gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Morphological Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2012)

It is more than 100 years since the first Mycobacterium was isolated by Hansen (1874). That was leprosy bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae, which even today is still resisting all attempts to cultivate it in the laboratory. The tubercle bacillus, M. tuberculosis was discovered eight years later by Robert Koch (1882). The Koch discovery was confirmed by more efficient staining models of Ehrlich (1887) and Ziehl-Neelsen (1883). Under Light microscope, the tubercle bacilli typically appear as straight or slightly curved rods. According to growth conditions and age of the culture, bacilli may vary in size and shape from coccobacilli to long rods. The dimensions of the bacilli have been reported to be 1-10 m in length (usually 3-5 m), and 0.2 -0.6 m width. The possibility of morphological variations in tubercle bacilli was suggested by few investigators like Malassez and Vignal (1883), Nocard and Roux (1887), Metschnikoff (1888), Lubarsch(1899), Fischel(1893), and Vera and Rettger (1939). They showed under unfavorable conditions, i.e., a limited food supply, or oxygen deprivation, Mycobacterium assumed a swollen appearance without forming the vacuolar or globoid bodies (Vera and Rettger, 1939). These early reports were based on stained preparations and were subjected of severe criticism Today with advances in microscopic technique i.e., transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron (SEM) and atomic force microcopy (AFM), almost all of investigators have been agreed that the Koch bacillus does not always manifest itself in the classical rod shape (figure They become shorter in older cultures, filametous within macrophages and ovoid during starvation In the following parts the underlying mechanisms that may help the bacilli to change its morphology was highlighted.
p53 and DNA methylation suppress the TRAIN to cell death (2012)

Hallmark to most cancers is the mutation or complete loss of function of the tumor-suppressor gene p53. p53 functions by transcriptionally activating or repressing putative downstream targets to elicit a network of tumor-suppressive functions—transient cell cycle arrest allowing for DNA repair and, upon irreparable damage, senescence or apoptosis. Recently, our group has shown that p53-meidated transactivation of metabolic targets can suppress tumorigenesis in the absence of both cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Notably termed the “guardian of the genome,” many therapies have been targeted to reactivate p53 or the downstream targets to initiate apoptosis or cell cycle arrest in cells that have escaped these properties, yet in some instances, p53-proficient tumors have a worse response to therapy. An opposite and ever-attractive chemotherapeutic approach has been to selectively target attributes of p53-mutant and -deficient cells that are absent in p53 proficiency.
Reconfiguration in FPGA-based multi-core platforms for hard real-time applications (2016)

In general-purpose computing multi-core platforms, hardware accelerators and reconfiguration are means to improve performance; i.e., the average-case execution time of a software application. In hard real-time systems, such average-case speed-up is not in itself relevant - it is the worst-case execution-time of tasks of an application that determines the systems ability to respond in time. To support this focus, the platform must provide service guarantees for both communication and computation resources. In addition, many hard real-time applications have multiple modes of operation, and each mode has specific requirements. An interesting perspective on reconfigurable computing is to exploit run-time reconfiguration to support mode changes. In this paper we explore approaches to reconfiguration of communication and computation resources in the T-CREST hard real-time multi-core platform. The reconfiguration of communication resources is supported by extending the message-passing network-on-chip with capabilities for setting up, tearing down, and modifying the bandwidth of virtual circuits. The reconfiguration of computation resources, such as hardware accelerators, is performed using the dynamic partial reconfiguration capabilities found in modern FPGAs.
Alliance Defense Fund : protecting religious freedom around the world (2011)

The Alliance Defense Fund is a servant organization that provides the resources for the legal defense of religious freedom, the sanctity of life, marriage and the family. While founded in the United States of America in 1994 and focusing on that country, it now extends its efforts to legally defending religious freedom around the world. Alliance Defense Fund and Advocates International have collaborated in a variety of significant cases across the globe
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMICAL STUDIES ON PENTACYCLIC TRI‐TERPENES PART 1, BENZILIC ACID REARRANGEMENT OF RING A IN URSOLIC ACID (1974)

Abstract Ursonsäuremethylester (I) liefert mit tert‐Butylat und Sauerstoff das Diosphenol (II) und weiter beim Kochen mit Alkali die Hydroxysäure (III), die mit Bleitetraacetat zum A‐Nortriterpenketon (IV) abgebaut wird.
Screening and early cancer detection. (1990)

NCI is the primary research institution that has funded most of the research to establish evidence of benefit from mass cancer screening. A study of prostate, lung, and colorectal cancer is presently being planned. These trials are large, expensive, and require 10 to 15 years or longer to complete. RCST trials are only feasible in the three or four most common sites. While developing better evidence, NCI suggests the Working Guidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer in seven sites where direct and/or indirect evidence suggests benefit. The potential for early cancer detection to contribute to a decrease in cancer mortality is great. However, unless early detection is applied by the public and by physicians, it is useless. It is hoped that this chapter has been helpful to physicians and oncologists in judging these matters and applying the benefits to patients.
α‐Synuclein pathology does not predict extrapyramidal symptoms or dementia (2004)

Abstract Intracytoplasmic aggregation of α‐synuclein protein as Lewy bodies in the brainstem neurons is diagnostic for Parkinson's disease, whereas if this process also occurs in the cortical neurons, it is considered pathognomonic for dementia with Lewy bodies. However, the link between α‐synuclein incorporation into inclusions, neuronal dysfunction, and clinical symptoms needs to be clarified. Another important issue of the pathogenetic puzzle is to understand where α‐synuclein pathology begins and how it progresses in the brain. To study this, we collected all cases from autopsy material (N = 904) that had α‐synuclein pathology in the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, substantia nigra, and/or basal forebrain nuclei. In this way, our study has a unique design because the selection of material is entirely based on the presence of α‐synuclein pathology regardless of clinical phenotype. Retrospective clinical assessment then showed that only 32 (30%) of 106 α‐synuclein–positive cases were diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disorder. The distribution or load of α‐synuclein pathology did not permit a dependable postmortem diagnosis of extrapyramidal symptoms or cognitive impairment. Some neurologically unimpaired cases had a reasonable burden of α‐synuclein pathology in both brainstem and cortical areas, suggesting that α‐synuclein–positive structures are not definite markers of neuronal dysfunction. Ann Neurol 2004
Production of Rapidly Solidified Aluminium Alloy Powders by Gas Atomisation and Their Applications (1990)

Light engineering alloys based on aluminium have been the subject of a great deal of attention in the field of rapid solidification processing. As a parallel activity, considerable research effort has been expended on the process of gas atomisation. Understanding of the process has improved, and the influence of processing parameters and nozzle design has been clarified. Results of recent research are reviewed in the present study. Influence of particle size on cooling rates is examined for various atomising gases, and a pilot plant gas atomiser for research into atomisation and for producing research quantity powders is described. Formation of particles and breakup of liquid in atomisation are discussed and related to the distribution of particle sizes in the powder. It is shown that for efficient powder production correct design of the atomising nozzle is of paramount importance. This is explained in terms of supersonic gas flow patterns in the atomising jet, and of the interaction between the gas jet and the liquid metal. The influence of metal temperature, nature and pressure of the atomising gas, production rate, and the level of oxygen in the gas is outlined and related to the particle formation mechanism. Alloy development is reviewed with particular reference to aluminium-transition metal systems for high temperature applications, as well as Al–Li based low density high strength alloy systems and metal matrix composites made from aluminium alloy powder matrix. PM/0511
Peer Reviewed: Decoding Complex Multicomponent Chromatograms (2001)

This paper describes two mathematical approaches applied for decoding the complex signal of GC separations of multicomponent mixtures. The methods are helpful in extracting analytical information since separation of all the components present in the sample is still far from being achieved. One methos is based on the Statistical Degree of Peak Overlapping, the other studies the autocovariance function computed on the experimental digitized GC signal.
Black Currant Nectar: Effect of Processing and Storage on Anthocyanin and Ascorbic Acid Content (1999)

ABSTRACT The degradation of anthocyanins and ascorbic acid in black currant nectar was studied during processing and storage. A continuous production process was used where the nectar was bottled within 4.0h; 20% of both components were lost in the main stream process. The choice of enzyme mainly affected the recovery of ascorbic acid. Pasteurization resulted in a loss of 2‐6 % of the ascorbic acid content. About 50% of the original content of monomeric anthocyanins remained after 6 months storage at 20°C. The stabilities of delphinidins and cyanidins during storage were very similar. Deaeration of the nectar before bottling had no effect on anthocyanin content.
New tools and emerging technologies for the diagnosis of tuberculosis: Part II. Active tuberculosis and drug resistance (2006)

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the world's most important infectious causes of morbidity and mortality among adults. Between 8 and 9 million develop TB disease, and approximately 2 million die from TB each year. Despite this enormous global burden, case detection rates are low, posing major hurdles for TB control. Conventional TB diagnosis continues to rely on smear microscopy, culture and chest radiography. These tests have known limitations. Conventional tests for detection of drug resistance are slow, tedious and difficult to perform in field conditions. This second half of a two-part review series on new tools for TB diagnosis describes recent advances and emerging technologies in the diagnosis of active disease, and detection of drug resistance. For diagnosis, new tools include newer versions of nucleic acid amplification tests, immune-based assays, skin patch test and rapid culture systems. For drug resistance, new tools include line-probe assays, bacteriophage-based assays, molecular beacons and microscopic observation drug susceptibility assay. Although the ideal test for TB is still not in sight, substantial progress has been made in the past decade. With the resurgence of interest in the development of new tools for TB control, it is likely that the next decade will see greater progress and tangible benefits. However, the challenge will be to ensure that new tools undergo rigorous evaluations in field conditions, and also to make sure that benefits of promising new tools actually reach the populations in developing countries that need them most. Latent TB is discussed in Part I; 413-422 of this issue.
Evaluation of wind farm efficiency and wind turbine wakes at the Nysted offshore wind farm (2010)

Abstract Here, we quantify relationships between wind farm efficiency and wind speed, direction, turbulence and atmospheric stability using power output from the large offshore wind farm at Nysted in Denmark. Wake losses are, as expected, most strongly related to wind speed variations through the turbine thrust coefficient; with direction, atmospheric stability and turbulence as important second order effects. While the wind farm efficiency is highly dependent on the distribution of wind speeds and wind direction, it is shown that the impact of turbine spacing on wake losses and turbine efficiency can be quantified, albeit with relatively large uncertainty due to stochastic effects in the data. There is evidence of the ‘deep array effect’ in that wake losses in the centre of the wind farm are under‐estimated by the wind farm model WAsP, although overall efficiency of the wind farm is well predicted due to compensating edge effects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Study of Nitrogen Injection for Increased Recovery from a Rich Retrograde Gas/Volatile Oil Reservoir (1986)

ABSTRACT Injection of nitrogen mixed with produced hydrocarbon gas is underway in a miscible displacement project in the Chunchula field, a Smackover dolomite rock containing undersaturated oil and gas phases in the same reservoir. An equation of state compositional simulator was used to describe the fluid and phase variations in the reservoir, match history, and to forecast field performance under the enhanced recovery operation. The numerical model was notably useful in optimizing oil recovery from regions of contrasting permeability. The model study showed that the efficient revaporization recovery mechanism can be interrupted and left incomplete as a result of shutting in producers, even though injection continues. A continuing history match of well pressure and gas-oil ratio data with the model will further improve our understanding of the heterogeneous reservoir rock.
Oropharynx in patients with cerebrovascular disease: evaluation with videofluoroscopy. (1990)

Forty-six patients with cerebrovascular disease underwent videofluoroscopic examination of the oropharynx to assess location and severity of swallowing dysfunction with use of boluses of various consistencies. Low- and high-viscosity barium suspensions, a barium paste, and a paste-coated cookie were used; not all patients were given all materials. Thirty-nine patients had abnormalities of both oral and pharyngeal function. Two patients had oral dysfunction only, and five had pharyngeal abnormalities only. Mild swallowing difficulties occurred in 18 patients (39%), moderate dysfunction in 23 (50%), and severe dysfunction in five (11%). Thirty-one patients had pharyngeal stasis, which was symmetric in 25 patients (81%), right-sided in three, and left-sided in three. Asymmetric stasis did not correlate to the site of cerebrovascular disease. Twenty-four episodes of aspiration occurred, half of them with the low-viscosity barium suspension. Thus, video-fluoroscopy can be used to define the location and severity of oropharyngeal abnormalities, which is critical for feeding recommendations. The abnormalities present, however, were not useful in predicting the type of cerebrovascular disease.
NEW BOOKS (1919)

NEW BOOKS Get access Hypostases Plotiniennes et Trinité Chrétienne. By A. PICAVETÉcole Pratique des Hautes Études, Section des Sciences Religieuses. Annuaire, 191 –1918. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1917. Pp. 89. A. E. TAYLOR A. E. TAYLOR Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Mind, Volume XXVIII, Issue 1, 1919, Pages 109–110, https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/XXVIII.1.109 Published: 01 January 1919
On an improved absorption apparatus for use in the analysis of essential oils (1900)

A. C. Chapman and H. E. Burgess, Analyst, 1900, 25, 197 DOI: 10.1039/AN9002500197
Growth and Characterization of Pure and Doped L-Alanine Tartrate Single Crystals (2013)

Single crystals of pure and Lanthanum doped L-Alanine Tartrate were grown by slow evaporation method. The cell parameters were determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction method. To improve the physical properties of the LAT crystal, Lanthanum dopant was added by 2 mol%. ICP studies confirm the presence of Lanthanum in the grown LAT crystal. Transparency range of the crystal was determined using UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer. The functional groups of pure and doped LAT crystals were analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy. Using Vickers microhardness tester, mechanical strength of the material was found. Dielectric studies of pure and doped LAT single crystals were carried out. The doped LAT crystal is found to have efficiency higher than that of pure LAT crystal.
Peptide Microarrays for Profiling of Serine/Threonine Kinase Activity of Recombinant Kinases and Lysates of Cells and Tissue Samples (2013)

Peptide microarray technology can be used to identify substrates for recombinant kinases, to measure kinase activity and changes thereof in cell lysates and lysates from fresh frozen (tumor) tissue. The effect of kinase inhibitors on the kinase activities in relevant tissues can be investigated as well. The method for performing experiments on dynamic peptide microarrays with real-time readout is described, as well as the influence of assay parameters and suggestions for optimization of experiments.
Pulmonary Inflammation and DNA Adducts in Rats Inhaling Diesel Exhaust or Carbon Black (1990)

AbstractInhaled diesel exhaust has been shown to be carcinogenic to rats. Two mechanisms have been suggested: a genotoxic effect of organic compounds associated with the diesel soot, and an epigenetic effect resulting from large accumulations of particles that produce chronic inflammation and epithelial proliferation in the lung. To gain insights into the possible roles of these two mechanisms, we compared inflammatory responses and DNA adducts in lungs of rats exposed to diesel exhaust (33% extractable organic compounds by mass) and carbon black (0.04% extractable), which are similar carbonaceous particles with virtually no organic compounds. Male rats were exposed 7 h/day, 5 days/wk for 12 wk to diesel exhaust or carbon black, both at a concentration of 70.0 mg/m3, or to filtered air: Both diesel exhaust and carbon black exposures caused mild inflammation in the lung, as evidenced by increases in numbers of neutrophils and in the protein content of bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. The levels of DNA adducts, as measured by 32P postlabeling, were increased more by exposure to diesel exhaust than to carbon black. Although it remains unclear whether the carcinogenicity of diesel exhaust is related primarily to DNA injury or primarily to the loading of the lung with particles, our findings are consistent with an initiation-promotion mechanism that involves both DNA damage and lung inflammation.
A semiparametric algorithm to retrieve ocean wave spectra from synthetic aperture radar (2000)

A new wave retrieval method for the ERS synthetic aperture radar(SAR) wave mode is presented. The new algorithm, named semiparametric retrieval algorithm (SPRA), uses the full nonlinear mapping relations as proposed by Hasselmann and Hasselmann [1991]. It differs from previous retrieval algorithms in that it does not require a priori information on the sea state. Instead, it combines the observed SAR spectrum with the collocated wind vector from the ERS scatterometer to make an estimate of the wind sea spectrum. The residual signal in the SAR spectrum is interpreted as swell. The method has been validated by collocating over 5 years of SAR wave mode observations with spectral buoy measurements at 11 locations on the open ocean. For wave components longer than 225 m, the standard deviation between the retrieved spectra and buoy observations is 0.41 m, which corresponds to a relative RMS error of 29%. About 10% of the observed SAR spectra were rejected, in particular in light wind conditions when nonwave features such as those caused by slicks dominated the imagette. The bias and scatter in the results obtained under light wind conditions could be reduced by introducing a wind‐dependent tilt modulation. This wind‐dependent tilt formulation is derived from the empirical CMOD4 relation between the wind vector, the incidence angle, and the radar backscatter for the ERS scatterometer.
Interaction of 6‐phosphofructokinase with cytosolic proteins of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (2004)

Hetero-octameric 6-phosphofructokinase (Pfk-1) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is composed of two types of subunits, alpha and beta, which are encoded by the unlinked genes PFK1 and PFK2. Pfk single deletion mutants expressing only one type of subunit exhibit Pfk-1 activity in vivo which, however, is completely lost immediately after cell disruption. In order to elucidate the preconditions of the in vivo activity of the mutant enzymes composed of either alpha- or beta-subunits, we have investigated their potential interaction with selected heat shock and cytoskeletal proteins, employing co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence microscopy. Western blot analysis identified the mitochondrial chaperonin Hsp60, as well as the cytoskeleton proteins alpha-tubulin and actin, in complexes with Pfk-1 that were co-precipitated from a cell-free extract of a pfk2 single deletion mutant expressing only the alpha-subunit. The interaction of the corresponding mutant enzyme and Hsp60 was found to depend on the ATP concentration of the extract. Immunofluorescence microscopy displayed a conspicuously filamentous arrangement of the Pfk-1 mutant protein, exclusively in the pfk2 single deletion mutant. The analysis of structure and activity of Pfk-1 expressed in S. cerevisiae mutant strains defective in various heat shock proteins (TRiC/CCT, Hsp70, Hsp 104) and in the respective wild-type background did not reveal significant differences.
Novel RNA Markers in Prostate Cancer: Functional Considerations and Clinical Translation (2014)

The availability of ultra-high throughput DNA and RNA sequencing technologies in recent years has led to the identification of numerous novel transcripts, whose functions are unknown as yet. Evidence is accumulating that many of these molecules are deregulated in diseases, including prostate cancer, and potentially represent novel targets for diagnosis and therapy. In particular, functional genomic analysis of microRNA (miRNA) and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in cancer is likely to contribute insights into tumor development. Here, we compile recent efforts to catalog differential expression of miRNA and lncRNA in prostate cancer and to understand RNA function in tumor progression. We further highlight technologies for molecular characterization of noncoding RNAs and provide an overview of current activities to exploit them for the diagnosis and therapy of this complex tumor.