gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance of the Vaisala RS80A/H and RS90 Humicap Sensors and the Meteolabor “Snow White” Chilled-Mirror Hygrometer in Paramaribo, Suriname (2006)

Abstract In climate research there is a strong need for accurate observations of water vapor in the upper atmosphere. Radiosoundings provide relative humidity profiles but the accuracy of many routine instruments is notoriously inadequate in the cold upper troposphere. In this study results from a soundings program executed in Paramaribo, Suriname (5.8°N, 55.2°W), are presented. The aim of this program was to compare the performance of different humidity sensors in the upper troposphere in the Tropics and to test different bias corrections suggested in the literature. The payload of each sounding consisted of a chilled-mirror “Snow White” sensor from Meteolabor AG, which was used as a reference, and two additional sensors from Vaisala, that is, either the RS80A, the RS80H, or the RS90. In total 37 separate soundings were made. For the RS80A a clear, dry bias of between −4% and −8% RH is found in the lower troposphere compared to the Snow White observation, confirming the findings in previous studies. A mean dry bias was found in the upper troposphere, which could be effectively corrected. The RS80H sensor shows a significant wet bias of 2%–5% in RH in the middle and upper troposphere, which has not been reported before. Comparing observations with RS80H sensors of different ages gives no indication of sensor aging or sensor contamination. It is therefore concluded that the plastic cover introduced by Vaisala to avoid sensor contamination is effective. Finally, the RS90 sensor yields a small but significant wet bias of 2%–3% below 7-km altitude. The time-lag error correction from Miloshevich et al. was applied to the Vaisala data, which resulted in an increased variability in the relative humidity profile above 9- (RS80A), 8- (RS80H), and 11-km (RS90) altitude, respectively, which is in better agreement with the Snow White data. The averaged Snow White profile is compared with the average profiles of relative humidity from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). No significant bias is found in either the analyses or the forecasts. The correlation coefficient for the Snow White and ECMWF data between 200 and 800 hPa was 0.66 for the 36-h forecast and 0.77 for the analysis.
Host‐guest scale of left‐handed polyproline II helix formation (2003)

Despite the clear importance of the left-handed polyproline II (PPII) helical conformation in many physiologically important processes as well as its potential significance in protein unfolded states, little is known about the physical determinants of this conformation. We present here a scale of relative PPII helix-forming propensities measured for all residues, except tyrosine and tryptophan, in a proline-based host peptide system. Proline has the highest measured propensity in this system, a result of strong steric interactions that occur between adjacent prolyl rings. The other measured propensities are consistent with backbone solvation being an important component in PPII helix formation. Side chain to backbone hydrogen bonding may also play a role in stabilizing this conformation. The PPII helix-forming propensity scale will prove useful in future studies of the conformational properties of proline-rich sequences as well as provide insights into the prevalence of PPII helices in protein unfolded states.
The accumulation of 111In-eosinophils induced by inflammatory mediators, in vivo. (1991)

Eosinophils are implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of allergic inflammatory diseases such as asthma. Several substances have been shown to be chemotactic for eosinophils in vitro, but the inflammatory mediators involved in the accumulation of eosinophils in vivo are as yet unidentified. In this study we have developed a system to measure the accumulation of 111In-eosinophils in guinea-pig skin in vivo. Horse serum-induced guinea-pig peritoneal eosinophils were radiolabelled with 111In and injected intravenously into recipient animals. 125I-albumin was also injected intravenously in order to measure local oedema formation simultaneously. A range of putative mediators was injected intradermally and responses measured for up to 2 hr. Of the mediators tested, guinea-pig C5a des Arg in zymosan-activated plasma was the most active. Recombinant human C5a (rHC5a) was also highly active, but less than the guinea-pig material. C5a des Arg in maximally activated plasma induced a 1500% increase in eosinophil accumulation, while rHC5a (10(-10) mol dose) induced a 600% increase. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) were also tested for comparison. With respect to 111In-eosinophil accumulation, the order of potency of the mediators tested was as follows: guinea-pig C5a des Arg greater than LTB4 greater than PAF. In contrast, the order of potency of the mediators with respect to oedema formation was: PAF greater than guinea-pig C5a des Arg greater than LTB4. The techniques described will facilitate analysis of the mechanisms involved in eosinophil accumulation in defined inflammatory reactions.
High pressure represses expression of the malB operon in Escherichia coli (1996)

The formation of plaques by A phage in Escherichia coli was prevented by elevated hydrostatic pressure: pha$e plaques were not detected at 30 MPa.Furthermore, using promoter fragments derived from the malB operon, we showed that gene expression initiated from both promoters (malK-1amBand malEFG) was repressed by elevated hydrostatic pressure.Our findings suggest that high pressure affects gene expression directed by the mu/B regulatory interval, and this may cause a decrease in the quantities of A receptor protein, LamB.
Optical signal processing for very high speed (&lt;40 Gbit/s) ETDM binary NRZ clock recovery (2002)

Simulations and experiments show the application of optical signal processing instead of electrical nonlinear signal processing for the clock recovery in high bitrate (>40 Gbit/s) digital NRZ transmission systems. An electrical clock signal with high spectral purity can be obtained.
Question Answering System Based on Web (2012)

This paper summarizes the classification, implementation and evaluation of question answering system (QA). QA is divided into four categories: chat robot, QA based knowledge base, QA retrieval system and QA based on free text. Web QA system is composed with question analysis module, Web information retrieval module and answer extraction module. In the last, TREC QA evaluation is outlined.
University of California takes a stand on open access (2019)

University rejects Elsevier's journal subscriptions offer.
Improved transport system for Neisseria gonorrhoeae in clinical specimens (1975)

Protective transport media have to be used to preserve Neisseria gonorrhoeae in clinical specimens during their transit to the laboratory. In this study, a CO2- environment chamber, the Jembec chamber, was used for transport of clinical speciments requiring examination for gonococci. The survival of N. gonorrhoeae present in clinical speciments when placed in Amies charcoal transport medium was compared to their survival when inoculated into Jembec chambers containing either modified Thayer-Martin medium (MTM) or modified New York City transport medium (MNYC). For a period of up to 2 days in transit, the three systems were not significantly different. However, after 3 days in transit, MNYC/Jembec chambers preserved significantly more gonococci than Amies charcoal transport meduim (P less than 0.0001) or MTM/Jembec chambers (P=0.006). MNYC/Jembec chambers withstood 241 miles (386 km) of postal transit during winter months; 80% of the gonococci present in clinical specimens remained viable from 2 to 5 days under these conditions. The CO2 generated by the tablet in the Jembec chamber was suggicient to support the growth of N. gonorrhoeae if the chambers were incubated at 36 C immediately after inoculation. However, if delayed in transit, the chambers had to be incubated in 5 to 10% CO2 to promote the growth of N. gonorrhoeae. MNYC/Jembec chambers provide a selective environment that will protect and maintain the viability of N. gonorrhoeae for extended periods, allowing a reasonable time for postal transit of clinical specimens to the laboratory.
Use of Field-Portable XRF Analyzers for Rapid Screening of Toxic Elements in FDA-Regulated Products (2009)

Analytical instrumentation continues its amazing evolution, especially in regard to generating ever more sensitive, faster, and reliable measurements. Perhaps the most difficult challenges are making these instruments small enough to use in the field, equipping them with well-designed software that facilitates and simplifies their use by nonexperts while preserving enough of their analytical capabilities to render them useful for a wide variety of applications. Perhaps the most impressive and underappreciated example of instruments that meet these criteria are field-portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzers. In the past, these analyzers have been routinely used for environmental applications (lead in paint and soil, metal particulates in air samples collected onto filters), geology studies (ore and soil analysis, precious metal identification), and recycling industries (alloy identification). However, their use in the analysis of toxic elements in food, food ingredients, dietary supplements, and medicinal and herbal products, especially within the FDA and regulatory environments, has been surprisingly limited to date. Although XRF will not replace atomic spectrometry techniques such as ICP-MS for sub-parts per million level analyses, it offers a number of significant advantages including minimal sample preparation, high sample throughputs, rapid and definitive identification of many toxic elements, and accurate quantitative results. As should be obvious from many recent news reports on elevated levels of toxic elements in children's lunchboxes, toys, and supplements, field-portable XRF analyzers can fill a very important niche and are becoming increasingly popular for a wide variety of elemental analysis applications. This perspective begins with a brief review of the theory of XRF to highlight the underlying principle, instrumentation, and spectra. It includes a discussion of various analytical figures of merit of XRF to illustrate its strengths and limitations compared to existing methods such as ICP-MS. It concludes with a discussion of a number of different FDA applications and case studies in which XRF has been used to screen, identify, and in some cases quantify toxic elements in various products. This work clearly demonstrates that XRF analyzers are an exceedingly valuable tool for routine and nonroutine elemental analysis investigations, both in the laboratory and in the field. In the future, it is hoped that both field-portable and laboratory-grade XRF analyzers will see more widespread use for investigational and forensic-type applications of food and other regulated consumer products.
Framer: Planning Models from Natural Language Action Descriptions (2017)

In this paper, we describe an approach for learning planning domain models directly from natural language (NL) descriptions of activity sequences. The modelling problem has been identified as a bottleneck for the widespread exploitation of various technologies in Artificial Intelligence, including automated planners. There have been great advances in modelling assisting and model generation tools, including a wide range of domain model acquisition tools. However, for modelling tools, there is the underlying assumption that the user can formulate the problem using some formal language. And even in the case of the domain model acquisition tools, there is still a requirement to specify input plans in an easily machine readable format. Providing this type of input is impractical for many potential users. This motivates us to generate planning domain models directly from NL descriptions, as this would provide an important step in extending the widespread adoption of planning techniques. We start from NL descriptions of actions and use NL analysis to construct structured representations, from which we construct formal representations of the action sequences. The generated action sequences provide the necessary structured input for inducing a PDDL domain, using domain model acquisition technology. In order to capture a concise planning model, we use an estimate of functional similarity, so sentences that describe similar behaviours are represented by the same planning operator. We validate our approach with a user study, where participants are tasked with describing the activities occurring in several videos. Then our system is used to learn planning domain models using the participants' NL input. We demonstrate that our approach is effective at learning models on these tasks.
4,6-<i>O</i>-(1-Carboxyethylidene)-<scp>D</scp>-mannose as a Structural Unit in Capsular Polysaccharide of <i>Klebsiella</i> K-type 5 (1972)

Methylation, periodate oxidation, and partial hydrolysis techniques have each been used to demonstrate the presence of 4,6-O-(1-carboxyethylidene)-D-mannopyranosyl units in the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella K-type 5. The structure of this polysaccharide differs from those known for other Klebsiella capsules by the lack of any carbohydrate side chain. A repeating unit of[Formula: see text](plus one unassigned O-acetyl group) is in accord with the experimental data.
Selective Isolation of Blue-green Algae from Water and Soil (1968)

SUMMARY: For the isolation of blue-green algae from soil and fresh water, temperature is a selective factor of major importance. In a nutritionally non-selective mineral medium, which at 25° supported growth of blue-green algae and of many eucaryotic algae, the development of eucaryotic algae was almost completely suppressed by incubation at 35°. Both the number and variety of blue-green algae recoverable at 35° were greater than those recoverable from parallel cultures incubated at 25°. When a combined-nitrogen source was omitted from the enrichment medium, only blue-green algae developed at both 25° and 35°; the microflora consisted exclusively of heterocyst-forming filamentous types, other groups of blue-green algae being eliminated.
A novel design of ultra wideband Slotted Vertical Semi Elliptical Sheet Antenna (2012)

The paper presents a new UWB antenna named as Slotted Vertical Semi Elliptical Sheet Antenna. The simulated return loss, VSWR, input impedance and radiation pattern are discussed in this paper. The results show that the voltage standing wave ratio is less than 2 (VSWR<; 2) and return loss (S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> ) is less than -10 dB along the operation bandwidth of 4.1 GHz to 12.5 GHz. The asymmetry in the feed position results in increase of the band width but degrades the radiation pattern. However, the radiation pattern can be made directional using an appropriate reflector. The simulated radiation patterns after adding a reflector have also been discussed in the paper.
Facing the knowledge society : reforming secondary education in Hong Kong and Shanghai (2006)

Hong Kong and Shanghai are the two major metropolitan urban centers in China. Both cities are known for their vibrant pace of life, the entrepreneurship of their people and the rapid pace of development. Yet, under the scheme of one country two systems, people in the two cities live under markedly different political and economic systems. Having taken rather separate paths of development, both cities have become economic hubs hosting incredible number of international enterprises. Nonetheless, both cities face major challenges in their development, and people, sometimes narrowly seen as human resources, are recognized as the most essential asset for the cities to sustain their development. In this context, both cities have launched major education reforms in the past decades. This paper focuses on reforms in secondary education, the most fundamental part of these education reforms. Hong Kong and Shanghai share some commonalities, and are also different in many aspects, yet the issues facing their reforms reflect the major issues facing education systems in rapidly emerging post-industrial societies. This paper attempts to describe and analyze the development and reforms of secondary education in both cities over the past 25 years. This paper includes the following headings: background; the education system; changes in the workplace; challenges to education; reforming secondary education; and rethinking the role of secondary education.
Effects of Pioglitazone or Exercise in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Insulin Resistance: A Pilot Study (2015)

In this pilot study, pioglitazone improved insulin resistance but not cognitive performance in older adults with MCI and insulin resistance.
Single-mode integrated optical 1×<i>N</i> star coupler (1982)

A new 1×N single-mode integrated optical star coupler is presented. Directional couplers with linearly changing spacing are utilized to optimize various loss aspects. The device is fabricated on glass substrates by Na+↔K+ ion exchange.
Molecular Approaches to Diagnosing and Managing Infectious Diseases: Practicality and Costs (2001)

As molecular techniques for identifying and detecting microorganisms in the clinical microbiology laboratory have become routine, questions about the cost of these techniques and their contribution to patient care need to be addressed. Molecular diagnosis is most appropriate for infectious agents that are difficult to detect, identify, or test for susceptibility in a timely fashion with conventional methods.
Gender- and Age-Dependent γ-Secretase Activity in Mouse Brain and Its Implication in Sporadic Alzheimer Disease (2009)

Alzheimer disease (AD) is an age-related disorder. Aging and female gender are two important risk factors associated with sporadic AD. However, the mechanism by which aging and gender contribute to the pathogenesis of sporadic AD is unclear. It is well known that genetic mutations in gamma-secretase result in rare forms of early onset AD due to the aberrant production of Abeta42 peptides, which are the major constituents of senile plaques. However, the effect of age and gender on gamma-secretase has not been fully investigated. Here, using normal wild-type mice, we show mouse brain gamma-secretase exhibits gender- and age-dependent activity. Both male and female mice exhibit increased Abeta42ratioAbeta40 ratios in aged brain, which mimics the effect of familial mutations of Presenilin-1, Presenlin-2, and the amyloid precursor protein on Abeta production. Additionally, female mice exhibit much higher gamma-secretase activity in aged brain compared to male mice. Furthermore, both male and female mice exhibit a steady decline in Notch1 gamma-secretase activity with aging. Using a small molecule affinity probe we demonstrate that male mice have less active gamma-secretase complexes than female mice, which may account for the gender-associated differences in activity in aged brain. These findings demonstrate that aging can affect gamma-secretase activity and specificity, suggesting a role for gamma-secretase in sporadic AD. Furthermore, the increased APP gamma-secretase activity seen in aged females may contribute to the increased incidence of sporadic AD in women and the aggressive Abeta plaque pathology seen in female mouse models of AD. In addition, deceased Notch gamma-secretase activity may also contribute to neurodegeneration. Therefore, this study implicates altered gamma-secretase activity and specificity as a possible mechanism of sporadic AD during aging.
Preliminary Tests of a Highly Attenuated Measles Vaccine (1962)

A number of investigators1-4have demonstrated the effectiveness of live, attenuated measles viruses in immunizing susceptible children against measles. However, the vaccinations caused a relatively high rate of generally mild reactions. A febrile response occurred in approximately 70%-80% of the children, reaching 105 F or above in some cases. A slight, measles-like rash was also observed in approximately 50%. McCrumb et al.,5Reilly et al.,6and Stokes et al.7have recently demonstrated that these reactions could be reduced by the simultaneous use of γ-globulin. Nevertheless, from a practical point of view, it appears highly desirable to develop a virus strain which will not produce any significant reactions when administered without γ-globulin and yet will cause the development of measles antibodies. We have therefore attempted to further modify the Edmonston strain of measles virus.1,2This paper is a preliminary report on results obtained by testing our
A Detailed Experimental Case Study of a Flat Plate Concrete Slab on an Expansive Soil (1984)

Evidence is obtained on the actual performance of a flat plate concrete slab of an expansive soil by studying a full-scale experimental slab over a period in which soil moisture and slab deformations have changed. The observed displacements are compared with values calculated using soil properties determined by laboratory testing.
Studies on the in vitro Release of Ibuprofen from Polyethylene Glycol-Polyvinyl Acetate Mixtures Liquid Filled into Hard Gelatin Capsules (1996)

The release of ibuprofen from mixtures of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) has been studied in vitro and complemented by x-ray diffraction measurements, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and melting point determinations via hot-stage microscopy (HSM). Results indicate that ibuprofen release can be affected markedly by alteration of the PVAc concentration. The molecular weight of the PEG and the pH of the dissolution medium are also shown to affect the release profile. Visual observation during the drug release process revealed a complex behavior which included emission of liquidlike droplets, formation of a crust around the releasing mass, and/or production of flakes of solid material. This behavior appeared to have a disadvantageous effect on the reproducibility of drug release. Construction of a phase diagram from results of thermal analysis using DSC and HSM indicated the formation of an eutectic mixture with a composition of 35% ibuprofen and 65% PEG 1500 and a melting point of 36°C. The complex behavior of the drug-releasing mass is discussed in terms of this phase diagram. Only the release data for systems containing 4% w/w or more of PVAc could be linearized by plotting against the square root of time whereas data for all of the systems studied could be linearized by first-order plots.
Effect of grafting degree and side PEO chain length on the ionic conductivities of NBR‐g‐PEO based polymer electrolytes (1994)

Abstract Comb‐shaped graft polymers were synthesized and complexed with a LiCF 3 SO 3 salt to form a new class of polymer electrolytes. The polymers based on an acrylonitrile‐butadiene copolymer (NBR) have pendant, short‐chain poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) grafted onto a butadiene unit. The characteristics of these polymer electrolytes were investigated in terms of number of pendant EO groups and grafting degree in the graft copolymer. The maximum conductivity was observed at the optimum side PEO chain length, and the PEO chain length for the maximum conductivity decreased with an increase in the grafting degree. And a solid 7 Li NMR relaxation technique was used to study the local environments and dynamics of the ions in the polymer electrolytes. The maximum conductivity value obtained from our study was three orders of magnitude higher than that of classical PEO‐based electrolytes at ambient temperature. These improved low temperature conducting polymers with higher relative mechanical strength are expected to be suitable for practical applications, such as in rechargeable lithium batteries or electrochromic devices.