gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optic Nerve Arteriovenous Malformation Causing Optic Apoplexy: Case Report (2002)

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE Vascular malformations in the optic pathway are rare. Only one case of pathologically confirmed arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the optic nerve has been reported previously. We document the case of a patient with an optic nerve AVM who presented with optic apoplexy that was diagnosed with the use of magnetic resonance imaging. CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 15-year-old girl developed left visual disturbance of sudden onset while playing badminton. A magnetic resonance imaging scan disclosed left optic nerve swelling and intraoptical hemorrhage, although an angiogram did not reveal abnormal vessels. INTERVENTION The patient underwent total removal of the hematoma and tangles of the abnormal vessels in the left optic nerve, which was diagnosed pathologically as an AVM. The patient recovered visual acuity, but the left visual field defect remained unchanged. CONCLUSION Along with cavernous malformations and optic gliomas, AVMs can be a rare cause of optic nerve apoplexy. T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging is useful in rendering the diagnosis of an optic nerve AVM, observed as a mass lesion consisting of serpiginous, tangled, low-intensity bands. Early surgical treatment is recommended to obtain a rapid recovery.
Abstract 9869: Adverse Effects of Smoking/Vaping of Several Types of Tobacco Products and Marijuana on Cardiac Function and Platelet Aggregation (2021)

Tobacco and marijuana smoke contains ~7,000 chemicals that cause disorders in cardiac autonomic function, vascular biology, and platelet function. Along with marijuana, e-cigarettes (e-cigs) and heat-not-burn tobacco products (e.g., IQOS) are often viewed as being less harmful than smoking tobacco. However, there are many unknowns about how marijuana, e-cigs, and IQOS impact cardiovascular physiology and platelet function over the long term. To explore cardiovascular effects of smoking/vaping, we exposed conscious rats to single (one time) and multiple (one time daily for 10 days) pulsatile mainstream smoking/vaping of e-cigs (JUUL), IQOS (American and Russian HeatSticks), marijuana (~10% THC), and cannabinoid-depleted (“placebo”) marijuana, relative to regular tobacco (Marlboro Red) smoking and air controls. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography pre- and post- single exposure. Platelet aggregation was measured to determine changes in platelet response immediately post-single exposure and one day after the last of multiple exposures. Single exposure induced acute effects on echocardiographic function with reduced ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV) in IQOS and marijuana groups of both genders (Fig. A), potentially indicating incomplete ventricular relaxation between heart beats after exposure. However, marijuana caused adjustments of end-systolic volume (ESV) and EDV without changes in ejection fraction (EF) in females, with smaller ESV and reduced EDV. Tobacco, marijuana, and placebo marijuana smoking immediately increased collagen-induced platelet aggregation post-single exposure in female rats. Tobacco smoking, JUUL, IQOS, and both kinds of marijuana significantly increased platelet aggregation post-multiple exposure as compared to air controls in mixed genders (Fig. B). P values ≤ 0.1 are shown. Conclusion: smoking/vaping causes clinically relevant adverse effects on cardiac function and platelet aggregation.
Plasmonic signal amplification by monolithically integrated metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (2013)

A gold/silicon Schottky-type plasmonic detector was monolithically integrated with two metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) on a silicon substrate. The output current from the detector was amplified 14000 times by using the MOSFETs.
BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS AND EMPIRICAL PUBLIC POLICY (2013)

The application of economics principles to the analysis of behavior has yielded novel insights on value and choice across contexts ranging from laboratory animal research to clinical populations to national trends of global impact. Recent innovations in demand curve methods provide a credible means of quantitatively comparing qualitatively different reinforcers as well as quantifying the choice relations between concurrently available reinforcers. The potential of the behavioral economic approach to inform public policy is illustrated with examples from basic research, pre-clinical behavioral pharmacology, and clinical drug abuse research as well as emerging applications to public transportation and social behavior. Behavioral Economics can serve as a broadly applicable conceptual, methodological, and analytical framework for the development and evaluation of empirical public policy.
Graft polymerization of allyl benzoate using poly(allyl benzoate-co-2,2′-azobis[N-(2-propenyl)-2-methylpropionamide]) as polymeric azo-initiator (1999)

2,2′-Azobis[N-(2-propenyl)-2-methylpropionamide] (APMPA), a diallyl azo-compound useful as an initiator at elevated temperatures, was copolymerized with allyl benzoate (ABz) at 60°C, providing poly(ABz-co-APMPA) which acts as a polymeric azo-initiator. The effectiveness of poly(ABz-co-APMPA) to give a novel graft copolymer was checked by polymerizing ABz at 120°C and, furthermore, by the polymerization of styrene accompanied by crosslinking through termination by bimolecular combination.
Characterization of lignin residues derived from the alkaline hydrolysis of glycol lignin (1990)

Lignin residues from the alkaline hydrolysis of solvolytic lignin have been characterized by elemental analysis, size exclusion chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 13 C NMR, and for methoxyl content. All lignin residues were found to have higher carbon and lower oxygen contents than the original glycol lignin. Methoxyl contents decreased with increasing severity of treatment. All treated lignins have lower molecular weights than the original, which is indicative of the extensive depolymerization of glycol lignin by alkaline hydrolysis. The appearance of new bands in the 3050–2800 cm −1 and 900–800 cm −1 regions in the infrared spectra along with increasing absorption intensity under more severe conditions demonstrates that, despite the tendency to depolymerization, new carbon–carbon bonds are formed due to repolymerization reactions. 13 C NMR revealed that extensive cleavage of the side chains and β-O-4 interunit linkages had occurred during alkaline hydrolysis and that the new bonds formed due to condensation reactions at higher severities are of the methine, methylene, methyl and carboxyl types. Keywords: residual lignins, alkaline hydrolysis, characterization.
Basic Operations for Generating Behavioral Mutants (2006)

This paper attempts to subsume the existing great variety of mutation operations to two basic operations, insertion and omission and their combinations. These basic operations are applied to different elements of graph-based models of increasing representation power. A case study applies the approach to these models for generating mutants of different features and compares the fault detection capacity of the mutants generated.
Optimal Designs of Automotive Stamping Dies via Integrated Forming Simulations and Die Structural Analysis (2007)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">In the past few years, GM manufacturing is streamlining its efforts to win total manufacturability in stamping process. One of the major efforts is optimizing the stamping die structures to reduce the construction and operating costs. Traditionally the automotive dies are designed with high safety margin based on empirical-rules for forming tonnage estimation that is often conservative. After a huge success in predicting formability performance of line dies in forming simulations, the predicted forming forces from the formability analysis can be a good basis for die structure design to optimize the weight and structure for press line throughput improvements. The forming simulation and die structural analysis were integrated to achieve the objective of world-class solid die design. The integrated analysis comprises of extracting predicted forming loads from line die simulations and applying these forces on solid die members for structural analyses to evaluate the distributions of stress, strains, and deflections on die structure members. In GM die and stamping business, the integrated forming and die structure analysis has been adopted for various applications such as optimizing the die design, for weight reduction, validating the design changes made on legacy dies in the production plants to suit the production conditions; identifying the root cause of die breakages during the tryout and stamping operations and propose repair schemes; improving press throughput via optimizing the scrap chute openings, and providing a math-based tool to validate revisions to the current die design standards and generating new rules. In the past few years, GMNA Die Center conducted several static, dynamic and fatigue analysis for many dies that cover the die changes requested by die design, die construction and stamping production. This paper presents the technical challenges of integrating forming and die structure analysis and its importance and benefits in die and stamping business.</div>
Interplay of Fidelity, Binding Strength, and Structure in Supramolecular Polymers (2006)

In studies of a supramolecular network of polymers formed by self-association of UPy or UG recognition units displayed along a poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) backbone, it was unexpectedly found that the more weakly dimerizing (Kdimer approximately 200 M-1) UG unit produced more assembly than did the very strongly dimerizing UPy unit (Kdimer = 2 x 107 M-1). Likewise, in examining supramolecular blends mediated by the heterocomplexation of DAN and UPy, which occurs upon the mixing of polystyrene containing the DAN unit (PS-DAN) and PBMA-UPy, increasing the mol % of UPy did not produce increased viscosity. 1H NMR showed that both observations can be explained by the intramolecular recognition of UPy. Structural studies show that the length of the chain linking the UPy unit to the backbone is critical, with longer linkers favoring intermolecular dimers. An interplay of linker chain length, polymer Mw, recognition unit mol %, and fidelity determines the extent of network growth.
Effect of Habitat and Perturbation on Populations and Community Structure of Darkling Beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidne) on Mixed-grass Rangeland (1990)

Journal Article Effect of Habitat and Perturbation on Populations and Community Structure of Darkling Beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidne) on Mixed-grass Rangeland Get access Mark A. Quinn, Mark A. Quinn 1 Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007 1 Current address: Division of Entomology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. L. Kepner, R. L. Kepner 2 Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007 2 Current address: American Cyanamid, 7675 N 1st St. #213, Fresno, Calif. 93710. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar D. D. Walgenbach, D. D. Walgenbach 3 Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007 3 Current address: University of Minnesota Southern Experiment Station, Waseca, Minn. 56093. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. Nelson Foster, R. Nelson Foster 4 Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007 4 USDA–APHIS Methods Development, Pink Bollworm and Range Pests Station, 4125 E. Broadway Road, Phoenix, Ariz. 85040. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. A. Bohls, R. A. Bohls Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar P. D. Pooler, P. D. Pooler Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar K. C. Reuter, K. C. Reuter 4 Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007 4 USDA–APHIS Methods Development, Pink Bollworm and Range Pests Station, 4125 E. Broadway Road, Phoenix, Ariz. 85040. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. L. Swain J. L. Swain 4 Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007 4 USDA–APHIS Methods Development, Pink Bollworm and Range Pests Station, 4125 E. Broadway Road, Phoenix, Ariz. 85040. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Environmental Entomology, Volume 19, Issue 6, 1 December 1990, Pages 1746–1755, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/19.6.1746 Published: 01 December 1990 Article history Received: 01 February 1990 Accepted: 14 May 1990 Published: 01 December 1990
An “Exhaustive” Search for Tasks That Fall between the Choice and Simple Reactions (1992)

An experimental search was made for reaction time (RT) tasks that require the processing operation of stimulus discrimination or response selection, but not both. The existence of such a task would allow the subtractive determination of the mean duration of the separate operations. Each of the three reactions that historically have been represented as possessing only one of the two operations was subjected to empirical testing. None of them met the most basic requirements. Donders' (1868/1969) contingent (c) reaction and Taylor's (1966) selection (b')reaction were not reliably faster than a compatible choice (b) reaction. Wundt's (1880) discrimination (d) reaction was not sensitive to difficulty of discrimination. The possibility is suggested that stimulus discrimination and response selection in the choice reaction are inseparable operations. The present negative results emphasize the importance of establishing validity of any use of the subtraction method through appropriate experimental methods. Some parallels of the compatibility issue are found in experiments in which RT is used as a measure of the duration of programming operations.
Crystal structures of dibromotricarbonylbis[bis(diphenylarsino)methane]tungsten(II) and dibromodicarbonylbis[bis(diphenylarsino)methane]molybdenum(II) (1971)

In dibromotricarbonylbis[bis(diphenylarsino)methane]tungsten(II) and dibromodicarbonylbis[bis-(diphenylarsino)methane]molybdenum(II) the metal atoms are seven-co-ordinate with capped octahedral environments.
High Thermal Stability of Bio-Based Polycarbonates Containing Cyclic Ketal Moieties (2015)

Bio-based polycarbonates containing cyclic ketal moieties were designed, and the bio-based diol monomer was synthesized by CQ with glycerol to improve their thermal properties and replace BPA in polymer industry. The molecular structure of the novel bio-based diol monomer 2,2:3,3-bis(4′-hydroxymethylethylenedioxy)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (abbreviated as CaG) was analyzed by 1H, 13C, and 2D-COSY NMR techniques. GPC results show that CaG was reacted successfully and led to the high molecular weights for homopolycarbonate (Mw = 18 652) abbreviated as PCaGC and for copolycarbonate (Mw = 78 482) as PCaG20BPA80C. The high thermal stability (Td value above 350 °C) and glass transition temperature (Tg value from 128 to 151 °C) of PCaGCs and PCaGxBPAyCs were studied by TGA and DSC, respectively. Given the sufficient reactivity and high thermal stability, CaG is a promising renewable building block for applicable polymers.
THE EFFECT OF HYPOXIA ON MUSCLE METABOLISM DURING PROGRESSIVE EXERCISE. (1998)

388 The purpose of this study was to examine the metabolic response to progressive exercise during hypoxia. Eight healthy, active men (28 ± 2 yr) performed two unilateral plantar flexion exercise tests, while breathing air containing 21% (normoxia) and 12% (hypoxia) O2. Resistance in the tests increased from 0.91 kg to volitional fatigue at a rate of 0.81 kg·min-1. Changes in phosphocreatine (PCr), inorganic phosphate(Pi), and intracellular pH (pHi) in the lateral gastrocnemius were measured at 20s intervals using 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy throughout exercise. These data were plotted relative to power output. When compared to normoxia, hypoxic exercise produced greater decreases (p<0.05) in PCr (0.02 vs 0.04 units·W-1) and phi (0.04 vs 0.06 units·W-1), and a greater increase (p<0.05) in Pi (0.02 vs 0.04 units·W-1). Power output at the onset of intracellular acidosis (IT) was 15% greater in normoxic exercise compared to hypoxia (3.0W and 2.6W respectively), although this was not significant. We conclude that hypoxic exercise is associated with a greater anaerobic contribution to ATP production, presumably as a consequence of a reduced O2 delivery to the muscle.
Photoaging and stabilization of rigid PVC/wood‐fiber composites (2001)

Abstract Ultraviolet (UV) weathering performance of unpigmented and rutile titanium dioxide pigmented rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/wood‐fiber composites has been studied. The composite samples were manufactured by dry‐blending PVC, wood fibers, and other processing additives in a high‐intensity mixer. The dry‐blended compounds were extruded and compression molded into panel samples. The manufactured samples were artificially weathered using laboratory accelerated UV tests. Composite samples were exposed to 340‐nm fluorescent UV lamps and assessed every 200 h, for a total of 1200 h of accelerated weathering. Each assessment consisted of a visual examination of surface roughness or erosion, a contact angle measurement, a FTIR collection, and a color measurement. The experimental results indicated that wood fibers are effective sensitizers and that their incorporation into a rigid PVC matrix has a deleterious effect on the ability of the matrix to resist degradation caused ultraviolet irradiation. The light stability of these composites could be improved quite efficiently with the addition of rutile titanium dioxide photoactive pigment during formulation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 1943–1950, 2001
5-Bromo-6-chloro-<i>N</i><sup>4</sup>-methylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine (2007)

In the title compound, C5H6BrClN4, inter­molecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into tapes containing R22(8) loops.
[Evaluation of myocardial distribution of iodine-123 labeled metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG) in normal subjects]. (1994)

The normal pattern of the myocardial sympathetic innervation was studied in 15 subjects using gamma camera scintigraphy with iodine-123 labeled metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG). Seven younger subjects (mean age 24.6 +/- 3.6) and eight older patients (mean age 60.9 +/- 8.4) with normal cardiac function were studied. Planar imaging was obtained at 15 minute and 3 hours, and SPECT was also performed 3 hours after injection of 111 MBq (3 mCi) of MIBG. The younger subjects showed higher the heart to mediastinum count ratio (2.91 +/- 0.25 vs. 2.67 +/- 0.34; p < 0.05) and higher inferior to anterior count ratio (1.19 +/- 0.15 vs. 0.97 +/- 0.13; p < 0.05) on the late scan. The bull's-eye polar map also differences in counts in the mid-inferior (p < 0.005), basal-inferior (p < 0.05) and mid-lateral sectors (p < 0.01). But there was no significant difference in MIBG washout rate from myocardium between two groups. These data suggest that there is a difference of the cardiac sympathetic innervation, with older subjects having fewer sympathetic nerve terminals, especially in inferior than younger subjects. We conclude that the age difference in sympathetic nerve function should be considered in the interpretation of MIBG scan.
Apolipoprotein E-4Philadelphia (Glu13—-Lys,Arg145—-Cys). Homozygosity for two rare point mutations in the apolipoprotein E gene combined with severe type III hyperlipoproteinemia (1991)

The molecular defect in a 24-year-old white female with severe type III hyperlipoproteinemia has been elucidated. The patient's apolipoprotein (apo) E migrated in the apoE-4 position on isoelectric focusing gels. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the apoE-4 variant had a smaller apparent molecular weight than apoE-4(Cys112----Arg). Sequence analysis of DNA amplified with the polymerase chain reaction revealed two nucleotide substitutions in the proband's apoE gene. A C to T mutation converted arginine (CGT) at position 145 of the mature protein to cysteine (TGT) thus creating the apoE-2 variant. A second G to A substitution at amino acid 13 led to the exchange of lysine (AAG) for glutamic acid (GAG), thereby adding 2 positive charge units to the protein and producing the apoE-5 variant. Computer analysis of the apoE-4Philadelphia gene revealed that the G to A mutation in exon 3 resulted in the loss of an AvaI restriction enzyme site. The second mutation, a C to T substitution in the fourth exon of the apoE gene, eliminated a cleavage site for the enzyme BbvI. Using these restriction fragment length polymorphisms as well as DNA sequence analysis we have demonstrated that the patient is homozygous for both point mutations in the apoE gene.
Structure of saccharide osazones (1970)

For the arylosazones of saccharides, the evidence of X-ray crystallography, n.m.r., i.r., and u.v. spectroscopy, and chemical reactivity, provide strong support for a structure (1) having an acyclic carbohydrate chain and a bishydrazone system stabilized by a hydrogen bond between the imino-proton of the C-2 hydrazone residue and the nitrogen atom attached to C-1. This structure is adopted in the solid state and is also the principal form in solution. A structure (2), having the sugar residue in a ring form, cannot be reconciled with the observed facts for the saccharide osazones, whether in the solid state or in solution.
Alternative base-calling algorithm for DNA sequencing based on four-label multicolor detection (2000)

A simple base-calling scheme based on four-label multicolor detection is suggested for DNA sequencing. The entire spectra of the dye labels were used for identification. Specifically, the maxima of the emission spectra rather than the intensity ratios at selected wavelengths are used to provide excellent discrimination. Capillary gel electrophoresis was used for the separation of DNA fragments. Data acquisition and analysis compatible with fast and high-throughput imaging detection was accomplished. The accuracy of base calling of PGEM/U DNA from the raw data obtained with 5 nm and 7 nm spectroscopic resolution were 98.4% for 386 bases and 98.4% for 385 bases. Base calling of M13mp18 DNA showed 98.3% accuracy for 420 bases.