gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Absolute Risk of Childhood-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Defined by Human Leukocyte Antigen Class II Genotype: A Population-Based Study in the United Kingdom (2004)

The autoimmune disease process leading to childhood-onset type 1 diabetes appears to start in infancy, and decisions on treatment to prevent initiation of autoimmunity will need to be based on genetic susceptibility alone. We set out to quantify the absolute risk associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DRB1-DQA1-DQB1 class II genotypes and to develop strategies for recruitment into primary prevention trials. HLA class II haplotype- and genotype-specific risks were derived from 753 United Kingdom families from the Bart's-Oxford population-based study of type 1 diabetes and combined with incidence data from the region to calculate the absolute risk of development of diabetes. A hierarchy of susceptibility was established for both HLA class II haplotypes and genotypes, and the sensitivity and specificity of each genotype was established relative to age at disease onset. Highest risk was conferred by the genotype DRB1*03-DQA1*0501-DQB1*0201/DRB1*0401-DQA1*0301-DQB1*0302 (5% absolute risk of diabetes by age 15 yr), although sensitivity was only 22.6%. Combining the six highest risk genotypes conferred similar risk but increased sensitivity to 36.6% and was most sensitive for diagnosis of diabetes before age 5 yr (48.4%), whereas inclusion of 11 genotypes achieved the same sensitivity for diagnosis for ages 10-14 yr. Analysis of genotype-specific risk should form the basis for design of future primary prevention trials in the general population.
Structural vibration noise from open grid bridge decks (1995)

The contribution to the overall tonal component of the noise from the vibration of the grid section of an open grid bridge deck due to excitation by the interaction with the vehicle tires is investigated. Using vibration field measurements of the grid and laboratory measurements of the acoustic radiation efficiency, it is shown that the contribution to the overall noise level measured at the curb from the vibrations of the grid is insignificant. The main reason for this result is the poor acoustic radiation efficiency of the grid. Because of the large percentage of open area, the plate-like modes of the grid deck have very poor radiation efficiency. Similarly, the individual grid elements, based on their size and the frequency range where the predominant excitation from the tire takes place, are also very inefficient acoustic radiators. The significance of this result is that mitigation procedures that only reduce the vibration of the grid will not significantly reduce the overall radiated noise. [Work sponsored by FDOT.]
Data underpinning: Water Based Scale-up of CPO-27 Synthesis for Nitric Oxide Delivery (2015)

We thank Scottish Enterprise for funding for the scale up work (POC13). We gratefully acknowledge the EPSRC (EP/K025112/1) and the Royal society for the Brian Mercer Award for Innovation (MI120033)
Programming Void Populations in the Passive Oxide of Aluminum in an Attempt to Correlate Evolving Nanostructure with Passivity Loss (2006)

Abstract not Available.
Denosing Noisy Images with Noise (2007)

This paper presents a novel application of the phenomenon of noise enhanced systems (PHONES) in image processing. Potential enhancement of image denoising systems via the addition of noise is investigated. Two systems are considered, one where a single noise realization is used and the other where multiple noise realizations are employed to enhance image denoising performance. Image denoising performance is shown to improve when suitable noise is added.
Differential Polarization Microscopy (1991)

Differential polarization microscopy is the name given to a group of microscopic techniques that create images using changes in the polarization of light or changes in the amount of polarized light (linear or circular) transmitted or scattered by an object. This will be made clearer by first examining several better-known microscopic techniques. The classical example of polarization microscopy is that based on detecting a change in linear polarization. Using various optical analyses, we can show that there are eight different optical transmission effects as well as an equal number of scattering effects that can be detected in this manner. Many different polarization effects can produce images in interference microscopy and this is also true of microscopic techniques based on any phase effects (phase shear, holography, true phase, etc.). These techniques all generate an image by 'comparing' two light beams. In the interference microscope this may be done when one beam has a different path from the imaging beam, or when both beams take slightly different paths through the object, as is done in phase microscopy. The comparison of two beams always means that changes in the polarization of the light will change the interference between two beams. This effect generally decreases the measured intensity or contrast in these techniques. Many of these effects will be obvious to many readers but they are the reason for the complex optical analysis we have used to separate these many optical effects.
Erratum for Improved Dispersion of a Fin-Stabilized Projectile Using a Passive Moveable Nose (2002)

References 1Black, Harold D., “A Passive System for Determining the Attitude of a Satellite,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 2, No. 7, 1964, pp. 1350, 1351. 2Lerner, Gerald M., “Three-Axis AttitudeDetermination,” Spacecraft Attitude Determination and Control, edited by James R. Wertz, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 1978, pp. 420– 428. 3Wahba, Grace, “A Least Squares Estimate of Spacecraft Attitude,”SIAM Review, Vol. 7, No. 3, 1965, p. 409. 4Markley, F. Landis, and Mortari, Daniele, “Quaternion Attitude Estimation Using Vector Observations,” Journal of the Astronautical Sciences, Vol. 48, No. 2/3, 2000, pp. 359–380. 5Shuster,M. D., and Oh, S. D., “Three-Axis Attitude Determination from Vector Observations,” Journal of GuidanceandControl, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1981, pp. 70–77. 6Markley, F. Landis, “AttitudeDetermination Using Vector Observations: A Fast Optimal Matrix Algorithm,” Journal of the Astronautical Sciences, Vol. 41, No. 2, 1993, pp. 261–280. 7Mortari, Daniele, “EULER-2 and EULER-n Algorithms for Attitude Determination from Vector Observations,” Space Technology, Vol. 16, No. 5/6, 1996, pp. 317–321.
Quantitation of enterovirus 70 antibody by microneutralization test and comparison with standard neutralization, hemagglutination inhibition, and complement fixation tests with different virus strains (1984)

We describe here a microneutralization procedure for conveniently testing large numbers of specimens for antibodies to enterovirus 70. The test utilized human rhabdomyosarcoma cells and was read by staining with crystal violet after 4 days of incubation. The test compares well with other serological assays, being more sensitive than the standard tube neutralization test and the complement fixation test, but less sensitive than the hemagglutination inhibition test. However, the hemagglutination inhibition test required concentrated, partially purified virus as antigen, as did the complement fixation test, and was difficult to read, so that its greater sensitivity may not be of practical significance. By all four test procedures, a recent isolate of enterovirus 70 was a more sensitive antigen than the prototype strain, as shown by greater geometric mean titers in sera of patients from various epidemics.
Advanced Effects of Tuberose Polysaccharide(TPS) as a Cosmetic Raw Material. (1996)

チューベロース花弁より誘導したカルス細胞が生産する多糖「TPS (チューベロース多糖)」が, 顔面角層への外界刺激を遮断する角層保護作用を有し, 化粧品基剤として有用であることを見いだした。角質細胞上に形成されたTPS被膜を電子顕微鏡で観察すると, ミクロなネット状の被膜構造で, 凹凸の多い角質細胞表面を覆い, 表面は平滑であった。TPS被膜は皮膚上での残留性に優れ, その柔軟性は高かった。また湿度変化による柔軟性や体積変化は殆ど起こらなかった。実際に, 荒れ肌にTPS水溶液を塗布すると落屑の発生が抑制された。また, 機械的刺激を長期間角層に与え続けると観察される角質細胞面積の減少も, TPS塗布で抑制された。冬期に, TPS配合化粧水を塗布し続けた結果, 寒冷乾燥により生じる角質細胞面積の減少が抑制され, 外的刺激からの角層保護作用が示唆された。更に厳しい寒冷乾燥状態のスキー場でもTPSの有用性は検証され, 化粧品基剤として今後有用であると考えられた。
Thermo-optical behavior of rare-earth-doped low-NA fibers in high power operation (2006)

The influence of the internal temperature gradient in rare-earth-doped low-numerical-aperture fibers on modal properties is analyzed for step-index and photonic crystal fibers. We provide guidelines when a single-mode fiber turns into a multimode fiber and how the mode-field-diameter is affected.
[Allergic alveolitis or intrinsic asthma? (A case report)]. (1990)

We report on a 37-year old patient with a simple viral infection who presented with acute bronchitis with bronchospasm, a productive cough and severe dyspnoea. Because of his specific occupational history--the patient is a forester and was exposed to wood dust and fungi--he was at high risk for extrinsic allergic alveolitis with mucoid impaction, so that the cause of hypoxemia and cyanosis was obvious. Repeated immunological parameters including gel-precipitations were negative: The lung function pattern (reduced vital capacity, a reduced FEV1, reduced flow values at low vital capacity and with the characteristic shape of the flow volume-curve but normal airway-resistance) suggested the diagnosis of intrinsic asthma limited to the small airways - "bronchiolar asthma" - severe small airway disease.
Throttle Valve Position Control System (1965)

A high-accuracy steam valve controller which uses a dc motor and gear train to position a steam valve shaft is described. The system responds to an error signal derived from the difference between an input reference and an output feedback signal. The error signal is amplified to control two firing pulse generators. The firing pulse generator's drive a set of eight SCRs in a dual bridge configuration, providing bidirectional armature drive for a 1/6-hp 115-volt dc motor. The system could easily be modified to handle larger motors by using larger devices in the dual bridge power circuit.
USE OF THE METHYLXANTHINE DERIVATIVE A802715 IN TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNOLOGY (1997)

A802715 synergizes with CsA in vivo to induce specific transplantation tolerance and hence should be considered as a promising new immunosuppressant.
Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and bioavailability of enteral tramadol formulations. 2nd communication: drops with ethanol. (1998)

The pharmacokinetics and the absolute bioavailability of tramadol hydrochloride (CAS 36282-47-0) after oral administration of Tramal drops (with ethanol) were determined in a balanced cross-over study in 8 (4 male and 4 female) volunteers in comparison with the intravenous injection. Each fasting volunteer received two single doses of 100 mg tramadol-HCl, one by oral (1 ml of drops) and one by intravenous route (2 ml of a solution for injection). The formulations were administered in the morning; the washout period was one week. Serum and urine concentrations of tramadol-HCl were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography, respectively, and the pharmacokinetic evaluation was carried out model-dependently. Only the extent of bioavailability and the renal clearance were calculated model-independently. The extent of the absolute bioavailability (F) of tramadol after oral administration of the drops, based on AUC data, was 66.3% (point estimate; n = 8) with a 95% confidence interval of 58.1-75.6% (ANOVAlog). The areas under the serum concentration curves of tramadol-HCl calculated by curve fitting (AUC), which agreed very well with the model-independently determined areas (AUC), were 2390 +/- 712 h.ng/ml (p.o.) and 3490 +/- 510 h.ng/ml (i.v.) (mean +/- SD; n = 8). After oral administration the means of the serum concentration peaks were 308 +/- 89 ng/ml (cmax) and 1.20 +/- 0.39 h (tmax), the half-life of absorption was 0.34 +/- 0.18 h (t1/2,ka) and the lag time 0.23 +/- 0.01 h (t0). The biological half-life in the terminal phase (t1/2,beta) was 5.5 +/- 0.9 h and agreed well with the value of 5.2 +/- 0.8 h determined after i.v. injection. There were large differences between the volunteers in the distribution rate. For the slower distribution half-life (t1/2,alpha) mean values of 1.2 +/- 0.7 h (p.o.; n = 6) and 1.9 +/- 0.7 h (i.v.; n = 6) were obtained. The values determined after i.v. injection for the total distribution volume and the total and renal clearance were 216 +/- 21 l (Vd,beta), 487 +/- 71 ml/min (Cltot) and 77 +/- 20 ml/min (Clren), respectively. These results show that after administration of the drops (with ethanol) the active ingredient tramadol is rapidly absorbed and that the extent of the absolute bioavailability is about the same as after oral administration of tramadol capsules.
Increased Protein Identification Capabilities through Novel Tandem MS Calibration Strategies (2005)

High mass measurement accuracy is critical for confident protein identification and characterization in proteomics research. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry is a unique technique which can provide unparalleled mass accuracy and resolving power. However, the mass measurement accuracy of FTICR-MS can be affected by space charge effects. Here, we present a novel internal calibrant-free calibration method that corrects for space charge-induced frequency shifts in FTICR fragment spectra called Calibration Optimization on Fragment Ions (COFI). This new strategy utilizes the information from fixed mass differences between two neighboring peptide fragment ions (such as y(1) and y(2)) to correct the frequency shift after data collection. COFI has been successfully applied to LC-FTICR fragmentation data. Mascot MS/MS ion search data demonstrate that most of the fragments from BSA tryptic digested peptides can be identified using a much lower mass tolerance window after applying COFI to LC-FTICR-MS/MS of BSA tryptic digest. Furthermore, COFI has been used for multiplexed LC-CID-FTICR-MS which is an attractive technique because of its increased duty cycle and dynamic range. After the application of COFI to a multiplexed LC-CID-FTICR-MS of BSA tryptic digest, we achieved an average measured mass accuracy of 2.49 ppm for all the identified BSA fragments.
Reticuloendotheliosis virus and avian leukosis virus subgroup J synergistically increase the accumulation of exosomal miRNAs (2018)

We demonstrated that REV and ALV-J synergistically increased the accumulation of exosomal miRNAs, which sheds light on the synergistic molecular mechanism of ALV-J and REV.
Photopolymerized Sol−Gel Monoliths for Capillary Electrochromatography (2001)

A solution of methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane in the presence of an acid catalyst, water, toluene, and a photoinitiator was irradiated at 365 nm for 5 min in a 75-microm i.d. capillary to prepare a porous monolithic sol-gel column by a one-step, in situ, process. The photopolymerized sol-gel (PSG) column shows reversed-phase behavior. Using this column, a variety of low-molecular-weight neutral compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkyl benzenes, alkyl phenyl ketones, and steroids are separated from mixtures. Various different operational parameters, such as buffer composition, field strength, and column temperature, were varied to assess their influence on column performance. Use of PSG as a stationary phase for a pressure-driven separation is also demonstrated.
Mutants deleted in the agnogene of simian virus 40 define a new complementation group (1983)

Analysis of the DNA sequence of the late leader region of simian virus 40 indicates that it might encode a 61-amino acid, highly basic protein, LP-1. Mutants deleted in this region are viable, but they produce infectious progeny more slowly than wild-type virus in established monkey cells. On the basis of the rates of appearance and the sizes of mixed plaques formed after cotransfections with pairs of mutants, we found that mutants defective in the synthesis of LP-1 complementation was also observed in infections with virions and was bidirectional. Therefore, these mutants define a new complementation group, group G. In addition, a protein of the appropriate molecular weight for LP-1 (approximately 8 X 10(3) ) was synthesized by wild-type virus-infected cells but not by mock-infected or group G gene mutant-infected cells. This protein, whose identity has been established definitively by Jay et al. (Nature (London) 291:346-349, 1981), was synthesized at a high rate at late times after infection, was present predominantly in the cytoplasmic fraction of cells, possessed a fairly short half-life, and was absent from mature virions. Once formed, virions of group G gene mutants behaved biologically and physically like virions of wild-type virus. On the basis of these findings and other known properties of LP-1 and mutants defective in LP-1 synthesis, we hypothesize that LP-1 functions to facilitate virion assembly, possibly by serving as a nonreusable scaffolding protein.
Effects of hydrogen bond redistribution on photoluminescence of a-SiC:H films under thermal treatment (2006)

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC:H) films have been deposited using magnetron sputtering technique. An integrated investigation of the effect of vacuum annealing temperature on photoluminescence properties and paramagnetic defects and its correlation with structural transformation of a-SiC:H has been performed. Significantly enhanced light emission efficiency after low-temperature vacuum treatment (450°C) is found due to enhanced passivation of paramagnetic defects associated with carbon-rich chemically disordered structure. Subsequent high-temperature vacuum annealing results in a decrease of luminescent intensity that is associated with an increase of carbon-related paramagnetic defect states, shown to be the primary nonradiative recombination centers.
The Usage of MPEG‐21 Digital Items in Research and Practice (2010)

The aim of the MPEG-21 standard, the so-called Multimedia Framework, is to enable transparent and augmented use of multimedia resources across a wide range of networks, devices, user preferences, and communities, notably for trading (of bits). MPEG-21 provides an important step in MPEG's standards evolution, addressing the transaction of Digital Items among Users. This chapter provides an overview of applications making use specifically of MPEG-21 Digital Items and a more in-depth presentation of a few selected applications in research and practice. The first part of the chapter reviews industry adoptions such as UPnP's DIDL-Lite – derived from a subset of MPEG-21 DIDL – and Microsoft's Interactive Media Manager (IMM) that implemented the abstract MPEG-21 Digital Item model using the Web Ontology Language (OWL). The second part of the chapter concentrates on several EC-funded projects (e.g., DANAE, AXMEDIS, ENTHRONE) that adopted a wide range of MPEG-21 technologies and provided reference applications on top of it. Finally, a significant application of MPEG-21 core concepts, namely of Digital Item Declaration (DID), Digital Item Identification (DII), and Digital Item Processing (DIP) for representing, storing, managing, and disseminating complex information assets in a digital library, is covered in the third part of this chapter.
Acute Pain: Effective Management Requires Comprehensive Assessment (2014)

Pain is among the most common reasons that patients seek medical care, and inadequate assessment may result in suboptimal management. Acute pain in response to trauma or surgery can be complex, variable, and dynamic, but its assessment is often simplistic and brief. One-dimensional rating scale measures of pain severity facilitate rapid evaluation and often form the basis of treatment algorithms. However, additional features of pain should inform the selection of a treatment regimen, and can include pain qualities, duration, impact on functional capabilities, and underlying cause. Patient age, sex, psychosocial features, and comorbid conditions are also important features to consider. Use of a multidimensional tool is recommended for assessing many of these features if time permits. Additionally, clinicians often fail to recognize or consider the potentially detrimental long-term effects of acute pain. As the United States continues to experience a prescription drug crisis, a "universal precautions" approach including abuse risk assessment and abuse deterrence strategies should be implemented for patients receiving opioids. Increased efforts and research are necessary to enhance the utility of available acute pain assessment tools. Developing more comprehensive tools for patient assessment is the first step in achieving the ultimate goal of effective acute pain management. The objectives of this review are to summarize issues regarding the complexity of acute pain and to provide suggestions for its evaluation.
Structural basis for receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan (2020)

Abstract A novel SARS-like coronavirus (2019-nCoV) recently emerged from Wuhan, China and is quickly spreading in humans. A key to tackling this epidemic is to understand the virus’s receptor recognition mechanism, which regulates its infection, pathogenesis, and host range. 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV recognize the same host receptor ACE2. Here we determined the crystal structure of 2019-nCoV receptor-binding domain (RBD) (engineered to facilitate crystallization) in complex of human ACE2.Compared with SARS-CoV, an ACE2-binding ridge in 2019-nCoV RBD takes more compact conformations, causing structural changes at the RBD/ACE2 interface. Adaptive to these structural changes, several mutations in 2019-nCoV RBD enhance ACE2- binding affinity, contributing to the high infectivity of 2019-CoV. These mutations also reveal the molecular mechanisms of the animal-to-human transmission of 2019-nCoV. Alarmingly, a single N439R mutation in 2019-nCoV RBD further enhances its ACE2- binding affinity, indicating possible future evolution of 2019-nCoV in humans. This study sheds light on the epidemiology and evolution of 2019-nCoV, and provides guidance for intervention strategies targeting receptor recognition by 2019-nCoV.
COMPLEXITY OF VERIFYING JAVA SHARED MEMORY EXECUTION (2003)

This paper studies the problem of testing shared memory Java implementations to determine whether the memory behavior they provide is consistent. The complexity of the task is analyzed. The problem is defined as that of analyzing memory access traces. The study showed that the problem is NP-complete, both in the general case and in some particular cases in which the number of memory operations per thread, the number of write operations per variable, and the number of variables are restricted.
Defining and Modeling Context in a Multi-Agent Systems Architecture for Decision-Making. (2005)

Abstract. Ambient intelligence involves the convergence of several computing areas: ubiquitous computing, intelligent systems and context-awareness. Developing context-aware applications needs facilities for recognizing and representing context, reasoning on it and adapting to it accordingly. In what concerns context representation, the newest and most challenging representation is the ontological one. The problem is that current ontologies for context do not provide a standard for representing complex context attributes. In this paper, we propose a context definition and representation used to construct context-based agent architecture. The representation we propose combines the generality provided by ontologies with the complexity inspired by the object oriented models. The goal of the proposed architecture is to support the deployment of context-aware agents able to learn how to recognize the context of their decisions and to adapt to it. The use of this architecture is illustrated on a test MAS for agenda management, using the JADE-LEAP platform on PCs and PDAs. 1