gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Seals of the World, by Judith E. King. British Museum (Natural History), 11<i>s</i>. (1965)

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Revealing of photon-number splitting attack on quantum key distribution system by photon-number resolving devices (2016)

Quantum cryptography allows distributing secure keys between two users so that any performed eavesdropping attempt would be immediately discovered. However, in practice an eavesdropper can obtain key information from multi-photon states when attenuated laser radiation is used as a source of quantum states. In order to prevent actions of an eavesdropper, it is generally suggested to implement special cryptographic protocols, like decoy states or SARG04. In this paper, we describe an alternative method based on monitoring photon number statistics after detection. We provide a useful rule of thumb to estimate approximate order of difference of expected distribution and distribution in case of attack. Formula for calculating a minimum value of total pulses or time-gaps to resolve attack is shown. Also formulas for actual fraction of raw key known to Eve were derived. This method can therefore be used with any system and even combining with mentioned special protocols.
Ion beam assisted etching of SiO2 and Si3N4 (1988)

Ion beam assisted etching (IBAE) of SiO2 and Si3N4 is described which employs inert gas ion beam and gas mixtures based on XeF2 and H2. Etching rates of SiO2 and Si3N4 were measured as functions of various parameters such as gas pressure, mixing ratio of XeF2 to H2, ion dose, ion species, and irradiation angle. Significant enhancements up to 100 and 40 times larger than physical sputtering were achieved for SiO2 and Si3N4, respectively. Etching selectivity of the SiO2 to Si was varied from 0.07 to 6 depending on the gas mixing ratio. These results allow etching rates as well as selectivity of SiO2 to Si to be tailored to specific requirements. Simulation is performed to show the cross-sectional profiles formed by focused ion beam and to calculate the ion dose implanted into substrates. Auger analysis and surface morphology are mentioned.
IgG Endopeptidase SeMac does not Inhibit Opsonophagocytosis of Streptococcus equi Subspecies equi by Horse Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (2010)

The secreted Mac protein made by group A Streptococcus (GAS) inhibits opsonophagocytosis of GAS by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). This protein also has the endopeptidase activity against human immunoglobulin G (IgG), and the Cys94, His262 and Asp284 are critical for the enzymatic activity. The horse pathogen Streptococcus equi subspecies equi produces a homologue of Mac (SeMac). SeMac was characterized to determine whether SeMac has IgG endopeptidase activity and inhibits opsonophagocytosis of S. equi by horse PMNs. The gene was cloned and recombinant SeMac was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Mice with experimental S. equi infection and horses with strangles caused by S. equi seroconverted to SeMac, indicating that SeMac is produced in vivo during infection. SeMac has endopeptidase activity against human IgG. However, the protein just cleaves a small fraction, which may be IgG1 only, of horse IgG. Replacement of Cys102 with Ser or His272 with Ala abolishes the enzymatic activity of SeMac, and the Asp294Ala mutation greatly decreases the enzymatic activity. SeMac does not inhibit opsonophagocytosis of S. equi by horse PMNs but opsonophagocytosis of GAS by human PMNs. Thus, SeMac is a cysteine endopeptidase with a limited activity against horse IgG and must have other function.
Lapatinib Moves Forward in Inflammatory and Early HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Trials (2007)

affi nity for other receptor proteins. By contrast, lapatinib is a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor that can be taken orally. The drug binds a part of the HER2 receptor protein that lies inside the cell, as well as to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein. How much impact these differences will have on the drug’s usefulness remains to be seen. Already researchers have found that lapatinib works in women with metastatic
AMP-activated protein kinase modulators: a patent review (2006 – 2010) (2011)

Targeting of AMPK appears to be an attractive strategy in the treatment of metabolic disorders. However, some detrimental effects of AMPK have also been reported, including a possible tumor-promoting effect in some settings and a heart disease-causing effect. Moreover, activation of AMPK in the hypothalamus may cause undesired consequences, such as an increase in feeding and body weight gain. These effects, therefore, must be carefully assessed for the development of therapeutic drugs targeting AMPK.
Seismic Data Regularization with Anti-Leakage Fourier Transform (2004)

D032 Seismic Data Regularization with Anti-leakage Fourier Transform SHENG XU and DON PHAM Abstract 1 Veritas DCG Inc. Town Park Drive Houston Tx 77072 USA In the theory of Fourier reconstruction from discrete seismic data it aims to estimate the spatial frequency content on an irregularly sampled grid. After obtaining the Fourier coefficients the data can be reconstructed on any desired grid. For this type of transform difficulties arise from the non-orthogonality of the global basis functions on an irregular grid. As a consequence energy from one Fourier coefficient leaks onto other coefficients. This well-known phenomenon is called “spectral leakage”.
Orthogonally polarized optical single sideband modulation for microwave photonics processing using stimulated Brillouin scattering (2010)

We present a novel technique to generate orthogonally polarized optical single sideband modulated signals. The modulation scheme is based on all optical stimulated Brillouin scattering processing of the optical carrier of an optical single sideband modulated signal, by means of the polarization state dragging induced by this non-linear effect. This modulation technique can be used in several microwave photonics applications, such as antenna beamforming or microwave photonics filters. In order to perform a proof-of-concept experiment, the orthogonal modulator is deployed for the implementation of an RF phase-shifter.
The Engineering of Hot Carbon Nanotubes with a Focused Electron Beam (2004)

Single-wall and multiwall carbon nanotubes at high temperature are irradiated with the focused electron beam in an electron microscope. Nanotubes can be tailored with monolayer precision, and new morphologies of nanotubes are created. Atoms from layers of multiwall tubes can be removed and the tubes can be bent by a predefined angle. Bundles of single-wall tubes are transformed locally to multiwall tubes with coherent transition between the two modifications.
Adding meta rules to OPS5 a proposed extension (1985)

OPS5 is a rule-based, non-procedural programming language rapidly gaining popularity. It is a pure "object level" programming language, as it provides the programmer with no control constructs. The approach taken when using OPS5 is to generate a rule base such that, during program execution the most appropriate rule will "select itself" and be applied at the appropriate time. Because production memory (the rule base) in OPS5 is strictly segregated from working memory (data) and the conflict set (currently applicable rules), an OPS5 program cannot direct the conflict resolution strategy of the interpreter. This can lead to situations where the OPS5 programmer may feel forced to write rules which "trick" the interpreter into boosting a rule's priority. Such artificial constructs are clearly harmful. An extension to OPS5 is proposed which allows the user to affect conflict resolution through the mechanism of meta-rules. A further refinement proposes implementing meta-rules via a programmable conflict resolution strategy. It is felt that these extensions represent a considerable enhancement of the expressiveness of the present language, with little modification to existing implementations. They are felt to be in keeping with the OPS5 programming style, and, in addition, would preserve compatibilty with existing OPS5 code.
Analysis of Q-Banding Patterns in Human Cell Lines2 (1974)

Chromosome analysis by Q-banding was done on 3 human cell lines, HeLa, KB, and Hep-2. Excess chromosome material and several marker chromosomes were found in cells from these 3 lines. The original source of all or part of a chromosome arm of several marker chromosomes could often be determined. The number of identifiable markers was 11, 10, and 9 in HeLa, KB, and Hep-2, respectively. Certain chromosomes (ie., #1, 7, 10, 12, 14, 15, and 21) were frequently present in triplicate or quadruplicate, which suggested that these chromosomes bore certain gene(s) controlling cell growth in vitro and that increased gene dosage created a selective growth advantage. The many identifiable chromosome variations in these cells suggested their use for somatic cell hybridization studies aimed at mapping human genes on regions within specific chromosomes. However, the observations that 3 markers appeared identical in the 3 cell lines, the nonrandom representation of certain chromosomes, and the presence in all lines of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase A electrophoretic variant and the normal phosphoglucomutase type 1 pattern substantiate the idea that these cell lines were derived as contaminants from HeLa cells.
Magnetic Bead-Based Reverse Colorimetric Immunoassay Strategy for Sensing Biomolecules (2013)

A novel reverse colorimetric immunoassay (RCIA) strategy was for the first time designed and utilized for sensitive detection of low-abundance protein (prostate-specific antigen, PSA, used in this case) in biological fluids by coupling highly catalytic efficient catalase with magnetic bead-based peroxidase mimics. To construct such a RCIA system, two nanostructures including magnetic beads and gold nanoparticles were first synthesized and functionalized with anti-PSA capture antibody and catalase/anti-PSA detection antibody, respectively. Thereafter, a specific sandwich-type immunoassay format was employed for determination of PSA by using functional gold nanoparticles as enzymatic bioreactors and anti-PSA-conjugated magnetic beads as a colorimetric developer. The carried catalase, followed by the sandwiched immunocomplex, partially consumed the added hydrogen peroxide in the detection solution, which slowed down the catalytic efficiency of magnetic bead-based peroxidase mimics toward TMB/H2O2, thereby weakening the visible color and decreasing the colorimetric density. Different from conventional colorimetric immunoassay, the RCIA method determined the residual hydrogen peroxide in the substrate after consumption. Under the optimal conditions, the developed RCIA exhibited a wide dynamic range of 0.05-20 ng mL(-1) toward PSA with a detection limit of 0.03 ng mL(-1) at the 3Sblank level. Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were below 6.1% and 9.3%, respectively. Additionally, the methodology was further validated for the analysis of 12 PSA clinical serum specimens, giving results in good accordance with those obtained by the commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method.
A gateway allocation algorithm for interconnecting existing data networks (1989)

The problem of interconnecting two virtual circuit networks is considered. More specifically, the problem is to determine: (1) which nodes (one from each network) should be connected by gateways; and (2) the routing assignments to minimize the routing costs subject to a limitation on the cost of the gateways. This problem is NP-hard. The problem is formulated here as a linear combinatorial optimization problem. A two-phase algorithm is proposed to obtain good solutions. The first phase is a greedy heuristic algorithm. The second phase is an algorithm based on Lagrangian relaxation with the subgradient method. This method has been implemented. In the present computational experiments, the method determines gateway locations to interconnect networks (of various sizes) that are within a few percent of an optimal solution in a few minutes of CPU time.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
El retorno del mastocito (2013)

El papel de los mastocitos en la fisiopatogenia del asma ha evolucionado paralelamente al propio concepto de la enfermedad. Ha pasado de ser la principal celula implicada en el desarrollo de la enfermedad a verse desplazada por los eosinofilos, para volver a aparecer en la escena con evidencias renovadas. Pese a que se ha observado la presencia de mastocitos en cada una de las capas del tejido bronquial y se conoce su papel destacado en cada una de ellas, es en el musculo liso donde parece ser un factor determinante para el desarrollo de la enfermedad. La interrelacion entre los mastocitos y el musculo liso pasa a ser clave en la fisiopatogenia del asma, ya que se especula que una disfuncion en la capa muscular seria la responsable del reclutamiento de los mastocitos y, por tanto, del desarrollo de la inflamacion y la posterior obstruccion.
Image super-resolution via dual-dictionary learning and sparse representation (2012)

Learning-based image super-resolution aims to reconstruct high-frequency (HF) details from the prior model trained by a set of high- and low-resolution image patches. In this paper, HF to be estimated is considered as a combination of two components: main high-frequency (MHF) and residual high-frequency (RHF), and we propose a novel image super-resolution method via dual-dictionary learning and sparse representation, which consists of the main dictionary learning and the residual dictionary learning, to recover MHF and RHF respectively. Extensive experimental results on test images validate that by employing the proposed two-layer progressive scheme, more image details can be recovered and much better results can be achieved than the state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of both PSNR and visual perception.
Incidence of White Mold and Yield of Upright Bean Grown in Different Planting Patterns (1993)

Abstract The commercial dry bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L) production system in Alberta requires irrigation and the viny cultivars currently used in this production system are prone to outbreaks of white mold caused by Sclerotinia sderotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. The use of beans with an upright growth habit has potential for alleviating the disease problem, but the narrow profile of the upright beans may warrant a different planting pattern to achieve high yield. A study was undertaken to determine the effect of between‐ and within‐row spacings on the occurrence of white mold and seed yield of upright beans. An experimental navy bean composite with upright growth habit, and a susceptible control Red Mexican, UI 37, were evaluated using three between‐row (BR) and three within‐row (WR) spacings in presence or absence of white mold during a 2‐year period. The BR and WR spacings had no effect (P > 0. 05) on disease occurrence in the inoculated upright composite or in the viny control. Regardless of BR and WR spacings, the upright composite had less (P < 0. 01) disease than the control in both years. In general, large differences (P < 0. 05) were found between the upright composite and control spacing treatments in the presence or absence of white mold. BR spacing had a significant effect on seed yield, but WR spacing did not. In most cases, increasing plant density by reducing BR spacings resulted in higher seed yields. These findings suggest that producers may gain in seed yield without increasing risks for white mold occurrence by changing from viny to upright beans and planting in narrower rows.
Visualizations with high speed framing camera of the evolutive phases related to the development of a microplasma in ionic solution (2011)

This technical article presents experimental results of qualitative analyses through photos with high speed framing camera of the evolutive phases related to the development of a microplasma in form of an electric discharge that has been generated in ionic solution with defined electrical conductivity. These analyses became possible firstly by the construction of a experimental device consisted of an electric voltage pulse generator electrically connected with the high speed framing camera and with two electrodes positioned at a micrometric distance from each other to form an electrochemical cell. The application of an electric voltage pulse between the electrodes in a predefined time in microseconds under special experimental conditions using the generator triggers in the same time the high speed framing camera. The camera makes it possible to obtain extremely rapid various photos of the chemical and physical phenomena occurring between the electrodes. Through the obtained photos, it can be verified that the development of a microplasma in ionic solution is firstly the direct result of the formation of a volumetric quantity of gas within the space between the electrodes. The intensity of the electric voltage pulse applied at the electrodes conduces to the “rupture” of the dielectric properties of the gas that has been generated, thus producing a microplasma with special physical characteristics. It is also explained that the gas formed between the electrodes is hydrogen resulting from the electrochemical reactions which have been developed in ionic solution after application of the electric voltage pulse between the electrodes.
PEG-penetrated chitosan–alginate co-polysaccharide-based partially and fully cross-linked hydrogels as ECM mimic for tissue engineering applications (2015)

The emerging strategy of tissue engineering for the management of end-stage organ failure and associated complications mainly relies on ECM mimicking scaffolds for neo-tissue genesis. In the current study, novel polyethylene glycol interpenetrated cross-linked hydrogel scaffold based on a co-polysaccharide (PIAC) synthesized from two marine heteropolysaccharides, alginate and chitosan, was designed. Partially cross-linked (PIAC-P) and fully cross-linked hydrogels (PIAC-F) were prepared. The physiochemical evaluations of both the hydrogels revealed the presence of alginate fraction and extensive -OH groups on the surface, sufficient water content and water holding capacity. The porosity and bulk density were also appreciable. The scaffolds were hemocompatible and were able to adsorb appreciable plasma proteins on to the surface. MTT assay on hydrogel extracts and direct contact assay showed the nontoxic effects of fibroblast cells upon contact with the hydrogel. Live/dead assay using ethidium bromide/acridine orange cocktail on fibroblast cells grown on the hydrogels after 5 days of initial seeding displayed green nucleus revealing the non-apoptotic cells. PIAC-P hydrogels were superior to certain aspects due to the availability of free functional groups than PIAC-F where most of these groups were utilized for cross-linking. The biological evaluations confirmed the healthy being and 3D growth of fibroblasts on the porous networks of both the hydrogels. The present hydrogel can form an ECM mimic and can form a potent candidate for various tissue engineering applications.
Sperm-egg penetration of human spermatozoa treated with various rabbit antisera to human sperm antigens. (1987)

The effect of rabbit antisera to human whole spermatozoa, to human lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-X) and to human protamine 1 (HP1) and protamine 2 (HP2), was tested in the hamster zona-free egg penetration assay with human spermatozoa. The human spermatozoa were incubated with TEST yolk buffer washed and incubated with the antisera before penetration assay. Only antiserum to whole spermatozoa could inhibit the penetration capacity of treated human spermatozoa. The significance of the results as well as the advantage of the method used by us are discussed.
Miniaturisation of circular loop antenna using short stub for RFID system (2006)

An RFID tag antenna is designed to miniaturise a circular loop antenna (CLA) by using short stubs inserted into the inner part of the loop. This RFID tag antenna, in the case of one wavelength and a half wavelength, respectively, is reduced up to 83 and 92.1% (except ground) of its size, compared with the general type CLA.
Formylation of Amines with Chloral and Reduction of the N-Formyl Derivatives with Lithium Aluminum Hydride (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFormylation of Amines with Chloral and Reduction of the N-Formyl Derivatives with Lithium Aluminum HydrideF. F. Blicke and Chi-Jung LuCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 15, 3933–3934Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01135a503https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01135a503research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1139Altmetric-Citations142LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Alcohol and glutamate. (1997)

Excitatory neurotransmitters, the most important of which is glutamate, increase the activity of signal. receiving neurons and play a major role in controlling brain function. Glutamate exerts its effects on cells in part through three types of receptors that, when activated, allow the flow of positively charged ions into the cell. Of these, the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor plays a particularly important role in controlling the brain's ability to adapt to environmental and genetic influences. Even low alcohol concentrations can inhibit the excitatory activity of the NMDA receptor. This inhibition of NMDA receptor function may be one of the mechanisms contributing to fetal alcohol syndrome and other more subtle developmental abnormalities. Moreover, alcohol-induced impairment of the NMDA receptor may contribute to alcohol-related learning disabilities, neuronal losses, and cognitive deficits as well as to some of the manifestations of alcohol withdrawal.
Combined histochemical stains in the differential diagnosis of Cryptococcus neoformans. (1993)

Three combinations of histochemical stains were used to study 69 routinely processed tissues containing various "yeast-like" fungal organisms (Cryptococcus neoformans, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and Candida albicans). Fontana-Masson stain combined either with mucicarmine or Alcian blue produced distinctive staining of C. neoformans (Fontana-Masson-positive wall and mucin-positive capsule) that was not identified in other fungi. The Alcian blue stain combined with periodic acid-Schiff reaction also was useful for fungal classification, because the Alcian blue component reacted with only C. neoformans (capsule) and B. dermatitidis (wall) and the periodic acid-Schiff reaction reacted with the cell wall and body of each fungus. We concluded that the combined histochemical stains used in conjunction with morphologic study of hematoxylin and eosin- and Gomori methenamine silver-stained sections are helpful in the differential diagnosis of yeast-like fungal organisms.