gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Chemistry and Physiology of Sour Taste—A Review (2007)

Sour taste is the key element in the flavor profile of food acidulants. Understanding the chemistry and physiology of sour taste is critical for efficient control of flavor in the formulation of acid and acidified foods. After a brief introduction to the main applications of food acidulants, several chemical parameters associated with sour taste are discussed. Special emphasis is given to hydrogen ions, protonated (undissociated) acid species, titratable acidity, anions, molar concentration, and physical and chemical properties of organic acids. This article also presents an overview of the physiology of sour taste and proposed theories for the transduction mechanisms for sour taste. The physiology of sour taste perception remains controversial and significant diversity exists among species with regard to cellular schemes used for detection of stimuli. The variety of mechanisms proposed, even within individual species, highlights the complexity of elucidating sour taste transduction. However, recent evidence suggests that at least one specific sour taste receptor protein has been identified.
Technological Quality and Nutritional Value of Two Durum Wheat Varieties Depend on Both Genetic and Environmental Factors (2019)

Durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn) is a major food source in Mediterranean countries since it is utilized for the production of pasta, leavened and unleavened breads, couscous, and other traditional foods. The technological and nutritional properties of durum wheat semolina depend mainly on the type of gluten proteins and on their amount, which is a genotype- and environment-dependent trait. Gluten proteins are also responsible for celiac disease (CD), an autoimmune enteropathy with a prevalence of about 0.7-2% in the human population. At this purpose, two Italian durum wheat cultivars, Saragolla and Cappelli, currently used for monovarietal pasta, were chosen to compare (i) the reserve and embryo proteome, (ii) the free and bound phenolics, antioxidant activity, and amino acid composition, and (iii) the content of immunogenic peptides produced after a simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The results obtained from 2 years of field cultivation on average showed a higher amount of gluten proteins, amino acids, and immunogenic peptides in Cappelli. Saragolla showed a higher abundance in bound phenolics, antioxidant enzymes, and stress response proteins in line with its higher antioxidant activity. However, the impact of the year of cultivation, largely depending on varying rainfall regimes through the wheat growth cycle, was significant for most of the parameters investigated. Differences in technological and nutritional characteristics observed between the two cultivars are discussed in relation to the influence of genetic and environmental factors.
ChemInform Abstract: A CYCLOPROPYLPLATINUM TO Π‐ALLYLPLATINUM REARRANGEMENT (1977)

Abstract Für die Reaktion von (IV) nach (V) wird ein Mechanismus diskutiert.
ChemInform Abstract: TETRACHLOROOXOOSMIUM(VI): A NEW SYNTHESIS, AND MATRIX‐ISOLATION INFRARED AND ULTRAVIOLET‐VISIBLE STUDIES (1982)

Abstract Reines OsOCl 4 läßt sich bequem und in hoher Ausb. durch Umsetzen von 0304 mit BCl 3 bei 20°C darstellen.
The cytotoxic action of diphtheria toxin and its degradation in intact Vero cells are inhibited by bafilomycin A1, a specific inhibitor of vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase. (1990)

The role of vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) in the cytotoxic action of diphtheria toxin (DT) was studied by using bafilomycin A1, a specific inhibitor of V-ATPase. Studies with acridine orange showed that the acidification of intracellular acidic compartments was inhibited strongly when Vero cells were treated with 500 nM bafilomycin A1, indicating that bafilomycin effectively inhibits V-ATPase when it is added to the culture medium. The toxicity of DT to Vero cells, which was determined by the inhibition of protein synthesis by DT, was inhibited partially by bafilomycin at 10 nM and inhibited completely at 500 nM. Therefore, V-ATPase is involved in the expression of the toxicity of DT. Studies using 125I-labeled DT showed that bafilomycin inhibited the degradation of internalized DT, indicating that V-ATPase is also involved in this step. Subcellular fractionation revealed that 125I-DT accumulated mainly in the endosome fraction, and not in the lysosome fraction, when the cells were incubated with 125I-DT in the presence of bafilomycin. Under the cell fractionation conditions similar to those used for the DT-treated cells, we determined the location of 125I-labeled epidermal growth factor in the degradation pathway. The result suggests that bafilomycin A1 does not inhibit the transport of epidermal growth factor to lysosome.
A Review of Selective Laser Melted NiTi Shape Memory Alloy (2018)

NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs) have the best combination of properties among the different SMAs. However, the limitations of conventional manufacturing processes and the poor manufacturability of NiTi have critically limited its full potential applicability. Thus, additive manufacturing, commonly known as 3D printing, has the potential to be a solution in fabricating complex NiTi smart structures. Recently, a number of studies on Selective Laser Melting (SLM) of NiTi were conducted to explore the various aspects of SLM-produced NiTi. Compared to producing conventional metals through the SLM process, the fabrication of NiTi SMA is much more challenging. Not only do the produced parts require a high density that leads to good mechanical properties, strict composition control is needed as well for the SLM NiTi to possess suitable phase transformation characteristics. Additionally, obtaining a good shape memory effect from the SLM NiTi samples is another challenging task that requires further understanding. This paper presents the results of the effects of energy density and SLM process parameters on the properties of SLM NiTi. Its shape memory properties and potential applications were then reviewed and discussed.
Noninvasive Methods for Estimating In Vivo Oxygenation (1992)

Clinical signs of hypoxia and hyperoxia are nonspecific and unreliable, yet both are potentially injurious. Noninvasive methods of oxygen assessment fill the gap between clinical observation and invasive tests, helping physicians deliver sufficient oxygen with minimum toxicity. Potential sites for oxygen measurement vary between the blood and the mitochondria; each method measures at a different site and detects different types of hypoxia and hyperoxia. Thus, values obtained by two different methods are not equivalent, giving each method unique strengths and weaknesses. We review two clinical methods (pulse oximetry and transcutaneous oximetry), as well as four experimental methods (near-infrared spectrophotometry, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, magnetic resonance saturation imaging, and time-of-flight absorbance spectrophotometry). The principles of each method and the clinical situations in which each succeeds or fails are discussed. A fundamental understanding of each method can help in deciding which methods, if any, are appropriate for a given patient and how best to correct observed oxygenation problems once they are discovered.
Widening and Upgrading of the 77-years old Y-Bridge in Ho-Chi-Minh City (2018)

<p>Built in 1941 and strengthened for the first time is 1992, the Y-Bridge in Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam) is set to be widened and upgraded in 2018, doubling its capacity from 2 to 4 lanes and making it in compliance with current Vietnamese Design Specifications and loading. The complex deck structure, made of concrete T- or I-shaped girders, with drop-in steel I-girder spans required various and adaptable strengthening solutions (external post-stressing, shotcrete, FRP) depending on the type and configuration of the deck. Substructure is strengthened and upgraded using reinforced shotcrete, while new piles and micropiles are cast and connected to the substructure using transverse jacking beams and external post-tensioning bars. The challenge for this project is technical, since the bridge capacity is increased for the second time, and logistical, since only a reduction of traffic during works is allowed.</p>
An infrastructure for meta-auctions (2002)

Auctions have been a popular trading paradigm for centuries but have gained new interest through world-wide trading on the Internet. Many B2C sites are embracing reverse auctions as an additional service to registered customers. In all these cases the efficient notification of the participants is essential. We develop the notion of a meta-auction that allows a potential buyer to roam automatically across auction sites and we identify critical communication and notification requirements of the next generation of Internet-scale trading systems. First, today's information systems are limited in their growth and interaction potential because the typical client-server and n-tier system architectures are solely based on a request/response interaction; second, the user-initiated query metaphor from the database domain is the primary means for information acquisition; and third, many assumptions about the meaning of data and notifications provided and exchanged through the Internet are left implicit. We argue that Internet-scale business applications require publish/subscribe as an additional interaction paradigm, should leverage proactive information dissemination and caching mechanisms, and that there is a compelling need for metadata-based infrastructures providing common vocabularies for semantically meaningful exchange of data and notifications. We illustrate these points through examples from the auction domain and the development of the meta-auction concept.
Identification of Rare Recurrent Copy Number Variants in High-Risk Autism Families and Their Prevalence in a Large ASD Population (2013)

Structural variation is thought to play a major etiological role in the development of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), and numerous studies documenting the relevance of copy number variants (CNVs) in ASD have been published since 2006. To determine if large ASD families harbor high-impact CNVs that may have broader impact in the general ASD population, we used the Affymetrix genome-wide human SNP array 6.0 to identify 153 putative autism-specific CNVs present in 55 individuals with ASD from 9 multiplex ASD pedigrees. To evaluate the actual prevalence of these CNVs as well as 185 CNVs reportedly associated with ASD from published studies many of which are insufficiently powered, we designed a custom Illumina array and used it to interrogate these CNVs in 3,000 ASD cases and 6,000 controls. Additional single nucleotide variants (SNVs) on the array identified 25 CNVs that we did not detect in our family studies at the standard SNP array resolution. After molecular validation, our results demonstrated that 15 CNVs identified in high-risk ASD families also were found in two or more ASD cases with odds ratios greater than 2.0, strengthening their support as ASD risk variants. In addition, of the 25 CNVs identified using SNV probes on our custom array, 9 also had odds ratios greater than 2.0, suggesting that these CNVs also are ASD risk variants. Eighteen of the validated CNVs have not been reported previously in individuals with ASD and three have only been observed once. Finally, we confirmed the association of 31 of 185 published ASD-associated CNVs in our dataset with odds ratios greater than 2.0, suggesting they may be of clinical relevance in the evaluation of children with ASDs. Taken together, these data provide strong support for the existence and application of high-impact CNVs in the clinical genetic evaluation of children with ASD.
<title>Space-based forest fire detection concept</title> (1995)

Small, incipient wildfires in the boreal forest can be detected with a space-based infrared sensor that uses currently available technology. At night, wildfires with a temperature of 700 K or more and an area of 1 m<SUP>2</SUP> should be visible if there is a clear line of sight to the sensor. Sensor refinements and signal processing could enhance this level of detection. Clouds, topographical variations and the forest canopy may obscure the line of sight, so that multiple looks would significantly improve the probability of detection of a small fire. The relatively long revisit time of a satellite-based sensor is a constraint of the fire management application. Although the cost and revisit time of a spaceborne sensor are currently too high for it to replace airborne sensors, there is an important role as an adjunct sensor operating at night. Many of the specifications of an infrared sensor for wildfire detection are similar to those for space-based surveillance applications, so that useful infrared imagery from space may become available to the forest management community at relatively low cost.
Perturbed One-Dimensional Unsteady Flows Including Transverse Magnetic-Field Effects (1962)

The effect of small unsteady mass, momentum, and heat addition in a uniform (or piecewise uniform) basic flow is discussed. A general solution is given. A method for obtaining closed-form solutions, in cases where the disturbed flow is self-similar, is also presented. These solutions are applied to find the interaction between a flow, due to a piston starting impulsively from rest, and a transverse magnetic field. It is assumed that Rm « 1 and RmRh « 1, where Rm and Rh are the flow magnetic Reynolds and pressure numbers, respectively. The electrical potential is assumed to be uniform in the channel. Both a narrow (in the streamwise direction) intense magnetic field and a wide, less intense, field are treated. In the latter case it is found that the shock, generated by the motion of the piston, is decelerated by the magnetic field when the shock Mach number Ms is near 1 but is accelerated by the magnetic field when Ms is high. This behavior is due to the electromagnetic body forces dominating at Ms near 1 and the Joule heating dominating at large Ms. These numerical results also apply to the hot-gas region of a shock tube employing strong shocks.
The National Ignition Campaign on NIF (2010)

This talk will describe progress in the experiments campaign on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) that has the goal of igniting and burning DT fuel through Inertial Confinement Fusion utilizing the world's largest laser.
RADIATION PATTERN OF APERTURE COUPLED PROLATE HEMISPHEROIDAL DIELECTRIC RESONATOR ANTENNA (2006)

A detailed analysis and study of a prolate hemispheroidal dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) excited by a rectangular slot aperture are developed. The method used is based on the dyadic Green's function technique in the spheroidal coordinates. In this work, the dyadic Green's functions pertaining to a magnetic-current source located in a dielectric spheroid is derived and expressed in a form convenient for numerical computations. The dyadic Green's functions are then employed to formulate the electromagnetic fields radiated by the DRA. The electromagnetic far field is expressed analytically in a compact form. The antenna radiation patterns and directivities are computed for different design parameters. The accuracy of the solution is attested by both comparing with HFSS simulation results and with published data for the corresponding hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna. Furthermore, efficient algorithms for calculating the prolate spheroidal wave functions are developed using the software package MATLAB. The algorithm developed here for calculating the prolate spheroidal function is compact, fast, and efficient, and compared well with other results in the literature.
Predicting the risk of an endemic focus of<i>Leishmania tropica</i>becoming established in south-western Europe through the presence of its main vector,<i>Phlebotomus sergenti</i>Parrot, 1917 (2013)

SUMMARY The aim of the study was the construction of risk maps for exposure to Phlebotomus sergenti , the main vector of Leishmania tropica , with a view to identifying hot spots for the potential establishment of this parasite in the southwest of Europe. Data were collected on the presence/absence of this vector and the ecological and climatic characteristics of 662 sampling sites located in the southeast, centre and northeast of the Iberian Peninsula (south-western Europe). The environmental factors associated with the distribution of P. sergenti were determined. The best predictors for the presence of this dipteran were ‘altitude’, ‘land use’, ‘land surface temperature’, ‘aspect’, ‘adjacent land cover’, ‘absence of vegetation in wall’ and the ‘absence of PVC pipes in the drainage holes of retaining walls’. Risk maps for exposure to the vector were drawn up based on these variables. The validation of the predictive risk model confirmed its usefulness in the detection of areas with a high risk of P. sergenti being present. These locations represent potential hot spots for an autochthonous focus of L. tropica becoming established. The risk maps produced for P. sergenti presence revealed several areas in the centre and south of the Iberian Peninsula to be the most prone to this process, which would make it possible for the disease to enter south-western Europe.
Physical and oxidation stability of self-emulsifying krill oil-in-water emulsions (2016)

Krill oil is a unique source of omega-3 fatty acids since it is a mixture of phospholipids and triacylglycerols. Due to the presence of phospholipids, it can form oil-in-water emulsions without additional food additives. In this work, the physical stability of krill oil-in-water emulsions was determined at various pH values (3-7) and NaCl concentrations (50-1000 mM). The initial particle size ranged from 150 to 165 nm. The emulsions were the most stable at pH ≥ 5.0 and salt concentrations below 100 mM. Lipid oxidation was accelerated by iron and inhibited by Trolox and α-tocopherol. Trolox was a more effective antioxidant than α-tocopherol. α-Tocopherol had a better inhibitory effect when it was added after homogenization than when added to the lipid prior to homogenization. These results indicate that krill oil emulsions could represent a self-emulsifying, oxidatively stable source of omega-3 fatty acids that may be used in functional foods.
ChemInform Abstract: DIASTEREOSELECTIVE ALDOL REACTIONS (1981)

Abstract Review: Kurzer Überblick.
Correction for vascular artifacts in cerebral blood flow values measured by using arterial spin tagging techniques (1997)

"Vascular" artifacts can have substantial effects on human cerebral blood flow values calculated by using arterial spin tagging approaches. One vascular artifact arises from the contribution of "tagged" arterial water spins to the observed change in brain water MR signal. This artifact can be reduced if large bipolar gradients are used to "crush" the MR signal from moving arterial water spins. A second vascular artifact arises from relaxation of "tagged" arterial blood during transit from the tagging plane to the capillary exchange site in the imaging slice. This artifact can be corrected if the arterial transit times are measured by using "dynamic" spin tagging approaches. The mean transit time from the tagging plane to capillary exchange sites in a gray matter region of interest was calculated to be approximately 0.94 s. Cerebral blood flow values calculated for seven normal volunteers agree reasonably well with values calculated by using radioactive tracer approaches.
TRADE (2015)

As other multithreaded programs, transactional memory (TM) programs are prone to race conditions. Previous work focuses on extending existing definitions of data race for lock-based applications to TM applications, which requires all transactions to be totally ordered “as if” serialized by a global lock. This approach poses implementation constraints on the STM that severely limits TM applications’ performance. This article shows that forcing total ordering among all running transactions, while sufficient, is not necessary. We introduce an alternative data race definition, relaxed transactional data race , that requires ordering of only conflicting transactions. The advantages of our relaxed definition are twofold: First, unlike the previous definition, this definition can be applied to a wide range of TMs, including those that do not enforce transaction total ordering. Second, within a single execution, it exposes a higher number of data races, which considerably reduces debugging time. Based on this definition, we propose a novel and precise race detection tool for C/C++ TM applications (TRADE), which detects data races by tracking happens-before edges among conflicting transactions. Our experiments reveal that TRADE precisely detects data races for STAMP applications running on modern STMs with overhead comparable to state-of-the-art race detectors for lock-based applications. Our experiments also show that in a single run, TRADE identifies several races not discovered by 10 separate runs of a race detection tool based on the previous data race definition.
Effect of Antidepressants and Their Relative Affinity for the Serotonin Transporter on the Risk of Myocardial Infarction (2003)

Increasing serotonin transporter affinity correlates with greater MI protection with SSRI but not other antidepressant exposure.
An Unsupervised Dynamic Bayesian Network Approach to Measuring Speech Style Accommodation (2012)

Speech style accommodation refers to shifts in style that are used to achieve strategic goals within interactions. Models of stylistic shift that focus on specific features are limited in terms of the contexts to which they can be applied if the goal of the analysis is to model socially motivated speech style accommodation. In this paper, we present an unsupervised Dynamic Bayesian Model that allows us to model stylistic style accommodation in a way that is agnostic to which specific speech style features will shift in a way that resembles socially motivated stylistic variation. This greatly expands the applicability of the model across contexts. Our hypothesis is that stylistic shifts that occur as a result of social processes are likely to display some consistency over time, and if we leverage this insight in our model,we will achieve a model that better captures inherent structure within speech. 1
Macromolecular crystallography and medicine (2006)

Macromolecular crystallography is discussed in terms of its impact on medicine, and selected examples of protein structures of medical relevance are provided. The application of crystallography to the study of genetic diseases is covered, as well as the role of crystallography in the development of novel pharmaceuticals.