gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Breaking substitution ciphers using a relaxation algorithm (1979)

Substitution ciphers are codes in which each letter of the alphabet has one fixed substitute, and the word divisions do not change. In this paper the problem of breaking substitution ciphers is represented as a probabilistic labeling problem. Every code letter is assigned probabilities of representing plaintext letters. These probabilities are updated in parallel for all code letters, using joint letter probabilities. Iterating the updating scheme results in improved estimates that finally lead to breaking the cipher. The method is applied successfully to two examples.
A Study of the Equilibrium KNO<sub>3</sub>(l) ⇄ KNO<sub>2</sub>(l) + 1/2O<sub>2</sub>(g) over the Temperature Range 550-750° (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA Study of the Equilibrium KNO3(l) ⇄ KNO2(l) + 1/2O2(g) over the Temperature Range 550-750°Roger F. BartholomewCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1966, 70, 11, 3442–3446Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100883a012https://doi.org/10.1021/j100883a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views229Altmetric-Citations33LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Power electronic and battery analysis of Vectrix Scooter (2011)

ISBN: 978-1-61839-061-5
A Study on The Reaction and Sintering Processes in The Preparation of TiC-Co-Mo Cermet (1971)

The reaction and sintering processes in the preparation of TiC-12%Ni-12%Mo and TiC-12%Co-12%Mo cermets were studied by X-ray analysis, microscopy and measurements of the mechanical properties. As results, it was obtained that these processes, such as carbonization of Mo, diffusion of Mo to TiC, and solution of TiC to binder, are not substantially different in both the Ni and Co binder cermet. However, since the eutectic temperature (about 1370°C) of TiC-Co is higher than that (about 1280°C) of TiC-Ni, the densification of sintered body was slower in the Co binder cermet and completed at 1350° and 1400°C for the Ni and Co binder cermets, respectively.On the other hand, grain growth of carbide began at about 1400°C in both the Ni and Co binder cermets. Therefore the optimum sintering temperature range is narrower in Co binder than in Ni binder cermet.
Group Living Accelerates Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Development (2014)

For many insect species, group living provides physiological and behavioral benefits, including faster development. Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) live in aggregations composed of eggs, nymphs, and adults of various ages. Our aim was to determine whether bed bug nymphs reared in groups develop faster than solitary nymphs. We reared first instars either in isolation or in groups from hatching to adult emergence and recorded their development time. In addition, we investigated the effects of group housing on same-age nymphs versus nymphs reared with adults. Nymphal development was 2.2 d faster in grouped nymphs than in solitary-housed nymphs, representing 7.3% faster overall development. However, this grouping effect did not appear to be influenced by group composition. Thus, similar to other gregarious insect species, nymph development in bed bugs is faster in aggregations than in isolation.
Recombinant Vaccines against T. gondii: Comparison between Homologous and Heterologous Vaccination Protocols Using Two Viral Vectors Expressing SAG1 (2013)

The use of recombinant viral vectors expressing T. gondii antigens is a safe and efficient approach to induce immune response against the parasite and a valuable tool for vaccine development. We have previously protected mice from toxoplasmosis by immunizing the animals with an adenovirus expressing the protein SAG1 (AdSAG1) of T. gondii. We are now looking for ways to improve the vaccination strategy and enhance protection. One limitation of homologous vaccinations (sequential doses of the same vector) is induction of anti-vector immune response that blocks cell transduction, restricts transgene expression and, consequently, compromises the overall outcome of vaccination. One way to avert the effects of anti-vector response is to use different viruses in prime and boost (heterologous vaccination). Bearing this in mind, we generated a modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara encoding SAG1 (MVASAG1), to be tested as boost agent after prime with AdSAG1. Although minor differences were observed in the magnitude of the anti-SAG1 immune response induced by each vaccination protocol, the heterologous immunization with AdSAG1 followed by MVASAG1 resulted in improved capacity to control brain cyst formation in a model of chronic toxoplasmosis in C57BL/6 mice.
Comparing silicon deposition techniques for visible-blind detector fabrication (2012)

Abstract — In this paper the design and fabrica-tion of a simple Si-SiO2 interference filter is pre-sented that can be used for the fabrication of photodetectors in silicon with a visible-blind spectral response. Sputtered silicon has unique optical prop-erties that enable the CMOS-compatible fabrication of a highly effective interference filter on top a photodiode. The result is a silicon photon detector with an infra-red response only. Using a pair of identical photodiodes, one coated with the filter and the other not, while subtracting the photocurrents results in an optical detector with dark current compensation plus a highly reduced IR response.
Modeling, Simulation, and Implementation of Solar‐Driven Water‐Splitting Devices (2016)

An integrated cell for the solar-driven splitting of water consists of multiple functional components and couples various photoelectrochemical (PEC) processes at different length and time scales. The overall solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency of such a system depends on the performance and materials properties of the individual components as well as on the component integration, overall device architecture, and system operating conditions. This Review focuses on the modeling- and simulation-guided development and implementation of solar-driven water-splitting prototypes from a holistic viewpoint that explores the various interplays between the components. The underlying physics and interactions at the cell level is are reviewed and discussed, followed by an overview of the use of the cell model to provide target properties of materials and guide the design of a range of traditional and unique device architectures.
A web tool for the choice of daylight scale model materials (2006)

This paper presents a web tool that has been developed in order to help architects or lighting designers to choose materials for the building of daylight scale models. Those scale models are built in order to qualify or quantify, under real or artificial skies, the daylight penetration and distribution in buildings. The essential photometric and colorimetric parameters that influence the light reflection and transmission of building materials were identified and several methods, for the qualitative and the quantitative evaluation of these parameters were studied. As a result of this study, the web tool proposes two input possibilities. The first one is the simplest: the user chooses the full size material in a database and the web tool immediately proposes a list of scale model materials. The second one is based on a complete input of the full size material characteristics: its colour that can be measured or identified by a colour code (RAL, NCS, ⋯) and its reflexion mode and its homogeneity that are then qualitatively described. In this second case, again, the tool proposes a list of selected scale model materials and the user can then choose a material in that list in accordance with the main objectives of his daylight study. In addition, the web tool proposes, as illustration, RADIANCE simulation results like illuminance values, in a reference office room with walls made of the full size material, and animations showing the importance of wall lightness on inside daylight distribution.
Oscillation camera data processing. 4. Results and recommendations for the processing of synchrotron radiation data in macromolecular crystallography (1986)

The accuracy of oscillation camera data in macromolecular crystallography is dependent upon a variety of factors including crystal quality, experimental conditions and the processing of the data itself. In cases where the best possible data have been collected on film or by use of an area detector, an accurate knowledge of the data collection conditions and a careful choice of the processing technique generally provide structure amplitudes far superior to those obtained by less exhaustive procedures. Particular areas in the processing of oscillation camera data which require careful attention are the choice of a rocking curve, the prediction and treatment of partial reflections if they are present, the method of integration of the full reflections and post-refinement procedures for the verification and improvement of the crystal setting matrix and experimental conditions. A detailed description of these procedures is given for the processing of film data from a synchrotron source. In particular, it is shown that profile-fitting techniques are far superior to simple summation, while a theoretically justified profile fitting of partial reflections is shown to improve these measurements greatly, particularly where contiguous film summation is used. These modifications are shown to give a considerable increase in the number of significant intensities towards the resolution limit. Partial bias is discussed in terms of the integration method employed, fraction recorded and resolution.
[Dissolution of silver and copper from Ag-Cu binary alloys under dynamic conditions]. (1990)

Ag-Cu binary alloys containing 5-30% copper were subjected to dynamic extraction at 200 rpm and 37 degrees C to simulate the functional movement in the oral environment. Extraction was carried out in Eagle's minimum essential medium every two weeks for 18 weeks. The corrosion products were examined by the separation of extracts with a 0.22 micron filter. Significant dissolution of copper occurred with increasing copper content, but the increase in silver dissolution was slight. The amount of copper in the filtrate was the same as that in the extract, but no silver was detected in the filtrate. Therefore, dynamic extraction accelerated the dissolution of copper from the Ag-Cu binary alloys and thus lowered the corrosion resistance.
A trial to mobilize NGO health volunteers to improve tuberculosis patient care in Sana'a City, Yemen. (2010)

The present study showed the favourable results of the implementation of the intervention in two selected districts in Sana'a City with regards to the treatment outcomes. The National Tuberculosis Control Programme has decided to expand the NGO's health volunteers' involvement as treatment partners to at least urban settings in Yemen.
Unexpected Reduction of Ethyl 3-phenylquinoxaline-2-carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide Derivatives by Amines (2007)

The unexpected tendency of amines and functionalized hydrazines to reduce the ethyl 3-phenylquinoxaline-2-carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide (1) to a quinoxaline (1c) and mono-oxide quinoxalines (1a and 1b) is described. The experimental conditions were standardized in the use of 2 equivalents of amine in ethanol under reflux for 2 hours, with the aim of studying the distinct reductive profile of the amines and the chemoselectivity of the process. With the exception of hydrazine hydrate, which reduced compound 1 to a 3- phenyl-2-quinoxalinecarbohydrazide derivative, the amines only acted as reducing agents.
Fabrication of three-dimensional plasmonic structure and multilayer metamaterials by femtosecond laser-induced forward transfer (2016)

Plasmonic metamaterials, composed by arti?cial micro or nanostructures, exhibit extraordinary optical properties such as negative refraction, which cannot be observed in nature. The focused ion beam (FIB) and electron beam lithography (EBL) technique are frequently adopted to fabricate multilayer and three-dimensional plasmonic structures, but the alignment error, high cost and time consuming cannot be avoided. In contrast, the laser direct writing (LDW) technique is one of the best candidates to fabricate plasmonic structure owing to its low cost, high throughput and simple experimental setup. Here, we fabricate the plasmonic structures to manipulate the scattering of SPP waves by LDW technique. Both the backward and forward scattering of surface plasmonic waves can be generated by the arranged gold (Au) nanobumps on an Au thin film. Upon controlling the geometry of the plasmonic structures, the height, position, and pattern of scattered light are modified as desired. It provides a simple and efficient way to project a specific light pattern into free space, and demonstrate the capability of three-dimensional light manipulation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that, with tightly contacted donor-receiver pair, multilayer plasmonic structures such as multilayer split resonant rings and square-shaped multilayer resonant cavities, can be fabricated on donor by laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) process as a kind of LDW. By using the contact-mode LIFT, the illuminated materials of sputtered multilayer thin films are ablated and transferred to the receiver, which would leave the uniform metamolecules with multilayer structures on the donor. Finally, we have analyzed their plasmonic modes by both measurement and simulated results. These properties may facilitate many applications in integrated optics, optical nonlinearities, and luminescence enhancement, etc‥
BRITTLENESS OF STRUCTURAL PM STEELS ADMIXED WITH MANGANESE STUDIED BY ADVANCED ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND SPECTROSCOPY (2008)

Increasing mechanical properties requirements for structural parts direct modern powder metallurgy towards improved performance by adding such expensive alloying elements as Ni and Mo. The strong tendency to price increase during last decade lead to decreased competitiveness of Ni-Mo-alloyed PM parts compared to products of conventional metallurgy. Therefore, cheaper alloying elements as Cr and Mn, commonly used in cast and wrought steels, are of great interest. However, the use of these alloying elements faces some difficulties in compaction and sintering, especially in the case of high-oxygen affinity manganese. The present study deals with reasons of brittleness of PM steels admixed with manganese as medium-carbon ferromanganese powder. Two systems with the same composition of Fe-0.8Mn-0.5C, but sintered at different conditions (different sintering temperatures, atmosphere purity and cooling rates) were studied. Specimens were sintered in 90%N2/10%H2 atmosphere but of different purities (DP = -40°C and -60°C) for low and high temperature sintered specimens, respectively. The results obtained indicate that the brittleness is caused by a complex effect of microstructure heterogeneity around oxidized large-sized manganese carrier residues. The highest negative impact on the mechanical properties is produced by the weakness of the boundaries of the base matrix particles around manganese carrier residuals due to segregation and reaction product formation at these boundaries. Intensive study of inter-granular decohesion facets on the fracture surface close to admixed particles by advanced characterisation techniques (XPS, Auger spectroscopy, SEM+EDX) indicates that reaction products are mostly complex refractory oxides and manganese sulphide, the composition of which is dictated by type of the manganese carrier used and sintering conditions (temperature profile, sintering atmosphere purity, etc.). Specimen sintered at lower temperature and poorest atmosphere purity show ten times higher oxygen content and worse mechanical properties due to the large ferromanganese residuals and higher portion of the inter-granular decohesion facets.
High On/Off Ratio in Enhancement-Mode Al<sub>x</sub>Ga<sub>1-x</sub>N/GaN Junction Heterostructure Field-Effect Transistors with P-Type GaN Gate Contact (2006)

An excellent on/off ratio of drain–source current (IDS) density over 6 orders of magnitude by changing the gate voltage (VG) from 3 to 0 V was confirmed in p-GaN/u-AlxGa1-xN/u-GaN junction heterostructure field-effect transistors. These devices show an extremely low leakage IDS density of as low as 15.5 nA/mm at VDS and VG of 10 and 0 V. On resistance is as low as 2.65 mΩ·cm2 at VG = 3.0 V.
Enhanced efficacy of anti-tumor liposomal doxorubicin by hyperthermia (2006)

The efficiency of novel tumor chemotherapeutics could be increased using targeted drug delivery by hyperthermia. In this paper, the 3D liposomal doxorubicin distribution in the tumor tissue enhanced by local hyperthermia was quantitatively studied in real time using laser confocal microscopy. Results showed that the thermally induced liposomal doxorubicin extravasation was non-uniform and more excessive in the peripheral region than that in the tumor center. The effect of the thermally targeted drug delivery was also investigated. On the 1st, 3rd day after the thermally targeted drug treatment, histological examination showed that many nucleolus were condensed and collapsed in the peripheral region. But, in the tumor center, there were no such changes found until the 3rd day. While on the 6th day, tumor cells in both the peripheral and center region were found necrotic. The enhancement of the nanoparticle anti-tumor drug effect was significant. A theoretical analysis of liposomal doxorubicin diffusion to the tumor cells in vivo was performed. Results showed that it took more than 40 hrs for the doxorubicin to get into the tumor cells in the center region from the periphery region. The theoretical results well explained the experimental observations.
Whisker Crystals of Gallium Arsenide and Gallium Phosphide Grown by the Vapor—Liquid—Solid Mechanism (1965)

GaAs and GaP whisker crystals have been grown by the vapor—liquid—solid mechanism of crystal growth. Gold, palladium, platinum, and gallium have been used to produce the required liquid layer. The system employing wet hydrogen developed by Frosch and Thurmond was used for most of the crystal growing. p- and n-type crystals were produced. GaAs crystals were found to have three morphologies: a twinned ribbon with a 〈112〉 growth direction and {111}, {110}, and {113} lateral faces; a single-crystal hexagonal needle with a 〈111〉 growth direction and {110} lateral faces; and a newly found habit, a single-crystal blade which grows in an 〈001〉 direction with {110} lateral faces. The largest GaAs blades were about 8×0.3 ×0.010 mm and grew at a rate of about 1 mm/h. The twinned ribbon and the 〈001〉, {110} morphologies were found in GaP.
Isotope Heat Source for Dynamic Power Systems (1976)

A design is described for automatically limiting the temperature excursion of an isotope heat source following loss of cooling in dynamic space power systems. Its purpose is to keep the resultant temperature rise small enough and brief enough to prevent fuel capsule degradation: i.e., not merely to avoid meltdown, but also to retain adequate capsule ductility to ensure fuel retention in case of subsequent reentry and earth impact. Applications of the concept in designs of heat source assemblies for Brayton, Rankine, and Stirling cycle power systems are illustrated.
Schedule-dependent synergistic effect of rituximab on methotrexate chemotherapy against lymphoma of the central nervous system (2010)

We hypothesized that methotrexate (MTX) normalizes the increased permeability of the blood-tumor barrier and thus reduces the accessibility of rituximab (RTX) to central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma. Here, we evaluated the combinational treatment capability of RTX and MTX using an alternative treatment schedule against CNS lymphoma. We developed a CNS lymphoma animal model that closely mimics the morphological and molecular characteristics of human CNS lymphoma by injecting Raji human Burkitt lymphoma cells into the brains of immune-compromised mice and tested a novel combinational treatment schedule by which penetration of RTX was not influenced by MTX administration. RTX was conjugated with Alexa Fluor 680, and its distribution in the brain was analyzed by in vivo imaging. When MTX treatment was followed by a 3-day post RTX administration, RTX was scarcely distributed in the brain, and there were only modest statistically insignificant therapeutic effects compared with the control mice which received sham injections. In contrast, RTX administration followed by a 3-day post MTX treatment showed significantly increased distribution of RTX and significantly reduced tumor volume in the brain. Collectively, our data demonstrate that RTX can be successfully combined with MTX using an alternative treatment schedule that allows increased distribution of RTX in CNS lymphoma.
Temperature Dependence of the Energetics of Oligonucleotide-Directed Triple-Helix Formation at a Single DNA Site (1994)

The influence of temperature on the energetics of oligonucleotide-directed triple-helix formation has been investigated in mixed valence salt solutions at pH 7.0. Equilibrium constants for formation of the local pyrimidine.purine.pyrimidine structure afforded by binding of the oligonucleotide 5'-d(T*TTTTCTCTCTCTCT)-3' to a single 15-bp site within a 339-bp plasmid fragment were measured using quantitative affinity cleavage titrations between 8 and 37 °C. In three different solutions buffered by 10 mM Bis-Tris at pH 7.0, BTNS 100 mM NaCl and 1 mM spermine tetrahydrochloride (SpmCl_4)], BTP1 (10 mM NaCl, 140 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl_2, and 1 mM SpmCl_4), and BTP4 (10 mM NaCl, 140 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl_2, and 4 mM SpmCl_4), the equilibrium association constants decreased at least 100-fold (from > 10^7 M^(-1) to ca. 10^5 M^(-1)) as the temperature was increased from 8 to 37 °C. Least squares analysis of van't Hoff plots (In K versus 1/T) of the data revealed that in each solution the tripler is enthalpically stabilized by ca. 2 kcal per mol of base triplets. This average value for single-site tripler formation on large DNA at pH 7.0 in mixed valence salt solutions, which reflects contributions from both T•AT and C+GC base triplets, is consistent with those reported previously for a number of oligonucleotide triplexes in solutions containing single cationic species and in excellent agreement with the calorimetrically determined enthalpy for binding of this 15mer to a 21-bp oligonucleotide DNA duplex.