gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Porphyrins, porphyrin metabolism and porphyrias. IV. Pathophysiology of erythyropoietic protoporphyria--diagnosis, care and monitoring of the patient. (2000)

An extremely painful cutaneous condition with no or only slight visible skin changes, presenting in a child or an adult as an acute reaction to sun light, is probably a manifestation of the porphyrin metabolic disorder erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP). The disease is the result of a genetically determined condition where a mutation in the gene for the final enzyme in the haem synthetic chain, ferrochelatase, results in impaired activity of the enzyme. In some predisposed individuals, the condition is accompanied by heavy accumulation of the substrate for the deficient enzyme, i.e. of protoporphyrin. Distributing to the skin, and there absorbing light of certain wavelengths, the metabolite generates free radicals that give rise to photodynamic cell injury. The primary event takes place in the endothelial cells of the superficial skin capillaries, but complement activation and mast cell degranulation in the surrounding tissue follow in the process. Even if the disease is primarily dermatological the hepatic and psychosocial complications are features requiring close attention by the physician. In order to provide a basis for suggestions regarding lege artis protocols for the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of the patient with EPP, the pathophysiology of the cutaneous and hepatic manifestations are discussed in some detail in the article.
VLSI implementations of ATM buffer management (2002)

An architecture is introduced for a semi-shared buffer containing multiple FIFO (first in, first out) queues. The simple and fast FIFO stack approach is generalized to allow overlapping, leading to memory efficiencies similar to those of complex, fully shared architectures. A comparison is made of performance and VLSI implementation costs across the range of separated, semi-shared, and fully shared buffers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Improving The Analysis of Esophageal Acid Exposure by A New Parameter: Area Under H+ (2002)

AUH+ is a valid quantitative parameter to measure 24-h esophageal acid exposure. It may be a reliable and significant clinical aid because it is a more sensitive test in discriminating negative or positive adult patients with or without esophagitis who are submitted to 24-h esophageal pH monitoring.
Beat tracking with musical knowledge (2000)

. When a person taps a foot in time with a piece of music, they are performing beat tracking. Beat tracking is fundamental to the understanding of musical structure, and therefore an essential ability for any system which purports to exhibit musical intelligence or understanding. We present an off-line multiple agent beat tracking system which estimates the locations of musical beats in MIDI performance data. This approach to beat tracking requires no prior information about the input data, such as the tempo or time signature; all required information is derived from the performance data. For constant tempo performances, previous beat tracking systems have proved successful; however, these systems fail when there are large variations in tempo. We examine the role of musical knowledge in guiding the beat tracking process, and show that a system equipped with knowledge of musical salience is able to track the beat of music even in the presence of large tempo variations. Results are prese...
Exosomes From Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Attenuate Adipose Inflammation and Obesity Through Polarizing M2 Macrophages and Beiging in White Adipose Tissue (2017)

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) play critical roles in controlling obesity-associated inflammation and metabolic disorders. Exosomes from ADSCs exert protective effects in several diseases, but their roles in obesity and related pathological conditions remain unclear. In this study, we showed that treatment of obese mice with ADSC-derived exosomes facilitated their metabolic homeostasis, including improved insulin sensitivity (27.8% improvement), reduced obesity, and alleviated hepatic steatosis. ADSC-derived exosomes drove alternatively activated M2 macrophage polarization, inflammation reduction, and beiging in white adipose tissue (WAT) of diet-induced obese mice. Mechanistically, exosomes from ADSCs transferred into macrophages to induce anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes through the transactivation of arginase-1 by exosome-carried active STAT3. Moreover, M2 macrophages induced by ADSC-derived exosomes not only expressed high levels of tyrosine hydroxylase responsible for catecholamine release, but also promoted ADSC proliferation and lactate production, thereby favoring WAT beiging and homeostasis in response to high-fat challenge. These findings delineate a novel exosome-mediated mechanism for ADSC-macrophage cross talk that facilitates immune and metabolic homeostasis in WAT, thus providing potential therapy for obesity and diabetes.
Complex polarization analysis of particle motion (1986)

Knowledge of particle motion polarization aids in identifying phases on three-component seismograms. The scheme of Montalbetti and Kanasewich (1970) is extended to analytic three-component seismograms, where the imaginary part of the signal is the Hilbert transform of the real part. This scheme has only one free parameter, the length of the time window over which the polarization parameters are estimated, so it can be applied in a routine way to three-component data. The azimuth and dip of the direction of maximum polarization and the degree of elliptical polarization as a function of time for the seismograms are obtained.

Polarization analysis of strong motion data from the 1971 San Fernando earthquake aids in the discrimination between wave types, which is important for the understanding of the complicated earthquake-induced shaking observed in basins. Most arrivals are incident on the receivers in the direction of the back-azimuth to the epicenter, which suggests that despite the complicated motions, two-dimensional finite difference methods are sufficient to understand the effect on seismic waves of the Los Angeles and San Fernando basins (Vidale and Helmberger, 1986b).
Error concealment, early re-synchronization, and iterative decoding for MPEG-2 (2002)

For the digital transmission of TV the video-signal will be highly compressed with the MPEG-2 source coding algorithm. The MPEG-2 source coded stream is very sensitive to channel disturbances due to variable length coding. A single bit error may result in error propagation, therefore, it will cause a high degradation of picture quality. Hence, error concealment techniques or iterative decoding techniques might be required at the receiver. The aim of this article is to study different techniques for handling channel errors at the receiver side. The first way is to apply error concealment techniques after source decoding. For P- and B-pictures, the inherent motion vectors can be used for temporal error concealment (TEC) which yields very good results. However, in I-pictures no motion vectors exist for TEC. Furthermore, the spatial error concealment (SEC) techniques suffer from the non existence of neighbored macroblocks (MBs) because of the re-synchronization at the slice level. Therefore, another technique, which is called early re-synchronization, in combination with an enhanced error detection technique is investigated in this article. With this technique most of the correct received data can be exploited for error concealment and the quality of service mainly in I-pictures will be improved. A second way for handling channel errors is to apply iterative channel decoding. With this, the error correction capability of the channel decoding part can be improved and less residual errors will occur in the bitstream.
Cross-polarization beam coupling in photorefractive GaAs crystals (1988)

We report theoretical and experimental investigations on the cross-polarization coupling of two contradirectional laser beams in a photorefractive GaAs crystal. There is good agreement between these results.
A Critical Review of Work on Speech Analyzing (1969)

Attempts to develop special aids for speech communication and speech correction of severely hard-of-hearing or totally deaf persons have been going on since the beginning of the 1920’s. For information transmission, the auditory, tactual, and visual senses have been used. These aids have in many cases been called “sensory aids for the deaf” in analogy with the “sensory aids for the blind” that make it possible for the blind to read ordinary letters, perceive obstacles, and so on. Recently, the name “speech analyzing aids” has been suggested, which seems to be more adequate, as some types of speech analyzing techniques are used in contrast to the linear amplification used in most ordinary hearing aids. In the development of “speech analyzing aids for the deaf” two problems must be considered: 1) Which elements of the speech signals ought to be automatically extracted and transmitted to the deaf subject? 2) What kind of signals and which sense modality shall be used for the transmission of the extracted speech information? Speech is learned by imitation which means that an efficient aid for speech perception also can be used for speech learning. However, in several respects it is better to treat aids for speech correction and speech perception as separate problems. Here, for the most part, only aids for speech perception will be discussed. An attempt will be made to summarize the development in this area and to discuss published results from experiments with different types of equipment. Some suggestions for future experiments will be given.
Poems from other pamphlets (1983)

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The Polymer Standard Reference Materials Program at the National Bureau of Standards (1973)

The National Bureau of Standards now distributes four polymer Standard Reference Materials designed for use in the calibration of instruments employed in polymer characterization. Polystyrene is available in narrow (SRM 705) and broad (SRM 706) distributions and polyethylene in highdensity linear (SRM 1475) and low-density branched (SRM 1476) whole polymer. These materials are characterized with respect to many but not necessarily all of the following properties: weight and number-average molecular weight, limiting viscosity number in several solvents, ASTM density, and ASTM melt flow rate. In addition the molecular-weight distribution of the linear polyethylene is given, making it suitable for the calibration of gel-permeation chromatographs at high temperatures.
An analytical model for the break-even credit default swap spread with o counterparty default risk in Hall(2009): A pedagogical approach. (2010)

Professor Hull in his textbook [Hull, J. C. Options, Futures, & Other Derivatives, Edition 7, Pearson, 2009] illustrates the determination of the credit default swap (CDS) spread by a numerical example. This paper follows the assumptions used by Professor Hull and provides a reduced form formula for the CDS spread. The CDS spread can be simplified by the Taylor series into a function of two variables, the default probability and the recovery rate. Rearranging this simplified formula, the default probability, expressed as the ratio of the CDS spread and the loss given default, is equivalent to the average default intensity, or, the hazard rate defined in Hull [2009, p.500].
Vaccines for Sexually Transmitted Diseases (1990)

Part 1 Introduction: epidemiology immunological principles of vaccine design selection and suitability of adjuvants. Part 2 Gonorrhoea and candidiasis: problems and prospects for the development of a vaccine against gonorrhoea serum and vaginal fluid antibodies against the gonococcal major iron-regulated protein in women with pelvic inflamatory disease or uncomplicated infection D.651, an oral vaccine for the prevention of vulvovaginal candidiasis preparation and characterization of pilin synthetic peptide-MIRP conjugates as a potential vaccine for the prevention of gonococcal infections specificity of serum immunoglobulin G subclass response to gonorrhoea in women molecular biology of gonococcal porim protein P.I. Part 3 Chlamydia: immunity to chlamydial infections prevention of pulmonary and genital infection by oral immunization stability and safety of a chlamydial live vaccine against enzootic abortion of ewes passive transfer experiments to study the protection against chlamydia psittaci infection of the mouse lymphocyte proliferation response to chlamydial antigens in human ocular chlamydial infections production and immunoanalysis of recombinant E. Trachomatis serovar D major outer membrane protein (MOMP). Part 4: Syphilis experimental syphilis vaccines - use of aroA salmonella typhimurium to deliver recombinant treponema pallidum antigens cellular and molecular approaches to the development of a vaccine for syphilis. Part 5 Hepatitis B: current and future hepatitis B vaccines development and clinical studies with a recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine ISCOMs (immune-stimulating complexes) and the presentation of HBsAg peptides. Part 6 Papillomaviruses: a vaccine to genital papillomaviruses - is it feasible? vaccination against polyoma - and papillomavirus-induced tumours using vaccinia recombinants expressing non-structural proteins. Part 7 Herpes simplex: Herpes simplex vaccines development of an HSV subunit vaccine poor immunogenicity as the reasons for the ineffectiveness of a glycoprotein subunit vaccine for genital herpes efficacy of yeast-derived glycoprotein B of herpes simplex virus on the development of herpetic lesion after intravaginal challenge with HSV type 2 follow-up report on 101 subjects vaccinated with Skinner herpes vaccine the development of a subunit cytomegalovirus vaccine effect of HSV-1 antigen preparations derived using a Zwitterionic detergent on HSV-1 latency using a mouse model characterization of an HSV-1 subunit vaccine and its enhanced immunogenicity in the form of an immunostimulating comples (HSV-1 ISCOM) preparation (Part contents)
BACTERIAL PATHOGENS OF FRESHWATER BLUE‐GREEN ALGAE (1971)

S ummary Four bacterial isolates have been obtained which cause lysis of laboratory cultures and natural populations of blue‐green algae. Over forty algal strains belonging to all orders of the blue‐green algae and including bloom‐forming species are susceptible. The bacteria also lyse certain gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria. The organisms are aerobic, gram‐negative rods, aflagellate, motile and pigmented with an absorption maximum of the pigments in methanol occurring at 435 nm and with shoulders at 460 nm and 415 nm. The guanine and cytosine in the DNA is within the range of 65–69± 1 M%. The organisms are identified tentatively as members of the Myxobacterales. Lysis of vegetative cells of the algae depends on the presence of growing bacteria, bacteria‐free filtrates alone being insufficient to cause lysis. Heterocysts are not lysed. The bacterial plaques resemble viral plaques in appearance. The lytic agents rapidly inhibit metabolic activity of the susceptible algae and may cause cell lysis within 2–10 hours. The isolates can be propagated readily in the absence of the host and are probably widely distributed in freshwater habitats.
The Treatment of Cluster Headache With Repetitive Intravenous Dihydroergotamine (1991)

We reviewed our experience with 54 cluster headache patients (23 episodic, 31 chronic) admitted to our headache center 64 tines over the past five years and treated with repetitive intravenous dihydroergotamine (IV DHE). DHE therapy was initiated on admission and prophylactic medication regimens were started or adjusted. All 54 patients had complete relief of their cluster headache, usually within two days. Most (82.8%) had no side effects. The average length of hospitalization was 6.7 days. At the three month followup, 92.9% of the episodic cluster patients were headache-free and 7.1% had a 50-74% improvement; at six months, all were headache-free. Of the chronic cluster patients, 44.4% were headache-free at three months and 52.8% had at least 50% improvement. At six months, 75% were headache-free and 22.2% were at least 75% improved, probably as a result of continued prophylactic medication. Repetitive IV DHE safely, rapidly, and effectively controls cluster headache.
A Micromachined Permalloy Magnetic Actuator Array for Micro Robotics Assembly Systems (2005)

Arrays of permalloy magnetic actuators have been studied for the use as precision micro robotics assembly systems. The actuator arrays have been tested for lifting and moving silicon and glass chips. The actuator unit consists of a permalloy plate 1 mm x 1 mm X 5/spl mu/m in size together with polysilicon bending supports. Experimentally, it can lift a 87 /spl mu/N (or 8.88 mg) force under a magnetic field of approximately 2 x 10/sup 4/ A/m. A proposed synchronous driving mode has been observed, and both translation and rotation of a silicon chip has been demonstrated.
Reviews (1985)

Reviews Get access Essays on Detective Fiction . Edited by BERNARD BENSTOCK . Pp. xi + 218 . London and Basingstoke : Macmillan , 1984 . £20.00. JOHN S. WHITLEY JOHN S. WHITLEY Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume 32, Issue 4, December 1985, Pages 568–569, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/32-4-568 Published: 01 December 1985
Unintended pregnancies and use, misuse and discontinuation of oral contraceptives. (1995)

Unintended pregnancies are a recognized occurrence among women using oral contraceptives (OCs) as a consequence of both user and method failure. However, OCs also influence the occurrence of unintended pregnancies through an additional, poorly recognized, route: cessation of OC use by women who do not wish to become pregnant but stop using OCs because of side effects or other reasons. Many such women fail to immediately substitute a new contraceptive and/or adopt a less reliable contraceptive. This is a particularly important consideration for the approximately 3.7 million women who begin taking OCs in the United States each year since this group commonly experiences side effects and has a high discontinuation rate. Using a decision tree to follow a cohort of OC users over one year, we estimate that over 1 million unintended pregnancies are related to OC use, misuse or discontinuation. The greatest proportion of these, 61%, occur in women who discontinue OCs; of these, 66.6% occur in women who fail to immediately substitute other contraceptives and 33.3% because of the adoption of less reliable contraceptive methods. Of continuing OC users, the majority, exhibiting good compliance, contribute 24% of pregnancies because of their large numbers. Continuing OC users who are poor compliers, though many fewer, are responsible for 15% due to their high pregnancy rate. Unintended pregnancies in women who discontinue OCs account for approximately 20% of the 3.5 million annual unintended pregnancies in the United States, incurring costs of nearly +2.6 billion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
CV.—Substituted aromatic aldehydes in Hantzsch's pyridine condensation. Part I. Methoxy-, chloro-, and hydroxy-benzaldehydes (1929)

L. E. Hinkel and W. R. Madel, J. Chem. Soc., 1929, 750 DOI: 10.1039/JR9290000750
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in HIV-uninfected individuals with high-risk behaviour. (2014)

The global incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has decreased by 15% over the past years, but is still too high. Despite current programs to reduce the incidence of HIV infection, further approaches are needed to limit this epidemic. Oral antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is currently one of the most discussed possible prevention methods. This literature study demonstrates whether orally antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis in HIV-uninfected individuals with high-risk behaviour reduces the transmission of HIV. We used the PICO method and conducted a search to identify relevant studies. Subjects of the study were HIV-uninfected individuals with high-risk behaviour. Intervention was oral PrEP with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) alone or plus emtricitabine (FTC) versus placebo. The primary outcome was the HIV incidence among this high-risk group. Secondary outcomes were adherence to PrEP, frequency and type of adverse effects. We identified ten studies from which five randomised control trials (RCTs) were included after screening. The results from three out of five trials showed a reduction, but two trials showed no protection in acquiring HIV infection. There were no significant differences in adverse events. The adherence was different among different groups and affected the outcome of the studies. In conclusion, this prophylaxis might offer protection when used in combination with intense monitoring and guidance in uninfected individuals with a high risk of HIV acquisition. However, there are still many unresolved questions. Drug adherence seems to be a crucial factor in the effectiveness of PrEP. Therefore, individual risk behaviour remains an important determinant for success in the prevention of HIV transmission.
The continental tectosphere (1975)

Studies of free oscillations and body wave travel times have established that the one‐way vertical S wave travel times through the upper mantle average about 5 s greater for oceans than for stable continental regions. This datum and the pure path dispersion data make it necessary to invoke significant differences between continental and oceanic shear velocity structures to depths exceeding 400 km. An analysis of the constraints on thermal profiles, including the constraints recently established by empirical geothermometry, indicates that temperature differences between the ancient shields and the ocean basins also extend deep into the mantle, with shields characterized by thermal gradients that are superadiabatic above 400 km. To at least 400‐km depth beneath shields the dominant mechanism of heat transport is conduction, not advection. It is concluded that this entire region, termed here the continental tectosphere, translates coherently during lateral plate motions. It is proposed that the superadiabatic vertical temperature gradients beneath shields and the horizontal temperature gradients within the transition from shield to oceanic structures are stabilized by compositional gradients, the subcontinental mantle consisting of intrinsically less dense material. The existence of deep continental structure is apparently consistent with the dynamics of plate motions. It suggests that convection is not confined to the earth's upper mantle.