gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Update in Surfactant Therapy (2011)

Exogenous surfactant is one of only a handful of neonatal therapies that has a strong evidence base, the product of countless basic and clinical studies over roughly 30 years between the first report of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) as surfactant deficiency and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the first surfactant preparation. Why then has surfactant therapy not succeeded in other neonatal, pediatric, or adult diseases associated with deficient or dysfunctional surfactant? By reflecting on the successes of surfactant therapy for RDS and examining critically the current evidence base for surfactant therapy in other neonatal pulmonary diseases, the authors chart a course for the future of surfactant therapy in neonatology.
On the use of current control scheme for switched-capacitor DC/DC converters (2000)

This paper presents an investigation into the use of a current control scheme (CCS) and a comparison with a classical switching scheme for switched-capacitor (SC) step-down DC/DC converters. With the CCS, capacitors are charged with near-constant current, controlled by the gate-source voltage of MOSFETs. By paralleling two SC cells, the converter input current becomes continuous, resulting in much reduced conducted electromagnetic interference with other circuits fed by the same power supply. All MOSFETs are operated for half of the switching period, in order to improve the regulation capability. Static and dynamic behaviors of the converter with the CCS are predicted and confirmed in an experimental 36 W 12 V/9 V prototype.
Highly sensitive digital optical sensor based on cascaded high-Q ring-resonators (2009)

A digital optical sensor based on two cascaded rings with different free spectral ranges (FSRs) is proposed. Because of their different FSRs, the major peak of the spectral response from the output port shifts digitally when the effective refractive index of ring #1 changes. And the shift of the major peak is equal to multiple FSRs of ring #2. Since it is easy to design a ring with a FSR of nanometers, the present digital optical sensor shows an ultra-high sensitivity (at the order of 10(5) nm/RIU) which is over two orders higher than that of a regular single-ring sensor. By using the present digital optical sensor, it becomes convenient to use an integrated optical micro-spectrometer (even with a low resolution) to monitor the peak shift of the spectral response. Therefore, it is promising to realize a low-cost and portable highly-sensitive optical sensor system on a single chip.
Differentiating Your Friends for Scaling Online Social Networks (2012)

Online social networks (OSN) have been increasingly popular and attracted hundreds of millions of users, and they are usually deployed on cluster systems. A crucial problem for scaling online social networks is allocation and replication of user data records in cluster nodes with the objective of reducing access time and minimizing the costs of storage and intra-cluster communication. In these applications, users not only access their own data but also data of their friends. It is preferable that all data required by a user be placed in the same node so that access time can be reduced and communication overhead is small. The inherently complex social interactions between users, however, pose great challenges to the mechanism of data allocation and replication. Analyzing a large real dataset from OSNs, we observe that for over 90% of users, all their interactions are contributed by only 22.03% of their fiends, a Pareto distribution property. Thus, the majority of the interactions of a user are attributed to a small subset of the user's friends. Inspired by this observation, we first build a dynamic weighted social graph which differentiates the importance of social interactions between a user and the user's friends. Using this graph, we design WEPAR, an online partitioning and replication algorithm taking into account both read and write operations. WEPAR tries to place master data copies of users with frequent interactions in the same cluster node, and generates slave data copies for the users who tend to receive relatively more reading requests from a cluster-node. Extensive evaluations based on real datasets show that our approach significantly reduces storage cost and improves write response time with read response time comparable to that of existing algorithms.
Optimal query expansion (QE) processing methods with semantically encoded structured thesauri terminology (2001)

While researchers have explored the value of structured thesauri as controlled vocabularies for general information retrieval (IR) activities, they have not identified the optimal query expansion (QE) processing methods for taking advantage of the semantic encoding underlying the terminology in these tools. The study reported on in this article addresses this question, and examined whether QE via semantically encoded thesauri terminology is more effective in the automatic or interactive processing environment. The research found that, regardless of end-users' retrieval goals, synonyms and partial synonyms (SYNs) and narrower terms (NTs) are generally good candidates for automatic QE and that related (RTs) are better candidates for interactive QE. The study also examined end-users' selection of semantically encoded thesauri terms for interactive QE, and explored how retrieval goals and QE processes may be combined in future thesauri-supported IR systems.
Wellbore Position Errors Caused by Drilling Fluid Contamination (2001)

Abstract Recent improvements in magnetic survey quality control have revealed the presence of systematic azimuth anomalies, affecting the calculated trajectories of a significant number of wells. Although these anomalies display some features commonly associated with drillstring magnetic interference, they cannot be removed by traditional magnetic correction techniques. New magnetic survey quality control procedures have identified the problem as an attenuation of the transverse component of the earth's field, similar to that caused by magnetically permeable material surrounding the magnetometers. The drill collars housing the sensors were inspected but showed no magnetic susceptibility, which led to suspicion that the problems were caused by magnetic particles suspended in the drilling fluids. Laboratory testing has confirmed the magnetic properties of these fluids, and chemical analysis has verified the presence of iron in significant quantities. Field examples demonstrate the use of a multiple-survey quality control and correction method for identification and removal of these survey anomalies.
Compressed sensing MRI with multichannel data using multicore processors (2010)

Compressed sensing (CS) is a promising method to speed up MRI. Because most clinical MRI scanners are equipped with multichannel receive systems, integrating CS with multichannel systems may not only shorten the scan time but also provide improved image quality. However, significant computation time is required to perform CS reconstruction, whose complexity is scaled by the number of channels. In this article, we propose a reconstruction procedure that uses ubiquitously available multicore central processing unit to accelerate CS reconstruction from multiple channel data. The experimental results show that the reconstruction efficiency benefits significantly from parallelizing the CS reconstructions and pipelining multichannel data into multicore processors. In our experiments, an additional speedup factor of 1.6-2.0 was achieved using the proposed method on a quad-core central processing unit. The proposed method provides a straightforward way to accelerate CS reconstruction with multichannel data for parallel computation.
NMR Spectra and Stereochemistry of some 7‐Substituted 6,14‐Bridged Thebaine Derivatives (1985)

Abstract The NMR spectra of eighteen 7α‐ and 7β‐substituted 6,14‐bridged thebaine derivatives are reported and the steric and other effects of the 7‐substituent on the C‐5‐H atoms examined. Although the H‐5 proton shift enabled compounds epimeric at C‐7 to be distinguished in the examples studied (values falling between δ 4.75‐4.40 ppm in the 7α series and δ 5.21‐4.97 ppm in the 7β series), the C‐5 shift values proved less useful owing to overlapping ranges.
Plasma redox status relates to severity in critically ill patients (2000)

Plasma redox status relates to severity in critically ill patients. We propose that it would be reasonable to provide antioxidant therapy as part of routine management of patients admitted to a mixed ICU, regardless of the specific reason for ICU admission. Plasma redox status might become useful to evaluate the risk in critically ill patients.
A Private Key Recovery Scheme Using Partial Knowledge (2021)

In this paper we explore the problem of secure handling of private keys in blockchain applications. We present a novel approach, named "Partial Knowledge Recovery Scheme" (PKRS), which allows for the recovery of an encrypted private key through the use of personal security questions. In PKRS, an individual is asked a set of questions, and the answers to those questions are used to encrypt the input and produce a secured private key. Through the use of Shamir's secret sharing algorithm, the original private key can be recovered if the individual can answer correctly only a subset of the original questions. PKRS does not require any external services for the recovery process, since all the required information is stored within the secured private key itself. This approach tries to achieve a middle ground between security and usability. Security, where the private key needs to be encrypted and safely stored offline. Usability, where an individual wants to be able to recover their private key without the need of an easily forgotten passphrase and be able to store it in their personal cloud environments. We also discuss the correct design of personal security questions in social environments where an individual's personal data can be mined through public records and social networks. Finally, we present a blockchain Self-sovereign Identity use case, which was used for the integration and evaluation of PKRS within a real-world application.
Combined petrophysics and 3D seismic attributes to predict shale reservoirs favourable areas (2019)

Abstract To achieve the economic and effective development of shale gas, it is not only necessary to determine favourable geological areas but also to pay more attention to favourable engineering areas. Geologically favourable areas are measured on their total organic carbon (TOC) content, thickness of high-quality shale and fractures, and favourable engineering areas are assessed on brittleness and fractures, but in most cases fractures occur in both geological and engineering favourable areas. The Zhao104 well is located in the Sichuan Basin in China, in the Longmaxi (LMX) Formation, and has an abundant shale gas content based on drilling and well log interpretation. It is necessary to clarify the distribution of shale gas favourable areas in this area, which plays a vital role in determining horizontal wells. In this paper, petrophysics and three-dimensional seismic attributes are used to predict the favourable shale reservoir area. Based on the petro-physical model, the most sensitive elastic parameters of the TOC content and brittleness are determined, a relationship model of the sensitive elastic parameters with TOC content and brittleness is created from logs and pre-stack inversion is used to characterize the shale brittleness, TOC content and thickness of high-quality shale. Different scale seismic fracture attributes are used to predict the strength and direction of fractures. The field data show that combined petrogeophysics and 3D seismic attributes can effectively predict a favourable shale reservoir area, reducing the need for exploration and development risks.
A Two-Stage Minimax Decision Procedure for Selecting the Best of<i>k</i>Binomial Processes or Populations (1991)

Abstract Industrial development planners and decision makers quite often encounter the problem which one of several alternatives (processes, plans, brands, machines, varieties, etc.) is the best. This paper presents a statistical two-stage decision procedure for selecting the best of k (≥2) binomial processes or populations with the highest probability of obtaining a “success” on a single trial. In a first stage, preassigned number of n 1 observations are taken from each of k populations and a subset-selection is made for screening the populations. In the second stage, more n 2 observations are taken from each of the subset selected in the first stage and a final selection is made on the basis of observations obtained in the first and the second stages. The problem is how to determine the subset-selection rule at the first stage and the number of observations n 1 and n 2 required for selecting the best one with a specified probability P*. This problem is formulated from the indifference zone point of view. Solutions for n 1 and n 2 which minimize maximum expected total number of observations are obtained under the restriction that the best one is to be selected with the specified probability P*. Numerical results show that the two-stage procedure has desirable property that the expected total number of observations required by the procedure is fairly less than the total number of observations required by the corresponding single-stage procedure. This decision procedure is applied to the selection of the best inspector from among trained k inspectors for visual inspection.
Quality assurance for MRI: practical experience. (2000)

The aim of this study is to propose guidelines for quality assurance (QA) in MRI, based on a comprehensive assessment of QA parameters undertaken on a busy clinical MRI scanner over the course of 1 year. QA phantoms supplied by the scanner manufacturer were used together with the Eurospin MRI phantom set. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and image uniformity were measured daily from spin echo images acquired using a quadrature send-receive head coil and from a gradient echo sequence using the Helmholtz body coil. The voltage of the transmit radiofrequency (RF) amplifier was noted. Monthly measurements of slice thickness, geometric distortion, slice position, image resolution and image ghosting were acquired using the head coil. In addition, SNR was measured monthly on a selection of commonly used coils. Apart from some drift of the RF amplifier voltage, all measurements were within acceptable limits and were stable over the course of 1 year. Satisfactory measurements of SNR were possible using the simple phantom supplied with the scanner. The SNR, geometric distortion and RF amplifier voltage are simple to determine and can be measured in less than 15 min by the scanner operator, using the scanner software. Weekly recording of these parameters is recommended for busy clinical MRI scanners, as this should allow deviations from acceptable limits to be identified early. Such in-house checks can usefully be compared with the less frequent estimations performed by the service engineer. Comprehensive QA routines are discussed for systems used for quantitative measurements.
Probe based recognition of targets in infrared images (1994)

A probe based approach is presented for the recognition of targets in a cluttered background using an infrared imager. A probe is a simple mathematical function which operates locally on image grey levels and produces an output that is more directly usable by an algorithm. A directional probe image is calculated by taking the difference in grey levels between pixels a set distance apart in a given direction, centered on the probe image pixel. A parametric statistical image background model which describes the probe images is introduced. The parameters of the probe image model can be readily estimated from the image. Knowledge of these parameters, together with target signatures obtained from Computer Aided Design (CAD) models, allows the likelihood ratio for a given object pose hypothesis versus the background null hypothesis to be written. The generalized likelihood ratio test is used to accept one of the object poses or to choose the null hypothesis. Results of the method applied to a large set of terrain model board images are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Guidelines for prevention of hospital acquired infections (2014)

These guidelines, written for clinicians, contains evidence-based recommendations for the prevention of hospital acquired infections Hospital acquired infections are a major cause of mortality and morbidity and provide challenge to clinicians. Measures of infection control include identifying patients at risk of nosocomial infections, observing hand hygiene, following standard precautions to reduce transmission and strategies to reduce VAP, CR-BSI, CAUTI. Environmental factors and architectural lay out also need to be emphasized upon. Infection prevention in special subsets of patients - burns patients, include identifying sources of organism, identification of organisms, isolation if required, antibiotic prophylaxis to be used selectively, early removal of necrotic tissue, prevention of tetanus, early nutrition and surveillance. Immunodeficient and Transplant recipients are at a higher risk of opportunistic infections. The post tranplant timetable is divided into three time periods for determining risk of infections. Room ventilation, cleaning and decontamination, protective clothing with care regarding food requires special consideration. Monitoring and Surveillance are prioritized depending upon the needs. Designated infection control teams should supervise the process and help in collection and compilation of data. Antibiotic Stewardship Recommendations include constituting a team, close coordination between teams, audit, formulary restriction, de-escalation, optimizing dosing, active use of information technology among other measure. The recommendations in these guidelines are intended to support, and not replace, good clinical judgment. The recommendations are rated by a letter that indicates the strength of the recommendation and a Roman numeral that indicates the quality of evidence supporting the recommendation, so that readers can ascertain how best to apply the recommendations in their practice environments.
A Sensitive Immunoassay for von Willebrand Factor (1991)

We have developed an ELISA specific for canine von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:Ag) that also strongly reacts with the VWF:Ag of humans and many other vertebrates. This assay was designed to avoid the use of immunoreagents of human origin, however, commercially available antibodies to human vWF:Ag may also be used. von Willebrand factor (vWF) was quantitated using a modified double-sandwich ELISA with polyclonal antibodies specific for canine vWF:Ag. The assay was as sensitive for measuring canine vWF:Ag as previously published immuno-radiometric assays and the most sensitive ELISA for human vWF:Ag. Employing commercially available antibodies to human vWF:Ag in the same double-sandwich configuration, the lower limit of detection for human vWF:Ag was 4.8 x 10(-6) units/ml, lower by a factor of ten than previously reported ELISAs. In addition, a wide range of vWF:Ag levels can be determined with just a single plasma dilution. The assay readily distinguishes type III von Willebrand disease from other types of von Willebrand disease having very low levels of vWF. This vWF ELISA can be used to evaluate large numbers of plasma samples simultaneously and is therefore well-suited for large-scale screening programs.
Simulation and optimization of evacuation routes in case of fire in underground mines (2015)

Risks of fire occurrence in underground mines are known for a long time. Evacuation and rescue plans allow to each underground mine to respond and establish control in case of emergency. The primary goal of this paper is to determine the optimal system for evacuation in case of fire in underground mines and through a process of computer simulation to be presented to all workers that are affected by this issue. In this study is developed a system that allows by using available software to work out the complete evacuation plans that include analysis of fire scenarios and optimal routes for evacuation. With development of database of fire scenarios, it is possible to plan routes for evacuation in all situations. This presented methodology can serve to make effective system for evacuation and rescue in case of fire and to help save lives and protect the financial investment in the mine. This methodology represents the most economical option of making an effective system for evacuation and also can serve as an idea of making a software package that includes all the steps of making a system for evacuation and rescue in case of fire in underground mines. This presented model will have increased accuracy compared to other models presented so far, because of the prepared 3D model of the underground mine which includes the actual dimensions of the mine along with its associated elements from which the fire dynamics and system for evacuation depends.
Observation of H<sub>2</sub> Aggregation onto a Doubly Charged Anion in a Temperature-Controlled Ion Trap (2008)

Hydrogen is the second most difficult gas to be condensed due to its weak intermolecular interactions. Here we report observation of H(2) aggregation onto a doubly charged anion, (-)O(2)C(CH(2))(12)CO(2)(-)(DC(2-)). Weakly bound DC(2-)(H(2))(n) clusters were formed in a temperature-controlled ion trap and studied using photoelectron spectroscopy. The onset of clustering was observed at 30 K, whereas extensive condensation was observed at 12 K with n up to 12. Photoelectron spectra were obtained for DC(2-)(H(2))(n) (n = 0-6) at 193 and 266 nm. The spectra of DC(2-)(H(2))(n) were observed to be identical to that of the bare DC(2-) dianion except a slight blue shift, indicating the weak interactions between H(2) and the parent dianion. The blue shift on average amounts to approximately 34 meV (3.3 kJ/mol) per H(2), which represents the lower limit of the H(2) binding energy to DC(2-).
Size of Test for Dimensionality in Discriminant Analysis (1995)

In discriminant analysis the procedures commonly used to estimate the dimensionality involve testing a sequence of dimensionality hypotheses. There is a problem with the size of the test since dimensionality hypotheses are tested sequentially and thus they are actually conditional tests. The focus of this paper is How is the size of the test affected by viewing this sequence of tests as conditional tests?.
Influence of Thermal History on the Waxy Structure of Statically Cooled Waxy Crude Oil (2000)

Summary The effect of the thermal history on the waxy structure of two statically cooled waxy crude oils is examined using a controlled stress rheometer for rheological measurements and a microscope to observe microstructure of wax crystals. A three-yield-stress model is used to describe the yielding of the samples at low temperatures. The elastic-limit, static, and dynamic yield stresses as a result of different static cooling processes were determined from controlled stress and oscillatory rheological measurements. The types of histories examined include the temperature, cooling rate (0.5 to 4°C/min), and isothermal holding time before testing (up to 15 hours). In addition, the reversibility over time of the waxy structure after yielding was investigated. The results from both yield stress measurements and microscopic observations show that the waxy structure strongly depends on both the temperature and the cooling rate. The isothermal holding time both before and after yielding was found to have no observable influence on the structure over the time period studied in these experiments.