gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced flushing with cyclodextrin for the remediation of creosote contaminated soil (2004)

Past practices of applying creosote and coal tar preservatives to wood, such as unlined pits and trenches, have resulted in contamination of the surface and ground water at thousand of sites. The low aqueous solubility, volatility and bioavailability of many these constituents limit their degradation by natural attenuation and standard remediation techniques such as ground water flushing, soil vapor extraction, and bioremediation. While research has shown that cyclodextrin solutions have the ability to enhance the solubility of some of the components of creosote, additional work is needed to evaluate its potential as a remedial agent for these sites. Equilibrium batch studies were conducted to determine the solubility enhancement of eight different PAHs commonly present in creosote in aqueous solutions of three different types of cyclodextrin. Three highly soluble cyclodextrins were tested which vary in their internal cavity size (smallest to largest: hydroxypropyl-α-cyclodextrin (HPαCD), hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), and hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin (HPγCD). The results showed that all three types of cyclodextrin enhanced the apparent solubility of the tested PAHs. The degree of solubility enhancement ranged from 19.6 for naphthalene to 4136 for benzo (k) fluoranthene. Because previous research has shown that hydroxypropyl substitution does not favor forming complexes with low-polarity compounds, it is concluded that cyclodextrin with larger cavities slightly enhance the degree of PAH partitioning into their cavities and hence PAH apparent solubility. Comparison of the results also showed that the logarithm of the PAH solubility enhancement factor in the cyclodextrin solutions is inversely related to the logarithm of PAHs aqueous solubility, directly related to the mass of the PAHs, and directly related to the logarithm of the PAH hydrophobicity. Additional direct correlations were found between the logarithm of the ratio of molar concentration of the PAH to that of the cyclodextrins with the logarithm of PAHs aqueous solubility. These strong correlations enable the ability to project the enhancement of other PAHs present in creosote and coal tar. Additional research has to be performed, but cyclodextrin shows promise as a remedial agent for creosote and coal tar sites.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF FOLIC ACID ANTAGONISTS ON ACUTE LEUKEMIA AND OTHER FORMS OF INCURABLE CANCER (1949)

Abstract A general discussion is presented of the present status of folic acid antagonist therapy in acute leukemia in children and in other forms of incurable cancer. Conclusions reached in our initial report have been supported by a far greater experience. Temporary remissions in acute leukemia as marked as those caused by aminopterin have been produced by the use of two compounds closely related chemically to aminopterin—amethopterin and amino-an-fol, both of which, however, are also toxic compounds. Despite the increasing number of patients in whom temporary remissions have been produced, with survival in some far beyond the usual course of the disease, no evidence has been presented which would justify the use of the word "cure" of acute leukemia. A carcinolytic action on related and on certain unrelated forms of incurable cancer has been observed. Further research for less toxic related compounds with even greater effectiveness is not only justified by these studies but is imperative. The value of this direction of research in cancer has been established. Two of the most pressing problems demanding solution are concerned with the nature, the prevention, and the treatment of toxic changes, including hemorrhage, produced by these folic acid antagonists and the causes, prevention and mechanism of hemorrhage in acute leukemia. The use of the folic acid antagonists in the treatment of incurable cancer including leukemia must remain in the realm of research until answers to these questions are found.
Ultrasound colour Doppler measurements in a single joint as measure of disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis--assessment of concurrent validity (2008)

A standardized ultrasound examination of a single affected wrist joint in patients with RA may be used as a measure of disease activity. More studies are needed to identify the number of joints needed to examine by CDU to obtain the best validity of Doppler measurements.
Health status assessment via the World Wide Web. (1996)

We explored the use of the World Wide Web to collect health status information for medical outcomes research. The RAND 36-Item Health Survey 1.0 (RAND-36), which contains the 36 multiple-choice questions of the Medical Outcomes Study SF-36 "Short Form" and differs only in its simplified scoring scheme, was made available for anonymous use on the Internet. Participation in the survey was invited through health-related Internet news groups and mailing lists. Participants entered data and received, their scores using the World Wide Web protocol. Entries were recorded from 15 June 1995 to 14 June 1996 (1 year). The survey was completed anonymously by 4876 individuals with access to the World Wide Web. Two-thirds completed the survey within 5 minutes, and 97% did so within 10 minutes. The item-completion rate was 99.28%. Values of Cronbach's alpha of 0.76 to 0.90 for the scoring scales matched the high reliability found in the Medical Outcomes Study. The World Wide Web provides a method of rapidly measuring individual health status and may play an important role in advancing health services research and outcomes-based patient care.
Prokaryotic motility structures (2003)

Prokaryotes use a wide variety of structures to facilitate motility. The majority of research to date has focused on swimming motility and the molecular architecture of the bacterial flagellum. While intriguing questions remain, especially concerning the specialized export system involved in flagellum assembly, for the most part the structural components and their location within the flagellum and function are now known. The same cannot be said of the other apparati including archaeal flagella, type IV pili, the junctional pore, ratchet structure and the contractile cytoskeleton used by a variety of organisms for motility. In these cases, many of the structural components have yet to be identified and the mechanism of action that results in motility is often still poorly understood. Research on the bacterial flagellum has greatly aided our understanding of not only motility but also protein secretion and genetic regulation systems. Continued study and understanding of all prokaryotic motility structures will provide a wealth of knowledge that is sure to extend beyond the bounds of prokaryotic movement.
Derivatization of guar to sodium carboxy methyl hydroxy propyl derivative; characterization and evaluation. (2008)

Guar gum is derived from the seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus (Linn, Family Leguminosae). Guar has extensive pharmaceutical applications; however; it has certain draw-backs like uncontrolled rate of hydration, fall in viscosity on storage, susceptibility to microbial degradation and turbidity in aqueous dispersion. Many of these drawbacks can be over come by effecting chemical derivatization of guar gum molecule to Sodiumcarboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar- the derivatization was ascertained by spectral characterization. In aqueous dispersion, the derivative was subjected to the effect of electrolytes, varied pH conditions and storage at elevated temperatures. The sodium carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar derivative revealed superior viscosity retaining qualities when compared to guar gum. The derivative was subjected for detailed rheological investigation and rate of hydration studies. In 1% w/v dispersion the derivative revealed pronounced pseudoplastic behavior and in 2% w/v dispersion, a distinct pseudoplastic behavior with slight thixotropic effect is seen. In contrast to guar gum, the derivative revealed a more controlled rate of hydration. The derivative revealed sodium content of 10.4% w/w and Degree of substitution of 1.5.
Electrical fuse lets chips heal themselves (2004)

The electronic system of the future will monitor itself, change the functions it performs, and repair its damaged circuits-all without external intervention. Such is the dream of autonomic computing. Although the dream is not yet reality, engineers and scientists at IBM Corp. have taken a big step with the development of an on-chip fuse that is electrically blown-or programmed, as the company prefers to call the process-by using a physical effect heretofore considered a serious reliability problem in semiconductor circuits. According to IBM, combining the new eFuse technology with already available on-chip built-in self-test and -repair circuitry will yield a chip capable of diagnosing its failures and then fixing them by blowing fuses to reroute its circuits.
A speech packet protocol for mobile radio using idle-signal casting multiple access (1991)

A medium access control protocol has been described that can support both speech and data packets over mobile radio channels. The logical TDMA protocol utilised a frequency-division ,multiplexing approach for voice station reservations. Both voice and data stations used the R-channel for this purpose. The base station maintained the queue order by implementing a scheme of access-tokens on the D-channel. Mobile stations retained a queue position after their packet transmissions by appending continuation-tokens. The variable length packet scheme was found to support more conversations than the fixed length packet version. Also, the total delay with variable length packets is bound to two frame times, whereas the delay for fixed length packets has an upper limit of three frame times. However, in the region of operation (voice loss<2%), the fixed length packer version has an upper speech clip of one frame time, whereas the varible length packets can significantly exceed this limit. It is therefore necessary to examine further the subjective quality of the speech loss using variable length packets.
The Evil of Banality: Moby Dick vs. the Extreme Machine (2004)

In this article I am suggesting that Feidelson’s approach be appropriated for the contemplation and understanding of extra-literary phenomena like the extreme machine. As Russell Reising points out, Feidelson’s “historical premise—that symbolism arose at a particular historical moment —could generate semiotic analyses of the relationships between cultural texts (literature, advertising, political discourses and so on) and social contexts, even though the texts themselves purport to transcend social determination” (180). One might extrapolate from this passage to ask the following questions: How do popular mass-produced objects and trends take on symbolic weight in American culture? What connections might we make between these commodities and American literary texts that represent historical events, debates, and individual psychology? And more specifically, if also more whimsically, is there a secret symbolic relationship between Melville’s Moby-Dick and the extreme machine?
Light‐limited continuous culture of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> in a Taylor vortex reactor (2013)

Recently, it has been demonstrated that Taylor vortices—hydrodynamic structures that arise in the annular region between two concentric cylinders when the inner cylinder rotates—can substantially improve the growth rate of algal biomass in a batch photobioreactor by inducing the flashing light effect. In order to assess the potential for using Taylor vortex flow to continuously culture algae, experiments were carried out in a continuous flow Taylor vortex algal photobioreactor using Chlorella vulgaris . Specifically, two important operating parameters were varied: the dilution rate and the inner cylinder rotation speed. For a fixed inner cylinder rotation speed, biomass productivity was independent of dilution rate. In contrast, biomass productivity was found to increase with increasing inner cylinder rotation speed for a fixed dilution rate, but this effect became less pronounced at higher rotation speeds. Overall, it is demonstrated that a continuous flow Taylor vortex algal photobioreactor can be used to produce and sustain high biomass production and carbon dioxide capture rates when operated in continuous flow mode. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 884–890, 2013
Studies of the Recovery and the Cost of Low‐Glycerol Cryopreserved Human Red Blood Cells (1976)

Red blood cells were equilibrated with 28 per cent (v/v) glycerol and 3 per cent mannitol in 0.65 g/100 ml sodium chloride. The units were frozen by immersion into liquid nitrogen and stored at -160 C. After thawing, they were reconstituted and washed using the IBM 2991 Blood Cell Processor. Freeze-thaw rate curves, the effect of thawing techniques, the effect of varying postthaw washing and processing techniques, estimates of red blood cell losses because of hemolysis, and in vitro recovery were determined. In vivo recovery was determined by 51Cr techniques 24 hours after infusion and Ashby survivals and subsequent life span were measured. Metabolic, scanning electronmicroscopy, cost estimates and quality control studies were done on the reconsituted red blood cells. Recipients were evaluated before and after transfusion for metabolic erythrocyte characteristics and for evidence of hemolysis. The modified method requires less wash solution and less technician time than does the standard low-glycerol method. Two units for the same recipient could be passed through the IBM software with no alteration of cell survival or loss. Revision of the IBM 2991 processing procedure provided excellent recovery of viable previously frozen red blood cells at probably a lower cost.
Design and Implementation of Massively Parallel Fine-Grained Processor Arrays (2015)

This thesis investigates the use of massively parallel fine-grained processor arrays to increase computational performance. As processors move towards multi-core processing, more energy-efficient processors can be designed by increasing the number of processor cores on a single chip rather than increasing the clock frequency of a single processor. This can be done by making processor cores less complex, but increasing the number of processor cores on a chip. Using this philosophy, a processor core can be reduced in complexity, area, and speed to form a very small processor which can still perform basic arithmetic operations. Due to the small area occupation this can be multiplied and scaled to form a large scale parallel processor array to offer a significant performance. Following this design methodology, two fine-grained parallel processor arrays are designed which aim to achieve a small area occupation with each individual processor so that a larger array can be implemented over a given area. To demonstrate scalability and performance, SIMD parallel processor array is designed for implementation on an FPGA where each processor can be implemented using four ?slices? of a Xilinx FPGA. With such small area utilization, a large fine-grained processor can be implemented on these FPGAs. A 32 � 32 processor array is implemented and fast processing demonstrated using image processing tasks.An event-driven MIMD parallel processor array is also designed which occupies a small amount of area and can be scaled up to form much larger arrays. The event-driven approach allows the processor to enter an idle mode when no events are occurring local to the processor, reducing power consumption. The processor can switch to operational mode when events are detected. The processor core is designed with a multi-bit data path and ALU and contains its own instruction memory making the array a multi-core processor array. With area occupation of primary concern, the processor is relatively simple and connects with its four nearest direct neighbours. A small 8 � 8 prototype chip is implemented in a 65 nm CMOS technology process which can operate at a clock frequency of 80 MHz and offer a peak performance of 5.12 GOPS which can be scaled up to larger arrays.An application of the event-driven processor array is demonstrated using a simulation model of the processor. An event-driven algorithm is demonstrated to perform distributed control of distributed manipulator simulator by separating objects based on their physical properties.
Papovavirus induced feather abnormalities and skin lesions in the budgerigar: clinical and pathological findings. (1984)

Feather abnormalities and skin lesions caused by a papovavirus infection in budgerigars are described. Diseased one to 15 day old birds displayed a lack of nestling down feathers and filoplumes on the head and neck. Survivors older than 15 days exhibited retarded growth and temporary absence of feathers variable from bird to bird. Several birds between 15 and 25 days of age had flight feathers with total absence or marked sparseness of the vanes. After 25 days, feathers began to grow, although the tail and/or some flight feathers of some of the birds remained underdeveloped or absent for several weeks. Several of these affected birds were unable to fly and are called "runners"Microscopic lesions in the feather follicles of the affected birds less than 15 days of age, were characterized by focal, multifocal or diffuse ballooning degeneration in the lateral and axial plate cells of the barb ridges with the presence of large basophilic or amphophilic intranuclear inclusions in the same cells. Focal areas of ballooning degeneration with intranuclear inclusions were also found in the epidermis. Clinical observations made on these birds are compared with those reported in the literature for French molt.
Temporal fairness enhanced scheduling for cooperative relaying networks in low mobility fading environments (2005)

We consider a wireless network, which consists of several active source/destination pairs and a number of idle nodes. Multiple nodes volunteer as relays to facilitate the communication. All nodes have low mobility and the fading channel is essentially constant over the latency time scale of interest (block fading). Conventional adaptive scheduling techniques are either unfair or inefficient in this context. In A. Wittneben et al. (2004) we proposed a scheduling scheme which does not compromise the quality of service of individual source/destination links (fairness) if the number of relay nodes is sufficiently high. In this paper we propose a simple extension to our scheduling scheme which guarantees short-term temporal fairness among the individual links in the network, while achieving considerable multi-user diversity gains.
A nested PID steering control for lane keeping in vision based autonomous vehicles (2009)

In this paper a nested PID steering control for lane keeping in vision based autonomous vehicles is designed to perform path following in the case of roads with an uncertain curvature. The control input is the steering wheel angle: it is designed on the basis of the yaw rate, measured by a gyroscope, and the lateral offset, measured by the vision system as the distance between the road centerline and a virtual point at a fixed distance from the vehicle. No lateral acceleration and no lateral speed measurements are required. A PI active front steering control on the yaw rate tracking error is used to reject constant disturbances and the overall effect of parameter variations while improving vehicle steering dynamics. The yaw rate reference is viewed as the control input in an external control loop: it is designed using a PID control on the lateral offset to reject the disturbances on the curvature which increase linearly with respect to time. The robustness is investigated with respect to speed variations and uncertain vehicle physical parameters: it is shown that the controlled system is asymptotically stable for all perturbations in the range of interest. Several simulations are carried out on a standard big sedan CarSim vehicle model to explore the robustness with respect to unmodelled effects such as combined lateral and longitudinal tire forces, pitch and roll. The simulations show reduced lateral offset and new stable mu-split braking manoeuvres in comparison with the CarSim model predictive steering controller implemented by CarSim.
Electro-optic characteristics and switching principle of a nematic liquid crystal cell controlled by fringe-field switching (1998)

We have fabricated a nematic liquid crystal cell associated with a homogeneously aligned to twisted transition of a liquid crystal director. In the absence of an electric field, the liquid crystal molecule is homogeneously aligned under the crossed polarizers, and thus the cell appears to be black. When a fringe field induced by interdigital electrodes is applied, liquid crystal molecules rotate in plane even above electrodes and thus the cell transmits light. The device exhibits a high transmittance ratio as well as a wide viewing angle, which solves a long standing problem of low transmittance existing in the conventional in-plane switching mode. We show that the distance between electrodes smaller than the width of an electrode and cell gap is required for generating fringe field with applied voltage and rotating molecules above electrodes. We also investigate the mechanism of fringe-field switching and dependence of electro-optic effect on different cell conditions and dielectric anisotropy of liquid crystal.
Stability of Hemagglutinating Activity of Extracellular and Intracellular Forms of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Exposed to Acidic pH (1996)

The hemagglutinating (HA) activity of extracellular and intracellular forms of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus was comparatively titrated by exposure to acidic pH below 7.0. A pH-dependent irreversible loss in titer was observed with the virus grown in both C6/36 and BHK 21 (BHK) cells maintained in the pH range of 5.8 to 7.0 for 10 min at 37 C. The HA activity of intracellular virus was relatively more stable than that of extracellular virus in the pH range of 5.8 to 6.4. Virion structural components, envelope glycoprotein (E), capsid (C), and membrane (M) proteins in extracellular virus and E, C, and the precursor form of M (prM) proteins in intracellular virus were detected by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting. A panel of monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed for nine antigenic epitopes on the JE virus E protein molecule was used for the analysis of antigenic reactivity of E protein after treatment at pH 6.0. The reaction between the extracellular virus and three HA-inhibiting (HI) mAbs was significantly reduced after acid treatment; however, the antigenic reactivity of intracellular virus was much more stable with a 100- to 1,000-fold difference. Infectivity titers of extracellular and intracellular viruses in Vero cells were reduced by 1/24,100 and 1/21,666 after acidic treatment at pH 6.0. In contrast, the infectivity of intracellular viruses was more stable, with residual infectivity of 1/182 and 1/340 for BHK and C6/36 cell-grown virus, respectively. Acidic treatment of JE virus not only resulted in the irreversible loss of its HA activity but also affected the antigenic reactivity of HI epitopes on its E protein molecule.