gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AN INVESTIGATION OF VARIABLES INVOLVED IN CHEMISTRY PROBLEM SOLVING (1983)

Success in solving science and mathematics problems evidently depends upon variables such as content knowledge, level of intellectual development, the use of heurstics, the ability to construct an appropriate problem representation, and the number of errors committed that remain uncorrected. This study was an effort to learn more about the effect of these and other variables on success in solving chemistry problems. The subjects in this study were thirty college chemistry students and one college chemistry professor. Most of the subjects demonstrated proficiency in basic algebra, chemistry, and cognitive skills. The subjects individually solved chemical stoichiometry problems using the think-aloud technique. Each session was audio-recorded for subsequent analysis of problem solving techniques and chemistry content exhibited by the subjects. The major findings of this study are listed below. (1) Stoichiometry problems involving simultaneous reactions proved to be difficult for most of the subjects involved in this study, regardless of their chemistry background. (2) Successful problem solvers were able to construct and use an appropriate representation for the problems. Unsuccessful problem solvers focused on an inappropriate balanced equation and used an algorithm (the factor-label method) to generate an incorrect answer. (3) Problem representation was found to influence the manner in which individuals apply concepts. Conceptual understanding was found to influence an individual's problem representation. (4) Successful problem solvers appeared to use three levels or modes of representation (symbol, microscopic, and macroscopic) in order to understand the problem. (5) Successful problem solvers exhibited more effective problem solving skills (organization, persistence, evaluation, heuristics, and formal operations) then unsuccessful problem solvers. (6) Both content and process variables are important for successful chemistry problem solving. It is not known whether individuals are able to acquire chemistry concepts because they are proficient with process variables, or whether individuals are able to apply process variables because they understand chemistry concepts.
Effects of White Rice, Brown Rice and Germinated Brown Rice on Antioxidant Status of Type 2 Diabetic Rats (2012)

Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, and can be increased by diet like white rice (WR). Though brown rice (BR) and germinated brown rice (GBR) have high antioxidant potentials as a result of their bioactive compounds, reports of their effects on oxidative stress-related conditions such as type 2 diabetes are lacking. We hypothesized therefore that if BR and GBR were to improve antioxidant status, they would be better for rice consuming populations instead of the commonly consumed WR that is known to promote oxidative stress. This will then provide further reasons why less consumption of WR should be encouraged. We studied the effects of GBR on antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic rats, induced using a high-fat diet and streptozotocin injection, and also evaluated the effects of WR, BR and GBR on catalase and superoxide dismutase genes. As dietary components, BR and GBR improved glycemia and kidney hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, and prevented the deterioration of total antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic rats. Similarly, GBR preserved liver enzymes, as well as serum creatinine. There seem to be evidence that upregulation of superoxide dismutase gene may likely be an underlying mechanism for antioxidant effects of BR and GBR. Our results provide insight into the effects of different rice types on antioxidant status in type 2 diabetes. The results also suggest that WR consumption, contrary to BR and GBR, may worsen antioxidant status that may lead to more damage by free radicals. From the data so far, the antioxidant effects of BR and GBR are worth studying further especially on a long term to determine their effects on development of oxidative stress-related problems, which WR consumption predisposes to.
Pancreatic Content of Insulins I and II in Laboratory Rodents: Analysis by Immunoelectrophoresis (1982)

The purpose of these experiments was to determine the relative proportion of insulins I and II in the pancreas of inbred strains of mice and rats, and whether this proportion would be altered by conditions known to affect insulin biosynthesis. Rapid analysis of multiple samples was accomplished by an immunoelectrophoretic method in which insulin can be detected in crude pancreatic extracts without further purification. Insulin I was found to account for 65–76% of total pancreatic content in C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6J, and CD2F1 mice. Glucose injection produced a significant increase in insulin content, which was completely accounted for by insulin I, although fasting for 2 days had no effect. In all three strains there was either no change or a decrease in content of insulin II, while insulin I increased 77–83% (P &lt; 0.05) of the total pancreatic insulin. To determine the effects of chronic hyperglycemia, the content of insulins I and II was measured in the pancreas of obese hyperglycemic mice and compared with that of lean littermates. Insulin content in pregnant rats was also evaluated, since pregnancy is characterized by insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. The results of these studies indicate that insulin I predominates in the pancreas of a variety of strains of rats and mice. More important is the observation that conditions that increase insulin production preferentially increase insulin I relative to II, suggesting independent regulation of the two genes.
Stereoselective reaction of arylsulfanyl-stabilized homoenolates with aldehydes (1996)

The reaction of arylsulfanyl-stabilized lithium homoenolates with aromatic aldehydes gave anti-adducts with a high level of diastereoselectivity (up to 96% de) and fair enantioselectivity (up to 47% ee) in the presence of (–)-sparteine.
Wing Structure and the Aerodynamic Basis of Flight in Bats (2007)

Powered, flapping flight has evolved at least four times in the Animal Kingdom: in insects, birds, pterosaurs, and bats. Although some aspects of flight mechanics are probably common to all of these lineages, each of the four represents a unique solution to the challenges of maneuverable flapping flight at animal length scales. Flight is less well documented and understood for bats than birds and insects, and may provide novel inspiration for vehicle design. In particular, bat wings are made of quite flexible bones supporting very compliant and anisotropic wing membranes, and possess many more independently controllable joints than those of other animals. We show that the mechanical characteristics of wing skin play an important role in determining aerodynamic characteristics of the wing, and that motions at the many hand joints are integrated to produce complex and functionally versatile dynamic wing conformations.
Effects of subthalamic nucleus lesions in a putative model of tardive dyskinesia in the rat (1996)

The effects of bilateral excitotoxic lesions of the subthalamic nucleus on vacuous chewing movements induced by chronic neuroleptic therapy were examined in the rat. Fluphenazine decanoate (25 mg/kg i.m.q 3 weeks x 24 weeks) induced vacuous chewing movements, as previously described. This response was suppressed to control levels in animals tested 1-3 weeks following bilateral infusion of quinolinic acid (100 nmol/1 microliter per side) into the subthalamic nucleus. Subthalamic nucleus lesions resulted in increased locomotion and sniffing in neuroleptic-naive animals, but these responses were suppressed by concomitant neuroleptic treatment. As vacuous chewing movements induced by chronic neuroleptics are considered to be analogous to tardive dyskinesia in humans, our findings lend further support to the importance of the subthalamic nucleus in the regulation of orofacial movements and suggest that tardive dyskinesia may, in part, be related to altered activity in this structure. This, in turn, suggests that current models of basal ganglia function are inadequate to account for certain pathological states and require re-examination.
Paraoxonase 1: Structure, Function, and Polymorphisms (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction PON1 Structure and Polymorphisms PON1 Genotype/Phenotype; Defining PON1 Status PON1 and OP Toxicity: Animal Studies PON1 Modulates the Toxicity of a Mixture of OPs PON1 Status and OP Toxicity: Evidence in Humans PON1 and Developmental Toxicity and Human Evidence PON1 as a Catalytic Scavenger for OP Poisoning Conclusions Acknowledgments References
Calidad de vida en las ciudades en Colombia ¿Qué debemos mejorar? (2019)

En el presente trabajo se propone un indice de calidad de vida para las 10 ciudades capitales en Colombia. Estas ciudades son: Bogota, Medellin, Cali, Bucaramanga, Barranquilla, Ibague, Cartagena, Pereira, Manizales y Cucuta. El indice propuesto se ha formulado teniendo en cuenta 5 dimensiones relacionadas con empleo, educacion, salud, seguridad y medioambiente. Para cada una de las dimensiones se ha considerado una variable objetiva y otra subjetiva. El calculo del indice muestra el nivel de calidad de vida de las ciudades y permite identificar las dimensiones en las cuales se deben desarrollar o fortalecer politicas publicas. Los resultados indican que las ciudades con mejor calidad de vida son Manizales y Barranquilla, y las que mas deben mejorar son Medellin, Cucuta, Bogota y Cali.
Distributed energy sources: needs for analysis and design tools (2001)

This paper discusses a number of issues associated with distributed energy sources connected to a backbone distribution system that may operate in parallel or autonomously. Basically, such a system has sources with or without energy storage that interfaced with inverters and operates under nonbalanced conditions. This system has the potential of providing premium power at very high reliability level. However, the two basic operating characteristics place certain requirements on analysis and design tools as well as reliability assessment methodologies. These requirements are discussed in the paper and a number of examples are given.
A unified notion of outliers: properties and computation (1997)

As said in signal processing, &quot;One person&apos;s noise is another person&apos;s signal.&quot; For many applications, such as the exploration of satellite or medical images, and the monitoring of criminal activities in electronic commerce, identifying exceptions can often lead to the discovery of truly unexpected knowledge. In this paper, we study an intuitive notion of outliers. A key contribution of this paper is to show how the proposed notion of outliers unifies or generalizes many existing notions of outliers provided by discordancy tests for standard statistical distributions. Thus, a unified outlier detection system can replace a whole spectrum of statistical discordancy tests with a single module detecting only the kinds of outliers proposed. A second contribution of this paper is the development of an approach to find all outliers in a dataset. The structure underlying this approach resembles a data cube, which has the advantage of facilitating integration with the many OLAP and data mining s...
The determination of the lonization constant of 2,4‐D in water (1967)

The compound 2,4‐D ( 2,4 ‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) is the most widely used herbicide in the United States, and its widespread use may result in the applied compounds being carried or washed into nearby water courses, rivers, lakes, or groundwater reservoirs. This situation has stimulated basic studies on the chemical and physical behavior of 2,4 ‐D in water. Studies by various authors show that 2,4‐D degrades within several weeks in soils; it can persist for up to six months or more in natural waters. The ionization constant of 2,4‐D has been redetermined at 25°C from conductivity measurements. A value for the ionization constant of 1.169 × 10 −3 was calculated when the equivalent conductance at infinite dilution of 2,4‐D was computed from the equivalent conductance at infinite dilution of the sodium salt of 2,4‐D , using the Kohlraush method of independent ion mobilities. These results differ from those obtained by other workers, who have computed the equivalent conductance at infinite dilution of 2,4‐D , using the equations derived by Fuoss and his co‐workers for the conductance of strong electrolytes in polar solvents. (Key words: Geochemistry; pollution; quality of water)
Cigarette Smoke–induced Emphysema (2006)

B-cell follicles with an oligoclonal, antigen-specific reaction were found in men and mice with emphysema. In mice, the development was progressive with time and correlated with the increase in airspace enlargement. We hypothesize that these B cells contribute to the inflammatory process and/or the development and perpetuation of emphysema by producing antibodies against either tobacco smoke residues or extracellular matrix components.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Reactions of Organotitanium Reagents. Highly Selective SN2′‐Allylation and Conjugate Addition. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
New Players in the Genetics of Stroke (2002)

Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the most common cause of disability in the world. Its incidence is rising with increasing life expectancy. To relieve the heavy burden of stroke, we need to understand the mechanisms that will form the basis of improved prevention and treatment. Ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke is the outcome of a number of different pathophysiological mechanisms, which include cardioembolism, prothrombotic states, and disease of large and small cerebral vessels. Epidemiologic studies involving twins, siblings, or families have found evidence of a genetic influence on stroke. From the clinical point of view, it is . . .
Optimization of Glycoalkaloid Analysis for Use in Industrial Potato Fruit Juice Downstreaming (2005)

Abstract Annually, within the European Union about 1.7 million tons of starch is produced by processing over 8 million tons of potato tubers, Solanum tuberosum . In recent years, the potato protein content has gained tremendous industrial interest, since these proteins have excellent nutritional value. As naturally occurring, secondary plant metabolites steroidal potato glycoalkaloids are formed in potatoes. The two major glycoalkaloids in potatoes are α‐solanine and α‐chaconine. Because of the significant toxicity of the glycoalkaloids for human and for animal nutrition it was essential to develop efficient extraction processes. The need for an easy, fast, sensitive and reliable glycoalkaloid assay at the very beginning of the production chain is obvious. In this study an efficient analytical assay for potato glycoalkaloids from powdery protein samples under industrially relevant conditions is described: sample extraction, analyte pre‐purification, and final HPLC analysis. An acetic acid extraction/homogenization process was used for glycoalkaloid extraction from potato protein samples. The extracts were purified by means of solid phase extraction cartridges using the different washing steps developed in this study. The final determination was performed through an HPLC method using a Reprosil‐Pur NH 2 column. The limit of detection was 5 μg/mL for α‐solanine and α‐chaconine, respectively, corresponding to concentrations of 20 ppm in potato protein powder.
Differentialkalorimetrie (DSC) einiger monomerer und polymerer Azoverbindungen (1979)

Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used for the determination of decomposition rate constants, activation energies, and reaction enthalpies of different monomeric azo compounds. In all cases, except for 2‐arylazo‐2‐nitropropanes the decomposition was found to follow first order kinetics. The amount of azo‐groups in polymeric azo compounds and their decomposition kinetics were determined by this method.
A Comparison Of Optical And Electronic Residue Position-Coded Look-Up Tables (1988)

A comparison of the performance of optoelectronic (laser diode-based) and electronic residue position-coded look-up tables is presented. The comparison is made in terms of speed and power consumption. Experimental results for the electronic look-up tables are also presented.
Optimization of strength and homogeneity of deep mixing material by the determination of workability limit and optimum water content (2013)

With ongoing development of the “deep mixing method”, the scope of applications is always widening. Once confined to ground improvement applications (i.e., to ensure stability and reduce settlements of structures on soft soils), use of this method now ranges from cut-off walls to structural elements and retaining walls. Indeed, the execution is easier, with limited excavated material, and costs less than traditional methods. With these new applications, the required hydraulic and mechanical properties of the soil-mixing material have also evolved, and numerous investigations on the hardened material have been carried out. However, properties of the material in a fresh state must be studied too, and particularly its workability because it is essential for continuity and homogeneity purposes. A laboratory program was carried out to determine the workability evolution of the material with increase of cement content. Results show that the material’s workability limit varies greatly with cement content, and that at constant dosage the clay content still controls the evolution of the material liquid limit. Also, this paper shows a method to determine the optimum water content for the deep mixing material, meaning that instructions can be given on site to ensure that optimum mechanical characteristics are reached.
Supersonic gas injector for plasma fueling (2005)

A supersonic gas injector (SGI) has been developed for fueling and diagnostic applications on the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX). It is comprised of a graphite converging-diverging Laval nozzle and a commercial piezoelectric gas valve mounted on a movable probe at a low field side midplane port location. Also mounted on the probe is a diagnostic package: a Langmuir probe, two thermocouples and five pick-up coils for measuring toroidal, radial, vertical magnetic field components and magnetic fluctuations at the location of the SGI tip. The SGI flow rate is up to 4times10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">21</sup> particles/s, comparable to conventional NSTX gas injectors. The nozzle operates in a pulsed regime at room temperature and a reservoir gas pressure up to 0.33 MPa. The deuterium jet Mach number of about 4, and the divergence half-angle of 5deg - 25deg have been measured in laboratory experiments simulating NSTX environment. In initial NSTX experiments reliable operation of the SGI and all mounted diagnostics at distances 1-20 cm from the plasma separatrix has been demonstrated. The SGI has been used for fueling of ohmic and 2-4 MW NBI heated L- and H-mode plasmas. Fueling efficiency in the range 0.1-0.3 has been obtained from the plasma electron inventory analysis
Multidimensional NMR Studies of Immunosuppressant/Immunophilin Complexes (1993)

Cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506 are two chemically unrelated immunosuppressants (Figure 4.1) that act in a similar way by blocking specific signal transduction pathways at an early stage of T-cell activation. They inhibit the transcription of genes that produce interleukins (IL-2, IL-3, IL-4), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, and interferon-γ (Bierer et al., 1990a; Dumont et al., 1990a) by inhibiting specific transcriptional regulators such as nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT) (Emmel et al., 1989). Although CsA and FK506 have similar biological activities, they bind to different cellular receptors, termed immunophilins. CsA binds to cyclophilin (17.8 kD, 165 aa) (Handschumacher et al., 1984), and FK506 binds to FKBP (11.8 kD, 107 aa) (Harding et al., 1989; Siekierka et al., 1989). Both cyclophilin and FKBP are peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases (PPIase) that are inhibited by CsA (Fischer et al., 1989; Takahashi et al., 1989) or FK506 (Harding et al., 1989; Siekierka et al., 1989), respectively. In an initial attempt to explain the immunosuppressant activity of CsA and FK506, it was hypothesized that PPIase inhibition was the cause of immunosuppression by inhibiting the folding of proteins involved in the early stages of T-cell activation. However, several pieces of evidence now suggest that the inhibition of PPIase activity is insufficient to cause an immunosuppressive effect (Bierer et al., 1990b).
Effect of intake flow on ambient turbulence (1985)

A small streamlined axisymmetric intake is placed at various locations on the axis of a large axisymmetric turbulent jet. The ratio of the mean velocity in the intake to that of the ambient fluid is varied from zero to thirteen. The effective diameter d* of the intake is determined by its physical size and the range of influence of the intake flow on the ambient jet fluid. Intensities of the components of turbulent velocity are measured in the ambient fluid and in and around the intake. In most cases the intake faced the jet. The ambient turbulence may be idealized as three mutually orthogonal linear vortex filaments of circular cross section and diameter S which is indicative of the scale of energy containing eddies. The vortex filaments deform as the flow is drawn into the intake. In the case d*&lt;S, only parts of vortex filaments of size d* enter the intake. The two effects are used to calculate the intensities of the components of turbulent velocity as a function of d*/S and ratios of mean velocity and density in the intake to their respective values in the ambient fluid. The results agree with experiments within wide ranges of the parameters.
Temporomandibular clinical exploration in Italian adolescents (2017)

TMD signs and/or symptoms among Italian adolescents seem diffused (44.1%). Therefore, all adolescents should be screened thorough medical history and clinical examination.
The rice XA21 ectodomain fused to the Arabidopsis EFR cytoplasmic domain confers resistance to <i>Xanthomonas oryzae</i> pv. <i>oryzae</i> (2018)

Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>) plants expressing the XA21 cell-surface receptor kinase are resistant to <i>Xanthomonas oryzae</i> pv. <i>oryzae (Xoo)</i> infection. We previously demonstrated that expressing a chimeric protein containing the ELONGATION FACTOR Tu RECEPTOR (EFR) ectodomain and the XA21 endodomain (EFR:XA21) in rice does not confer robust resistance to <i>Xoo</i>. To test if the XA21 ectodomain is required for <i>Xoo</i> resistance, we produced transgenic rice lines expressing a chimeric protein consisting of the XA21 ectodomain and EFR endodomain (XA21:EFR) and inoculated these lines with <i>Xoo</i>. We also tested if the XA21:EFR rice plants respond to a synthetic sulfated 21 amino acid derivative (RaxX21-sY) of the activator of XA21-mediated immunity, RaxX. We found that five independently transformed XA21:EFR rice lines displayed resistance to <i>Xoo</i> as measured by lesion length analysis, and showed that five lines share characteristic markers of the XA21 defense response (generation of reactive oxygen species and defense response gene expression) after treatment with RaxX21-sY. Our results indicate that expression of the XA21:EFR chimeric receptor in rice confers resistance to <i>Xoo</i>. These results suggest that the endodomain of the EFR and XA21 immune receptors are interchangeable and the XA21 ectodomain is the key determinant conferring robust resistance to <i>Xoo</i>.