gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reduction of nitro- and nitroso-compounds by tervalent phosphorus reagents. Part 16. Formation and reactions of 2,3-dihydro-1,3,2-benzothiazaphosph(V)oles [amino(thiyl)phosphoranes] (1979)

In contrast to the corresponding ethers, which give 3-aryl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,2-benzoxazaphosph(V)oles [amino(oxy)phosphoranes](1; X = O) on reaction with phosphorus(III) esters, aryl 2-nitroaryl sulphides give N-aryl-N(2-alkylthiophenyl)phosphoramidates (4). In addition to N–S heterocycles. Yields of (4) are high (70%) when O-blocking methyl groups are present. Using 31P Fourier-transform n.m.r. spectroscopy we have shown that compounds (4) are probably derived via the intermediacy and isomerisation of amino (thiyl)phosphoranes (1; X = S). This has been confirmed, using 2-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholan, by the isolation of the novel 2,3-dihydro-2-phenyl-3-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-1,3,2-benzothiazaphosph(V)ole-2-spiro-2′-1′,3′,2′-dioxaphospholan (6; Q = Y = Me) and its 2,6-dimethylphenyl- and 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl-analogues (6; Q = Me, Y = H and 6; Q = MeO, Y = H) in 32–76% yield. These do not isomerise to amidates corresponding to (4). The use of methyl diphenylphosphinite (Ph2POMe) in boiling toluene led to the first monocyclic amino (thiyl)phosphoranes, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-diphenyl-3-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-methoxy-1,3,2-benzothiazaphosph(V)ole (7 Ar = 2,6-Me3C6H3; 51%) and its 2,4.6-trimethylphenyl analogue (7; Ar = 2,4,6-Me2C6H2; 48%). In boiling cumene (153 °C) these isomerised into N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(2-methylthiophenyl)-PP-diphenylphosphinamidate (8) and its trimethylphenyl analogue. A kinetic study, using a programmed n.m.r. technique, showed that this reaction is first order (105k1 at 451 K = 2.4 ± 1.2 s–1), the high activation energy (Eact. 220 ± 60 kJ mol–1) pointing to a rate-determining fission of the phosphorane ring to give a quasi-phosphonium betaine (10), followed by fast alkyl transfer.By-products in the formation of (7) and (8) from methyl diphenylphosphinite and aryl 2-nitrophenyl ethers include N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(2-thiophenyl)-PP-diphenylphosphinamidate (11), formed by acidic hydrolysis of (7); 2-(2,6-dimethylphenylthio)phenylimino-PP-diphenyl-P-methoxyphosphorane (14) and its thermally derived isomer, N-methyl-N-2-(2,6-dimethylphenylthio)phenyl-PP-diphenylphosphinamidate (17), and products of the hydrolysis of (14), N-2-(2,6-dimethylphenylthio)phenyl-PP-diphenylphosphinamidate (13) and the derived amine (12). The formation of 2-methylthio-2′,6′-dimethyldiphenylamine (15) is attributed to methylation of the thioquinone imine (16) postulated as an intermediate in the reaction. Analogous products were obtained from the 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl homologue.The spirophosphoranes (6) exhibit classical temperature-dependent ligand reorganisation observable by n.m.r. with Tc= 110–126°C and ΔG= 80.4–89.8 kJ mol–1. Compounds (7) exhibit solvent chemical-shift changes from –37.8 δ(CDCl3) to +72.4 [(CF3)2CHOH–CDCl3] indicating ring fission to the isomeric quasi-phosphonium betaines.
Eddy current loss and coil inductance evaluation in DC machines by a PC-based FE code (1991)

The evaluation of the eddy current loss and the self and mutual inductances of the commutating coils of a DC machine, armature winding for railway traction by a two-dimensional PC-based finite-element commercial code is addressed. The comparison among several distribution of the conductors occupying a given slot and among slots with different ratio of depth to width is made in order to determine, for a given DC machine, the best design solution with reference to both the loss and the self and mutual inductances of the commutating coils.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
VIOMAP, 16QAM and Spectral Regrowth: Enhanced Prediction and Predistortion based on Two-Tone Black-Box Model Extraction (1995)

Modeling a nonlinear device, based on measurements at the carrier frequency only, it is possible to predict its response to narrow-band signals like 16QAM. Using an inverse of this model to predistort the IQ signal may result in poor reduction of spectral regrowth due to unmodeled subtle side-effects. Based on two-tone measurements a better model can be extracted enhancing both the prediction and the reduction of spectral regrowth. This article focuses on the achieved results. An extended version does exist which also highlights some theoretical aspects.
Gender ideology, microcredit participation and women's status in rural Bangladesh (2013)

Purpose Microcredit has become a popular tool for women's socioeconomic development across the globe. The purpose of this study is to examine the influences of gender ideology on women's microcredit participation and their status within the household in rural Bangladesh. Design/methodology/approach The study adopted a cross‐sectional design. Data were collected from 342 randomly selected married men in five northwest villages. A path analysis was conducted to test the hypothesized model. Findings Almost 52 percent of the married women were microcredit‐borrowers. However, in 81 percent of cases the loans were fully controlled by their husbands. This study indicates that low socioeconomic status influences women borrowing loans while conservative gender ideology constrain them from using the loans. It also appears that their husbands' liberal gender ideology facilitates women's use of loans (active microcredit participation), which in turn improves their status as household co‐breadwinner. Research limitations/implications Though the study is based on men's reports and also correlational (not inferential) by nature, it provides a comprehensive understanding about the way microcredit intervention has been practiced in rural Bangladesh. This may have significant policy and practical implications. Practical implications The study discuses under what conditions microcredit intervention can contribute to improve women's status in rural Bangladesh. It is recommended that microcredit intervention should address patriarchal ideology by creating an environment where people may have a chance to re‐think the importance of women's roles and contributions. Originality/value The study is original in the linking of theory, policy and practice in the context of patriarchal ideology and microcredit interventions for enhancing women's status in rural Bangladesh.
Mitochondrial membrane biogenesis: identification of a precursor to yeast cytochrome c oxidase subunit II, an integral polypeptide. (1980)

Many of the polypeptides made on endogenous ribosomes inside of yeast mitochondria are hydrophobic "integral polypeptides" which are subunits of at least three oligomeric enzyme complexes (cytochrome c oxidase, rutamycin-sensitive ATPase, and coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c reductase) of the inner mitochondrial membrane. In order to elucidate the pathway(s) followed by these polypeptides into the inner membrane we have used an in vitro mitochondrial translation system from yeast. By inhibiting this system with aurintricarboxylic acid, we have been able to demonstrate and accumulate a transient precursor to subunit II of cytochrome c oxidase. This precursor, designated II', is approximately 1,500 daltons larger than mature subunit II and most likely is a form of subunit II with an NH2-terminal extension. Although this precursor appears to be processed cotranslationally under normal conditions, it does associate in unprocessed form with mitochondrial membranes when allowed to accumulate in the presence of aurintricarboxylic acid, and it can be processed postranslationally upon removal of the drug. None of the other mitochondrial translation products made in this system exhibits larger precursors. These results indicate that at least one mitochondrial translation product has a transient "leader sequence" a,d is inserted into the inner mitochondrial membrane and processed cotranslationally, but they suggest that other pathways may be followed by the other translation products.
Phase <scp>II</scp> study on hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy using percutaneous catheter placement techniques for liver metastases from colorectal cancer (JFMC28 study) (2015)

The primary endpoint of this study was not met. HAIC using percutaneous catheter placement techniques did not improve the RR for liver metastasis from CRC.
Total Analysis and Distribution of Trace Elements in Human, Cow, and Formula Milk (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Sampling and Sample Pretreatment Methods for Total Elemental Analysis in Whole Milk Elemental Distributions in the Different Fractions of Milk: Caseins, Fat, and Milk Whey Conclusions References
Click-Chemistry-Mediated Synthesis of Selective Melanocortin Receptor 4 Agonists (2017)

The melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R) subtype of the melanocortin receptor family is a target for therapeutics to ameliorate metabolic dysfunction. Endogenous MC4R agonists possess a critical pharmacophore (HFRW), and cyclization of peptide agonists often enhances potency. Thus, 17 cyclized peptides were synthesized by solid phase click chemistry to develop novel, potent, selective MC4R agonists. Using cAMP measurements and a transcriptional reporter assay, we observed that several constrained agonists generated by a cycloaddition reaction displayed high selectivity (223- to 467-fold) toward MC4R over MC3R and MC5R receptor subtypes without compromising agonist potency. Significant variation was also observed between the EC<sub>50</sub> values for the two assays, with robust levels of reporter expression measured at lower concentrations than those effecting appreciable increases in cAMP levels for the majority of the compounds tested. Collectively, we characterized significant elements that modulate the activity of the core pharmacophore for MC4R and provide a rationale for careful assay selection for agonist screening.
Analysis of structural changes in permanent waved human hair using Raman spectroscopy (2006)

To investigate the mechanism leading to the reduction in tensile strength of permanent waved human hair, the structure of cross-sections at various depths of permanent waved white human hair was directly analyzed without isolating the cuticle and cortex, using Raman spectroscopy. The beta-sheet and/or random coil content (beta/R) and the Amide III(unordered) band intensity existing throughout the cortex region of virgin white human hair remarkably increased, while the alpha-helix (alpha) content slightly decreased by performing the permanent waving treatment. This suggests a secondary structural change from the alpha-helix form to the random coil form in the proteins existing in the microfibril of the cortex region. On the other hand, the S-S band intensity existing in the matrix of the cortex region almost did not change, despite the reduction in the tensile strength of the white human hair following the permanent waving treatment. Moreover, the transmission electron microscope observation shows that the macrofibril (the microfibril and matrix) existing in the cortex region of the virgin white human hair was remarkably disturbed, while the cuticle region was almost unchanged by performing the permanent waving treatment. From these experiments, the authors concluded that some of proteins existing in the cortex region (the microfibril and matrix) of the virgin white human hair were changed, thereby leading to the remarkable reduction in the tensile strength of the white human hair after the permanent waving treatment.
All-Atom Models for the Non-Nucleoside Binding Site of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Complexed with Inhibitors:  A 3D QSAR Approach (1996)

Several molecular modeling techniques were used to generate an all-atom molecular model of a receptor binding site starting only from Ca atom coordinates. The model consists of 48 noncontiguous residues of the non-nucleoside binding site of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and was generated using a congeneric series of nevirapine analogs as structural probes. On the basis of the receptor-ligand atom contacts, the program HINT was used to develop a 3D quantitative structure activity relationship that predicted the rank order of binding affinities for the series of inhibitors. Electronic profiles of the ligands in their docked conformations were characterized using electrostatic potential maps and frontier orbital calculations. These results led to the development of a 3D stereoelectronic pharmacophore which was used to construct 3D queries for database searches. A search of the National Cancer Institute's open database identified a lead compound that exhibited moderate antiviral activity.
How to include prespecified horizons into minimum-variance deconvolution and maximum-likelihood deconvolution (1985)

Abstract I am frequently asked how to include prespecified horizon (time) information in both minimum-variance deconvolution (MVD) and maximum-likelihood deconvolution (MLD) (e.g., Mendel, 1983). To explain how this is done, I briefly review the convolutional model, which is the starting point for MVD and MLD; explain how MVD and MLD are modified to incorporate the known-horizon information; and finally, discuss two detectors used in MLD to see how they must be modified. Fortunately, few modifications are needed in MVD or MLD, and it is quite straightforward to incorporate known-horizon information into these techniques.
Vortex Development on Slender Missiles at Supersonic Speeds (1980)

Covers advancements in spacecraft and tactical and strategic missile systems, including subsystem design and application, mission design and analysis, materials and structures, developments in space sciences, space processing and manufacturing, space operations, and applications of space technologies to other fields.
Anatomic Considerations for Posterior Iliac Bone Harvesting (1996)

The ideal area of the posterior ilium for bone graft harvesting was found in Zone 1. Zones 2 or 3 may be considered it a greater quantity of cancellous bone graft is required; however, the risk of injury to the sacroiliac joint and superior gluteal vessels in these zones is increased.
Predicting News Popularity by Mining Online Discussions (2016)

The paper presents a framework for the prediction of several news story popularity indicators, such as comment count, number of users, vote score and a measure of controversiality. The framework employs a feature engineering approach, focusing on features from two sources of social interactions inherent in online discussions: the comment tree and the user graph. We show that the proposed graph-based features capture the complexities of both these social interaction graphs and lead to improvements on the prediction of all popularity indicators in three online news post datasets and to significant improvement on the task of identifying controversial stories. Specifically, we noted a 5% relative improvement in mean square error for controversiality prediction on a news-focused Reddit dataset compared to a method employing only rudimentary comment tree features that were used by past studies.
Rat liver cytosolic azoreductase. Purification and characterization. (1979)

An azoreductase has been purified to apparent homogeneity from the hepatic 105,000 x g supernatant fraction of 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats. In the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, the purified enzyme preparation electrophoreses on polyacrylamide gels as a single protein band with a molecular weight of 30,000. In the absence of detergent, chromatography of the azoreductase on Sephadex G-100 gives a molecular weight of about 52,000 suggesting that the native enzyme may exist as a dimer. The purified azoreductase has a typical flavoprotein absorption spectrum and contains 2 mol of FAD/mol of enzyme. The enzyme catalyzes the reductive fission of methyl red (2'-carboxy-4-N,N-dimethylaminoazobenzene) and a structure-activity study indicates that the 2'-carboxyl group of methyl red is essential for catalysis since other structurally related analogs are totally inactive.
DNA translocating through a carbon nanotube can increase ionic current (2012)

Translocation of DNA through a narrow, single-walled carbon nanotube can be accompanied by large increases in ion current, recently observed in contrast to the ion current blockade. We use molecular dynamics simulations to show that large electro-osmotic flow can be turned into a large net current via ion-selective filtering by a DNA molecule inside the carbon nanotube.
Preferential Binding of Fluorine to Aluminum in High Peralkaline Aluminosilicate Glasses (2007)

For two series of fluoride-containing aluminosilicate glasses of high peralkaline type, we apply 27Al, 19F, 29Si, and 23Na NMR spectroscopy to understand the structural changes introduced by the addition of alkali fluorides. Adding fluoride in concentrations above the solubility limit causes crystallization of different phases in sodium and potassium glasses despite identical composition. However, the NMR spectra reveal that the structural evolution of the precrystallized states is similar in both series. In particular, fluorine coordinates exclusively to alkaline cations and aluminum. No indication of direct bonding with silicon was found from 19F --> 29Si cross-polarization experiments. In contrast to other glass systems, double resonance experiments in these peralkaline systems show that halide addition produces at most a minor fraction of tetrahedral aluminum containing fluorine in its coordination sphere. Instead, the fluorine addition prior to crystallization converts up to about 20% of the initial tetrahedral aluminum (1 mol % in absolute units) to 5- and 6-fold coordinated aluminum. A minor portion of five-coordinated aluminum groups is considered as the intermediate to the growing fraction of octahedral aluminum in the silicate matrix. The initialization of the crystallization process is correlated with the saturation of the silicate matrix by octahedral aluminum clusters segregating out under further doping by fluoride. It is suggested that the formation of the nonframework Al-F bonds is responsible for structural relaxation, reflected by the reduction of the glass transition temperature.
Validity of LupusQoL-China for the Assessment of Health Related Quality of Life in Chinese Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (2013)

These results provide evidence that the LupusQoL-China is valid as a disease-specific HRQoL assessment tool for Chinese patients with SLE.
Ignition and Combustion of Boron Nanoparticles in Ethanol Spray Flame (2012)

Biofuels such as ethanol have lower energy density than conventional petroleum-based fuels; therefore, enhancing their energy density by addition of higher-energy-density components is an attractive option. Boron is considered to be a good choice as a fuel additive because it has almost the highest volumetric heating value among potentially suitable additives. The present study deals with an experimental investigation of boron combustion in an ethanol spray flame. Measurements have been made of the emission of the intermediate suboxide BO2 using spectroscopy and chemiluminescence imaging with interference filters. The size, surface structure, and chemical composition of the injected boron nanopowders were characterized by x-ray diffraction, porosimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The postburn particles were also characterized by x-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. The effects of boron nanoparticles on the hydrocarbon combustion in terms of heat releasewere determined usingCHchemiluminescence and temperaturemeasurements. The chemiluminescence and spectroscopic signatures indicate that boron underwent combustion and simultaneously increased the CH-radical emission and flame temperatures. The x-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis measurements of the particles collected at the exhaust indicate that complete conversion of the boron was achieved. The effect of particle size on the combustion of the boron nanoparticles was examined, comparing small commercial particles to sintered particles. A demonstrable size effect was observed with the larger particles, which exhibited their initial BO2 signatures at distances further above the dump plane, indicating greater ignition delay times.
IRF-1 Expression Is Essential for Natural Killer Cells to Suppress Metastasis (2011)

IFN-γ promotes tumoral immune surveillance, but its involvement in controlling metastases is less clear. Using a mouse model of pulmonary metastases, we show that local IFN-γ treatment inhibits formation of metastases through its regulation of IRF-1 in tumor cells. IRF-1 is an IFN-γ-induced transcription factor pivotal in the regulation of infection and inflammation. IRF-1 blockade abolished the inhibitory effect of IFN-γ on tumor metastases, whereas ectopic expression of IRF-1 phenocopied the inhibitory effects of IFN-γ. IRF-1 did not affect the survival of tumor cells in the circulation or their infiltration into lungs, but it was essential to support the pulmonary attraction and activation of natural killer (NK) cells. Depleting NK cells from mice abolished the protective effect of IFN-γ or IRF-1 on metastases. In addition, cytotoxicity assays revealed that tumor cells expressing IRF-1 were targeted more effectively by NK cells than IRF-1 nonexpressing tumor cells. Moreover, NK cells isolated from lungs inoculated with IRF-1-expressing tumor cells exhibit a greater cytotoxic activity. Mechanistic investigations revealed that IRF-1-induced NK cell cytotoxicity was independent of perforin and granzyme B but dependent on the NK cell activating receptor DNAM-1. Taken together, our findings establish IRF-1 as an essential mediator of the cross-talk between tumor cells and NK cells that mediate immune surveillance in the metastatic niche.
Drivers of contemporary landscape vegetation heterogeneity in the Canadian boreal forest: Integrating disturbances (natural and human) with climate and physical environment (2014)

This study aims to demonstrate that contemporary landscape vegetation heterogeneity is controlled by a combination of natural disturbances with other sets of explanatory variables. Integration of these drivers should be considered the key to explaining vegetation changes along ecological gradients characterizing the boreal forest. Forest inventory plots and maps produced from about 1970 to 2000 were used to characterize a large area (175000 km2) according to 3 vegetation themes constituting distinct aspects of forest community composition (tree species, forest types, and potential vegetation—successional stages) and 4 sets of explanatory variables (climate, natural disturbances, physical environment, and human disturbances). Canonical ordinations were performed to define ecological gradients as well as the overlap between vegetation themes and sets of explanatory variables along each gradient. For each vegetation theme, we quantified the relative proportion of vegetation variation explained by unique as well as combined sets of explanatory variables. The landscape vegetation heterogeneity described by species and potential vegetation—successional stage was mostly explained by natural disturbances and climate in association with other sets of explanatory variables. The influence of physical environment was higher for landscape vegetation heterogeneity related to forest types than for the other themes, but this theme also was dominated by natural disturbances and climate. Compared to natural sets of explanatory variables, human disturbances played a secondary but significant role in the 3 vegetation themes. This research contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between vegetation and the factors underlying its development in the boreal forest and represents an important step toward ecosystem-based management.