gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fraud Analytics Using Data Mining (2016)

This paper deals with the data mining techniques used to combat fraud in different industries. The main challenges in fraud analytics have been addressed and the type of fraudsters involved have been studied in the light of different situations. The two main types of data mining methods i.e. supervised and unsupervised learning methods used in fraud analytics have been intensively reviewed with the help of existing literature. This is aimed to help in recognizing which data mining techniques help the most in fraud analysis in respective domains.
Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Regulation In The Heart In Pathophysiologic States: Abnormal Adrenergic Responsiveness In Cardiac Disease (1991)

Macrophage polarization refers to how macrophages have been activated at a given point in space and time. Polarization is not fixed, as macrophages are sufficiently plastic to integrate multiple signals, such as those from microbes, damaged tissues, and ...Read More
From Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains: Major Stephen Long's Expedition, 1819-1820 (1992)

An illustrated account of the first western expedition of naturalists, topographers, and artists.
Low Power Motion Detection with Low Spatial and Temporal Resolution for CMOS Image Sensor (2006)

Video surveillance aims at detecting unexpected individuals or objects intrusion. When no motion is observed, common motion detection systems induce huge power consumption, regardless of the scene activity. This paper presents algorithms for low power motion detection, and their possible implementation. The main interest is that they are able to adapt the sensor's acuity according to the scene activity. Relevant motion information can be extracted from images with lowered spatial and temporal resolution, with specific algorithms. By reducing the amount of data to analyze and spatial and temporal redundancy, a drastic reduction of power consumption can be achieved.
Acid-base model for thermochemical water splitting: results of experimental tests on manganese-based thermochemical cycles (1980)

An acid-base model for thermochemical water splitting cycles is described, together with the results of its application to cycles based upon reactions of manganese oxides. Experiments confirmed that at least 12 acids-HCl, H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/, H/sub 3/PO/sub 4/, MoO/sub 3/, NaPO/sub 3/, Na/sub 4/P/sub 2/O/sub 7/, SiO/sub 2/, Cr/sub 2/O/sub 3/, TiO/sub 2/, Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/, SnO/sub 2/, and Fe/sub 2/Onumber-drive the thermal decomposition of NaMnO/sub 2/ at temperatures below 1400/sup 0/K. Only rather strong bases-NaOH, LiOH, BaO, Li/sub 2/CO/sub 3/, Na/sub 2/CO/sub 3/-can drive the steam oxidation of Mn(II) below 1300/sup 0/K. In accord with the model, the acids HCl, H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/, H/sub 3/PO/sub 4/, and MoO/sub 3/ are too strong to be used in Mn(III)/(II) cycles, because their Na, Li, and Ba salts are too stable. Cycles were demonstrated with the other 8 acids and either NaOH or Na/sub 2/CO/sub 3/. Because such cycles evolve O/sub 2(g)/ in the presence of air, solar furnaces are appropriate sources of thermal energy for them.
The Evolution of Topical Formulations in Psoriasis. (2018)

Most people with mild-to-moderate psoriasis manage their disease with topical therapies. However, adherence to topical treatment remains a challenge, as the daily application creates a significant treatment burden. New topical therapeutic options need to offer higher efficacy and better patient acceptability, including easier application, to reduce treatment burden and enhance patient adherence. Topical foam vehicles are innovative alternatives to creams and ointments, addressing many patient challenges with traditional vehicles. Well-designed foam vehicles are easily spread over large areas of the skin, while importantly not leaving a greasy or oily film on the skin after application. Calcipotriol/betamethasone diproprionate aerosol foam is a new psoriasis treatment option that is rapidly effective, offers greater efficacy versus ointment and gel formulations, and has been shown to increase patient treatment satisfaction. Hence, by addressing the several crucial unmet clinical needs in patients with mild-to-moderate psoriasis, this optimized foam formulation is poised to improve treatment follow-through.
Learning rate for laparoscopic surgical skills on MIST VR, a virtual reality simulator: quality of human-computer interface. (1999)

Acquiring laparoscopic surgical skills involves initial learning of cognitive and motor skills followed by refinement of those skills. The successful use of a virtual reality simulator depends on the quality of the interface for the human-computer interaction and this can be determined by the initial learning rate. MIST VR, a part-task virtual reality laparoscopic simulator, provides objective assessment of psychomotor skills and can generate an overall score for performance, based upon errors made and time taken for six different tasks. This study analysed the rate of early task/instrument/computer familiarization on consecutive scores achieved by surgically experienced and naive individuals. Eleven surgeons, 18 medical students and seven non-medical personnel were tested on the simulator up to ten consecutive times, within a 2-week period. Performance data from every task and repetition were analysed to obtain individual scores of task performance. The calculation of overall score penalized errors far more heavily than total time taken, with high scores indicating poor performance. The surgeon-computer interface generated a rapid and significant early familiarization curve up to the third session on the simulator, with significant reductions in both time taken and total contact errors made. These results suggest that MIST VR represents a high quality interface. Surgeons scored consistently and significantly better than other subjects on all tasks. For surgically naive individuals, it was possible to predict the level of laparoscopic skills performance that would be attained after overcoming initial simulator learning curve, by studying their initial score. Overall scores reflected surgical experience and suggest that the simulator is measuring surgically relevant parameters. MIST VR provides a validated and much needed method for objective assessment of laparoscopic skills, for a variety of surgical disciplines.
Elastic Surface Wave Guidance by (Δ<i>v/v</i>) Effect Guidance Structures (1972)

The possibility of utilizing guided surface acoustic waves in signal processing devices has generated interest in basic investigations of guidance mechanisms and structures for surface acoustic waves. Surface wave propagation, investigated in detail thus far in guidance structures, has unfortunately proven sufficiently dispersive to rule out many practical device applications. Reported here are theoretical investigations of the basic physical phenomena of a (Δv/v) guidance structure which is substantially nondispersive. Acoustic guidance in the (Δv/v) structure is assumed to be due principally to the velocity reduction Δv of a thin conducting strip on a piezoelectric substrate. With this assumption, major features of (Δv/v) guidance can be predicted theoretically from an isotropic nonpiezoelectric model which incorporates the velocity difference Δv. Numerical results are presented for quartz and lithium niobate. In addition, a generalized description for guided waves is developed which is approximately independent of the (Δv/v) velocity ratio. Thus, with the use of scaling factors, the normalized data are applicable to materials with a range of (Δv/v) ratios. Simply put, our principal conclusion is that for many common piezoelectrics, strong guidance and low dispersion are theoretically predicted. Basic experimental investigations thus appear warranted.
Nitric and nitrous oxide reductases are active under aerobic conditions in cells of <i>Thiosphaera pantotropha</i> (1991)

Use of Clark-type electrodes has shown that, in cells of Thiosphaera pantotropha, the nitrous oxide reductase is active in the presence of O2, and that the two gases involved (N2O, O2) are reduced simultaneously, but with mutual inhibition. Reduction of nitrate, or nitrite, to N2O under aerobic conditions involves NO as an intermediate, as judged by trapping experiments with the ferric form of extracellular horse heart cytochrome c and the demonstration that the cells possess a nitric oxide reductase activity. The overall conversion of nitrate to N2, the process of denitrification, under aerobic conditions, is thus not prevented by reaction of NO with O2 and depends upon a nitrous oxide reductase system which differs from that in other organisms by being neither directly inhibited nor inactivated by O2.
Nucleophilic substitution reactions of 4-t-Butyl-1-methylcyclohexanols (1971)

The stereochemistry of the reaction of a number of nucleophiles with 4- t-butyl-1-methylcyclohexanol in the presence of acetic and sulphuric acids was studied. The stereoselectivity of the reaction found to depend on the size of the attacking nucleophile. Further evidence is presented for the existence of carbonium ion intermediates in the Ritter reaction. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In the series of 1-X-1-methyl-4-t-butyl derivatives with X = aryl, NHCOR, -CO-, NO2, and NCl2 the equatorial protons at C 2 and C 6 are markedly deshielded in the isomers where X is axial.
Single photon emission computed tomography in a patient with unilateral auditory hallucinations (1995)

We report a patient with right unilateral auditory hallucinations in association with right‐sided hearing loss and tinnitus, a degree of anxiety and depression leading to self‐poisoning, and delusional elaboration of the sensory experiences. Poor performance in visuospatial neuropsychological tests sensitive to frontal lobe damage, and poor performance on a visuospatial recognition memory test at 12 s delay were associated with a relative reduction of regional cerebral tracer uptake in mainly right anterior cingulate and right posterior temporal cortex.
Matched filters for locked and unlocked interferers in DS-CDMA (2002)

This paper investigates the design of matched filters (MF) for direct-sequence code-division multi-access (DS-CDMA) systems. We extend the work of Monk et al. (see IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol.SAG-12, no.5, p.817-827, 1994) by assuming the availability of more information such as the individual powers and time delays of strong interferers. This extension permits the design of MFs which can specifically reduce the effects of locked interferers. Results for the rectangular chip pulse illustrate the signal to noise ratio (SNR) improvement the proposed MF gives over the conventional MF and noise-whitening MF.
Evaluation of use of the rigid dressing in amputation of the lower extremity. (1976)

Twenty-seven arteriosclerotic amputees were evaluated to determine the value of the rigid dressing technique for amputation wound management. Results were compared with those for patients having conventional stump wound management. The two groups were similar in number, age and incidence of diabetes. All the patients treated with the rigid dressing had primary healing of the amputation wound, while 13 patients treated with the conventional dressing had primary healing. Long term rehabilitation to the use of a prosthesis was not improved by the application of a rigid dressing on the amputation wound. Our current preference is use of the rigid dressing applied in the operating room at the time of amputation. If the wound is satisfactory and the general condition of the patient is such that he can use a temporary pylon, it is attached to the cast at the first change, about two weeks after operation.
Continuous performance measurement in flight systems (1975)

The desired response of many man machine control systems can be formulated as a solution to an optimal control synthesis problem where the cost index is given and the resulting optimal trajectories correspond to the desired trajectories of the man machine system. Optimal control synthesis provides the reference criteria and the significance of error information required for performance measurement. The synthesis procedure described provides a continuous performance measure (CPM) which is independent of the mechanism generating the control action. Therefore, the technique provides a meaningful method for online evaluation of man's control capability in terms of total man machine performance.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipeline Stell Welded Joints and Defence (2003)

Inhomogeneity of the structure and the capability of the welded joints was caused by the welding. By studying the regularity of the stress corrosion cracking of the welded joints, Finds the stress corrosion susceptibility of the weld beads is higher than the base-metals, the wilder the hard layer of the welded joints, the higher the stress corrosion susceptibility of the weld beans, the higher the temperature, the wilder the potential range of the materials, putting the just alloy elements into the weld beans can improve the resistance of SCC, it is important to improve the condition of the medium.
Pancreatic function in Crohn's disease. (1990)

We investigated exocrine pancreatic function in a population of patients with Crohn's disease in order to correlate the pancreatic function with clinical and laboratory variables. A total of 143 patients affected by Crohn's disease and 115 control subjects were studied. All had a Lundh meal test. As a group patients with Crohn's disease had significantly decreased activity of both amylase (p less than 0.02) and lipase (p less than 0.001) in duodenal aspirates. In patients with Crohn's disease enzyme activities were not correlated to duration of disease or to extent or localisation of previous bowel resection. The lowest enzyme values were found in patients with the most extensive bowel involvement, and they were significantly lower (p less than 0.05) than in patients with disease confined to the terminal ileum. The differences between enzyme values in other subgroups of patients were not significant. For the patient group as a whole no correlation was found between disease activity and enzyme values, but for the most uniform group of patients, those with terminal ileitis, pancreatic function was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in patients with moderate and severe disease compared with patients with mild disease. Thus at least two factors seem to be responsible for impaired pancreatic function in Crohn's disease: firstly disease activity and secondly localisation or extent of disease.
Reorganisation der Betrieblichen Forschung und Entwicklung in den Neuen Bundesländern (1994)

Die Untersuchung behandelt Probleme des Wandels von planwirtschaftlichen Betrieben zu unter Marktwirtschaftsbedingungen existenzfähigen Unternehmen, wobei nicht die ganze Breite der unternehmerischen Wandlungsprozesse betrachtet werden soll, sondern exemplarisch die Innovationstätigkeit der Unternehmen, insbesondere institutionalisiert in der F&E-Funktion, herausgegriffen wird.
RBMS3 delays disc degeneration by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. (2020)

RBMS3 inhibits the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, improves the proliferation ability of nucleus pulposus cells, inhibits their apoptosis and inflammation, and thus delays the degeneration of the intervertebral disc.
An improved graph-theoretic algorithm for computing the structure at infinity of linear systems (1990)

The author presents an improved graph-theoretic algorithm for computing the generic infinite zero structure of a linear system. The proposed algorithm is shown to be superior to existing algorithms for multivariable systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Evaluation of single-step steam pyrolysis-activated carbons from Lesotho agro-forestry residues (2011)

Activated carbon has been widely used worldwide as an effective filtration or adsorption material for removing biological and chemical contaminants from drinking water. The potential of producing activated carbon (AC) from local agroforestry residues by single-step steam pyrolysis processes was investigated. The research aims to promote innovative use of local raw materials and relatively low-cost techniques in production of activated carbon. Four varieties of activated carbons from four different agroforestry residues, pine (Pinus contorta) cones (PC), Abies (Abies cilicica) seeds (AS), maple (Acer ginnala) seeds (MS) and peach (Prunus persica) stones (PS), were prepared and evaluated. The ACs were evaluated for % carbon yield and their characteristics - iodine number, phenol specific area, ash content, pH, moisture content, and solubility in water and in HCl. The % AC yields for PS, PC, AS and MS were found to be 23.0%, 18.0%, 17.8% and 14.6% respectively, which are generally comparable to the commercially recommend minimum AC yield (20%). The phenol specific areas for the ACs were 399, 388, 381 and 415m2/g, while iodine values were 73.6, 61.4, 52.2 and 100.3g/100g for PSAC, MSAC, ASAC and PCAC, respectively. Phenol and iodine values for a commercial activated carbon (CAC) were 600 m2/g, and 172.9g/100g. Although the adsorption properties for the experimental ACs were generally lower than those of the analyzed CAC, the results still revealed that the experimental ACs possesses high absorptive properties as desired in industrial applications. Other investigated properties namely pH (ranging 8.3 to 9.8), solubility in HCl (2.2 to 4.7%) and solubility in water (2.3 to 5.0%) also showed that single-step steam pyrolysis can produce ACs of close comparison to CAC. Overally, this preliminary investigation has demonstrated potential in application of any of the four materials, coupled with the single-step steam pyrolysis technique, in production of AC.
THE EFFECTS OF BETA-HYDROXY-BETA-METHYLBUTIRATE (HMB) ON MUSCLE ATROPHY INDUCED BY IMMOBILIZATION (2001)

Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutirate (HMB), a metabolite of leucine via α-ketoisocaproate, is one of the newest dietary supplements promoted to enhance strength and muscle mass. HMB is claimed acting as an anticatabolic agent, minimizing protein breakdown and muscle damage during exercise. In opposition to physical activity, immobilization is a powerful stress agent that increases intracellular catabolism, inducing muscle atrophy and fiber damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of HMB administration during hindlimb immobilization on muscle fiber area and cell damage. Twenty adult male Charles River mice (30–35g weight) were divided in two groups. One of them received a daily dose of 0.002g of HMB (MTI Bio Tech, Inc.) diluted in water (HMB group), while the other group had no drug administration (control group, CTR). The right hindlimb of the mice of both groups was immobilized using a plaster cast for 7 days so that ankle and knee joints were fixed at resting angles. The contralateral leg was used as control. Routine histological procedures of tissue preparation for light microscope examination were used. The results showed that the HMB group had significantly less damaged fibers (p < 0.05) as was observed through a significant decrease in the number cells with central nuclei (3.6% in CTR vs. 1.6% in HMB) and with alterations of the striation pattern (4.1% in CTR vs. 1.3% in HMB). Furthermore, the decrease in fiber area of the immobilized muscles of the HMB group was significantly less (6.9%) than the control group (p < 0.05). These results suggest that HMB can reduce muscle atrophy and muscle damage induced by immobilization.
Computer Graphics at the American Chemical Society (1987)

The American Chemical Society (ACS) publishes 19 Primary Journals, Chemical Abstracts, and many other publications. These publications are an information source for ACS electronic data bases available from the Scientific and Technical Network (STN International) and from other on-line vendors. The ACS currently processes computer graphics of chemical structures for publication and for display through STN International, both on- and off-line. The ACS is also involved with development of graphics software to automate the display of images for the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and to load a file of German patents containing line drawings onto STN International. The computer systems that provide chemical structures for the ACS publications and for STN International with the Messenger Software are described. Techniques are presented which will be implemented to handle a wider range of computer graphics, not limited to chemical structures.
A Method for Stopping Active Learning Based on Stabilizing Predictions and the Need for User-Adjustable Stopping (2014)

A survey of existing methods for stopping active learning (AL) reveals the needs for methods that are: more widely applicable; more aggressive in saving annotations; and more stable across changing datasets. A new method for stopping AL based on stabilizing predictions is presented that addresses these needs. Furthermore, stopping methods are required to handle a broad range of different annotation/performance tradeoff valuations. Despite this, the existing body of work is dominated by conservative methods with little (if any) attention paid to providing users with control over the behavior of stopping methods. The proposed method is shown to fill a gap in the level of aggressiveness available for stopping AL and supports providing users with control over stopping behavior.
Humeral fracture following shoulder arthroplasty. (1999)

Fracture of the humeral shaft after total or hemiarthroplasty of the shoulder occurs infrequently but has serious consequences. This article reports on five patients with ipsilateral humeral fractures following shoulder hemiarthroplasty who were treated either conservatively or surgically. Fractures in the three patients treated conservatively healed on average by 7 months. The results were satisfactory in one patient and unsatisfactory in two patients. Both of these patients complained of pain and limitation of shoulder motion. Fractures in the two patients treated by open reduction and Mennen plate fixation healed on average by 2 months, resulting in a better outcome for these patients treated surgically.
Diffusion processes in lightguide materials. The diffusion of OH in silica glass at high temperatures (1987)

The OH diffusion in silica glass is investigated between 1500 and 2300°C. Specimens are prepared by deposition of silica glass layers on the inner surface of tubes made of silica glass with different OH content. The diffusion from the tube and from the gas phase within the tube, respectively, into the layers during annealing is studied by measuring the laser beam absorption at 2.73 (J.m wavelength with a high spatial resolution. By fitting the measured radial OH profiles to calculated diffusion distributions, first values of diffusion coefficients at temperatures above 1300°C can be determined. Die OH-Diffusion in Kieselglas wird zwischen 1500 und 2300°C untersucht. Die Präparation der Untersuchungsproben erfolgt durch Abscheidung von Quarzglasschichten auf der Innenoberfläche von Quarzglasrohren mit unterschiedlichem OH-Gehalt. Zum Studium der Diffusion vom Rohr bzw. von der Innenrohr-Gasphase in die Schichten beim Tempern der Proben wird die Laser-strahl-Absorption bei 2,73 μm Wellenlänge mit hoher Örtlicher Auflösung gemessen. Durch Vergleich der so bestimmten radialen OH-Konzentrationsprofile mit berechneten Diffusionsver-teilungen konnten erstmalig Werte für den Diffusionskoeffizienten oberhalb von 1300°C ermittelt werden.
Comparison of Insulin Monotherapy and Combination Therapy With Insulin and Metformin or Insulin and Troglitazone in Type 2 Diabetes (2002)

Aggressive insulin therapy significantly improved glycemic control in type 2 diabetic subjects to levels comparable with those achieved by adding metformin to insulin therapy. Troglitazone was the most effective in lowering HbA(lc), total daily insulin dose, and triglyceride levels. However, treatment with insulin plus metformin was advantageous in avoiding weight gain and hypoglycemia.