gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-Field Diffusivity of Electrons in Silicon (1971)

The diffusivity of electrons in silicon transverse to a high electric field has been measured with precision by a beam-spreading technique. The measurements were carried out on 306-μm-thick double-Schottky-barrier structures fabricated from nearly intrinsic Si in which the applied field depleted the Si and was uniform to within ± 250 V/cm. It was found that the transverse diffusion coefficient D⊥ decreases monotonically from the known zero-field value of 35 cm2/sec for E 1 kV/cm to 22 cm2/sec at 11.5 V/cm, the upper field limit of the measurements. Monte Carlo calculations of the diffusivity tensor were carried out for a simplified band model and yielded D⊥ values in good agreement with the experimental results, thereby lending credence to the calculated values of the longitudinal diffusion coefficient.
Novel Geometries for Tissue-Engineered Tendonous Collagen Constructs (2006)

A promising approach to addressing the performance limitations of currently available mechanical and bioprosthetic heart valves lies in tissue engineering. Tissue-engineered valves should incorporate the complex microstructure of the native valves to mimic their unique mechanics. This would include a layered topology, mesh networks, and branched collagen fiber bundles. Our approach to heart valve tissue engineering is to develop the functional components of the aortic valve cusps separately in vitro and, once they are mature, integrate them into a composite valve structure. Here we report on our efforts to create more complex collagenous structures, suitable for heart valve tissue engineering. Collagen fiber bundles were fabricated using the principle of directed collagen gel contraction, using neonatal rat aortic smooth muscle cells and acid-soluble type I rat-tail tendon collagen. The collagen gels were cast into rectangular or branched wells with porous end holders that constrained the gels longitudinally but allowed contraction to occur transverse to the long axis. Pairs of such constructs were placed in direct contact with each other and cultured further to determine whether they integrated to form continuous tissue. After 6-8 weeks of culture, highly compacted and aligned collagen fiber bundles formed. Mechanical testing revealed that linear constructs (2 free ends) with an 8:1 aspect ratio were significantly stronger than similar constructs with an aspect ratio of 2:1 (mean +/- SD, 298 +/- 90 kPa vs. 152 +/- 49 kPa; p < .001). Branching reduced mechanical strength considerably. Constructs fabricated with 4 free ends were significantly weaker than constructs with 3 ends (31 +/- 32 kPa vs. 116 +/- 66 kPa; p < .003). Histologic images demonstrated the integration of the crossed collagen bundles, with a bonding strength of 2.1 +/- 1.1 g (0.02 N). We found that the geometry of the molds into which the collagen constructs are cast can greatly affect their mechanical strength: multibranched constructs were the weakest, and long, linear constructs were the strongest. We also found that integration of collagen constructs occurs in vitro and that the fabrication of a composite structure in vitro is probably feasible.
Transport properties of submicron YBa2Cu3O7−δ step-edge Josephson junctions (2001)

Submicron step-edge Josephson junctions in YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) thin films were fabricated and studied. All measured junctions fall into three categories: low critical current resistively shunted Josephson junctions, intrinsic Josephson junctions, and quasiparticle tunnel junctions. The transport in the junctions is correlated with the microstructure of YBCO films grown on the step edge. We argue that the properties of conventional step-edge junctions can be understood as a superposition of those types.
Asymmetric Simmons-Smith Cyclopropanation of <i>E</i>-Allylic Alcohols Using 1,1′-Bi-2-naphthol-3,3′-dicarboxamide as a Chiral Auxiliary (1995)

Abstract N,N,N′,N′-Tetraethyl-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol-3,3′-dicarboxamide (1b) was found to be an effective chiral auxiliary for asymmetric Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation and high enantioselectivity greater than 85% ee was achieved in the reaction of E-allylic alcohols.
The TerraSAR-X mission status (2015)

TSX, an advanced synthetic aperture radar satellite, launched on June 15 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> 2007 and the almost identically rebuild TDX satellite, launched on June 21 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> 2010 serve two challenging radar missions. First: The TerraSAR-X mission, providing high quality SAR data for scientific and commercial purposes, covering a large variation of SAR modes from a high resolution staring spotlight mode with 1 m resolution to large area wide ScanSAR mode offering up to 260 km swath width. Second: The TanDEM-X mission, generating a global digital elevation model (DEM). This paper focuses on the TerraSAR-X mission after 8 years in space, the status of the both spacecraft, as well as the ground segment activities.
Temporal expression of the human alcohol dehydrogenase gene family during liver development correlates with differential promoter activation by hepatocyte nuclear factor 1, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha, liver activator protein, and D-element-binding protein. (1992)

The human class I alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) gene family consists of ADH1, ADH2, and ADH3, which are sequentially activated in early fetal, late fetal, and postnatal liver, respectively. Analysis of ADH promoters revealed differential activation by several factors previously shown to control liver transcription. In cotransfection assays, the ADH1 promoter, but not the ADH2 or ADH3 promoter, was shown to respond to hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 (HNF-1), which has previously been shown to regulate transcription in early liver development. The ADH2 promoter, but not the ADH1 or ADH3 promoter, was shown to respond to CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBP alpha), a transcription factor particularly active during late fetal liver and early postnatal liver development. The ADH1, ADH2, and ADH3 promoters all responded to the liver transcription factors liver activator protein (LAP) and D-element-binding protein (DBP), which are most active in postnatal liver. For all three promoters, the activation by LAP or DBP was higher than that seen by HNF-1 or C/EBP alpha, and a significant synergism between C/EBP alpha and LAP was noticed for the ADH2 and ADH3 promoters when both factors were simultaneously cotransfected. A hierarchy of ADH promoter responsiveness to C/EBP alpha and LAP homo- and heterodimers is suggested. In all three ADH genes, LAP bound to the same four sites previously reported for C/EBP alpha (i.e., -160, -120, -40, and -20 bp), but DBP bound strongly only to the site located at -40 bp relative to the transcriptional start. Mutational analysis of ADH2 indicated that the -40 bp element accounts for most of the promoter regulation by the bZIP factors analyzed. These studies suggest that HNF-1 and C/EBP alpha help establish ADH gene family transcription in fetal liver and that LAP and DBP help maintain high-level ADH gene family transcription in postnatal liver.
Effect of long-term intermittent and sustained hypoxia on hypoxic ventilatory and metabolic responses in the adult rat (2003)

The effects of chronic sustained hypoxia (SH) on ventilation have been thoroughly studied. However, the effects of intermittent hypoxia (IH), a more prevalent condition in health and disease are currently unknown. We hypothesized that the ventilatory consequences of SH and IH may differ and be related to changes in N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor subunit expression. To examine these issues, Sprague-Dawley adult male rats were exposed to 30 days of either SH (10% O2) or IH (21% and 10% O2 alternations every 90 s) or to normoxia (RA), at the end of which ventilatory and O2 consumption responses to a 20-min acute hypoxic challenge (10% O2) were conducted. In addition, dorsocaudal brain stem tissue lysates were harvested at 1 h, 6 h, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, and 30 days of SH and IH and analyzed for NR1, NR2A, and NR2B NMDA glutamate receptor expression by immunoblotting. Normoxic ventilation was higher after both SH and IH (P < 0.001). Peak hypoxic ventilatory response was higher after SH but not after IH compared with RA. However, hypoxic ventilatory decline was more prominent after SH than IH (P < 0.001). NR1 expression showed a biphasic pattern of expression over time that was essentially identical after IH and SH (P value not significant). However, NR2A and NR2B expression was higher in IH compared with SH and RA (P < 0.01). We conclude that long-lasting exposures to SH and IH enhance normoxic ventilation but are associated with different time domains of ventilation during acute hypoxia that may be accounted in part by changes in NMDA glutamate receptor subunit expression.
Single-concentration broth microdilution test for detection of high-level aminoglycoside resistance in enterococci (1987)

Growth in a single broth microdilution well containing gentamicin at a concentration of 500 micrograms/ml predicted high-level resistance to gentamicin (MIC, greater than or equal to 2,000 micrograms/ml) in 505 of 508 clinical isolates of enterococci. Failure to achieve synergistic killing with the combination of penicillin and an aminoglycoside was demonstrated with 100% specificity in 20 strains which showed resistance to 500 micrograms of gentamicin per ml. We recommend this procedure be adopted as a routine screening test to detect high-level aminoglycoside resistance in enterococci.
Channel estimation for information theoretically secure key agreement with finite number of pilot signals (2017)

In this letter, we consider the information theoretically secure key agreement where the legitimate users have a virtual eavesdropper to estimate the statistics of wiretapping. We propose a computational procedure which can estimate the virtual eavesdropper’s conditional entropy even with the finite number of pilot pulses and without restricting any probatility family for the wiretap channel.
Buy one, get one free!!! (1996)

Journal Article Buy One, Get One Free!!! Get access ORNA KUPFERMAN, ORNA KUPFERMAN Department of Computer Science, The TechnionHaifa 32000, Israelorna@cs.technion.ac.il Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ORNA GRUMBERG ORNA GRUMBERG Department of Computer Science, The TechnionHaifa 32000, Israelorna@cs.technion.ac.il Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Logic and Computation, Volume 6, Issue 4, August 1996, Pages 523–539, https://doi.org/10.1093/logcom/6.4.523 Published: 01 August 1996 Article history Received: 04 July 1994 Published: 01 August 1996
Deformability of Tumor Cells versus Blood Cells (2015)

The potential for circulating tumor cells (CTCs) to elucidate the process of cancer metastasis and inform clinical decision-making has made their isolation of great importance. However, CTCs are rare in the blood, and universal properties with which to identify them remain elusive. As technological advancements have made single-cell deformability measurements increasingly routine, the assessment of physical distinctions between tumor cells and blood cells may provide insight into the feasibility of deformability-based methods for identifying CTCs in patient blood. To this end, we present an initial study assessing deformability differences between tumor cells and blood cells, indicated by the length of time required for them to pass through a microfluidic constriction. Here, we demonstrate that deformability changes in tumor cells that have undergone phenotypic shifts are small compared to differences between tumor cell lines and blood cells. Additionally, in a syngeneic mouse tumor model, cells that are able to exit a tumor and enter circulation are not required to be more deformable than the cells that were first injected into the mouse. However, a limited study of metastatic prostate cancer patients provides evidence that some CTCs may be more mechanically similar to blood cells than to typical tumor cell lines.
The decay of the<sup>6</sup>I<sub>7/2</sub>term level of Gd<sup>3+</sup>in YOCl and LiYF<sub>4</sub> (1990)

The total decay rate of the 6I7/2 term level of Gd3+ in YOCl and LiYF4 is studied as a function of temperature. This rate is described as a termal average of the difference contributions of the crystal field components. The difference between the rates in YOCl and LiYF4 is discussed.
Biodegradative Processes and Biological Waste Treatment (1990)

Opportunities exist to dramatically enhance the extent and kinetics of biodegradation of agricultural, industrial and domestic wastes through an integrated systems approach. Such a systems approach combines the strengths of modern molecular biology, and ecological and engineering science to achieve new levels of process understanding and control that can be applied to the development and optimization of efficient biodegradation systems for a variety of wastes. A fundamental research agenda consisting of microbial strain development, bioanalytical monitoring methods and environmental and reactor systems analysis has been identified as a critical framework for the integration of science and engineering disciplines to achieve process optimization. Among the available methods to provide needed quantitative monitoring of critical biodegradative populations, gene probe technology has been shown to be particularly useful. This technology has been successfully integrated with frequency response analytical techniques in developing a new system analysis protocol for biodegradation process control. A new bio-analytical method that utilizes engineered bioluminescent bacteria has also been developed as a remote, on-line sensor of biodegradative activity in waste treatment processes. The coupling of new measurement technology with system analytical methods provides new insight for process design and operation and prediction of optimal regimes of biodegradation performance.
Mammary hyperplasias from transgenic polyomavirus middle T mice as a platform for development of chemoprevention strategies (2005)

6073 Genetically engineered mice have been used extensively to model human breast cancer. Yet few have been developed and characterized to model the progression from hyperplasia to cancer. We have used a transplantable model for mammary hyperplasia that progresses to invasive carcinoma, effectively mimicking human ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), to study molecular changes associated with neoplastic progression. This provides a unique model for chemoprevention trials for high-risk pre-malignant breast lesions. These mouse mammary intraepithelial neoplasia-outgrowth lines (MIN-Os) were derived from the mammary hyperplasia of MMTV-polyomavirus middle T (MT) transgenic mice. The MT transgene is a potent oncogene and provides an attractive model for human mammary carcinoma, as it is capable of transforming cells by the same signaling pathways activated by receptor tyrosine kinases, such as erbB2, which has been dysregulated in human breast cancer. Gene expression analysis of preneoplastic MIN-O lesions and associated tumors from these lines find dysregulation of genes and pathways that are similarly altered in human DCIS. Moreover, global expression profile analysis suggests that major molecular changes are already in place at the MIN-O stage. This result is in agreement with what is reported in human studies. We have begun using this model to dissect the events that are required for the transition from preneoplasia to invasive carcinoma. In addition, we are developing chemoprevention strategies for these high-risk breast lesions. Preliminary experiments show that treatment with either estrogen receptor modulators or rapamycin is effective in significantly limiting growth (p
Guiding and trapping microparticles in an extended surface field (2004)

We made use of near-field photonic forces in order to manipulate and trap microparticles in an extended area above a solid surface. Structures in evanescent field were created either by imaging a Ronchi ruler (fringe structure) or by focusing five beams (spot structure) at the top of a prism. The surface field couples to microparticles in close proximity, where the near-field wave can be converted to a propagating wave, via photon tunnelling across the gap from prism to microparticles. Due to transverse optical gradients and radiation pressure, microparticles immersed in water were laterally trapped and longitudinally guided along the direction of the evanescent waves. By splitting the laser beam into two equal counterpropagating beams, another evanescent wave was created exactly with the same structure in the opposite direction to the first one. We use this geometry we demonstrate stably trap of thousand of microparticles over an area of about a millimetre squared. Red blood and yeast cells were also individually trapped in an array of potential wells. We believe this is the first demonstration of guiding and, separately, trapped in unison multiple microparticles on a surface.
Estimation of boundary layer humidity fluxes and statistics from airborne differential absorption lidar (DIAL) (1997)

The water vapor differential absorption lidar (DIAL) of the German Aerospace Research Establishment (DLR) was flown aboard the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Electra research aircraft during the Boreal Ecosystem‐Atmosphere Study (BOREAS). The downward looking lidar system measured two‐dimensional fields of aerosol backscatter and water vapor mixing ratio in the convective boundary layer (CBL) and across the CBL top ( z t ). We show a case study of DIAL observations of vertical profiles of mean water vapor, water vapor variance, skewness, and integral scale in the CBL. In the entrainment zone (EZ) and down to about 0.3 z i the DIAL observations agree with in situ observations and mixed‐layer similarity theory. Below, the water vapor optical depth becomes large and the DIAL signal‐to‐noise ratio degrades. Knowing the water vapor surface flux and the convective velocity scale w * from in situ aircraft measurements, we derive entrainment fluxes by applying the mixed‐layer gradient (MLG) and mixed‐layer variance (MLV) methods to DIAL mixing ratio gradient and variance profiles. Entrainment flux estimates are sensitive to our estimate of z t . They are shown to be rather insensitive to the input surface flux and to the DIAL data spatial resolution within the investigated range. The estimates break down above about 0.9 z t as the flux‐gradient and flux‐variance relationships were developed to describe the large‐scale mixing in the mid‐CBL. The agreement with in situ entrainment flux estimations is within 30% for the MLV method. On a flight leg with significant mesoscale variability the entrainment flux turns out to be 70% higher than the in situ value. This is in good agreement with the fact that large‐eddy simulations (LES) of mean water vapor profiles and variances, upon which the MLG and MLV methods are based, do not include mesoscale variability. The additional water vapor variance from mesoscales may then lead to the overestimate of the flux. Deviations from the in situ observations may also be due to poor LES resolution of small‐scale mixing in the EZ, similarly coarse resolution of the DIAL data, or a capping inversion in the LES model (8 K) which is significantly stronger than the observed inversion (3–4 K).
Involvement of Nitric Oxide in Biofilm Dispersal of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (2006)

Bacterial biofilms at times undergo regulated and coordinated dispersal events where sessile biofilm cells convert to free-swimming, planktonic bacteria. In the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we previously observed that dispersal occurs concurrently with three interrelated processes within mature biofilms: (i) production of oxidative or nitrosative stress-inducing molecules inside biofilm structures, (ii) bacteriophage induction, and (iii) cell lysis. Here we examine whether specific reactive oxygen or nitrogen intermediates play a role in cell dispersal from P. aeruginosa biofilms. We demonstrate the involvement of anaerobic respiration processes in P. aeruginosa biofilm dispersal and show that nitric oxide (NO), used widely as a signaling molecule in biological systems, causes dispersal of P. aeruginosa biofilm bacteria. Dispersal was induced with low, sublethal concentrations (25 to 500 nM) of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Moreover, a P. aeruginosa mutant lacking the only enzyme capable of generating metabolic NO through anaerobic respiration (nitrite reductase, DeltanirS) did not disperse, whereas a NO reductase mutant (DeltanorCB) exhibited greatly enhanced dispersal. Strategies to induce biofilm dispersal are of interest due to their potential to prevent biofilms and biofilm-related infections. We observed that exposure to SNP (500 nM) greatly enhanced the efficacy of antimicrobial compounds (tobramycin, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium dodecyl sulfate) in the removal of established P. aeruginosa biofilms from a glass surface. Combined exposure to both NO and antimicrobial agents may therefore offer a novel strategy to control preestablished, persistent P. aeruginosa biofilms and biofilm-related infections.
[Soluble TNF-alpha receptors]. (1997)

Soluble cytokine receptors are more general phenomena and play a wider physiological role in the regulation of the immune system than previously recognized. Soluble TNF receptors--sTNF-Rp55 and sTNF-Rp75 by ability to bind to free TNF-alpha might play a regulatory role in a variety of normal and abnormal reactions mediated by TNF-alpha. Increase of sTNF-Rs levels have been observed in the serum of patients with a different diseases. Measurement of soluble TNF receptors concentrations seems to be a significant indicator in prognostic estimation of some diseases. Additionally, bioengineered soluble receptors may prove useful as specific cytokine-inhibiting therapeutic agents.
<title>Edge detection using a fuzzy neural network</title> (1992)

We propose a method for training a standard feed forward, back propagation neural-like network using fuzzy label vectors whose performance goal is to produce edge images from standard imagery such as FLIR, video, and grey tone pictures. Our method is based on training the network on a basis set of edge windows which are scored using the Sobel operator. The method is illustrated by comparing edge images of several real scenes with those derived using the Sobel and Canny image operators.
Speculation and C<sub>2</sub> Toxin Production by <i>Clostridium botulinum</i> Type C Strains Producing No C<sub>1</sub> Toxin (1978)

All of the 8 strains that were previously assumed to be nontoxigenic Clostridium botulinum type C were re-examined for their toxigenicity and were demonstrated by trypsinization of the culture filtrates to produce C2 toxin under improved cultural conditions. One per cent glucose added to trypticase peptone medium enhanced C2 toxin production. The larger the spore population, the higher the C2 toxicity and when spore population was smaller than a level of 10(4)/ml, no C2 toxicity was demonstrated. The C2 toxin was produced only during sporulation and not during vegetative growth.