gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electron–ion recombination rate constants in gaseous, liquid, and solid argon (1988)

Electron drift mobilities μe and electron–ion recombination rate constants kr in gaseous, liquid, and solid argon have been measured by the analysis of transient current induced with the irradiation of an x-ray pulse as functions of temperature and external electric field strength except solid. The effect of external dc electric field on kr up to ∼3×10−3 Td (1 Td=10−17 V cm2/molecule) was examined in gaseous and liquid phases. The observed kr values in both liquid and gas phases were found to be much smaller than those calculated by the reduced Debye equation. The deviation, which is bigger in gas than in liquid, has been compared with recent theoretical studies1–5 which were presented to explain our previous data on the kr values for methane.6 It has been concluded that the recombination also in liquid and gaseous argon is not a usual diffusion-controlled reaction. In the solid phase the observed kr values were almost in agreement with those calculated by the reduced Debye equation. The electron–ion recombination rate constants in both liquid and gas phases increased almost linearly with an external dc electric field up to a critical electric field strength below which electron mobility was nearly constant, and decreased with further increase in the electric field where electron mobility also decreased.
Interplay between Interferon-Mediated Innate Immunity and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (2012)

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against viral infection, and in turn, viruses have evolved to evade host immune surveillance. As a result, viruses may persist in host and develop chronic infections. Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) are among the most potent antiviral cytokines triggered by viral infections. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease of pigs that is characterized by negligible induction of type I IFNs and viral persistence for an extended period. For IFN production, RIG-I/MDA5 and JAK-STAT pathways are two major signaling pathways, and recent studies indicate that PRRS virus is armed to modulate type I IFN responses during infection. This review describes the viral strategies for modulation of type I IFN responses. At least three non-structural proteins (Nsp1, Nsp2, and Nsp11) and a structural protein (N nucleocapsid protein) have been identified and characterized to play roles in the IFN suppression and NF-κB pathways. Nsp's are early proteins while N is a late protein, suggesting that additional signaling pathways may be involved in addition to the IFN pathway. The understanding of molecular bases for virus-mediated modulation of host innate immune signaling will help us design new generation vaccines and control PRRS.
Mechanical Vibration Transmission in the Mariner '69 Spacecraft (1967)

Statistical energy techniques are used to obtain an engineering estimate of the high-frequency mechanical vibration transmission in the Mariner '69 spacecraft assembly. The vibration transmission path involves the following elements: (1) the Cenatur tank dome, or alternatively, a vibration test fixture, (2) the spacecraft adapter, and (3) the spacecraft electronic assemblies. Analytical values of the acceleration transfer functions for these elements are compared with measured values obtained in development vibration tests of a structural-model spacecraft. The results of this comparison are used to refine the analysis techniques and to gain confidence for applying the techniques to other spacecraft structures. Plans to study the acoustical vibration transmission in the Mariner '69 are described.
Distortion-free multiplexed holography in striated photorefractive media (1993)

Growth-induced striations in photorefractive media constitute phase gratings that scatter transmitted light and therefore degrade the quality of reconstructed images in holographic applications. A simple angular multiplexed holographic memory arrangement in a striated strontium barium niobate sample is considered. For forward-propagating reconstruction the striations distort the readout images and introduce ghost images. For counterpropagating readout, inhomogeneous image reconstruction and interimage cross talk can occur. We investigate these effects experimentally for different reconstruction methods and demonstrate the cross talk and the ghost images with a simple model based on coupled-wave theory. Readout with a counterpropagating plane wave eliminates the ghost images and the distortions but suffers degradation from cross talk and inhomogeneous image intensity. Only reconstruction with a phase conjugate of the transmitted reference beam eliminates cross talk and distortions. The model indicates that negligible material dispersion is a necessary requirement for high-quality phaseconjugation readout.
Development of low aluminum and nitrogen continuous cast steels for bar and wire rod. (1986)

Continuously cast low Al and N steels have been developed as mild steels for bar and wire rod applications. Al content is controlled, using R-H degassing process, from 0.003 to 0.01% not only to minimize Al2O3 inclusions but also to prevent the subsurface blow holes in the bloom section. N content is also reduced under 0.003 % by the hard-blowing of LD process and shrouding during casting.Compared with rimmed steel wire rod, this new steel shows better drawability and higher ductility of wire at the high speed continuous drawing. On the cold forming test the surf face and center of this steel has shown the higher ductility. At higher annealing temperature the, ferrite grain of this Al-killed steel tends to grow suddenly. B addition is effective to the prevention of the abnormal grain growth and brittle behavior of annealed products. Because of the high cleanliness and this segregation of continuous cast bloom, the size and amount of inclusions are smaller and hence the machinability of this steel is poor. Higher S content is desirable for improving it. In addition, the depth of carburization is relatively small. However B addition increases the austenite grain size and hardenability of carburized products.
An Analytical Threshold-Voltage Model of Trench- Isolated MOS Devices with Nonuniformly (1992)

A simple closed-form expression of the threshold voltage is developed for Trench-!solated ES (TIMOS) devices with feature size down to the deep-submicrometer range. The analytical expression is the first developed to include the non- uniform doping effect of a narrow-gate-width device. The in- verse narrow width e$ect can be predicted analytically from the proposed model. It was derived by modeling the gate sidewall capacitance to include the two-dimensional field-induced edge fringing effect and solving the Poisson equation to include the channel implant effect at different operating backgate biases. A two-dimensional simulation program was also developed, and the simulated data were used for verification of the analytical model. Good agreements between the modeled and simulated data have been achieved for a wide range of gate widths and biases. The model is well suited for the design of the basic tran- sistor cell in DRAM circuits using trench field oxide isolation structure.
Synthesis,<i>In Vitro</i>Anti-HIV Activity, and Biological Stability of 5′-<i>O</i>-Myristoyl Analogue Derivatives of 3′-Fluoro-2′,3′-Dideoxythymidine (FLT) as Potential Bifunctional Prodrugs of FLT (1998)

A group of 5'-O-myristoyl analogue derivatives of FLT (2) were evaluated as potential anti-HIV agents that were designed to serve as prodrugs to FLT. 3'-Fluoro-2',3'-dideoxy-5'-O-(12-methoxydodecanoyl)thymidine (4) (EC50 = 3.8 nM) and 3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxy-5'-O-(12-azidododecanoyl)thymidine (8) (EC50 = 2.8 nM) were the most effective anti-HIV-1 agents. There was a linear correlation between Log P and HPLC Log retention time for the 5'-O-FLT esters. The in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis half-life (t1/2), among the group of esters (3-8) in porcine liver esterase, rat plasma and rat brain homogenate was longer for 3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxy-5'-O-(myristoyl)thymidine (7), with t1/2 values of 20.3, 4.6 and 17.5 min, respectively.
Selective Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane Catalyzed by Cs2.5Mn0.08H1.34PVMo11O40 Catalyst Precursor (1996)

Abstract Cs+-, V5+-, and Mn2+-addition to H3PMo12O40 efficiently increased the catalytic activity and selectivity to ethene for the title reaction. The yield of ethene for Cs2.5Mn0.08H1.34PVMo11O40 catalyst was 2.0% at 350 °C and reached 4.3% at 425 °C.
Reconstitution of C5 convertase of the alternative complement pathway with isolated C3b dimer and factors B and D (1991)

C5 convertase of the alternative complement pathway is a trimolecular complex consisting of two molecules of C3b and one molecule of Bb. We previously proposed a model of the alternative pathway C5 convertase in which the second C3b molecule binds covalently to the first C3b molecule bearing Bb, and the C5 molecule binds to each C3b molecule of the covalently linked C3b dimer, resulting in its appropriate presentation to the catalytic site on Bb. In the present study, we purified the covalently linked C3b dimer and reconstituted the C5 convertase with the C3b dimer and factors B and D to obtain evidence in support of this model. An insoluble glucan, OMZ-176, was incubated with human serum to activate the alternative pathway and to allow formation of the alternative C5 convertase on the surface of the glucan, and the glucan bearing the C5 convertase was then solubilized by incubation with glucosidases. In this way, the covalently linked C3b dimer was obtained in solution without using a detergent. The C3b dimer was then separated from enzymes, C3b monomer, C3b oligomer, and other materials by chromatographies. SDS-PAGE analysis demonstrated that the purified C3b dimer had intact alpha'-chains. Alternative pathway C5 convertase was reconstituted when the isolated C3b dimer was incubated with factors B and D. The presence of P enhanced C5 convertase formation threefold. These results support the notions that the formation of the covalently linked C3b dimer is a general phenomenon associated with activation of the alternative pathway and that the C3b dimer acts as a part of the C5 convertase.
Insulin-like growth factor I receptors in retinal rod outer segments. (1987)

We have previously reported that the GDP-bound alpha-subunit of the GTP-binding protein transducin, present in outer segments of retinal rod cells (ROS), serves as a high affinity in vitro substrate (Km = 1 microM) for the insulin receptor kinase. The present study demonstrates that transducin also serves as in vitro substrate for an endogenous IGF-I receptor kinase isolated from ROS membranes. The presence of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptors in ROS is evident from the high affinity and specific binding of 125I-IGF-I to ROS membranes (Kd = 3 nM) which contain 110 fmol of IGF-I binding sites/mg of membrane protein. Furthermore, cross-linking of 125I-IGF-I labels the 135-kDa alpha-subunit of this receptor. 125I-Insulin binding capacity to ROS membranes is less than 5% that of IGF-I. The IGF-I-stimulated tyrosine kinase activity in solubilized and partially purified receptors from ROS autophosphorylates its own 95-kDa beta-subunits as well as other substrates like transducin. Insulin, which is 200-fold less potent than IGF-I in competing for 125I-IGF-I binding, is only 5-fold less potent than IGF-I in stimulating the receptor kinase activity. This suggests that insulin is much more potent than IGF-I in coupling ligand binding with kinase activation. The previously reported presence of IGF-I in the vitreous, together with our present studies, strongly suggest that the IGF-I receptor kinase, through phosphorylation of endogenous proteins like transducin, could play a role in mediating transmembrane signal transduction in ROS.
Effects of pea aphid secondary endosymbionts on aphid resistance and development of the aphid parasitoid <i>Aphidius ervi</i>: a correlative study (2010)

Abstract In order to reduce parasite‐induced mortality, hosts may be involved in mutualistic interactions in which the partner contributes to resistance against the parasite. The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Hemiptera: Aphididae), harbours secondary bacterial endosymbionts, some of which have been reported to confer resistance against aphid parasitoids. Although this resistance often results in death of the developing parasitoid larvae, some parasitoid individuals succeed in developing into adults. Whether these individuals suffer from fitness reduction compared to parasitoids developing in pea aphid clones without symbionts has not been tested so far. Using 30 pea aphid clones that differed in their endosymbiont complement, we studied the effects of these endosymbionts on aphid resistance against the parasitoid Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae), host–parasitoid physiological interactions, and fitness of emerging adult parasitoids. The number of symbiont species in an aphid clone was positively correlated with a number of resistance measurements but there were also clear symbiont‐specific effects on the host–parasitoid interaction. As in previous studies, pea aphid clones infected with Hamiltonella defensa Moran et al. showed resistance against the parasitoid. In addition, pea aphid clones infected with Regiella insecticola Moran et al. and co‐infections of H. defensa – Spiroplasma , R. insecticola – Spiroplasma , and R. insecticola – H. defensa showed reduced levels of parasitism and mummification. Parasitoids emerging from symbiont‐infected aphid clones often had a longer developmental time and reduced mass. The number of teratocytes was generally lower when parasitoids oviposited in aphid clones with a symbiont complement. Interestingly, unparasitized aphids infected with Serratia symbiotica Moran et al. and R. insecticola had a higher fecundity than unparasitized aphids of uninfected pea aphid clones. We conclude that in addition to conferring resistance, pea aphid symbionts also negatively affect parasitoids that successfully hatch from aphid mummies. Because of the link between aphid resistance and the number of teratocytes, the mechanism underlying resistance by symbiont infection may involve interference with teratocyte development.
Improvement on optical flow based video deinterlacing by adopting Flow Vector And Intensity Reliabilities (2009)

A recently introduced optical flow based deinterlacing algorithm showed a promising performance for the sequences with well estimated optical flows. However, estimated optical flows mostly include some errors, which cause significant artifacts. To reduce such artifacts, we propose an improved algorithm by considering flow vector reliability in terms of motion linearity, motion uniqueness, and consistent motion in a flat region. Moreover, to maximize the resolution of deinterlaced images, we propose intensity reliability which utilizes the field parity information. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm noticeably improves the quality of deinterlaced images.
Soft-magnetic properties of Fe–Co–B thin films for ultra-high-frequency applications (2000)

Fe 67 Co 18 B 15 amorphous thin films were sputter deposited on glass substrates under a uniform applied magnetic field. The films exhibit excellent soft-magnetic properties of 4πMs∼17.5 kG, Hc∼0.3 Oe, and Hk (anisotropy field) ∼22 Oe. The ultra-high-frequency performance on these films was studied and the relative permeability μ′ is shown to be as high as ∼740 and almost constant to at least 1 GHz. The combination of high 4πMs and relatively high Hk in these films is believed to be partly responsible for the excellent ultra-high-frequency behavior. The soft-magnetic properties of these films show a strong dependence on the film deposition bias voltage, which presumably changes the microstructure of the films and the related magnetic anisotropy.
Intra-operative application of confocal endomicroscopy using a rigid endoscope (2013)

This method enables the surgeon to monitor epithelial changes in pre-malignant lesions. The combination of confocal endomicroscopy together with optical coherence tomography (as a complementary technique that provides optical cross-sections) should be further explored in a formal clinicopathological study.
Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in cultures enriched for mature oligodendrocytes is due to microglia (1999)

Hewett JA, Hewett SJ, Winkler S, Pfeiffer SE. 1999. Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in cultures enriched for mature oligodendrocytes is due to microglia. J Neurosci Res 56:189-198. In the article referenced above, the LPS concentration employed in all studies was 1 &mgr;g/ml, not 1 mg/ml as published. This correction appears: in the Materials and Methods section on page 190, column 1, line 47; in the Results section on page 191, column 2, legend to Figure 1, line 3; on page 192, column 2, legend to Figure 2, line 3; on page 194, column 2, legend to Figure 5, line 4; on page 195, column 1, legend to Figure 6, line 3; and in the Discussion section on page 196, column 1, line 9. The publisher regrets this error.
Rat hepatoma L35 cells, a liver-differentiated cell line, display resistance to bile acid repression of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (1996)

A stable hepatoma cell line (L35 cells) showing an activation of the cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase gene (CYP7) that had been silent in the parental hepatoma cell line (H35 cells) was used to examine the influence of bile acids on its gene expression and activity. L35 cells were found to concentrate taurocholate from the culture medium, without any significant effect on the expression of 7 alpha-hydroxylase. At physiologic levels (up to 100 microM), CYP7 mRNA expression was not repressed by any bile acid. At supra-physiologic levels (1 mM), the more hydrophobic dihydroxy bile acids, taurodeoxycholate and taurochenodeoxycholate, decreased CYP7 mRNA without decreasing the relative abundance of beta-actin mRNA. Similar results were obtained by culturing cells with sodium dodecylsulfate (50 microM). The medium of L35 cells treated with either taurochenodeoxycholate (1 mM), taurodeoxycholate (1 mM), or sodium dodecylsulfate (50 microM) contained significantly greater activities of two cytosolic enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase and phosphoglucose isomerase, indicating a cytotoxic response. Activation of protein kinase C by phorbol esters decreased the expression of 7 alpha-hydroxylase mRNA without evidence of cytotoxicity; therefore, the inability of L35 cells to show bile acid repression cannot be ascribed to a lack of an effect by this secondary messenger system. In addition, insulin decreased and dexamethasone increased 7 alpha-hydroxylase mRNA without increasing the release of the cytoplasmic enzyme markers. The combined data suggest that L35 cells are resistant to repression of CYP7 gene expression by bile acids, but display physiologic expression to hormones and protein kinase C activation.
Association Between Daily Sleep Duration and Risk of Dementia and Mortality in a Japanese Community (2018)

Short and long daily sleep duration and hypnotic use are risk factors for dementia and death in Japanese elderly adults.
<i>In Vivo</i> Modulation of N- <i>myc</i> Expression by Continuous Perfusion with an Antisense Oligonucleotide (1991)

In this study we investigated the in vivo efficacy of continuous subcutaneous perfusion of unmodified phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotides. The in vitro sequelae of antisense inhibition of the target gene, N-myc, have been documented and include moderate growth inhibition without effects on myc expression, loss of secretogranin I expression, and morphologic alterations. We chose to use N-myc as a model target to determine if antisense effects observed in vitro can be reproduced in vivo. N-myc-expressing human neuroectodermal tumors were grown as subcutaneous xenografts in athymic mice. Antisense and sense oligodeoxynucleotides directed against N-myc were delivered to the vicinity of the tumor by a subcutaneously implanted microosmotic pump. Antisense treatment led to loss of N-myc protein from the tumor, as well as to the loss of the neuroendocrine differentiation marker protein secretogranin I. Myc protein expression remained unaffected. Mean tumor mass was reduced by 50% in antisense-treated animals, and antisense-treated tumors morphologically resembled antisense-transfected in vitro cell cultures. These results demonstrate that regional, in vivo perfusion of an unmodified oligonucleotide specifically downregulates gene expression in human tumor xenografts with concomitant effects on tumor phenotype and growth rate that correlate well with in vitro observations.
<title>How to contact extraterrestrial intelligence</title> (1996)

Microwave and optical (both infrared and visible) radiation are the basis for the principal plans in use or under discussion for searching for advanced extraterrestrial societies, but we should be on the alert for alternative modalities that might contribute. Among the latter are other forms of radiation, matter transfer, and a variety of exotic suggestions.
High-energy large-aperture Ti:sapphire amplifier for 5 PW laser pulses (2015)

We report on the generation of 192.3 J centered at 800 nm wavelength from a chirped-pulse amplification (CPA) Ti:sapphire laser system. The experimental results demonstrate that parasitic lasing can be suppressed successfully in the final amplifier based on a Ti:sapphire crystal of 150 mm in diameter. An over 50% pump-to-signal conversion efficiency was measured for the final amplifier by optimizing the time delay of two pump pulses and enhancing the injected seed energy. With 72% compressor throughput efficiency and 27 fs long compressed pulse duration obtained at a lower energy level, this laser could potentially support a compressed laser pulse of 5.13 PW peak power. The experimental results represent notable progress regarding the CPA laser.
Spectroscopic evidence for reduction of unoccupied states in the band gap of GaP(001) by H2S passivation (1994)

Clean and H2S-adsorbed GaP(001) surfaces have been studied by inverse and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (IPES) and (UPS) and by high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. H2S is found to be dissociated on the surface, leaving only sulfur on it, which is consistent with UPS results. IPES spectra show strong reduction in intensity at 1.5 and 4.5 eV above the Fermi level upon sulfur adsorption. The reduction in the former indicates tremendous decrease of unoccupied states, which correspond to dangling bonds of surface gallium atoms, in the band gap by H2S passivation.
Theoretical predictions for magnetic interface anisotropy (1993)

Electronic structure calculations are used to predict the magnetic anisotropy of Co/Pd, Co/Pt, Co/Cu, Fe/Pt, and Fe/Ag superlattices. In the case of Co/Pd and Co/Pt, the magnetic anisotropy is analyzed as a deconvolution of volume and interface contributions. The experimental result of an orientation-independent interface anisotropy of 0.63+or-0.05 ergs/cm/sup 2/ for Co/Pd superlattices is also predicted by theory. The theoretical interface anisotropy is found to be 0.62+or-0.06 ergs/cm/sup 2/, in close agreement with the experiment. This result is not universally observed, and, based upon calculations for strained and unstrained superlattices, appears to be a consequence of the degree of strain found in the Co/Pd system. A symmetry derived model based upon summing L(M.R)/sup 2/ pair interactions accurately reproduces the observed anisotropy and the dependence upon atomic constituents, strain and growth direction.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>