gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Iterated soft shrinkage with adaptive operator evaluations (2009)

This paper is concerned with iterated soft shrinkage for minimizing Tikhonov functionals with sparsity constraints. Motivated by parameter identification problems for partial differential equations we assume, that only adaptive operator evaluations [Ax]h are available. Adaptive refinement strategies lead to different realizations of [A]h in every iteration step, hence, we cannot assume a bound on the approximation error in the operator norm.
AMS Without 4-Wise Independence on Product Domains (2008)

In their seminal work, Alon, Matias, and Szegedy introduced several sketching techniques, including showing that 4-wise independence is sufficient to obtain good approximations of the second frequency moment. In this work, we show that their sketching technique can be extended to product domains $[n]^k$ by using the product of 4-wise independent functions on $[n]$. Our work extends that of Indyk and McGregor, who showed the result for $k = 2$. Their primary motivation was the problem of identifying correlations in data streams. In their model, a stream of pairs $(i,j) \in [n]^2$ arrive, giving a joint distribution $(X,Y)$, and they find approximation algorithms for how close the joint distribution is to the product of the marginal distributions under various metrics, which naturally corresponds to how close $X$ and $Y$ are to being independent. By using our technique, we obtain a new result for the problem of approximating the $\ell_2$ distance between the joint distribution and the product of the marginal distributions for $k$-ary vectors, instead of just pairs, in a single pass. Our analysis gives a randomized algorithm that is a $(1 \pm ε)$ approximation (with probability $1-δ$) that requires space logarithmic in $n$ and $m$ and proportional to $3^k$.
Series resistance: A monitor for hot carrier stress (2012)

In this work, we examine a series resistance extraction technique which yields accurate values from singe nano-scale devices. The series resistance values, derived from this extraction technique, are shown to be sensitive to hot carrier degradation and might possibly serve as new technique to monitor reliability in advanced devices.
Observations of modulated shock waves in solid targets driven by spatially modulated laser beams (2002)

The growth of surface perturbations due to nonuniformities in the drive laser is an important subject in laser–matter interactions. We present results of experiments using drive lasers with known, single-mode modulations to produce nonuniform shocks that propagate into planar plastic (CH) targets. An optical probe beam is used to measure the arrival of these modulated shocks at various surfaces in the target. Experiments at moderate laser intensities (≲1013 W/cm2) exhibit behavior predicted by hydrocodes and simple scaling laws. This technique will be used to observe various dynamic effects in laser-produced plasmas and shock-wave propagation.
Controlling a path-tracking unmanned ground vehicle with a field-programmable analog array (2006)

Unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) path-tracking has been an important topic in mechatronics real-time applications. This paper describes and compares the implementation and performance of path-tracking unmanned ground vehicle using a field programmable analog array (FPAA) and conventional digital microcontroller. The FPAA AN10E40 is a general-purpose, digitally reconfigurable analog signal-processing chip. Its current commercial applications center on signal conditioning and base-band analog signal processing and rapid prototyping. This paper shows that the AN10E40 can also readily implement a control system for a path-tracking UGV. Using PI control for the path tracking, the FPAA controlled UGV made about 38% fewer tracking error with 22% faster traveling speed than the digital microcontroller (MC68HC11) controlled UGV due to the fast processing time of the FPAA. The results indicate the great potential of using FPAA for real-time control in mechatronics systems
Discolouration of water and its effect on fisheries along the Goa coast (1987)

During February-April 1987 an intense bloom of Noctiluca miliaris Suriray was observed in the lower reaches of the Mandovi and Zuari estuaries and the coastal waters of Goa. The bloom also extended from Mangalore to Malvan. During the bloom period chlorophyll a concentration was as high as 16.70 mg m-3 and N. miliaris contributed to 91.3% of the total phytoplankton (51,360 counts 1-1). The bloom imparted green colouration due to the presence of a flagellate Pedinomonas noctilucae (Subr.) Sweeney in large numbers. Midwater trawl catch during the period showed substantial fall in fish catch. The prevailing environmental conditions and possible impact on local fisheries during such blooms are discussed
One-Pot Synthesis of 5-Acyl-2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles (2012)

A novel two-step one-pot synthesis of 5-acyl-2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles by the reaction of acyl chlorides with <i>N</i>-isocyanoiminotriphenylphosphorane in the presence of KSCN is described. It was found that THF and KSCN are the key reagents to obtain the desired products in high isolated yields.
Electron Transfer Dissociation of All Ions at All Times, MS<sup>ETD</sup>, in a Quadrupole Time-of-Flight (Q-ToF) Mass Spectrometer (2016)

Data-independent mass spectral acquisition is particularly powerful when combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography (LC) that provides excellent separation of most components present in a given sample. Data-independent analysis (DIA) consists of alternating full MS scans and scans with fragmentation of all ions within a selected m/z range, providing precursor masses and structure information, respectively. Fragmentation spectra are acquired either by sequential isolation and fragmentation of sliding m/z ranges or fragmenting all ions entering the MS instrument with no ion isolation, termed broadband DIA. Previously, broadband DIA has only been possible using collision induced dissociation (CID). Here, we report the use of electron transfer dissociation (ETD) as the fragmentation technique in broadband DIA instead of traditional collision induced dissociation (CID) during MS<sup>E</sup>. In this approach, which we refer to as MS<sup>ETD</sup>, we implement the inherent benefits provided by ETD, such as discrimination of leucine and isoleucine, in a DIA setup. The combination of DIA analysis and ETD fragmentation with supplemental CID energy provides a powerful platform to obtain information on all precursors and their sequence from a single experiment. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Synthesis and characterizations of red/near-IR absorbing A–D–A–D–A-type oligothiophenes containing thienothiadiazole and thienopyrazine central units (2011)

A series of π-conjugated A–D–A–D–A-type oligothiophenes (1–3) comprising heterocyclic thieno[3,4-c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (TTDA) or thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine (TP) as the core and dicyanovinyl (DCV) or trifluoroacetyl (TFA) as terminal acceptor groups have been developed as red/near-IR absorbers. The resulting oligomers were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and thermal analysis. The low energy absorption band of these oligomers was located at 620–707 nm in solution and at 695–830 nm in thin films. Theoretical studies reveal that the insertion of the bicyclic nonclassical thiophenes to the conjugated backbone imposed partial quinoidal character to the resulting oligomers and thus reduced the band gap. HOMO–LUMO energies of 1–3 derived from electrochemical measurements were found to be suitable for the use as donor material in combination with fullerene-C60 as acceptor in planar heterojunction solar cells prepared by vacuum deposition. Such devices incorporating these low band gap oligomers exhibited high FF values up to 0.60, and power conversion efficiencies of up to 1.3% under air mass (AM) 1.5G illumination. External quantum efficiency (EQE) spectra clearly showed the contribution of the low energy absorption to the overall photocurrent.
A human model of the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2007)

This short review summarizes a series of studies on the effects of expiratory flow limitation (EFL) at approximately 1 L/s during incremental exercise to maximal workload (Wmax) in normal subjects on exercise performance, respiratory muscle dynamics and control, and CO(2) elimination. Each subject served as his or her own control by performing the same protocol without EFL. Additionally, an index of cardiac output was measured before and after imposing EFL while the subjects exercised at Wmax, Wmax was reduced to 65% of control by severe dyspnoea. EFL forced a decrease in the shortening velocity of expiratory muscles, resulting in increased expiratory pressures which accounted for 66% of the variance in Borg scale ratings of dyspnoea. In spite of an increase in the shortening velocity of inspiratory muscles, inspiratory pressures and power increased, because EFL exercise induced hypercapnia, which increased the chemical drive to breathe. This was in part due to an increased alveolar dead space presumably resulting from a reduction in pulmonary capillary blood volume secondary to the high expiratory pressures. A vicious circle was established in which expiratory muscle pressures induced hypercapnia, which resulted in an even stronger expiratory muscle contraction. The imposition of EFL reduced cardiac output by 10% and decreased arterial O(2) saturation, reducing energy supplies to working locomotor and respiratory muscles. This model reproduces the most important clinical features of COPD, and these arise from ventilatory pump dysfunction rather than from the lung. It also leads to hypotheses that can be tested in patients with COPD.
Time Delay Integration and In-Pixel Spatiotemporal Filtering Using a Nanoscale Digital CMOS Focal Plane Readout (2009)

A digital focal plane array (DFPA) architecture has been developed that incorporates per-pixel full-dynamic-range analog-to-digital conversion and orthogonal-transfer-based realtime digital signal processing capability. Several long-wave infrared-optimized pixel processing focal plane readout integrated circuit (ROIC) designs have been implemented, each accommodating a 256 times 256 30-mum-pitch detector array. Demonstrated in this paper is the application of this DFPA ROIC architecture to problems of background pedestal mitigation, wide-field imaging, image stabilization, edge detection, and velocimetry. The DFPA architecture is reviewed, and pixel performance metrics are discussed in the context of the application examples. The measured data reported here are for DFPA ROICs implemented in 90-nm CMOS technology and hybridized to Hg <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Cd <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> Te (MCT) detector arrays with cutoff wavelengths ranging from 7 to 14.5 mum and a specified operating temperature of 60 K-80 K.
Challenges in Lithographic Materials and Processes (1990)

In the last decade, major advances in fabricating VLSI electronic devices have placed increasing demands on microlithography, the technology used to generate today's integrated circuits. In 1976, state-of-the-art devices contained several thousand transistors with minimum features of 5 to 6 μm. Today, they have several million transistors and minimum features of less than 0.7 μm. Within the next 10 to 15 years, a new form of lithography will be required that routinely produces features of less than 0.25 μm. Short-wavelength (deep-UV) photolithography and scanning electron-beam, X-ray, and scanning ion-beam lithography are the possible alternatives to conventional photolithography. However, each needs new resists and processes. When deep-UV photolithography is implemented, it will represent the first widespread use in manufacture of a lithographic technology that requires an entirely new resist technology. We describe the development of a resist system that meets all requirements of the deep-UV technique.
The impact of STI induced reliabilities for scaled p-MOSFET in an advanced multiple oxide CMOS technology (2004)

In this paper, we present new results on the width dependent hot-carrier (HC) reliabilities for shallow-trench-isolated (STI) pMOSFETs in a multiple oxide CMOS technology. For the first time, different phenomena in pMOSFETs, for a multiple oxide process have been observed. Extensive studies have been made for ALD grown and plasma treated oxide pMOSFETs. Experimental data shows that the drain current degradation is enhanced for a reducing gate width. For thick oxide, the I/sub D/ degradation is due to the channel length shortening, and the electron trap is dominant for the device degradation. While for thin gate oxide, the I/sub D/ degradation is due to width narrowing, and the hole trap is dominant, in which both electron and hole trap induced V/sub T/ shifts are significant. The degradation in thick-oxide pMOSFETs causes an increase of off-state leakage current and an increase of /spl Delta/V/sub T/ in thin-oxide with reduced width.
Large-scale microwave cavity search for dark-matter axions (2001)

We have built and operated a large-scale axion detector, based on a method originally proposed by Sikivie, to search for halo axions. The apparatus consists of a cylindrical tunable high-Q microwave cavity threaded axially by a static high magnetic field. This field stimulates axions that enter the cavity to convert into single microwave photons. The conversion is resonantly enhanced when the cavity resonant frequency is near the axion rest mass energy. The experiment is cooled to 1.5 K and the electromagnetic power spectrum emitted by the cavity is measured by an ultra-low-noise microwave receiver. The axion would be detected as excess power in a narrow line within the cavity resonance. The apparatus has achieved a power sensitivity better than ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}23} \mathrm{W}$ in the mass range $2.9--3.3 \ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{eV}.$ For the first time the rf cavity technique has explored plausible axion models, assuming axions make up a significant fraction of the local halo density. The experiment continues to operate and will explore a large part of the mass in the range of $1--10 \ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{eV}$ in the near future. An upgrade of the experiment is planned with dc superconducting quantum interference device microwave amplifiers operating at a lower physical temperature. This next generation detector would be sensitive to even more weakly coupled axions contributing only fractionally to the local halo density.
Effects of Silica Additive Concentration on Toner Adhesion, Cohesion, Transfer, and Image Quality (1999)

This article discusses the effect of silica concentration on transfer of nominal 8.5 μm diameter surface-treated toners, with the silica concentration on the surface of the toner varying between 0 and 2% by weight of toner. In essence, it was found that, while transfer efficiency increased with increasing silica concentration, resolution decreased and dot structure after transfer was degraded. Toner adhesion measurements, performed using an ultracentrifuge, were found to correlate well with the transfer efficiency measurements. Analysis of the results suggests that the adhesion and cohesion of toner is dominated by van der Waals interactions. However, electrostatic forces associated with the charge on the toner become more significant with increasing silica concentration with the two types of interactions becoming comparable when the silica concentration reached 2%.
Reward-Dependent Modulation of Movement Variability (2015)

Movement variability is often considered an unwanted byproduct of a noisy nervous system. However, variability can signal a form of implicit exploration, indicating that the nervous system is intentionally varying the motor commands in search of actions that yield the greatest success. Here, we investigated the role of the human basal ganglia in controlling reward-dependent motor variability as measured by trial-to-trial changes in performance during a reaching task. We designed an experiment in which the only performance feedback was success or failure and quantified how reach variability was modulated as a function of the probability of reward. In healthy controls, reach variability increased as the probability of reward decreased. Control of variability depended on the history of past rewards, with the largest trial-to-trial changes occurring immediately after an unrewarded trial. In contrast, in participants with Parkinson's disease, a known example of basal ganglia dysfunction, reward was a poor modulator of variability; that is, the patients showed an impaired ability to increase variability in response to decreases in the probability of reward. This was despite the fact that, after rewarded trials, reach variability in the patients was comparable to healthy controls. In summary, we found that movement variability is partially a form of exploration driven by the recent history of rewards. When the function of the human basal ganglia is compromised, the reward-dependent control of movement variability is impaired, particularly affecting the ability to increase variability after unsuccessful outcomes.
CpNifS‐dependent iron‐sulfur cluster biogenesis in chloroplasts (2006)

Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are important prosthetic groups in all organisms. The biosynthesis of Fe-S clusters has been studied extensively in bacteria and yeast. By contrast, much remains to be discovered about Fe-S cluster biogenesis in higher plants. Plant plastids are known to make their own Fe-S clusters. Plastid Fe-S proteins are involved in essential metabolic pathways, such as photosynthesis, nitrogen and sulfur assimilation, protein import, and chlorophyll transformation. This review aims to summarize the roles of Fe-S proteins in essential metabolic pathways and to give an overview of the latest findings on plastidic Fe-S assembly. The plastidic Fe-S biosynthetic machinery contains many homologues of bacterial mobilization of sulfur (SUF) proteins, but there are additional components and properties that may be plant-specific. These additional features could make the plastidic machinery more suitable for assembling Fe-S clusters in the presence of oxygen, and may enable it to be regulated in response to oxidative stress, iron status and light.
Androgens augment proximal tubule transport (2004)

The proximal tubule contains an autonomous renin-angiotensin system that regulates transport independently of circulating angiotensin II. Androgens are known to increase expression of angiotensinogen, but the effect of androgens on proximal tubule transport is unknown. In this in vivo microperfusion study, we examined the effect of androgens on proximal tubule transport. The volume reabsorptive rate in Sprague-Dawley rats given dihydrotestosterone (DHT) injections was significantly higher than in control rats given vehicle injections (4.57 +/- 0.31 vs. 3.31 +/- 0.23 nl x min(-1) x mm(-1), P < 0.01). Luminally perfusing with either enalaprilat (10(-4) M) to inhibit production of angiotensin II or losartan (10(-8) M) to block the angiotensin receptor decreased the proximal tubule volume reabsorptive rate in DHT-treated rats to a significantly greater degree than in control vehicle-injected rats. The renal expression of angiotensinogen was shown to be higher in the DHT-treated animals, using Northern blot analysis. The expression of angiotensin receptors, determined by specific binding of angiotensin II, was not different in the two groups of animals. Brush-border membrane protein abundance of the Na/H exchanger, a membrane transport protein under angiotensin II regulation, was also higher in DHT-treated rats vs. control rats. Rats that received DHT had higher blood pressures than the control rats but had no change in their glomerular filtration rate. In addition, serum angiotensin II levels were lower in DHT-treated vs. control rats. These results suggest that androgens may directly upregulate the proximal tubule renin-angiotensin system, increase the volume reabsorptive rate, and thereby increase extracellular volume and blood pressure and secondarily decrease serum angiotensin II levels.
Ionic Range of ThO[sub 2]-15 w∕o Y[sub 2]O[sub 3] at High Oxygen Activities (1971)

The ionic transference numbers was determined at oxygen activities corresponding to approximately 1 atm by (a) emf measurements utilizing and cells and (b) four‐point resistance measurements, both as a function of temperature. The expression
Giant Submarine Landslide in the South China Sea: Evidence, Causes, and Implications (2019)

Submarine landslides can be tremendous in scale. They are one of the most important processes for global sediment fluxes and tsunami generation. However, studies of prodigious submarine landslides remain insufficient. In this review paper, we compile, summarize, and reanalyze the results of previous studies. Based on this reanalysis, we discover the giant Baiyun–Liwan submarine slide in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea. We describe three concurrent pieces of evidence from ~23 Ma to 24 Ma, the Oligocene–Miocene boundary, for this landslide: the shoreward shift of the shelf break in the Baiyun Sag, the slump deposition to the southeast, and the abrupt decrease in the accumulation rate on the lower continental slope. This landslide extends for over 250 km, and the total affected area of the slide is up to ~35,000–40,000 km2. The scale of the landslide is similar to that of the Storegga slide, which has long been considered to be the largest landslide on earth. We suggest that strike–slip movement along the Red River Fault and ridge jump of the South China Sea caused the coeval Baiyun–Liwan submarine slide. The identification of the giant landslide will promote the understanding of not only its associated geohazards but also the steep rise of the Himalayan orogeny and marine engineering. More attention needs to be paid to areas with repeated submarine landslides and offshore installations.
Cyclic Voltammetry of the Film Electrodes Containing Pb Active Materials and Sodium Lignosulfonate Formed on Pb Plate in Sulfuric Acid Solution (2012)

In this paper, cyclic voltammograms of the film electrodes containing Pb active materials and sodium lignosulfonate formed on Pb plate have been measured in sulfuric acid solution. Discharging capacity decreases and charging capacity increases with longer alkaline hydrothermal treatment of sodium lingosulfonate in the film electrodes. These film electrodes can be used for the cyclic voltammetry regardless of the solubility of the lignin preparations in the electrolyte.
Adaptive digital pre-distortion for multiple antenna transmitters (2013)

This paper proposes adaptive algorithms to implement a cross-talk canceling pre-distorter (CTC-DPD), which accurately models the cross-talk and nonlinearity in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radio systems, and compensates for these effects. The cross-talk introduced before the power amplifier (PA) in a multi-antenna transmitter, which is termed as non-linear cross-talk, degrades the performance of digital pre-distortion (DPD). A cross-over pre-distortion (CO-DPD) that compensates for the cross-talk and non-linearity in multi-antenna transmitters was proposed in [2]. However, CO-DPD ignores the higher order cross-terms between the input signals. As a result, the performance of CO-DPD degrades, as the crosstalk between the branches of the multi-antenna transmitter becomes stronger. A CTC-DPD structure which out-performs CO-DPD especially at high cross-talk levels, was proposed in [5]. In this paper, an indirect learning architecture for CTC-DPD with Recursive least square (RLS) pre-distortion and cross-talk cancellation, and three methods for cross-talk estimation are proposed. From simulations using a memory polynomial model of order 7 and memory length 3 for the PAs, it is found that CTC-DPD achieves a normalised mean square error (NMSE) less than -70 dB for cross-talk levels up to -15 dB, for a 2 antenna MIMO transmitter. This performance is similar to that of conventional DPDs in the case with no cross-talk.