gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reinforced superabsorbent polyacrylamide hydrogels (2003)

Abstract The ability of linear stiff‐chain poly(sodium p‐phenylenesulfonate) to self‐assemble in aqueous media with the formation of rodlike aggregates was used to immobilize it in a polyacrylamide network without covalent bonding. It was shown that polyelectrolyte rods impart simultaneously two useful properties to the gel: higher ability to absorb water and higher mechanical strength. The counterions of charged rods ensure the enhancement of the absorption capacity of the gel, while stiff elements strengthen the gel. This makes such systems potentially promising as superabsorbent materials.
One-step growth of ZnO from film to vertically well-aligned nanorods and the morphology-dependent Raman scattering (2005)

We observed a transition from film to vertically well-aligned nanorods for ZnO grown on sapphire (0001) substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. A growth mechanism was proposed to explain such a transition. Vertically well-aligned homogeneous nanorods with average diameters of ∼30, 45, 60, and 70nm were grown with the c-axis orientation. Raman scattering showed that the E2 (high) mode shifted to high frequency with the decrease of nanorod diameters, which revealed the dependence of nanorod diameters on the stress state. This dependence suggests a stress-driven diameter-controlled mechanism for ZnO nanorod arrays grown on sapphire (0001) substrates.
Amelioration of pain and histopathologic joint abnormalities in the Col1‐IL‐1β<sup>XAT</sup>mouse model of arthritis by intraarticular induction of μ‐opioid receptor into the temporomandibular joint (2007)

Our results indicate that prophylactic therapy with MOR overexpression in joints can successfully prevent the development of pain, dysfunction, and histopathologic abnormalities in the joints in arthritis. These findings may provide a basis for the future development of spatiotemporally controlled antinociceptive and antiinflammatory therapy for arthritis.
Unequal Leg Length (1955)

H ow often do you hear someone say, have such a time finding shoes that fit--my left foot is larger than my right? Or, Every time I buy a dress it needs alterations; it never hangs evenly. Many individuals have mild discrepancies in the length of their extremities or the height of their shoulders or hips. Although these minor deviations often go unnoticed, they occasionally lead to difficulty and cause unpleasant symptoms. Inequality of the lower extremities in an adult or child may cause a limp and permanent disability. Although the limp may be the only grossly apparent evidence of a short leg, there are often secondary changes. The entire pelvis and trunk are tilted toward
Polymers from renewable resources. XXI. Semi-interpenetrating polymer networks based on cardanol-formaldehyde-substituted aromatic compounds copolymerized resins and castor oil polyurethanes: Synthesis, structure, scanning electron microscopy and XRD (1997)

Substituted aromatic compounds incorporated–cardanol–formaldehyde novolac resins were synthesized by acid base catalyzed reactions. A number of improved high temperature stable interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPNs) were prepared by condensing novolac resins and polyurethanes prepared from castor oil and diisocyanates of varying NCO/OH ratio. The structure of these semi-IPNs were studied using various characterization techniques such as IR, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. The scanning electron microscopy of some of the semi-IPNs have been studied and the morphology has been examined. The samples were subjected to wide angle X-ray diffraction analysis. The degree of crystallinity (Xcr) was computed on the basis of the crystal defect concept, developed by Ruland and Vonk. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 3117–3124, 1997
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND SOME REACTIONS OF 3‐QUINUCLIDONE (1980)

Abstract Das Chinuclidon‐3 (IV) wird durch Cyclisierung von 1‐Carbethoxymethyl‐4‐carbethoxypiperidin (I) zum 2‐Carbethoxy‐chinuclidon‐3 (III) und Verseifung dieses Esters bei gleichzeitiger Abspaltung von Kohlendioxid erhalten.
First look at the beam test results of the FPIX2 readout chip for the BTeV silicon pixel detector (2006)

High energy and nuclear physics experiments need tracking devices with increasing spatial precision and readout speed in the face of ever-higher track densities and increased radiation environments. The new generation of hybrid pixel detectors (arrays of silicon diodes bump bonded to arrays of front-end electronic cells) is the technology able to meet these challenges. We report the first results of the BTeV silicon pixel detector beam test carried out at Fermilab in summer 2004. Tests were performed using a 120 GeV/c proton beam incident on a 6 plane pixel detector telescope. The last prototype developed for the BTeV experiment (FPIX2) is tested in the middle of the telescope. There is no external trigger, and events were built using the time-stamp information provided by the readout chips
First-principles-driven model-based current profile control for the DIII-D tokamak via LQI optimal control (2013)

In tokamak fusion plasmas, control of the spatial distribution profile of the toroidal plasma current plays an important role in realizing certain advanced operating scenarios. These scenarios, characterized by improved confinement, magnetohydrodynamic stability, and a high fraction of non-inductively driven plasma current, could enable steady-state reactor operation with high fusion gain. Current profile control experiments at the DIII-D tokamak focus on using a combination of feedforward and feedback control to achieve a targeted current profile during the ramp-up and early flat-top phases of the shot and then to actively maintain this profile during the rest of the discharge. The dynamic evolution of the current profile is nonlinearly coupled with several plasma parameters, motivating the design of model-based control algorithms that can exploit knowledge of the system to achieve desired performance. In this work, we use a first-principles-driven, control-oriented model of the current profile evolution in low confinement mode (L-mode) discharges in DIII-D to design a feedback control law for regulating the profile around a desired trajectory. The model combines the magnetic diffusion equations with empirical correlations for the electron temperature, resistivity, and non-inductive current drive. To improve tracking performance of the system, a nonlinear input transformation is combined with a linear-quadratic-integral (LQI) optimal controller designed to minimize a weighted combination of the tracking error and controller effort. The resulting control law utilizes the total plasma current, total external heating power, and line averaged plasma density as actuators. A simulation study was used to test the controller's performance and ensure correct implementation in the DIII-D plasma control system prior to experimental testing. Experimental results are presented that show the first-principles-driven model-based control scheme's successful rejection of input disturbances and perturbed initial conditions, as well as target trajectory tracking.
Channel equalization and performance analysis of a coherent frequency hopped spread spectrum system (1989)

A design and analysis of a coherent frequency-hopped (C-FH) spread-spectrum system operating in the presence of both jamming and a nonideal channel response is presented. A simple channel equalizer and a joint maximum-likelihood RF and C-FH phase track loop operate simultaneously. By assuming that the channel response is smooth over every slot, and that the effect of decision error is negligible, the convergence properties of the equalizer are analyzed in the presence of jamming. The numerical results are shown for the average error probability, the steady-state mean-square-error, and the convergence time when the system is operating in the presence of both frequency error and arbitrary channel phase response. The overall performance is very close to that of an ideally synchronized system, except when a coherent multitone jammer is present having the same phase of the received signal. In this latter case, the system experiences slightly more degradation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<title>Adaptive optics performance criteria for imaging and laser communications systems</title> (2000)

Atmospheric turbulence over vertical paths or long horizontal paths perturbs phase in the pupil of an optical communications receiver, and also can cause severe intensity scintillation. We describe a mathematical method for predicting a bound for these fluctuations by using the Strehl ratio as a criterion for determining the variations in the intensity fluctuations. Derived is the probability function of the instantaneous Strehl ratio, in addition to methods for computing the lower confidence limit. We show how these functions can vary by the degree of partial wavefront correction via adaptive optics.
NonRegSRNet: A Nonrigid Registration Hyperspectral Super-Resolution Network (2021)

Due to the limitations of imaging systems, satellite hyperspectral imagery (HSI), which yields rich spectral information in many channels, often suffers from poor spatial resolution. HSI super-resolution (SR) refers to the fusion of high spatial resolution multispectral imagery (MSI) and low spatial resolution HSI to generate HSI that has both a high spatial and high spectral resolution. However, most existing SR methods assume that the two original images used are perfectly registered: in reality, nonrigid deformation areas can exist locally in the two images even if prior registration of the control points has been carried out. To address this problem, we propose a novel unsupervised spectral unmixing and image deformation correction network—NonRegSRNet—with multimodal and multitask learning that can be used for the joint registration of HSI and MSI and to produce SR imagery. More specifically, NonRegSRNet integrates the dense registration and SR tasks into a unified model that includes a triplet convolutional neural network. This allows these two tasks to complement each other so that better registration and SR results can be achieved. Furthermore, because the point spread function (PSF) and spectral response function (SRF) are often unavailable, two special convolutional layers are designed to adaptively learn the parameters of the PSF and SRF, which makes the proposed model more adaptable. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method has the ability to produce highly accurate and stable reconstructed images under complex nonrigid deformation conditions. (Code available at <uri>https://github.com/saber-zero/NonRegSRNet</uri>)
Assessment of rehabilitative exercises by humanoid robot (2013)

This article describes an approach in which the rehabilitative exercise prepared by healthcare professional (human) is encoded as formal knowledge and used by humanoid robot to assist patients in residential settings without involving other care actors. The authors are researching on the new cogniti
Evaluation of coronary artery anatomy in patients with tetralogy of Fallot by two-dimensional echocardiography. (1988)

A major coronary artery crossing the right ventricular outflow tract in patients with tetralogy of Fallot interferes with a transannular patch, and preoperative detection of this artery is important. We evaluated the ability of two-dimensional echocardiography to define noninvasively the coronary artery anatomy in 37 consecutive patients (age range, 1 day to 18 years; mean age, 40.9 months). The origin and distribution of the right anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries, as well as any anteriorly coursing vessel, were examined from parasternal views. Complete studies were obtained in 29 (78%) of the 37 patients. Coronary artery anatomy was determined to be normal by echocardiography in 20 (69%) of the 29 patients. An anterior vessel across the right ventricular outflow tract was detected in the remaining nine patients. Six patients had an anterior descending artery from the left main coronary artery (paired anterior descending arteries in three patients, a right anterior descending artery from the left main coronary artery in two patients, and a right coronary-to-pulmonary artery fistula in one patient). Three patients had no anterior descending artery from the left main coronary artery (anterior descending artery from the right main coronary artery in two patients, and anterior descending and circumflex arteries from the right main coronary artery in one patient). Angiography, surgery, or autopsy confirmed the diagnoses in all but the final patient in whom the anterior descending artery arose from the right main coronary artery as observed at surgery, but the circumflex artery was not seen. Accurate evaluation of coronary artery anatomy is possible by echocardiography in the majority of patients with tetralogy of Fallot. Noninvasive identification of a major coronary artery coursing anteriorly can influence the timing of cardiac catheterization and surgery and the need for angiography.
Managing the difficult patient in the community residence (1981)

Abstract Seven types of difficult patients are frequently encountered in community residences. Special techniques to treat them sometimes become necessary.
Figure S3 from TBK1 Provides Context-Selective Support of the Activated AKT/mTOR Pathway in Lung Cancer (2023)

<p>Figure S3 shows supporting data for the identification of a TBK1-dependent molecular subtype of NSCLC cells</p>
Predicting the Effects of Air and Coolant Temperature, Deposits, Spark Timing and Speed on Knock in Spark Ignition Engines (1992)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The prediction of knock onset in spark-ignition engines requires a chemical model for the autoignition of the hydrocarbon fuel-air mixture, and a description of the unburned end-gas thermal state. Previous studies have shown that a reduced chemistry model developed by Keck et al. adequately predicts the initiation of autoignition. However, the combined effects of heat transfer and compression on the state of the end gas have not been thoroughly investigated. The importance of end-gas heat transfer was studied with the objective of improving the ability of our knock model to predict knock onset over a wide range of engine conditions. This was achieved through changing the thermal environment of the end gas by either varying the inlet air temperature or the coolant temperature.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Results show that there is significant heating of the in-cylinder charge during intake and a substantial part of the compression process. The effects of deposits on the combustion chamber walls in promoting knock were also investigated. Their primary effect is a thermal one: since the outer surface temperature of the deposits is hotter than that of the clean engine walls, greater bulk gas heating occurs. However, our results suggest that active species in the end gas carried over from preceding cycles may play a more important role in enhancing knock when deposits are present. Finally, initial work in developing a knock prediction methodology for investigating the audible knock limit of an engine was undertaken. A comparison of the audible knock predictions with the experimental limits as a function of speed is discussed.</div>
Liquid Additives to Improve Conductivity in Electric Contacts (2009)

Electric contacts generally have high contact resistances because of the relatively small number of conducting contact spots and correspondingly small area through which to transfer current. Liquid metals have been used in the past to provide complete coverage in the contact region but generally require protective atmospheres to prevent corrosion of the liquid metal. Adding an atmospherically stable, non-consumable, conductive liquid additive to the electric contact could hypothetically increase the conductivity of the interface by increasing the contact area and, in the case of sliding contacts such as found in slip rings for example, may reduce wear. This paper presents the results of an initial investigation of several conducting aqueous solutions that could be used as conductivity enhancers for electric contacts. Cation solution pairs were formed using mixtures of the constituent single cation solutions. The technique is based on flowing electrolyte batteries; however energy is not stored in this application. Characteristics of the solutions containing cations of iron or copper in two different valance states, which serve as electron acceptors and electron donors, were evaluated without protective atmospheres. DC conductivity, pH, and half-cell voltage of each solution were measured. The solution with the cation pair had significantly higher conductivity than that of a solution with only one cation valance state. Because of the relatively high redox half-cell potentials of the solutions used in this initial investigation, noble metal electrodes including gold and palladium were required. In future experiments additives based on other types of ions, which may be compatible with lower cost electrodes such as silver, carbon or copper, will be evaluated.
Development and Preliminary Validation of Heart Rate and Breathing Rate Detection Using a Passive, Ballistocardiography-Based Sleep Monitoring System (2008)

Techniques such as ballistocardiography (BCG) that can provide noninvasive long-term physiological monitoring have gained interest due to a growing recognition of adverse effects from poor sleep and sleep disorders. The noninvasive analysis of physiological signals (NAPS) system is a BCG-based monitoring system developed to measure heart rate, breathing rate, and musculoskeletal movement that shows promise as a general sleep analysis tool. Overnight sleep studies were conducted on 40 healthy subjects during a clinical trial at the University of Virginia. The NAPS system's measures of heart rate and breathing rate were compared to ECG, pulse oximetry, and respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP). The subjects were split into a training dataset and a validation dataset, maintaining similar demographics in each set. The NAPS system accurately detected heart rate, averaged over the prescribed 30-s epochs, to within less than 2.72 beats per minute of ECG, and accurately detected breathing rate, averaged over the same epochs, to within 2.10 breaths per minute of RIP bands used in polysomnography.
The neuronal influence on tumor progression (2011)

Nerve fibers accompany blood and lymphatic vessels all over the body. An extensive amount of knowledge has been obtained with regard to tumor angiogenesis and tumor lymphangiogenesis, yet little is known about the potential biological effects of "neoneurogenesis". Cancer cells can exploit the advantage of the factors released by the nerve fibers to generate a positive microenvironment for cell survival and proliferation. At the same time, they can stimulate the formation of neurites by secreting neurotrophic factors and axon guidance molecules. The neuronal influence on the biology of a neoplasm was initially described several decades ago. Since then, an increasing amount of experimental evidence strongly suggests the existence of reciprocal interactions between cancer cells and nerves in humans. Moreover, researchers have been able to demonstrate a crosstalk between cancer cells and nerve fibers as a strategy for survival. Despite all these evidence, a lot remains to be done in order to clarify the role of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and their associated receptor-initiated signaling pathways in the development and progression of cancer, and response to therapy. A global-wide characterization of the neurotransmitters or neuropeptides present in the tumor microenvironment would provide insights into the real biological influences of the neuronal tissue on tumor progression. This review is intended to discuss our current understanding of neurosignaling in cancer and its potential implications on cancer prevention and therapy. The review will focus on the soluble factors released by cancer cells and nerve endings, their biological effects and their potential relevance in the treatment of cancer.
Toward a mathematical foundation of software engineering methods (2001)

The development of large software systems consists of a sequence of modeling tasks. It requires the modeling and description of the application domain, software requirements, software architecture, software components, their internal structure, and their implementation. Technically, in software engineering, we work with a development method and description techniques with modeling, refinement, and implementation concepts. Today, much of the modeling is carried out by informal text and graphical description techniques. The development is organized in a development process and supported by CASE tools. We show how mathematics can provide a scientific foundation for the modeling aspects, description techniques, and development methods of software engineering. Such a scientific foundation leads to a deeper understanding of the development process and to a basis for a more powerful tool support.
Diagnostically Generated Anterior Tooth Preparation for Adhesively Retained Porcelain Restorations: Rationale and Technique (2004)

A diagnostically based protocol for anterior tooth preparations for adhesively retained porcelain restorations offers dentists and laboratory technicians new options to approaching these restorations. Rather than designing a preparation and restoration based more on the needs of the products used than on the preservation of the remaining tooth structure, practitioners can enhance the predictability of these restorations by concentrating simultaneously on three distinct zones of the tooth (incisal, middle, and cervical) and four diagnostic categories (periodontal, biomechanical, functional, and dentofacial). The result of following the technique presented in this article is achieving an individualized design that offers a predictable option with minimal risks to the remaining tooth structure.
ChemInform Abstract: Photophysics of a Novel Optical Probe: 7‐Azaindole (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
RG7212 Anti-TWEAK mAb Inhibits Tumor Growth through Inhibition of Tumor Cell Proliferation and Survival Signaling and by Enhancing the Host Antitumor Immune Response (2013)

In tumor cell lines, TWEAK induces proliferation, survival, and NF-κB signaling and gene expression that promote tumor growth and suppress antitumor immune responses. TWEAK-inducible CD274, CCL2, CXCL-10 and -11 modulate T-cell and monocyte recruitment, T-cell activation, and macrophage differentiation. These factors and TWEAK-induced signaling were decreased, and tumor, blood, and spleen immune cell composition was altered with RG7212 treatment in mice. RG7212 inhibits tumor growth in vivo in models with TWEAK receptor, Fn14, expression, and markers of pathway activation. In phase I testing, signs of tumor shrinkage and stable disease were observed without dose-limiting toxicity. In a patient with advanced, Fn14-positive, malignant melanoma with evidence of tumor regression, proliferation markers were dramatically reduced, tumor T-cell infiltration increased, and tumor macrophage content decreased. Antitumor activity, a lack of toxicity in humans and animals and no evidence of antagonism with standard of care or targeted agents in mice, suggests that RG7212 is a promising agent for use in combination therapies in patients with Fn14-positive tumors.