gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Possible observation of a glassy ferroelectric:<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="bold">Bi</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1.8</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="bold">Pb</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="bold">Sr</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="bold">Ca</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="bold">Cu</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2.8</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="bold">K</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="bold">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">z</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2000)

A glass sample of composition ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{1.8}{\mathrm{Pb}}_{0.3}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{2.8}{\mathrm{K}}_{0.2}{\mathrm{O}}_{z}$ was prepared by the conventional quenched-melt technique. The as-quenched sample has been confirmed to be amorphous by x-ray diffraction measurements. The scanning electron microscopy shows no sign of crystalline grain precipitation. Differential thermal analysis indicates a prominent endotherm at 530 K in addition to the glass transition at 607 K and crystallization at 717 K and melting at 1043 K. This extra endothermic peak could possibly be identified as due to a ferroelectric to paraelectric phase transition. This possibility was explored by performing electrical measurements, which include dielectric constant trace, polarization, and hysteresis loops measurements as a function of temperature. It was also found that the transition is irreversible if the glass-transition temperature was reached.
Applications of DNA-Stable Isotope Probing in Bioremediation Studies (2009)

DNA-stable isotope probing, a method to identify active microorganisms without the prerequisite of cultivation, has been widely applied in the study of microorganisms involved in the degradation of environmental pollutants. Recent advances and technique considerations in applying DNA-SIP in bioremediation are highlighted. A detailed protocol of a DNA-SIP experiment is provided.
Optical realizations of neural network models (1986)

The optical implementation of computing systems whose structure and function are motivated by natural in-telligence systems is a subject that involves optical computing and neural network models for computation. These are two areas that have individually received attention in yecent years and they share the common property that they promise to provide solutions for fundamental problems in computation. In the case of optical computers the limitation that is being addressed is communication. With optics it is possible to have large arrays of processing elements communicating with each other without connecting a wire between each pair. The need to provide wires for communication in an electronic circuit is perceived as a major technological limitation of VLSI [1]. The primary justification for optical computing is therefore to extend the communication capability in computers [2,3]. It is not clear however precisely how this global communication capability can be put to good use. Through free space inter-connects and volume holograms we can have thousands of computing elements all talking to each other at the same time. Is it possible to do useful computation in such a system? We look at neural network models for an answer to this question.
Optimized configuration for reflective bistable twisted nematic displays (1999)

In this letter, we experimentally verify the operation of a single-polarizer reflective bistable twisted nematic (BTN) liquid-crystal display using an optimized geometry. Based on the polarization optimization using the Poincaré sphere representation, several optimized operating modes, which can simultaneously optimize both bistable states, are possible. One of these optimized configurations, the 67.38° and −292.62° twisted bistable states with 310.69 nm birefringence and a 24.25° incident polarization angle, is studied in detail. The evolution of the state of polarization of light passing through this reflective BTN structure is numerically studied, and the electro-optic property of the reflective BTN structure is experimentally demonstrated. Our results show that, using these optimum configurations, a high-contrast display is possible.
Long-range ion–water and ion–ion interactions in aqueous solutions (2015)

Using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), we obtained direct experimental evidence on the structure of hydrated polyatomic anions, with hydration effects starkly different from those of cations (J. Chem. Phys., 2011, 134, 064513). We propose that the size and charge density of the naked ions do not sufficiently account for the differences in the SAXS curves. For cations, the ion-ion contribution gives a prominent first-order diffraction peak, whereas for anions, the low-Q enhancement in the SAXS curves indicates density inhomogeneities as a result of ion-water interactions.
Logic, hermeneutics, and informed consent. (1996)

A belief in the validity of informed consent is one of the most important consequences of the doctrine of autonomy in medical ethics. Truly informed consent requires full disclosure of all relevant information by the doctor, competence of the patient to appreciate what the information signifies, understanding of the facts and issues by the patient, a voluntary choice by the patient and an autonomous authorisation for treatment or entry into a trial. Each of these conditions is hard to fulfil. In particular, full autonomy cannot exist in illness, and this is acknowledged by the act of consultation. The issue is further complicated by the stochastic nature of biological systems and the responses to illness and treatment. Disclosure of likely outcomes is, of necessity, unsatisfactory when a patient seeks surety when entering the clinical process with a serious and life threatening disease. Neither strict logic nor the law provide answers to this problem. The legal and moral issues have become confused. This is unfortunate, because the legal concern often centres on avoidance of actions in law rather than on the more fundamental issue of benefit to the patient. There is a need to teach doctors that discussion is a necessary part of the doctor-patient relationship, that fully informed consent is seldom-if ever-possible, and that skill in understanding what the patient is seeking is more important than the development of rigid and legally "complete" consent forms.
Dual fixed-point : an efficient alternative to floating-point computation for DSP applications (2005)

Digital signal processing (DSP) applications are usually specified in a floating-point environment. The large dynamic range of floating-point means designers need not worry about scaling. On the other hand, hardware implementations of these applications rely on fixed-point approximations to reduce cost and power consumption while increasing throughput rates. This is because fixed-point systems are far less complex as compared to their floating-point counterparts. However, the main disadvantage of fixed-point is its limited dynamic range.
Bricks (1972)

The traditional building brick is made of clay, formed to a standard shape and fired in a kiln. The colour, strength and texture of the finished brick will depend upon the composition of the clay or shale used, and the method of manufacture. Brick earths are composed mainly of silica and alumina, with small amounts of other materials, such as metallic oxides.
Replacement of Nd by an intermetallic phase in the intergranular region of Fe-Nd-B sintered magnets (1991)

The microstructure of Fe-Nd-B based magnets consists of mainly Fe14Nd2B (Φ) grains embedded in a eutectic matrix of mainly Nd plus some Fe4Nd1.1B4 (η) and Fe-Nd phases stabilized by impurities. The addition of Al or Ga to Fe-Nd-B material leads to the formation of quite different ternary intergranular phases based on Fe, Nd and Al or Ga. The main phase stabilized by these additions is a phase (δ) with the composition Fe70−xNd30Tx (for T=Al: 8≤x≤25; for T=Ga: 3≤x≤8). In standard magnet compositions the pure Nd is still dominant in the intergranular region and causes corrosion problems due to high sensitivity to oxygen and humidity. By choosing an appropriate gross composition for the master alloy based on the knowledge of the phase relations, a new microstructure can be created consisting of Φ and an intergranular Fe-Nd (Al or Ga) phase almost without the residual Nd phase. The magnetic parameters of this material are comparable to or even better than those of conventional Fe-Nd-B materials. The δ phase crystallizes peritectically at the surface of Φ and leads to a better separation of the grains. The new two-phase material of two intermetallic phases shows better corrosion resistance combined with high coercivities of more than 15 kOe (1200 kA/m) after sintering without annealing, due to the formation mechanism of δ and the avoidance of Nd. Ga additions show better results than Al because of the very limited solubility of Ga in Φ.
A Novel Approach for Early Warning of Drinking Water Contamination Events (2011)

Quality and safety of drinking water is intensively guarded by water companies and authorities, but a 100% safeguard against accidental or intentional contamination is virtually impossible. In case of a public health threatening contamination event in the distribution network, early warning is essential. The relatively fast spreading of contaminants throughout the distribution system implies that the processing time of traditional sampling is often too long. Water companies are looking for ways to continuously monitor, either in-line or on-line, the quality and safety of water in their distribution networks. Such an early warning system is supplementary to the spot sampling and continuous monitoring of the treatment process. A sensor as part of an early warning system should be generic, it should alert on harmful contaminants and it should distinguish between accidents and normal quality fluctuations. The research presented in this paper has been executed in the project ‘Aqua Vitaal: online sensor for the detection of drinking water incidents’. Aqua Vitaal is a consortium of knowledge institute RIVM (The Netherlands), research company Philips Research (The Netherlands), drinking water company Vitens (The Netherlands) and sensor developer Optiqua (Singapore and The Netherlands).
Determining a scene's atmosphere by film grammar rules (2003)

A new approach for bridging over the semantic gap is presented. This approach is based solely on the extraction of low-level illumination features, and by using well defined film rules regarding scene lighting, it generates high level semantic descriptors for scenes. These illumination descriptors could be further combined with other descriptors like motion and shot tempo, to generate a more complete automatic semantic analysis of video media.
Reducing Pump-Down Time with Dry Air Venting (2000)

In most vacuum coating systems, water vapor introduced during the previous cycle chamber venting is the predominant contaminant affecting adhesion, color, and film properties. Common pumping systems slowly remove water vapor. More expensive cryo-trapping systems are much faster at removing water vapor, but require system down time for regeneration. Dry gas venting with nitrogen greatly reduces pump down times, but is also expensive. Back-filling the vacuum chamber with filtered, ultra-dry compressed air is a reliable and inexpensive way to re-pressurize a system without the introduction of water vapor during the venting process. PAPER
The effect of pre‐carbonization on the properties of PAN‐based carbon fibers (1994)

Abstract A continuous stabilization and two‐stage carbonization process was used to prepare polyacrylonitrile (PAN)‐based carbon fibers, The effect of pre‐carbonization (300 to 550°C) on the final properties and microstructure of carbon fibers was measured. Experimental results using an X‐ray diffractometer indicated the presence of a less ordered structure at 2Θ from 5 to 18° in the pre‐carbonized fibers and the final carbon fibers. This study found that the pre‐carbonization process strongly affects the microstructure of the resulting carbon fibers. The results also showed that a suitable pre‐carbonization was very conducive to improvement in tensile strength or in Young's modulus of the final carbon fibers. When the final carbon fiber was pre‐carbonized at 300 and 550°C, respectively, these fibers had a higher tensile strength and higher Young's modulus than carbon fibers pre‐carbonized at other conditions.
Detecting the vehicle direction changes for routing algorithms and applications of vehicular <i>ad hoc</i> networks (2012)

Abstract Vehicular ad hoc networks will enable a variety of applications for safety, traffic efficiency, driver assistance, and infotainment in modern automobile designs. For many of these applications as well as for improving the stability of vehicular ad hoc network routing algorithms, it is necessary to know whether a steering wheel rotation has led to a change in the vehicle motion path. The problem is that some steering wheel rotations are temporary and do not lead to a change in the vehicle motion path. In this paper, a GPS‐free fuzzy sensor is designed for detecting the change of vehicle motion paths. The implementation results show acceptable precision. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Case study on exploitation, detection and prevention of user account DoS through Advanced Persistent Threats (2015)

Security analysts implement various security mechanisms to protect systems from attackers. Even though these mechanisms try to secure systems, a talented attacker may use these same techniques to launch a sophisticated attack. This paper discuss about such an attack called as user account Denial of Service (DoS) where an attacker uses user account lockout features of the application to lockout all user accounts causing an enterprise wide DoS. The attack has being simulated usingastealthy attack mechanism called as Advanced Persistent Threats (APT) using a XMPP based botnet. Through the simulation, researchers discuss about the patterns associated with the attack which can be used to detect the attack in real time and how the attack can be prevented from the perspective of developers, system engineers and security analysts.
SONET and OSI: making a connection (1991)

The application of open system interconnection (OSI) protocol and management principles to synchronous optical network (SONET) operations and management is described. The role of the seven-layer OSI protocol stack in allowing SONET network elements to communicate with each other and with operation systems (OSs) by way of SONET data communications channels, local area networks (LANs), and wide-area packet-switched networks is discussed. The use of object-oriented information modeling techniques and the services of the common management information service element (CMISE) for developing standardized operations messages are described. The transition from the current operations communications environment supported by many OSs to the fully OSI-based target environment is briefly discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Expanding the Mind: Insulin-Like Growth Factor I and Brain Development (2008)

Signaling through the type 1 IGF receptor (IGF1R) after interaction with IGF-I is crucial to the normal brain development. Manipulations of the mouse genome leading to changes in the expression of IGF-I or IGF1R significantly alters brain growth, such that IGF-I overexpression leads to brain overgrowth, whereas null mutations in either IGF-I or the IGF1R result in brain growth retardation. IGF-I signaling stimulates the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of each of the major neural lineages, neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes, as well as possibly influencing neural stem cells. During embryonic life, IGF-I stimulates neuron progenitor proliferation, whereas later it promotes neuron survival, neuritic outgrowth, and synaptogenesis. IGF-I also stimulates oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation although inhibiting apoptosis in oligodendrocyte lineage cells and stimulating myelin production. These pleiotropic IGF-I activities indicate that other factors provide instructive signals for specific cellular events and that IGF-I acts to facilitate them. Studies of the few humans with IGF-I and/or IGF1R gene mutations indicate that IGF-I serves a similar role in man.
Using Sonar for Liveness Detection to Protect Smart Speakers against Remote Attackers (2020)

Smart speakers, which wait for voice commands and complete tasks for users, are becoming part of common households. While voice commands came with basic functionalities in the earlier days, as the market grew, various commands with critical functionalities were developed; e.g., access banking services, send money, open front door. Such voice commands can cause serious consequences once smart speakers are attacked. Recent research shows that smart speakers are vulnerable to malicious voice commands sent from other speakers (e.g., TV, baby monitor, radio) in the same area. In this work, we propose the Speaker-Sonar, a sonar-based liveness detection system for smart speakers. Our approach aims to protect the smart speakers from remote attackers that leverage network-connected speakers to send malicious commands. The key idea of our approach is to make sure that the voice command is indeed coming from the user. For this purpose, the Speaker-Sonar emits an inaudible sound and tracks the user's direction to compare it with the direction of the received voice command. The Speaker-Sonar does not require additional action from the user and works through an automatic consistency check. We built the Speaker-Sonar on a raspberry pi 3b, a circular microphone array, and a commodity speaker by imitating the Amazon Echo. Our evaluation shows that the Speaker-Sonar can reject remote voice attacks with an average accuracy of 95.5% in 2 meters, which significantly raises the bar for remote attackers. To the best of our knowledge, our defense is able to defend against known remote voice attack techniques.
Development of a Rapid and Sensitive HPLC Assay Method for Lenalidomide Capsules and Its Related Substances (2011)

A chromatographic method was established for the determination of lenalidomide and related substances in 10 mg and 5 mg capsules using Sunfire C‐18(250×4.6 mm ID, 5 μm) HPCL column with 85:15 v/v ratio of mobile phases A (mixture of phosphoric acid buffer and 1‐octane sulphonic acid sodium salt) and B(55: 45 v/v ratio of methanol and acetonitrile) at 40°C and 210 nm wave length. The degradation studies were performed using 0.1N HCl, 0.1 N NaOH, 1% v/v hydrogen peroxide, humidity, UV at 254 nm, Sun light, and heat to 60°C. No significant degradation of lenalidomide was observed. However, the slight degradation was observed in presence of NaOH. The developed HPLC method gave the peaks purity angle was less their threshold angle, indicating it to be suitable for stability studies. It was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, ruggedness, and robustness.
Probability-hypothesis-density filter for multitarget visual tracking with trajectory recognition (2010)

The probability-hypothesis-density (PHD) filter as a multitarget recursive Bayes filter has generated substantial interest in the visual tracking field due to its ability to handle a time-varying number of targets. But the target's trajectory cannot be identified within its own framework. To complement the ability of PHD, the auction algorithm is combined to calculate the object trajectories automatically. We present a motion detection, dynamic, and measurement equation, as well as visual multitarget tracking algorithm based on Gaussian mixture probability hypothesis density with trajectory computation in detail. Experimental results on a large video surveillance dataset show that the proposed multitarget tracking framework improves the tracker and recognizes tracks when a variable number of targets appear, merge, split, and disappear, even in cluttered scenes.
A case of fat injection for treating subcutaneous atrophy caused by local administration of corticosteroid. (2010)

A 42 year old female received intramuscular injection of 40 mg triamcinolone acetonide on the right upper arm for the treatment of pollen allergy at another clinic. Subcutaneous atrophy appeared at the injection site a few days after. Since there were no signs of improvement, the patient visited our clinic for further examination. The subcutaneous atrophy after local injection of corticosteroids is generally considered to be reversible and it improves within about 1 year after the injection. After one year since local injection, subcutaneous atrophy did not improve and we performed fat injection using autologous fat. As a treatment, we thought that the fat injection method is a superior method since it is less invasive from a cosmetic standpoint.
H기업 프레스 작업자의 근골격계 질환 실태에 관한 연구 (2003)

Recently, WRMSD(Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders) that can be frequently found among simple and repetitious works has been a big occupational safety issue, and has begun to being studied actively by many Korean researchers. However, those researches have been largely relied on foreign ones, due to the lack of basic data in Korea. In this study, we have tried to search the actual conditions and factors on WRMSD of press workers in a local company. In addition, we examined how the contents of works and postures of the workers affect the disease. It is expected that the data collected in this study will be able to used for planning the preventive measures on WRMSD effectively and for implementing its corresponding programs.
Geoenvironmental influences on Raman spectroscopic monitoring of chlorinated solvents natural attenuation (2013)

Cardiosurgical patients were selected in Novosibirsk during medical census of persons suffering from valvular disease; 2244 (81.2%) patients with congenital valvular diseases and 3979 (51.5%) those with acquired valvular diseases were chosen for operative treatment. Among patients with congenital valvular diseases, 12.1% underwent operation, surgery was indicated in 32.5%, and a follow-up of the pathological process was recommended in 36.6% of patients. In the group of acquired valvular diseases, 7.0% of patients were operated on, operation was indicated in 27.6%, and a follow-up recommended in 51.5% of patients.