gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Planar and annular waveguide lasers (1996)

Summary form only given. We review recent advances in the realisation of novel laser devices based on asymmetric laser gain geometries, which are made possible by new excitation techniques, Such lasers are characterised by waveguide propagation in one plane-the transverse direction for planar devices and radial direction for annular-coupled with waveguide, free space stable or free space unstable in the lateral/azimuthal direction. Two classes of large area waveguide laser are considered. In the first, the large area gain medium is produced by a transverse radiofrequency discharge excited gaseous gain medium. Using carbon dioxide as the active medium in a planar slab waveguide format, CW laser output power levels of several kilowatts have been achieved from a very small active volume where the gas is cooled by diffusion. High quality beams have been achieved from slab waveguide devices using either lateral 1-D unstable resonators or intra-cavity coherent imaging techniques in an all-waveguide configuration. The large area discharge concept has also been successfully applied to the carbon monoxide laser with emission in the 5.0 to 5.5 /spl mu/m region and to the atomic xenon laser, where CW output power levels of several watts single line has been achieved for transitions at 2.0 to 3.5 /spl mu/m. In the second class of planar waveguide laser, the gain material is a thin wafer of neodymium doped YAG or glass, and the optical pumping is achieved using a novel diode laser illuminator. The illuminator provides face pumping of the thin slab using a multipass arrangement which exploits the naturally high divergence of the diode laser pumps. Because the gain medium transverse dimensions are designed to accommodate low order mode optical waveguide propagation in that direction, in most cases the resonator design issue reduces to a 1-dimensional (lateral or azimuthal) design problem. The paper reviews a number of different hybrid waveguide/1-D resonator configurations which have been successfully employed with these asymmetric large area gain media to produce laser output beams which combine high output power extraction efficiency with laser beams of very high optical quality.
The Arabic Literature on Alchemy According to an-Nadim (A.D. 987) (1951)

(1951). The Arabic Literature on Alchemy According to an-Nadim (A.D. 987) Ambix: Vol. 4, No. 3-4, pp. 81-144.
Partial Characterization of a Cellular Factor That Regulates the Double-Stranded RNA-Dependent eIF-2α Kinase in 3T3-F442A Fibroblasts (1991)

The interferon-induced double-stranded RNA-dependent eIF-2 alpha kinase (dsI) has an established role in mediating part of interferon's antiviral effects. Numerous studies have suggested that dsI also has regulatory functions in cells not infected with virus. Our previous results have indicated that the activation of this kinase may be an important regulatory signal in controlling growth arrest of mouse 3T3-F442A fibroblasts prior to their subsequent differentiation to adipocytes. Here, we report that extracts from 3T3-F442A cells cultured under conditions nonpermissive for differentiation exhibit significantly reduced dsI activity and that this reduction is due, at least in part, to the presence of elevated levels of a novel inhibitor of dsI activation (dRF). This inhibitor is also detected in reduced amounts in extracts from cells cultured under conditions which are permissive for differentiation. We have achieved a 1,000-fold purification of dRF activity, and highly purified dRF preparations were found to be greatly enriched for a 15-kDa protein that was greater than 90% pure. Our results indicate that dRF is not a protein phosphatase or protease but a reversible inhibitor of dsI autophosphorylation. In addition, our results imply that dRF is a physiologic regulator of dsI, since dRF activity correlates with the ability of 3T3-F442A cells to undergo adipose conversion.
Efficient Palladium-Catalyzed Homocoupling Reaction and Sonogashira Cross-Coupling Reaction of Terminal Alkynes under Aerobic Conditions (2005)

An efficient method for palladium-catalyzed homocoupling reaction of terminal alkynes in the synthesis of symmetric diynes is presented. The results showed that both Pd(OAc)(2) and CuI played crucial roles in the reaction. In the presence of 2 mol % Pd(OAc)(2), 2 mol % CuI, 3 equiv of Dabco, and air, homocoupling of various terminal alkynes afforded the corresponding symmetrical diynes in moderate to excellent yields, whereas low yields were obtained without either Pd(OAc)(2) or CuI. Moreover, high TONs (turnover numbers; up to 940 000 for the reaction of phenylacetylene) for the homocoupling reaction were observed. Under similar reaction conditions, cross-coupling of 1-iodo-4-nitrobenzene with phenylacetylene was also carried out smoothly in quantitative yield. However, the presence of CuI disfavored the palladium-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions of the less active aryl iodides and bromides. In the presence of 0.01-2 mol % Pd(OAc)(2), a number of aryl iodides and bromides were coupled with terminal alkynes in good to excellent yields. It is noteworthy that this protocol employs mild, efficient, aerobic, copper-free, and ligand-free conditions.
Low-Speed Natural-Laminar-Flow Airfoils: Case Study in Inverse Airfoil Design (2001)

A systematic study of the trends in low-speed natural-laminar-eow airfoils for general aviation applications is presented. The airfoils have been designed using a multipoint inverse airfoil design method, which allows for specie cation of velocity and boundary-layer properties over different portions of the airfoil. A panel method with a coupled boundary-layer scheme is used to analyze the characteristics of the resulting airfoils. By systematically adjusting the speciecations, families of airfoils have been designed with different lift, drag, and pitching-moment characteristics. Parametric studies are presented to study the tradeoffs involved in designing laminar-e ow airfoils for general aviation. Although the results of the study are speciec to the class of airplanes considered, the design philosophies and the design approach used inthestudy areapplicable toa widerangeof airplanes. In addition, the examples presented in the paper form an excellent case study to demonstrate the power of modern inverse design techniques in controlling the performance of an airfoil to a ene degree and in generating a custom database of airfoils suitable for airplane multidisciplinary optimization and trade studies.
ACO based spatial data mining for traffic risk analysis (2010)

Many organizations have collected large amounts of spatially referenced data in various application areas such as geographic information systems (GIS), banking and retailing. These are valuable mines of knowledge vital for strategic decision making and motivate the highly demanding field of spatial data mining i.e., discovery of interesting, implicit knowledge from large amounts of spatial data. Most government local administrations collect and/or use geographical databases on the road accidents, on the road network and sometimes on the vehicle flow and sometimes on the mobility of inhabitants. In addition, other databases provide additional information on the geographical environment trend layers like administrative boundaries, buildings, census data, etc. These data contain a mine of useful information for the traffic risk analysis. There was a first study aiming identifying and at predicting the accident risk of the roads. It used a decision tree that learns from the inventoried accident data and the description of the corresponding road sections. However, this method is only based on tabular data and does not exploit geographical location. Using the accident data, combined to trend data relating to the road network, the traffic flow, population, buildings, etc., this project aims at deducing relevant risk models to help in traffic safety task The existing work provided a pragmatic approach to multilayer geo-data mining. The process behind was to prepare input data by joining each layer table using a given spatial criterion, then applying a standard method to build' a decision tree. It allows the end-user to evaluate the results without any assistance by an analyst or statistician. The existing work did no consider multi-relational data mining domain. The efficiency of risk factor evaluation requires automatic filtering of spatial relationships. The quality of a decision tree depends, on the whole, of the quality of the initial data which are incomplete, incorrect or nonrelevant data inevitably leads to erroneous results. The proposed model develops an ant colony algorithm for the discovery of spatial trend patterns found in a GIS traffic risk analysis database. The proposed ant colony based spatial data mining algorithm applies the emergent intelligent behavior of ant colonies to handle the huge search space encountered in the discovery of this knowledge. Genetic algorithm is deployed to evaluate the spatial risk pattern rule sets to its optimization on search phase in quick successions. The experimental results on a geographical traffic (trend layer) spatial database show that our method has higher efficiency in performance of the discovery process and in the quality of trend patterns discovered compared to other existing approaches using non-intelligent decision tree heuristics.
Compressive Estimation of Doubly Selective Channels in Multicarrier Systems: Leakage Effects and Sparsity-Enhancing Processing (2010)

We consider the application of <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">compressed sensing</i> (CS) to the estimation of doubly selective channels within pulse-shaping multicarrier systems (which include orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems as a special case). By exploiting sparsity in the delay-Doppler domain, CS-based channel estimation allows for an increase in spectral efficiency through a reduction of the number of pilot symbols. For combating leakage effects that limit the delay-Doppler sparsity, we propose a sparsity-enhancing basis expansion and a method for optimizing the basis with or without prior statistical information about the channel. We also present an alternative CS-based channel estimator for (potentially) strongly time-frequency dispersive channels, which is capable of estimating the ¿off-diagonal¿ channel coefficients characterizing intersymbol and intercarrier interference (ISI/ICI). For this estimator, we propose a basis construction combining Fourier (exponential) and prolate spheroidal sequences. Simulation results assess the performance gains achieved by the proposed sparsity-enhancing processing techniques and by explicit estimation of ISI/ICI channel coefficients.
β-amyloid (Aβ) deposits and blood vessels: Laminar distribution in the frontal cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease (1996)

10.1002/(SICI)1520-6769(199601)18:1<19::AID-NRC136>3.3.CO;2-6The laminar distribution of diffuse, primitive and classic β-amyloid (Aβ) deposits and blood vessels was studied in the frontal cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In most patients, the density of the diffuse and primitive Aβ deposits was greatest in the upper cortical layers and the classic deposits in the deeper cortical layers. The distribution of the larger blood vessels (>10 μm in diameter) was often bimodal with peaks in the upper and deeper cortical layers. The incidence of the capillaries (<10 μm) was significantly higher in the deeper cortical layers in most patients. Multiple regression analysis selected vertical distance below the pia as the most significant factor correlated with the Aβ deposit density. With the exception of the classic deposits in two patients, there was no evidence that these vertical distributions were related to laminar variations in the incidence of large or small blood vessels.
Adventitious shoot regeneration from<i>in vitro</i>leaves of adult<i>Camellia reticulata</i> (1992)

Experiments were conducted with Camellia reticulata cv. Captain Rawes to develop an adventitious regeneration system. Leaves were taken from axillary shoot proliferation cultures in WPM medium that had been established from mature trees. They were sectioned, and then plated in Petri dishes on media containing various combinations of cyto- kinins and auxins; the best response was induced by 2 mg I“1 BA + 1 mg I-1 IBA. The shoots obtained were multiplied by axillary branching on WPM + 2 mg I-1 BA + 2 mg I-1 Z + 2 mg I-12iP + 0.01 mg I-1 IBA. There was no significant difference in multiplication coefficient (the product of the proportion of explants forming axillary shoots and the mean number of new segments per explant) between shoots of adventitious and axillary origin, but there was between the various types of explant used in the multiplication stage: shoot tips (ST1) and nodal segments (ns) of harvested shoots longer than 14- 15 mm, and whole harvested shoots 7-10 mm long (ST2). The best results were achieved with ns and ST2 explants. Shoots of adventitious origin rooted very poorly in comparison with those of axillary origin under the same culture conditions.
[Hot flashes after orchiectomy in treatment of prostate cancer-- a serious side effect]. (1995)

Orchiectomy is a frequently performed therapy for prostatic carcinoma in elderly men. A so far widely neglected side-effect is the occurrence of hot flushes. They considerably decrease the quality of life of a large number of the patients who often are in a palliative situation and handicapped by other diseases. Therapeutic options are widely unknown. Therefore, the patients often consult their doctors in vain. In a study with 32 patients clinical appearance of hot flushes and their effects on the patient's quality of life were analyzed. 69% of patients with a mean age of 75 years experienced hot flushes, whereas 31% of patients with a mean age of 80 years had not been bothered by hot flushes. Possible therapeutic options are presented and discussed. Ciproteronacetate seems to be the most effective therapy with the least side-effects (9).
“Three Little Pigs” Project: Hurricane Risk Mitigation by Integrated Wind Tunnel and Full-Scale Laboratory Tests (2010)

This paper describes the “Three Little Pigs” Project at the Insurance Research Lab for Better Homes of the University of Western Ontario. The goal of the project is to find optimal solutions for mitigating wind damage to homes, and other light frame structures, in severe wind storms. This will be achieved by using a custom-designed system for testing both full-scale structures and their components. The test method is based on replicating both the temporal and spatial variations of wind-induced pressures on the surfaces of buildings using a system of up to 100 “pressure loading actuators” together with airbags which are attached flexibly to the building surfaces. Test results are reported, which indicate excellent performance of the loading system. The types of full structure and component tests that can be performed are discussed, as well as how such test results will be integrated with computational models accounting for variability in construction and in materials. It is discussed how such results can be used to improve the reliability of prescriptive building codes for residential construction and the optimization of building products for use in high wind regions in order to mitigate wind damage in hurricanes.
A cost-effective commercial soluble oxide cluster for highly efficient and stable organic solar cells (2013)

Solution-processed phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) was investigated as a hole extraction layer for organic solar cells without any post-annealing processes. PMA is a stable, cost-effective, and commercial soluble oxide cluster, which dramatically simplifies the device fabrication process as well as reduces the cost. The PMA-based device with an active layer of poly[[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl][3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexl)carbonyl]thieno [3,4-b]thiophenediyl]] (PTB7) mixed with [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as 8.32% compared with 7.46% for an evaporated MoO3 (e-MoO3)-based device. Transient electrical output characteristics, optical measurements as well as scanning Kelvin probe microscopy were utilized to investigate the improvement in the performance of the device. The results indicated that the enhanced PCE was due to suppressed charge recombination as well as an improved optical path across the device, which led to an enhanced short-circuit current density and fill factor. In addition, the PMA-based device displayed improved long term stability in ambient conditions compared to the e-MoO3-based device.
Industry tackles offshore decommissioning (1997)

A number of issues still remain unresolved concerning the oil and gas industry`s plans for decommissioning offshore production equipment, especially in deeper waters. Some options preferred by the industry are: deepwater disposal; creation of artificial reefs; and partial removal to more than 85 ft of water depth and leaving the remaining structure in place. The complicating factor for these scenarios is that regulation agencies may not approve them. And even if approved, such as in the 1995 case of Shell U.K. Exploration and Production Co.`s plan for the Brent spar, plans may have to be changed. The paper discusses the Gulf of Mexico, protecting the habitat, the Swars (subsea well abandonment rig sharing) program, artificial reefs, and offshore California.
Towards the Strongest Neutral Organic Superbases Based on Intramolecular H-bonds (2014)

Utilizing several different trialkylarsine oxides and substituted pyridine N-oxides as a hydrogen bond acceptors in tri-substituted guanidines we designed several very basic superbases possessing intramolecular hydrogen bonds (IHB-superbases), with proton affinity in the gas phase that comes very close to that of paradigmatic P4-tBu Schwesinger superbase and with pKa in acetonitrile up to 36 units.
Democracy and policing: an introduction to paradox (1990)

A democracy is heavily dependent upon its police to maintain the degree of order that makes a free society possible. It looks to its police to facilitate those aspects vital to a democratic way of life: to prevent people from preying on one another, to provide a sense of security to resolve conflicts and to protect free elections, freedom of assembly and freedom of movement.
Dendritic fibromyxolipoma: A variant of spindle cell lipoma with extensive myxoid change, with cytogenetic evidence (2014)

Dendritic fibromyxolipoma (DFML), a rare, recently described distinct benign soft tissue tumor, has many clinicopathological features reminiscent of spindle cell lipoma and solitary fibrous tumor with myxoid change. It is distinguished histologically from both entities by the presence of spindle and stellate cells with dendritic cytoplasmic prolongations, prominent myxoid stroma with abundant keloidal collagen and occasional small plexiform vascular proliferation. We describe a case of histologically confirmed DFML of the left shoulder in a 67-year-old male, in which subsequent cytogenetic analysis revealed deletion involving 13q14.3 region in all the tumor cells, typically detected in spindle cell lipoma. In the presence of many clinicopathological similarities between DFML and spindle cell lipoma including chromosomal abnormalities, we postulate that DFML is merely a rare variant of spindle cell lipoma with extensive myxoid degeneration, and may not be considered as a separate entity. The possible differential diagnosis and their distinguishing features are briefly discussed.
Develop an intelligent equipment maintenance system using cyber-enabled JESS technology (2005)

This research focuses on the development of a rule-based intelligent equipment maintenance platform using JAVA expert system shell (JESS) technology for equipment breakdown diagnoses. A prototype system is designed and developed combining rule-based knowledge system and inference engine to support real-time collaborative equipment maintenance across geographical boundary. The main modules and functions of the system include diagnosis knowledge management, project (case) management and system administration. The knowledge management module includes key functions such as knowledge type definition, knowledge component definition, document definition, mathematical model definition, rule and rule-set management. The project (case) management module includes key functions such as project definition, project's role management, project's function management and project's rule-set execution. Further, the example of a TFT-LCD production equipment breakdown diagnoses is illustrated to demonstrate the development of the intelligent system for achieving agile collaborative manufacturing processes with real-time equipment diagnosis and maintenance.
Detecting objects using color and depth segmentation with Kinect sensor (2012)

In order to optimize the movements of a robot, every object found in the work environment must not just be identiﬁed, but located in reference to the robot itself. Usually, object segmentation from an image is achieved using color segmentation. This segmentation can be achieved by processing the R, G and B chromatic components. However, this method has the disadvantage of been very sensitive to the changes on lighting. Converting the RGB image to the CIE-Lab color space avoids the lack of sensitivity by increasing the accuracy of the color segmentation. Unfortunately, if multiple objects of the same color are presented in the scene, is not possible to identify one of these objects using only this color space. Therefore, we need to consider an additional data source, in this case the depth, in order to discriminate objects that are not in the same plane as the object of interest. In this paper, we introduce an algorithm to detect objects, essentially on indoor environments, using CIE-Lab and depth segmentation techniques. We process the color and depth images provided by the Kinect sensor for proposing a visual strategy with real-time performance
A QSAR evaluation of Ah receptor binding of halogenated aromatic xenobiotics. (1996)

Because of their widespread occurrence and substantial biological activity, halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) comprise one of the more important classes of contaminants in the environment. Some chemicals in this class cause adverse biological effects after binding to an intracellular cytosolic protein called the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Toxic responses such as thymic atrophy, weight loss, immunotoxicity, and acute lethality, as well as induction of cytochrome P4501A1, have been correlated with the relative affinity of PCBs, PCDFs, and PCDDs for the AhR. Therefore, an important step in predicting the effects of these chemicals is the estimation of their binding to the receptor. To date, however, the use of quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) models to estimate binding affinity across multiple chemical classes has shown only modest success possibly due, in part, to a focus on minimum energy chemical structures as the active molecules. In this study, we evaluated the use of structural conformations other than those of minimum energy for the purpose of developing a model for AhR binding affinity that encompasses more of the halogenated aromatic chemicals known to interact with the receptor. Resultant QSAR models were robust, showing good utility across multiple classes of halogenated aromatic compounds.