gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unbundling generation and transmission services for competitive electricity markets (1998)

Ancillary services are those functions performed by the equipment and people that generate, control, and transmit electricity in support of the basic services of generating capacity, energy supply, and power delivery. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) defined such services as those `necessary to support the transmission of electric power from seller to purchaser given the obligations of control areas and transmitting utilities within those control areas to maintain reliable operations of the interconnected transmission system.` The nationwide cost of ancillary services is about $12 billion a year, roughly 10% of the cost of the energy commodity. More important than the cost, however, is the necessity of these services for bulk-power reliability and for the support of commercial transactions. FERC`s landmark Order 888 included a pro forma tariff with provision for six key ancillary services. The Interconnected Operations Services Working Group identified another six services that it felt were essential to the operation of bulk-power systems. Several groups throughput the United States have created or are forming independent system operators, which will be responsible for reliability and commerce. To date, the electricity industry (including traditional vertically integrated utilities, distribution utilities, power markets and brokers, customers, and state and federal regulators) has paid insufficient attention to these services. Although the industry had made substantial progress in identifying and defining the key services, much remains to be doe to specify methods to measure the production, delivery, and consumption of these services; to identify the costs and cost-allocation factors for these services; and to develop market and operating rules for their provision and pricing. Developing metrics, determining costs, and setting pricing rules are important because most of these ancillary services are produced by the same pieces of equipment that produce the basic electricity commodity. Thus, the production of energy and ancillary services is highly interactive, sometimes complementary and sometimes competing. In contrast to today`s typical time-invariant, embedded-cost prices, competitive prices for ancillary services would vary with system loads and spot prices for energy.
Sleep Interventions in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (2008)

INTRODUCTION Disordered sleep affects daytime health and behavioral functioning in a variety of neurologic and psychiatric conditions, and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are no exception. Treatment of sleep disorders in this population may not only improve sleep, but daytime behavior and autism symptoms as well. Furthermore, treatment of sleep problems in children with developmental disabilities and challenging daytime behavior may reduce parental stress and heighten their sense of control and ability to cope with their child’s sleep. The causes of disrupted sleep in ASD are discussed in a separate chapter (chap. 24); this chapter will emphasize non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment options to promote sleep. Two points should be emphasized. First, defining the cause of the sleep disturbance is critical to appropriate intervention. For example insomnia due to poor sleep hygiene may be responsive to behavioral interventions, insomnia due to impaired circadian control of sleep may be responsive to treatment with supplemental melatonin or light, daytime sleepiness due to obstructive sleep apnea should respond to treatment with adenotonsillectomy or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and nocturnal events due to epileptic seizures should be treated with antiepileptic drugs. Second, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments often go hand-in-hand in the treatment of sleep disturbances in ASD. Whenever possible, behavioral treatments, which provide the foundation for proper sleep, should precede pharmacologic treatments to minimize adverse effects and maximize benefits achieved from pharmacologic treatments (Table 1).
Cytotoxic effects of selective serotonin‐ and serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors on human metastatic breast cancer cell line, MCF‐7 (842.3) (2014)

Current evidence suggests that some antidepressants possess growth‐inhibitory effects against a number of cancer cell lines. The present study evaluated seven of the most commonly prescribed antidepressants in the US for cytotoxic effects on MCF‐7 breast cancer cells. These included selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (sertraline, fluoxetine, paroxetine, citalopram, escitalopram) and serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (venlafaxine, duloxetine). Viability was determined after 24 h using the XTT cell proliferation assay. All test agents inhibited cell growth in a concentration‐dependent manner. Sertraline (IC 50 ~16 µM) was the most potent, followed by equipotent paroxetine, duloxetine, and fluoxetine (IC 50 ~31‐36 µM), while citalopram, escitalopram, and venlafaxine were significantly weaker. The lead compound, sertraline, induced apoptosis, as evidenced by morphological changes, phosphatidylserine externalization, and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Future experiments are aimed towards identifying the binding site(s) for sertraline and further elucidating the signal transduction pathway(s) involved in the cytotoxic effect. In summary, the high sensitivity shown by the four most potent agents, and especially sertraline, in inhibiting MCF‐7 growth suggests that these agents should be evaluated further for potential use in anti‐breast cancer therapy. Grant Funding Source : This work is supported by the Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Long Island University.
Adenylylation of trospectomycin by crude enzyme preparations from Escherichia coli. (1988)

Employing osmotically shocked lysate of a spectinomycin resistant strain of Escherichia coli, trospectomycin, a new alkylspectinomycin, was adenylylated in the presence of adenosine 5'-triphosphate and magnesium ion. A highly resistant strain of E. coli was obtained by transforming a laboratory strain with a newly constructed plasmid consisting of pBR322 and a determinant for spectinomycin resistance originally found on a low copy number plasmid in E. coli strain NR79. The biologically inactive adenylylated trospectomycin was found to be trospectomycin 6-(5'-adenylate).
An improved RRT algorithm incorporating obstacle boundary information (2016)

Rapidly-Exploring Random Trees (RRT) is a sampling-based path planning method, which aims at finding the feasible path using a randomized data structure. But RRT usually can not find the optimal path. Although RRT* is an asymptotically optimal algorithm, its planning time scales poorly. In this paper, we propose an improved RRT algorithm incorporating obstacle boundary information to deal with these two problems. We classify obstacles in the environment into valuable and valueless obstacles. For the obstacle placed between the start and goal positions, it is regarded as valuable and we use its boundary information to make the path planner sample points around it to avoid other bad sampling points. Then the random tree will grow more intentionally to the goal position. By applying Partially Observed Markov Decision Process (POMDP) in our algorithm, we also can prove in theory that obstacle boundary information really improves RRT algorithm. In our experiments, we show that our algorithm can find a better feasible path faster than RRT.
Reversal of Skin Aging with Topical Retinoids (2014)

Topical skin care and its place in plastic surgery today are often overlooked by clinicians formulating a plan for facial rejuvenation. Not only is it important to consider topical skin care as part of comprehensive care, but clinicians should also be educated with the data available in today's literature. This review aims to familiarize the reader with the biological processes of skin aging and evidence-based clinical outcomes afforded by various topical therapies. Furthermore, this review will focus on solar damage, the value of retinoids, and how they can be used in conjunction with forms of treatment such as chemical peel, dermabrasion, and lasers. Finally, guidelines will be provided to help the physician administer appropriate skin care based on the data presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Pharmacological Activity of 4‐Amino‐5‐chloro‐2‐methoxy‐N‐ [(2S,4S)‐1‐ethyl‐2‐hydroxymethyl‐4‐pyrrolidinyl]benzamide (TKS159) and Its Optical Isomers. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Development of a One-Step Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Diagnosis of <i>Phytophthora ramorum</i> (2006)

ABSTRACT Phytophthora ramorum is a recently described pathogen causing bleeding cankers, dieback, and leaf blight on trees and shrubs in parts of Europe and North America, where the disease is commonly known as sudden oak death. This article describes the development of a single-round real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay based on TaqMan chemistry, designed within the internal transcribed spacer 1 region of the nuclear ribosomal (nr)RNA gene for detection of P. ramorum in plant material. Unlike previously described methods for the molecular detection of P. ramorum, this assay involves no post amplification steps or multiple rounds of PCR. The assay was found to have a limit of detection of 10 pg of P. ramorum DNA, and could detect P. ramorum in plant material containing 1% infected material by weight within 36 cycles of PCR. The assay also was used to test DNA from 28 other Phytophthora spp. to establish its specificity for P. ramorum. A quick and simple method was used to extract DNA directly from host plant material, and detection of P. ramorum was carried out in multiplex with an assay for a gene from the host plant in order to demonstrate whether amplifiable DNA had been extracted. Amplifiable DNA was extracted from 84.4% of samples, as demonstrated by amplification of host plant DNA. The real-time protocol was used to test 320 plant samples (from 19 different plant species) from which DNA extraction had been successful, and was shown to give results comparable with a traditional isolation technique for diagnosis of P. ramorum in plant material from common U.K. hosts.
On the Passivity of a Galerkin Finite Element Model for Transient Flow in Hydraulic Pipelines (2006)

Abstract The Galerkin finite method for the simulation of transient, laminar flow in hydraulic pipelines with an interlacing grid has gained considerable popularity because of the relatively good accuracy achieved with a moderate model order. However, the implementation used in a number of software packages has recently been shown not to guarantee model passivity. This paper reviews the concept of using an interlacing grid. Two modifications of the previously published interlacing grid method are proposed and the resulting model is shown to fulfil the passivity requirement in an example where the previously published method fails. The new model also improves the approximation error in terms of the deviation of the frequency response from the theoretical frequency response given by the transcendental transfer functions of the well-known ‘frequency-dependent friction’ model. This improvement is bought at the expense of a slight increase in model order due to additional nodal values for the friction model at the boundary nodes. Furthermore, the new model is given in the form of a descriptor system in order to maintain the sparse structure of the system matrices.
[Study of spinal sagittal plane curve in patients with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation]. (2009)

The Cobb angles of sagittal plane of thoracolumbar junction of spine in patients with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation are greater than those in healthy controls. The abnormal spinal curve is possibly responsible for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation by abnormal biomechanical action.
Hunter-Killed Deer Surveillance to Assess Changes in the Prevalence and Distribution of<i>Ixodes scapularis</i>(Acari: Ixodidae) in Wisconsin (2013)

As a result of the increasing incidence of Lyme disease and other tick-borne pathogens in Wisconsin, we assessed the distribution of adult blacklegged ticks through collections from hunter-killed deer in 2008 and 2009 and compared results with prior surveys beginning in 1981. Volunteers staffed 21 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources registration stations in 21 counties in the eastern half of Wisconsin in 2008 and 10 stations in seven counties in northwestern Wisconsin in 2009. In total, 786 and 300 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were examined in 2008 and 2009, respectively. All but three stations in 2008 were positive for ticks and all stations in 2009 were positive for ticks. The three sites negative for ticks occurred within the eastern half of Wisconsin. The results indicate that range expansion of Ixodes scapularis (Say) is continuing and the risk of tick exposure is increasing, especially in the eastern one-third of the state.
Abstract 965: Exosome-derived microRNAs contributes to prostate cancer chemoresistance (2016)

Abstract Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that certain miRNAs play important roles in cancer cell chemoresistance. However, the pleotropic functions of exosome-derived miRNAs on developing chemoresistance remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to build potential networks of miRNAs, which derived from the exosome of chemoresistant prostate cancer (PCa) cells, with their known target genes using miRNA expression profiling and bioinformatic tools. Global miRNA expression profiles were measured by microarray. Twelve miRNAs were initially selected and validated by qRT-PCR. Known targets of deregulated miRNAs were utilized using DIANA-TarBase database v6.0. The incorporation of deregulated miRNAs and target genes into KEGG pathways were utilized using DIANA-mirPath software. To construct potential miRNA regulatory networks, the overlapping parts of two selected KEGG pathways were visualized by Cytoscape software. We identified 29 deregulated miRNAs, including 19 up and 10 down, in exosome samples derived from two kinds of paclitaxel resistance PCa cells (PC3-TXR and DU145-TXR) compared with their parental cells (PC3 and DU145). The enrichment results of deregulated miRNAs and known target genes showed that a few pathways were correlated with several critical cell signaling pathways. We found that hub hsa-16-5p, hsa-miR-3915, hsa-miR-488-3p, hsa-miR-5004-5p, hsa-miR-23c, hsa-miR-3673, hsa-miR-3654, and hsa-miR-32-5p were potential targets to hub androgen receptor (AR) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). Hub TCF4 target genes were mainly regulated by hub hsa-miR3176, hsa-miR-141-3p, hsa-miR-606, hsa-miR381, and hsa-miR-429 miRNAs. These results may provide a linkage between PCa chemoresistance and exosome regulatory networks and thus lead us to propose that PTEN and TCF4 genes may be the important genes which regulated by exosome miRNAs in chemoresistance cancer cells. Supported by NSFC Key Project 81130046; NSFC Project 81171993 and NSFC81272415; Guangxi Key Projects 2013GXNSFEA053004 and 2012GXNSFCB053004; Guangxi Ministry of Education grants 201202ZD022 and 201201ZD004. Citation Format: JIng Li, Xiaozhen Xu, Hao Guan, Atsushi Mizokami, Evan T. Keller, Xin Yang, Xia Liu, Jiyong Tan, Longyuan Hu, Yi Lu, Jian Zhang. Exosome-derived microRNAs contributes to prostate cancer chemoresistance. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 965.
Microbiological Synthesis of<scp>d</scp>-Cysteine and an Analogue (1981)

Journal Article Microbiological Synthesis of d-Cysteine and an Analogue Get access Haruyuki Ohkishi, Haruyuki Ohkishi Central Research Laboratories, Mitsubishi Chemical Industries, Yokohama 227, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Daikichiro Nishikawa, Daikichiro Nishikawa Central Research Laboratories, Mitsubishi Chemical Industries, Yokohama 227, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Hidehiko Kumagai, Hidehiko Kumagai Department of Food Science and Technology, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Hideaki Yamada Hideaki Yamada Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 45, Issue 10, 1 October 1981, Pages 2397–2398, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1981.10864901 Published: 01 October 1981 Article history Received: 22 July 1981 Published: 01 October 1981
Posttranscriptional Activation of the Transcriptional Activator Rob by Dipyridyl in<i>Escherichia coli</i> (2002)

The transcriptional activator Rob consists of an N-terminal domain (NTD) of 120 amino acids responsible for DNA binding and promoter activation and a C-terminal domain (CTD) of 169 amino acids of unknown function. Although several thousand molecules of Rob are normally present per Escherichia coli cell, they activate promoters of the rob regulon poorly. We report here that in cells treated with either 2,2"- or 4,4"-dipyridyl (the latter is not a metal chelator), Rob-mediated transcription of various rob regulon promoters was increased substantially. A small, growth-phase-dependent effect of dipyridyl on the rob promoter was observed. However, dipyridyl enhanced Rob's activity even when rob was regulated by a heterologous (lac) promoter showing that the action of dipyridyl is mainly posttranscriptional. Mutants lacking from 30 to 166 of the C-terminal amino acids of Rob had basal levels of activity similar to that of wild-type cells, but dipyridyl treatment did not enhance this activity. Thus, the CTD is not an inhibitor of Rob but is required for activation of Rob by dipyridyl. In contrast to its relatively low activity in vivo, Rob binding to cognate DNA and activation of transcription in vitro is similar to that of MarA, which has a homologous NTD but no CTD. In vitro nuclear magnetic resonance studies demonstrated that 2,2"-dipyridyl binds to Rob but not to the CTD-truncated Rob or to MarA, suggesting that the effect of dipyridyl on Rob is direct. Thus, it appears that Rob can be converted from a low activity state to a high-activity state by a CTD-mediated mechanism in vivo or by purification in vitro.
Stability and water wetting behavior of superhydrophobic polyurethane films created by hot embossing and plasma etching and coating (2019)

Abstract The surface characteristics, the stability against erosion, and the water wetting behavior of superhydrophobic polyurethane (PU) films are described. Hot embossing is used to imprint conical microstructures in PU films. Afterwards, about 200‐nm thick hydrophobic plasma polymers are deposited by PECVD, using different fluorocarbons (CHF 3 , C 3 F 6 , or C 4 F 8 ) or hexamethyldisiloxane as precursors. Ar or O 2 plasma etching is used to increase the surface nanoroughness. The plasma coatings show stability against sand abrasion and in a long‐term outdoor test but are completely degraded by an industrial UV/water weathering test. Superhydrophobicity is achieved on the coated microstructures with base diameters between 35 µm and 50 µm, top diameters between 14 µm and 20 µm, and distances between 50 µm and 70 µm.
Correlation between interface states and MIS silicon solar cell performances (1978)

A detailed analysis of the action of interface states on the performance of a MIS solar cell is presented. Computed (I, U) curves of MIS structure corresponding to various interface situations (different thicknesses of the insulating layer and various types and densities of interface states) are given and compared with experimental (I, U) characteristics of MIS-p type silicon solar cells. It is shown that for a p-type semiconductor donor-like hole trapping states are desirable. On the contrary acceptor-like negatively charged states are very unfavourable to the efficiency of solar cell and lead to current suppression effect even for a thin interface layer (δ < 20 Å). The experimental results show that (100) oriented surface solar cells are much more efficient than the “111” cells. Indeed the “100” cells with evaporated metal exhibit open-circuit voltages on the order of 550 mV, which is close to the maximum theoretical value; it is then deduced that the (100) oriented silicon surface is not provided with acceptor-like interface states on the contrary to the (111) oriented silicon surface. Nous présentons une analyse détaillée de l'influence des états d'interface sur les performances d'une cellule solaire MIS. Les caractéristiques (I, U) théoriques de la structure correspondant à diverses conditions d'interface (différentes épaisseurs de la couche isolante, divers types et densités d'états d'interfaces) sont comparées aux courbes expérimentales obtenues sur des cellules solaires MIS fabriquées sur du silicium de type P. Nous montrons que pour un semiconducteur de type P des états d'interface donateurs, chargés positivement et pièges à trous sont favorables au bon fonctionnement photovoltaique du dispositif. Au contraire, des états accepteurs, chargés, négativement son très préjudiciables au rendement de la cellule et provoquent un effet de suppression du courant de court-circuit měme pour une très faible épaisseur de la couche isolante (δ < 20 Å). Nos résultats expérimentaux montrent que les cellules avec une surface orientée selon la direction (100) sont beaucoup plus performantes que celles selon la direction (111). En effet, les premières délivrent une tension de circuit ouvert de l'ordre de 550 mV (avec métal évaporé), ce qui est proche de la valeur théorique maximale; il en est déduit que, contrairement au cas de la surface (111), la surface (100) n'est pas dotée d'états du type accepteur.
Flow Probes for NMR Spectroscopy (2009)

The development and the evolution of an extensive line of commercial flow probes for NMR spectroscopy are presented in detail. The use of reliable flow probes permits the automated injection and analysis of liquid-state samples without the handling required with individual NMR tubes. This is accomplished because the performance of such flow probes is comparable with those of standard-tube NMR probes. With this capability, the integration of a wide range of analytical hardware and methods has been achieved, and the use of flow-probe technology continues as a platform for extending applications in many directions. Moreover, the flow probe's in situ flow cell provides high reproducibility of magnetic-field homogeneity from sample to sample, thus facilitating applications where clean difference spectra are desired. In this article, both cryogenically cooled and room-temperature flow-probe formats are discussed. The design and test principles presented here are transferable to NMR flow probes in general.