gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Induction of tolerance to vascularised skin allografts using cyclosporin A--an experimental study on rats. (1991)

This study investigates the induction of tolerance to vascularised skin allografts in a low responder rodent strain combination. Pedicle skin grafts based on the epigastric vessels were grafted between Dark Agouti (DA) and Piebald Virol Glaxo (PVG) rats (n = 24). An extended treatment protocol of high dose cyclosporin A (CyA) (25 mg/kg) spanning nine weeks was used. The mean survival time of epigastric skin grafts in the no treatment control group was 7.6 days (n = 10). With high dose CyA (25 mg/kg), 5/14 animals died during CyA treatment with intact skin grafts. The remaining nine animals enjoyed prolonged graft survival throughout the treatment period. Between one and four weeks following cessation of CyA, rejection occurred in six of nine animals which could not be reversed by pulse CyA treatment. Long term graft survival greater than 200 days was achieved in three animals, but two animals went on to reject their grafts at 231 and 238 days post transplant. Only one animal became tolerant, as confirmed by the retention of a fresh donor-specific free skin graft, without the need for further CyA. This study confirms the difficulty of tolerance induction to vascularised skin grafts, despite using a dose schedule of CyA far in excess of that required to achieve tolerance to other solid organ grafts such as hearts.
Editor's Introduction (1990)

Aleksandr Tsipko, Deputy Director of the newly renamed Institute of Eastern Europe and International Research, directed for many years by Oleg Bogomolov, completes in this issue his four-part analysis of the origins of Stalinism, the first part of which appeared in the preceding issue of Soviet Law and Government. In his second, third, and fourth essays on this subject, Tsipko argues that with the possible exception of Bukharin and his followers, the critics of Stalinism within the Communist Party were (and are) not so different from the Stalinists. Both have shared the fundamental conviction that the interests of the revolution take precedence over the traditional concepts of law and morality and biblical norms of human decency. Their differences have been confined largely to the pace and particular means by which the revolutionary transformation of Russia should proceed.
Self-reported race/ethnicity in the age of genomic research: its potential impact on understanding health disparities (2015)

This review explores the limitations of self-reported race, ethnicity, and genetic ancestry in biomedical research. Various terminologies are used to classify human differences in genomic research including race, ethnicity, and ancestry. Although race and ethnicity are related, race refers to a person's physical appearance, such as skin color and eye color. Ethnicity, on the other hand, refers to communality in cultural heritage, language, social practice, traditions, and geopolitical factors. Genetic ancestry inferred using ancestry informative markers (AIMs) is based on genetic/genomic data. Phenotype-based race/ethnicity information and data computed using AIMs often disagree. For example, self-reporting African Americans can have drastically different levels of African or European ancestry. Genetic analysis of individual ancestry shows that some self-identified African Americans have up to 99% of European ancestry, whereas some self-identified European Americans have substantial admixture from African ancestry. Similarly, African ancestry in the Latino population varies between 3% in Mexican Americans to 16% in Puerto Ricans. The implication of this is that, in African American or Latino populations, self-reported ancestry may not be as accurate as direct assessment of individual genomic information in predicting treatment outcomes. To better understand human genetic variation in the context of health disparities, we suggest using "ancestry" (or biogeographical ancestry) to describe actual genetic variation, "race" to describe health disparity in societies characterized by racial categories, and "ethnicity" to describe traditions, lifestyle, diet, and values. We also suggest using ancestry informative markers for precise characterization of individuals' biological ancestry. Understanding the sources of human genetic variation and the causes of health disparities could lead to interventions that would improve the health of all individuals.
Carcinogenicity of trace elements with reference to evaluations made by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. (1993)

The monograph program of the International Agency for Research of on Cancer has evaluated many trace elements for their carcinogenicity to humans. Five groups of compounds were considered human carcinogens: arsenic and arsenic compounds, beryllium and beryllium compounds, cadmium and cadmium compounds, hexavalent chromium compounds, and nickel compounds. Antimony trioxide, cobalt and cobalt compounds, lead and inorganic lead compounds, methylmercury compounds, and metallic nickel were considered possibly carcinogenic to humans. Antimony trisulfide, trivalent chromium compounds, metallic chromium, ferric oxide, organolead compounds, metallic mercury, inorganic mercury compounds, selenium and selenium compounds, and titanium dioxide were not classifiable. Trace elements studied to a limited extent include copper, manganese, tin, vanadium, and zinc. Among the problems are the lack of relevant data, the definition of active species, the extrapolation of the results of experimental studies to humans, the methodological problems of epidemiologic studies, and the possible anticarcinogenic activity of some trace elements.
Anisotropy of the ionic conductivity of CsCu2Cl3 single crystals (2013)

The conductivity of CsCu2Cl3 single crystals (orthorhombic system, sp. gr. Cmcm) has been investigated for different electric-field directions, perpendicular to the crystallographic c axis and along it, in the temperature range 390–530 K. The increase in conductivity with temperature is due to the ion-carrier transport with activation energies E a = 0.65 and 0.80 eV for the directions perpendicular to and along the crystallographic axis, respectively. The anisotropy of the crystal ionic conductivity is found to be σ⊥c /σ∥c ≈ 40 at 435 K. The thermally activated contribution to the conductivity in the CsCu2Cl3 structure is determined by the transport of Cu+ ions.
Imprudent Power Construction Projects: The Malaise of Traditional Public Utility Policies (1985)

Administration of general, spinal, or epidural anesthesia for the procedure for prolapsing hemorrhoids is well described. This study suggests that the use of local anesthesia supplemented with conscious sedation for the procedure for prolapsing hemorrhoids yields results equivalent to those achieved with general or regional anesthesia without the attendant risks and additional costs. This study also suggests that the presence of muscle fibers in the pathologic specimen does not seem to lead to increased pain or impaired continence, although it was not specifically designed to address this issue.
Frustratingly Easy Domain Adaptation (2007)

We describe an approach to domain adaptation that is appropriate exactly in the case when one has enough “target” data to do slightly better than just using only “source” data. Our approach is incredibly simple, easy to implement as a preprocessing step (10 lines of Perl!) and outperforms stateof-the-art approaches on a range of datasets. Moreover, it is trivially extended to a multidomain adaptation problem, where one has data from a variety of different domains.
Higher education in England and Wales: unification, stratification or diversification? (2001)

The author summarizes the main traits of the policy of unification in the English and Welsh sector of higher education. He asks for the benefit the former polytechnics could derive from this process. In the former so-called binary system the polytechnics had cultivated their strength to attract target groups who usually were reserved to enrol into university programs. Yet within the unified university sector which emerged by granting the polytechnics the status of universities this strength has been devaluated. Together with the unification of the sector new methods of financing and quality assessment have been established which favour the traditional universities and enclose the former polytechnics in the lower half of the nation-wide ranking list. The author recommends to the universities of his country to focus on differences of missions instead of competing for money and to start new relations to their environments. (DIPF/Orig.)
Fault mechanisms of induced seismicity at the superdeep German Continental Deep Drilling Program (KTB) borehole and their relation to fault structure and stress field (2004)

One hundred twenty‐five fault plane solutions for microearthquakes induced during a long‐term fluid injection experiment at the German Continental Deep Drilling Program (KTB) boreholes (Germany) in 2000 are investigated. A predominant strike‐slip mechanism is observed, partly with components of normal but also with reverse faulting. Adding 54 fault plane solutions of an earlier injection experiment at the KTB, we determine the local stress field and find a subhorizontal north‐south orientation for the maximum principal stress and a near‐vertical orientation for the intermediate principal stress. The stress field exhibits no temporal or spatial variations within the resolved accuracy of ±15°. However, the results of the stress tensor inversion point to heterogeneities of second order. On the basis of the hypocentral distribution of the induced microearthquakes and the similarity of fault mechanisms, we relate our data to the fault structure at the KTB. We find that the larger faults act as pathways for the injected fluid, whereas the brittle failure occurs on fault asperities of the larger mapped faults and nearby smaller faults, both in agreement with the local stress field. Applying a thorough error analysis of the individual fault plane solutions, we correlate the diversity of mechanisms with their strength and find that the strongest events tend to a representative mechanism that is in good correspondence with the stress field. In contrast, the diversity of fault mechanisms is larger for the smaller events, indicating local stress perturbations.
Importance of Ribosomal Frameshifting for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Particle Assembly and Replication (1998)

The recent development and use of protease inhibitors have demonstrated the essential role that combination therapy will play in the treatment of individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Past clinical experience suggests that due to the appearance of resistant HIV-1 variants, additional therapeutics will be required in the future. To identify new options for combination therapy, it is of paramount importance to pursue novel targets for drug development. Ribosomal frameshifting is one potential target that has not been fully explored. Data presented here demonstrate that small molecules can stimulate frameshifting, leading to an imbalance in the ratio of Gag to Gag-Pol and inhibiting HIV-1 replication at what appears to be the point of viral particle assembly. Thus, we propose that frameshifting represents a new target for the identification of novel anti-HIV-1 therapeutics.
Example-based News Article Summarization by Imitating Summary Instances (2008)

現在, 文書の要約をユーザへ提示することで支援を行う自動要約の研究が盛んに行われている.既存研究の多くは語や文に対して重要度を計算し, その重要度に基づいて要約を行うものである.しかし我々人間が要約を行うときには文法などの知識やどのように要約を行ったら良いのかという様々な経験を用いているため, 我々は人間が要約に必要だと考える語や文と相関のあるような重要度の設定は難しいと考える.さらに人間が要約を行う際は様々な文の語や文節など織り交ぜて要約を作成するため, 文圧縮や文抽出の既存研究ではこのような人間が作成する要約文は作ることができない.そこで本論文ではこれらの問題点を解決し, 人間が作成するような要約を得るため用例利用型の要約手法を提案した.この要約手法の基本的なアイデアは人間が作成した要約文 (用例) を模倣して文書を要約することである.提案手法は類似用例文の獲得, 文節の対応付け, そして文節の組合せの3つの過程から構成される.評価実験では従来法の一つを比較手法として挙げ, 自動評価と人手による評価を行った.人手の評価では要約文が読みやすいかという可読性の評価と要約の内容として適切であるかという内容適切性の評価を行った.実験結果では自動評価及び人手による評価共に従来法に比べ, 本手法の方が有効であることが確認できた.また本研究で目的としていた複数文の情報を含んだ要約文が作成されたことも確認できた.
Dietary triggers of insulin-dependent diabetes in the BB rat. (1987)

Environmental "triggers" (including viruses, toxins and dietary factors) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Data have suggested a possible role for cow's milk protein (CMP) as a trigger of diabetes. To study this further, 86 BB rats were divided into 2 groups during the weaning period (days 13-25): Group A received rat chow without CMP; Group B, rat chow with 1% CMP added. Each group was subdivided afterwards into 2: Groups A1 and B1 received chow without CMP; Groups A2 and B2, chow with CMP. Animals weaned with chow containing CMP (B1 and B2) had a higher incidence of diabetes (66%) than those weaned without (A1 and A2; 29%, p less than 0.001). The incidence in both B1 and B2 was significantly greater than in either A1 or A2 (p less than 0.05). The highest incidence of diabetes occurred in male rats weaned on rat chow with CMP (90%), the incidence being significantly higher than female rats weaned with (43%) or without CMP (18%) and males weaned without CMP (39%). Thus, it appears that (a) the presence of cow's milk protein in the diet increases the incidence of diabetes in the BB rat; (b) the critical time for exposure to CMP appears to be the weaning period; and (c) male rats appear to be more susceptible to the development of diabetes than female rats, when exposed to this trigger. This supports the hypothesis that dietary triggers may play an important role in the expression of diabetes in the susceptible host and that its prevalent action occurs early in life.
A GabaB Receptor on an Identified Insect Motor Neurone (1995)

The vertebrate GABAB receptor (GABABR) agonists 3-aminopropylphosphonous acid (3-APPA), SK&F97541 and 3-aminopropylphosphonic acid (3-APA) are able to induce a hyperpolarization on the cell body of motor neurone Df in the metathoracic ganglion of the cockroach (Periplaneta americana), although the classic vertebrate GABABR agonist l-baclofen fails to induce any responses on the same neurone. Consistent with the findings on vertebrate GABABRs, the 3-APPA-induced responses on Df were also insensitive to the GABAAR antagonists bicuculline and picrotoxin. However, the GABABR antagonists saclofen and CGP35348 also failed to block this GABAB-like response. These results indicate a novel pharmacology for the GABAB-like receptors on the Df neurone. The reversal potential indicates that these GABAB-like receptors may be coupled to K+ channels.
Transient simulation of complex electronic circuits and systems operating at ultra high frequencies (2005)

The electronics industry worldwide faces increasingly difficult challenges in a bid to produce ultra-fast, reliable and inexpensive electronic devices. Electronic manufacturers rely on the Electronic Design Automation (EDA) industry to produce consistent Computer A id e d Design (CAD) simulation tools that w ill enable the design of new high-performance integrated circuits (IC), the key component of a modem electronic device. However, the continuing trend towards increasing operational frequencies and shrinking device sizes raises the question of the capability of existing circuit simulators to accurately and efficiently estimate circuit behaviour.\n\nThe principle objective of this thesis is to advance the state-of-art in the transient simulation of complex electronic circuits and systems operating at ultra high frequencies. Given a set of excitations and initial conditions, the research problem involves the determination of the transient response o f a high-frequency complex electronic system consisting of linear (interconnects) and non-linear (discrete elements) parts with greatly improved efficien cy compared to existing methods and with the potential for very high accuracy in a way that permits an effective trade-off between accuracy and computational complexity.\n\nHigh-frequency interconnect effects are a major cause of the signal degradation encountered b y a signal propagating through linear interconnect networks in the modem IC. Therefore, the development of an interconnect model that can accurately and efficiently take into account frequency-dependent parameters of modem non-uniform interconnect is of paramount importance for state-of-art circuit simulators. Analytical models and models based on a set of tabulated data are investigated in this thesis. Two novel, h igh ly accurate and efficient interconnect simulation techniques are developed. These techniques combine model order reduction methods with either an analytical resonant model or an interconnect model generated from frequency-dependent sparameters derived from measurements or rigorous full-wave simulation.\n\nThe latter part o f the thesis is concerned with envelope simulation. The complex mixture of profoundly different analog/digital parts in a modern IC gives rise to multitime signals, where a fast changing signal arising from the digital section is modulated by a slower-changing envelope signal related to the analog part. A transient analysis of such a circuit is in general very time-consuming. Therefore, specialised methods that take into account the multi-time nature o f the signal are required. To address this issue, a novel envelope simulation technique is developed. This technique combines a wavelet-based collocation method with a multi-time approach to result in a novel simulation technique that enables the desired trade-off between the required accuracy and computational efficiency in a simple and intuitive way. Furthermore, this new technique has the potential to greatly reduce the overall design cycle.
Electron-Beam Proximity Printing—A New High-Speed Lithography Method for Submicron Structures (1982)

A laboratory prototype of an electron-beam proximity printer is described which shadow-projects patterns of chip-size transmission masks onto wafers. Electron-beam transmission masks with physical holes at transparent areas have been fabricated with the smallest structures down to 0.3 µm. Experiments to replicate mask patterns were directed at demonstrating the applicability of this lithographic method to high-speed printing of repetitive patterns on wafers. Linewidth resolution and positional accuracy, as well as exposure speed, meet the requirements for micron and submicron lithography.
An Online Scheme for Threat Detection Within Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Graph Neuron Hierarchical Graph Neuron Case Study I: DHGN for Pattern Recognition Case Study II: GN for Threat Detection in WSN DHGN Approach for Threat Detection in Manet Summary Acknowledgments References
Adaptive process control of an acetic acid reactor (2003)

This paper describes how QuickStudy/sup TM/, a model based adaptive process controller, was used to solve a key control problem associated with an acetic acid reactor. The operating company had achieved greater production rates and efficiency through the use of an improved catalyst but with the penalty of decreased reactor temperature stability. A PID based control strategy became unstable at high unit throughput resulting in reduced production rates and lower sustained throughput. The search for a suitable control solution was complicated by the fact that the reactor temperature was open loop unstable and therefore could not be "bump tested". QuickStudy/sup TM/ was used successfully to improve controllability without disrupting production. Reactor temperature standard deviation was reduced from 3.6 to 0.8 and sustained throughput was increased by over 5%. Investment payback was less than 2 months. QuickStudy has been performing reliably in this application for over 2 years.
Mechanism of HIV protein induced modulation of mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation (2008)

These data demonstrate that the effect of HIV proteins on bone is dependent on the differentiation status of the cells that they are in contact with. The effect on bone cell signalling provides insights into the mechanism of HIV induced decreases in bone mineral density.
Mouthrinses in the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease. (1993)

Although the ideal topical antimicrobial does not exist, some marketed products possess many of the desirable characteristics of such an agent. Antimicrobial agents from a number of different chemical categories are being evaluated continuously. Recent clinical trials evaluating the effectiveness of chlorhexidine, stannous fluoride, prebrushing rinses, phenolic compounds, cetylpyridinium chloride, and new agents such as triclosan are described. Other trials involving special patient groups such as the elderly, mentally handicapped, and orthodontic patients, are discussed. Recent articles on alternative roles for topical antimicrobials are also identified.
Full NMR analysis of annomontine, methoxy‐ annomontine and <i>N</i>‐hydroxyannomontine pyrimidine‐β‐carboline alkaloids (2007)

Using modern NMR techniques, including 1H--13C and 1H--15N heteronuclear correlation experiments, the complete and unambiguous 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR chemical shift assignments of annomontine, methoxyannomontine, and N-hydroxyannomontine pyrimidine-beta-carboline alkaloids were performed. All 1H--1H scalar coupling constants and signal multiplicities were determined, and all nOe observations were also included.
How much evidence is there that political factors are related to population health outcomes? An internationally comparative systematic review (2018)

This review concludes that welfare state generosity, left-of-centre democratic political tradition and democracy are generally positively associated with population health. Globalisation may be negatively associated with population health, but the results are less conclusive. It is important for the academic public health community to engage with the political evidence base in its research as well as in stakeholder engagement, in order to facilitate positive outcomes for population health.