gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Carbon Nanotubes Functionalized by NO<sub>2</sub>:  Coexistence of Charge Transfer and Radical Transfer (2006)

The adsorption of NO(2) molecules on a series of zigzag (n,0) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) (n = 6-12) have been investigated by first-principles methods. The results indicate that the tube diameter and the concentration of NO(2) gas determine the interactions between NO(2) molecules and the tube. The chemisorption of a single NO(2) is only possible for the tube with a small diameter (n < 10), while the second NO(2) molecule can be chemisorbed for all tubes studied here. The additions of more NO(2) molecules in different patterns have also been considered for a (8,0) tube, and the NO(2) groups prefer the pair arrangement with stronger binding energy. According to the results of band structure calculations, overall, the SWNT exhibits a p-type response upon exposure to NO(2) gas and the electron charge transfer is an important reason for explaining the enhancement of conductivity of the tube. Moreover, it is interesting that, accompanied by charge transfer, the chemisorption of NO(2) also leads to the radical transfer from the NO(2) group to the carbon atoms at the ortho and para sites of the six-membered ring. As a result, the SWNT possesses the radical characteristic, which facilitates the further functionalization of the tube wall.
Incidence and Pathology of Synucleinopathies and Tauopathies Related to Parkinsonism (2013)

The incidence of proteinopathies related to parkinsonism increases steeply with age and is consistently higher in men than women. Clinically diagnosed synucleinopathies are much more common than tauopathies. Findings at autopsy confirm the clinical diagnosis of presumed proteinopathy. Our findings may guide health care planning and prompt new research directions.
Eye Development and Retinogenesis (2012)

Three embryonic tissue sources-the neural ectoderm, the surface ectoderm, and the periocular mesenchyme-contribute to the formation of the mammalian eye. For this reason, the developing eye has presented an invaluable system for studying the interactions among cells and, more recently, genes, in specifying cell fate. This article describes how the eye primordium is specified in the anterior neural plate by four eye field transcription factors and how the optic vesicle becomes regionalized into three distinct tissue types. Specific attention is given to how cross talk between the optic vesicle and surface ectoderm contributes to lens and optic cup formation. This article also describes how signaling networks and cell movements set up axes in the optic cup and establish the multiple cell fates important for vision. How multipotent retinal progenitor cells give rise to the six neuronal and one glial cell type in the mature retina is also explained. Finally, the history and progress of cellular therapeutics for the treatment of degenerative eye disease is outlined. Throughout this article, special attention is given to how disruption of gene function causes ocular malformation in humans. Indeed, the accessibility of the eye has contributed much to our understanding of the basic processes involved in mammalian development.
Immunological responses in identical twins with renal transplants from a common donor. (1976)

Two identical twins suffering from end stage renal failure due to chronic pyelonephritis received cadaver renal allografts from one donor. Immune status was measured in both by in vitro responses to vegetable mitogens and by reactivity in mixed lymphocyte culture with a random volunteer. Both patients underwent rejection episodes at different times; these were of differing severity. Reactivity to PHA and in MLC was minimal during rejection and increased following recovery in spite of continued high levels of immunosuppression. In contrast, reactivity to pokeweed mitogen and concanavalin A increased at the time of rejection and fell with recovery. The changes seen in the twins, while qualitatively similar, differed in magnitude and timing. It is concluded that environmental factors as well as histocompatibility play a part in influencing immune responsiveness, and that studies of immune responsiveness should be interpreted with caution in the management of renal allograft recipients.
A study of a microbial fuel cell battery using manure sludge waste (2007)

Abstract The cell voltage and power performance of a microbial fuel cell utilising waste carbohydrate as a fuel, that does not use a mediator, catalysts or a proton exchange membrane, is reported. Tests were conducted with the cell operated essentially as a battery using manure sludge as fuel and with oxygen reduction in an aqueous solution. Using carbon cloth as both anode and cathode, the cell produced peak power of the order of 5 mW m −2 . The cell performance was not greatly influenced by the quantity of fuel used and required a suitable separation between the cathode, anode and sludge/water interface. Agitation of the sludge did not adversely affect the cell performance, indicating that a continuous fuel cell system could be operated using the manure sludge. Using a platinised carbon cathode doubled the power density to over 10 mW m −2 . The use of nickel as an alternative cathode catalyst was not found to be effective under the conditions of operation of the cell. The cell power performance was found to be consistent and stable over the 3 month duration of the tests, after which point over 95% consumption of carbohydrate was achieved. Examination of the carbon anodes after the tests showed consistent formation of a biofilm on the surface of the fibres. A cell stack design based on multiple pocket anodes containing the fuel sludge has also been demonstrated. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of Drug Smuggler's Abdomen (1991)

Narcotics "body packing" can be detected in abdominal X-rays by the ring shadow caused by air trapped in the packs. In a series of 82 cases admitted for abdominal X-ray in Helsinki, Finland, in 1982 through 1988, we encountered 9 (11.0%) true positives, 3 (3.6%) false positives, and 1 (1.2%) false negative. The false positives were due to the constipation often associated with the narcotics abuse. The false negative X-ray diagnosis was attributable to an inexperienced radiologist. False negatives may also be associated with packets containing marijuana, packs with few wrappings, aluminum-foil coated packs, and machine-packed narcotics. Searching for trapped air in radiographs, repeated X-raying by an experienced radiologist, use of computed tomography, or combined urinary drug screening may be applied to diminish false findings and to avoid unnecessary arrest for the purpose of fecal screening over several days.
The conformational analysis of peptides using fourier transform IR spectroscopy (1995)

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) can be used for conformational analysis of peptides in a wide range of environments. Measurements can be performed in aqueous solution, organic solvents, detergent micelles as well as in phospholipid membranes. Information on the secondary structure of peptides can be derived from the analysis of the strong amide I band. Orientation of secondary structural elements within a lipid bilayer matrix can be determined by means of polarized attenuated total reflectance-FTIR spectroscopy. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange can be monitored by the analysis of the amide II band. This review gives some example of peptide systems studied by FTIR spectroscopy. Studies on alamethicin and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid containing peptides have shown that FTIR spectroscopy is a sensitive tool for identifying 3(10)-helical structures. Changes in the structure of the magainins upon interaction with charged lipids were detected using FTIR spectroscopy. Tachyplesin is an example of a beta-sheet containing membrane active peptide. Polarized ir spectroscopy reveals that the antiparallel beta-sheet structures of tachyplesin are oriented parallel to the membrane surface. Synthesis of peptides corresponding to functionally/structurally important regions of large proteins is becoming increasingly popular. FTIR spectroscopy has been used to analyze the structure of synthetic peptides corresponding to the ion-selective pore of the voltage-gated potassium channel. In biomembrane systems these peptides adopt a highly helical structure. Under conditions, where these peptides are aggregated the presence of some intermolecular beta-sheet structure can also be detected.
Mathematics As Worship (2001)

This paper treats worship in a broad, inclusive sense as the primary and necessary response of human beings to their creator. It provides a brief overview of the relationship between mathematics and theology from the Pythagoreans to the present. It argues that all knowledge is contingent upon faith and thus that contemplation of mathematical insights can lead to worship of God.
Seasonal Variations in the Microclimate of Lymnaea truncatula Habitats (1980)

Variations in the microclimate of two habitats of the snail, Lymnaea truncatula, were compared with the prevailing weather conditions recorded on site or at nearby meteorological stations. Between April and October monthly mean surface temperatures were higher then corresponding air temperatures; for the remainder of the year the reverse was true. The daily temperature range at the surface was less than that at screen height, particularly during autumn and winter, and the temperature maxima on the habitats exceeded the corresponding maximum air temperatures only in the spring and early summer when the moisture content of the surrounding pasture had fallen below field capacity. Soil surface moisture is not adequately described by any of the conventional measures of soil water content. An alternative visual method for the estimation of soil surface moisture is discussed. It is concluded that standard meteorological measurements provide misleading indices of the microclimate of L. truncatula habitats.
ChemInform Abstract: My Thirty Years in Hydrocarbon Cages: From Adamantane to Dodecahedrane (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Spatial Vector Electrocardiography (1950)

A new method for the interpretation of conventional electrocardiographic leads is presented. It is based upon evidence that all body surface leads tend to record from the same resultant electrical forces. The various leads write different QRS and T contours in a given case, then, simply because the axis for each of the leads has a different direction in the electrical field and therefore registers different components of these electrical forces. The method has many advantages over "pattern" methods of interpretation. To illustrate its use, a study of QRS vectors is presented with special reference to the S l S 2 S 3 pattern.
Influence Maximization in Continuous Time Diffusion Networks (2012)

The problem of finding the optimal set of source nodes in a diffusion network that maximizes the spread of information, influence, and diseases in a limited amount of time depends dramatically on the underlying temporal dynamics of the network. However, this still remains largely unexplored to date. To this end, given a network and its temporal dynamics, we first describe how continuous time Markov chains allow us to analytically compute the average total number of nodes reached by a diffusion process starting in a set of source nodes. We then show that selecting the set of most influential source nodes in the continuous time influence maximization problem is NP-hard and develop an efficient approximation algorithm with provable near-optimal performance. Experiments on synthetic and real diffusion networks show that our algorithm outperforms other state of the art algorithms by at least ~20% and is robust across different network topologies.
The electronic structures of platinum dichalcogenides: PtS<sub>2</sub>, PtSe<sub>2</sub>and PtTe<sub>2</sub> (1986)

The band structures and density of states functions of platinum dichalcogenides, calculated using the LMTO-ASA method in conjunction with muffin-tin potentials, are reported for the first time. The results predict that PtS2 is a semiconductor with an energy gap of about 1.2 eV, PtSe2 is a semimetal with a slight indirect overlap of the conduction and valence bands, the PtTe2 is a metal with a complex Fermi surface. The electronic structures of these compounds are found to be substantially different from those of group IVb, Vb, and VIb TMDC having the same crystal structure. The results are discussed in terms of atomic orbital binding energies and the local coordination of the constituent atoms. The band structures obtained are generally in good agreement with the available experimental measurements.
The net delusion: the dark side of Internet freedom (2011)

The revolution will be Twittered! declared journalist Andrew Sullivan after protests erupted in Iran in June 2009. Yet for all the talk about the democratizing power of the Internet, regimes in Iran and China are as stable and repressive as ever. In fact, authoritarian governments are effectively using the Internet to suppress free speech, hone their surveillance techniques, disseminate cutting-edge propaganda, and pacify their populations with digital entertainment. Could the recent Western obsession with promoting democracy by digital means backfire? In this spirited book, journalist and social commentator Evgeny Morozov shows that by falling for the supposedly democratizing nature of the Internet, Western do-gooders may have missed how it also entrenches dictators, threatens dissidents, and makes it hardernot easierto promote democracy. Buzzwords like 21st-century statecraft sound good in PowerPoint presentations, but the reality is that digital diplomacy requires just as much oversight and consideration as any other kind of diplomacy. Marshaling compelling evidence, Morozov shows why we must stop thinking of the Internet and social media as inherently liberating and why ambitious and seemingly noble initiatives like the promotion of Internet freedom might have disastrous implications for the future of democracy as a whole.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Properties of A2SnO4 (A: Ba, Sr). A Neutron Diffraction Study. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A user interface specification for a program debugging and measuring environment (1989)

Abstract A high level of complexity is involved in program dynamics. A number of tools have been developed to assist the programmer in mastering this complexity in the various phases of software development. However, these tools are specifically oriented towards the monitoring of particular aspects of program behaviour. This paper presents the results of a systematic attempt at defining the user interface to an environment for program debugging, program performance evaluation and program structure analysis. This environment can be used to implement many common debugging techniques, and to evaluate important program performance indexes and program structure statistics. It supports both sequential and concurrent block‐oriented high‐level languages.
Nonvisual Multisensory Impairment of Body Perception in Anorexia Nervosa: A Systematic Review of Neuropsychological Studies (2014)

The review suggests an altered capacity of AN patients in processing and integration of bodily signals: body parts are experienced as dissociated from their holistic and perceptive dimensions. Specifically, it is likely that not only perception but memory, and in particular sensorimotor/proprioceptive memory, probably shapes bodily experience in patients with AN.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide and nitric oxide promote survival of adult rat myenteric neurons in culture (2003)

Several motility disorders originate in the enteric nervous system (ENS). Our knowledge of factors governing survival of the ENS is poor. Changes in the expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in enteric neurons occur after neuronal injury and in intestinal adaptation. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether VIP and nitric oxide (NO) influence survival of cultured, dissociated myenteric neurons. Neuronal survival was evaluated after 0, 4, and 8 days in culture. Influence of VIP and NO on neuronal survival was examined after culturing in the presence of VIP, NO donor, VIP antiserum, or NOS inhibitor. A marked loss of neurons was noted during culturing. VIP and NO significantly promoted neuronal survival. Corroborating this was the finding of an enhanced neuronal cell loss when cultures were grown in the presence of VIP antiserum or NOS inhibitor.
Nanostructured Zinc Oxide Nanorods with Copper Nanoparticles as a Microreformation Catalyst (2009)

A microreformer that consists of arrayed zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs) with copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs; see picture) is an active catalyst for the conversion of methanol into hydrogen.
Seasonal Effects on Ground-Wave propagation in Cold Regions (1975)

Abstract The ground-wave is the most important mode of propagation of radio waves in Connection with glaciology. In cold regions, special conditions are often prevalent, involving propagation over non-homogeneous earth, presence of stratified media, and low values of conductivity and dielectric constant in the upper strata. A radio wave which propagates along the Earth's surface is, however, also influenced by atmospheric refraction. As the frequency is increased, the roughness of the Earth's surface must also be taken into account. Thus seasonal variations are to be expected due to changes in the electrical and topographical properties of the ground as well as the propagation conditions in the atmosphere. It is, however, difficult to separate these various effects, a fact which reduces the possibility of using ground-wave propagation as a loot for obtaining information on the properties of the ground. Though the propagation of the ground-wave has been dealt with both theoretically and experimentally for almost a century, some of the most valuable information of major importance in cold regions has been obtained during the last ten years. New theoretical papers on propagation over stratified media offer an explanation of the amplitude and phase variations of the ground-wave field, which have been measured, as well as suggesting new methods to be tested as possible aids in solving glaciological problems. In many practical eases of ground-wave propagation in arctic regions, the formula for the ground-wave field strength can be written in a very simple way. Such a propagation model for frequencies above 30 MHz is presented in which account is taken of the Earth's curvature, the terrain irregularities, and the effect of the tropospheric refraction. This model also includes the recovery effect which occurs in propagation over mixed paths. At the higher frequencies the effect of depolarization becomes very important and sometimes overshadows field-strength variations due to the influence of the electrical properties. Finally some problems will be discussed which remain to be solved or have been given very little attention up to now.
Adjustable input Self-Strobed Delay Line ADC intended to implantable devices (2011)

This paper concerns the design of a Self-Strobed Delay Line Analog-to-Digital Converter (SSDL ADC) which is dedicated to digitally controlled Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) in implantable devices. The proposed windowed-based ADC can be adapted for different input signal levels. A new single slow delay cell is used to reduce power consumption, silicon area and hardware complexity. In implantable devices, further to low-power consumption and small area, the ADC is required to operate in continuously decreasing power supply. Consequently, a new current sink circuit is utilized to eleminate the need to redesign its controller if the characteristics of the supply devices change. The ADC is designed in AMS 0.35 μm CMOS process and it c an operate at high switching frequency. Spectre simulations of this ADC show a current consumption as low as 10μA/MHz, and the circuit can provide a wide operating range from zero to 1.5 V with quantization steps smaller than 1% of V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ref</sub> .
Estimating millimeter wave channels using out-of-band measurements (2016)

Channel estimation and beam training can be a source of significant overhead in establishing millimeter wave (mmWave) communication links, especially in high mobility applications like connected vehicles. In this paper, we highlight the opportunities and challenges associated with leveraging channel state information acquired at a lower frequency as a form of side information on a higher frequency channel. We focus on the relationship between spatial correlation matrices of sub-6 GHz and mmWave channels. We provide a transform that can be used to relate the spatial correlation matrix derived at one frequency to another much different frequency. We derive an expression for the excess mean squared error and use it to evaluate the performance experienced by using the transformed correlation in mmWave channel estimation.
On the grain-boundary phase in iron rare-earth boron magnets (1987)

Results of structural and microanalytical studies on sintered iron rare-earth boron permanent magnets are presented in this paper. It is shown that the structure of the phase present at the two-grain boundaries is the same as that of the phase at the three-grain junctions; both are fcc with a lattice parameter of 5.24 Å. It is also shown that this fcc phase is stabilized by the presence of significant quantities of oxygen. The possible effects of thin foil preparation by ion milling techniques in producing the observed bcc phase are also briefly discussed.
Exercise in pregnancy. Part 2: Recommendations for individuals. (1997)

The available data suggest that moderate exercise has minimal risk to a woman and her fetus, if the woman is in good health, the pregnancy is monitored, and the exercise program is modified as necessary.