gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Carbon Dioxide Binding at Dry FeOOH Mineral Surfaces: Evidence for Structure-Controlled Speciation (2013)

Interactions between CO2(g) and mineral surfaces are important to atmospheric and terrestrial settings. This study provides detailed evidence on how differences in mineral surface structure impact carbonate speciation resulting from CO2(g) adsorption reactions. It was achieved by resolving the identity of adsorption sites and geometries of (bi)carbonate species at surfaces of nanosized goethite (α-FeOOH) and lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) particles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to obtain this information on particles contacted with atmospheres of CO2(g). Vibrational modes of surface hydroxo groups covering these particles were first monitored. These showed that only one type of the surface groups that are singly coordinated to Fe atoms (-OH) are involved in the formation of (bi)carbonate species. Those of higher coordination numbers (μ-OH, μ3-OH) do not participate. Adsorption geometries were then resolved by investigating the C-O stretching region, assisted by density functional theoretical calculations. These efforts provided indications leaning toward a predominance of monodentate mononuclear species, -O-CO2Hx=[0,1]. In contrast, monodentate binuclear species of (-O)2-COHx=[0,1], are expected to form at particle terminations and surface defects. Finally, calculations suggested that bicarbonate is the dominant species on goethite, while a mixture of bicarbonate and carbonate species is present on lepidocrocite, a result stemming from different hydrogen bonding patterns at these mineral surfaces.
Maintaining factorized KKT systems subject to rank-one updates of Hessians and Jacobians (2006)

Abstract For use in a total quasi-Newton NLP code [Griewank, A. and Walther, A., 2002, On constrained optimization by adjoint based quasi-Newton methods. Optimization Methods and Software, 17, 869–889.], we describe a QR-based nullspace factorization of KKT matrices. We illustrate the linear algebra in detail and present a theory for maintaining factorized matrices after low-rank updates. Each update of the whole system is incorporated with a computational effort that grows only quadratically with respect to the number of variables and active constraints. Furthermore, our method is special in making use of quasi-Newton updates for the constraint Jacobian approximation, instead of the usual way of using the exact derivative or divided differences. To avoid singularity or blow-up of the KKT matrix, we limit the variations of its determinant to a certain factor and dampen or augment the updates if necessary. We maintain the reduced Hessian positive definite, so that the resulting quasi-Newton steps in the primal and dual variables are downhill for suitably weighted merit functions. Keywords: KKT MatrixNullspace methodQR factorizationLow-rank updateReduced HessianTotal quasi-Newton
Imaging in corporate environments : technology and communication (1994)

Imaging is having a profound effect on the way organizations do business. It is the single most sought-after technology for applications that include multimedia and video-conferencing. Focusing on the specifics of imaging storage and transmission, this work examines standards and applications for work-stations, local networking, wide area/remote networking, storage and terminals, as well as future trends, providing enough information for readers to make practical decisions about systems development and implementation.
A Probabilistic Approach to Predict Changes in Object-Oriented Software Systems (2007)

Predicting the changes in the next release of a software system has become a quest during its maintenance phase. Such a prediction can help managers to allocate resources more appropriately which results in reducing costs associated with software maintenance activities. A measure of change-proneness of a software system also provides a good understanding of its architectural stability. This research work proposes a novel approach to predict changes in an object oriented software system. The rationale behind this approach is that in a well-designed software system, feature enhancement or corrective maintenance should affect a limited amount of existing code. The goal is to quantify this aspect of quality by assessing the probability that each class will change in a future generation. Our proposed probabilistic approach uses the dependencies obtained from the UML diagrams, as well as other data extracted from source code of several releases of a software system using reverse engineering techniques. The proposed systematic approach has been evaluated on a multi-version medium size open source project namely JFlex, the fast scanner generator for Java. The obtained results indicate the simplicity and accuracy of our approach in the comparison with existing methods in the literature
Black Flag Over Dixie: Racial Atrocities and Reprisals in the Civil War (2004)

War crimes Essays dissect sinister practice It has become almost trite to note how popular scholarship and interest in the American Civil War remains, yet despite the cascade of works on facets of the war both obscure and renowned, Gregory Urwin has brought together a group of es....
The Ultimate Arrogance: genetic engineering and the human future (1988)

The work of scientists has in the last half-century brought humanity face to face with two major menaces to its survival and created a situation without precedent in human history. This twofold threat has been posed by the development of nuclear fission for civilian or military purposes and the more recent development of biotechnology or genetic engineering. We live, all of us, all of Creation, in the ominous shadow of nuclear technology. We live also in what is potentially a no less chilling shadow—the darkening shadow of biotechnology, an industry which, according to the Times of India , is ‘the fastest growing industry in the world today’. It is more than a decade since the distinguished Austro-American biochemist Erwin Chargaff commented that these two immense and fateful scientific discoveries, ‘the splitting of the atom (and) the recognition of the chemistry of heredity and its subsequent manipulation’, both involved the mistreatment of a nucleus—that of the atom and that of the cell. He added—and it was a comment whose prophetic vision was largely ignored at the time—‘In both cases do I have the feeling that science has transgressed a barrier that should have remained inviolate.’
Local Anesthesia Part 2: Technical Considerations (2012)

An earlier paper by Becker and Reed provided an in-depth review of the pharmacology of local anesthetics. This continuing education article will discuss the importance to the safe and effective delivery of these drugs, including needle gauge, traditional and alternative injection techniques, and methods to make injections more comfortable to patients.
Activation of myocardial protein kinase C by plasmalogenic diglycerides (1990)

Recently, we have demonstrated that myocardial sarcolemma is predominantly comprised of plasmalogen molecular species and that the plasmalogen metabolite 1-O-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol (AAG) accumulates during myocardial ischemia despite substantial decreases in 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol (DAG) content. To elucidate the physiological significance of AAG accumulation during myocardial ischemia, rabbit myocardial protein kinase C was partially purified by DE-52 and high-performance hydroxylapatite chromatographies, and the potency of AAG as an activator of myocardial protein kinase C was assessed. Both AAG and 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol are potent activators of myocardial protein kinase C with obligatory requirements for physiological increments in free Ca2+ concentration. In contrast, a substantial amount of myocardial protein kinase C activity elicited by DAG was calcium independent. Concentration dependence of ATP for protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation was identical utilizing either ether-linked diglycerides or DAG as activators, with maximal phosphorylation manifest at ATP concentrations two orders of magnitude less than those found in ischemic myocardium. Thus accumulation of AAG in ischemic myocardium in conjunction with increases in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration may synergistically activate protein kinase C and therefore modulate phosphorylation of proteins in specific subcellular loci.
A Particle-Guided Method for Animating Splashing Stream Water in Real Time (2008)

Overall persistence rates were suboptimal for bisphosphonate use among chronic glucocorticoids users and did not differ significantly by drug. Newer strategies to promote long-term adherence are needed to improve osteoporosis therapeutic effectiveness.
Remediation and treatment of organopollutants mediated by peroxidases: a review (2009)

In this paper an effort has been made to review the literature on the role of peroxidases in the remediation and treatment of a wide spectrum of aromatic pollutants. Peroxidases can catalyse degradation/transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorines, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, phenolic compounds and dyes. These enzymes are also capable of treating various types of recalcitrant aromatic compounds in the presence of redox mediators. Immobilised peroxidases from plant and fungal sources have been used for the remediation of such types of industrial pollutants on a large scale.
Supplementing bluestem pasture after mid-summer with protein for two-year-old steers. (2011)

The nutritive value of bluestem pasture usually declines after midsummer.\nThis study is concerned with the effect of supplementing the\ngrass after mid-summer with protein to determine if it will profitably\nincrease steer gains. This is the third test; the other two tests are\nreported in ,Circulars 308 and 320. A summary of the three tests is\nreported here.
[Synthesis and anti-inflammatory analgesic activities of phenylfuroxan-coupled diclofenac]. (2002)

Compound II2 is worthy to be intensively studied.
Inhibition of the red blood cell calcium pump by eosin and other fluorescein analogues (1993)

This paper addresses the mechanism of inhibition of the plasma membrane Ca pump by fluorescein analogues and their isothiocyanate derivatives. Eosin (i.e., tetrabromofluorescein) was found to be one of the most potent reversible inhibitors of the erythrocyte Ca pump [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) < 0.2 microM]; fluorescein itself was about four orders of magnitude less potent (IC50 approximately 1,000 microM). Eosin decreased the maximum influx and thus did not compete with ATP for the Ca pump. Irreversible inhibition produced by the isothiocyanate analogues of eosin and fluorescein [eosin 5-isothiocyanate (EITC) and fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate (FITC), respectively] was also studied. While EITC bound reversibly at the eosin site, two results suggest that EITC does not react covalently at this site: 1) eosin did not alter the time course of the EITC irreversible reaction, and 2) the concentration dependence for reversible EITC inhibition was different from the concentration dependence for irreversible EITC inhibition. ATP did slow the rate of inactivation of both EITC and FITC consistent with the idea that EITC and FITC bind to the ATP site. Our results are consistent with eosin and ATP binding to separate sites and EITC reacting covalently at the ATP site, but not the eosin site.
Identification of Melanoma Antigens That Are Immunogenic in Humans and Expressed In Vivo (1998)

Vaccine treatment stimulated antibody responses in 35 (51%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 39%-63%) of 69 sequentially enrolled patients. The antibodies were directed to one or more antigens with molecular masses of 45, 59, 68, 79, 89, 95, and/or 110 kd. The most immunogenic antigens were p110 and p68, which induced responses in 33% (95% CI = 22%-44%) and 25% (95% CI = 15%-35%) of patients, respectively. Both antigens were commonly expressed on different melanomas, but they were absent on autologous normal tissue and on an unrelated allogeneic tumor. All the above antigens are attractive candidates for vaccine construction.
A novel acyl-CoA-binding protein from bovine liver. Effect on fatty acid synthesis (1987)

Bovine liver was shown to contain a hitherto undescribed medium-chain acyl-CoA-binding protein. The protein co-purifies with fatty-acid-binding proteins, but was, unlike these proteins, unable to bind fatty acids. The protein induced synthesis of medium-chain acyl-CoA esters on incubation with goat mammary-gland fatty acid synthetase. The possible function of the protein is discussed.
Economic analysis of oral and topical therapies for onychomycosis of the toenails and fingernails. (2003)

Based on the patient-level analysis, we concluded that terbinafine is the most cost-effective therapy in the treatment of onychomycosis from a managed care perspective. Furthermore, at the policy level, increased utilization of terbinafine among onychomycosis patients is likely to reduce the managed care organizations' per member per month cost.
Ligands for Brain Cholinergic Channel Receptors: Synthesis and in Vitro Characterization of Novel Isoxazoles and Isothiazoles as Bioisosteric Replacements for the Pyridine Ring in Nicotine (1994)

Ligands which activate neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) represent a potential approach for the palliative treatment for the symptoms of memory loss associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Based upon this approach, a series of novel 3,5-disubstituted isoxazoles and isothiazoles were prepared and evaluated in vitro as cholinergic channel activators (ChCAs) of neuronal nAChRs. Many of the 3-substituted 5-(2-pyrrolidinyl)isoxazoles were found to have nanomolar binding affinities comparable to (S)-nicotine (2a) in a preparation of whole rat brain. However, in a paradigm measuring the evoked release of [3H]dopamine from a preparation of rat striatum, there were differences in the agonist potencies and efficacies of these analogues relative to 2a. The differences in agonist potency observed between compounds of comparable binding potency may be due to differences in ligand interactions with various subtypes of neuronal nAChRs.
An Extension of the Path-Length Formalism to Anisotropic Charged-Particle Sources (1967)

"An Extension of the Path-Length Formalism to Anisotropic Charged-Particle Sources." Nuclear Science and Engineering, 28(2), pp. 311–312
Path-Averaged Measurements of Rain Rate and Raindrop Size Distribution Using a Fast-Response Optical Sensor (1979)

Path-averaged terminal velocity distribution of raindrops is determined from the temporal covariance function of signals from two vertically spaced linear optical detectors that respond to raindrop-induced amplitude scintillations of a projected laser beam. The known monotonic relationship between drop size and terminal velocity permits the measured velocity distribution to be converted to path-averaged drop-size distribution and, in turn, to rain rate. The large capture area of the measurements over a 200 m path allows drop-size distribution to be measured in short time intervals. We present measurements of path-averaged rain rate and raindrop size distribution made at 42 s intervals. The terminal velocity distribution during a storm that contained a mixture of rain and hail clearly shows the two-component nature of the precipitation.
Penetrating keratoplasty using 37 C organ cultured cornea. (1977)

Sixty-three penetrating keratoplasties were performed in 63 patients using donor corneas stored by 37 C organ culture incubation for an average of 13 days (range 2 to 35 days). No grafts failed before four weeks, except one which was stored at 4 C for 48 hours prior to transplantation, indicating that endothelial viability is maintained when proper storage conditions are maintained. Sixteen grafts have failed as a result of factors other than the storage method. This clinical study confirms our previous laboratory conclusions that 37 C OC incubation up to 35 days improves the quality of donor endothelium compared with other methods of storage, and it represents a significant advance in corneal preservation.
Power line communications: an overview (2002)

We give a systems level overview of power line communications. Topics covered, include feasible applications of power line communications, and the impact of the currently evolving international standards on power line communications. The power line communications channel is discussed at some length. Existing communications systems and solutions are discussed. The results of some measurements on the channel, are presented.
Intensive Horticulture in Almería (Spain): A Counterpoint to Current European Rural Policy Strategies (2011)

Much of the recently published literature in Europe on rural development tends to focus on de-agrarianization and multifunctionality in rural livelihoods as a way to generate employment and incomes. This paper analyses the case of Almería (Spain), an exception to this general rule. Almería, once one of the poorest Spanish provinces, has become the most affluent province in Andalusia and ranks now about average in Spain. This fast growth rate was achieved thanks to the development of intensive horticulture and its processes of change from the 1970s to the present day, due to the factors reviewed in the present study. This success story is a counterpoint to current European rural development strategies that consider the promotion of agriculture a mistake and advocate instead the economic diversification of farms.
Effects of 5‐HT‐receptor and α<sub>2</sub>‐adrenoceptor ligands on the haemodynamic response to acute central hypovolaemia in conscious rabbits (1993)

1. We set out to elucidate the pharmacological mechanisms by which alpha 2-adrenoceptor and 5-HT-receptor ligands affect the haemodynamic response to acute central hypovolaemia in conscious rabbits. 2. Acute central hypovolaemia was produced by inflating an inferior vena caval cuff so that cardiac output fell at a constant rate of approximately 8.5% of its baseline level per min. 3. Drugs were administered into the fourth cerebral ventricle in either 154 mM NaCl (saline) or 20% w/v 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CDX). After vehicle treatments, the haemodynamic response to acute central hypovolaemia had the usual two phases. During Phase I, systemic vascular conductance fell in proportion to cardiac output so that mean arterial pressure fell by only 8 mmHg. Phase II commenced when cardiac output had fallen to approximately 60% of its baseline level, when vascular conductance rose abruptly and arterial pressure fell to < or = 40 mmHg. The haemodynamic response was not dependent on the vehicle used (saline or beta-CDX). 4. Methysergide delayed the occurrence of Phase II in a dose-dependent manner, and prevented it at a dose of 30- 600 nmol (geometric mean = 186 nmol). The effects and potency of methysergide were not dependent on the vehicle used, indicating that beta-CDX can be used as a vehicle for fourth ventricular administration of lipophilic drugs to conscious rabbits. Clonidine (10 nmol) reversed the effects of a critical dose of methysergide. 5. Phase II was also prevented by 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (5-HT1A-selective agonist, geometric mean critical dose (range) = 13.1 (10-30) nmol), sumatriptan (5-HT1D-selective agonist, 72.1 (10-300) nmol), mesulergine (5-HT2/1C-selective antagonist, 173 (30-1000) nmol), idazoxan (alpha 2-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist, 548 (100-3000) nmol), and mianserin (5-HT2/1C-selective antagonist, 548 (100-3000) nmol). It was not affected by MDL 72222 (5-HT3-selective antagonist, 300 nmol) or ketanserin (5-HT2/1C-selective antagonist, 3000 nmol). 6. To characterize the nature of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in rabbit brainstem, we examined the binding of [3H]-rauwolscine to membrane homogenates of whole brainstem. [3H]-rauwolscine bound to a population of sites with the characteristics of alpha 2A-adrenoceptors. 7. From these results we suggest that activation of 5-HT1A receptors in the brainstem can prevent Phase II of the response to acute central hypovolaemia in conscious rabbits. Our results do not support the notion of an endogenous 5-hydroxytryptaminergic mechanism mediating Phase II. The mechanism by which the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists yohimbine and idazoxan prevent Phase II remains to be elucidated. However, their potency relative to other 5-HT-receptor ligands indicates that an agonist action at 5-HT1A-receptors is more likely than an antagonist action at alpha 2-adrenoceptors.
Self-assembled organogels formed by mono-chain l-alanine derivatives (2001)

The mono-chain L-alanine derivatives self-assemble into bilayer aggregates in a number of organic liquids and gelatinize the liquids.
A recombinant Rickettsia conorii vaccine protects guinea pigs from experimental boutonneuse fever and Rocky Mountain spotted fever (1990)

There are no vaccines against boutonneuse fever and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Previous studies have identified a Rickettsia rickettsii surface protein as a vaccine candidate and shown that an antigenically related protein is present in R. conorii, which causes boutonneuse fever. The gene encoding the R. rickettsii protein has been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. We confirmed by 7.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of rickettsial lysates followed by immunoblotting with a monoclonal antibody raised against the R. rickettsii protein that an analogous protein exists in R. conorii. Although these proteins were previously called 155-kilodalton (kDa) proteins, we found that their apparent molecular masses were 198 kDa for R. conorii Kenya tick typhus and 190 kDa for R. rickettsii R. Using the R. rickettsii gene probe, we cloned and expressed a 5.5-kilobase HindIII fragment from R. conorii Kenya tick typhus genomic DNA in E. coli JM107. The expressed recombinant product was recognized by a monospecific polyclonal rabbit antiserum prepared against the 198-kDa protein. Guinea pigs immunized with sonic lysates of the E. coli strain expressing the recombinant gene product developed antibodies recognizing R. conorii when tested by a microimmunofluorescence antibody assay. Upon immunoblotting of rickettsial lysates, those antisera specifically recognized the 198-kDa R. conorii protein and its 190-kDa analog in R. rickettsii. Guinea pigs immunized with sonic lysates of the recombinant E. coli expressing the 198-kDa protein were protected from experimental infections with the homologous R. conorii strain and partially protected from experimental infections with a strain of the heterologous species R. rickettsii. These findings show that the 198-kDa R. conorii protein is a candidate for a vaccine against boutonneuse fever.