gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The World that was and is No More (1996)

Abstract Globalization of businesses is revising the principles for doing business today. Unlike the previous era, today's competition had become more intense and U.S. businesses have been challenged more seriously. This chapter argues that there is a need for a new knowledge or new thinking for the United States to regain its position in the business arena and better match the needs of today's world. The chapter begins with a description of the modern factory and business corporation as Idea Systems — that they serve as systems for the production and testing of ideas. It demonstrates how the emerging concept for the service factory denotes that a factory should be an unbounded, open system as a result of globalization. A brief summary of the U.S. industrial system between World War II and the present is outlined to understand why a radical and thorough redesign of American business is necessary.
Anisotropy in Nickel-Iron Films (1961)

The magnetic and optical anisotropies of evaporated iron-nickel films deposited at an angle to the substrate normal are found to be sensitive to the rate of deposition and the orientation of the magnetization M during deposition. It is postulated that crystallite elongation toward the vapor beam or in the direction of M occurs. Study of spatial inhomogeneities in the normal-incidence M-induced anisotropy field Hk is an aid in understanding the origin of this anisotropy and the switching behavior of films. Small-angle dispersion of Hk is attributed to local deviation from isotropy of the isotropic tension present in films; measurements support this model. Magnitude dispersion is estimated from rotational hysteresis experiments. Large-angle dispersion of a special type has been identified wherein certain regions of a film have an easy axis perpendicular to the field present during deposition, i.e., Hk is negative in these regions. For alloy compositions within a few percent of 83% Ni and 17% Fe, the normalized wall coercive force hw = Hw/Hk has significance beyond the defining concepts. Thus, hw is a measure of resonance linewidth and an internal field inferred from resonance data; for hw&gt;1, a unique “locking”phenomenon occurs. Bitter-pattern studies of quasi-static switching show that negative-Hk regions are present and that hw is in some sense a measure of these regions. A tentative model forM-induced anisotropy which qualitatively explains both positive and negative Hk is proposed which invokes directed pairs of iron atoms and strain anisotropy arising from elongated crystallites. In nonlocking films, quasi-static switching by coherent rotation is broken up by labyrinth domains consisting of alternating regions of switched and unswitched M. Propagation of these domains is postulated to be caused by dispersion in the magnitude and orientation of Hk. If a pulsed reversing field exceeds the switching threshold of all regions of the film, a transition from labyrinth switching to coherent switching should occur, as has been observed experimentally.
Theoretical And Experimental Study Of Femtosecond Streak Image Tube (1989)

On the basis of thoroughly theoretical analysis of physical processes inside the femtosecond streak image tube, we have developed a new streak image tube with temporal resolution of about 100fs. In order to reduce the initial energy spread of photoelectrons therefore to improve the temporal resolution and variance of temporal resolution and to refine the time response of the photocathode, a special thin photocathode with work function of 2ev has been introduced. In this tube an axial symmetrical electrostatic focusing system with short photocathode-to-anode distance and relative low anode voltage has been used. By optimization of its structure and voltages applied to its electrodes, its temporal dispersion depends only on the electric field near the photocathode which has reached up to 5-10kV/mm. By this design the space charge effects have been alleviated. To reduce the effect of fringe field of the deflector on the temporal dispersion and dynamic spatial resolution, to improve the sensitivity of deflection and band width a symmetrical meander type travelling wave deflector has been designed with the aid of computer and successfully used. The experimental results have shown that its sensitivity of deflection and band width are 10am/kV and better than 2.5GHz respectively. During manufacturing this tube a very efficient phosphor screen has been utilized therefore the dynamic current density of this tube can be reduced and the discrete space charge effects can be further improved. The temporal resolution of this tube obtained by the experiment under current conditions have reached better than 300fs which is in agreement with the data predicted by calculation with computer.
Embolic problems in angiography. (1991)

All contrast agents, including the non-ionic variety, are anticoagulant and have antiplatelet effects. There is absolutely no evidence from any source, in vitro or in vivo, that non-ionic contrast agents have any "prothrombotic" or "procoagulant" or "thrombogenic" potential, as has been suggested in some quarters. They simply have a lesser anticoagulant effect than do the ionic agents old or new, which is entirely predictable and in line with their generally greater inertness and biocompatibility. Although there may still be scope for greater understanding of structure-toxicity relationships in contrast agent design, currently it is believed that it would be impossible to restore a stronger anticoagulant effect to a non-ionic contrast agent without simultaneously restoring other aspects of toxicity. The angiographer who calls for more anticoagulant contrast agents is calling for more toxic contrast agents. It has been our clinical experience, and that of many others throughout Europe, that there has been no increase in clinically apparent thromboembolic phenomena since the introduction of non-ionic agents. Furthermore, it has been our experimental experience that, although contrast agents of all kinds play a role (inhibitory) in thromboembolism, the role of other materials used by the angiographer are of greater importance. Thus, the materials of and, indeed, the method of preparation of, the catheters and guidewires used has a great bearing on the phenomenon. Heparinization of the patient should surely be beneficial in some cases, but there is, surprisingly, no firm consensus or data on this and the individual requirements of patients vary, necessitating some method of monitoring and control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The challenge of obtaining therapeutic levels of genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells in β‐thalassemia patients (2010)

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) function to provide the individual with a continuing supply of blood cells over many decades. To this end, HSCs have evolved unique mechanisms for self-preservation, including resistance to viral infection. Unfortunately, this characteristic may impede the ability to achieve high levels of gene transfer mediated by HIV-based lentiviral vectors. This is an important consideration for gene therapy efforts being undertaken for beta-thalassemia. In particular, the study of beta-thalassemia patients that underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation and developed stable, long-term mixed chimerism suggests that HSC gene transfer levels of greater than 25% will be needed for a robust therapeutic effect in such patients. Available pre-clinical and clinical trial lentiviral gene transfer studies suggest that improvements are needed to achieve this goal. Here, we review what level of gene transfer is needed in the context of varying degrees of beta-globin deficiency, what level is currently achievable, and the areas of research which may be fruitful in improving the likelihood of success for patients with the severest forms of beta-thalassemia.
산업타켓팅 정책의 재고: 산업의 전략과 정부정책의 후생효과 (2003)

산업정책 혹은 전략적 무역정책에 대한 대부분의 기존문헌에서는 산업선별에 대한 정부의 이니셔티브를 전제한다. 그러나 그와 반대의 경우도 있을 수 있다. 즉, 산업지원에 대한 정부 프로그램이 있을 때 오히려 산업 자체가 정부로부터 각종혜택을 받기 위해 적극적으로 노력하는 소위 지대추구 행위가 존재할 수 있다. 그런 경우를 배경으로 산업의 지대추구 행위의 성공에 영향을 미치는 정부정책의 변화가 국가 후생에 어떤 영향을 미치는가 하는 점이 본 논문의 초점이다. 주요 분석 결과는 어느 한 유형의 지대추구 경로만이 존재하는 상태에서는 지대추구행위의 성공 가능성을 낮추는 정부 정책이 국가의 후생을 증가시키지만, 한 가지 이상의 지대추구 경로가 존재하고 산업이 다른 경로로 전환할 수 있을 경우에 정부는 더 자원낭비적인 산업의 지대추구 활동을 강력히 규제함으로써 산업으로 하여금 덜 자원 낭비적인 지대추구 경로로 전환하게 하는 것이 국가 전체 후생에 도움이 된다. 또한 산업이 한 유형의 지대추구 행위를 시도하다 실패하면 다른 유형의 행위로 전환할 수 있는 상황에서는 오히려 최초 단계에서 지대추구 행위의 성공 가능성을 높여주는 것이 바람직하다.
Capacity Bounds for Joint Transmit and Receive Antenna Selection Systems with Correlated Fading Channels (2008)

In this paper, we investigate the capacity for antenna selection systems in the spatial correlated Rayleigh fading channels. Antenna selection is performed both at the transmitter and receiver, one transmit antenna is selected from N transmit antennas and m receive antennas are selected from M receive antennas. Upper and lower bounds of the capacity are derived. For a special antenna selection system in which one transmit antenna and two receive antennas are selected, the exact forms of the upper bound and lower bound are given . The simulation results show that both upper bound and lower bound are tight with the ergodic capacity and the exact form of the bounds fits the Monte Carlo results exactly.
Should engineers be publicly regulated? (2000)

In the United States engineers undertaking certain work must be registered. This group of engineers, called Professional Engineers (PEs), is governed by public regulation. It could be said that the equivalent of this in the UK is the Chartered Engineer, where registration is voluntary. Should engineers be governed by statute? What are the advantages and disadvantages of registration compared to other forms of regulation? The author discusses the issues involved with public regulation of engineering. The author discusses whether the regulation should be by statute law or common law and self-regulation by professional societies.
RANK, RANKL and osteoprotegerin in arthritic bone loss (2005)

Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by the presence of inflammatory synovitis and destruction of joint cartilage and bone. Tissue proteinases released by synovia, chondrocytes and pannus can cause cartilage destruction and cytokine-activated osteoclasts have been implicated in bone erosions. Rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissues produce a variety of cytokines and growth factors that induce monocyte differentiation to osteoclasts and their proliferation, activation and longer survival in tissues. More recently, a major role in bone erosion has been attributed to the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) released by activated lymphocytes and osteoblasts. In fact, osteoclasts are markedly activated after RANKL binding to the cognate RANK expressed on the surface of these cells. RANKL expression can be upregulated by bone-resorbing factors such as glucocorticoids, vitamin D3, interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-11, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, prostaglandin E2, or parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Supporting this idea, inhibition of RANKL by osteoprotegerin, a natural soluble RANKL receptor, prevents bone loss in experimental models. Tumor growth factor-beta released from bone during active bone resorption has been suggested as one feedback mechanism for upregulating osteoprotegerin and estrogen can increase its production on osteoblasts. Modulation of these systems provides the opportunity to inhibit bone loss and deformity in chronic arthritis.
Segmentation and grading of eczema skin lesions (2014)

In this paper Eczema skin lesions are segmented and graded using image processing and analysis. For preprocessing adaptive light compensation and gamma correction has been used. The effect of color space normalization has been studied for lesion segmentation. K-means algorithm is used for segmentation. We have used RGB and CIELab color models; and their normalized I and II versions. The experimental results show that normalized color spaces give better segmentation results than the normal color spaces. Our proposed algorithm gives best segmentation accuracy of 84.6% for RGB normalized II color space for the G channel for adaptive light compensation. The grading accuracy for erythema is around 70%.
A Study on Strategies of Smart Green City (2015)

Purpose: The goal of this research is to identify the planning techniques of Smart Green City with Ubiquitous method and carbon-neutral city planning techniques and to induce the main planning techniques through the analysis of relative importance and practical adaptation. Method: First of all, eighteen planning techniques were derived and categorized into three organization systems and six sectors through literature review and FGI analysis considering the applicability of Ubiquitous service for carbon-neutral city planning techniques. Secondly, based on expert surveys and AHP analysis, the importance of Smart Green City planning techniques was evaluated. Thirdly, using case study, six cases related to Smart Green City were analyzed for the current status of application of planning techniques. Lastly, considering the importance of planning techniques and practical aspects, the characteristics of Smart Green City and its implication were estimated. Result: Energy, Resource and Waste and Transportation sector were identified as important sectors for Smart Green City. In addition, ‘Construction of Smart Grid’, ‘System for Utilization of New & Renewable Energy’, ‘Smart Resource Circulation Management System’, ‘Establishment of Public Transportation Information System basis’, ‘Construction of Pedestrian / Bicycle oriented Road Environment’ are essential planning techniques to create Smart Green City.
Pandemic influenza and critical infrastructure dependencies: possible impact on hospitals (2006)

Hospitals will be particularly challenged when pandemic influenza spreads. Within the health sector in general, existing pandemic plans focus on health interventions to control outbreaks. The critical relationship between the health sector and other sectors is not well understood and addressed. Hospitals depend on critical infrastructure external to the organisation itself. Existing plans do not adequately consider the complexity and interdependency of systems upon which hospitals rely. The failure of one such system can trigger a failure of another, causing cascading breakdowns. Health is only one of the many systems that struggle at maximum capacity during "normal" times, as current business models operate with no or minimal "excess" staff and have become irreducible operations. This makes interconnected systems highly vulnerable to acute disruptions, such as a pandemic. Companies use continuity plans and highly regulated business continuity management to overcome process interruptions. This methodology can be applied to hospitals to minimise the impact of a pandemic.
Ta and TaN adhesion to high-temperature fluorinated polyimides. Surface and interface chemistry (1998)

Abstract The practical adhesion of Cu/Ta to high-temperature fluorinated polyimides (FPIs) was initially good but failed after the reliability test involving treatment under the FPI curing condition five times (T5). But a thin layer (40 nm) of TaN greatly improved the reliability of the Cu/Ta-to-FPI adhesion. Both CF4 and in situ Ar plasma treatments of FPIs prior to metal deposition enhanced the metal-to-FPI adhesion strength. CF4 plasma enriches the FPI surface with fluorine atoms and most of fluorine is bound to carbon as CF3, CF2, and CF. Ar plasma first destroys CF3 and then C=O groups of the FPIs to yield a polar surface. The locus of failure by a 90° peel test was found to be within the Ar-plasma-modified FPI layer but it moved toward the bulk of FPI, i.e. away from the metal-polymer interface, after the T5 reliability test. The locus of failure in the case of weak adhesion where no plasma treatment was done on FPI films was in the near-interface region within the FPI layer, and the failure seemed to occur in the weak boundary layers of FPI surfaces. Plasma treatment removes weak boundary layers and also increases FPI surface roughness. These two effects combined improved the metal-to-FPI practical adhesion. Keywords: Adhesionfluorinated polyimidesurface chemistryXPSlocus of failure
Language and Neuropolitics (1985)

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The event notification pattern?integrating implicit invocation with object-orientation (1996)

Managing interobject dependencies in object-oriented systems is a complex task. Changes of one object often require dependent objects to change accordingly. Making every object explicitly inform every dependent object about its state changes intertwines object interfaces and implementations, thereby hampering system evolution and maintenance. These problems can be overcome by introducing the notion of implicit invocation to object-oriented systems as a decoupling mechanism between objects. This article presents the Event Notification pattern, a pattern to smoothly integrate implicit invocation mechanisms with object-oriented designs. State changes of objects, dependencies of other objects on them, and the maintenance links between these objects are made explicit as first class objects. The resulting structure is highly flexible and can be used to manage interobject dependencies in object-oriented systems efficiently. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Inductive learning of pronunciation rules by hypothesis testing and correction (1981)

This paper describes a system that learns the ru les o f pronunciat ion i nduc t i ve l y. I t begins wi th a set of 26 ru les for s i n g l e- l e t t e r pronunc ia t ion. Ind iv idua l words are presented to i t, and the system uses i t s ru le set to hypothesise a pronunc ia t ion. This is compared wi th a d ic t ionary pronunciat ion, and if any part of the pronunciat ion is incor rec t new ru les are created to handle the word as an exception cond i t ion. These ru les are checked for s i m i l a r i t y wi th others already produced, and where su i tab le a &quot;genera l &quot; rule is produced to deal wi th two or more created r u l e s. The e f fec t is to produce ru les that are more and more general, and these approach the general pronunciat ion ru le sets that have been produced manually by other workers. I
Internet-based Prescription of Sildenafil: A 2104-Patient Series (2001)

Internet-based prescription of sildenafil provides the physician with a complete and very detailed medical and sexual history for 100% of patients without denying any information routinely obtained in a direct patient contact setting. Internet-based practice, which may be expected to require far fewer healthcare resources than traditional settings, rates very high in patient satisfaction among patients requesting a refill; no negative comments were received from all other patients. Overall, these data support the safety and effectiveness of Internet prescribing of selected medications.
Holographic Recording on Photopolymers Containing Pyrene for Enhanced Fluorescence Intensity (2008)

Photopolymer films containing pyrene were studied for fluorescence intensity enhancement by holographic recording. Photopolymer films were prepared from a solution containing a monomer mixture of s-triazine dimethacrylic monomer (DT) and ethylene glycol phenyl ether acrylate (PA), polysulfone as a binder, pyrene as a fluorescent dopant, and a visible light sensitive photoinitiator. The films were exposed by means of holographic techniques, resulting in a spatial intensity distribution in the films. The diffraction efficiency of the film containing 1 wt % of pyrene reached a maximum of 93%. The fluorescence intensity of the film was enhanced in conjunction with diffraction efficiency growth, proving that the increase in the fluorescence intensity of the film originated from the increased pyrene monomer emission in response to the increased viscosity around the pyrene molecules. The enhancement of the fluorescence intensity of the recorded area was ∼2 in reference to the unrecorded area. The recorded area showed grating, which could be identified by transmittance as well as fluorescence scan. The grating spacing and fluorescence intensity of the recorded area were correlated to the pyrene content and incident angle of recording beam.
Affinity and Efficacy Studies of Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid A at Cannabinoid Receptor Types One and Two (2017)

<b>Introduction:</b><i>Cannabis</i> biosynthesizes Δ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA-A), which decarboxylates into Δ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). There is growing interest in the therapeutic use of THCA-A, but its clinical application may be hampered by instability. THCA-A lacks cannabimimetic effects; we hypothesize that it has little binding affinity at cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB<sub>1</sub>). <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Purity of certified reference standards were tested with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Binding affinity of THCA-A and THC at human (h) CB<sub>1</sub> and hCB<sub>2</sub> was measured in competition binding assays, using transfected HEK cells and [<sup>3</sup>H]CP55,940. Efficacy at hCB<sub>1</sub> and hCB<sub>2</sub> was measured in a cyclic adenosine monophosphase (cAMP) assay, using a Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) biosensor. <b>Results:</b> The THCA-A reagent contained 2% THC. THCA-A displayed small but measurable binding at both hCB<sub>1</sub> and hCB<sub>2</sub>, equating to approximate K<sub>i</sub> values of 3.1μM and 12.5μM, respectively. THC showed 62-fold greater affinity at hCB<sub>1</sub> and 125-fold greater affinity at hCB<sub>2</sub>. In efficacy tests, THCA-A (10μM) slightly inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP at hCB<sub>1</sub>, suggestive of weak agonist activity, and no measurable efficacy at hCB<sub>2</sub>. <b>Discussion:</b> The presence of THC in our THCA-A certified standard agrees with decarboxylation kinetics (literature reviewed herein), which indicate contamination with THC is nearly unavoidable. THCA-A binding at 10μM approximated THC binding at 200nM. We therefore suspect some of our THCA-A binding curve was artifact-from its inevitable decarboxylation into THC-and the binding affinity of THCA-A is even weaker than our estimated values. We conclude that THCA-A has little affinity or efficacy at CB<sub>1</sub> or CB<sub>2</sub>.
Enhancing the Quality of Life of Nursing Home Residents with Late Stage Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (2001)

Educational Objectives 1. Discuss the growing need for special programming and activities to improve the quality of life of nursing home residents with dementing illnesses. 2. Discuss program and activity options that have a positive impact on quality of life as measured by the resident's mood, behavioral symptoms, cognitive skills, physical condition and medication use. 3. Review the responses of a resident to our unit’s therapeutic interventions.