gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the analysis of discrete linear time-invariant singular systems (1990)

The discrete singular equation over an interval can represent a two-point boundary-value problem or it can be considered as a dynamical relation developing forward in time. A theory is provided, by giving analytic solutions and discussing system properties in both cases, that encompasses both interpretations. The singular system fundamental matrix is used to provide analytic solutions to a time-invariant discrete singular equation defined over an interval. The two distinct cases in which the singular relation is interpreted as a two-point boundary-value problem or as a forward dynamical system on the interval are both considered. Also considered is the case in which the singular relation is considered as a backward dynamical system, and the relationship between the index of nilpotence and the Laurent series coefficients resulting from the solutions of certain state-space equations is shown. Reachability and observability are discussed, and the point is made that these properties are different, depending on how the singular relation is interpreted.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Synthesis of 4‐(3β‐Methoxy‐5α‐Androstan‐17β‐ yl)‐3‐pyrrolin‐2‐one. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Partial Joining of Blanks with Electrochemical Support (ECUF) (2013)

Hybrid materials offer great potential for weight and cost reduction, function integration and improved mechanical properties. A whole range of parts or application areas are conceivable (especially in the field of lightweight design). In terms of implementation, it is possible to produce fully or partially joined semi-finished parts from metallic, organic or inorganic materials. Semi-finished parts of this type can be used in applications ranging from simple reinforcements to complex hollow structures in automobiles. Innovative production processes are necessary for the efficient manufacture of these parts. This is why the current research and development work is focused on making complex, hollow work pieces from hybrid semi-finished materials and on manufacturing methods for the partially joined semi-finished parts. A new and innovative incremental joining process with inline electrochemical treatment is opening up interesting perspectives here. For the manufacture of complex work pieces, the use of adapted sheet-metal-forming processes, like deep drawing or working-media-based high pressure forming, is highly promising and will be addressed in the paper.
Construction and Analysis of Multiparameter Prognostic Models for Melanoma Outcome (2013)

The outcome of Stage II melanoma is uncertain. Despite that 10-year melanoma-specific survival can approach 50 % following curative-intent wide local excision and negative sentinel lymph node biopsy, the adverse risk-benefit ratio of interferon-based adjuvant regimens precludes their use in most patients. The discovery and translation of protein-based prognostic biomarkers into the clinic offers the promise for residual risk stratification of Stage II melanoma patients beyond conventional clinicopathologic criteria to identify an additional subset of patients who, based upon tumor molecular profiles, might also derive benefit from adjuvant regimens. Despite incorporation of Ki-67 assays into clinical practice, systematic review of REMARK-compliant, immunostain-based prognostic biomarker assays in melanoma suggests that residual risk of recurrence might be best explained by a composite score derived from a small panel of proteins representing independent features of melanoma biology. Reflecting this trend, to date, five such multiparameter melanoma prognostic models have been published. Here, we review these five models and provide detailed protocols for discovering and validating multiparameter models including: appropriate cohort recruitment strategies, comprehensive laboratory protocols supporting fully quantitative chromogenic or fluorescent immunostaining platforms, statistical approaches to create composite prognostic indices recommended steps for model validation in independent cohorts.
Characterization of the photocurrents generated by the laser of atomic force microscopes (2016)

The conductive atomic force microscope (CAFM) has become an essential tool for the nanoscale electronic characterization of many materials and devices. When studying photoactive samples, the laser used by the CAFM to detect the deflection of the cantilever can generate photocurrents that perturb the current signals collected, leading to unreliable characterization. In metal-coated semiconductor samples, this problem is further aggravated, and large currents above the nanometer range can be observed even without the application of any bias. Here we present the first characterization of the photocurrents introduced by the laser of the CAFM, and we quantify the amount of light arriving to the surface of the sample. The mechanisms for current collection when placing the CAFM tip on metal-coated photoactive samples are also analyzed in-depth. Finally, we successfully avoided the laser-induced perturbations using a two pass technique: the first scan collects the topography (laser ON) and the second collects the current (laser OFF). We also demonstrate that CAFMs without a laser (using a tuning fork for detecting the deflection of the tip) do not have this problem.
Two step capture and purification of IgG<sub>2</sub> using multicolumn countercurrent solvent gradient purification (MCSGP) (2010)

A two-step chromatography process for monoclonal antibody (mAb) purification from clarified cell culture supernatant (cCCS) was developed using cation exchange Multicolumn Countercurrent Solvent Gradient Purification (MCSGP) as a capture step. After an initial characterization of the cell culture supernatant the capture step was designed from a batch gradient elution chromatogram. A variety of chromatographic materials was screened for polishing of the MCSGP-captured material in batch mode. Using multi-modal anion exchange in bind-elute mode, mAb was produced consistently within the purity specification. The benchmark was a state-of-the-art 3-step chromatographic process based on protein A, anion and cation exchange stationary phases. The performance of the developed 2-step process was compared to this process in terms of purity, yield, productivity and buffer consumption. Finally, the potential of the MCSGP process was investigated by comparing its performance to that of a classical batch process that used the same stationary phase.
Third-harmonic generation and its applications in optical image processing (2009)

We review potential applications of third-harmonic generation (THG) in polymer composites to implement optical image processing applications at the eye-safe and technologically relevant telecommunication bands. We discuss two examples, time-gated imaging through scattering media, and image recognition using Fourier-based techniques, where THG in a polymer composite offers significant advantages over typical holographic media, in that it produces signals that are non-degenerate in optical frequency and space, and allows the development of applications that are compatible with low-cost Si-based electronic components.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Visualization of Hyaluronidase in Ovarian Carcinoma (2005)

Hyaluronan, a high molecular weight, negatively charged polysaccharide, is a major constituent of the extracellular matrix. High molecular weight hyaluronan is antiangiogenic, but its degradation by hyaluronidase generates proangiogenic breakdown products. Thus, by expression of hyaluronidase, cancer cells can tilt the angiogenic balance of their microenvironment. Indeed, hyaluronidase-mediated breakdown of hyaluronan correlates with aggressiveness and invasiveness of ovarian cancer metastasis and with tumor angiogenesis. The goal of this work was to develop a novel smart contrast material for detection of hyaluronidase activity by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (GdDTPA) covalently linked to hyaluronan on the surface of agarose beads showed attenuated relaxivity. Hyaluronidase, either purified from bovine testes or secreted by ES-2 and OVCAR-3 human epithelial ovarian carcinoma cells, activated the hyaluronan-GdDTPA-beads by rapidly altering the R1 and R2 relaxation rates. The change in relaxation rates was consistent with the different levels of biologically active hyaluronidase secreted by those cells. Hyaluronan-GdDTPA-beads were further used for demonstration of MRI detection of hyaluronidase activity in the proximity of s.c. ES-2 ovarian carcinoma tumors in nude mice. Thus, hyaluronan-GdDTPA-beads could allow noninvasive molecular imaging of hyaluronidase-mediated tilt of the peritumor angiogenic balance.
ChemInform Abstract: STRONG HYDROGEN BONDING IN ALIPHATIC DIOL SOLUTIONS OF ALKALI METAL FLUORIDES (1981)

Abstract Die schweren Alkalimetallfluoride sind in niedermolekularen flüssigen Diolen (wie 1,2‐Ethan‐, 1,2‐ und 1,3‐Propan‐ sowie 1,4‐Butandiol) löslich.
Plasmodium falciparum: detection and strain identification of Indian isolates by polymerase chain reaction. (2000)

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed for detection and strain identification of P. falciparum in a comparative field study of Indian isolates. The primers were selected from highly conserved regions flanking the variable, tandemly repeated regions of highly polymorphic cell surface antigens, major merozoite surface antigen-1 (MSP-1), major surface antigen-2 (MSP-2), circumsporozoite surface antigen (CSP) and ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (RESA). Out of the 52 microscopically positive P. falciparum infected field samples, 47 samples were positive by PCR. Variation in the size of the amplified products was observed using MSP-1, MSP-2 specific primers respectively in different field isolates of P. falciparum, but CSP and RESA did not exhibit any variation in size of the amplified product. The multiplex PCR results demonstrated that amplified products from these surface antigens vary in size and there is a specific pattern for each strain and this could be utilized to identify a particular field isolate. One P. falciparum infected field sample detected by the above PCR method was found to be a mixed infection by two different strains. Five microscopically positive P. vivax infeced samples were also analyzed by PCR method using P. falciparum cell surface antigen (MSP-2) specific primers. PCR results showed one P. vivax infected sample was positive when P. falciparum specific primers were used, this could be due to inaccurate and reduced limit of detection of Plasmodial species by microscopic examination.
Modern approaches to testing granulated catalysts in the hydrotreatment of oil distillates under laboratory conditions (2015)

Problems related to granular catalysts testing in hydrotreatment of petroleum distillates in laboratory are discussed. Requirements for laboratory facilities that ensure high reliability in determining the performance of diesel fraction hydrotreatment in industrial reactors are formulated. It is shown that diluting catalyst pellets with small particles of inert nonporous material (silicon carbide) allows us to obtain reproducible results in small three-phase reactors, minimizing such factors as the incomplete wetting of the catalyst, the wall effect, and the back-mixing of liquids. Laboratory facilities and analysis techniques are described, and results obtained at different laboratories in studying catalysts for the deep hydrotreatment of diesel fractions are compared.
Fluorous Chemistry: Scope and Definition (2004)

This chapter contains sections titled: The Birth of a Term The Definition of Fluorous Today Other Definitions within the Fluorous Repertoire Present Scope of Fluorous Chemistry
Message from international steering committee chair (2010)

It is my great pleasure to welcome all the participants to the International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies 2010 (ISCIT 2010), held in Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan. This conference is the tenth annual conference and the second time symposium held in Japan. Many of them may remember the ISCIT 2004 was held in Sapporo, Japan.
Teniposide (VM-26) and carboplatin as initial therapy for small cell lung cancer. (1992)

Forty-four patients with previously untreated histologically proven small cell lung cancer (SCLC) were treated with a combination of teniposide 60 mg/m2 intravenously (IV) on days 1 through 5 and carboplatin 400 mg/m2 IV on day 1 every 28 days for six courses. Patients with limited disease (LD) subsequently received prophylactic cranial and thoracic radiotherapy. Of the 44 patients, 40 were evaluable for response: 31 (78%) achieved an objective response; 9 of 18 patients (50%) with LD had a complete response (CR), with a partial response (PR) plus CR rate of 78%. Two of 22 patients (9%) with extensive disease achieved a CR, with a combined PR and CR rate of 77%. Median duration of response for all evaluable patients was 253 days (36 weeks). Median duration of survival for LD patients was 368 days (52 weeks). Survival of LD patients was 86% at 6 months, 52% at 12 months, and 26% at 18 months. Median duration of survival for all patients in the study was 275 days, with a survival of 79% at 6 months, 36% at 1 year, and 12% at 18 months. Myelosuppression was the main toxicity, with World Health Organization (WHO) grade 3 or 4 infection occurring in 38% of patients. However, no patient died of sepsis or hemorrhage. Treatment was otherwise well tolerated, with no neurotoxicity or nephrotoxicity documented. The high activity of this drug combination justifies its use as first-line treatment of previously untreated SCLC.
Polysaccharides in Ulcerative Colitis and Normal Human Rectum Compared by Stains of Biopsy Specimens (1950)

1. The lysozyme substrate contained in Micrococcus lysodeikticus is stained by the Hotchkiss or McManus technic after fixation and sectioning by the same procedure utilized for tissue. After fixation and sectioning, the substrate remains susceptible to lysis by lysozyme. Egg albumin, as used in application of sections to slides, does not lyse the lysozyme substrate.
Effect of oligomers on the polymer diffusion rate in poly(butyl methacrylate) latex films (2000)

The aqueous phase of a poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) latex dispersion contained an oligomeric component that was isolated after sedimentation of the PBMA latex particles. The component contained both water-soluble PBMA oligomer and some longer chain species that were present as a very fine colloidal dispersion. We describe the isolation and characterization of this component. This component was then added to a purified PBMA latex dispersion from which the aqueous component was previously removed. Latex films were prepared, and in the presence of the oligomeric material, the rate of polymer diffusion in the latex film was strongly enhanced. The magnitude of the enhancement was fit quantitatively to the Fujita–Doolittle equation, indicating that the oligomers acted like a traditional plasticizer to increase the free volume in the system. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 3933–3943, 2000
Excitons at a single localized center induced by a natural composition modulation in bulk<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ga</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.5</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">In</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.5</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi></mml:math> (2000)

Optical properties of ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{In}}_{0.5}\mathrm{P}$ grown by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy are reported. A strong optical anisotropy due to the spontaneous lateral composition modulation of Ga and In was observed in macro- and micro-photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The micro-PL study revealed that the PL band is composed of sharp lines that arise from the radiative decay of excitons trapped at local potential minima caused by the composition modulation. Anisotropy in PL rise and decay times was also observed. The detection energy dependence of the PL decay time is well explained by considering the relaxation process of excitons from shallow traps to deep traps.
Response to Comments Made by Atif on “In Vitro and In Vivo Proof of Tolerance After Two-Step Haploidentical Bone Marrow and Kidney Transplantation of the Same Donor” (2012)

We thank Atif for his interest in our recent letter to the editor (1). In response to the comments provided by Atif, we would like to reply point-by-point as follows: AGE OF TRANSPLANT This comment assumes that the thymus does not select T cells in older patients because of the involution of this organ, but if this really happens in humans is questionable. HLA MATCHING The second comment is wrong because the original concept of minor histocompatibility antigens is that T-cell reactivity is observed against lymphocytes of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) identical siblings because of peptides presented from polymorphic proteins. The reactivity is HLA restricted. Therefore, it is vice versa. HLA identity between donor and recipient increases the chance for reactivity against minor histocompatibility antigen. Furthermore, the frequency of interferon-γ–producing recipient cells after stimulation with HLA-matched third-party antigens using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot technique has already been presented for 0, 3, and 6 mismatches. HYPORESPONSIVENESS VERSUS TOLERANCE An update on the graft survival after withdrawal of immunosuppression can be given. The only concern why tolerance can be lost in a tolerant individual is the rise of autoimmunity. This can happen when organ-respective kidney-specific antigens pop up, which are normally not presented to the immune system or if regularly occurring autoreactive T cells are not appropriately suppressed. EXTENDING FUNCTIONAL ASSAYS The proposed assays for obtaining an immune tolerance profile has been used by Mathew et al. in the setting of donor bone marrow cell infusion 4 days after living-donor kidney transplantation. By this means they induced donor microchimerism. They were interested in monitoring any regulatory mechanisms provoked by this therapy concept. In our reported case rather central tolerance was induced by bone marrow transplantation with complete chimerism before kidney transplantation. No further regulatory effects would have been expected after transplantation. The best functional assay in this case remains the in vivo transplantation result. These statements are further supported by previous publications by Eiermann et al. (2) and Rosenkrantz et al. (3). Florian Wolfgang Rudolf Vondran 1 Thomas Eiermann2 Friedrich Thaiss3 Reinhard Schwinzer1 Björn Nashan4 Martina Koch4 1 Transplant Laboratory, Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. 2 HLA Laboratory, University Hospital Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. 3 Department of Internal Medicine/Nephrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. 4 Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
The domesticated robot (2012)

Many older adults wish to remain in their own homes as they age [16]. However, challenges in performing home upkeep tasks threaten an older adult's ability to age in place. Even healthy independently living older adults experience challenges in maintaining their home [13]. Challenges with home tasks can be compensated through technology, such as home robots. However, for home robots to be adopted by older adult users, they must be designed to meet older adults' needs for assistance and the older users must be amenable to robot assistance for those needs. We conducted a needs assessment to (1) assess older adults' openness to assistance from robots; and (2) understand older adults' opinions about using an assistive robot to help around the home. We administered questionnaires and conducted structured group interviews with 21 independently living older adults (ages 65-93). The questionnaire data suggest that older adults prefer robot assistance for cleaning and fetching/organizing tasks overall. However their assistance preferences discriminated between tasks. The interview data provided insight as to <i>why</i> they hold such preferences. Older adults reported benefits of robot assistance (e.g., the robot compensating for limitations, saving them time and effort, completing undesirable tasks, and performing tasks at a high level of performance). Participants also reported concerns such as the robot damaging the environment, being unreliable at or incapable of doing a task, doing tasks the older adult would rather do, or taking up too much space/storage. These data, along with specific comments from participant interviews, provide the basis for preliminary recommendations for designing mobile manipulator robots to support aging in place.
How to Design a Clinical Trial (2003)

Clinical research, like all research, stems from curiosity. Although some research questions are harder to answer than others, the application of a well-designed trial coupled with the right question can yield valuable information. Indeed, a poorly designed randomized trial will not generate as much scientific information as a well-designed and well-executed prospective observational study. The success and applicability of a research trial depends on many factors. This chapter is not intended to be a treatise on clinical epidemiology or statistics, but instead will focus on some of these factors and other practical aspects of trial design specifically related to nephrology.
Hybrid metal-dielectric metasurfaces for refractive index sensing (2018)

The utilization of a hybrid metal-dielectric metasurface for sensing is demonstrated experimentally.We show how the hybridization between the different modes supported by the structure determines the overall sensitivity of the system.
Bayesian Analysis of Single-Molecule Experimental Data (2005)

Summary Recent advances in experimental technologies allow scientists to follow biochemical processes on a single-molecule basis, which provides much richer information about chemical dynamics than traditional ensemble-averaged experiments but also raises many new statistical challenges. The paper provides the first likelihood-based statistical analysis of the single-molecule fluorescence lifetime experiment designed to probe the conformational dynamics of a single deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hairpin molecule. The conformational change is initially treated as a continuous time two-state Markov chain, which is not observable and must be inferred from changes in photon emissions. This model is further complicated by unobserved molecular Brownian diffusions. Beyond the simple two-state model, a competing model that models the energy barrier between the two states of the DNA hairpin as an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process has been suggested in the literature. We first derive the likelihood function of the simple two-state model and then generalize the method to handle complications such as unobserved molecular diffusions and the fluctuating energy barrier. The data augmentation technique and Markov chain Monte Carlo methods are developed to sample from the posterior distribution desired. The Bayes factor calculation and posterior estimates of relevant parameters indicate that the fluctuating barrier model fits the data better than the simple two-state model.