gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Progress in understanding the safety and efficacy of Janus kinase inhibitors for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (2016)

In this article, we mainly review the efficacy and safety of JAK inhibitors currently under investigation. Tofacitinib has already been approved in 43 countries except in the EU. Results of three JAK inhibitors (baricitinib, decernotinib, and peficitinib) in phase III are consistent with that of tofacitinib. Tofacitinib and baricitinib were partially effective in patients who had an inadequate response to biological DMARDs. Expert commentary: JAK kinase inhibitors provide a new therapeutic approach for rheumatoid arthritis. Meanwhile, further studies are needed to determine their risk-benefit ratio and the most appropriate patients suitable for such therapy.
Comparison of free fatty acid content of human milk from Taiwanese mothers and infant formula (2013)

FFA levels in HM from Taiwanese mothers are in agreement with results for different geographically distinct populations. Nevertheless, the FFA content in IF did not meet well with HM, particularly, the excess additives of saturated and monounsaturated FAs, and the shortage of polyunsaturated FAs. The effect of variations in FFA content in IF on future unfavorable outcomes such as obesity, atopic syndrome, and less optimal infant neurodevelopment should be further investigated.
Shock-dispersed-fuel charges - combustion in chambers and tunnels (2003)

Abstract Not Provided
Color edge detection using vector order statistics (1993)

A method is proposed whereby a color image is treated as a vector field and the edge information carried directly by the vectors is exploited. A class of color edge detectors is defined as the minimum over the magnitudes of linear combinations of the sorted vector samples. From this class, a specific edge detector is obtained and its performance characteristics studied. Results of a quantitative evaluation and comparison to other color edge detectors, using Pratt's (1991) figure of merit and an artificially generated test image, are presented. Edge detection results obtained for real color images demonstrate the efficiency of the detector.
Free-View TV watermark selection based on the distribution characteristics (2009)

In free-view television (FTV), the user can interactively control the viewpoint and generate new arbitrary views of a dynamic scene from any 3D position. The new views might be recorded and misused. Therefore the problem of copyright and copy protection in FTV should be solved. Among many alternative rights management methods, the copyright problem for visual data can be approached by means of embedding hidden imperceptible information, called watermark, into the image and video content. But this approach differs from the simple watermarking technique, since watermark in FTV should not only be resistant to common video processing and multi-view video processing operations, it should also be easily extracted from a generated video of an arbitrary view. In this paper, we focus on the evaluation of the performance of several watermarks according to their distribution characteristics in order to survive in the new generated arbitrary views of FTV.
Noise compensation for autoregressive spectral estimates (1980)

The autoregressive spectral estimator possesses excellent resolution properties for time series which satisfy the "all-pole" assumption. When noise is added to the time series under analysis, the resolution of the spectral estimator decreases rapidly as the signal-to-noise ratio decreases. The usual approach to this problem is to model the resulting time series by the more appropriate autoregressive-moving average process and to use standard time series analysis techniques to identify the autoregressive parameters. This standard technique, however, does not result in a positive-definite autocorrelation matrix. As a result, it is shown that the resulting spectral estimator may exhibit a large increase in variance. An alternative approach, termed the noise compensation technique, is proposed. It attempts to correct the estimated reflection coefficients for the effect of white noise, assuming the noise variance is known or can be estimated. Simulation results indicate that a significant decrease in the degrading effects of noise may be realized using the noise compensation technique.
Low power realization of finite state machines—a decomposition approach (1996)

We present in this article a new approach to the synthesis problem for finite state machines with the reduction of power dissipation as a design objective. A finite state machine is decomposed into a number of coupled submachines. Most of the time, only one of the submachines will be activated which, consequently, could lead to substantial savings in power consumption. The key steps in our approach are: (1) decomposition of a finite state machine into submachines so that there is a high probability that state transitions will be confined to the smaller of the submachines most of the time, and (2) synthesis of the coupled submachines to optimize the logic circuits. Experimental results confirmed that our approach produced very good results (in particular, for finite state machines with a large number of states.)
Data for All: Using Satellite Observations for Social Good (2015)

The satellite and science communities must engage with stakeholders to identify priorities and capabilities, enabling the most beneficial use of abundant satellite sensing data.
Optimization of multi-layer artificial neural networks using delta values of hidden layers (2013)

The number of hidden layers is crucial in multilayer artificial neural networks. In general, generalization power of the solution can be improved by increasing the number of layers. This paper presents a new method to determine the optimal architecture by using a pruning technique. The unimportant neurons are identified by using the delta values of hidden layers. The modified network contains fewer numbers of neurons in network and shows better generalization. Moreover, it has improved the speed relative to the back propagation training. The experiments have been done with number of test problems to verify the effectiveness of new approach.
Preparation and properties of heat curable blended methylfluorosilicone rubber (2012)

Abstract Heat curable blended methylfluorosilicone rubber (MFSR) was prepared by combination of methylsilicone rubber (MSR) and fluorosilicone rubber (FSR). 2,5‐Bis(tert‐butylperoxy)‐2,5‐dimethylhexane (DBPMH) was chosen as a curing agent. Poly(methylsiloxane‐ co ‐fluorosiloxane) with low molecular weight was used as an interfacial agent. Curing characteristics, mechanical properties, low temperature performance, and hot oil resistance of blended MFSR was studied in details. The results showed that MSR and FSR could reach co‐vulcanization by DBPMH in blended MFSR. Higher FSR content could improve the scorch safety, lower the rate of curing reaction, and lead to the poor processability of blended MFSR. An increase of FSR content also improved the hot oil resistance of blended MFSR. Interfacial agent could limit the phase separation of MSR and FSR, make the blended system more thermodynamically stable and elevate the mechanical properties of blended MFSR. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements revealed that increasing MSR content lowered the glass transition temperature ( T g ) and improved the low‐temperature flexibility of blended MFSR when MSR was no more than 15%. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) Extended Report (XR) for Post-Repair Loss Count Metrics (2015)

This document defines an RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) Extended Report
(XR) block that allows reporting of a post-repair loss count metric
for a range of RTP applications. In addition, another metric, repaired
loss count, is also introduced in this report block for calculating
the pre-repair loss count when needed, so that the RTP sender or a
third-party entity is able to evaluate the effectiveness of the repair
methods used by the system.
Solar‐Energy Conversion in TiO<sub>2</sub>/CuInS<sub>2</sub> Nanocomposites (2005)

Abstract The search for low‐cost thin‐film solar cells, to replace silicon multi‐crystalline cells in due course, calls for new combinations of materials and new cell configurations. Here we report on a new approach, based on semiconductor nanocomposites, towards what we refer to as the three‐dimensional (3D) solar‐cell concept. Atomic layer chemical vapor deposition is employed for infiltration of CuInS 2 inside the pores of nanostructured TiO 2 . In this way it is possible to obtain a nanometer‐scale interpenetrating network between n‐type TiO 2 and p‐type CuInS 2 . X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and current–voltage measurements are used to characterize the nanostructured devices. The 3D solar cells obtained show photovoltaic activity with a maximum monochromatic incident photon‐to‐current conversion efficiency of 80 % and have an energy‐conversion efficiency of 4 %.
Relationship Between Kernel Pericarp Thickness and Susceptibility to Fusarium Ear Rot in Field Corn (1994)

In a 2-yr study, the thickness of kernel pericarp and aleurone layers was compared among 12 dent corn hybrids representing a range of resistance to ear rot caused by Fusorium moniliforme. The pericarp layer on the cap of the eight hybrids with high or intermediate levels of resistance (determined by the percentage of kernels visibly infected with the fungus) was thicker than the pericarp of the four susceptible hybrids. In contrast, the aleurone layer of susceptible hybrids was thicker than the aleurone layer of the intermediate and resistant hybrids. It is suggested that the relatively thin pericarp layer of the susceptible hybrids allows access of the fungus into the kernels, especially through insect wounds
[Sphingolipid and apoptosis]. (2003)

Over the last decade, considerable progress has been made in the study of sphingolipids with the development of biological techniques. Sphingolipids play important roles in diverse physiological process, including cytoskeleton migration, angiogenesis, embryonic development and signal transduction. Except for this, the lastest evidence has suggested that sphingolipids and their metabolite (ceramide, sphingosine, sphingosine 1-phosphate) can induce apoptosis in a wide variety of tumor cell lines such as LoVo HT29, Bel7402, A549, CNE2 cells. This paper is attempted to review the recent advances of investigation into the relationship between sphingolipids and apoptosis.
Fifth international conference on radioactive waste management and environmental remediation -- ICEM `95: Proceedings. Volume 2: Management of low-level waste and remediation of contaminated sites and facilities (1995)

The objective of this conference is the broad international exchange of information on technologies, operations, management approaches, economics, and public policies in the critical areas of radioactive waste management and environmental remediation. The ICEM `95 technical program includes four parallel program tracks: Low/intermediate-level waste management; High-level waste, spent fuel, nuclear material management; Environmental remediation and facility D and D; and Major institutional issues in environmental management. Volume 2 contains approximately 200 papers divided into the following topical sections: Characterization of low and intermediate level waste; Treatment of low and intermediate level waste; LLW disposal and near-surface contaminant migration; Characterization and remediation of contaminated sites; and Decontamination and decommissioning technologies and experience. Papers have been processed separately for inclusion on the data base.
A Possible Infection Pathway in the Development of a Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (1968)

Summary Larvae of the small tortoiseshell butterfly, Aglais urticae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), were infected orally with a nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Sections of larvae which had been killed and fixed at intervals after infection were examined by light and electron microscopy. Typical virus development was observed in the fat body cells. However, in the nuclei of infected columnar cells of the mid-gut no incorporation of the virus particles into the polyhedral inclusion body was observed although both virus particles and crystalline polyhedron protein were present. Subsequently virus particles were found in the cytoplasm of these cells between the nucleus and the basal membrane. It is proposed that this unusual virus development is significant in the pathway of infection of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus.
Electromagnetic Radiation in Accelerated Systems (1969)

A generally covariant set of electromagnetic field equations and associated constitutive relations is developed to deal with electromagnetic radiation in arbitrarily moving media. The equations are sufficiently general to include dispersive as well as nonisotropic media. Several special cases are investigated to illustrate the method and to demonstrate the consistency of the formulation.
Synthesis of Short-Range FM Radars with General Modulations (1976)

A closed-form relationship is developed relating the range response, FM modulation, and demodulation functions for short-range FM radars such that, given two of the functions, the third may be determined. Synthesis and analysis techniques using the relation apply to a class of FM radars including both single- and dual-channel (directionalDoppler) systems with either deterministic or stochastis modulations. It is shown that any band-limited (BL) response may be obtained with few qualifications. Sample computations and simulation examples are included.
Division-less high-radix interleaved modular multiplication using a scaled modulus (2011)

This paper presents a new modular multiplication algorithm developed to remove division-based denormalization. In modular multiplication algorithms, the modular reduction estimates an intermediate quotient by referring to the most significant bits of the intermediate remainder since the modulus is scaled up, however, the modular multiplication results in an enlarged value that should be denormalized at the end. The denormalization has been realized by employing a division operation, which is not an efficient way in the view point of hardware implementation and processing cycles. The proposed modular multiplication is based on the scaled-modular multiplication which replaces the division-based denormalization with the Montgomery modular reduction. As a result, the hardware complexity is reduced compared to the up-to-date modular multiplication architecture.
Molecular Models of EDTA and Other Chelating Agents (2008)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVTech ReportMolecular Models of EDTA and Other Chelating AgentsWilliam F. Coleman View Author Information Department of Chemistry, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 2008, 85, 9, 1296Publication Date (Web):September 1, 2008Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 September 2008Published inissue 1 September 2008https://doi.org/10.1021/ed085p1296RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views2790Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (203 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (57)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Mechanisms of action,Molecular modeling,Molecules Get e-Alerts
Simulating PRAM with a MSIMD model (ASC) (2002)

The ASC (MSIMD) model for parallel computation supports a generalized version of an associative style of computing that has been used since the introduction of associative SIMD computers in the early 1970's. In particular, this model supports data parallelism, constant time maximum and minimum operations, one or more instruction streams (ISs) which are sent to a unique set in a dynamic partition of the processors, and assignment of tasks to the ISs using control parallelism. ASC also allows a network to interconnect the processing elements (PEs). This paper shows how ASC can simulate synchronous PRAM, and the converse. These results provide an important step in defining the power of associative model in terms of PRAM which is the most studied parallel model. Also, these simulations will provide numerous algorithms for ASC by giving an automatic method of converting algorithms from PRAM to ASC.
Synthetic Methods for Phosphorus Compounds Containing Pyrazole Rings (2012)

Abstract – The present review considers all the literature data on methods developed for the synthesis of phosphorus compounds containing pyrazole rings starting from their appearance up to the 2011. The described methods for the synthesis of phosphorus compounds containing pyrazole rings can be divided into three routes: a) direct phosphorylation of pyrazole rings, b) ring closure of acyclic phosphorus compounds with different reagents into phosphono-pyrazoles and c) cyclization of side functional groups to give isolated and fused phosphorus heterocyclic systems containing pyrazole rings.
Carbon-14: Some Evidence of Migration and Experiments on Immobilisation (1993)

Carbon-14 that is produced in nuclear reactors by reactions on C, N and O is one of the most biologically dangerous nuclides that are subject to global dispersion (H-3, 85-Kr, 129-I). It is assumed that about 20-30% of C-14 is released at atmosphere from NPPs and 80-70% remains in the fuel and will be released during reprocessing. Atmospheric dispersion of C-14 in the form of carbon dioxide cannot go without consequence for the environment, particularly for the vegetation. This influence of the carbon-14 release from a radio-chemical facility in Russia on the nearby forest is illustrated in the first part of the report by data on C-14 concentration in the barks of trees, analysed year by year and showing yearly variation of C-14 releases. The second part of the report deals with the study of stability of portland-cement compounds and Ca, Ba and Sr carbonates to the leaching processes. Leaching tests were done on specially prepared samples of compounds, containing various (from 30% to 70%) concentrations of Ca, Sr or Ba carbonates, tagged by C-14. Distilled water was used as leaching agent. Leaching was conducted for 46 hours and C-14 concentrations and pH of resulting waters were monitored. Differential leaching rates and leaching coefficients were analysed and general compound behaviour and its dynamics has been observed.
Examining the Anomalous Electrical Characteristics Observed in InN Nanowires (2008)

Research interest in InN has intensified in recent years because of its unique material properties and promising applications in electronic and photonic devices. Measurements on InN nanowires presented by Chang et al., [J. Electron. Mater. 35, 738 (2006)] showed an anomalous resistance behavior in InN nanowires with diameters less than 90 nm. We examine possible theories presented in literature to explain this intriguing observation. We propose that the presence of a high density electron accumulation layer at the surface of thin InN nanowires is the most probable cause for the uncharacteristic relationship between the total measured resistance and the ratio of length-to-area. High density surface electron accumulation layer, characteristic of InN films and nanowire, promotes a surface conduction path distinct from the bulk conduction. For large diameter nanowires, bulk conduction is likely to be the dominant mechanism while surface conduction is proposed to play a major role for small diameter InN nanowires.
What is Geothermal Energy? (2018)

Heat is a form of energy and geothermal energy is literally the heat contained within the Earth that generates geological phenomena on a planetary scale. After the Second World War many countries were attracted by geothermal energy, considering it to be economically competitive with other forms of energy. Geothermal power can play a fairly significant role in the energy balance of some areas, and of the developing countries in particular. The geothermal gradient expresses the increase in temperature with depth in the earth’s crust. The mechanism underlying geothermal systems is by and large governed by fluid convection. The most common criterion for classifying geothermal resources is that based on the enthalpy of the geothermal fluids that act as the carrier transporting heat from the deep hot rocks to the surface. Direct heat use is one of the oldest, most versatile and also the most common form of utilization of geothermal energy.
Comparative Volatility of Various Forms of 2,4-D (1949)

1. Young rapidly growing bean and tomato plants were inclosed in bell jars and cellophane cases together with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and various salts and esters of this acid in a study of the relative volatility of these herbicides. Pure forms of the chemicals were used, and none of them was permitted to come in direct contact with the test plants. Any plant growth-regulating effects, such as epinasty, bud inhibition, or formative effects, that subsequently developed were accordingly the result of vaporization of the chemicals and movement of the vapors through rather static air onto the test plants. 2. On the basis of this rather sensitive biological test the acid, sodium salt, triethanolamine salt, and amide forms of 2,4-D were nonvolatile. All esters that were tested (the methyl, ethyl, butyl, isobutyl, amyl, isoamyl, isopropyl, allyl, phenyl, beta-chloroethyl, n-octyl, and octadecyl) volatilized and produced growth effects on the test plants. Certain esters, namely, the methyl, ethyl, butyl, and isopropyl, appeared to be more volatile than the others tested; but, when present in high concentrations and in close proximity to the plants, very little difference in relative volatility could be detected among the various esters. 3. When dissolved in certain oils, such as diesel, corn, or cottonseed, the volatilization of the esters was greatly reduced. Other oils, such as Varsol, kerosene, motor oil (S.A.E. 20 or 50), and castor oil, had very little effect, if any, in reducing volatilization. Young test plants that were inclosed for a period of 1 week with the octadecyl ester dissolved in diesel oil and then grown to flowering failed to show any growth effects, while comparable plants subjected to vapors of the ester alone developed severe formative effects on leaves and stems.