gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<b>Mass Spectrometry in Structural and Stereochemical Problems. XXVII.</b><sup>1</sup> <b>Mass Spectral Fragmentation Processes and Hydrogen Transfer Reactions of Amides and Amines</b><sup>2</sup> (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMass Spectrometry in Structural and Stereochemical Problems. XXVII.1Mass Spectral Fragmentation Processes and Hydrogen Transfer Reactions of Amides and Amines2Z. Pelah, M. A. Kielczewski, J. M. Wilson, M. Ohashi, H. Budzikiewicz, and Carl. DjerassiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1963, 85, 16, 2470–2483Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00899a029https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00899a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views237Altmetric-Citations88LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Cellularity and Adipogenic Profile of the Abdominal Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue From Obese Adolescents: Association With Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Steatosis (2010)

A reduced lipo-/adipogenic capacity, fraction, and estimated number of large subcutaneous adipocytes may contribute to the abnormal distribution of abdominal fat and hepatic steatosis, as well as to insulin resistance in obese adolescents.
Influence of health on feed efficiency (2012)

The concept of improved health leading to better feed efficiency is a concept that makes intuitive biologic sense but in reality is difficult to quantify. This is due to the complex interaction between the pig’s immune response, pathogens that cause disease, and the external environment where the pig is raised. Mortality causes a direct effect on feed efficiency, since pigs that die consume feed but do not contribute weight gain in the calculation of feed efficiency. Further influence of health on feed efficiency arises from chronic immune system stimulation that affects composition of gain. Since lean tissue gain requires less feed per unit of gain in comparison to fat tissue, healthier pigs that increase lean tissue gain at a greater rate than fat tissue gain will be more feed efficient. Evidence indicates that in multi-site pig production systems, chronic immune stimulation is reduced due to age segregation, leading to less pathogen transmission across age groups and via the environment from batch to batch. Unfortunately, multi-site pig production systems have not eliminated all pathogens and clinical disease in pig populations. The predominant pathogen specific effect of health on feed efficiency in these systems is produced by mortality. A lower magnitude of health influence on feed efficiency is mediated through metabolic alterations of survivors. This appears to be the result of the dynamic nature of the pig’s immune system mitigating the influence in the survivors. Furthermore, it appears that non-specific healthenhancing factors such as biosecurity and sanitation protocols to prevent lateral transmission of infectious pathogens and reduced environmental contamination and result in considerable improvements in feed efficiency.
Energie thermique, houlogénération et technologies de conversion et de transport pour les énergies marines (2012)

International audience
n‐3 Fatty Acids Protect Brain Against Hypoxia‐Ischemia (HI) by Attenuation of Oxidative Injury and Mitochondrial Dysfunction (2011)

We have previously reported that acute (pre-and immediate post-treatment) administration of n-3 fatty acid (FA) enriched triglyceride emulsions reduced brain infarct volume in rodents subjected to HI. To highlight neuroprotective mechanisms we examined the extent of oxidative injury and mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the brains of neonatal HI (right common carotid artery ligation, and hypoxia (8% O2) for 20 min) p-10 mice treated with either n-3 FA or vehicle (saline). At 4h of reperfusion n-3 FA treated mice exhibited significantly (p=0.04) reduced expression of 3-nitrotyrosine (4.71+/−1.36%, n=9) and 4-hydroxynonenal compared to the vehicle-treated animals (10.92+/−2.59 %, n=4), indicating that acute treatment with n-3 FA reduces oxidative stress. This was associated with markedly reduced emission of ROS from mitochondria assessed at 30–60 min of reperfusion; 1194.9+/−232 pmoles/mg/min of H2O2 (n-3 FA HI-mice, n=7) versus 1930.3+/−161.8 pmoles/mg/min of H2O2 (vehicle HI-mice, n=5). Thus, n-3 FA limits generation of mitochondrial ROS during reperfusion and this is associated with reduced oxidative brain injury which may represent key mechanisms of post-HI neuroprotection. Supported in part by NIH grants R01 HL040404 (Dr. Deckelbaum) and NS 056146 (Dr. Ten).
Single-atom peri-bridged naphthalenes. Naphtho[1,8-bc]thiete (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSingle-atom peri-bridged naphthalenes. Naphtho[1,8-bc]thieteJerrold Meinwald and Spencer KnappCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 20, 6532–6534Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00827a056https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00827a056research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views65Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
MEMS Gyroscopes for Consumers and Industrial Applications (2011)

The advent of MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System) technology has enabled the development of miniaturized, low-cost, low-power sensors that are currently replacing their macroscopic scale equivalents in many traditional applications, covering industrial, automotive, biomedical, consumer applications, etc. Competitiveness of MEMS sensors largely resides in the miniaturization and batch fabrication processes involved in their manufacture, which allow to cut down costs, size and power requirements of the final device. Moreover, miniaturization opens new perspectives and possibilities for the development of completely new class of sensors, where micro-scale phenomena are effectively pursued to achieve results that would be unfeasible at a macro-scale. Several MEMS sensor typologies are either commercially available or have been presented in technical literature since the beginning of the microsystem technology more than 30 years ago. Pressure and acceleration sensors for the automotive industry have been among the first MEMS devices to be produced in large scale, and they have contributed to foster the further development of MEMS technology. Despite their maturity, these sensors are still dominating, with their sales volume, the market of silicon-based sensors. Recently, another micro-sensor that is becoming relevant in terms of sales volume, especially in the automotive and consumer electronics markets, is the angular rate sensor, or gyroscope. Alongside with accelerometers, micromachined gyroscopes can be used in several applications that require an integrated solution for inertial sensing and motion processing problems In the automotive industry, they can be integrated in advanced safety systems for skid (e.g. ESCelectronic stability control) and roll-over (e.g. RSCroll-over stability control) detection and prevention (tilt and yaw control) Other automotive applications include anti-lock braking systems (ABS), active suspension control for comfort riding and improved vehicle handling, and smart cruise control systems In consumer electronics, micromachined inertial sensors are used in Optical Image Stabilization (OIS) systems for cameras and camcorders (Sachs et al.), in dead reckoning personal
A mechanism for bypass transition from localized disturbances in wall-bounded shear flows (1993)

The linear, nonlinear and breakdown stages in the transition of localized disturbances in plane Poiseuille flow is studied by direct numerical simulations and analysis of the linearized Navier–Stokes equations. Three-dimensionality plays a key role and allows for algebraic growth of the normal vorticity through the linear lift-up mechanism. This growth primarily generates elongated structures in the streamwise direction since it is largest at low streamwise wavenumbers. For finite-amplitude disturbances such structures will be generated essentially independent of the details of the initial disturbance, since the preferred nonlinear interactions transfer energy to low streamwise wavenumbers. The nonlinear interactions also give a decrease in the spanwise scales. For the stronger initial disturbances the streamwise vorticity associated with the slightly inclined streaks was found to roll up into distinct streamwise vortices in the vicinity of which breakdown occurred. The breakdown starts with a local rapid growth of the normal velocity bringing low-speed fluid out from the wall. This phenomenon is similar to the low-velocity spikes previously observed in transition experiments. Soon thereafter a small turbulent spot is formed. This scenario represents a bypass of the regular Tollmien–Schlichting, secondary instability process. The simulations have been carried out with a sufficient spatial resolution to ensure an accurate description of all stages of the breakdown and spot formation processes. The generality of the observed processes is substantiated by use of different types of initial disturbances and by Blasius boundary-layer simulations. The present results point in the direction of universality of the observed transition mechanisms for localized disturbances in wall-bounded shear flows.
Bishomoaromatische Dianionen von 1,2,4-Triboracyclopentanen: starke Dreizentren-Zweielektronen-Bindungen zwischen drei Boratomen (2000)

Viel stärker als die Bishomoaromatizität des Urahns 1 aller Homoarene ist die der Dianionen 2 von 1,2,4-Triboracyclopentanen, deren Gerüst isoelektronisch ist mit dem des experimentell unbekannten monocyclischen Prototyps 3. Donorsubstituenten R, die die Homoaromatizität von 1 (und erst recht die von 3) aufheben, sind bei 2 nahezu wirkungslos. Dur=2,3,5,6-Tetramethylphenyl; R=Me, Ph, OEt, NEt2.
Guidelines for interdomain traffic engineering (2003)

Network operators must have control over the flow of traffic into, out of, and across their networks. However, the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) does not facilitate common traffic engineering tasks, such as balancing load across multiple links to a neighboring AS or directing traffic to a different neighbor. Solving these problems is difficult because the number of possible changes to routing policies is too large to exhaustively test all possibilities, some changes in routing policy can have an unpredictable effect on the flow of traffic, and the BGP decision process implemented by router vendors limits an operator's control over path selection.We propose fundamental objectives for interdomain traffic engineering and specific guidelines for achieving these objectives within the context of BGP . Using routing and traffic data from the AT&T backbone we show how certain BGP policy changes can move traffic in a predictable fashion, despite limited knowledge about the routing policies in neighboring AS's. Then, we show how operators can gain greater flexibility by relaxing some steps in the BGP decision process and ensuring that neighboring AS's send consistent advertisements at each peering location. Finally, we show that an operator can manipulate traffic efficiently by changing the routes for a small number of prefixes (or groups of related prefixes) that consistently receive a large amount of traffic.
Dissection of transcription factor TFIIF functional domains required for initiation and elongation. (1995)

TFIIF is unique among the general transcription factors because of its ability to control the activity of RNA polymerase II at both the initiation and elongation stages of transcription. Mammalian TFIIF, a heterodimer of approximately 30-kDa (RAP30) and approximately 70-kDa (RAP74) subunits, assists TFIIB in recruiting RNA polymerase II into the preinitiation complex and activates the overall rate of RNA chain elongation by suppressing transient pausing by polymerase at many sites on DNA templates. A major objective of efforts to understand how TFIIF regulates transcription has been to establish the relationship between its initiation and elongation activities. Here we establish this relationship by demonstrating that TFIIF transcriptional activities are mediated by separable functional domains. To accomplish this, we sought and identified distinct classes of RAP30 mutations that selectively block TFIIF activity in transcription initiation and elongation. We propose that (i) TFIIF initiation activity is mediated at least in part by RAP30 C-terminal sequences that include a cryptic DNA-binding domain similar to conserved region 4 of bacterial sigma factors and (ii) TFIIF elongation activity is mediated in part by RAP30 sequences located immediately upstream of the C terminus in a region proposed to bind RNA polymerase II and by additional sequences located in the RAP30 N terminus.
Phase-shifting laser diode interferometry with equal phase steps using a Fabry-Perot cavity (2005)

A phase-shifting interferometer (PSI) with equal phase steps, using a frequency-tunable diode laser and a Fabry-Perot cavity, is proposed for the Carre algorithm. The measurement accuracy of the Carre algorithm depends on the equality of the phase steps. Using the Fabry-Perot cavity as a highly stable optical frequency reference, a high degree of phase step equality can be realized in the PSI with an optical frequency shift. Our experimental scheme realizes an optical frequency step equality higher than 2.1×10<sup>-5</sup> and a measurement repeatability of λ/850.
Untersuchungen über Isopolywolframate (1965)

Evidence for the presence of OH-groups in solid alkaline meta-, para-B- and ψ-metatungstates is given by infrared and 1 H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The three tungstates have to be formulated as M I 6 [W 12 O 38 (OH) 2 ] • x H 2 O, M I 10 [ W 12 O 36 (OH) 10 ] • x H 2 O and M I 12 [W 24 O 72 (OH) 12 • x H 2 O respectively. The mole masses of the different polytungstates were calculated from the speed of sedimentation in the ultracentrifuge. In the concentration range covered, 10 -2 &gt; Cwo 4 2 Ⓡ &gt; 10 -4 , the same ions occur as in the solid state. The effect of aging and heating on polytungstate solutions was studied by means of pH-measurements, by pH-titrations, by ultraviolet spectra, and by the T-jump relaxation method. The para· tungstate-A-ion [W 6 20 (OH)] 5 ® formed upon acidification of a H®/WO 4 2 ® = 1,167 ratio solution according to the equation 6 WO 4 2 ® + 7 H® ⇄ [W 6 O 20 (OH)] 5 ® [log K ∼ 57,5] is in equilibrium with the paratungstate-B-ion [W 12 O 36 (OH) 10 ] 10® . In a solution of solid paratungstate-B the same equilibrium is attained. Upon aging and, more rapidly, by heating the para-A-/para-B-solution in equilibrium changes to -ψ-meta and finally to metatungstate. During this process an increase in the pH-value is observed due to the reduced acidity of the para-B-ion and to the enhanced condensation of para-(probably of para-B only) to ψ-meta and further to metatungstate. Upon acidification to the H®/WO 4 2® ratio Ρ=1,50 the ψ-meta-ion is formed quantitatively which changes to the metaion slowly. For P=1,50 characteristic ultraviolet absorption bands indicate the formation of a new polytungstate species [ W 12 O x (OH) y ] 72 — ( 2x+y ), called polytungstate-Y. It changes rapidly and quantitatively to ψ-meta-tungstate. In aged solutions with P ≧ 1,50 only the meta-ion is found. In solutions with Ρ &lt; 1,50 WO 4 2e , polytungstate-X-ions were found besides meta-ions. The relative concentration of these ions as a function of Ρ is given. The so-called X-species is probably the para-B-ion. By means of a scheme, the reactions upon acidification of a monotungstate solution are illustrated.
Role of the retinal detector array in perceiving the superposition effects of light (2006)

The perception of light in nature comes through the photopigment molecules of our retina. The objective of this paper is to relate our modern understanding of the quantum mechanical chemical processes in the retinal molecules with our observation of superposition ("interference") fringes due to multiple light beams. The issue of "interference" is important for two subtle reasons. First, we do not perceive light except though the response of the light detecting molecules. Second, EM fields do not operate on each other to create the "interference" (superposition) effects. When the intrinsic molecular properties of a detector allows it to respond simultaneously to all the superposed light beams on them, they sum the effects and report the corresponding "fringes" of superposition. In the human eye the "seeing" (or perception) is initiated by photo-isomerization of retinal, the chromophore of the opsin molecule. There exists several orders of magnitude difference between the characteristic times for the molecular processes of light absorption and the visual signal generation through the photochemical cascade. This allows us to function in the daily chores of walking and visual identification of objects and enjoy the beauty of the natural sceneries even though the retinal layer is bombarded simultaneously by innumerable beams of light with same and different frequencies, which will normally produce a flood of electronic "white noise" over a very wide range of temporal frequencies, namely the heterodyne beat signal. How do the eyes completely suppress this wide range of heterodyne beat signal?
Chicken Model for Studying Dietary Antioxidants Reveals that Apple (Cox's Orange)/Broccoli (<i>Brassica oleracea </i>L. <i>var. italica</i>) Stabilizes Erythrocytes and Reduces Oxidation of Insoluble Muscle Proteins and Lipids in Cooked Liver (2002)

A chicken model for studying the effects of antioxidants in the diet on oxidative status was set up. Chickens fed a semi-synthetic diet low in antioxidants showed a remarkable decrease in erythrocyte stability toward H(2)O(2) or 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), but increases in catalase activity in liver, carbonyls in insoluble muscle proteins, and enhanced lipid oxidation in heat-treated liver samples compared to that of conventionally fed chickens. Thus, this chicken model proved to be more susceptible to oxidative changes than conventionally fed chickens, reflecting a low antioxidative defense. Supplementing this low antioxidant diet with 10% apple/broccoli mixture counteracted these changes, except for activity of catalase in the liver and AAPH-induced lysis of erythrocytes. Supplementation with 10% sweet corn only reduced the carbonyl content in insoluble proteins. However, neither low antioxidant diet nor vegetable supplements affected selected antioxidative enzymes or oxidative stability of lipids in heat-treated muscle tissue.
(Bi<sub>1/2</sub>Na<sub>1/2</sub>)TiO<sub>3</sub>-(Bi<sub>1/2</sub>K<sub>1/2</sub>)TiO<sub>3</sub>-(Bi<sub>1/ 2</sub>Li<sub>1/2</sub>)TiO<sub>3</sub>-BaTiO<sub>3</sub>Lead-Free Ceramic Fibres Fabricated by a Powder-Based Extrusion Method (2007)

Lead-free bismuth sodium potassium lithium titanate—barium titanate [0.885 (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3-0.05(Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3–0.015(Bi1/2Li1/2)TiO3-0.05BaTiO3, BNKLBT-1.5] fibres have been fabricated by a powder-based extrusion method. The ceramic fibres with 400 μ m diameter were well-crystallized after being calcined at 800°C and sintered at 1170°C. After being poled, the electromechanical coupling coefficient k33 of the fibre is 0.55 while other properties are comparable to those a ceramic disc. The BNKLNT ceramic fibres prepared by the powder-based extrusion method have good piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties and have potential to replace lead zirconate titanate (PZT) fibres in various device applications.
Coordination in a supply chain for bulk chemicals (2004)

A chemical plant in the Netherlands uses large annual supplies of a bulk chemical. A number of suppliers deliver their parcels from overseas by short sea vessel to a transshipment point where they are stored using a tank farm. Transportation from the transshipment point to the plant takes place by barge. Coordination of the schedules of vessels and barge provides the opportunity for board to board loading. Board to board loading provides clear benefits for the plant's operator, as it requires less handling and intermediate storage at the transshipment point. We demonstrate this by experiments conducted with a simulation model. The results are confirmed by analytical means.
Owner-Centric Networking (OCN): Toward a Data Pollution-Free Internet (2009)

In this paper, we propose OCN (Owner-Centric Networking), a new Internet architecture that provides individuals control over their contents. We argue that this architecture would considerably improve privacy on the Internet by limiting data pollution.