein-7 as an autocrine regulator of chondrocyte maturation in the growth plate. Regulation of bone morphogenetic protein-7 by retinoic acid may be important in normal growth and development as well as in pathologic conditions of an excess or deficiency of vitamin A.
A Note on the Stability of Cuttings in Normally Consolidated Clays (1962)

Synopsis It is shown that the factor of safety against undrained failure of a slope cut in an ideal normally consolidated clay whose undrained shear strength increases linearly with depth, depends not upon the height but only upon the inclination of the slope, the ratio and the bulk density of the clay. The calculation of the factor of safety is facilitated by the use of a stability number which is related to the slope inclination alone: this relation is presented graphically in the Paper. Il est démontré que le coefficient de sécurité qui joue dans la rupture d'une pente taillée dans une argile normalement consolidée dont la résistance au cisaillement à teneur en eau constante augmente d'ne façon linéaire avec la profondeur, dépend non de la hauteur mais seulement de l'angle de la pente, du rapport et de la densité apparente de l'argile. Le calcul du coefficient de sécurité est rendu plus arisé par l'emploi d'un facteur de stabilité qui n'est lié qu'a l'angle de la pente: ce rapport est représenté graphiquement dans l'article.
Programming Protocol Optimization for Analog Weight Tuning in Resistive Memories (2015)

Analog weight tuning in resistive memories is attractive for multilevel operation and neuro-inspired computing. To tune the device conductance to the desired states as fast as possible without sacrificing the accuracy, we propose an optimization programming protocol by adjusting the pulse amplitude incremental steps, the pulsewidth incremental steps, and the start voltages. Our experimental results on HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> -based resistive memories indicate that avoiding over-reset by appropriate programming parameters is critical for fast convergence of the conductance tuning. The over-reset behavior is caused by the stochastic nature of filament formation and rupture, as simulated by a 1-D filament model.
BGP Communities Attribute (1996)

Border Gateway Protocol [1] is an inter-autonomous system routing protocol designed for TCP/IP internets.
Improving outcomes of acute kidney injury using mouse renal progenitor cells alone or in combination with erythropoietin or suramin (2013)

These results suggest that MRPC, in particular MRPC/EPO or MRPC/suramin, promote renal repair after injury and may be a promising therapeutic strategy.
Growing Secure Distributed Systems from a Spore (2012)

This paper describes the design and evaluation of\spore, a secure cloud-based file system that minimizes trust and functionality assumptions on underlying servers. \spore differs from other systems in that system relationships are formalized only through signed data objects, rather than in complicated protocols executed between clients and servers. This approach allows Spore to bootstrap a file system from a single object, providing integrity and security guarantees while storing all data as simple, immutable objects on untrusted servers. We use simulation to characterize the performance of this system, focusing primarily on the cost incurred in compensating for the minimal server support. We show that while a naive approach is quite inefficient, a series of simple optimizations can enable the system to perform well in real-world scenarios.
New Electron Emitters May Slim Down Computer Displays (1996)

Eindhoven, the Netherlands—Behind every desktop computer screen sits a chunky descendant of the first electronic devices ever made, the cathode ray tubes (CRTs). These tubes work well by firing a beam of electrons across a vacuum at the screen, but they're too big for many applications. So researchers are experimenting with small electron-emitting devices suited for flat-panel displays like those in laptop computers. The devices still have drawbacks, but new materials and fabrication methods are brightening the prospects for flat-panel CRTs.
High-power linearly-polarized supercontinuum generation from few-mode polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber (2019)

We demonstrate a high-power broadband linearly-polarized supercontinuum (LP-SC) laser source by coupling the output of a polarization-maintaining picosecond master oscillator power amplifier (PM-MOPA) at 1064 nm into a few-mode polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber (PM-PCF). The PM-MOPA delivers 150 ps pulses at a high repetition rate of 80 MHz with 120.4 W average output power. The short wavelength band of LP-SC is extended from 580 nm to 480 nm with the aid of intermodal four wave mixing (FWM). The spectrum is finally broadened to 480 -2400 nm with a maximum average power of 77.4 W. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of such a high average power LP-SC generated from PM-PCF with a wide spectrum.
Erythromycin and Clindamycin Resistance and Telithromycin Susceptibility in <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> (2003)

The rates of resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin among Streptococcus agalactiae strains isolated in our hospital increased from 4.2 and 0.8% in 1993 to 17.4 and 12.1%, respectively, in 2001. Erythromycin resistance was mainly due to the presence of an Erm(B) methylase, while the M phenotype was detected in 3.8% of the strains. Telithromycin was very active against erythromycin-resistant strains, irrespective of their mechanisms of macrolide resistance.
An EM-Based Channel Estimation Algorithm for MIMO-OFDM Systems (2006)

An improved EM-based channel estimation algorithm for MIMO-OFDM systems is introduced in order to obtain higher frequency efficiency.The simulation result shows that the new algorithm remarkably improves the frequency efficiency and keeps the precision of the old algorithm at the same time.
Two‐dimensional interferometric positions of VHF lightning sources (1981)

Using a new radio interferometric technique, we present observations of VHF lightning radiation source positions. The crossed base line interferometer provides the directions of arrival (azimuth and elevation) of VHF lightning radiation. Much flexibility exists in the choice of instrument parameters such as operating frequency and sampling interval. The present instrument operates at 34.3 MHz and provides an average position for every 2.5 μs of lightning radiation. Observations indicate that each 2.5 μs position should be attributed to a single discrete source in the sky. The positions of such sources define the temporal and spatial development of breakdown and rapid charge acceleration during the lightning flash. We have obtained VHF source positions correlated in time with electric field measurements. This allows us to identify the various processes occurring during a discharge and to compare the VHF phenomena with previously observed lightning phenomena. We have analyzed six flashes completely and portions of others. All six flashes contained ground strokes and two had intracloud discharges following the ground flash. We present data from three flashes that showed features common to the flashes we analyzed. The initial (preceding the first return stroke) and intracloud portions consisted of a large number of bursts of 20 μs average duration occurring on the average every 100 μs. The positions within each burst developed in a systematic, nearly linear, sequence with apparent speeds of ∼10 7 m/s. The relative positions from burst to burst drifted through the sky with speeds ∼10 5 m/s. In intracloud portions this drift was predominantly horizontal. In ground flashes the VHF sources drifted downward, in effect the leader for the first return stroke. They terminated at the return stroke.
An Investigation of Electrostatic Assist in Dynamic Wetting (2000)

Electrostatic assist is widely used in liquid coating processes to promote high coating speeds by postponing the onset of air entrainment. However, very little research has been published on the interaction of electrostatic forces with coating flows. The present work seeks to address this deficiency and to show the way in which an electrostatic field can promote dynamic wetting. A simple theory is developed in which the electrostatic field and the resultant forces are treated independently of the liquid flow. Electrostatic equations are derived and incorporated within the molecular kinetic theory of dynamic wetting. Experimental evidence is presented which demonstrates the utility of this approach.