gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glycolysis selectively shapes the presynaptic action potential waveform (2016)

Mitochondria are major suppliers of cellular energy in neurons; however, utilization of energy from glycolysis vs. mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) in the presynaptic compartment during neurotransmission is largely unknown. Using presynaptic and postsynaptic recordings from the mouse calyx of Held, we examined the effect of acute selective pharmacological inhibition of glycolysis or mitochondrial OxPhos on multiple mechanisms regulating presynaptic function. Inhibition of glycolysis via glucose depletion and iodoacetic acid (1 mM) treatment, but not mitochondrial OxPhos, rapidly altered transmission, resulting in highly variable, oscillating responses. At reduced temperature, this same treatment attenuated synaptic transmission because of a smaller and broader presynaptic action potential (AP) waveform. We show via experimental manipulation and ion channel modeling that the altered AP waveform results in smaller Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx, resulting in attenuated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). In contrast, inhibition of mitochondria-derived ATP production via extracellular pyruvate depletion and bath-applied oligomycin (1 μM) had no significant effect on Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx and did not alter the AP waveform within the same time frame (up to 30 min), and the resultant EPSC remained unaffected. Glycolysis, but not mitochondrial OxPhos, is thus required to maintain basal synaptic transmission at the presynaptic terminal. We propose that glycolytic enzymes are closely apposed to ATP-dependent ion pumps on the presynaptic membrane. Our results indicate a novel mechanism for the effect of hypoglycemia on neurotransmission. Attenuated transmission likely results from a single presynaptic mechanism at reduced temperature: a slower, smaller AP, before and independent of any effect on synaptic vesicle release or receptor activity.
Mechanistic aspects of ‘ligated’ anionic living polymerization (LAP): The case of (meth)acrylic ester monomers (1995)

Abstract The recently developed ‘ligated’ technique has proved to be very successful in promoting living anionic polymerization of (meth) acrylic ester monomers. The efficient ligands discovered to date include μ, σ and μ–σ dual types. The roles of these ligands in the control of livingness and stereoregularity of anionic polymerization of (meth) acrylates are discussed in detail. There is convincing evidences that both ligation thermodynamics (electron density redistribution and steric hindrance in the formed active complex) and kinetics (how fast and in which way ligation occurs) are very critical in promoting the livingness. Moreover, steric hindrance appears to be a determining factor maintaining the process ‘living’ under more demanding conditions.
<title>Noisy desired signal in transient detection using neural networks</title> (1993)

In this paper we show the effect that several desired signals have on the performance of a neural network dynamic classifier for transient detection. We compare performances of the same neural network trained with the conventional 1/0 desired signal, a prediction framework and a desired signal composed of noise during the background. This last choice is the one that works best. We show that in terms of statistical decision theory this choice of desired signal should work as well as the optimal a posteriori detector. We provide an explanation why the noise during the background works for transient detection. Finally we comment on the implications of this choice of desired signal for learning in biological networks.
Does Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Affect the Occurrence or Mobility of Dissolved Arsenic in Groundwater? (1999)

Abstract Arsenic is indigenous to aquifer sediments of the Kern River alluvial fan in California. Dissolved arsenic in shallow groundwater was found at a location on the Kern River Fan where residual petroleum hydrocarbons are undergoing remediation by natural attenuation. Property owners are concerned that geochemical reduction reactions associated with biodegradation may be increasing the amounts of arsenic that desorb from the aquifer matrix and enter groundwater. A study of the groundwater geochemistry, including direct speciation of dissolved arsenic, showed that oxidizing conditions are prevalent at this location and that As(V) is the predominant arsenic species. Only one well in the monitoring network is sited in conditions that are sufficiently reducing to produce dissolved arsenic as the As(III) species. The geographic distribution of dissolved arsenic concentrations at the property are random and unrelated to petroleum hydrocarbon biodegradation. Groundwater recharge via nearby percolation ponds, however, may influence dissolved arsenic concentrations. Dissolved arsenic also may be influenced by past applications of phosphate fertilizers on the property; groundwater containing the highest dissolved arsenic concentration also contains dissolved phosphate at a concentration higher than that generally found across the Kern River Fan.
Relationship between sea surface salinity from L-band radiometer and optical features in the East China Sea (2014)

The East China Sea (ECS) is often obscured from space in the visible and near-visible bands by cloud cover, which prevents remote sensing retrieval of optical properties. However, clouds are transparent to microwaves, and satellites with L-band radiometers have recently been put into orbit to monitor sea surface salinity (SSS). Previous studies have used the mixing of fluvial colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) near coasts, where the mixing is approximately conservative over short time scales, to estimate SSS. In this study, the usual relationship between CDOM and salinity in the ECS has been used in reverse to estimate CDOM from remotely sensed SSS in the ECS and compare that CDOM with MODIS data. The SSS data used are 7 day composites from NASA’s Aquarius/SAC-D satellite which has an L-band radiometer. The challenges in using this approach are that 1) Aquarius SSS has coarse spatial resolution (150 km), and 2) the ECS has numerous anthropogenic sources of radiofrequency interference which adds noise to the L-band signal for the SSS retrievals. Despite the limits in the method, CDOM distribution in the ECS can be estimated under cloudy conditions. In addition to all-weather retrievals, an additional advantage of the approach is that the algorithm provides an estimate of CDOM absorption that is unaffected by the spectrally similar detritus absorption that can confound optical remote sensing estimates of CDOM.
Asymmetric Synthesis. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Evaluation of a CO2 Partial Rebreathing-Based Functional Residual Capacity Measurement Method for Mechanically Ventilated Patients (2011)

There is a need for an automated bedside functional residual capacity (FRC) measurement method that can continually monitor both the size and a change in size of a patient’s lung volume during mechanical ventilation without the use of bulky equipment, expensive tracer gases or step increases in inspired oxygen fraction. We developed a CO2 rebreathing method for FRC measurement that simply requires data from a volumetric capnometer (partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PetCO2) and volume of CO2 eliminated (VCO2) for the measurement. This study was designed to assess the accuracy, precision and repeatability of the proposed FRC measurement system during stable ventilation. Methods: Accuracy and precision of measurements were assessed by comparing the CO2 rebreathing FRC values to the gold standard, body plethysmography, in nine spontaneously breathing volunteers. Repeatability was assessed by comparing subsequent measurements in nine intensive care patients whose lungs were under mechanical ventilation. The accuracy and precision of the CO2 FRC measurement during mechanical ventilation were then compared to the reference method, modified multiple breath nitrogen washout, in the same ICU patients. Results: Compared to body plethysmography, the accuracy (mean bias) of the CO2 method was -0.085 L and precision (1 standard deviation) was 0.033 L (-2.3 ± 9.2% of body plethysmography). The accuracy in the mechanically ventilated patients was -0.055 L and precision was 0.336 L (-2.6% ± 17.5% of nitrogen washout). The difference between repeated FRC measurements in the ICU patients was 0.020 ± 0.42 L (mean ± standard deviation) (1.1 ± 23.4 %). Conclusions: The CO2 rebreathing method for FRC measurement provides acceptable accuracy and repeatability compared to existing methods during ventilation with mechanical ventilation. Further study of the CO2 rebreathing method is needed.
The Effect of Enzymic Digestion Upon the Antigenic Properties of Antitoxic and Normal Horse Plasmas (1942)

Summary The action of the enzymes, Aspergillus oryzae diastase, malt-diastase, and pepsin on antitoxic and normal horse plasmas has been studied. All three enzymes have been found to purify antitoxic plasmas and also to render the antitoxic molecule resistant to subsequent heat-treatment. Evidence has been presented that the antitoxic molecule decreases in size as purification proceeds, and it is suggested that the process of purification of antitoxins by the enzymes studied is essentially a proteolytic one. Normal plasmas appear to be much less resistant to enzymic action than are antitoxic plasmas. Antigenic studies of the digested products by means of the Schultz-Dale technic have revealed that the digested antitoxins are antigenically closely allied, regardless of which of the three enzymes is used for digestion. Animals sensitized to undigested normal or undigested antitoxic plasmas do not react to digested antitoxic nor to digested normal plasmas. Animals sensitized to unheated digested plasmas react not only to the homologous antigens but also to undigested plasma. Animals sensitized to digested antitoxic plasmas react to both digested antitoxic and digested normal plasmas, whereas animals sensitized to digested normal plasmas do not react to digested antitoxic plasmas. Heat-treatment affects the antigenic character of the digested antitoxins. Animals sensitized to heat-treated antitoxin fail to react to digested, unheated antitoxin, but do react to undigested, unheated normal or antitoxic serum protein, and also to digested, heated antitoxin.
Hanging in the Blast Furnace Caused by Flooding. (1963)

Furnace hanging is possibly caused by flooding. It is confirmed as a result of our experiments by a furnace model and a small scale test blast furnace that the flooding condition in packed column is qualitatively applied to the blast furnace by multiplying the correction coefficient. Coefficients are experimentally evaluated to be 0·5 and 0·35 in case of uniform and mixed coke size respectively. Present blast furnaces are operated nearly at the limiting flooding condition. It may safely be said that the furnace approaches the flooding condition, when the increase of blast volume is frequently accompanied with furnace roughness, slip or hanging.Constitutional improvement of blast and more delicate control of burden preparation must be contemplated for increasing the prodution rate.
Fibre-Optic Remote Gas Sensor With Diode Laser FM Spectroscopy (1990)

A fibre-optic remote gas sensor utilising the frequency modulated spectroscopy technique is described which is capable of detecting pollutants and trace gases in the atmosphere in ppm to ppb levels with an extremely high degree of specificity. The present system allows absorption measurements of 5 x 10-3% for long pathlengths in multipass White cells and approximately 10-3% for shorter pathlengths when single-mode fibre links are employed. The use of multimode fibre links can reduce the sensitivity and accuracy of the measurements. This effect is shown to be due to the modal noise in the fibre and it is demonstrated how it can be minimised by suitable data acquisition and processing techniques. Data from a fibre-optic methane sensor is presented as an example to show the typical performance of the system.
Pharmacology of cefminox, a new bactericidal cephamycin. (1990)

Cefminox is a new cephamycin antibiotic possessing a D-amino acid moiety derived from D-cysteine at the C-7B side chain. Cefminox is active against a wide range of bacteria, especially Gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria. Cefminox shows excellent in vivo efficacy (ED50) which is higher than would be expected from its in vitro activity (MIC). Moreover, cefminox possesses more potent activity in suppression of bacterial regrowth than other cephems. These phenomena are surmised to be caused by strong bactericidal activity which is attributed to a dual action mechanism.
Beta-adrenergic blockade heightens the exercise-induced increase in leucine oxidation (1995)

The purpose of this study was to assess the interaction between beta-blockade and exercise on amino acid kinetics. This was a three-way crossover experiment using beta 1-blockade, beta 1,beta 2-blockade, and a placebo control. Three 6-h L-[1-13C]leucine and L-[alpha-15N]lysine infusions were performed. The first 3 h established an isotopic steady state, and 1 h of exercise (approximately 50% of maximal O2 consumption) and 2 h of recovery followed. Plasma glucose decreased with exercise during all trials (P < 0.0001). During beta 1- and beta 1,beta 2-blockade, plasma free fatty acids were reduced during rest and exercise (P < 0.001). Leucine and lysine rates of appearance were unaffected by beta-blockade during rest but were decreased with placebo exercise. Leucine oxidation increased with beta-blockade (P < 0.01) and exercise (P < 0.001). There was a statistical interaction between both treatments (P < 0.004). In conclusion, leucine oxidation increased with exercise, further increased with beta 1-blockade, and was additionally heightened with beta 1,beta 2-blockade. This cumulative response indicates that leucine oxidation was regulated through beta 1- and beta 2-receptors.
Detection of hydrogen peroxide vapor by use of manganese(IV) oxide as catalyst for calorimetric gas sensors (2014)

In this work, the catalyst manganese(IV) oxide (MnO 2 ), of calorimetric gas sensors (to monitor the sterilization agent vaporized hydrogen peroxide) has been investigated in more detail. Chemical analyses by means of X‐ray‐induced photoelectron spectroscopy have been performed to unravel the surface chemistry prior and after exposure to hydrogen peroxide vapor at elevated temperature, as applied in the sterilization processes of beverage cartons. The surface characterization reveals a change in oxidation states of the metal oxide catalyst after exposure to hydrogen peroxide. Additionally, a cleaning effect of the catalyst, which itself is attached to the sensor surface by means of a polymer interlayer, could be observed. Schematic demonstrating the principle of the investigated calorimetric hydrogen peroxide gas sensor. Differential set‐up of two temperature‐sensitive elements; right side: passivated by an inert polymer; left side: additionally catalytically activated.
3D to 2D fingerprints: Unrolling and distortion correction (2011)

Touchless 3D fingerprint sensors can capture both 3D depth information and albedo images of the finger surface. Compared with 2D fingerprint images acquired by traditional contact-based fingerprint sensors, the 3D fingerprints are generally free from the distortion caused by non-uniform pressure and undesirable motion of the finger. Several unrolling algorithms have been proposed for virtual rolling of 3D fingerprints to obtain 2D equivalent fingerprints, so that they can be matched with the legacy 2D fingerprint databases. However, available unrolling algorithms do not consider the impact of distortion that is typically present in the legacy 2D fingerprint images. In this paper, we conduct a comparative study of representative unrolling algorithms and propose an effective approach to incorporate distortion into the unrolling process. The 3D fingerprint database was acquired by using a 3D fingerprint sensor being developed by the General Electric Global Research. By matching the 2D equivalent fingerprints with the corresponding 2D fingerprints collected with a commercial contact-based fingerprint sensor, we show that the compatibility between the 2D unrolled fingerprints and the traditional contact-based 2D fingerprints is improved after incorporating the distortion into the unrolling process.
Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease 2009 (2009)

The volumes in this series are published annually on the occasion of the International Conference on Dialysis organized by the Renal Research Institute, New York, in cooperation with the ISN, ISPD, NKF and RPA. Among the topics discussed in the current issue are recent developments in dialysis, dialysate and vascular access; vasopressin receptor a
Identification of Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Loci in <i>Leptospira interrogans</i> Sensu Stricto (2005)

Leptospira interrogans sensu stricto is responsible for the most frequent and severe cases of human leptospirosis. The epidemiology and clinical features of leptospirosis are usually associated with the serovars and serogroups of Leptospira. Because of the difficulties associated with serological identification of Leptospira strains, we evaluated a novel PCR-based method for typing L. interrogans serovars. Based upon the genome sequence of L. interrogans serovar Lai type strain 5660, 44 loci were analyzed by PCR for their variability in size due to the presence of variable-number tandem repeats (VNTR). Seven VNTR loci were found to be powerful markers for serovar identification, epidemiology, and phylogenetic studies of L. interrogans. This rapid and easy method should greatly contribute to a better knowledge of the epidemiology of Leptospira.
Determination of Dicamba by Reverse-Phase HPLC (1994)

Abstract Reverse-phase HPLC methodology was developed for resolution and quantitative analysis of dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) with a C-18 column and acetonitrile-phosphate buffer as the mobile phase under isocratic conditions. This solvent system was also suitable for mixtures containing dicamba, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and 2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid (MCPP) and allowed the resolution of these herbicides with the respective retention times of 4.5, 7.1, and 9.5 min. UV-spectroscopy was unsuitable for the resolution of mixtures of dicamba, 2,4-D, and MCPP due to overlapping absorption spectra.
From Strategy to Practice in University Entrepreneurship Support: Strengthening Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development in Eastern Germany: Youth, Entrepreneurship and Innovation (2010)

This report brings together findings from the case studies in Berlin and Rostock on how entrepreneurship support is organised, the activities in entrepreneurship education and start-up support, and the strategy behind. In addition, the report provides in its “fishing ideas from international good practice” section 13 short descriptions of how places and universities collaborate elsewhere in mobilising their talents for entrepreneurial action. These short case studies are intended to provide inspiration for both policy and local action on the key issues in making places conducive to entrepreneurship and innovation, in entrepreneurship education, and in making university entrepreneurship support systems work.
Inhibition of β-catenin signaling respecifies anterior-like endothelium into beating human cardiomyocytes (2015)

During vertebrate development, mesodermal fate choices are regulated by interactions between morphogens such as activin/nodal, BMPs and Wnt/β-catenin that define anterior-posterior patterning and specify downstream derivatives including cardiomyocyte, endothelial and hematopoietic cells. We used human embryonic stem cells to explore how these pathways control mesodermal fate choices in vitro. Varying doses of activin A and BMP4 to mimic cytokine gradient polarization in the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo led to differential activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and specified distinct anterior-like (high activin/low BMP) and posterior-like (low activin/high BMP) mesodermal populations. Cardiogenic mesoderm was generated under conditions specifying anterior-like mesoderm, whereas blood-forming endothelium was generated from posterior-like mesoderm, and vessel-forming CD31+ endothelial cells were generated from all mesoderm origins. Surprisingly, inhibition of β-catenin signaling led to the highly efficient respecification of anterior-like endothelium into beating cardiomyocytes. Cardiac respecification was not observed in posterior-derived endothelial cells. Thus, activin/BMP gradients specify distinct mesodermal subpopulations that generate cell derivatives with unique angiogenic, hemogenic and cardiogenic properties that should be useful for understanding embryogenesis and developing therapeutics.
Kinetics and mechanism of cyclic esters polymerization initiated with covalent metal carboxylates, 5 (2002)

Ring-opening polymerizations of ε-caprolactone (CL) and L,L-dilactide (LA) initiated by tin(II) octoate (Sn(Oct)2) and zinc octoate (Zn(Oct)2) and co-initiated with butyl alcohol (BuOH) carried out in tetrahydrofuran as a solvent at 80 °C were studied. By means of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, the formation of several populations of polyester macromolecules bearing various end-groups was revealed, namely for poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL): BuO(O)CPCLOH (A), BuO(O)CPCLOct (B), HO(O)CPCLOH (C), HO(O)CPCLOct (D), and PCL cyclics (E), and for poly(L-lactide) (PLA): BuO(O)CPLAOH (A′), BuO(O)CPLAOct (B′), HO(O)CPLAOH (C′), and HO(O)CPLAOct (D′) (where Bu = C4H9 and Oct = O(O)CCH(C2H5)C4H9). In these polymerizations the end-groups in the originally formed macromolecules change slowly with time. In the LA/Sn(Oct)2/BuOH system at the beginning of polymerization almost exclusively macromolecules of the structure A′ are formed and then structures B′, C′, and D′ start to appear, however, after a period more than 300 times (at 80 °C) longer than that required for full monomer conversion, these macromolecules give exclusively esterified B′ and D′ chains. With Zn(Oct)2/BuOH all of these processes are much slower and less selective. Dependencies of mass fraction of macromolecules with various end-groups on time in L,L-dilactide polymerization initiated with Sn(Oct)2/BuOH system. Symbols ▵, ▴, ○, • correspond to PLA populations A′, B′, C′, and D′.
AgNi nanoalloy prepared by solvothermal hot injection synthesis (2017)

AgNi nanoparticles were prepared by injection of a small volume
of oleylamine solution of AgNO3 and Ni(acac)2 in different
molar ratios to a mixture of oleylamine and octadecene at 230
°C. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Transmission Electron
Microscopy (TEM), Elemental analyses (ICP OES), and Small-Angle
X-ray Scattering (SAXS) High-resolution TEM/STEM with EELS and
EDS analyses were performed for elemental mapping of an
individual nanoparticle and determination of chemical
composition, average size, size distribution and shape of the
prepared nanoparticles. Elemental mapping showed a core/shell
structure in which the silver nucleus was covered by a nickel
layer. Plasmon resonances were observed and we found that their
intensity was dependent on the molar ratio of Ag:Ni in the
particles. HT-XRD together with VSM and SEM/EDX analysis prove
the phase separation and reveal magnetic properties.