gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biochemie und Funktion von biogenen Aminen im Zentralnervensystem (1971)

Abstract Für die normale Funktion des Nervensystems sind einige Amine von hervorragender Bedeutung; darüber hinaus bestehen zahlreiche Beziehungen zwischen bestimmten Erkrankungen des Nervensystems und dem Stoffwechsel dieser Amine. Am Beispiel der biogenen Amine Noradrenalin, Serotonin und Histamin soll eine Vorstellung von den Möglichkeiten und Wegen der biochemischen Forschung vermittelt werden, die zur Klärung der physiologischen und pathologischen Vorgänge im Nervensystem beitragen. Der Aufsatz zeigt, daß wir mit unseren Kenntnissen über die Funktionsweise des Nervensystems selbst auf einem so gut untersuchten Gebiet wie dem der Erregungsübertragung an Synapsen noch am Anfang der Entwicklung stehen.
Prob-Max n : playing N-player games with opponent models (2006)

Much of the work on opponent modeling for game tree search has been unsuccessful. In two-player, zero-sum games, the gains from opponent modeling are often outweighed by the cost of modeling. Opponent modeling solutions simply can-not search as deep as the highly optimized minimax search with alpha-beta pruning. Recent work has begun to look at the need for opponent modeling in n-player or general-sum games. We introduce a probabilistic approach to oppo-nent modeling in n-player games called prob-maxn, which can robustly adapt to unknown opponents. We implement prob-maxn in the game of Spades, showing that prob-maxn is highly effective in practice, beating out the maxn and soft-maxn algorithms when faced with unknown opponents. Introduction and Background
Stimulation of Enzyme Synthesis by Sublethal Concentrations of Chloramphenicol Is Not Mediated by Ribonucleotide Pools (1975)

Growth of Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 strain pyrA81 in minimal medium containing 0.8 mug of chloramphenicol (CAP) per ml resulted in a 50 to 100% increase in the steady-state nucleotide pools in the cells. When such a culture was starved for uracil, the pyrimidine nucleotide pools decayed much more slowly in CAP-treated cells than in controls. An attempt was made to determine whether this effect of CAP on nucleotide pools could account for enhanced enzyme derepression observed under the same conditions (8). Treatment with low levels of puromycin also resulted in elevation of nucleotide pools but did not lead to enhanced enzyme synthesis. CAP treatment during arginine starvation has been shown to enhance enzyme synthesis, but nucleotide pools were not significantly affected by CAP nor was the stringent response relieved under these conditions. Thus, the effects of CAP on enzyme synthesis cannot be the result of effects of the antibiotic on nucleotide pools in all cases. The elevation of nucleotide pools was shown not to be due to enhanced conversion of exogeneous uracil into nucleotides, but to result from the enhanced turnover of ribonucleic acid in CAP-treated cells.
Experimental measurements of shock-induced vaporization in cadmium and lead (1989)

Time resolved techniques were used to study the shock-induced vaporization of lead and cadmium for partial states of vaporization ranging from 11-37% in lead and 42-56% in cadmium. The experimental results were compared with numerical simulations of the experiments which indicate that the expansion products are more dispersive than predicted with numerical calculations. The present data suggest that either diffusing flow between vapor and liquid phases or vaporization kinetics are important at these rates. 10 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
Run-Time Management of Data Intensive Web Sites. (1999)

this paper we show that exploiting the structure of a Web site can lead to signicant savings over and above the application of the known techniques mentioned above. Our nal goal is to automatically compile a declarative specication into a run-time policy, which decides which actions to perform and which queries to evaluate depend1 ing on the browsing history. Run-time policies should be able to express several traditional optimizations, such as view materialization and data caching, and novel optimizations that depend on the structure of the web site, such as optimization under preconditions and lookahead computation that we present in this paper.
Discrimination analysis using multi-object statistics of shape and pose (2007)

A main focus of statistical shape analysis is the description of variability of a population of geometric objects. In this paper, we present work towards modeling the shape and pose variability of sets of multiple objects. Principal geodesic analysis (PGA) is the extension of the standard technique of principal component analysis (PCA) into the nonlinear Riemannian symmetric space of pose and our medial m-rep shape description, a space in which use of PCA would be incorrect. In this paper, we discuss the decoupling of pose and shape in multi-object sets using different normalization settings. Further, we introduce methods of describing the statistics of object pose and object shape, both separately and simultaneously using a novel extension of PGA. We demonstrate our methods in an application to a longitudinal pediatric autism study with object sets of 10 subcortical structures in a population of 47 subjects. The results show that global scale accounts for most of the major mode of variation across time. Furthermore, the PGA components and the corresponding distribution of different subject groups vary significantly depending on the choice of normalization, which illustrates the importance of global and local pose alignment in multi-object shape analysis. Finally, we present results of using distance weighted discrimination analysis (DWD) in an attempt to use pose and shape features to separate subjects according to diagnosis, as well as visualize discriminating differences.
Keeping up to speed (2007)

Newcastle City Council, UK has turned to a geographic information system (GIS) to improve traffic management and speed control. The council launched a speed-management initiative to collect information about traffic flow and speed across the city. Effective enforcement of the Traffic Management Act (TMA) 2004 also required the council to be able to collect and store information about traffic restrictions and traffic orders. A GIS from ESRI (UK) was used to process the data from both initiatives. The speed management GIS provides traffic speed and flow across the city allowing the identification of potential accident black spots. For the TMA initiative, traffic restrictions were surveyed in the real world using hand held computers and compared with the legislation. The survey results are being used to renovate signs and street markings and update some legal documentation where there were discrepancies between orders and signs or markings.
Invited Article: Heterodyne dual-polarization epi-detected CARS microscopy for chemical and topographic imaging of interfaces (2018)

Coherent Raman Scattering (CRS) has emerged in the last decade as a powerful multiphoton microscopy technique offering chemically specific label-free imaging in real time with high three-dimensional spatial resolution. Many technical realizations of CRS microscopy have been proposed to remove, suppress, or account for the non-resonant background in the nonlinear susceptibility which complicates spectral analysis and reduces image contrast. Here, we demonstrate coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy using a dual-polarization balanced heterodyne detection in epi-geometry (eH-CARS), providing background-free chemically specific image contrast for nanoparticles and interfaces, shot-noise limited detection, and phase sensitivity. We show the sensitivity and selectivity of eH-CARS in comparison with forward CARS and stimulated Raman scattering on polystyrene beads in agarose gel. As an important biologically relevant application, we demonstrate eH-CARS imaging of individual lipid bilayers with high contrast and topographic sensitivity.
The performance of current oxy-fuel combustion technology for secondary aluminum melting (1996)

Higher thermal efficiency, lower exhaust gas flows, and lower superstructure temperatures have contributed to more widespread cost-effective use of oxygen-based firing. Operating characteristics of oxy-fuel firing are compared with air-fuel firing for the secondary melting of aluminum scrap. Typical performance gains resulting from oxy-fuel firing are established for rotary, reverberatory and well-type aluminum furnaces. Representative examples are presented in detail. The improvements in thermal performance of a non-axisymmetric self-cooling oxy-fuel burner providing uniform heat transfer to larger melt areas are demonstrated for aluminum furnaces.
Fetal Cleft Lip Repair in Rabbits: Long-Term Clinical and Cephalometric Results (1993)

We have developed a model for fetal cleft lip (CL) repair in rabbits. To date, the in utero CL procedure has been performed on 174 fetuses in 98 pregnant does. Details of the model, wound healing characteristics, and early growth results have been published previously. In this study, we report long-term clinical and cephalometric findings in 23 fetuses who underwent the fetal CL procedure, were born alive, and survived until completion of growth. The surgically created and repaired CL in fetal rabbits described here resulted in healing without scar formation. The deformity varies from an incomplete to a severe complete cleft, resembling the clinical spectrum of spontaneous clefts in humans. Cephalometric studies indicate that there were no statistically significant differences in premaxillary width, anterior maxillary length, or anterior and posterior maxillary width among control, unrepaired, and repaired animals. Documentation of this phenomenon in higher animals is necessary before the technique can be applied to humans with cleft lip.
Silicon radiation detector fabricated in a standard IC process (2002)

The authors present a silicon radiation detector for nuclear radiation, fabricated in a standard IC process, in which the generated charge carriers are collected by means of diffusion. A model is derived and experiments with optical and nuclear radiation are presented. Ionizing particles can be detected with a reasonable internal efficiency (65%) and response time (<10 mu s), and the spatial resolution is good (+or-1 mu m). Photons are detected with a variable internal efficiency and response time, both of which depend on the actual depth at which the photon is absorbed. The spatial resolution for photons is of the order of the detector thickness. It is concluded that, although a drift-based detector has better specifications in terms of internal efficiency, response time, and spatial resolution, a diffusion-based detector offers advantages that make it a more suitable device for many applications. The advantages include the use of a standard silicon substrate, standard processing, low bias voltage, and on-chip integration of readout electronics.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<title>Optical sensor for detecting missile fuel leaks</title> (2000)

Missiles represent strategic weapons in modern warfare. They are stored prior to deployment, and they need to be kept in flight-ready condition during storage. It is therefore necessary to promptly detect any missile fuel leakage. Intelligent Optical Systems initiated an effort to develop a breakthrough device that combines a long period grating- based chemical sensor with neural network software. These reversible sensors perform real-time measurements of liquid fuel components.
Hydrophobic chromatography and fractionation of enzymes from extremely halophilic bacteria using decreasing concentration gradients of ammonium sulfate (1976)

Ammonium sulfate fractionation of proteins from extremely halophilic bacteria on Sepharose 4B, carboxymethylcellulose, diethylaminoethylcellulose, and hexamethylenediamine-Agarose is described. Halophilic proteins are absorbed on these gels at 2.5 M ammonium sulfate and eluted by decreasing concentration gradients of this salt. The method has enabled the separation of malate dehydrogenase from glutamate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase on Sepharose 4B and the additional 15-fold purification of glutamate dehydrogenase on DEAE-cellulose. The technique is simple and convenient, operates at low cost, and possesses great power of resolution. The mechanism of adsorption is discussed and compared to previous instances of "hydrophobic chromatography". It is concluded that the retention of halophilic proteins on the polysaccharide gels at 2.5 M ammonium sulfate is due to hydrophobic interactions.
Center of Rotation Affects Abduction Range of Motion of Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty (2007)

Although clinical outcomes of the reverse shoulder replacement have noted improvements in pain and function, evaluation of these outcomes reveals concerns regarding progressive scapular notching and variability of functional improvements in range of motion. Therefore, an apparatus was designed to examine differences in abduction range of motion for seven configurations of reverse shoulder arthroplasty. An electronic goniometer was used to measure abduction range of motion, and digital video analysis was used to determine impingement points. Finally, a correlation analysis between range of motion and the effect of changing the center of rotation of the glenosphere was performed. As the center of rotation was moved more lateral from the glenoid, abduction range of motion increased. The greatest range of motion was 97 degrees +/- 0.9 degrees using a glenoid component with a center of rotation offset 10 mm +/- 0.4 mm from the glenoid. The smallest range of motion was 67 degrees +/- 1.8 degrees using a glenosphere with a center of rotation offset 0.5 mm +/- 0.1 mm from the glenoid surface. Range of motion always was limited by impingement points on the scapula. Inferiorly, adduction was limited by impingement on either the inferior scapular border or the glenoid. Superiorly, abduction was limited by impingement on the acromion. A positive linear correlation was found between abduction range of motion and center of rotation offset relative to the glenoid.
Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Annealed Proton Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguides (1992)

Annealed proton exchange (APE) is an important technique for the fabrication of waveguides in LiNbO3 for electrooptic and nonlinear optical applications. Unannealed proton exchanged (PE) waveguides have step-like refractive index profiles and large extraordinary refractive index changes, but suffer from reduced electrooptic and nonlinear coefficients. Post-exchange annealing is necessary to produce single mode waveguides that exhibit electrooptic and nonlinear optical properties comparable to bulk LiNbO3 and low insertion loss in fiber optic applications.1 While the PE process is well-characterized, quantitative modeling of APE waveguides is much less well developed. In this paper we present measurements of the effective mode indices and fundamental mode profiles for APE waveguides subjected to a variety of exchange and annealing conditions in both X- and z-cut substrates, along with empirical models for the concentration-dependent diffusion coefficient and dispersion that allow accurate calculation of the refractive index profile for APE waveguides as a function of exchange depth and anneal time for wavelengths between 0.4 and 1.1 μm. The reduction of the nonlinear susceptibility in PE waveguides, measured by a reflected second harmonic generation technique, is also discussed.
Nanocasting of High Surface Area Mesoporous Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and GaN Semiconductor Materials (2009)

We report mesostructured gallium oxide and nanoporous gallium nitride, synthesized via a nanocasting technique using mesoporous carbon as template. The carbon template is first loaded with a gallium chloride toluene solution to generate a Ga precursor/carbon composite. Gallium oxide is generated by reaction of the composite in air during calcination, which also eliminates the carbon template. Formation of mesostructured Ga2O3 requires a two-stage oxidation reaction, first at 450 °C and followed by 500 °C. X-ray diffraction, nitrogen physisorption, and transmission electron microscopy show the Ga2O3 products to be mesostructured with a very high surface area of 307 m2/g and pore volume of 0.54 cm3/g. The Ga2O3 exhibits a band gap energy of 4.6 eV. Thermal treatment of the Ga/carbon composite in the presence of ammonia (i.e., nitridation) generates crystalline nanoporous GaN with surface area of 136−156 m2/g and pore volume of 0.3−0.4 cm3/g.
Intralesional Injection of Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum May Increase the Risk of Late-Onset Penile Fracture (2017)

Penile hematoma and corporal fracture are serious complications that must be discussed with patients before initiation of intralesional CCH treatment. Little evidence exists to direct physicians on the proper management of post-CCH penile fractures; many caregivers and patients elect to treat these injuries conservatively and avoid surgical exploration. Further studies are warranted to generate discussion and reassessment regarding the safety and effectiveness of this 14-day observation period. Beilan JA, Wallen JJ, Baumgarten AS, Morgan KN, Parker JL, Carrion RE. Intralesional Injection of Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum May Increase the Risk of Late-Onset Penile Fracture. Sex Med Rev 2018;6:272-278.
Scanning thermal microscopy and Raman analysis of bulk fused silica exposed to lowenergy femtosecond laser pulses (2008)

Low energy femtosecond laser pulses locally increase the refractive index and the hydro-fluoric acid etching rate of fused silica. These phenomena form the basis of a direct-write method to fabricate integrated glass devices that are of particular interest for optofluidics and optomechanical applications. Yet the underlying physical mechanism behind these effects remains elusive, especially the role of the laser polarization. Using Scanning Thermal Microscope and Raman spectrometer we observe in laser affected zones, a localized sharp decrease of the thermal conductivity correlated with an increased presence of low-number SiO(2) cycles. In addition, we find that a high correlation exists between the amount of structural changes and the decrease of thermal conductivity. Furthermore, sub-wavelength periodic patterns are detected for high peak power exposures. Finally, our findings indicate that, to date, the localized densification induced by femtosecond laser pulses remains well below the theoretical value achievable in mechanically densified silica.
Reusable photographic films based on iron-containing clay minerals (2000)

A non-silver-based photographic film has been developed from 9-methylacridinium-intercalated clay particles (denoted clay|AcH+) and this inexpensive clay film showed potential reusability.
Pl@ntNet, a citizen science platform dedicated to plant identification and botanical monitoring (2014)

Pl@ntNet is a human network based on an IT infrastructure ( www.plantnet-project.org ), enabling identification, aggregation and sharing of botanical observations at a massive scale. This project involves various research institutions in the fields of computer science, agronomy and ecology, and one of the widest network of naturalists in the world (the Tela Botanica NGO, www.tela-botanica.org ). Tens of thousands of plant observations on the European territory have been collected during the past 18 months through web and mobile applications ( https://itunes.apple.com/fr/app/plantnet/id600547573?mt=8 &  https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.plantnet ). These apps integrate an image-content-based identification system, allowing users to share observations with different levels of information directly from the field. These botanical records are then collaboratively revised through two web applications, the first one being dedicated to the taxonomical validation, while the second one is more related to the estimation of the image quality (in terms of usefulness for helping botanists to identify a species). Revised and validated observations are then mobilized every night in order to enrich the database and thus to improve progressively the image-content-based plant identification system. This new software infrastructure has been viewed over the past 18 months by nearly 270,000 people worldwide, indicating great interest from the botanical community. We propose to present this infrastructure in order to open a discussion on the current changes that new information technologies can make in botany through a citizen science approach.
The electrical double layer between mercury and aqueous NaBF<sub>4</sub> solutions (1973)

Potentials of the sodium amalgam electrode have been determined with respect to a saturated calomel electrode at various concentrations of NaBF4 in the range 0.01 m to 1 m. γ± values have been evaluated by assuming that (i) the liquid junction potential EL changes trivially in the whole concentration range and (ii) the single ion activity strictly derivable from the experimental arrangement coincides with the mean ionic activity. Possible deviations of γ± from the thermodynamic value due to factors (i) and (ii) have been examined in detail and reliable estimations of the limits of accuracy have been made. As a conclusion, γ±'s as derived in this work have been estimated to be some 5 to 10 % higher than the true values at the highest concentrations, the deviation approaching rapidly negligible levels as the concentration is decreased. As a result, the γ±'s given in this Paper may be used with confidence for practical purposes, e.g in the graphical differentiation of the electrocapillary equation in the study of BF4- adsorption.
Numerical Analysis on Letdown System Performance Test for YGN 3 (1997)

Integrated performance test of Chemical and Volume Control System was successfully performed in 1994. However, an extensive effort to correct hardware and software problems in the letdown line was required mainly due to the lack of adequate simulation code to predict the test accurately. Although the LTC computer code was used during the YGN 3'||'&'||'4 NSSS design process, the code can not satisfactorily predict the test due to it insufficient letdown line modeling. This study developed a numerical model to simulate the letdown test by modifying the current LTC code, and then verified the model by comparing with the test data. The comparison shows that the modified LTC computer code can predict the transient behavior of letdown system lese very well. Especially, the model was verified to be able to predict the (composition of stick and friction) phenomena which caused instantaneous fluctuations in the letdown backpressure and flowrate. Therefore, it is concluded that the modified LTC computer code with the ability of calculating the Stiction phenomena will be very useful for future plant design and test predictions.predictions.
Principal Component Analysis of Dynamic Contrast Enhanced MRI in Human Prostate Cancer (2010)

PCA adjusted to correlate with physiological parameters selects a dominant eigenvector, free of the inhomogeneous radio-frequency field reception-profile and noise-components. Projection coefficient maps of this eigenvector provide a fast, objective, and standardized means for visualizing prostate cancer.
Regulation of a carbon concentrating mechanism through CCM1 in <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i> (2002)

Aquatic photosynthetic organisms, including the green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, induce a set of genes for a carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM) through the CO2-signalling system, to acclimate to CO2-limiting stress conditions. We have described a regulatory gene, Ccm1, which was shown to regulate CCM induction in C. reinhardtii. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the regulatory process, which controls the expression of genes for the CCM. In particular, CCM1-regulated genes and possible functions of Ccm1 in the CO2-signalling pathway are discussed, in relation to findings in other green algae and cyanobacteria.