gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CO<sub>2</sub> Processing and O<sub>2</sub> Reclamation System Selection Process for Future European Space Programmes (1989)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper describes the process used to select the physico-chemical system configuration to meet the requirements of manned European space development plans from the year 2005 onwards. From the investigated sixty four candidates, eight candidate system configurations were preselected from which one baseline configuration was finally selected. This will enable the European space industry to identify and establish the required capabilities and technologies in Europe.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The selection process took available technology, cost impact, oxygen, water, carbon and hydrogen loop closure considerations and a synergetic approach with the propulsion system into account. Both quantitative and qualitative assessments were used.</div>
Ergotism masquerading as arteritis (1989)

PreviewErgotism is a condition characterized by intense, generalized vasoconstriction of small and large blood vessels. The infrequency with which it is encountered makes ergot poisoning a formidable diagnostic challenge, like many other rare entities. In this article, the authors present a case of ergotism masquerading as arteritis and discuss the pathophysiology, presenting symptoms and signs, keys to diagnosis, and suggested treatment.
Metabolism of aflatoxin, ochratoxin, zearalenone, and three trichothecenes by intact rumen fluid, rumen protozoa, and rumen bacteria (1984)

The effect of rumen microbes on six mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, and deoxynivalenol ) considered to be health risks for domestic animals was investigated. The mycotoxins were incubated with intact rumen fluid or fractions of rumen protozoa and bacteria from sheep and cattle in the presence or absence of milled feed. Rumen fluid had no effect on aflatoxin B1 and deoxynivalenol . The remaining four mycotoxins were all metabolized, and protozoa were more active than bacteria. Metabolism of ochratoxin A, zearalenone, and diacetoxyscirpenol was moderately or slightly inhibited by addition of milled feed in vitro. The capacity of rumen fluid to degrade ochratoxin A decreased after feeding, but this activity was gradually restored by the next feeding time. Ochratoxin A was cleaved to ochratoxin alpha and phenylalanine; zearalenone was reduced to alpha-zearalenol and to a lesser degree to beta-zearalenol; diacetoxyscirpenol and T-2 toxin were deacetylated to monoacetoxyscirpenol and HT-2 toxin, respectively. Feeding of 5 ppm (5 mg/kg) of ochratoxin A to sheep revealed 14 ppb (14 ng/ml) of ochratoxin A and ochratoxin alpha in rumen fluid after 1 h, but neither was detected in the blood. Whether such conversions in the rumen fluid may be considered as a first line of defense against toxic compounds present in the diet is briefly discussed.
Functional Analysis of Individual Binding Activities of the Scaffold Protein eIF4G (2006)

Eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4G is an integral member of the translation initiation machinery. The molecule serves as a scaffold for several other initiation factors, including eIF4E, eIF4AI, the eIF3 complex, and poly(A)-binding protein (PABP). Previous work indicates that complexes between these proteins exhibit enhanced mRNA cap-binding and RNA helicase activities relative to the respective individual proteins, eIF4E and eIF4A. The eIF4G-PABP interaction has been implicated in enhancing the formation of 48 S and 80 S initiation complexes and ribosome recycling through mRNA circularization. The eIF3-eIF4GI interaction is believed to forge the link between the 40 S subunit and the mRNA. Here we have investigated the behavior in vitro and in intact cells of eIF4GIf molecules lacking either the PABP-binding site, the eIF3-binding site, the middle domain eIF4A-binding site, or the C-terminal segment that includes the second eIF4A-binding site. Although in some cases the mutant forms were recruited more slowly, all of these eIF4G variants could form complexes with eIF4E, enter 48 S complexes and polysomes in vivo and in vitro, and partially rescue translation in cells targeted with eIF4GI short interfering RNA. In the reticulocyte lysate, eIF4G unable to interact directly with PABP showed little impairment in its ability to support translation, whereas loss of either of the eIF4A-binding sites or the eIF3-binding site resulted in a marked decrease in activity. We conclude that there is considerable redundancy in the mechanisms forming initiation complexes in mammalian cells, such that many individual interactions have regulatory rather than essential roles.
BDNF heightens the sensitivity of motor neurons to excitotoxic insults through activation of TrkB (2003)

The survival promoting and neuroprotective actions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are well known but under certain circumstances this growth factor can also exacerbate excitotoxic insults to neurons. Prior exploration of the receptor through which BDNF exerts this action on motor neurons deflects attention away from p75. Here we investigated the possibility that BDNF acts through the receptor tyrosine kinase, TrkB, to confer on motor neurons sensitivity to excitotoxic challenge. We blocked BDNF activation of TrkB using a dominant negative TrkB mutant or a TrkB function blocking antibody, and found that this protected motor neurons against excitotoxic insult in cultures of mixed spinal cord neurons. Addition of a function blocking antibody to BDNF to mixed spinal cord neuron cultures is also neuroprotective indicating that endogenously produced BDNF participates in vulnerability to excitotoxicity. We next examined the intracellular signaling cascades that are engaged upon TrkB activation. Previously we found that inhibition of the phosphatidylinositide-3'-kinase (PI3'K) pathway blocks BDNF-induced excitotoxic sensitivity. Here we show that expression of a constitutively active catalytic subunit of PI3'K, p110, confers excitotoxic sensitivity (ES) upon motor neurons not incubated with BDNF. Parallel studies with purified motor neurons confirm that these events are likely to be occuring specifically within motor neurons. The abrogation of BDNF's capacity to accentuate excitotoxic insults may make it a more attractive neuroprotective agent.
The Subjectively-Perceived Frequency Response in Small and Medium-Sized Rooms (1982)

The perception of timbre evoked by sound reproduction in a room has been studied in a series of listening tests. The results indicate that equal timbre of sound reproduction in two different rooms can be obtained if the two systems produce equal steady-state ⅓-octave spectra at the entrance of the listener's ear canal. The often-encountered high-frequency roll-off seen on frequency-response curves of loudspeaker-room systems originates from diffraction phenomena at the head and external ear. The diffraction is described by the amplitude characteristics of the head and external ear. Finally, a subjective frequency-domain description is demonstrated which makes possible a graphical display of the subjectively-perceived frequency response of a loudspeaker-room system.
Ends and Means in Legal Education: The Founding of Liberty University School of Law (2006)

In October 2002, the Liberty University Board of Trustees made the historic decision to establish a law school.Like Icarus,' a university runs the risk of seriously overreaching when it undertakes such an educational challenge.It is no small decision to choose to devote the extraordinary time and resources necessary to build a sound and principled program of legal education.More than a few institutions of higher learning, having initially envisioned such a project with great enthusiasm, eventually found themselves, like the mythological Icarus, melting down from trying to reach too far.So, it was not without serious consideration that Liberty University decided to expand its reach into legal education.Shortly after the vote by the Liberty Board of Trustees to establish the new law school, I was invited to become the founding dean.Given the tremendous outlay of resources necessary, the rigor of the accreditation process, and the absence of a recognized shortage of lawyers and law schools, 2 I found it reasonable to inquire whether a legitimate need existed for a new law school.I was pleased to learn that the desire to start a law school was not a new or passing consideration for the University.In fact, the decision itself was the result of a vision by the University's Chancellor, Dr. Jerry Falwell, dating back over twenty years.The vision of Dr. Falwell was not, however, to establish just another law school within a region already well represented by schools providing excellent legal education for their students. 3 The vision was to t Founding Dean of Liberty University School of Law.The following Essay was compiled from material that originated as oral presentations on the founding and development of Liberty University School of Law within the first nine months of the law school's planning phase.Although this essay was organized in written form several years subsequent to that time, every effort has been made to credit the sources of the many ideas that went into formulating the law school's educational philosophy and approach.1.In Greek mythology, Icarus was the son of Daedalus, who with his father escaped from a tower on the island of Crete, where they were imprisoned by Minos, by making wings of feathers fastened with wax.Icarus plunged to his death when,
The Structural Diversity of Carbohydrate Antigens of Selected Gram-Negative Marine Bacteria (2011)

Marine microorganisms have evolved for millions of years to survive in the environments characterized by one or more extreme physical or chemical parameters, e.g., high pressure, low temperature or high salinity. Marine bacteria have the ability to produce a range of biologically active molecules, such as antibiotics, toxins and antitoxins, antitumor and antimicrobial agents, and as a result, they have been a topic of research interest for many years. Among these biologically active molecules, the carbohydrate antigens, lipopolysaccharides (LPSs, O-antigens) found in cell walls of gram-negative marine bacteria, show great potential as candidates in the development of drugs to prevent septic shock due to their low virulence. The structural diversity of LPSs is thought to be a reflection of the ability for these bacteria to adapt to an array of habitats, protecting the cell from being compromised by exposure to harsh environmental stress factors. Over the last few years, the variety of structures of core oligosaccharides and O-specific polysaccharides from LPSs of marine microrganisms has been discovered. In this review, we discuss the most recently encountered structures that have been identified from bacteria belonging to the genera Aeromonas, Alteromonas, Idiomarina, Microbulbifer, Pseudoalteromonas, Plesiomonas and Shewanella of the Gammaproteobacteria phylum; Sulfitobacter and Loktanella of the Alphaproteobactera phylum and to the genera Arenibacter, Cellulophaga, Chryseobacterium, Flavobacterium, Flexibacter of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides phylum. Particular attention is paid to the particular chemical features of the LPSs, such as the monosaccharide type, non-sugar substituents and phosphate groups, together with some of the typifying traits of LPSs obtained from marine bacteria. A possible correlation is then made between such features and the environmental adaptations undertaken by marine bacteria.
Identification of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide and Heme in a Homogeneous Spermidine Dehydrogenase from Serratia marcescens (1970)

Abstract Spermidine dehydrogenase has been purified 5,000-fold to homogeneity from extracts of Serratia marcescens. The molecular weight is 76,000; no evidence has been obtained for subunits. The spectrum of the enzyme is characteristic of a heme protein. Both iron-protoporphyrin IX and flavin adenine dinucleotide have been identified in the enzyme in a molar ratio of heme to FAD to enzyme protein of approximately 0.8:0.9:1.0.
Design of a multi-piece removable mandrel mold tool to fabricate and control inner mold surface contour of a composite wing spar (2010)

Composites technologies are advancing at a rapid rate. As engineers continue to find new ways to us fiber reinforced composites, the need for advanced tooling is greater than ever. In the ever expanding aircraft industry, wing spars are one of the most critical parts on the aircraft and typically require expensive custom tooling. They provide structural support for the entire aircraft under strong aerodynamic loading. The spars must be manufactured to the highest aircraft standards.;Many spars have closed section geometry which provides even more difficulty in the manufacturing and tooling process. Not only does the tooling have to be used to manufacture production rate composite parts, it must be fabricated and maintained to higher standards than the parts themselves. The original mandrel tool is disposable after every cycle and has too many variables in the manufacturing process to produce quality composites spars on a regular basis. The goal of the new design is to create a reusable tool and reduce the variability in the manufacturing process. This was accomplished by utilizing the unique structural properties of multiple materials machined to tight tolerances working in unison to create a mold tool. This tool can then be used as the primary component in the manufacturing process of a specialized composite wing spar. The following work describes the complete design and development of the new multi-piece removable mandrel tool.
All Adults Once Were Children (2013)

Issue Editor, Robert Block's, point of view and summary of the articles in New Morbidities 2.0
An approach to the prevention of racemisation in the synthesis of histidine-containing peptides (1978)

N(α)-Benzyloxycarbonyl-N(τ)-phenacyl-L-histidine and N(α)-benzyloxycarbonyl-N(π)-phenacyl-L-histidine have been prepared; extensive racemisation of the histidine residue occurs on activation of the former by means of dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide, but not with the N(π)-phenacyl acid.
Digitized video subject positioning and surveillance system for PET (1995)

Head motion is a significant contribution to the degradation of image quality of positron emission tomography (PET) studies. Images from different studies must also be realigned digitally to be correlated when the subject position has changed. These constraints could be eliminated if the subject's head position could be monitored accurately. We have developed a video camera-based surveillance system to monitor the head position and motion of subjects undergoing PET studies. The system consists of two CCD (charge-coupled device) cameras placed orthogonally such that both face and profile views of the subject's head are displayed side by side on an RGB video monitor. Digitized images overlay the live images in contrasting colours on the monitor. Such a system can be used to (1) position the subject in the field of view (FOV) by displaying the position of the scanner's slices on the monitor along with the current subject position, (2) monitor head motion and alert the operator of any motion during the study and (3) reposition the subject accurately for subsequent studies by displaying the previous position along with the current position in a contrasting colour.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Interaction of substance P and its N‐ and C‐terminal fragments with Ca<sup>2+</sup>: Implications for hormone action (1992)

In an attempt to understand the role of Ca2+ on the bioactive conformation of peptide hormones, we have examined the interaction between Ca2+ and the neuropeptide substance P. Using CD spectroscopy to monitor conformational changes caused by Ca2+ binding, we found no significant binding of the cation by substance P in water. However, a substantial conformational change occurred in the hormone on Ca2+ addition in trifluoroethanol or an 80:20 (v/v) mixture of acetonitrile and trifluoroethanol. A biphasic binding of Ca2+ was observed in these solvents with saturation at 2 cations per hormone molecule. Mg2+ caused a relatively smaller conformational change in the hormone. A peptide corresponding to residues 1-7 at the N-terminal fragment of substance P showed a weak nonsaturating binding of Ca2+ in the nonpolar solvents whereas the 7-11 C-terminal fragment peptide displayed a binding indicative of an 1:1 Ca2+/peptide complex. Ca2+ binding by the hormone and the 7-11 fragment was also monitored by changes in fluorescence of the phenylalanyl residues. The results support the conclusion drawn from the CD data about a distinct Ca2+ binding site in the C-terminal part of substance P. The Kd values obtained from fluorescence data were 160 microM for Ca2+ and 1 mM for Mg2+ binding by substance P. The hormone and the two peptide fragments were also tested for their effect on the stability of dimyristoyl lecithin vesicles. Substance P and the N-terminal fragment caused no significant leakage of either fluorescent dyes or K+ trapped in the vesicles. Nor did they cause membrane fusion as monitored by the fluorescence quenching method.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Kinematic Comparison of Single, Double, and Triple Axels (1994)

To be competitive internationally, figure skaters today must perform complex athletic skills such as triple axels. However, few skaters are executing such jumps consistently. In this study, a 3D kinematic analysis of five elite male skaters was undertaken to compare characteristics of single, double, and triple axels and to determine which parameters are most critical to completion of the triple axel. Results indicate that skaters increase their number of revolutions by increasing their rotational velocity, not by increasing their time in the air. The study also shows that skaters' triple axels travel horizontally only 70% as far as their single axels, an observation attributable to skaters' greater skid distances, greater takeoff angles, and consequently lower horizontal velocities in their triple axels. It appears that achieving a high rotational velocity by generating angular momentum at takeoff and by minimizing moment of inertia about the spin axis is a key to completing the triple axel.
Cloning of a Gene Encoding Raw-Starch-Digesting Amylase from a <i>Cytophaga</i> sp. and Its Expression in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2002)

A raw-starch-digesting amylase (RSDA) gene from a Cytophaga sp. was cloned and sequenced. The predicted protein product contained 519 amino acids and had high amino acid identity to alpha-amylases from three Bacillus species. Only one of the Bacillus alpha-amylases has raw-starch-digesting capability, however. The RSDA, expressed in Escherichia coli, had properties similar to those of the enzyme purified from the Cytophaga sp.
Plasma electrolytic oxidation of titanium (2014)

Plasma electrolytic oxidation is used to prepare corrosion- and wear-resistant coatings on light metals. The extensive literature reports on coatings formed under a wide range of different electrical regimes and in diverse electrolyte compositions. However, little work is available that investigates systematically PEO of titanium under a range of electrical variables in a particular electrolyte. In the present work, coatings are formed in a silicate electrolyte under a range of current densities, duty cycles and rates of positive to negative current density. The coatings were found to contain anatase, rutile and amorphous silicate-rich material, with comparatively minor influences of the PEO parameters. Further, coatings were limited in thickness to 40 ?m due to a decrease in voltage and intensity of sparks at longer treatment times. The coatings were relatively soft with poor wear- and corrosion- resistances, and a high coefficient of friction although the last could be reduced by incorporation of PTFE particles into the coating.The study also investigates coatings formed in aluminate-phosphate based electrolytes, which generated wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant coatings of increased hardness. A focus was on the use of high-resolution electron microscopy, which has not been reported previously, to determine the details of the coating composition and structure. The findings revealed the distribution of coating species, showing an aluminum-rich outer layer and a titanium-rich inner layer, with phosphorus enriched in a band near the base of the coating. However, the coatings also revealed highly localized variations in composition within their noanocrystalline structures, due to the melting and rapid solidification of the coating material. The study also examined the role of electrolyte purity on the formation and properties of the coatings, which has not been examined elsewhere. Importantly chlorine species from the lower purity electrolyte were shown to enrich near the substrate, resulting in a cracked interfacial layer and reduced adhesion of the coating. Such observations may account for reports of poor coating adhesion in the literature. Further, a reduced purity of the electrolyte results in an erratic voltage response, due to cycles of mechanical breakdown and healing of the coating, with high levels of chloride resulting in a highly porous coating. The distributions of phosphorus and chlorine species within the coatings suggest that these species migrate inwards, with chlorine species migrating faster than phosphorus species.
Effect of Various Doses of Cinnamon on Blood Glucose in Diabetic Individuals 1 (2014)

Abstract: The effect of cinnamon doses on blood serum glucose was studied in type 2 diabetic individuals for 60 days. Sixty type 2 diabetic individuals of both sexes and of age 48±6.5 years were divided into 6 groups; each group was having 10 individuals. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were assigned for 1g, 3g and 6g cinnamon doses/day respectively. Groups 4, 5 and 6 were assigned for 1g, 3g and 6g placebo doses/day respectively. The doses were equally distributed over the day. Cinnamon and placebo were given in the form of capsules with breakfast, lunch and dinner. The doses were given for 40 days and after 40 days; there was a 20 days blank period. Fasting blood samples were taken on days 0 (starting day of the experiment) 20, 40 and 60 and blood serums were separated. The blood serum glucose of both the cinnamon and placebo groups were determined. The mean fasting serum glucose levels for cinnamon doses on days 0, 20, 40 and 60 were 208.7, 189.1, 156.5 and 176.6 mg/dl for 1 g cinnamon dose/day; 206.2, 178.4, 170.3 and 177.8 mg/dl for 3 g cinnamon dose/day and 233.9, 183.2, 166.4 and 205.7 mg/dl for 6 g cinnamon dose/day respectively. The cinnamon doses significantly (P&lt;0.05) reduced the mean fasting serum glucose levels while the placebo doses did not affect the serum glucose levels. In the light of this research, it is recommended that Type 2 diabetic individuals should use 1-3g cinnamon in their food preparations on regular basis. They can use cinnamon shakers for sprinkling of cinnamon powder on the curry in the plate. They can prepare cinnamon tea without sugar and can use it after meals. Also they can chew cinnamon bark after meals. This will keep their sugar level near to normal values. Key words: Cinnamon, blood glucose, diabetic
Net.Speech (1995)

In the 1940s, the first research computers worked on numeric data. A few years later, the UNIVAC, was designed for both numeric and alphanumeric data. Over time, technology advances have made other data types economically feasible—text, images, sound, and video.