gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Implicit finite difference simulation of flow about arbitrary geometries with application to airfoils (1977)

Finite difference procedures are used to solve either the Euler equations or the 'thin layer' Navier-Stokes equations subject to arbitrary boundary conditions. An automatic grid generation program is employed, and because an implicit finite difference algorithm for the flow equations is used, time steps are not severely limited when grid points are finely distributed. Computational efficiency and compatibility to vectorized computer processors is maintained by use of approximate factorization techniques. Computed results for both inviscid and viscous flow about airfoils are described and compared to various known solutions.
Investigation on Suppression of Nickel-Silicide Formation By Fluorocarbon Reactive Ion Etch (RIE) and Plasma-Enhanced Deposition (2013)

Detailed study on how the plasma process during the sidewall spacer formation suppresses the formation of silicide is done. In non-patterned wafer test, it is found that both fluorocarbon reactive ion etch (RIE) and TEOS plasma-enhanced deposition processes modify the Si surface so that the silicide reaction is chemically inhibited or suppressed. In order to investigate the cause of the chemical modification , we analyze the elements on the silicon surface through Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES). From the AES result, it is found that the carbon induces chemical modification which blocks the reaction between silicon and nickel. Thus, protecting the surface from the carbon-containing plasma process prior to nickel deposition appears critical in successful silicide formation.
XXXVIII. On Crystallised Carbonite, a Mineral new to Scottish Carboniferous Rocks (1906)

A short distance down the mineral railway from the sandstone loading bank at Sevenacres, Kilwinning parish, the Main Coal-seam crops out on the west side of the railway. Only a few yards of the outcrop is visible, and it apparently shows the full thickness of the seam, which at this part is seen to be traversed in different directions by trap, which has converted it into columnar carbonite for the most part. A thin "lid" on the top of the seam has assumed a massive structure, and between this lid and the columnar part there is a layer of crystallised carbonite half an inch thick, the thin crystals being brilliant like polished silver, and seldom more than one-eighth of an inch in diameter. They had evidently been formed when the coal was in a fluid state, from the heat communicated to it by the trap; but before the coal had solidified some movement had taken place in the fluid or semi-fluid mass, which had resulted in twisting the thin scaley crystals of carbonite considerably; still, generally speaking, the surfaces of the crystals are in the plane of the original bedding of the Coal-seam. Other parts of the Coal-bed have got a few of the crystals. The ordinary carbonite also occurs as little, more or less pear-shaped and spindle-like nodules, "electro-plated" (for want of a better term) with the brilliant form of the carbonite, the largest of them measuring 2 mm. in length; these little masses (like the rest of the This 250-word extract was created in the absence of an abstract
60-GHz-Band Coplanar MMIC Active Filters (2004)

This paper presents the design and performance of 60-GHz-band coplanar monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) active filters. To compensate for the loss of the passive filter, a resonator composed of a quarter-wavelength line is terminated by a circuit with a constant negative resistance over a wide frequency band. Cross-coupling is introduced to make the attenuation poles on both sides of the passband. We develop two types of two-stage filter: one with medium bandwidth and the other with narrow bandwidth. The former shows an insertion loss of 3.0 dB with a 3-dB bandwidth of 2.6 GHz and a rejection of larger than 20 dB at a 3-GHz separation from a center frequency of 65.0 GHz. This filter also shows a noise figure of 10.5 dB. The latter filter shows an insertion loss of 2.8 dB with a 10-dB bandwidth of 2.1 GHz at a center frequency of 65.0 GHz. It also shows an output power of 5.0 dBm at a 1-dB compression point. The loss variation due to temperature variation is successfully compensated using a gate bias control circuit. The size of the MMIC filters is 2.5 mm/spl times/1.1 mm.
Study of Wood-Plastic Composites with Reused High Density Polyethylene and Wood Sawdust (2017)

In recent years, concerns about environmental preservation have motivated industries to adapt towards more environmentally friendly materials, resorting for this to recycled and waste materials. This has been the center for a growing number of research studies to enable less and less virgin materials waste [1], [2]. The use of recycled thermoplastics has been considered for the production of wood and plastic composites in recent years [3]. New materials have been developed with a view to developing eco-composites, materials with several advantages, both at an environmental level and an ecological level, including natural polymers[4]. Solid plastic waste from polymers such as high density polyethylene is creating new challenges for an industry that is seeking greater waste utilization to ensure products that are efficient ecologically and environmentally friendly [5], [6]. The cost and quality of these composites depends on the waste type incorporated, on the material and the processing route used [4]. The sawdust waste produced by the sawdust industry is about 5% per tree log, which makes this an important renewable raw material [2]. The objective of this study was to investigate composite material properties developed from reused HDPE thermoplastic material from the thermoplastics injection industry and pine sawdust from the lumber industry. The materials were developed with three different volume fractions of pine sawdust and two different particle sizes, mixed in a double screw extruder. A validation of a processing route – injection molding – was also performed.
In Vivo Absence of Synergism Between Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (2001)

Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are potent angiogenesis inducers in vivo and in vitro and may act in synergy. This possibility has been investigated by their simultaneous administration in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Macroscopic and microscopic quantification of the angiogenic response 4 days after administration clearly demonstrated the absence of synergism. When FGF-2 or VEGF concentration was fixed at 0.25 microg/embryo, the simultaneous addition of increasing concentration (0.25, 0.50, 1.0 microg/embryo) of VEGF or FGF-2 did not stimulate a synergistic dose-dependent angiogenic response. In both conditions, the angiogenic response overlapped that induced by the two growth factors administered alone. It is suggested that exogenous administration of FGF-2 and VEGF in the CAM assay may induce an activation of endogenous angiogenic factors, such as FGF-2, and endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis, such as nitric oxide, normally expressed in the CAM during the development of its vascular tree. Thus, in an in vivo system, evaluation of synergistic action between two cytokines and discrimination of their specific activity are more difficult than in an in vitro assay.
Factorization of Unitary Matrices (2001)

Factorization of an $n\times n$ unitary matrix as a product of $n$ diagonal matrices containing only phases interlaced with $n-1$ orthogonal matrices each one generated by a real vector as well as an explicit form for the Weyl factorization are found.
<i>Siraita grosvenorii</i> (Luo Han Guo; Cucurbitaceae) is a new host of <i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i> in China (2005)

Siraita grosvenorii (common names: Luo Han Guo; Arhat fruit) is one of the most economically important crops in the north of Guangxi, China. In 2003 a new wilt disease was observed in Luo Han Guo plants growing in the lowland fields. Disease incidence ranged from 5 to 8%, with symptoms appearing 8–10 weeks after transplanting. Initially, the upper leaves or side shoots of affected plants became wilted. Three to five days later, all the leaves and side shoots of the diseased plants wilted. Whole plants wilted and died 7–10 days after the first appearance of the symptoms. Bacteria were isolated from 10 samples, each of two plants, from 10 fields in Yongfu, Yongan or Lingui counties, using an agar medium containing: peptone (5 g L−1); yeast extract (1 g L−1); beef extract (3 g L−1) and glucose (10 g L−1). Bacteria with similar colony morphology were isolated from all samples. Two purified single colonies from each sample were each inoculated into 20 Luo Han Guo plants using the stem technique (Winstead & Kelman, 1952). The same number of control plants were inoculated in a similar way with autoclaved water. Typical symptoms were seen on inoculated plants 3 days post inoculation, and by 7–10 days all plants had wilted and died. Bacteria with the same colony morphology as those inoculated were reisolated. No symptoms developed on control plants. All 20 strains induced hypersensitive reactions on tobacco (Klement et al., 1964). The DNA region coding for 16S ribosomal RNA of two representative strains (LHG1 and LHG8) was amplified using the universal primers f27 and r1492 (Lane, 1991). Both ends of each 1·5 kb PCR product were sequenced (GenBank accession numbers AY775123, AY775124, AY775125 and AY775126). A GenBank search revealed that the sequences obtained were identical with the corresponding sequences of the 16S rRNA gene of a number of Ralstonia solanacearum strains including strain GMI1000 (accession number AL646081). Both strains utilized mannitol, sorbitol, dulcitol and maltose, but were unable to utilize lactose and cellobiose (Hayward, 1964). Thus the pathogen causing wilt disease of S. grosvenorii was identified as R. solanacearum. This is first report of a member of the Cucurbitaceae as a host of R. solanacearum.
The Harkness Henry Lecture: Hard Cases and Bad Law (2008)

The author expresses his views on the misleading legal phrase, 'Hard cases make bad law'. He clarifies that it implies that the application of statutes and binding precedents produces consistency when applied in law.
How to converse securely in a conference (1996)

A conference key is a secret common key among a group of users by which they can encrypt and decrypt messages to converse securely in a conference. This paper proposes a conference key distribution protocol for networking system. A lock is used to lock the conference key and is constructed such that only the private keys of legitimate users are matched. Therefore the lock is then put on the pubic directory or communicated to the attended users, only legitimate users can open it and reveal the conference key. The construction of a lock is straightforward and the revelation of conference key is quite simple
What happened to pastry (2007)

This paper describes how Microsoft Research goes about the process of technology transfer, using the experience of transferring the MS Pastry Distributed Hash Table and its applications as an example.
Cyclosporine A stimulated hair growth from mouse vibrissae follicles in an organ culture model (2012)

Hypertrichosis is one of the most common side effects of systemic cyclosporine A therapy. It has been previously shown that cyclosporine A induces anagen and inhibits catagen development in mice. In the present study, to explore the mechanisms of cyclosporine A, we investigated the effects of cyclosporine A on hair shaft elongation, hair follicle cell proliferation, apoptosis, and mRNA expression of selected growth factors using an organ culture model of mouse vibrissae. In this model, cyclosporine A stimulated hair growth of normal mouse vibrissae follicles by inhibiting catagen-like development and promoting matrix cell proliferation. In addition, cyclosporine A caused an increase in the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and nerve growth factor (NGF), and inhibited follistatin expression. Our findings provide an explanation for the clinically observed effects of cyclosporine A on hair growth. The mouse vibrissae organ culture offers an attractive model for identifying factors involved in the modulation of hair growth.
Single chip motion estimator for video codec applications (1989)

Motion estimation is a key function in a video codec intended for use with low bit rate data transmission. Motion compensated codecs have received much attention in the literature recently since they provide a means by which high picture quality can be achieved with an economic bandwidth. This paper describes a single chip video picture motion estimator that operates upon a CIF specification video frame and provides motion vectors for (8*8) pixel blocks for displacements of up to +or-16 pixels and which can be cascaded for (16*16) block operation. The very close match between function, algorithm and architecture has allowed significant processing power to be implemented on a single chip. >
Rotational Diffusion Constant of a Cylindrical Particle (1960)

The torque constant of a closed cylinder rotating in a viscous medium has been calculated for length (2a) over width (2b) ratios larger than 3.5 to within a first order in b/a. The analysis demonstrates how the contributions to the viscous dissipation tend to be underestimated in hydrodynamic considerations so that the geometrical values deduced from them come out too high. Experimental results for the torque on cylindrical rods and ellipsoids for a/b values from 3.5 to 30 are close to the theoretical results. For a/b&gt;10 the difference is about 10%; for shorter molecules 20%. With the rotational diffusion constant given by 3kT (σ—γ)/8πηa3ω, where σ=log2a/b we obtain best fit with γ(σ&gt;2)=1.57–7 (1/σ—0.28)2±0.25. Experimental data for the rotational diffusion constant of a cylindrical virus (a/b=20) in water, obtained by O'Konski and Haltner agree with this result within 10%. The length of the protein fits within 3%.
Ek glo, en daarom sing ek ... die verhouding tussen geloof en geloofsuiting in die liturgiese lied (2002)

Om te praat, is meer as om woorde op 'n bepaalde manier te organiseer en in sinne te gebruik. Agter die blote woorde - en in die gevarieerde aksentplasings op verskillende woorde en woorddele - le 'n hele veld van kommunikasie.
Genome-Wide Analysis of Small RNA and Novel MicroRNA Discovery in Human Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Based on Extensive Sequencing Approach (2009)

The study presents a comprehensive picture of the expression of small RNAs in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia and highlights novel and known miRNAs differentially expressed between ALL patients and normal donors. To our knowledge, this is the first study to look at genome-wide known and novel miRNA expression patterns in in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Our data revealed that these deregulated miRNAs may be associated with ALL or the onset of relapse.
Edutainment, learning and system dynamics (1995)

Abstract Notes and Insights is a forum for discussion and debate about current issues in the philosophy and application of the system dynamics approach, and a marketplace for the exchange of information about current research, policy issues and teaching experiences. Manuscripts treating material particularly suited to presentation in short form (less than 2,000 words) should be sent to Erich Zahn, Betriebswirtschaftlic hes Institut, Abt. IV, Universität Stuttgart, Keplerstr. 17, D‐7000 Stuttgart 1, Germany or to Yaman Barlas, Dept. of Industrial Engineering, Bogazici University, 80815 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey.
A rate-based bandwidth borrowing and reservation scheme for cellular networks (2005)

In 3G cellular networks and beyond, a wide variety of different services are/will be provided by the operators. Due to QoS reasons, it is preferable to give higher priority to certain connection types. These include calls carrying delay-sensitive services and already ongoing calls. In this paper, a prioritization method combining bandwidth borrowing and reservation, called BBR, is introduced. BBR monitors the rate-adaptiveness of the ongoing calls in a cell. Simultaneously, advanced movement predictions are applied to estimate the arrival rate to each cell. If it is determined that the use of bandwidth borrowing (temporarily reducing the data rate of other calls in the same cell) is not sufficient to support the high priority calls that are expected to arrive, a portion of the assigned bandwidth to the cell is exclusively reserved for these calls to prevent call dropping. The scheme enables the operator to increase the average user satisfaction in the network. This is achieved by defining appropriate penalty functions for blocking, dropping and bandwidth reduction of a call.
Design challenges of technology scaling (1999)

Scaling advanced CMOS technology to the next generation improves performance, increases transistor density, and reduces power consumption. Technology scaling typically has three main goals: 1) reduce gate delay by 30%, resulting in an increase in operating frequency of about 43%; 2) double transistor density; and 3) reduce energy per transition by about 65%, saving 50% of power (at a 43% increase in frequency). These are not ad hoc goals; rather, they follow scaling theory. This article looks closely at past trends in technology scaling and how well microprocessor technology and products have met these goals. It also projects the challenges that lie ahead if these trends continue. This analysis uses data from various Intel microprocessors; however, this study is equally applicable to other types of logic designs. Is process technology meeting the goals predicted by scaling theory? An analysis of microprocessor performance, transistor density, and power trends through successive technology generations helps identify potential limiters of scaling, performance, and integration.
Unconventional approach to resolving primary and secondary porosity in Gulf carbonates from conventional logs and borehole images (2000)

Abstract Traditionally, downhole porosity measurements are made through nuclear/acoustic logs (both wireline and logging-while-drilling) and cores. In homogeneous carbonates, log porosity is generally a good substitute for core data. However, in heterogeneous carbonates with complex pore systems resulting from leaching/dissolution, cementation, and dolomitization, discrepancies exist between log- and core-derived porosity. Moreover, thin-bedded layers of high and low porosity, which are found to have a pronounced effect on reservoir production, are routinely unidentifiable on conventional logs because of their limited vertical resolution capabilities (2-3 feet). An innovative methodology has been developed to generate a porosity log with a minimum vertical resolution of 0.2 inch that also takes into account the azimuthal heterogeneities of the carbonate reservoir exposed in a wellbore. To achieve the high-resolution porosity log and entire porosity spectrum around the well, borehole images are used as external constraints after calibration with log porosity and resistivity. This methodology has significant applications in carbonate reservoir characterization. First, the identification of thin intervals of very high (related to high permeability) and low (dense, stylolitic) porosity is possible. Second, vuggy and moldic porosity can be quantified, and third, carbonate facies and reservoir rock types can be characterized. Several case studies from the U.Cretaceous / L. Cretaceous reservoirs and Upper Thamama Reservoirs highlight the effectiveness of the methodology to characterize porosity heterogeneity. Known porosity variations from core and mercury injection data confirm the heterogeneity demonstrated on the high-resolution porosity log. Since most carbonate reservoirs exhibit considerable porosity heterogeneity, this methodology has significant potential application to improve reservoir characterization in many areas.
Does anaesthesia cause postoperative cognitive dysfunction? A randomised study of regional versus general anaesthesia in 438 elderly patients (2003)

No significant difference was found in the incidence of cognitive dysfunction 3 months after either general or regional anaesthesia in elderly patients. Thus, there seems to be no causative relationship between general anaesthesia and long-term POCD. Regional anaesthesia may decrease mortality and the incidence of POCD early after surgery.
Perfecting preemption threshold scheduling for object-oriented real-time system design (2002)

In spite of the proliferation of object-oriented design methodologies\nin contemporary software development, their application to realtime embedded systems has been limited because of the\npractitioner&amp;amp;rsquo;s conservative attitude toward handling timing\nconstraints. In fact, this conservative attitude is well-grounded\nbecause traditional priority-based scheduling techniques cannot be\nstraightforwardly integrated into them. The automated\nimplementation from the object-oriented real-time designs usually\nincurs a large number of tasks which, under traditional prioritybased scheduling techniques, does not scale well due to excessive\npreemption overheads. Recently, preemption threshold scheduling\nwas introduced to reduce run-time multi-tasking overhead while\nimproving schedulability by exploiting non-preemptibility as much\nas possible. Unfortunately, the preemption threshold scheduling\ncannot be directly adopted into the object-oriented design methods\ndue to the lack of real-time synchronization.\nIn this paper, we present the essential basis of real-time\nsynchronization for preemption threshold scheduling. Specifically,\nwe integrate the priority inheritance protocol, the priority ceiling\nprotocol, and the immediate inheritance protocol into preemption\nthreshold scheduling. We also provide their schedulability analyses.\nConsequently, the integrated scheme, which minimizes worst-case\ncontext switches, is appropriate for the automated implementation of\nreal-time object-oriented design models
Fourier coding of images (2015)

Fourier transform coding and transmission of two dimensional images from far ranging space probes
Measurements of charging in capacitive microelectromechanical switches (2002)

Charge build up in capacitive microelectromechanical switches is measured during continuous cycling. Under unipolar cycling, charge rapidly builds up in the dielectric causing the switch control voltages to shift. However, under bipolar cycling, there is no net accumulated charge, but instead a decrease in the magnitude of the control voltages.