gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Methods of Transfection with Messenger RNA Gene Vectors (2015)

Non-viral gene delivery vectors with messenger RNA (mRNA) as a carrier of genetic information are among the staple gene transfer vectors for research in gene therapy, gene vaccination and cell fate reprogramming. As no passage of genetic cargo in and out of the nucleus is required, mRNA-based vectors typically offer the following five advantages: 1) fast start of transgene expression; 2) ability to express genes in non-dividing cells with an intact nuclear envelope; 3) insensitivity to the major gene silencing mechanisms, which operate in the nucleus; 4) absence of potentially mutagenic genomic insertions; 5) high cell survival rate after transfection procedures, which do not need to disturb nuclear envelope. In addition, mRNA-based vectors offer a simple combination of various transgenes through mixing of several mRNAs in a single multi-gene cocktail or expression of a number of proteins from a single mRNA molecule using internal ribosome entry sites (IRESes), ribosome skipping sequences and proteolytic signals. However, on the downside, uncontrolled extracellular and intracellular decay of mRNA can be a substantial hurdle for mRNA-mediated gene transfer. Procedures for mRNA delivery are analogous to DNA transfer methods, which are well-established. In general, there are three actors in the gene delivery play, namely, the vector, the cell and the transfer environment. The desired outcome, that is, the efficient delivery of a gene to a target cell population, depends on the efficient interaction of all three parties. Thus, the vector should be customised for the target cell population and presented in a form that is resistant to the aggressive factors in the delivery milieu. At the same time, the delivery environment should be adjusted to be more vector-friendly and more cell-friendly. The recipient cells should be subjected to a specific regimen or artificially modified to become receptive to gene transfer with a particular vector and resistant to the environment. As a rule, barriers outside tissues (e.g. mucus) and an aggressive intercellular environment complicate gene delivery in vivo, which, therefore, requires more complex gene transfer procedures than transfection of tissue culture cells. This review is focused on transfection methods for mRNA vectors, which rely either on the forceful propulsion of mRNA inside the target cells (e.g. by electroporation or gene gun) or on the complexing of mRNA with other substances (e.g. polycationic transfection reagents) for delivery via endocytic pathways.
Some Biochemical and Haematological Effects of Garlic (Allium sativum) Ginger (Zingiber officiale) and extracts in rats (2012)

Garlic and ginger have been used as a dietary agent through-out the world. The present study evaluated some biochemical and haematological effects of Ginger (Zingiber officiale) and Garlic (Allium sativum) extracts in rats. To achieve this, thirty five albino Wistar rats were used. They were divided into the following groups as follows: Group 1: Served as control and were administered with 1ml of distilled water, Group 2: Received 20mg/kg b w of garlic, Group 3: Received 40mg/kg b w of garlic, Group 4: Received 20mg/kg b w of ginger, Group 5: Received 40mg/kg b w of ginger, Group 6: Received garlic 10mg and ginger 10mg/kg b w Group 7: Received garlic 20mg and ginger 20mg/kg b w. All treatment is by gavage orally and lasted for a period of 28 days. After the last day of treatment, blood samples were collected for determination of biochemical and haematological parameters. The result showed a significantly decreased (p<0.05) serum sodium level and significantly elevated (p<0.05) serum potassium level in garlic and ginger extract treated groups when compared to the control group. In respect to serum chloride ion only 20 and 40mg/kg bw of garlic showed a significant effect (p<0.05) when compared to control group. There was statistically significant reduction (p<0.05) on serum levels of both ionized and total calcium in the extract treated groups when compared to the control group. There was a statistically significant reduction (p<0.05) on packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentration in garlic and ginger extract treated groups when compared to control group. However, the red cell count was significantly elevated (p<0.05) in the groups that received garlic and ginger extract when compared to the control group. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the groups that received 20 mg/kg bw of ginger extract and its combination with garlic at various doses for total white blood cell count and 40 mg/kg bw of ginger and its combination for neutrophils count when compared to control group. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the animals administered with 40 mg/kg bw of garlic and its combination for lymphocyte and monocyte count when compared to control group. In conclusion, administration of garlic and ginger as well as its combination to animals significantly alter the serum electrolytes and decreased the packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentration with an elevated red cell count.
A target-delay-driven packet scheduling scheme for real-time interactive applications (2009)

Real-time interactive applications have become widespread exemplified by distance learning, online gaming, and voice/video conferencing. These applications have the most stringent packet delay requirement. If such packets arrive late to the recipients, exceeding the maximum tolerable delay, they will become obsolete and be dropped. In this paper, we propose to compute and use the difference, called the deadline, between the application dependent maximum delay requirement and the accumulated delay the packets experienced to guide the packet schedulers in selecting which packets to transmit next. The objective of this paper is to minimize the number of packets that exceed the maximum tolerable delay to their receivers. The resulting method is called the target-delay-driven scheduling in which the priority of a packet increases as its deadline decreases when traversing the network. Analysis and simulations show that the target-delay-driven scheduling has a significant delay performance improvement over the method without using the deadline in scheduling packets.
Learning to Answer Questions From Image Using Convolutional Neural Network (2015)

In this paper, we propose to employ the convolutional neural network (CNN) for the image question answering (QA). Our proposed CNN provides an end-to-end framework with convolutional architectures for learning not only the image and question representations, but also their inter-modal interactions to produce the answer. More specifically, our model consists of three CNNs: one image CNN to encode the image content, one sentence CNN to compose the words of the question, and one multimodal convolution layer to learn their joint representation for the classification in the space of candidate answer words. We demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed model on the DAQUAR and COCO-QA datasets, which are two benchmark datasets for the image QA, with the performances significantly outperforming the state-of-the-art.
The mobility of H<sup>+</sup>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n</sub>ions in water vapour (1986)

The mobility of positive charge carriers in water vapour has been measured using an ion swarm time-of-flight technique. A pressure range from 40 to 290 Pa and a reduced electric field from 10 to 950 Td have been adopted. The calculated zero-field reduced ion mobility is in good agreement with Langevin's polarisation limit theory and equals 0.69 cm2 V-1 s-1. The quadrupole mass analyser was applied as the ion detector.
A linguistically-informative approach to dialect recognition using dialect-discriminating context-dependent phonetic models (2010)

We propose supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms to extract dialect discriminating phonetic rules and use these rules to adapt biphones to identify dialects. Despite many challenges (e.g., sub-dialect issues and no word transcriptions), we discovered dialect discriminating biphones compatible with the linguistic literature, while outperforming a baseline monophone system by 7.5% (relative). Our proposed dialect discriminating biphone system achieves similar performance to a baseline all-biphone system despite using 25% fewer biphone models. In addition, our system complements PRLM (Phone Recognition followed by Language Modeling), verified by obtaining relative gains of 15-29% when fused with PRLM. Our work is an encouraging first step towards a linguistically-informative dialect recognition system, with potential applications in forensic phonetics, accent training, and language learning.
The ATP binding site of the yeast plasma membrane proton-translocating ATPase. (1990)

Photoaffinity labeling of the active site of the yeast plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase has been studied with 2-azido-AMP and 2-azido-ATP. The ATPase activity of the enzyme decreases as the time of photolysis of the photoactive nucleotides in the presence of the enzyme increases. The covalent incorporation of [alpha-32P]2-azido-AMP into the enzyme and the inhibition of ATPase activity have comparable time courses. ATP protects the ATPase from incorporation of and photoinactivation by 2-azido-ATP or 2-azido-AMP. In the dark, 2-azido-ATP inhibits the ATPase at concentrations comparable to the apparent Michaelis constant for MgATP. After photolysis and proteolysis of the protein, three overlapping peptides labeled by the nucleotide analogues were purified by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and sequenced. The peptides are derived from a region of the ATPase that is highly conserved in related cation pumps forming a phosphorylated intermediate during the catalytic cycle. Labeling with both nucleotide analogues occurs in peptides containing residues from aspartate 560 to lysine 566. The amino acids in this region conform to a consensus sequence for ATP binding derived from phosphofructokinase.
Floral Resources of Honeybee Plant Species at Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India (2004)

The honeybees Apis dorsata, Apis cerana indica and A. florea distributed throughout India. At Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India, a total of 74 plant species served as pollen and nectar resources to honeybees. The trees are far much more than those of shrubs, herbs and creepers. The pollen out-put was determined in 66 plant species, and nectar volume and sugar concentration were determined in 34 plant species.
Viewpoint switching in multiview video streaming (2005)

In this paper, a novel coding scheme is proposed for switching viewpoint in multiview video streaming, which can switch freely and efficiently between any two adjacent views of the multiview video even if the switching point is not an intra frame. The proposed scheme implements the switch function at the predictive frames and improves the efficiency of the switched frames by limiting the mismatch between the references for the prediction and the reconstruction. Interview prediction, based on a global motion model, is used to reduce the differences between two adjacent views and the global disparity parameters are transmitted. To further improve the switching efficiency, a new rate-distortion optimization model is proposed to give the smart inter/intra selection when encoding. The H.264 coding scheme is employed as the platform. Experimental results show that, compared to switching directly, the proposed scheme can improve the coding efficiency up to 2 dB in PSNR.
Novel<i>as1</i>and<i>as2</i>defects in leaf adaxial-abaxial polarity reveal the requirement for<i>ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1</i>and<i>2</i>and<i>ERECTA</i>functions in specifying leaf adaxial identity (2003)

The shoot apical meristem (SAM) of seed plants is the site at which lateral organs are formed. Once organ primordia initiate from the SAM, they establish polarity along the adaxial-abaxial, proximodistal and mediolateral axes. Among these three axes, the adaxial-abaxial polarity is of primary importance in leaf patterning. In leaf development, once the adaxial-abaxial axis is established within leaf primordia, it provides cues for proper lamina growth and asymmetric development. It was reported previously that the Arabidopsis ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 (AS1) and ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2) genes are two key regulators of leaf polarity. In this work, we demonstrate a new function of the AS1 and AS2 genes in the establishment of adaxial-abaxial polarity by analyzing as1 and as2 alleles in the Landsberg erecta (Ler) genetic background. We provide genetic evidence that the Arabidopsis ERECTA (ER) gene is involved in the AS1-AS2 pathway to promote leaf adaxial fate. In addition, we show that AS1 and AS2 bind to each other, suggesting that AS1 and AS2 may form a complex that regulates the establishment of leaf polarity. We also report the effects on leaf polarity of overexpression of the AS1 or AS2 genes under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CAMV) 35S promoter. Although plants with as1 and as2 mutations have very similar phenotypes, 35S::AS1/Ler and 35S::AS2/Ler transgenic plants showed dramatically different morphologies. A possible model of the AS1, AS2 and ER action in leaf polarity formation is discussed.
What makes a code review trustworthy? (2004)

Code review is an important step during the process of certifying safety-critical software because only code that passes review can be implemented. Reviews are performed by review boards composed of highly skilled and experienced computer scientists, engineers and analysts who generally rely upon a checklist of properties ranging from high-level requirements to minute language details. While many checklists and coding standards exist, the actual decision of which properties are most important is generally based on the experience of the person in charge. This paper addresses the questions: How can code review ensure certification of trustworthy code? and Is code review trustworthy? We surveyed technical leaders at NASA and the Aerospace industry to find out which properties are most important during the code review. To make analyze easier, the most common properties have been classified along different "views", ranging from a standards-oriented view (defined as the properties needed to satisfy a specific standard) to a tool-oriented view. In this paper, we present this classification together with a summary of findings and feed-back from the survey. We also discuss how a more uniform view on properties of code review and tool capabilities can result in increased trust for safety-critical software.
Protein engineering of the pH dependence of subtilisin BPN (1987)

This thesis describes the production and analysis of mutants of subtilisin BPN' which have been designed to alter the pH dependence of enzyme catalysis.Using site-directed mutagenesis, the net surface charge of subtilisin BPN' was altered by replacing charged surface amino acid side chains with either uncharged side chains or side chains of the opposite charge.Enzymes were generated with significantly shifted pH-activity profiles, higher catalytic activities, and altered specificities.computer-magician and friend, without whom this work would have taken 6 years to perform.I should like to thank Paul Thomas for cloning the subtilisin gene, his guidance in the molecular biology parts of this work, and the squash games.My thanks also to Mark Bycroft for his help and encouragement in the enzyme purifications, and to Jack Knill-Jones for synthesising the oligonucleotides.Lastly thanks to Glyn Millhouse for taking the photographs and Geraldine Davies for technical assistance.Any mistakes in this thesis are undoubtedly the fault of the typist.There are, of course, many people without whose encouragement this work may not have been possible.In particular many thanks are due to Tim Wells for his friendship, help and unending encouragement, Walter Ward for his constructive advice, Thor Borgford for his wit, Mac Intosh for helping with the diagrams and all the people in the group for their friendship.Most importantly, however, my thanks to Janice for always being there and looking after me.
Accuracy improvement with merged template in fingerprint identifying (2010)

Fingerprint images captured on-line are often partial fingerprint due to the small size of fingerprint sensors, and this increases the difficulty of the recognition. A template merged different impressions from the same finger is used to solve the problem. During the matching process, the enrolling feature is compared with the merged template, and the matching accuracy is highly improved.
A new solid medium for enumerating cellulose-utilizing bacteria in soil (1995)

A solid medium containing ashed, acid-washed cellulose and a dye, Congo red, has been developed for enumeration of cellulose-utilizing bacteria in soil. Bacteria able to use the cellulose in this medium produced distinct zones of clearing around their colonies. A vivid contrast between the uniform red color of the medium and these halos made this method of differentiation of these organisms superior to other methods.
Crucial Effects of Polar Alignment Symmetry on the Dynamical Behaviors of Quasi-Homeotropic Liquid Crystal Cells (2002)

We present an interesting transient electro-optical phenomenon including double optical bounce during the rising period of a quasi-homeotropic liquid crystal (QHLC) cell with an asymmetrical polar-alignment boundary condition. The unique optical behavior of the QHLC cell is produced by the flow effect together with the complicated alignment condition of the substrates, which is a combination of the deviation of azimuthal alignment and the asymmetrical polar alignment. We have found that the symmetrical characteristic of polar alignment plays a critical role in the dynamical behavior of the QHLC cell. Furthermore, our simulation results show that the double optical-bounce phenomenon appears even when the difference between the top and bottom tilt angles is only 0.1°. The experimental results and numerical calculation are described in this paper.
Radio-echo sounding of the lambert glacier basin (1975)

Abstract Several seasons of aerial ice-thickness soundings over the region of the Prince Charles Mountains, the Lambert Glacier system, the Amery Ice Shelf, and their drainage basin in east Antarctica have now been completed. The measurements provide detailed maps of surface topography and ice thickness over an area of about 2 X 10 5 km 2 . The equipment used consisted of a 100 MHz echo sounder designed and constructed by Antarctic Division and carried in a Pilatus Porter aircraft. ERTS imagery provides a valuable background for portraying the echo-sounding results. These results show that an extensive, deep subglacial valley system forms the basis of the large drainage basin with concave ice surface topography which channels the ice flow into the Amery Ice Shelf. Deep glacial streams penetrate a long way into the ice-sheet basin. The rock relief is considerable, varying from 3 000 m above (present) sea-level to 2 000 m below sea-level. A very deep subglacial trench exists in the region of the confluence of the Fisher, Mellor, and Lambert Glaciers where the ice thickness reaches 2 500 m. The low surface slope and high ice velocity are suggestive of high melt production in this region. The strong echo, together with the high bedrock back-slope, suggests that the deep trench may contain a basal melt lake.
In Situ Exploration of Large Dynamic Networks (2011)

The analysis of large dynamic networks poses a challenge in many fields, ranging from large bot-nets to social networks. As dynamic networks exhibit different characteristics, e.g., being of sparse or dense structure, or having a continuous or discrete time line, a variety of visualization techniques have been specifically designed to handle these different aspects of network structure and time. This wide range of existing techniques is well justified, as rarely a single visualization is suitable to cover the entire visual analysis. Instead, visual representations are often switched in the course of the exploration of dynamic graphs as the focus of analysis shifts between the temporal and the structural aspects of the data. To support such a switching in a seamless and intuitive manner, we introduce the concept of in situ visualization--a novel strategy that tightly integrates existing visualization techniques for dynamic networks. It does so by allowing the user to interactively select in a base visualization a region for which a different visualization technique is then applied and embedded in the selection made. This permits to change the way a locally selected group of data items, such as nodes or time points, are shown--right in the place where they are positioned, thus supporting the user's overall mental map. Using this approach, a user can switch seamlessly between different visual representations to adapt a region of a base visualization to the specifics of the data within it or to the current analysis focus. This paper presents and discusses the in situ visualization strategy and its implications for dynamic graph visualization. Furthermore, it illustrates its usefulness by employing it for the visual exploration of dynamic networks from two different fields: model versioning and wireless mesh networks.
Renforcement des capacites de suivi et d'evaluation en Afrique (1999)

This article reports the proceedings of the Regional Seminar and Workshop, Monitoring and Evaluation Capacity Development in Africa, held in Abidjan, November 6-9, 1998. The objectives of the workshop include: a) to provide an overview of progress with evaluation capacity development in Africa; b) to build consensus on the purposes and elements of monitoring and evaluation (ME c) to identify strategies and resources for building ME d) to help country teams to develop preliminary action plans for developing ME and e) to support the creation of country and regional networks to encourage follow-on work. Discussions during the seminar underlined important directions in African administration and aid agencies. 1) There is a global trend toward more accountable, responsive, and efficient government. 2) The role of evaluation within individual development assistance agencies is gaining in clarity and effectiveness. 3) The outlook for development partnership across the development community is bigger than it has ever been. There is a growing demand for evaluation capacity development (ECD) programs that would help support planned public sector reforms, including more efficient and transparent public expenditure systems.
The Exploitation of Acculturating Immigrant Populations (2007)

This analysis is based upon the experiences of Civil Society, a provider of legal and support services to immigrants who are victims of crime, regulatory violations and unscrupulous business practices in St. Paul, Minnesota since 1996. The types of victimizations covered range from sexual harassment to defrauding immigrants of tax credits to consumer frauds to labor law violations to domestic abuse and mail order brides. Contrary to what advocates of policies promoting acculturation and integration of immigrants might expect, the analysis finds that the victimization of immigrants increases as they seek to acculturate into society.
An Efficient Evolution Method of Current TDM-PON for Next-Generation Access (2007)

An efficient evolution method from a TDM-PON to a next-generation PON is proposed and demonstrated. A single-type three-port wavelength band combiner/splitter enables an efficient evolution of TDM-PON maintaining the current PON infrastructure and wavelength plan.
Report of A Survey of the State of the Environment in the Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (2000)

Abstract In connection with the change in economic principles and disintegration of big industrial enterprises, the environmental pollution in Baltic States decreased considerably in 1991-1996. Although there are still many things waiting to be done, the improvement of the Baltic environmental situation during the years of independence gives us a cause to be optimistic.