gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design Method for Geogrid-Reinforced Unpaved Roads. I. Development of Design Method (2004)

A theoretically based design method for the thickness of the base course of unpaved roads is developed in this paper, which considers distribution of stress, strength of base course material, interlock between geosynthetic and base course material, and geosynthetic stiffness in addition to the conditions considered in earlier methods: traffic volume, wheel loads, tire pressure, subgrade strength, rut depth, and influence of the presence of a reinforcing geosynthetic (geotextile or geogrid) on the failure mode of the unpaved road or area. In this method, the required base course thickness for a reinforced unpaved road is calculated using a unique equation, whereas more than one equation was needed with earlier methods. This design method was developed for geogrid-reinforced unpaved roads. However, it can be used for geotextile-reinforced unpaved roads and for unreinforced roads with appropriate values of relevant parameters. The calibration of this design method using data from field wheel load tests and laboratory cyclic plate loading tests on unreinforced and reinforced base courses is presented in the companion paper by the authors.
Association of intracranial stenosis with cortical symptoms or signs (2000)

The association of the presence of cortical symptoms or signs and anterior circulation intracranial stenosis in patients with anterior circulation ischemia and no known extracranial carotid or cardiac etiology was studied. Fifteen percent (5/33) of patients with cortical symptoms or signs had symptomatic intracranial stenosis of 50% or more by MR angiography or angiography, compared with 0% (0/15) of those without such findings (p < 0.005).
Darstellung und Racematspaltung chiraler Triarylphosphine (1971)

Abstract Durch zweimalige Umsetzung von Phenyldichlorphosphin ( 2 ) mit metallorganischen Reagenzien unterschiedlicher Reaktivität gelingt die Darstellung chiraler Triarylphosphine mit guten Ausbeuten. Es werden Racematspaltungen durchgeführt, indem man das jeweilige Phosphin mit Paraformaldehyd und 0.5 äquivalenten d‐(+)‐Campher‐10‐sulfonsäure reagieren läßt und das auskristallisierte Triaryl‐hydroxymethyl‐phosphonium‐(+)‐campher‐10‐sulfonat mittels Basen in die Ausgangsstoffe zerlegt. Der Antipode kann aus der Mutterlauge isoliert werden.
The Preparation of a Haifnium-Free Magnesium-Zirconium Alloy by Process Separation of Hafnium (1963)

Magnesium zirconium alloy for sheathing uranium elements in gas-cooled reactors was successfully prepared from high-purity magnesiumt and zirconium produced by the magnesium reduction of a crude oxide. Hafnium separation, suggested by a higher ratio Hf to Zr in the sludge than in the melt was considered possible owing to its higher density and melting point and its isomorphous behaviour to the strongly electropositive zirconium which readily forms compounds and exhibits a two-phase melt when added in excess of 0.5 per cent. Precipitation of excess zirconium by settling was aided by the development of a flux of high density and low inclusion-flux interfacial energy. Removal of hafnium and other high neutron capture cross-section impurities was achieved.
Eight genes are required for functional reconstitution of the <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> levamisole-sensitive acetylcholine receptor (2008)

Levamisole-sensitive acetylcholine receptors (L-AChRs) are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate excitatory neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junctions of nematodes. They constitute a major drug target for anthelminthic treatments because they can be activated by nematode-specific cholinergic agonists such as levamisole. Genetic screens conducted in Caenorhabditis elegans for resistance to levamisole toxicity identified genes that are indispensable for the biosynthesis of L-AChRs. These include 5 genes encoding distinct AChR subunits and 3 genes coding for ancillary proteins involved in assembly and trafficking of the receptors. Despite extensive analysis of L-AChRs in vivo, pharmacological and biophysical characterization of these receptors has been greatly hampered by the absence of a heterologous expression system. Using Xenopus laevis oocytes, we were able to reconstitute functional L-AChRs by coexpressing the 5 distinct receptor subunits and the 3 ancillary proteins. Strikingly, this system recapitulates the genetic requirements for receptor expression in vivo because omission of any of these 8 genes dramatically impairs L-AChR expression. We demonstrate that 3 alpha- and 2 non-alpha-subunits assemble into the same receptor. Pharmacological analysis reveals that the prototypical cholinergic agonist nicotine is unable to activate L-AChRs but rather acts as a potent allosteric inhibitor. These results emphasize the role of ancillary proteins for efficient expression of recombinant neurotransmitter receptors and open the way for in vitro screening of novel anthelminthic agents.
DNA Computing Models for Boolean Circuits and Logic Gates (2015)

This paper aims to focus on several practical and theoretical models proposed in one of the emerging subfields of DNA computing which deals with simulating Boolean Circuits and logic gates at molecular level. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) based logic gates are crucial component of molecular computer. Several advantages and shortcomings of some remarkable models employed for implementation of Boolean Circuits and logic gates are discussed and at the end it is concluded that the research on this area towards the realization of molecular computer will be good in near future.
Psychobiography and Pseudo-Shakespeare (1983)

Now in a new series, the BBC/NET television productions of Shakespeare's plays have rekindled public interest in the author of the thirty-six dramas being aired over public television during the next several years. In anticipation of the psychobiographies and psychocritiques which are certain to come from the Shakespeare industry, it may be profitable to explore our chances of discovering anything new about the life and mind of the Stratford playwright. We must bear in mind that for biographers to succeed they must marshall private data and public record sufficient to substantiate the events of a
Optimized cell structure for FinFET array Flash memory (2004)

In this paper, a highly manufacturable 256 M body tied tri-gate fin array NOR-type Flash memory, with 70 nm fin width, was successfully fabricated and the characteristics were compared with planar cell array transistors. In this experiment, a 1.6 times higher driving current of the fin array flash memory cell transistor is achieved than that of a planar device with the same gate length. We propose an optimized fin structure for flash memory operation and a direction for enhanced current of the fin array flash memory cell transistor with respect to the channel silicon plane, coupling ratio, junction profile and anti-punch through implantation conditions.
A latent class analysis of adolescents' technology and interactive social media use: Associations with academics and substance use (2019)

Latent class analysis was used to identify patterns of technology and social media use among adolescents in a national study (<i>n</i> = 26,348). Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine associations between latent classes and academics and substance use. Results demonstrated four classes: <i>Infrequent Users</i> (55%), <i>Interactive Users</i> (21%), <i>Television Watchers</i> (14%), and <i>Constant Users</i> (10%). Compared to <i>Infrequent Users, Interactive</i>, and <i>Constant Users</i> had lower grades and higher alcohol and marijuana use. <i>Television Watchers</i> had lower grades and participated in fewer extracurricular activities compared to <i>Infrequent Users</i>, but there were no differences on substance use. Results show that adolescents with the most media-intensive profiles were also at greater risk for poor academic outcomes and substance use.
HEMT degradation in hydrogen gas (1994)

The effect of hydrogen treatment on both GaAs pseudomorphic HEMT's and InP-based HEMT's, in order to simulate the hermetic seal environment in a Kovar package, is reported for the first time. Under the 270/spl deg/C, 4% H/sub 2/ in Ar atmosphere, significant changes in both types of HEMT's were observed within several minutes. While the drain current at a fixed gate bias and the pinchoff voltage of the GaAs PHEMT consistently decreased under the influence of the hydrogen gas, they were found to either increase or decrease with the InP HEMT. The change of device characteristics resulting from exposure to the hydrogen environment is not permanent; partial recovery of device characteristics was observed under either nitrogen or hydrogen at both elevated and room temperatures. The change in HEMT DC characteristics seems to be primarily resulted from the change in the gate built-in potential. Any device changes due to the Si-donor neutralization by atomic hydrogen, and therefore a reduction in channel carrier concentration, were found to be insignificant.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Dynamics of DNA breathing: Weak noise analysis, finite time singularity, and mapping onto the quantum Coulomb problem (2007)

We study the dynamics of denaturation bubbles in double-stranded DNA on the basis of the Poland-Scheraga model. We show that long time distributions for the survival of DNA bubbles and the size autocorrelation function can be derived from an asymptotic weak noise approach. In particular, below the melting temperature the bubble closure corresponds to a noisy finite time singularity. We demonstrate that the associated Fokker-Planck equation is equivalent to a quantum Coulomb problem. Below the melting temperature, the bubble lifetime is associated with the continuum of scattering states of the repulsive Coulomb potential; at the melting temperature, the Coulomb potential vanishes and the underlying first exit dynamics exhibits a long time power law tail; above the melting temperature, corresponding to an attractive Coulomb potential, the long time dynamics is controlled by the lowest bound state. Correlations and finite size effects are discussed.
Stray Light Measurement For Imaging Systems (1988)

Measurement of the line spread function of a black slit against an extended illuminated background detects the existence of stray light in the measured system. This method is useful for imaging systems since it is directly related to the modulation transfer function. The method is described in detail, a figure of merit is introduced, and an example of the use of the method is shown.
Glucose and lactate monitoring in cell cultures with a wireless android interface (2014)

Advancements in technology can noticeably extend the knowledge of molecular biology for several types of cell cultures. However, at present there is a lack of available systems for real-time monitoring of cell behavior in-vitro. In this paper we propose a sensor for real-time monitoring of glucose and lactate in cell cultures, with the possibility to extend the detection to other metabolites. We explore electrodeposition as a method to precisely immobilize multi-walled carbon nanotubes and different enzymes on multiple Au electrodes in a single step. The sensor performs amperometric measurements and is connected to portable devices, such as smartphones and tablets, by means of an Android application. The application, named BlueCells, communicates to remote devices via Bluetooth and enables the user to select the species to be monitored and the measurement setup. Finally, it enables online monitoring of the species directly on the device screen. The whole system has been tested by chronoamperometries of glucose and lactate in cell culture media. The sensor achieves a sensitivity of (4.67 ± 1.26) nA=(mM·mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) and a detection limit of (1.41 ± 0.90) mM for the glucose, while it results in a sensitivity of (12.16 ± 3.8) nA=(mM·mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) and a detection limit of (0.28 ± 0.17) mM for the lactate.
Determination of the state-of-health of VRLA batteries by means of noise measurements (2001)

A lot of effort has been devoted to the determination of the state-of-health of valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) cells by means of the measurement of internal resistance, impedance or conductance but the large dispersion between cells does not permit to obtain absolute information about the condition of cells. By combining these measurements with other tests such as float current monitoring a better diagnose is possible. Below we present noise measurements as a new tool for battery testing.
Intraocular Irritation Evaluation of Benzalkonium Chloride in Rabbits (1976)

The purpose of this study was to define the threshold for intraocular irritation of benzalkonium chloride, a preservative used in some formulations which enter the anterior segment of the eye during ocular surgery. Various concentrations of benzalkonium were injected into anterior chambers of albino rabbit eyes. Conjunctivitis, flare, iritis, and corneal changes occurred in a dose response pattern. The threshold of irritation was 0.03%, with highest nonirritating concentration being 0.01%. In other works in this laboratory, threshold of irritation for topical ocular benzalkonium was 0.05%, but the nature of ocular changes was less substantial than those observed intraocularly. Because the threshold for intraocular irritation is less than that topically, the nature of ocular changes was different for two routes, and there is a paucity of clinical data for intraocular benzalkonium chloride, a safety factor of 10 was utilized in setting the highest safe concentration of 0.001% for intraocular use. The preservative efficacy of 0.001% is questionable; therefore, we cannot endorse benzalkonium chloride as a preservative for formulations which will enter the anterior segment of the eye.
NMR formulation evaluation: Hydrogen index, wettability and internal field gradients (2001)

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) well logging is finding wide use in formation evaluation. In most cases, it is adequate to use default parameters and interpretation methods to get formation properties. In this work, we will investigate three exceptional cases: The departure of the hydrogen index ( HI) of live crude oils from unity due to high solution gas:oil ratio; The wettability alteration from water-wet condition to some degree of mixed wettability for sandstones; Significant diffusion effect on NMR spin-spin relaxation time (T2) measurements due to internal field gradients.\nA new correlation is proposed to express HI as a function of density and hydrogen:carbon ratio. The HI of live crude oils can be calculated from PVT data and ambient measurements.\nWettability alteration is interpreted for sandstones from NMR analysis. Bentheim and Berea were water-wet with refined oil but became mixed-wet with SMY crude oil and brine at Swir after aging. North Burbank sandstones were even mixed-wet with refined oil due to the pore lining chlorite clay flakes. NMR wettability analysis is consistent with other quantitative wettability alteration indicators.\nStrong internal field gradients are measured for both chlorite-coated North Burbank sandstones and chlorite slurries. The distributions of internal field gradients are analytically solved through potential theory. High gradients are concentrated around the tips of the clay flakes. Mean gradient values from analytical solutions using a clay width of 0.2 mum are close to the experimental results.\nThe combined effects of diffusion, constant gradient, and restricted 1-D geometry on Carr-Purcell_Meiboom_Gill (CPMG) measurement are evaluated numerically. The parameter space that defines the relaxation process is reduced to only two dimensionless groups: D* and tau*. The hypothesis that the dimensionless normalized magnetization relaxes as a single exponential with a constant dimensionless relaxation time T*2 is justified for most regions of the parameter space. The location of the boundaries between different relaxation regimes defined in the analytical analysis is challenged by the numerical results. After adjustment of boundaries, numerical simulation results and analytical solutions match each other for every relaxation regime except for near the boundaries. A procedure to estimate fluid diffusivity and system length is illustrated.
N<scp>UTRITIONAL</scp>I<scp>MPACT OF</scp>P<scp>RE- AND</scp>P<scp>ROBIOTICS AS</scp>P<scp>ROTECTIVE</scp>G<scp>ASTROINTESTINAL</scp>O<scp>RGANISMS</scp> (2002)

The health benefits of pre- and probiotics have been the subject of increased research interests. These food supplements have been demonstrated to alter the pre-existing intestinal flora so as to provide an advantage to the host. This review focuses on the scientific evidence both for and against their role in promoting health and treating disease. Specific attention is turned to their effects on immunomodulation, lipid metabolism, cancer prevention, diarrhea, Helicobacter pylori, necrotizing enterocolitis, allergy, and inflammatory bowel disease.
Signature management of radar returns from wind turbine generators (2006)

The large radar cross section of wind turbine generator (WTG) blades combined with high tip speeds can produce significant Doppler returns when illuminated by a radar. Normally, an air traffic control radar system will filter out large returns from stationary targets, but the Doppler shifts introduced by the WTG blades are interpreted as moving aircraft that can confuse radar operators and compromise safety. A possible solution to this problem is to incorporate an active layer into the structure of the WTG blades that can be used to dynamically modulate the radar cross section (RCS) of the blade return. The active blade can operate in one of two modes: first the blade RCS can be modulated to provide a Doppler return that is outside the detectable range of the radar receiver system so that it is rejected; a second mode of operation is to introduce specific coding onto the Doppler returns so that they may be uniquely identified and rejected. The active layer used in the system consists of a frequency selective surface controlled by semiconductor diodes and is a development of techniques developed for active radar absorbers. Results of theoretical and experimental work using a 10 GHz Doppler radar and scale-model WTG are presented.
A High Sensitivity MEMS Pressure Sensor (2007)

The piezoresistive effect in a van der Pauw (VDP) stress sensor subjected to biaxial stress was considered. The VDP resistance equations were combined with the silicon piezoresistivity equations to yield relations for the change in resistance of a VDP sensor in terms of the applied state of stress. Then the sensitivity of the VDP sensor to biaxial stress was determined analytically and simulated numerically. The biaxial stress states considered were those for a circular diaphragm under pressure. The VDP sensitivities to biaxial stress were compared to the sensitivity for the conventional piezoresistive stress sensor. It is observed that the theoretical (based on analytical and numerical results) pressure sensitivity of the new VDP sensor is about three times greater than the conventional counterpart.
Collaborative Filtering: Weighted Nonnegative Matrix Factorization Incorporating User and Item Graphs (2010)

Collaborative filtering is an important topic in data mining and has been widely used in recommendation system. In this paper, we proposed a unified model for collaborative filtering based on graph regularized weighted nonnegative matrix factorization. In our model, two graphs are constructed on users and items, which exploit the internal information (e.g. neighborhood information in the user-item rating matrix) and external information (e.g. content information such as user's occupation and item's genre, or other kind of knowledge such as social trust network). The proposed method not only inherits the advantages of model-based method, but also owns the merits of memory-based method which considers the neighborhood information. Moreover, it has the ability to make use of content information and any additional information regarding user-user such as social trust network. Due to the use of these internal and external information, the proposed method is able to find more interpretable lowdimensional representations for users and items, which is helpful for improving the recommendation accuracy. Experimental results on benchmark collaborative filtering data sets demonstrate that the proposed methods outperform the state of the art collaborative filtering methods a lot.
Racial Differences in the Survival of Childhood B-Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Pediatric Oncology Group Study (2000)

Clinical presentation, tumor biology, and deviations from prescribed therapy did not explain the differences in survival and event-free survival that we observed, although differences seem to be diminishing over time with improvements in therapy. The disparity in outcome for AA and SS children is most likely related to variations in chemotherapeutic response to therapy and not to compliance. Further improvements in outcome may require individualized dosing based on specific pharmacogenetic profiles, especially for AA and SS children.
Moderate alcohol consumption increases insulin sensitivity and ADIPOQ expression in postmenopausal women: a randomised, crossover trial (2008)

Moderate alcohol consumption for 6 weeks improves insulin sensitivity, adiponectin levels and lipid profile in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, these data suggest a transcriptional mechanism leading to the alcohol-induced increase in adiponectin plasma levels.
Moving Holidays and Seasonal Adjustment: The Case of Turkey (2004)

When holiday variation is present so that the dates of certain holidays change from year to year, the relatively automatic seasonal adjustment procedures may fail to extract the seasonal component from a series since the holiday effects are not confined to that component. Turkey, a predominantly Muslim country, constitutes a good example of moving holidays since the official calendar is Gregorian, based on the cycles of the Earth around the sun, while significant Islamic holidays are tied to the Hegirian calendar, based on the lunar cycles. One finds significant deterministic seasonality remains in the conventionally de-seasonalized time series and removing the effects of religious seasonality using a very simple method improves the qualities of the de-seasonalized component.
The structured ‘low temperature’ phase of the retinal population code (2017)

Recent advances in experimental techniques have allowed the simultaneous recordings of populations of hundreds of neurons, fostering a debate about the nature of the collective structure of population neural activity. Much of this debate has focused on the empirical findings of a phase transition in the parameter space of maximum entropy models describing the measured neural probability distributions, interpreting this phase transition to indicate a critical tuning of the neural code. Here, we instead focus on the possibility that this is a first-order phase transition which provides evidence that the real neural population is in a 'structured', collective state. We show that this collective state is robust to changes in stimulus ensemble and adaptive state. We find that the pattern of pairwise correlations between neurons has a strength that is well within the strongly correlated regime and does not require fine tuning, suggesting that this state is generic for populations of 100+ neurons. We find a clear correspondence between the emergence of a phase transition, and the emergence of attractor-like structure in the inferred energy landscape. A collective state in the neural population, in which neural activity patterns naturally form clusters, provides a consistent interpretation for our results.