gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nouns in WordNet: A Lexical Inheritance System (1990)

Definitions of common nouns typically give a superordinate term plus distinguishing features; that information provides the basis for organizing noun files in WordNet. The superordinate relation (hyponymy) generates a hierarchical semantic organization that is duplicated in the noun files by the use of labeled pointers between sets of synonyms (synsets). The hierarchy is limited in depth, seldom exceeding more than a dozen levels. Distinguishing features are entered in such a way as to create a lexical inheritance system, a system in which each word inherits the distinguishing features of all its superordinates. Three types of distinguishing features are discussed: attributes (modification), parts (meronymy), and functions (predication), but only meronymy is presently implemented in the noun files. Antonymy is also found between nouns, but it is not a fundamental organizing principle for nouns. Coverage is partitioned into twenty-five topical files, each of which deals with a different primitive semantic component. Characteristics of each topic are discussed.
ARDressCode: Augmented Dressing Room with Tag-based Motion Tracking and Real-Time Clothes Simulation (2005)

This paper introduces a new augmented reality concept for dressing rooms enabling a customer to combine a tactile experience of the fabrics with easy simulated try-on. The dressing room has a camera and a projection surface instead of a mirror. The customers stick a few visual tags to their normal clothes. Then the ARDressCode application features motion capture and provides an AR video stream on the AR “mirror ” with the selected piece of clothes mixed in and fitted to the customer body. Design issues and technical implementation as well as the prospects of further development of the techniques are discussed.
Imaging properties of 3D printed breast phantoms for lesion localization and Core needle biopsy training (2020)

There is a large unmet need for a printable material that is truly compatible with multimodality imaging for breast and other soft tissue intervention. Further research is warranted to create a realistic, reusable and affordable material to 3D print phantoms for US-guided intervention training.
Inhibitors of pancreatic lipase: state of the art and clinical perspectives. (2014)

Obesity is a disorder of lipid metabolism and continues to be a global problem, ranking fifth for deaths worldwide. It also leads to diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, musculoskeletal disorders and some types of cancer. Obesity is regarded as the output of a long-term imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Digestion and absorption of dietary lipids by pancreatic lipase, a major source of excess calorie intake, can be targeted for development of anti-obesity agents. Being the major factor of concern, food materials and edible plants are most widely studied for the anti-obesity activity, so that they can be incorporated in the routine diet. In this review, an attempt was made to present a current scenario of the bioactive compounds from plant and microbial origin that have been investigated for their pancreatic lipase inhibition. Compounds belonging to various classes of natural products such as alkaloids, carotenoids, glycosides, polyphenols, polysaccharides, saponins and terpenoids are well studied while lipophilic compounds from microbial sources are the most active against the pancreatic lipase. Few studies on the synthetic analogues, structurally similar to the triglycerides have been described in the review. Despite of tremendous research on the finding of potential pancreatic lipase inhibitor, very few compounds have entered the clinical studies and no new molecule after orlistat has been marketed. Along with HTS based screening, detailed structure-activity relationship studies on semi-synthetic and synthetic derivatives might also provide a direction for the development of potential lead(s) or pharmacophore for pancreatic lipase inhibition in order to treat and/or prevent obesity and related disorders.
Improving test & measurement system control and throughput using an independent system trigger controller (2002)

In test and measurement systems, software triggering commands are often used to initiate instrumentation actions. The Keithley Trigger Master, a PC-based system trigger controller card, controls and monitors the state of the measurement process through an external triggering bus called Trigger Link. Each triggering connection is assigned a unique Trigger Link channel, allowing trigger dependencies to be programmed totally through software. Once programmed, the Trigger Master carries out triggering operations independent of the host PC. The Trigger Master ensures maximum performance from the system, without sacrificing speed, flexibility, or control. The authors illustrate the improvement in speed and control achieved with the Trigger Master versus previous methods in real world applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Amidines. Part 13. Influence of substitution at imino nitrogen atom on pK<sub>a</sub>values of N<sup>1</sup>N<sup>1</sup>-Dimethylacetamidines (1984)

20 N1N1-Dimethylacetamidines containing alkyl, aralkyl, or substituted phenyl groups have been synthesized, and their pKa values in 95.6% ethanol (azeotrope) measured. The pKa values obtained were correlated with Hammett σ constants. The appliciability of various σ values is discussed, and it is shown that for substituents at nitrogen σ° values should be used. It has also been shown that the pKa values of amidines correlate well with the pKa values of corresponding primary amines, and that this correlation can serve for the prediction of the pKa of amidine. Comparison of the correlations for N1N1-dimethylacetamidines with those for N1N1-dimethylformamidines indicate that sensitivity of the amidine group to substitution at the imino nitrogen atom depends to a considerable degree on substitution at a functional carbon atom.
A Review of Pharmacological Presbyopia Treatment (2020)

Presbyopia reduces an individual's ability to perform visual tasks at near distances. It is a global problem, affecting over a billion people worldwide. Contact lenses, glasses, refractive surgery, and intraocular lens surgery are the main modalities in presbyopia treatment, although they all have some disadvantages. Thus, there is an increasing need for effective, easy-to-use, and noninvasive approaches for treating presbyopia while not limiting patients' daily activities. Pharmacological presbyopia treatment as an alternative method has been under investigation in recent years. We reviewed all relevant articles using the keywords "presbyopia," "presbyopia treatment," "pharmacological presbyopia treatment," and "presbyopic corrections" from 2010 to February 9, 2020, and summarized the main results of clinical trials, investigating the drops used for presbyopia treatment.
Short‐term wind forecasting using off‐site observations (2005)

Abstract Accurate wind energy forecasts can be an essential component for economic viability of a wind project. Timely and accurate short‐term (hours) forecasts can increase the electric grid efficiency and minimize ancillary or other firming requirements, ultimately resulting in reduced costs. This article investigates the use of off‐site observations, at distances up to 200 km from the wind farm, as predictors in statistical forecast techniques. In combination with on‐site and off‐site observations, fine‐scale numerical weather predictions can also be used to further increase forecast accuracy at these short forecast horizons. An example from the Pacific Northwest of the USA is described. It is shown that significant forecast improvements are feasible when using off‐site observations and/or mesoscale numerical weather predictions in statistical forecast algorithms. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconstitution of Estrogen-Dependent Transcriptional Activation of an Adenoviral Target Gene in Select Regions of the Rat Mammary Gland (1998)

Estrogen regulates proliferation and morphogenesis of mammary ductal epithelium by interacting with a specific intracellular estrogen receptor (ER) that acts as a hormone-dependent transcriptional regulator of gene expression. The mechanisms by which ER regulates transcription in response to estrogen have been analyzed extensively in tissue culture and in cell-free systems. These studies have demonstrated that the transcriptional activity of ER is strongly influenced by cellular context and highlight the need to address ER transcriptional activity in an appropriate cellular background. Thus, to gain insight into the mechanistic role of ER in mammary epithelial morphogenesis, we have used an adenoviral gene delivery strategy to introduce an estrogen-responsive reporter gene into the mammary epithelium and to monitor the activity of endogenous ERs in their natural environment where cellular context including stromal-epithelial interactions can be taken into account. Using this approach, we first demonstrated highly efficient adenoviral delivery throughout the mammary epithelium using a β-galactosidase (βgal) reporter gene under the control of the constitutively active cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. Next, we constructed an adenoviral vector by substituting the CMV promoter with an estrogen-dependent promoter fragment-linked βgal (Ad-ERE-tk-βgal). This adenoviral reporter system provides evidence that ER positive mammary epithelial cells display a differential sensitivity in a region-specific manner toward estrogen induction. Our data suggest that the availability of factor(s) other than ER is necessary for ER-mediated gene activation and may be important in modulating the differential responses of mammary epithelial cells to estrogen.
Objective Image Quality Assessment: Facing The Real-World Challenges (2016)

There has been a growing interest in recent years in the development of objective image quality assessment (IQA) models, whose roles are not only to monitor image quality degradations and benchmark image processing systems, but also to optimize various image and video processing algorithms and systems. While the past achievement is worth celebrating, a number of major challenges remain when we apply existing IQA models in realworld applications. These include obvious ones such as the challenges to largely reduce the complexity of existing IQA algorithms and to make them easy-to-use and easy-to-understand. There are also challenges regarding the applicability of existing IQA models in many real-world problems where image quality needs to be evaluated and compared across dimensionality, across viewing environment, and across the form of representations – specific examples include quality assessment for image resizing, color-togray image conversion, multi-exposure image fusion, image retargeting, and high dynamic range image tone mapping. Here we will first elaborate these challenges, and then concentrate on a specific one, namely the generalization challenge, which we believe is a more fundamental issue in the development, validation and application of IQA models. Specifically, the challenge is about the generalization capability of existing IQA models, which achieve superior quality prediction performance in lab testing environment using a limited number of subject-rated test images, but the performance may not extend to the real-world where we are working with images of a much greater diversity in terms of content and complexity. We will discuss some principle ideas and related work that might help us meet the challenges in the future.
Circulant and Toeplitz matrices in compressed sensing (2009)

Compressed sensing seeks to recover a sparse vector from a small number of linear and non-adaptive measurements. While most work so far focuses on Gaussian or Bernoulli random measurements we investigate the use of partial random circulant and Toeplitz matrices in connection with recovery by $\ell_1$-minization. In contrast to recent work in this direction we allow the use of an arbitrary subset of rows of a circulant and Toeplitz matrix. Our recovery result predicts that the necessary number of measurements to ensure sparse reconstruction by $\ell_1$-minimization with random partial circulant or Toeplitz matrices scales linearly in the sparsity up to a $\log$-factor in the ambient dimension. This represents a significant improvement over previous recovery results for such matrices. As a main tool for the proofs we use a new version of the non-commutative Khintchine inequality.
Generalized stochastic subdivision (1987)

Stochastic techniques have assumed a prominent role in computer graphics because of their success in modeling a variety of complex and natural phenomena. This paper describes the basis for techniques such as stochastic subdivision in the theory of random processes and estimation theory. The popular stochastic subdivision construction is then generalized to provide control of the autocorrelation and spectral properties of the synthesized random functions. The generalized construction is suitable for generating a variety of perceptually distinct high-quality random functions, including those with non-fractal spectra and directional or oscillatory characteristics. It is argued that a spectral modeling approach provides a more powerful and somewhat more intuitive perceptual characterization of random processes than does the fractal model. Synthetic textures and terrains are presented as a means of visually evaluating the generalized subdivision technique.
Video Traffic Flow Analysis in Distributed System during Interactive Session (2016)

Cost effective, smooth multimedia streaming to the remote customer through the distributed “video on demand” architecture is the most challenging research issue over the decade. The hierarchical system design is used for distributed network to satisfy more requesting users. The distributed hierarchical network system contains all the local and remote storage multimedia servers. The hierarchical network system is used to provide continuous availability of the data stream to the requesting customer. In this work, we propose a novel data stream that handles the methodology for reducing the connection failure and smooth multimedia stream delivery to the remote customer. The proposed session based single-user bandwidth requirement model presents the bandwidth requirement for any interactive session like pause, move slowly, rewind, skip some of the frame, and move fast with some constant number of frames. The proposed session based optimum storage finding algorithm reduces the search hop count towards the remote storage-data server. The modeling and simulation result shows the better impact over the distributed system architecture. This work presents the novel bandwidth requirement model at the interactive session and gives the trade-off in communication and storage costs for different system resource configurations.
The Design and Implementation of Smart Battery Management System Balance Technology (2011)

To reduce the imbalance of Smart Battery and prolong the life of Smart Battery, the smart battery management system equalization charging protection system of battery series is designed. The imbalance reason of Li-Ion battery series and common balance technology was firstly analyzed, and then the battery balance principle based on X3100 chip was analyzed, and smart battery balance control circuit and software implementation were designed. According to the test, the balance design project can implement effectively the balance function of battery, and is characterized by low cost and simple circuit. It can be used in low power consumption equipment such as laptop computer and can improve the performance of battery and prolong the life of battery series.
Variability of gene order in different <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> strains contributes to genome diversity (1996)

Considerable genomic microdiversity has been reported previously among Helicobacter pylori isolates. We have constructed genome maps of four unrelated H. pylori strains (NCTC11637, NCTC11639, UA802 and UA861) using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with NotI and NruI, hybridization with extracted PFGE DNA fragments and probing with 17 gene probes. These strains of H. pylori were compared with a fifth unrelated H. pylori strain NCTC11638 mapped previously. Considerable diversity in gene arrangement was evident among the five H. pylori maps, and no consistent gene clustering was found. The association of only four genes, katA (catalase gene), vacA (vacuolating cytotoxin gene), hpaA (a putative adhesin gene), and pfr (bacterial ferritin gene) were generally conserved within approximately the same 25% of the genome; however, the order of these genes also varied. Our study demonstrates that macrodiversity, i.e. variability in gene order, in addition to microdiversity, is a characteristic of the H. pylori genome.
Factors That Influence the Immune Response to Vaccination (2019)

There is substantial variation between individuals in the immune response to vaccination. In this review, we provide an overview of the plethora of studies that have investigated factors that influence humoral and cellular vaccine responses in humans. These include intrinsic host factors (such as age, sex, genetics, and comorbidities), perinatal factors (such as gestational age, birth weight, feeding method, and maternal factors), and extrinsic factors (such as preexisting immunity, microbiota, infections, and antibiotics). Further, environmental factors (such as geographic location, season, family size, and toxins), behavioral factors (such as smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, and sleep), and nutritional factors (such as body mass index, micronutrients, and enteropathy) also influence how individuals respond to vaccines. Moreover, vaccine factors (such as vaccine type, product, adjuvant, and dose) and administration factors (schedule, site, route, time of vaccination, and coadministered vaccines and other drugs) are also important. An understanding of all these factors and their impacts in the design of vaccine studies and decisions on vaccination schedules offers ways to improve vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy.
Nitrate Assimilation in Rice Grown under Lowland Conditions (1979)

Abstract Pattern and extent to which the main shoot of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cv. Pusa 33 assimilates NO 3 ‐ when grown under lowland conditions was determined in a field study. The in vivo NR (nitrate reductase) activity is low as compared to the value in other cereals grown under aerobic soil conditions. The leaf blades had higher NR activity (g fr. wt.) ‐1 than the sheaths and stem. Calculation of total NO 3 ‐ (mol) reduced in the main shoot, obtained by integrating the in vivo NR assay values per plant part and per day over the duration for which the various plant parts on the main shoot remained metabolically active, showed that out of the total reduced N at harvest, 16.6% was assimilated via the enzyme nitrate reductase. In the leaf sheaths and stem the NO 3 ‐ was reduced to slightly over 50% of the total NO 3 ‐ that was reduced in the main shoot. The rest of the amount was reduced in the leaf blades.
Mitigation of motion artifacts in functional MRI: A combined acquisition, reconstruction and post processing approach (2009)

Head motion limits the accuracy, specificity and sensitivity of fMRI. Rigid body registration of fMRI data only corrects for bulk movements while leaving secondary motion artifacts from spin history effects, dynamic field inhomogeneity changes and interpolation errors untouched. Secondary artifacts reduce accuracy of image registration, increase variance in fMRI time-series and reduce sensitivity of detection of active voxels. In this thesis, some approaches to increase robustness of fMRI to head motion have been presented. These involve explicit optimization of acquisition parameters, use of image acquisition and reconstruction methods that reduce secondary motion artifacts and, better isolation and removal of residual motion artifacts that remain after image realignment. Specifically, methods to mitigate motion artifacts include use of thinner slices and slices of variable thickness during image acquisition for better signal recovery in brain regions with large intra-voxel dephasing induced signal loss. A combined forward and reverse spiral k-space trajectory was used to reduce susceptibility artifacts in presence of motion. Iterative image reconstruction with dynamically updated fieldmaps was used to correct temporally changing field inhomogeneity from motion and susceptibility interactions. Results demonstrated that these corrective measures increased the overall robustness of fMRI to susceptibility induced field inhomogeneity, head motion, and dynamic interactions between them. Consequently, better quality of fMRI data also improved the quality of motion correction, reduced variance in the time-series and increased sensitivity of detection of active voxels during fMRI experiments with head movement. Constrained Independent Component Analysis (cICA) was used for modeling, isolation and removal of residual motion artifacts that remain in fMRI time-series despite image registration. cICA was found to be better able to isolate the residual errors compared to the prevalent General Linear Model (GLM) methods. Further, cICA automated the identification and removal of erroneous components and eliminated human errors during this process. Using a combined approach, i.e., by optimizing acquisition parameters, acquisition methods, and reconstruction methods during data collection to improve image quality and motion correction and, by better modeling, isolation and removal of residual motion artifacts using cICA, the impact of head motion on fMRI studies can be vastly reduced.
A Reexamination of the Nucleotide Incorporation Fidelity of DNA Polymerases (2002)

Intensive study has been devoted to understanding the kinetic and structural bases underlying the exceptionally high fidelity (low error frequencies) of the typical DNA polymerase. Commonly proposed explanations have included (i) the concept of fidelity check points, in which the correctness of a nascent base pair match is tested at multiple points along the reaction pathway, and (ii) an induced-fit fidelity enhancement mechanism based on a rate-limiting, substrate-induced conformational change. In this article, we consider the evidence and theoretical framework for the involvement of such mechanisms in fidelity enhancement. We suggest that a "simplified" model, in which fidelity is derived fundamentally from differential substrate binding at the transition state of a rate-limiting chemical step, is consistent with known data and sufficient to explain the substrate selectivity of these enzymes.
A graphical operating environment for neural network expert systems (1991)

A window-based platform, known as the Graphical Environment for Neuronet Expert Systems (GENES), is proposed. The platform provides the user with an easy-to-learn, easy-to-use operating environment for creating, training, editing, and enhancing neural-network-based expert systems. The underlying neural logic network (NELONET) has been shown to be capable of doing logical inferencing and is used in two large-scale-operation expert systems. Building on top of the X-window system and the OPENLOOK user interface, GENES inherits the select-and-perform operation strategy for neural network objects. The system's knowledge base contains simple network elements that correspond to rules in a conventional system. During the inference process, these network elements are linked up dynamically to form a large neural network which will operate according to the NELONET activation rules.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>