gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advances in r-Process Nucleosynthesis (2004)

During the last several decades, there have been a number of advances in understanding the rapid neutron-capture process (i.e., the r-process). These advances include large quantities of high-resolution spectroscopic abundance data of neutron-capture elements, improved astrophysical models, and increasingly more precise nuclear and atomic physics data. The elemental abundances of the heavy neutron-capture elements, from Ba through the third r-process peak, in low-metallicity ([Fe/H] <~ -2.5) Galactic halo stars are consistent with the scaled (i.e., relative) solar system r-process abundance distribution. These abundance comparisons suggest that for elements with Z >= 56 the r-process is robust--appearing to operate in a relatively consistent manner over the history of the Galaxy--and place stringent constraints on r-process models. While not yet identified, neutron-rich ejecta outside of the core in a collapsing (Type II, Ib) supernova continues to be a promising site for the r-process. Neutron star binary mergers might also be a possible alternative site. Abundance comparisons of lighter n-capture elements in halo stars show variations with the scaled solar r-process curve and might suggest either multiple r-process sites, or, at least, different synthesis conditions in the same astrophysical site. Constraints on r-process models and clues to the progenitors of the halo stars--the earliest generations of Galactic stars--are also provided by the star-to-star abundance scatter of [Eu/Fe] at low metallicities in the early Galaxy. Finally, abundance observations of long-lived radioactive elements (such as Th and U) produced in the r-process can be used to determine the chronometric ages of the oldest stars, placing constraints on the lower limit age estimates of the Galaxy and the Universe.
Lactase Deficiency: An Example of Dietary Evolution (1971)

The ability to assimilate lactose, a primary constituent of milk, is dependent upon the presence of lactase, a genetically controlled enzyme in the small intestine. In most mammals, levels of lactase are high during infancy, but fall rapidly following weaning; adults are lactase-deficient. In man, some populations, including Orientals, Australian Aborigines, and Negroes, are deficient as adults, while others, including Nilotic Negroes and Europeans, maintain consistently high levels of lactase throughout life regardless of individual lactose intake. Ingestion of even small amounts of lactose by lactase-deficient individuals usually gives rise to a variety of symptoms, including cramps, bloating, and diarrhea. It is hypothesized that prior to the domestication of animals and the development of dairying, the normal condition for all men was adult lactase deficiency, but that with the introduction of lactose into the adult diet in certain cultures, new selective pressures were created that favored the genotype for adult lactase production. A substantial body of medical literature dealing with lactase deficiency is reviewed in the light of this hypothesis, and strategies for further research are outlined. Finally, the broader implications of this illustration of the interaction between culture and human population gene frequencies (cultural genetics) are discussed.
Producers post increase as prices plumb new depths (1993)

European polypropylene (PP) producers are gearing up for yet another attempt to raise prices and stem their losses. Despite a string of pricing initiatives throughout 1992, the oversupplied PP market continued to sink. It slipped again in January, with many producers accusing their competitors of price cutting to raise sales volumes. The difference this time is that all the major players have stated their readiness to hike prices, while output has been cut back considerably to reduce stocks. Sentiment in the market is that prices simply cannot be allowed to go any lower. Neste Chemicals (Helsinki) has led the way by announcing a 40-pfennig/kg increase, effective March 1. Sven Svensson, Neste's v.p./PP, says the increase was announced early to allow converters to adjust the prices of their products. Huels (Marl, Germany) has since announced a 30 pfennig-40 pfennig/kg hike for February or March, Hoechst (Frankfurt) says it will go for a similar increase March 1, Amoco Chemical Europe (Geneva) has promised a hike effective February 1, while Himont (Milan) and Brussels-based Petrofina and Solvay confirm they will also be raising prices. There could be a greater sense of urgency now that propylene contracts have been raised for February. The lowestmore » PP price so far reported in Europe has been BF12.50/kg (DM0.61/kg) for raffia-grade material in Belgium. The French market is about F2.20/kg; the UK at [Brit pounds]290/m.t.; German prices are slightly firmer at DM0.70/kg, with injection molding at about DM0.75/kg. PP copolymer prices have fallen precipitously since early December, with German levels dropping by 20 pfennig/kg, to about DM0.90/kg.« less
Towards Constraint-based High Performance Cloud System in the Process of Cloud Computing Adoption in an Organization (2010)

Cloud computing is penetrating into various domains and environments, from theoretical computer science to economy, from marketing hype to educational curriculum and from R&D lab to enterprise IT infrastructure. Yet, the currently developing state of cloud computing leaves several issues to address and also affects cloud computing adoption by organizations. In this paper, we explain how the transition into the cloud can occur in an organization and describe the mechanism for transforming legacy infrastructure into a virtual infrastructure-based cloud. We describe the state of the art of infrastructural cloud, which is essential in the decision making on cloud adoption, and highlight the challenges that can limit the scale and speed of the adoption. We then suggest a strategic framework for designing a high performance cloud system. This framework is applicable when transformation cloudbased deployment model collides with some constraints. We give an example of the implementation of the framework in a design of a budget-constrained high availability cloud system.
Iconographical virtual polyhedrons for constructing graphical user interface (2004)

There are many applications that require a large number of icons on their user interface. Such applications share the same problem: the icons use up too much screen space. As a solution to this problem, we propose a new concept: the use of iconographical virtual polyhedrons (in short we refer to them as lV-polyhedron(s)), which are polyhedrons created in 3D virtual space, with the usual 2D icons being mapped onto their polygonal faces. Users are enabled to rotate the IV-polyhedron in virtual space and select one of the icons mapped on it. Such IV-polyhedrons have proved to be efficient for saving screen space and increasing the enjoyment of using the graphical user interface. In the present paper, first we will describe the previous research related to graphical user interface to show the importance of IV-polyhedrons. Secondly, we will describe the problems we encountered in the implementation of the IV-polyhedrons. We also introduce several prototypical applications using IV-polyhedrons for children's educational purposes
Adaptive beamforming using the constrained Kalman filter (1993)

From the viewpoint of achieving rapid convergence, application of a Kalman filter to an adaptive array is considered. Compared with the Frost's (1972) constrained least-mean-square algorithm, the constrained Kalman algorithm for adaptive beamforming is proposed to overcome the problem of signal distortion along the look direction which occurs in the unconstrained Kalman beamformer of Baird (1974). A constraint on the array response along the look direction is added to the measurement equation of the Kalman filter. The weight vector of the constrained Kalman beamformer is derived and shown to converge to that of the minimum-variance distortionless-response beamformer. The convergence rate of the proposed algorithm is also analyzed. Compared to Baird's algorithm and the sidelobe canceller with one-step Kalman predictor, simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Reversing of magnetic poles in a slot on the workpiece surface after discontinuation of longitudinal magnetization (2002)

The magnetic dipole theory easily explains the theoretical problem of this knotty phenomenon.
A phonetic transcription system of Arabic text (2005)

Within the framework of developing an unlimited vocabulary speech synthesizer a rule based transcription system has been developed. It requires as an input a partly diacritized Arabic text. The inventory of the output sounds consists of 24 consonants and 16 vocalic allophones. Three kinds of word stress are defined; main stress for the lexeme, secondary for an eventually unstressed long vowel, and tertiary for the suffix cluster. The locations of the first and third stress types are determined, after word syllabification and a tree search of suffix(es), applying the well established stress rules in Arabic. A relatively small dictionary is used for words with exceptional pronounciation. The transcription system is coded in Pascal language consisting of some 950 instructions. On the avarege a processing speed of 65 word/sec is achieved on an IBM-PC-AT.
Cardiopulmonary monitoring in the respiratory intensive care unit. (1977)

Respiratory monitoring using airway measurements of flow, pressure, and oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations is practical and useful for intensive care patients on respirator support. End-tidal PCO2 minute and tidal volumes, and compliance are the most useful simple measurements. On-line plots of pressure against volume and flow against volume are helpful in early detection of difficulty. More sophisticated pulmonary function tests such as maximum flows and volumes, functional residual capacity, and measurement of fast space and slow space can be easily automated under computer control. Respiratory monitoring provides painless, nonpenetrating measurements which are immediately available, and which reduce the incidence of undetected life-threatening respiratory accidents.
Performance study of a LAN based image server (2002)

The objective is to predict the performance of a practical multi-user system. A prototype distributed system of AT-class computers for multi-user retrieval of electronic document images is described. The prototype system is used as a testbed in which response times are measured, with auxiliary computers simulating additional users. An image server operating on a local-area-network (LAN) and retrieving files from write only read many optical disks includes three potential contributors to a slow receive time: large files, the optical disk drive interface and transmission over a LAN. The authors describe improved receive time achieved through an enhanced optical disk interface, and describe the quantitative effect of Ethernet traffic and multiple users on receive time. Careful selection or design of the optical disk subsystem will reduce the contribution of this component to overall receive time. Of particular importance is the ability of the subsystem to buffer data as it is read from the optical disk. The authors describe a single server system that should be able to support up to five users simultaneously with an average receive time of 0.9 s or less, or to eight users simultaneously with an average receive time of 1.6 s or less.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
CMOS Saturated Power Amplifier With Dynamic Auxiliary Circuits for Optimized Envelope Tracking (2014)

A CMOS saturated power amplifier (PA) is developed for optimally implementing the envelope-tracking (ET) transmitter. The CMOS saturated PA is used to maximize the efficiency of the ET PA. The dynamic feedback control and the biasing techniques at the gates of the common-gate stage and the common-source of the cascode structure are proposed to improve the dynamic range, linearity and efficiency. The fully-integrated CMOS PA with a supply modulator is fabricated using a 0.18- μm RF CMOS technology. For a long-term evolution signal at 1.85 GHz with a 10-MHz bandwidth and a 16-quadrature amplitude modulation 7.5 dB peak-to-average power ratio, the ET-based CMOS PA module delivers a power-added efficiency of 37.6%, an error vector magnitude of 2.4%, and an an evolved universal terrestrial radio access adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLRE-UTRA) of -36.8 dBc at an average output power of 26.5 dBm. The proposed auxiliary circuits enable the ET-based CMOS PA to provide the significantly improved performance.
Mapping the catalytic pocket of phospholipases A2 and C using a novel set of phosphatidylcholines (2000)

A set of radioiodinatable phosphatidylcholines (PCs) derivatized with the Bolton-Hunter reagent (BHPCs) was synthesized to probe the substrate recognition and activity of phospholipases. A common feature of this series is the presence of a bulky 4-hydroxyphenyl group at the end of the fatty acyl chain attached to position sn-2. The distance between the end group and the glycerol backbone was varied by changing the length of the intervening fatty acyl chain (3-25 atoms). Except for the shortest, this chain includes at least one amide linkage. The usefulness of this series of substrates as a molecular ruler was tested by measuring the hydrolytic activities of Naja naja naja phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and Bacillus cereus phospholipase C (PLC) in Triton X-100 micelles. The activity of PLA2 proved to be highly dependent on the length of the fatty acyl chain linker, the shorter compounds (3-10 atoms) being very poor substrates. In contrast, the PLC activity profile exhibited much less discrimination. In both cases, PCs with 16-21 atom chains at position sn-2 yielded optimal activity. We interpret these findings in terms of fatty acyl chain length-related steric hindrance caused by the terminal aromatic group, affecting the activity of PLA2 and, to a smaller extent, that of PLC. This notion agrees with the more extended recognition of aliphatic chains inside the narrow channel leading to the catalytic site in the former case. Molecular models of these substrates bound to PLA2 were built on the basis of the crystallographic structure of Naja naja atra PLA2 complexed with a phospholipid analogue. Docking of these substrates necessarily requires the intrusion of the bulky 4-hydroxyphenyl group inside the binding pocket and also the failure of the amide group to form hydrogen bonds inside the hydrophobic substrate channel.
An acoustic energy framework for predicting combustion- driven acoustic instabilities in premixed gas-turbines (2007)

For given acoustic frequencies of premixed gas-turbine combustors, a classical method not currently in use is explored for assessing whether acoustically-driven oscillatory combustion will occur. The method involves cataloging and estimating magnitudes of linear amplification and attenuation mechanisms. Linear approximations to nonlinear mechanisms are included in an effort to obtain a reasonably complete description with tractable analysis. A stability index is defined such that oscillation is predicted to occur when the value of the index exceeds unity. The method is tested on the basis of experimental data available in the literature, as well as with new experiments. Moderate success is achieved in rationalizing these experimental results. The objective of the method is to enable quick and inexpensive decisions to be made for a wide variety of potential design configurations and operating conditions, without the complexity of computational fluid dynamics. The approach therefore may complement other approaches already in use
Puffing patterns in polytene chromosomes of different tissues of Melanagromyza obtusa during development (1983)

Journal Article Puffing patterns in polytene chromosomes of different tissues of Melanagromyza obtusa during development Get access J. P. Gupta, J. P. Gupta Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi-221005, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar O. P. Sing O. P. Sing Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi-221005, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Heredity, Volume 74, Issue 5, September 1983, Pages 365–370, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109812 Published: 01 September 1983
Dependence of the grain boundary potential barrier height of BaTiO<sub>3</sub>ceramics on donor dopant concentration (1990)

Barium titanate ceramics exhibiting the positive temperature coefficient of resistance (PTCR) effect were prepared with donor concentrations ranging from 0.05-1.8 at.%. The resistance of the various samples (normalised to give the specific resistance of a unit area of grain boundary rho L in order to eliminate the effect of the observed reduction in grain size with increased donor concentration) was measured in the vicinity of the ferroelectric transition temperature Tc. Arrhenius plots of rho L against (T- theta )/T, where T is the absolute temperature and theta is the Curie point, were then obtained for T>Tc. The plots were found to be linear up to a few degrees below the temperature corresponding to the maximum value of rho L, in agreement with the well known Heywang model. The potential barrier heights, calculated from the slopes of the Arrhenius plots, were found to be similar for samples containing 0.1-1.4 at.% ( approximately 0.2 eV at 150 degrees C) and greater in more heavily doped specimens (0.4 eV at the same temperature). However, the Arrhenius plots belonging to samples containing 0.05 at.% were linear for a small temperature range since the PTCR jump was very small and consequently it was not possible to calculate the potential barrier height with any accuracy.
Equilibrium Properties of Temporally Asymmetric Hebbian Plasticity (2001)

A theory of temporally asymmetric Hebb rules, which depress or potentiate synapses depending upon whether the postsynaptic cell fires before or after the presynaptic one, is presented. Using the Fokker-Planck formalism, we show that the equilibrium synaptic distribution induced by such rules is highly sensitive to the manner in which bounds on the allowed range of synaptic values are imposed. In a biologically plausible multiplicative model, the synapses in asynchronous networks reach a distribution that is invariant to the firing rates of either the presynaptic or postsynaptic cells. When these cells are temporally correlated, the synaptic strength varies smoothly with the degree and phase of their synchrony.
Solid phase extraction of doxorubicin using molecularly imprinted polymer coated magnetite nanospheres prior to its spectrofluorometric determination (2014)

Selective doxorubicin-imprinted polymer coated magnetite nanospheres were synthesized.
FDA regulation of labeling and promotional claims in therapeutic color vision devices: A tutorial (2004)

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for determining whether medical device manufacturers have provided reasonable assurance, based on valid scientific evidence, that new devices are safe and effective for their intended use before they are introduced into the U.S. market. Most existing color vision devices pose so little risk that their manufacturers are not required to submit a premarket notification [510(k)] to FDA prior to market. However, even low-risk devices may not be acceptable if they are marketed on the basis of misleading or excessive claims. Although most color vision devices are diagnostic, two types that are therapeutic rather than diagnostic are colored lenses intended to improve deficient color vision and colored lenses intended to improve reading performance. Both of these devices have presented special regulatory challenges to FDA because the intended uses and effectiveness claims initially proposed by the manufacturers were not supported by valid scientific evidence. In each instance, however, FDA worked with the manufacturer to restrict labeling and promotional claims in ways that were consistent with the available device performance data and that allowed for the legal marketing of the device.
A pathogenic role for endothelin in Raynaud's phenomenon? (1994)

Plasma endothelin response to a standardized cold challenge in 7 patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon and 7 controls using a sensitive radioimmunoassay was measured. There was no difference between resting levels of plasma endothelin in patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon (2.6 fmol/ml) and controls (2.4 fmol/ml). A decrease in plasma endothelin levels in both groups of patients during the initial phase of the cold challenge was detected; this was more pronounced in the patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. These results suggest that there is no persistent stimulus to overproduction of endothelin. The fall in levels in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon during the initial phase of the cold challenge might suggest that a different vasoconstrictive factor is initiating the start of the vasospastic process, with the decreased endothelin levels being a reactive response to increased vasoconstriction produced by this alternative factor.
Two versions of Advent: the Benedictional of AEthelwold and The Advent Lyrics (2003)

The human genome contains six arylsulfatase genes (ARSA-ARSF), of which four are clustered in a distal region of the short arm of the X chromosome (Xp22.3). They were probably generated by a series of evolutionary duplication events; their exon-intron boundaries are identical. Nevertheless, different transcript lengths and the absence of cross-hybridizations point to a specific function of each gene in human cell metabolism, and multiple transcripts suggest the coding of protein isoforms. We identified a novel protein isoform of the ARSD gene by isolation of a series of cDNA clones from a human testis cDNA library. The clones were only partially identical to another series of ARSD clones isolated earlier (now designated ARSDalpha clones). Their specific C-terminal region (1160 nt) encodes a novel ARSD peptide of 48 amino acids and was identified as part of intron 6 of the ARSD gene in Xp22.3. We therefore designate them ARSDbeta clones. Expression analyses of ARSDalpha and ARSDbeta by semiquantitative RT-PCR revealed the presence of both in multiple human tissues, although in different quantities. A physiologic substrate for arylsulfatase D proteins is not known. We therefore estimated their sulfatase activities in vitro with the aid of the 4-methylumbelliferyl sulfate (4-MUS) assay. Surprisingly, neither ARSD protein isoform demonstrated any sulfatase activity alone or in combination, although their catalytic peptide domain is strongly conserved in comparison with that of the other X-chromosomal arylsulfatase enzymes (ARSC, ARSE, ARSF), all of which are functionally active in the 4-MUS assay.