gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Global variations and time trends in the prevalence of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG): a systematic review and meta-analysis (2015)

Systematic review of published population based surveys to examine the relationship between primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) prevalence and demographic factors. A literature search identified population-based studies with quantitative estimates of POAG prevalence (to October 2014). Multilevel binomial logistic regression of log-odds of POAG was used to examine the effect of age and gender among populations of different geographical and ethnic origins, adjusting for study design factors. Eighty-one studies were included (37 countries, 216 214 participants, 5266 POAG cases). Black populations showed highest POAG prevalence, with 5.2% (95% credible interval (CrI) 3.7%, 7.2%) at 60 years, rising to 12.2% (95% CrI 8.9% to 16.6%) at 80 years. Increase in POAG prevalence per decade of age was greatest among Hispanics (2.31, 95% CrI 2.12, 2.52) and White populations (1.99, 95% CrI 1.86, 2.12), and lowest in East and South Asians (1.48, 95% CrI 1.39, 1.57; 1.56, 95% CrI 1.31, 1.88, respectively). Men were more likely to have POAG than women (1.30, 95% CrI 1.22, 1.41). Older studies had lower POAG prevalence, which was related to the inclusion of intraocular pressure in the glaucoma definition. Studies with visual field data on all participants had a higher POAG prevalence than those with visual field data on a subset. Globally 57.5 million people (95% CI 46.4 to 73.1 million) were affected by POAG in 2015, rising to 65.5 million (95% CrI 52.8, 83.2 million) by 2020. This systematic review provides the most precise estimates of POAG prevalence and shows omitting routine visual field assessment in population surveys may have affected case ascertainment. Our findings will be useful to future studies and healthcare planning.
Biological treatment of two-phase olive mill wastewater (TPOMW, alpeorujo): polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) production by Azotobacter strains. (2010)

Azotobacter chroococcum H23 (CECT 4435), Azotobacter vinelandii UWD, and Azotobacter vinelandii (ATCC 12837), members of the family Pseudomonadaceae, were used to evaluate their capacity to grow and accumulate polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) using two-phase olive mill wastewater (TPOMW, alpeorujo) diluted at different concentrations as the sole carbon source. The PHAs amounts (g/l) increased clearly when the TPOMW samples were previously digested under anaerobic conditions. The MNR analysis demonstrated that the bacterial strains formed only homopolymers containing beta-hydroxybutyrate, either when grown in diluted TPOMW medium or diluted anaerobically digested TPOMW medium. COD values of the diluted anaerobically digested waste were measured before and after the aerobic PHA-storing phase, and a clear reduction (72%) was recorded after 72 h of incubation. The results obtained in this study suggest the perspectives for using these bacterial strains to produce PHAs from TPOMW, and in parallel, contribute efficiently to the bioremediation of this waste. This fact seems essential if bioplastics are to become competitive products.
Three-Dimensional Modeling of Cartilage Thickness in Hip Dysplasia (1993)

The cartilage thickness in both normal hips and in coxarthrosis secondary to hip dysplasia was examined using a computer model. The hip cartilage thickness was calculated in three dimensions from computed tomographic images of the hip joint. In normal hip joints, the anterior cartilage was thicker than the posterior cartilage. In hip joints affected by secondary coxarthrosis, the cartilage thinned as the disease progressed. Approximately 80% of patients demonstrated thinning of the anterior apical cartilage, resulting in a forward and upward displacement of the femoral head.
STUDIES IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS: PROTEIN PATTERN IN MECONIUM ILEUS (1958)

Aqueous extracts of meconium obtained from normal children and from patients with meconium ileus were examined by means of chemical precipitation, paper electrophoresis and precipitin tests. All the extracts from patients with meconium ileus were found to contain protein which was readily precipitated by trichloracetic acid. In 59 extracts of meconium from normal infants no protein could be demonstrated by the use of trichloracetic acid. In the abnormal extracts, the major constituent was found to be identical with serum albumin, both by paper, electrophoretic-migration studies at two pH levels and by precipitin tests with anti-albumin horse serum. Other protein components were found on electrophoresis that were similar, but not necessarily identical with, the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-globulins of human serum. The extracts from normal meconium gave only a very faint reaction for protein. The electrophoretic pattern did not in any way resemble that obtained with the abnormal extract. Precipitin tests showed that the albumin content of the normal extract was about 1-2% of that of the abnormal extract. After electrophoretic separation of the components of extracts of meconium from patients with meconium ileus, the stainable carbohydrate was found to be greater in the "alpha" region than in the corresponding area for normal serum. The possible role of plasma proteins in the formation of abnormal meconium in meconium ileus is discussed.
Simulation of hybrid systems based on interpreted Petri nets (1998)

A modelling approach for hybrid systems using interpreted Petri nets is described. An implementation of the proposed method for software tools is presented. With the help of the hybrid two tank benchmark problem, the implementation is shows to be accurate. A comparison with other tools shows good results.
Speed optimised array architecture for flash EEPROMs (1993)

The paper describes a new architecture for a split-gate flash EEPROM memory array. The new array architecture provides increased speed and less susceptibility to soft writes during read operations. A unique circuit design and operation method obviates the need for applying high erase voltage in the path between the memory array and the sense amplifier. This allows all the transistors in this speed path to be fabricated as low voltage minimum channel length devices, thereby increasing their speed of operation and consequently the speed of the memory device as a whole. The new architecture, however, requires the addition of two extra rows of nonmemory cell transistors in addition to following a strict programming sequence to guard against spurious programming of unselected cells.
Design of compact klystron amplifier using Field - emitter - arrays (FEA) - based cathode (1999)

There has been an interest to develop an efficient, compact microwave device using field-emitter-arrays(FEA)-based cathode. To evaluate the optimum device-efficiency in a compact size, the propagation properties of the premodulated electron beam for the FEA-based cathode is studied in detail by the computer simulation using a PIC code, MAGIC. For the premodulated electron beam whose phase of the energy leads the phase of the current by π/2, the amplitude of the downstream current modulation can be kept as high as the initial modulation level. Using the beam parameters with the beam voltage of 6 ㎸ and the current of 0.2 A, 30% of efficiency is predicted when the quality factor of 800 is chosen. The device length is reduced about twice compared with that of the conventional device. The design of practical planar cathode is carried out to meet the minimum diameter of the electron beam as 0.5 ㎜.
Recent Progress in Enhancing Film Condensation Heat Transfer on Horizontal Tubes (1986)

An assessment of several promising techniques that use surface tension forces to enhance film condensation heat transfer on horizontal tubes is made. Recent progress on integral-fin tubes is stressed, including experimental findings on fin spacing, geometry, and material and the latest theoretical developments for predicting performance. Condensation heat transfer enhancement on wire-wrapped tubes is also examined, as well as the use of nonwetting strips and porous drainage devices. The effect of condensate inundation on plain and enhanced tubes is reviewed briefly, and future research directions are discussed.
VALIDATION OF A HIGH SENSITIVE IMMUNOENZYMATIC ASSAY TO ESTABLISH THE ORIGIN OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN FEMALE GENITAL SECRETIONS (2002)

Several studies were carried out to characterize the humoral immune response on mucosal genital surfaces. However, the results obtained so far were particularly conflicting due to the absence of validation methods. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a quantitative ELISA method, which is sensitive and reproducible, to measure immunoglobulin and secretory immunoglobulin concentrations in various biological fluids. This quantitative, sensitive (detection limit = 1 microg/L) and reproducible (coefficient of variation < 15%) method could be of interest to study the effects of viral infections on mucosal non-specific immune response in genital tract. To explore the humoral response, serum, saliva, vaginal secretions, and cervicovaginal secretions from 18 women, 20-45 years old, were evaluated for total-IgA, secretory IgA, IgM, and IgG. Albumin level was also evaluated by immuno-nephelometry. The secretion rates of immunoglobulins were measured by calculating their relative coefficients of excretion by reference to albumin. Despite large individual variations, median immunoglobulin levels were higher in the endocervical secretions than in the cervicovaginal secretions. When we compared the rates of immunoglobulins in genital fluids, IgG prevalence was higher (80%) in cervicovaginal and endocervical secretions than IgA prevalence (12%). In contrast, digestive mucosal secretions, such as saliva, contained mostly IgA (80%). In cervicovaginal and endocervical secretions, IgG and IgM originated mainly from serum, whereas a local synthesis provided total-IgA and secretory IgA. These results allowed us to raise a possible hypothesis for the origin of immunoglobulins in the genital tract. They illustrated the peculiar feature of the female reproductive tract and the difficulty for this tissue to contribute in the mucosal associated lymphoid tissue. The low secretory-IgA and total-IgA levels could explain the particular sensitivity of the vagina and the cervix to infections.
THERMAL PHENOMENA IN HIGH-Tc THIN-FILM SUPERCONDUCTORS (1990)

The discovery of superconductivity at liquid-nitrogen temperatures offers very promising prospects for the development of powerful hybrid electronic semiconductor-superconductor devices. The basic elements in these devices are thin films of high-Tc superconductors on crystalline substrates. This work discusses significant thermodynamic and heat and mass transfer problems arising from the application of thin-film superconductors and reviews the relevant literature. It covers processing techniques, characterization methods, thermal stability criteria, and microscale heat transfer phenomena.
Microleakage in the sandwich technique. (1992)

This study assessed the microleakage and if it was possible to reproduce the success that is seen in the oral cavity with properly placed "sandwich" restorations. Simulated Class V erosion lesions were prepared in extracted human molar teeth and restored using a Type III glass ionomer lining cement mixed mechanically at a high powder:liquid ratio of 3:1 or greater with resin composite laminated to it leaving cement exposed at the gingival margin. To update the technique for modern materials a dual cure glass ionomer lining cement was placed in a second series with resin composite laminated to it completely covering the gingival margin. The restorations were stored in water for two weeks before temperature cycled and immersed in dye. The results showed minimal leakage relative to most other published studies and that most leakage was related to the setting shrinkage of the resin composite.
Organocatalytic Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reactions in Water (2005)

We have developed direct asymmetric cross-aldol reactions that can be performed in water without addition of organic solvents. A bifunctional catalyst with a long hydrophobic alkyl chain efficiently catalyzed the reactions and afforded the desired aldol products in excellent yield with high enantiomeric excess, even when only an equal molar ratio of the donor and acceptor was used. These results reveal an effective design strategy for the development of aqueous organocatalytic systems.
Evidence that the Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Intracellular Domain, AICD, Derives From β-Secretase-Generated C-Terminal Fragment (2012)

One of the major pathological hallmarks of brains affected with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the senile plaque, an extracellular deposit mainly composed of a set of highly insoluble peptides of various lengths (39-43 amino acids) referred to as amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. Aβ peptides are derived from combined proteolytic cleavages undergone on the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) by a set of enzymes called secretases. Several lines of anatomical and biological evidence suggest that Aβ peptides would not account for all pathological stigmata and molecular dysfunctions taking place in AD. In amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic pathways, AβPP first undergoes β- or α-secretases-mediated cleavages yielding C99 and C83, respectively. These two membrane-embedded C-terminal fragments are both potential targets of subsequent γ-secretase-mediated proteolysis. The latter cleavage not only generates either p3 or Aβ peptides but similarly gives rise to an AβPP IntraCellular Domain (AICD fragment) that could modulate the transcription of several genes linked to AD pathology. It is therefore striking that AICD theoretically derives from both amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic AβPP processing pathways. Here we show that AICD predominantly derives from C99 by means of recombinant substrates and transiently transfected cells expressing C99. Our data suggest a preferred pathogenic pathway for AICD production and suggests that this fragment, in addition to C99 and Aβ peptides, could contribute to AD pathology.
Salt-and-pepper noise removal by median-type noise detectors and detail-preserving regularization (2005)

This paper proposes a two-phase scheme for removing salt-and-pepper impulse noise. In the first phase, an adaptive median filter is used to identify pixels which are likely to be contaminated by noise (noise candidates). In the second phase, the image is restored using a specialized regularization method that applies only to those selected noise candidates. In terms of edge preservation and noise suppression, our restored images show a significant improvement compared to those restored by using just nonlinear filters or regularization methods only. Our scheme can remove salt-and-pepper-noise with a noise level as high as 90%.
Temperature effects on neuronal membrane potentials and inward currents in rat hypothalamic tissue slices (2005)

Preoptic-anterior hypothalamic (PO/AH) neurones sense and regulate body temperature. Although controversial, it has been postulated that warm-induced depolarization determines neuronal thermosensitivity. Supporting this hypothesis, recent studies suggest that temperature-sensitive cationic channels (e.g. vanilloid receptor TRP channels) constitute the underlying mechanism of neuronal thermosensitivity. Moreover, earlier studies indicated that PO/AH neuronal warm sensitivity is due to depolarizing sodium currents that are sensitive to tetrodotoxin (TTX). To test these possibilities, intracellular recordings were made in rat hypothalamic tissue slices. Thermal effects on membrane potentials and currents were compared in PO/AH warm-sensitive, temperature-insensitive and silent neurones. All three types of neurones displayed slight depolarization during warming and hyperpolarization during cooling. There were no significant differences in membrane potential thermosensitivity for the different neuronal types. Voltage clamp recordings (at -92 mV) measured the thermal effects on persistent inward cationic currents. In all neurones, resting holding currents decreased during cooling and increased during warming, and there was no correlation between firing rate thermosensitivity and current thermosensitivity. To determine the thermosensitive contribution of persistent, TTX-sensitive currents, voltage clamp recordings were conducted in the presence of 0.5 microm TTX. TTX decreased the current thermosensitivity in most neurones, but there were no resulting differences between the different neuronal types. The present study found no evidence of a resting ionic current that is unique to warm-sensitive neurones. This supports studies suggesting that neuronal thermosensitivity is controlled, not by resting currents, but rather by currents that determine rapid changes in membrane potential between successive action potentials.
Nanomedicine for The Management of Lung and Blood Diseases (2009)

Nanotechnology provides a broad range of opportunities to develop new solutions for clinical problems. For the pulmonary field, nanotechnology promises better delivery of drugs and nucleic acid-based therapeutics to disease sites. Administration of therapeutics via inhalation provides the opportunity for direct delivery to the lung epithelium, the lining of the respiratory tract. By appropriate selection of particle size, deep lung delivery can be obtained with control of phagocytic uptake, the removal of particles by resident macrophages. Nanotechnology can also help in pulmonary therapies administered by intravenous and oral routes through targeting specific cell types and controlling bioavailability and release kinetics. In the hematology field, nanotechnology can counter multiple drug resistance in leukemia by blocking drug efflux from cancer cells, and provide effective delivery of siRNA into lymphocytes to block apoptosis in sepsis. Controlling the surface properties of materials on devices such as valves and stents promises improved biocompatibility by inhibition of thrombosis, the formation of blood clots, and regulating cell adhesion and activation. Nanoparticle-based thrombolytic agents have the potential to improve the effectiveness of clot removal. Treatment of both lung and blood diseases is also likely to benefit from nano-scaffold-based methods for controlling the differentiation and proliferation of stem and progenitor cells.
Induction motor drive based on vector control for electric vehicles (2005)

This paper designs the software for a control system based on vector control, which operates on TMS320LF2407A, and applies in electric vehicles whose driver is induction motor with rated power 18 kW and peak power 50 kW. This paper presents the design of the hardware frame for the system and describes the control strategy and means. Having analyzed the problems which have appeared in experiments, and giving the improvement aiming at them.
Aryl hydrocarbon-mediated inhibition of osteogenesis, reversal by resveratrol, a novel aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist (1999)

grantor: University of Toronto
[The effect of excessive internet use on N400 event-related potentials]. (2008)

This investigation was made on the characteristic of the N400 event-related potentials in excessive internet users by analyzing the N400 difference between the excessive internet users (trial team) and normal subjects (control team); the aim was to provide a theoretic basis for the diagnosis and treatment of excessive internet users. Ten right-handed excessive internet users and ten healthy right-handed volunteers aged 20 to 25 years were recruited to attend the experimentation of single Chinese character with semantically matching or mismatching ending strokes. The N400 displayed obvious difference between the excessive internet users and normal subjects when they were confronted with mis-matching ending strokes of single simple Chinese character. The N400 amplitude of the trial team was significantly lower than that of the control team (P<0.05), and the N400 latency of the trial team was significantly earlier than that of the control team (P<0.05). In addition, the distribution of the N400 in the brain was more wide-spread in the control team than in the trial team. These results showed there was significant difference in N400 between the excessive internet users and the normal subjects.
Dynamic‐mechanical behavior of poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, and chlorinated PVC compounds in the range of processing temperatures (1978)

Abstract Both real and imaginary components of the complex shear viscosity have been determined as a function of strain amplitude, frequency and temperature for various samples of poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, and chlorinated PVC of increasing chlorine content, with the aid of a Rheometrics mechanical spectrometer using eccentric rotating disk geometry. Different methods of sample preparation (low temperature dry‐blending, high temperature extrusion or calendering) were used to study thermomechanical history effects. Results obtained in the region of “linear” viscoelastic behavior were compared with those of capillary flow experiments: at relatively high temperatures the validity of the Cox‐Merz relationship was confirmed. Use of time‐temperature superposition procedures made it possible to predict the important variation of viscosity over a broad range of shear rates. The experimental results in particular with regard to the strong influence of temperature and thermal history, were tentatively interpreted in terms of a supermolecular structure due to the presence of ordered domains (microcrystallites) of variable amount and size. This interpretation was shown to be consistent with differential scanning calorimetry.
Combined Free and Forced Convection in Porous Media (1971)

Abstract An experimental study of thermal convection in a horizontal porous layer bounded by isothermal planes has been performed with and without a mean flow of the saturating fluid phase. The temperature distribution and heat transfer resulting from convection have been determined. The theoretical criterion for the onset of convection (Rayleigh number NRa &gt; 4p2) has been verified. For low values of NRa (&lt; 260) a regular pattern of convective cells has been observed which may be motionless or moving depending on the experimental conditions. For NRa values higher than 260, another convective state has been found that is mainly unstable. Numerical computations have been worked out that confirm the experimental results on the heat transfer and size of convective cells. Introduction Thermal convective currents may exist in a porous medium when the vertical component of the temperature gradient runs in the same direction as the gravity vector. Such a configuration is possible in some cases during a real in-situ combustion test4 or during hot fluid injection. A general understanding of convection is also of interest for analyzing the abnormal temperature gradients sometimes observed in oil and gas reservoirs.22 From the phenomenological standpoint a distinction must be made between the natural or free convection occurring in a closed volume and the mixed or combined free and forced convection arising when there is a mean flow of the fluid phase. Natural convection in porous media has been the subject of numerous experimental attempts to determine a convection criterion, e.g., by using a linear theory,1,2,9 and to measure the mean heat transfer.3,7 Numerical studies8,10,15,19,20 have also been made, and their results are not always in good agreement with experimental observations. However, no thorough study of mixed convection has been made except for a theoretical analysis of the convection onset criterion5 and some qualitative experimental observations.4 This paper presents some findings concerning both the natural and mixed convection of an incompressible fluid in a homogeneous horizontal porous layer bounded by two parallel impervious isothermal surfaces. The temperature for the cooler upper surface is T1 and that of the lower surface is T2=T1+?T.