gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Colorectal lesions: evaluation with CT colography. (1997)

Computed tomographic (CT) colography is a promising technique for differentiating malignant or premalignant colorectal disease from benign lesions. In this technique, helical CT data are used to produce reformated two-dimensional (2D) CT images and simulated endoscopic images of the colon. Adenomatous polyps 0.7 cm in diameter or larger are easily detected on CT colographic images: A pedunculated polyp is identified by means of its stalk, whereas a sessile polyp appears as a polypoid soft-tissue mass projecting into the air-filled lumen of the colon. However, flat adenomas (lesions raised less than 2 mm from the surface of the colon) are difficult to detect with CT colography. In cases of colorectal cancer, both intraluminal and extraluminal disease can be evaluated with CT colography. Although CT colography does not allow differentiation between hyperplastic and adenomatous polyps, lipomas can be confidently diagnosed because of their fatty attenuation on reformatted 2D images. Pseudolesions that can produce false-positive findings at CT colography include the ileocecal valve, retained stool, retained barium, respiratory artifacts, and a stool-filled diverticulum.
Thermal and optical characterization of collectors integrated in a Sn-DPP based SoCoMo (2008)

The paper presents the results of an investigation into the thermal and optical characteristics of alpha-type dual-mirror grazing incidence collectors for Extreme Ultra-violet Lithography integrated into a tin-fueled discharge produced plasma source. The performance of the system is assessed at various power levels and temperature conditions. The thermal and the optical data, in particular images at extra-focal planes behind the intermediate focus, are compared to the predictions of the thermo-optical model of the system. The data we present provide verification of the models used to design the collector and validation of the thermo-optical modeling approach for design of future generations of collectors.
Photographing the world ground up (2010)

A description of the Google Street View Project is provided, from the beginnings to its current state. Google Street View is perhaps the largest image data base ever collected. The goal of this project is to take panoramic images at every public place in this world and to make these images accessible through the Internet, so that people can "tele-port" themselves to anywhere, anytime. While the general idea behind Street View can be traced back to the MIT Movie Maps project that photographed major roads in Aspen in the late 1960s, a project of this sale and proportion has never been tried before. Many of the issues that arose in building up a fleet of vehicles, and processing endless pedabytes of image data in endless Google computer racks are reviewed. In addition, some of the implications of this new database, and key challenges in moving ahead are discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Absolute Configuration of Tautomycin (I), a Protein Phosphatase Inhibitor from a Streptomycete (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Digoxin Suppresses HIV-1 Replication by Altering Viral RNA Processing (2013)

To develop new approaches to control HIV-1 replication, we examined the capacity of recently described small molecular modulators of RNA splicing for their effects on viral RNA metabolism. Of the drugs tested, digoxin was found to induce a dramatic inhibition of HIV-1 structural protein synthesis, a response due, in part, to reduced accumulation of the corresponding viral mRNAs. In addition, digoxin altered viral RNA splice site use, resulting in loss of the essential viral factor Rev. Digoxin induced changes in activity of the CLK family of SR protein kinases and modification of several SR proteins, including SRp20 and Tra2β, which could account for the effects observed. Consistent with this hypothesis, overexpression of SRp20 elicited changes in HIV-1 RNA processing similar to those observed with digoxin. Importantly, digoxin was also highly active against clinical strains of HIV-1 in vitro, validating this novel approach to treatment of this infection.
Phonon production and Nonequilibrium Transport from ion strikes (2004)

Traditionally, prediction of the failure of microelectronic devices due to heavy ion strikes has involved an equilibrium charge production model and subsequent device simulation. However, this approximation has become inadequate for highly scaled devices both in terms of ionizing and nonionizing models. The present work considers nonequilibrium thermal generation and transport resulting from ion strikes, which augments existing models to account for localized heating effects. Using an linear energy transfer model for phonon generation and a Monte Carlo approach to solve for the transport, the nonequilibrium thermal energy distribution is calculated. The resulting energy distribution is correlated to damage cascades, amorphous areas surrounding strike paths and melt regions. Further, the resulting temperature rises can be coupled to device simulations for devices experiencing ion strikes.
Transcriptional activation of<i>cKi-ras</i>proto-oncogene resulting from retroviral promoter insertion (1989)

Enhanced expression of the cKi-ras proto-oncogene in a bone marrow-derived mouse cell line, 416B, has been shown to be associated with the integration of Friend viral DNA into the cellular gene. Here we report the results of experiments designed to clarify the molecular mechanism responsible for the cKi-ras overexpression. Based on primer extension analyses and DNA sequencing of cKi-ras cDNA clones, we have obtained evidence that the 416B cells contain viral-host chimaeric transcripts that initiate within the 3' long terminal repeat (LTR) of the integrated provirus. Processing of the transcripts from the rearranged cKi-ras gene includes an unexpected splicing event associated with the fortuitous creation of a cryptic donor splice site at the junction between the proviral and cellular DNA sequences. These data demonstrate that enhanced cKi-ras expression in the 416B cells results from a retroviral promoter insertion mechanism of transcriptional activation.
Oriented incorporation of bacteriorhodopsin into the lipid shell of phospholipid‐coated polymer particles (1990)

Phospholipid monolayers covalently fixed to spherical polymer carriers spontaneously form a stable bilayer‐like structure by adsorption of further added phospholipids. Bacteriorhodopsin could be incorporated into the lipid bilayer growing on these particles. From the direction of proton pumping as well as from freeze‐fracture electron micrographs and papain digestion, experimental evidence was obtained that the preferred orientation of bacteriorhodopsin within the lipid coat is ‘inside‐out’ (more than 90%). A ‘right‐side‐out’ incorporation of bacteriorhodopsin could be demonstrated, if the negative charge density of the carrier surface was lowered by chemical modification.
Infrared Spectra of Complexes of NO2F with BF3, PF5 and SbF5 (1960)

The infrared spectra of complexes of NO2F with BF3, PF5, and SbF5 have been studied. In each case bands at about 2360 cm—1 were recorded and have been attributed to the nitronium ion NO2+. Bands consistent with a complex anion of the form MFn+1— have been observed, though with less accuracy. It is considered correct to designate these complexes as NO2+BF4—, NO2+PF6—, and NO2+SbF6—.
The parabrachial nucleus: A brain stem substrate critical for mediating the aversive motivational effects of morphine. (1993)

Bilateral ibotenic acid lesions of the lateral, but not the medial, parabrachial nucleus (PBN) blocked conditioned taste aversion (CTA) induced by morphine but not conditioned place preference induced by morphine. The same lateral PBN lesions also blocked conditioned place aversion produced by low intraperitoneal doses of morphine (shown to produce aversion, instead of preference, due to a restricted action on gut opiate receptors). Lateral PBN lesions did not block CTA produced by LiCl. Cerebral peduncle lesions that destroyed the direct descending projections from the visceral cortex to the PBN did not block CTA induced by morphine, nor did ibotenic acid lesions of the tegmental pedunculopontine nuclei (shown to block place preference produced by even high morphine doses). It is suggested that the lateral PBN is a critical link in the neural pathway carrying the aversive motivational effects of opiates from the gut into the central nervous system, independent of the neural pathway carrying the rewarding motivational effects of morphine.
Measuring spine pedicle diameters in Turkish people using computed tomography (1995)

In this study, using computed tomography, in 111 adult pearsons (60 men, 51 women), the pedicle diameters of L1, L2, L3, L4, L5 and S1 were measured and these measurements were compared with pedicle screw diameters commonly used spine surgery. The pedicle diameter at each level was measured and averaged for all patients and for men and women separately. The average pedicle diameters of women were 4.78 for L1 (%62.7 were less than 5mm), 5.44 mm for L2 (%96 were less than 7 mm), 6.96 mm for L3 (%52.9 were less than 7 mm), 9.24 mm for L4, 12.28 mm for L5, 17.24 mm for S1, and men were 5.76 mm for L1 (%20 were less than 5 mm), 6.3 mm for L2 (%71.6 were less than 7 mm), 7.98 mm for L3 (%16.2 were less than 7mm), 9.9 mm for L4, 13.7 mm for L5, 18.5 mm for S1. According to these results, at each sexuality, pedicle screws with 7 mm outer diameter can be used safely for L4, L5 and S1 pedicle. For L1, L2 and L3 pedicle should be obtained preoperative computed tomography pedicle measurements to prevent complications.
High-brightness blue and green light-emitting diodes (1995)

We report high-brightness blue and green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on II–VI heterostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy on ZnSe substrates. The devices consist of a 2–3 μm thick layer of n-type ZnSe:Cl, a ∼0.1 μm thick active region of Zn0.9Cd0.1Se (blue) or ZnTe0.1Se0.9 (green), and a 1.0 μm thick p-type ZnSe:N layer. The blue LEDs produce 327 μW (10 mA, 3.2 V), with the light output sharply peaked at 489 nm, and exhibit an external quantum efficiency of 1.3%. The green LEDs produce 1.3 mW (10 mA, 3.2 V) peaked at 512 nm, corresponding to an external quantum efficiency of 5.3%. In terms of photometric units, the luminous performance (luminous efficiency) of the devices is 1.6 lm/W (blue) and 17 lm/W (green), respectively, when operated at 10 mA.
Measuring Technology to Determine the Equivalent Flux Flow Resistivity of High-Tc Superconducting Bulk Materials. Pulse-Excited Vibration Method. (1997)

We propose a new method for measuring flux flow resistivity, and name it the “pulse-excited vibration method, ” This method is capable of evaluating effective flux flow resistivity, which is important to analyze the properties of superconducting bulk materials in a transient mode. In this paper, we describe the pulse-excited vibration method in detail, and estimate the flux flow resistivity of a superconducting bulk sample based on our model. Furthermore, the validity of this method was verified successfully by applying the measurement process to a superconducting tape.
Research, development, and demonstration needs for large-scale, reliability-enhancing, integration of distributed energy resources (2005)

Distributed energy resources (DER) are in transition from the lab to the marketplace. The defining characteristic of DER is that they are active devices installed at the distribution system level, as opposed to the transmission level. While no specific size range has been defined, most distribution systems would have difficulty accommodating distributed generating resources larger than 10 MW/MVA at any single location and many systems may have even lower limits. Distributed energy resources include generation resources such as fuel cells, micro-turbines, photovoltaics, and hybrid power plants or storage technologies such as batteries, flywheels, ultra capacitors and superconducting magnetic energy storage. They may also consist of dynamic reactive power control devices and possibly customer end-use load controls. This paper summarizes technical requirements for large-scale integration of active devices into the existing distribution infrastructure to maintain or enhance reliability. The paper is intended to lay the groundwork for a multi-year program of research necessary to facilitate the transition to such a system. The scope of the research includes consideration of control systems including the sensors and instruments necessary to gather intelligence for real-time power management and dispatch or coordination among distributed generation resources and with utility distribution systems. It also includes improved modeling techniques to better characterize the technologies and their impacts on the distribution (and ultimately the transmission) system.
Back pain management in primary care: patients' and doctors' expectations. (2009)

There is a need for standardisation of definition in expectations research and a valid measurement tool that is condition specific. Understanding patients' and doctors' expectations may be a key factor for improving quality of care, in terms of both process and outcome.
Autoantibodies to IL-1α in Sera from Umbilical Cords, Children, and Adults, and from Patients with Juvenile Chronic Arthritis (1996)

Antibodies against interleukin-1 alpha (aAb-IL-1 alpha) have previously been demonstrated in sera of healthy adults and in patients with inflammatory diseases. In the present investigation the occurrence of aAb-IL-1 alpha was examined by second antibody precipitation technique in sera from umbilical cords (n = 11), children (n = 45), and adults (n = 20), as well as in 51 patients with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) of pauciarticular (n = 34), polyarticular (n = 8), or systemic onset type (n = 9). RESULTS. The frequency of positive sera was significantly lower in children than in cord blood and adults as were the levels of aAb-IL-1 alpha (p < 0.0001). In the non-neonatal group of individuals the levels of aAb-IL-1 alpha correlated positively with age (r = 0.394, p = 0.0015). The frequency of sera positive for aAb-IL-1 alpha was higher in the JCA patients, as were the levels (p < 0.005), and correlated positively with disease activity as evaluated by joint score and visual analogue score.
ChemInform Abstract: THE FORMATION OF THIOPHENES BY A BASE‐CATALYZED SULFOXIDE DEHYDRATION (1976)

Abstract Das beim Erhitzen in Wasser stabile Sulfoxid (I) wird in 30%iger Natronlauge bei 100°C zum Benzothiophen (II) dehydratisiert, das als instabile Verbindung mit Tetracyan= äthylen in das Cycloaddukt (III) umgewandelt wird.
DIGS (2016)

Context: The security goals of a software system provide a foundation for security requirements engineering. Identifying security goals is a process of iteration and refinement, leveraging the knowledge and expertise of the analyst to secure not only the core functionality but the security mechanisms as well. Moreover, a comprehensive security plan should include goals for not only preventing a breach, but also for detecting and appropriately responding in case a breach does occur. Goal: The objective of this research is to support analysts in security requirements engineering by providing a framework that supports a systematic and comprehensive discovery of security goals for a software system. Method: We develop a framework, Discovering Goals for Security (DIGS), that models the key entities in information security, including assets and security goals. We systematically develop a set of security goal patterns that capture multiple dimensions of security for assets. DIGS explicitly captures the relations and assumptions that underlie security goals to elicit implied goals. We map the goal patterns to NIST controls to help in operationalizing the goals. We evaluate DIGS via a controlled experiment where 28 participants analyzed systems from mobile banking and human resource management domains. Results: Participants considered security goals commensurate to the knowledge available to them. Although the overall recall was low given the empirical constraints, participants using DIGS identified more implied goals and felt more confident in completing the task. Conclusion: Explicitly providing the additional knowledge for the identification of implied security goals significantly increased the chances of discovering such goals, thereby improving coverage of stakeholder security requirements, even if they are unstated.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF THE STREPTOGRAMIN B ANALOG CYCLODEPSIPEPTIDE CYCLO(‐(BOC)SER‐D‐ABU‐PRO‐(ME)PHE‐PIP‐PHG‐O‐) (1983)

Abstract Das nach üblichen Verfahren aufgebaute Tetrapeptid (I) wird mit dem Esterdipeptid (II) (Darstellung beschrieben) zum Hexadepsipeptid (IIIa) (Diastereomerengemisch) kondensiert, dessen Deblockierungsprodukt (IIIb) unter Bildung der Titelverbindung (IV) cyclisiert wird.
Performance of Wi-Fi and bluetooth in mobile ad hoc networks (2008)

As wireless networks become more pervasive throughout society, developments focus on establishing full mobility. This research examines the performance of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth networks in situations where both communication nodes are in motion. Throughput-testing software ran on two computers in an ad-hoc network, while located in separate cars driving on the highway in various configurations. Initial results indicate that compared to stationary communication, motion at 80 km/h cut the data rate roughly in half when using the TCP protocol while decreasing packet transmission times. The data rate for UDP remained roughly the same, although much less consistent, while packet transmission times also decreased. Bluetooth connections could not be established while in motion, but once established while stationary, synchronized motion showed little effect on communication performance. Future research would explore alternative protocols and spectral bands, additionally incorporating more nodes to determine the impact of interference on such configurations.
Assumptions made when preparing drug exposure data for analysis have an impact on results: <scp>A</scp>n unreported step in pharmacoepidemiology studies (2018)

The framework offers a transparent and efficient way to perform and report drug data preparation steps. Assumptions made during data preparation can impact the results of analyses. Improving transparency regarding drug data preparation would increase the repeatability, reproducibility, and comparability of published results.
Control of macromolecular synthesis in proliferating and resting syrian hamster cells in monolayer culture. III. Electrophoretic patterns of newly synthesized proteins in synchronized proliferating cells and resting cells (1972)

Abstract Electrophoretic patterns of newly synthesized proteins have been compared for hamster embryo fibroblasts in asynchronous cultures, mitotically synchronized cultures, and stationary phase cultures. Only proteins with molecular weight between 30,000 and 150,000, comprising 60–70% of the total cell proteins and excluding histones and collagen were included in the comparison. Although no significant differences could be detected between such patterns for cells at different stages of the cell cycle, significant differences were detected between patterns for cells in stationary phase and for proliferating asynchronous or synchronous cells in any stage of the cell cycle. These differences amounted to at least 5% of the newly synthesized cellular proteins. Much larger differences were detected between patterns from a nuclear fraction of proliferating and resting cells. These results indicate that normal cells in stationary phase are arrested in a state distinct from any phase of the normal cell cycle and may provide a biochemical marker for resting cells.
On Electron Transport through <i>Geobacter</i> Biofilms (2012)

Geobacter spp. can form a biofilm that is more than 20 μm thick on an anode surface by utilizing the anode as a terminal respiratory electron acceptor. Just how microbes transport electrons through a thick biofilm and across the biofilm/anode interface, and what determines the upper limit to biofilm thickness and catalytic activity (i.e., current, the rate at which electrons are transferred to the anode), are fundamental questions attracting substantial attention. A significant body of experimental evidence suggests that electrons are transferred from individual cells through a network of cytochromes associated with cell outer membranes, within extracellular polymeric substances, and along pili. Here, we describe what is known about this extracellular electron transfer process, referred to as electron superexchange, and its proposed role in biofilm anode respiration. Superexchange is able to account for many different types of experimental results, as well as for the upper limit to biofilm thickness and catalytic activity that Geobacter biofilm anodes can achieve.
Characterization of tetracycline and erythromycin resistance determinants in Treponema denticola (1996)

Treponema denticola isolates were evaluated for the presence of known tetracycline and erythromycin resistance determinants by Southern blot hybridization of whole-cell DNA and PCR assays. We examined all isolates available, which included 12 clinical and 4 American Type Culture Collection isolates. Two isolates carried the Tet B determinant, five isolates carried both the Tet B and Erm F determinants, seven isolates carried the Erm F determinant, and two did not carry any of the Tet or Erm determinants tested. Both the Tet B and Erm F determinants appeared to be associated with the chromosome. Neither of the two T. denticola donors tested could transfer the Tet B determinant, but three of four T. denticola tested transferred the Erm F determinant to an Enterococcus faecalis recipient. This extends the host range of both the tetB and ermF genes into the genus Treponema.
Quantitative fluoroscopic dose saving in cardiovascular imaging with a novel motion discriminating temporal filter (2005)

Temporal recursive filters commonly used for fluoroscopic noise reduction blur moving objects and compromise device visibility. A motion discriminating temporal filter (MD-TF) has been developed for interventional applications on GE Innova Cardiovascular X-ray systems. This filter reduces motion-blur by detecting object motion and offers the potential for improved device visibility and/or dose savings. In this study, we quantified potential dose savings offered by the MD-TF using a realistic image synthesis model of the GE Innova digital flat panel system and visual perception experiments. The MD-TF applied to flat panel detector fluoroscopy images was found to offer up to 39% dose savings compared to unfiltered images. In comparison, a simple image lag resulted in no dose savings. The results demonstrate the importance of optimal temporal filtering for maximizing device visibility, and for achieving maximum X-ray dose efficiency