gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oxidant Enhancement in Martian Dust Devils and Storms: Storm Electric Fields and Electron Dissociative Attachment (2006)

Laboratory studies, numerical simulations, and desert field tests indicate that aeolian dust transport can generate atmospheric electricity via contact electrification or "triboelectricity." In convective structures such as dust devils and dust storms, grain stratification leads to macroscopic charge separations and gives rise to an overall electric dipole moment in the aeolian feature, similar in nature to the dipolar electric field generated in terrestrial thunderstorms. Previous numerical simulations indicate that these storm electric fields on Mars can approach the ambient breakdown field strength of approximately 25 kV/m. In terrestrial dust phenomena, potentials ranging from approximately 20 to 160 kV/m have been directly measured. The large electrostatic fields predicted in martian dust devils and storms can energize electrons in the low pressure martian atmosphere to values exceeding the electron dissociative attachment energy of both CO2 and H2O, which results in the formation of the new chemical products CO/O- and OH/H-, respectively. Using a collisional plasma physics model, we present calculations of the CO/O- and OH/H- reaction and production rates. We demonstrate that these rates vary geometrically with the ambient electric field, with substantial production of dissociative products when fields approach the breakdown value of approximately 25 kV/m. The dissociation of H2O into OH/H- provides a key ingredient for the generation of oxidants; thus electrically charged dust may significantly impact the habitability of Mars.
Effect of Stress‐Dependent Base Layer on the Superposition of Flexible Pavement Solutions (2002)

Flexible pavement structural analysis for design usage must consider (as a minimum) multiple wheel/axle loading configurations, seasonal variations of material layer properties, and the nonlinear behavior of unbound materials. Although these requirements are all easily within the capabilities of three‐dimensional finite element analysis, the required computation times may be impracticably long for routine design. Compromises between analytical rigor (e.g., three‐dimensionality) and analysis features (e.g., multiple wheels, seasonal property variations, material nonlinearity) must be made. One compromise is to retain seasonal property variations and material nonlinearity within an axisymmetric single wheel finite element model and to approximate multiple wheel effects via superposition. Although this superposition of nonlinear solutions is undeniably invalid from a rigorous theoretical viewpoint, the errors may be well within acceptable magnitudes for practical design. The paper investigates this issue by comparing superimposed nonlinear solutions against computationally rigorous three‐dimensional nonlinear solutions and evaluating the discrepancies in key pavement response quantities. The results suggest that the errors from superimposing nonlinear solutions are acceptably small for key pavement response quantities. Moreover, these errors are substantially smaller than those resulting from neglect of nonlinear unbound material behavior, a modeling compromise that is common in pavement structural analysis today.
Improving the automated detection of refugee/IDP dwellings using the multispectral bands of the WorldView-2 satellite (2012)

The enumeration of the population remains a critical task in the management of refugee/IDP camps. Analysis of very high spatial resolution satellite data proofed to be an efficient and secure approach for the estimation of dwellings and the monitoring of the camp over time. In this paper we propose a new methodology for the automated extraction of features based on differential morphological decomposition segmentation for feature extraction and interactive training sample selection from the max-tree and min-tree structures. This feature extraction methodology is tested on a WorldView-2 scene of an IDP camp in Darfur Sudan. Special emphasis is given to the additional available bands of the WorldView-2 sensor. The results obtained show that the interactive image information tool is performing very well by tuning the feature extraction to the local conditions. The analysis of different spectral subsets shows that it is possible to obtain good results already with an RGB combination, but by increasing the number of spectral bands the detection of dwellings becomes more accurate. Best results were obtained using all eight bands of WorldView-2 satellite.
An efficient synthesis of chlorinated imidazoles through<i>tert</i>‐butyldimethylsilyloxy derivatives (1994)

Abstract The protection of 2‐substituted imidazole‐5‐methanol derivatives by tert ‐BDMS allowed the chlorination of the heterocycle in position 4 with good yield whereas direct chlorination on the imidazole alcohol was unsuccessful.
Lipoxins, resolvins and protectins: new leads for the treatment of asthma (2008)

These natural small molecules are rapidly inactivated, but serve as rationale templates for the design of stable analogues with protective actions that could serve as new therapeutic leads for asthma.
Interactions of Phospholipid Vesicles with Murine Lymphocytes (1978)

The effect of unilamellar lipid vesicles composed of dioleoyl lecithin (DOL), egg yolk lecithin (EYL), 1:1 EYL:cholesterol (Chol), dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPL), and dimyristoyl lecithin (DML) on the mitogenic response in mouse lymphocytes was tested. Cortisone-resistant thymocytes were briefly treated with lipid vesicles and subsequently stimulated with concanavalin A (con A). All of the lipid vesicles induced an enhanced mitogenic response on day 3 as tested by [3H]TdR incorporation and by counting total cells. The order of enchanced [3H]TdR incorporation (less than or equal to 5.3 times the control) was DML greater than DPL greater than 1:1 EYL:Chol greater than EYL congruent to DOL greater than untreated control cells. These increases were paralleled by increased numbers of total cells. The response of spleen cells to a B-cell mitogen, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, was similarly enhanced by vesicle pretreatments in the same order. Vesicle treatments alone were not mitogenic Pretreatment of cells with lipid vesicles modified lectin binding: DML and DPL increased the binding of [125I]con A by three to four times the control, whereas 1:1 EYL:Chol, EYL, or DOL had little or no effect. The binding of [125I]phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) to vesicle-treated cells was indistinguishable from untreated cells. The lectin (con A; PHA-P)-induced agglutination of vesicle-treated cells was also modified by different lipid vesicles in the same order as the mitogenic response. Based on the results presented in the accompanying report [6], we find that the cell surface adsorption properties of the applied lipid vesicles correlate with their ability to enhance the mitogenic response, and that they modify agglutinability and lectin binding. These results are further discussed in terms of the possible alteration of membrane properties and subsequent cellular activity.
The Presence of 5,7-Dihydroxyisoflavone in Peanuts by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Analyses (1985)

Abstract The defatted flours of 43 colored and one white testa peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes were analyzed for flavonoids. Flavonoids were extracted from the flours with aqueous methanol, hydrolyzed, and the resulting aglycones analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography with a variable wavelenth detector. The UV spectrum and retention time coupled with those of standards allowed for the tentative identification of the principal flavonoid aglycone as 5,7-dihydroxyisoflavone (DHI).
Accurate Leakage/Delay Estimation for FinFET Standard Cells under PVT Variations using the Response Surface Methodology (2014)

Among different multi-gate transistors, FinFETs and Trigate FETs have set themselves apart as the most promising candidates for the upcoming 22nm technology node and beyond owing to their superior device performance, lower leakage power consumption, and cost-effective fabrication process. Innovative circuit design and optimization techniques will be required to harness the power of multi-gate transistors, which in turn will depend on accurate leakage and timing characterization of these devices under spatial and environmental variations. Hence, in order to aid circuit designers, we present accurate analytical models using central composite rotatable design (CCRD) based on response surface methodology (RSM) to estimate the leakage current and delay of FinFET standard cells under the effect of variations in gate length ( L G ), fin thickness ( T SI ), gate-oxide thickness (T OX ), gate-workfunction (Φ G ), supply voltage ( V DD ), and temperature ( T ). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such attempt to develop analytical models for leakage/delay estimation of FinFET logic gates. To derive these models, we employ TCAD device simulations of adjusted 2D device cross sections that have been shown to track TCAD device simulations of 3D device behavior within a 1--3% error range. This drastically reduces the CPU time of our modeling technique (by several orders of magnitude) without much loss in accuracy. We present analytical leakage and delay models for different sizes and logic styles (e.g., shorted-gate (SG) and independent-gate (IG) FinFETs at the 22nm technology node). Both leakage and delay estimates derived from the analytical models are in close agreement with quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) simulation results (QMC simulations track the accuracy of Monte Carlo simulations, but are several orders of magnitude faster) obtained for different adjusted-2D logic gates with a root mean square error (RMSE) in the 0.23%--5.87% range.
Supercritical Viscosity Anomaly in Oxide Mixtures (1970)

The viscosity anomaly, previously detected above the critical point of some fluid binary mixtures, is investigated in the sodium–borosilicate oxide system. At the sodium–borosilicate dome, the critical composition is selected with small CaO and Al2O3 doping additions to obtain samples whose critical temperatures range over 190°C and have minimum high-temperature structural differences. Viscosities between 102 and 109 P (10−1 N·sec/m2) are measured. A fractional excess viscosity is defined as the difference between the viscosity of each melt and a normal viscosity function, divided by the normal viscosity. The normal viscosity function is taken to have the form of the viscosity curve from the sample with the lowest critical temperature. The fractional excess viscosity then shows an anomalous increase near the critical point. The fractional excess viscosity, Δη / η0, attains a value of 2 near the consolute temperature but appears to remain finite at the critical point. This critical-point effect can be detected 200°C above the critical temperature. Such results indicate that the viscosity is quite sensitive to the presence of composition fluctuations above the critical point of this system, and represents a good tool for investigating supercritical phenomena.
Encoding of incompletely specified Boolean matrices (1960)

The problem discussed in this paper is a generalization of the problem of choosing the binary codes for the various operations of a digital computer with a view towards minimizing the gating circuitry in the computer's central control. The general procedure is a systematic method for the simultaneous encoding of a large number of arbitrary Boolean functions in an economical manner. The method is applicable to those cases where the designer is allowed to choose the independent variables so as to minimize the circuit which realizes the given Boolean functions. Other applications of the procedure are indicated. The method given includes a means for determining a lower bound on the cost of the circuit which realizes the given Boolean functions. The entire procedure is systematic and lends itself well to mechanization via a digital computer program. A discussion of the advantages and limitations of the method presented here is included, and the method is compared with a previously published procedure for attacking the same problem.
Glass transitions in polypropylene (1963)

Abstract Dilatometric measurements show that both isotactic and atactic polypropylenes have two distinct glass transition temperatures. Because of the two transitions, three values for the cubical coefficient of thermal expansion are necessary to accurately define the volume expansion of polypropylene from −80° to +90°C. A method is outlined for calculating the content of amorphous atactic, amorphous isotactic, and crystalline isotactic polymer in a given polypropylene sample.
Localized Waves Emanated by Pulsed Sources: The Riemann–Volterra Approach (2013)

This chapter presents a brief overview of an alternative method based on constructing solutions of the Klein-Gordon equation (KGE) using the Riemann-Volterra approach. The relation between the heuristic methods of description of the signal propagation based on geometrical considerations and the Riemann-Volterra approach resembles the relation between arithmetic and algebra; the former may rapidly give straightforward ad hoc results while the latter paves a way for a more general and formal consideration that automatically provides predictions of the simpler treatment as a particular result. It illustrates how such formal consideration can be tailored for the description of localized waves. Controlled Vocabulary Terms electromagnetic propagation; electromagnetic waves
Entanglement Networks of 1,2-Polybutadiene Crosslinked in States of Strain. I. Crosslinking at 0° (1975)

Abstract Linear 1,2-polybutadiene is crosslinked at 0° (12° above T g ) by γ-irradiation while strained in simple extension, with extension ratios (λ 0 ) from 1.2 to 2.0. After release, the sample retracts to a state of ease (λ g ) at room temperature. From (λ 0 ) , (λ g ) , and Young's modulus in the state of ease E g , the molar concentrations of network strands terminated by crosslinks (ν x ) and by trapped entanglements (ν N ) are calculated by composite network theories of Flory and others. With increasing irradiation time t , (ν x ) (corrected for free ends) is directly proportional to t and (ν N ) attains a constant value. With increasing λ 0 , ν x is constant and ν N diminishes somewhat. Extrapolated to λ 0 =1 , ν N is somewhat smaller (1.2×10 −4 mol cm −3 ) than the concentration of entanglement strands estimated from viscoelastic measurements on uncrosslinked polymer in the plateau zone (ν e =2.5×10 −4 ) . Young's modulus was also calculated indirectly from equilibrium swelling in n -heptane. The swelling is slightly anisotropic, being larger in the direction of extension.
Single Ca + Ion Trapping toward Precise Frequency Measurement of the 4 2 S 1/2 - 3 2 D 5/2 Transition (2005)

Abstract —We are proceeding with a development of an optical frequency standard using a 2 S 1/2 – 2 D 5/2 electric quadrupole transition of Ca + ions in a small radio-frequency trap. We have theoretically confirmed that an uncertainty of <1 x 10 -15 is attainable in measurement of the 2 S 1/2 – 2 D 5/2 transition frequency. Experimentally, we have developed stable laser-diode systems and observed the quantum jump of single 40 Ca + ions to the 2 D 5/2 state. I. I NTRODUCTION The uncertainty of primary frequency standards using Cs atoms reaches around 10 -15 and the inherent limits involved in them are discussed. On the other hand, frequency standards using new materials and methods are proposed for developing more accurate frequency standards. Recently, several groups have measured frequencies of the ionic forbidden transitions in the optical region to apply them to the clock transitions of optical frequency standards [1]. We now proceeds with study on an optical frequency standard using single Ca
Studies in continuous polymerization (1952)

Abstract The theory of continuous polymerization processes has been developed in a form that permits experimental verification. Under selected experimental conditions it has been found possible to predict the asymptotic, or steady state, conversion without recourse to any assumptions concerning the kinetic order of the polymerization reaction. The theory has been compared with results obtained for the continuous solution polymerization of styrene. Emulsion copolymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate was carried out by a continuous process in the range 35–55°C. These polymerizations were extended over periods up to 48 hours and with the steady state conversions varying between 35 and 85%. The observation that the conversion passes through a maximum and then decreases somewhat to the steady state value has been found to fit in well with Harkins' picture of emulsion polymerization. A method for obtaining a composition fractionation of styrene‐methyl methacrylate copolymer was developed. Batch and continuous emulsion copolymers (obtained at 77% conversion) were fractionated by this method and it was established that the continuously prepared copolymer was compositionally more homogeneous than the other in spite of the complexity of emulsion polymerizations.
[The DO2/VO2 relationship: and approach to cellular metabolism in "crisis" situations]. (1990)

The relationship between the organism's oxygen consumption (VO2) and its transport to the cells (DO2), termed the DO2/VO2 relationship, has been the subject of many publications during the past decade. The pathological changes occurring in this relationship in intensive care patients has been much studied, and certain conclusions drawn with regard to monitoring and therapeutic goals. After a brief review of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved we examine the practical implications of the DO2/VO2 concept, focusing on the many methodological and interpretation problems raised.
Effect of municipal solid waste compost and sewage sludge use on wheat (<i>Triticum durum</i>): growth, heavy metal accumulation, and antioxidant activity (2010)

This preliminary study suggests that a MSW supply at moderate doses (100 t ha(-1)) could be highly beneficial for wheat productivity.
Prioritizing Point-Based POMDP Solvers (2008)

Recent scaling up of partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) solvers toward realistic applications is largely due to point-based methods that quickly converge to an approximate solution for medium-sized domains. These algorithms compute a value function for a finite reachable set of belief points, using backup operations. Point-based algorithms differ on the selection of the set of belief points and on the order by which backup operations are executed on the selected belief points. We first show how current algorithms execute a large number of backups that can be removed without reducing the quality of the value function. We demonstrate that the ordering of backup operations on a predefined set of belief points is important. In the simpler domain of MDP solvers, prioritizing the order of equivalent backup operations on states is known to speed up convergence. We generalize the notion of prioritized backups to the POMDP framework, showing how existing algorithms can be improved by prioritizing backups. We also present a new algorithm, which is the prioritized value iteration, and show empirically that it outperforms current point-based algorithms. Finally, a new empirical evaluation measure (in addition to the standard runtime comparison), which is based on the number of atomic operations and the number of belief points, is proposed in order to provide more accurate benchmark comparisons.
Augmentation of Neurotoxicity of Anticancer Drugs by X-Ray Irradiation (2020)

The present 'population irradiation method' may be useful for the investigation of the combination effect of X-ray irradiation and any pharmaceutical drug.
Folding instability of a layered viscoelastic medium under compression (1957)

Abstract A preliminary theory is established for the stability of a viscoelastic layer sandwiched in an infinitely extended medium of another viscoelastic material when a compressive force is acting in a direction parallel with the layer. The instability is manifested by a folding of the layer. It is shown that in general there exists a lower and a higher critical load between which folding occurs at a finite rate with a dominant wavelength. This is the wavelength whose amplitude increases at the fastest rate. Special cases are also discussed in more detail such as that of a purely viscous layer in a viscous fluid, an elastic layer in a viscous fluid, a viscous layer in an elastic medium, and of two Maxwell materials. Results indicate that the ratio of the relaxation times of the two materials is an important parameter.
Photo-Cross-Linking and Imidization of Poly(amic acid) Methacrylate Esters (1987)

Polyamic acid methacrylate esters are the first technically used self-patternable polyimide precursor to give polyimide relief patterns in a direct process. Photocrosslinking during UV-irradiation was investigated by means of FT-IR spectroscopy. Results of the efficiency of photocrosslinking in layers of variable thickness are given. Thermal conversion of the partially photo-crosslinked polyimide precursor into a highly heat resistant polyimide was followed up by means of FT-IR spectroscopy and DSC measurements. The splitting off of the crosslinking bridges and depolymerization was monitored with thermal gravimetric and mass spectroscopic methods. More than 95 % of the volatile product is the monomer hydroxyethylmethacrylate.
Time-Resolved Step-Scan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Alkyl Phenylglyoxylates (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTTime-Resolved Step-Scan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Alkyl Phenylglyoxylates†Andrei V. Fedorov, Eugene O. Danilov, Michael A. J. Rodgers, and Douglas C. NeckersView Author Information Center for Photochemical Sciences Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 21, 5136–5137Publication Date (Web):May 3, 2001Publication History Received28 December 2000Revised28 March 2001Published online3 May 2001Published inissue 1 May 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja0059286https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0059286rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views222Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Absorption,Alkyls,Aromatic compounds,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,Hydrocarbons Get e-Alerts