gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hume on Causation (1963)

Hume's examination of the ideas of cause and effect in his Treatise of Human Nature is lengthy and elaborate, and justly celebrated. It is, of course, very far from complete; and one may wish that Hume had shown more awareness than he does of the fact that this is so. He does not explicitly distinguish, for instance, between general causal statements — such as that heating causes metals to expand — and singular ones — such as that, on a particular occasion, the sun's heat caused distortion in a section of railway track. Equally he appears to take no account of the variety of items which may be cited as causes and effects — for instance, actions, happenings, changes, processes, permanent states, objects, failures to act, or non-occurrences. Hume announces his topic, baldly and uninformatively, as 'the relation of cause and effect'; and when he has occasion to refer to those things which are, or may be said to be, causes and effects, he calls them, vaguely and undiscriminatingly, 'objects'.KeywordsEquilateral TriangleCausal ConnexionPhysical StimulusRailway TrackLogical ConnexionThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Robust Model-Based 3D Torso Pose Estimation in RGB-D Sequences (2013)

Free-form Human Robot Interaction (HRI) in naturalistic environments remains a challenging computer vision task. In this context, the extraction of human-body pose information is of utmost importance. Although the emergence of real-time depth cameras greatly facilitated this task, issues which limit the performance of existing methods in relevant HRI applications still exist. Applicability of current state-of-the art approaches is constrained by their inherent requirement of an initialization phase prior to deriving body pose information, which in complex, realistic scenarios, is often hard, if not impossible. In this work we present a data-driven model-based method for 3D torso pose estimation from RGB-D image sequences, eliminating the requirement of an initialization phase. The detected face of the user steers the initiation of shoulder areas hypotheses, based on illumination, scale and pose invariant features on the RGB silhouette. Depth point cloud information is subsequently utilized to approximate the shoulder joints and model the human torso based on a set of 3D geometric primitives and the estimation of the 3D torso pose is derived via a global optimization scheme. Experimental results in various environments, as well as using ground truth data and comparing to OpenNI User generator middleware results, validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Biologically Active Guanidines and Related Compounds. III.<sup>1</sup> Some Aryloxyalkylurea Derivatives (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBiologically Active Guanidines and Related Compounds. III.1 Some Aryloxyalkylurea DerivativesG. J. Durant and S. H. B. WrightCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1966, 9, 2, 247–248Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00320a025https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00320a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views49Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
1P1-E15 Acquisition of Supporting Information in Living Environment Targeting Human, Robot and Furniture Based on Unlimited Rotatable Pan-tilt Platform equipped with Range Sensor (2010)

There are a lot of researches on daily assistive humanoids which have rotatable laser range sensors to use 3D depth information in the living situation. In this paper, we use "Unlimited Rotatable Pan-tilt Platform equipped with Range Sensor" [1] as a sensor located in the room and we aim to realize the system which can deal with the information of human, robots and furniture as the supporting information in a living environment. We'll examine the ability of the system for some situations.
Laboratory studies and clinical features in a case of boomslang envenomation. (1977)

A case of boomslang (Dispholidus typus) envenomation is reported. Coagulation studies carried out within 2 hours of the patient's being bitten showed unrecordable prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times. The fibrinogen and factors V and VIII were severely depleted. Abnormal liver function tests were also documented. These abnormalities were corrected by treatment with specific antivenom. A haemolytic-uraemic syndrome was not observed.
Activation of c-Ki-ras in human gastrointestinal dysplasias determined by direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products. (1990)

Activation of c-Ki-ras by point mutation within exon 1 was studied in 33 specimens of dysplastic gastrointestinal lesions or of cancers presumed to arise from dysplasia. Samples were obtained from patients with underlying ulcerative colitis or Barrett's esophagus, two diseases associated with dysplasia and increased rates of colonic or esophageal adenocarcinoma, respectively. Genomic DNA was amplified using primers bounding this exon in the polymerase chain reaction. Polymerase chain reaction products were analyzed by direct dideoxy sequencing. Three point mutations in codon 13 of c-Ki-ras were found, all in colonic specimens (two high-grade dysplasias and one adenocarcinoma arising in ulcerative colitis). No point mutations were observed in the second exon of c-Ki-ras or in and around codons 12, 13, and 61 of c-N-ras and C-Ha-ras in a partial sampling of the specimens. These data indicate that ras family protooncogene activation is an uncommon event at this level of malignant progression in these disease states. Carcinogenesis in ulcerative colitis and Barrett's esophagus may proceed via different pathways than in sporadic colon cancer, perhaps involving loss or inactivation of suppressor genes.
Bringing Optical Metamaterials to Reality (2010)

Metamaterials, which are artificially engineered composites, have been shown to exhibit electromagnetic properties not attainable with naturally occurring materials. The use of such materials has been proposed for numerous applications including sub-diffraction limit imaging and electromagnetic cloaking. While these materials were first developed to work at microwave frequencies, scaling them to optical wavelengths has involved both fundamental and engineering challenges. Among these challenges, optical metamaterials tend to absorb a large amount of the incident light and furthermore, achieving devices with such materials has been difficult due to fabrication constraints associated with their nanoscale architectures. The objective of this dissertation is to describe the progress that I have made in overcoming these challenges in achieving low loss optical metamaterials and associated devices.The first part of the dissertation details the development of the first bulk optical metamaterial with a negative index of refraction. This metamaterial is shown to overcome the problems of previous metamaterials by reducing the amount of light absorbed in the material. The increased thickness of the bulk metamaterial also allows the first direct experimental observation of negative refraction at optical frequencies. Next, I will describe the design and experimental realization of the first electromagnetic cloak operating at optical frequencies. The cloaking device is designed using quasi-conformal mapping which enables the use of an all dielectric, isotropic metamaterial, allowing the cloak to operate over large bandwidth with low absorption losses, overcoming the problems with previous cloaking proposals. This design methodology and metamaterial system is then extended to realize an optical `Janus' device. The device is designed and experimentally proven to have two different and independent optical functionalities in two separate spatial directions for use in integrated photonics architectures. The last section of the thesis describes several new directions I am pursuing in the field of metamaterials. The first is the experimental realization a photonic black hole. This device functions similar to a gravitational black hole in that it concentrates light into a small spatial area but is realized through a spatial varying index profile. The extension of transformation optics into plasmonic systems is then presented. Experimental work aimed at realizing a gradient index Luneburg lens is presented utilizing modulations of the surface plasmon mode index though height variations in a dielectric. Finally, a new method for achieving large scale, three dimensional, gradient index metamaterials is presented. Such a method could be employed for achieving large scale cloaks or gradient index lenses for use in photovoltaics.The findings presented here represent some of the first metamaterial inspired devices at optical wavelengths. It is my hope that this work will help to inspire the next generation of metamaterials and devices with ever increasing functionality.
Analysis of thermal properties of c-BN on ceramics background (2005)

A photoacoustic method of measurement of thermal conductivity of cubic boron nitride on ceramics is presented. Results of measurements were performed using one-dimensional, TLM thermal wave model. In this paper the results of measurements of thermal conductivities of layers manufactured using different c-BN are presented.
Advances in Charge Carrier Mobilities of Semiconducting Polymers Used in Organic Transistors (2013)

In this review, we describe and discuss recent advances in the performance of polymeric semiconductors in organic field effect transistors (OFETs). Design concepts such as short intermolecular contacts, low conformational disorder, side chain optimization, and noncovalent interactions have all been successfully employed to improve the charge carrier mobility of polymer thin films. The relationship between the molecular design, thin film microstructure, and electrical performance has been exemplified by a range of thiophene, bridged and fused ring, diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP), and isoindigo containing polymers which are reviewed and discussed.
Evaluation of CT as a predictor for kidney and renal artery mobility (2011)

During postural changes, the kidneys and renal arteries demonstrate significant correlated mobility. Renal artery movements can be identified using a low-radiation dose CT exam.
Neutron and X-ray powder diffraction data to determine the structural properties of novel layered perovskite PrSrMn2O5+δ (2020)

The data presented in this article are related to the formation of a novel layered perovskite oxide material, PrSrMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5+δ</sub>, through a solid-state synthesis route. Here, we present the high-resolution neutron powder diffraction and the X-ray powder diffraction data at room temperature. The new perovskite material crystallizes in the orthorhombic symmetry. Interpretation of this data can be found in a research article titled "Insight of novel layered perovskite PrSrMn2O5+δ: A neutron powder diffraction study" (Shammya et <i>al</i>., 2019) [1].
ChemInform Abstract: REGIOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF ALLYL TRIMETHYLSILANES FROM ALLYLIC HALIDES (1984)

Abstract Bei der Umsetzung der Allylhalogenide (I) mit Trimethylsilyllithium (II) unter Zusatz von Cu(I)‐iodid in HMPA entstehen nebeneinander die isomeren Allylsilane (III) und (IV) und in einigen Fällen auch (V).
Studies on novel, stable and potent competitive antagonists against L-DOPA (1997)

DOPA has been proposed to be a neurotransmitter of the primary baroreceptor afferents terminating in the NTS and a neuromodulator in striata of rats. Pre- and post-synaptic recognition sites for DOPA itself may exist. DOPA methyl ester (DOPA ester), a potent competitive antagonist for DOPA in continuously superfused slices or within a several min when microinjected in the NTS has some limitation in in vivo use because of its unstableness as a prodrug for DOPA. We have explored to find stable and potent antagonists for DOPA. At first, we tried to clarify whether or not newly synthesized DOPA esters with bulky structure such as DOPA cyclohexyl ester (CHE), DOPA cyclopentyl ester (CPE) and DOPA cyclopentyldimethyl ester (CPDME) antagonize depressor responses to DOPA microinjected into the NTS, and to what degree these analogues 1 microM perfused via probes are converted to DOPA during striatal microdialysis in urethane-anesthetized rats. Then, we analyzed mode of antagonism of some candidate in the NTS system. During striatal microdialysis, DOPA ester 1 microM increased extracellular levels of DOPA to an 100 fold higher level at a peak of the 1st 20 min sample after the perfusion. Conversion ratio of CHE, CPE and CPDME, compared to DOPA ester, was less than 1/5 at the peak of the 3rd sample, 1/3.3 at the peak of the 2nd, and 1/2.7 at the peak of the 3rd, respectively. In the NTS, all analogues 1 microgram microinjected abolished depressor responses to DOPA 60 ng. Time required to recover a base was 20 min for CHE and 10 min for DOPA ester, CPE and CPDME. At 100 ng, CHE inhibited peak depressor responses to DOPA 60 ng by 53%, CPE by 40%, and CPDME by 24%, compared to DOPA ester by 22%. Then, DOPA 10-300 ng microinjected produced dose-dependent hypotension. DOPA ester 300 ng, microinjected 1 min previously, shifted a dose-response curve for DOPA 30-300 ng to the right without reduction of the maximum response, showing a competitive mode of antagonism. CHE 30 ng competitively antagonized depressor responses to DOPA 18-300 ng without reduction of the maximum response. CHE 100 ng further shifted the dose-response curve for DOPA 18-100 ng to the right with 25% reduction of the maximum response. Antagonistic activity of CHE 100 ng was equipotent with DOPA ester 300 ng. CHE is a competitive antagonist including partially some noncompetitive components. A possible component might be related to NMDA receptors, since high concentrations of CHE displaced selective binding of [3H]-MK-801, an antagonist. In conclusion, CHE is suitable for the purpose.
Book of industrial England (1997)

Industrial architecture has had an extraordinary impact on the English landscape - from the imposing gloominess of northern mills and Midland's ironworks to the art deco splendour of the Hoover factory in West London. In this work, Stratton and Trinder show how factories evolved over three centuries and what machinery, structure and ornamentation reveals about the function and status of particular complexes, as well as about those who built and worked in them. Encompassing over 15 years of study, the book is suitable for architects, students, historians and general readers.
Infectious complications associated with granulocytopenia during the treatment of poor risk or relapsed germ cell tumors. (1992)

Infectious complications associated with granulocytopenia during the treatment of poor risk or relapsed germ cell tumors were studied in order to assess the frequency, morbidity and characteristics of these complications. Thirty-three cases were investigated at the Institut Gustave-Roussy; 63 episodes of granulocytopenia were observed (mean duration 7.5 days). Twenty-four (38%) of the episodes of granulocytopenia were associated with fever. In 11/24 episodes (46%), fever was associated with a documented infection. Eighteen organisms were isolated. Ten were found to be Gram-positive, 7 Gram-negative, and one Candida. The major site of infection was the lungs. One death from septicaemia occurred. In conclusion, post-chemotherapy granulocytopenia during the treatment of germ cell tumors is associated with fever in less than 50% of cases. Bacterial infection was diagnosed in only 46% of febrile neutropenic episodes and rarely appears to be associated with a fatal outcome.
Detection and Study of Cosynthesis of Tetracycline Antibiotics by an Agar Method (1969)

SUMMARY: Pairs of non-tetracycline-producing mutants of Streptomyces rimosus or S. aureofaciens were grown side by side on agar. Their ability to produce antibiotic by cosynthesis was tested by placing a strip of agar cut from the combined culture on plates containing Bacillus subtilis. The activity was revealed as an inhibition halo formed on B. subtilis, opposite one or other mutant strain. The strain surrounded by the halo was considered as a converter of an intermediate product secreted by the other strain. Two types of mutants were observed: a rare type probably affecting the main pathway of antibiotic biosynthesis, and a more frequent type probably affecting some regulatory process.
The Drawability Test by the Single Blank Load Deep Drawing Method (1971)

Drawability of metal sheets is indicated by Swift’s L. D. R., C. C. V. of Fukui’s test, and the plastic strain ratio r. Swift’s L. D. R. and C. C. V. of Fukui’s test are based on the deep drawing test, while the plastic strain ratio r is determined simply by the tensile test. It has been reported by many investigators that these values are excellent indicators of drawability. But it is difficult in practice to indicate the drawability of thin sheets by Fukui’s test and the plastic strain ratio r. On the other hand, Swift’s test is favorable for thin sheets, but in addition to the complexity to determine the L. D. R. of metal sheets, the reproducibility of the value obtained is doubtful.So in this paper the validity of the load deep drawing method was discussed, where the value is indicated by the ratio of fracture load in the cup wall to the maximum load to deform the flange. Although the fracture load must be kept constant irrespective of the drawing ratio, the observed values are at variance, and therefore L. D. R. of metal sheets cannot be determined by this so-called T. Z. P. method. But it has been found that the fracture loads of the cup wall in various drawing ratios can be kept constant by a suitable lubricating operation, thus enabling the load deep drawing method to determine the drawability of thin metal sheets.
A Quantitative Schlieren System for Measuring Radial Density Profiles of Reduced Density Channels in Gases (1981)

Abstract : A quantitative Schlieren system used to measure the radial density profiles of reduced density channels in gases is described. The system uses a simple, single path optical train and does not require a coherent light source. The cylindrical symmetry of the channels permits an Abel-like inversion of the path integrated bending of the light to yield the radial density profile. The inversion algorithm and a program using it are given and some experimental results are shown.
ChemInform Abstract: ANNULATED CYCLOPENTADIENONE KETALS. A ROUTE TO 1,2‐BRIDGED NORBORNENES (1976)

Abstract Aus dem tricyclischen Keton (I) werden die Ketale (II) mit Trimethylorthoformiat bzw. den entsprechenden Glykolen in glatten Ausbeuten hergestellt und diese mit Pyridiniumperbromid zu (III) bromiert.
Studies on the Circulating-type Jet Pulverizer (1961)

In the previous report, we gave an account of the analysis of the mechanism of jet-pulverization observed in a small-scale experimental jet-pulverizing apparatus, and derived some assumptions, of which the proposed relation between mill-power (H) and mill-capacity (G) had the most important meaning. We proposed there the following equation:G∝Hσin which σ_??_2.5}(1)This equation shows that the jet pulverizer becomes more efficient as the mill-power increases. With most mills of other types, value of σ, which shall be called a coefficient of the size effect of pulverizer, is about 1.21.5.In order to confirm this relation and other assumptions, we conducted some experiments with a laboratory-scale jet-pulverizer of practical use (Jet-O-Mizer 202 with 30HP compressor), and the results are given here to make clear the effects of variable factors, such as nozzle pressure, feeding rate of raw materials and diam. of nozzle, etc. on the rate of grinding.This type of jet-pulverizer has a ring-shaped circular tube through which the mixture of air and particle circulates continuously, while some part of the mixture is taken out and sent to the collector successively.The number of circulation, which was inversely proportional to the feeding rate was found to be one of the most important factors in this pulverization. The grinding action was strongest in the jet-stream, and it was negligibly weak on the surface of the mill wall. (Cf. Fig. 7.)From these and other assumptions previously proposed, we derived Eq. 5.X=100KAN1PN1+100(1-KAN1PN1)[1-(1-KAN2PN2)2N] (5)as a fundamental equation for calculating the capacity of the circulating type jet-pulverizer.By comparing the capacity of this type of mill with that of the above-mentioned small-scale experimental apparatus (2HP) and of Jet-O-Mizer 808 (250HP), we substantiated the results of our experiment.Data on Jet-O-Mizer shown in the information by Fluid-Energy Equipment and Processing Co. also verify Eq. 5. (Cf. Fig. 10.)We had assumed, in the previous report that when mill-power became larger, the mechanism of breakage would change from surface grinding to bulk crushing and that the constant for the degree of surface grinding (n) would become small. The results of this experiment shown in Table 4 also verify this assumption.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND PHOTO‐INDUCED BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF DEMETHYL DERIVATIVES OF THE NATURAL PYRANOCOUMARINS, XANTHYLETIN OR SESELIN (1983)

Abstract Die mono‐ und die didemethylierten Derivate (XIb) (Nor‐xanthyletin) und (XIc) (Homopsoralen) bzw. (XIVb) (Nor‐seselin) und (XIVc) (Homoangelicin) von Xanthyletin (XIa) bzw. Seselin (XIVa) werden über die Cyclokondensationsprodukte (IIIb) und (IIIc) (aus dem Nitril (IVa) über die Stufen (IVb)‐(VI) erhalten) bzw. (VHIb) und (VIIIc) des Aldehyds (II) dargestellt.
Lifetime and damage assessment for CSPs and related microelectronic structures: experimental validation plus computer modeling (2002)

The fatigue and damage of solder joints and the potential for interface failure within chip scale packages (CSP) are primarily caused by thermal loading. The thermally induced residual stresses depend on the thermal mismatch encountered during thermal cycle tests (TCT) and, for power cycle tests (PCT), on the gradient of the temperature distribution. In order to characterize and model the potential for failure, TCTs and PCTs were simulated by stationary and transient finite element (FE) heat conduction analyses for various CSP geometries and materials selections (PI-flex, organic and ceramic based substrates). The resulting thermal stresses and the irreversibly accumulated energy densities were computed with FE on the basis of time-independent plasticity and explicitly time-dependent secondary creep laws. The resulting data was used together with an energy density-based damage law to perform a lifetime prediction. The outcome of the computer simulations was validated by suitable experiments (e.g. thermal moire) and an attempt was made to establish a lifetime-reliability ranking chart.