gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical Importance of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 in DrugDrug Interactions (2011)

OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 are transporters that are expressed on the sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes; they accept a number of therapeutic reagents as their substrates. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that some drugs inhibit these transporters and cause clinically relevant drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Among these drugs, cyclosporin A markedly increases the plasma concentrations of OATP1B1 substrates. In such cases, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve and the maximum concentration of the affected drugs are increased to a similar degree. Even for OATP1B1 substrates that are metabolized in the liver, the hepatic uptake rate is a determinant of overall hepatic clearance, and the DDIs are partly caused by the inhibition of OATP1B1. Gemfibrozil displays DDIs with some OATP1B1 substrates, although their extent is small. Rifampicin and some HIV protease inhibitors are also OATP1B1 inhibitors. Rifampicin is also an inducer of metabolic enzymes, and although its single coadministration produces an increase in the plasma concentration of the affected drugs, multiple coadministrations may result in reductions in the plasma concentrations of OATP1B1 and CYP3A4 bisubstrates. As a large number of therapeutic reagents are substrates and/or inhibitors of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3, we should be aware of DDIs caused by the inhibition of these transporters.
Embedded power technology for IPEMs packaging applications (2002)

Embedded power is a hybrid MCM-based 3-D integration packaging technology developed for integrated power electronics module application. Inside of the module the multiple bare power chip's IGBTs or MOSFETs are buried in a ceramic frame and covered by dielectric with via holes on the Al pads of the chips. Then a deposited metallization interconnects the power devices and other electronics circuitry. Dielectric isolation pattern is fabricated using screen-printing approach. Multilayer metallization is deposited by sputtering and electroplating technologies. Two IPEMs have been fabricated to demonstrate the feasibility of this power electronics integration technology. Details of design and processing, as well as experiment results are presented.
Motor impairment predicts falls in specialized Alzheimer care units. (2005)

We sought to identify clinical risk factors for falls in people with advanced Alzheimer disease (AD) in a prospective longitudinal observational study set in specialized AD care units. Forty-two patients with probable or possible AD were recruited. Age, sex, Mini-Mental Status Examination, Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, Neuropsychiatric Inventory/Nursing Home, Morse Fall Scale (MFS), modified Unified Parkinson's Rating Scale (mUPDRS), and gait parameters using a GAITRite Gold Walkway System with and without dual-task performance were examined. Time to a first fall was the primary outcome measure, and independent risk factors were identified. Participating subjects were old (non-fallers age, 82.3 +/- 6.7 years; fallers: 83.1 +/- 9.6 years; p = 0.76) and predominantly women (36 female/6 male). Fallers did not differ from non-fallers on any parameter except the MFS (non-fallers: 35.6 +/- 26.1; fallers: 54.4 +/- 29.8; p = 0.04), the UPDRS (non-fallers: 4.75 +/- 3.98; fallers: 7.61 +/- 4.3, p = 0.03) and cadence (steps per minute: non-fallers: 102.3 +/- 12.3; fallers: 91.7 +/- 16, p = 0.02). Fallers and non-fallers were equally affected by dual-task performance. The hazard ratios for MFS, UPDRS, and cadence were not affected by adjusting for age, sex, MMSE, or NPI scores. In conclusion, falls in advanced AD can be predicted using simple clinical measures of motor impairment or cadence. These measures may be useful for targeting interventions.
Image Super-Resolution: Historical Overview and Future Challenges (2017)

This chapter provides an introduction to the Super-Resolution (SR) research area, by explaining some basic techniques of SR, an overview of the literature, and discussions about some challenging issues for future research. SR are techniques that construct high-resolution (HR) images from several observed low-resolution (LR) images, thereby increasing the high-frequency components and removing the degradations caused by the imaging process of the low-resolution camera. In the imaging process, the camera captures several LR frames, which are downsampled from the HR scene with subpixel shifts between each other. In most digital imaging applications, high-resolution images or videos are usually desired for later image processing and analysis. The image spatial resolution is first limited by the imaging sensors or the imaging acquisition device. The HR image and motions among low-resolution inputs can be both regarded as stochastic variables. Due to limited low-resolution observations, the SR reconstruction problem is ill-posed in nature.
Robert Hooke (1956)

This book is not limited to the biography of a single name in the history of physics. It is an account of the late 17th Century scientific background, and the clashes of personality which in those days were too often a determining factor in research.
[Factors affecting Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)]. (2002)

Immature embryos and embryo-derived calli from two cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), BAU146 and BAU170, were transformed with three strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, AGL-1, EHA105 and LBA4404 harboring expression vector p3301 or pBTAaB. Both vectors contained bar gene and p3301 contained also gus gene with an intron. The highest explant survival rate and transformation efficiency was obtained when the bacterial cell density was OD600 1.0 with 1 h of infection incubation. Higher osmotic treatment of the explants before inoculation had a positive effect on transformation, while addition of acetosyringone showed ambiguous one, depending on the explant types and bacterium strains. The efficiencies of transformation and transgenic plant regeneration were varied greatly with the bacterium strain, receptor genotype, explant type and its age and physiological state. After optimizing these factors, a large number of PPT-resistant calli and some of PPT-resistant plants were obtained. The resistant plantlet tested and 50% to 60% of the resistant calli were GUS-positive. The integration of foreign DNA into the genome of transgenic plants (3 out 6) was further confirmed by PCR and Southern Blot analysis.
Development of a cell-free system to study the membrane assembly of photosynthetic proteins of Rhodobacter capsulatus. (1990)

A cell-free translation system from the facultatively photoheterotrophic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus is described. Synthesis of two proteins of the bacterium's photosynthetic apparatus (light-harvesting complex B870 alpha and beta) was performed by SP6 polymerase transcription of the subcloned genes, isolation of the mRNA and translation in vitro using a cell-free extract of R. capsulatus cells. The integration of these proteins in vitro into added intracytoplasmic membrane vesicles (ICM) is demonstrated. Without addition of ICM approximately 70% of the synthesized B870 proteins were soluble. If, however, ICM were present during synthesis, the majority of the soluble protein was found to associate with the membranes. The membrane-associated polypeptides could be solubilized only by detergent treatment but could not be extracted by treatment at alkaline pH (Na2CO3), suggesting that the proteins had been firmly inserted into the lipid bilayer. Moreover, the B870 alpha and beta proteins that integrated in vitro into ICM were also found to associate with pigment ligands and to assemble into a native reaction center/B870 complex. The native conformation of this complex isolated from ICM by Triton fractionation was demonstrated by microspectral analysis of the bound pigments.
Heel Pain—Operative Results (1984)

In 6 years through 1982, the authors performed 34 operative cases in 26 patients with recalcitrant heel pain. The operative procedure involves an isolated neurolysis of the mixed nerve supplying the abductor digiti quinti muscle as it passes beneath the abductor hallucis muscle and beneath the medial ridge of the calcaneus. The deep fascia of the abductor hallucis muscle is released routinely, and an impinging heel spur or tight plantar fascia is partially removed or released if it is causing entrapment of the nerve. The biomechanical pathogenesis of heel pain in relation to pes planus and pes cavus predisposing to an entrapment neuropathy is described, and the anatomy of the heel in relation to the nerve distribution is clarified and well illustrated. Of the 34 operated heels, 32 had good results and two had poor results. Heel pain can cause total disability in the working population and may jeopardize one's employment or professional athletic career. The authors believe operative treatment has a place in the care of recalcitrant heel pain and that an entrapment neuropathy is an etiological factor in heel pain.
[Hospitalization of patients with eating disorders: an eight years review]. (2006)

Eating disorders (Eds) are pathologies with a multifactorial etiopathogenesis. Their treatment requires an interdisciplinary team. The aim of this paper is to discuss in patient treatment (n=80) of patients with eating disorders during eight years. This treatment was in charge of the Eating Disorders Team of the Hospital Italiano of Buenos Aires. The approach to critical stages of eating disorders envolves the clinical or psychiatric admission of the patients as the principal means to ward off patients from death or the appearance of cronifications. 77,5% of the patients were admitted to the psychiatric ward, 5% to a clinical ward and 17,5% to a clinical followed by a psychiatric ward. The average B.M.I. in admission was 16,83. The average time in psychiatry was 35 days. During inpatient treatment 21,25% required a nasogastric tube and 82% received psychopharmacological treatment. The mortality rate was 1,25%. During the ambulatory treatment that followed hospitalizations, 32,5% were readmitted to the psychiatric ward and there were 10% of dropouts. Hospitalization of these patients looks after the achievement of healthier eating habits and the establishment of a therapeutic alliance which allows the follow up of an ambulatory treatment.
Using Fiberglass Sucker Rods in Deep Wells (1986)

Abstract When a flowing well no longer produces adequate volumes of oil, it is wise to use the most economical method of artificial lift to produce the wellbore fluids. When all forms of artificial lift are considered and the cost of producing oil exceeds the value of the produced oil, it becomes uneconomical to operate the well and the well is usually plugged and abandoned. Beam pumping systems utilizing fiberglass sucker rods are producing oil from wells that had previously been uneconomical and are now profitable operations. Beam pumping systems using fiberglass sucker rods in deep wells are producing fluid more economically than systems using steel sucker rods. In contrast to standard steel sucker rods where relatively heavy weight and corrosion are inherent, fiberglass sucker rod bodies are much lighter in weight and are not susceptible to corrosion. The author presents this paper in an effort to provide an in-depth study using fiberglass sucker rods in deep wells. Consideration is given to rod string design, pumping unit design, energy consumption, and production capability. This paper will present conclusions from studies of beam pumped wells with seating nipple depths in excess of 11,000 feet. The overall results have meant a considerable increase in production while reducing working stress on surface and sub-surface equipment. In conclusion, fiberglass sucker rod strings, when properly designed, reduce peak polished rod loads, torque requirements and energy consumption.
The Cytotoxicity of Iodinated Radiocontrast Agents on Renal Cells In Vitro (2004)

A deterioration of renal function is one preoccupying complication of iodinated radiocontrast agents in clinical practice. These compounds have direct toxic effects on renal cells, which are only in part related to their physicochemical properties. The hyperosmolal monomeric ionic radiocontrast agents, like diatrizoate, have the highest toxicity, whereas renal cells are less affected by (nonionic) compounds with reduced osmolality. The toxic effects include cellular energy failure, a disruption of calcium homeostasis, a disturbance of tubular cell polarity and programmed cell death (apoptosis). The molecular mechanisms of the direct cytotoxicity are still unclear, although oxidative stress has been implicated. Radiocontrast cytotoxicity has been demonstrated in glomerular mesangial cells and in renal epithelial cells in vitro. In vivo, the direct cellular toxicity of radiocontrast agents is compounded with alterations in blood flow and/or viscosity, ultimately resulting in renal medullary hypoxia, which is a hallmark feature of the complex clinical syndrome of radiocontrast nephropathy.
Frequency analysis of a step dynamic pressure calibrator (2012)

A dynamic high pressure standard is becoming more essential in the fields of mobile engines, space science, and especially the area of defense such as long-range missile development. However, a complication arises when a dynamic high pressure sensor is compared with a reference dynamic pressure gauge calibrated in static mode. Also, it is difficult to determine a reference dynamic pressure signal from the calibrator because a dynamic high pressure calibrator generates unnecessary oscillations in a positive-going pressure step method. A dynamic high pressure calibrator, using a quick-opening ball valve, generates a fast step pressure change within 1 ms; however, the calibrator also generates a big impulse force that can lead to a short life-time of the system and to oscillating characteristics in response to the dynamic sensor to be calibrated. In this paper, unnecessary additional resonant frequencies besides those of the step function are characterized using frequency analysis. Accordingly, the main sources of resonance are described. In order to remove unnecessary frequencies, the post processing results, obtained by a filter, are given; also, a method for the modification of the dynamic calibration system is proposed.
Demonstration of Alpha and Beta Adrenergic Receptors in Canine Cerebral Vasculature (1971)

The cerebral vascular effects of various adrenomimetic agents were examined in 12 isolated canine brains perfused with blood at constant flow. Changes in cerebral vascular resistance (CVR) and the magnitude of pressor or depressor responses observed following drug injection were examined. The presence of alpha adrenergic receptors in this vascular bed is indicated by the increased CVR observed when phenylephrine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine were administered and by the reduced or reversed pressor actions of these compounds following treatment with the alpha adrenergic blocking drug phenoxybenzamine HCl. The presence of beta adrenergic receptors in this vascular bed is indicated by the decreased CVR noted when isoproterenol was given and by the reduced depressor actions of this compound following treatment with the beta adrenergic blocking drug propranolol. Further evidence for the presence of beta adrenergic receptors is demonstrated by the vasomotor reversal to epinephrine which was observed following alpha suppression with phenoxybenzamine. As catecholamine blood levels in intact dogs are low in comparison to those achieved in these studies, it appears doubtful that circulating catecholamines play an important physiological role in the regulation of CVR. Possible explanations are considered for the lower response of the cerebral vasculature to catecholamines when this response is compared to that observed in other vascular beds.
Metabolism of polysaccharides by the Streptococcus mutans dexB gene product (1993)

The Streptococcus mutans dexB gene, a member of the multiple sugar metabolism (msm) operon, encodes an intracellular glucan 1,6-alpha-glucosidase which releases glucose from the non-reducing terminus of alpha-1,6-linked isomaltosaccharides and dextran. Comparison of primary amino acid sequences showed strong homology to Bacillus oligo-1,6-glucosidases and, like these enzymes, DexB was able to release free glucose from the alpha-1,4,6-branch point in panose. This suggested a role for DexB in the metabolism of either starch or intracellular polysaccharide, which contain such branch points. However, purified intracellular polysaccharide from the wild-type S. mutans strain LT11 and a mutant deficient in dexB revealed no substantial differences in the extent of branching as demonstrated by iodine staining spectra and the degree of polymerization. Furthermore, thin layer chromatography of radiolabelled intracellular polysaccharide digested with S. mutans wild-type and mutant cell extracts showed no differences in the products obtained. The involvement of DexB in dietary starch metabolism was investigated using alpha-limit dextrins produced from the action of alpha-amylase on starch. These induced the msm operon, including dexB, and the DexB enzyme was able to act on the alpha-limit dextrins to give further fermentable substrates. The transport system encoded by the msm operon can also transport alpha-limit dextrin. DexB may therefore be important in the metabolism of extracellular starch.
LA DIMENSIÓN CULTURAL EN EL ESPACIO HABITABLE. REFLEXIONES METODOLÓGICAS EN TORNO A LA PRODUCCIÓN DE LA VIVIENDA DE INTERÉS SOCIAL EN VENEZUELA. (2005)

RESUMEN Este ensayo constituye una revision de los aspectos socioculturales en la produccion de viviendas de interes social en nuestro pais, asi como una primera aproximacion metodologica para la posible materializacion de la dimension cultural del espacio habitable. Para la comprension de este proceso se propone trabajar, desde una perspectiva hermeneutica, con la Dialogica de Bajtin y el enfoque metodologico de multidiseno, donde la busqueda de la re-significacion de la vivienda de interes social se procura a traves de la mediacion entre los profesionales y los habitantes, mas que por la imposicion de patrones, propiciando asi la construccion de una matriz cultural propia a cada situacion. Lo discutido aqui es un resultado parcial de la Tesis Doctoral que la autora adelanta en el Doctorado de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la UCV. ABSTRACT This essay is a review of socio-cultural aspects in producing low cost housing in our country, and a first methodological approach for the possible realization of the cultural dimension of living space. To understand this process is proposed, from a hermeneutic perspective, with the dialogic Bakhtin and multiple design methodological approach, where the pursuit of re-signification of low cost housing is sought through mediation between the professionals and residents or households, rather than by the imposition of standards, thereby facilitating the construction of a cultural matrix itself to every situation. The discussion here is a partial result of the doctoral thesis that the author advances in the Doctorate of the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the UCV.
Excipients Updates for Orally Disintegrating Dosage Forms (2010)

ODTs orally disintegrating tablets are the dosage form which will disintegrate in mouth within seconds without need of water. This type of property in dosage form can be attained by addition of different varieties of excipients. But the number of fillers/binders/disintegrant which can be used for ODT formulations is limited because these bulk excipients have to fulfill special requirements, such as being soluble in water, pleasant taste, mouth feel, sweetness, and rapid dispersibility. Compared with existing excipients, the improved physical, mechanical, and/or chemical properties of such excipients have helped in solving formulation problems such as flowability, compressibility, hygroscopicity, palatability, dissolution, disintegration, sticking, and dust generation. So to fulfill this requirement coprocessed excipients are available like Ludiflash, Pharmaburst, F-melt, Modified chitosan with silicon dioxide. In excipients mannitols are used as diluents but now a day’s modified mannitol are available which give extensive flow, compression and rapid dispersibility to the tablet e.g. like Orocell, Mannogem EZ, and Pearlitol 200 SD.
Super powerful! (2016)

Brenda Williams' poem unites two of children's most popular themes, dinosaurs and super-heroes. Putting them together takes super powers up to a new level which children will want to emulate!
Design for testability: tunnelling through the test wall (2002)

This paper discusses design for testability as a means of ensuring that high quality tests can be generated for an IC in reasonable time by avoiding the "over the wall" mentality. A discussion on fault models is followed by general benefits of DFT. Scan design is then described in some detail, together with general DFT guidelines, including representative design rules which must be followed. Some cost/benefit tradeoffs are considered, and the paper concludes by discussing various required components of a composite test suite.
Potential Biological Applications of Bio-Based Anacardic Acids and Their Derivatives (2015)

Cashew nut shells (CNS), which are agro wastes from cashew nut processing factories, have proven to be among the most versatile bio-based renewable materials in the search for functional materials and chemicals from renewable resources. CNS are produced in the cashew nut processing process as waste, but they contain cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) up to about 30-35 wt. % of the nut shell weight depending on the method of extraction. CNSL is a mixture of anacardic acid, cardanol, cardol, and methyl cardol, and the structures of these phenols offer opportunities for the development of diverse products. For anacardic acid, the combination of phenolic, carboxylic, and a 15-carbon alkyl side chain functional group makes it attractive in biological applications or as a synthon for the synthesis of a multitude of bioactive compounds. Anacardic acid, which is about 65% of a CNSL mixture, can be extracted from the agro waste. This shows that CNS waste can be used to extract useful chemicals and thus provide alternative green sources of chemicals, apart from relying only on the otherwise declining petroleum based sources. This paper reviews the potential of anacardic acids and their semi-synthetic derivatives for antibacterial, antitumor, and antioxidant activities. The review focuses on natural anacardic acids from CNS and other plants and their semi-synthetic derivatives as possible lead compounds in medicine. In addition, the use of anacardic acid as a starting material for the synthesis of various biologically active compounds and complexes is reported.