gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Codex final definition of dietary fibre: issues of implementation (2009)

Introduction At its 30th session in South Africa in November 2008, the Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (CCNFSDU) agreed on a definition of dietary fibre. Although many aspects of what can be called “dietary fibre” were resolved, the application of this definition raises additional issues in need of resolution. Objectives The goal of this paper is to discuss the major areas at issue in implementing the new Codex definition of dietary fibre: (1) the footnote that individual countries can decide whether they accept oligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization (DP) from 3 to 9 (included) as being fibre; and 2) guidance on which physiological effects are beneficial. Less critical but still important is the issue of animal sources of fibre not requiring proof of a beneficial physiological effect; and the effect of processing on fibre. Results and conclusion Unless all countries accept (or do not accept) that carbohydrate polymers with 3–9 monomeric units are dietary fibre, there will be two, rather than one definition. Again, if each country has its own criteria as to the physiological benefits of fibre and how to verify those benefits there will be as many “definitions” of fibre as there are effects accepted by all the member states. Given the importance to consumers, food companies, researchers, and regulatory agencies in having one definition, it is incumbent on all of us in the field to work toward that end.
Contrôle des systèmes temporisés (2008)

Ce chapitre traite de la synthèse de contrôleurs pour les systèmes temporisés. Par systèmes temporisés nous entendons les systèmes dans lesquels des contraintes de temps quantitatives sont spécifées. Les notions de base que nous utilisons dans ce chapitre s'appuient sur les concepts introduits dans les chapitre 3 et chapitre 4 ; la lecture de ces chapitres est donc recommandée au lecteur qui ne connaitrait pas les fondements des automates temporisés.
A Practical Approach to Writing Successful Grant Proposals (1991)

Success in the planning and writing of grant proposals for health care services is enhanced by using a methodical approach. First, explore the problem and the resources. Obtaining direct experience is superior to a library-based literature review in understanding the problem. Second, identify funding sources and begin to plan the project, matching community needs to organizational strengths and funding priorities. Third, write the proposal and finish planning. Plans are refined as the proposal is written. This article provides practical information on commonly needed documents, characteristics of successful proposals and sources of information on funding.
Particle size–activity relationship for CoFe2O4 nanoparticle CO oxidation catalysts (2008)

The inverse spinel CoFe2O4 is prepared as nanoparticles with a range of controlled sizes. Synthesis is performed using solvothermal and coprecipitation chemistry, and a two capping group coprecipitation procedure using oxalic acid and ethylenediamine or triethanolamine is shown to afford sub-10 nm, controlled size nanoparticles. A pronounced particle size–activity relationship is observed for CO oxidation catalysis for the studied range of particle sizes. In addition, these unsupported nanoparticle catalysts readily undergo activation during catalysis and exhibit both structural and performance stability under the test reaction conditions.
Molecular Dynamics of Wetting and Drying at Solid-Fluid Interfaces (1989)

The adsorption of a fluid at a structured solid substrate is studied with the aid of the Delft Molecular Dynamics Processor (DMDP). 2904 particles form a solid substrate and some 8500 particles are in a fluid phase. All particles interact through 12-6 Lennard-Jones potentials cut off at 2.5σ. The solid particles are heavier and interact stronger than the fluid particles. The mutual fluid-substrate interaction is varied while the temperature is held constant. Density profiles, coverages and surface tensions are measured as function of the fluid-wall affinity. Two first-order transitions separate the dry, the partial dry (or partial wet) and the wet regime. In the wet region a search for prewetting is carried out yielding the existence of a prewetting line. Independent visual measurements of the contact angles are performed and the results are compared with the surface tension data.
The automatic control of electric power in the United States (1965)

In reviewing the state of the automatic control art in a given field of application, it seems appropriate first to take note of progress in the field itself. Changes in process techniques or objectives define new requirements and opportunities for advances in control concepts and equipment. Accordingly, this survey article will endeavor to “close the gap” between theory and practice by doing three things: (1) review in brief the growth and progress of the power industry itself; (2) make some comments on recent significant trends and innovations in its processes insofar as they relate to major areas of automatic control application; (3) discuss the state of the art in these applications.
Context-Dependent Functions of NANOG Phosphorylation in Pluripotency and Reprogramming (2017)

The core pluripotency transcription factor NANOG is critical for embryonic stem cell (ESC) self-renewal and somatic cell reprogramming. Although NANOG is phosphorylated at multiple residues, the role of NANOG phosphorylation in ESC self-renewal is incompletely understood, and no information exists regarding its functions during reprogramming. Here we report our findings that NANOG phosphorylation is beneficial, although nonessential, for ESC self-renewal, and that loss of phosphorylation enhances NANOG activity in reprogramming. Mutation of serine 65 in NANOG to alanine (S65A) alone has the most significant impact on increasing NANOG reprogramming capacity. Mechanistically, we find that pluripotency regulators (ESRRB, OCT4, SALL4, DAX1, and TET1) are transcriptionally primed and preferentially associated with NANOG S65A at the protein level due to presumed structural alterations in the N-terminal domain of NANOG. These results demonstrate that a single phosphorylation site serves as a critical interface for controlling context-dependent NANOG functions in pluripotency and reprogramming.
China's growing contribution to sepsis research from 1984 to 2014 (2017)

Global sepsis research developed swiftly during the 1984 to 2014 period. The USA was in the forefront of sepsis research. Although the data indicated that China had a large increasing rate of publications, there was a considerable gap in the quality of articles between China and other developed countries.
Structural features of fibronectin synthetic peptide FN-C/H II, responsible for cell adhesion, neurite extension, and heparan sulfate binding (1993)

FN-C/H II (KNNQKSEPLIGRKKT), a heparin-binding peptide derived from the COOH-terminal heparin-binding domain of fibronectin, mediates cell adhesion for a variety of cell types and promotes neurite outgrowth. By systematic amino acid substitution of synthetic peptide analogues of FN-C/H II, the basic structural features necessary for activity have been identified in the COOH-terminal residues LIGRKK. This biologically "active" sequence has been located in several other heparin/heparan sulfate-binding proteins and may represent a potential binding motif for sulfated polyanions. NMR structural studies indicate that the COOH-terminal segment of FN-C/H II displays significant multiple-turn or helix-like character suggesting that the RKK sequence may lie on the same surface of the protein, as opposed to alternating in an extended chain motif.
New tetracyclic ring systems. Synthesis of 1<i>H</i>‐oxazolo[5,4,3‐<i>kl</i>]phenothiazines and [1,4]oxazino[2,3,4‐<i>kl</i>]phenothiazines (1982)

Abstract 1‐Hydroxyphenothiazine was converted to 1 H ‐oxazolo[5,4,3‐ kl ]phenothiazin‐1‐one, 1 H ‐oxazolo[5,4,3‐ kl ]‐phenothiazine‐1‐thione,[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4‐ kl ]phenothiazin‐1(2 H )one and [1,4]oxazino[2,3,4‐ kl ]phenothiazine‐1,2‐dione. Also prepared from 1‐hydroxyphenothiazine were the N ‐chloroacetyl derivative, the O ‐chloroacetyl derivative, the N,O ‐di(chloroacetyl) derivative and the sulfoxide.
Differential role of TIMP2 and TIMP3 in cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction (2014)

TIMP2 and TIMP3 play fundamental and differential roles in mediating pathological remodelling, independent from their MMP-inhibitory function. TIMP2(-/-) and TIMP3(-/-) mice provide a unique opportunity to study myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis independently, and their impact on cardiac dysfunction.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Application of Labeled Nucleic Acids, Amino Acids and Carbohydrates (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Bio‐Based Nitriles from the Heterogeneously Catalyzed Oxidative Decarboxylation of Amino Acids (2014)

The oxidative decarboxylation of amino acids to nitriles was achieved in aqueous solution by in situ halide oxidation using catalytic amounts of tungstate exchanged on a [Ni,Al] layered double hydroxide (LDH), NH4 Br, and H2 O2 as the terminal oxidant. Both halide oxidation and oxidative decarboxylation were facilitated by proximity effects between the reactants and the LDH catalyst. A wide range of amino acids was converted with high yields, often >90 %. The nitrile selectivity was excellent, and the system is compatible with amide, alcohol, and in particular carboxylic acid, amine, and guanidine functional groups after appropriate neutralization. This heterogeneous catalytic system was applied successfully to convert a protein-rich byproduct from the starch industry into useful bio-based N-containing chemicals.
Electro-optic, integrated optic, and electronic technologies for online chemical process monitoring : 2-5 November 1998, Boston, Massachusetts (1999)

This collection of papers covers a wide range of issues and topics relevant to electro-optic, integrated optic, and electronic technologies for online chemical process monitoring.
Hartmann Method for Measuring Surface Shape of the Cornea of the Human Eye (2010)

Non-contact methods for for measuring external surface shape of the cornea of the human eye was proposed. This method is based on modified Hartman screen method with side illumination scheme where a narrow collimated beam is reflected from the profile of a cornea.
Impact of Packaging Design on Reliability of Large Die Cu/Low-$\kappa$ (BD) Interconnect (2012)

This paper presents the study on the effect of low-κ stacked layer, chip pad design structures, and shift pad design of a large die size Cu/low-κ chip for improving assembly and reliability performance on organic buildup substrate flip chip ball grid array (FCBGA). Bump shear characterization has been performed on the integrity of different stacked layer and pad structure, supported by bump shear modeling analysis. Initial reliability testing was performed on assembled package to identify the best choice of design and finally implemented on the reliability test vehicle for verification. In addition, a potential chip crack problem due to excessive warpage in FCBGA with large die assembly is examined and a simple failure criterion is proposed.
Investigation of the frequency correlation between radiation patterns of unintentional emitters for large frequency bands (2012)

The determination of a radiation pattern for an unintentional emitter is very time-consuming. Therefore, approaches are needed to reduce the costs of such measurements. In previous research, stochastic approaches have been developed to describe the distribution of the directivity and to predict the maximum directivity for continuous wave signals. However, if the radiation pattern needs to be known for a large frequency band, the characteristics of the emitter vary with the frequency. In this paper, the radiation patterns of unintentional emitters are examined for a large frequency band. Based on a simulation model, the similarity of the radiation patterns at different frequencies is determined by calculating the correlation coefficient. It is shown that radiation patterns of close frequencies are correlated up to a correlation distance which is dependent on the electrical size of the emitter.
Self-Assembly of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles into Hierarchically Patterned Porous Architectures Using Ionic Liquid/Oil Emulsions (2009)

Hierarchically patterned macroporous TiO2 structures can be fabricated via the spontaneous self-assembly of TiO2 nanoparticles prepared using a mixture of 1-octadecene (ODE) and an ODE-immiscible 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ionic liquid as the reaction medium. A study of the influence of side chain lengths of ionic liquids (n=4, 8, or 16) reveals that this parameter can be further used to fine-tune the morphologies of the products. This synthetic methodology can also be extended to the formation of patterned macroporous ZrO2 and Fe3O4 structures. Finally, the potential reasons for the formation of hierarchical structures are discussed and the implications to further research are proposed.
Bypass Transition in Boundary Layers Including Curvature and Favorable Pressure Gradient Effects (1995)

Recent experimental studies of two-dimensional boundary layers undergoing bypass transition have been reviewed to attempt to characterize the effects of free-stream turbulence level, acceleration, and wall curvature on bypass transition. Results from several studies were cast in terms of “local” boundary layer coordinates (momentum and enthalpy thickness Reynolds numbers) and compared. In unaccelerated flow on flat walls, skin friction coefficients were shown to match those from a laminar integral solution before transition and quickly adjusted to match those from a fully turbulent correlation after transition. Stanton number data also matched a correlation in the laminar region, but do not match correlation values so well in the turbulent region. The data showed that the relationship between skin friction coefficient and momentum thickness Reynolds number is unaffected by streamwise acceleration. Stanton numbers were strongly affected by acceleration, however, indicating a breakdown in Reynolds analogy. Concave curvature caused the formation of Go¨rtler vortices, which strongly influenced the skin friction. Convex curvature had an opposite, and lesser effect. The location and length of the transition region generally followed the expected trends as free-stream turbulence level, curvature, and acceleration were varied; the onset location and the transition length were extended by acceleration and convex curvature and reduced by concave curvature and enhanced turbulence. When individual cases were compared, some inconsistencies were observed. These inconsistencies indicate a need to characterize the flows to be compared more completely. Better spectral and length scale measurements of the free-stream disturbance would help in this regard. Within the transition region, the intermittency data from all the cases on flat walls (no curvature) were consistent with an intermittency distribution from the literature. Turbulent spot production rates were shown to be mostly dependent on free-stream turbulence, with a noted increase in spot production rate due to concave curvature and little effect of convex curvature. The acceleration effect on spot production rate was small for the cases studied.
Generation of a beam plasma by a forevacuum electron source in a space bounded by dielectric walls (2015)

A forevacuum plasma electron source is used to generate a beam plasma and measure its parameters in a cylindrical thin-walled quartz bulb. Differences in the gas pressure dependences of the plasma concentration and potential are found when the plasma-generating beam is injected into the dielectric bulb and propagates in an unbounded space.
The role of electrostatic interactions in the mechanism of peptide bond hydrolysis by a Ser-Lys catalytic dyad (1991)

General-base catalysis in the active site of serine proteases is carried out by the imidazole side chain of a histidine. During formation of the transition state, an adjacent carboxylic acid group stabilizes the positive charge that forms on the general-base catalyst and as a result contributes several orders of magnitude to the catalytic efficiency of these enzymes. In the recently discovered family of self-cleaving proteins exemplified by the LexA repressor of Escherichia coli, instead of the imidazole of a histidine, the active-site general-base catalyst was found to be the epsilon-amino of a lysine. The considerably higher capacity of the lysine side chain for proton acceptance raises interesting questions concerning the role of electrostatic interactions in the mechanism of proton transfer by this highly basic group. The negative charge elimination studies described here and their effects on the kmax and pK of LexA self-cleavage are consistent with a model in which electrostatic interactions between an acidic side chain and the general-base catalyst form a barrier to proton transfer. The implications are that the epsilon-amino group, unlike the imidazole group, is capable of effecting proton transfer without the intervention of a countercharge.
Improving the directivity of a Soundfield microphone using least-squares estimation (2008)

Faller [1] has recently shown that highly directive microphone systems can be obtained using coincident microphones and appropriate signal processing to separate direct and ambient sound. We apply this approach to a Soundfield microphone in which coincident virtual first-order microphone patterns pointing in any direction are available. The variation with our approach is that we apply a specific gain pattern across a set of coincident cardiod or hypercardiod microphones to determine the pick-up direction. A least-squares estimate is made of the spectrum of the on-axis sound. We empirically investigate the performance of this directive microphone technique. [1] C. Faller, "A highly directive 2-capsule based microphone system," in Proc. of 123rd Audio Engineering Convention, New York, U.S.A., October 5-8, 2007.
Evaluation of five enzymic kits for determination of triglyceride concentrations in plasma. (1982)

Abstract We evaluated five commercial enzymic kit methods (methods A-E) for the determination of triglyceride concentrations in plasma, by comparing each with the automated fluorometric procedure of the Lipid Research Clinics Program. Aliquots of 91 to 97 samples were analyzed with each kit and with the comparison method. The results obtained with all five kits were highly correlated with those of the comparison method (r = 0.97-0.99). Group mean triglyceride concentrations as determined with kits A and D did not differ significantly from those assayed with the comparison method. The other three kits gave values 6.5-7.5% higher than those by the comparison method (p less than 0.001). The relative biases between the kit and reference methods did not vary with triglyceride concentration for kits B, D, and E; kits A and C had concentration-dependent biases. Kits D and E were the most nearly precise and had coefficients of variation (CVs) of 3.1% or less. Kit B had CVs of 3.8-4.4%; the remaining two kits had CVs of 5.4-6.7%. On the basis of these results, we judged kits B, D, and E to perform most satisfactorily, from the standpoint of their precision and their concentration-independent relationships to the comparison method.
Adaptive control design for a nonuniform gantry crane with constrained tension (2014)

In this paper, the control problem is addressed for a hybrid PDE-ODE system that describes a nonuniform gantry crane system with constrained tension. A bottom payload hangs from the top gantry by connecting a flexible cable. The flexible cable is nonuniform due to the spatiotemporally varying tension applied to the system. Cooperative control laws are proposed and the Integral-Barrier Lyapunov Functions are employed for stability analysis of the closed-loop system. Adaption laws are developed for handling parametric uncertainties. The bounded stability is guaranteed through rigorous analysis without any simplification of the dynamics. In the end, numerical simulations are displayed to illustrate the performance of the proposed cooperative control.
10.4: Differences in deceleration performance of electrons emitted from field emitter arrays with different electrode geometries (2010)

The performance of the electron deceleration was evaluated for some silicon field emitter arrays (Si:C-FEAs) with different emitter-gate geometries. Although FEAs with lower emitter showed higher extraction voltage, they showed better deceleration performance. As a result, it was shown that FEAs with lower emitter height may be applicable for the low energy electron source.
NATIONAL ROAD FREIGHT INDUSTRY INQUIRY (1984)

A national inquiry into Australia's road freight transport industry has been conducted. Four major themes emerged in the course of the inquiry. Firstly, it became obvious that the amount of industry regulation and its variation between the states is a source of considerable frustration to operators of vehicles, to users of road freight transport and to vehicle manufacturers. The inquiry finds that considerable progress has been made by the states in achieving uniformity but takes the view that more co-operation and urgency need to be demonstrated by all levels of government to obtain a more consistent regulatory framework within which the industry can operate. Secondly, there are no obvious general panaceas to the industry's problems. Thirdly, in many sectors of the industry the operators believe that the requirements for truck speeds, loads, and standards are inappropriate and that enforcement is erratic. Fourthly, the inquiry believes that recovery of public costs in both road and rail is haphazard and information about it is kept obscure. On the evidence given to the inquiry the principle of total cost recovery is not disputed. Further, the inquiry believes that there is an important technical regulatory role for government, but that economic regulation can erode efficiency and prevent the industry from playing an effective role in adding to the nation's prosperity. (TRRL)
Crystal structure of a mesogenic copper(II) square-planar complex bis[<i>N</i>-<i>p</i>-(<i>n</i>-Hexyloxy)phenyl,<i>p</i>-(<i>n</i>-heptyloxy)salicylaldiminato] copper(II) (1988)

Abstract The crystal structure of this compound, a substance which exhibits smectic meso-morphism, is triclinic, P 1 space group, with lattice constants a = 11.280(5) Å, b = 13.598(1) Å, c = 25.650(2) Å, α = 97.85(1) Å, β = 96.76(3)° and γ = 100.37(3)°. Molecules with two different conformations are present in the unit cell, and the heptyl and hexyl side-chains are extended nearly parallel to each other. The molecules are packed together in layers with their major axes inclined at 60° to the layer plane. The observed structure explains why the liquid crystal mesophases of this and related compounds are not discotic.
Magnetic properties of GaMnAs single layers and GaInMnAs superlattices investigated at low temperature and high magnetic field (2003)

Magnetotransport properties of GaMnAs single layers and InGaMnAs/InGaAs superlattice structures were investigated at temperatures from 4 K to 300 K and magnetic fields up to 23 T to study the influence of carriers confinement through different structures. Both single layers and superlattice structures show paramagnetic-to-ferromagnetic phase transition. In GaMnAs/InGaAs superlattice beside the Curie temperature (Tc ~ 40 K), a new phase transition is observed close to 13 K.