gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Minirhizotron Installation Techniques for Investigating Root Responses to Drought and Oxygen Stresses (1989)

Abstract Estimation of plant root activities by the minirhizotron technique is a nondestructive approach for observing root responses to the soil environment, yet few such observations have been made. The purpose of this report is to compare methods for installing minirhizotron tubes in separate experiments located in two regions of the USA. Transparent plastic tubes were installed at acute angles of 0.8 and 1.2 rad to the surfaces of sandy loam (Typic Hapludult and Typic Hapludalf) soils located in Georgia and Michigan. Soil cores were removed from these low expansion‐contraction soils using Giddings hydraulic power samplers. Both ends of the minirhizotrons were stoppered and the aboveground portion of the tube surfaces were made opaque before inserting. The excellent soil to minirhizotron wall interfaces provided clear and high contrast root images that were observed and video recorded. These procedures provided information which indicate that short‐term drought results in root losses near the soil surface and large increases in deep root growth. Uninterrupted O 2 stress substantially reduced growth of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) roots throughout the rhizosphere.
Electronic structures and bonding properties of chlorine-treated nitrogenated carbon nanotubes: X-ray absorption and scanning photoelectron microscopy studies (2007)

The electronic and bonding properties of nitrogenated carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs) exposed to chlorine plasma were investigated using C and N K-edge x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and scanning photoelectron microscopy (SPEM). The C and N K-edge XANES spectra of chlorine-treated N-CNTs consistently reveal the formation of pyridinelike N-CNTs by the observation of 1s→π*(e2u) antibonding and 1s→π*(b2g) bonding states. The valence-band photoemission spectra obtained from SPEM images indicate that chlorination of the nanotubes enhances the C–N bonding. First-principles calculations of the partial densities of states in conjunction with C K-edge XANES data identify the presence of C–Cl bonding in chlorine treated N-CNTs.
Quantum-well infrared photodetectors with digital graded superlattice barrier for long-wavelength and broadband detection (1999)

We report two high-performance quantum-well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) using GaAs/AlGaAs digital graded superlattice barriers and InGaAs quantum wells for long-wavelength infrared and broadband (BB) detection. The compositionally digital graded superlattice barriers (DGSLBs) of the QWIP structures were grown using GaAs/AlGaAs digital graded superlattices to form a staircase-like composition-graded barrier layer without adjustment of the source temperature (510 °C) and the AlGaAs composition (15% Al). In the BB DGSLB QWIP, a broad spectral response from 7 to 16 μm wavelength range was obtained under positive bias condition, while a normal spectral response with peak wavelength at 11 μm was obtained under the negative bias condition. In addition, a double-barrier (DB) DGSLB QWIP structure adding a thin (20 Å) undoped Al0.15Ga0.85As on each side of the InGaAs quantum well to form a DB structure for the confinement of electron wave functions in the E4 states was also studied. A peak responsivity of 3 A/W was obtained at Vb=1 V, T=35 K, and λp=12 μm, and normal spectral response was observed in this device.
Scytophycins, novel microfilament-depolymerizing agents which circumvent P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance. (1993)

Cells demonstrating the multidrug resistance phenotype because of overexpression of P-glycoprotein, a drug efflux pump, are resistant to the cytotoxic effects of most natural product drugs. To determine if P-glycoprotein confers resistance to the syctophycins, a family of natural cytotoxic macrolides recently isolated from cyanobacteria of the family Syctone-mataceae, we have characterized the effects of these compounds on drug-sensitive (SKOV3) and drug-resistant (SKVLB1) human ovarian carcinoma cells. While SKVLB1 cells demonstrated > 150- and 10,000-fold decreases in sensitivity to Adriamycin and vinblastine, respectively, they were equally sensitive as SKOV3 cells to the antiproliferative effects of tolytoxin and certain related scytophycins. The SKVKB1 cells were 4- to 11-fold resistant to other scytophycins and were 14-fold resistant to cytochalasin B. Microfilaments in SKOV3 and SKVLB1 cells were depolymerized by similar concentrations of tolytoxin, while cytochalasin B was less potent toward SKVLB1 cells than SKOV3 cells. Both tolytoxin and cytochalasin B enhanced the cytotoxicity of vinblastine toward SKVLB1 cells; however, neither compound affected the sensitivity to Adriamycin or cisplatin. Verapamil markedly increased the accumulation of [3H]vinblastine by SKLVB1 cells, while cytochalasin B caused only modest increase, and tolytoxin had no effect on [3H]vinblastine accumulation. These results suggest that some of the scytophycins, including tolytoxin, are not subject to P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux from cells exhibiting multidrug resistance due to overexpression of this transport protein. These compounds may therefore be useful for killing drug-resistant tumor cells.
Effect of quantum well location on single quantum well <i>p-i-n</i> photodiode dark currents (1999)

The photocurrent available from a p-i-n solar cell can be increased by the addition of quantum wells (QWs) to the undoped region. At the same time the QWs reduce the open-circuit voltage by introducing areas of lower band gap where recombination is enhanced. This increase in recombination should be as small as possible for the most favorable effect on the photovoltaic efficiency of the device. Theoretical considerations indicate that nonradiative recombination, which is the dominant loss mechanism in AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs QW structures, may be reduced by positioning the QWs away from the point where the electron-hole product is a maximum. For p-i-n diodes, where recombination is greatest at or near the center of the space charge region, this means locating the QWs closer to the doped regions. Spectral response should not be affected so long as the QWs are still located within the field bearing region. Thus, improved photovoltaic performance may be expected through strategic location of the QWs. We report on measurements on a series of Al0.36Ga0.64As p-i-n photodiodes, three of which contained a single 87 Å GaAs QW within the i region, and one which was a control sample with no QW. The three QW samples were grown with the QW located nearer to the p-doped layer, centrally, and nearer to the n-doped layer, respectively. Spectral response measurements confirm that for good quality samples photocurrent is independent of QW location within the depleted region. Contrary to expectations, the dark current is highest for the sample with the QW located closer to the n region. We analyze these results in terms of structure and doping profile, and compare them with the predictions of a self-consistent model. The observed behavior is attributed to a relatively high unintentional background doping in the intrinsic region.
Effects of oxygen on autonomic nervous system dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1999)

Chronic hypoxaemia can play a pathological role in abnormalities of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic hypoxaemia is associated with increased mortality and only long-term oxygen therapy is able to improve their survival. Normoxaemic COPD patients have been shown to suffer from abnormalities in ANS function. The aims of this study were to evaluate ANS function in COPD patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory insufficiency and to test whether oxygen supplementation could reverse any ANS dysfunction. Eleven stable COPD patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory insufficiency underwent evaluation of ANS by analysis of variability in cardiac frequency at rest and during both vagal (controlled breathing) and sympathetic (tilting) stimuli breathing with and without oxygen supplementation. Thirteen male, healthy, nonsmoking volunteers served as controls. Evaluation of ANS in COPD patients during hypoxic conditions showed alterations both at rest and in response to vagal and sympathetic stimuli. Oxygen supply reversed hypoxaemia without significant changes in arterial carbon dioxide tension and, therefore, ANS alterations were corrected during sympathetic stimulus only. Breathing room air and oxygen, the resting low-frequency (LF) powers were 45+/-15 and 148+/-55 ms2 x Hz(-1), respectively, and controlled breathing LF were 107+/-41 and 141+/-113 ms2 x Hz(-1), respectively. In stable patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with chronic respiratory insufficiency, hypoxaemia is associated with derangements in the autonomic nervous system which may be partially reversed by oxygen administration.
Experimental Validation of a Simplified PEMFC Simulation Model (2009)

In this paper, a simplified and comprehensive PEMFC mathematical model introduced in previous studies is experimentally validated. Numerical results are obtained with the model for an existing set of commercial unit PEM fuel cells. The model accounts for pressure drops in the gas channels, and for temperature gradients with respect to space in the flow direction, and current increase that are investigated by direct infrared imaging, showing that even at low current operation such gradients are present in fuel cell operation, and therefore should be considered by a PEMFC model, since large coolant flow rates are limited due to induced high pressure drops in the cooling channels. The computed polarization and power curves are directly compared to the experimentally measured ones with good qualitative and quantitative agreement. The combination of accuracy and low computational time allow for the future utilization of the model as a reliable tool for PEMFC simulation, control, design and optimization purposes.
A Pilot Study on Applying Text Mining Tools to Analyzing Steel Industry Trends : A Case Study of the Steel Industry for the Company "P" (2014)

기업은 생존을 위해 수많은 정보 속에서 빠르게 상황을 인식하고 미래를 예측하기 위해 정량데이터 분석뿐만 아니라 비정형데이터 분석에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있으나, 철강산업에서는 아직 활발하게 활용되지는 못하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 글로벌 철강회사인 P사(社)의 사례를 중심으로 텍스트 마이닝을 이용한 산업트렌드 분석을 시도해 경쟁사 전략, 관심국가의 시장변화, 해외사업장 여론 등을 파악 하는데 기여할 수 있다는 가능성을 발견하였다. 사례 분석은 철강산업을 10개의 카테고리로 분류하고 각각 10개의 주제를 선정하여 분석을 시도하고, 이중 의미 있는 변화를 발견하면 심층 분석하는 형태로 진행하였다. 이번 P사(社)의 사례를 통해 텍스트 마이닝을 통한 산업트렌드 분석이 더 의미 있기 위해서는 목적을 명확히 하고, 관련 키워드를 체계화한다면 경쟁사 전략 파악, 리스크관리, 정량데이터 예측 보정 등 많은 부분에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. It becomes more and more important for business survival to have the ability to predict the future with uncertainties increasing faster and faster. To predict the future, text mining tools are one of the main candidate other than traditional quantitative analyses, but those efforts are still at their infancy. This paper is to introduce one of those efforts using the case of company "P" in the steel industry. Even with only four month pilot studies, we found strong possibilities, if not testified robustly, to predict future industrial trends using text mining tools. For these text mining case studies, we categorized steel industry trend keywords into ten components (10 categories) to study ten different subjects for each category. Once found any meaningful changes in a trend, we had investigated in more detail what and how some trend happened so. To be more roust, firstly we need to define more cleary the purpose of text mining analyses. Then we need to categorize industry trend key words in a more systematic way using systems thinking models. With these improvements, we are quite sure that applying text mining tools to analyzing industry trends will contribute to predicting the future industry trends as well as to identifying the unseen trends otherwise.
Pulmonary expression of early growth response-1: biphasic time course and effect of oxygen concentration (2000)

Hypoxia induces complex adaptive responses. In this report, induction of early growth response-1 (Egr-1) transcripts in lungs of mice subjected to hypoxia is shown to be dose and time dependent. Within 30 min of hypoxia, Egr-1 transcripts were approximately 20-fold elevated in 6% oxygen, approximately 5.2-fold increased by 10% oxygen, and returned to the normoxic baseline by 12% oxygen. Time course studies up to 48 h showed a biphasic profile with an initial steep rise in Egr-1 transcripts after 0.5 h of hypoxia and a second elevation beginning after 20-24 h. Hypoxic induction of Egr-1 was paralleled by enhanced expression of the downstream target gene tissue factor. Egr-1 and tissue factor antigen were visualized in bronchial and vascular smooth muscle and in alveolar macrophages. Egr-1 has the capacity to modulate expression of genes involved in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix and properties of smooth muscle, thus possibly contributing to the pulmonary response to chronic hypoxia.
Amniotic Fluid Microflora in Asymptomatic Women At Mid-Gestation (2001)

The presence and composition of amniotic fluid (AF) microflora, as well as AF glucose concentration and white blood cell (WBC) count, were investigated in 22 consecutive asymptomatic women with intact membranes at mid-gestation. AF was retrieved by trans-abdominal amniocentesis. Three of the 22 women (13.6%) had microorganisms in their AF: Chlamydia trachomatis in 2 and both Corynebacterium group absolute nonfermenter (ANF) group and Propionibacterium spp. in 1. No differences were found in clinical characteristics, glucose concentration or WBC count in patients with and without microorganisms in their AF.
The effect of the roentgen ray and mustard gas (dichlorethylsulphid) on active anaphylaxis in the guinea-pig (1922)

Journal Article The effect of the roentgen ray and mustard gas (dichlorethylsulphid) on active anaphylaxis in the guinea-pig Get access H. J. Corper, H. J. Corper Research Department, National Jewish Hospital for Consumptives, Denver, Colo. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Louisa T. Black, Louisa T. Black Research Department, National Jewish Hospital for Consumptives, Denver, Colo. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Mary Moore Mary Moore Research Department, National Jewish Hospital for Consumptives, Denver, Colo. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 30, Issue 1, January 1922, Pages 50–57, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/30.1.50 Published: 01 January 1922 Article history Received: 13 August 1921 Published: 01 January 1922
Legume cover crop development by NRCS and Auburn University. (2002)

Winter-season legume cover crops are an essential com­ ponent of cr op management practices such as conserva­ tion tillage and organic farming systems. Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L.) and crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.) are among the best known species used as cover crops. Caley pea ( Lathyrus hirsutus L.) is a coolseason annual legume that can be successfully gr own in areas too wet or too calcar eous for most annual clovers,
Multiphase Flow of Water, Oil and Natural Gas Through Vertical Flow Strings (1961)

Introduction Multiphase flow through vertical pipe is encountered in many engineering installations. In petroleum, chemical process, nuclear engineering and many other industries, problems associated with simultaneous flow of two or more phases through vertical pipe have been of interest for a long time. This interest has increased considerably during recent years due to applications to new processes in petroleum production and refining and to problems of steam generation and heat removal from nuclear reactors. One prominent example of vertical two-phase flow is provided by the gas-lift process where oil, water and gas flow simultaneously. If the pressure profile in a gas-lift well can be predicted within reasonable accuracy, it would be possible to get good estimates of the power required to lift the oil, the optimum depth, the pressure and the rate at which to inject gas. Furthermore, the effect of production rate and tubing sizes on these quantities can be evaluated before any design decisions are made on the installation and operation of the flow string. The majority of experimental work available in the literature deals with two-component systems where individual phase flow rates in and out of the pipe remain constant. The general problem of prediction of pressure drops in multiphase flow systems is very complicated. The co-existence of numerous flow patterns of widely different geometry and mechanism, conditions of surface instability and the nature of force fields acting upon the system are among the major difficulties commonly encountered. The classical approach of fluid dynamics which would be based upon the formulation and solution of Navier-Stokes equations has been found by many investigators completely devoid of any hope of success -- not only because of inherent nonlinearities but also because of insurmountable analytical difficulties standing in the way of setting up the boundary conditions. The presence and effect of interfacial forces on multiphase flow systems further complicate the theoretical approach. For these reasons, many investigators choose to adopt semi-empirical if not purely empirical approaches in order to obtain solutions of engineering utility.
A 1-ps Resolution On-Chip Sampling Oscilloscope with 64:1 Tunable Sampling Range Based on Ramp Waveform Division Scheme (2006)

An on-chip sampling oscilloscope with lps timing resolution is realized in 90nm CMOS process based on a proposed ramp waveform division scheme for precise signal integrity and power-line integrity measurement. The resolution in time is variable from 1ps to 64ps in 64 steps. A novel on-chip inductance measurement procedure is also proposed
Monolithic intrinsic NMOS HgCdTe IRCCDs with on-chip signal processing (1984)

NMOS monolithic intrinsic infrared charge coupled devices (IRCCDs) fabricated on epitaxial layers of Hg <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</inf> Cd <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> Te (x = 0.37) have been demonstrated. The arrays are fifty-five bit, four-phase surface channel devices with fifty front side illuminated MOS IR photodetectors. The devices have integrated reset floating diffusion amplifiers for performing true "on-chip" monolithic signal processing. Silicon dioxide and thermally deposited metals are used to form the insulators and gates. Shift registers have demonstrated charge transfer efficiencies greater than 0.9995. Multiplexed arrays have achived detectivities approaching 5 × 1012 cm-Hz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sup> -W <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> . The operational and detector radiometric data are presented and discussed.
Understanding the population structure of North American patients with cystic fibrosis (2010)

It is generally presumed that the cystic fibrosis (CF) population is relatively homogeneous, and predominantly of European origin. The complex ethnic make-up observed in the CF patients collected by the North American CF Modifier Gene Consortium has brought this assumption into question, and suggested the potential for population substructure in the three CF study samples collected from North America. It is well appreciated that population substructure can result in spurious genetic associations. To understand the ethnic composition of the North American CF population, and to assess the need for population structure adjustment in genetic association studies with North American CF patients, genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms on 3076 unrelated North American CF patients were used to perform population structure analyses. We compared self-reported ethnicity to genotype-inferred ancestry, and also examined whether geographic distribution and cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) mutation type could explain the population structure observed. Although largely Caucasian, our analyses identified a considerable number of CF patients with admixed African-Caucasian, Mexican-Caucasian and Indian-Caucasian ancestries. Population substructure was present and comparable across the three studies of the consortium. Neither geographic distribution nor CFTR mutation type explained the population structure. Given the ethnic diversity of the North American CF population, it is essential to carefully detect, estimate and adjust for population substructure to guard against potential spurious findings in CF genetic association studies. Other Mendelian diseases that are presumed to predominantly affect single ethnic groups may also benefit from careful analysis of population structure.
The MDM2-p53 interaction. (2003)

Activation of the p53 protein protects the organism against the propagation of cells that carry damaged DNA with potentially oncogenic mutations. MDM2, a p53-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase, is the principal cellular antagonist of p53, acting to limit the p53 growth-suppressive function in unstressed cells. In unstressed cells, MDM2 constantly monoubiquitinates p53 and thus is the critical step in mediating its degradation by nuclear and cytoplasmic proteasomes. The interaction between p53 and MDM2 is conformation-based and is tightly regulated on multiple levels. Disruption of the p53-MDM2 complex by multiple routes is the pivotal event for p53 activation, leading to p53 induction and its biological response. Because the p53-MDM2 interaction is structurally and biologically well understood, the design of small lipophilic molecules that disrupt or prevent it has become an important target for cancer therapy.
Complementation Analysis on Virus-Fused Chinese Hamster Cells with Nutritional Markers (1969)

Cell fusion experiments have been carried out with Chinese hamster cell mutants with different nutritional growth requirements. Conditions have been devised in which approximately 1 to 2 percent of the cell population remaining after fusion are fused, hybrid cells. The all-or-none nature of the genetic markers employed and the extremely low reversion rates insure that no contamination of the hybrid population with parental forms occurs. Hybrids between glycine- and hypoxanthine-requiring mutants are prototrophic, which indicates that both mutations are recessive. Hybrids between a glycine-deficient mutant and a singlestep mutant which requires glycine, hypoxanthine, and thymidine are relieved of the glycine dependency, an indication that the two loci associated with glycine dependence are different. This mutation to the triple-supplement requirement as well as a proline deficiency were also shown to be recessive mutations. The system appears applicable to a variety of genetic problems.