gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Type conversion in Cd <sub>x</sub> Hg <sub>1-x</sub> Te by ion beam treatment (1987)

Conversion of vacancy-doped p-type cadmium mercury telluride to n-type by rapid diffusion of mercury interstitials created during ion bombardment is rate-limited by the dose and requires neither donor ions nor postannealing.
Application of Tridentate Bis(oxazoline) Ligands in Catalytic Asymmetric Nozaki—Hiyama Allylation and Crotylation: An Example of High Enantioselection with a Non‐Symmetric Bis(oxazoline) Ligand. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct Electrospray Printing of Gradient Refractive Index Chalcogenide Glass Films (2017)

A spatially varying effective refractive index gradient using chalcogenide glass layers is printed on a silicon wafer using an optimized electrospray (ES) deposition process. Using solution-derived glass precursors, IR-transparent Ge<sub>23</sub>Sb<sub>7</sub>S<sub>70</sub> and As<sub>40</sub>S<sub>60</sub> glass films of programmed thickness are fabricated to yield a bilayer structure, resulting in an effective gradient refractive index (GRIN) film. Optical and compositional analysis tools confirm the optical and physical nature of the gradient in the resulting high-optical-quality films, demonstrating the power of direct printing of multimaterial structures compatible with planar photonic fabrication protocols. The potential application of such tailorable materials and structures as they relate to the enhancement of sensitivity in chalcogenide glass based planar chemical sensor device design is presented. This method, applicable to a broad cross section of glass compositions, shows promise in directly depositing GRIN films with tunable refractive index profiles for bulk and planar optical components and devices.
Association of "DNA damage signature" with poor outcome in early prostate cancer. (2015)

13 Background: Whole genome and matching normal tissue analyses in prostate cancer patients have shown that widespread genomic changes occur in multiple distant regions of the genome simultaneously (Baca et al., Cell. 2013). The inherent genomic instability in prostate cancers causes activation of pathways involved in DNA damage, which could be a prognostic and potentially predictive marker for treatment with agents impacting DNA repair (e.g. PARP inhibitors). Using a published dataset, a “DNA damage signature” was generated to test its role as a potential prognostic marker. Methods: A 10-gene signature was generated, using the top 9 genes (MXD3, ZMYND19, BANF1, TOMM40, UBE2S, SNRPF, RPP21, CDK2AP2 and H2AFX) correlated with H2AFX expression, which is known to be unregulated upon DNA damage. TP53 was added due to its significant role in this pathway. This signature was then assessed in The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset (TCGA, unpublished data at NCI) as a discovery set and then validated in the MSK dataset (Taylor et al., 2010) using mutation, copy number, mRNA and proteomic data. Results: Genes in the signature were altered in 31% (77/246) of patients, by amplification and over expression compared to normal. The most frequent alterations were found in TP53 (15%), MXD3 (7%), BANF1 (7%), UBE28 (7%) and CDK2AF2 (7%). Analysis of protein changes associated with alteration in genomic signature showed upregulation of FOXO3, BCL2L1, BAK1 and PCNA (P<0.05). There were significant correlations between the signature and Gleason score (p=0.0015), PTEN (p=0.003) & RAD51 gene expression (p<0.001), but not with ERG,PSA, PIK3CA or BRCA2. Patients with alterations were associated with poor disease free survival (DFS) (p=0.002). When expression was assessed in the validation set, 73%(62/85) samples showed altered gene signatures and those with alterations also had poor DFS (p=0.003). Conclusions: The DNA damage signature can be used to define a group of patients with poor outcome and has the potential to be used as prognostic marker in treatment decisions in early prostate cancer patients.
Different profiles of cytokine expression during mild and severe acute pancreatitis (2010)

Deregulation of cellular immune system is a key event leading to severe and necrotizing AP. IL-6 and MIF could be used as early predictors of complications.
Spontaneous transannular reaction in Δ9-unsaturated A-homo-B,19-dinorsteroids (1989)

The epoxidation of 3β-hydroxy derivatives of Δ 9 -unsaturated A-homo-B,19-dinorsteroids (type I-IV ) proceeds with spontaneous participation of the 3β-hydroxyl under formation of transannular 9α-hydroxy-3β,10β-oxides IX, X, XV and XVII . Epoxidation of the corresponding esters V-VIII affords predominantly 9α,10α-epoxides XIV, XVI, XVIII and XIX which, after hydrolysis of the ester groups are also converted into the transannular 3β,10β-oxides of the type IX .
Application of Laser-Induced Thermal Lens Oscillation to Concentration Measurement in Organic Solutions. (1992)

Laser-induced thermal lensing effect was studied to analyze solute concentration in organic solutions.A new method for concentration measurement was proposed based on the thermal lens oscillation, and demonstrated for uranyl nitrate in 30%tri-n-butyl phosphate solution.A pulsed dye laser system was used to excite uranyl ions so as to create a local temperature gradient in the sample solutions.This thermal effect led to a change of refractive index which could be detected by the divergence of the probe beam, for which a He-Ne laser was used.When the laser beams propagated horizontally below the free surface of the liquid and the depth of the beam position was increased, the signal electronically obtained by the probe beam departed from steadiness and exhibited periodic behavior (thermal oscillation).The boundary of the thermal lens oscillation was clearly determined by fast Fourier transform spectral analysis of the obtained signal, and related with absorbance of the sample solution.The concentration difference of 1 x 10- M uranyl ion was detected by applying this procedure.This method is expected to be useful for verifying concentration of nuclear materials below the concentration limit.
Advancing cell therapies for intervertebral disc regeneration from the lab to the clinic: Recommendations of the ORS spine section (2018)

Intervertebral disc degeneration is strongly associated with chronic low back pain, a leading cause of disability worldwide. Current back pain treatment approaches (both surgical and conservative) are limited to addressing symptoms, not necessarily the root cause. Not surprisingly therefore, long-term efficacy of most approaches is poor. Cell-based disc regeneration strategies have shown promise in preclinical studies, and represent a relatively low-risk, low-cost, and durable therapeutic approach suitable for a potentially large patient population, thus making them attractive from both clinical and commercial standpoints. Despite such promise, no such therapies have been broadly adopted clinically. In this perspective we highlight primary obstacles and provide recommendations to help accelerate successful clinical translation of cell-based disc regeneration therapies. The key areas addressed include: (a) Optimizing cell sources and delivery techniques; (b) Minimizing potential risks to patients; (c) Selecting physiologically and clinically relevant efficacy metrics; (d) Maximizing commercial potential; and (e) Recognizing the importance of multidisciplinary collaborations and engaging with clinicians from inception through to clinical trials.
Corrosion behavior of Ti and Zr in dissolution process for spent nuclear fuel reprocessing. (1985)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeKEYWORDS: corrosioncorrosion resistancecorrosion potentialpolarization curvetitaniumzirconiumdissolver solutionrutheniumreprocessing
Comparison of in Vivo and in Vitro Neutralization of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Activities by Antisera to hCG and a Carboxy-Terminal Fragment of the β-Subunit* (1980)

Unlike antisera to native hCG or its whole α- or β-subunits, antisera to the unique COOH-terminal peptide of the hCG β-subunit or to analogous synthetic peptides fail to neutralize the biological activity of hCG in conventional in vivo bioassays. Whether this difference is due to the dissociation of hCG (free) from the hormone-antibody complex or to the retention of the intrinsic biological activity of hCG even when bound to the antibody is not known. To resolve this question, the effects of antisera on hCG activities were compared in vitro and in vivo, including the metabolic fates of hCG-antibody complexes. In the in vitro system, the addition of increasing amounts of anti-hCGβ-COOH-terminal peptide serum (Abe) obviated [125>I]iodo-hCG binding to rat testis homogenates and inhibited hCG-stimulated testosterone production in the collagenase-dispersed rat interstitial cell assay. Furthermore, the [125I]iodo-Abc, purified by affinity chromatography and in the presence of graded amounts of hCG (0.1 ng to 10 μg), failed to bind in testis homogenates, indicating that the hCG-Abc complex did not bind to the testis receptors. In in vivo experiments, the metabolic fates of [125I]iodo-hCG and [125I]iodo-hCG-Abc were compared with hCG-[125I]iodo-Abc, [125I]iodo-Abc, and [125I]iodo-hCG-antiserum to native hCG (Abh) in intact adult male rats. The plasma half-life of [125I]iodo-hCG-Abc and the uptake of radioactivity into testis, kidney, and liver were between those of [125I]iodo-hCG and hCG-[125I]iodo-Abc, [125I]iodo-Abc, or [125I]- iodo-hCG-Abn. That the metabolic fates of [125I]iodo-hCG-Abc and hCG-[125I]iodo-Abc, as measured by radioactivity, were significantly different, and free hCG was detected in sera injected with the complex suggest that hCG-Abc became dissociated during circulation, and each component was metabolized independently. Although the hCG-Abc did not stimulate testosterone production in intact male rats within 2 h, it was associated with an eventual rise (P < 0.01) in serum testosterone, equivalent to that after hCG injection. These findings indicate a lag time of up to 2 h, but less than 4 h, for significant dissociation of this hormone-antibody complex in vivo, whereafter free hCG stimulated steroidogenesis. Collectively, these observations suggest that the hCG-Abc complex is not active in vitro, and its apparent in vivo biological activity arises from free hCG after its belated dissociation from the antibodies. The apparent association constant of hCG-Abc of 1.2 × 109 M-1, 50 times lower than that of hCG-Abn and 20 times lower than that of hCG-gonadal receptor, supports this interpretation. Further, our findings demonstrate the risks of developing an antifertility vaccine using restricted portions of hCGβ for avoidance of LH cross-reactivity where the hormoneantibody complex may become dissociated in the circulation. Accordingly, in vitro bioassays are not sufficient for assessment of the immune status of women receiving these antigens.
Angle-resolved photoemission studies of TiC(111) and TiC(100) (1980)

Oriented single-crystal faces of TiC (100)-(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) and TiC (111)-Ti (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) have been studied with angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation for $8\ensuremath{\le}h\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\le}70$ eV. From normal-emission spectra, criticalpoint energies have been determined for the occupied carbon $2s$ band (10-13 eV below ${E}_{F}$) and for the occupied Ti $3d$-C $2p$ band (${{L}_{3}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=\ensuremath{-}6$ eV, ${{L}_{3}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=\ensuremath{-}3$ eV, ${{X}_{4}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{1}=\ensuremath{-}4$ eV, ${{X}_{5}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=\ensuremath{-}0.5$ eV, and ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{5}=\ensuremath{-}0.8$ eV). Recent band calculations are shown to be qualitatively correct, although most calculations place the bands too close to the Fermi energy ${E}_{F}$. Critical points in the empty Ti $4s$-derived band (${{L}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=8.7$ eV and ${X}_{1}=11.5$ eV above ${E}_{F}$) have been identified through studies of final-state effects in normal emission. Three-dimensional density-of-states features were observed in normal-emission spectra, although such spectra should sample only the high-symmetry lines $\ensuremath{\Gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{-}L$ and $\ensuremath{\Gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{-}L$; these could be due to the effects of bulk vacancies in the Ti${\mathrm{C}}_{0.93}$ crystal or to surface inhomogeneities incurred in the preparation process (ion etching and annealing).
Spin-charge conversion via the Rashba spin-orbit interaction in spin pumping systems (2010)

The aim in spintronics is to manipulate the spin degrees of freedom besides the charge ones. Conversion of the spin degrees of freedom into electricity is an important task for development of technology. We derive theoretically the mechanism which spin transport due to the spin pumping effect is converted into the charge current via the Rashba spin-orbit interaction. As a result, it is found that the spin-charge conversion mechanism via the Rashba coupling is the inverse effect of the spin torque rather than the inverse process of the spin Hall effect. We discuss also the charge conservation law, namely the induced charge current is conserved.
Reducing roof fall accidents on retreat mining sections (1900)

Pillar recovery continues to be one of the most hazardous activities in underground mining. Global stability, achieved through proper pillar design, is a necessary prerequisite for safe pillar recovery. Local stability means preventing roof falls in the working area. It is achieved by minimizing the 'risk factors' described in this paper. Roof Control Plans developed at each underground coal mine often address both engineering parameters and human behavior issues. These plans are essential to all mining activities, but nowhere are they more important than in pillar recovery. Pillaring leaves little tolerance for error, and mistakes can be deadly. Roof Control Plans must be carefully drawn up to address site-specific conditions, and then carefully implemented and followed. Miners and foremen involved in pillar extraction should be trained to know and understand the plan prior to beginning retreat mining. More details can be found at www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/pubs/pdfs/rtrog.pdf. 3 figs.
Extending DNA‐Based Molecular Photonic Wires with Homogeneous Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (2016)

Molecular photonic wires (MPWs) precisely position dyes using structural DNA methodologies where they exploit Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to direct photonic energy over nm distances with potential applications in light harvesting, biosensing, and molecular electronics. Although versatile, the number of donor–acceptor dye pairs available and the downhill nature of FRET combine to limit the size and efficiency of current MPWs. HomoFRET between identical dyes should provide zero energy loss but at the cost of random transfer directionality. Here, it has been investigated what HomoFRET has to offer as a means to extend MPWs. Steady‐state‐, lifetime‐, and fluorescence anisotropy measurements along with mathematical models are utilized to experimentally examine various 3‐, 4‐, and 5‐dye MPW constructs containing from 1 to 6 HomoFRET repeat sections. Results show that HomoFRET can be extended up to 6 repeat dyes/5 steps with only a ≈55% energy transfer efficiency decrease while doubling the longest MPW length to a remarkable 30 nm. Critically, analogous constructs lacking the HomoFRET portion are unable to deliver any energy over the same lengths. Even with nondirectionality, the introduction of a repeated‐optimized HomoFRET transfer dye is preferable compared to additional less efficient dye species. HomoFRET further provides the benefit of having a higher energy output.
Intramolecular nucleophile-assisted cleavage of organosilane cation radicals (1993)

Organosilane cation radicals which have tethered nucleophiles are found to undergo rapid intramolecular nucleophilic substitution in both high and low polarity solvents. This reaction competes with both separation and return electron transfer within the primary ion radical pair generated by photoinduced bimolecular electron transfer. These results demonstrate the ability to effect ion radical substitutions in low polarity solvents.
A new decoding scheme for errorless codes for overloaded CDMA with active user detection (2011)

Recently, a new class of binary codes for overloaded CDMA systems are proposed that not only has the ability of errorless communication but also suitable for detecting active users. These codes are called COWDA. In [1], a Maximum Likelihood (ML) decoder is proposed for this class of codes. Although the proposed scheme for coding/decoding shows impressive performance, the decoder can be significantly improved. In this paper, by assuming practical conditions for the traffic in the system, we suggest and prove an algorithm that increases the performance of the decoder several orders of magnitude (the Bit-Error-Rate (BER) is divided by a factor of about 400 in some E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> /N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> 's). The algorithm supposes the Poisson distribution for the time of activation/deactivation of the users.
The Slide at Bekkelaget (1955)

The present article describes the slide at Bekkelaget, October 7th, 1953. This slide took place in quick clay and comprised road and railway embankment in a length of ab. 100 metres and adjacent slope of slight declivity inclination in a distance of ab. 100 metres outside the filling. The gliding out occurred very quickly as a big single slide with an even sliding surface parallel to the slope. Comprehensive borings and laboratory investigations with stability calculations have been performed. Due to the existence of good maps and profiles the slide region could be reconstructed with great accuracy. The stability calculations have been carried out through a Φ=0 analysis, which gives a factor of safety very close to 1,0. No works worth mentioning have been performed on the site since 1920, and the filling must therefore have had a factor of safety close to 1,0 during the last 30 years. During this period no movements have been observed in the road and railway embankment or in the outside slope.
Performance analysis of a unique microwave frequency synthesizer (2002)

This paper describes briefly an elegant implementation of a microwave frequency synthesizer, which can deliver good phase noise and spurious performance along with an octave tuning range and fine tuning steps. The frequency synthesizer has 1 MHz loop bandwidth, which guarantees fast frequency setting, and a phase noise of -80 dBc at 10 kHz. More discussions focus on the performance analysis of this synthesizer, including phase noise and spurious signal analysis. Practical design considerations are emphasized.
Many-Body Effects in Nanocrystal Superlattices: Departure from Sphere Packing Explains Stability of Binary Phases (2015)

This work analyzes the role of hydrocarbon ligands in the self-assembly of nanocrystal (NC) superlattices. Typical NCs, composed of an inorganic core of radius R and a layer of capping ligands with length L, can be described as soft spheres with softness parameter L/R. Using particle tracking measurements of transmission electron microscopy images, we find that close-packed NCs, like their hard-sphere counterparts, fill space at approximately 74% density independent of softness. We uncover deformability of the ligand capping layer that leads to variable effective NC size in response to the coordination environment. This effect plays an important role in the packing of particles in binary nanocrystal superlattices (BNSLs). Measurements on BNSLs composed of NCs of varying softness in several coordination geometries indicate that NCs deform to produce dense BNSLs that would otherwise be low-density arrangements if the particles remained spherical. Consequently, rationalizing the mixing of two NC species during BNSL self-assembly need not employ complex energetic interactions. We summarize our analysis in a set of packing rules. These findings contribute to a general understanding of entropic effects during crystallization of deformable objects (e.g., nanoparticles, micelles, globular proteins) that can adapt their shape to the local coordination environment.
The function of bursts of spikes during visual fixation in the awake primate lateral geniculate nucleus and primary visual cortex (2002)

When images are stabilized on the retina, visual perception fades. During voluntary visual fixation, however, constantly occurring small eye movements, including microsaccades, prevent this fading. We previously showed that microsaccades generated bursty firing in the primary visual cortex (area V-1) in the presence of stationary stimuli. Here we examine the neural activity generated by microsaccades in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), and in the area V-1 of the awake monkey, for various functionally relevant stimulus parameters. During visual fixation, microsaccades drove LGN neurons by moving their receptive fields across a stationary stimulus, offering a likely explanation of how microsaccades block fading during normal fixation. Bursts of spikes in the LGN and area V-1 were associated more closely than lone spikes with preceding microsaccades, suggesting that bursts are more reliable than are lone spikes as neural signals for visibility. In area V-1, microsaccade-generated activity, and the number of spikes per burst, was maximal when the bar stimulus centered over a receptive field matched the cell's optimal orientation. This suggested burst size as a neural code for stimuli optimality (and not solely stimuli visibility). As expected, burst size did not vary with stimulus orientation in the LGN. To address the effectiveness of microsaccades in generating neural activity, we compared activity correlated with microsaccades to activity correlated with flashing bars. Onset responses to flashes were about 7 times larger than the responses to the same stimulus moved across the cells' receptive fields by microsaccades, perhaps because of the relative abruptness of flashes.
Permeability, porosity, and percolation properties of two-dimensional disordered fracture networks (2011)

Using extensive Monte Carlo simulations, we study the effective permeability, porosity, and percolation properties of two-dimensional fracture networks in which the fractures are represented by rectangles of finite widths. The parameters of the study are the width of the fractures and their number density. For low and intermediate densities, the average porosity of the network follows a power-law relation with the density. The exponent of the power law itself depends on the fractures' width through a power law. For an intermediate range of the densities, the effective permeability scales with the fractures' width as a power law, with an exponent that depends on the density. For high densities the effective permeability also depends on the porosity through a power law, with an exponent that depends on the fractures' width. In agreement with the results, experimental data also indicate the existence of a power-law relationship between the effective permeability and porosity in consolidated sandstones and sedimentary rocks with a nonuniversal exponent. The percolation threshold or critical number density of the fractures depends on their width and is maximum if they are represented by squares, rather than rectangles.