gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structured surfaces for enhanced pool boiling heat transfer (2012)

We experimentally investigated surface roughness-augmented wettability on critical heat flux (CHF) during pool boiling with horizontally oriented surfaces. Microstructured surfaces with a wide range of well-defined surface roughness were fabricated, and a maximum CHF of ∼208 W/cm2 was achieved with a surface roughness of ∼6. An analytical force-balance model was extended to explain the CHF enhancement. The excellent agreement found between the model and experimental data supports the idea that roughness-amplified capillary forces are responsible for the CHF enhancement on structured surfaces. The insights gained from this work suggest design guidelines for new surface technologies with high heat removal capability.
Blockage of the neurokinin 1 receptor and capsaicin-induced ablation of the enteric afferent nerves protect SCID mice against T-cell-induced chronic colitis (2009)

Our data demonstrate the importance of an intact enteric afferent nerve system and NK-1 signaling in mucosal inflammation and may suggest new treatment modalities for patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease.
IC‐P3‐179: Quantifying metabolic asymmetry in Alzheimer's disease using both MR and PET imaging (2008)

Some of the earliest studies of FDG-PET in Alzheimer's disease (AD) noticed that patients sometimes had predominant left or right hemisphere hypometabolism. Currently, asymmetry in clinical brain scans is interpreted using only visual inspection. Quantifying metabolic asymmetry is difficult because mirroring values about the midsagittal plane does not necessarily align homologous structures in the left and right hemispheres. The objective of this research is to automatically quantify statistically significant areas of metabolic asymmetry in AD, while removing the confounding effects of structural asymmetry. We constructed an atlas of normative metabolic asymmetry from 10 normal control subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and quantified the metabolic asymmetry of an AD subject compared to the normative atlas. A symmetric structural image for each subject was computed using an unbiased average image from the original MRI and the MRI mirrored about the midsagittal plane. The PET image was mapped onto this structurally symmetric image, and an asymmetry image was computed as the difference of the left minus the right side. Since this is done in structurally symmetric coordinates, metabolism was compared across homologous structures of each hemisphere. Next, we built a structurally symmetric atlas of the 10 control subjects from an unbiased average of their symmetric MR images. The mean and standard deviation of the population's metabolic asymmetry was computed in the symmetric atlas coordinates. Finally, we registered the asymmetry image from an AD subject to the normal atlas and computed a pixel-by-pixel z-score of metabolic asymmetry. Average normal asymmetry was in the range -0.15 to 0.15 relative to pons, with a maximal standard deviation of 0.35. The asymmetry z-score map of the AD patient shown in the figure showed significant (z > 3) asymmetry, which verifies and quantifies the asymmetry found by visual inspection. Structurally symmetric image coordinates are an effective approach to locating and quantifying asymmetry of glucose metabolism in AD. Acknowledgements: Supported in part by the Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging and Research and NIH grant AG024904. References: Fletcher, et al., IPMI 2007, pp. 346–358.
The facile dehydrogenation of cyclo-octa-1,5-diene at a ruthenium(<scp>II</scp>) centre. The crystal and molecular structure of the novel ruthenium(<scp>IV</scp>) 1–3-η : 5–7-η-cyclo-octa-1,5-dienediyl complex [(η-C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)Ru(η-C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>10</sub>)]PF<sub>6</sub>, an intermediate in the dehydrogenation of cyclo-octa-1,5-diene to cyclo-octa-1,3,5-triene in [(η-C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)Ru(η-C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>12</sub>)Cl] (1986)

The complex [(η-C5H5)Ru(η-C8H12)Cl](C8H12= cyclo-octa-1,5-diene) undergoes facile dehydrogenation of the cyclo-octadiene ligand in ethanol in the presence of NH4PF6 to give two isomeric products of stoicheiometry [(η-C5H5)Ru(η-C8H10)]PF6; the first is a ruthenium(II) complex containing the cyclo-octa-1,3,5-triene ligand, and the second is a ruthenium(IV) complex containing the novel 1–3-η : 5–7-η-cyclo-octa-1,5-dienediyl ligand, a feature confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
The Complexity of Tree Automata and Logics of Programs (1999)

The complexity of testing nonemptiness of finite state automata on infinite trees is investigated. It is shown that for tree automata with the pairs (or complemented pairs) acceptance condition having m states and n pairs, nonemptiness can be tested in deterministic time (mn)O(n) ; however, it is shown that the problem is in general NP-complete (or co-NP-complete, respectively). The new nonemptiness algorithm yields exponentially improved, essentially tight upper bounds for numerous important modal logics of programs, interpreted with the usual semantics over structures generated by binary relations. For example, it follows that satisfiability for the full branching time logic CTL* can be tested in deterministic double exponential time. Another consequence is that satisfiability for propositional dynamic logic (PDL) with a repetition construct (PDL-delta) and for the propositional Mu-calculus ($L\mu$) can be tested in deterministic single exponential time.
Low complexity multipath diversity through fractional sampling in OFDM (2003)

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) enables low-complexity equalization and has been adopted in several wireless standards. However, OFDM cannot exploit multipath diversity without computationally complex coding and decoding. We show here that fractional sampling (FS) can improve the capacity and the diversity that an OFDM system can provide. We calculate the outage capacity of an FS-OFDM system to quantify the possible gains that FS offers. We also propose a low-complexity maximal ratio combining approach at each subcarrier for the FS-OFDM system, and argue that the diversity gains acquired through this approach are related to the frequency content of the transmit filter. We corroborate our approach with simulations.
SU‐FF‐T‐435: Tongue and Groove Effect in Direct Aperture Optimization IMRT Plans (2006)

Purpose: Direct Aperture Optimization (DAO) is a promising new IMRT technique whereby the MLC leaves and relative weights of the apertures are simultaneously optimized. Due to the stochastic nature of the simulated annealing optimization algorithm, MLC leaves can have positions that are significantly different from their neighboring leaves. Opposed adjacent leaves with these positions can lead to a “ripple” in the dose distribution due to tongue‐and‐groove effect (TGE). In this work, we attempt to quantify the magnitude of the effect and commission the Pinnacle planning system to account for it. Method and Materials: To quantify TGE, we generated a two‐segment beam: one segment with every other leaf on one side extending well past the central axis and the other with every other opposed adjacent leaf extending well past the central axis. Jaws set to 20×20 bound both segments and both had equal monitor units. This beam was delivered to a flat phantom with a film placed at 10cm depth. Newer versions of Pinnacle (7.4 or greater) take into account TGE. This is modeled in the physics tool with a tongue‐and‐groove step parameter. We systematically changed this parameter and compared the resulting dose distributions to the film measurement. We imported DAO IMRT plans into the Pinnacle planning system and compared the dose distributions with and without TGE. These were also compared with verification measurements. Results: The film displayed a 23% variation from minimum to maximum dose. The Pinnacle step parameter of 0.3cm reproduced the variation. If TGE is not accounted for in the planning, an underestimation of the absolute dose is observed for DAO IMRT plans. The magnitude of the underestimation is dependent upon the aperture shapes. Conclusions: TGE affects the dose distribution for DAO plans. Limiting the distance adjacent leaves may travel can reduce the effect of TGE.
The First Fully Planar <i>C</i> <sub>5</sub> ‐Conformation of Homooligopeptides Prepared from a Chiral <i>α</i> ‐Ethylated <i>α</i> , <i>α</i> ‐Disubstituted Amino Acid: ( <i>S</i> )‐Butylethylglycine (=(2 <i>S</i> )‐2‐Amino‐2‐ethylhexanoic Acid) (2000)

An optically active α-ethylated α,α-disubstituted amino acid, (S)-butylethylglycine (=(2S)-2-amino-2-ethylhexanoic acid; (S)-Beg; (S)-2), was prepared starting from butyl ethyl ketone (1) by the Strecker method and enzymatic kinetic resolution of the racemic amino acid. Homooligopeptides containing (S)-Beg (up to hexapeptide) were synthesized by conventional solution methods. An ethyl ester was used for the protection at the C-terminus, and a trifluoroacetyl group was used for the N-terminus of the peptides. The structures of tri- and tetrapeptides 5 and 6 in the solid state were solved by X-ray crystallographic analysis, and were shown to have a bent planar C5-conformation (tripeptide) and a fully planar C5-conformation (tetrapeptide) (see Figs. 1 and 2, resp.). The IR and 1H-NMR spectra of hexapeptide 8 revealed that the dominant conformation in CDCl3 solution was also a fully planar C5-conformation. These results show for the first time that the preferred conformation of homopeptides containing a chiral α-ethylated α,α-disubstituted amino acid is a planar C5-conformation.
Bacterial Elimination and Therapeutic Effectiveness under Different Schedules of Amoxicillin Administration (1981)

Bacterial elimination kinetics under different simulated administration schedules of amoxicillin was followed in vitro by using a simple model for simulation of pharmacokinetic parameters. The results were compared to those obtained in lethally infected mice by determining the viable bacterial count in the blood at various times post-infection and under different schedules of amoxicillin administration. A satisfactory correlation could be established between the in vitro and in vivo results. Multiple administration of amoxicillin was found to induce a beta-lactamase in vitro as well as in vivo in the Escherichia coli strain used. No difference was however found between the various administration schedules of amoxicillin in terms of surviving animals. Taking into account the lasting elimination of viable bacteria from the blood, the best treatment of E. coli-infected mice was found to be a twice daily administration of the higher amoxicillin dose.
Transformation génétique du poirier pour la résistance au feu bactérien : recherche d'une stratégie associant un transgène efficace et un promoteur induit spécifiquement par les bactéries (2001)

*INRA Unité d'Amélioration des Espèces Fruitières et Ornementales Angers (FRA) Diffusion du document : INRA Unité d'Amélioration des Espèces Fruitières et Ornementales Angers (FRA) Diplôme : Dr. d'Université
Technique for conveying three-dimensionality from a sequence of image-level slices (1982)

A simple and easily implemented image-processing technique has been developed that conveys an impression of three-dimensionality from a sequence of image-level slices. The technique has been applied to a series of contourslice images generated by a new microscopy developed at Sandia National Laboratories. The resulting composite images convey a striking appearance of three-dimensionality that is similar to that observed in a scanning electron micrograph. Stereo pairs can be generated directly from the level-slice data without any necessity for imaging two angularly separated sequences.
MAPON digital video distribution in the European ACTS CRABS project: simulation and experiment (2003)

An experiment of digital video distribution through a PON has been carried out in the framework of the European Project CRABS. The system uses cheap components and permits distribution to 128/256 users over 174 m multimode fibre. A good agreement between measurements and simulations has been obtained.
Controlled Switching of Néel Caps in Flux-Closure Magnetic Dots (2009)

While magnetic hysteresis usually considers magnetic domains, the switching of the core of magnetic vortices has recently become an active topic. We considered Bloch domain walls, which are known to display at the surface of thin films flux-closure features called Néel caps. We demonstrated the controlled switching of these caps under a magnetic field, occurring via the propagation of a surface vortex. For this we considered flux-closure states in elongated micron-sized dots, so that only the central domain wall can be addressed, while domains remain unaffected.
Treatment of Achalasia: Pneumatic Dilation (1990)

Forceful dilation of the cardia is the treatment of choice for achalasia. This therapy can be carried out using a homemade system or using commercially available dilators. Pneumatic dilation yields 77% good or excellent results in patients with achalasia, while 8.7% have moderate improvement and 14.4% are not improved. The main complication is perforation, occurring in 2.5%. Perforation can be treated medically with success. In the authors' series of now almost 1000 patients, only one died. Pneumatic dilation is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of achalasia.
Using Field Interdependence to Improve Correction Performance in a Transducer-Based OCR Post-Processing System (2010)

In an automatic handwritten form processing system it is often necessary to use the lexical or linguistic restrictions present in the field contents in order to obtain acceptable recognition rates. Since each field is known to hold a given kind of information (name, address...), a language model can be defined for it. But, often, in a typical form there are fields linked by known relations, like “Street” and “Postal Code” or “Country” and “City”. We have used Weighted Finite-State Transducers (WFSTs) to combine Stochastic Error-Correcting Language Models from different interdependent fields in real handwritten forms and measured the improvements obtained.
Metabolic Alterations Following Continent Urinary Diversion Through Colonic Segments (1991)

This study examined acid-base metabolism in patients with continent colonic urinary diversions and compared them to a control population. Diverted patients demonstrated mild acidosis and a urinary acidification defect. Ammonium chloride loading failed to demonstrate any major differences in the ability of these patients to handle an acute acid challenge. Continent colonic urinary diversions do not appear to create significant acid-base changes in patients with normal hepatic and renal function.
Effect of mouth leak on effectiveness of nasal bilevel ventilatory assistance and sleep architecture (1999)

Mouth leak is common during nasal ventilatory assistance, but its effects on ventilatory support and on sleep architecture are unknown. The acute effect of sealing the mouth on sleep architecture and transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension (Ptc,CO2) was tested in 9 patients (7 hypercapnic) on longterm nasal bilevel ventilation with symptomatic mouth leak. Patients slept with nasal bilevel ventilation at their usual settings on two nights in random order. On one night, the mouth was taped closed. Leak was measured with a pneumotachograph. Median leak fell from 0.35+/-0.07 (mean +/- SEM) L x s(-1) untaped to 0.06+/-0.03 L x s(-1) taped. Ptc,CO2 fell in 8/9, including all hypercapnic patients. Across all patients, the mean Ptc,CO2 fell by 1.02+/-0.28 kPa (7.7+/-2.1 mm Hg) with taping (p = 0.007). Arousal index fell in every patient. Mean arousal index fell from 35.0+/-3.0 to 13.9+/-1.2 h(-1) (p<0.0001), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep increased from 12.9+/-1.5% to 21.1+/-1.8% sleep time (p = 0.0016). Slow wave sleep changed inconsistently, from a mean of 13.1+/-1.6% to 19.5+/-2.2% of sleep (p = 0.09). Sleep latency and efficiency were unchanged. In four healthy volunteers ventilator-induced awake hypopharyngeal pressure swing during timed bilevel ventilation fell by 35+/-5% L(-1) x s(-1) of voluntary mouth leak (p<0.0001). Mouth leak reduces effective nasal bilevel ventilatory support, increases transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension, and disrupts sleep architecture.
A Grape ASR Protein Involved in Sugar and Abscisic Acid Signaling (2003)

The function of ASR (ABA [abscisic acid]-, stress-, and ripening-induced) proteins remains unknown. A grape ASR, VvMSA, was isolated by means of a yeast one-hybrid approach using as a target the proximal promoter of a grape putative monosaccharide transporter (VvHT1). This promoter contains two sugar boxes, and its activity is induced by sucrose and glucose. VvMSA and VvHT1 share similar patterns of expression during the ripening of grape. Both genes are inducible by sucrose in grape berry cell culture, and sugar induction of VvMSA is enhanced strongly by ABA. These data suggest that VvMSA is involved in a common transduction pathway of sugar and ABA signaling. Gel-shift assays demonstrate a specific binding of VvMSA to the 160-bp fragment of the VvHT1 promoter and more precisely to two sugar-responsive elements present in this target. The positive regulation of VvHT1 promoter activity by VvMSA also is shown in planta by coexpression experiments. The nuclear localization of the yellow fluorescent protein-VvMSA fusion protein and the functionality of the VvMSA nuclear localization signal are demonstrated. Thus, a biological function is ascribed to an ASR protein. VvMSA acts as part of a transcription-regulating complex involved in sugar and ABA signaling.
An Approach to Sparse Model Selection and Averaging (2006)

Parameter estimation when the true model structure is unknown is a commonly occurring task in measurement problems. In a sparse modeling scenario, the number of possible models grows exponentially with the total number of parameters. The full set of models therefore becomes computationally infeasible to handle. We propose a method, based on successive model reduction, for finding a sound and computationally feasible set of sparse linear regression models. Once this set of models has been found, standard model selection or model averaging techniques can be applied. We demonstrate the performance of our method by some numerical examples
Population pharmacokinetics of long-term oral amiodarone therapy (2000)

Population pharmacokinetics confirm that amiodarone has an extraordinarily long half-life. The slow elimination rate makes anticipating the timing of adjustments in amiodarone therapy to avoid toxicity unusually perplexing. However, based on the estimated variability, the proposed dosing regimen would produce steady-state concentrations within the therapeutic window for 90% of patients.
Feedback Amplitude Modulation Synthesis (2010)

A recently rediscovered sound synthesis method, which is based on feedback amplitude modulation (FBAM), is investigated. The FBAM system is interpreted as a periodically linear time-varying digital filter, and its stability, aliasing, and scaling properties are considered. Several novel variations of the basic system are derived and analyzed. Separation of the input and the modulation signals in FBAM structures is proposed which helps to create modular sound synthesis and digital audio effects applications. The FBAM is shown to be a powerful and versatile sound synthesis principle, which has similarities to the established distortion synthesis methods, but which is also essentially different from them.
Episodic migraine headache (2010)

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Closing the Ring to Bring Up the Light: Synthesis of a Hexacyclic Acridinium Cyanine Dye (2012)

The synthesis of a geometrically constrained and near-planar hexacyclic acridinium cyanine dye 9 is reported. When compared to its unlocked and non-fluorescent monomethine cyanine dye analogue 3, this photostable dye emits in the green area of the spectrum with a remarkable quantum yield close to unity in organic solvents and above 0.5 in water. A detailed steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic study revealed that dye 9 forms emissive aggregates in water, which are responsible for a red-shifted and broadened emission band and longer emission lifetime, τ≈33 compared to 6.5-7.0 ns for the monomeric dye. Dye 9 also binds strongly to DNA (both duplex and quadruplex) in its monomeric form and is very efficiently taken up by cells, in which it accumulates primarily into the nucleus.
Hot filament technique for measuring the thermal conductivity of molten lithium fluoride (1990)

Molten salts, such as lithium fluoride, are attractive candidates for thermal energy storage in solar dynamic space power systems because of their high latent heat of fusion. However, these same salts have poor thermal conductivities which inhibit the transfer of heat into the solid phase and out of the liquid phase. One concept for improving the thermal conductivity of the thermal energy storage system is to add a conductive filler material to the molten salt. High thermal conductivity pitch-based graphite fibers are being considered for this application. Although there is some information available on the thermal conductivity of lithium fluoride solid, there is very little information on lithium fluoride liquid, and no information on molten salt graphite fiber composites. This paper describes a hot filament technique for determining the thermal conductivity of molten salts. The hot filament technique was used to find the thermal conductivity of molten lithium fluoride at 930 C, and the thermal conductivity values ranged from 1.2 to 1.6 W/mK. These values are comparable to the slightly larger value of 5.0 W/mK for lithium fluoride solid. In addition, two molten salt graphite fiber composites were characterized with the hot filament technique and these results are also presented.
Image deconvolution from pupil-masking experiment (1993)

We present the results of image deconvolution using different techniques and with images obtained during a pupil masking experiment. We discuss the importance and limitation of image deconvolution techniques when dealing with interferometric imaging. Numerical simulations and real data are presented and discussed.
Regeneration of alkali in caustic desulfurization systems (1988)

The overall objectives of this project is to develop and test feasible reaction pathways for regenerating the spent caustic and acid streams used to remove sulfur and ash from coal in the molten caustic leaching (MCL) process being developed by TRW in California. This quarter, experiments on precipitating double salts using model spent acid solutions indicated that 90% or more of the solids present in the solution could be precipitated at 80{degree}C as natrojarosite and gypsum. The precipitate yield and the removal of iron and sulfate increased dramatically as the pH was increased from 1.1 to about 1.5. Maximum sodium removals of only about 70% were obtained. A spent acid stream obtained from the laboratory simulation of counter-current washing of caustic-treated coal, performed at Ames, was also tested for precipitate formation at 80{degree}C for 6 hours at a pH of 1.5. Initial visual observations indicated that the spent acid behaved similarly to the model solutions. Additional tests on precipitating another double salt, sideronatrite, from model solutions indicated that the precipitation of sideronatrite is probably not a viable option for treating spent acid streams from the MCL Process. Results of other experiments on model solutions containing NaOH, KOH, and carbonate and having compositions similar to those of actual spent caustic streams indicated that liming did not effectively precipitate carbonate. 4 refs., 3 figs.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE SYNTHESE VON SPIRO(2,3)HEXENEN UND SPIRO(2,3)HEXADIEN (1971)

Abstract Hexafluorcyclobuten (Ia) liefert mit Aluminiumchlorid die Hexachlorverbindung (Ib), die mit Butyllithium und den Äthylenderivaten: (II) über Carben‐ Zwischenstufen zu den spirocyclischen Verbindungen (III) reagiert.