gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interferometry of thick and thin films (2007)

Interferometry is now an established technique for the measurement of surface topography. It has the capability of combining sub-nanometre resolution. A very useful extension to its capability is the ability to measure thick and thin films on a local scale. For films with thicknesses in excess of 1-2μm (depending on refractive index), the SWLI interaction with the film leads simply the formation of two localised fringes, each corresponding to a surface interface. It is relatively trivial to locate the positions of these two envelope maxima and therefore determine the film thickness, assuming the refractive index is known. For thin films (with thicknesses ~20nm to ~2μm, again depending on the index), the SWLI interaction leads to the formation of a single interference maxima. In this context, it is appropriate to describe the thin film structure in terms of optical admittances; it is this regime that is addressed through the introduction of a new function, the 'helical conjugate field' (HCF) function. This function may be considered as providing a 'signature' of the multilayer measured so that through optimization, the thin film multilayer may be determined on a local scale.
The Poet and the Profits: Felicia Hemans and the Literary Marketplace (1997)

ful Romantic woman poet? What were the economic realities and possibilities of her life? What standard of living could she achieve? Was it possible to maintain a middle-class household on poetry writing alone? What were the most lucrative sources of income from poetry production, and how did financial considerations affect a poet's literary decisions? To what extent might a woman poet participate in negotiating terms with publishers and even in making marketing decisions about her work? How might economic decisions affect her poetic reputation? We are remarkably ignorant about such matters. For the most part, twentieth-century literary historians have relied on reviews or on commentary in letters, journals and biographical memoirs to gauge the success of women poets among their contemporaries. But these, taken alone, are imperfect measures at best, subject to bias, sometimes skewed by manipulation or affected by the accident of what documents may or may not have survived. What the market was consistently willing to pay is, in many ways, a more reliable measure of the extent of a poet's contemporary audience and the attention she commanded among readers. Few, however, have considered this dimension of Romantic literary life.1 But the production of poetry was, among other things, a busi-
Use of Palm Mid-Fraction in White Chocolate Formulation (1996)

Samples of two types of palm mid-fraction (PMF I, a commercial sample and PMF II, from a laboratory-scale acetone fractionation of PMF I) and a Malaysian deodorised cocoa butter sample were used as the main components in the fat phase for white chocolate formulation. The monounsaturatedtriacylglycerol contents of these fats were 853, 899 and 903 g kg−1, respectively.All the fats had free fatty acid contents of less than 10 g kg−1 and melting points in the range of 34·0–34·5°C. The solid fat content profiles for the three fats were very steep. Differential scanning calorimeter analyses showed that all the fats had two melting peaks, T1 and T2. Results of the study showed that the tempering time to produce a well-tempered chocolate using PMF I was longer than that using PMF II, whereas, the time to produce a well-tempered cocoa butter chocolate increased with increase in the tempering temperature. Chocolates made with PMF I and II were well tempered between 17 and 19°C and with cocoa butter at 23°C. Thermal analyses, carried out on the chocolate showed that PMF I and II produced three melting peaks, T1, T2′ and T2 whereas most of the cocoa butter chocolates exhibited only one melting peak, T2. Storage studies showed that most of the chocolates had good bloom resistance for up to 12 weeks storage.
Strain induced enhancement of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in Co/graphene and Co/BN heterostructures (2017)

Perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions in the next-generation magnetic memory using current induced magnetization switching will likely rely on a material design that can enhance the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of heterojunctions containing only light elements. Using first-principles calculations, we investigated the effect of compressive and tensile strain on the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of light element heterostructures of Co films, Co/graphene, and Co/BN. We found that the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of Co/graphene is greatly enhanced compared to the Co films, while that of Co/BN is reduced compared to the Co films. In addition, tensile strain can further enhance perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of Co/graphene and Co/BN heterojunctions by 48.5% and 80.8%, respectively, compared to the unstrained systems. A density of state analysis, combined with layer and orbital magnetic anisotropy contributions obtained from a second-order perturbation theory of the spin-orbit coupling, reveals that the tensile strain effect arises from the increase of the hybridization between same spin ${d}_{xy}$ and ${d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}}$ states of the surface Co film. Our results suggest that strain engineering is an effective approach to enhance the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of light element heterostructures.
Electrochemical synthesis of compounds of general formula (R<sup>1</sup>CH<sub>2</sub>·CR<sup>2</sup>·Y)<sub>2</sub> (1971)

The anodic oxidation of organic acids, R1CO2H, in the presence of substrates of the type CH2= CR2·Y (Y = CHO, COMe, CO2Et, and CN) leads with good yields to duplication products of general formula (R1·CH2·CR2·Y)2.
A Unique Global Mobile Network Service Tracker and User Centric Data Analyser (2012)

Cross platform mobile applications for a range of services including both customer and the operator related services are of considerable importance. The Smartphone user community is growing rapidly which is the evidence of a large scale use of mobile services. The social networking and online entertainment applications are introduced to the mobile community on a very rapid basis in this age. This makes the interconnection of mobile devices on a very large scale over the internet using other critical information including real time location, phone status and call information. The service provision plays very important role in all types of communication ranging from simple call to the internet connection and location aware request. It is very critical for network service operators to provide reliable and continuous services to the customers. For this purpose very large complex databases at the server side are required. This paper proposes a state of the art mobile application Trace saver, which provides a great achievement over the barriers in gathering device and network related information, for network operators to improve their network service provision. Trace saver is available for a broad range of mobile devices with different mobile operating systems and computational capabilities. The availability of Trace saver in market has proliferated over the last year since it was published. The survey and results show that Trace saver is being used by millions of mobile users and provides novel ways of network service improvement.
Rethinking the Fictive, Reclaiming the Real: Autobiography, Narrative Time, and the Burden of Truth (2003)

Abstract When the term fiction is used to refer to the processes involved in coming up with life narratives, this notion is often degraded, as it becomes parasitic to reality, and that reality is presented as something that is exceedingly narrow. Also, the notion of reality used here becomes problematic because such is associated with what is perceived to be the unconstructed and yet to be interpreted "real stuff" and that such is not without the notion of time which should be better linked with the world of people and that of things. This concept of reality involves events and other happenings that are beyond our control. Re-conceptualizing what is fictive in this case, however, opens the possibility for the restoration of more comprehensive meanings, but also for setting a different version of truth. This chapter looks into how attempts at composing autobiographies may distort some of these relevant aspects that then confuse the fictive with the real.
New thin-film power MOSFETs with a buried oxide double step structure (2006)

A new silicon-on-insulator (SOI) power MOSFET structure is proposed, in which buried oxide step structure (BOSS) is replaced by a buried oxide double step (BODS). Numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate that higher breakdown voltages are obtained resulting from a higher electric-field peak introduced near the BODS, and higher impurity concentration is depleted due to thin-film SOI than that in the conventional SOI and BOSS structure.
Superconductivity in the Palladium-Hydrogen System (1975)

Band theory and phonon measurements are used to calculate the electron-phonon coupling constant $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ for Pd and PdD. The results indicate that superconductivity is absent in Pd metal because of the large value of the Coulomb pseudopotential ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{*}$, and that superconductivity occurs in PdD primarily because of coupling with the optic phonons. These results are consistent with superconducting transition-temperature measurements for these systems.
Metal-ion source with hot hollow cathode (1987)

A metal-ion source is described in which the working material is evaporated from a diaphragmed crucible, which serves as a hollow cathode for glow discharge in the vapor of the working material. For a discharge current of 1-5 A, a heating power of 400-700 W, and a longitudinal magnetic field of 0.01-0.08 T, the source provides ion currents of 50 mA for Cu, 35 mA for Ag, and 25 mA for Au with a material consumption rate of 0.8-2.2 mg/sec. The material utilization factor is 1-2%, and the density of the extracted ion current is 2 A/cm/sup 2/.
Comparison of proximity effects in contrast enhancement layer and bilayer resist processes (1987)

Both contrast enhancement layer (CEL) and bilayer resist (PCM) processes, when compared to single layer resist process, promise to extend the useful resolution capability of optical projection printers. Using experimental results and sample simulation, the performances of the CEL and the PCM processes are compared in terms of linewidth control and proximity effects as a function of feature size, dose, and focus. The performances of the PCM and the CEL processes are almost equivalent on polysilicon substrates both experimentally and in simulation. On an aluminum substrate, the CEL process suffers from a large proximity effect which is not seen in the simulation. The PCM process, however, is unaffected by the substrate reflectivity because of the high absorption in the planarization layer. The observed results for the CEL may be caused by lateral scattering of energy from the unmasked areas into the masked areas from the rough aluminum surface. Another possibility is an increase of flare because of high substrate reflection, but simulation shows that this increase would have to be more than 6%.
Pang模型(2009)下的股價預測與配對交易之實證研究─以台灣市場為例 (2012)

The main purpose of this paper is to see if there’s another way to predict the stock price when the usual assumptions for the forecast model are no longer applied to the market. Once we have a better ability to forecast, finding opportunities to profit from the market would be our goal; thus, we did some back-testing. From the result we had, if TSMC and UMC were in our portfolio, the best strategy would be buying TSMC and selling UMC with a holding period of half a year, which would give us a sharpe ratio of 0.5115 and 78.26% of winning chances. This showed that no matter which kind of market, bull or bear, we were facing, profiting from the market was not out of reach.
Manufacturing technology for terrestrial PV systems: high efficiency crystalline Si through amorphous Si (2002)

Abstract In order to meet the rapidly growing demands for solar power photovoltaic systems, grounded on public consciousness of global environmental issues, Sharp has increased the production of solar cells and modules 50‐fold in last 7 years. Efforts to establish manufacturing technologies of solar cells for terrestial use and approaches toward high light‐to‐electricity conversion efficiency using silicon material (crystalline to amorphous ) are described. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current methodologies for geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (2004)

The application of Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) for mechanical design has gained widespread acceptance in industry. From a component design perspective, GD&T provides the engineer with a communication tool to fully describe the functionality of the item dimensionally. Further, GD&T gives the manufacturing engineer geometric information that will affect process and fixture design. The quality engineer derives functionality information that will impact dimensional verification or inspection. Unfortunately, several organizations have attempted to implement Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing without a fundamental understanding of how the design process is impacted. Improperly applied GD&T can very quickly make a good design bad. This paper attempts to explore the current thinking on the application of Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing for component design.
Function and Mechanism of Myelin Regulation in Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2019)

Excessive alcohol use has adverse effects on the central nervous system (CNS) and can lead to alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Recent studies have suggested that myelin reductions may directly contribute to CNS dysfunctions associated with AUDs. Myelin consists of compact lipid membranes wrapped around axons to provide electrical insulation and trophic support. Regulation of myelin is considered as a new form of neural plasticity due to its profound impacts on the computation of neural networks. In this review, the authors first discuss experimental evidence showing how alcohol exposure causes demyelination in different brain regions, often accompanied by deficits in cognition and emotion. Next, they discuss postulated molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying alcohol's impact on myelin. It is clear that more extensive investigations are needed in this important but underexplored research field in order to gain a better understanding of the myelin-behavior relationship and to develop new treatment strategies for AUDs.
Nosocomial Pneumonia After Acute Stroke (2003)

Our data underline the considerable epidemiological and prognostic impact of SAP for the treatment of acute stroke patients in a specialized NICU setting. They demonstrate that the occurrence of SAP deteriorates clinical outcome in these patients. Our results allow us to identify high-risk stroke patients at time of NICU admission in whom the use of preventive treatment strategies is most promising.
Using Research in Training (1979)

For a variety of reasons (some good, others not so) “research” has almost become a dirty word. To many people it smacks of intellectual aloofness; to others it appears the plaything of arrogant academics; whilst by some it is regarded as a luxury which can seldom be enjoyed just to let boffins pursue fallacious flights of fancy. Some people say that research has no real role therefore, and at worst must be tolerated; it is not the practical way of life.
Visual activity predicts auditory recovery from deafness after adult cochlear implantation (2013)

Modern cochlear implantation technologies allow deaf patients to understand auditory speech; however, the implants deliver only a coarse auditory input and patients must use long-term adaptive processes to achieve coherent percepts. In adults with post-lingual deafness, the high progress of speech recovery is observed during the first year after cochlear implantation, but there is a large range of variability in the level of cochlear implant outcomes and the temporal evolution of recovery. It has been proposed that when profoundly deaf subjects receive a cochlear implant, the visual cross-modal reorganization of the brain is deleterious for auditory speech recovery. We tested this hypothesis in post-lingually deaf adults by analysing whether brain activity shortly after implantation correlated with the level of auditory recovery 6 months later. Based on brain activity induced by a speech-processing task, we found strong positive correlations in areas outside the auditory cortex. The highest positive correlations were found in the occipital cortex involved in visual processing, as well as in the posterior-temporal cortex known for audio-visual integration. The other area, which positively correlated with auditory speech recovery, was localized in the left inferior frontal area known for speech processing. Our results demonstrate that the visual modality's functional level is related to the proficiency level of auditory recovery. Based on the positive correlation of visual activity with auditory speech recovery, we suggest that visual modality may facilitate the perception of the word's auditory counterpart in communicative situations. The link demonstrated between visual activity and auditory speech perception indicates that visuoauditory synergy is crucial for cross-modal plasticity and fostering speech-comprehension recovery in adult cochlear-implanted deaf patients.
Visible Surface Reconstruction from Normals with Discontinuity Consideration (2006)

Given a dense set of imperfect normals obtained by photometric stereo or shape from shading, this paper presents an optimization algorithm which alternately optimizes until convergence the surface integrabilities and discontinuities inherent in the normal field, in order to derive a segmented surface description of the visible scene without noticeable distortion. In our Expectation-Maximization (EM) framework, we enforce discontinuity-preserving integrability so that fine details are preserved within each output segment while the occlusion boundaries are localized as sharp surface discontinuities. Using the resulting weighted discontinuity map, the estimation of a discontinuity-preserving height field can be formulated into a convex optimization problem. We compare our method and present convincing results on synthetic and real data.
Boyden Chamber Assay (2004)

The Boyden chamber assay, originally introduced by Boyden for the analysis of leukocyte chemotaxis, is based on a chamber of two medium-filled compartments separated by a microporous membrane. In general, cells are placed in the upper compartment and are allowed to migrate through the pores of the membrane into the lower compartment, in which chemotactic agents are present. After an appropriate incubation time, the membrane between the two compartments is fixed and stained, and the number of cells that have migrated to the lower side of the membrane is determined. Therefore, the Boyden chamber-based cell migration assay has also been called filter membrane migration assay, trans-well migration assay, or chemotaxis assay. A number of different Boyden chamber devices are available commercially. The method described in this chapter is intended specifically for measuring the migration of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells using a 48-well chamber from Neuro Probe, Inc.
Iron-Mediated Synthesis of Heterocyclic Ring Systems and Applications in Alkaloid Chemistry (1992)

The reaction of tricarbonyliron-Complexed cyclohexadienylium cations with arylamines allows regio- and stereoselective formation of carbon-carbon and carbon-nitrogen bonds, and gives easy access to nitrogen heterocyclic ring systems. Electrophilic aromatic substitution and subsequent oxidative cyclization provides a convergent route to biologically active carbazole alkaloids. Cyclization by nucleophilic substitution of a leaving group in the side chain of the cyclohexadiene ring opens up a versatile synthesis of 3-aza- and 1-azaspiro[5.5]undecanes. 1. Introduction 2. Regio- and Stereoselective Electrophilic Substitutions of Arylamines by Iron-Complexed Cations 3. Iron-Mediated Oxidative Cyclizations to Oxygenated Carbazoles 4. Total Synthesis of the Carbazomycins 4.1. Synthesis of 4-Deoxycarbazomycin B via Iron-Mediated Arylamine Cyclization 4.2. Chemoselective Oxidations of Iron-Cyclohexadiene Complexes 4.3. Synthesis of 4-Deoxycarbazomycin B via Iron-Mediated Iminoquinone Cyclization 4.4. Total Syntheses of Carbazomycin A, Carbazomycin B, and Carbazomycinal 5. Total Synthesis of 1-Methoxycarbazole Alkaloids 6. Regio- and Stereoselective Reactions of Iron-Complexed 4b,8a-Dihydrocarbazol-3-ones 7. Diastereoselective Iron-Mediated Spiroannulations 7.1. Cyclization to 3-Azaspiro[5.5]undecanes 7.2. Cyclization to 1-Azaspiro]5.5]undecanes 7.3. Synthetic Approach to the Discorhabdin and Prianosin Alkaloids 8. Conclusion
Efficient penalty search for multiple changepoint problems (2014)

In the multiple changepoint setting, various search methods have been proposed which involve optimising either a constrained or penalised cost function over possible numbers and locations of changepoints using dynamic programming. Such methods are typically computationally intensive. Recent work in the penalised optimisation setting has focussed on developing a pruning-based approach which gives an improved computational cost that, under certain conditions, is linear in the number of data points. Such an approach naturally requires the specification of a penalty to avoid under/over-fitting. Work has been undertaken to identify the appropriate penalty choice for data generating processes with known distributional form, but in many applications the model assumed for the data is not correct and these penalty choices are not always appropriate. Consequently it is desirable to have an approach that enables us to compare segmentations for different choices of penalty. To this end we present a method to obtain optimal changepoint segmentations of data sequences for all penalty values across a continuous range. This permits an evaluation of the various segmentations to identify a suitably parsimonious penalty choice. The computational complexity of this approach can be linear in the number of data points and linear in the difference between the number of changepoints in the optimal segmentations for the smallest and largest penalty values. This can be orders of magnitude faster than alternative approaches that find optimal segmentations for a range of the number of changepoints.