gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Muscle Transfer for Laryngeal Paralysis: Restoration of Inspiratory Vocal Cord Abduction by Phrenic-Omohyoid Transfer (1991)

Omohyoid muscle transfer to the denervated posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA) was performed in three monkeys. The transposed omohyoid muscle was reinnervated by the phrenic nerve by performing nerve anastomosis prior to muscle transfer. The muscles were sutured over the denervated ipsilateral PCA muscle to allow for neurotization of the denervated PCA muscle in such a way as to reproduce the directional vector of PCA contraction, eg, to mimic the directional pull of the PCA muscle. The muscle flaps were found to be long enough to reach the contralateral PCA muscle, confirming that the technique might be used ultimately for bilateral simultaneous PCA reinnervation. Each animal achieved reinnervation. The superiorly based omohyoid muscle flap was found to more closely emulate the size and orientation of the underlying PCA muscle. Electromyography, videolaryngoscopy, and histologic examination were used to confirm the results. The procedure has the potential for PCA muscle replacement in long-standing cases of paralysis with PCA denervation atrophy as well as for reinnervating a denervated PCA muscle.
The Role of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2017)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of mortality worldwide, and there is currently no treatment that can halt the progression of the disease. Over the last decade there has been increasing interest in the idea that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may be active in COPD. Here we review the evidence for EMT in COPD as well as the current progress being made on understanding the drivers and mechanisms involved. Finally, we discuss the potential benefits that understanding EMT may bring to the field of chronic respiratory disease.
Evaluation and Emergency Treatment of Headache (1992)

Headache is a common complaint in patients presenting to the emergency department. Most such headaches are benign, but some have a more severe organic cause. Occasionally, patients present with a chronic headache disorder with which they can no longer cope. The new International Headache Society Classification of Headache is reviewed along with the differential diagnosis of benign headache disorders. Headache diagnosis by history is examined in detail followed by a discussion of the emergency presentation of headache patients. Causes for concern are presented, along with a detailed discussion of differential diagnosis, including subarachnoid hemorrhage, meningitis, sinusitis, glaucoma, internal carotid artery dissection, and cerebro-vascular disease. Also discussed are medications used for the symptomatic treatment of headache, including analgesics, NSAIDs, narcotics, and ergotamine preparations. Approaches to the treatment of the severe, persistent headache in the emergency department are outlined and treatment options suggested. Headache medication overuse is discussed and guidelines are presented to recognize the condition and prevent its recurrence.
Biochemical epidemiology of colon cancer: effect of types of dietary fiber on fecal mutagens, acid, and neutral sterols in healthy subjects. (1989)

Several epidemiological studies suggest an inverse relationship between fiber intake and colon cancer risk. Animal model studies indicate that this inhibitory effect depends on the source of dietary fiber. Because of the potential significance of certain colonic mutagens and secondary bile acids in the pathogenesis of colon cancer, the effect of types of supplemental fiber on fecal mutagens and bile acids was studied in human volunteers. Seventy-two healthy individuals consuming high-fat/moderately low-fiber diets were screened for fecal mutagenic activity using the Ames Salmonella typhimurium/microsomal assay system. Twenty-one of them were found to excrete high levels of mutagens, and 19 of them were recruited for the diet intervention study. All participants provided two 24-h stool specimens and a 4-day food record while consuming their normal (control) diet. They were then asked to consume the control diet plus 10 g of dietary fiber from wheat bran, oat fiber, or cellulose for 5 wk. After each fiber period, they were asked to consume their control diet. At the end of each fiber and control diet period, each subject provided two 24-h stool specimens. Stool samples were analyzed for bile acids and mutagens using the Ames strains TA98 and TA100 with or without S9 (microsomal) activation. The concentrations of fecal secondary bile acids (deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, and 12-ketolithocholic acid) and of fecal mutagenic activity in TA98 and TA100 with and without S9 activation were significantly lower during the wheat bran and cellulose supplementation periods. Oat fiber supplementation had no such effect on these fecal constituents. Thus, the increased fiber intake in the form of wheat bran or cellulose may reduce the production and/or excretion of mutagens in the stools and decrease the concentration of fecal secondary bile acids in humans.
Biodegradable PCL scaffolds with an interconnected spherical pore network for tissue engineering (2007)

A technique for producing controlled interconnected porous structures for application as a tissue engineering scaffold is presented in this article. The technique is based on the fabrication of a template of interconnected poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) microspheres, the introduction of a biodegradable polymer, poly-epsilon-caprolactone (PCL), and the elimination of the template by a selective solvent. A series of PCL scaffolds with a porosity of 70% and pore sizes up to 200 microm were produced and characterized (both thermally and mechanically). Human chondrocytes were cultured in monolayer on bulk PCL disks or seeded into porous PCL scaffolds. Cell adhesion, viability, proliferation, and proteoglycan (PG) synthesis were tested and compared with monolayer cultures on tissue-treated polystyrene or pellet cultures as reference controls. Cells cultured on PCL disks showed an adhesion similar to that of the polystyrene control (which allowed high levels of proliferation). Stained scaffold sections showed round-shaped chondrocyte aggregates embedded into porous PCL. PG production was similar to that of the pellet cultures and higher than that obtained with monolayer postconfluence cultures. This shows that the cells are capable of attaching themselves to PCL. Furthermore, in porous PCL, cells maintain the same phenotype as the chondrocytes within the native cartilage. These results suggest that PCL scaffolds may be a suitable candidate for chondrocyte culture.
Leek breeding: a review (1986)

(1986). Leek breeding: a review. Journal of Horticultural Science: Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. 407-415.
Advances and Applications in the Quest for Orthologs (2019)

Gene families evolve by the processes of speciation (creating orthologs), gene duplication (paralogs), and horizontal gene transfer (xenologs), in addition to sequence divergence and gene loss. Orthologs in particular play an essential role in comparative genomics and phylogenomic analyses. With the continued sequencing of organisms across the tree of life, the data are available to reconstruct the unique evolutionary histories of tens of thousands of gene families. Accurate reconstruction of these histories, however, is a challenging computational problem, and the focus of the Quest for Orthologs Consortium. We review the recent advances and outstanding challenges in this field, as revealed at a symposium and meeting held at the University of Southern California in 2017. Key advances have been made both at the level of orthology algorithm development and with respect to coordination across the community of algorithm developers and orthology end-users. Applications spanned a broad range, including gene function prediction, phylostratigraphy, genome evolution, and phylogenomics. The meetings highlighted the increasing use of meta-analyses integrating results from multiple different algorithms, and discussed ongoing challenges in orthology inference as well as the next steps toward improvement and integration of orthology resources.
Roles of Diversifying Selection and Coordinated Evolution in the Evolution of Amphibian Antimicrobial Peptides (2002)

Antimicrobial peptides are expressed in the skin of amphibians and are used to prevent infection by microorganisms. Frog species store distinct collections of antimicrobial peptides that show variation in size, charge, conformation, and bactericidal activity, and so the evolution of antimicrobial peptide gene families may reflect the adaptive diversification of these loci. We examined the molecular evolution of antimicrobial peptide transcripts from hylid and ranid frog species. Our results show that after the gene family arose in the common ancestor of the Hylidae and Ranidae, before the divergence of these families in the Mesozoic, it subsequently diversified within these groups with numerous duplication events and divergence of loci. Moreover, we provide evidence that suggests that members of the antimicrobial peptide gene family have been subject to diversifying selection within both propiece and mature domains of hylids and solely within the mature domain of ranids. Finally, our results suggest that coordinated and compensatory amino acid replacements have occurred within the acidic propiece and cationic mature domain of hylid antimicrobial peptide precursors, as has been observed for mammalian defensin genes, but not among those of ranid precursors.
Histologic Proof That Acellular Dermal Matrices (ADM)—Enduragen, DermaMatrix, and DuraMatrix—Are Not Repopulated or Nonviable and That AlloDerm May Be Repopulated but Degraded Synchronously (2012)

I read with interest the study by Cole et al1 in the August 2011 issue of Aesthetic Surgery Journal . The study displays photomicrographs from laboratory work in a murine model, and the authors contributed to our microscopic understanding of degrees of cellular repopulation and postinflammatory resorption of four acellular dermal matrices (ADM): AlloDerm, DermaMatrix, DuraMatrix, and Enduragen (AlloDerm [LifeCell Corp., Branchburg, New Jersey], DermaMatrix [Synthes, Inc., West Chester, Pennsylvania], DuraMatrix [Stryker Corp., Kalamazoo, Michigan], and Enduragen [Stryker Corp., Kalamazoo, Michigan]).

It has been shown in the literature that an ideal ADM possesses collagen and extracellular components (glycosaminoglycans, etc); is recognized as host tissue and not as foreign; is repopulated by host stem cells, then macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, to revascularize the matrix; and becomes host fibrous or collagen tissue that undergoes the same degradation and limited turnover that human collagen undergoes regularly.2 Yet, the authors of this report seem to (1) support the use of DuraMatrix, DermaMatrix, and Enduragen, which are not repopulated by host cells, and (2) suggest that cross-linking Enduragen and DermaMatrix and irradiating/sterilizing ADM to limit incorporation and degradation by the host may be advantageous in ADM products placed for in-human applications.

Plastic surgeons utilize a number of ADM products.3 Despite any vendor claims to the contrary, none of us know for certain which ADM is “best”; we only know which ADM formulas have been studied and published the most or least frequently. In terms of ADM publications, most laboratory or retrospective studies have discussed AlloDerm and Strattice (LifeCell Corp., Branchburg, New Jersey). As yet, there is no medical or histological evidence proving the absolute superiority of one ADM over another. Vendors may claim that their particular ADM is equal or superior to AlloDerm, but we have no long-term, randomized, prospective controlled …
Data Traffic Performance of Integrated Circuit- and Packet-Switched Multiplex Structure (1980)

Results are developed for data traffic performance in an integrated multiplex structure which includes circuit-switching for voice and packet-switching for data. The results are obtained both through simulation and analysis, and show that excessive data queues and delays will build up under heavy loading conditions. These large data delays occur during periods of time when the voice traffic load through the multiplexer exceeds its statistical average. A variety of flow control mechanisms to reduce data packet delays are investigated. These mechanisms include control of voice bit rate, limitation of the data buffer, and combinations of voice rate and data buffer control. Simulations indicate that these flow control mechanisms provide substantial improvements in system performance.
Alu repeated DNAs are differentially methylated in primate germ cells (1994)

A significant fraction of Alu repeats in human sperm DNA, previously found to be unmethylated, is nearly completely methylated in DNA from many somatic tissues. A similar fraction of unmethylated Alus is observed here in sperm DNA from rhesus monkey. However, Alus are almost completely methylated at the restriction sites tested in monkey follicular oocyte DNA. The Alu methylation patterns in mature male and female monkey germ cells are consistent with Alu methylation in human germ cell tumors. Alu sequences are hypomethylated in seminoma DNAs and more methylated in a human ovarian dysgerminoma. These results contrast with methylation patterns reported for germ cell single-copy, CpG island, satellite, and L1 sequences. The function of Alu repeats is not known, but differential methylation of Alu repeats in the male and female germ lines suggests that they may serve as markers for genomic imprinting or in maintaining differences in male and female meiosis.
[Clinical study on treatment of moderate and advanced stage cancers by Bailong Tablets combined with chemotherapy]. (1998)

Bailong tablet could enhance the efficacy and reduce the toxic side-effect of chemotherapy. Modulation of the cell immunological function is possibly its mechanism.
Winner-Take-All Multiple Category Boosting for Multi-view Face Detection (2009)

“Divide and conquer ” has been a common practice to address complex learning tasks such as multi-view object detection. The positive examples are divided into multiple subcategories for training subcategory classifiers individually. However, the subcategory labeling process, either through manual labeling or through clustering, is suboptimal for the overall classification task. In this paper, we propose multiple category boosting (McBoost), which overcomes the above issue through adaptive labeling. In particular, a winner-take-all McBoost (WTA-McBoost) scheme is presented in detail. Each positive example has a unique subcategory label at any stage of the training process, and the label may switch to a different subcategory if a higher score is achieved by that subcategory classifier. By allowing examples to self-organize themselves in such a winner-takeall manner, WTA-McBoost outperforms traditional schemes significantly, as supported by our experiments on learning a multi-view face detector. 1.
Gaseous Diffusion in Porous Media at Uniform Pressure (1961)

A model is presented for the diffusion of gases in porous media in the absence of pressure gradients, in which the porous medium is visualized as a collection of uniformly distributed ``dust'' particles which are constrained to be stationary. By formally considering the dust particles as giant molecules, it is possible to derive all the desired results very simply from rigorous kinetic theory as special cases of multicomponent mixtures. By formally varying the mole fractions of the real gas molecules, the entire pressure range from the Knudsen region to the normal diffusion region can be covered. This model permits the first satisfactory theoretical derivation of the experimentally discovered fact that the flux ratio for binary mixtures is equal to (m2/m1)½ at all pressures (not just in the Knudsen region). It also permits a rigorous theoretical treatment of the entire transition region for the first time, from which is obtained the usual Bosanquet interpolation formula and a differential equation for diffusion which covers the entire range (and appears to be new). The model gives no quantitative a priori characterization of the porous medium itself, but if one gas mixture is measured in a given medium, then the behavior of other gas mixtures in the same medium can be predicted.
PCR Instrumentation: Where Do We Stand? (1994)

Like any major undertaking, this comprehensive book on PCR has gone through a rather long genesis. Needless to say, the situation on the PCR instrumentation front has evolved quite a bit since the time the concept of making this book crystallized. This chapter required several rewrites in an attempt to make it current at the time of publication, and to anticipate future directions for the field.
Are the Tastes of Polycose and Monosodium Glutamate Unique? (1996)

To study whether Polycose and monosodium L-glutamate (L-MSG) have unique tastes differing from the traditional four basic tastes, chemosensory profiles were established for Polycose, L-MSG and a group of related compounds (sucrose, maltose, monosodium D-glutamate (D-MSG), sodium chloride, calcium chloride). Flavors were assessed using whole-mouth tests in human subjects with nose open or clamped to reduce olfactory input. Polycose (a mixture of glucose-based oligosaccharides) had a flavor consisting of an olfactory component and a maltose-like taste. L-MSG and D-MSG profiles differed from each other, and from NaCl and CaCl2. L-MSG had a lower threshold and a higher frequency of 'other' tastes than the D form. The data do not support a 'polysaccharide' taste, but suggest a chiral receptor site for 'umami' taste.
The EU's Emissions Trading Scheme: A Proto-Type Global System? (2009)

Abstract and PDF report are also available on the MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change website (http://globalchange.mit.edu/).
Observations on residual donors in GaP LPE (1978)

Electron and donor concentrations and mobilities of non doped liquid phase epitaxial GaP layers were studied when varying the annealing process prior to growth. Main donors or the presence of more than one donor were identified by donor ionization energies. After short anneallings the incorporation of sulphur, after long annealings the incorporation of silicon were observed.
Excelencia en gestión de proyectos, clave para la eficiencia de la I+D+I: la experiencia de la fundación Robotiker (2001)

El autor presenta la presenta la metodologia desarrollada por Fundacion ROBOTIKER para la gestion de proyectos. Tras recoger las caracteristicas de dicha metodologia denominada Proyectis se ofrece una relacion de los beneficios alcanzados y unas recomendaciones para su implantacion a traves de una herramienta –GESIP- que consta de cuatro modulos: Gestion de la transferencia tecnologica, Gestion de recursos, Gestion de actividad e Informes de gestion.
Spelling correction in systems programs (1970)

Several specialized techniques are shown for efficiently incorporating spelling correction algorithms into compilers and operating systems. These include the use of syntax and semantics information, the organization of restricted keyword and symbol tables, and the consideration of a limited class of spelling errors. Sample 360 coding for performing spelling correction is presented. By using systems which perform spelling correction, the number of debugging runs per program has been decreased, saving both programmer and machine time.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS: ASYMMETRICAL WARFARE AND THE WESTERN MINDSET (1998)

The concept of asymmetrical warfare is a popular and much discussed issue in U.S. defense literature these days. Joint Vision 2010 (JV 2010), the Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR), and the National Military Strategy (NMS) are just a few of the documents that express concern about it. Understandably, the Secretary of Defense has made addressing the phenomenon a central theme of his administration. All of that said, what exactly is meant by asymmetrical warfare? In broad terms it simply means warfare that seeks to avoid an opponentis strengths; it is an approach that tries to focus whatever may be one sideis comparative advantages against its enemyis relative weaknesses. In a way, s eeking a symmetries i s f undamental t o a ll warfighting. But in the modern context, asymmetrical warfare emphasizes what are popularly perceived as unconventional or nontraditional methodologies. For most potential adversaries, attacking the United States asymmetrically is the only warfighting strategy they might reasonably consider for the foreseeable future. The Gulf War was an object lesson to military planners around the globe of the futility of attempting to confront the United States symmetrically, that is, with like forces and orthodox tactics. In this essay I briefly examine how the Westis cultural disposition and mindset affect its concept of asymmetrical warfare. I contend that the Westis current focus may leave it vulnerable to asymmetrical challenges that arise from opponents whose cultural perspective differs significantly from that of the West.
Predicting Intraday Financial Market Dynamics Using Takens' Vectors; Incorporating Causality Testing and Machine Learning Techniques (2015)

Traditional approaches to predicting financial market dynamics tend to be linear and stationary, whereas financial time series data is increasingly nonlinear and non-stationary. Lately, advances in dynamical systems theory have enabled the extraction of complex dynamics from time series data. These developments include theory of time delay embedding and phase space reconstruction of dynamical systems from a scalar time series. In this thesis, a time delay embedding approach for predicting intraday stock or stock index movement is developed. The approach combines methods of nonlinear time series analysis with those of causality testing, theory of dynamical systems and machine learning (artificial neural networks). The approach is then applied to the Standard and Poors Index, and the results from our method are compared to traditional methods applied to the same data set.
A Survey of the Pectic Content of Nonlignified Monocot Cell Walls (1988)

The primary cell walls of graminaceous monocots were known to have a low content of pectin compared to those of dicots, but it was uncertain how widespread this feature was within the monocots as a whole. Nonlignified cell walls were therefore prepared from 33 monocot species for determination of their pectin content. It was not possible to solubilize intact pectins quantitatively from the cell walls, and the pectin content was assessed from three criteria: the total uronic acid content; the content of a-(1,4')-D-galacturonan isolated by partial hydrolysis and character- ized by electrophoresis and degradation by purified polygalacturonase; and the proportion of neutral residues in a representative pectic fraction solubilized by sequential fl-elimination and N,N,N'N'-cyclohexanedi- aminetetraacetic acid extraction. Low galacturonan contents were re- stricted to species from the Gramineae, Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, and Restionaceae. Other species related to these had intermediate galacturonan contents, and the remainder of the monocots examined had high galacturonan contents comparable with those of dicots. The other criteria of pectin content showed the same pattern.
An absolute light scattering photometer: II. Direct determination of scattered light from solutions (1964)

The light scattering photometer recently described in this journal by McIntyre and Doderer has been examined to determine its ability to measure the absolute scattering of liquids. The absolute scattering of polymer solutions was determined from transmission measurements and from two different transverse measurements. The experimental results are in good agreement. The variables of the photometric system were also analyzed and experimentally studied to determine its ability to measure absolute scattering of liquids under different geometrical arrangements.