gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of Environmental Barrier Coatings on Ceramic Matric Composites assisted by LASAT (Laser Shock Adhesion Test) (2019)

Silicon carbide (SiC) fiber reinforced SiC ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are envisaged as structural material for hightemperature parts in next generation aero-engines. A lower density and a higher thermal stability make such composite very attractive for industrial applications but there is a need for a protective coating to prevent the chemical degradation under service conditions. Therefore, Environmental Barrier Coating (EBC) systems consisting of a silicon bond coat and a rare-earth silicate top coat layer deposited by thermal spraying are envisaged and already successfully tested in gas turbine engines. In this work, two different Si/Yb2Si2O7 EBC samples were prepared by plasma spraying involving APS and High-Velocity APS respectively, each exhibiting a different deposition temperature. The non-contacting LASAT method (Laser Shock Adhesion Test) was implemented in order to estimate the potential of this laser shock method and its capability to support the development of optimized spraying parameters leading to enhanced interfacial properties. The LASAT method was previously developed on metal/ceramic systems for thermal barrier coatings (EB-PVD, APS) and also for hydroxyapatite coatings for biomedical applications. This first attempt on SiC/SiC composite substrate coated with an EBC by plasma spray was successful and revealed that the weakest region was located in the silicon layer near the ceramic top-coat. Further observation of damaged regions after laser shock confirmed that the debonding threshold that corresponding to the minimum of laser energy needed to create an interfacial crack was much higher for the APS coating deposited at a higher temperature. Further work is on progress to confirm the role of the deposition temperature on the resulting interface strength and also to address the influence of the composite thickness on the shockwave propagation.
An annual performance comparison of various heat pumps in residential applications (2013)

The overall goal of this work was to compare the performance of five heat pump systems to ultimately identify the residential applications where they are most suitable. These included ducted single-speed, dual-speed, and variable-speed systems, and two ductless mini-split variable-speed systems. The analysis was based on mathematical models of the equipment, simulated in a validated building energy simulation tool called TRNSYS. A total of 480 combinations, derived from the equipment types, eight unique climates, and twelve homes varying in style, construction, and efficiency, were developed and simulated. The results showed the equipment generally following trends according to published or proposed ratings. The most appropriate applications for each heat pump were identified based on comfort, and how climate, equipment capacity, auxiliary heat, and other factors impact SEER and HSPF. Overall, the comfort analysis showed relatively indistinguishable results in term of a percent persons dissatisfied metric but had more meaning when compared to relative humidity statistics. Climate had a significant impact on SEER and HSPF results. Average SEER levels were between 13 and 27% lower than expected. However, for HSPF, there were many instances where applied HSPF exceeded model calculated HSPF at rating conditions. When applied HSPF included auxiliary heating, minimum and mean values decreased significantly. The average minimum and mean performance reduced by 27% and 17%. In terms of equipment sizing, a decrease in performance as the capacity increased in sized was seen as expected for the ducted systems and it was discovered that over-sizing the variable speed system penalized performance, yet over-sizing one of the mini-split systems according to its published capacities improved performance. Each simulated combination from lower-rated heat pumps were compared to the same combinations of higher-rated heat pumps in an effort to determine where lower-rated equipment more closely matched higher-rated equipment. The majority of the differences between ducted equipment comparisons were in home size and efficiency whereas when compared to mini-split systems, climate choice and home efficiency levels were important.
Ophthalmology (1990)

One of the most promising new methods for correcting myopia (nearsightedness), with the potential to correct hyperopia (farsightedness) and astigmatism, is excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy, otherwise known as PRK. The excimer laser is a far-UV laser with a wavelength of 193 nm and has been used in the computer industry for many years to aid in the etching of chips. In 1983, the now classic article by Trokel et al<sup>1</sup>reported the use of this industrial laser to remove tissue from the cornea of the eye in an exquisitely precise manner, without damage (thermal or otherwise) to surrounding structures. The article by Trokel and colleagues clearly delineated the potential of this laser as a powerful tool in refractive surgery. More recently, some research groups have used the excimer laser to sculpt the anterior surface of the cornea,<sup>2-6</sup>while others have used it to make fine linear excisions,<sup>7-9</sup>
Theoretical Analysis of Electrothermal Crack Problem Considering Thomson Effect (1994)

Abstract In order to analyze mechanical behavior of materials subjected to electric current flow such as those of electronic devices, Saka and Abé (1983 and 1992) have introduced the path–independent integrals, je for electric crack problems and jt for electrothermal crack problems. By utilizing the je and jt integrals, the temperature distribution in the vicinity of a crack and the stress intensity factor considering Joule heating have been obtained. It is known that, when electric current flows in the material with temperature gradient, there is generation or absorption of heat as a result of the Thomson effect, which is a kind of thermoelectric effect. It is noted that the Thomson effect has not been considered in the previous work. In this study, a two–dimensional electrothermal crack problem is analyzed by considering Joule heating and also the Thomson effect. The analysis is described in comparison with the previous work. A path-independent integral jtR is introduced by extending jt, and then the temperature distribution near the crack tip is obtained by using the jtR and je integrals.
Multichannel Design of Non Uniform Constellations for Broadcast/Multicast Services (2016)

Recent studies have shown the potential performance gain of Non Uniform Constellations (NUC) compared to the conventional uniform constellations. NUC can be a promising candidate in 5G systems to increase the data throughput. In the literature, NUC is designed for a specific SNR value and propagation channel. However, in broadcast/multicast services, the received signal by different users will see independent and different channels. Hence, in this paper, we focus on the potential gain of NUC when jointly optimized for more than one propagation channel. In order to assess the gain, we propose an iterative algorithm to jointly optimize the NUC for different channel conditions. The resulting constellations are then compared to uniform constellation and single channel NUC. The simulation results show that the newly designed constellations outperform the classical single channel NUC across different channel conditions when the average performance (across different channels) is considered.
Physical Properties and Consumer Liking of Cookies Prepared by Replacing Sucrose with Tagatose (2008)

The objective of this study was to investigate the suitability of tagatose, a minimally absorbed prebiotic monosaccharide, as a replacement for sucrose in cookies. A sucrose-containing cookie recipe was prepared as the control. Sucrose was replaced with tagatose at various levels ranging from 25% to 100%. Cookies containing fructose were also prepared for comparison due to the structural similarities between tagatose and fructose. The rheological properties of the dough were measured using texture profile analysis. The baked cookies were evaluated for spread, color, and hardness. For tagatose-containing cookies, the extent of likeness was evaluated by 53 untrained panelists using a 9-point hedonic scale. When sucrose was replaced by tagatose, doughs with similar rheological properties to the control resulted. The tagatose-containing cookies were harder and darker with a lower spread than the control. Sensory data indicated that panelists liked the brown color of the 100% tagatose cookies better than the control, but disliked their sweetness. Overall likeness scores of the control and cookies made by replacing half of the sucrose with tagatose were the same. Tagatose appears to be suitable as a partial replacer for sucrose in cookies based on similar dough properties, cookie properties, and likeness scores. Using tagatose to replace sucrose in foods would reduce the amount of metabolizeable sugars in the diet as well as provide the desirable prebiotic effect.
Low cost heads-up virtual reality (HUVR) with optical tracking and haptic feedback (2010)

Researchers at the University of California, San Diego, have created a new, relatively low-cost augmented reality system that enables users to touch the virtual environment they are immersed in. The Heads-Up Virtual Reality device (HUVR) couples a consumer 3D HD flat screen TV with a half-silvered mirror to project any graphic image onto the user's hands and into the space surrounding them. With his or her head position optically tracked to generate the correct perspective view, the user maneuvers a force-feedback (haptic) device to interact with the 3D image, literally 'touching' the object's angles and contours as if it was a tangible physical object. HUVR can be used for training and education in structural and mechanical engineering, archaeology and medicine as well as other tasks that require hand-eye coordination. One of the most unique characteristics of HUVR is that a user can place their hands inside of the virtual environment without occluding the 3D image. Built using open-source software and consumer level hardware, HUVR offers users a tactile experience in an immersive environment that is functional, affordable and scalable.
Embedded DiCAD linear phase shifter for 57&#x2013;65GHz reconfigurable direct frequency modulation in 90nm CMOS (2009)

A digitally controlled artificial dielectric (DiCAD) differential transmission line is designed to perform agile linear phase shift over 100deg with thermometer-coded 16 step control. It also operates with a 16 gain-step VGA to enable re-configurable and direct-frequency modulation at 60 GHz with 256 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> states (1.1deg angular and 0.0007 magnitude resolutions) and -31 dB static EVM for multiple PSK/QAM modulations. The modulator uses 0.33 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> core area in 90 nm CMOS and consumes 10 mA at 1 V.
Photochemistry of N-heterocycles. Part 1. Synthesis and photochemistry of some 2(4),5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazines. X-Ray molecular structure of 1-(4-methyl-3,5,6-triphenyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-6-yl)ethanol (1988)

Ethanolic solutions of the hydrochlorides of the mostly new 2(4),5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazines (1)–(4) were irradiated with a high-pressure mercury immersion lamp (λ 300 nm). The salts (1a)–(3a) underwent reductions, ring contractions, and dehydrogenations upon irradiation to yield pyrazoles (5) and (6) along with phenanthroimidazoles (9) and (10). In addition, the 4-methyl-3,5,6-triphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazinium chloride (3a) furnished the 6-(1-hydroxyethyl) adduct (11) whose structure was assigned on the basis of its 1H and 13C n.m.r. spectra, and an X-ray diffraction study. The 4-(3-hydroxypropyl)dihydrotriazinium chloride (4a) led, in addition to the expected pyrazole (5), to two new products: the aromatic triazine (15) and the oxazinotriazine (21) by photoelimination and intramolecular photosubstitution, respectively.
Analysis of soaps with hydrogen bromide in glacial acetic acid (1963)

Abstract Alkali metal carboxylic acid salts of long‐chain fatty acids and of ॅ‐sulfo fatty acids are determined by titration with hydrogen bromide in glacial acetic acid medium. Crystal violet is used as indicator.
Abstract B07: Loss of LKB1 promotes CXCL8 production via NF-κB and WNT signaling in human bronchial epithelial cells. (2014)

Abstract Loss of LKB1/STK11, a tumor suppressor gene, characterizes 5-39% of primary non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). In a murine model of lung carcinogenesis with inducible KRAS activation, concurrent mutation of LKB1 (KrasG12D, Lkb1-/-) yields a higher frequency of NSCLC tumors and metastasis compared to KRAS mutation only. In vitro studies have shown that following LKB1 loss, tumor cells acquire increased migration and invasion through activation of the SRC kinase family. Although these previous findings offer a possible explanation for LKB1-dependent tumor progression, few mechanisms have been proposed to delineate how LKB1 deficiency contributes to pulmonary carcinogenesis. In this study, we utilize human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) immortalized in the absence of viral onco-proteins that represent a useful model to study the early events of lung carcinogenesis. Knockdown of LKB1 in HBECs (LKB1-KD HBECs) leads to numerous cancer-associated phenotypes, including increased proliferation (when combined with KRAS mutation), preference for glycolytic metabolism and induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. More importantly, LKB1-KD HBECs secrete higher levels of multiple inflammatory factors, most prominent of which is the pro-angiogenic chemokine CXCL8. By binding to its membrane receptors CXCR1/2 which are universally expressed by neutrophils, macrophages, endothelial cells and pulmonary epithelial cells, CXCL8 is associated with chemotaxis, angiogenesis, tumorigenicity and metastasis. Our data indicate that knockdown of LKB1 in HBECs leads to transcriptional upregulation and elevated secretion of CXCL8. Moreover, the NF-κB and WNT pathways are activated and mediate the increased release of CXCL8 following LKB1 loss in HBECs. Conversely, re-introduction of wildtype LKB1 in LKB1-null NSCLC tumor cells decreases CXCL8 production and reduces NF-κB and WNT signaling activity. These findings suggest that LKB1 deficiency drives augmentation of CXCL8 in the developing tumor microenvironment via LKB1-dependent NF-κB and WNT signaling in HBECs. In future functional studies, we will determine if the LKB1-CXCL8 axis yields LKB1-dependent angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. Delineating the contribution of LKB1 to these malignant phenotypes may yield a more thorough understanding of the pathogenesis of NSCLC, which is needed to create a pathway for the application of novel early detection and chemoprevention strategies. NIH/NCI #U01CA152751 (SMD, TCW), NCI #U01CA152751-S1 (SMD, TCW), NCI #U01CA152751-AS (SMD, KK), NCI SPORE #P50CA70907 (JDM, JEL) Citation Format: RUI LI, Tonya C. Walser, Kostyantyn Krysan, David Shackelford, Jill E. Larsen, John D. Minna, Steven M. Dubinett. Loss of LKB1 promotes CXCL8 production via NF-κB and WNT signaling in human bronchial epithelial cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-IASLC Joint Conference on Molecular Origins of Lung Cancer; 2014 Jan 6-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2014;20(2Suppl):Abstract nr B07.
COMMERCIALIZATION OF NASA TECHNOLOGY, A SMALL BUSINESS PERSPECTIVE (1997)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The Federal Government is increasingly interested in potential commercial applications for technology developed under Government funding. This emphasis has been especially evident in the Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) Program. Experiences in commercialization efforts are presented. Benefits as well as hindrances of Government policies and regulations are discussed. Suggestions are presented based on a Small Business perspective as well as that of a Government Technical Monitor.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Experience has proven that advancement to Phase III commercialization is a slow tedious process and is dependent upon a number of variables. Some technologies, such as communications, microprocessing, and medical systems are directly marketable both inside and outside of the Government. Other technologies, such as life support systems for manned space flight programs, are dependent upon long term Governmental Programs for internal use, and must be substantially modified to market outside of the Government.</div>
Humanized UGT2 and CYP3A transchromosomic rats for improved prediction of human drug metabolism (2019)

Although "genomically" humanized animals are invaluable tools for generating human disease models as well as for biomedical research, their development has been mainly restricted to mice via established transgenic-based and embryonic stem cell-based technologies. Since rats are widely used for studying human disease and for drug efficacy and toxicity testing, humanized rat models would be preferred over mice for several applications. However, the development of sophisticated humanized rat models has been hampered by the difficulty of complex genetic manipulations in rats. Additionally, several genes and gene clusters, which are megabase range in size, were difficult to introduce into rats with conventional technologies. As a proof of concept, we herein report the generation of genomically humanized rats expressing key human drug-metabolizing enzymes in the absence of their orthologous rat counterparts via the combination of chromosome transfer using mouse artificial chromosome (MAC) and genome editing technologies. About 1.5 Mb and 700 kb of the entire UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 2 and cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A genomic regions, respectively, were successfully introduced via the MACs into rats. The transchromosomic rats were combined with rats carrying deletions of the endogenous orthologous genes, achieved by genome editing. In the "transchromosomic humanized" rat strains, the gene expression, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism observed in humans were well reproduced. Thus, the combination of chromosome transfer and genome editing technologies can be used to generate fully humanized rats for improved prediction of the pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions in humans, and for basic research, drug discovery, and development.
Library Free Technology Mapping (1997)

This paper presents an efficient method for mapping a set of Boolean equations onto a set of Static CMOS Complex Gates (SCCGs) under a constraint in the number of serial transistors. This Library Free Technology Mapping (LFTM) approach uses a virtual library of SCCGs available through a layout generator, instead of using a limited set of pre-characterized cells. Our goal is to use a virtual library of SCCGs to perform the mapping at the transistor level, in order to fit the topological constraints imposed by the CMOS technology. Limitations of previously proposed techniques to perform Library Free Technology Mapping are discussed. The proposed method, based on an one-to-one association of CMOS transistors with Binary Decision Diagram arcs, is not dependent on the initial ordering of Boolean equations. Experimental results comparing this technique to previously published ones indicate that it generates good-quality solutions.
ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT IN EPITAXIAL FILMS STUDIED BY SCANNING PROBE TECHNIQUES (1997)

Hot electron transport in epitaxial CoSi 2 /Si heterostructures has been studied in situ by ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM) at 77 K. At CoSi 2 /Si(111) interfaces elastic scattering at interfacial defects could be imaged with spatial resolution on a nanometer scale. Hot electron injection across CoSi 2 /n-Si(111) interfaces was found to be favored by interface scattering, in contrast to hot hole injection across CoSi 2 /p-Si(111) , in agreement with expectations based on the projected Si band structure. Inelastic scattering within the metal film was found to become dominant at energies above ~4 eV, leading to a strong sensitivity of the BEEM current on film thickness variations. This could be exploited to generate maps of the film thickness distribution, facilitating the interpretation of quantum size effects (QSE's) which appear both in BEEM and in scanning tunneling spectroscopy. The variation of the BEEM current was found to be entirely due to scattering effects at CoSi 2 /Si(111) interfaces, the Schottky barrier height being constant. At CoSi 2 /Si(100) interfaces, however, a pronounced decrease in the Schottky barrier height was observed at certain interfacial defects, some of which are not yet identified.
Using an impedance-modulated reflector for passive communication (2002)

The idea of using modulated reflectors for communicating is not new. Stockman (1948) considered this possibility, envisioning however that the modulation would need to be achieved by mechanical means, stating that "modulation (of a reflector antenna) usually requires mechanical oscillation of large masses, joined into a rigid system by members of insufficient stiffness; thus the upper modulation cutoff frequency becomes unduly low." We discuss the alternative of using electronic modulation of its terminating impedance to vary the reflectance of a passive-node antenna (PNA) and demonstrate its practical feasibility in a real system. The system described was developed specifically to use an impedance-modulated reflector (IMR) as the PNA in a medium range (up to 10s of km), low power (a few watts at the active node), slow-scan video surveillance application using compression technology to permit it to utilize narrowband satellite and telephone channels. An advantage of an IMR in this application is that it is inherently covert and therefore hard to detect. The passive-node hardware can also be made small, lightweight, rugged, reliable and power parsimonious (only a small amount of power is needed to operate the ancillary electronics). The active node in our system uses a Doppler radar.
Formation of Nonlinear Photonic Structures by Atomic Laser Heating in Glass Materials (2005)

Transparent nano-crystallization in glass must be the best material solution to obtain a novel functional glass with permanent second-order optical nonlinearity. Challenges for laser- induced formation of photonic circuits from nano-particles ordering to single-crystal patterning in glasses are presented.