gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Numerical diffusion modeling of interfering photon density waves for optical mammography</title> (1995)

The interference between diffusive photon density waves in turbid media was studied. A finite- difference numerical method was employed to simulate the time-dependent diffusion of photons in the red and near-infrared region. In the model the time-dispersion curves following an illumination impulse were calculated for the light transmitted through a slab geometry along a line on the distal side of the slab. The time-dispersion curves were Fourier transformed to yield the amplitude and phase as a function of modulation frequency. The interference between photon density waves was studied by having two sources, one time-delayed as compared with the other, corresponding to 180 degrees out of phase for 200 MHz modulation frequency. The diffusing waves originating from the out-of-phase sources gave as expected an amplitude null and a sharp phase transition in the mid-plane. In order to establish the model, calculated curves were compared with experimental data. Furthermore, amplitude and phase data were acquired for various objects inside the slab to study the sensitivity and robustness of the technique.
INVESTIGATIONS OF IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE IN TETRAPARENTAL MOUSE CHIMAERAS (1975)

SUMMARY The tetraparental model was used to investigate the mechanism of induction and maintenance of tolerance. Of eight C57BL?BALB/c, potential tetraparental mice, six were found to be chimaeric by coat colour and by one or more of the following parameters: g.p.i., γ2a allotype testing, lymphocytotoxicity testing and germ line. None of the mice were chimaeric by all of these tests but showed instead a variable spectrum of chimaerism. Tolerance was investigated by both in vivo and in vitro testing. When the mice were chimaeric by at least two criteria, they were unresponsive to skin allografting (five out of six mice) and their spleen cells were non‐reactive against BALB/c × C57BL F1 s in the popliteal node GVH, test. In contrast, the MLRs were generally positive and could not be blocked by chimaera serum or suppressed by chimaera thymus suspensions. Thus while we cannot formally exclude a suppressive mechanism, our results are best explained by the classical theory of clonal elimination provided one accepts that clonal reactivity and elimination is heterogeneous. The very establishment of a successful chimaera may be dependent upon the elimination of clones causing lethal GVHR while those responsible for an MLR or other non‐lethal parameters of chimaerism is retained.
The isolation, purification, and preliminary crystallographic characterization of udp‐galactose‐4‐epimerase from <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1991)

Uridine diphosphogalactose-4-epimerase from E. coli has been crystallized in a form suitable for a high-resolution X-ray crystallographic structural analysis. The enzyme complexed with a substrate analogue, uridine diphosphobenzene (UDP-benzene), crystallizes readily using polyethylene glycol 8000 as the precipitant. The crystals belong to the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with unit cell dimensions, a = 76.3 A, b = 83.1 A, and c = 132.1 A. Based on still setting photographs, the crystals diffract to a nominal resolution of 2.3 A and are stable in the X-ray beam. The enzyme used in these experiments was produced by a new expression system and a modified purification scheme.
Posttransfusion Hepatitis After Open-Heart Operations (1970)

The incidence of icteric and anicteric hepatitis was determined prospectively in 110 patients undergoing open-heart operations in which cardiopulmonary bypass was used. Patients were supplied with blood from two commercial blood banks (82 patients), or from local volunteer donors (28 patients). Serial determinations of serum transaminase levels were obtained for six months following operation. Hepatitis developed in 51% (42) of the recipients of commercial blood, but the disease did not occur in any patient who received blood from volunteer donors. The hepatitis carrier rate for commercial blood donors was 6.3%, but, for volunteer donors, was less than 0.6%. This difference in carrier rates probably reflects differences in the donor populations.
Tollip Regulates Proinflammatory Responses to Interleukin-1 and Lipopolysaccharide (2006)

Activation of interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor (IL-1R), Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), and TLR4 triggers NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent signaling, thereby initiating immune responses. Tollip has been implicated as a negative regulator of NF-kappaB signaling triggered by these receptors in in vitro studies. Here, deficient mice were used to determine the physiological contribution of Tollip to immunity. NF-kappaB, as well as MAPK, signaling appeared normal in Tollip-deficient cells stimulated with IL-1beta or the TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Similarly, IL-1beta- and TLR-driven activation of dendritic cells and lymphocytes was indistinguishable from wild-type cells. In contrast, the production of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha was significantly reduced after IL-1beta and LPS treatment at low doses but not at lethal doses of LPS. Tollip therefore controls the magnitude of inflammatory cytokine production in response to IL-1beta and LPS.
Model Assisted Probability of Detection for Guided Wave Imaging Structural Health Monitoring (2019)

Guided Wave based Structural Health Monitoring has been studied in many laboratories in the last 20 years. In order to ensure industry adoption of this technology, a systematic performance demonstration of such systems is necessary. However, the cost of computing a Probability of Detection (POD) from experimental data is much higher in SHM than in classical nondestructive evaluation. This work presents the computation of a POD metric of a GW-SHM system, using a Model-Assisted POD (MAPOD) approach. The use of simulation enables in particular a large coverage of possible configurations and the creation of independent datasets. The simplistic studied application case is the inspection of an aluminum panel instrumented by 8 piezoelectric transducers for Guided Wave Imaging (GWI). The defect is a circular through hole. The POD is computed as a function of the defect size, taking into account the following variabilities: defect position and morphology, temperature of inspection, degradation of the sensors and measurement noise. In order to quickly compute the POD for various input parameter distributions, a meta-model of the configuration is built from simulation results obtained with the CIVA software.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF α‐C‐NITROHYDRAZONES. 2. REACTION OF HYDRAZINES WITH TRINITROMETHYL COMPONENTS (1979)

Abstract 1,1‐Disubstituierte Hydrazine (I) reagieren mit den Trinitromethyl‐Derivaten (II) in den verschiedensten Lösungsmitteln wie Ether, Methanol, Tetrahydrofuran oder Dioxan zu den C‐Nitrohydrazonen (IV).
Novel Role of Phosphorylation-Dependent Interaction between FtsZ and FipA in Mycobacterial Cell Division (2010)

<div><p>The bacterial divisome is a multiprotein complex. Specific protein-protein interactions specify whether cell division occurs optimally, or whether division is arrested. Little is known about these protein-protein interactions and their regulation in mycobacteria. We have investigated the interrelationship between the products of the <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> gene cluster <em>Rv0014c-Rv0019c</em>, namely PknA (encoded by <em>Rv0014c</em>) and <u>F</u>tsZ-<u>i</u>nteracting <u>p</u>rotein A, FipA (encoded by <em>Rv0019c</em>) and the products of the division cell wall (<em>dcw</em>) cluster, namely FtsZ and FtsQ. <em>M. smegmatis</em> strains depleted in components of the two gene clusters have been complemented with orthologs of the respective genes of <em>M. tuberculosis</em>. Here we identify FipA as an interacting partner of FtsZ and FtsQ and establish that PknA-dependent phosphorylation of FipA on T77 and FtsZ on T343 is required for cell division under oxidative stress. A <em>fipA</em> knockout strain of <em>M. smegmatis</em> is less capable of withstanding oxidative stress than the wild type and showed elongation of cells due to a defect in septum formation. Localization of FtsQ, FtsZ and FipA at mid-cell was also compromised. Growth and survival defects under oxidative stress could be functionally complemented by <em>fipA</em> of <em>M. tuberculosis</em> but not its T77A mutant. Merodiploid strains of <em>M. smegmatis</em> expressing the FtsZ(T343A) showed inhibition of FtsZ-FipA interaction and Z ring formation under oxidative stress. Knockdown of FipA led to elongation of <em>M. tuberculosis</em> cells grown in macrophages and reduced intramacrophage growth. These data reveal a novel role of phosphorylation-dependent protein-protein interactions involving FipA, in the sustenance of mycobacterial cell division under oxidative stress.</p></div>
Xyce Parallel Electronic Simulator Reference Guide Version 6.6. (2016)

This document is a reference guide to the Xyce Parallel Electronic Simulator, and is a companion document to the Xyce Users' Guide [1] . The focus of this document is (to the extent possible) exhaustively list device parameters, solver options, parser options, and other usage details of Xyce . This document is not intended to be a tutorial. Users who are new to circuit simulation are better served by the Xyce Users' Guide [1] . The information herein is subject to change without notice. Copyright c 2002-2016 Sandia Corporation. All rights reserved. Acknowledgements The BSIM Group at the University of California, Berkeley developed the BSIM3, BSIM4, BSIM6, BSIM-CMG and BSIM-SOI models. The BSIM3 is Copyright c 1999, Regents of the University of California. The BSIM4 is Copyright c 2006, Regents of the University of California. The BSIM6 is Copyright c 2015, Regents of the University of California. The BSIM-CMG is Copyright c 2012 and 2016, Regents of the University of California. The BSIM-SOI is Copyright c 1990, Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. The Mextram model has been developed by NXP Semiconductors until 2007, Delft University of Technology from 2007 to 2014, and Auburn University since April 2015. Copyrights c of Mextram are with Delft University of Technology, NXP Semiconductors and Auburn University. The MIT VS Model Research Group developed the MIT Virtual Source (MVS) model. Copyright c 2013 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The EKV3 MOSFET model was developed by the EKV Team of the Electronics Laboratory-TUC of the Technical University of Crete. Trademarks Xyce TM Electronic Simulator and Xyce TM are trademarks of Sandia Corporation. Orcad, Orcad Capture, PSpice and Probe are registered trademarks of Cadence Design Systems, Inc. Microsoft, Windows and Windows 7 are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Medici, DaVinci and Taurus are registered trademarks of Synopsys Corporation. Amtec and TecPlot are trademarks of Amtec Engineering, Inc. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners. Contacts World Wide Web http://xyce.sandia.gov https://info.sandia.gov/xyce (Sandia only) Email xyce@sandia.gov (outside Sandia) xyce-sandia@sandia.gov (Sandia only) Bug Reports (Sandia only) http://joseki-vm.sandia.gov/bugzilla http://morannon.sandia.gov/bugzilla
THE TREATMENT OF GLYCOSURIA. (1889)

It is customary to consider glycosuria under two forms:<i>First</i>.—A milder manifestation of the disease in which only small amounts of sugar appear in the urine, and these often intermittently; while the general health of the patient suffers little or no disturbance.<i>Second</i>.—A more severe type of the disease characterized by excessively saccharine urine, great thirst, polyuria, emaciation, etc., leading more or less rapidly to extreme marasmus and death. The first form is chiefly of reflex origin, and hence its milder type and rarely fatal termination; while the second form is doubtless of central origin, and consequently more pronounced and serious in its consequences. In a systematic consideration of the management of glycosuria it is important that these two types of the malady be constantly kept in mind. Physiological chemistry has shown us that glycosuria expresses itself chiefly through disturbance of the glycogenic function of the liver. Claude Bernard extended
Circadian regulation of abiotic stress tolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans (2012)

Circadian rhythms are ubiquitously found in nature. These rhythms are generated and sustained by a conserved time-keeping system that coordinates the biochemistry, physiology and behavior of an organism with daily changes in the environment. There is increasing evidence that this coordination contributes to the overall health of organisms. Hence, it is of great importance to understand how the circadian clock is able to transduce environmental signals to internal processes. One of the outputs of the circadian system in invertebrates, vertebrates, bacteria and plants is the stress resistance behavior. In this work we focus on the circadian variation in tolerance to several abiotic stressors in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Circadian and daily variations in response to osmotic-, oxidative- and cyanide-mediated stress have been described at the behavioral and molecular level. Overall, the biological clock helps C. elegans cope with naturally occurring rhythms in abiotic stressors present in its natural habitat. It provides tools for preparing the organism to defend itself by predicting when the defense mechanisms are most needed.
Furnace sorbent reactivity testing for control of SO2 emissions from illinois coals. Final report, October 1988-August 1989 (1989)

The report gives results of an evaluation of the potential of furnace sorbent injection (FSI) for sulfur dioxide (SO{sub 2}) emission control on coal-fired boilers burning coals indigenous to Illinois. Tests were run using four coals from the Illinois Basin and six calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) sorbents, including one provided by the Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS). The evaluation included pilot- and bench-scale sorbent reactivity testing, sorbent microstructure characterization, and injection ash characterization. Pilot-scale FSI testing gave SO{sub 2} removal greater than 60%, with some tests (including those with the ISGS sorbent) exceeding 70% removal for Ca/S ratios of 2:1. Bench-scale testing of injection at economizer temperatures (538 C) yielded comparable removals of about 55%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests of the sorbents showed a strong correlation between three measured crystallite microstructural parameters and sorbent reactivity in the FSI tests. Extraction procedure (EP) toxicity tests with the sorbent injection ash gave values well below Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) limits for regulated metals.
An Analysis of the Interactions of Overhead-Reducing Techniques for Shared-Memory Multiprocessors (1995)

The fine-grain nature of shared-memory multiprocessor communication introduces overheads that can be substantial. Using the Scalable Coherent Interface (SCI) as a base hardware platform and the SPLASH benchmark suite for applications, we analyze three techniques to reduce this overhead: (i) efficient synchronization primitives, and in particular a hardware primitive called QOLB; (ii) weakened memory ordering constraints; and (iii) optimization of the cache-coherence protocol for two nodes sharing data. We perform simulations both for current technology and technology that we anticipate will be available five years hence. We find that QOLB (of which this study performs the first detailed simulations) shows a large and consistent improvement, much larger than that predicted by Mellor-Crummey and Scott [20]. The relaxation of memory ordering constraints also provides a consistent performance improvement. In accordance with prior results, we show that a more aggressive memory model produces more substantial performance improvements. The optimization for twonode sharing shows mixed results, correlating unsurprisingly with the presence of that sharing pattern in an application. Our most important results are (i) that the overheads eliminated with these optimizations are largely orthogonal---the performance gains from supporting multiple optimizations concurrently are for the most part additive---and (ii) that technological improvements increase both these overheads and the success of the optimizations at reducing them.
Leptin potentiates IFN‐γ‐induced expression of nitric oxide synthase and cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 in murine macrophage J774A.1 (2002)

1. Leptin, a pleiotropic hormone believed to regulate body weight, has recently been associated with inflammatory states and immune activity. Here we have studied the effect of leptin on expression of IFN-gamma-induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), both prominent markers of macrophage activation, using the murine macrophage J774A.1 cell line. 2. After 24 h of incubation, leptin (1-10 micro g ml(-1)) potently synergized with IFN-gamma (100 U ml(-1)) in nitric oxide (NO) release, evaluated as nitrite and nitrate (NO(x)), and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production in culture medium. 3. The observed increase of NO and PGE(2) was related to enhanced expression of the respective inducible enzyme isoforms, measured in mRNA and protein by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. 4. When cells were stimulated only with leptin, a weak induction of NO and PGE(2) release and of the expression of related inducible enzymes was observed. 5. Moreover IFN-gamma increased the expression of the functional form of leptin receptor (Ob-Rb) and this effect was potentiated by leptin in a concentration-dependent manner. 6. These data suggest that macrophages, among the peripheral immune cells, represent a target for leptin and confirm the relevance of this hormone in the pathophysiology of inflammation.
Response of Creeping Bentgrass Putting‐Green Turf to Urea‐Form Compounds and Other Nitrogenous Fertilizers<sup>1</sup> (1958)

Synopsis Ammonium sulfate in ten split applications increased total growth but had no significant effect on turf quality over natural organics and urea‐form compounds. Seasonal growth distribution was more uniform when slowly available nitrogen materials were used although significant differences in growth rates were evident in the early part of the season. Data indicate that the value of any form of nitrogen depends primarily on how it is used.
Sampling for big data (2014)

One response to the proliferation of large datasets has been to develop ingenious ways to throw resources at the problem, using massive fault tolerant storage architectures, parallel and graphical computation models such as MapReduce, Pregel and Giraph. However, not all environments can support this scale of resources, and not all queries need an exact response. This motivates the use of sampling to generate summary datasets that support rapid queries, and prolong the useful life of the data in storage. To be effective, sampling must mediate the tensions between resource constraints, data characteristics, and the required query accuracy. The state-of-the-art in sampling goes far beyond simple uniform selection of elements, to maximize the usefulness of the resulting sample. This tutorial reviews progress in sample design for large datasets, including streaming and graph-structured data. Applications are discussed to sampling network traffic and social networks.
Optical characterization of vocal folds using optical coherence tomography (2006)

The current standard procedure to ensure the diagnosis, if tissue is malignant, is still an invasive one. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a new non-invasive method to investigate biological tissue. In this study OCT was used on porcine and on human vocal folds. The optical penetration depth of the used radiation is up to 2 mm. Three different OCT application systems were used. The first is a high resolution OCT, which works in contact mode. It was used to examine porcine vocal folds ex vivo. Porcine vocal folds were assigned to defined areas and examined by OCT in contact mode followed by traditional histo-morphological analysis. The second OCT is fiber based. It also works in contact mode. Images of human vocal folds were done in contact mode. They were compared with a typical histo-morphological image of a human vocal fold. The third application system works in non contact to the tissue. It was integrated in a conventional laryngoscope. Human vocal folds were examined in vivo. Single layers of the vocal folds could be distinguished from each other with all used systems. Pathological alterations could be seen. Imaging is possible in real time. General anaesthesia is not necessary. OCT makes it possible to get a view under the surface of the vocal fold without being invasive.
Separation of depleted uranium fragments from gun test catchments: Phase 1, Catchment system evaluation and separations methods (1989)

Phase 1 activities are described for a task entitled ''Catchment and Separation of Depleted Uranium Pellets,'' sponsored by the Air Force Engineering Services Center, Tyndall Air Force Base. The purpose of the work is the development of improved means for separating depleted uranium projectile fragments from target materials, principally sand. Phase 1 activities included (1) literatures review of separations technology, (2) site visits, (3) analysis and description of current operations, (4) sampling and analysis of target sand material, and (5) evaluation of alternatives to sand as the bullet stopping medium. As a result of this study, several alternatives to the current separations and disposal procedures are identified which would result in significant cost savings over the life of the test facility. The most significant factor is an improved screening procedure which increases the usable sand life and decreases disposal costs. No suitable alternatives to sand as the bullet stopping medium were found that satisfied technical and operational constraints existing at the current test facility. 18 refs., 23 figs., 23 tabs.
Großtechnisches Konzept für die Erzeugung von Synthesegas durch trockenes Plasma‐Reforming (2004)

Abstract No abstracts.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,3‐Dimethyladamantane from Tetracyclo(6.2.1.13,6.02,7)dodecane. (1987)

Abstract The synthesis of the adamantane derivatives (VII) and (VIII) is achieved by a four‐step procedure using cyclopentadiene (I), ethylene (II), and hydrogen as starting materials.
Handbook of Food Science and Technology 1: Food Alteration and Food Quality (2016)

This book serves as a general introduction to food science and technology, based on the academic courses presented by the authors as well as their personal research experiences.The authors’ main focus is on the biological and physical-chemical stabilization of food, and the quality assessment control methods and normative aspects of the subsequent processes.Presented across three parts, the authors offer a detailed account of the scientific basis and technological knowledge needed to understand agro-food transformation. From biological analyses and process engineering, through to the development of food products and biochemical and microbiological changes, the different parts cover all aspects of the control of food quality.