gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
IP-address lookup using LC-tries (1999)

There has been a notable interest in the organization of routing information to enable fast lookup of IP addresses. The interest is primarily motivated by the goal of building multigigabit routers for the Internet, without having to rely on multilayer switching techniques. We address this problem by using an LC-trie, a trie structure with combined path and level compression. This data structure enables us to build efficient, compact, and easily searchable implementations of an IP-routing table. The structure can store both unicast and multicast addresses with the same average search times. The search depth increases as /spl Theta/(log log n) with the number of entries in the table for a large class of distributions, and it is independent of the length of the addresses. A node in the trie can be coded with four bytes. Only the size of the base vector, which contains the search strings, grows linearly with the length of the addresses when extended from 4 to 16 bytes, as mandated by the shift from IP version 4 to IP version 6. We present the basic structure as well as an adaptive version that roughly doubles the number of lookups/s. More general classifications of packets that are needed for link sharing, quality-of-service provisioning, and multicast and multipath routing are also discussed. Our experimental results compare favorably with those reported previously in the research literature.
THE ECONOMIC OPERATION OF A SOCIALIST SOCIETY: I (1987)

Journal Article THE ECONOMIC OPERATION OF A SOCIALIST SOCIETY: I Get access OSKAR LANGE OSKAR LANGE The sixth in a series of lectures on Capitalism and Socialism, conducted by Oskar Lange, at the University of Chicago, Department of Economics, presented by The University of Chicago Socialist Club, Friday 8 May 1942, at 7.30 p.m. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Contributions to Political Economy, Volume 6, Issue 1, March 1987, Pages 3–12, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.cpe.a035714 Published: 01 March 1987
Remote sensing of atmospheric turbulence and transverse winds from wave-front slope measurements from crossed optical paths (1994)

In the theory of atmospheric turbulence, the strength of the spatial variations of the index of refraction n is proportional to a parameter known as the atmospheric-structure constant. The atmosphericstructure constant is denoted C(2)(n)(z) and is a function of position along the optical path z. The characteristics of the temporal variations of the index of refraction are related to both C(2)(n)(z) and to the transverse wind velocity V(z). Current optical techniques for remotely sensing C(2)(n)(z) and V(z) rely primarily on the spatial or temporal cross-correlation properties of the intensity of the optical field. In the remote-sensing technique proposed here, we exploit the correlation properties of the wave-front slope measured from two point sources to obtain profiles of C(2)(n)(z) and V(z). The two sources are arranged to give crossed optical paths. The geometry of the crossed paths and the characteristics of the wave-front slope sensor determine the achievable resolution. The signal-to-noise ratio calculationsindicate the need for multiple measurements to obtain useful estimates of the desired quantities.
Fr. Gay et P. Wagret. L'Économie de l'Italie (1963)

Robert Jean. Fr. Gay et P. Wagret. L'Économie de l'Italie. In: Norois, n°38, Avril-Juin 1963. pp. 188-191.
Recognition of Unreliable Ultrasonic Range Data in a Robotic Environment (1989)

SUMMARY The use of ultrasonic range transducers is an inexpensive method of obtaining information about the environment surrounding a robotic System. However, ultrasonic ranging suffers from various shortcomings, one of the major being the production of unreliable data caused by specular reflection. This work presents an original approach to overcoming the problem of unreliable ultrasonic range data which is caused by specular reflection of the ultrasonic beam. The approach is shown to discriminate between reliable and unreliable data, thus enhancing the role of the ultrasonic range transducer in robotic applications.
Lessons in stability from thermophilic proteins (2006)

Studies that compare proteins from thermophilic and mesophilic organisms can provide insights into ability of thermophiles to function at their high habitat temperatures and may provide clues that enable us to better define the forces that stabilize all proteins. Most of the comparative studies have focused on thermal stability and show, as expected, that thermophilic proteins have higher Tm values than their mesophilic counterparts. Although these comparisons are useful, more detailed thermodynamic analyses are required to reach a more complete understanding of the mechanisms thermophilic protein employ to remain folded over a wider range of temperatures. This complete thermodynamic description allows one to generate a stability curve for a protein that defines how the conformational stability (DeltaG) varies with temperature. Here we compare stability curves for many pairs of homologous proteins from thermophilic and mesophilc organisms. Of the basic methods that can be employed to achieve enhanced thermostability, we find that most thermophilic proteins use the simple method that raises the DeltaG at all temperatures as the principal way to increase their Tm. We discuss and compare this thermodynamic method with the possible alternatives. In addition we propose ways that structural alterations and changes to the amino acid sequences might give rise to varied methods used to obtain thermostability.
Comments on "The Measurement of Noise in Microwave Transmitters" [Letters] (1979)

In the recent paper, "The Measurement of Noise in Microwave Transmitters," J. R. Ashley et al. give a review of several methods for the measurement of AM and FM noise, respectively. The section, which deals with FM noise measurements at frequencies below 5 GHz, may be the source of erroneous conclusions, as will be pointed out in this comment.
The effect of polyethylene glycol on the growth and dissolution rates of a crystalline protein at high salt concentration. Phosphoglucomutase. (1986)

Although low concentrations of polyethylene glycol (1-5%, w/v) are essential for growing crystals of phosphoglucomutase from ammonium sulfate solutions (at close to 50% of saturation), the observed rate constant for short-term crystal growth on a defined, microcrystalline surface is essentially independent of polyethylene glycol concentration under these conditions. But this cosolute produces a substantial increase in the observed rate constant for the dissolution process and thus a corresponding increase in the solubility of the crystalline phase. These observations can be rationalized in terms of a decrease in the thermodynamic activity of the soluble form of phosphoglucomutase at high salt due to favorable interactions with polyethylene glycol (PEG) at the protein surface, coupled with a difference in accessibility of protein surfaces in the crystalline and solution states. Surfaces with a differential exposure in these two phases likely include both groups that interact favorably with polyethylene glycol relative to water (nonpolar groups) as well as those that interact unfavorably (ionic groups), but favorable PEG-protein interactions produced on dissolution must outweigh unfavorable ones. A PEG-induced increase in protein solubility at high salt concentration is likely to be general; PEG also may affect the growth of other protein crystals at high salt concentrations as it affects phosphoglucomutase.
Contextual Entropy and Text Categorization (2006)

In this paper we describe a new approach to text categorization, our focus is in the amount of information (the entropy) in the text. The entropy is computed with the empirical distribution of words in the text. We provide the system with a manually segmented collection of documents in different categories. For each category a separate empirical distribution of words is computed, we use this empirical distribution for categorization purposes. If we compute the entropy of the test document for each empirical distribution the correct category shows as a maximum. For example, if we compute the entropy of a sports document using the politics or the sports empirical word distributions then the computed entropy is higher in sports than in politics. Our text categorization approach is simple, easy to code and needs no training time (aside from histogram computations). The classification time is linear on the size of the document and the number of document categories. We support our claims with extensive experimentation
Dynamic Permission Re-enforcement Technique for Protecting Application from Others with Over-privileged Permission at Run Time (2015)

Recently users want to have more powerful devices and capabilities to satisfy their demands ever than before. However, there are many vulnerabilities caused by uncontrolled and over-privileged permission at run time. Without this concern to correctly control the permission at execution time, we propose dynamically enforce permission technique in the paper. For this purpose, we classify applications as secure or non-secure and validate their permissions at run time. If the secure one is already running, the other which has the same permission will be suspended until the former finishes his execution. Providing dynamic control of permission, we implement our technique on Android with slightly modifying a few Java classes in it. With the help of our proposed method, users can easily execute their secure application in separated from others and find over-privileged permission a run time. Through this technique we can efficiently prohibit unintended application's behavior to attain higher privilege without theirs acknowledgement.
A Novel Vehicle Stationary Detection Utilizing Map Matching and IMU Sensors (2014)

Precise navigation is a vital need for many modern vehicular applications. The global positioning system (GPS) cannot provide continuous navigation information in urban areas. The widely used inertial navigation system (INS) can provide full vehicle state at high rates. However, the accuracy diverges quickly in low cost microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based INS due to bias, drift, noise, and other errors. These errors can be corrected in a stationary state. But detecting stationary state is a challenging task. A novel stationary state detection technique from the variation of acceleration, heading, and pitch and roll of an attitude heading reference system (AHRS) built from the inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors is proposed. Besides, the map matching (MM) algorithm detects the intersections where the vehicle is likely to stop. Combining these two results, the stationary state is detected with a smaller timing window of 3 s. A longer timing window of 5 s is used when the stationary state is detected only from the AHRS. The experimental results show that the stationary state is correctly identified and the position error is reduced to 90% and outperforms previously reported work. The proposed algorithm would help to reduce INS errors and enhance the performance of the navigation system.
Triterpenoids from the husks of <i>Xanthoceras sorbifolia</i> Bunge (2006)

A new triterpenoid saponin, 3-O-[(3-O-alpha-l-arabinofuranosyl-2-O-beta-d-galactopyranosyl)-beta-d-glucuronopyranosyl]-21,22-di-O-angeloyl-R1-barrigenol (1), together with four known triterpenoids, have been isolated from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge. Their structures were elucidated based on chemical and spectral analysis. Among them, 1 was found to have activity of inhibiting the proliferation of six human tumour cell lines (IC50 10-40 mug/ml).
Immunopathology of Hodgkin's disease. Characterization of Reed-Sternberg cells with monoclonal antibodies. (1986)

The cellular origin of the Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin's disease is controversial. The authors studied 14 cases of Hodgkin's disease (nodular sclerosis, 9; mixed cellularity, 3; lymphocyte predominant, 2), utilizing a panel of 16 monoclonal antibodies, including 5 new monoclonal antibodies defining differentiation antigens of the monocyte/macrophage system. Reed-Sternberg cells were found to react with antibodies to Ia-like (HLA-DR) determinants (14 of 14 cases), Leu M1, an antigranulocyte antibody (11 of 14 cases), and rarely B-1, an antibody defining an antigen expressed on human B lymphocytes (2 of 14 cases). Reed-Sternberg cells did not react with any of 5 antibodies to differentiation antigens of the monocyte/macrophage system (MoP9, MoS39, MoR17, MoU26, MoU50). In contrast, reactive histiocytes in the Hodgkin's disease infiltrates stained strongly. The findings are evidence against the monocyte-macrophage origin of Reed-Sternberg cells and support the view that the Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin's disease derive from other cell types, such as interdigitating reticulum cells, or as yet uncharacterized cells which do not share antigens of the monocyte/macrophage system.
XNOR-based double-edge-triggered flip-flop for two-phase pipelines (2006)

The conventional approach of double-edge-triggered flip-flops (DET-FFs) is to have two similar edge-triggered latches. And the achieved faster speed is at the cost of double chip area and complex logic structure. By contrast, the XNOR-based approaches is difficult to reach the speed demand due to the delay of the XNOR -based clock generator. This paper proposes a new designed DET-FF based on an alternative XNOR gate. By utilizing the sensitivity to the driving capacity of the previous stage, we use this simplified XNOR gate as a pulse-generator. A modified transparent latch following the pulse-generator acts as an XNOR-based DET-FF, which accomplishes the almost same speed and less power dissipation as compared with two conventional DET-FFs under HSPICE simulation. We also implemented the XNOR-based DET-FF in a two-phase-pipeline system, and the HSPICE simulation in the TSMC 0.25 um CMOS process shows our proposed DET-FF is much faster than those two conventional DET-FFs.
Interfacial Bioelectrochemistry:  Fabrication, Properties and Applications of Functional Nanostructured Biointerfaces (2006)

Bioelectrochemistry is a new interdisciplinary field, which combines biotechnology with electrochemical science, while the emergence of nanotechnology is opening new horizons for the investigation of this field. Nanostructures (such as nanoparticles, nanotubes) have similar dimensions to those of biomolecules (such as proteins or DNA). The combination of nanostructures with biomolecules yields functional nanostructured biointerfaces with synergetic properties and functions. The recent surge of research interest in the bioelectrochemical field is focused on the advanced design and preparation of such potential nanostructured biointerfaces, as well as the fundamental understanding of the interfacial bioelectrochemical processes within these systems. This review describes recent advances in the development of nanostructured biointerfaces based on the nanostructure−biomolecule hybrid systems in the bioelectrochemical field. To begin with, a wide range of nanostructures, which derive from metal, semiconductor, carbon, and so on, are discussed, involving their synthesis, properties, and conjugation with biomolecules, respectively. Sequentially, the fabrication, properties and characterization of functional nanostructured biointerfaces on electrode surfaces are discussed. Particular emphasis is directed to the discussion and exploration of interfacial bioelectrochemical theories of these architectures, which are of fundamental importance to the unraveling of key biological processes and the comprehensive acquaintance of electron-transfer processes. In addition, the wide applications of nanostructured biointerfaces in the bioelectrochemical field are sketched, and prospects and further developments in this exciting interdisciplinary field are also suggested.
Challenges to learning and schooling in the digital networked world of the 21st century (2013)

Abstract This article elaborates on the competencies, often referred to as 21st century competencies, that are needed to be able to live in and contribute to our current (and future) society. We begin by describing, analysing and reflecting on international frameworks describing 21st century competencies, giving special attention to digital literacy as one of the core competencies for the 21st century. This is followed by an analysis of the learning approaches that are considered appropriate for acquiring 21st century competencies, and the specific role of technology in these learning processes. Despite some consensus about what 21st century competencies are and how they can be acquired, results from international studies indicate that teaching strategies for 21st century competencies are often not well implemented in actual educational practice. The reasons for this include a lack of integration of 21st century competencies in curriculum and assessment, insufficient preparation of teachers and the absence of any systematic attention for strategies to adopt at scale innovative teaching and learning practices. The article concludes with a range of specific recommendations for the implementation of 21st century competencies.
In Vitro Drug Susceptibility and Doses of Metronidazole Required for Cure in Cases of Refractory Vaginal Trichomoniasis (1986)

There are currently no laboratory or clinical guidelines for the identification and treatment of disease caused by metronidazole-resistant strains of Trichomonas vaginalis. Fifty-three isolates of T. vaginalis from cases of refractory vaginitis in the United States (26 states) and Canada were tested for aerobic and anaerobic metronidazole susceptibility, and after various dosages of metronidazole, the therapeutic outcomes were evaluated for 31 of these cases. The mean aerobic metronidazole susceptibility of these isolates was 195.5 micrograms/ml (range, 12.5-greater than 1,000), which was about eightfold higher than that seen in isolates that were not resistant to metronidazole. The mean anaerobic susceptibility was 5 micrograms/ml (range, 1.6-25), which was about threefold higher than that of isolates from nonresistant strains. The average aerobic-to-anaerobic ratio of metronidazole susceptibility in the highly resistant isolates was more than 3.5-fold greater than that seen in the nonresistant isolates. White women accounted for 88% of the resistant infections. Of 31 cases that were re-treated and monitored, the highest average dose that failed to achieve a cure was 2.1 g of metronidazole/day given over an eight-day period; 27 (87%) of 31 cases were ultimately cured with an average dosage of 2.6 g of metronidazole/day given over a mean period of nine days. Resistance to treatment with metronidazole varied from mild to severe, and the resistance was occasionally more severe than the susceptibility values indicate.
Functional homogeneity of the non-mitochondrial Ca2+ pool in intact mouse lacrimal acinar cells. (1992)

In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, treatment of mouse lacrimal acinar cells with maximal concentrations of methacholine released Ca2+ from intracellular stores. No additional Ca2+ was mobilized by subsequent application of the intracellular Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor, thapsigargin, the stable inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate ((1,4,5)IP3) analog, inositol 2,4,5-trisphosphate ((2,4,5)IP3) (by microinjection), or the Ca2+ ionophore, ionomycin. However, following prolonged activation of cells by methacholine in the presence of extracellular Ca2+, Ca2+ accumulated into a pool which was released by ionomycin but not by thapsigargin. This latter accumulation was blocked by prior microinjection of ruthenium red, indicating that it represents mitochondrial uptake. In saponin-permeabilized lacrimal cells, two Ca(2+)-sequestering pools were detected: (i) a ruthenium red-sensitive, thapsigargin-insensitive pool, presumed to be the mitochondria; and (ii) a ruthenium red-insensitive, thapsigargin-sensitive pool. Only the thapsigargin-sensitive pool accumulated Ca2+ at concentrations similar to those in unstimulated cells. The thapsigargin-sensitive Ca2+ pool was sensitive to (1,4,5)IP3; however, in contrast to findings in intact cells, only 44% of this pool was releasable by (1,4,5)IP3 or (2,4,5)IP3. These data indicate that, in intact lacrimal acinar cells, all exchangeable (ionomycin-sensitive) Ca2+ residues in a pool which responds homogeneously to agonists, (1,4,5)IP3, and thapsigargin. Prolonged elevation of [Ca2+]i results in Ca2+ accumulation into a second, ruthenium red-sensitive pool, presumably mitochondria. Finally, permeabilization of the cells fragments the non-mitochondrial pool, resulting in two pools, one sensitive and one insensitive to (1,4,5)IP3.
Serial transfer of a human gene to rodent cells by sequential chromosome-mediated gene transfer. (1977)

The human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase (IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8) gene (hprt) has been serially transferred to mouse cells and then to Chinese hamster fibroblasts by two cycles of metaphase chromosome isolation and incubation with recipient cells. Human metaphase chromosomes were incubated with mouse A9 cells deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, and independent colonies expressing the human species form of this gene were isolated in a selective medium. Metaphase chromosomes isolated from two of these clonal lines were incubated with Chinese hamster fibroblasts deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase; five resulting independent colonies again expressed the human species of this gene. The transfer frequencies in the two cycles of chromosome-mediated gene transfer were similar (about 10(-7)). These results indicate that the transferred human chromosome fragment is closely associated with the chromosomes of the mouse A9 cells and it is probably integrated into the chromosomal DNA of the recipient cell.
Progress and Promise in the Treatment of Indolent Lymphomas (2002)

In the era of conventional alkylating agent-based chemotherapy, advanced stage indolent lymphoma has been considered incurable. The failure of our traditional therapies to cure these patients, coupled with the indolent course of the disease and the elderly population affected, has fostered a nihilistic attitude about the treatment of these diseases. Twenty years ago, in the absence of interesting alternatives to alkylating agents, judicious use and reuse of alkylators was perhaps the best we could do. There are now many reasons for optimism and excitement in the treatment of these diseases, including the availability of promising agents such as interferon-alpha, the nucleoside analogues, and rituximab. Radioimmunotherapy will also likely play a role in future therapy programs. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is a high-risk approach that is not an option for all patients, but it has the potential to cure patients, even in the setting of relapse. Mini-allogeneic transplantation may permit an approach to allogeneic transplantation that is better tolerated than standard transplant strategies. In addition to these therapy options, biological insights have provided new options for monitoring patients. Molecular monitoring (polymerase chain reaction for bcl-2) is a stringent measure of short-term treatment efficacy, and one that correlates with durability of remission, i.e., it is a surrogate marker by which to judge treatment efficacy. There used to be a limited number of conventional treatment approaches, which consistently failed. The pendulum has swung. There are now many promising new options. It is time to plan and conduct trials that are geared for success.
Self‐Healing Ionomers (2008)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Ionomer Background Self-healing of Ionomers Other Ionomer Studies Self-healing Ionomer Composites Conclusions Acknowledgements References