gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cardioplegic Strategies for Calcium Control (2000)

Background —Ca 2+ overload plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardioplegic ischemia-reperfusion injury. The standard technique to control Ca 2+ overload has been to reduce Ca 2+ in the cardioplegic solution (CP). Recent reports suggest that Na + /H + exchange inhibitors can also prevent Ca 2+ overload. We compared 4 crystalloid CPs that might minimize Ca 2+ overload in comparison with standard Mg 2+ -containing CP: (1) low Ca 2+ CP (0.25 mmol/L), (2) citrate CP/normal Mg 2+ (1 mmol/L Mg 2+ ), (3) citrate CP/high Mg 2+ (9 mmol/L Mg 2+ ), and (4) the addition of the Na + /H + exchange inhibitor HOE-642 (Cariporide). We also tested the effect of citrate titration in vitro on the level of free Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ in CPs. Methods and Results —Isolated working rat heart preparations were perfused with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit buffer and subjected to 60 minutes of 37°C arrest and reperfusion with CPs with different Ca 2+ concentrations. Cardiac performance, including aortic flow (AF), was measured before and after ischemia. Myocardial high-energy phosphates were measured after reperfusion. The in vitro addition of citrate to CP (2%, 21 mmol/L) produced parallel reductions in Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ . Because only Ca 2+ was required to be low, the further addition of Mg 2+ increased free Mg 2+ , but the highest level achieved was 9 mmol/L. Citrate CP significantly impaired postischemic function (AF 58.3±2.5% without citrate versus 41.6±3% for citrate with normal Mg 2+ , P <0.05, versus 22.4±6.2% for citrate with high Mg 2+ , P <0.05). Low-Ca 2+ CP (0.25 mmol/L Ca 2+ ) significantly improved the recovery of postischemic function in comparison with standard CP (1.0 mmol/L Ca 2+ ) (AF 47.6±1.7% versus 58.3±2.5%, P <0.05). The addition of HOE-642 (1 μmol/L) to CP significantly improved postischemia function (47.6±1.7% without HOE-642 versus 62.4±1.7% with HOE-642, P <0.05). Postischemia cardiac high-energy phosphate levels were unaffected by Ca 2+ manipulation. Conclusions —(1) A lowered Ca 2+ concentration in CP is beneficial in Mg 2+ -containing cardioplegia. (2) The use of citrate to chelate Ca 2+ is detrimental in the crystalloid-perfused isolated working rat heart, especially with high Mg 2+ . (3) The mechanism of citrate action is complex, and its use limits precise simultaneous control of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ . (4) HOE-642 in CP is as efficacious in preservation of the ischemic myocardium as is the direct reduction in Ca 2+ .
Cooperative inference: Features, objects, and collections. (2016)

Cooperation plays a central role in theories of development, learning, cultural evolution, and education. We argue that existing models of learning from cooperative informants have fundamental limitations that prevent them from explaining how cooperation benefits learning. First, existing models are shown to be computationally intractable, suggesting that they cannot apply to realistic learning problems. Second, existing models assume a priori agreement about which concepts are favored in learning, which leads to a conundrum: Learning fails without precise agreement on bias yet there is no single rational choice. We introduce cooperative inference, a novel framework for cooperation in concept learning, which resolves these limitations. Cooperative inference generalizes the notion of cooperation used in previous models from omission of labeled objects to the omission values of features, labels for objects, and labels for collections of objects. The result is an approach that is computationally tractable, does not require a priori agreement about biases, applies to both Boolean and first-order concepts, and begins to approximate the richness of real-world concept learning problems. We conclude by discussing relations to and implications for existing theories of cognition, cognitive development, and cultural evolution. (PsycINFO Database Record
The Influence of Quantum Confinement on Third-Order Nonlinearities in Porous Silicon Thin Films (2018)

We present an experimental investigation into the third-order nonlinearity of conventional crystalline (c-Si) and porous (p-Si) silicon with Z-scan technique at 800-nm and 2.4- μ m wavelengths. The Gaussian decomposition method is applied to extract the nonlinear refractive index, n 2 , and the two-photon absorption (TPA) coefficient, β , from the experimental results. The nonlinear refractive index obtained for c-Si is 7 ± 2 × 10 − 6 cm 2 /GW and for p-Si is − 9 ± 3 × 10 − 5 cm 2 /GW. The TPA coefficient was found to be 2.9 ± 0.9 cm/GW and 1.0 ± 0.3 cm/GW for c-Si and p-Si, respectively. We show an enhancement of the nonlinear refraction and a suppression of TPA in p-Si in comparison to c-Si, and the enhancement gets stronger as the wavelength increases.
Arachidonic Acid Metabolites in Antrochoanal Polyp and Nasal Polyp Associated with Chronic Paranasal Sinusitis (2000)

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of arachidonic acid metabolites (AAMs) in the pathogenesis of antrochoanal polyp (ACP). Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we assayed the tissue concentrations of 6-keto-PGF1alpha, leukotrienes (LTs) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETE). Concentrations of AAMs in ACP were compared with the level in the control turbinate tissues and nasal polyps associated with chronic paranasal sinusitis (NPS). The concentrations of 6-keto-PGF1alpha were not significantly different in the control turbinate, ACP and NPS groups. In ACP, concentrations of LTC4, 15-HETE and 12-HETE were significantly lower than in the control turbinate. The striking differences in the profile of AAMs between ACP and NPS included a lack of production of LTD4 and LTE4 in ACP, also detectable in NPS, and markedly lower concentrations of 15-HETE and 12-HETE in ACP. The results of this study indicate that decreased lipoxygenase pathway products in arachidonic acid metabolism may be involved in the pathogenesis of ACP. However, in the pathogenesis of NPS, increased production of LTD4 and LTE4 may have an important role. Taken together, our results demonstrate a difference in pathogenesis between ACP and NPS, particularly in terms of arachidonic acid metabolism.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,4‐Diamino‐5‐benzylpyrimidines and Analogues as Antibacterial Agents. Part 11. Quinolylmethyl Analogues with Basic Substituents Conveying Specificity. (1990)

Abstract As key precursors of quinolylmethylpyrimidines such as (XI), the aldehydes (VII) are prepared from the quinolones (I) as outlined in the reaction scheme.
Friction in aqueous media tuned by temperature-responsive polymer layers (2010)

An atomic force microscope colloidal probe technique has been employed to probe normal and friction forces between silica surfaces coated with adsorbed layers of a diblock copolymer of the composition poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)48-block-poly(3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride)20, abbreviated PNIPAAM48-b-PAMPTMA(+)20. The interactions between the PNIPAAM48-b-PAMPTMA(+)20-coated surfaces across a 0.1 mM NaCl (pH 6) solution at 25 °C are purely repulsive, due to a combination of steric and electrostatic double-layer forces. However, when the temperature is increased to 35 °C, and subsequently to 45 °C, an attractive force develops at short separations due to the unfavourable PNIPAAM–water interaction at these temperatures. The temperature-dependent polymer–water interaction has implications for the friction force between the layers. At 25 °C a frictional force that increases linearly with increasing load is observed once the surfaces are brought into close contact. At higher temperatures significantly higher friction forces appear as a consequence of attractive segment–segment interactions. Further, a clearly expressed hysteresis between friction forces encountered on loading and unloading is detected. Our results demonstrate that both normal and friction forces between surfaces can be controlled by temperature changes when temperature-responsive polymers are employed, and friction forces can be adjusted as required from low to high.
Lidar remote sensing for environmental monitoring IV : 3-4 August 2003, San Diego, California, USA (2003)

Previous conferences entitled: Lidar remote sensing for industry and environment monitoring.
Evidence for band-gap narrowing effects in Be-doped, <i>p</i>-<i>p</i>+ GaAs homojunction barriers (1988)

The electrical performance of Be-doped, p-p+ GaAs homojunction barriers is characterized and analyzed. The results of the analysis show that minority-carrier electrons, at 300 K, have a mobility of 4760 cm2/V s at a hole concentration of 2.3×1016 cm−3, and that the effective recombination velocity for these homojunction barriers is about 6×104 cm/s. We present evidence that this unexpectedly high recombination velocity is a consequence of an effective reduction in band gap due to the heavy impurity doping. The effective band-gap shrinkage in this Be-doped material grown by molecular-beam epitaxy appears to be comparable to that already observed for Zn-doped GaAs grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. This work demonstrates that so-called band-gap narrowing effects significantly influence the electrical performance of GaAs devices.
Selective Binding, Self-Assembly and Nanopatterning of the Creutz-Taube Ion on Surfaces (2009)

The surface attachment properties of the Creutz-Taube ion, i.e., [(NH(3))(5)Ru(pyrazine)Ru(NH(3))(5)](5+), on both hydrophilic and hydrophobic types of surfaces were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that the Creutz-Taube ions only bound to hydrophilic surfaces, such as SiO(2) and -OH terminated organic SAMs on gold substrates. No attachment of the ions on hydrophobic surfaces such as -CH(3) terminated organic SAMs and poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) thin films covered gold or SiO(2) substrates was observed. Further ellipsometric, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and time-dependent XPS studies suggested that the attached cations could form an inorganic analog of the self-assembled monolayer on SiO(2) substrate with a "lying-down" orientation. The strong electrostatic interaction between the highly charged cations and the anionic SiO(2) surface was believed to account for these observations. Based on its selective binding property, patterning of wide ( approximately 200 nm) and narrow ( approximately 35 nm) lines of the Creutz-Taube ions on SiO(2) surface were demonstrated through PMMA electron resist masks written by electron beam lithography (EBL).
Effect of REM sleep deprivation on molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in rats (1992)

Since REM sleep deprivation was reported to increase the activity of acetylcholinesterase, an attempt was made to investigate whether the different forms of enzyme could be affected selectively. The flower pot method was used for deprivation and suitable control experiments were conducted. The bound and the soluble forms, if affected would show an increase or a decrease, respectively, on REM deprivation. The former is affected first in the pons while the latter in the medulla. The findings support the pontomedullary cholinergic mechanism for the generation of REM sleep. Though there may be a possibility of conversion of the free to the bound form, the increase in the latter was more than the decrease in the former.
Automatic Structure-Sensitive Searching in X-Ray Powder Diffraction (1990)

Abstract The resemblance between powder patterns because of similarity of crystal structures is well known and widely used. This phenomenon facilitates the determination of unit cells and is frequently used to predict crystal structures of new substances. At present the matching of diffraction analogues is done mainly by hand. Some approaches have been considered in this paper for applying a computer to the problem. Four numerical criteria for resemblance of powder patterns are suggested. Powder patterns are matched with patterns in a database by making use of a computer program based on these criteria. The procedure results in a short list of powder patterns to be examined by the expert. The efficiency of the program is illustrated by examples of calculations for substances of both high and low symmetry. The search system may find an important application in X-ray powder diffraction analysis for the identification of solid solutions, of substances documented under unusual conditions, of structure analogues and for classification of patterns in a database.
Modeling of ultrasound contrast agents (2002)

In this study the authors modified the Rayleigh-Plesset equation to calculate the linear and nonlinear scattering of shell encapsulated gas bubbles. The bubbles can acoustically be described by two parameters: the effective compressibility and friction. These parameters were estimated by fitting the calculated transmission spectrum to the measured transmission spectrum. The proposed model is in good agreement for the contrast agent Quantison (Andaris Ltd., Nottingham, UK) for applied acoustic pressures lower than 200 kPa. The nonlinear properties are low for this agent. Above a value of the applied acoustic pressure of 200 kPa the scattering of Quantison becomes transient and is called Power Enhanced Scattering (PES). Measurements of the persistence of this transient signal together with the analyses of the spectrum of the scattered signal support the hypothesis that small (2 /spl mu/m) free air bubbles are generated.
Radical-assisted organometallic vapor-phase epitaxial growth of GaAs (1991)

For the first time, radicals have been added to assist organometallic vapor-phase epitaxial (OMVPE) growth of GaAs at low temperatures. Supplemental t-C4H9 radicals from the pyrolysis of azo-t-butane [(t-C4H9)2N2] were used to increase the growth rate of GaAs from trimethylgallium [TMGa, (CH3)3Ga] and arsine (AsH3) at temperatures as low as 390 °C. Mass spectroscopy studies show that the added radicals enhance the decomposition rates of both TMGa and AsH3. The GaAs growth rate was increased by a factor of 6 at 450 °C. The radical-assisted OMVPE grown samples are, indeed, GaAs based on microprobe analysis. Spectra from Raman scattering experiments further confirm that the GaAs is single crystalline.
Phosphorus-related interfacial defect complex at a GaP/GaNP heterojunction (2010)

For full exploration of dilute nitrides in device applications, a better understanding and control of defects located at interfaces involving e.g. Ga(In)NP are required. In this work we report on the first identification of a point defect situated at an interface between two semiconductors: GaNP and GaP. The defect is concluded to be a complex involving a P antisite or a P interstitial in its core, partnered with a neighboring impurity/defect aligned along a direction, from detailed angular dependence studies of the optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectra at both X- and Q-band microwave frequencies. The principal g and A values, g┴=2.013, g║=2.002, A┴=130x10-4 cm-1 and A║=330x10-4 cm-1, are obtained from a spin Hamiltonian analysis. The interface nature of the defect is clearly evident from the absence of the ODMR lines originating from two out of four equivalent orientations. Defect formation is shown to be facilitated by severe nitrogen ion bombardment under non-equilibrium growth conditions during solid-source molecular beam epitaxy and the defect is thermally stable upon post-growth thermal annealing.
Biomimetic approaches to the construction of supramolecular catalysts: titanium dioxide—platinum antenna catalysts to reduce water using visible light (1993)

Thermally and photochemically stable catalysts in systems that convert the energy of visible light into the chemical energy of dihydrogen gas have yet to be fully developed and all proposed systems suffer, to varying extents, from loss of activity with use. We have attempted to model nature's photochemical reaction center through the use of TiO2 antenna catalysts and very small amounts of Pt that form active centers on the TiO2 semiconductor surface. This system is relatively inexpensive, reproducible, extremely stable, efficient in conversion of light to dihydrogen in aqueous solutions and displays higher linearity in dihydrogen evolution with greater efficiency in recycling than do other previously reported catalysts. Here we report the self-hydrogenation properties of our TiO2Pt catalysts in comparison with well known Pt, Ru and Os catalysts as well as their catalytic efficiency in systems for the sacrificial photoreduction of water. The sensitizers employed in this study were a recently synthesized new class of bis-heteroleptic complexes [Ru(bpy)2(PP)]2+, [Ru(bpy)2(PPB)]2+, [Ru(bpy)2(PPB-pCl)]2+ containing one pyridyl—pyrimidine ligand and [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and [Ru(bpz)3]2+ as well known standard sensitizers. In order to obtain maximum information about the TiO2Pt catalysts we varied the components and conditions in our sacrificial systems for water reduction: MV2+, PVS MPVS were used as electron relays, EDTA and TEOA as sacrificial electron donors. Furthermore, the dependence of the dihydrogen evolution rates on the pH of the photolysis solution and its ionic strength were investigated. The techniques used in this study are cyclic voltammetry, steady state and time resolved luminescence spectroscopy, Stern—Volmer quenching, measurements of the quantum yields for PVS reduction, and volumetric measurements of dihydrogen photoproduction. A linear dependence was found between the dihydrogen production rate of the TiO2Pt catalysts and the quantum yield for the MV2+ and PVS photoreduction at low ionic strength, showing that the new catalysts are reduced by the electron relays and convert protons into dihydrogen in a highly efficient manner
Bilateral Femoral Retroversion Associated With Acetabular Dysplasia (1991)

Retroversion of the proximal femur is associated with a number of acquired conditions but is unusual in a congenital form. It is even more unusual to be associated with acetabular dysplasia. A 38-year-old woman with bilateral hip pain had roent-genographic evidence of acetabular dysplasia with valgus neck-shaft angles. Physical findings were consistent with femoral retroversion, and computed tomography demonstrated 28” of retroversion on both sides. Symptomatic relief was obtained with bilateral varus internal rotation osteotomies of the proximal femur. To date, a case of retroverted femora associated with acetabular dysplasia seems not to have been reported in the literature.
Irreducible Complexity in Pure Mathematics (2004)

By using ideas on complexity and randomness originally suggested by the mathematician-philosopher Gottfried Leibniz in 1686, the modern theory of algorithmic information is able to show that there can never be a "theory of everything" for all of mathematics.
The effect of debris on collector optics, its mitigation and repair: next-step a gaseous Sn EUV DPP source (2005)

The critical issue related to advanced fuel plasma EUV sources is collector lifetime. The Illinois Debris-mitigation EUV Applications Laboratory (IDEAL) is continuing research with a dense plasma focus (DPF) light source. The IDEAL DPF electrodes have been redesigned in order to allow for advanced fuel testing, better pinch operation and increased debris generation. The DPF light source operates at negative polarity, 50 Hz, 3 kV and 7.5 Joules of energy per pulse with tetramethyltin [(CH3)4Sn] as an advanced fuel source. EUV output power is measured with filtered photodiodes and results from a gridded energy analyzer still show two primary ion components with a high-energy peak near 6keV. A Faraday-shielded immersed RF antenna provides a 2kW secondary discharge near the DPF for both pre-ionization and mitigation of the debris with a foil trap (>90%). In addition the Surface Cleaning of Optics by Plasma Exposure (SCOPE) facility has been constructed where evaporated and/or ion implanted metals can be deposited on and removed from EUV mirrors. In SCOPE metals were evaporated on to mirror samples held at various temperatures. A metal ion beam was also added to simulate the energetic erosive flux and a helicon plasma was used in situ to study plasma cleaning. Reactive ion etching of tin by chlorine and other gases has shown 500:1 selectivity factors and very high etch rates suitable to refresh an optical mirror surface within a few seconds. Mirror samples were analyzed at the Center for Microanalysis of Material where the diffusion and transport of the metals and surface roughness were studied for lifetime estimation. Lastly, the Xtreme Characterization EUV Experiment Device (XCEED) was used for characterization of the debris has been accomplished by use of an energy sector analyzer in combination with ion time-of-flight. This diagnostic has been designed to measure velocity, mass and charge states of the incoming ions and neutrals, giving discrete debris spectra while in negative polarity operation. Latest results will be presented based on this work.
Highly fluorinated analogues of pharmacologically active compounds (1967)

The pentafluorophenyl analogues of noradrenaline, adrenaline, and N-methyladrenaline [C6F5·CH(OH)·CH2·NR1R2 with R1= R2= H; R1= H, R2= Me; R1= R2= Me, respectively] have been prepared by reduction with sodium borohydride of the corresponding amino-ketones obtained by standard methods. 3-(N-2-Chloroethyl-N-ethyl)-aminomethyl-4,5,6,7-tetrafluorobenzo[b]thiophen has also been synthesised as a potential catecholamine antagonist and anti-tumour agent, by a method involving the cyclisation with polyphosphoric acid of 2,3,4,5-tetra-fluorophenylthiopropanone to give the expected 4,5,6,7-tetrafluoro-3-methylbenzo[b]thiophen, and thence by standard methods. The above pentafluorophenyl compounds are only very weak catecholamine antagonists.
Monomer Synthesis.<sup>1</sup> Triazines. The Reaction of Phenylbiguanide with Ethyl Oxalate and Ethyl Formate (1954)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMonomer Synthesis.1 Triazines. The Reaction of Phenylbiguanide with Ethyl Oxalate and Ethyl FormateC. G. Overberger and Seymour L. ShapiroCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1954, 76, 1, 93–96Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1954https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01630a025https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01630a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views168Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Natural convection from a plane, vertical surface in non-isothermal surroundings (1966)

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/4124/5/bac0298.0001.001.pdf
Pathophysiological, Genetic and Gene Expression Features of a Novel Rodent Model of the Cardio-Metabolic Syndrome (2008)

Our results emphasize the importance of rat congenic models for defining the impact of genetic variants in well-characterised QTL regions on in vivo pathophysiological features and cis-/trans- regulation of gene expression. The congenic strain reported here provides a novel and sustainable model for investigating the pathogenesis and genetic basis of risks factors for the cardio-metabolic syndrome.