gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
After Six Decades of Systematic Study of Creativity: What Do Teachers Need to Know About What It Is and How It Is Measured? (2016)

With creativity now being emphasized in schools, it is important for teachers to understand what it is and how it is measured. This review of the literature is an attempt to make sense of the many definitions and measures of creativity. As a result, this comprehensive review shows that most definitions agree that there are at least two criteria to judge whether a person or a product is creative or not, originality and usefulness. Organized according to Rhodes’s 3 P conceptualization of creativity—person, process, product, and press—more than 40 assessments used in creativity research were reviewed. Familiarity with the definitions, views of, and measurement of creativity can help teachers recognize and foster creativity in their students.
Visualization Techniques for Topic Model Checking (2015)

Topic models remain a black box both for modelers and for end users in many respects. From the modelers' perspective, many decisions must be made which lack clear rationales and whose interactions are unclear — for example, how many topics the algorithms should find (K), which words to ignore (aka the "stop list"), and whether it is adequate to run the modeling process once or multiple times, producing different results due to the algorithms that approximate the Bayesian priors. Furthermore, the results of different parameter settings are hard to analyze, summarize, and visualize, making model comparison difficult. From the end users' perspective, it is hard to understand why the models perform as they do, and information-theoretic similarity measures do not fully align with humanistic interpretation of the topics. We present the Topic Explorer, which advances the state-of-the-art in topic model visualization for document-document and topic-document relations. It brings topic models to life in a way that fosters deep understanding of both corpus and models, allowing users to generate interpretive hypotheses and to suggest further experiments. Such tools are an essential step toward assessing whether topic modeling is a suitable technique for AI and cognitive modeling applications.
Refractive Shifts in Four Selected Artificial Vitreous Substitutes Based on Gullstrand-Emsley and Liou-Brennan Schematic Eyes (2009)

The Gullstrand-Emsley schematic eye is a convenient and accurate model for predicting refractive shifts for hydrogels and encapsuled balanced salt solution substitutes in PPV eyes. The Liou-Brennan schematic eye is recommended for silicone oil and heavy silicone oil in PPV eyes and for all four substitutes in PPV plus lensectomized eyes and PPV plus IOL eyes. In addition, the encapsuled balanced salt solution changes the refraction little in either schematic eye.
The Development of Washable Non-Iron Effects in Pure Wool Fabrics (1960)

The use of reducing agents for setting wool has been extended to give washable non-iron effects on pure wool fabrics. Initially this was accomplished by applying the Si-Ro-Set process to garments made from shrinkproofed wool. This led to flat setting of fabrics in the mill by applying a dilute solution of a reducing agent to the fabric fol lowed by immediate steaming on a blowing machine. When preceded by shrinkproofing, this method of setting gives excellent washable non-iron effects on pure wool fabrics. Garments made from fabric treated in this way showed satisfactory laundering and wear performance in practical trials.
Chemical disinfection of non-porous inanimate surfaces experimentally contaminated with four human pathogenic viruses (1989)

The chemical disinfection of virus-contaminated non-porous inanimate surfaces was investigated using coxsackievirus B3, adenovirus type 5, parainfluenza virus type 3 and coronavirus 229E as representatives of important nosocomial viral pathogens. A 10 microliter amount of the test virus, suspended in either faeces or mucin, was placed onto each stainless steel disk (about 1 cm in diameter) and the inoculum allowed to dry for 1 h under ambient conditions. Sixteen disinfectant formulations were selected for this study based on the findings of an earlier investigation with a human rotavirus. After 1 min exposure to 20 microliters of the disinfectant, the virus from the disks was immediately eluted into tryptose phosphate broth and plaque assayed. Using an efficacy criterion of a 3 log10 or greater reduction in virus infectivity titre and irrespective of the virus suspending medium, only the following five disinfectants proved to be effective against all the four viruses tested: (1) 2% glutaraldehyde normally used as an instrument soak, (2) a strongly alkaline mixture of 0.5% sodium o-benzyl-p-chlorophenate and 0.6% sodium lauryl sulphate, generally used as a domestic disinfectant cleaner for hard surfaces, (3) a 0.04% solution of a quaternary ammonium compound containing 7% hydrochloric acid, which is the basis of many toilet bowl cleaners, (4) chloramine T at a minimum free chlorine level of 3000 p.p.m. and (5) sodium hypochlorite at a minimum free chlorine concentration of 5000 p.p.m. Of those chemicals suitable for use as topical antiseptics, 70% ethanol alone or products containing at least 70% ethanol were ineffective only against coxsackievirus B3. These results emphasize the care needed in selecting chemical disinfectants for routine use in infection control.
Multibiometric secure system based on deep learning (2017)

In this paper, we propose a secure multibiometric system that uses deep neural networks and error-correction coding. We present a feature-level fusion framework to generate a secure multibiometric template from each user's multiple biometrics. Two fusion architectures, fully connected architecture and bilinear architecture, are implemented to develop a robust multibiometric shared representation. The shared representation is used to generate a cancelable biometric template that involves the selection of a different set of reliable and discriminative features for each user. This cancelable template is a binary vector and is passed through an appropriate error-correcting decoder to find a closest codeword and this codeword is hashed to generate the final secure template. The efficacy of the proposed approach is shown using a multimodal database where we achieve state-of-the-art matching performance, along with cancelability and security.
Mutation of a Nitrate Transporter, AtNRT1:4, Results in a Reduced Petiole Nitrate Content and Altered Leaf Development (2004)

Unlike nitrate uptake of plant roots, less is known at the molecular level about how nitrate is distributed in various plant tissues. In the present study, characterization of the nitrate transporter, AtNRT1:4, revealed a special role of petiole in nitrate homeostasis. Electrophysiological studies using Xenopus oocytes showed that AtNRT1:4 was a low-affinity nitrate transporter. Whole-mount in situ hybridization and RT-PCR demonstrated that AtNRT1:4 was expressed in the leaf petiole. In the wild type, the leaf petiole had low nitrate reductase activity, but a high nitrate content, indicating that it is the storage site for nitrate, whereas, in the atnrt1:4 mutant, the petiole nitrate content was reduced to 50-64% of the wild-type level. Moreover, atnrt1:4 mutant leaves were wider than wild-type leaves. This study revealed a critical role of AtNRT1:4 in regulating leaf nitrate homeostasis, and the deficiency of AtNRT1:4 can alter leaf development.
C/Ebpβ Inhibits Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Cells Via Interaction with NF-κb p50. (2008)

Abstract The CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) family of proteins bind DNA via their C-terminal basic region – leucine zipper (BR-LZ or bZIP) domains and activate transcription via N-terminal trans-activation domains. We previously demonstrated that C/EBPα inhibits apoptosis when the immature hematopoietic Ba/F3 cell line is withdrawn from IL-3 and that a C/EBPα BR mutant that does not bind NF-κB p50 but retains the ability to bind NF-κB p65 is inactive. We have now sought to extend these findings to C/EBPβ. We first created two point mutations in C/EBPβ, R240G and ΔK253. The C/EBPβ(R240G) is analogous to the C/EBPα(R300G) BR variant that does not bind NF-κB p50 or inhibit apoptosis, and C/EBPβ(ΔK253) is analogous to the C/EBPα(ΔK313) LZ variant that does not bind DNA but retains the ability to interact with NF-κB p50 and inhibit apoptosis. In co-ip experiments using transiently transfected 293T extracts, both C/EBPβ and C/EBPβ(ΔK253) interacted with NF-κB p50, whereas C/EBPβ(R240G) did not, as predicted. In contrast, all three isoforms bound NF-κB p65. And in gel shift assay, C/EBPβ bound a consensus C/EBP site, whereas neither C/EBPβ(R240G) nor C/EBPβ(ΔK253) bound DNA, again as expected. Ba/F3 cell lines were then generated stably expressing C/EBPβ-ER, C/EBP(R240G)-ER, or C/EBPβ(ΔK253)-ER proteins, via transduction with pBabePuro retroviral vectors and puromycin selection of pooled populations. Western blot analysis confirmed similar expression of each transgene. Ba/F3 lines were removed from IL-3 and cultured with or without estradiol, to activate the ER fusion proteins. Remarkably, both CEBPβ-ER and C/EBPβ(ΔK253)-ER prolonged survival of the cells during the first 48 hrs after IL-3 withdrawal, similar to the activity of C/EBPα-ER, whereas C/EBPβ(R240G)-ER was ineffective. Current efforts focus on identifying genetic targets of C/EBPβ:NF-κB p50 cooperation relevant to the observed inhibition of apoptosis, on assessing activities of C/EBPβ and it variants in normal hematopoietic cells isolated from adult marrow, and on determining the activities of the long and short (LAP and LIP) C/EBPβ translational isoforms. Overall, the finding that C/EBPβ inhibits apoptosis in cooperation with NF-κB p50 is significant due to the expression of both C/EBPβ and activated NF-κB in several human lymphoma subsets and in solid tumors such as breast cancer. Targeting this interaction with small molecules may provide a novel therapeutic approach for these malignancies.
Valacyclovir (1997)

Valacyclovir has improved bioavailability over acyclovir and is at least as efficacious. The favorable safety profile of acyclovir and increased systemic exposure make it a particularly ideal candidate for further studies of herpes group viral infections in immunocompromised patients.
Nuclear transfer and electrofusion in bovine in vitro‐matured/in vitro‐fertilized embryos: Effect of media and electrical fusion parameters (1993)

In this study, micromanipulation and electrofusion conditions for the cloning of in vitro-produced bovine embryos (here after termed IVM/IVF embryos) derived from in vitro-matured (IVM) and in vitro-fertilized (IVF) oocytes were established. The effect of DC field strength on the fusion rate was tested in a model system using pronuclear stage embryos in which a cytoplasmic vesicle was removed and reinserted. Efficient fusion (80%) was obtained by applying a pulse of 1.75 kV/cm for 40 microseconds. In vitro development of manipulated pronuclear stage embryos was as efficient as that of unmanipulated control embryos. Different fusion media were compared in the cloning procedure, using IVM oocytes as recipients and blastomeres from day 6 IVM/IVF donor embryos. Zimmermann cell fusion medium reduced the lysis of nuclear transfer embryos compared to F300 (5% vs. 25%). The effects of drugs disrupting the microfilaments and microtubuli were determined. Neither the addition of cytochalasin B (CCB) for 1 hr in the postfusion medium nor incubation of donor blastomeres with nocodazole had a significant effect on the fusion or cleavage rate of the nuclear transfer embryos. Additional experiments demonstrated that there was no difference in developmental potential between nuclear transfer embryos allowed to develop in vitro or in vivo and that the embryos gave a 15% pregnancy rate in recipient cattle.
A state-of-the-art report on intake technologies. Research and development report, Aug 1975--Mar 1976 (1976)

The report presents an updated evaluation of mechanisms and intake designs for reducing the number of fish entrained and impinged at water intake facilities. These mechanisms consist of intake configurations, behavioral barriers for guiding fish past intake entrances, physical screening devices to physically remove or divert fish from cooling water intakes, and fish removal systems to evacuate fish already within the intake area. The report summarizes evaluations of available intake technologies. More importantly, it presents results of recent tests and studies. Where promising mechanisms are identified, recommendations are made with regard to tests needed to demonstrate the viability of a mechanism for protecting fish in a particular situation. The report considers reducing fish losses both at large-volume, once-through cooling water intakes and at lower-volume intakes at plants requiring only makeup water to replace losses due to cooling tower blowdown and evaporation. In evaluating devices for reducing impingement and entrainment, consideration was given to devices and designs that can protect very small fish and larval eggs.
Substance P and alveolar macrophages: effects on oxidative metabolism and eicosanoid production (1995)

The tachykinin substance P (SP) is present in lung sensory nerve endings and may be released after neurogenic stimulation. Its role in the pathogenesis of asthma is still unclear. Nevertheless, it may play a major role in airway neurogenic inflammation. Alveolar macrophages are the predominant cells of the airway space and are involved in various types of airway inflammation. We studied guinea pig alveolar macrophage response to SP and other related peptide (C- and N-terminal sequences, NK1-receptor agonist) stimulation. Alveolar guinea pig macrophages were recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Macrophage reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) production was studied by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence with several concentrations of SP and related peptides. Eicosanoid synthesis after stimulation was evaluated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). SP, C-terminal sequence, and NK1-receptor agonist significantly increased ROI production by alveolar macrophages (P < 0.01). NK1-agonist and C-terminal sequence modified arachidonic acid metabolism and induced a significant increase in prostaglandin (PG)D2 synthesis (211% and 66%, respectively). We concluded that SP and related peptides directly affect guinea pig alveolar macrophages by inducing the production of inflammatory metabolites.
Geneticheskie i immunologicheskie osobennosti sakharnogo diabeta u vzroslykh (1999)

Актуальность. Помимо классической картины диабета 1 типа с острым началом и кетоацидозом, который характерен для детского возраста, у взрослых пациентов возможно медленное развитие абсолютной инсулиновой недостаточности, когда остаточная секреция инсулина сохраняется в течение длительного периода. Этот подтип сахарного диабета назван Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LАDА)-позднее аутоиммунное начало СД у взрослых. Цель. Определение генетических и иммунологических особенностей сахарного диабета у взрослых. Материалы и методы. Обследовано 37 больных с впервые выявленным СД в возрасте от 30 до 55 лет. Помимо общеклинического обследования, определяли 1СА, антитела к инсулину (IAA), антитела к глютаматдекарбоксилазе (GAD). Выполнено HLA-типирование генов DR Bl, DQ Al, DQ В1. Результаты. По нашим данным, лишь у 25% больных LADA были выявлены антитела к GAD по сравнению с 70% ICA. Это подтверждает необходимость определения всех трех маркеров для достижения более вы сокого уровня информативности. Несмотря на то, что ассоциация с HLA-генами при ИЗСД чаще вы является у молодых пациентов [2], интересными представляются данные о частоте выявления анти тел в зависимости от HLA-гаплотипа. Достоверно чаще аутоантитела выявлялись у больных при наличии DR/3: ICA у 70%; 1АА - у 35,3%; антитела к GAD - у 25%. Лишь у 2% пациентов, заболевших в детском возрасте, обнаруживается отсутствие HLA-DR3/4-генотипа. У 5 из 28 больных (17,8 %) LADA выявлено отсутствие HLA-DR 3/4. "Классические" гаплотипы, характерные для ИЗСД, были выявлены у 37,5 % больных.
Consumer Credit and Consumer Hire Law: A Practical Guide (1995)

Glossary of terms used. Licensing. Advertising. Quotations. Other forms of marketing. Agreements - formation and presentation. Matters occurring during the lifetime of an agreement. Enforcement and ending of an agreement. Security. Judicial control. Voluntary Codes of Practice. European Union dimensions and proposed UK review and developments. Appendices with examples.
A low-cost FPGA implementation of the Advanced Encryption Standard algorithm (2002)

This work presents an architecture for a hardware implementation of the Rijndael block cipher with 128-bit key. Rijjdael block cipher was recently adopted by the United States government as the new Advanced Encryption Standard - AES. The proposed architecture was designed for low-cost, mid-density FPGA.
Preparation, characterization, and immunogenicity of conjugate vaccines directed against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae virulence determinants (1992)

Conjugate vaccines were prepared in an attempt to protect pigs against swine pleuropneumonia induced by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (SPAP). Two subunit conjugates were prepared by coupling the A. pleuropneumoniae 4074 serotype 1 capsular polysaccharide (CP) to the hemolysin protein (HP) and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to the HP. Adipic acid dihydrazide was used as a spacer to facilitate the conjugation in a carbodiimide-mediated reaction. The CP and the LPS were found to be covalently coupled to the HP in the conjugates as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and detergent gel chromatography analyses. Following a booster vaccination, pigs exhibited significantly high (P less than 0.05) immunoglobulin G antibodies against CP, LPS, and HP. The anti-CP and anti-LPS immunoglobulin G antibodies were found to function as opsonins in the phagocytosis of A. pleuropneumoniae by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, whereas antibodies to the HP neutralized the cytotoxic effect of the HP on polymorphonuclear leukocytes. No killing of A. pleuropneumoniae was observed when the effects of the antibodies were tested in the presence of complement. Thus, polysaccharide-protein A. pleuropneumoniae conjugates elicit significant antibody responses against each component of each conjugate, which could be instrumental in protecting swine against SPAP.
Use of the rabbit ear model in evaluating the comedogenic potential of cosmetic ingredients (1983)

The external ear canal of the rabbit has been utilized to assess the comedogenic potential of ingredients used in the formulation of products applied to the skin. Some cosmetic raw materials have been shown to produce varying degrees of hyperkeratosis in the pilosebaceous nit of this animal model. With test results previously reported on vegetable oils, fatty acid esters, lanolins, surfactants, and other ingredients, there appear to be discrepancies in findings between investigators. The present study expands on information relating to the comedogenic potential of cosmetic omponents, and reevaluates the activity of several substances previously reported.
Changes in GA 20‐oxidase gene expression strongly affect stem length, tuber induction and tuber yield of potato plants (2000)

Gene StGA20ox1 encoding potato GA 20-oxidase is expressed to relatively high levels in leaves and regulated by daylength. To investigate whether this gene is involved in photoperiodic regulation of tuber formation, we have obtained transgenic potato plants expressing sense and antisense copies of the StGA20ox1 cDNA. Over-expression of this cDNA resulted in taller plants that required a longer duration of a short day photoperiod (SD) to tuberize. Tubers from these plants had a decreased time of dormancy and developed sprouts with elongated internodes. Plants expressing antisense copies of the StGA20ox1 cDNA had shorter stems, a decreased length of the internodes and tuberized earlier than control plants, showing increased tuber yields. Antisense inhibition of this gene had no visible effect on the time of dormancy of the tubers, although at the end of dormancy these formed sprouts with shortened internodes. Decreased levels of endogenous GA20 and GA1 were detected in the apex and first leaves of the antisense lines. These results demonstrate the involvement of the GA 20-oxidase activity encoded by StGA20ox1 in the control of stem elongation and in tuber induction but not in tuber dormancy, indicating that the latter may be regulated by another member of the gene family.
Synthesis of Sulfur−Sulfur Bond Formation from Thioamides Promoted by 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone (2010)

A mild and efficient synthesis of sulfur-sulfur bond formation from thioformanilides with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ) is described. Functionality on the aromatic ring plays a key role in the formation of a sulfur-sulfur bond.
Free Radical Oxidation of Plasmalogen Glycerophosphocholine Containing Esterified Docosahexaenoic Acid: Structure Determination by Mass Spectrometry (2004)

Plasmalogen phospholipids have a vinyl ether substituent at the sn-1 position that is susceptible to oxidative reactions that occur at cell membranes. However, the mechanism by which this oxidation occurs and the effect of the polyunsaturated fatty acid at the sn-2 position have not been established. To gain insight into these mechanisms, the oxidized phospholipid products resulting from the exposure of 1-O-hexadec-1'-enyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (16:0p/22:6-GPCho) to the free radical initiator 2, 2'-azobis (2- amidinopropane) hydrochloride were examined. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, UV spectroscopy, and electron ionization-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were used to structurally characterize the oxidized glycerophosphocholine (GPCho) products. The radical-induced peroxidation of 16:0p/22:6-GPCho revealed two major classes of oxidized phospholipids. The first class of products was formed by oxidation at the sn-1 position and included 1-lyso-2-docosahexaenoyl-GPCho and 1-formyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-GPCho. Additionally, the second class of oxidized products where oxidation occurred at the sn-2 position was classified into three categories that included chain-shortened omega-aldehydes, terminal gamma-hydroxy-alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes, and the addition of one or two oxygen atoms onto the sn-2 position of 16:0p/22:6-GPCho. These results clearly indicate that free radical-induced oxidation of plasmalogen phospholipids with esterified docosahexaenoic acid at the sn-2 position underwent oxidation at both the sn-1 and sn-2 positions.