gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Heme deficiency interferes with the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and expression of a subset of neuronal genes. (2002)

Defective heme synthesis in mammals has been suspected of causing neuropathy associated with porphyrias and lead poisoning. To determine the molecular action of heme in neuronal cells, we examined the effect of the inhibition of heme synthesis on nerve growth factor (NGF) signaling in PC12 cells. We found that the inhibition of heme synthesis by succinyl acetone interferes with NGF-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. Furthermore, we show that heme deficiency obliterates the activation of the signaling intermediates of the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and its downstream target, the transcription activator cyclic AMP response element-binding protein. Strikingly, microarray expression analysis shows that the inhibition of heme synthesis selectively diminishes the induction of expression of a subset of neuron-specific genes by NGF, such as Ras and neurofilament proteins, whereas NGF induces the expression of several major classes of neuronal genes that encode regulatory and structural proteins at three days after induction. Our data provide insights into how heme deficiency interferes with NGF signaling and abrogates programs of neuronal gene expression, thus ultimately causing defective neuronal functions.
Exploration of plant growth and development using the <scp>E</scp>uropean <scp>M</scp>odular <scp>C</scp>ultivation <scp>S</scp>ystem facility on the <scp>I</scp>nternational <scp>S</scp>pace <scp>S</scp>tation (2014)

Space experiments provide a unique opportunity to advance our knowledge of how plants respond to the space environment, and specifically to the absence of gravity. The European Modular Cultivation System (EMCS) has been designed as a dedicated facility to improve and standardise plant growth in the International Space Station (ISS). The EMCS is equipped with two centrifuges to perform experiments in microgravity and with variable gravity levels up to 2.0 g. Seven experiments have been performed since the EMCS was operational on the ISS. The objectives of these experiments aimed to elucidate phototropic responses (experiments TROPI-1 and -2), root gravitropic sensing (GRAVI-1), circumnutation (MULTIGEN-1), cell wall dynamics and gravity resistance (Cell wall/Resist wall), proteomic identification of signalling players (GENARA-A) and mechanism of InsP3 signalling (Plant signalling). The role of light in cell proliferation and plant development in the absence of gravity is being analysed in an on-going experiment (Seedling growth). Based on the lessons learned from the acquired experience, three preselected ISS experiments have been merged and implemented as a single project (Plant development) to study early phases of seedling development. A Topical Team initiated by European Space Agency (ESA), involving experienced scientists on Arabidopsis space research experiments, aims at establishing a coordinated, long-term scientific strategy to understand the role of gravity in Arabidopsis growth and development using already existing or planned new hardware.
Pseudo‐Random Numbers (1987)

The prelims comprise: History and Philosophy Congruential Generators Shift-Register Generators Lattice Structure Shuffling and Testing Conclusions Proofs
Electrochemical Performance of Si/Graphite/Carbon Composite Electrode in Mixed Electrolytes Containing LiBOB and LiPF[sub 6] (2009)

The influences of lithium bis(oxalato) borate (LiBOB), vinylene carbonate (VC)-containing , and the mixed electrolytes with their different ratios on the electrochemical properties of Si/graphite/disordered carbon (Si/G/DC) composite electrode were investigated. Si/G/DC in mixed electrolytes presented better cyclability than in with VC and a higher specific capacity than in LiBOB. Si/G/DC in electrolytes exhibited a high reversible capacity of and a high and stable coulombic efficiency after the first cycle when cycled at a rate of . Even after , the reversible capacity was still as high as , with a capacity fading of less than 0.08% per cycle. The analysis of scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectra, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that the improvement of Si/G/DC composite electrode in cyclability resulted from the formation of impact and stable solid electrolyte interphase layers.
Optimized production of hyperpolarized 129Xe at 2 bars for <i>in vivo</i> lung magnetic resonance imaging (2013)

In this work, the production rate of a spin-exchange optical pumping 129Xe gas polarizer was optimized for routine generation of hyperpolarized 129Xe for in vivo lung MRI. This system uses a narrow (∼ 0.1 nm linewidth), tuneable external cavity laser (operating at ∼25 W) for SEOP of 3% gas mixtures of Xe inside a mid-pressure (2 bars) cell of 491 cm3 volume. Under this regime, theoretical and experimentally measured 129Xe polarizations were calculated to be 24% and 12%, respectively, for a gas flow rate of 300 sccm and a cell temperature of 373 K. The photon efficiency was evaluated, yielding theoretical and experimental values of 0.039 and 0.046, respectively. The theoretical efficiency was calculated from spin-exchange and spin-destruction cross sections and the experimental photon efficiency was measured under flow for a gas-cell residency time equal to an empirically determined spin-exchange time of 45 s. In addition, details of the Xe freeze-out process were analyzed with a model of polarization decay during Xe accumulation in the frozen phase, where a T1 of 87 ± 2 min was observed. To demonstrate the system's application, in vivo lung magnetic resonance images (signal-to-noise ratio ∼ 50 from a voxel of 15 mm× 4 mm× 4 mm) were acquired using modest volumes (&lt;400 ml) of isotopically enriched (86% 129Xe) Xe gas polarized to &gt;10%. Despite the experimental polarization being a factor of 2 lower than the predicted polarization for typical operating parameters, the system is close to the theoretical photon efficiency and the system has so far produced polarized gas for more than 100 in vivo 129Xe lung imaging studies.
Effect of transforming growth factor beta on proliferation of L6 and embryonic porcine myogenic cells (1990)

We have examined the effect of Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) beta on proliferation of L6 and embryonic porcine myogenic cells. Proliferation of L6 cells was suppressed by both TGF beta-1 and TGF beta-2 in a dose-dependent manner. Half-maximal suppression of proliferation occurred at .036 ng TGF beta-1/ml and .06 ng TGF beta-2/ml. Maximal inhibition (60% suppression of proliferation for TGF beta-1 and 52% for TGF beta-2) occurred between .1 and .3 ng/ml for each growth factor. Suppression of proliferation was completely abolished in the presence of an anti-TGF beta antibody that inhibited the biological activity of TGF beta-1 and TGF beta-2. When we evaluated the effect of TGF beta-1 on proliferation of embryonic porcine myogenic cells we obtained results which were very similar to those obtained for L6 cells. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I stimulated proliferation of L6 cells in a dose-dependent manner in serum-free, defined medium. However as little as .02 ng TGF beta-1/ml detectably suppressed this stimulation and .3 ng TGF beta-1/ml caused a 60% reduction in cell number in cultures treated with 30 ng IGF-l/ml. Thus TGF beta-1 significantly suppressed IGF-I-stimulated proliferation of L6 cells.
Annealing of Nanometer-Sized Zinc Oxide Particles (2002)

The processes occurring during annealing of particulate ZnO thin films and powders are examined in detail by size-determining methods (TEM and powder X-ray diffraction) and by thermal analysis. Water and carbon dioxide desorb from the surface at temperatures of about 100 °C. At higher temperatures (between 300 and 500 °C), two processes are observed: a change in the chemical composition of the surface by thermal degradation of adsorbed molecules and an increase of the geometric particle size. A structural model for nanometer-sized ZnO nanocrystals is proposed according to which the core of the particles consists mainly of pure ZnO surrounded by a shell containing Li+ and ZnO. Acetate ions adsorbed on this shell form the outermost layer. To account for the low energy shift in the absorption spectra of the larger particles, an interaction of the adsorbed acetate ions with the electrons inside the ZnO is suggested which contributes to the observed size-quantization of the tiny semiconductors.
An Esterase on the Outer Membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for the Hydrolysis of Long Chain Acyl Esters (1979)

A new esterase activity which hydrolyzes palmitoyl-CoA was found in the membrane fraction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All the 11 strains of P. aeruginosa tested possessed this esterase activity. The esterase was constitutive and was fully active on the intact cell bodies toward substrates in the medium. It was located on the outer membrane of the cell envelope, and was not released into the culture medium. This activity was designated as OM (outer membrane) esterase. OM esterase was solubilized from the cell envelope with EDTA-Triton X-100 and purified 690-fold. It was a minor component of the outer membrane. Its molecular weight was approximately 55,000. The activity was rather stable to heat, a wide range of pH, and treatment with detergents and organic solvents. No cofactors were required. The pH optimum of the reaction was 8.5. Among various acyl-CoAs, only long chain (C12--C18) thioesters were hydrolyzed. OM esterase also hydrolyzed some kinds of oxy-esters such as p-nitrophenyl acyl esters, monoacyl esters of sucrose and Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate). On the other hand, triglycerides, phospholipids, or hydrophobic monoesters were not hydrolyzed at all. Thus, this enzyme seems to have specificity for long chain acyl esters with hydrophilic groups, whether thio- or oxy-ester. Mutants deficient in this esterase activity were isolated. These mutants were unable to grow on Tween 80 as a sole carbon source. This suggests a possible role of OM esterase in the utilization of acyl esters as carbon sources.
Multi-Piconet Extension using a Bridge Selection Protocol with Distributed and Centralized Traffic Scheduling in Home Networks (2007)

This paper describes a framework for establishment of UWB multi-hop ad hoc networks to improve the efficiency of standard-based multi-hop extension by constructing child or neighbor piconets. Bridge devices (BDEVs) are selected from usual devices with one single network interface by a bridge selection protocol. BDEV is a member of each interconnected piconet. Then, BDEVs are used to build the multi-piconet networks. Each piconet associated with a BDEV follows the 802.15.3 standard. Furthermore, distributed and centralized scheduling schemes are proposed to improve the performance of the scatter ad hoc networks. The distributed schemes are simple and flexible. However, the centralized scheme could achieve better scheduling efficiency. Through simulations, the proposed BDEV scheduling schemes are shown to be effective to extend network coverage in UWB home networks.
Analysis of Reforming Gas Combustion in Internal Combustion Engine (2014)

The present paper deals with the study of the combustion of reforming gas in a small size Internal Combustion Engine. Therefore, mathematical models of both reforming process and internal combustion engine were implemented. In particular, steams reforming of glycerol to produce synthesis gas and spark ignition four strokes ICE were studied. The reforming process mathematical model was verified using experimental data. Synthesis gas was used to feed the ICE with different syngas and engine configuration. On the basis of the comparison with the experimental results, it is possible to state that the mathematical model is validated. Engine performance and pollutant emission evaluation was carried out using the integrated mathematical models with reference to the engine running on standard commercial fuel. The results highlight a reduction in engine performance and, at the same time a reduction of pollutant emissions in terms of CO and CO2.
[Analysis of the complications following mandibular distraction using internal distractors]. (2006)

The pivotal points to reduce complications are to understand the mechanism of mandibular distraction osteogenesis completely, and to be familiar with the anatomy of mandible and adjacent tissues. It is necessary to treat with it preoperatively and postoperatively.
Taking part: participatory art and the emerging civil society in Hong Kong (2015)

As civil society grows in post-colonial Hong Kong, participatory art has registered a heightened local consciousness, the desire to be autonomous and attempts to resist various kinds of hegemony in the 2000s and the 2010s. This essay aims to provide an empirical base for further studies by examining exemplary works, namely Complaints Choir of Hong Kong, Stephanie Sin's Super Warm, Kacey Wong's Instant Skyline, artwalker's West 9 Dragon and the practice of Woofer Ten. I analyse how committed artists have treated form with an openness that is critical for art to take a more active part in society.
Cow’s Milk Allergy: Where have we Come from and where are we Going? (2014)

Since the 1930's the scientific literature on cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) has accumulated. Over the last decade new diagnostic tools and treatment approaches have been developed. The diagnosis of reproducible adverse reactions to cow's milk proteins (CMP), i.e. CMPA, still has to be confirmed by controlled elimination and challenge procedures. Advanced diagnostic testing using epitope and microarray technology may in the future improve the diagnostic accuracy of CMPA by determination of specific IgE against specific allergen components of cow's milk protein. The incidence of CMPA in early childhood is approximately 2-3% in developed countries. Symptoms suggestive of CMPA may be encountered in 5-15% of infants emphasizing the importance of controlled elimination/milk challenge procedures. Reproducible clinical reactions to CMP in human milk have been reported in 0.5% of breastfed infants. Most infants with CMPA develop symptoms before 1 month of age, often within 1 week after inter introduction of CMP-based formula. The majority has two or more symptoms from two or more organ systems. Approximately 50-70% have cutaneous symptoms, 50-60% gastrointestinal symptoms and 20-30% respiratory symptoms. Symptoms may occur within 1 hour after milk intake (immediate reactions) or after 1 hour (late reactions). The prognosis of CMPA is good with a remission rate of approximately 45 to 50% at 1 year, 60 to 75% at 2 years and 85 to 90% at 3 years. Associated adverse reactions to other foods develop in up to 50% and allergy against inhalants in 50 to 80%. The basic treatment of CMPA is avoidance of CMP. In early childhood a milk substitute is needed. Documented extensively hydrolysed formulas are recommended, whereas partially hydrolysed formulas should not be used because of a high degree of antigenicity and allergenicity associated with adverse reactions. In case of intolerance to extensively hydrolysed formulas and multiple food allergies a formula based on aminoacids is recommended. Alternative milk substitutes such as sheep's and goat's milk should not be used because of a high degree of cross reactivity with CMP. Milk from other mammals such as mare and donkey may be tolerated by some children with CMPA. Soy protein is as allergenic as CMP and soy formula is not recommended for young children with CMPA because of a great risk of development of allergy to soy, whereas soymilk is normally tolerated in older children with CMPA. Recent treatment modalities are oral immunotherapy (OIT) involving the ingestion of increasing amounts of milk allergen on a regular basis to desensitize and potentially permanently tolerize patients to CMP. OIT can increase the reaction thresholds to CMP, but questions about safety and long-term efficacy remain. Anti-IgE therapy with Omalizumab may improve the safety and efficacy of OIT and may provide benefit in monotherapy.
Magnets for Sarcasm: Making Sarcasm Detection Timely, Contextual and Very Personal (2017)

Sarcasm is a pervasive phenomenon in social media, permitting the concise communication of meaning, affect and attitude. Concision requires wit to produce and wit to understand, which demands from each party knowledge of norms, context and a speaker's mindset. Insight into a speaker's psychological profile at the time of production is a valuable source of context for sarcasm detection. Using a neural architecture, we show significant gains in detection accuracy when knowledge of the speaker's mood at the time of production can be inferred. Our focus is on sarcasm detection on Twitter, and show that the mood exhibited by a speaker over tweets leading up to a new post is as useful a cue for sarcasm as the topical context of the post itself. The work opens the door to an empirical exploration not just of sarcasm in text but of the sarcastic state of mind.
Potentiation of 5‐methoxy‐n,n‐dimethyltryptamine‐induced head‐twitches by diazepam: Evidence for involvement of adenosine uptake inhibition (1993)

Abstract Previous work shows that benzodiazepines potentiate head‐twitches induced by 5‐HT agonists and that this action is not mediated via the GABA receptor complex. In the present study the involvement of adenosinergic mechanisms in this effect has been examined, as in addition to their actions at the GABA receptor, benzodiazepines also inhibit adenosine uptake. The adenosine antagonists caffeine (0.3‐30 mg/kg ip) and 1,3‐dipropyl‐8‐(2‐amino‐4‐chlorophenyl)xanthine (0.03‐1 mg/kg ip) dose‐dependently inhibited the ability of diazepam (4 mg/kg ip) to potentiate head‐twitches induced by 5‐methoxy‐N,N‐dimethyltryptamine (5‐MeODMT; 2.5 mg/kg ip) without affecting head‐twitches induced by 5‐MeODMT alone at a higher dose (10 mg/kg), which induced a similar number of head‐twitches to the combination of 5‐MeODMT and diazepam. The adenosine uptake inhibitors papaverine, mioflazine, and dilazep all potentiated head‐twitches induced by 5‐MeODMT, but this effect was seen at only a single dose of each compound. The benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil did not inhibit the potentiation of head‐twitches by diazepam but did itself potentiate head‐twitches at 30 mg/kg, consistent with its ability to inhibit adenosine uptake. In contrast, the adenosine uptake inhibitor dipyridamole and the peripheraltype benzodiazepine receptor antagonist Ro 5‐4864, which also inhibits adenosine uptake, failed to potentiate head‐twitches. The adenosine agonists N 6 ‐cyclohexyladenosine, 5'‐(N‐ethylcarboxamido‐adenosine), and (–)‐N 6 ‐(R‐phenylisopropyl)adenosine were similarly without effect. These results confirm previous findings that the potentiation of head‐twitches by benzodiazepines is not mediated via an action at benzodiazepine receptors and suggest that inhibition of adenosine uptake is an important component of the mechanism involved. © 1993 wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inflammatory Cells and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2005)

A major contributory factor to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the inflammatory response to cigarette smoke. However, when those with COPD stop smoking, a continuous cycle of inflammation can lead to continued decline in lung function. Understanding the role of inflammatory cells in COPD is difficult because it is a mixture of diseases--bronchitis, small airways disease and emphysema--that exhibit different patterns of inflammation and different pathology. Neutrophils and macrophages have been implicated in this process; they release proteolytic enzymes and generate oxidants, which cause tissue damage, as well as cytokines and chemokines, which can potentiate inflammation and trigger an immune response. Analysis of sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid shows increases in both neutrophils and macrophages in respiratory secretions in COPD subjects; neutrophils are the predominant cell in the conducting airways, whereas macrophages are the major cell in secretions from the small airways and parenchyma. Airway tissue neutrophils are increased in the large and small airways during infection and exacerbations, whilst parenchymal neutrophil numbers are inversely related to alveolar wall destruction, suggesting that they are not involved in the progression of emphysema. Macrophages are increased throughout the respiratory tract airway lumen and epithelium in COPD and are positively related to severity of disease, airway obstruction and degree of alveolar wall damage in emphysema. Unactivated T-lymphocytes do not linger in lung tissue. Activated (eg due to antigenic stimulus) memory T cells home in to the lung and act as effector cells. CD-8+ T cell differentiation into memory cells is facilitated by CD4+ T cells. Binding of CD-8+ T cells to collagen stimulates proliferation and mediator production which may contribute to the inflammatory response. CD8+ cytotoxic/suppressor T cells release cytotoxic perforins and granzyme B which cause cell death and apoptosis, a feature of emphysema. Lung secretions contain only a small percentage of T cells; most T-lymphocytes reside in the subepithelial and smooth muscle region of the tissue. During COPD, there is either an increase in the CD8+/CD4+ ratio of T cells, or an increase in the in total numbers of both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, in the tissue. Smoking status, smoking history, degree of airway obstruction and emphysema are all related to increased CD8+ cells and/or CD8+/CD4+ ratio. During severe emphysema requiring lung volume reduction surgery, there is a considerable increase in macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells which relates to the severity of the disease. Interestingly, the marked increase in luminal CD8+ cells results in an increased ratio of CD8+/CD4+ T cells that is not seen in the parenchymal tissue. The florid inflammation observed in severe emphysema is suggested to be related to latent viral infection.
Further Evidence for Agaricus brunnescens Peck as the Preferred Name for the Cultivated Agaricus (1987)

Three arguments are presented to defend the use of the name Agaricus brunnescens instead of A. bisporus for the cultivated Agaricus: 1) The names A. brunnescens (described in 1900) and A. bisporus (described in 1926) were originally applied to the same species; 2) a fresh collection recently made in Toronto, Ontario, is conspecific with A. brunnescens; 3) the Toronto collection is genetically and taxonomically inseparable from the cultivated Agaricus. Arguments are supported by evidence from the literature, examination of authentic herbarium material and by nuclear and mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment analyses.
An Innovative Mathematical Model: A Key to the Riddle of (2010)

HbA(1c) is a standard clinical assessment of glycemia and the basis of most data relating glycemic control to complications. While daily blood glucose testing gives a picture of day-to-day fluctuations, the HbA(1c) test offers an overview of how well glucose has been controlled over the past 4 months. I devised an innovative mathematical model to describe novel equations governing HbA(1c) which enables analysis of HbA(1c) behavior and provides emerging new concepts in assessment of diabetes management. Linear relationship of HbA(1c) and mean plasma glucose along with the kinetic analysis of HbA(1c) formation has been used as the basic suppositions to construct this model. The main application of this devised model is prediction of mean plasma glucose at any desired point in time after a change in therapy and with great certainty. This model also appraises the pattern of HbA(1c) changes over time and provides a unique opportunity to address common mistakes and misconceptions in routine application of HbA(1c) that could have potentially important implications on diabetes control.